The Roundhouses, Brochs and Wheelhouses of Atlantic Scotland c. 700 BC - AD 500: Architecture and material culture. Part 1: The Orkney and Shetland Isles 9781841714592, 9781407319827

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Frontispiece
Table of Contents
Preface
Index of Site Names
The Illustrations Listed
Section 1: Introduction to the Corpus
Section 2: The Tower on Mousa Island
Section 3: A History of Brooch Research
Section 4: Area 1: The Shetland Isles
Section 5: Area 2: The Orkney Islands
Bibliography
Appendix

Citation preview

The Roundhouses, Brochs and Wheelhouses of Atlantic Scotland c. 700 BC - AD 500 Architecture and material culture Part 1 The Orkney and Shetland Isles

Euan W. MacKie

BAR British Series 342 2002

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 342

The Roundhouses, Brochs and Wheelhouses of Atlantic Scotland c. 700 BC - AD 500 © Euan W. MacKie and the Publisher 2002 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841714592 paperback ISBN 9781407319827 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841714592 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2003. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

BAR

PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from:

E MAIL P HONE F AX

BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK [email protected] +44 (0)1865 310431 +44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

FRONT ISP IECE

D raw ing o ft h eB roch o fL evenw ick , S he t land ( HU41 5 ) , a f t e ri t se xcava t ion b yG i lbe r tG oud ie i n1 869 . R ep roduced w i th t h ep e rm i s s ion o ft h e S he t land L ib ra ry ,w i th w hom c opy r igh tr ema in s .

T ab le o fC on ten t s P ref ace

v i

I ndex o fs i te n ame s T he i lus tra t ions l i s ted

v i i x i i i

S ec t ion 1 : i n t roduc t ion t ot he C orpus 1 . 1 1 . 2

T he s i te r ef erence s y s tem T ype s o fb rochs 1 . 2 .1 C la ss if ica t ion b yd eg ree o fpr e ser va t ion 1 . 2 .2 C la ss i f ica t ion b ya rch i tec tura lf ea ture s B roch a rch i tec ture 1 . 3 .1 T he h o l low -wa l lf ea ture s R oundhouse s B iograph ica l s ource s

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3

1 . 6 1 . 7

P ho tographs D e scr ib ing b rochs 1 . 7 .1 T he c l ockf ace r ef e rence s y s tem 1 . 7 .2 T he s y s tem o fl e ve l s

3 3 3 3

1 . 8

D raw ing s o fi t ems o f ma ter ia lc u l ture

4

1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5

S ec t ion 2 : t he t ower o n Mou sa i s land 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4

I n troduc t ion T he N or thern I s le s AV ik ing v i s i tt oS he t land T he b roch o f Mousa 2 . 4 .1 T he e n t rance p a s sage T he p a s sage a si tw a s i n modern t imes T he o r ig ina l d es ign o ft h ee n t rance 2 . 4 .2 T he c en t ra lc our t P r ima ry f e a tu res o nt h e f l oo r S econda ry f e a tu res o nt h e f l oo r 2 . 4 .3 P r imary f ea ture so ft h ew a l lf ace 2 . 4 .4 S ta i ra nd g a l ler ie si nt h ew a l l

7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 1 0 1

T he i n t ra -mu ra l s t a ir T he i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le r ie s 2 . 5 2 .6 2 .7

1 1

T he t op o ft h ew a l l E x terna l f e a ture s F inds o fp o t tery P rob lems t o b e i nve s t iga ted 2 . 7 .1 T he d a te o f Mou sa 2 . 7 .2 A rch i tec ture a nd p urpo se H e igh ta nd d ef en s ivene ss I n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu re s a nd s ca rcemen t Wooden r a ised f l oo r s T he h ea r th a nd t h ep r ima ry f unc t ion o ft h eb roch

T he ma in r oof 2 .8 T he p hase so fo ccupa t ion o ft he b roch 2 .9 T he b roch i ni t s t opograph ica ls e t t ing 2 . 10 Conc lud ing r emark s

1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 7

S ec t ion 3 : ah i s tor yo fr e search i n to b rochs 3 . 1 3 . 2

I n troduc t ion L o s te v idence f rom c on temporary o bserver s

2 7 2 7 i

3 . 3 3 . 4

C lue s f r om t he 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tur ie s E n l igh tenmen t d awns - t he 1 8 th a nd e ar ly 1 9t h c en tur ie s 3 . 4 .1 1 8 th c en tu ry t r ave l ler s 3 . 4 .2 T he f i r s te xcava t ion s 3 . 5 . T he F i r s t F lower ing o fB roch S tud ie s -1 851 -1 883 3 . 5 .1 Dan ie l W i l son a nd ' P reh i s tory" 3 . 5 .2 T he f i r s ta ccura te s ur vey s 3 . 5 .3 N ew d i scover ie s i nO rkney 3 . 5 .4 J o seph A nd er son ' s c on t r ibu t ion s D educ t ion v e r su s i n duc t ion T he f i na l s yn the s is 3 . 6 H a lf ac en tury o fc onso l ida t ion : 1 883 -1 935 3 . 6 .1 C on t inu ing b ad e xcava t ion s 3 . 6 .2 T he s t ar to fs y s tema t ic f i e ldwork 3 . 6 .3 T he l a s t ' i s o la t ion i s t 'r ev iew 3 . 7 I n tegra t ion w i th E uropean A rchaeo logy - 1 935 -6 4 3 . 7 .1 T he s yn the se s o fV .G . C h i ld e 3 . 7 .2 S i rL ind say S co t ta nd an ew a pproach 3 . 7 .3 Ad e ta i led a rch i tec tura ls t ud y 3 . 7 .4 B roch ma ter ia lc u l ture 3 . 7 .5 Mod ern e xcava t ion s i nS he t land 3 . 7 .6 T he l a s ts yn the s i s b ef ore t h em od ern e xcava t ions 3 . 8 R ecen t D eve lopmen t s 3 . 8 .1 P rob lems w h ich s eemed i mpor tan ti n1 961 3 . 8 .2 Work a f t er 1 974 We re b roch s s t rongho ld so rf a rmhou se s? B rochs i nt h e l a nd scape I st h e re au n if orm b roch m a te r ia l c u l tu re? E a r ly I r on A ge p ro to types a nd b roch o r ig ins We re b roch s" va r iab le s t ruc tu re sw i th al o ng c h rono logy" o r " homogeneou s s t ruc tu re sw i th as ho r tc h rono logy"? T he s oc ia l o rgan isa t ion o ft h eb roch b u i lde r s F o re ign i nf luence o rl o ca l d eve lopmen t?

2 7 2 8 2 8 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 5 3 5 3 6 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3

S ec t ion 4 : t he b rochs o fS he t land ( Ma jo rs i te e n t r ies o n ly i n dexed ) J ar l shof HU30 1

6 2

DESCR IPT ION 1 . E ar ly w ork 2 . T he p re -broch s e t t lemen t s 2 . 1 T he e ar l ie s tl e ve l s 2 . 2 T he l a te B ronze A ge v i l lage 2 . 3 T he e a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage 3 . T he b roch c omp lex 3 . 1 S umma ry 3 . 2 T he b roch a nd i t sc our tyard 3 . 3 T he r oundhou se a nd b y re 3 . 4 T he t wo w hee lhou se s 3 . 5 D emo l i t ion o ft h eb roch 3 . 6 F ind sf rom t h ew hee lhou se s 4 . L a ter P i c t ish s t ruc ture s

6 2 6 2 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 6 6 8 6 8 6 9 6 9

D ISCUSS ION 5 . T he b roch c omp lex 5 . 1 T he b roch a nd i t sc our tyard 5 . 2 T he r oundhou se a nd b y re

6 9 6 9 6 9 7 0 i

7 2 7 2

5 . 3 T he s equence o fw hee lhou se s 6 . S oc ia l b ackground Mousa HU42 6 1 .G enera l 1 . 1 T he b roch t ower 1 . 2 T he e n t rance 1 . 3 T he i n ter ior f l oor 1 . 4 Mura lc e l l sa nd s carcemen t s 1 . 5 R a i sed i n t ra -mura lf ea ture s 1 . 6 F ind s 1 . 7 D imens ion s 2 . H i s tory o ft he s i te 2 . 1 P reh i s tory 2 . 2 T he 1 8 'h a nd 1 91 c en tur ie s 2 . 3 T he 2 0 'h c en tury 3 . D i scus s ion

8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 4 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 6 8 6 8 6 C l ickh im in

HU44 1 1 .G enera l

8 9 8 9

P ART 1 : EARLY S TUD IES 2 . E ar ly w ork

9 0 9 0

P ART 2 : GENERAL DESCR IPT ION OF THE S ITE 3 . D e scr ip t ion o fs t ruc ture s 3 . 1 T he c au seway 3 . 2 O u ter w a l la nd l and ing s t age 3 . 3 T he f orework 'o r ' b lockhouse ' 3 . 4 O ther v i s ib le e x terna lf ea ture s 3 . 5 T he b roch 3 . 5 .1 T he b roch e n t rance p a s sage 3 . 5 .2 F ea tu res o ft h eb roch w a l lf ace s 3 . 5 .3 U ppe ri n t ra -mu ra lg a l le r ie s 3 . 5 .4 S ta ir a nd s e cond e n t rance 3 . 5 .5 T he mu raL c e l ls 3 . 5 .6 S econda ry c ons t ruc t ion s i n s ide t h eb roch 3 . 5 .7 O u tbu i ld ing s 3 . 5 .8 S i te s equence 4 . N ew i n terpre ta t ions

9 0 9 0 9 0 9 1 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 3 9 4 9 4 9 5 9 5 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6

P ART 3 : THE RECENT EXCAVAT IONS 5 . P hase 1 : t he l a te B ronze A ge h ouse 5 . 1 T he s t ruc ture 5 . 2 F ind s o fP ha se 1 6 . P hase 2 : e ar ly I ron A ge 6 . 1 S t ruc ture s a nd d epo s i t s 6 . 2 F ind s o fP ha se 2 7 . P hase s 3& 4 : p re -broch f o r t if ica t ions 7 . 1 T he o u ter w a l l 7 . 2 T he i n terna lb u i ld ing s 7 . 3 T he g a tehou se 7 . 4 T he f i nd sf rom P ha se 3 7 . 5 P ha se 4 : t h e ' i nner r i ng -wa l l ' 7 . 6 E v id ence a ga in s tt h eo r thodox i n ner r i ng -wa l l 8 . P hase 5 : c ons truc t ion o ft he b roch 8 . 1 S t ra t ig raphy 8 . 2 T he r ound h u t 8 . 3 A l tera t ion st ot h eg a tehou se 8 . 4 T he b u i ld ing o ft h eb roch

9 7 9 7 9 7 9 8 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 00 1 01 1 02 1 02 1 03 1 03 1 04 1 04 1 04 1

8 . 5 F ind sf rom t h eb roch l e ve l s 8 . 6 B roch p o t tery 9 . P hase 6 : d emo l i t ion o fb roch a nd c ons truc t ion o f whee lhouse 9 . 1 D emo l i t ion o ft h eb roch 9 . 2 T he w hee lhou se 9 . 3 Da t ing 9 . 4 F ind sf rom P ha se 5 1 0 . P hase 6 : l a te whee lhouse o ccupa t ion 1 0 .1 L a te p i t sa nd h u t s 1 0 .2 T he l a te s tf i nd s

1 04 1 05 1 05 1 05 1 06 1 06 1 06 1 07 1 07 1 07

PART 4 : GENERAL D ISCUSS ION 1 . T he n a ture o ft he p re -broch f o r ts 1 .1 D e s ign o ft h eg a tehou se 1 .2 T he f unc t ion o ft h eg a tehou se 1 .3 T he o r ig ina ln a ture o ft h eo u ter w a l l 1 .4 T he a ge o ft h es econd r i ng -f or t 1 .5 T he s t ruc tura lf ea ture so ft h eg a tehou se 1 .6 A na l te rna t ive s econd r i ng -f or t 1 2 . Ma ter ia lc u l ture 1 3 . R ev ised s i te s equence 1 3 .1 P ha se 1 : l a te B ronze A ge f arm 1 3 .2 P ha se s 2& 3 : e ar ly I r on A ge f arm a nd n ew r i ng -f or t 1 3 .3 P ha se 4 : R ing -f or t2 1 3 .4 P ha se 5 : t h eb roch 1 3 .5 P ha se 6 : w hee lhou se 1 3 .6 P ha se 7 :l a te l e ve l s 1 4 . F ina l C ommen t s 1 5 . D imens ions 1 6 . S ource s

1 07 1 08 1 08 1 08 1 08 1 09 1 09 10 10 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 15 15

S ec t ion 5 : t he b rochs o fO rkney ( Ma jo rs i te e n t r ies o n ly i n dexed ) B u HY20 4 1 . T he e xcava t ions 1 . 1 T he s t ruc ture o ft h er oundhouse 1 . 2 T he e n t rance p a s sage 1 . 3 T he c en t ra lc our t 1 . 4 L a ter o ccupa t ion 2 . T he f i nds 2 . 1 F ind sf rom t h ep re -roundhou se p ha se s ( J a &I b ) 2 . 2 F ind sf rom t h er oundhou se ( Pha se I a ) 2 . 3 F ind sf rom t h ep o s t -roundhou se s i l t( Pha se 1 b ) 2 . 4 F ind sf rom P ha se sI Ia & I Ib 2 . 5 A n ima lb one sa nd p lan te v id ence 3 . D a t ing 3 . 1 R ad iocarbon d a te s

2 13 2 14 2 14 2 14 2 14 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 16 2 16

T he Howe HY2 1 6 1 . T he e xcava t ions 1 . 1 C on t inu i ty w i th t h ep a s t? 1 . 2 P ha se 5 : t h ee ar ly I r on A ge r oundhou se 1 . 3 P ha se 6 : t h ed un 1 . 4 P ha se 7 : t h e ' b roch ' 1 . 5 L a ter P ha se 7& P ha se 8 1 . 6 F ind s ( I ) : t h ep o t te ry 1 . 7 F ind s ( 2 ) : o t her a r tef ac t s 2 . D i scus s ion

2 18 2 18 2 18 2 19 2 19 2 19 2 19 2 20 2 20 2 21 i v

Gurne s s HY32 2 1 . D e scr ip t ion 1 . 1 T he h i s tory o ft h es i te a se s tab l i shed b ye xca va t ion 1 . 2 T he b roch

2 27 2 27 2 27 2 28

1 . 3 F ea ture s i n s id et h eb roch 1 . 4 T he o u tbu i ld ing s 1 . 5 T he ma in e n t rance 1 . 4 T he o u ter d ef ence s 2 . T he f i nds 2 . 1 B ronze

2 29 2 29 2 29 2 30 2 30 2 30

2 . 2 F i red c l ay 2 . 3 G la ss 2 . 4 S tone 2 . 5 B one 2 . 6 P o t tery 3 . D i scuss ion 3 . 1 G enera l 3 . 2 T he s t ruc ture o ft h eb roch

2 30 2 30 2 30 2 30 2 30 2 31 2 31 2 31

3 . 3 3 . 4 3 . 5

T he o u tbu i ld ing sa nd o u ter d ef ence s C on t inu i ty b e tween t h et wo p ha se s Da t ing

2 32 2 32 2 32

M idhowe HY33 1 1 . D e scr ip t ion 1 . 1 S i te s equence d educed b yt h ee xca va tor 1 . 2 T he g ene ra ls i tua t ion o ft h es i te 1 . 3 T he a rch i tec ture o ft h eb roch 1 . 4 S econdary a l tera t ion st ot h eb roch 1 . 5 T he o u tbu i ld ing s 1 . 6 T he o u ter d ef ence s

2 33 2 33 2 33 2 33 2 33 2 36 2 37 2 37

2 . T he f i nds 3 . D i scus s ion 3 . 1 S i te s equence 3 . 2 Ad i f f e ren tv i ew 3 . 3 Ma ter ia lc u l ture

2 37 2 38 2 38 2 40 2 40

B urr ian 5( Nor th R ona ld say ) HY75 1 1 . D e scr ip t ion 2 . D i scus s ion 2 . 1 T he ' r ever se s carcmen t ' 2 . 2 T he i n t ra -mura lg a l lery 2 . 3 S t ra t ig raphy

2 55 2 56 2 56 2 56 2 56

Howmae HY75 3 1 . T he s i te 2 . D i scus s ion 3 . F inds

2 58 2 58 2 59

B ib l iography

3 70

Append ix L i s to fi d en t if ica t ion s o fi lu s t ra ted f i nd s

3 76

V

P ref ace T he S co t t i sh b r och - s ymbo l i sed b yt h e l o ne ly t ow e ro n Mou sa i s l and i nS he t land ( I l l . 2 . 1) - h a s , s i nce t h e e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e 1 8t h c en tu ry ,e x c i t ed t h ec u r io s i ty o fa r cha eo log i s t s ,a n t iqua r ie sa nd l a yp e r son sa l ik e . T he g r ea tp i le so fr u bb le o r t h e g r een m ound s c ove r ing t h e i rm a s s iv er u in sa r e e ve rywhe r et ob e s e en i nt h ew e s t er na nd n o r ther ni s l and sa nd i nt h e n o r th -ea s ter n c oun t ie s o fC a i thne s s a nd S u th e r land , o f t en i nu p land p l a ce s w he r e t h e r e a r e f ew o t h e r s i gn s o fh uman h ab i ta t ion . I n d eed p a r t o ft h e f a sc ina t ion o ft h e b r och s i st h a t t h e se a bundan t s i gn s o fd ynam ic h uman e ne rgy a nd o r gan i sa t ion a r e c oncen t ra t ed i nt h e m a r i t im e r e g ion o ft h e f a rn o r th a nd w e s t o fS co t land w h ich - u n t i lt h e d i scov e ry o f o i l f o cu s sed a t ten t ion o n t h e i mpo r tance o ft h e s e a a ga in - s e emed r emo t e i ne ve ry s e n se f r om t h e c en t r e s o f p opu la t ion o ft h em oder n UK . When t h e m a son ry i se xpo sed i ti sm a s s ive a nd w hen a r ch i t ec tu ra l f e a tu r e s c an b e s e en t h ey a r e s u rp r i s ing ly s oph i s t i ca t ed - p onde rou s e n t ran ce p a s sag e s w i th m a s s ive f l a t l i n t e l s a nd d oo r -check s a nd b a r -ho le s , c o rbe l led c hambe r s a nd l o ng g a l le r ie s i n s ide t h ew a l l s a sw e l la sv a r iou s o t he ro pen ing st h ep u rpo se o fw h ich i sn o t i mmed ia te ly a ppa r en t . We r e i tn o t f o rt h e f a c t t h a t t h e b u i ld ing s a r e a lway s r o und , a nd t h a t t h e s t one i si n va r iab ly d r y ( w i thou t a b i nd ing m o r ta ro fa ny k i nd ) o n em igh tt h ink o n ew a sd ea l ing w i th aMed ieva lc a s t le o fs ome k i nd . Y e tt h e se b u i ld ing s a r ea tl e a s t at h ou sand y ea r so l de rt h an t h e Med ieva lp e r iod a nd b e long t ot h ep r eh i s to r ic I r on A g e . B roch s i n d eed m ay b e f a i r ly d e sc r ibed a so ne o fh umank ind 's g r ea t e s t a ch iev emen t s i nd r y s t one b u i ld ing - p e rhap s t h eg r ea te s ta ch iev emen t -a nd t h ey t h u sp r e sen tt h e i n te r e s t ed e nqu i r e rw i th ap rob lem . I nt h ed eve lopm en to fE u rope a nd t h e Med i t e r ranean s i nce a nc ien tt i me s m a jo ra dvan ce s i na r ch i tec tu r e -l i ke N eo l i th ic c hambe r ed t omb s , I r on A g e h i l lf o r t s a nd R oman a nd Med ieva l r e l ig iou s a nd m i l i ta ry b u i ld ing s -h av e o n t h e w ho le o ccu r r ed a mong t h e m o r e a dvanced s o c ie t ie s o ft h e C on t inen t a nd b een i mpo r ted t ot h e B r i t i sh I s le s . Y e t t h e b roch s a ppea r ed i nt h e e x t r eme n o r th a nd n o r th -w e s to fS co t land ; t h e r ei sn o th ing r emo te ly l i k et h em a nywhe r ee l se . H ow d i dt h i sc ome a bou t ? Why d i dt h ep e r iod b e tw een a bou t 1 00BC a nd AD 1 00 s e et h i sg r ea tf l owe r ing o fs k i l l si no rgan i sa t ion a nd b u i ld ing? Mo r eov e ri ti sn o tj u s tt h eb u i ld ing st h a td emand a ten t ion . C a r ef u l e x cava t ion h a sr e pea t ed ly s hown t h a tt h e r e a ppea r w i th t h e se s t ru c tu r e s aw ho le r a ng e o fm anuf a c tu r ed i t em s -p o t t e r y , m e ta lwo rk , b one a nd s t one t o o l s -w h ich a r en o t f o und i ne a r l ie rc u l tu r e s a nd w h ich m o r e o rl e s s c omp le t e ly d i sappea rw i th t h e f i na l a bandonm en t o ft h e b roch s i t e s a t a bou t t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s t m i l lenn ium , o n t h e e v e o ft h e h i s to r ic p e r iod . T he r e a r e a l so s i gn s t h a t m o r e a dvan ced e conom ic p r a c t ice s w e r e i n t rodu ced a tt h e s am e t i me - t h a t t h e b ro ch s w e r e i nf a c t t h e f o r t if i ed f a rmhou se s o ft r iba l c h ief s a nd s ub -ch ief s e a ch o fw hom h ad a n ' e s ta t e ' w i th m any o r d ina ry t r iba l f am i l ie s w o rk ing o n i ta nd o w ing h im a leg ian ce . S i gn s a r e a l so a ppea r ing t h a t a no the rp r ima ry f u n c t ion o ft h e b roch m ay a l so h ave b een t oa c t ( u nd e rt h e g u idance o fi t sr e s iden t c h ie f ) a s ar e d i s t r ibu t ion c en t r e i nw h ich s u rp lu s g r a in a nd o t he r f o od s tuf f s c ou ld b e s t o r ed a ga in s tt i m e so fh a rd sh ip ,o rt oa low w a r l ik ee xped i t ion st ob em oun t ed . C lea r ly t h e r e a r e m any q ue s t ion s t oa s k a bou t t h e b roch c u l tu r e b u t , a st h a t f o und ing f a the r o fS co t t i sh a r cha eo logy J o seph A nd e r son m a in ta ined w e l l o ve r ac en tu ry a go - t h e f i r s t r e qu i r emen t i st oc o l lec t t h e f a c t s t o g e th e r ( G raham 1 976 ) ; w i thou t h av ing a l t h e r e levan t f a c t s i ti sd if i cu l t t od o m o r e t h an s p ecu la t e . O ne c u r iou s f a c t i st h a t m o s t w r i t e r s a bou t b roch s i nt h e p a s t h av e t e nded t or e ly f o r t h e i r c onc lu s ion s o n ar e la t iv e ly s ma l l n umbe r o fw e l l k nown s i t e s ; a pa r t f r om t h e w o rk o ft h e R oya l C omm i s s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s o fS co t land ( t he l a s t I n ven to ry o fw h ich t od e sc r ibe m any b r och s a ppea r ed i n1 946 ) t h e r e h a s n eve rb een as y s t ema t ic a t t emp tt oc o l la te a l t h e a va i lab le d a ta a bou tb r och s e ve rywhe r e a nd t h e f i nd s m ad e i nt h em . T h i s i so ne o ft h e t a sk s Is e tm y se lf i n1 96 1 s oon a f t e r Ic ame t o S co t land a nd t h i s v o lum e i st h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e r e su l t . B e ing as i ng le -hand ed w o rk i tw i l l i n ev i tab ly h ave f l aw s - i np a r t icu la r al o tm o r ew o rk c ou ld h av eb een d one o nt h eb ro ch f i nd s i nm u seum s- b u ti ti s as t a r t . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t S ec t ion s 1a nd 2w e r e o r ig ina l ly w r i t t en a sc hap t e r s f o r ab ook . E ven tua l ly i tb ecame o bv iou s t h a t s u ch ab ook w ou ld b e b e t t e r p o s tponed u n t i l s ome th ing l i k e t h i s C o rpu s h ad a ppea r ed . O th e rw i se s u ch aw o rk w ou ld h av et oh ave b een c l ogg ed w i th h i the r to u npub l i shed p r ima ry d a ta , a nd t h u sb ev e ry l a rge , o ri tw ou ld b eo pen t o t h e c r i t ic i sm t h a tt h e r ew e r et o o m any u n sub s tan t ia t ed g ene ra l i sa t ion s a nd n o te nough h a rd s uppo r t ing d a ta . I ts e emed ag ood i d ea t oi n t rodu ce t h i s C o rpu s w i th t h o se c hap te r s ; t h e f i r s t d e sc r ibe s o u rb e s t p r e se rved b r och i nd e ta i l , i nt h e f o rm o f ag u ided t o u r , i no r d e rt og e t ap r e l im ina ry i d ea o ft h e b u i ld ing s w h i le t h e s e cond o u t l ine st h e d eve lopmen t o f b roch s t ud ie ss i nce t h e 1 6t hc en tu ry . E uan W . Ma cK ie May 1 3t h2 002

v i

I ndex o f s i te n ames T he n ames i n CAP ITALS a r et h ep r ima ry n ame su sed h e re ;t h e c od ing i s I t a l ic s= p os s ib le b roch s r oman =p robab le o rd ef in i te b roch s u nder l ined = o t he rb roch l ike s i te s b o ld = s em ib roch s u nd er l ined i t a l ic s =r oundhou se s a nd w hee lhou se s N ame s i nl owe rc a se a r e R oman a l ter na t ives a nd a r e s hown w i th t h er e levan ts i te c ode .

S he t land

HU54 HU69 HU43 HU58

1 1 1 3

A ITH A ith A ITHSETTER Ayw ick

HP51 HP60 HP60 HP60 HP60 HU25 HP50 HU30 HU36 HP50 HU25 HU25 HP50 HU43 HU25 HU43 HU42 HU41 HU15 HU35 HU47 HU41 HU42 HU15 HU25 HU54 HU56 HU33 HU54 HP60 HU24 HU45 HU59 HU56 HU41 HP50 HP50 HU69 HU59

1 1 1 2 2 1 6 3 2 1 3 3 5 1 2 2 1 3 1 3 2 5 4 2 8 2 1 1 1 1 6 3 1 3 4 5 5 2 2

BALIASTA 1 BALIASTA 2 B a l ias ton BALTA B a lta I s le B roch BAY OF GARTH B e l mont B et ty Mowa t 's C rof t B rae BREI WICK B r ind ib ister Voe BRINDISTER VOE B roch Ho lm o f L undaw ick B roch o f A ithset ter B roch o f B rousta B roch o f Bur land B roch o f Burra land B roch o f Da lset ter B roch o f E aster B roch o f Hou l land B roch o f I nf ie ld B roch o f L evenw ick B roch o f Ma i l B roch o f Ness B roch o ' S et ter BROUG H I BROUG H 3 B rough B rough B rough B rough B rough B rough o f Burraness B rough Geo B rough Head BRO UG H HOL M B rough Ho lm o f L undaw ick B rough o f Houb ie BRO UG H LODGE v i i

HP60 HU25 HU25 HU37 HU36 HP61 HU46 HU25 HU25 HU56 HU33 HU43 HU42 HU34 HU59 HU36 HU57 HU38 HU57 HU42 HU24 HU24 HU45 HU45 HU34 HU31

3 2 3 1 1 1 1 4 9 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 8

BRO UG H T AING BRO USTA B rund ib ister Voe BURGA N BURGASTOO BURGAR STACK BURGAR WATER 1 BURGA WATER 2 B urgh o f Burraf ir th Burgh o f Hogset ter BURLA ND 1 BURLAND 2 B urn o f A ith BURRA HOL M BURRA NESS BURRAVOE 1 BURRAVOE 2 BURRA VOE Burra Voe BURRALAND 1 BURRALAND 2 BURRASTO W BURRIA N I BURRIA N 2 BUR W ICK HOL M BYRELA NDS

HU46 HU41 HU44 HU44 HU44 HU44 HU42 HU41 HU45 HP60 HP50 HU25 HU54 HU24 HU24 HU25

2 1 1 l a l b l c 2 2 2 3 4 5 3 3 3 5

CHAPEL KNO WE CLEVIGARTH CLICKHI MIN CLICKHI MIN CLIC KHI MIN CLICKHI MIN CLODIE KNO WE CLU MLIE CORN HOL M C roon o ' d e U ra CR UNESS CULERYIN LOCH CULLINGSB URGH Cu l lsw ick CULS W ICK C um is B rough p oss ib le? ?

HU41 HU35 HU39 HU41 HU41 HU27 HU42

3 1 1 4 4 a 2 5

DALSETTER EAST BURRA F IRTH E as ter Wick EASTSHORE EASTSHORE E sha Ness EVERGLA DES NORTH

HU69 HU69 HU39 HP50 HP51 HU24 HU47

1 1 1 1 2 4 1

FEAL , F ea l B roch FETHLA ND F i l lacomb P o in t F lubersgerd ie FOOTABRO UG H FUGLA NESS

HP60 HU45 HP50 HU42 HU58 HU49 HP50 HU33

2 4 3 2 1 2 2 3

Geo o f t he B rough GLETNESS G loup Gord GOSSABROUGH GRA VELA ND GREENBA NK GR UNASO UND

HU28 HU44 HU48 HU67 HU35 HU25 HU41 HU44 HU27 HP50 HU27 HU34 HU45 HU45 HU45 HU25 HU47 HU25 HU69 HU35 HU34

1 2 1 1 2 6 5 3 1 6 4 4 1 6 5 4 3 9 2 3 5

HA MNAVOE HA WK'S NESS HEA D OF BRO UG H HEA D OF GR UNAY HEGLIBISTER 1 HEGLIBISTER 2 He lm HEOGA N HILLS WICK HOGA NESS Hoga land HOGALA ND Ho lm o f B enston HOL M OF BENS TON HOUSABISTER Ho lm o f Burga Wa ter HOL M OF COPISTER , Ho lm o f Hebr ista HOUBIE HO ULLA ND HO ULLA NDS

HU47 2 HU36 3

I NFIELD I SLESB URG H

HU30 1 ** HU30 l a

J ARLSHOF J ARLSHOF

HP50 HU27 HP50 HU42

7 1 3 3

K IRKABY K irk L och K IRKS KNO WE OF HOULLA ND

HU41 HU41 HU33 HU24

5 5 a 4 1

LEVEN WICK LEVEN WICK L INGA L och o f B re ib is ter

HU43 HU31 HU37 HU27 HU15 HU56 HU58 HP50 HU45 HU15 HU45 HU31

3 1 3 2 1 4 2 9 7 2 4 2

LOCH OF BR INDISTER , LOCH OF BRO W LOCH OF BURRALA ND LOCH OF HOULLAND LOCH OF HUXTER 1 LOCH OF HUXTER 2 LOCH OF KETTLESTER L och o f S na B roch LOCH OF STAVA NESS LOCH OF WATSNESS L onga S kerr ies LUNABISTER

HU42 HU37 HU42 HU42 HU25 HU15 HP50

4 4 6 6 a 2 3 8

MAIL MARKI NESS MOUSA MO USA Muck le B rous ta M UCKLE HEOGA N M USSELB URG H

HU30 HU34 HU58 HU16 HU37 HP51 HU38 HU54 HU25

2 3 1 1 1 2 1 4 7

NESS OF BURGI NESS OF BUR WICK Ness o f Gossabrough NORTH BA NK Nor th G luss NORTH GEO OF BRO UG H Nor th Roe NOSS SOUND NO UNSBOROUG H

HU31 HU31 HY37 HU37

3 4 2 5

OLD HO USE OF BRO W OLD SCATNESS O lnesf ir th ORBISTER

HP40 1 HU24 5

P IGEON HELLIE P INHO ULLA ND

HU45 HU31 HU31 HU68

8 5 7 1

RAILSB URG H Rhu-A l len Rob in 's B rae RUIR T AING

HU27 HU27 HP60 HP61 HU69 HU56 HU43 HU30 HU31 HU31 HU31 HU33 HP50 HU59 HP50 HU59 HU33 HU41

3 3 4 2 1 3 4 3 4 5 6 5 9 3 9 3 6 6

SAE BRECK S aebr ig S A ND WICK ST . JO HN 'S CHURCH S t . Rognva ld 's S a lt Ness SCALLO WAY SCATNESS S ca tness SCO USEB URG H SKELBERRY SKEO HILL S nabrough S na B rough SNA BROCH 1 SNA BROCH 2 SO UND OF MEAL SOUTHVOE

HU56 HU58 HU25 HU31 HU56

2 3 8 4 3

STAVA NESS STOAL STO URA BRO UG H S u mburgh A irpor t SY MBISTER

HU30 HU34 HU48 HU45 HU37 HU27 HU35

3 5 2 3 2 5 3

The A ith T he B rough T he B rough T he Burr ian THE CU MLINS THE HA MARS , Tumb l in

HP50 1 0 HU43 4 HP61 3

UNDERHOULL Upper S ca l loway URA GEO

HP50 HU46 HU31 HU25

8 3 4 7

Uyeasound V IDLIN V irk ie Voe o f C lousta

HU45 HU31 HU27 HU33 HU25 HU27 HU25 HU48 HU24 HU49

9 7 4 1 9 4 1 0 2 6 1

WA DBISTER NESS WARD HILL West Ayre WEST BURRA WEST BURRA F IRTH WEST HOGALA ND WEST HO ULLA ND WEST S A ND W ICK WESTER SKELD WIND HO USE

ND49 ND49 HY21 HY21 HY31 HY31 HY75 HY31 HY31 HY31 HY74

1 2 2 3 4 5 1 2 4 4 4

BURRAY EAST BURRAY WEST BURR IAN 1 BURR IAN 2 BURRIA N 3 BURRIA N 4 BURR IAN 5 BURRIA N ( ex ists?) Burr ian b roch , Harray Burr ian , Corr iega l l Burr ian , L opness

HY21 HY21 HY52 HY38 HY21 HY74

2 3 1 1 1 4

Burr ian b roch , Russ land Burr ian , L och o f Harray BURROUGHSTON BURRO WSTONE Burw ick Buryan

HY21 HY53 HY50 HY38 HY21 HY44 HY44 HY44 HY31 HY74 HY21 HY64 HY63 HY21

6 1 2 4 4 2 2 2 3 6 9 1 4 5

C a irston CALF OF EDAY CA MPSTON CA NTICK HEA D CASTLE BLOODY 1 CASTLE OF BOTHICAN Cas t le o f Both ikan C ast le o ' Mi l lyemay Chape l Knowe CHAPEL OF ANSTON C lum l ie COLLI NESS C roos o f Neb ister CU M M I HO WE

Orkney

HY32 2 HY2I 8 HY40 1

A ikerness A n on AYRE

HY631 HY50 9 HY62 4 HY41 1 HY21 1 3 HY31 1 HY31 1 HY52 1 HY21 1 HY74 1 HY20 1 HY50 1 HY63 2 HY20 3 HY41 1 HY21 1 HY32 1 HY21 2 HY63 3 ND49 7 HY31 1 6 HY52 2 HY21 1 3 HY21 9 ND49 5 HY403 HY44 1 HY48 1 HY20 4 HY20 4 a HY32 1 HY32 1 HY31 3

BACKASKA ILL BACKLA ND BENNI CU ML BERSTA NE B igg ing B IG HO WE B ighowe Borrows ton BOR WICK BRACE GARTH BRAEBISTER BRAEB USTER BRAEHO WAR BRECKNESS B r iston B roch o f Borw ick B roch o f Burgar B roch o f Harray B roch o f L amaness B rough o f On tof t B roch o f R ed land B roch o ' S te iro BROUGH OF B IGGING B rough o f C lum ly B rough o f Hoxay B roch o f Wa rbu s te r BRO UG H BRO UG H FAR M BU BU ( Phase 2 ) BURGAR Burgher BURNESS

HY50 3 HY75 2 HY50 4 i x

DEERNESS CHURCH DENNIS NESS D INGIESHO WE

1Y50 4 HY41 3

D ingy 's Howe D iscrow

ND49 HY63 HY63 HY50 HY50

E ast b roch o f Burray ELSNESS E is Ness Eve 's Howe Ev ie Howe

1 5 5 1 1

HY31 6

F INSTO WN

HY31 HY63 HY20 HY39 HY38 ND39 HY32

5 8 2 1 2 2 2

Gar th GREEN HILL GREEN H ILL GREEN HILL GREEN HILL GREEN HILL GURNESS

HY42 HY73 ND49 HY21 HY31 HY31 HY41 HY41 HY62 HY30 HY52 HY51 HY44 HY44 HY21 HY63 HY51 ND49 HY50 HY31 HY50 HY75 ND49 HY62

1 1 4 2 7 1 5 2 8 1 1 1 1 3 4 6 6 1 5 5 8 9 3 6 2

HALL OF RENDALL HA NGI HEA D HARRA BRO UG H Harray HARRAY CHURCH Harray Churchyard HATSTON HELLIAR HOL M HILLOCK OF BAY WEST HILLOCK OF BRECKNA H i l lock o ' Burroughston H i l lock o f Howe HODGALEE HOOR NESS Howe o f Howe HO WE FAR M HO WE HILL HO WE OF HOXA HO WE OF LA NGSKAILL HO WEN BROCH How ie o ' Back land HO W MAE HUNDA HUNTON

1 2 3 OF HESTI GEO OF SCAR TON

HY64 2 HY64 2 HY31 9

I CEGARTH I cegar th C ast le I NGSHO WE

HY31 HY44 HY31 HY42 HY31 HY44 HY41 HY32 HY31 HY45 HY42 HY44 HY21 HY32

K IRK OF CLEATON KNOLL OF SKULZIE KNO WE OF BOSQ UOY KNO WE OF BURRIA N Knowe o f Burr ian KNO WE OF BURR ISTAE KNO WE OF DISHERO Knowe o f G rugar KNO WE OF GULLO W K IRK OF HO WE KNO WE OF HUNCLETT KNO WE OF QUEEN 0 ' HO WE KNO WE OF REDLA ND KNO WE OF RYO

1 0 7 1 6 5 5 3 3 1 2 2 7 6 8 3

HY44 HY22 HY32 HY32 HY22 HY21 ND49

9 1 4 8 6 1 2 3

KNO WE OF SKEA KNO WE OF SKOGAR KNO WE OF STENSO KNO WE OF SWANDRO Know o ' T af t Knowe o f Verron KYELITTLE

HY48 HY62 HY63 HY40 HY40 HY44 HY40 HY21 HY21 HY22 HY22 HY43 HY41

2 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 9 2 3 1 9

L ady Weem 's Cast le LA MB HEA D LA MA NESS L INGRO L ingrow L inks o f Moc let t L och o f Ayre L och o f Bosquoy LOCH OF CL U MLY LOCH OF HUNDLA ND LOCH OF I SBISTER L och o f S cockness LOCH OF WESTHILL

HY64 HY33 HY44 HY32 HY20 HY20 ND47 HY45

3 1 2 5 5 5 1 3

MARYGARTH MA NSE MIDHO WE Mi l lymay MITHO USE Monkerhouse Monkers G reen M UCKLE SKERRY Munkerhoose

HY20 HY20 HY63 HY42 HY52 HY42 HY31 HY31 HY31 HY74 HY41 HY33 HY22

4 4 4 7 2 3 1 3 5 1 4 2 4 2 7

Navershaw Navershough NEBISTER NESS OF BORAY NESS OF ORK NESS OF WOOD WICK NETHER HO USE Netherbrough NETLATER NE WARK NORTH ETT IT NORTH HO WE NORTON

HY38 HY31 HY22 HY22 HY31

3 1 5 4 4 6

OUTER GREEN HILL OVERBROUG H OXTRO W Ox tro Oyce

HY74 3 HY44 8 HY74 4

PETERKIRK P IERO WALL QUARRY POINT OF BURYA N

HY41 5 HY44 6 HY50 9

QUA NTERNESS Queena Howe Quoybur ing

HY31 1 6 HY50 6 a HY50 6 b

REDLAND R IGGAN OF KA M I R IGGA N OF KA M!

HY50 5 HY64 4

Round Howe Runna C le t t

HY 4 53 HY40 1 HY31 1 7 HY31 1 8 HY45 1 HY64 4 HY21 1 0 HY43 1 HY43 2 HY22 5 HY63 5 ND49 7 HY21 1 HY21 11 HY52 2 HY31 1 6 HY20 5 HY20 5

S T . BON IFACE CHURCH S t . Mary 's Holm ST . M ARY 'S K IRK 1 ST . MARY 'S K IRK 2 ST . TRED WELL'S CHAPEL SCAR SCARRATAING SCOCKNESS 1 SCOCKNESS 2 SKEABRAE Sma l l B rough SM IDDYBA NKS STACKR UE S taker -row STEIRO S t ir l ingo STRO MNESS S tromness Churchyard

HY22 6 HY43 1

T AFT T af t o ' F arrac le t t

HY44 HY50 HY50 HY33 HY31 HY31 HY52 HY21 HY21 HY21 HY63 HY28 HY42 HY42 HY40 HY74 HY74 HY74

1 0 7 8 4 1 2 6 2 6 6 a 6 b 7 1 4 4 3 5 5 5

T AFTS T A NKERNESS I T A NKERNESS 2 THE BURRIA N T he Cast le T he H i l lock T he H i l lock THE HO WE , P hase 7 THE HO WE , P hase 5 THE HO WE , P hase 6 THE KNO WES THE SKEO T h ing 's Vo l l T ING WALL TOFTS TOFTS NESS T of tsness T af t 's Ness

HY21 HY32 HY32 HY32

1 2 6 9 7

VERRON 2 VERRON 1 V IERA LODGE V INQ UIN

HY20 HY73 HY73 HY73 HY42 HY48 HY64 ND49 HY33 HY41 HY41

5 2 2 2 5 2 5 2 3 6 7

Warebeth C emetery Wassa Wasshow WASSO WASS WICK WEE MS CASTLE WESTBRO UG H West b roch o f Burray WEST S IDE WIDEFORD HILL WORK

x i

T he i lu s t ra t ion sl i s ted T he l i ne d r aw ing sa nd p ho tog raph s a r e , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft h e F ron t i sp iece , n umbe red i n s equence s o fI lu s t ra t ion s f o re ach o ft h et e nS ec t ion t h a tm ake u pt h et wo v o lume s o ft h i sw o rk . T hu st ho se f o rS ec t ion 1a r en umbe r ed 1 . 1 , 1 . 2 , e t c . , t h o se f o rS ec t ion 2 ,2 . 1 ,2 . 2 e t c . , a nd s oo n . T he S ec t ion sa r ea sf o l low s . V o lume 1 S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion

1 2 3 4 5

V o lume 2 I n t roduc t ion T he T owe ro n Mou sa I s land AH i s to ry o fB roch R e sea rch T he S he t land I s land s T he O rkney I s land s

S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion

6 7 8 9 1 0

C a i thne s sa nd S u the r land T he We s tC oa s ta nd I nne rH eb r ide s T he O u te rH eb r ide s T he C en t ra la nd S ou the rn Ma in land G ene ra ld i scu s s ion

A l i s t o f a l l t h e i lu s t ra t ion s , w i th s ho r tened c ap t ion s , i sg i ven h e r e . A t t h e e nd o f e ach f u l l c ap t ion , u nde r t h e i lu s t ra t ion s t h em se lve s , i s t h e a u tho r 's n ega t ive n umbe r f o r t h e p ho tog raph c once rned i n as qua r e b racke t ( t he se n ega t ive sw i l lu l t ima te ly b ed epo s i ted w i th t h eN a t iona l Monumen t sR eco rd i nE d inbu rgh ) . F o r c onven ience o fc ompa r i son mo s to ft h ep l an s o ft h eu nexcava ted b roch s a nd a l l ied s i te s a r e g i ven h e re a t as ca le o f 1 : 600 , w h i le t h o se w h ich h ave b een e xcava ted o ro t herw i se r e co rded i n mo r e d e ta i l a r e a t1 : 300 o r 1 : 150 . T he g r ea t ma jo r i ty o ft ho se i nt h e f o rme rc a tego ry a r et ho se p r epa red a nd p ub l i shed b yt h e R oya lC omm i s s ion o nt h eA nc ien ta nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s o f S co t land a nd a l l t h e se h ave t h e i r C rown c opy r igh t r e served . O the r s c ome f r om t h e P roceed ing so ft h eS oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie so fS co t land a nd f r om A rchaeo log ia S co t ica A f ew c ome f r om p ub l ica t ion so f t h e v a r iou sp redece s so r s o fH i s to r ic S co t land a nd t h eC rown c opy r igh to ft h e l a t te ri sa l so r e se rved . Ia m v e ry g ra tef u l t ot h e se v a r iou sb od ie sf o rp e rm i s s ion t or ep roduce .

F ron t i sp iece D raw ing o ft h eB roch o f L evenw ick , S he t land ( HU4 1 5 ) , a f t e ri t se xcava t ion b yG i lbe r tG oud ie i n1 869 .

S ec t ion 1 : I lu s tra t ion s

5 -6

1 . 1 Map o fS co t land w i th t h eO rdnance S u rvey g r id s upe r impo sed t os how h ow t h eb roch n umbe r ing s y s tem w o rk s . 1 . 2 D iag ram t os how h ow t h es t ruc tu r eo f ah ypo the t ica ls t anda rd b roch c an b ed i v ided i n to v a r iou ss t o rey so rL eve l s .

S ec t ion 2 : I lu s tra t ion s 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7 2 . 8

2 0 -26

Mou sa b roch , S he t land i n1 987 . V iew f r om a l ong t h es ho re . E leva t ion o f Mou sa w i th t wo h ypo the t ica lc r o s ss e c t ion sb yG eo rge L ow i n1 774 . S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 p l an o f Mou sa . S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 p l an o f Mou sa a tt h e t op a nd a t1 7f t .u p . S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 c r o s ss e c t ion so f Mou sa b roch . S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 c r o s ss e c t ion so f Mou sa b roch . S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 l o ng i tud ina ls e c t ion so ft h eh o l low -wa l l s t ruc tu re o f Mou sa b roch , w i th ag ene ra l v i ew b e low . Mou sa ( HU42 5 ) , i n1 987 . V iew o f t h e l owe s t mu ra lg a l le ry .

S ec t ion 3 : I lus tra t ion s 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3 3 . 4 3 . 5 3 . 6

4 5 -55

T he R oman t emp le k nown a sA r thu r 's O 'on n ea rF a lk i rk : a ne a r ly le c en tu ry d raw ing made b ef o re i t sd e s t ruc t ion i n1 743 . A lexande rG o rdon 's d raw ing so fD un T e lve a nd D un T roddan b roch s ,n ea r G lene lg , I nver ne s s sh i r e ,c .1 720 . T he ' Dan ish f o r t s ' i n G len B eag , n ea r G lene lg - D un T e lve a nd D un T roddan - a sd rawn f o r T homa s P ennan t a f t e r h i s 1 772 v i s i t . D un T e lve b roch i n1 986 , s how ing t h ei n ne rf a ce o ft h er ema in ing t a l l p a r t . T he b roch o fD un B eag , S kye a ss e en b yP ennan ti n1 772 . D un B eag b roch i n1 985 .

x i i

3 . 7 3 . 8 3 . 9 3 . 10 3 . 11 3 . 12 3 . 13 3 . 14

B a ck ie sb roch , S u the r land ; s k e tche so ft h ep l an a nd e l eva t ion s t ruc tu re b yJ . J . Wo r saae d u r ing h i sv i s i tt oS co t land i n1 848 . B a ck ie sb roch i n1 985 s how ing t h ei n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage a nd t h ed oo rt ot h em u ra lc e l lt oi t sr i gh t . P l an o fK e t t lebu rn b roch , C a i thne s sm ade a f t e rt h ee xcava t ion so fS i rH . R h ind i n1 853 . C ap t . FW LT homa s ' s u rvey o fD un B a rabha ti nL ew i s . D iag ram so fS a rd in ian n uraghe , f r om A nde r son 1 883 . K e i s sS ou th b roch ,t h e ' Ha rbou r Mound ' ) u nde re xcava t ion b yS i rF .T r e s sB a r ry i n1 893 . Map o f t h e ' A t lan t ic rd B c u l tu re s ' a f t e rT homa s 1 963 . Two h i s tog ram sw h ich c ompa r e( by m ean so ft h eC h i S qua r ed t e s t )t h ed i s tance o fS he t land b roch s i t e sf r om t h es e aw i th t h e s ame d i s tance o f as e to fr a ndom ly c ho sen p o in t s.

S ec t ion 4 : I lu s tra t ion s 4 . 1 4 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 4 4 . 5 4 . 6 4 . 7 4 . 8 4 . 9 4 . 10 4 . 11 4 . 12 4 . 13 4 . 14 4 . 15 4 . 16 4 . 17 4 . 18 4 . 19 4 . 20 4 . 2 1 4 . 22 4 . 23 4 . 24 4 . 25 4 . 26 4 . 27 4 . 28 4 . 29 4 . 30 4 . 31 4 . 32 4 . 33 4 . 34 4 . 35 4 . 36 4 . 37 4 . 38 4 . 39 4 . 40 4 . 4 1 4 . 42 4 . 43 4 . 44 4 . 45 4 . 46

1 2 1-2 12

T op ,p l an o fH oga N e s s( Be lmon t ) : b o t tom , p l an o fU nde rhou l l . H oga N e s s( Be lmon t )i n1 963. G ene ra lv i ew o fb roch m ound w i th t h em ound so ft h eo u te rd ef ence si nt h ef o r eg round . U nde rhou l li n1 963 . T he o u te rd ef ence s . L och o fH ux te ri n1 963 . D is tan tv i ew w i th t r a ce so fo u two rk si np rof i le . L och o fH ux te ri n1 963 . P a r to ft h em u ra lc e l l w i th p o le a te nd o fb roch m a son ry . C u l sw ick i n1 987 , d i s tan tv i ew . T op ,p l an o fC u l sw ick . B o t tom , p l an o f We s tB u r ra F i r th . C u l sw ick i n1 963 : c l o se -up o fo u te rw a l lw i th e n t r ance a nd t r iangu la rl i n te l . C u l sw ick i n1 987 . I n s ide t h el i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n . C u l sw ick i n1 987 . I n s ide t h ev o id o ve rt h ee n t rance p a s sage , l o ok ing t owa rd st h ei n te r io r . C u l sw ick i n1 963 .T he c hambe ro ve rt h el i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage s e en f r om t h ei n te r io r . C u l sw ick i n1 987 . V iew d own i n to m u ra lc e l l . C u lsw ick i n1 987 . V iew a c ro s st h ei n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h ev o id o ve rt h ee n t rance p a s sage . C u l sw ick i n1 987 . V iew f r om t h eb roch t oo u te rw a l lo nt h es ou th -we s ts i de . We s tB u r ra F i r th i n1 987 . G ene ra l v i ew f r om s e awa rd s i de w i th p o le i nf r on to fl ef tg ua rd c e l l . We s t B u r ra F i r th i n1 987 . V iew f r om t h e i n te r io r t ow a rd s t h e e n t rance ; t h e p o le i sr e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t w h ich r un s a c ro s st h ei n ne rmo s tl i n te l . We s t B u r ra F i r th i n 1 987 . T he s c a rcemen t l e dge i nt h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce ( po le l y ing o n i t )w i th an a r row d oo r i nt h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce i mmed ia te ly b e low i t . We s t B u r ra F i r th i n 1 987 . U p r igh t s l ab i ni n ne r w a l l f a ce a t 9o ' c lock , f o rm ing t h e s i de o fv o id o r d oo rway a bove t h e s c a r cemen t( wh ich i si n v is ib le ) . We s tB u r ra F i r th i n1 987 . T he l e f tg ua rd c e l lw i th d oo rl i n te lt ot h ee n t rance p a s sage v i s ib le a tb o t tom ( b e low t h ep o le ) . We s tB u r ra F i r th i n1 987 . I n s ide t h er a ised i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry l e ad ing t ot h ec e l la t1 0 .30 o ' c lock . L och o fH ou l land i n1 987 . G ene ra lv i ew o ft h es i te o ni t sl o ch p romon to ry . L och o fH ou l land i n1 987 . T he o u te rw a l lf a ce o nt h ee a s to rn or th -ea s t . L och o fH ou l land i n1 987 . T he r ound , c o rbe l led g ua rd c e l l s how ing l i n te l ( a tp o le )o ft h ed oo rway t ot h ee n t rance p a s sage b eyond . P l an o fS a eB r eck a f t e rp a r t ia le xcava t ion . P lan o fp r e -b roch s e t t lemen t a tJ a r lshof . J a r l shof i n1 987 : ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' i nt h eL a te B ronze A ge v i l lage . L a te B ronze A ge p o t te ry f r om t h ef i r s tp r e -b roch v i l lage o f' c ou r tya rd h ou se s ' a tJ a r l shof . E a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry f r om t h es e cond p r e -b roch v i l lage o fr ound s t one h u t sa tJ a r lshof . P lan o ft h eb roch a nd i t sc ou r tya rd a tJ a r lshof a f t e re xcava t ion . J a r l shof i n1 963 . T he o u te rw a l lo fb roch c omp lex f r om e x t e r io r , l o ok ing t owa rd ss i te o fg a teway . T he m ode rn s e aw a l li st o t h er i gh t . J a r lshof i n1 987 . V iew o ft h ee a s te nd o ft h eb roch w a l lw he r ee r o s ion h a sc u tt h rough i t . J a r l shof i n1 963 . T he o u te rd ef en s ive w a l lo ft h eb roch c omp lex a tt h ep o in tw he re s e ae r o s ion h a sd e s t royed i t . J a r l shof i n1 963 . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h ew e s ts i de s how ing i t sf ounda t ion p l in th a nd t h ew a l lo f Whee lhouse 1t o t h el e f t . J a r l shof : i n 1 987 . T he a i s led w hee lhou se s e en f r om o n t o p o ft h e b roch w a l l , w i th t h e t wo w hee lhou se s b eyond , p a r t ly e nc roa ch ing o ni t . J a r l shof i n1 963 . T he i n te r io ro fa i s led w hee lhou se s how ing o ne o ft h ef r ee s tand ing r a d ia lp i e r si nf o reg round . S ec t ion st h rough t h ed epo s i t so ft h eb roch a nd i t sc ou r tya rd a tJ a r lshof . A l te rna t ive s ugge s ted s e quence o fs t ruc tu ra lc hange si nt h em idd le I r on A ge a tJ a r lshof . D iag ram o fp robab le r oof ing o ft h ea i s led r oundhou se si ni t st wo p ha se so fe x is tence . P o t te ry a nd o t he rf i nd sf r om t h eb roch a nd l a te rl e ve l sa tJ a r l shof . P o t te ry a nd o t he rf i nd sf r om t h eb roch a nd l a te rl e ve l sa tJ a r l shof . P o t te ry f r om t h eb roch a nd l a te rl e ve ls a tJ a r l shof . J a r l shof i n1 963 . T he e r os ion -cu tc r o s ss e c t ion t h rough t h eb roch w a l lo nt h ew e s t . J a r l shof i n1 987 . T he i n te r io ro f Whee lhou se 1s how ing t h e c en t ra l h ea r th a nd t a l l k e rb s tone f l ag s a tt h e i n ne re dge o fe a ch b ay . T op : p l an o fN e s so fB u rg i ' b lockhou se ' f o r t ;L och o fH ux te r' b lockhou se ' f o r t . B o t tom l e f t , L evenw ick ,r i gh t ,C lum l ie R econ s t ruc ted p l an so fL evenw ick b roch , a tg r ound l e ve la nd f i r s tf l oo rl e ve l . N e s so fB u rg ic oa s ta lp romon to ry f o r ti n1 963 : d i s tan tv i ew .

4 . 47 4 . 48 4 . 49 4 . 50 4 . 51 4 . 52 4 . 53 4 . 54 4 . 55 4 . 56 4 . 57 4 . 58 4 . 59 4 . 60 4 . 6 1 4 . 62 4 . 63 4 . 64 4 . 65 4 . 66 4 . 67 4 . 68 4 . 69 4 . 70 4 . 71 4 . 72 4 . 73 4 . 74 4 . 75 4 . 76 4 . 77 4 . 78 4 . 79 4 . 80 4 . 81 4 . 82 4 . 83 4 . 84 4 . 85 4 . 86 4 . 87 4 . 89 4 . 89 4 . 90 4 . 9 1 4 . 92 4 . 93 4 . 94 4 . 95 4 . 96 4 . 97 4 . 98 4 . 99 4 . 100 4 . 10 1

N e s s o fB u rg i p romon to ry f o r t i n 1 963 . t h e e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u twa rd s w i th t wo f a l len l i n t e l s a nd d oo r -check s b eyond . B roch o f C lum l ie i n 1 987 . A v i ew t owa rd s t h e e n t rance ( po le ) f r om t h e i n te r io r , s how ing t h e s e conda ry w a l l w i th t h e p r im a ry b roch w a l lb eh ind i t . B roch o fC lum l ie i n1 987 , s how ing t h eg ua rd c e l l i nt h ef o r eg round w i th t h ee n t r ance p a s sage a nd d oo r -check ( t he u p r igh t s l ab )b eyond . B roch o fC lum l ie i n1 963 . T he e n t rance p a s sage i nt h e f o reg round w i th t h e o t he rd oo r -check ( a tt h e p o le ) ; t h e l ow d oo rt o t h eg ua rd c e l l i sa l so v i s ib le . C lum l ie i n1 987 .V iew a c ro s si n te r io rt owa rd se n t rance w i th t h ew ide s e conda ry w a l lv i s ib le . F ind s : n o s . 1 13 , p o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s f r om C lum l ie b roch ; n o . 1 4 e ve r ted r im s he rd f r om Mou sa b roch ; n o s . 1 5 -20 , p o t she rd sf r om We s tB u r ra F i r th b roch . E a s t sho re b roch i n1 987 , b ef o re t h er e cen te xcava t ion s . V iew a c ro s si n te r io r , w i th t h ep o le r e s t ing o ns c a rcemen tl e dge a nd t wo r a d ia lp i e r sv i s ib le . L evenw ick i n1 987 . D is tan tv i ew w i th o u te rd ef ence si np rof i le . L evenw ick b roch i n 1 987 . L ook ing a c ro s s i n te r io rt ot h e s ou th , t owa rd st h e p robab le m a in e n t rance a tc en t re , u ppe rr i gh t ( t ot h er i gh to ft h ep o le . L evenw ick i n1 963 . Ac l o se rv i ew o f t h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce s how ing t h es e conda ry w hee lhou se w a l l( r igh t )a nd o t he rf e a tu r e s . L evenw ick i n1 963 . R ema in so fo u tbu i ld ing si n c lud ing ap o s s ib le ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' . B u r ra land b roch o ni t sc l if f top s i te i n1 987 . Ad i s tan tv i ew s how ing t h ep rof i le o ft h ew a l l . B u r ra land i n1 987 . V iew a c ro s st h ei n te r io rw i th t h ep o le a tt h er a ised v o id i nt h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce . B u r ra land i n1 987 ; e x te r io rw a l la nd t h eo u te re nd o ft h ee n t r ance p a s sage ( by t h ep o le ) . B u r ra land i n1 987 . I n s ide t h es t i l ll i n te l led e n t r ance p a s sage , l a rge ly f i l led w i th d eb r is , l o ok ing i nwa rd s . T op l ef t : p l an o fC lev iga r th . T op r i gh t :p l an o ft h eu ppe rp a r to ft h ew a l lo fB u r ra land b roch . B o t tom : p l an o f Mou sa . Mou sa i n1 987 . G ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch . Mou sa i n1 963 . C lo se -up v i ew o ft h et owe r . Mou sa i n1 987 .D e ta i lo ft h ee x te rna lw a l lf a ce s how ing t h ep l in th a tt h eb a se . Two c r o s ss e c t ion so f Mou sa . Mou sa : p l an a nd c r o s ss e c t ion so ft h ec en t ra lc ou r t . Mou sa . T op : p l an so ft h es i xl e ve l so fi n t ra -mu ra lg a l le r ie s . B o t tom : c r o s ss e c t ion so f mu ra lg a l le r ie s . Mou sa i n1 987 . I n s ide t h el owe s ti n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry ( Leve l3 ) . Mou sa i n1 987 : t h ei n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n . Mou sa i n1 987 . V iew o ft h ee n t r ance p a s sage l o ok ing o u t . Mou sa i n1 987 . V iew d own i n to t h ec en t ra lc ou r t . Mou sa i n1 987 .A no the rv i ew o f t h ei n ter na lf l oo r sw i th t h eh ea r th , t h ew a te rt a nk t oi t sl ef ta nd t h eo t he rf e a tu r e s . Mou sa i n1 963 . V iew o ft h er a ised d oo rt ot h e mu ra ls t a i r( r is ing t ot h er i gh t ) 1 o ' c lock . Mou sa i n1 987 . I n s ide mu ra l c e l l Ba t1 2 .30 o ' c lock . Mou sa i n1 987 . T he s t a i rf oo tg ua rd c e l la t1 0o ' c lock . Mou sa i n1 987 . V iew o ft h ei n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage a nd v o id sa bove i t . B u r land b roch i n1 987 . V iew o ft h es i te o ni t sc l if fp romon to ry w i th t h eo u te rd ef ence st ot h el ef ts e en i np rof i le . B u r land b roch i n1 963 . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch s t and ing 1 0f th igh ( po le ) , s how ing t h es t eep ly b a t te r ed p rof i le . T op : p l an o f t h e b roch o fB u r land o n i t s d ef ended p romon to ry w i th , r i gh t , d e ta i led p l an o ft h e b roch e n t rance p a s sage . B o t tom : g ene ra lp l an o fH o lm o fC op is te r . B u r land b roch i n1 987 . V iew o ft h e f r ag i le look ing c hambe ro ve rt h e ma in e n t rance ( Leve l2 ) , c l ea r ed o u ts i nce 1 963 . B u r land b roch i n1 987 . T he i n te r io ro ft h eg ua rd c e l l , i t sr oof p a r t ly i n ta c t . B u r land b roch i n1 987 . T he j unc t ion b e tween t h e s e cond a ry a nd t e r t ia ry i nwa rd e x ten s ion s t ot h ee n t rance p a ssage , l o ok ing o u twa rd s . B u r land b roch i n1 987 . T he i n ne re nd o ft h et e r t ia ry e n t rance p a s sage , f i l led w i th r ubb le b u tw i th l i n te l si n ta c t . C l ickh im in b roch i n1 987 . G ene ra lv i ew o fs i te t a ken f r om t h ea pp roa ch c au seway . C l ickh im in i n 1 987 . V iew o ft h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e o u te r w a l l j u s t t o t h e l ef t ( we s t ) o ft h e l a nd ing s t age ( s een i nt h e b a ckg round . C l ickh im in i n1 963 .T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eo u te rw a l lo nt h ee a s ts i de , s how ing t h e ' b end ' a bove a ne a r th -f a s tb ou lde r . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . V iew l o ok ing d own o nt h ee n t rance p a s sage t h rough t h eo u te rw a l l . C l ickh im in i n1 963 . T he c e l led h u t( ' cou r tya rd h ou se ' )s e en f r om t op o fb roch . C l ickh im in b roch .D ryden 's p l an o ft h eb roch a nd s t ruc tu re st ot h ew e s t . C l ickh im in b roch . T op - D ryden 's 1 866 p l an o ft h e b roch a bou t h a lf w ay u p ; b o t tom - e l eva t ion l o ok ing n or th -we s t s how ing t h el e ve lo ft h el o ch w a te rt h en . C l ickh im in b roch .T op - D ryden 's 1 866 p l an o ft h eb roch a tt h et op o ft h ew a l l ; b o t tom - e l eva t ion l o ok ing s ou th -ea s t . C l ickh im in b roch . T op - D ryden 's 1 866 c r o s ss e c t ion s ,t op l o ok ing e a s ta nd b o t tom l o ok ing w e s t . C l ickh im in b roch . L ef t , D ryden 's 1 866 p l an s o ft h e ` f o r ewo rk ' a tg round l e ve l , h a lf w ay u p a nd o nt op ; r i gh t , l o ng i tud ina l e l eva t ion s ( d rawn b ef o re c l ea rance ) . C l ickh im in b roch . T he R oya lC omm is s ion 's p l an s how ing t h es ugge s ted t h r ee p ha se h i s to ry o ft h es i te . C l ickh im in b roch .T op : t h eR oya lC omm i s s ion 's p l an so f t h eb roch h a lf w ay u p . B o t tom , i t ss e c t ion sa c ros st h es i te o nl i ne s A -A a nd B -B . C l ickh im in b roch . T he R oya lC omm is s ion 's s e c t ion sa nd e l eva t ion s . C l ickh im in b roch . G ene ra lp l an o ft h es i te a f t e r t h e moder ne xcava t ions . C l ickh im in b roch . G ene ra lp lan o ft h es i te s how ing t h ee xcava ted a r ea sa nd t h ep os i t ion so ft h ec r o s ss e c t ion s . C l ickh im in b roch . U ppe r : p l an a nd v a r iou se l eva t ion so ft h e ' b lockhou se ' . L owe r : c onven t ion su sed o nt h ep l an s . C l ickh im in b roch . S ec t ions a l ong AA 1,BB 1,CC 1. x iv

4 . 102 4 . 103 4 . 104 4 . 105 4 . 106 4 . 107 4 . 108 4 . 109 4 . 110 4 . 111 4 . 112 4 . 113 4 . 114 4 . 115 4 . 116 4 . 117 4 . 118 4 . 119 4 . 120 4 . 121 4 . 122 4 . 123 4 . 124 4 . 125 4 . 126 4 . 127 4 . 128 4 . 129 4 . 130 4 . 131 4 . 132 4 . 133 4 . 134 4 . 135 4 . 136 4 . 137 4 . 138 4 . 139 4 . 140 4 . 141 4 . 142 4 . 143

C l ickh im in b roch . T op : s ugge s ted r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h eb u i ld ing s , a l ong t h ei n ne rf a ce o ft h e f i r s tf o r tw a l l o nt h ew e s ts i de . B o t tom :p l an o fp o s t -ho le s ,p av ing ,e t c . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he i n ne re nd o ft h e e n t rance t h rough t h eo u te rw a l l( on l ef t )a nd i t sr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h eo u te re nd o f t h e ' b lockhou se ' e n t rance p a s sage ( r igh t ) . C l ickh im in i n1 963 .T he r e a rw a l lf a ce o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' s how ing t h e s c a rcemen ta tt h et o po fp o le . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . I n s ide t h el i n te l led e n t r ance p a s sage o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' l o ok ing o u t . C l ickh im in i n1 963 .T he w e s te nd o ft h eb l ockhou se s how ing t h ef l igh to fs t ep si ni t . C l ickh im in i n1 987 .V iew o ft h ee a s te nd o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he t o po ft h el e f to rw e s th a lf o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . V iew f r om t h ee a s tl o ok ing d own i n to t h er i gh th and ( e a s t )m u ra lc e l lo ft h e ' b lockhou se ' . C l ickh im in i n1 963 . L ook ing f r om t h ee a s te nd o ft h eg a tehou se ( r igh tf o r eg round )t owa rd st h eb roch e n t rance . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he b roch w a l lb eh ind t h e ' b lockhou se ' . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h ee a s ts i de w i th t h ew a l lf o o t ing so ft h ea leged s e cond r i ng -f o r ti nf r on t o fi t . C l ickh im in i n1 963 . T he ' s pu r ' i nt h eo u te rw a l lf a ce o ft h eb roch s l igh t ly w e s to fn o r th ( r igh tf o reg round ) . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . V iew o ft h e ' s pu r ' f r om t h eo t he rd i r ec t ion s how ing t h eo u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h en o r th . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . I n s ide t h e b roch e n t r ance p a s sag e l o ok ing o u t , s how ing t h e s l ab -bu i l t d oo r -check o n t h e l e f t( t o t h e r i gh to ft h ep o le . C l ickh im in i n1 987 .T he s ame p a r to ft h er i gh tw a l lo ft h eb r och e n t rance p a s sage , l o ok ing i nwa rd s . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . I n s ide t h eo u te re nd o ft h eb roch e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . Aw ide a ng le v i ew o ft h ei n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h e m a in e n t rance w i th t h ev o id sa bove i t . C l ickh im in i n1 987 .A no the rw ide a ng le v i ew o fi n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h eb roch c e l la t1 2o ' c lock . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . V iew o ft h eu ppe ri n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry a t 9o ' c lock s how ing t h er a ised v o id t ot h ei n te r io r . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . I n s ide t h eb roch m u ra lc e l l Ba t 4o ' c lock . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . I n s ide b roch c e l l a t 4o ' c lock s how ing n ea t I r on A ge b l ock ing ( b y w hee lhou se w a l l ) i nd oo rway w i th l a rge l i n te la bove . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he b roch s t a i rway a t 9o ' c lock . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he s e conda ry e n t rance a tt h ef o o to ft h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i ra t 9o ' c lock , l o ok ing o u t . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he l i n te ls o ft h em u ra l g a l le ry a t1 2o ' c lock , a bove c e l lA . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he s ame r a ised g a l le ry b u tl o ok ing a n t i -c lockw ise b a ckwa rd st owa rd st h em a in e n t r ance . C l ickh im in i n1 963 . T he u ppe ri n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry o nt h es ou th. C l ickh im in b roch . E a r ly I r on A ge P o t te ry f r om P ha se s 2( Ham i l ton 1 968 ) . C l ickh im in . F o r t 1p o t te ry f r om P ha se 3( Ham i l ton 1 968 ) . C l ickh im in b roch. D iag ram s how ing s ugge s ted h i s to ry o ft h es i te a c co rd ing t ot h ea r gumen t sp r e sen ted h e r e . C l ickh im in b roch . P l an s how ing t h el i ke ly n a tu re a nd p o s i t ion o ft h ea l te rna t ive g a l le ry -wa l led F o r t 2s ugge s ted h e re . T op : p l an o f F ug la N e s s b roch . B o t tom , p l an o f t h e r ema in s o f S na B roch a nd i t s o u te r d ef ence s ( HU59 3 ) a nd a n e l eva t ion . F ug la N e s si n1 987 . T he b roch m ound j u s ta bove t h es ho re a nd t h eo u te rd ef ence s . F ug la N e s si n1 987 . T he t wo s i de so ft h ee n t rance p a s sage p ro jec t ing o ve rt h em oder nb ea ch ,w i th af a l len l i n te l i nf r on t . F ug la N e s si n1 987 . T he l e f tg ua rd c e l lw i th t h el i n te lt ot h ee n t rance p a s sage v i s ib le a tt h eb a se o ft h ep o le . F ug la N e s si n1 987 . T he b a sa lc ou r se o ft h eo u te rw a l lf a ce n o r th o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage w i th t h er a d ia ld ef ens ive w a l l . B roch o fI nf ie ld i n1 963 .T he e n t rance p a s sage ( a tp o le )e me rg ing o ve rt h em oder nb ea ch . G o s sab rough i n1 963 . G ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch m ound . B u r ra N e s si n1 963 . G ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch m ound . B u r ra N e s si n1 963 .T he i n te r io rw a l lf a ce s how ing t h ep robab le s c a r cemen t( p ro jec t ing s l ab st or i gh to fp o le )a nd al a te rw a l l r unn ing a c ro s si t . B u r ra N e s si n1 963 . P os s ib le o u two rk ss e en f r om t h e b roch m ound . T op ,p l an o fH oub ie a nd i t so u te rd ef ence s . B o t tom ,p l an o fH amnavoe a nd i t so u te rd ef ence s . P l an so ff ou rS he t land b roch sa nd o ne g a tehou se f o r t ,w i th e l eva t ion sf o ra l e xcep tt wo o ft h eb roch s ,p r epa red f o rG eo rge L ow i n1 777 .

S ec t ion 5 :O rkney 5 . 1 5 . 2 5 . 3 5 . 4 5 . 5 5 . 6 5 . 7 5 . 8 5 . 9 5 . 10 5 . 11 5 . 12 5 . 13

2 65 -369

T op : p l an o fB o rw ick b roch . B o t tom ,p l an o f r ema in sa tS tT redwe l l 's C hape l . P apa We s t ray . B o rw ick i n1 985 ; g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch o ni t sc l if top s i te . B o rw ick i n1 963 : e n t rance p a s sage , i n ne re nd . B o rw ick i n 1 985 : b roch s e en f r om t h e o u t s ide . B o rw ick i n1 985 : v i ew o fi n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h ee n t rance ; t h e r ei sn os i gn o f as c a r cemen t . B orw ick i n1 985 : i n s ide t h e l i n te l led o u te rp a r to ft h ee n t r ance p a s sage l o ok ing i nwa rd s . B o rw ick i n1 985 : t h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u tw i th t h es i de so ft h ec hambe ra bove t h ee n t rance v i s ib le . B o rw ick i n1 985 : i n s ide t h ec o l lap s ing m u ra lc e l l . T op : p l an o fB rec i cne s s b roch w i th c r o s s s e c t ion o fr ema in s a bove b ea ch . B o t tom : p l an o f Bu r i n 2( Ru s s land ) , a f t e r P e t r ie . T op : p l an o fB u r r ian 2( Ru s s land ) , a f t e r RCAHMS . B o t tom : p l an o fM idhowe a tf i r s tf l oo rl e ve l . B u r r ian 2 ,R u s s land i n1 985 : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch m ound o nl o ch p romon to ry . B u r r ian 2 ,R u s s land , i n1 985 : as ma l la r co ft h ew a l lf a ce w i th ad oo rway i n to t h ew a l l( r igh to fp o le ) . P l an so f s i xo ft h em a in p ha se sa tT he H owe ,t a ken f r om B a l l in Sm i th ( e d . ) 1 994 . XV

5 . 14 5 . 15 5 . 16 5 . 17 5 . 18 5 . 19 5 . 20 5 . 21 5 . 22 5 . 23 5 . 24 5 . 25 5 . 26 5 . 27 5 . 28 5 . 29 5 . 30 5 . 31 5 . 32 5 . 33 5 . 34 5 . 35 5 . 36 5 . 37 5 . 38 5 . 39 5 . 40 5 . 41 5 . 42 5 . 43 5 . 44 5 . 45 5 . 46 5 . 47 5 . 48 5 . 49 5 . 50 5 . 51 5 . 52 5 . 53 5 . 54 5 . 55 5 . 56 5 . 57 5 . 58 5 . 59 5 . 60 5 . 6 1 5 . 62 5 . 63 5 . 64 5 . 65 5 . 66 5 . 67

P lan o f T he H owe P ha se 6( f rom Ma cK ie 1 998b ) . D raw ing s( by t h ea u tho r )o f s even o ft h eI r on A ge r o ta ry q ue rn s tone sf ound a tT he H owe . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 : t h ee n t rance p a s sage o f' B roch 2 'l o ok ing o u t . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 : t h ei n te r io ro f' B roch 2 's how ing ar a i sed d oo ro rv o id i nt h ew a l l . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 : o u tbu i ld ing so fP ha se 8 . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 : g ene ra l v i ew o f' B roch 2 ' . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n 1 980 : r a ised v o id i n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce o f ' B roch 2 ' w i th t h e o pen ing t o t h e u nde rg round c hambe ri nt h ef o reg round . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 :t h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i r i n' B roch 2 's how ing c r a cked s t ep s . V iew o fe xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 : t h ef e a tu re e xpo sed i nf l oo ro f' B roch 2 'w h ich t u rned o u tt ob et h ep a s sage o fa N eo l i th ic p a ssage g rave . T op : P e t r ie s 's 1 890 p l an o fO x t row . B o t tom : P e t r ie 's 1 890 p l an o fN e t la te rb roch . T op : p l an o fO x t row b roch f r om RCAHMS . B o t tom : p l an o fN e t la te rf r om RCAHMS . . N e t la te rb roch : c r o s ss e c t ion o ft h e ' we l l ' ( Pe t r ie 1 890 ) . F ind s f r om O x t row i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land ; s t one i mp lemen t s ( 4 l amp s a nd ap l aque ) , n a t ive p o t te ry , a S am ian b ow lb a se a nd ab ronze p enannu la rf i bu la . F ind sf r om 3s i te s , i nt h e Na t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land .T op -O x t row . C en t r e -B u r ray E a s t . B o t tom - L ing row . O x t row i n1 985 : g ene ra l v i ew o fb roch mound . O x t row i n1 985 : r ema ins o fc e l lo nt h e Ss i de . B u rne s si n1 987 : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch mound . I ng showe i n1 987 : : v i ew o fb roch f r om t h eb ea ch . I ng showe i n1 987 : p ro jec t ing i n ne rf a ce o fb roch w a l l , a so n 5 . 31 . N e t la te ri n1 985 : g ene ra lv i ew o fo u te rw a l lf a ce . N e t la te ri n1 985 : t h er u ined s t a i r . G u rne s s : p l an o fs i te f r om RCAHMS . G u rne s si n1 963 : p l an a nd e l eva t ion so ft h e ' we l l ' f r om RCAHMS . G u rne s si n1 963 : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch o u te rd ef ence sw i th r e -po s i t ioned ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' i nf o reg round . G u rne s s i n 1 987 : g ene ra l v i ew l o ok ing n o r th a l ong t h e i nne r d i tch o n t h e w e s t s i de ; s t a cked s l ab s c an b e s e en a l ong t h e i n s ide f a ce ( f o reg round ) . G u rne s si n1 987 : a ppa r en t ly s t a cked s t one s l ab si nt h ei n ne rd i tch . G ur n e s si n1 987 : o u te rd ef ence sw i th b a s t ion w a l ls i t t ing i ni n ne rd i tch . G u rne s si n1 985 :g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch a nd o u te rd ef ence sf r om t h en o r th -we s t . G u rne s si n1 963 : i n ne rd i tch , l o ok ing t owa rd st h ee n t rance c au seway f r om e a s t ; t h e r o ck -cu te nd o ft h ed i tch i sv i s ib le w i th t h eb a s t ion w a l lo ve r r id ing i t . G u rne s si n1 985 :g ene ra lv i ew o ft h eo u tbu i ld ing sw i th t h eb roch i nb a ckg round . G u rne s s i n1 987 : l o ok ing n o r th t oR ou say a l ong t h e i n ne rd i tch o nt h ee a s ts i de ; t h ef a ce o ft h eb a s t ioned w a l le nc lo s ing t h e v i l lage i so nt h el ef t . G u rne s si n1 963 : l a te ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' o nt op o fo u tbu i ld ing s , r e bu i l ti n an ew p o s i t ion . G u rne s si n1 987 : r ema in so fe a r th c l o se ta mong t h eo u tbu i ld ing s . G u rne s si n1 985 :t h eo u te re nd o ft h eb roch e n t r ance w i th p a s sage e x ten s ion h ou s ing t h es e conda ry d oo rf r ame i nf r on to fi t . G u rne s s i n 1 987 : s i de v i ew o fs e conda ry d oo r h ou s ing a nd g ua rd c e l l : t h e s t ra igh tj o in t b e tween i ta nd t h e b roch w a l l i s v i s ib le . G u rne s si n1 987 : v i ew f r om t h eb roch w a l l h ead o ft h ea pp roa ch r oad t ot h e e n t rance a nd o ft h es e conda ry d oo rh ou s ing a nd g ua rd c e l l . G u rne s s i n 1 985 : t h e i n s ide e nd o ft h e m a in e n t r ance s how ing c onc r e te l i n te l a bove d oo rf r ame h o ld ing u p s t ruc tu r e s f ound d u r ing e xcava t ion s . G u rne s si n1 963 : m a in e n t rance w i th d oo rc heck a nd c onc re te s uppo r ta bove ; t h eb a rs ocke ti sv i s ib le t ot h el ef to ft h ep o le a nd as ocke ts t one n ea ri t sb a se . G u rne s si n1 963 :t h er ema in ing h a lf o ft h es e conda ry r a i sed c hambe ra bove t h eg ua rd c e l lt ot h el ef to ft h ee n t rance . G u rne s si n1 963 : d i s tor ted d oo rway t ot h el ef tg ua rd c e l ls e en f r om i n s ide t h ed oorway t ot h e r i gh to ne . G u rne s si n1 987 :g round l e ve l i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry l e ad ing b a ck f r om t h el ef tg ua rd c e l l . G u rne s si n1 987 : l o ok ing d own o nt ot h ei n ne re nd o ft h e ma in e n t rance ,a nd t h ea d ja cen tc en t ra lc ou r t , f r om t h ew a l lhead . G u rne s si n1 985 :g ene ra l v i ew o ft h ei n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd s t h ee n t rance . G u rne s si n1 985 : g ene ra lv i ew o ft h ei n te r io rf r om a bove t h ee n t rance p a s sage . G u rne s si n1 985 : t h ei n te r io rs how ing t h es e conda ry h ea r th . G u rne s s i n 1 963 : t h e s e conda ry h ea r th a s i tw a s i n 1 963 w i th t h e p r ima ry c en t ra l h ea r th a cce s s ib le u nde r t h e s l id ing c ove r b eyond i t . G ur n e s si n1 985 :t h e s t ep sd own i n to t h ew e l l . G u rne s si n1 987 :t h er o ck -cu tb a se o ft h ew e l lw i th al i t t le w a te ri ni t . G u rne s si n1 963 : e xpo sed l i n te ls o ft h eg round g a l le ry i nt h en or th t on or th -ea s ta r c . G u rne s si n1 963 : v i ew o ft h er a ised d oo rway t ot h es t a i rw i th p a r to ft h es ca r cemen tv i s ib le t oi t sr i gh t , a tt h et o po ft h ew a l l . G u rne s si n1 963 :t h er ema in so ft h ep r ima ry i n t ra -mu ra ls t a irway . G u rne s si n1 987 :t h es t a i rf oo tg ua rd c e l l s how ing s e conda ry mod if ica t ion s . G ur ne s s i n1 963 : t h e e dge o ft h e r a ised d oo rt ot h e s t a i r( ma rked b yt h e p o le )w i th t h e h i gh s ca r cemen tb eyond a nd v a r iou s o t he rs e conda ry f e a tu r e sr e s t ing o n i t . G u rne s s i n 1 963 : s e conda ry f e a tu re s i nt h e i n te r io r o ppo s i te t h e e n t rance , i n c lud ing as t eep f l igh t o fs t ep s a ga in s t t h e w a l l f a ce .

x v i

5 . 68 5 . 69 5 . 70 5 . 7 1 5 . 72 5 . 73 5 . 74 5 . 75 5 . 76 5 . 77 5 . 78 5 . 79 5 . 80 5 . 8 1 5 . 82 5 . 83 5 . 84 5 . 85 5 . 86 5 . 87 5 . 88 5 . 89 5 . 90 5 . 9 1 5 . 92 5 . 93 5 . 94 5 . 95 5 . 96 5 . 97

G u rne s s i n1 985 : t h e r a i sed v o id a t1 2 o ' c lock s how ing t h e s e conda ry s t ep s a ga in s tt h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h e w a l l a nd t h e c r o s s s l ab b l ock ing i t . G u rne s si n1 987 : v i ew o ft h es e conda ry s t a i ra ga ins tt h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce a t1 2o ' c lock w i th t h eb l ocked v o id a tl owe rr i gh t . G u rne s s i n1 987 : v i ew a l ong t h ew a l l h ead t ot h eb l ocked v o id a t1 2o ' c lock ( s lab o ne dge i nc en t r e )w h ich l e ad sl e f tt ot h e i n te r io r : p a r to ft h eu ppe r g a l le ry . G u rne s s , d i ag ram s how ing t wo p o s s ib le i n te rp re ta t ion so ft h ed e s ign o ft h ep r ima ry f l oo ri n s ide t h eb roch . G u rne s s , c r os s s e c t ion s s how ing i n t e rna l f l oo r s a nd p o s s ib le r oof ing o f t h e b roch a cco rd ing t ot h e a l te rna t ive s c ena r io s s hown i n I lu s . 5 . 7 1 . G u rne s s , f i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . G u rne s s , m o r ef i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so f S co t land . G u rne s s : m o re f i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . G u rne s s : m o r ef i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . G u rne s s , m o re f i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . P l an o fM idhowe b roch a nd i t so u te rd ef ence sa nd o u tbu i ld ing s( RCAHMS ) . M idhowe : c r o s ss e c t ion so ft h eb roch a nd s u r round ing s t ruc tu re s( RCAHMS ) . M idhowe : o b jec t so fs t one ,f i red c l ay a nd m e ta li nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . M idhowe : o b jec t so fb one i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . M idhowe : p o t te ry i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . M idhowe i n1 985 : g ene ra l v i ew f r om t h eh i l la bove o ft h eb roch m ound b e s ide t h es e a ,w i th i t sm a s s ive d i tch i nf r on t . M idhowe i n1 985 : t h eb roch o ni t sr o cky p romon to ry . M idhowe i n1 963 : g ene ra l v i ew o f t h eo u te rd i tch w i th t h eb roch j u s tv i s ib le t ot h er i gh t . M idhowe i n1 963 : t h ei n ne rd i tch o ft h ep romon to ry d ef ence w i th i t sh i gh , r e ve t ted o u te rf a ce a nd f l a t , r o ck -cu tb a se ( b roch t ot h el e f t ) . M idhowe i n1 985 : s e conda ry d oo rway o u t s ide t h em a in e n t rance o ft h eb roch ; i t sp i vo ts t one i si nt h es ame s e conda ry p aved f l oo rt h a tr un si n to t h eb roch p a s sage . M idhowe i n1 987 : a no the rv i ew o f t h ef r agmen ta ry r ema in so ft h es e conda ry g ua rd c e l ls o u t s ide t h em a in e n t r ance . M idhowe i n1 963 : v i ew o ft h er u ined w a l l h ead o nt h e s e awa rd s i de s how ing t h e d i s tor t ed a nd c o l lap s ing g r ound g a l le ry p a cked w i th s t one b l ock ing . M idhowe i n 1 963 : t h e e n t rance p a s sage f r om o u t s ide s how ing t h e g ap s b e tween t h e p a s sage l i n te ls i nf r on t o ft h e d oo r f r ame . M idhowe i n 1 985 : t h e e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u t , s how ing h ow t h e d oo r -check s e x tend u pwa rd s i n to t h e c hambe r a bove i t . M idhowe i n1 987 : t h e o u te r e nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage s how ing t h e s e conda ry p av ing b eh ind t h e d oo rf r ame a nd i t s s i l l s t one . M idhowe i n1 985 : i n s ide t h e l e f tg ua rd c e l lw i th ,b eyond ,t h e g r ound l e ve l g a l le ry l e ad ing b a ck f r om i t . M idhowe i n1 963 : v i ew o ft h ec en t ra lc ou r tl o ok ing t owa rd st h em a in e n t rance . M idhowe i n1 985 : g ene ra lv i ew o ft h ec en t ra lc ou r tl o ok ing t owa rd st h ee n t rance . M idhowe i n1 985 : a no the rv i ew o ft h e i n te r io r , s how ing h ow t h ew a l l o nt h e S E s i de s ag s o u twa rd s a bove t h e s c a rcemen t ( t he p o le i sv e r t ica l . M idhowe i n1 985 : v i ew o ft h ec en t ra l c ou r t a ta bou t 1 . 30 o ' c lock w i th o ne o ft h es e conda ry h ea r th sa nd t h er ema in so ft h e

5 . 10 1 5 . 102

s e conda ry f l igh to fs t ep s . M idhowe i n 1 985 : v i ew o f t h e h i gh s c a rcemen tj u s t b eyond t h e e n t rance s how ing h ow s e conda ry m a son ry , f o rm ing t h e h i gh a l cove , o ve r lap st h el e dge . M idhowe i n1 987 : a no the rv i ew o ft h e s c a rcemen t a tt h e e n t rance , s e en f r om a bove , s how ing h ow t h e s e conda ry m a son ry o ve r lap si t . M idhowe i n1 987 : t h ei n ne re nd o ft h ee n t r ance p a s sage s how ing h ow i t ss e conda ry p av ing e me rge si n to t h ei n te r io ra bove t h ep r ima ry p av ing ( a tb o t tom ) . M idhowe i n1 985 : v i ew o ft h e i n te r io rf l oo rl o ok ing t owa rd st h e. e n t rance . M idhowe i n1 963 : v i ew t owa rd st h er a ised d oo rway t ot h es t a i ra t 9o ' c lock , t h es e conda ry a l cove t ot h el e f ta nd o ve r r id ing

5 . 103 5 . 104 5 . 105 5 . 106

t h es c a r cemen t . M idhowe i n1 963 : t h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i ro nL eve l2 ,w i th t h ed oo rway t ot h ei n te r io rt ot h er i gh t . M idhowe i n1 963 : v i ew b a ck d own t h es t a i rt ot h eL eve l 2g a l le ry r u nn ing a n t i -c lockw ise f r om i t . M idhowe i n1 987 : t h er a ised v o id i nL eve l 3a t1 . 30 o ' c lock l e ad ing t ot h ei n te r io r( t ot h el ef t . M idhowe i n 1 985 : t h e s ame L eve l 3g a l le ry j u s t c l ockw ise f r om t h e v o id a t 1 . 30 o ' c lock s how ing f r om t h e r e a r t h e

5 . 98 5 . 99 5 . 100

b l ock ing w h ich h a sf o rmed t h er e c tangu la rc e l l . M idhowe i n1 985 : t h er a i sed v o id a t8 . 30 o ' c lock ( o ri si t3o ' c lock )l e ad ing t ot h eb l ocked L eve l 3mu ra lg a l le ry . M idhowe i n1 985 : v i ew o ft h es t a cked s l ab sr e s t ing a ga in s tt h ef o o to ft h eb roch w a l lt ot h el ef to ft h ee n t r ance . T op : p l an o fb r och o fA y re ; b o t tom ,p l an o fL amb H ead ;b o th a f t e r RCAHMS . B roch o fA y re : s ome o ft h e d eco ra ted p o t te ry i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land ; t h e i n c i sed l i ne p a t ter n s r e ca l l H eb r idean V au lw a re . 5 . 111a T op : R ema in s o ft h eb r och o fA y re a nd o u tbu i ld ing s i n1 963 . B o t tom : G ra eme 's p l an o ft h eb roch a nd s e c t ion o fd epo s i t s i nt h eo u tbu i ld ing s . 5 . 111b G ra eme 's p l an o ft h eb roch o fA y re a nd h i ss e c t ion o ft h ed epo s i t si nt h eo u tbu i ld ing s . 5 . 112 T op : M idhowe b roch , a no the rp l an w i th d if e ren ts had ing . B o t tom p l an o fL ing ro b roch . 5 . 113 S ome o ft h ep l a in a nd d eco ra ted p o t te ry f r om L ing ro i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land : s c a le 1 : 4 . 5 . 114 Mo r eo ft h ei n c i sed l i ne -deco ra ted p o t ter yf r om L ing ro i nt h eN a t iona l: s c a le 1 : 4 . 5 . 115 S ome o ft h es t one a nd b one f i nd sf r om L ing ro ( HY40 2 )i nt h eH un te r ian Mu seum , U n ive r s i ty o fG la sgow . 5 . 116 S i te o ft h e b roch o fL ing ro i n1 985 ; n ot r a ce o ft h eb u i ld ing r ema in si nt h ef i e ld .

5 . 107 5 . 108 5 . 109 5 . 110

x v i i

5 . 117 5 . 118 5 . 119 5 . 120 5 . 121 5 . 122 5 . 123 5 . 124 5 . 125 5 . 126 5 . 127 5 . 128 5 . 129 5 . 130 5 . 131 5 . 132 5 . 133 5 . 134 5 . 135 5 . 136 5 . 137 5 . 138 5 . 139 5 . 140 5 . 14 1 5 . 142 5 . 143 5 . 144 5 . 145 5 . 146 5 . 147 5 . 148 5 . 149 5 . 150 5 . 151 5 . 152 5 . 153 5 . 154 5 . 155 5 . 156 5 . 157 5 . 158 5 . 159 5 . 160 5 . 16 1

T op : p l an a nd o ne c r o s s s e c t ion o fC a s t le o fB o th ican a f t e r RCAH MS . B o t tom : p l an o fB roch o fB u r r i s ta e . B o th a ts c a le 1 : 300 . T he a bandoned e xcava t ion sa tR iggan o fK am i i n1 987 ; t h ep a r t ly e xpo sed e n t rance p a s sage s e en f r om t h ei n te r io rw i th t h e p o le a to ne o ft h ed oo r -ckeck s . R iggan o fK am i i n 1 987 ; t h e c en t ra l c ou r t s how ing o ne r a d ia l p i e r ( c en t r e ) a nd ar a i sed v o id i nt h e i n ne rw a l lf ace o n t h e r i gh t . R iggan o fK am ii n1 987 ; t h eg round l e ve li n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry w i th af ew l i n te l si np o s i t ion . R iggan o fK am i ; p l an o ft h ee xpo sed r ema in s , m ade i nA p r i l 1 984 B y SC a r te ra nd D H a igh . P lan o f B o r row s tone ( Bu r rough s tone ) , S hap in say , a f t e r RCAH MS : s ca le 1 : 300 . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ; g ene ra lv i ew o ft h e mound b yt h es ea . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ; t h eg ra s sed -ove rw a l l h ead s how ing t r a ce s o ft h e u ppe rg a l le ry ( a bove t h e l ef te nd o ft h e p o le )w i th t h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce t oi t sr i gh t . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ; t h es ame p i ece o fi n ne rw a l lf a ce s how ing t h es ca r cemen tw i th t h ep o le r e s t ing o ni t . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ; v i ew a c ro s st h ec en t ra lc ou r tt owa rd st h ee n t rance ( po le ) . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 , i n 1 985 ; t h e e n t rance p a s sage w i th t h et o p o ft h ed oo rt ot h e l ef tg ua rd c e l l a nd amode rn w a l lb lock ing t h eo u te re nd ( po le ) . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ; i n s ide t h eg ua rd c e l l . T op : e l eva t ion t h rough t h eb roch o fB o r row s tone ,a f t e rP e t r ie . B o t tom : p l an o fB a cka ska i l la f te r RCAH MS : s c a le 1 . 300 . C a lf o fE day w hee lhou se : p l an a f t e rC a lde r( 1937 ) . C a lf o fE day w hee lhou se : p o t te ry i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . S ca le 1 : 4 . B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say : p l an o fb roch a nd o u te rd ef ence sa f t e r RCAH MS : s c a le 1 : 300 . B aia nb roch , No r th R ona ld say : p lan o ft h ei n t e r io ra f t e rT ra i l l 1 890 : s ca le 1 : 300 . B u r r ian b roch , Nor th R ona ld say : as e lec t ion o ft h e b one a nd s t one f i nd s m ade b y W . T ra i l l , i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land . B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say : as e lec t ion o ft h e b one f i nd s a nd p o t te ry m ade b y W . T ra i l l , i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land . B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say , i n1 985 : g ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch mound w i th t h es e aw a l lt ot h el ef t . B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say , i n 1 985 : v i ew o ft h e s e aw a l l , o n t h e l ef t , w h ich i n co rpo ra ted t h e b roch w a l l , h e r e b e ing u nde rm ined . B u r r ian b roch , Nor th R ona ld say , i n1 985 : v i ew o ft h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce w i th t h ep o le r e s t ing o nt h es ca r cemen t . B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say , i n1 985 : t h ee n t rance ( l ead ing t ot h es ho re )s e en f r om t h ei n te r io r , w i th mode rn b lock ing . T op : B u r r ian b roch , p l an o ft h ei n te r io r . B o t tom , p l an o f Wa s so . B o th a f te r RCAHMS a nd a ts c a le 1 : 300 . S i te o ft h eH owma ew hee lhou se s , No r th R ona ld say T he H owma ew hee lhou se s : p l an o ft h eb u i ld ing sa sr e p roduced b yH am i l ton ( 1968 , f i g . 1 7 ) ; s ca le 1 : 300 . H owmae w hee lhou se : s ome o ft h eb one f i nd sa nd p o t she rd sf r om t h es i te a nd n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . Weem sC a s t le : p lan o fb roch mound a nd o u te rd ef ence sa f t e r RCAHMS : s c a le 1 : 300 . B u r ray E a s t . T op : e l eva t ion o fb roch a tr i gh ta ng le st oe n t rance p a s sage , t h rough C e l lH . B o t tom : p l an o fb roch a nd o u te r d ef ence s . B o th f r om RCAH MS . B u r ray E a s t ; v a r iou s c r os s s e c t ion s o ft h e b roch v i s ib le a f t e r F a r re r 's e xp lo ra t ion s , f r om RCAHMS a f t e r P e t r ie : s c a le 1 : 300 . B u r ray E a s t . T op ; l o ng i tud ina l s e c t ion o ft h e ' we l l ' . B o t tom ; d e ta i led p l an o f t h ee n t r ance p a s sage , t h en e ighbou r ing w a l l a nd t h ee x ter na lw e l l . B u r ray E a s t . T op ; P e t r ie 's p l an a nd e l eva t ion ( t h rough t h ee n t rance p a s sage ) ; s ca le 1 : 300 . B o t tom ; s ome o ft h ef i nd sf r om B u r ray E a s t ,a f te rP e t r ie . B u r ray E a s t . T op ; P e t r ie 's d raw ing o fa n e l eva t ion o f t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce a tt h ed oo rway t ot h e mu ra l c e l l . B o t tom ; p l an o fB u r ray We s t .w i th t wo c r o s ss e c t ion s . B u r ray E a s t i n1 963 ; g ene ra l v i ew o ft h eb roch mound o ni t sp l a tf o rm w i th t h es u r round ing r ampa r t . B u r ray E a s ti n1 963 ; o u te rw a l lf a ce o fb roch o nt h ew e s t . B u r ray E a s ti n1 987 ; v i ew a c ro s st h er ubb le -f i l led i n te r io r t owa rd st h eg ap t h a tF a r re rb roke t h rough t h ew a l l w i th t h ei n ne r e nd o ft h ee n t r ance t ot h er i gh t( a tp o le ) . B u r ray E a s ti n1 985 ; ar ound mu ra lc e l la t1 o ' c lock . B u r ray E a s ti n1 987 ; t h eo u te rw a l lo ft h eu ppe rg a l le ry a bove t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r( now h idden ) . B u r ray We s ti n1 963 ; t h er ema in so ft h eb roch mound u nde r aW W2 g un e mp la cemen t . H owe o fH oxa i n1 963 ; d i s tan tv i ew o fb roch mound . H owe o fH oxa i n 1 963 ; 1 9t h c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion s o f mor ta red m a son ry i n c lud ing a n a dded p l a tf o rm w i th af l ag p o le , t h e l a t te rn ow v an i shed ) . H owe o fH oxa i n 1 985 ; g ene ra l v i ew a c ro s s t h e c l ea red c en t ra l c ou r t s how ing r a d ia l u p r igh t s t one s l ab s a nd t h e r e a l s c a rcemen tj u s ta bove t h ep o le . H owe o fH oxa i n1 985 ; v i ew o ft h ei n s ide w a l lf a ce w i th t wo r a d ia l s t one s l abs s e ti n to as e conda ry f a c ing o fm a son ry . H owe o fH oxa i n1 985 ; t h er e con s t ruc ted p a r to ft h eu ppe ri n ne rw a l lf a ce s how ing p o in t ing w i th l ime m o r ta r . H owe o fH oxa i n1 985 ; v i ew o fb locked u pi n t ra -mu ra ld oo rway ,p robab ly l e ad ing t ot h es t a i r .

x v i i i

S ec t ion 1 :I n t roduc t ion t ot h eC o rpu s T h i s s ho r t s e c t ion c on ta in s s ome t e chn ica l i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e w ay t h i s C o rpu s i so rgan i sed a nd a bou t h ow t h e s i te s a r e d e sc r ibed . Am o r e g ene ra l i n t roduc t ion t ot h i s b ranch o f a r chaeo logy i sp rov ided b y S ec t ion s 2a nd 3 w h ich c on ta in , r e spec t ive ly , ad e sc r ip t ion o f ap a r t icu la r ly w e l l p r e se rved b roch a nd a n a ccoun t o ft h ink ing a bou t t h e s ub jec ts i nce t h e 1 6t h c en tu ry .

u pt h e s i x f i gu re r e f e rence s a nd t u rn s o u tt ob e A chana r ra s , ap o s s ib le b roch o n ly ( vo l . 2 ) .

T h i s i st h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e w ho le w o rk a nd d ea l s w i th t h e b roch so fO rkney a nd S he t land . P a r t 2w i l la ppea ra ss oon a si tc an b ec omp le ted .

T he S he t land I s le s T he O rkney I s le s

T he c o r re la t ion b e tween t h e se n a tu ra l a nd c oun ty r eg ion s a nd t h et wo l e t te r 1 00 km s qua re s a r e a sf o l low s : P a r t 1 : S he t land a nd O rkney H P , HU HY , ND38 -49

P a r t2 : Ma in land S co t land a nd t h e W e s te rn I s le s 1 . 1 T he s i te r e f erence s y s tem T he f l a tp l a in o fC a i thne s s A l l S u the r land a nd t h eh i gh land p a r t o fC a i thne s s E a s ter np a r to fR o s s sh i re T he n or th -we s tc oa s te xcep t S u the r land

I nt h e f i r s tp l ace t h eb roch sd e sc r ibed h e r ea r eg rouped i n to t h e n a tu ra l g eog raph ica l r e g ion s o fS co t land i nw h ich t h ey f a l l , s t a r t ing i n t h e f a r n or th w i th t h e S he t land I s land s . T he z one sa r eS ec t ion 4 : S ec t ion 5 : S ec t ion 6 : S ec t ion 7 :

S ec t ion 8 : S ec t ion 9 ; S ec t ion 1 0 :

ND01-47

NC36 -96 NH33 -98 NC00 -23 , NH 18 & 1 9 , NG74 -93 S kye NG15 -60 I n ne rH eb r ide ss ou th o fS kye ( i nc . L i smo r e ) NM Ma in land A rgy l l &I s lay NR06 , 4 6 &7 9 T he O u te rH eb r ides NB03 -55 ,NG09 , NF60 -99 , NL58 -69 ( Ha r r i s NG , L ew i s NB , B enbecu la ,U is t sa nd B a r ra NF , i s land s a ts ou the rn t i p NL ) T he c en t ra lm a in land NN33 -43 , NN60 -70 , NS43 -88 S ou th -ea s t S co t land NT43 -76 S ou th -we s t S co t land NX04 -54

T he S he t land I s land s T he O rkney I s land s C a i thne s s a nd S u the r land ( i n t h e f a r n o r th a nd n o r th -ea s to ft h em a in land T he We s t C oa s t( e xc lud ing S u the r land i nt h e f a r n o r th ) a nd t h e I n ne r H eb r ide s ( i nc lud ing t h ei s land so fA rgy l l sh i re ) T he O u te rH eb r ide s T he c en t ra l Ma in land T he s ou ther na nd s ou th -we s ter n Ma in land

S i te s o n i n d iv idua l i s land s ( e xcep t v e ry s ma l l of sho re o ne s ) a r e g rouped s epa ra te ly w i th in t h e 1 00 km s qua re w he re a pp rop r ia te ; s ome t ime s t h i s m ean s t h a t s i te s o n t h e s ame i s land w i l l a ppea r u nde r mo re t h an o ne o f t h e se s qua re s ( a s i n S he t land ) . T he s i te n ame s , w i th t h e i r a l te rna t ive f o rm s , a r e a l so l i s ted i na l phabe t ica l o rde ri nt h e S i te N ame I ndex o n p . i i ; e a ch h a s i t s s i te c ode w h ich l e ad sb ack t ot h em a in l i s t .

H oweve r t h e p r ima ry n umbe r ing s y s tem f o r a l l t h e s i te s t h a t i st h e s i te c ode - d epend s o n t h e 1 00 km a nd t h e 1 0 k m s qua re s o f t h e O rdnance S u rvey 's g r id r e f e rence s y s tem . I l . 1 . 1 s how s w he re t h e 1 00 k m s qua re s a r e a nd a l so h ow e ach 1 00 k ms qua re i sd i v ided i n to 1 00 n umbe red 1 0 k m s qua r e s . I fw e t a ke f o r e xamp le s qua r e NN ( i n w h ich f ew b roch s a r e i n f a c t k nown ) , t h e 1 0 km s qua r e NNO0 i si nt h es ou th -we s tc or n e ra nd NN99 i si nt h en o r th e a s t . A l l s i te s w h ich f e l l i n to s qua re NN53 f o r e xamp le w ou ld b e g i ven t h a t p r ef ix a nd l i s ted u sua l ly ( bu t n o t i n va r iab ly ) i na l phabe t ica lo rde r - NN53 1 ,NN53 2a nd s o o n . T hu s t h e d e sc r ip t ion o fa ny b roch t h e s i x f i gu re g r id r e f e r ence o f w h ich i sk nown c an b e q u ick ly f ound b y e s tab l i sh ing t h e t wo l e t te r c o -o rd ina te s o f i t s 1 00 km s qua re ( wh ich s hou ld b e g i ven w i th e ve ry s u ch r e f e rence ) a nd t a k ing t h ef i r s ta nd t h e f ou r th n umbe r so ft h e s i x f i gu r e r e f e r ence t og e t t h e c o -o rd ina te s o ft h e 1 0 km s qua r e . A c heck w i th t h e m ap i nI l . 1 . 1 w i l l s how i nw h ich o ft h e R eg ion s l i s ted a bove t h e 1 0 k m s qua r e e n t r ie s w i l l b e f o und .

T he m a in b enef i t s o ft h i s n umbe r ing s y s tem a r e , f i r s t , t h a t i tr e la te s d i rec t ly t ot h e O .S . g r id s y s tem a sd e sc r ibed a nd , s e cond , t h a t n ew ly d i scove red s i te s c an b e i n co rpo ra ted i n to i ti n t h e i r p rope r p l a ce a nd w i thou t a ny d i s rup t ion . B lank p age s a r e l ef ta ti n te rva l s o n w h ich n o te s a bou ts u ch n ew s i te s c an b e m ade . T he o n ly d i ff icu l ty t h a t w i l l o ccu r i si f an ew s i te i sf ound , f o re xamp le , o n O rkney Ma in land i nS qua re HY42 , w h ich i n c lude s b o th t h i s a r ea a nd p a r t o f R ou say . I tw ou ld h ave t ob e n umbe red HY42 8a nd c ome d i r ec t ly a f t e r n umbe r 5( s ince 6a nd 7a r e o n R ou say ) . I t i sh oped t h a tt h ep rob lem w i l ln o ta r i se v e ry o f t en .

1 . 2 T ype s o fb rochs T hu s f o r e xamp le i f ab roch i ss u spec t ed a tg r id r e f e r ence ND 1 5 1552 w ek now t h a t i ti si n1 00 k m s qua re ND w h ich t h e m ap s how s t o b e i nt h e n o r th -ea s t m a in land ( a c tua l ly C a i thne s s ) . T ak ing t h e f i r s ta nd f ou r th f i gu re s ( unde r l ined ) w e g e t 1 0 k m s qua re ND 15 i nC a i thne s s i nw h ich 2 2 s i te s a r e l i s ted . T he o ne c once rned c an b e f ound b y m a tch ing

T he s i t e s d e sc r ibed a r e g rouped p r ima r i ly i n to t h r ee t y pe s a cco rd ing t ot h e i r v i s ib le s t a te o fp r e se rva t ion a nd o n t h e a s sump t ion t h a t ah o l low -wa l led b roch i sd ef ined b y ( 1 ) i t s r ound p l an , ( 2 ) i t s t h ick w a l l , ( 3 ) i t s s i ze , ( 4 ) al e dge o r s c a r cemen t o n t h e i n s ide w a l lf ace a nd ( 5 )b y i t sp o s se s s ion

1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

o f a t l e a s t o ne o f c e r ta in h o l low -wa l led a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s ( b e low ) . T he r e h a s b een much d i scu s s ion a bou t w ha t p ropo r t ion o f ' b roch s ' a c tua l ly h ave t h e s pec ia l i sed h o l low w a l l c on s t ruc t ion a nd t h e a im o ft h i s c l a s s if i ca t ion i st os hed l i gh to nt h i sp rob lem .

t h ough w i th p rac t ice i t i s q u i te e a sy t o t e l l ab roch d oo rway . As c a r cemen to rl e dge a r ound t h e i n s ide w a l l f a ce i s av e ry g ood c e r ta in s i gn o f ah o l low -wa l led b roch , p a r t icu la r ly i f c omb ined w i th t h er ound ,t h ick -wa l led p l an ; h oweve rs u ch l e dge s a r e o cca s iona l ly f ound i nd un s , a s w e l l a s i no ne p ecu l ia r s t ruc tue o n B a r ra — D un C u ie r ( NF60 3 ) —s o i t c anno tb er e ga rded a sc omp le te ly r e l iab le .

1 . 2 .1 C la s s i f ica t ion b yd eg ree o fpr e ser va t ion B roch s

P robab le b rochs

P o s s ib le b rochs

s i te s w h ich h ave a t l e a s t t wo o f c ha rac te r i s t ic s 1 - 4 a bove a nd i n a dd i t ion n o . 5 . s i te s w h ich h ave a t l e a s t t wo o f c ha rac ter i s t ic s 1 4 a bove b u t l a ck a ny o fn o . 5 . S i te s w h ich h ave n o d i agno s t ic f e a tu re s e xpo sed b u t w h ich s e em l i ke ly f r om t h e i r s i tua t ion t o b e b roch s .

F ea tu re s w h ich s e em t o b e d i agno s t ic o f h o l low -wa l led b roch s a nd w h ich s o f a r h ave n o t b een f ound i na ny o t he r d ry s t one s t ruc tu re i n c lude t h ef o l low ing ( I l l . 1 . 2 ) An u pper g a l lery : t h i s c an b e moun ted e i the r o n as o l id b a sa l s t o rey o r o n t o p o f ag round l e ve l g a l le ry a nd i t p rov ide s t h e c r uc ia l e v idence t h a t t h e w a l l w a s ad oub le o ne , w i th t h et wo h a lve s l i nked t oge the rb yh o r izon ta lr ow s o fs t one l i n te l s a tv e r t ica l i n te rva l s o f1 . 5 o r 1 . 8 m( 5 -6 f t . ) ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) .

C la s s if ica t ion b ya rch i tec tura lf ea ture s G round -ga l ler ied

S o l id -ba sed

T rans i t iona l

b roch s w h ich h ave ( a pa r t f r om t h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd a ny g ua rd c e l l s ) amo re o r l e s s c on t inuou s i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry a t g round l e ve l ; t h ey a r e mo s t ly c oncen t ra ted i n t h e We s te rn I s le s . O cca s iona l ly t h e r e m ay b e a no the r mu ra l c e l l s a l so a t g round l e ve l , u sua l ly as t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l . B roch s i nw h ich t h e l owe s tg a l le ry o f t h e h o l low o r d oub le w a l l s i t s o n t op o f as o l id w a l l b a se w h ich c on ta in s t h e e n t rance p a s sage , u sua l ly t h e s t a i r a nd o ne o r mo re mu ra l c e l l s . T h i s k i nd i s m a in ly i n t h e n o r ther n m a in land a nd t h en or ther ni s land s . Av e ry f ew s i te s h ave ac omb ina t ion o f g round -ga l le r ied a nd s o l id -ba sed f e a tu re s .

Ac hamber o ver t he e n trance ; t h i s s how s t h a tt h e s i de s o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage c on t inue u p a bove i t s f l a t r oofmg l i n te l s a nd i n to L eve l 2( b e low ) ; t h e f e a tu r e i su sua l ly c omb ined w i th a n e xcep t iona l ly m a s s ive ( s ome t ime s t r iangu la r ) l i n te la tt h eo u te re nd o ft h ee n t rance ( b ecau se i t h a s t os uppo r t t h e h i gh o u te r w a l lf a ce ) a nd t h e p u rpo se o f t h e o pen ing i st o r e l ieve t h e i n ne r p a s sag e l i n te l s o ft h e w e igh t o ft h e s t onewo rk a bove . T he w r i te rd oe s n o tk now o fa ne xamp le i n ad un . A v o id i n t he i nner w a l lf ace : t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance j u s t m en t ioned i sa lway s o pen t ot h e i n t e r io r a nd , i ft h e s i te i s w e l l p r e se rved ( e .g . M idhowe : HY33 1 ) , t r ace s o fy e t ah ighe rc hambe rc an b e s e en . T hu s a l though t h e o u te r f a ce l a ck s a ny o t he r o pen ing s a pa r t f r om t h e e n t rance , m a jo r d oorway p a s sage s h av e t h i s w e igh t r e l iev ing d ev ice a bove t h e i r l i n te l s . S ome t ime s , a s a t Mou sa ( HU42 6 ) , as e r ie s o f v o id s r un s u p t h e w a l l i n l a dde r l ike f a sh ion e ven i ft h e re i sn o d oo r a tt h e b o t tom . P re sumab ly t h i s w a s m a in ly a s t one - a nd w e igh t sav ing d ev ice .

I n an umbe ro fe xcava ted o ro t he rw i se w e l le xpo sed b roch s t h e c ha ra c te r i s t ic s o ft h eg round l e ve l s t o rey a r ek nown y e t t h e s i te i sn o t s uf i c ien t ly w e l l p re se rved f o r a ny u ppe r l e ve l s ( c on ta in ing t h e h o l low -wa l l f e a tu re s ) t or ema in . I n t h e se c a se st h e d i agno s i s i sp re -f ixed b y ' p robab le ' s ot h a t f o r e xamp le ap robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch h a s n o k nown h o l low -wa l l f e a tu r e s p re se rved w he rea s as o l id -ba sed b roch d oe s .

A n i n tra -mura l s t a ir i n a n u pper l e ve l : i ft h e s t a i r c on t inue s u p i n to t h e f i r s ts t o rey ( Leve l2 ) , a nd p a r t icu la r ly i fo ne o ft h e f e a tu re sj u s t m en t ioned i sa l so p r e sen t , t h en t h e s t ruc tu r e i sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly ab roch . L ikew i se i ft h e s t a i rs t a r t sa tL eve l 2t h es ame i si mp l ied .

1 . 3 B roch a rch i tec ture

1 . 4 R oundhouse s

1 . 3 .1 Ho l low -wa l ledf ea ture s

T he r e a r e o t he r r ound s t one b u i ld ing s t h a t o ccu r i n t h e b roch p rov ince a nd w h ich o f t en s ha re t h e b roch m a te r ia l c u l tu r e . T hey a r e t e rmed r oundhou se s h e r e , a pa r t f r om a s pec ia l i sed v e r s ion i n w h ich t h e i n te rna l r oof suppor t ing p o s t s s e em t o h ave b een r e p laced b y r ad ia l s t one p i e r s . T he se a r e k nown a s w hee lhouse s . T he t e rm i sr e ta ined h e r e b ecau se o fi t s d e sc r ip t ive v a lue e ven t h ough ( a s w i th ' b roch s ' ) i ts ugge s t s s ome th ing p ecu l ia r a nd n o r ther n a nd u n re la ted t oa ny th ing e l se . A l though t h e w r i te r d oe s n o t t h ink t h a t A rm i t 's t e rm ' A t lan t ic r oundhou se ' s hou ld b e s ub s t i tu ted f o rh o l low -wa l led b roch s i ti s au sef u l t e rm f o r

T he a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s w h ich s e em p ecu l ia r t oh o l low w a l led b roch s a r e r e la t ive ly f ew a nd t h ey e xc lud e a n i n t ra mu ra l g a l le ry a tg round l e ve l a nd a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r a t o n ly g round l e ve l ( as t a i r h ighe r u p i sd if e ren t —b e low ) ; b o th t h e se t r a i t s a r e f ound i nt h e o t he r much mo re v a r iab le s ma l l s t one d ef en s ive s t ruc tu re s , o r ' dun s ' , w h ich a r e c oncen t ra ted i n A rgy l l sh i re . L ikew ise t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic n a r row e n t rance p a s sage w i th w e l l b u i l t d oo r -f rame ( w i th b a r -ho le a nd s ocke t ) i sa l so a f e a tu re o f d un s a s w e l l , 2

S ec t ion 1 :I n t roduc t ion t ot h eC orpu s

d e sc r ibed a sa tb e ing a t' 9o ' c lock ' i fi ti s aq ua r te r o ft h e w ay r ound t h e w a l l t o t h e l ef t o f t h e e n t rance , a t ' 1 2 o ' c lock ' i fd i rec t ly o ppo s i te a nd s o o n . I np ra c t ice i ti s e a sy t o d ef ine t h e se a ngu la r p o s i t ion s t o w i th in h a lf a n h ou r .

a lmo s t e ve ry o t he rk i nd o fs ma l l , r ound b u i ld ing i n c lud ing w hee lhou se s ( t hough p a radox ica l ly A rm i t d oe s n o t i n c lude t h e se i nh i st e rm ) . T he r e a r e af ew e xcava ted b roch l ike s t ruc tu re s w h ich a ppea rn eve rt oh ave h ad t h eh i gh h o l low w a l l a nd t h ey a r e c a l led m a s s ive r oundhouse sh e r e . Am a jo rp rob lem i st o d e te rm ine w ha t p ropor t ion o f ' p robab le b roch s ' a r e r e a l ly t h e r u in s o fh o l low -wa l led b roch s a nd w ha tp ropor t ion a r e r e la t ive ly l ow -wa l led m a s s ive r oundhou se s .

I na n e x ten s ion o ft h is t h e f e a tu re s i nt h e e n t rance p a s sage a r e a lway s d e sc r ibed h e r e i sb e ing o nt h e l ef to rt h er i gh ta s i fo ne i sl o ok ing a tt h e c l ock , t h a t i sl o ok ing d own t h e p a s sage f r om t h e o u t s ide . 1 . 7 .2 T he s y s tem o fL eve l s

1 . 5 B ib l iograph ica ls ource s T he w ay b roch s a r e b u i l t - o u t l ined e a r l ie r - u sua l ly a low s o ne t oa loca te t h e v a r iou s a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s t o d i f f e ren t s t o rey s ; t h e t e rm u sed h e r e i sL eve l ( I l l . 1 . 2 ) , t h e w o rd b e ing s t a r ted w i th a c ap i ta l ' I , ' h e re t o a vo id c onf u s ion w i th t h e a d jec t ive . I th a s l o ng b een k nown t h a t t h e i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s a r e h o r izon ta l a nd n a tu ra l ly b u i l t o ne o n t o p o fa no the r s o t h a t , i n mo s t H eb r idean b roch s , t h e g round g a l le ry , u p t o i t s c ove r ing l i n te l s , i sL eve l 1 . T h i s L eve l a l so i n c lude s t h e e n t rance p a s sage , a ny g ua rd c e l l s a nd t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r . I ns o l id b a sed b roch s b y c on t ra s t L eve l 1c on ta in s n o g a l le ry b u t s t i l l h a st h e e n t rance , a ny c e l l s a nd , u sua l ly , t h e s t a i r . I na n umbe ro fw ha to ne m igh tc a l lt e chn ica l ly a dvanced b roch s t h e s t a i r s t a r t s a tt h e b a se o fL eve l 2 , p e rhap s 1 . 8 ma bove t h e g round . T he h o r izon ta l c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e h o l low w a l led b roch s i s s o w ide ly o b se rvab le t h a t , w hen o ne e ncoun te r s av a r ia t ion - s u ch a s t h e u neven i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s i nC l ickh im in a nd M idhowe - o ne m u s t a lway s w onde r w he the r t h e se a r e t h e r e su l t o fm i sgu ided m oder n r e bu i ld ing .

T h roughou t t h e d e sc r ip t ive t e x t s ( Sec t ion s 2a nd 3 i nP a r t 1 ) b i b l iog raph ica l s ou r ce s a r e g i ven i nt h e u sua l H a rva rd s y s tem ; i nt h e se as pec if ic b ook o ra r t ic le i sd e sc r ibed b y i t s a u tho r 's n ame a nd d a te o fp ub l ica t ion , t oge the rw i th t h e r e levan t p age n umbe r s i fn ece s sa ry . A l i s t o f a l t h e r e f e r ence sc i ted i sa tt h ee nd o ft h ew o rk . O n t h e o t he r h and w hen a p a r t icu la r s i te l i s ted i n t h e C o rpu s i sr e f e r r ed t o i n t h e se d e sc r ip t ive s e c t ion s i ti s r e f e r red t o s imp ly b y i t s n umbe r c ode i nt h e m a in l i s t a s d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r . T h roughou tt h ea c tua ld e sc r ip t ive C o rpu s ( Sec t ion s 4a nd 5 i nP a r t 1 )t h e r e f e r ence s y s tem i ss l igh t ly d if e r en t . T he s ou r ce s f o r e ach e n t ry a r e l i s ted a t i t s e nd a nd a r e n umbe r ed m a in ly i n o rde r o f c i ta t ion ; s t anda rd b i b l iog raph ica l r e f e rence s a r e a ga in i nt h e f o rm o fa u tho r a nd d a te o f p ub l ica t ion . When t h o se n umbe r s a r e r e f e r red t ow i th in t h et e x tt h ey o ccu ri ns qua re b racke t s .

I n m o s t b roch s o t he r s t anda rd a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s a l so c o r r e la te w i th t h e se v e r t ica l L eve l s . F o r e xamp le t h e u b iqu i tou s s c a r cemen t o n t h e i n s ide w a l lf ace i sc ommon ly a tt h eb a se o fL eve l 2s ot h a t ,w he r e i tc r o s se st h e i n ne re nd o ft h e e n t rance , t h e i n ne rmo s t l i n te l s e rve s a s p a r t o ft h e l e dge . E ven w hen i ti s h i ghe r - a s f o r e xamp le a t M idhowe a nd Mou sa - i ti sl i ke ly t o b e a tt h e b a se o f L eve l 3 . L ikew i se a ny d oo r s ized o pen ing s i nt h e i n ne r w a l lf ace u sua l ly m a tch t h e g a l le ry b eh ind , a nd a ny l a nd ing s i nt h e s t a i ro ccu ra tt h ej unc t ion o ft h e L eve l s .

1 . 6 P ho tographs C op ie so fa l p ho tog raph sa nd c o lou rs l ide st a ken o fb roch s a nd a l ied s i te s b y t h e a u tho r u p u n t i l 1 987 h ave b een d epo s i ted i n t h e N a t iona l Monumen t s R eco rd i n E d inbu rgh , w he r et h ey c an b e c on su l ted ( t he n ega t ive s a nd c o lou r t r an spa r enc ie s w i l l u l t ima te ly b e d epo s i ted t h e re ) . T he NMR c a ta logue o ft h e b l ack a nd w h i te p ho tog raph s h a s i t s o wn n umbe r ing s y s tem b u t h e r e , i nt h e c ap t ion s t o t h e I l t ra t ion s ,t h e w r i te r 's n ega t ive n umbe ri sg i ven ( wh ich a r e a l so i nt h e NMR c a ta logue ) .

O cca s iona l ly ah o l low -wa l led s t ruc tu re i sb u i l t o n u neven g round s o t h a t p a r t o f t h e L eve l 1w a l l i so n al owe r f o unda t ion , w h ich i st h en c a l led L eve l -1 . D un A rd t r eck o n S kye i s ag ood e xamp le ( MacK ie 2 002 ) .

T he p ho tog raph s h ave f a i r ly d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ive c ap t ion s n o t a l o ft h e i n f o rma t ion i nw h ich i sr e pea ted i nt h e t e x t . T hu s c ap t ion s o ft h e p i c tu r e s c once rned s hou ld b e r e ad i n a dd i t ion t ot h es i te e n t ry .

1 . 7 D raw ing so fi t ems o fm a ter ia l c u l ture 1 . 7 D e scr ib ing b rochs

A n i mpo r tan tp a r t o ft h is C o rpu s i st h e l i s t ing a nd I l t ra t ing o f s ome o f t h e m any u npub l i shed f i nd s f r om t h e o l de r e xcava t ion s o f b roch s a nd a l l ied s i te s . H oweve r t h e se l i s t ing s a r e b y n o m ean s c omp le te . W i th t h e h e lp a nd e ncou ragemen t o ft h e t h en K eepe r , RBK S t even son , a nd t h e A s s i s tan t K eepe r M s A ud rey H en sha l l t h e w r i te r s p en t m any h ou r s i n 1 962 a nd 1 963 e xam in ing a nd d r aw ing p o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s f r om b roch s a nd w hee lhou se s i nt h e c o l lec t ion s o ft h e N a t iona l Mu seum o fA n t iqu i t ie s w hen i t w a s i nQ ueen S t r ee t i nE d inbu rgh . I nt h o se d ay st h e f i nd s

1 . 7 .1 T he c l ock -f ace r ef e rence s y s tem When d e sc r ib ing t h e p o s i t ion o n ap l an o f t h e v a r iou s a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s i n ab roch o ra l ied r ound s t ruc tu re i t i su s ef u l t oa dop tt h e s y s tem s ugge s ted b y G raham ( 1947 ) . I nt h is t h eb u i ld ing i ss e en a s ac l ock f a ce w i th t h ee n t rance p a s sag ea lway s d i r ec t ly d ownwa rd sa t 6o ' c lock . T hu st h e d oo rway t o a mu ra l c e l l , o r av o id i n t h e w a l l , c an b e

3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

w e re l i s ted i n h and -w r i t ten c a ta logue s a nd s t o r ed i n s howca se s a nd i n s pec if i c d rawe r s i n t h e P r eh i s to r ic G a l le ry b u t f o r v a r iou s r e a son s -n o t l e a s t l im i ted t ime t h ew r i te rd i dn o ts e ee ve ry th ing t h a tw a sa va i lab le . Many o ft h e l a rge ro b jec t sl i ke q ue rn sw e r e i nr e se rve s t o rage b u t t h e re w a s a l so ap roce s s o fs e lec t ion g o ing i n , i nw h ich t h e w r i te r c oncen t ra ted - i nw ha t w a s i n tended t o b e af i r s t s weep - o n w ha t w a s c on s ide r ed t o b e t h e mo r e ' d iagno s t ic ' m a te r ia l . When t h i s d a ta w a s a s semb led i t w a s p o s s ib le t op roduce t h e f i r s t o u t l ine o ft h e s equence o f A t lan t ic l i on A ge m a te r ia l c u l tu r e e ve rp ub l i shed ( MacK ie 1 965 , f i g . 5 ) . H oweve r w hen A r thu r MacG rego r p ub l i shed t h e m a te r ia l f r om t h e b roch o fB u r r ian i nN or th R ona ld say h e f ound r a the r mo re t h an t h e w r i te r s aw ( 1974 ) . S ince a bou t 1 980 ac ompu te r i sed c a ta logue o fa l lt h e N a t iona l Mu seum 's a r chaeo log ica l c o l lec t ion s h a s b een c omp i led a nd i ti sh oped t h a t as umma ry l i s t ing f r om t h i s o f a l l t h e m a te r ia l f r om a l l b roch a nd w hee lhou se s i te s ( e xcep t t h o se w h ich h ave b een t h o rough ly p ub l i shed a l ready ) w i l l b e i n c luded a sa n a ppend ix i nP a r t 2o ft h i s C o rpu s . Meanwh i le i t i s h oped t h a t t h e h i the r to u npub l i shed m a te r ia l w h ich i sI l t ra ted h e r e w i l l p rove u sef u l . T he r e i sn o i n ten t ion t o r ep roduce i n d e ta i l t h e i n f o rma t ion o n a r tef a c t s t h a t o ccu r s i n moder ne xcava t ion r e por t s . D u r ing t h e 1 980 s w o rk w a s d one i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum , U n ive r s i ty o f G la sgow , t o s epa ra te o u t a d ona t ion o fO rkney a nd S he t land a n t iqu i t ie so b ta ined f r om JW C u r s i te ro fO rkney ; p a r to ft h i sc o l lec t ion w a sb ough t b y A H B i shop i n 1 9 11 ( who g ave h i s e n t i r e l a rge c o l lec t ion t o u s i n 1 9 14 a nd 1 951) a nd p a r t c ame i n a s epa ra te d ona t ion f r om C u r s i te r i n 1 922 , b u t i tw a s n eve r c a ta logued s epa ra te ly a s t h e d ono r r eque s ted . T he c o l lec t ion i n c lude s an umbe r o f o b jec t s f r om s pec if ic O rkney b roch s w h ich h ave n eve r b een p ub l i shed b ef o r e a nd t h e se i t em s a r e r e f e r r ed t o u nde r t h e s i te e n t r ie s c once rned .

S ec t ion I :I n troduc t ion t ot h e C orpus

0 9

1 9

2 9

3 9

4 9

5 9

6 9

7 9

8 9

9 9

O B

1 8

2 8

3 8

4 8

5 8

6 8

7 8

8 8

9 8

0 7

1 7

2 7

3 7

4 7

5 7

6 7

7 7

8 7

9 7

9 9 7

HP C

, 0 6

1 6

2 6

3 6

4 6

5 6

6 6

7 6

8 6

9 6

0 5

1 5

2 5

3 5

4 5

5 5

6 5

7 5

8 5

9 5

04

1 4

2 4

3 4

4 4

5 4

6 4

7 4

8 4

9 4

0 3

1 3

2 3

3 3

4 3

5 3

6 3

7 3

8 3

9 3

0 2

1 2

2 2

3 2

4 2

5 2

6 2

7 2

8 2

9 2

0 1

1 1

2 1

3 1

4 1

5 1

6 1

7 1

8 1

9 1

0 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

g

^7, 3

6 5 0

4

3

HU

HT

2 1

0

•

2

A

3

5

4

6

7

8

4

9

D % , , k s ‘ — ,

C 24

1 00 km s quare s ub -d iv ided i n to n umbered 1 0 km s quares . HY

NB

o

HZ

*,

NC

NA .

ND

NE

NJ

NK

NO

NP

NT

NU

.

0 e 0.•

•

C . 1 .

2

e

C 3 :

o NF

•

NG

d =

NH

b

NN

0°

2 . 4

NL

NM

. .

7 0

3 NR NS

NO

NV V

NX

?

L

i

NZ

1 . 1 Map o fS co t land w i th t h e O rdnance S u rvey g r id s upe r imposed . T he g r id a tt op l ef ts how s h ow e ach O .S . 1 00 k m s qua re , w i th i t s u n ique t wo l e t te rl a be l , i ss ub -d iv ided i n to ah und red 1 0 k m s qua re s w h ich a r e t h e b a s ic u n i t s f o rt h e b roch n umbe r ing s y s tem . F o r e xamp le i ns qua re NN s i tes i nt h e s ou th -we s t c orne ro ft h a t s qua re w ou ld b e n umbe red NNO0 a nd t hose i nt h e n o r th -ea s t c o rne r NN99 .

5

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 . 2 D iag ram t o s how h ow t h e s t ruc tu r e o f a h ypo the t ica l s t anda rd b r och c an b e d i v ided i n to v a r iou s s t o rey s o rL eve l s . T he s o l id -ba sed b roch i sm ode l led a pp rox ima te ly o n D un T roddan a nd D un T e lve , n ea r G lene lg o n t h e w e s t c oa s t o f I n ve rne s s sh i re ( t oge the r w i th a g ua rd c e l l l i ke t h a t o f D un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ) a nd o n ly t h e b o t tom s o f t h e f i r s t t h ree L eve l s a r e s hown , a s s t age s i n t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e t owe r . T he b roch i s1 8 .3 m (6 0 f t ) i nd i ame te r w i th aw a l l 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t ) t h ick a t g round l e ve l , a nd t h e h e igh t o f e a ch l e ve l i ss hown a s 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t ) , s l igh t ly m o re t h an t h eu sua l . L eve l 1 : t h e p l an o ft h e b roch i sl a id o u t o n t h e g round ,w i th e n t r ance p a s sage , ad oo rt ot h em u ra l s t a i r a t 9o ' c lock ( w i th a s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l l e ad ing o f t o t h e l e f t ) a nd a l a rge c e l l a t 3 o ' c lock . Ar i ng o f t we lve p o s t h o le s h a s b een l a id o u t f r om t h e s ame c en t r e a st h e w a l l i t s e lf , a nd a r e c tangu la r f i r ep la ce i sm a rk ed o u t i nt h e c en t re . U l t ima t e ly t h ee n t i re p e r iphe ra la r ea o ft h e c en t ra lc ou r t( ou t s ide t h ep o s t s )w i l lb ep aved .

b a se o f L eve l3

L eve l 2 : t h e f i r s t f l oo r l e ve l b eg in s o n t o p o ft h e s o l id b a se a nd t h e f o unda t ion s o ft h e f i r s t i n t ra m u ra l g a l le ry a r e l a id o u t . T he l i n te l s a l ready l a id a tt h is l e ve l c ove rt h e s t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l a nd t h e l a rge c e l l a t 3o ' c lock w h ich i sa s sumed n o t t o h ave ac o rbe l led r oof . T he g ua rd c e l l b yc on t ra s t i sb e ing c on s t ruc ted a s ab eeh ive s hape , w i th a c o rbe l led d ome . T he f i r s t f l igh t o ft h e s t a i r r i se s o n ly t ot h is l e ve l w he re i tr e a che s al o ng l a nd ing , d e s igned t og i ve a c ce s s t o ar a is ed d oo r l e ad ing o u t t h e t h e r a ised w ooden f l oo r r e s t ing o n t h e s c a rcemen t ; p a r t o f t h i s r i ng shaped f l oo r o r b a lcony i s s hown b u t i tw ou ld d oub t le s s h ave b een am uch m o re e l abo ra te p i ece o f w oodwo rk , w i th ab a lu s t rade a nd p e rhap s al i gh t l e an to r o o f c ove r ing i t( t he m a in r o of i s a s sumed t o b e m a s s ive a nd u p n ea r t h e t o p o ft h e t owe r ) . T he s e cond f l igh t o ft h e s t a i r s t a r t s a tt h e e nd o ft h e l a nd ing a nd w i l l p robab ly g o s t ra igh t u p t ot h e t o p ,p robab ly w i th a no the rl a nd ing h i gh u pt og i ve a c ce s s t oa n u ppe rr a i sed d oo r . T h i s l e ad s o u tt o t h el owe rw oodwo rk o ft h em a in r oof .

b a se o f L eve l2

T he f l a t l i n te l so fa l t h r ee g round l e ve ld oo rway s h ave c hambe r s o rv o id s p l anned f o r a bove t h em , t o k eep t h e l i n te l s f r ee o f p r e s su re . T he m a in e n t rance h a s af u l l s ize c hambe r o ve r i t ,r e a ched f r om t h e w ooden f l oo r o n t h e s c a r cemen t ; i t s o u te rmo s t l i n te l i sm a s s ive , a nd t r iangu la r i nt h i s c a se , t os uppo r tt h eo u te rw a l lf a ce a bove . s=s t a i r s c s c a r cemen t v=v o id c=c e l l g l =g a l le ry l i n te ls

b a se o f L eve l I

I=l a nd ing g=g a l le ry r d =r a is ed d oo r g c =g ua rd c e l l p=p av ing

e=e n t rance i g= i nacce s s ib l eg a l le ry c e =c hamb e ro ve re n t rance s o =s o l id w a l lc o r e d=d oo rf r ame

6

L eve l 3 : a tt h is p o in t t h e l i n te l s o f t h e i n t ra m u ra l g a l le ry o fL eve l 2a r ea lmo s tc on t inuou sa l t h e w ay r ound t h e w a l l ; t h ey a r e i n te r rup ted b y t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance , b y t h e t o pmo s t p a r t o f t h e d omed r oof o f t h e g ua rd c e l l ( t he c ap s tone i ss hown ) a nd f o r as ho r t d i s tance t o a low a c ce s s u p a nd d own t h e s t a i r . T he v o id s o ve r t h e d oo r t ot h e s t a i r a r e c omp le te , a s i st h e r a ised d oo r o n t h e s t a i r l a nd ing , a nd t h e s i de s o f a l f o u rd oo ro pen ing sw i l lc on t inue u pi n to L eve l 4 a nd h i ghe r u p , f o rm ing t h e s t r e s s r e l iev ing v o id s .

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

2 . 1 I n troduc t ion

2 . 3

AV ik ing v i s i tt oS he t land

T h i s i n t roduc to ry s e c t ion c on s i s t s o f ad e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e b e s t p r e se rved b roch s t i l l i ne x i s tence , w h ich s t and s o n t h e s ma l l i s land o f Mou sa , o f f t h e e a s t c oa s t o f t h e s ou the rnmo s t p en in su la o f m a in land S he t land ( I l l . 2 . 1) . B y c on s ide r ing t h e i n f o rma t ion f r om t h i s b u i ld ing , a nd t h e q ue s t ion s a nd t e n ta t ive a n swe r s t h a t t h i s r a i se s , i t i s p o s s ib le t o g e t ag ood p r e l im ina ry i mp re s s ion o f t h is r ema rkab le c l a s s o fI r on A ge b u i ld ing s a nd t ou nde r s tand s ome o ft h e p rob lem s t h a t ad e ta i led d e sc r ip t ive c o rpu s o f b roch m ay h e lp t o s o lve . I tw a s a l so o ne o f t h e f i r s t b roch s t ob e e xam ined a nd d e sc r ibed i n moder nt ime s ( I l l . 2 . 2 ) .

A t s ome t ime e a r ly i nt h e 1 0 th c en tu ry - p e rhap s a r ound AD 9 00 - aV ik ing l o ng sh ip w a s c r u i s ing n ea r t h e se f a r n o r the rn i s land s . O n b oa rd w a s ac h ief t ian n amed B jo rn w ho h ad b een much t a ken w i th T ho ra , t h e s i s te r o f o f a f e l low c h ief T ho r i r H roa ld s son ( who p r e sumab ly l i ved i n N orway ) . H av ing b een r e f u sed p e rm i s s ion t om a r ry h e rh e h ad a bduc ted t h e g i r l a nd t a ken h e r t oh i s f a the r 's h ou se . H i s f a the rh oweve rw a s af r iend o fT ho r i ra nd h ad n o tb een p l ea sed w hen t h e c oup le a r r ived ; h e r e f u sed t o l e t a w edd ing t a ke p l ace u nde rh i sr oof . E ven tua l ly t h e i mpa t ien t B jo rn t ook h e r o f f t o s e a a ga in a nd

Mo s t o ft h e r e f e rence s s uppo r t ing s p ec if ic s t a temen t s w i l l b e f ound u nde r t h e m a in e n t ry f o r t h i s b roch i ns e c t ion 4 ( HU42 3 ) .

" I t h appened o ne d ay t h a t t h ey w e re s a i l ing e a s t o f S he t land a nd d amaged t h e i r s h ip m ak ing l a nd o n Mo sey . T hey c a r r ied o f ft h e i r f r e igh t a nd m ade f o r t h e t own sh ip t h e re , c a r ry ing i na l t h e i r w a r e s , t h en d raw ing t h e i r s h ip a sho re a nd r e pa i r ing w ha t w a s b roken ."

2 . 2 T he N or thern I s le s T he S he t land I s le s -v i s ib le f r om t h e m o s tn o r the r ly p o in t i nO rkney a nd r e ached f a i r ly e a s i ly b y s e a e ven i na nc ien t t ime s -f o rm t h e n o r the rnmo s t l a nd i nt h e B r i t i sh I s le s , a nd t h e m o s t n o r th -we s te r ly p a r t o f E u rope e xcep t f o r I c e land . S i tua ted b e tween a bou t l a t i tude s 6 0° a nd 6 1° n o r th t h ey a r en ea re nough t ot h eA r c t ic c i rc le t ob e l i gh ta t m idn igh t f o r a s ho r t p e r iod a r ound m id summe r ; c o r r e spond l ing ly i th a rd ly g e t s l i gh ta ta l r ound m idw in te r . T he t h r ee m a jo ri s land s a r e f o rmed o fa nc ien tm e tamo rph ic m ica sch i s t , w i th s ome b l ock s o f s a nd s tone a nd i g neou s r o ck , a nd e ven t h e h i l ly p a r t s h ave a s moo thed , r o l l ing l o ok t h ank s t o t h e a c t ion o f g l ac ie r s d u r ing t h e l a s t I c e A ge . N ow t h e m i ld a nd o cean ic c l ima te h a s p roduced l a rge d epo s i t s o f p ea t , g i v ing t h e o f t en w a te r logged l a nd scape ad un -co lou red a ppea rance . U n t i l t h e c om ing o ft o u r i sm a nd o i l t h e i n hab i tan t s a lway s d epended m a in ly o n f i sh ing ; a g r icu l tu re i s o n ly p roduc t ive i ft h e s o i l i s c on s tan t ly d r a ined a nd f e r t i l i sed . G ood t a rmac r oad s a r e m a in ly ap o s t -wa rp henomenon .

T he s t o ry i sr e coun ted i n t h e O rkney inga S aga ( J one s 1 960 , 8) a nd t h e O ld N o r se w o rd t r an s la ted a s' t own sh ip ' i nt h i s v e r s ion i s ' b o rg ' . T he p l ace i sg i ven a s ' Mo sey ' a s i nt h e o r ig ina lt e x t . H oweve r e y i st h e N o r se f o r ' i s land ' a nd ' Mo sey ' a s w e h ave s e en i s Mou sa , as ma l l i s land o f f t h e e a s t c oa s t o f D un ro s sne s s o n w h ich s t and s t h e s t one t owe rm en t ioned t h e b e s t p r e se rved a nd b e s t k nown o f ac l a s s o fI r on A ge b u i ld ing s k nown a sb roch s a nd w h ich i sn ow n amed a f t e r t h e i s land o n w h ich i ts t and s ( I l l . 2 . 1) . I nt h e s aga s t o ry t h e w o rd ' b o rg ' -w h ich a l so m ean s s t rongho ld - mu s t r e f e r t o t h i s s t ruc tu r e ; t h e r e i sn o t r ace o f at own sh ip o n t h i s s ma l l b a r ren i s land , a nd i n deed a l a te r t r an s la t ion a ccep t s t h is ( J on s son 1 924 , 1 0 1) . T he e nd o ft h e t a le w a s t h a t B jo rn m a r r ied T ho ra A s s oon a s t h ey a r r ived i n S he t land ( how i sn o t e xp la ined ) a nd t h ey s pen t t h e w in te r i nt h ec r amped c onf ine s o f` Mo sey ja rbo rg . ' 2 . 4

T he c oa s t s o ft h e s ou the rn p a r t o f Ma in land - t h e l a rge s t i s land - t e nd t ob er o cky w i th r o l l ing h i l l s o rm oo rb eh ind . T he n o r th A t lan t ic s u r round s e ve ry th ing a nd i so f t en g r ey a nd s t o rmy , b u t o n f i ne d ay s t h e s e a a nd t h e l a nd l i gh t u p i n to b r i l l ian t b l ue s , g r een s a nd b rown s a nd t h e i s land s a ppea rt r an sf o rmed . O n s u ch ad ay t h e b oa t c om ing n o r th f r om O rkney t oL e rw ick p a s se s a l ong t h ee a s tc oa s to ft h e D un ro s sne s s p en in su la a nd , s hou ld t h e t r ave l le r b e o n d eck w hen i ti si nt h e S ound o f Mou sa , h e o rs h ew i l l s e e o n t h a t s ma l l b a r ren i s land t ot h e e a s t ag r ey r ound t owe r c l o se t ot h e s ho r e , c l ea r ly i l um ina ted b yt h e S un . T h i s i s t h e p r eh i s to r ic b roch o f Mou sa ( HU42 5 ) .

T he b roch o f Mou sa

T he b roch o f Mou sa i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le a c ro s st h em i le w ide c hanne l w h ich s epa ra te s i tf r om t h e m a in land ; i fi tw a s n o t f o r t h e r emo te a nd d e se r ted l a nd scape i tm igh t a t f i r s t g l ance b e i n te rp re ted a s ac oo l ing t owe ro f ap owe rs t a t ion . A s ho r t mo to rboa t t r ip f r om f r om t h e p i e r a t S andw ick b r ing s o ne t ot h e i s land a nd t o al a nd ing o n ar o cky s ho r e a bou th a lf am i le n o r th o ft h e s i len tt owe r . T he r e a r e s ome d r ama t ic v i ew s o ft h e b roch f r om t h e a pp roa che s a l ong t h e s ho r e ( I l l . 2 . 1) . T he v i s i to r d r aw ing n ea rt h e b roch m u s t b e i mp r e s sed f i r s t b y i t s s t a rk a nd s imp le s hape - ap l a in , t a l l g r ey t owe rs t i l l 1 2 .9 m ( 4 3 f t . ) h igh , w ide r a tt h e b o t tom t h an t h e t o p a nd w i th as moo th ly c u rved p rof i le t h a t g i ve s i tas l igh t ly b e l l -

7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

s haped a ppea rance . T he t op o ft h ew a l la c tua l ly o ve rhang s s l igh t ly o n o ne s i de . T he s e cond i mp re s s ion i s o f t h e b l ankne s so ft h ew a l l ;t h e re i sn oo pen ing a nywhe r e e xcep t a t t h e b a se o n t h e w e s te rn s i de w he re a n a r row , r e c tangu la r o pen ing f a ce s a c ro s s t h e S ound o f Mou sa t o t h e m a in land , a nd t owa rd s a no the r much mo r e r u ined t owe ro nt h eo ppo s i te c l if f s( HU42 1 ) .

p l . ) (X I I ) : h ew a sn o ta wa r et h a tt h ep a s sag ew a s n o ti ni t s o r ig ina lc ond i t ion . H oweve r n o t l o ng a f t e r t h e 1 861 c l ea rance t h e p a s sage i t se lf mu s t h ave b een e mp t ied o f d eb r i s a nd t h e o r ig ina l p aved f l oo re xpo sed ; t h eo u te re nd w a st h en f ound t ob en o l e s s t h an a bou t 3 . 0 m ( 10 f t ) h igh - t h e t a l le s t d oo rway k nown i na ny p r eh i s to r ic s i te . I ti ss hown a s al o ng s l i t i n a n 1 883 d raw ing m ade f r om w ha t mu s t b e o ne o f t h e e a r l ie s tp ho tog raph so ft h eb roch ( Ande r son 1 883 , 1 75 , f i g . 1 60 ) .

F rom af ew y a rd s a way i tb ecome s c l ea rt h a t t h e b roch i s v e ry s k i lf u l ly b u i l to fd ry s tone ma son ry ;t h e re a r en ot r ace s o f c emen t o r l ime mo r ta r , n o r o f a ny k i nd o f b ond ing , b e tween t h e c a ref u l ly s e t h o r izon ta l c ou r se o f f l a t s l ab s , m any o fw h ich h ave b een n ea t ly u nde rp inned w i th s ma l le r s t one s( I lu s .4 . 64 ) .

T he o r ig ina ld e s ign o ft h ee n t rance

At ou r r ound t h e t owe r a s i t i s n ow , p ro tec ted a nd

T he s ame t a l l s l i t a ppea r s i n ad i f f e r en t p ho tog raph t a ken s ome t ime b ef o r e 1 9 19 ( Pa t te r son 1 922 , f i g . 1 )a nd i tw a s i nt h a t y ea r t h a t t h e t h en Of f i ce o f Wo rk s i nE d inbu rgh , h av ing r e cen t ly t a ken c ha rge o f Mou sa b roch , u nde r took t h e c l ea rance o f 1 . 2 m( 4f t . ) o fd eb r i s w h ich h ad b u i l tu p i n s ide t h e t owe r s i nce 1 86 1 . T he t e am , u nde r t h e l e ade r sh ip o ft h e a r ch i tec t J .W i l son P a t te r son , w a s a l so c a r ry ing o u tr e s to ra t ion w o rk a nd m ak ing af r e sh s u rvey o f t h e i r n ew s i te . I tw a s a tt h i s p o in t t h a t t h e l i n te l s s t ump s m en t ioned w e re n o t iced a nd i tw a sr e a l i sed t h a tt h eo r ig ina l p a s sage r oof h ad b een much l owe r , t h e l i n t e l s h av ing b een r emoved l o ng b ef o r e .

m a in ta ined b yt h e H i s to r ic S co t land , w i l l g i ve ag ood i d ea o f t h e m a in a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s o f t h i s r ema rkab le b u i ld ing , a nd w i l l a l so p rov ide a n i n t roduc t ion t os ome o f t h e g ene ra l p rob lem s o f i n te rp re t ing a w ho le c l a s s o f c ompa rab le s t ruc tu re s . I ti ss en s ib le t os t a r tw i th t h e o n ly w ay i n( I l l .4 . 70 ) . 2 .4 .1 T he e n t rance p a s sage T he d oo rway a s n o ted f a ce s t h e s e a a nd i sn ow p ro tec ted b y am e ta l w icke t g a te ; o pen ing t h i s o ne d uck s u nde r t h e m a s s ive o u te rmo s t s t one l i n te l , o n ly s ome 1 . 5 m ( 5 f t . ) a bove t h e g round . T he p a s sage b eyond i s d a rk a nd g l oomy , a si st h e i n te r io r o ft h et owe ri t se lf , a nd o n ly 1 . 20 m( 3f t1 i n s . )w ide ; i fo ne h a s at o r ch o ne c an s e et h a t i t s r oof i s o f r a the r s t range c on s t ruc t ion , r i s ing s udden ly b eh ind t h e f r on t l i n te l t ot w ice t h e h e igh t o ft h a t s t one , u p t o3 . 05 m ( 10 f t . ) a bove t h e s t one f lagged f l oo r . H e r e i sa c u r iou s t unne l l ike r oof b u i l t o fs t one s l ab s l a id c r o s sway s a nd r e inf o r ced a t t h e f r on t e nd w i th mode rn c onc r e te ; e v iden t ly t h ee n t rance i sn o ti ni t so r ig ina ls t a te .

T he t e am d ec ided t or e s to re t h e o u te re nd o ft h ep a s sage t o s ome th ing l i ke i t so r ig ina l c ond i t ion b yr educ ing t h eh e igh t t o 1 . 5 m a nd f i l l ing t h e s pa ce a bove t h e n ew l i n te l w i th m a son ry ( Pa t te r son 1 922 , f i g . 5 ) . T he a l t e ra t ion c anno t n ow b e e a s i ly d e tec ted f r om t h eo u t s ide a l though , a sn o ted , i ti sc l ea rf r om t h ec onc r e te i nt h e i n te r io r . T he o r ig ina l l i n t e l s i n t h e r e s t o f t h e p a s sage w e r e n o t r e p laced a nd t h i s g i ve s t h e i n te r io r i t s p r e sen t o dd a nd m i s lead ing a ppea rance , w i th a n a ppa r en t ly c o rbe l led r oof t w ice a sh i gh a st h e d oo rway ( I l l . 4 . 7 1) . T he e n t rance o f t h e w e l l p r e se rved b roch D un T e lve , n ea r G lene lg o n t h e w e s t c oa s t o fI nve rne s s sh i re ( NG81 2 ) , h a s b een s im i la r ly d amaged a nd s how s as im i la r s udden h e igh ten ing b eh ind t h ef r on tl i n te l( Ma cK ie 1 995a , I l .2 1) .

I ndeed f u r the r c a ref u l i n spec t ion o f t h e p a s sage w a l l s r evea l s p ro jec t ing f r om e ach s i de ah o r izon ta l r ow o ft h e s ho r t s t ump s o fs eve ra l f l a ts t one s , aah e igh to fa bou t 1 . 63 m ( 5 f t4i n s ) a bove t h e p aved f l oo r . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e re w a s o nce ac on t inuou sr ow o ff l a ts t one l i n te ls a tt h i s h e igh t , a nd t h a t t h e p a s sage w a s o r ig ina l ly q u i te l ow ; a t s ome s t age t h e se l i n te l s mu s t h ave b een k nocked o u t , l e av ing o n ly t h e i r e nd s i np o s i t ion ( I l l . 4 . 7 1) . Wha t c an t h i sm ean?

T he e s sen t ia l p o in t , a sP a t te r son r e a l i sed , i st h a t t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e p a s sage ( a bove t h e o r ig ina l l i n te l s ) w a s o r ig ina l ly m ean tt ob e a n o pen c hambe r a bove t h e p r ima ry e n t rance a nd c ommun ica t ing o n ly w i th t h e i n te r io r ; i t s f l oo r w a s f o rmed b y t h e f l a t s t one l i n te l s c ove r ing t h e p a s sage b e low . T h i sp a r t icu la r f o rm o fc hambe rw a s , a s w i l l b e s e en , as t anda rd f e a tu re o fb roch a r ch i tec tu re a nd c an o n ly h ave b een r e ached f r om t h e c en t ra l c ou r t -b y w ha tm ean si sd i scu s sed l a te r .

T he p a s sage a si tw a sf ound i nm od e rn t i me s . I n f a c t w e k now t h a t b ef o re 1 9 19 t h e o u te r e nd o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage w a s much h i ghe r t h an i ti sn ow . T he i n te r io ro ft h et owe rw a s f i r s tc l ea red o fd eb r i s i n1 861 b u t t h e p a s sage w a s l ef tu n touched a nd i t so r ig ina l p aved f l oo r r ema ined h i dden u nde r t h e a ccumu la ted r ubb le a nd d eb r i s o f c en tu r ie s ( D ryden 1 890 , p l . XX I I ) . A t t h a t t ime t h e d oorway s e emed t ob e a bou t 5f t .h igh b u tt h e f l oo rs l oped d ownwa rd s t owa rd s t h e i n te r io r ( I l l . 2 . 5 ) . I n 1 852 , n ine y ea r s b ef o r e t h i s c l ea rance , S i r H en ry D ryden h ad u nde r taken t h e f i r s t a ccu ra te s u rvey o ft h e b roch a nd h e f ound t h e o u te re nd o ft h e p a s sage t ob e 1 . 58 m ( 5f t3i n s ) t a l l ( t hough h e g ave i ta s 1 . 72 m ( 5 f t9i n s ) o n h i s e l eva t ion d raw ing ( I l l . 2 . 5 &2 . 6 ) ( D ryden 1 890 , 2 08 &

S ome u sef u l c onc lu s ion s c an b e d rawn f r om t h e se o b serva t ion s . E v iden t ly t h e o r ig ina l d oo rway o f Mou sa h ad b ecome p a r t ia l ly b l ocked w i th d eb r i s -p re sumab ly a l o ng t ime a f t e r i th ad b een a bandoned b y i t s o r ig ina l o ccupan t s . L a te r s t i l l n ew i n hab i tan t s a r r ived a nd f ound t h ep a s sage t o o l ow f o rc onven ien tu se a nd ,r a the rt h an d i g i to u t ( i f i n deed t h ey k new t h e o r ig ina l f l oo r w a s much l owe r ) , t h ey d ec ided t or a i se t h er oof t of i tt h eh igh g round l e ve l . 8

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

f l oo r i n t h e i n te r io r - w a s i n se r ted i n to t h e p a s sage i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e d oo r -check s i n a nc ien t t ime s . T h i s s t onewo rk m ay w e l l c ove r u p t h e p i vo t , a nd t h e v i ew i sn ow f u r the r o b s t ruc ted b y a moder n f l igh t o f w ooden s t ep s w h ich h a s b een f i t ted t oh e lp v i s i to r s o ve r t h e s t ep a nd i n to t h e i n te r io r . ( I l l . 4 . 70 ) .

T hey b roke a way a l t h e l i n te l sa sw e l la st h er e la t ive ly t h in p a r t o f t h e f r on t w a l l t h e r e , a nd m ade u se o f t h e u ppe r l i n te l s i n s tead . T he p ecu l ia r f e a tu r e o ft h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance m ade t h i s o pe ra t ion f a i r ly s imp le . S im i la r h a lf b u r ied e n t rance s c an b e s e en i n m any u nexcava ted b roch s -D un D or na ig i l i nS u the r land i s ag ood e xamp le ( NC44 2 ) -b u tn o l a te ro ccupan t s r e -opened t h ep a s sage s o ft h e se i nt h e d ra s t ic w ay s e en a t Mou sa . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t i tw a s t h e 1 0 th c en tu ry V ik ing v i s i to r s w ho m ade t h e a l te ra t ion s ; i fs o t h e 1 86 1 c l ea rance h a s r emoved a ny e v idence o ft h e s t ay o f B jo rn a nd T ho ra , a nd o f a no the r t empo ra ry V ik ing o ccupa t ion ac en tu ry l a te r .

2 . 4 .2 T he c en t ra lc ou r t B eyond t h e d oo rf r ame t h ep a s sage w iden st o1 . 55 m ( 5f t . 1i n . ) a nd t h en l e ad s i n to t h e c en t ra l c ou r t - as ma l l , g l oomy c i r cu la rr oom o n ly 5 . 2 -5 . 7 m( 17 f t . 4i n . -1 9f t .0 i n . ) i nd i ame te r i nw h ich o ne h a s t h e s e n se o fb e ing a tt h e b o t tom o f aw e l l . T he a bandoned b roch w a s o nce t h e h aun t o f s e a b i rd s ( wh ich w e re d oub t le s s r e spon s ib le f o r m uch o f t h e d e t r i tu s w h ich h ad t o b e c l ea red f r om t h e i n te r io r ) a nd i sn ow p ro tec ted b y am e ta l g r i l l o ve rt h e t o p a sw e l l a sb yt h em e ta l g a te a tt h ee n t rance .

We c an n ow s e e t h a t t h e d e s ign o ft h e o r ig ina l e n t rance i s q u i te s t ra igh tf orwa rd . T he o u te rp a r to ft h ep a s sage i s1 . 2 m( 3f t . 1 i n s )w ide a nd q u i te p l a in . A t ad i s tance o f2 . 4 m ( 8 f t . ) f r om t h e o u te r e nd i s as i ng le u p r igh t f l ag s tone , s e t o n e dge i n to t h e l ef t s i de o f t h e p a s sage w a l l a nd p ro jec t ing s l igh t ly f r om i t( I l l . 4 . 70 ) ; i tm a rk s t h e p o s i t ion o ft h e s t one f r ame f o rt h e o r ig ina l w ooden d oo r . S uch d oo r f r ame s a r e v e ry c ommon i n m a s s ive s t one I r on A ge s t ruc tu r e s a nd t h ey a lmo s t a lway s h ave t wo o ppo sed c heck s -o ne i ne ach w a l l ; h e r e t h e r i gh t h and c heck h a s e v iden t ly d i sappea r ed a ts ome t ime i nt h ep a s t .

P r ima ry f ea tu re s o nt h ef l oor T he re a r e s eve ra l s t one c on s t ruc t ion s o n t h e f l oo r w h ich g i ve v a luab le c l ue s t ot h e o r ig ina l p u rpo se o ft h e b u i ld ing . O ne 's f i r s t i mp r e s s ion i st h a tt h e t i ny f l oo ra r ea i sc l u t te r ed w i th o dd f r agmen t s o fm a son ry o n d i f f e r en t l e ve l s , b u t i n f a c t i ti sq u i te e a sy t om ake s e n se o ft h e se a nd t op i ck o u t s ome o ft h eo r ig ina l f u rn i sh ing s ( I l l . 4 . 67 & 4 . 72 ) .

T he p a s sage b eh ind t h e c heck s i ss l igh t ly w ide r a nd t h e d oo r e v iden t ly s wung i nwa rd s . T h i s i sc onf i rmed b y t h e f a c t t h a t i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e s u rv iv ing c heck i s a h o r izon ta l h o le i nt h ew a l l 1 . 45 m ( 4f t . 9i n s . )d eep ; t h i s i s a l so a s t anda rd f e a tu re o fI r on A ge s t one b u i ld ing s a nd i t h ou sed t h e d r awba r . T h i s b eam w a s k ep t i nt h e b a r -ho le a nd , w hen t h e d oo r w a s s hu t a ga in s t t h e c heck s , i tw a s p u l led o u t b eh ind t h e d oo r , a c ro s st h e p a s sage t os l o t i n to as ha l low s ocke t , h o ld ing t h e d oo r f i rm ly c l o sed a ga in s t t h e o u t s ide w o r ld . T he b a r s o cke t h e re h a s d i sappea red , p r e sumab ly n o tn o t iced b yt h e o r ig ina l t e am r e s to r ing a nd s t ab i l is ing t h em a son ry a nd u nw i t t ing ly b l ocked u p .

T he re i s a n a r ea o f l ow p aved f l oo r i n t h e m idd le , a ppa r en t ly r e s t ing o n r o ck , b u t s e em ing ly l a rge ly c ove r ed w i th l a te r c on s t ruc t ion s . O n t h i s l owe s t a nd e a r l ie s t f l oo r l e ve l c an b e s e en p a r t o f al a rge f i rep lace w h ich p ro jec t s f r om b e low ab ench l ike s t ruc tu re . T h is i s ar e c tangu la r , k e rbed s t one h ea r th o f t y p ica l I r on A ge t y pe a nd i t s c r acked a nd r e ddened s t one s a r e t h e r e su l t o ft h e h ea t o f m any f i re s ( I l l . 4 . 72 ) . N ex tt ot h e f i rep la ce i s as l ab l ined s t one t a nk - w i th af l a t , s l op ing b a se - w h ich h a s e v iden t ly b een c u t o u t o f t h e b ed rock o n w h ich t h e t owe r s t and s . S ome p av ing i sv i s ib le b e tween t h eh ea r th a nd t h et a nk a nd t h is a l so s e em st ob e l a id o nr o ck .

T he re s hou ld a l so b e ap i vo t s t one s e t i n to t h e f l oo r i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e l e f th and c heck . Me ta l h i nge s w e re u nknown i nS co t t i sh I r on A ge b u i ld ing s a nd i nt h i s k i nd o f d ef ended s t one p a s sageway t h e t h e h eavy w ooden d oo r t ur n ed o n i t s h i nge p o s t w h ich r e s ted i n s ome f o rm o f s ock e t i n t h e p a s sage f l oo r . I n t h e m o re s oph i s t ica ted b u i ld ing s t h i s w a s ah o l low p ecked i n to ah eavy b l ock o f s t one s e t i nt h e f l oo r s o t h a t t h e p o s t -w h ich m ay w e l l h ave b een s hod w i th i r on - c ou ld t ur n e a s i ly . A f i ne e xamp le w a s d i scove red i n ab roch o n T i ree i nt h e I n ne r H eb r ide s ( Ma cK ie 1 974 ,p l . X I IE ) .

S econdary f ea ture s o nt h ef l oor I ti sc l ea r f r om t h e s upe rpo s i t ion ing o f t h e m a son ry t h a t t h e f i r s t f e a tu re t ob e b u i l t o n t op o ft h e o r ig ina l f l oo r w a s t h e r i ng shaped b ench , o rl ow p l a tf o rm , 4 3 c m ( 1f t . 5i n . ) h i gh a i t s i n ne r e dge , t h e l a t te r b e ing f a ced w i th u p r igh t f l ag s tone s ( I l l . 4 . 67 ) . T he b ench i sa pp rox ima te ly o va l i n p l an , c on s t r ic t ing t h e c en t ra l a r ea t o as pace a bou t 1 . 98 x 2 . 90 m ( 6 .5 x 9 . 5 f t . ) c m , a nd h a s af l a t , p aved u ppe r s u rf ace w h ich e x tend s i n to t h e e n t rance p a s sage f o rs eve ra l f e e t , e nd ing a tt h e 6 0 c m h i gh ' s tep 'j u s t b eh ind t h e d oo r f r ame a l r eady m en t ioned .

I ti sn o t a ta l c l ea rw ha t s o r t o fh and le w a s a t ta ched t ot h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e h eavy d oo r t oa low i tt ob e p u l led o pen . Av e ry s oph i s t ica ted i r on d oo r h and le w a s f ound i nD un A rd t reck o n S kye ( NG33 2 ) b u t s o f a r t h i s s e em s t ob e u n ique a nd w a s q u i te p o s s ib ly d e r ived d i rec t ly f r om t h e p a s s ing R oman f l ee t i nt h e e a r ly AD 8 0 s ( Ma cK ie 2 002 , I l . 2 9 ) . As imp le l o op o fr ope m ay h ave s uff i ced f o rm o s t b roch d oo r s .

O n t op o ft h i s b ench , a nd r e s t ing a ga in s t t h e f a ce o ft h e p r ima ry b roch w a l l , i s al ow w a l l ( wh ich c ou ld w e l l h ave b een a l o t h i ghe r o r ig ina l ly ) w i th a n a ve rage t h ickne s s o f 6 0 c m ( 2f t . ) a nd w h ich i sn owhe re m o r e t h an 6 0 c mh i gh . When i tw a s f i r s t u ncove red i n 1 86 1 i tw a s c l ea r t h a t r e gu la r g ap s h ad b een l ef t i n i t , i n f r on t o f t h e t h ree d oo rway s ( t o m u ra l c e l l s - b e low ) i n t h e b roch w a l l b eh ind , a l though t h e se a r e n o t s o o bv iou s n ow ( D ryden 1 890 , p l . XX I : I l 2 . 3 ) . T he o r ig ina l c l ea rance a l so

A t Mou sa h oweve r , t h ough o ne c an b e r e a sonab ly c e r ta in t h a t ap i vo t s t one f o rt h e d oo r e x i s ted , i ti sd i ff icu l t t os e e w he the r o ne s t i l l r ema in s i np o s i t ion . T h i s i sb ecau se a s t one s t ep 6 0 c m ( 2 f t . ) h i gh - l e ad ing u p o n t o ar a ised

9

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

r e vea led t h r ee s ho r t ,r a d ia ls t one p i e r s ( l ik et h es pok e so fa w h ee l ) p ro jec t ing f r om t h e w a l l , r e s t ing o n t h e p l a tf o rm a nd p r o jec t ing a sf a r a si t s i n ne r e dge . O n ly o ne o ft h e se p i e r s n ow r ema in s a nd t h e s u rv ivo r i sn o t b onded t ot h e s e conda ry w a l l , m e r e ly r e s t ing a ga in s t i t . J udg ing f r om s im i la rb u i ld ing s i n se r ted i n to o t he rS h e t land b roch s b o th w a l l a nd p i e r s w e r e b u i l t a s au n i t ( f o re xamp le J a r l shof HU30 1 ) . T he l i n ing o ft h e s e conda ry w a l l ing n ow r i se s o n ly a sh i gh a s t h e t h r e shho ld s o ft h e r a i sed p r ima ry d oo rway s t ot h e b roch m u ra l c e l l s ( d e sc r ibed b e low ) . I f t h i s f e a tu r e w a s t h e w a l l o f ah ou se i t s hou ld o r ig ina l ly h av e b een c on s id e rab ly h i ghe r , t o a l low f o r a d equa te h ead room u nd e rt h er oof w h ich p r e sumab ly r e s t ed o ni t . S i n ce i td i d n o tb l ock o ft h ed oo rway st ot h em u ra lc e l l sb eh ind , t h e se e v iden t ly c on t inu ed i nu s e a f t e rt h e a l t e ra t ion s . T he f i e ld i n ve s t iga to r so ft h eR oya lC omm i s s ion o nt h eA n c ien ta nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s o f S co t land t h ough t t h a t t h e n ew w a l lh ad a l so b l ocked t h e m a in e n t rance ( RCAHMS 1 946 , 3 ,4 9 -50 ) , b u t t h i s s e em s r a the r u n l ik e ly , b o th b ecau se D ryden s 's e a r l ie r s u rvey s how s t h a t i td i dn o ta nd b ecau se s u ch a b a r r ie r w ou ld h ave m ad e t h e b roch i n t e r io r i n a cce s s ib le f r om t h e o u t s id e e xcep t b y c l imb ing o ve r t h e h i gh w a l l .

e a r l ie r ,l a ck si t sl i n t e lf l oo r . E a ch o ft h e s t one l i n te l s o ft h e se i n t e r io r d oo rway s ( i ft h a t i sw ha t t h ey a r e ) h a s av e r t ica l r ow o f s im i la r o pen ing s a bov e i t ,c on s i s t ing o f al o ng n a r row ing s l i t t h et wo s i d e s o f w h ich a r e b r a ced a pa r t a t f r equ en t i n te rva l s b y h o r izon ta l s t one s l ab s , f o rm ing al a dd e r l ik e p a t te rn ( I l l . 4 . 74 ) . T he r e i sa no the ro ft h e se v e r t ica lr ow so fo pen ing s , o rv o id s , i nt h es ou th -ea s tp a r to ft h et ow e rb u tt h e r ei sn o d oo rway a tt h e b a se o ft h i s o ne a nd a nd m o s t o ft h e v o id s h e r e a r e d ummy o ne s , e nd ing e ven b ef o r e t h ey r e a ch t h e m u ra l g a l le r ie s i nt h e c en t r e o ft h e w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 66 , s e c t ion C -D ,r i gh tw a l l ) . Two h o r izon ta l l e dg e s o rs c a r cem en t s a bou t 2 0 c m ( 8i n . ) w ide r un r i gh t r ound t h e w a l l a nd a r e f o rm ed o ff l a t s l ab s p ro jec t ing f o rwa rd f r om t h e m a son ry l i k e s h e lve s ; t h e w a l lf a ce a bov e e a ch i ss e t b a ck s l igh t ly f r om t h a t b e low , a c cen tua t ing t h e w id th o f t h e s h e lf . O ne o f t h e se s c a r cemen t s i s2 . 14 m ( 7f t . ) a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r a nd t h es e cond o ne i s3 . 70 m ( 1 2f t . 4i n . ) . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o fS i r H en ry D ryd en ( who s how s t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t -I l . 2 . 5 &2 . 6 ) t h e se f e a tu r e s w e r e n o t n o t iced - o ra tl e a s t n o t d e sc r ibed - b yt h e w r i t e r s o ft h e 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th c en tu r ie s . T hey s ugg e s tt h a t s om e k i nd o f t i mbe r c on s t ru c t ion e x i s t ed i n s ide t h e b r och a ta n e a r ly s t ag e ; o ne c ou ld a s sum et h a tt h i s c on s i s ted o f ar i ng - o r d i sc shaped r a i sed f l oo r o n t h e l ow e r l e dg e a nd , o n t h e u ppe ro ne , a ne ven h i gh e rs u ch f l oo ro r ar o of

S ome i n t e r e s t ing c onc lu s ion sc an b ed r awn f r om as t udy o f t h e se a l te ra t ion st ot h ei n t e r io ro f Mou sa b roch . T hey s e em t o s how t h a t t owe r h ad u nde rgon e ar a d ica l c hang e o f f u nc t ion a to ne p o in t , a nd y e ta ppa r en t ly w i thou tt h eh e igh t o ft h ew a l lb e ing a l t e r ed s i gn if i can t ly ,a nd a l so w i thou ta ny o bv iou s p e r iod s o f a bandonmen t a nd r u ina t ion . T h i s c onc lu s ion i s s uppo r ted b y e v id en ce o f s im i la r d r a s t ic c hang e s o ff u nc t ion f r om m any o t he rs i t e sd e sc r ibed i nt h i s C o rpu s a nd i ts e em s t h a tt h e r ew e r et wo d i s t in c tp ha se s i n w ha t m ay b e p rov i s iona l ly b e d e sc r ibed a s t h e ' b roch e poch ' . A t Mou sa t h e se p ha se s w e r e o n e o f p r ima ry o ccupa t ion - w hen t h eb u i ld ing w a su s ed f o rt h ep u rpo se s f o rw h ich i tw a s o r ig ina l ly e r ec ted - a nd al a t e rs e cond a ry p ha se w hen t h e f u nc t ion o ft h e i n t e r io r w a s s i gn if i can t ly c hang ed w i thou t ac hang ei nt h eh e igh to ft h et ow e r .

T he r e s e em s t ob e ar e la t ion sh ip b e tw een a tl e a s t o n e o f t h e se i n t er n a l d oo r s iz ed o pen ing s a nd t h e t wo s c a r cem en t s ; t h e C omm i s s ion 's e l eva t ion s how s t h i s c l ea r ly ( I l l . 4 . 67 ) . T he u ppe rh a lf o ft h e d oub le o p en ing a t 1 0o ' c lock h a s i t ss i l l a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e u ppe rs c a r cem en t ; t h el ow e rh a lf i st h ed oo rway t ot h es t a i rway a nd h a si t ss i l l a tt h el e ve lo ft h el ow e rs c a r cemen t .

2 . 4 .3 P r ima ry f ea tu re so ft h ew a l lf ace

E a ch o ft h et h r ee d oo rway s n ea rg r ound l e v e l l e ad s i n to a l a rg ea nd w e l l -bu i l tm u ra lc e l l c on s t ru c t ed w i th in t h es o l id b a se o ft h es t on ew a l l . E a ch i sa pp rox ima t e ly r e c tangu la r i ng r ound p l an , t h ough w i th ac oncave o u te r w a l l , a nd m ea su r e s a bou t4 . 2 m( 1 4 f t . ) i nl e ng th b y 1 . 5 m( 5f t . ) i n w id th ; e a ch h a s at a l l , c o rbe l led , ' b eeh iv e ' r o of r i s ing t oa bou t 3 . 3 m( 1 1 f t . ) a bove i t s f l oo r a nd t h e s i l l o fe a ch d oo rway i sr a i sed s om e 5 3 c m ( 1 f t9i n ) a bove t h e o r ig ina l f l oo r o ft h e b ro ch c ou r tya rd T h e s e conda ry w a l l a r ound t h e i n t e r io rt h u sp a r t ly o b s t ru c t st h eo pen ing st ot h e c e l l s . T he f l oo r s o ft h e c e l l s a r e a l so s l igh t ly a bov e t h e p r ima ry f l oo ri nt h ec ou r t( I l l .2 . 5 ) .

Al o ok r ound t h e t ow e r ing , s moo th ly b u i l t w a l l -f o rm ing ah o l low c y l inde r w i th ac i r c le o fs ky a bove ( I l l . 4 . 77 ) r e vea l s an umbe r o f i n t e r e s t ing o r ig ina l f e a tu r e s . I n a dd i t ion t ot h e m a in e n t rance t h e r e a r e s i x d oo rway s iz ed o pen ing s l e ad ing b a ck i n to t h ew a l l b u tn o tr i gh t t h rough t ot h e o u t s id e . T h r ee a r e n ea r f l oo r l e ve l , o ne i s al i t t le h i ghe r u p ( a nd i t s e lf h a s as im i la r s iz ed o pen ing o n t o p o f i t ) a nd t h e f i f th i sh a lf w ay u p t h e t ow e r . T he s i x th i s a bove t h e i n ne r e nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd , a sn o t ed

I fo ne i mag ine s t h e p l an o ft h e b roch a s ac l ockf a ce , w i th t h e m a in e n t rance p o in t ing s t ra igh t d own t o 6o ' c lock , t h en t h e d oo r s t ot h e se c e l l s a r e a t8 , 1a nd 4 . 30 o ' c lock ( I l l . 2 . 3 &4 . 67 ) . E a ch c on ta in s s e ve ra ls ma l l , o pen -f ron t ed c upboa rd s , o r a umb r ie s , b u i l t i n to t h e w a l lf a ce s ome d i s tan ce a bov e t h e f l oo r . C e l l Bh a s a n u n ique f e a tu r e -a s c a r cemen t o fi t so wn i n s ide i t ,a t1 . 83 m ( 6f t . ) a bove i t s f l oo r ( I l l . 2 . 5 ) ; p r e sumab ly t h i s o nce s uppor t ed a r a i sed w ood en s h e lf o rm ezzan ine f l oo ro fs om ek i nd .

T he e v id ence f r om t h e i n t e r io r i sc on s ide r ed a ga in l a t e r ; m eanwh i le i tm ay b e o b se rved t h a t t h e o r ig ina l w ooden s t ru c tu r e s i n s ide t h e b r och ( t he e v id ence f o r w h ich i s d e sc r ibed i n t h e n ex t s e c t ion ) m u s t s u r e ly h ave b een r emov ed b ef o r e t h e s e conda ry s t one h ou se w a l l w a s i n se r ted , a nd t h i s a dd st ot h e i mp r e s s ion o f am a jo rc hange i nl i f es t y le f o rt h ei n hab i tan t s .

1 0

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

g l oom s l igh t ly - a nd e ven tua l ly f i nd t h em se lve s a t ad ead e nd f o rmed b yt h eb ack o ft h e s t a irway .

2 . 4 .4 S ta i ra nd g a l le r ie s i nt h ew a l l T he r e a l ly u nu sua l a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s o ft h i s p r eh i s to r ic t owe r a r e t o b e f ound i n s ide t h e d ry s tone w a l l i t se lf . N o th ing l i ke t h em i ss of a rk nown o u t s ide S co t land .

H oweve r t h is j ou rney i sa lmo s t i mpo s s ib le f o r a n a du l t b ecau se o f ab l ockage a f ew f e e t a n t i -c lockw i se f r om t h e d oo rway , c au sed b y t h e t o p o f t h e c o rbe l led r oof o f t h e s t a i r f oo t c e l l b e low w h ich r e duce s t h e h e igh t o ft h e g a l le ry t ol e s s t h an 6 0 c m ( 2f t ) f r om 1 . 5 mi nf o r as ho r t d i s tance ( I l l . 2 . 8 ) .

T he i n t ra -mura ls t a i r A t 1 0 o ' c lock i st h e f ou r th i n te r io r d oo rway o n L eve l 2 , t h e l owe s to ft h et h ree r a i sed o ne s , i t ss i l lb e ing 2 . 1 m( 7f t ) a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r ; o r ig ina l ly i tm u s t h ave b een r e ached b y aw ooden l a dde r . I t s s i l l i sa tt h e l e ve l o ft h e l owe r o f t h e t wo s ca rcemen t s ( I l l . 4 . 74 ) s o , i f aw ooden r a i sed f l oo r o r r i ng shaped b a lcony r e s ted o n t h i s l e dge , a cces s t ot h e d oo rway i nt h ew a l lw ou ld h ave b een d i r ec t ly f r om s uch a b a lcony . I n t h a t c a se a l a dde r o r f l igh t o f w ooden s t ep s u p t ot h e e dge o ft h e b a lcony w ou ld s e em t o h ave b een n eeded ; a l te rna t ive ly t h i s c ou ld h ave o b s t ruc ted t h e g round f l oo r l e s s i fi tl e du pt o ah o le o rt r apdoo ri nt h e r a ised f l oo r .

T h i s f i r s t h o r izon ta l g a l le ry i n s ide t h e w a l l -a tL eve l 3i sa bou t 9 0 c m ( 3f t ) w ide a nd a nd i t s s i de s a r e b u i l t m o re e ven ly t h an t h o se o ft h e u ppe r o ne s ( I l l . 4 . 69 ) w he re t h e re a r e m any p ro jec t ing s t one s . Af t e rt h e c e l lr oof o b s t ruc t ion t h e f l oo r o f t h e g a l le ry i s e i the r p aved o r o f r ubb le ( c en tu r ie s o fd u s t a nd d i r t c ove r i t ) , b ecau se i tr e s t s o nt h e s o l id b a se o ft h e w a l l c o re ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) . I ti sd i ff i cu l t t o u nde r s tand w hy t h e w a l ls o ft h i s g a l le ry a r e s on ea tw hen i t i ss od i ff icu l to fa cce s s . H oweve r i ti sa tt h i s p o in t t h a t t h e v i s i to r s hou ld s t a r t t o u nde r s tand t h e p r inc ip le s u pon w h ich t h i s r ema rkab le p r eh i s to r ic t owe r i sc on s t ruc ted , a nd w h ich a l lowed i t s g r ea t h e igh t a nd s t ab i l i ty t ob e a ch ieved w i thou t t h e u se o f c emen t . F o r t h e s t a i rway t h e reaf t e r a s cend s t h rough a s e r ie s o fs u ch g a l le r ie s , a l s im i la rt ot h e l owe s te xcep tt h a t t h a t r oof o fe ach - a nd t h ef eo re t h e f l oo r o ft h e o ne a bove - i sf o rmed o f ac on t inuou s r ow o ff l a t s t one s l ab s f i rm ly b onded i n to t h e s i de s ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) . T hu s t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e b roch w a l l i si ne f ec t ah o l low o rd oub le o ne , t h e t wo c oncen t r ic h a lve s b e ing b r aced a pa r t a nd h e ld t oge the r b y t h e r ow s o f s t one l i n te l s t o g i ve a n i n gen iou s d ry s t one s t ruc tu re w h ich c omb ine s l i gh tne s sw i th s t reng th .

T h is d oo rway i sj u s t o ve r 1 . 5 m( 5f t ) h i gh a nd h a s af l a t s t one l i n te l l e ve l w i th , a nd f o rm ing p a r t o f , t h e u ppe r s c a rcemen t ; i tf o rm s t h e s i l l o f y e t a no the r d oo r s ized o pen ing i mmed ia te ly a bove w h ich l o ok s a s t h ough i t r e la te s t ot h e u ppe r l e dge i nt h e s ame w ay ( I l l . 4 . 66 , l owe r e l eva t ion ) a l though i ti sn o t e a sy t os e e h ow t h i s d oo r c an h ave b een r e a ched f r om i n s ide t h e w a l l ( b e low ) . T he s i des o f t h e o pen ing c on t inue o n u p t h e w a l l f o r t h ree q ua r te r s o f i t s h e igh t a s o ne o ft h e s e r ie s o fw indow s o r v o id sa l r eady m en t ioned. T he l owe r o f t h i s p a i r o f s upe r impo sed r a i sed d oorway s t a ke s o ne i n to t h e c en t re o f t h e s o l id b a sa l p a r t o f t h e d ry s tone w a l l w he re i tm ee t s as ho r t p a s sageway a tr i gh t a ng le s t oi t . T ot h e l ef tt h i s l e ad s i mmed ia te ly i n to as ma l l , c o rbe l led c e l l f r om w h ich t h e re i s n o o t he r e x i t ; i ti s m a rked b yt h e d o t ted l i ne sb e tween m u ra l c e l l s Aa nd B i n t h e C omm i s s ion 's p l an ( I l l . 4 . 62 ) . T he f l oo r o ft h i s c e l l i s a l so a t t h e l e ve l o f t h e l owe r s c a r cemen t ( p r e sumab ly b ecau se o ft h e a b sence o fp rope r i lum ina t ion i nt h e 1 770 s L ow t hough tt h is w a st h eb eg inn ing o f ac on t inuou sg a l le ry -I l . 2 . 2 ) .

T h i s i n gen iou s a r ch i tec tu ra l d ev ice i s u npa ra l le led a nywhe r e e l se i nt h e w o r ld a s f a r a s t h e a u tho r i sa wa r e , a nd t h e re c an s u r e ly b e l i t t le d oub t t h a t i tw a s t h i s p ecu l ia r h o l low -wa l l a r ch i tec tu r e -u n ique t ot h e S co t t i sh b roch s w h ich w a s t h e s e c r e t o f t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e se p r eh i s to r ic t owe r s . T he f l oo ro ft h e l owe s t g a l le ry , o n L eve l 3 ,i sa t ah e igh to f a bou t 3 . 9 m ( 1 3 f t ) a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r i nt h e c en t ra l c ou r t , a nd a t t h e s ame h e igh t a s t h e u ppe r s c a rcemen t . T h i s m ean s , a s h a s b een n o ted , t h a t t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r s t a r t s h a lf w ay u p t h e m a s s ive ly t h ick a nd s o l id b a se o ft h e b u i ld ing . A tt h e l e ve l o ft h e r oof o ft h e f i r s tg a l le ry - a bou t 4 . 95 m ( 16 .5 f t ) a bove t h e f l oo r -t h e l owe s t f l igh t o ft h e s t a i r e nd s a nd o ne w a lk s a l ong as ho r t l a nd ing f o rmed o f t h e l i n te l s o f t h a t r oof ; t h is i st h e ref o r e o n L eve l 4( I l l . 4 . 66 , l owe r ) .

T o t h e r i gh t t h e p a s sage l e ad s a t o nce t o t h e b a se o f a b road s t one s t a irway 9 0c m ( 3f t )w ide w h ich c u rve s a way u pwa rd s i n ac l ockw i se d i r ec t ion i n s ide t h ew a l l ,n a r row ing g r adua l ly . T he r oof o ft h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l c ome s t oa n e nd i nt ime a low a nyone a s cend ing t h e s t a i r t oa vo id b ang ing t h e ir h ead a ga in s tt h es t onewo rk . T he i n t ra -mura lg a l le r ie s

F rom t h i s l a nd ing a l a rge d oo rway 1 . 65 m ( 5 .5 f t ) h i gh o pen s i n to t h e i n te r io r b u t i ti sn o t e a sy t os e e w ha t i tc an h ave b een u sed f o r . I t s s i l l i sa l so a bou t 5 . 1 m( 17 f t )a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r a nd 1 . 35 m ( 4 .5 f t ) a bove t h e l e ve l e ven o ft h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t , a nd t h e re i sn o p ro jec t ing s t one l e dge o r i n d iv idua l s t one s o n t h e i n ne r w a l lf ace w h ich c ou ld h ave a c ted a s s uppo r t f o r at h i rd r a i sed w ooden f l oo r . Av e r t ica l s e r ie s o fl a dde r l ike o pen ing s c on t inue s u pwa rd st h e s i de s o ft h i sd oo rway a l so .

O n a scend ing a f ew s t ep s o ne s oon d i scove r s t h a t o ne i s n o t c l imb ing as t a i rt h rough as o l id w a l l , a so ne w ou ld b e i n aMed ieva l c a s t le f o re xamp le . I mmed ia te ly a bove t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l ah o r izon ta l t unne l o pen s b eh ind o ne - a l i n te l led g a l le ry r unn ing a n t ic lockw i se r ound i n s ide t h e w a l l . T h i s g a l le ry i ss ome 1 . 5 m( 5f t )h i gh a nd , s i nce i t r un s b a ckwa rd s f r om t h e s t a i r , t og e t i n to i to ne m u s tj ump a c ro s s ag ap o fs eve ra l f e e t . I fa nyone c r aw led r ound t h i s g a l le ry a l t h e w ay r ound t h e w a l l t h ey w ou ld p a s s s eve ra l v o id s l e ad ing t o t h e i n te r io r -w h ich w ou ld l i gh ten t h e 1

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

o f t h e e n t rance p a s sag e , o f at y pe f o und a tm any o t he r b r och s i t e s . I nt h r ee c l ea rc a se s -M i o dhowe a nd G u rne s s o nO rkn ey ( HY33 1& HY32 2 )a nd D un T e lve i nw e s t e rn I n ve rne s s sh i r e( NG8 1 2 ) -t h e se a dded o nb i t so fp a s sage c on ta in ad oo r f r am e a nd s e em t od a t e f r om at im e w hen t h e o r ig ina l d oo r i n s ide t h ep r ima ry p a s sag e w a s u nu sab le . T he s am em ay a pp ly a t Mou sa .

T he t o po ft h ew a l l T he r eaf t e r t h e s t a i r c on t inu e s i t s a s cen t i n as i ng le f l i gh t a lmo s t t o t h e p r e sen t w a l lhead , b r eak ing t h rough e a ch h o r izon ta l g a l le ry i nt u rn . I tr e a che s as e cond a nd r oughe r l a nd ing j u s t b e low t h e r o of o ft h e f i f th a nd l a s t c omp le t e g a l le ry , o nt o p o fw h ich i te me rg e s a f t e rt h r ee m o r e s t ep s . T h e r e w a s p r e sumab ly af i na l s ho r t f l igh t o fs t ep s w h ich r o se t ot h e v e ry t o p o ft h e w a l l b u t t h i s h a s c omp le te ly f a l len a way , t o ge the rw i th t h e r oof o ft h e s i x th g a l le ry ; i t d oub t le s s e me rg ed b eh ind ap a rape t f o rmed b y t h e o u t e r h a lf o ft h ew a l l .

2 . 6 F ind so fp o t tery O ft h e f ew f i nd s w h ich h ave s u rv iv ed f r om t h e v a r iou s c l ea r ing o pe r a t ion s — n ow i n t h e R oya l Mu seum o f S co t land i nE d inbu rgh —t h e m o s t i n t e r e s t ing i s af i n e r im s h e rd . I ti sp a r to fa ja rh av ing am ou th s ome 2 4c m( 9 .75 i n s ) i nd i am e t e r , t h e r im o fw h ich i ss h a rp ly t u rned o u t— ' e ve r t ed ' i na r cha eo log ica l t e rm s . T h e p o th a s ag l obu la r s h ape , b u lg ing o u twa rd s b e low t h e r im i n as moo th c u rve a nd t h en t u rn ing i na ga in t owa rd s t h e n a r row b a se ( wh ich i sn o tp r e se rved )( I l l .4 . 52 ) .

T h e w a l lhead i nt h e s ou th -ea s t q ua r t e r i sb e t t e r p r e se rv ed a nd a f ew c ou r se s o f t h e s i de s o f t h e s e v en th g a l le ry r ema in , u p t o at o ta l h e igh to f1 3 .05 m ( 4 3 .5 f t )a bove t h e g r ound o u t s id e ( I l l . 4 . 66 , t o p ) . I ti sn o tc l ea rw he th e rt h e s i x th g a l le ry w a s t h e l a s t r oof ed o ne a nd t h a t a n o pen w a l lhead w a lk , p e rhap s w i th a p a rape t a t l e a s t o n t h e o u t s id e , w a s o n t o p o f i t ,o r w he the r t h e s e v en th g a l le ry w a s c omp le t e w i th al i n te l w a l lhead w a lk a nd p a rape t o n t o po ft h a t .

T he s u rf a ce i ss h iny a nd b l a ck -bur n i sh ed , n o t o n ly o n t h e o u t s ide b u t a l so a s f a r a st h e i n t e r io r o ft h e r im w h ich i s o r namen t ed w i th t h r ee s h a l low , h o r izon ta l r i dg e s ; i t s s u rf a ce i st h u s f l u ted ( Ma cK ie 2 000 ,p l . 2 ) . T he o u t e re dg e o ft h er im i ss p l i tc on cen t r ica l ly , a si fa no the rl a y e ro fc l ay h ad b een a dded t o i t s u nde r s ide d u r ing m anuf a c t u r e , m ou ld ed i n to t h e o u t e r w a l l b u t l e av ing t h ej o in v i s ib le a t t h er im . A l though i th a sn ev e rb een c ommen t ed o nb ef o r e w hen d i scu s s ing t h e b r och , t h i s k i nd o fp o t t e ry h a s g ood a na log ie s a mong v a r iou s l a t e p r eh i s to r ic w a r e s i ne a s t e rn , n o r the rn a nd n o r th -w e s t er nF r ance .

T he f a c t t h a t t h e i n s ide h a lf o ft h e w a l l i sp r e se rved f o r a f ew i n ch e s a bove t h e f ew r ema in ing l i n te l s r oof ing t h e s i x th g a l le ry m igh t s ugg e s tt h a tt h e s e ven th w a s c omp le t e ; o nt h eo t he rh and t h e r em u s ts u r e ly h ave b een ar e a sonab ly h i gh p a rape t o n t h e i n s ide h a lf o ft h e w a l lhead a l so , b o th t ok eep t h e l i n t e l s b e low s t ab le a nd i np o s i t ion a nd a l so t o p r even t a nyone w a lk ing o n t h e w a l lhead p a th f r om f a l l ing i n to t h e i n t e r io r i nt h e d a rk ( l eav ing a s id e f o rt h e m om en t t h e q ue s t ion o fw he th e rt h e r e w a s am a s s iv e t h a t ched r o of o n t o p o ft h e t owe r ) . At h ick l a y e r o ft u rf o n t o p o ft h e t wo w a l lh ead s w ou ld h ave b een as imp le w ay o fk eep ing t h e se s t ab le a nd s t opp ing s t one sb e ing d i s lodged f r om t h em a c c iden ta l ly .

2 . 7 P rob lem st ob e i n ve s t iga ted T he r ema rkab le t owe r o n Mou sa i s land p r e sen t s a n o ppo r tun i ty w h ich i sr a r e i np r eh i s to r ic a r cha eo logy — t h e c han ce t os t udy c l o se ly a na lmo s ti n ta c t e xamp le o fo n e o f t h e f i ne s t a r ch i t ec tu ra l a ch ievemen t s o f ap r e l i te ra t e E u ropean p eop le . T hank st ot h ew ea l th o fd e ta i la va i lab le i ti sp o s s ib le t of o rm af a i r ly c l ea rp r e l im in a ry i d ea o fs ome o f t h e t e chn ica l s k i l l s , m o t ive s a nd n e ed s o f al o ng v an i shed s o c ie ty .

C a r ef u lp l an s a nd c r o s s s e c t ion sw e r ep r epa r ed b yt h et h en Of f i ce o f Wo rk s w hen t h a tb ody w a s c on so l ida t ing Mou sa b roch i n1 9 19 a nd t h ey a low a n a pp r ec ia t ion o ft h ed e s ign o f t h e b u i ld ing ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) ( Pa t t e r son 1 922 ) . T he c r o s s s e c t ion s i np a r t icu la r s how t h e b e l l shaped p rof i le o ft h e t owe r c l ea r ly , a l though t h i s m ay n o th ave b een a n o r ig ina l f e a tu r e ; t h e f a c t t h a t m any o f t h e l i n t e l s o f t h e u ppe r g a l le r ie s h ave a d i s t in c t t i l t d ownwa rd s a nd o u twa rd s s ugge s t st h a tt h eh o l low w a l lh a ss a gg ed al i t t le s i nce i tw a s b u i l t , a nd t h i sm ay e xp la in t h es l igh to ve rhang o ft h eu ppe r p a r to ft h eo u te rf a ce .

T h e s t udy a l so p rov id e s ag ood s t a r t ing p o in t f o r t h e d e ta i led e xam ina t ion o fa l k nown b roch s —t h e i mpo r tan t a r cha eo log ica l p henom enon o fw h ich Mou sa i so n ly o ne s ma l l p a r t , a l be i t t h e b e s t p r e se rved e xamp le - w h ich i s t h em a in o b jec to ft h i sw o rk . P a r t icu la r ly i n t r igu ing i st h e f a c tt h a tn o to n ly i st h eb r och p rov ince o fA t lan t ic S co t land o n t h e r emo t e s t f r ing e o f n o r th -w e s t e rn E u rope - t ot h e I r on A g e c u l tu r e s o fw h ich t h et owe r s m u s t i ns om e s e n se b er e la t ed —b u t Mou sa i t s e lf i sa tt h e m o s tn o r the r ly t i p o f t h eb roch p rov ince .

2 . 5 .E x terna lf e a ture s T h e r e a r es l igh tt r a ce so f as t one w a l l a bou t2 . 25 m ( 7 .5 f t ) t h ick w h ich a ppea r s t o h ave s u r rounded t h e t ow e r a ta d i s tan ce o fa bou t 6m ( 2 0 f t ) f r om i t sb a se ; i tw a s m uch b e t te rp r e se rved i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry a nd t h en l o ok ed v e ry r ough ( Low 1 879 : I l2 . 2 ) . I th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a ti ti s t h e r ema in s o f ar e cen t f i e ld w a l l ( HU42 5 , s ou r ce 1 ) . T he s t onewo rk i s a l so v i s ib le o n a n 1 883 d r aw ing ( Ande r son 1 883 , 1 75 ,f i g . 1 60 ) .

T h i sf a c ta l so s ugge s t s ab a s ic q ue s t ion w h ich i sr e levan tt o o u ru nde r s tand ing o ft h e d eve lopmen t o fh uman s o c ie ty i n g ene ra l . D o e s t h e a pp ea rance o f al a rge n umbe r o f a r ch i t ec tu ra l ly s oph i s t ica t ed b u i ld ing s l i k e b roch s i n a r emo t e a nd p e r iphe ra l p a r t o f E u rope s i gn if y a n e x t rao rd ina ry d ev e lopmen t i ni s o la t ion , o r d oe s i tm ean t h a t e ne rg e t ic n ew come r s ( l ik e t h e l a te r V ik ing s p e rhap s ) a r r ived i nt h i s n o r the rn m a r i t ime z one a nd g a lvan i sed t h e l o ca lp opu la t ion s?

I mmed ia t e ly o u t s ide t h e e n t r ance t h e r e a r e af ew t r a ce s o f s t one s t ruc tu r e sw h ich a ppea rt ob el a t e rt h an t h eb roch ( I l l . 4 . 62 ) ; t h e o n ly c l ea r f e a tu r e i s as ho r t , o u twa rd e x t en s ion 1 2

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

T h i s r e f e r s t ot h e 4t h c en tu ry R oman g ene ra l w ho w a s s e n t b y t h e Empe ro r V a len t in ian ( AD 3 64 -75 ) t or e s to re o rde r i nB r i ta in a f t e r v a r iou s b a rba r ian i n cu r s ion s . T he R oman w r i te r Amm ianu s Ma r ce l l inu s d e sc r ibe s t h e c ampa ign b r ie f ly b u tm ake sn om en t ion o fO rkney , s ot h e c onnec t ion w i th T heodo s iu s w a s o bv iou s ly j u s t ag ue s s o n H ibbe r t 's p a r t , a l though h e w a s c o r rec t i n i n f e r r ing t h a t t h e b roch p e r iod w a sm uch e a r l ie rt h an t h e V ik ing a ge .

A l though t h i s i s av e ry d i ff icu l t q ue s t ion — n o t l e a s t b ecau se o ft h e d eep ly h e ld p r econce ived i d ea s t h a t m any a r chaeo log i s t s h ave a bou t t h e l i ke l ihood o f' d if f u s ion ' a nd ' i ndependen t i n ven t ion ' a s a gen t s o f d r a s t ic c hange s i n m a te r ia l c u l tu r e —i ti su sef u l t ok eep t h i s p rob lem i nm ind w h i le t h ed e ta i led e v idence i sb e ing r e v iewed . T he r e a r e s ev e ra l o t he r o bv iou s i fl e s s i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion s a bou t Mou sa w h ich u rgen t ly n eed a n swe r i fw e a r e t ou se t h e s i te a sa n i n t roduc t ion t ob roch a r chaeo logy , a nd t h ey i n c lude t h ef o l low ing . •

Wha t i st h e a ge o ft h e s t one t owe r a nd h ow l o ng w a s i tu s ed f o r ?

•

Wha tw a si t sp r ima ry f u nc t ion o rf u nc t ion s?

•

I si tu n ique o ra r e t h e r e o t he r s im i la rb u i ld ing s? I f t h e re a r e h ow s im i la r a r e t h ey , h ow m any a r e t h e r e a nd w he re a r et h ey f ound?

•

C an w e d i scove r t h e i d en t i ty o ft h e b u i lde r s , e i the r i nh i s to r ica l o ri na r chaeo log ica lt e rm s?

•

H ow i s i tt h a t t h i s e x t rao rd ina ry b u i ld ing i s i n S he t land , i nm ode rn t ime s o ne o ft h e m o s t r emo te p a r t so fn o r th -we s tm a r i t ime E u rope?

•

I s Mou sa a n u n ique c r ea t ion o r c an o ne d e tec t a l o ng a r ch i tec tu ra l d eve lopmen tb eh ind i t ?

•

C an t h e t owe r b e f i t ted i n to a n a r chaeo log ica l c on tex t , a nd t h e e conomy a nd t e chno logy o f i t s b u i lde r sd i scove r ed?

•

I n f a c t i ti st h e p i ece o f g l o s sy b l ack p o t te ry ( d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r ) w h ich , w i th t h e b enef i t o fm oder n a r cha eo log ica l k now ledge , g i ve s t h e m o s t u sef u l c l ue t o t h e d a te o f Mou sa . Many p a ra l le ls f o r s u ch ab l ack , g l obu la r e ve r ted r im j a r , w i th t h e u nu sua l d eco ra t ion o f f l u t ing a l ong t h e i n ne r f a ce o f t h e r im , a r e k nown a nd t h e n ea r e s t c ome m a in ly f r om e a s tern , n o r ther n a nd n o r th -we s ter n F rance a nd f r om t h e l a te r p a r t o ft h e B ronze A ge ( Sanda r s 1 957 ) . H ow much l a te r t h i s p o t te ry w a s i n u s e i n B r i t tany f o r e xamp le i sn o t a l toge the r c l ea r ; d i sp lay s i nl o ca l m u seum s s how i ti nI r on A ge g rave s . I ft h e r e i s ac onnec t ion b e tween t h e Mou sa s h e rd a nd t h e l a te B ronze a nd p e rhap s I r on A ge p o t te ry o fn o r th -we s ter n F rance — w h ich o f c ou r se c anno t b e t a k en f o r g r an ted — t h en i ts ugge s t s t h a t t h e t owe r b e long s t ot h e p r e -Roman I r on A ge a tt h e l a te s t . H oweve r c e ram ic d a t ing e v idence f r om a s i ng le b u i ld ing m u s t o bv iou s ly b e t e n ta t ive a nd mu s t b e s uppo r ted b y i n f o rma t ion f r om w e l l e xcava ted s i t e s . I td oe s g i ve u s as t a r t ing p o in th ow eve ra nd s ugge s t s t h a t Mou sa c ou ld b e long t ot h e m idd le o rl a te r p a r t o ft h e f i r s tm i l lenn ium BC . 2 . 7 .2

When ap r eh i s to r ic s t ruc tu re i sa sw e l l p r e se rved a s Mou sa i ts e em s p robab le t h a t a tl e a s t s ome th ing a bou t i t s o r ig ina l p u rpo se c an b e e s tab l i shed f r om t h e d e ta i l s o f i t s d e s ign , a nd t h a t f u r the r c l ue s m igh t b e o b ta ined f r om i t s s i tua t ion . H oweve r i tm u s t a lway s b e b or n i nm ind — p a r t icu la r ly a t t h i s e a r ly s t age o ft h e e nqu i ry — t h a t a l i n f e r ence s f r om a s i ng le s i te a r e u sua l ly t e n ta t ive - w o rk ing h ypo the se s o n ly —a nd h ave t o b e c hecked a ga in s t t h e a r ch i tec tu re a nd l o ca t ion o f a s m any o t he r c ompa rab le b u i ld ing s a s p o s s ib le . A f ew o f t h e se m u s t a l so b e e xcava ted s y s tema t ica l ly .

Wha ts o r to fs oc ie ty p roduced i ta nd u sed i t ?

A f ew o f t h e se q ue s t ion s a r e n ow c on s ide r ed i n al i t t le m o re d e ta i l , a sa n i n t roduc t ion t ot h e d i scu s s ion s a tt h e e nd o f P a r t 2o f t h i s C o rpu s , b u t m any d epend o n e v idence w h ich i so u t s ide t h e s cope o ft h i s s u rvey . N eve r the le s s t h e a r ch i tec tu re a nd m a te r ia l c u l tu re s o ft h e b roch s , a sw e l l a s t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion i n t h e l a nd scape — t oge the r w i th t h o se i n f e rence s w h ich c an b e d r awn d i r ec t ly f r om t h is k i nd o f t a ng ib le e v idence — f o rm t h e s o l id f ounda t ion o n w h ich a l m o re g ene ra lh ypo the se sm u s tr e s t . 2 . 7 .1

A rch i tec ture a nd P u rpo se

H e igh ta nd d ef en s ivene s s

T he d a te o f Mou sa

I ti sd i ff icu l tt od i sag ree w i th S amue l H ibbe r t 's a s sump t ion ( 1822 ) t h a t t h e h i gh w a l l w i th i t s s i ng le o pen ing i mp l ie s t h a t Mou sa w a s b u i l t p r ima r i ly f o rd ef ence —t ot hwa r tw i th i t st owe r ing b l ank a nd s moo th w a l lf a ce a ny s udden a t ta ck s a nd s hor t s i ege s . T he p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e w a l lhead c on s i s ted o r ig ina l ly o f as e n t ry w a lk b eh ind a p a rape t , e a s i ly r e a ched b y t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r , r e inf o r ce s t h i s i mp re s s ion . T he d e s ign o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage l i kew i se g i ve s c l ea r p roof o f t h e d ef en s ive n a tu re o ft h e b u i ld ing , p a r t icu la r ly w hen w e t a ke i n to a ccoun t t h a t o r ig ina l ly i t w a s af l a t roof ed t unne l o n ly 1 . 65m h i gh . T he o ppo sed c heck s i nt h e s i de w a l l s h a lf w ay d own a nd t h e b a r -ho le b eh ind t h e se a r e c l ea r ly i n tended t o f r ame a nd s e cu r e a m a s s ive w ooden d oo r ; ah eavy t imbe rb eam w a s e v iden t ly

L i t t le d i r ec t e v idence i sa va i lab le h e re . T he t owe r m u s t b e o l de r t h an a bou t AD 9 00 b ecau se t h a t i s t h e a pp rox ima te d a te o f t h e f i r s t r e co rded V ik ing v i s i t , d e sc r ibed i nt h e O rkney inga S aga — b u t h ow m uch o l de r ? S amue l H ibbe r t s uppo sed t h a t Mou sa a nd i t s f e l low S he t land b roch s w e r e a tl e a s t s eve ra l c en tu r ie s o l de r t h an t h i s a nd t h a t " some o ft h em i nS he t land m igh th ave b een t h rown u p b y t h e S axon s , w ho p eop led t h e O r cade s a nd w e re d ef ea ted b y THEODOS IUS" . ( H ibbe r t 1 822 , 2 55 ) .

1 3

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

d r awn a c ro s s t h e p a s sag e b eh ind t h e d oo r , w hen i tr e s t ed a ga in s t t h e c h eck s , a nd f i t ted i n to as l o t i nt h e o ppo s i t e w a l l ,w h ich h a sn ow d i sappea r ed . G ran t ing t h i s c l ea re v id ence o f ad ef en s ive c apa c i ty i nt h e d e s ign o ft h et ow e rt h eq ue s t ion t h en a r i se so fw ho o rw ha t m igh t h av e b een t h e e nemy e xpec ted? Wa s Mou sa a m i l i ta ry c a s t le a s V . G . C h i lde t h ough t ( Ch i 1de 1 9 35 , 2 04 )? H es u rm i sed t h a t t h ee a ch o ft h eb r och sw a so wn ed b y ap r eh i s to r ic c h ief a nd s h e l te r ed a s ma l l g a r r i son o f p rof e s s iona l w a r r io r s w ho se t a sk w a s e i the r t od ef end t h e s u r round ing l a nd a ga in s t o u t s ide e nem ie s o r —i ft h e c h ief a nd h i s m en w e r e i n vad e r s —t oh o ld d own t h e c onqu e r ed p opu la t ion . A l t er na t ive ly c ou ld i th ave b een af o r t if ied f a rmhou se a sS i rL ind say S co t tt h ough t ( S co t t 1 947 , 9 10 ) -a na logou s p e rhap st ot h e l a t e Med ieva lt ow e rh ou se s i n t h e b o rde r r e g ion s o f S co t land ? T he a n sw e r t o t h i s q ue s t ion d epend s t oc ome e x ten t o n h ow w e i n te rp r e t t h e p r ima ry f u rn i sh ing si n s id e . T he i n t ra -mu ra lf ea tu re sa nd s ca rcemen t s A sw e s h a l l s e e i nt h e f o l low ing S ec t ion an umbe ro fe a r ly w r i te r st h ough tt h a tt h eg a l le r ie s i n s ide t h ew a l l -a l though d a rk , n a r row a nd i n conven ien to fa c ce s s —w e r ef o rt h eu s e o ft h e i n hab i tan t s , e i the ra ss t o rag e s p a ce , o rl i v ing s p a ce o rb o th . H ow ev e rt h ey w e r e e v iden t ly u nawa r e , f i r s t , o f t h e p a r t ia lb l ockage o ft h eb a sa l g a l le ry b yt h e r o of o ft h e c e l l a tt h e f o o t o ft h e s t a i rb e low a nd , s e cond , o ft h e t wo h o r izon ta ls c a r cemen t so nt h ei n s ide w a l lf a ce .

I ft h e g a l le r ie s w e r e n o t s u i tab le f o r l i v ing i n , o r f o r e v e ryday s t o rag e , w ha t m igh t t h e i r p r ima ry f u nc t ion b e? T he o bv iou s a l te rna t iv e i st h a t t h ey w e r e i n s ome w ay s t ru c tu ra l ; t h ey c ou ld b e a n i n g en iou s d ev ice — o n e w h ich i su n ique i nE u ropean d r y s tone a r ch i t ec tu r e —b y w h ich a s t ab le , h i gh w a l l w h ich c omb ined l i gh tn e s s w i th s t r eng th w a s a ch iev ed w i thou t t h e u s e o f c em en t . T he g a l le r ie s c ou ld a l so h ave b een e x t r eme ly u sef u lw h en t h eb roch w a s b e ing b u i l t s i n ce t h e l i n t e l f l oo ro fe a ch m igh th av e s e rv ed a st h e w o rk ing p l a tf o rm f r om w h ich t h e n ex t 1 . 5m o ft h e d oub le w a l l w a s b u i l t , e f ec t ive ly f r om i n s id e i t s e lf . T he l e s s m a s s ive b u i ld ing s t one s c ou ld o f c ou r se h ave b een c a r r ied u p t h e s t one s t a i rt oe a ch g a l le ry f l oo r i nt u rn , s o t h a tt h e s t one s h e l l o f Mou sa c ou ld c once ivab ly h av e b een b u i l t w i thou tm uch w ood en s c af f o ld ing ( Cu r ie 1 927 ) . A m a s s ive m a in r oof o n t o p w ou ld h ow eve r h ave b een a d if e r en tm a t t e r . Wa s t h e s t a i rway t h en s imp ly a d ev ice t o h e lp w i th t h e c on s t ruc t ion w o rk , o r d i d i ta l so h ave a n i mpo r tan t r o le d u r ing t h el i f e t ime o ft h eb roch , e i the rt og i ve a c ce s st ot h e w a l lhead o rt ot h eu ppe ri n t e r io rw ood en f l oo r s , o rt ob o th? I ft h e t ow e r w a s f o r a c t ive a nd n o tj u s t p a s s ive d ef ence , w h ich i ts u r e ly m u s th ave b een , t h e s t a i rs h ou ld h ave b een d e s igned t oa low t h ed ef ende r st or e a ch t h ew a l lhead ,b o th t oa c ta sl o okou t sa nd a l so t oa t ta ck b e s ieg e r sw i th m i s s i le s d u r ing a ne me rg en cy . I tm u s ta l so h av eb een i mpo r tan tt o b e a b le t o r e pa i r t h e m a in r oof w h ich m u s t s u r e ly h av e b een u pn ea rt h ew a l lhead s om ewhe r e . A s N oe lF o ju t h a sp o in ted o u tt h es t a i rway i sp o t en t ia l ly a w eak p o in ti nt h e s t ru c tu r e s i nce i tr e qu i r e s ab r eak i ne a ch o ft h e r ow s o fs t one l i n t e l s w h ich b ond t h e t wo h a lve s o f t h e w a l l t o g e the r a nd w h ich a r e o t he rw i se c on t inuou s ( Fo ju t 1 982b , 2 26 ) . As t a i r m ean t p r ima r i ly f o r d ef ence w ou ld n eed t or e a ch t h e w a l lhead a sq u ick ly a sp o s s ib le , p r ef e rab ly i n as i ng le f l i gh t ,b u tt h i si sn o t i d ea l i nt e rm so f s t ru c tu ra l s oundne s s a s i tc oncen t ra t e s t h e b r eak s i nt h e g a l le r ie si nt h es am es e c to r .

T he i mp l ica t ion s o ft h e se l e dg e s -n o t f u l ly t h ough t o u t u n t i l A ngu s G raham a na ly sed t h e i r p o s s ib le f u n c t ion s i n t h e 1 940 s ( G raham 1 947a , 6 7 -70 ) -m u s t b e t h a t a tl e a s t o ne r a i sed w ooden f l oo r o r b a lcony o r ig ina l ly e x i s t ed i n s ide Mou sa ; t h e i n ne r e dge o ft h i s p r e sumab ly w ou ld h ave h ad t oh ave b een s uppo r t ed b y ar i ng o fp o s t su n le s si t s panned t h e w ho le i n t e r io r . H oweve r i ft h e l a rg e c en t ra l f i r ep la ce w a s a l so ap r ima ry f e a tu r e ( b e low ) ar i ng shaped p l an w i th p o s t s s e em s i n d ica ted ; t h e s mok e a nd h ea tf r om t h e f i r e w ou ld h av e n eeded s p a ce t o r i se u p t ot h e m a in r oof . I th a s b een a r gued t h a t t h e r e w e r e t h r ee s t o r ey s o f w ood en f l oo r s i n s id e Mou sa , t h e u ppe rmo s to ne r e s t ing o n s ome p r o jec t ing c o rbe l s t one s w h ich c an s t i l l b e s e en a ta h i ghe r l e ve l b u t t h e se s t one s a r en o tr e gu la r ly p l a ced a nd a r ec e r ta in ly n o tc on sp icuou s .

O nt h e o t he rh and as t a i rd e s igned p r ima r i ly a s as t ruc tu ra l d ev ice —a nd a l so a sa na i dt oc a r ry ing s t one su pd u r ing t h e b u i ld ing o ft h et owe r —w ou ld p robab ly a vo id t h i sp rob lem o f s t ruc tu ra l w eakne s s b y r i s ing o n ly t h e h e igh t o f o ne g a l le ry a t at i me , u s ing s om e o f t h e l i n t e l s o f t h e n ex t g a l le ry u pa s al o ng l a nd ing b ef o r et h en ex tf l igh t . I nt h i s w ay t h e b r eak s c ou ld h av e b een s p r ead e ven ly a l a r ound t h e w a l l . S u ch s oph i s t ica t ion i sh ow eve r p e rhap s t ob e e xpec t ed a mong t h e l a t e r b roch s r a the r t h an t h e e a r l ie r o ne s , a f t e r t h e b u i ld e r s h ad a c cumu la t ed c on s ide r ab le e xpe r ience .

T he r e a l i sa t ion t h a t s u ch w ood en f l oo r s e x i s t ed m ak e s s p ecu la t ion a bou tt h e u s eo ft h eg a l le r ie s l a rge ly r e dundan t a s a n a bundan ce o f m o r e c ommod iou s , c omf o r tab le a nd c ompa ra t ive ly w e l l l i ts t o rag e a nd l i v ing s p a ce w ou ld h ave b een a va i lab le i nt h ei n t e r io r . I na ny c a se t h er ough n a tu r e o ft h e m a son ry o ft h e g a l le ry w a l l s ( e xcep t i mmed ia t e ly n ex t t ot h e s t a i r ca se ) , a nd t h e a wkwa rd g ap o fa bou t 2 m b e tween t h e s t a i r a nd t h e f i r s t l i n te l o f e a ch g a l le ry i t p a s se s t h rough , m ake i td if i cu l t t o b e l ieve t h a t t h e se t u nne l s w e r e d e s igned f o rh uman u s e . Mo r eove r i tc anno t b e ac o in c idence t h a tm o s to ft h ew id e s ta nd m o s ts p a c iou s m u ra l g a l le ry — t h e l owe s t — i s i n a cce s s ib le w i thou t c r aw l ing b ecau se o ft h e b u lg e o ft h e r o of o ft h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l u nde rnea th i t . H ow eve r i ti so fc ou r se p o s s ib le t h a t t h e m o r e o p en l owe r g a l le r ie s c ou ld h ave b een u s ed f o rl o ng t e rm s t o rage o fr a r e ly u s ed o b jec t s .

T he r e i sa l so t h ec l ea r p o s s ib i l i ty ,n o tc on s id e r ed b yF o ju t , t h a tp a r to ft h e f u nc t ion o ft h e s t a i rw a st og i v e a c ce s st oa d oo rway t ot h e i n te r io rl e ad ing t ot h er a i sed w ooden f l oo r s r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t s . T h i s i sd i scu s sed b e low b u t s u ch d oo rway s n eed n o t a f ec t t h e a r gumen t s f o r F o ju t 's t wo a l ter na t ive s a st h ey c ou ld p r e sumab ly h ave b een s e t a t v a r iou sp l a ce sa r ound t h ei n te r io ra sr e qu i r ed . T he s t a i ri n Mou sa h a s o ne l o ng l a nd ing a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e f l oo r o f t h e s e cond g a l le ry ( Lev e l 4 ) , a nd a no the r a tt h e f l oo ro ft h e s i x th ( Leve l 8 ) ; t h i s l o ok s l i k e ac omp rom i se 1 4

S ec t ion 2 : T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

W ood en r a i sedf l oo r s

b e tween t h e n eed s o f s t ruc tu ra l s oundne s s a nd t h o se o f d ef en s ive ef i c iency . Y e t i ti sa b so lu te ly c l ea rf r om o t he r e v idence t h a t t h e s t a i r w a s d e s igned a sa n i n teg ra l p a r t o f t h e d ef ence s o ft h e b roch , s o c l ea r i nf a c tt h a t o ne s hou ld p robab ly r e ga rd i t s u sef u lne s s d u r ing c on s t ruc t ion w o rk a s af o r tuna te e x t ra b enef i t . T he r e a son s f o rb e l iev ing t h i s a r e a sf o l low s . 1 .

I nt h e f i r s t p l ace t h e s t a i r c an b y n o s t re tch o ft h e i mag ina t ion b e r e ga rded a s p u re ly a s t ruc tu ra l d ev ice ; i ti sw e l l a nd n ea t ly b u i l t , t h e p a s sage c on ta in ing i ti sw ide a nd e a sy t on ego t ia te , i t sw a l l s h av ing b e ing m ade s moo th a nd e ven i na n t ic ipa t ion o fr e gu la rt r aff ic .

2 .

T he r a i sed s t a i r d oo r i s a n a wkwa rd a nd u nnece s sa ry o b s ta c le i ft h e s t a irway w a s i n tended s imp ly f o r t h e c onven ience o fp eacef u l i n hab i tan t s ( o ro ft h eb u i lde r s ) a nd i to n ly m ake s s e n se i fi tw a s p a r t o fa n i n teg ra ted p l an f o rt h e c on t inued d ef ence o ft h e t owe r a f t e r t h e m a in d oo r h ad b een b roken d own d u r ing a na t tack . I ti sd e s igned t op ro tec ta ny d ef ende r s w ho h ad r e t rea ted t o t h i s d oo r a nd w ho p l anned t oh o ld o n t ot h e s t a i r , t h e g a l le r ie s a nd t h e u ppe r f l oo r s . A s n o ted e a r l ie r t h i s f e a tu re a l so i mp l ie s t h a tt h e s t one s t a i rw a s i n deed t h e o n ly w ay u p t o t h e u ppe r w ooden f l oo r s ; a ny l a dde r a tt h e e dge o ft h e se w h ich c ou ld n o tb e q u ick ly w i thd rawn w ou ld h ave p rov ided a n a l te rna t ive r ou te u pwa rd s f o r t h e a t tacke r s . T h i s c onc lu s ion c on f l ic t s w i th t h a t o f F o ju t w ho t h ough t t h a t t h e s t a i r w a s p r ima r i ly a c on s t ruc t ion d ev ice a nd t h a t w ooden i n te r io r l a dde r s c onnec ted t h e r a ised w ooden f l oo r s ( Fo ju t 1 982b ,2 26 ) .

3 .

A cce s s t ot h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r s w ou ld p r e sumab ly b e n eeded a s l o ng a s t h e t owe r w a s i n u s e i n i t s p r ima ry c ond i t ion ; t h e se s t ruc tu re s c ou ld h ave b een e i the r a b a lcony o n t h e l owe r , a nd a l e an to r oof o n t h e u ppe r l e dge , o r p e rhap s t wo b a lcon ie s w i th a h i ghe r l i gh t r oof s uppor ted i n ad if e r en t w ay . R oof s n eed t ob e c hecked a nd o cca s iona l ly r e pa i r ed f r om a bove a nd , w h i le t h e b a lcon ie s c ou ld p r e sumab ly h ave b een r e ached b y w ay o f i n ter na l l a dde r s r e s t ing o n t h e g round l e ve l f l oo r , t h e s ma l lne s s o f t h e c en t ra l c ou r t a t Mou sa a nd t h e c omf o r tab le w id th o f t h e s t a i r s a nd g a l le r ie s - n o t t o m en t ion t h e d ef en s ive c on s ide ra t ion s j u s t d e sc r ibed — a l s ugge s tt h a t a ny r a i sed w ooden f l oo r s w e r e r e ached b yt h e s t one s t a i r . H ow p r a c t ica lw ou ld t h i sh ave b een? T he s ho r t a n swe r i s' n o t v e ry ' b ecau se t h e f i r s t o pen ing t h a t t h e s t a i r m ee t s —a ti t s f i r s t l a nd ing — i st h e t a l l r a ised d oo rway a t 1o ' c lock t h e s i l l o fw h ich i sw e l l a bove e ven t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t . T he s t one s t a i ra nd t h is d oo rc ou ld w e l l h ave b een u sed t og e t q u ick a c ce s s t oa ny l i gh t , l e an t o r oof w h ich o nce e x is ted a bove a s e cond b a lcony ; i n deed t h e e x i s tence o f t h is d oo r , a nd o f t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t one l a nd ing b eh ind i t , -t h e mo s t o bv iou s a nd c a r ef u l ly d e s igned e x i t f r om t h e g a l le r ie s t o t h e b roch i n te r io r — s u re ly m ean st h a tt h e r ew a s s ome i n ter na lw ooden s t ruc tu re t oe me rge o n t oh e re . C once ivab ly t h e re m igh t e ven h ave b een at h i rd r a i sed f l oo rt h ough t h i s -a sw e l l a sa ny l e an t o r oof h e re - w ou ld p r e sumab ly h ave h ad t o h ave b een s uppor ted a ti t so u te re dge b ys t ru t sr e s t ing o nt h e s e cond . S o h ow d i d o ne g e t o n t o t h e u ppe r b a lcony , i ft h a t i s i n deed w ha t r e s ted o n t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t? T he l a rge d oo rway l ike o pen ing a t 1 0 o ' c lock , a nd a bove t h e s t a i r d oo r , h a s i t s s i l l a tt h e l e ve l o ft h is s c a r cemen t a nd a tf i r s t s i gh t l o ok s l i ke t h e a n swe r . T he p rob lem i st h a t t h e s t a i r r i se s t ot h e r i gh t o fi t ,n o t n ex t t oi t ,a nd t h e re i st h e u sua l g ap b e tween t h e e nd o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry a nd t h e s t a irway . H oweve r t h e c o inc idence o f t h e s i l l o f t h i s i n te rna l d oo rway b e ing a tt h e u ppe r s c a rcemen t i ss o s t r ik ing t h a t o ne m u s t s u r e ly c onc lude t h a t a cce s s t ot h e u ppe r b a lcony c ou ld h ave b een o b ta ined i nt h i sw ay . P re sumab ly i tw ou ld h ave b een e a sy e nough t o l a y an a r row w ooden w a lkway f r om t h e a pp rop r ia te s t ep i nt h e s t a i rb ack t ot h e f i r s t l i n te l a bove t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l , ad i s tance o fa bou t 2 . 1 m( 7 f t ) . P e rhap s t h i s w a s o n ly d one i ne me rgenc ie s a nd al a dde r i n t h e c en t ra l c ou r tw a st h eu sua lm e thod o fa cce s s .

T he c o rbe l led m u ra l c e l l a tt h e f oo t o f t h e s t a i r , w h ich o pen s t ot h e l e f t o ft h e d oo r , a l so s ugge s t s t h a t d ef ence w a s t h e p r ima ry c on s ide ra t ion ( I l l . 4 . 76 ) . T h is c hambe r c an h a rd ly h ave b een f o r p r iva te a ccommoda t ion — a st h e t h r ee g round l e ve l m u ra l c e l l s s u re ly w e re - a st h e re i sn o d oo r i n to i t a ss u ch . I tm u s t s u re ly h ave b een ag ua rd c hambe r , d e s igned t o p r even t a n i n vade r f r om g e t t ing o n t o t h e s t a i r . A ny a t ta cke rw ho h ad b u r s ti n to t h ec en t ra l c ou r t t h rough t h e e n t rance p a s sage , a nd w ho h ad g o t af oo tho ld o n t h e s i l l o ft h e r a i sed s t a i r d oo r , c ou ld h ave b een c onf ron ted b y t wo , p e rhap s t h r ee , o pponen t s —o ne t o t h e l e f t i nt h e c e l l , o ne t ot h e r i gh t o n t h e b o t tom s t ep a nd o ne a ga in s t t h e b a ck w a l l f a c ing o u tt h rough t h e d oo r .

T h i s s ugge s t ion s e em s a l t h e mo re p l au s ib le w hen o ne r ef lec t s t h a t t h is b a sa l g a l le ry i s , a s e xp la ined e a r l ie r , e f ec t ive ly b l ocked a s hor t d i s tance a n t i -c lockw i se f r om t h e r a ised d oo r ; t h u s u n le s s t h i s d oo r w a s e n t i re ly or namen ta l , w h ich s e em s u n l ike ly , i t s o n ly p u rpo se c an h ave b een t o g i ve a c ce s s f r om t h e s hor t u nob s t ru ic ted l e ng th o f i n t ra -mu ra l s pace o u t o n to a w ooden s t ruc tu re r e s t ing o n t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t . T o s uppo se t h a t t h e d oo rway w a s m ean t t ow o rk t h e o t he rw ay —t og i ve a cce s s f r om t h e w ooden b a lcony t o i n s ide t h e w a l l —m ake s n o s e n se a ta l l , f o rs eve ra l r e a son s .

T hu s i ti sd i ff icu l t t or e s i s t t h e i mpo r tan t c onc lu s ion t h a t , i n Mou sa a tl e a s t , t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r p l ayed av i ta l r o le i n t h e d ef en s ive s t ra tegy o f t h e d e s igne r o f t h e t owe r . C ou ld i ta l so h ave g i ven a cce s st ot h e u ppe rw ooden f l oo r s r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t s? I fi td i d , t h e w ay t h i s w a s a r ranged m igh t t e l l u s s ome th ing a bou t t h e n a tu r e o ft h o se f l oo r s . We h ave a l r eady s e en t h a tt h e r a ised w ooden f l oo r i t se lf s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t t h a t w a s t h e w ay u p t oa l t h e u ppe rs t o r ey si nt h eb roch , w ha teve rt h e i rn a tu re .

1 5

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

I fh oweve rt h eh ea r th w a sp u ti na t al a t e rd a te ,a nd w a sn o t ap a r to ft h eo r ig ina lf u rn i sh ing s ,t h i sm igh ts ugge s tt h a tt h e t ow e rw a sc onv e r t ed i n to af am i ly d w e l l ing s ome t ime a f t e r i tw a s b u i l t ; t h en t h e o r ig ina l f u nc t ion o f t h e b u i ld ing w ou ld h ave t oh ave b een d if e r en t . I tm igh tt h en p e rhap s h ave b een ac ommuna l s t rongho ld , f o r t h e u s e o fs e ve ra l f am i l ie s o n ly i nt i m e s o fd ang e rp e rhap s —a nd c ou ld t h en h ave h ad s e ve r a lf i r ep la ce s .

I nt h e f i r s t p l a ce o ne t h en h a st op r e sume t h e e x i s t en ce o f ap r eca r iou s v e r t ica l l a dde ra tt h e i n n e re dg e o ft h e s e cond b a lcony , s o t h a t o ne c ou ld g e t u p o n to i tf r om t h e l ow e r o ne ( h ow ev e rt h i sw ou ld c e a se t ob e as e r iou so b jec t ion i f aw ood en s t a i r ca se c ame u p t h rough at r apdoo r i nt h e t o p b a lcony ) . I nt h e s e cond p l a ce t h eo n ly p u rpo se o fs u ch a n e n t ry i n to t h e w a l l w ou ld b e t og e t t ot h e s t a i r a l ong t h e h ypo the t ica l p l ank b r idg e , w hen i tw ou ld h av e b een f a r e a s ie rt oc om eu pt h es t one s t a i ri t s e lf !

A ga in m igh t Mou sa h av e b een a n e a r ly f o rm o fm i l i ta ry c a s t le , w i th a s ma l l g a r r i son c ommand ed b y p rof e s s iona l s o ld ie rh o ld ing i tf o r at r iba lc h ief o rk i ng ?H owev e rs u ch a c a s t le w ou ld a l so n eed h ea r th ss om ewhe r ea nd i ti sd i f f icu l t t os e e h ow — w i th t h e e v id ence a tp r e sen t a va i lab le — o ne c ou ld t e l l t h e d if e r ence b e tw een ac h iefs r e s idence a nd a c a s t le .

H ow eve rt h e s t one d oo rway w ou ld h ave b een u s ef u l i nt h i s w ay i ft h e i n te r io r o ft h e b r och h ad b een c ap tu r ed , a nd t h e s t a i r w a s b e ing t h r ea t ened . I nt h i s c a se a c ce s s f r om t h e u ppe r b a lcony t o al a rge d oo rway i n f r on t o f t h e s t a i r w ou ld h av e a low ed d ef ende r s t ot a k e a t ta ck e r s c om ing u p t h es t a i rf r om b eh ind . T he r ea r en od i r ec tc l ue sa st oh ow o ne g o to nt ot h e l ow e r w ooden b a lcony , a t ah e igh to fa bou t2 . 1 m( 7f t )a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r . S i n ce t h i s i s ,a sn o ted , a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e s i l l o f t h e r a i sed d oo r t o t h e s t a i r , a nd s i nce t h i s d oo r e v iden t ly h ad t o b e d ef ended , o n e s hou ld p r obab ly c on c lude t h a t as t eep f l i gh t o f r emovab le w ooden s t ep s c ame u p f r om g r ound l e ve l t or e s t d i r e c t ly a ga in s t t h e s i l l o ft h e d oo r a nd t h a t s ome k i nd o ft r apdoo r i nt h e l ow e r b a l cony w a sa tt h et o po ft h i s .

T he m a in r oof U n le s s i tr e s t ed o n t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t —w h ich s e em s u n l ik e ly f o r r e a son s a l r eady g i ven - Mou sa p rov ide s n o d i r ec t e v id ence a bou t t h e n a tu r e o f t h e m a in r oof T h e h i ghe s t p r e se rved p a r t o ft h e d oub le w a l l a ppea r s t ob e a f r agm en t o ft h e 7 "1g a l le ry w he r e t h e r e i sn o s i gn t h a t i t w a s a ny d if e r en t f r om t h e g a l le ry b e low . O ne c an p r e sumab ly a s sume t h a ta ny m a in r oof w ou ld h ave t oh av e b een a f a i r ly m a s s ive c on ica l s t ruc tu r e w i th t h ick t h a t ch r e s t ing o nh eavy r af t e rb eam sm ee t ing i nt h ec en t r e , w he r e t h e r ew ou ld b e as ma l lg ap t ol e to u ts mok e . T he se r a f te r s w ou ld a l so h ave t o h av e b een t i ed t o g e the r w i th c r o s s b eam s o r j o i s t s t o p r even t t h e h eavy c on ica l s t ru c tu r e s p r ead ing a nd w r eck ing t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e r e la t ive ly f r ag i le d r y s tone w a l l .

T h i s b a lcony w a s a l so a tt h e l e v e l o ft h e c hambe ro ve rt h e e n t rance a nd w a sd oub t le s st h eo n ly w ay o n ec ou ld g e ti n to t h i s i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu r e . T h i s c hambe r c ou ld w e l l h av e p l ayed ar o le i nt h e d ef en ce o ft h e e n t rance p a s sag e f r om a bove i ft h e r e w e r e n a r row o pen ing s b e tw een t h e l i n te l s i n f r on t o ft h e d oo r f r ame , a s a tM idhow e b roch i nO rkney ( I l l . 5 . 90 ) . U nf o r tuna te ly a l t h e l i n te l s h ave v an i sh ed s o n oc heck o nt h i si d ea i sp o s s ib le .

S uch ah eavy r o of c ou ld e i the r ( a ) h ave r e s t ed o n at h i rd s c a r cemen t , n ow v an i sh ed , n ea r t h e t o p o f t h e i n s id e w a l lf a ce , o r( b ) a c tua l ly o n t h e m a in w a l l s omehow . T h e u ppe rs c a r cem en tt h eo ry s e em sp l au s ib le i no n ew ay i nt h a t t h e l ow e rp a r t o ft h e r oof w ou ld h ave b een p r o tec ted f r om g a le s . H ow ev e r a l r a in r u nn ing d own t h e t h a t ch w ou ld h av e f l ow ed d own t h e i n s id e f a ce o ft h e b r och w a l l w h ich w ou ld s u r e ly h av em ade t h ei n t e r io rd amp a nd s qua l id .

T he h ea r th a nd t h ep r ima ry f unc t ion o ft h eb roch A no the r i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion c on ce rn s t h e r e c tangu la r f i r ep la ce o nt h el ow e s tv i s ib le l e ve lo ft h ec en t ra lc ou r t . I f t h i sw a s i np l a ce a tt h e s t a r to ft h eo r ig ina l o ccupa t ion o ne m igh t s uppo se t h a t t h e b roch w a s b u i l t a s s ome k i nd o f f o r t if ied h ou se . Ac en t r a l h ea r th i su sua l ly t a k en t om ean t h a tt h e b u i ld ing w a s as i ng le f am i ly d w e l l ing , t h ough t h e m a s s iv e a nd p r e sumab ly e xpen s ive b roch m u s t s u r e ly m ean t h a t t h i s o ne b e long t o s ome k i nd o ft r iba l o r c l an e l i t e . I na ny c a se t h em oder nB r i t i sh c oncep t o f af am i ly —t wo p a r en t s ( u sua l ly )w i th f r om o ne t ot h r ee c h i ld r en —i s n o t l i k e ly t ob er e levan tt op r eh i s to r ic t r iba l s o c ie ty a ta ny l e v e l .

I ft h e r o of r e s t ed o nt h ew a l lhead i tw ou ld s u r e ly h ave h ad i t s r af t e r s r e s t ing o n t h e l i n t e l s c ov e r ing t h e t o pmo s t g a l le ry ; i nt h a t c a se t h e o u te rh a lf o ft h e w a l l c ou ld h ave r i sen u p a no th e r f i ve o r s i x f e e t , f o rm ing a p a rape t t o p ro tec t t h e b a se o ft h e r oof f r om t h e w ind . I nt h i s c a se h ow eve r t h e r e w ou ld h av e b een n o c onv en ien t w a l lhead w a lk f o r t h e o ccupan t s w ho w e r e o n s e n t ry d u ty o r w ho w an ted t o g e t a tt h e t o p o ft h e r oof ; a l so t h e s t one s t a i r w ou ld h ave c ome u p r i gh t u nd e r t h e t h a t ch ( t hough p r e sumab ly at r apdoo rc ou ld h ave b een a r rang ed ) .

O ne s hou ld p robab ly l o ok f o r ap r e l im ina ry a na logy a ta w ea l thy e a r ly V ic to r ian f am i ly , i nw h ich t h e r e m igh tb e— i na dd i t ion t ot h ep a t e rf am i l ia s a nd h i s w if e —p e rhap s s i x o r m o r e c h i ld r en , s ome g r andpa r en t s , u nma r r ied s i s te r s a nd p oo r r e la t ion s a s w e l l a s an umbe r o f s e rvan t s . I n p r eh i s to r ic t i me s t h e r e m ay a l so h ave b een s ome s l ave s , a nd — i ft h e b r och o wne rw a s ac l an c h ief —p e rhap s s ome f u l l t i me w a r r io r s a s w e l l , s e rv ing a s ab odygua rd a nd a b roch ' g a r r i son ' . Whe the r a l o ft h e se c ou ld h av e l i ved i n s ide t h et ow e ri sa no the rm a t t e r .

F u r the rd i scu s s ion o ft h en a tu r e o ft h e m a in r o of o fb roch s h a st ob e d ef e r r ed u n t i lm o r e e v idence f r om o t he rs i t e sh a s b een c on s id e r ed . I n p a r t icu la r i tm u s t b e e s tab l i shed w h e the rm o s tb roch sr e semb led Mou sa i nb e ing t ow e r l ik e o rw he the r m any w e r e m u ch l owe r ; i ft h e l a t t e r w a s t h e c a se t h e n a tu r e o f t h e m a in r oof w ou ld h ave t o b e r e con s ide r ed .

1 6

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

2 . 8 P ha se so fo ccupa t ion o ft he b roch

2 . 9T he b roch i ni t st opograph ica ls e t t ing

T he re i sn o d oub t t h a t t h e f u nc t ion o f t h e b roch w a s d r a s t ica l ly c hanged a t s ome s t age ; t h e i n se r t ion o f t h e s e conda ry c i r cumf e ren t ia l s t one w a l l a nd i t s p ro jec t ing s t one p i e r s s how s c l ea r ly t h a t t h e c en t ra l c ou r t —d e sp i te a l r eady b e ing s os ma l l c ompa r ed w i th t h o se o fo t he rb roch s — w a s r e -de s igned . T h i s r e -a r rangemen t e v iden t ly i n vo lved t h e d i sman t l ing o fa ny w ooden f u rn i sh ing sw h ich w e re l i nked w i th t h e s c a rcemen t s ; i ti sh a rd t o s e e h ow s u ch e l abo ra te w oodwo rk c ou ld h ave r ema ined w i thou t a r i ng o f p o s t s t o r e s t o n , a nd n o p o s t -ho le s a r e n ow a ppa ren t . I ft h ey e x i s ted t h ey mu s t b e b u r ied u nde r t h e a dded s t onewo rk .

O ne m igh t h ope t og e t s ome c l ue t ot h e o r ig ina l p u rpo se o f t h is e x t rao rd ina ry I r on A ge t owe r , a nd t oi t ss oc ia l c on tex t , b y a na ly s ing i t s r e la t ion sh ip t ot h e s u r round ing l a nd scape . F o r e xamp le i fi tw a s m oun ted o n ar o cky o u t c rop w i th s ome g ood n a tu ra l ly d ef en s ive f e a tu re s t h i s w ou ld t e nd t o e mpha s i s i t sf u nc t ion a s as t rongho ld . I fo nt h e o t he rh and i t w a s p l an ted a mong a r ab le l a nd i n a n o t he rw i se d ef ence le s s s i tua t ion i t s f u nc t ion a s ad ef ended f a rmhou se w ou ld b e s t rong ly s uppo r ted . A ga in t h e re i s al i m i tt ow ha t as i ng le s i te c an t e l l u s i nt h i s r e spec t b u t t h e s i tua t ion o f Mou sa s hou ld a tl e a s t r a i se s ome q ue s t ion s i nt h is s phe re w h ich m igh t b e a n swe red b y s t udy ing a l a rge s amp le o f s im i la rs t ruc tu re s .

T he n a tu r e o ft h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion i n s ide t h e b roch i s o fs ome i n te r e s t . I tm igh tb es uppo sed t h a t , s i nce w eh ave t h e h i s to r ica lr e co rd c once rned ,t h e l a te s tm a son ry a dd i t ion ( t he s e conda ry w a l l w i th t h et h r ee p ro jec t ing p i e r s )w a st h e w o rk o ft h e 1 0t h o r 11 t h c en tu ry N o r se v i s i to r s . H oweve r t h is k i nd o fb u i ld ing h a s l o ng b een k nown t o b e o f I r on A ge d a te ; s im i la r w hee lhou se s w e r e b u i l t i n s ide s eve ra l o t he r S he t land b roch s , a nd i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re s i n Mou sa , s i nce t h ey a ppea r t o r e s t d i r ec t ly o n t h e p r ima ry f l oo r a nd n o t o n a ny r ubb le o rd eb r i s , c an o n ly b e al i t t le y ounge rt h an t h eb roch i t s e lf .

T he t owe r i s p l an ted o n o pen g round , a l though i t s c l o sene s s t o t h e r o cky s ho r e a s w e l l a s i t s p r e sence o n a l ow p romon to ry d oe s s ugge s tt h a t d ef en s ive c on s ide ra t ion s w e re t a ken i n to a ccoun t w hen t h e s i te w a s c ho sen . T he s i z e o ft h e i s land m ay b e s i gn if ican tt oo ; i tm ea su re s o n ly a bou t 2 . 25 b y 1 . 0 k m , at o ta l a r ea ( t ak ing a ccoun t o ft h e f a c t t h a t o ne e nd i sn a r rowe r ) o f l e s s t h an 2s qua r e k m , o r p e rhap s 1 50 h ec ta re s . T he l a nd i sl ow a nd r o cky a nd l a ck s m a jo r t r ac t s o fb a r ren g round . T he r e a r e a bundan t t r ace s o f f o rme r c u l t iva t ion a l though t h e re i sn o th ing t h e re n ow b u t s ome f l ock s o f s h eep b e long ing t o f a rme r s o n t h e m a in land . A s sum ing t h a t mo s t o ft h is g round i sc u l t ivab le t h e a r ea o f Mou sa f a l ls w e l l w i th in t h e r a nge o f t h e S he t land ' b roch e s ta te s ' d ef ined b y F o ju t . T he a ve rage o f e l even o f t h e se ( f o r m ax imum a r ab le l a nd ) i s 1 69 .1 h ec ta r e s w h ich w ou ld h ave s uppo r ted - u s ing p r e I mp rovemen tt e chn ique sa nd a ccep t ing a p r e Imp rovemen t s t anda rd o fl i v ing - ap opu la t ion o f f r om a bou t 3 05 -4 83 p eop le ( Fo ju t 1 982 , T ab le i i ) . E ven i fi tw a s s omewha t l e s s ( t o a low f o r r o cky g round ) t h i s s e em s j u s t a bou t e nough t os uppor t ab roch f am i ly a nd b u i ld t h et owe r .

A s w e h ave a s e en a s t ruc tu re l i ke t h i s , i fi tw a s t o b e i n ser ted i n s ide as t and ing b roch , w ou ld h ave r e qu i r ed t h e d emo l i t ion o fa ny o r ig ina l i n te rna l w ooden f l oo r s ; w e m ay t h e ref o r ea s sume p rov i s iona l ly t h a tt h eb roch w a s i n hab i ted b y f ewe rp eop le i nt h i s l a te rp ha se o fu s e . P re sumab ly t h e l a te s t d we l l ing w a s as o r to fl ow s t one r oundhou se i n se r ted i n to t h e b o t tom o ft h e t owe r ; t h e m o s t o bv iou s r e a son f o r s uch a n e x t ra w a l l o f m a son ry a ga in s t t h e h i gh , p r ima ry w a l lf ace i st h a t i th ad t o s uppo r t an ew l ow r oof . T he f u nc t ion o ft h e r i ng shaped p l a tf o rm b e low t h e w hee lhou se i su nc lea ra nd i sl i ke ly t or ema in s ou n t i l as im i la re xamp le i sf ound i na no the rb roch .

2 . 10 C onc lud ing r emark s T he a nc ien t k eep o n Mou sa m ay s u re ly b e c l a imed a so ne o f t h e w onde r s o f p r eh i s to r ic E u rope . I t w a s a s oph i s t ica ted , c y l ind r ica l d ef en s ive s t one t owe r , p robab ly f u l ly 1 5 m( 50 f t )h i gh o r ig ina l ly a nd w i th m any i n gen iou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s w h ich a r e n o t f ound i n t h e s ame c omb ina t ion i na ny o t he r k nown d ry s tone b u i ld ing . I tw a s b u i l t e n t i r e ly w i thou t m o r ta r o r c emen t , o r a ny k i nd o f b ond ing m a te r ia l b e tween t h e s t one s , a nd m ay f a i r ly b e c l a imed a s h uman i ty 's g r ea te s t a ch ievemen t i n d ry s tone a r ch i tec tu re .

We c an t h u s s e e t h a t t h e r e w e r e t wo q u i te d i s t inc t a nd a ppa ren t ly c on secu t ive p ha se s i nt h e o r ig ina lo ccupa t ion o f Mou sa . I mmed ia te ly a f t e r i tw a s b u i l t t h e e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t t h e re w a s r oom f o r af a i r n umbe r o fp eop le l i v ing i n s ide o n r a i sed w ooden f l oo r s o r b a lcon ie s ; p robab ly t h e re w a s ac en t ra l h ea r th i np l ace f r om t h e s t a r t b u t o ne c anno tb es u re . C e r ta in ly t h et h r ee s pa c iou si n t ra m u ra l c e l l s m u s t h ave p rov ided t h e b e s t a nd mo s t p r iva te a ccommoda t ion . T hen t h e re w a s as e conda ry p ha se w h ich - b ecau se t h e r e i s n o e v idence f o r a ny d eb r is b e tween t h e p r ima ry f l oo r a nd t h e l a te r m a son ry - s e em s t oh ave f o l lowed i mmed ia te ly o n t h e f i r s t . T he i mp r e s s ion i sc l ea r t h a t t h e t owe r — o bv iou s ly s t i l l e i the r r oof ed a nd s t and ing t oi t s f u l l h e igh t o ru n roof ed a nd s l igh t ly l owe r —w a s t h en c onve r ted i n to a l ow roof ed d we l l ing w h ich w a s d e s igned f o r m any f ewe r p eop le . O n ly t h e t h ree r oomy c e l l s w e re t h en a va i lab le f o r p r iva te q ua r te r s , u n le s s t h e g a l le r ie s w e r e s o u sed ( wh ich s e em s u n l ike ly f o r r e a son s a l r eady g i ven ) ; D ryden 's p l an c l ea r ly s how s h ow c a r ef u l ly c on s t ruc ted g ap s w e re l e f t i nt h e s e conda ry w a l l t o a low a cce s s t o t h e se ( D ryden 1 890 , p l . XX I ,p l an : I l . 2 . 3 ) .

U n l ike a l t h e o t he r m a jo r b u i ld ing s w h ich a ppea r a t d i f f e ren t t ime s i nt h e p r eh i s to r ic a nd h i s to r ic p e r iod s —t h e b a s ic d e s ign s o fa l o fw h ich w e re i mpo r ted f r om a b road — t h e b roch s s e em t o h ave b een d ev i sed e n t i re ly w i th in S co t land . N o th ing l i ke t h em i n s t ruc tu ra l d e ta i l ( a s o ppo sed t o g ene ra l a ppea rance ) i sk nown a nywhe re e l se . T h i s s u r e ly g i ve s t ot h e S co t t i sh b roch a n i mpo r tance f o r t h e h i s to ry o f b u i ld ing t e chno logy w h ich i sn o t a t f i r s t a ppa ren t f r om i t s g eog raph ica l l o ca t ion i n a r emo te h i gh land s a nd i s land z one o n t h e f a r n o r th -we s ter n f r inge s o fE u rope .

1 7

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

T h i s d e ta i led r e v iew o ft h e a r ch i t ec tu r e a nd s e t t ing o fo n e o f t h e b e s t p r e se rv ed b roch s h a s r a i sed a n umbe r o f p rob lem s a nd p o s s ib i l i t ie s ; i th a s a l so s ugg e s t ed s ome a n swe r s t o t h e q ue s t ion s r a i sed . A ny r e l iab le a n swe r s c an o n ly b e f o und b y i n ve s t iga t ing a s m any c ompa rab le s t ruc tu r e s a s p o s s ib le . T he r e su l t s o f t h i s i n ve s t iga t ion , c onduc t ed o ve rm any y ea r s , a r es e to u ti n t h i sC o rpu s .

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

2 . 1Mou sa b roch , S he t land ( HU42 5 ) , i n1 987 .

1 9

V iew f r om a l ong t h es ho r e . [ 1 987 /2 / 10 ]

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

• . C e

a ) < 4 0 0 0

RAMPART I N RUINS .

0 1 . ) C I I

c r d

0 .

r s i x C e

0r • 0 0 0 " r d a ) C) L T J ( N

20

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

s o

0

1 4 o

l e + .7

GENERAL PLAN

3f O U S A SO C N D Z O

S ca le o fF ee t

1 0

20

30

40

SO

2 . 3 S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 p l an o f Mou sa ( HU42 5 ) . T op , i n i t sn ea rby s u r round ing sa t s ca le 1 : 3 00 ,b o t tom d e ta i led p l an a t g round l e ve l ,h e re a ts c a le 1 : 1 50 ( D ryden 1 890 ) .

0 P LAN O N GROUND

21

S ca le o fF ee t•

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

•

i1,

i J • i ; •: ,0,

1 ; ,

e t-9

, . ,

i , , : l •

•,

z , . , . \ , _ _ _ _ _ , -" , , ,. ,_ _ • , . _ _ _ \ , . .• • : .. . -_ _ _ „ , . . „.. ‹ .. z _ _ __ _ = _ _ . . . - 7 . . ., . „ . 1 -„ -‘ " ' • _ _ _ __ _ , . -= J _ _ . 7 : . ,-i

G J 7 /

PL A N

ON

TO P

. 9 4 'e

PLAN

1 7

FE ET

UP

2 . 4 S i rH . D ryden 's c . 1865 p l an o f Mou sa ( HU42 5 )a tt h e t op a nd a t1 7f t .u p : s ca le 1 : 1 50 . ( D ryden 1 890 ) .

2 2

S ec t ion 2 : T he t ower o n Mousa i s land

< 3 .

6

_ V o te XI t h er oof s orpa suag e ,r do n / 1 / /17/I1

•. 1 '3-

-T r

U M W«,

”1/69/Zie 'nin e as

t hey are hener

2 5 •

T r 7.

r t

I

_ n

9 f r

_

Li

17 1

_ 6 :6 "

21 . 3» —; _I

5 3-r i-

. , . , ._

f-

T h in ;

-,

I / ,

S ca le o fF ee t . 5

L OOKI N G

10

S .

i lar t

• 17-

_ P lan

LOO KI N G

S. E

BY E .

2 . 5 S i rH . D ryden ' s c . 1865 c r o s ss e c t ion so f Mou sa b roch ( HU42 5 ) . T op , l o ok ing s ou th ( t he l e ve lo ft h eu nc lea r ed d eb r i si n s ide i s s hown ) ; b o t tom , l o ok ing S Eb ys ou th . B o th h e r ea ts ca le 1 : 1 50 ( D ryden 1 890 ) .

2 3

T he R oundhouses , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

f lan ,

P bu t

L O OKI N G

' f an

N .

7 1

LO O KI N G

N . W.

BY W .

2 . 6 S i rH . D ryden ' s c . 1865 c r o s ss e c t ions o f Mou sa b roch ( HU42 5 ) . T op , l o ok ing n o r th , b o t tom l o ok ing NW b yw e s t . B o th h e re a t s ca le 1 : 1 50 ( D ryden 1 890 ) .

2 4

4

t a l

2 5

2 . 7 S i rH . D ryden 's c . 1865 l o ng i tud ina l s e c t ion so ft h eh o l low -wa l l s t ruc tu re o f Mou sa b roch ( HU42 5 ) , w i th ag ene ra l v i ew b e low ( D ryden 1 890 ) .

S ec t ion 2 : T he t ower o n Mou sa i s land

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

2 . 8 Mou sa ( HU42 5 ) , i n1 987 . V iew o f t h e l owe s t mu ra lg a l le ry ( Leve l3 )i mmed ia te ly t ot h el e f to ft h es t a i ra nd a bove t h es t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l o nL eve l2 . T he t op o ft h ec o rbe l led d omed r oof o ft h ec e l lb e low i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le i nt h eb ackg round ( l ook ing l i ke as ho r t f l igh to fs t ep s )a nd o b s t ruc t se a sy e n t ry t ot h ew ide g a l le ry b eyond . [ 1 987 /2 / 14 ]

2 6

S ec t ion 3 : Ah i s to ry o fb roch r e sea rch

e a r l ie s t e xp lo r e r s l i ke C ook - a nd w h ich s how Mao r i t e chno logy i ni t s p r e -Con ta c t s t a te - a r e s t i l l n ume rou s i n E u ropean mu seum s .

3 . 1 . I n troduc t ion H av ing l o oked a tt h e b roch o f Mou sa i ns ome d e ta i l w e n ow h ave ac l ea ri d ea o fw ha t aw e l l p r e se rved e xamp le o f t h e se d ry s t one t owe r s i sl i ke b u t , b ef o re r e v iew ing t h e a va i lab le m ode rn e v idence a bou t t h e s t ruc tu re s t h em se lve s a nd t h e i r I r on A ge i n hab i tan t s , i tw i l l b e h e lpf u l t oo u t l ine h ow b roch r e sea r ch h a s e vo lved i n t h e p a s t . I ts e em s i mpor tan t t o p l ace i n to a h i s to r ica l c on tex t i n t h i s w ay r e cen t i d ea s a nd d i spu te s , m any o fw h ich w i l l b e s e en t o h ave b een a n t ic ipa ted i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry - a nd t h e r eby t o g i ve d ue c r ed i tt ot h ep i onee r s i nt h i s f i e ld . A lso , a nd a si s t ob e e xpec ted , t h e d eve lopmen t o fE u ropean a r chaeo logy a s aw ho le i s r e f lec ted i n m any w ay s b y t h e p a inf u l e me rgence o ft h e s t udy o ft h e I r on A ge o ft h e h i gh land a nd i s land f r inge s o f B r i ta in f r om m y tho logy t o s c ience . I n s ome w ay st h is w a s o ne o ft h e l a s ta r ea s o fw e s ter nE u rope t o b e p ene t ra ted b y e n l igh tened a n t iqua r ian t h ough t a nd , a f t e r ab r i l l ian t s t a r t , s y s tema t ic a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch i n t h e n or th l a gged b eh ind t h a t i ns ou ther n B r i ta in . T h i s w a s i n s t r ik ing c on t ra s t t o t h e a ch ievemen t s o f t h e b roch b u i lde r s t h em se lve s , w h ich s e em t oo f f e r ag ood I l t ra t ion o f h ow a s e r ie s o f d ynam ic c u l tu r e s e me rged i n a nc ien t t ime s i n w ha t n ow s e em s ar emo te a r ea f a r f r om t h e m e t ropo l i tan c en t r e so fc u l tu r e .

T he s ame k i nd o f t h ing mu s t h ave h appened w hen t h e R oman s c onque red B r i ta in a nd s upp r e s sed t h e o l d t r iba l ' Ce l t ic ' w ay o fl i f e t h ey f ound t h e r e . U nf o r tuna te ly h a rd ly a ny r e co rd s s u rv ive , a nd i ft h e r e w a s a n e t hnog raph ica l m u seum i nR ome f u l l o f B r i t i sh I r on A ge a r tef ac t s i td i d n o t s u rv ive t h e f a l l o ft h e w e s te rn Emp i re i nt h e m id 5 t h c en tu ry , o r -i fi tw a s moved t oC on s tan t inop le - t h a t o f t h e r emnan t s o f t h e e a s ter n Emp i r e i n 1 452 . We k now f r om t h e R oman h i s to r ian T a c i tu s t h a t i nt h e m id AD 8 0 s , i nt h e 6 t h y ea r o ft h e R oman G over no rA g r ico la 's m i l i ta ry c ampa ign i nn o r th B r i ta in , t h e n a t ive t r ibe s w e r e d ef ea ted s omewhe r e i ne a s te rn S co t land i nt h e g r ea t b a t t le f ough t a t ap l a ce c a l led Mon s , o r ' Moun t ' , G raup iu s ( s ee F eachem 1 970 f o r a n u no r thodox v i ew o f t h e s i te o f t h is b a t t le ) . Af t e r t h e R oman v i c to ry t h e f l ee t w a s s e n t o n av oyage o f c i rcumnav iga t ion , a nd t h e s h ip s e v iden t ly c a l led a tO rkney t or e ce ive ( a cco rd ing t oo ne i n te rp r e ta t ion ) a ga in f r om t h e l o ca l t r iba l c h ief s t h e i r f o rma l s ubm i s s ion t ot h e Empe ro r ( Dom i t ian ) , p r ev iou s ly g i ven t o C laud iu s i n AD 4 3 . I ndeed ap o s s ib le r e l ic o ft h i s v oyage - aR oman a rmy i r on a xe - h a s b een f ound i n ab roch l ike s i te i nS kye ( MacK ie 2 002 ) .

3 . 2 . L o s te v idence f r om c on temporary o b server s S eve ra l O rkney b roch s h ave p rov ided c l ea r d a t ing e v idence i nt h e f o rm o f f r agmen t s o f R oman p o t te ry a nd g l a s s , s o i ft h e se c h ief s d i d i n deed f o rma l ly s ubm i t , t h ey p robab ly l i ved i nt h e t owe r s a tt h a t t ime . T he I mpe r ia l s a i lo r s a nd m a r ine s d oub t le s s h ad a g ood l o ok a tt h e se e x t rao rd ina ry d ry s t one b u i ld ing s d u r ing t h e i r v a r iou s l a nd ing s i nt h e n o r the rn a nd w e s te rn i s land s , a nd w e m ay b e r e a sonab ly s u re t h a t t h e of i ce r s w ro te r e po r t s a nd t h e s u rveyo r s m ade m ap s a nd d r aw ing s o f t h em . A l l t h e se p ape r s -t o ge the r w i th am a s s o fo t he rm a te r ia l c oncer n ing t h e I r on A ge t r ibe s o f S co t land - s hou ld e ven tua l ly h ave f ound t h e i r w ay i n to t h e a r ch ive s i n R ome , b u t s o f a r n o th ing i sk nown t oh ave s u rv ived o ft h o se c on tempo ra ry w i tne s se s o f t h e t r iba l c u l tu re o f t h e S co t t i sh b roch b u i lde r s . O ne c an o n ly s pecu la te o n t h e p r ice le s s i n f o rma t ion t h a th a sb een l o s t .

When t h e a rm ie s o f al i t e ra te u rban e mp i re o ve r run an on l i t e ra te , b a rba r ian t r iba l p eop le t h e w ho le c omp lex w ay o f l i f e o ft h e l a t te r i si n ev i tab ly d i s to r ted a nd f i na l ly c hanged a lmo s t b eyond r e cogn i t ion . I n t h o se e a r ly d ay s t h e t e chno logy , e conomy a nd i d eo logy o f t h e v i c to r iou s i n vade r s c omba t s t h e n a t ive c u l tu re w i th a l t h e r u th le s sne s s o fn a tu ra l s e lec t ion i nt h e a n ima l w o r ld , a nd w he the r m uch k now ledge i sp r e se rved o ft h e o ld w ay o f l i f e c an d epend o nt h e s ympa the t ic c u r io s i ty o f ah andf u l o f t h e c onque ro r s . T h i s h appened m any t ime s t h roughou tt h e w o r ld f r om t h ee a r ly 1 6 th c en tu ry o nwa rd s a st h e E u ropean p owe r se xpanded t h e i re mp i r e sa nd t h e i ri nf luence . T he Mao r i b ranch o f t h e P o lyne s ian p eop le s w e re d i scove red t ob e a l r eady l i v ing i nr emo te N ew Z ea land b y t h e f i r s t E u ropean e xp lo re r s a nd s e t t le r s a nd t h ey w e re i n s ome w ay s s im i la r t ot h e I r on A ge t r ibe s o fE u rope e ven t h ough t h ey p o s se s sed o n ly aS t one A ge t e chno logy T hey b u i l t h i l l top s t rongho ld s , o rp a s i nw h ich t h ey t o ok r e f uge i nt ime s o fd ange r ( Fox 1 976 ) , a nd t h e i r c h ief -dom ina ted t r ibe s w e r e o b se s sed w i th p r e s t ige a nd w a rf a r e . U n l ike m any o t he r P o lyne s ian g roup s , Mao r i t r iba l s oc ie ty a nd i t s t r ad i t ion s s u rv ived t h e E u ropean c o lon i sa t ion o ft h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry a nd t h e i n vade r s w e r e a b le t o l e ar n a tf i r s t h and much a bou t t h e o l d w ay o f l i f e . T he n ew ly a bandoned p a s mu s t h ave b een t o u red b y w h i te m en w i th Mao r i g u ide s t o e xp la in t o t h em w ho l i ved w he re i nt h e f o r t if ied v i l lage , w ha tt h e n ame o ft h e c h ief w a s a nd s oo n . A nd o fc ou r se Mao r i w ooden b u i ld ing s a nd a r tef ac t s f i l l t h e mu seum s o fN ew Z ea land , w h i le t h o se c o l lec ted b yt h e

3 . 3 C lue s f r om t he 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tur ie s T he b r ief V ik ing v i s i t s t o t h e b roch o n Mou sa i s land i n S he t land w e r e d e sc r ibed i nc hap te r 1 ; n o d e ta i l s a bou tt h e s t ruc tu re i t s e lf w e r e r e co rded i nt h e s aga s t o r ie s o ft h e se v i go rou s n o r ther n b a rba r ian s , w ho w e r e u n l ike ly i n a ny c a se t oh ave b een c once rned w i th a n t iqua r ian o b se rva t ion s . T he f i r s t k nown mode rn r e f e rence t ot h e I r on A ge t owe r s o f S co t land - b y t h en r u ined o fc ou r se - a ppea r s l a te i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , a nd i ti so n ly a p a s s ing o ne . G eo rge B uchanan , i n h i s L a t in w o rk Ma t te r s c once rn ing t h e h i s tory o f S co t land , d i scu s sed t h e r ema rkab le c i r cu la r R oman t emp le k nown a s A r thu r 's O 'on ( Oven ) w h ich

2 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

e x i s ted n ea r F a lk i rk ( I l l . 3 . 1) ( Buchanan 1 582 , f o l . 6 ) . T h i s u n ique s t ruc tu re , d emo l i shed b y i t so wne r i nw ha t w e n ow r ega rd a s a n u npa ra l le led a c t o f v anda l i sm i n 1 743 ( S tee r 1 960 : 1 976 ) ,w a s2 8 f t( 8 .4m )i nd i ame te ra nd 2 2 f t . ( 6 .6m ) h i gh a nd h ad ag en t ly c o rbe l led d omed s t one r oof ; i t s p rof i le w a s t h e r ef o re d i s t inc t ly t owe r l ike . B uchanan s ay s , c once rn ing t h et emp le -

e duca ted t r ave l le r s w ho p e r sona l ly p ene t ra ted , o f t en i n d if i cu l t c ond i t ion s , t h e f a r n o r th a nd w e s t o f S co t land . T he se m en w e re i n va r iab ly i n te r e s ted i nt h e ' r ema rkab le r u in s ' , a sT homa s P ennan t p u t i t ,t h a t t h ey f ound a nd t h ey p ub l i shed s ome v a luab le d e sc r ip t ion s o fv a r iou s a n t iqu i t ie s i n c lud ing b roch s . O f t h e l a t te r t h ey n a tu ra l ly t e nded t o d e sc r ibe t h e b e s t p r e se rved e xamp le s t h e a r ch i tec tu re o f w h ich g ave t h e o n ly u sef u l c l ue s t h en a va i lab le a bou t t h e a ge a nd p u rpo se o ft h es t ruc tu re s .

" No r s hou ld Ih ave a l te r ed m y o p in ion ," ( t ha t t h e O 'on w a s aR oman t emp le ) " had I n o t b een i n f o rmed b y p e r son s o f u ndoub ted v e rac i ty , t h a t m any s im i la r e d if i ce s w e r e t o b e f ound i n t h e i s land s , d if e r ing f r om t h e o ne w e h ave d e sc r ibed , o n ly b yb e ing b igge r , a nd mo re l o o se ly c on s t ruc ted . T he re a r e a l so t wo l i t t le t emp le s o fs im i la r f o rm i n R o s s sh i re ' ( A ik rnan 1 927 ,2 4 ) .

Ma r t in Ma r t in w a s b o rn a nd b rough t u p i n t h e We s ter n I s le s i n t h e l a te r 1 7t h c en tu ry . A s h e e xp la ined i n h i s P ref ace , t h e f a c tt h a t h e h ad s e en t h ing s f o rh im se lf m ean t t h a t h i s w o rk w a s d if e ren t f r om t ho se o ft h e h i s to r ian s o f S co t land w ho h ad p receded h im , l i ke H ec to r B oece a nd G eo rge B uchanan . S ince t h el a t te r 's t ime h ee xp la in s

H e c an o n ly h ave b een r e f e r r ing t o r u ined b roch s , a nd m any w e re e v iden t ly s t i l lw e l l e nough p r e se rved 4 00 y ea r s a go t oh ave at owe r l ike a ppea rance . We s ha l l s e e l a te r t h a t af ew a r e k nown , n ow a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed , w h ich w e r e s t i l l t owe r l ike i n f o rm e a r ly i n t h e 1 96 1 c en tu ry .

" t he re 's a g r ea t C hange i n t h e Humou r o f t h e Wo r ld , a nd b y c on sequence i nt h e w ay o fw r i t ing . N a tu ra l a nd E xpe r imen ta l P h i lo sophy h a s b een much i mp roved s i nce h i sd ay s . ." ( Ma r t in 1 703 ,v i v i i ) . I tw a sn ow e s sen t ia lt od e scr ibe t h eg eog raphy o f ac oun t ry a sw e l l a s i t s h i s to ry . Ma r t in p rov ide s n o n i t ra t ion s o ft h e a n t iqu i t ie sh ev i s i ted a nd h i sd e sc r ip t ion so ft h e se a r e f a i r ly b r ief ; t h e d ry s tone f o r t s o ft h e H eb r ide s a r e a t t r ibu ted t o t h e D ane s , b u t i n S he t land t h ey w e r e b u rgh s o r P i c t i sh h ou se s . N eve r the le s s Ma r t in 's b ook , l i ke t h a to fH e rodo tu s mo re t h an t wo t hou sand y ea r s e a r l ie r , c an b e s a id t r u ly t o m a rk t h e b eg inn ing o f mode rn t ime s a s f a r a s t h e e t hnog raphy a nd a r chaeo logy o f h igh land S co t land i s c once rned .

I th a s b een p o in ted o u tt h a tt h e o r ig ina l L a t in - m a ju scu la e tl a x iora - c an b e t r an s la ted a s" r a the r b igge r a nd mo re r oomy" , w h ich m ake s b e t te r s en se f r om o u r p o in t o fv i ew t h an " mo r el o o se ly c on s t ruc ted" ( G raham 1 947a , 8 4 ) . 3 . 4 E n l igh tenmen t d awns - t he 1 8 th a nd e ar ly 1 9 th c en tur ie s T he 1 8 th c en tu ry i nB r i ta in s aw n o t o n ly t h eb eg inn ing s o f t h e I ndu s t r ia l R evo lu t ion b u t a l so d rama t ic a dvance s i n many f i e ld s o fe nqu i ry , n o t l e a s t a n t iqua r ian i sm . I ndeed t h e f ounda t ion o fm an 's c u r io s i ty a bou th i sp a s tw a sl a id a t t h a t t ime - p a r t ly b ecau se o fa n i n c rea s ing d i s sa t i sf ac t ion w i th r e l ig iou s d ogma ( Dan ie l 1 950 ) . T he re w a s s pec ia l i n te re s t i nt h e S co t t i sh h igh land s w he re a bundan tt r a ce s o f a n e xo t ic t r iba l s oc ie ty c ou ld s t i l l b e s e en a nd w h ich b y 1 750 h ad b een mo r e o rl e s s p a c if ied b y t h e a rmy a f t e rt h e t wo S t ewa r t u p r i s ing s ; d u r ing t h e 1 720 s a nd 1 730 s t h e h igh land s h ad a l so b een p rov ided ( f o r t h e f i r s t t ime s i nce t h e R oman s ) b y G ene ra l Wade w i th n ew h a rd r oad s , a nd l a te r t r ave l le r s l i ke J ame s B o swe l l a nd S amue l J ohn son c ou ld v i s i tt h e We s te rn I s le s much m o r ee a s i ly .

A lexande r G o rdon , p r e sumab ly a S co t , w a s S ec re ta ry t o t h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s i nL ondon a nd h e u nde r took h i s e x ten s ive j ou rney t h rough E ng land a nd S co t land i na bou t 1 720 . Mo s t o fh i s w o rk w a s c oncer n ed w i th t h e R oman r ema in s i n n o r ther n B r i ta in ( i nc lud ing t h e t emp le n ea r F a lk i rk w h ich w a s t h en s t i l l i n tac t ) b u t i n as ho r t b u t v a luab le a ccoun t i nt h e l a s t f ew p age s G o rdon d e sc r ibe s h ow h e v i s i ted G lene lg a nd w a s e s co r ted f r om t h e n ew ly b u i l t a rmy b a r rack s t h e r e t o v i ew t h e r ema rkab le s t one t owe r s i n t h e n ea rby G lenbeg , a bou t t wo m i le s a way ( Go rdon 1 726 , 1 66 -69 ) . F ou r ma s s ive r u in s i nt h ei s o la ted g l en a r e m en t ioned b u tt wo o ft h em - C a s t le C hon i l a tt h e h ead o ft h eg l en a nd C a s t le Ma lcomb n ea rt h e s eawa rd e nd -w e re t oo b ad ly r u ined t o " t ake t h e i r d r augh t s" . H e t h e r ef o re c oncen t ra ted h i s d e sc r ip t ion o n t h e p a i r o fb e t te r p re served s t ruc tu r e s , n amed C a s t le T roddan a nd C a s t le T e l lve , s upp ly ing am agn if icen t f o ld ing -ou tp l a te w i th b o th b roch s s hown ( I l l . 3 . 2 ) . T h i s mu s t b e t h e f i r s t e xamp le o f t h e b enef i t s t o s cho la r sh ip , i fn o t t o t h e h igh land w ay o f l i f e , o ft h ep re sence o ft h eA rmy i nS co t land a f t e rt h e 1 715 u p r i s ing s i nce G o rdon s e em s u n l ike ly t oh ave v i s i ted t h i s r emo te p a r to ft h ew e s tc oa s tw i thou tt h eb enef i to fm i l i ta ry p ro tec t ion . T he R edcoa t b a r rack s a tG lene lg h ad b een b u i l t af ew y ea r se a r l ie r .

3 . 4 .1 1 8 th c en tu ry t r a ve l le r s I n 1 728 A l lan R am say , t h e f amou s S co t t i sh p oe t , w ro te a n o de t ot h e E a r l o fH a r tf o rd a nd t h e r e s to ft h e Membe r s o f t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie si nL ondon ' To H a r tf o rd ,a nd h i s l e a rned f r iend s , Who se f ame f o rs c ience f a re x tend s , AS co t t i sh mu se h e rd u ty s end s , f r om P i c t i sh t owe r s ; H ea l th , l e ng th o fd ay s ,a nd h appy e nd s , b ee ve ry ou r s . '

B o th t h e se b roch s , t h ough t h ey s t i l l s t and s eve ra l s t o rey s h igh f o r a bou t at h i rd o f t h e i r c i r cumf e r ence s , a r e n ow b ad ly d amaged a nd G o rdon 's d e sc r ip t ion s a nd d raw ing s a r e e spec ia l ly v a luab le i nt h a t i ti sc l ea rt h a t a tt h e t ime o f

T he r e f e r ence t o' P ic t i sh t owe r s ' mu s t h ave b een i n sp i red b yt wo b ook sw r i t ten n o tl o ng b ef o re b y Ma r t in Ma r t in a nd A lexande r G o rdon , t h e f i r s t o f as ucce s s ion o fe nqu i r ing ,

2 8

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s to ry o fb roch r e sea rch

b y o t he r h and s , t h e i r a u tho r s h av ing b een s t imu la ted t o w r i te b yo m is s ion s i nt h e f i r s te d i t ion ( P ennan t 1 774 ) . F o r e xamp le i n t h e t h i rd e d i t ion t h e R ev . A lexande r P ope , M in i s te r i n R eay i n n or th S u the r land , c on t r ibu ted s ome v a luab le i n f o rma t ion o nt h eb e t te rs t a te o fp r e se rva t ion t wo h und red y ea r s a go o fs ome o ft h e n or ther nb roch s ; h e a l so m en t ion s t h a t h e f ound ' h and m i l l s ' - p r e sumab ly r o ta ry q uer n s - i ns e ve ra l ( Pennan t 1 774 , 3 18 f . ) . L i t t le i ss a id o n t h e o r ig in o f t h e r u in s e xcep t t h a t t h ey w e re P i c t i sh h ou se s , ar e f e r ence t o t h e e a r l ie s t r e co rded p o s t -Roman p eop le s o ft h e n or ther np a r t o ft h e c oun t ry ( Ram say 1 728 , 4 6 ) . I ti sa l so w or th m en t ion ing t h a t P ennan t v i s i ted G lene lg a nd f ound t h e t wo b roch s t h e re , w h ich h e c a l led ' Dan i sh f o r t s ' , m uch d amaged s i nce G o rdon 's v i s i t . C once rn ing t h e f i r s t , D un T e lve , h em en t ion st h a t

h i s v i s i t o ne a t l e a s t w a s a lmo s t a s c omp le te a s Mou sa , s t and ing w e l l o ve r 3 0f t h i gh t h e w ho le w ay r ound . I ti s a l so c l ea r t h a t as ub s tan t ia l p a r t o ft h e b a se s o fb o th w e r e b u r ied b e low d eb r i s : f o r e xamp le h e h ad t o c r aw l i n to ' Ca s t le T e l lve ' t h rough ah o le w h ich , t h ough h e d e sc r ibe s i ta s' t owa rd st h e We s t , a tt h eb a se ' , m u s t i nf a c th ave b een w e l l a bove f i r s tf l oo rl e ve l s i nce i tl e dh im o nt ot h es t a i ri n t h e m idd le o ft h e d oub le w a l l ; t h i s h e f ound ' c a r r ied m e d own f ou r o rf i ve S t ep s b e low t h e S u rf ace o ft h e G round ' w he r e h e f ound h im se lf i n as pace o rg a l le ry b e tween t wo w a l l s w h ich " l ed m er ound t h ew ho le B u i ld ing" . Af t e r i t s c l ea rance i n 1 9 14 t h e b roch w a s f o und t o b e s o l id -ba sed s o h e mu s t s t i l l h ave b een a tf i r s t f l oo r l e ve l ( NG81 2 ) . O n e me rg ing f r om t h i s t unne l i n to t h e c en t ra l c ou r t t h rough a d oo r o n t h e o ppo s i te s i de ( wh ich w a s a lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e l a rge o pen ing t ot h e i n te r io r f r om t h e c hambe ro ve rt h em a in e n t rance , t h en b l ocked )h et h en s aw t h a t p a r to ft h e i n ne rh a lf o ft h e w a l l h ad f a l len a way . H e w a s t hu s a b le t o p rov ide t h e f i r s t d r aw ing e ve r o f t h e p ecu l ia r d oub le -wa l led s t ruc tu r e o ft h e S co t t i sh b roch ( I l l . 3 . 2 ) . T h i s s how s t h a t t h e t owe r h a s l o s t a tl e a s t 6f e e t o f m a sonry f r om i t sw a l lhead s i nce t h a tt ime .

. . i n 1 722 s ome G o th p u r lo ined f r om t h e t o p , s ome e l even f e e t a nd a h a lf , u nde r p r e tence o f a pp ly ing t h e m a te r ia ls t o c e r ta in p ub l ic b u i ld ing s . ' (Pennan t 1 790 , 37 -40 & p l . x l i ) . H i s d raw ing s how s t h a t t h e b roch f u r the r i n land , D un T roddan , h ad a l so b een d eva s ted s i nce G o rdon 's v i s i t , w i th l e s st h an h a lf o ft h eh i gh w a l lr ema in ing ( I l l . 3 . 3 ) .

T he d e sc r ip t ion o f C a s t le T roddan i se qua l ly i n te r e s t ing a l though i ti sc l ea r t h a t G o rdon 's n o te s a bou t t h e t wo s t ruc tu re s h ad b ecome m ixed u p s i nce h e s how s , a nd m en t ion s , t h e u n ique s e cond i n te rna l s c a rcemen t , n ea r t h e t op o ft h e w a l l , a sb e ing i nt h i s b roch w he rea s i ti si nf a c t i nD un T e lve . D un T roddan h oweve rs e em sa tt h et ime o f G o rdon 's v i s i tt oh ave b een a lmo s t i n tac t , i ns ad c on t ra s tt o i t ss t a te w hen T homa s P ennan tc ame t oG lene lg a lmo s th a lf ac en tu ry l a te r ( b e low ) . G o rdon a l so n o ted d own s ome ' b a rba rou s I r i sh r hyme s ' i nE r se ( Gae l ic ) a bou t t h e o r ig in s o f t h e G lene lg b roch s , t o ld t o h im b y al o ca l h i gh lande r a nd w h ich t h e l o ca l l a ndowne r t r an s la ted f o r h im . T hey a r e s uppo sed t o i n d ica te t h a t t h e b roch s w e re b u i l t b y a Mo the rf o rh e rf ou rs on s .

Af t e r A lexande r G o rdon 's v i s i t t o G lene lg o ne o f t h e e a r l ie s t u sef u l d e sc r ip t ion s o f as p ec if i c b roch i st h a t o f Mou sa i n S he t land b y G eo rge L ow , c omp i led d u r ing h i s t ou ro f S co t land f i f ty y ea r s l a te r i n1 774 b u tn o tp ub l i shed u n t i l ac en tu ry a f t e r t h a t ( Low 1 879 ) . A t t h a t t ime t h e re w a s l i t t le r e levan t b ackg round k now ledge f o r L ow t od r aw u pon - h e d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave b een a wa r e o fG o rdon 's b ook f o r e xamp le - s o h i s d e sc r ip t ion i sf a i r ly b r ief ; h e d oe s h oweve r g i ve s ome u s ef u l d r aw ing s w h ich i n c lude c l ea r c r o s s s e c t ion s o f t h e b roch s how ing i t s p ecu l ia r g a l le r ied w a l l c on s t ruc t ion ( I l l . 2 . 2 ) . H e c l imbed t h e s t a i r i n s ide t h e w a l l a nd r e po r ted p a s s ing u pwa rd s t h rough s even s u cce s s ive g a l le r ie s .

' My f ou rs on s , af a i rc l an , Il ef to nt h e s t ra th o fo ne g l en ; m y Ma lcomb ,m yl o ve ly C hon i l , m yT e l lve ,m yT roddan ' . G o rdon a l so p rov ide s t h e f i r s t s en s ib le d i scu s s ion o f t h e a ge a nd p u rpo se o ft h e t owe r s , r e jec t ing t h e i d ea t h a t t h ey w e re t emp le s o f t h e D ru id s b ecau se t h ey w e re t o o c l o se t oge the r , a nd a l so b ecau se l o ca l t r ad i t ion c a l led t h em ' c a s t les ' ( ' dun ' i nG oe l ic ) . H e p r ef e r red t h e i d ea t h a t t h ey w e re s t rongho ld s a ga in s t f o r e ign i n vade r s , o r a ga in s t e nemy n e ighbou r ing t r ibe s . A s f o r t h e i r d a te h e f o und a c l ue i nt h e b roch k nown a s ' K ing D o rnad i l la 's C a s t le ' i n ' my L o rd R eay 's c oun t ry ' ( Su the r land ) ; B uchanan 's w o rk o n t h e h i s to ry o f S co t land m en t ion s t h a t t h is l e genda ry k i ng 's r e ign s t a r ted i n2 60 B .C . a nd l a s ted f o r 2 8 y ea r s , s o h e t hough tt h a tt h eb roch s i nG lene lg w e re o f as im i la ra ge . Wha teve r t h e v a lue o f t h e h i s to r ica l s ou r ce s o u sed t h is w a s ar ema rkab ly p re sc ien t e s t ima te , m o r e a ccu ra te t h an t h ose o fm any w ho c ame t ot h e s ub jec t l a te r .

L ow 's d r aw ing s how st h e e l eva t ion o ft h e d oub le w a l l w i th o ne h a lf t a ken a way , e xpo s ing b o th t h e s t a i r a nd t h e r ow s o fg a l le ry l i n te l s . A tf i r s ts i gh tt h es t a i rs e em st ob es hown r i s ing t o t h e l e f t i n s tead o ft o t h e r i gh t , b u t t h i s i sn o t a m i s take ; i n f a c t t h e w a l l i sd ep ic ted w i th t h e o u te r h a lf r emoved , n o t t h e i n ne r a so ne m igh t e xpec t i fi th ad b een d rawn f r om t h e i n s ide ; d ay l igh t i ss e en c om ing t h rough t h e s t a i r d oo r w h ich o pen s o n ly t ot h e i n te r io r . T he i nwa rd f a c ing v e r t ica l s e r ie s o f v o id s i n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce a r e d e sc r ibed , b u t t h e l e dge s o r s c a rcemen t s o n t h e i n ne r w a l lf ace w e r e a ppa r en t ly n o t s e en . L ow of e red n o s ugge s t ion sa st ot h ed a te o rf u nc t ion o ft h e ' Bu rgh ' . S amue l J ohn s ton i s k nown t o a r chaeo log i s t s f r om h i s n o to r iou s ly d i sm is s ive s e n t ence " S i r , a l t h a t i sk nown o ft h e a nc ien t s t a te o fB r i ta in i sc on ta ined i n af ew p age s . We c an k now n o m o re t h an w ha t o l d w r i te r s h ave t o ld u s" ( Dan ie l 1 950 , 2 5 ) , w h ich s ugge s t s t h a t t h e i d ea o fe xam ing p hy s ica l r e l ic s o f t h e p r eh i s to r ic p a s tw a s q u i te p o in t le s s . H oweve rw hen h e t r ave l led w i th J ame s B o swe l l t h rough t h e h i gh land s a nd

T homa s P ennan t u nde r took a n e x ten s ive t ou r a r ound S co t land i nt h e y ea r s 1 769 a nd 1 772 a nd t h e s e cond a nd f o l low ing e d i t ion s o fh i s b ook h ave s ome n ew a ppend ice s 2 9

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

w e s te rn i s l and s o fS co t land i n1 773 h e d i d i nf a c t t a k e a n i n t e r e s t i nt h e r u ined s t on e b u i ld ing s t h a t h e w a s s h own , a nd m ad e s ome s e n s ib le c omm en t s a bou t t h em ( Chapman ( e d . ) 1 979 , 6 4 -5 ) . F o re xamp le h ew a st a k en t os e e a' d un o rb o rough ' n ea rU l l in i sh i nS kye - a lmo s t c e r ta in ly D un

h e igh t o f t h e w a l l , t h a t t h e t owe r w a s w e l l a dap t ed t o w i th s tand ing s ho r t s i eg e s . I ns uppo r to ft h i s h e m en t ioned t h e V ik ing a s sau l t i n t h e y ea r A .D . 153 ( S ec t ion 1 ) . H ow eve r i ti sn o t c l ea rh ow g ood a n e xamp le t h i s i ss i nce i ti so bv iou st h a t ,t h ough t h eb e s ieg ing f o r ce s c ou ld n o tg e t i n , n e i the r c ou ld t h e b e s ieg ed g e t a way , a nd t h ey c ou ld h o ld o u t o n ly a sl o ng a st h e i r w a t e r a nd p r ov i s ion s l a s t ed . T h i s p a r t icu la r c onf ron ta t ion o ve r ab r och w a s e nded b y n ego t ia t ion a sn o t ed e a r l ie r .

B a n e d ag th n o e u a g r ht St b r y ua D n , rc J on h s n p s i o c n u ' o sug su o i d n ei t M sro M c k c y Qu e m e i n ne t n o ch ea v e b een a D an i sh f o r t ( I l l . 3 . 5 ) . J ohn son d e sc r ibed t h e b u i ld ing a nd , w i th h i s u sua l h ea l thy s c ep t i c i sm , n o t ed t h a t " i n S ky , a s i ne ve ry o t he r p l a ce , t h e r e i sa n a mb i t ion o f e xa l t ing w ha tev e rh a s s u rv ived m emo ry ,t os om e i mpo r tan t u s e , a nd r e f e r r ing i tt ov e ry r emo t ea g e s ." H ed oub t ed t h a t i tc ou ld h ave b een af o r t b ecau se o ft h e l a ck o f aw a t e r s upp ly ,a nd t h ough ti tap l a ce t os e cu r es t o len c a t t le . T he t h i rd e d i t ion o fC ha r le s C o rd ine r 's b ook ( 1 788 -95 ) i s w o r th m en t ion ing b ecau se o f t h e h i gh q ua l i ty o f t h e e ng rav ing s , w h ich i n c lud em any o fP i c t i sh s t one s . H e a l so i n c luded a na c coun t ,b ya na nonymou sa u tho r , o ft h eb r och D un D or nad i l la i n S u th e r land , a c compan ied b y a m agn if i cen t d r aw ing w h ich s how s t h e b r och m u ch b e t t e r p r e se rv ed t h an i ti sn ow ( s ee NC44 2 ) . T he s ame i st r u eo f t h e r emo te f a s tne s s C a s t l e C o le , a l so i n S u th e r land , o f w h ich a d r aw ing i sa l so i n c lud ed ( NC71 1 ) . H e r e h e d e sc r ibe s s t a i r ca se s i n t h e w a l l ' p e r f ec t ly e n t i r e ' w h ich h ave n ow v an i shed . A d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e b roch o f Mou sa , t h i s t i m e w i th a d i scu s s ion , w a s p ub l i shed b y S amue l H ibbe r t i n 1 822 . A s w h en L ow v i s i t ed t h e s i t e h a lf ac en tu ry e a r l ie r t h e t owe rw a s s t i l l u nc lea r ed o ft h e a c cumu la t ed d eb r i s o f c en tu r ie s a nd i tw a s o n ly p o s s ib le t og e t i no n h and s a nd k nee s t h rough t h e e n t ran ce ; t h i s , a s w e h av e s e en , w a s h e igh t ened m u ch e a r l ie r , p robab ly i nN o r se t ime s . F rom t h e f a c t t h a t H ibbe r t d e sc r ibed s e ven c omp le t e s upe r impo sed g a l le r ie s i n s tead o ft h e f i v e , w i th p a r t o fa s i x th , w h ich a r ev i s ib le n ow , i tm igh tb ec onc luded t h a tt h e b roch w a s s ub s tan t ia l ly b e t t e r p r e se rv ed i nt h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry . H oweve r , i ti sc l ea rf r om h i s s k e t ch c r o s s s e c t ion t h a th e a s sumed t h a ta ne x t r ag a l le ry e x i s t ed a tt h e l e ve l o f t h eb o t tom o ft h e s t a i r( H ibbe r t 1 822 ,p l . 6 ,f i g . 8 )w he r ea s w e n ow k now t h a t t h e w a l l i ss o l id a tt h i s l e v e l . B o th H ibbe r t a nd L ow p r e sumab ly p eeped i n to t h e d a rk r e ce s s l e ad ing o ft ot h e l e f to ft h e s t a i r d oo ra nd a s sumed t h a t i t w a s al o ng g a l le ry , f a i l ing t o s e e t h a t i tw a s ac e l l a nd e nded a f t e r af ew f e e t . H ibbe r t n o t iced t h e v e r t ica l r ow s o fo pen ing s i nt h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce ( t he d oo r s t ot h e g r ound l e v e l m u ra l c e l l s w e r e t h en c oncea led u nde r d eb r i s ) b u t n o t t h e s c a r cemen t s , t h e u ppe ro ne a tl e a s t o fw h ich m u s th av e b een e xpo sed i nh i s t ime ( I l l .2 . 5 ) . H ec ou ld n o tt h e r ef o r ei n f e rt h ee x i s tence o f ar a i sed w ooden r oof o rf l oo ri nt h e i n t e r io r , b u tc on c luded i n s tead t h a tt h em u r a lg a l le r ie sh ad b een t i e r so fa pa r tmen t s f o r l i v ing i n . N e i the rh e n o ra nyone e l se l a te rn o t ic ed t h a t t h es pa c iou sf i r s tg a l le ry w a sl a rg e ly b l o ck ed b yt h er o of o f t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l ; b ef o r e t h e e l ec t r ic t o r ch w a s i n ven t ed i tm u s th ave b een e x t r eme ly d i ff i cu l tt os e e i n s ide s u ch d a rk r e ce s se s . T he v o id s h e s aw a s o pen ing s d e s igned t o g i ve t h e se a pa r tmen t s am in imum s upp ly o f l i gh t a nd a i r , w hen t h ey w e r e s h e l te r ing w omen a nd c h i ld r en f r om a t ta ck , a nd h e c onc luded f r om t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b roch h ad b u t as i ng l e e n t ran ce , a nd f r om t h e g r ea t

I n 1 824 J ohn MacCu l loch t h e g eo log i s t p ub l i sh ed t h e a c coun t o fh i s o wn t o u r o ft h e h i gh land s a nd w e s t er ni s l e s a nd i n c lud ed s e v e ra l p age s o n t h e ' P ic t i sh ' o r ' c on ica l t ow e r s ' , s t imu la ted m a in ly b y s e e ing t h e w e l l p r e se rved e xamp le s n ea r G lene lg ( McCu l loch 1 824 , v o l . 2 ,2 45 -58 ) . A s w a s u sua l i nt h e e r a b ef o r e s y s t ema t ic e xcava t ion h e h ad t o r e ly o n s p ecu la t iv e i n f e r ence s b a sed o n w ha t a r ch i t ec tu ra le v idence c ou ld b eg a ined b yv i s i t ing t h es i t e s . N eve r the le s s h i s w a s t h e f i r s t g ene ra l r e v iew o f t h i s a n t iqua r ian t o p ic a nd i ti si mpo r tan t f o rt h a t r e a son a l one . H e n o t ed t h a t t h e b u i ld ing s c on ta ined n o p rov i s ion f o r e x ter na l d ef en ce - n o l o op -ho le s o ra pe r tu re s o fa ny k i nd a pa r t f r om t h e d oo r -a nd h e t h ough t t h e r ef o re t h a t t h ey m u s t h ave b een f o r t if i ed h ou se s r a the rt h an m i l i ta ry p o s t s . T he e l abo ra t e n a tu r e o ft h e a r ch i tec t ur e s ugg e s ted t oh im t h a tt h e e xpen se o fe r ec t ing o ne c ou ld o n ly h ave b een b or n b y ac h ief ; y e ta ga in s tt h a ti d ea a ppea r ed t ob et h ef a c tt h a t i nG lene ig , a si nS u the r land a nd S h e t land , t h et owe r sw e r e f o und v e ry c l o se t o g e the r -t o oc l o se f o rp o ten t ia l ly h o s t i le c h ief s . A s f o r t h e i d en t i ty o ft h e p eop le w ho c on s t ru c t ed t h e t ow e r s , Ma cCu l loch h ad e v iden t ly h ea rd t h a t s im i la r b u i ld ing s e x i s ted i n S cand inav ia , s o h e c on c luded t h a t t h e r ef o r e t h e ' n o r the rn t r ibe s ' r a the rt h an t h e a nc ien t C e l t s w e r e r e spon s ib le . H i s s e n s ib le a r t ic le p i npo in ted s ome o f t h e b a s ic p rob lem s a bou tt h e f u n c t ion o ft h e b roch s w h ich h ave e xe r c i sed a l s ub sequen ti n ve s t iga to r s . Ma cCu l loch a l so c on s id e r ed t h em o r er u ined c i rcu la rs t one f o r t s o ft h e We s ter nI s le s a nd , i nc ommon w i th o t he r 1 8 th c en tu ry o b se rv e r s , d e sc r ibed t h em a s D an i sh i n c on t ra s t w i th t h e c on ica l o rP i c t i sh t ow e r s ( 1 824 , v o l . 3 , 1 52 f . ) . T hough h ec on s ide r ed t h e i rm a son ry c r ude rh ea l lowed t h a t s ome w h ich c on ta ined g a l le r ie sw i th in t h e i rw a l l sm igh tb e t h es t ump so fb ad ly r u ined c on ica lt owe r s ; a ne xamp le w a s o ne i n L i smo r e i s land w h ich m u s t b e T i r ef ua r b roch ( NM84 1) . A ga in t h e c omp le te a b sen ce o f a ny c l u e s t o t h e i r d a te o r o r ig in f r u s t ra ted f u r the r s p ecu la t ion . A n a mu s ing i n s igh t i n to t h e s t a t e o fa n t iqua r ian s t ud ie s a tt h e t i me , a nd t h e k i nd o fp e r son w ho t o ok t h em u p , m ay b e r e f lec ted i n h i s s h a rp c ommen t s a bou t t h e d ange r s o f e ngag ing i nd eba t ei nt h i sf i e ld . " The s ub jec t " ( t he f o r t s ) " be ing d a rk , i tm igh t i n deed m ak e av o lume . B u t i ti sn o t t h e m o r e i mpo r tan tb ecau se a n t iqua r ie sh ave s quabb led a bou t i t . P r ec i se ly t h e r e ve r se ; a s y ou w i l l p l ea se t o o b se rve t h a t t h i s m o s t i r r i tab le a nd a bu s iv e o f a l i r i tab le a nd a bu s iv e r a ce s i s a lway s m o s t p a r t icu la r ly n e t t le some , r a b id a nd i l -manne r ed , w hen t h e m a t t e r s u nde r c on t en t ion a r e mo s t f l occ i n i h i l i -p i la ceou s ." ( McCu l loch 1 824 ,v o l . 3 ,1 52 ) O ne h ope st h a tt h ing sh ave i mp roved s i nce h i sd ay .

3 0

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

q uan t i ty o fu sef u l a r tef a c t s , h e f a i led t ou nde r s tand t h e r e a l n a tu r e o ft h e s t ruc tu re h e h ad e xpo sed ; h i s p l an ( I l l . 3 . 9 ) s how s as e r ie s o f c oncen t r ic w a l lf ace s , a l c ove red b y a s i ng le a r ea o f s had ing , i n w h ich w e c an n ow d e tec t t h e o u t l ine s o f ab roch , i t s i n te r io r s e conda ry s t ruc tu re s a nd a dded e x te rna l w a l l s a nd o u tbu i ld ing s ( Rh ind 1 854 : RCAHMS 1 9 11 , n o . 5 88 ) . H e d ec ided t h a t t h e r ema in s w e re a' P ic t 's H ou se ' .

3 . 4 .2 T he f i r s te xca va t ion s I tw a s n o t u n t i l t h e 3 rd d ecade o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry t h a t p eop le b egan t o i n ve s t iga te t h e se a nc ien t s i te s b y d i gg ing i n to t h em - ad eve lopmen t o ff u ndamen ta l i mpo r tance i n a r cha eo logy w h ich r e f lec t s , h oweve r d im ly a tt h e t ime , t h e b a s ic h uman d e s i re ( wh ich s howed i t s e lf s o s t rong ly i n w e s t er n E u rope f r om t h e 1 8t h c en tu ry o nwa rd s ) t o o b ta in m o re i n f o rma t ion a ga in s t w h ich t om ea su re e x i s t ing i d ea s . I n ev i tab ly i nt h o se e a r ly d ay s t e chn ique s w e re c r ude , a nd p robab ly n o s i ng le c l a s s o f B r i t i sh a r chaeo log ica l s i te s uf f e r ed m o re t h an t h e b roch s f r om u n sk i l led d i gg ing a nd i n adequa te p ub l ica t ion d u r ing t h e f o l low ing c en tu ry . T he se e xp lo ra t ion s b egan i nt h e O rkney i s land s , a nd o u r k now ledge o ft h e se p i onee r ing p ro jec t s h a s r e cen t ly b een g r ea t ly i n c r ea sed b yt h e r e sea rche s o fJ ohn H edge s ( 1987 , v o l . 3 ,1 30 f . ) .

3 . 5T he F ir s t F lower ing o fB roch S tud ie s -1 851-1883 T he t h r ee d ecade s f r om 1 851 s aw t h e f i r s t p ha se o f s y s tema t ic w o rk o n t h e b roch s p rog re s s r a p id ly a nd c ome t o ac l imax i n t h e f o rm o f t h a t r ema rkab le s yn the s i s o f S co t t i sh a r cha eo logy p roduced b y J o seph A nde r son , S co t land i nP agan T ime s ( 1883 ) . Much o ft h e r e sea r ch i n to t h e b roch s w a s c a r r ied o u t b y m en w ho w e re a mong t h e f o remo s t S co t t i sh a n t iqua r ie s o ft h e i r d ay , a nd a f ew m o r e e xcava t ion s p l anned a nd s pon so r ed b yt h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s i nS co t land i nE d inbu rgh t o ok p l ace , n o tab ly b y A nde r son h im se lf o n Y a r row s i nC a i thne s s ( ND34 1 6 ) . Many o t he r b roch s w e re e xcava ted a nd r e co rded b y i n te r e s ted a nd c on sc ien t iou s a ma teu r s s u ch a s t h e R ev Maxwe l l J oa s s a nd W i l l iam T ra i l l , o r w e re d ug i n a n u nen l igh tened m anne r a nd h ad t h e i r i n f o rma t ion r e scued a nd p ub l i shed b y s omeone e l se . S imu l taneou s ly S i r H en ry D ryden w a s p roduc ing t h e f i r s t a ccu ra te s u rvey s o f t h e t owe r s w h i le C ap ta in F W L T homa s , i nt h e m id s t o fh i s s u rvey ing v oyage s f o r t h e R oya l N avy , f ound t ime t o r e co rd i nc on s ide rab le d e ta i l d ry s tone s t ruc tu re s , i n c lud ing b roch s , i nO rkney a nd t h e O u te r H eb r ide s ( Thoma s 1 851 , 1 867 & 1 890 ) .

T he f i r s t b roch w h ich w a s e xp lo red w i th t h e i n ten t ion o f o b ta in ing a nd p ub l i sh ing u sef u l i n f o rma t ion s e em s t oh ave b een t h e H owe o f H oxa o n S ou th R ona ld say i s land , e xp lo red b y G eo rge P e t r ie i n 1 848 ( ND49 5 ) . P e t r ie h ad l i t t le t og u ide h im b u t w a s j u s t b eg inn ing a c ampa ign o f i n ve s t iga t ion i n to t h e O rkney ' b u rgh s ' w h ich w a s u l t ima te ly t ob e e x t reme ly f r u i tf u l , t h ough c u r ta i led b y h i s u n t ime ly d ea th . I n t h i s c a se h oweve r n o th ing u sef u l w a s f ound a nd t h e s t ruc tu r e o ft h e g a l le r ied w a l l d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave b een u nde r s tood ( Thoma s 1 851 , 19 -22 ) . T he c l um s ine s s o fs ome o ft h e se e a r ly e f or t s i sw e l l s hown b y t h e w o rk d one b y J ame s F a r re r , M .P . f o r D u rham , i nt h e e a r ly 1 850 s o n t h e e a s t b roch o n B u r ray i s land ( ND49 1 ) ; P e t r ie r e co rded w ha t r e su l t s h e c ou ld , a nd w e c an s t i l l s e e h ow t h e b u i ld ing w a s b ad ly d amaged b y at r ench d r iven r i gh t t h rough t h e m a s s ive w a l l c l o se t o t h e e n t rance ( I l l . 5 . 152 ) . H oweve r t h e s t ruc tu re w a s w e l l p r e se rved ( a nd i s s t i l l i mpo s ing ) a nd m any i n te re s t ing a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s w e re m ea su r ed a nd d r awn b y P e t r ie . I np a r t icu la r ar a i sed i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry w a s r e vea led o n t o p o ft h e s o l id w a l l b a se ( I l l . 5 . 146 ) , t h e f i r s t t ime a p l anned e xcava t ion h ad r e su l ted i nu s ef u ln ew a r ch i tec tu ra l i n f o rma t ion .

3 . 5 .1 D an ie l W i l son a nd ' P reh i s to ry ' I ti sh i gh ly l i ke ly t h a tt h i sp ha se o fs y s tema t ic i n ve s t iga t ion w a s s t imu la ted b y t h e p ub l ica t ion i n 1 851 o f D an ie l W i l son 's T he A rchaeo log y a nd P reh i s to r ic A nna l s o f S co t land , w h ich i n c luded t h e f i r s t s y s tema t ic a t temp t t o u nde r s tand t h e b roch s ( S imp son 1 963 ) . W i lson w a s s u rp r i s ing ly s u cce s sf u l a nd f a r s igh ted w hen o ne c on s ide r s h ow s c an ty w e re t h e r e l iab le d a ta h e h ad t ou se ; h e a l so s e em s t o h ave b een a lmo s t t h e f i r s t t o u se t h e w o rd ' p reh i s to r ic ' t od e sc r ibe p r e -Roman r ema in s ( Dan ie l 1 967 , 2 4 -5 ) . H e m ade t h e i mpor tan t p o in t t h a t t h e r e w a s n o e v idence t o s uppo r t t h e c ommon ly h e ld v i ew t h a t t h e ' Bu rgh s ' , o r ' P ic t i sh T owe r s ' a s t h ey w e r e t h en c a l led , w e r e o f S cand inav ian o r ig in ; t h e re w e re n o c ompa rab le s t ruc tu re s i nS cand inav ia , a n o p in ion h e ld b y t h e D an i sh a n t iqua ry , Wo r saae ( who , a sn o ted , h ad v i s i ted S co t land i n 1 848 ) .

I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t a tt h a t t ime a l t h e g r ea t c hambe r ed m ound s o f O rkney w e re c a l led " P ic t s ' h ou se s" a nd t h e d i s t inc t ion i n a ge , f u nc t ion a nd a r ch i tec tu re b e tween t h e I r on A g e b roch s a nd t h e N eo l i th ic c hambe r ed c a ir n s w a s n o tt h en p rope r ly u nde r s tood ( Thoma s 1 851 , 1 27 f . ) . T he f a c t t h a t ar a i sed i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry h ad b een f ound o n t o p o f t h e s o l id w a l l b a se a t B u r ray E a s t w a s i mpor tan t i n s how ing t h a t s ome o ft h e m ound s c on ta ined t h e s t ump s o f b u i ld ing s w h ich m igh t o nce h ave b een s im i la r t o Mou sa . S im i la r e a r ly w o rk w a s b e ing d one i n C a i thne s s a nd S u the r land w i th e qua l ly s c an ty r e su l t s . T he c l ea r ing o u t o f t h e B a ck ie s b roch n ea r G o l sp ie i s mo r e m emo rab le t h an t h e r e s t b ecau se t h e D an i sh a n t iqua ry J .J . Wo r saa e v i s i ted t h e s i te i n 1 848 w hen t h e w o rk w a s g o ing o n a nd m ade s ome s k e tche s i nh i s n o tebook , t h e o n ly k nown s u rv iv ing c on tempo ra ry r e co rd ( I l l . 3 . 7 &3 . 8 ) .

T ak ing t h e s t ruc tu r e o f Mou sa a s t y p ica l W i l son e mpha s i sed t h e s im i la r i ty o f i t s g round p l an t o t h o se o f o t he r l e s s w e l l p r e se rved b roch s i ns p i te o fd if e r ence s i n t h e i rd imen s ion s . S uch s im i la r i t ie s i n c luded t h e a b sence o f o pen ing s i nt h e o u te r w a l lf ace , a nd t h e d oub le s h e l l w a l l w i th g a l le r ie s a nd a s t a i r b e tween . H e a s sumed t h a t t h e t owe r w a s u n roof ed s i nce t h e o n ly l i gh t i n t h e m u ra l g a l le r ie s c ame t h rough o pen ing s t o t h e i n te r io r . A f te r c on s ide r ing t h e i n f o rma t ion g a ined f r om t h e f ew e xcava ted b roch s W i l son c onc luded t h a tt h ey w e r e p robab ly n a t ive i n

F u r the r n o r th o n t h e f l a t p l a in o fC a i thne s s t h e K e t t lebum b roch w a s e xp lo red i n 1 853 , a nd t h i s s e em s t oh ave b een t h e f i r s t i n ve s t iga t ion o f a' b u rgh ' w h ich w a s s pon so r ed b y a n of i c ia l b ody - t h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s o fS co t land . A l though t h e e xcava to r , A . H en ry R h ind , o b ta ined al a rge 3 1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

o r ig in a nd w e r e s omewha t e a r l ie rt h an t h e No r se i n va s ion s o f t h e 9 t h c en tu ry AD . H e s ugge s ted t h a t t h ey w e re s t rongho ld s ,b u tn o ti nt h es en se o fb e ing m i l i ta ry g a r r i son s a nd q uo ted Ma cCu l loch 's v i ew t h a tt h ey w e re s oe l abo ra te a nd e xpen s ive l o ok ing t h a tt h ey o ugh tt ob ec h ief s ' c a s t le s . B u t a ga in s tt h i s v i ew b e c i ted e xamp le s o fb roch s s t and ing i ng roup s s oc l o se t oge the rt h a t e ach c h ief w ou ld h ave h ad v e ry l i t t le l a nd . H ep ref e r r ed t oc ompa r et h em w i th t h e l o g f o r t s o ft h ee a r ly Ame r ican s e t t le r s , a nd s ugge s ted t h a tt h ey w e re t empo ra ry r e f uge s i n a n u n se t t led e r a ; t h e V ik ing r a id s w h ich l e du pt ot h eN o r se c onque s tm igh th ave g i ven t h e n a t ive p opu la t ion a m o t ive t o d ev i se a nd c on s t ruc t t h em .

t h e s ame h o l low -bu i l t w a l l w a s u sed t o c on s t ruc t an on c i r cu la r , o pen s ided f o r t t i ed t o ac l if f e dg e . T he t wo a l ter na t ive i mp l ica t ion s o f t h i s o b se rva t ion - t h a t t h e se ' o pen s ided b roch s ' c ou ld e i the r b e l a te d egene ra te f o rm s o r , mo r e e xc i t ing ly , p ro to type s t ruc tu r e s -w e re n o t f o l lowed u pu n t i l much l a te r .

3 . 5 .2 T he f i r s ta ccu ra te s u rvey s I n 1 852 S i rH en ry D ryden v i s i ted t h eb roch s o f Mou sa a nd C l ickh im in i n S he t land a nd m ade w ha t mu s t b e t h e f i r s t r e a l ly a ccu ra te b roch s u rvey s ( I l l . 2 . 3 -7 & 4 . 90 -94 ) ( D ryden 1 890 ) . A t t h a t t ime Mou sa w a s s t i l l u n touched b u t i n 1 86 1 t h e p rop r ie to r , M r J ohn B ruce o fS ambu rgh , h ad t h e i n te r io r c l ea r ed o u t a nd s ome r e pa i r s m ade t ot h e w a l l ; c on sequen t ly D ryden r e tu rned i n1 866 a nd c omp le ted h i s s u rvey s o ft h e b a sa l p a r t o ft h e b u i ld ing . H e w a s t h e f i r s t t o s e e t h e t wo l e dge s o r s c a r cemen t s o n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce a nd n o ted t h e o b jec t s w h ich h ad b een f ound d u r ing B ruce 's c l ea rance ( D ryden 1 890 , 2 10 ) . T he se i n c luded g r ea tq uan t i t ie s o fa n ima l b one s , t h e r ema in s o fa c l ay p o tb l a ck w i th u se o ve rt h e f i re ( Ma cK ie 2 000 p l . 2 ) , a nd s ome f l a t r ound s t one ' p o t l id s ' . D ryden s a id l i t t le a bou tt h ed a te a nd p u rpo se o ft h et owe r . C ap ta in F W L T homa s w a s i nc ha rge o ft h e s u rvey s h ip W ood la rk w o rk ing of S co t land a nd t ook t h eo ppo r tun i ty t o m ake c a r ef u l p l an s a nd e l eva t ion s o fs ome o ft h e a nc ien t s t one b u i ld ing s o ft h e O u te rH eb r ide s ( I l l . 3 . 10 ) . A sn o ted h e h ad a l r eady b een t oO rkney h ad h ad w r i t ten ap ape r o n t h e c a i rn s a nd b roch s o ft h o se i s land s ( Thoma s 1 851) , a nd a f t e r t h a t v i s i t h e e v iden t ly d ec ided t h a t a ccu ra ted d a ta o n t h e a nc ien t r ema in s w a s u rgen t ly n eeded . S ome o ft h i s w o rk , l i ke t h o se o fs eve ra l o t he r s , w a s n o t p ub l i shed u n t i l m o re t h an t wen ty y ea r s l a te r ( Thoma s 1 890 ) b u t h i s n ew p l an s a nd d e sc r ip t ion s w e re t h e f i r s t d e ta i led a ccoun t s o f t h e p reh i s to r ic s t ruc tu r e s o ft ho se r emo te w e s te rn i s land s . S eve ra l o f t h e b roch s w h ich h e d e sc r ibed b ecame c on s ide rab ly mo r e d i lap ida ted b e tween h i s v i s i t s a nd t h o se o ft h e R oya lC omm i s s ion e a r ly i nt h e2 0 th c en tu ry , a nd h i s s u rvey s t h u s p r e se rve s ome v a luab le i n f o rma t ion w h ich w ou ld o t herw i se h ave b een l o s t .

T he n ava l o ff ice r a l so r e a l i sed t h a t t h e O u te r H eb r idean b roch s w e re b a s ica l ly s im i la r i n d e s ign t o t h o se o f t h e O rkney a nd S he t land I s le s , a nd h e d i s t ingu i shed b e tw een b roch s w i th s o l id b a sa l s t o rey s a nd t h o se w i th a mu ra l g a l le ry a t g round l e ve l . H e a l so s ugge s ted t h a t t h e s c a r cemen t l e dge o n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce s uppo r ted ar a i sed w ooden f l oo r r a the rt h an ar oof a nd f o rp roof o ft h i s c i ted e xamp le s o fo pen ing s i nt h e w a l l a bove t h e l e dge ; t h e se w ou ld b e p o in t le s s i ft h ey w e r e a bov e ar oof . C oncer n ing t h e q ue s t ion o f ar oof T homa s b e l ieved t h a t t h e h o l low w a l l s o ft h e b roch t owe r , t h inn ing r ap id ly a tt h e t op , w e r e i n capab le o f s uppor t ing a c l r y s tone , c o rbe l led d ome a nd s ugge s ted t h a t al i gh t w ooden r oof c ou ld h ave b een b u i l t o nt h ew a l lh ead w i thou te xe r t ing a ny o u twa rd t h ru s t . T h i s c ou ld b e d one b y f o rm ing a s e r ie s o f s qua r e s o f d im in i sh ing s i ze w i th c r o s s b eam s -t h e c o rne r s o f e ach i n ne r s qua re r e s t ing o n t h e c en t re s o ft h e s i de s o ft h e n ex t l a rge s t -u n t i l o n ly ab road h o le w a s l ef t i nt h e c en t r e t o a dm i t l i gh t a nd a i r . A l l t h e se s ugge s t ion s w e re w e l l i n a dvance o ft h e i rt ime a nd w e r en o tt a ken u ps e r iou s ly a ga in u n t i lm any d ecade sl a te r . F ina l ly h e m ade a n e s t ima te o f t h e w o rk i n vo lved i n b u i ld ing Dun C a r loway b roch o n L ew i s ( NB14 1 ) , o n t h e b a s i s o fh i s o b se rva t ion s o fl o ca l s t one w o rke r s a nd d yke b u i ld e r s . H ec a lcu la ted t h a t al a bou rf o r ce o fa bou t6 0m en c ou ld h ave c o l lec ted t h e r equ i red s t one i n 1 00 d ay s a nd b u i l t t h e t owe r i na bou t a no the r 1 07 , at o ta l o fa bou t s even mon th s ( Thoma s 1 890 , 4 14 15 ) . Mo r et h an ac en tu ry l a te r t h i s i ss t i l l t h e o n ly s y s tema t ica l ly d ev i sed e s t ima te o ft h e l a bou r i n vo lved i n b u i ld ing a t a l l b roch , a nd i ti ss t i l l i mpo r tan t f o r u nde r s tand ing t h e s oc ia l c on t ex t o f b roch c on s t ruc t ion . 3 . 5 .3 N ew d i scove r ie s i nO rkney

C ap ta in T homa sp rov ided s ome f a r s igh ted t h ough t so nt h e c u r iou s a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s o f t h e f ew b roch s h e i d en t if ied i nt h e L ong I s land , p o in t ing o u t t h e i mpo r tance a s ac on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique o f t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a ir a nd g a l le r ie s . Mo s t o b se rve r s o f t h a t t ime s imp ly n o ted t h e e x i s tence o ft h e se f e a tu re s b u t T homa s r e a l i sed t h a t t h ey w e re a n i n gen iou s a nd s k i l lf u l t e chn ique d ev i sed t ob u i ld a h i gh , d ry s tone , h o l low w a l l -t h e f undamen ta l f e a tu re o f b roch a r ch i tec tu re - r a the r t h an s imp ly b e ing y e t a no the r b i za r r e f o rm o fS co t t i sh b u i ld ing . H e a l so p o in ted o u tt h a t a na log ie s c ou ld b e d r awn w i th s i te s l i ke t h e B a r ra H ead p romon to ry f o r t o n B er n e ray ( NL58 1 )a nd D un G ruga ig , n ea rG lene lg i nw e s ter nI n ve rne s s sh i r e ( NG81 1 ) ; i nt h e se

3 2

G eo rge P e t r ie c an b e d e sc r ibed a st h e f ounde ro fI r on A ge a r chaeo logy i n O rkney b u t h i s u n t ime ly d ea th a ta bou t 1 870 p reven ted f u l l p ub l ica t ion o f h i s p i onee r ing w o rk . H e h ad s e en an umbe r o fb roch s u n sk i l lf u l ly e xcava ted b y o t he r p eop le a nd h ad r e scued a s much a sh e c ou ld o ft h e i n f o rma t ion r e cove red a nd i n1 866 h ew ro t e ap ape ro nt h e s ub jec t w h ich w a s n o t p ub l i shed u n t i l l o ng a f t e rwa rd s ( Pe t r ie 1 890 ) . E v iden t ly h e f e l t t h a t t h e o n ly w ay t o o b ta in t h e m ax imum a moun t o fi n f o rma t ion a bou t ab roch w a s t oe xcava te a no the r o ne h im se lf , u s ing t h e k now ledge a nd e xpe r ience g a ined o ve r t h e y ea r s s i nce h i s f r u i t le s s w o rk a tH owe o fH oxa i n 1 848 ( ND49 5 ) . H e b egan a t L ing row ( HY40 2 ) i n t h e s ou th Ma in land o f O rkney i n 1 870 i n c ompany w i th S i r H . D ryden , t h e e x ten s ive e xcava t ion s b e ing f unded b y t h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s o f S co t land a nd b y M r G raeme o fG raeme sha l l . T he r e su l t s w e re c l ea r ly o fg r ea t i n te re s t a nd t h e f i nd s i n c luded s ome u nu sua l p o t te ry ( I l l . 5 . 113 - 15 ) a nd s ome R oman c o in s , b u t u nhapp i ly P e t r ie 's d ea th p reven ted mo r e t h an a s umma ry o f t h e w o rk b e ing p ub l i shed . Mo r e t h an a

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

c en tu ry l a te r a n e xce l len t a t temp t w a s m ade t or e scue t h e i n f o rma t ion r e co rded i nP e t r ie 's n o tebook s ( Hedge s e ta l . 1 987 , v o l . 3 ,8 1 f . ) .

o ve r t h e n ex t f o r ty y ea r s a nd o fw h ich t h e h igh p o in t w a s v o lume 2 o fh i s S co t land i nP agan T ime s ( T he I r on A ge ) , a ppea r ing i n1 883 .

I n 1 870 D r W i l l iam T ra i l l o f Woodw ick i n O rkney e xcava ted i n to al a rge m ound k nown a sB u r r ian o n N o r th R ona ld say i s land , a f t e rt h e s e ah ad e xpo sed ac i r cu la rw a l l ( HY75 1 :T ra i l l 1 890b ) . T he m ound p roved t ob e ab roch a nd t h e w o rk w a s o u t s tand ing f o r t h e t ime i nt h a t T ra i l l d i s t ingu i shed t wo c l ea r s ucce s s ive p aved o ccupa t ion f l oo r s i n s ide t h e t owe r a nd f e l t a b le t or e la te s e ve ra l w e l l k nown t y pe s o f a r tef ac t s e xc lu s ive ly t o o ne o r o t he r o f t h e se l e ve l s . T he i mpor tance o ft h i s -t h e f i r s t s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence t h a t ' b roch ' a r tef ac t s m igh t s pan ac on s ide rab le p e r iod o ft ime a nd n o t a l b e o ft h e s ame a ge - w a s n o t f u l ly a pp r ec ia ted u n t i l 8 5 y ea r s l a te r( S teven son 1 955 , 2 83 f . ) . A v e ry l a rge q uan t i ty a nd v a r ie ty o f f i nd s w a s r e cove r ed b o th f r om t h e b roch a nd i t s s u r round ing o u tbu i ld ing s a nd , t h ough o n ly as ma l ln umbe rw e r e r e la ted t o t h e i n te r io r s t ra t ig raphy , t h ey g ave a c omp rehen s ive p i c tu re o ft h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re o ft h e b roch d we l le r s . A l so i mpor tan t w e re a n O gham i n sc r ip t ion a nd v a r iou s P i c t i sh s ymbo l si n c i sed o nb one a nd s t one ; f r om s u ch f i nd s at h i rd , e a r ly C h r is t ian p ha se o f o ccupa t ion c an b e i n f e r r ed ( Ma cG r ego r 1 974 ) .

W i th t h i s i n ten s ive f i e ldwo rk a nd r e sea r ch a g ene ra l i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e b roch s w a s f i rm ly e s tab l i shed w h ich w a s n o t c ha l lenged u n t i l w e l l i n to t h e f o l low ing c en tu ry . A nde r son m ade ap a r t icu la rp o in t o fd ea l ing w i th w ha to ne m igh t c a l l t h e h ype r -d if f u s ion i s t t h eo r ie s o fb roch o r ig in s , f o r e xamp le t h a t t h e i r b u i lde r s c ame f r om S a rd in ia . H e s howed c l ea r ly h ow t h e n uragh i -t h ep r eh i s to r ic t owe r s o f t h a t i s land - w e re n o t a ta l l s im i la r t ot h e S co t t i sh b roch s . I tw a s o n ly b y s e lec t ing t h e s imp le s t , i s o la ted S a rd in ian t owe r s t h a t o ne c ou ld m ake o u t a ny s o r t o fc a se ; t h e m o r e c omp lex s t ruc tu re s - w i th s eve ra l s ub s id ia ry t owe r s w e re o bv iou s ly aq u i te d i f f e r en t t y pe o fs i te . F u r the rmo re t h e i n te rna l s t ruc tu re o f a n u ragh c on s i s ted o f s upe r impo sed , d omed d ry s tone c hambe r s , u p t o t h r ee i n n umbe r , o ccupy ing t h e c en t re o ft h e t owe r a nd j o ined b y a s t a i r r unn ing u p i n s ide t h e s u r round ing s o l id w a l l ( I l l . 3 . 11) ; t h is i s ac omp le te ly d i f f e ren t a r rangemen t t o t h e h o l low c y l ind r ica l s hape o f ab roch w i th i t s d oub le , g a l le r ied w a l l . I n s p i te o f t h i s e a r ly r e f u ta t ion , a nd t h a t o f t h e i r S cand inav ian o r ig in ( b e low ) , t h e se t wo i d ea s h ave p e r s i s ted w i th e x t rao rd ina ry t e na c i ty d own t or e cen t t ime s . A l e t te r f r om t h e t h en P rof e s so r o f I t a l ian a t G la sgow U n ive r s i ty r e pea ted t h e S a rd in ian o r ig in t h eo ry i n t h e G la sgow H e ra ld i nS ep tembe r 1 963 . A t a bou t t h e s ame t ime t h e A rchaeo log ica l C omm i s s ione r i nw ha t w a s t h en B r i t i sh H ondu ra s ( a S co t ) , w hen c ommen t ing o n t h e w r i te r 's n ew r e sea r ch p ro jec t , r e f e r red t o ' S cand inav ian t owe r s ' i n al e t te r .

T ra i l l o f f e r ed s ome n ew t h ough t s o n t h e d a t ing o f t h e b roch s d e r ived f r om h i s r e su l t s . T he b ronze a nd i r on t o o l s f o und i nB u r r ian c l ea r ly s howed , h e t h ough t , t h a t a n i d ea r e cen t ly a dvanced b y S amue l L a ing ( 1 867 ) - t h a t t h e b roch s b e long ing t ot h e S t one A ge - w a s q u i te w rong a nd t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re s w e re much m o r e m oder n . T he P i c t i sh s ymbo l s a nd t h e O gham i n sc r ip t ion f r om B u r r ian i n d ica ted t h a t i t s o ccupa t ion c on t inued i n to p o s t -Roman t ime s , a nd S am ian s h e rd s f r om a no the r O rkney b roch a nd t h e R oman c o in s f r om L ing row - t h en b e ing e xcava ted b y P e t r ie s howed t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re s w e re p robab ly d a teab le t o t h e R oman p e r iod a sw e l l . I no t he r w o rd s t h e b roch d we l le r s w e r e C e l t ic p eop le s . T ra i l l 's c onc lu s ion s h ave , i n t h e i r e s sen t ia l s , s u rv ived m o re o r l e s s i n tac t t h e r e su l t s o f a f u r the rc en tu ry o fe xp lo ra t ion .

D educ t ion v e r su s i nduc t ion D u r ing t h e 1 870 s t h e o t he r h ype r -d if f u s ion i s t e xp lana t ion - t h a t t h e b roch s o r ig ina ted i n S cand inav ia - w a s p u t f o rwa rd a t l e ng th b y J ame s F e rgu s son t h e a r ch i tec t ( 1877a ) a nd A nde r son a t o nce r e sponded i n d e ta i l b y d ep loy ing w ha t w e w ou ld n ow d e sc r ibe a s as y s tema t ic a r chaeo log ica l a r gumen t ( 1878 ) . F e rgu s son q u ick ly r e p l ied t oA nde r son a nd h i s p ape r p rov ide s a n i n te re s t ing c on t ra s t i ni n te l lec tua l a pp roach ( 1877b ) . Whe r ea s h i s a n tagon i s t h ad r e l ied m a in ly o n am a s s o f f a c tua l d a ta F e rgu s son m a in ta ined t h a t c on t rove r s ie s o f t h is s o r t t e nd t o g e t ' smo the red i nd e ta i l ' a nd t os u ch a n e x ten t a st o ' o b scu re t h e m a in f a c t s a ti s sue ' . O nce t h e m a in p o in t s a r e d ec ided t h e d e ta i l s w i l l f o l low a nd t h e ' p r inc ipa l s o f c ommon s en se ' a r e f a vou red f o r t h is e n te rp r i se . T h is i s a n i n te r e s t ing e a r ly e xamp le o f t h e d educ t ive mode o f r e a son ing - f r om t h e g ene ra l t o t h e p a r t icu la r - i n a r chaeo logy t h a t h a s r e cen t ly b een r e v ived ( Ba r re t t 1 98 1) a nd , l i ke t h e m o r e r e cen t v e r s ion s , i tw e l l I l t ra te s t h e d ange r s o f t h i s a pp roa ch w hen a pp l ied t o m u te a r chaeo log ica l e v idence .

Av e ry m uch mo re d e ta i led a ccoun to ft h e se a r chaeo log ica l d eve lopmen t s i nO rkney w a s p r epa r ed b yJ ohn H edge s a nd h i s t e am , a nd i ti n c lude s an umbe r o f r e p roduc t ion s o f m anu sc r ip t p l an s a nd e l eva t ion s m ade a tt h e t ime ( Hedge s e ta l . 1 987 ,A ppend ix 3 . 2 ) . 3 . 5 .4 J o seph A nd e r son ' s c on t r ibu t ion s I n 1 87 1 J o seph A nde r son - S ec re ta ry o f t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s o f S co t land a nd K eepe r o f t h e N a t iona l Mu seum o f A n t iqu i t ie s i n Q ueen S t ree t , E d inbu rgh d e sc r ibed t o t h e S oc ie ty t h e r e su l t s o f h i s w o rk a t t h e b rochs o fY a rhou se ( Ya r row s : ND34 1 6 ) a nd B rounaban ( ND34 2 )i nC a i thne s s a sw e l l a st h o se f r om s eve ra l o t he r s r e cen t ly e xcava ted i nt h e s ame c oun ty ( Ande r son 1 890 ) . T h is f o rmed t h e f i r s t b ody o f r e a sonab ly a ccu ra te d a ta g a the red f r om t h en o r th m a in land , a nd av a luab le a ppend ix l i s ted a l t h e b roch s t h en k nown i nS co t land . A nde r son a l so d i scu s sed a tl e ng th t h e i rd a t ing a nd c u l tu ra l c on tex t a s w e l l a st h e o t he r v i ew s w h ich h ad b een o f f e red . T h is w a s t h e f i r s t o f as e r ie s o fc on t r ibu t ion s o n t h e s ub jec t w r i t ten

F e rgu s son 's p ape r w a s s ho r t o n f a c t s a nd r e l ied m a in ly o n a b s t rac t a r gumen t ; A nde r son 's e v idence f r om b roch a r tef ac t s i sd i sm i s sed w i th t h ep ro te s tt h a to ne c anno ta low t h e ' t e s t imony o f af ew b i t s o fb one o r o fr ude p o t te ry o f v e ry d oub tf u l o r ig in ' t o w e igh a ga in s t t h e g ene ra l

3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h e q ua l i ty o ft h e w o rk r ema ined t h a t o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . T he re w a s l i t t le o r n o u nde r s tand ing o ft h e p r inc ipa l s o f s t ra t ig raphy w h ich h ad b een w o rked o u t i n s ou the rn E ng land b yG ene ra lP i t tR ive r s a nd w a sb e ing r ef ined b yR E M Whee le r ; t h e s y s tema t ic r e co rd ing o f w ha t r e su l t s w e re a ch ieved w a s e qua l ly r a r e . S co t land i nf a c t l a gged b eh ind E ng land i nd eve lop ing as c ien t if ic a pp roa ch t of i e ld a r chaeo logy a nd i tw a s n o tu n t i l 1 948 t h a t ab roch s i te w a s e xp lo r ed a cco rd ing t o mode rn s t anda rd s ( s ec t ion 3 . 7 .5 b e low ) . T heo re t ica l a dvance s t o o r ema in ed m in ima l u n t i l t h e a dven t o fP rof e s so r VGC h i lde t ot a ke u p t h e n ew ly f ounded A be rc romby C ha i r i nt h e U n ive r s i ty o fE d inbu rgh i nt h el a te 1 920s .

c onc lu s ion s o n t h e i r n on -Ce l t ic o r ig in t h a t h e h ad d rawn f r om a b s t rac t a rgumen t . T h i s i st h e e t e rna l p ro te s t o ft h e e l oquen ta ma teu rw hen h i sv i ew so n at op ic a r e s upe r seded b y p rof e s s iona l i sa t ion o ft h e d i sc ip l ine . T he re w a s l i t t le d oub t t h a t t h e a r chaeo log ica l e v idence w ho l ly f a vou red A nde r son 's c a se . T he f i na ls yn the s i s I n 1 883 A nde r son p ub l i shed v o l . 2o fS co t land i nP agan T ime s a nd i ni tr ev iewed a ga in t h e p rob lem o ft h e b roch s . T h i s b ook mu s th ave h ad ac on s ide rab le i nf luence b o th o n a r chaeo log i s t s a nd o n i n te r e s ted l a ymen a si tw a s t h e o n ly g ene ra l a nd a u tho ra t i t ive a ccoun t o fa l l a spec t s o fS co t t i sh a r chaeo logy s i nce D an ie l W i l son 's w o rk o f t h i r ty y ea r s e a r l ie r , a nd i tr ema ined s o u n t i l t h e a ppea rance o f V .G . C h i lde 's T he P reh i s to ry o fS co t land i n 1 935 . Two l o ng c hap te r s a r e d evo ted t o t h e a r ch i tec tu re , m a te r ia l c u l tu r e a nd d a t ing o ft h eb roch s .

S tua r t P iggo t t , t h e n ex t A be rc romby P rof e s so r , p u t t h e s i tua t ion b lun t ly i n1 966 . " Excava t ion a nd f i e ld t e chn ique s w e r e a t a s hock ing ly l ow l e ve l , a nd o u t o f t ouch w i th c on tempo ra ry d eve lopmen t s s ou th o f t h e b o rde r , w h i le c ompa ra t ive s t ud ie s w e r e s im i la r ly s t u l t if i ed a nd p a roch ia l . T h i s l e dt oa nu nf o r tuna te c l ima te o f t hough tp r eva i l ing i nw h ich S co t t i sh p r eh i s to ry w a s r ega rded a ss ome th ing s u ig ene r i s , i n a cce s s ib le a nd s t range , c ouched i n as e c r e t l a nguage o fb roch a nd w ag , w eem a nd d un , a nd n o tt ob e r ega rded a sp a r t o ft h ew ide rB r i t i sh s c ene ." ( P iggo t t 1 966 )

O ne o f t h e mo s t i mp re s s ive f e a tu r e s o f t h e w o rk i st h e e mpha s i s p l a ced o n f a c tua l s uppo r t ing d a ta : v e ry f ew a s sump t ion s a r e m ade . F o r e xamp le , a f t e r d e sc r ib ing s eve ra l o ft h e w e l l k nown a nd w e l l p r e se rved s i te s s u ch a s Mou sa , D un T roddan , D un T e lve , D un D o rnad i l la a nd C a s t le C o le a nd n o t ing t h e i r b a s ic s im i la r i t ie s , h e w en t o n t oe s t ima te t h e t o ta l n umbe r o fs u rv iv ing b roch s i te s ( ove r 3 00 a tt h a t t ime ) a nd t h en t o c on s ide r w he the r t h e re w a s e v idence t h a t m any o f t h e se - mo s t ly r u ined h eap s o f r ubb le - h ad e ve r b een a s h igh a s t h e w e l l p re se rved t owe r sj u s t m en t ioned . H e d i d n o t s imp ly a s sume t h a t a l l b roch s w e re o nce h igh b u t c i ted much e v idence f r om 1 8 th c en tu ry r e co rd sw h ich s howed t h a t al a rge n umbe ro fo t he r b roch sh ad b een c on s ide rab ly h ighe rq u i te r e cen t ly .

3 . 6 .1 C on t inu ing b ad e xca va t ion s

A nde r son w a s i nn o d oub tt h a t t h e d e s ign a nd s i tua t ion o f t h e b roch s i n d ica ted t h a t t h ey w e re t h e f o r t s o f a n a g r icu l tu ra l p opu la t ion o f C e l t ic o r ig in ; t h e i r e s sen t ia l ly p a s s ive mode o f d ef en se w a s c onv inc ing ly p a ra l le led b y t h a t o f t h e R ound T owe r s o f c emen ted s t one , b u i l t t o a s t anda rd p l an b y i mm ig ran t I r i sh e cc le s ia s t ica l c ommun i t ie s i nE a r ly C h r i s t ian t ime s b ecau se o ft h e t h rea t o f r a id s b y t h e N o r semen . T he re i s ag ood e xamp le i n B rech in i n A ngu s a nd a no the r i n A be rne thy , P e r th sh i re . T h i st y pe o fb u i ld ing w a sc l ea r ly e vo lved t om ee tt h et h r ea t o f f r equen t t r an s ien t d ange r s a nd A nde r son a s sumed t h a t c ond i t ion s i nt h e I r on A ge h ad b een v e ry s im i la r a nd h ad p roduced as im i la rf o rm o fs t rongho ld . H ew a s i nn od oub t t h a t t h e b roch s w e re C e l t ic i n o r ig in : t h ey c omb ined a v a r ie ty o f w e l l k nown C e l t ic a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s i n a u n ique f o rm . I n h i s v i ew t h e r e l ic s r e cove r ed f r om t h e b roch s - o f w h ich t h e r e i s al o ng a nd c omp rehen s ive a ccoun t -s uppor ted al a te C e l t ic , p o s t -Roman c on tex t f o r t h es t ruc tu r e s . 3 . 6 H a lf ac en tury o fc on so l ida t ion : 1 883 -1935 T he p ub l ica t ion o f A nde r son 's b ook m a rked t h e h igh w a te r -ma rk o f V ic to r ian S co t t i sh a r chaeo logy ( G raham 1 976 ) a nd w a st h e c u lm ina t ion o fs eve ra l d ecade so fb roch e xp lo ra t ion , mo s t ly b y l o ca l l a ndowne r s . D u r ing t h e h a lf c en tu ry f o l low ing i t s a ppea rance s eve ra l b roch s w e re e xcava ted b u tw h i le s ome i n te re s t ing f i nd s w e re p roduced , 3 4

A g ood e xamp le o f t h e d eva s ta t ion c au sed b y t h e c r ude s t anda rd s o fe xcava t ion o ft h e t u rn o ft h e c en tu ry m ay b e s e en i nt h e r a p id e xp lo ra t ion o f s ome t h i r teen b roch s i n C a i thne s s f r om 1 894 o nwa rd s b y S i r FT r e s s B a r ry MP o f K e i s s C a s t le . We r e i tn o t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t h e w a s a pp roached b y J o seph A nde r son w ho r e co rded a nd p ub l i shed a s much o ft h e r e su l t ing i n f o rma t ion a sh e c ou ld p robab ly n o th ing w ou ld h ave a ppea red i n p r in t a t a l l ( Ande r son 1 901) . H oweve r T r e s s B a r ry d i d i n t roduce a n i mpo r tan tn ew r e co rd ing i n s t rumen t -t h ep l a t e c ame ra ; a l a rge n umbe r o fp r in t s o ft h e r e su l t ing p ho tog raph s o ft h e e xcava t ion s s u rv ive a nd e ven n ow s ome u sef u li n f o rma t ion c an b eg a ined f r om t h em ( I l l . 3 . 12 )( MacK ie 1 969b ) . T hey a l so s how v i v id ly t h e c l u t te r o fh eap s o fe a r th , w o rkmen 's s hove l s a nd b a r row s a nd h a lf b u r ied m a son ry w h ich w e r e t y p ica l o ft h i s r ough a nd r e ady a pp roa ch t oa r chaeo log ica l d i gg ing a tt h a tt ime . When o ne c on s ide r s t h e se c ond i t ion s i ti s t o w onde r t h a t a ny u sef u l i n f o rma t ion a t a l l w a s r e cove r ed . C op ie s o f t h e p r in t s a r e i n t h e N a t iona l Monumen t sR eco rd i nE d inbu rgh ( RCAHMS 1 998 ) . S i nce J o seph A nde r son h ad m ade o u t ac onv inc ing c a se f o r t h e p ropo s i t ion t h a t t h e r u ined s t ump s o fb ro ch s w e r e t h e b a se s o f e r s twh i le h igh , h o l low -wa l led t ow e r s e ve ryone h ad a ccep ted t h e a s sump t ion a lmo s t w i thou t q ue s t ion u n t i l S i r L ind say S co t t a r r ived o n t h e s c ene i nt h e m id 1 940 s ( Sec t ion 3 . 7 .2 b e low ) . H oweve r , i ti si n te re s t ing t on o te t h a t , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fY a r row s , i nn o t as i ng le o ne o f t h e b roch s t h en e xp lo r ed o n t h e f l a tp l a in o fC a i thne s s w a s a ny e v idence o b se rved f o r t h e h o l low -wa l l c on s t ruc t ion t h en t h ough t t y p ica l o fb roch s . O n ly m any y ea r s l a te r d i d n ew d i scove r ie s i nO rkney a nd n o r the rn C a i thne s s t h row d oub t o n t h i s b e l ief a nd s howed t h a t m a s s ive -wa l led

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

a nd , t h ough t h ey w e re i n ev i tab ly p r im i t ive a nd i n comp le te b y mode rn s t anda rd s , t h ey m a rked t h e b eg inn ing i n S co t land o f a f undamen ta l c hange i n a r chaeo log ica l m e thod . T h i s w a s t h a t a d e ta i led a nd o b jec t ive e xam ina t ion s hou ld b em ade o fa l lt h ep r eh i s to r ic a nd e a r ly h i s to r ic s t ruc tu re s i ne ach t r ac t o fc oun t ry s ide . T hu s w a s b egun i n S co t land t h e s y s tema t ic s t udy o f a r chaeo log ica l s i te s i n t e rm s o f t h e i r t opog raph ica l s i tua t ion a nd t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion o ve r w ide a r ea s o f c oun t ry , am e thod o f a pp roa ch w h ich h a s s i nce p roved t ob et h eo n ly s a t isf ac to ry o ne . O ne c on sequence h oweve r w a s n o t a pp rec ia ted f o r s ome t ime ; t h eb roch s ( a nd i n deed a l lk i nd s o fp r eh i s to r ic s i t e s ) w ou ld u l t ima te ly h ave t o s t op b e ing s t ud ied i n i s o la t ion .

c i r cu la r s t ruc tu re s w h ich w e r e r e la t ive ly l ow d i d e x i s t i n t h e n o r th a nd w e s t i l l d o n o t k now h ow w ide sp r ead t h i s p henomenon w a s . T h i s i sa n i n te r es t ing e xamp le o f a n a s sump t ion c ond i t ion ing h ow s c ho la r s s aw t h e a c tua l e v idence , a l though i nt h is c a se i tw a s q u i te a r e a sonab le a s sump t ion ,g i ven t h es t a te o fk now l edge a tt h et ime . S eve ra l b roch s w e re e xcava ted d u r ing t h e se y ea r s i nt h e d o ld rum s b u t o n t h e w ho le t h e s i gn if i cance o ft h e r e su l t s w a s n o t a pp r ec ia ted u n t i l l a te r . O n e p o ten t ia l ly i mpo r tan t s i t e w a s T o rwood lee i nS e lk i rk sh ir e ( NT43 1 ) w he r e f o r t h e f i r s t t i me l a te i s t c en tu ry A .D . R oman m a te r ia l w a s f o und i nq uan t i ty ; t h e l a rge R oman b a se a tN ew s tead ,t h en u nexcava ted , w a s n ea rby . T h is p rov ided u sef u l c onf i rma t ion t h a t b roch s b e longed t ot h e e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e f i r s tm i l lenn ium A .D .

3 .6 .3 T he l a s t ' i s o la t ion i s t 'r ev iew T he n ex t g ene ra l r e v iew o f b roch a r chaeo logy w a s u nder taken b y A lexande r 0 . C u r ie i nt h e f i r s t n umbe r o f t h e n ew j ou rna l A n t iqu i ty ( 1927 ) . H e h ad t h e b enef i t o f f i r s t h and k now ledge o ft h e t wo w e l l p r e se rved b roch s a t G lene lg j u s tm en t ioned a sw e l l a sw ide e xpe r ience o fm any b roch s i te s i nv a r iou s p a r t s o fS co t land o b ta ined d u r ing h i s w o rk w i th t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion . I n p a r t icu la r t h e i mpor tan t r e su l t s o ft h e C omm is s ion 's s u rvey o ft h e O u te r H eb r ide s a nd I s le o fS kye w e re a va i lab le t oh im a l though t h ey w e re n o t p ub l i shed t i l l t h e f o l low ing y ea r ( RCAH MS 1 928 ) .

E xp lo ra t ion sb egan a tJ a r lshof i nS h e t land ( HU30 1 )a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 0t h c en tu ry ( Bru ce 1 906 ) b u t a r e o n ly m en t ioned h e r e b ecau se t h i s w a st h e f i r s t e xam ina t ion o fa s i te w h ich , h a lf a c en tu ry l a te r , w a st h e f i r s t o fi t s k i nd t o b e s y s tema t ica l ly e xp lo r ed i nt h em oder nm anne r , m a rk ing at r ue r e vo lu t ion i n b roch s t ud ie s ( s ec t ion 3 . 7 .5 b e low ) . E r sk ine B eve r idge d ug i n to s i te s i nt h e O u te r H eb r ide s a t t h e e nd o ft h e 1 9t h a nd t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 0t h c en tu ry ( 1903 , 1 9 11 , 1 931) b u t , t h e p r inc ip le s o f s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion s t i l l n o t b e ing u nde r s tood , t h e m a in r e su l t w a s t h e g i f t o f al a rge a nd v a luab le c o l lec t ion o f I r on A ge a r tef ac t s t o t h e Na t iona l Mu seum i n E d inbu rgh , t h ough t h e se w e r e i ne f f ec t i nu n s t ra t if ied h eap s . S im i la r r e su l t s a t tended t h e e xp lo ra t ion o f t h e f i r s t t wo b roch s i n S kye , D un F i adha i r t a nd D un B eag ( NG25 1 & NG33 3 ) , a c oup le o fd ecades l a te r( RCAHMS 1 928 , n o s . 4 79 & 5 08 ) . L i t t le u sef u le me rged f r om t h e se e f f o r t se xcep tt h ea r tef ac t s a nd t h e m e thod o f p ub l ish ing t h e s e w a s s t i l l c r ude ; t h e s y s tema t ic d r aw ing o f p o t te ry f o r e xamp le w a s s t i l l n o t c ommon .

H e d e sc r ibed a t y p ica l b roch , p r e sumab ly Mou sa , e mpha s is ing t h e s t ruc tu ra l p u rpo se o f t h e m any c u r iou s a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s . T he n a r rowne s s o ft h e u ppe r mu ra l g a l le r ie s i np a r t icu la r s ugge s ted t oh im t h a t t h e se f e a tu re s w e re p r ima r i ly a w e igh t sav ing d ev ice r a the r t h an f o r h ab i ta t ion . Among o t he r a dvan tage s t h ey w ou ld h ave a l lowed t h e t owe r t ob e b u i l t mo re e a s i ly b y r educ ing t h e n eed f o r w ooden s c af f o ld ing ; e ach l e ve l c ou ld h ave b een b u i l t f r om t h e p l a tf o rm f o rmed b yt h e r ow s o fs t one l i n te ls , t h e s t one st h em se lve sb e ing c a r r ied u pt h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r . S im i la r ly h e t h ough t t h a t t h e v o id s i nt h e i n te r io r w a l lf ace w e re d e s igned p r ima r i ly t o t a ke t h e w e igh t o f m a son ry f r om t h e d oo rway l i n te l s b e low , t o l i gh ten t h e t owe r i n g ene ra l a nd a l so t op rov ide am ean s o fd ef ence f r om i n s ide t h e w a l l a ga in s t a n e nemy w ho h ad p ene t ra ted t h e t owe r . T he l e dge o r s c a r cemen t o n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce w a s a p rob lem : t h e p o s t -ho le s d i scove red i n D un T roddan b y C u r ie h im se lf s ugge s ted t oh im t h a t ac ove r ed c o r r ido r r a n r ound i n s ide t h e b roch , i t s r oof p r esumab ly r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t ( t hough i ft h i s w a s s o t h e l a rge c en t ra l h ea r th a l so f ound a t D un T roddan w ou ld h ave b een o u t i nt h e o pen ) .

H oweve r t h e e xp lo ra t ion o f D un T roddan b roch n ea r G lene lg ( NG8 1 3 ) b y A 0 C u r le i n 1 921 d i d m a rk a n a dvance i nt h e s en se t h a t , f o r t h e f i r s t t ime , a n i mpo r tan t c l ue a bou t t h e d es ign o ft h e i n te r io r w a s f ound ; t h i s t ook t h e f o rm o f ac i rcu la r s e t t ing o fp o s t -ho le s i nt h e c en t ra l c ou r t a nd t h e e xcava to r w a s t h u s a b le t o m ake s ome s ugges t ion sa bou tt h en a tu re o ft h e w ooden s t ruc tu re w h ich h ad o nce r e s ted o n t h e s c a r cemen t ( s ee b e low : C u r ie 1 921) . T ha tu sef u l d i scove r ie sw e r em ade b yC u r ie i nt h i s b roch a nd i ni t sn e ighbou r D un T e lve ( NG81 2 )w a s i nn o s ma l l p a r t d ue t o t h e c on sc ien t iou sne s s o f t h e w o rkmen e mp loyed t od o t h e d i gg ing . I ts e em s t h a t C u r ie 's d u t ie s w i th t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion i n E d inbu rgh d id n o t a l low h im t o v i s i t t h e e xcava t ion s v e ry o f ten a nd t h e m en k ep t i n te re s t ing f e a tu re s f o rh im t os e eo nh i sv i s i t s ( Cu r ie 1 921 , 8 7 f . ) .

H e r epea ted t h e r e a son s a dvanced b y J o seph A nde r son f o r r e jec t ing a ny s o r t o f p a ra l le l w i th t h e S a rd in ian n u ragh i . T he b roch i t s e lf , h e t h ough t , h ad d eve loped s omewhe r e i n n o r the rn o r w e s ter n S co t land w he fe t h ey w e re mo s t n ume rou s ; t h e f ew i nt h e s ou ther nm a in land w e r ep robab ly p u t u p b y p eop le f r om t h e b roch a r ea p rope r a t ar e la t ive ly l a te d a te . C u r ie w a s t h e f i r s tp e r son s i nce C ap ta in T homa s t o c on s ide r t h e p o ten t ia l ly i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion o fh ow t h e t owe r sh ad a c tua l ly e vo lved . T he ' g a l le r ied d un s ' r e co rded b yt h e R oya l C omm i s s ion i nt h e H eb r ide sp o s se s sed a l t h e b a s ic i n t ra -mu ra l s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s o f t h e b roch s - a

3 . 6 .2 T he s t a r to fs y s tema t ic f i e ldwo rk T he f o rma t ion o f t h e R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s i n 1 909 m a rked a n i mpo r tan t a dvance i n S co t t ish a r chaeo logy a nd t h e R epor t s o n t h e s i te s o fC a i thne ss a nd S u the r land a ppea red s oon a f t e rwa rd s ( RCAHMS 1 9 11a : 1 9 11b ) . T he se f i r s t s u rvey s w e re c a r r ied o u t b y o ne m an , A lexande r 0 . C u r ie , o n ab i cyc le

3 5

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

s t a i rway , s upe r impo sed g a l le r ie s , c e l l s a nd s oo n -e x cep t t h e c i r cu la r f o rm . T hey s t and m o s t ly o n r o cky p romon to r ie s , t h ew a l lr a r e ly c omp le t e ly e nc lo s ing t h es i t e ; t h e s i de a l ong t h e c l if e dge w a s t h u s l e f t o pen a nd h ad o n ly ar e la t ive ly t h in w a l l . T he C omm i s s ion 's s u rv ey sh ad t h u s r e vea led s t ruc tu r e s w h ich c ou ld w e l l b e a nce s t ra l t o t h e b roch s b u t u n t i l o ne w a s e x cava ted i tw ou ld n o t b e c l ea r w he the r t h e ' g a l le r ied d un s ' w e r e t h e i r a nce s to r s , c on tempo ra ry v a r ian t s o rd eg ene ra t e d e scendan t s . C u r ie 's v i ew s w e r e r e pea ted t h e f o l low ing y ea r i nt h e I n t roduc t ion t ot h e R oya l C omm i s s ion 's v o lume o n S ky e a nd t h e O u t e r I s le s ( RCAHMS 1 928 ) .

T he s e cond a dv an ce w a sh i sa temp tt oa n sw e rt h eq u e s t ion o fh ow a nd w hy t h e ' c a s t le s ' t h em se lv e so r ig ina ted . C h i ld e b e l ieved t h a t t h ey w e r e t h e s t rongho ld s o f a n i n t r u s iv e c onque r ing m ino r i ty a nd t h ough t t h a t t h e m a s s o f s e conda ry d w e l l ing s o f i n f e r io r m a son ry a r ound m any n o r the rn b ro ch sw a s e v id ence t h a t t h e s i t e s h ad l a t e r b e en t a k en o ve r b y p eop le w ho w e re t h e d e scendan t s o f t h e a bo r ig ina l B ron ze A ge s t ock , o nce s u b je c t ed b y t h e c a s t le b u i lde r s . T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t a temp t t o p l a ce t h e p henomenon i n ab r oad s o c ia l c on tex t a nd w a st h e e a r l ie s t o ft h e mode rn d i f f u s ion i s te xp lana t ion so ft h eo r ig in so ft h e t ow e r s , d r aw ing t h e c onc lu s ion o f af o r e ign o r ig in f o rt h e b u i lde r s f r om t h e s im i la r i t ie sb e tween m any b roch a r t ef a c t s a nd t h o se o ft h e I r on A ge c u l tu re s o fs o u th -we s t B r i ta in , w e l l s e en f o r e x amp le a tt h e ' l ake v i l lag e ' a tG la s tonbu ry i nS ome r se t( Bu l le id & G ray 1 9 17 ; M inn i t t &C o l e s 1 9 96 ) .

3 . 7 I n tegra t ion w i th E uropean A rchaeo logy - 1 935 -64 T he a dv en t o f P rof e s so r V . G o rdon C h i ld e t o t h e A be r c romby c ha i ro fp r eh i s to r ic a r cha eo logy i nE d inbu rgh i n1 927 g ave as h a rp s t imu lu s t om o re t h an o ne s phe r e o f S co t t i sh a r cha eo logy , n o t l e a s tt ot h a t o ft h e I r on A g e a nd i t s b roch s . C h i lde w a s t h e f i r s t a r cha eo log i s t t oc ome t o S co t land t o f i l l a n e m in en t a cadem ic p o s t w ho h ad t h e k now ledge a nd e xpe r ience t oc on s ide r t h e l o ca l p rob lem s i n d e ta i l a nd a ga in s t t h e b a ckg round o f E ng l i sh a nd E u ropean s t ud ie s . I tw a s h e w ho f i r s t i n t eg ra t ed t h e s i t e s a nd c u l tu r e s n o r th o ft h e b o rde r i n to t h e w ide r E u ropean p i c tu r e , a l though a ppa r en t ly h e w a s n o t a b le t o i n t eg ra t e v e ry w e l l w i th t h e S co t t i sh a r cha eo log ica l e s tab l i shmen t ( K i lb r ide J one s 1 994 ) .

C h i lde a na ly sed f o r t h e f i r s tt ime t h e p o t en t ia l ly i mpo r tan t b u t n eg lec t ed t o p i c o ft h e s t one r oundhou se s f o und i nt h e s ame a r ea a st h eb r och s . T he se h ad p r ev iou s ly b een c a l led ` e a r thhou se s ' b ecau se s om e s e emed t oh av eb een b u i l th a lf u nd e rg round b u t C h i lde d r ew t h e v i ta l d i s t inc t ion b e tw een t h e se a nd t h e t r ue e a r thhou se s o r s o u t e r ra in s - l o ng u nde rg round p a s sage s . T he r oundhou se s -n ow k nown a s ' whee lhou se s ' b e cau se o ft h e i ri n te rna lr a d ia l s t on ep i e r sw e r e f ound o n ly i n t h e H eb r ide s a nd S he t land . H e c on s ide r ed t h a t t h e e v id ence f r om J a r l shof i n S he t land ( p a r t icu la r ly t h e r ound s t on e h u t s o ft h e e a r ly I r on A g e v i l lage ) s howed t h a t t h e a r ch i tec tu ra l t r ad i t ion s o f t h e se r oundhou se s w e r e o l de r t h an t h e b r o ch p e r iod a nd w en t b a ck t ot h e l a t eB ronze A g e ; h owev e rm o s th ad o bv iou s ly b een i n hab i ted a t t h e s ame t ime a s , o r l a t e r t h an , t h e t owe r s . T h i s a n t ique l o ca l a r ch i tec tu r a lt r ad i t ion e v id en t ly s uppo r ted h i s v i ew t h a t ac on t ra s t e x i s t ed b e tw e en t h e i n t ru s ive c a s t le b u i lde r sa nd t h ea bo r ig ina lp opu la t ion .

A s w e h ave s e en t h e f i r s t p e r iod o fr a p id a dvance i nt h e s t udy o ft h eI r on A ge b roch t o ok p l a ce b e tw een a bou t 1 850 a nd 1 883 w hen a l a rge n umbe r w e r e e xcava t ed , a l be i t f a i r ly b ru sque ly , a nd w hen J o seph A nde r son i n t eg ra t ed t h e r e su l t s i n to ac omp r ehen s ib le f r amewo rk a nd f i rm ly p l a ced t h e b roch s i n to t h e i r b a s ic c u l tu ra l a nd c h rono log ica l c on tex t . B u t e ven h et e nd ed t oc on s id e rt h e se s t ru c tu r e si n i s o la t ion , a s au n ique ly S co t t i sh p henom enon w i th f ew c l ea r l i nk s a b road , a nd t h i s o u t look p r eva i led u n t i l C h i lde c ame . T he s e cond p ha se o fr a p id a dvance w a s s t a r t ed b y C h i lde a nd w a s c on t inued i n t e rm i t t en t ly b y p eop le i n f luenced b y h im . I t c u lm ina t ed i n t h e f i r s t e ve r s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion o f ab roch s i t e , a tJ a r l shof i n S he t land i nt h el a te 1 940 s . 3 . 7 .1 T he s yn the se so fV .G .Ch i ld e C h i ld e 's f i r s t b ook a bou t S co t t i sh p r eh i s to ry a ppea r ed i n 1 935 a nd i ni th et r i ed t og i ve t h eb roch s as o c ia la sw e l la s ac h rono log ica l c on t ex t ( 1 935 , c hap s . X&X I ) . B ecau se o f t h e i r s ma l l s i z e w hen c ompa r ed w i th t h e h i l lf o r t s h e g r ouped t h em , t o ge the r w i th t h e s ma l l s t one d un s , i n to a ' c a s t le c omp lex ' - t y p ica l o ft h e h i gh land a nd i s land z one . H i sv i ew w a st h a t" t hey c anno tb ev i l lag e so rt r iba lr e f ug e s b u tc an o n ly h ave s e rved a st h ed om ic i le o f aw a r l ik ec h ief a nd h i s r e ta ine r s" C h i lde h e r e m ade t wo i mpo r tan t a dvance s i nt h ink ing a bou t t h e b roch s . I nt h e f i r s t , w h ich h ad n eve r b een c l ea r ly s t a ted b ef o r e , h e i n s i s t ed t h a t t h ey w e r e o n ly o ne a s pec t o ft h e m o r e w ide sp r ead p henomenon o ft h e m u l t i tud e s o fs ma l l s t one ` c a s t le s ' ; t h ey t h e r ef o r e h ad t o b e c on s ide r ed a ga in s t t h i s b a ckg round a nd n o t i n i s o la t ion .

3 6

C h i lde a l so a n a ly sed t h e m a te r ia l c u l tu r e o f t h e v a r iou s g r oup s o ff o r t s a nd d w e l l ing s h e h ad d i s t ingu i shed e a r l ie r , i n c lud ing t h a t o f t h e b roch s . T hough t h e t ow e r s h ad p roduced m any d i s t inc t ive r e l ic s , a nd t h e d un s o ft h e w e s t c oa s t v e ry f ew , h e t h ough t t h a t t h e o c cu rence o f s om e ' b roch ' r e l ic s i nc ave s i nB u t e , Ay ra nd G a l loway j u s t if i ed t h e p rov i s iona l g r oup ing o f t h e w ho le a r ea i n to o n e c omp lex . H e d r ew a t t en t ion f o r t h e f i r s t t i me t o t h e s im i lar i t ie s b e twe en mu ch o ft h e b on e e qu ipmen t f o und i n t h e b roch s a nd t h a t o fs ou th -we s t E ng land , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e G la s tonbu ry ' l ak e v i l lage ' . S u ch b one t o o l s a s t h e l o ng -hand led c omb s , b obb in s a nd t o gg le s s u r e ly i n d ica ted t h e i n t roduc t io n w eav ing , a nd t h e r ef o r e t h e m ig ra t ion o f w omen ; i n o t h e r w o rd s ar e la t ive ly l a rg e mov em en t o f p opu la t ion i n to t h e n o r th h ad o ccu r r ed . B one d a r t p o in t s a nd d i ce p roba b ly c ame f r om t h es am ea r ea . O n t h e o t he r h and t h e H eb r idean p o t t e ry a s soc ia ted w i th t h e b one e qu ipmen t w a s q u i t e d if e r en t f r om t h a t f o und a t G la s tonbu ry . Among t h e H eb r idean f e a tu re s s i ng led o u t f o r m en t ion w e r e t h e i n t e rna l ly f l u t ed r im s ( I l l . 4 . 129 ) f o r w h ich C h i lde s ugge s t ed p o s s ib le p a r a l le l s i nt h e e a r ly I r on A g e H a l l s ta t t c u l tu r e s o f s ou th -w e s t G e rmany a nd c en t ra l G au l -a nd t h e f l a t r im s a nd c a r ina ted p rof i le s o f t h e J a r l shof l a t e B ronz e A g e t r ad i t ion , n ow c a l led e a r ly I r on A ge ( I l l . 4 . 28 ) . S ome o ft h e i n c i sed m o t if s s e en o n t h e n o r the rn p o t te ry a r e f o und a ga in a tt h e e a r ly I r on A g e

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

s i t e a tA l l C ann ing s C ro s s i nW i l t sh i r e ( Cunn ing ton 1 923 ) . T he se v a r iou s l i nk s r e inf o rced h i s v i ew o f ap opu la t ion w i th d ua l o r ig in s - mo s t b e ing a bo r ig ine s o fB ronze A ge a nd H a l ls ta t tI r on Age d e scen tw i th as ma l l i n t ru s ive r u l ing c l a s s o fc a s t le b u i lde r s .

h o ld ing f o r e xamp le t h a t t h e e v idence w h ich w a s a l lowed t o i n d ica ted t h e i n t ru s ion o f w a r r io r a r i s toc rac ie s i n t h e I r on A ge a l so d emon s t ra ted t h e a ppea rance o f p r iva te p rope r ty a nd a s t ra t if ied o r c l a s s s oc ie ty . T h is w a s p a r t icu la r ly t r ue , h et h ough t , i nt h eb roch p rov ince .

W i th t h e p ub l ica t ion o f T he P r eh i s tory o f S co t land S co t land 's I r on Age w a s f i rm ly c l a s s if ied a nd r e la ted t ot h e c o r r e spond ing E ng l ish a nd C on t in en ta l c u l tu re s . T he b roch s t h em se lve s w e re d rawn i n to t h e p a t te rn a nd g i ven a p l au s ib le c u l tu ra l a nd s oc ia l c on t ex t , b u t t h e a b so lu te l a ck a t t h a t t i me o f s c ien t if ica l ly e xcava ted b rochs a nd w hee lhou se sp r even ted f i rme rc onc lu s ion s .

H oweve r , s t imu la t ing t h ough C h i lde 's i d ea s w e re , m any p eop le mu s t h ave t h ough t t h a t t h e b o ld s oc ia l i n f e r ence s w e r e t oo h eavy f o r t h e m inu te q uan t i ty o f f a c tua l d a ta t o b ea r , a tl e a s t a s f a r a st h e I r on A ge w a s c once rned . T he ' c a s t le c omp lex ' s t i l l l a cked a ny p rope r ly a nd s y s tema t ica l ly e xcava ted s i te s ( a s i tua t ion n o t r emed ied u n t i l ay ea r o rt wo l a te r ) a nd C h i lde w a s d ea l ing i ne f f ec t w i th h eap s o f u n s t ra t if ied f i nd s f r om s i te s w ho se d eve lopmen t o ve rt ime h ad n o tb een u n rave l led b ecau se o f t h e l a ck o ft h e n ece s sa ry s k i l l s . N eve r the le s s S co t land b ef ore t h eS co t sd i da tl e a s ta t temp tt om ake s en se i ns o c ia l t e rm s o fo ne o ft h e mo s td r ama t ic a r chaeo log ica l c u lu re s o f B r i t ish p r eh i s to ry .

P rof e sso r C h i lde r epea ted a nd a mp l if ied mo s t o f t h e se v i ew s i nt wo l a te r b ook s ( 1940 : 1 946 ) . I n 1 940 h e a ga in e xp la ined t h e b roch c u l tu re a st h e r e su l t o fa n i mm ig ra t ion f r om s ou th -we s t E ng land ; t h i s w a s d eemed t o b e a n ' a r chaeo log ica l f a c t ' a nd t o h av e r e p roduced i n t h e S co t t ish h i gh land s a nd i s land s t h e w a r l ike , m a r i t ime c omme r c ia l c u l tu re s w h ich e x i s ted i nB r i t tany a nd a r ound t h e B r is to l C hanne l i nt h e p re -Roman I r on A ge . H oweve r h e d id c hang e h i s m ind o n o ne p o in t ; h e d ec ided t h a t t h e c l u s te r s o f' o u tbu i ld ing s ' s u r round ing m any o ft h en o r the rn b rochs w e r et h e dwe l l ing s o ft h eb ro ch l o rd 's r e ta ine r s ; t h i s c on t ra s ted w i th o ne o f t h e v i ew s e xp r e s sed i n T he P reh i s tory o fS co t land - t h a t t h ey b e longed t oa bo r ig ine s w ho h ad r e -a s se r ted t h e i r r i gh t s a f t e r t h e b roch l o rd s h ad l o s t c on t ro l . T h is i sa n i n te re s t ing e a r ly e xamp le o fh ow t h e a ccep tance o f ah ypo the s i s d edu c t ive ly - d e r iv ing i ti n o t he r w o rd s f r om s ome g ene ra l p r inc ip le - c an c au se t h e d i s to r t ion o ro m iss ion o fs ome c on f l ic t ing f a c t s ; ab ody o f g ood e v idence h ad e x i s ted f o rs ome t ime p r ev iou s ly w h ich s ugges ted t h a t t h e se o u tbu i ld ing s w e r e s e conda ry c on s t ruc t ion s , p robab ly e r ec ted w hen t h e b roch w a s n o l o nge r u s ed a s af o r t . C h i lde h ad o fc ou r se m en t ioned t h i s v i ew e a r l ie r ( 1 935 , 2 04 ) .

3 . 7 .2 S i rL ind say S co t ta nd an ew a pp roach T he y ea r f o l low ing t h e p ub l ica t ion o fC h i lde 's b ook s aw a l a ndma rk i nb roch a r chaeo logy w i th t h e a ppea rance i na n a t iona lj ou rna l o f al o ng a r t ic le c a l led ' The p rob lem o ft h e b roch s ' b y S i r L ind say S co t t ( 1947 ) . S co t t h ad n o t b een t r a ined a s a n a r chaeo log i s t y e t h i s n ove l m e thod o f a pp roach i so fg r ea t i mpo r tance , b e ing t h e f i r s t s y s tema t ic e xamp le i n b roch s t ud ie s o f t h e ' l and scape a r chaeo logy ' p i onee red b y t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion . H e u nde r took a d e ta i led s u rvey i np e r son o fa l t h e b roch s i nt wo a r ea s i n t h e O u te r H eb r ide s a nd , w i th t h e a i d o f amo re s upe rf ic ia l s u rvey o f b roch s i n o t he r a r ea s , a t temp ted a f r e sh a s se s smen t o ft h e i r f u nc t ion a nd s oc ia l c on tex t . A ga in s t t h e b ackg round o ft h i s s y s tema t ic a pp roach h i s f a i lu re t o d ef ine e xac t ly w ha t ab roch w a s i nt e rm s o fi t sa r ch i t ec tu r e w a s n o t icab le . T h is a b sence w a s r emed ied b y A ngu s G raham t h e f o l low ing y ea r ( b e low ) b u t i tl e d t o s ome g l o s s ing o ve r o fi mpo r tan t d i f f e r ence s a nd t o as omewha t i n d i sc r im ina te t r ea tmen to f ag r ea tv a r ie ty o fs t ruc tu r e sa sa s i ng le c u l tu re c omp lex . T h i s r educ t ion i s t a pp roa ch w a s r e v ived a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 970 s .

F o r t h e d a t ing o f t h e b roch c omp lex a s aw ho le C h i lde r e ga rded t h e e v idence f r om t h e b roch o f T o rwood lee ( NT43 1 )i ns ou th -ea s t S co t land a sc r uc ia l ( Cu r le 1 892 , 7 1 f . ) . T he re l a te i s t c en tu ry g l a s s a nd p o t te ry h ad b een f o und i n s ide t h e s t ruc tu re i n J am e s C u r le 's e xcava t ion s ( S ec t ion 3 . 6 .1 a bove ) ; i tw a s t h e r ef o re p r e sumed t h a t t h e b roch w a s a l ready s t and ing b y a bou t AD 8 0 , w hen t h e R oman s f i r s t e n te red S co t land , s i nce t h e i n vad ing a rmy w ou ld h a rd ly h ave p e rm i t ted i t s c on s t ruc t ion i nt e r r i to ry u nde r t h e i r c on t ro l a f t e r t h a t d a te . S i nce T o rwood lee i sa r emo te s ou the r ly o u t l ie r f r om t h e m a in b roch p rov ince , t h e b u lk o ft h e se s t ruc tu re s s hou ld , h et h ough t , a n teda te AD 8 0 b ys ome c on s ide rab le t ime .

S co t t , l i ke A nde r son b ef o r e h im , n o ted t h e c l ea r l i nk b e tween t h e s i t ing o fb roch s a nd t r a c t s o fg ood a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd b u th ew en tf u r the r . T he r e la t ion sh ip w a ss oc l o se , h e f e l t , t h a t t h e b roch s m u s t t h em se lve s h ave b een f a rm s . H e c l a s s if ied t h e b u i ld ing s i n to t h ree g roup s b a sed u pon t h e i r e x i s t ing s t a te o f p r e se rva t ion . T h i s i n vo lved t wo a s sump t ion s -t h a t t h e a moun t o fd eb r i s a r ound t h e r u in s i n d ica ted f a i r ly e xac t ly h ow m uch m a son ry h ad t umb led f r om t h e o r ig ina l s t ruc tu r e , a nd a l so t h a t t h e s c a r cemen t l e dge a r ound t h e i n te r io r w a l lf ace w a s ar oof s uppo r t a nd s howed t h a t t h e w a l l h ad n eve r r i sen r o se mo re 3o r 4f e e t a bove t h a t p o in t . H e t h u s d ec ided t h a t mo s t b roch s h ad n eve rb een m o re t h an 6 10 f e e th i gh .

B y 1 944 w hen P rof e s so r C h i lde d e l ive red h i s E d inbu rgh R h ind l e c tu r e s h e h ad e v iden t ly c hanged h i s m ind a bou t s ome i mpo r tan t p a r t s o ft h is t h e s i s . T he l e c tu re s r e su l ted i n ab ook ( 1 946 ) w h ich a n a t temp tt oi n te rp re tt h e S co t t i sh a r chaeo log ica l d a ta i n a mo r e Ma rx is t w ay t h an h ad h i ther to b een t r ied a nd t o i n f e r b road s t age s o f d eve lopmen t t h rough t h e e conom i c a c t iv i t ie s w h ich a l one w e re d i r ec t ly d educ ib le f r om t h i s e v idence ( K le jn 1 994 , 7 7 -9 ) . T he e mpha s i s w a s n ow o n i n te rna l d eve lopmen t i n s tead o f o n f o re ign i n va s ion . H e d i d n o t h e s i ta te t o a s s ign s o c ia l s y s tem s t o d i f f e r en t a r chaeo log ica l p e r iod s ,

A s f o rt h e s oc ia l f u nc t ion o ft h e b u i ld ing s h e w a s s u re t h a t t h e i r s i tua t ion s howed c l ea r ly t h a t t h ey h ad b een p ermanen t ly i n hab i ted f a rmhou se s . H e w a s o ppo sed t o C h i lde 's v i ew t h a t t h ey w e re c a s t le s o fa n a r is toc racy u sed t o o ve rawe a s ub jec t p opu la t ion ; n o e v idence o f m i l i ta ry g a r r ison s h ad b een f ound i na ny b roch , o n ly o fd ome s t ic

3 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

o ccupa t ion . H e w a s i n c l ined t o t h ink i n t e rm s o f l a nd h unge r i n ag ene ra l ly u n se t t led e poch w i th n o o ne s pec if i c e nemy p rovok ing t h eb u i ld ing o ft h eb roch s . H oweve rt h e e v idence o f t h e i r p o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s s t i l l s ugge s ted t o h im t h a t t h e i r b u i lde r s o r ig ina ted i n t h e l a te p re -Roman I r on A ge c u l tu re so fF rance a nd o fs ou the rn E ng land .

t h e re i s r oom t o q ue s t ion s ome o f h i s c onc lu s ion s ( pa r t icu la r ly t h a t m o s t b roch s w e re l ow ) , h i s p ape r w a s a l a ndma rk i n t h e e vo lu t ion o f a s y s tema t ic m oder n a r chaeo logy o ft h eb roch s . A l i son Y oung ' sw o rk

As e cond m a jo r p ape r b y S co t t a ppea red i nt h e f o l low ing y ea r ( 1948 ) ,t h ef i r s tp a r to fw h ich w a s ar epor to nt h ef i r s t e ve r s c ien t if ic e xcava t ion o ft h e H eb r idean f o rm o f I r on A ge r oundhou se k nown , f r om i t s p ecu l ia r i n ter na l d e s ign , a st h e w hee lhou se . T h i s a l one w a s amomen tou s e ven tf o r S co t t i sh a r cha eo logy , s i nce t h e o n ly p r ev iou s w o rk h ad b een t h a t b y E r sk ine B eve r idge i nN o r th U i s t w h ich h ad p roduced n o c l ea r e v idence e xcep t t h a t o f t h e f i nd s ( Sec t ion 3 . 6 .1 a bove ) . C le t t rava l o n N or th U i s t ( NF77 4 ) w a s af r ee s tand ing , r ound s t one d we l l ing w i th i n te rna l r ad ia l p i e r s , t h e w ho le b e ing s e t w i th in ab ounda ry w a l l . V a r iou s s ub s id ia ry s t ruc tu r e s , i n c lud ing ab a rn /by re , w e re a l so w i th in t h e f a rmya rd . T he p o t she rd s f ound w e re s ub jec ted t o d e ta i led s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s b y f o rm a nd d eco ra t ion a nd S co t t c onc luded f r om t h i s t h a t s ou th -we s t E ng land o rn o r th -we s tF rance w a s i n d ica ted a st h ep l a ce o f o r ig in o ft h e i mm ig ran t s w ho b u i l t t h e w hee lhou se f a rm . H e a l so a na ly sed t h e a r ch i tec tu r e o ft h e r ound f a rmhou se w i th g rea tc a r e a nd f e l t a b le t or e con s t ruc ti t sr oof i ns ome d e ta i l . S ub s id ia ry b u i ld ing s i nt h e f a rmya rd w e r e a l so i d en t if ied . T he r e s t o ft h e p ape rw a s ad e ta i led a rgumen t f o r s e e ing t h e w hee lhou se s a nd b roch s a s s t age s i n a p rog re s s ive l o ca l d eve lopmen t o fI r on A ge f a rm s -a tf i r s t b u i l t b y i mm ig ran t s -w h ich g radua l ly o ve r t ime b ecame mo re ma s s ive a nd d ef en s ive . S co t t made o u t af o rm idab le c a se i nw h ich t h e re w e re t h ree d ec i s ive e l emen t s . T he f i r s t w a s t h e u ndoub ted f a c t t h a t C le t t rava l w a s af a rm s e tw i th in i t s o wn b ounda ry w a l l , a n i mpor tan t d i scove ry t h e s i gn if i cance o f w h ich i sh a rd t o o ve re s t ima te . T he s e cond w a s t h e c l o se l i nk b e tween b roch s a nd a r ab le l a nd , w h ich S co t t h ad d emon s t ra ted mo re c l ea r ly t h an h i the r to w i th h i s e a r l ie r f i e ldwo rk i n H a r r i s a nd B a r ra . T he t h i rd f ounda t ion o fh i s t h e s i s w a s h i s b e l ief t h a t t h e v a s t m a jo r i ty o fb roch s w e re l ow , t h i s m ak ing t h em mo re e a sy t oc ompa re w i th w hee lhou se s a nd much mo re p l au s ib le a sd ef ended f a rmhou se s .

Mr s A l i son Y oung a s s i s ted S co t t i nt h e w o rk a tC le t t rava l a nd a l so a t as e cond w hee lhou se a tA l la sda le o n B a r ra ( NF60 8 ) . H oweve r S co t t d i ed b ef o re t h e w o rk a tt h e l a t te r s i te w a s c omp le ted s o s he f i n i shed t h e e x cava t ion a nd p ub l i shed i t ( Young 1 953 ) . T h i s w a s a no the r w hee lhou se f a rm , s e tw i th in i t sy a rd w a l la nd a ccompan ied b y s ub s id ia ry s t ru c tu re s . S he a l so e xp lo red D un C u ie r , a b roch l ike b u i ld ing a l so o n B a r ra ( 1 956 ) ; t h i s w a s p a r t icua r ly i mpor tan t i nt h a t ac ha ra c te r i s t ic l a te I r on A ge c u l tu r e w a s i s o la ted t h e r e , w i th p o t te ry q u i te d if e r en tf r om t h a t o f t h e b roch s a nd w hee lhou se s a s w e l l a s w i th d i s t inc t ive or n amen ta l -headed b one p i n s a nd c ompo s i te b one c omb s . Y oung 's s t ra t ig raph ica le xcava t ion i n1 954 o f a no the r w h ee lhou se - o ne o fs ev e ra l n ea rD r imo r e i n S ou th U is t w h ich w e re e xp lo red i n a dvance o f t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f ar o cke t r ange - p rodu ced s t ra t ig raph ica l p roof t h a t t h is l a te I r on A ge h o r izon w a s much l a te r t h an t h e w hee lhou s e ( Young & R icha rd son 1 960 ) . A l i son Y oung t h en f e l ta b le t h en t o of e r as e quence o fH eb r idean I r on A ge p o t te r y w h ich w a st h e f i r s te ve r , a sw e l la ss ome g ene ra lt h ough t so nt h eA t lan t ic I r on A g e ( Young 1 962 ) . O ne c u r iou s r e su l t o fa l l t h i s w o rk w a st h a tb y 1 960 ( when t h e w r i te r c am e t o S co t land ) al a rge a moun t o f u sef u l i n f o rma t ion h ad b een a ma ssed a bou t H eb r idean w hee lhou se s , a nd a bou t t h e l a te I r on A ge c u l tu r e w h ich f o l lowed t h em , b u t a ccu ra te k now ledge o f t h e w e s ter n b roch s a nd t h e i r m a te r ia l c u l tu re w a s s t i l l a lmo s t n on e x i s ten t . 3 .7 .3 A d e ta i led a rch i tec tu ra ls t ud y A ngu s G raham h ad w o rked f o r many y ea r s w i th t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s o f S co t land a nd i nt h e c ou r se o ft h i s w o rk h e h ad n ume rou s o ppo r tun i t ie s t oe xam ine t h e a r ch i tec tu r e o ft h e b roch s i n d e ta i l . H i s l o ng p ape rp rov ide s a n i n te r e s t ing c on t ra s tw i th t h o se o fS i r L ind say S co t t , b e ing mo r e c once rned w i th t h e p a in s tak ing a na ly s i s o f al a rge q uan t i ty o fe v idence , a nd h e d r ew o n ly t h e m o s t c au t iou s o f c onc lu s ion s ( G raham 1 947a ) . H e t r i ed t o d ec ide h ow ' n o rma l ' t h e v a r iou s p ecu l ia r a r ch i t ec tu ra l f e a tu re s w e r e , h ow t h ey w e r e d i s t r ibu ted g eog raph ica l ly a nd s o o n . A s e cond m a jo r s e c t ion d ea l t w i th s hape a nd d imen s ion s , i n te rna l a nd e x te rna l d i ame te r s , p robab le o r ig ina l h e igh t ( w i th a v a luab le a na ly s i s o ft h e p robab ly h e igh t s o fs eve ra l b roch s i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ) a nd t h et ype a nd f r equency o fe x ter na l d ef ence s .

I t mu s t b e p o in ted o u t h oweve r t h a t h i s a na ly s i s o f t h e C le t t rava l c e ram ic s w a s s omewha t i d io sync ra t ic . H e c oun ted t h e n umbe r o f i n d iv idua l f o rma l a nd d eco ra t ive t r a i t s w i thou tr e f e rence t ot h ep a t ter n s o ft h e i rc omb ina t ion o n i n d iv idua l p o t s . T hu s i tw a s i mpo s s ib le f o r h im t o d ef ine a c tua l c e ram ic s t y le s ( t hough t h e se c ou ld b e s e en a mong t h e p ho tog raph s o f t h e l a rge r s he rd s f ound ) a nd b ecau se o f t h i s i tw a s much e a s ie r t o c l a im c onnec t ion s w i th I r on A ge p o t te ry i n s ou th -we s t E ng land . T h i s t e chn ique i ss ome t ime s k nown a s ' t r a i t c ha s ing ' a nd h a s l o ng b een a bandoned .

U n l ike S co t t , A ngu s G raham w a s c onv inced t h a tt h ew ho le d e s ign a nd s t ru c tu r e o ft h eb roch w a st oa ch ieve t owe r l ike p ropo r t ion s ; m o s t o f t h e p ecu l ia r a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s w e re w e l l e xp la ined a s w e igh t sav ing a nd l o ad -bea r ing d ev ice s ( h e h ad a r t icu la ted m any o ft h e se o b jec t ion s a f t e r S co t t 's l e c tu re t o t h e P reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty i n L ondon G raham 1 947b ) . L ike J o seph Ande r son b ef o r e h im h e

T he r e i sn o d oub t t h a t S co t t w a s a head o f h i s t ime t o t a ck l ing t h ep rob lem o ft h es oc ia lf unc t ion o ft h e se m a s s ive c i rcu la r I r on A ge s t ruc tu r e s , i n g e t t ing a way f r om t h e c oncep t o fa r i s toc ra t ic c a s t le s a nd mov ing t owa rd s t h a t o f t h e d we l l ing s o f I r on A ge f a rme r s . H i s i d ea s w e re n o t r e a l ly f o l lowed u p f o r mo re t h a t t h i r ty y ea r s a nd , t hough

3 8

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

c i ted h i s to r ica l e v idence f o r t h e s ub s tan t ia l d i lap ida t ion o f s e ve ra l b r o ch s o ve r t h e l a s t f ew h und red y ea r s , t h e i n f e rence b e ing t ha t t h i s h ad b een g o ing o n e ve r s i nce t h e I r on Age ; t h i s w a s o f f e r ed a s a n a r gumen t a ga in s t S co t t 's v i ew t h a t m o s t o ft h e b ad ly r u ined b r och s h ad n eve r b een v e ry h igh . T he q ues t ion o fw hy s u ch t owe r s s hou ld h ave b een n eeded w a s mo r e d i ff icu l t t o a n swe r : s a f e ty f r om m i s s i les a nd s c a l ing l a dde r s m ay h av e p l ayed ap a r tb u th e m ade t h e i n te res t ing p o in t t h a t q u e s t ion s o f s t a tu s a nd p r e s t ige m ay h ave p l ayed ap a r t i nt h e p l an s o ft h e b roch b u i lde r s .

a nd c ompo s i te b one c omb s a nd b one d i ce s e emed t o b e c onf ined t ot h e u ppe r l e ve l ; e v iden t ly f ound o n ly o n t h e l owe r f l oo r w e re o b jec t s l i ke t h e l o ng -hand led b one c omb s . T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t t ime t h a t t h e p o ten t ia l o ft h i s a pp roach h ad b een p o in ted o u t , a nd am a jo r i mp l ica t ion o f i tw a s t h a t t h e ' b roch c u l tu r e ' p robab ly e x tended o ve r m any c en tu r ies a nd r e qu i red t ob e s ub -d iv ided . T h i s w a s s ub sequen t ly c onf i rmed i nt h eO u te rI s le sb yM r sY oung a s a l ready d e sc r ibed

H e a l so b e l ieved t ha tt h es c a rcemen tl e dge o ft h e i n ne rf a ce w a s mo s t l i ke ly t o h ave s uppo r t ed ar i ng shaped w ooden p l a tf o rm - p robab ly a g angway o r g a l le ry r a the r t h an a v e randah r o of - a nd t h a t t h e i n ne r e dge o f t h i s w a s s uppo r ted b y w ooden p o s t s o rb y s t one p i e r s o rs l ab s . H e r e v ived a n i d ea o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ( Thoma s 1 890 ) b y s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e u ppe r s c a r cem en t s - o f w h ich t h ree w e re t h ough t t o b e k nown - p robab ly s uppor ted a r oof w i th h o r izon ta l b eam s f o rm ing c ho rd s a l ong t h e a r c o ft h e w a l l a nd f o rm ing as qua re ; s im i la r s qua re s o fp rog re s s ive ly s ho r te r b eam s wou ld t h en b e b u i l t , t h e c o rne r s o f e a ch r e s t ing o n t h e c en t re s o ft h e s i d e s o ft h e n ex t l a rge r . O n t h e w ho le G raham d i d n o t s pecu la t e a bou t t h e o r ig in s a nd s oc ia l p u rpo se o f t h e b roch s , e v iden t ly p r ef e r r ing t o a s semb le t h ee v idence a nd l e ave s u ch t a sk st oo t he r s .

At r u ly momen tou s a dvance w a s t h e f i r s t e xcava t ion t ob e c a r r ied o u t o n ab roch s i t e a cco rd ing t o t h e m ode rn s t anda rd s e s tab l i shed y ea r s e a r l ie r i n E ng land b y S i r Mo r t ime r Whee le r , w ho h im se lf f o l lowed t h e e xamp le o f G ene ra l P i t t R ive r s i nD o r se ta tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ( Dan ie l 1 967 , 2 50 1) . T h i s w a s c a r r ied o u t b y J ohn H am i l ton o ft h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s i nS co t land , a nd t h e f a c t t h a t ' l e s y s t&ne Whee le r ' w a s n o t i n t roduced t o S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge a r chaeo logy u n t i l t h e m id a nd l a te 1 940 s l a rge ly e xp la in s w hy t h e s ub jec t l a ngu i shed f o r s o l o ng . B ef o re 1 945 t h e r e s imp ly d i d n o t e x i s t t h a t s o l id b ody o fs y s tema t ica l ly c o l lec ted e v idence w h ich i st h e o n ly f ounda t ion f o r ap rope r u nde r s tand ing o fa n a r cha eo log ica l s ub jec t . W i th G raham 's c o l lec t ion o f a r ch i tec tu ra l e v idence , S co t t 's w o rk a tC le t t rava l ( f o l lowed u pb yA l i son Y oung o n as im i la r s i t e i nB a r ra ) a nd H am i l ton 's much s upe r io rw o rk a tJ a r l shof i nS he t land t h ing s a tl a s tb egan t o c hange .

3 . 7 .5 Mod ern e xcava t ion s i nS he t land

3 . 7 .4 B roch m a ter ia lc u l ture I ti s as t rang e f a c t t h a t n o s y s tema t ic s t udy o ft h e p o t te ry a nd a r t ef a c t s f ound i nl a rge q uan t i t ie s i nt h e m any b roch a nd w hee lhou se e xcava t ion s w a s u nder taken b ef o r e A l ison Y oung 's w o rk o n h e r o wn m a t e r ia l i nt h e 1 950 s . V G C h i lde a nd S i r L ind say S co t t h ad o f f e red s ome g ene ra l r ev iew s o f t h e s ub jec t , a nd t h e l a t te r h ad a na ly sed H eb r idean I r on Age p o t te ry i ns ome d e ta i l ( bu t , a sn o ted , i n a n i d io sync ra t ic m anne r ) , b u t i tw a s s t i l l d i f f icu l t t o d i scove r i n d e ta i l e xac t ly w ha t h ad b een f ound w i thou t g o ing t o t h e t h en N a t iona l Mu seum o f A n t iqu i t ie s i n E d inbu rgh a nd l ook ing . A s ar e su l t t h e re w a s b y 1 960 a lmo s t n o u nde r s tand ing o ft h e m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e s f ound i n b roch s a nd w hee lhou se s -t h a t i st h ef requen t ly r ecu r r ing c omb ina t ion s o f c e r ta in k i nd s o f c e ram ic s a nd a r tef ac t s . U n t i l s u ch w e re i s o la ted a nd a na ly s ed n o r e l iab le s equence o f ma t e r ia l c u l tu re i n t h e A t lan t ic p rov ince c ou ld b e c ons t ruc t ed .

T he w o rk a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 )w a sp ub l i shed i nb ook f o rm i n 1 956 a nd w a s a no the r l a ndma rk ( Ham i l ton 1 956 ) : h e r e f o r t h e f i r s t t ime w e r e l a rge s c a le , a ccu ra te p l an s a nd c a r ef u l ly d rawn , d e ta i led s e c t ion s ; t h e s epa ra te l a ye r s i n v a r iou s p a r t s o f a b roch s i te w e r e d i sen tang led a nd d e sc r ibed a nd t h e o b jec t s f ound i nt h em i d en t if ied , l i s ted a nd I l t ra ted . H am i l ton 's w o rk a tJ a r l shof i ss u re ly t h e s i ng le g r ea te s t i n nova t ing c on t r ibu t ion m ade b y a ny i n d iv idua l t of i e ldwo rk i nt h e S co t t ish A t lan t ic I r on A ge i n o ve r 2 00 y ea r s a nd t h i s f a c t o ugh t t o b e m o re g ene ra l ly a pp rec ia ted . ' T he b roch a nd t h e t wo a d jacen t w hee lhou se s h ad b een c l ea red o u t i nt h e 1 890 s s o i ti sn o t s u rp r i s ing t h a t h a rd ly a ny p o t she rd s a nd n o a r tef ac t s w e re f ound w h ich c ou ld b e a s s igned t ot h e b u i lde r s o ft h e r u ined t owe r . N eve r the le s s t h e e xcava t ion w a s o fg r ea t i mpo r tance i nt h a t i tf i xed t h e p l ace o f t h e b roch i n t h e l o ng h i s to ry o f t h e s i te 's o ccupa t ion - a f t e r t h e t wo s u cce s s ive l a t e B ronze a nd e a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage s ( e xcava ted b y A 0 C u r ie i n t h e 1 930 s a nd r e -pub l i shed m o re s y s tema t ica l ly h e r e ) a nd b ef o re t h e s oph i s t ica ted w hee lhou se s w h ich c l u s te red r ound t h e b roch . Mo r eove r t h i s w ho le I r on A ge c omp lex a n teda ted t h e e x ten s ive N o r se s e t t lemen t n ea rby . Am a jo r d i scove ry w a s t h e r ema in s o f ap a r t ly d i sman t led , mo r e p r im i t ive f o rm o fw hee lhou se , o rs t one r oundhou se , n ex tt o

A n e xamp le o ft h e i mpo r tan t d i scove r ie s w h ich c ou ld b e m ade - e ven i n t h e a b sence o f g ood s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion s - b y s t udy ing a s semb lage s o f f i nd s w a s p rov ided b y t h e k eepe r o f t h e N a t iona l Mu seum , R ober t S t even son , i n ac on t r ibu t ion t o t h e s pec ia l i s sue o f t h e P roceed ing s o f t h e P reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o f f e red t o V G C h i lde o n t h e o cca s ion o fh i s r e t i r emen t f r om t h e I n s t i tu te o fA rcha eo logy i nL ondon U n ive r s i ty ( S teven son 1 955 ) . A s m en t ioned e a r l ie r S t even son e xam ined t h e f i nd s e xcava ted b y Wi l l iam T ra i l l i n 1 870 f r om t h e b roch o f B ur r ian , N o r th R ona ld say , O rkney . T he r e co rd s , t h ough s pa r se , s e emed t o i n d ica te f a i r ly c l ea r ly t h a t as e conda ry , u ppe r p av ed f l oo rl e ve lh ad b een f o und i nt h e i n te r io rw i th o ccupa t ion d eb r i s b o th b e low a nd a bove i t . C e r ta in c a tego r ie s o fo b jec t s l i ke b one p i n sw i th o rnamen ta l h ead s

IT he w r i te r e mpha s i sed S co t t i sh a r cha eo logy 's d eb t t oJ ohn H am i l ton a t ac onf e r ence o n b roch s i n L e rw ick , S he t land , i nJ u ly 2 000 . T he p roceed ing s o f t h e m ee t ing h ave n o t y e t b e en p ub l i shed ( a s a t S ep tembe r2 002 ) .

3 9

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h e b roch , w h ich w a s u nd i s tu rbed a nd c ou ld t h u s b e c a ref u l ly e xp lo red .

H am i l ton a l so b roke i mpor tan t n ew g r ound i n t r y ing t o r e con s t ruc t t h e n a tu re o f b roch s o c ie ty b y d r aw ing a na log ie s b e tw en t h e d e s ign o ft h e r i ng -f o r t a nd t h e b roch a t C l ick l im in a nd t h e f o r t s a nd h ou se s d e sc r ibed i nt h e e a r l ie s tI r i sh l aw s ,t h e C r i th G ab lach ; t h e se e v iden t ly r e f e r t o I r on A ge s o c i e t ie s a l though t n o t w r i t ten d own u n t i l a bou t t h e 8 t h c en tu ry . T h i s w a s ap o t en t ia l ly i mpo r tan t n ew a pp roach w h ich h a s s t i l l n o t b een f o l low ed u p s y s tema t ica l ly . I ts e em s l i k e ly t ha t p rof e s s iona l c r i t ic i sm o ft h ea r cha eo log ica la spec t so ft h er epo r t ( MacK ie 1 969c ; S t even son 1 970 ) h a s o b scu r ed t o s ome e x t en t t h e v a lu e o f s ome o fH am i l ton 's o t he ri d ea s .

H am i l ton t a ck led h ead o n t h e t h o rny p rob lem o ft h e k i nd o f I r on A ge s oc ie ty i n w h ich t h e b roch a ppea red . H e t h ough tt h a tt h e ' n a t ive ' c ha rac te ro ft h ep o t te ry a s soc ia ted w i th t h e e a r l ie s t p o s t -b roch s t ruc tu r e ( t he r oundhou se a nd i t s a s soc ia ted b y r e ) s howed t h a t an a t ive l a bou r f o rce h ad b een r e c ru i ted b y ' b roch l o rd s ' t ob u i ld t h e d ry s tone t owe r a nd h ad t h en s e t t led i nt h e r oundhou se i nt h e c ou r tya rd a s r e ta ine r s ( t h i s i d ea mu s t s u re ly b e d i rec t ly d e r ived f r om C h i lde 's S co t land i n P reh i s tory - S ec t ion 3 . 7 .1 a bove ) . T he p o t te ry a s soc ia ted w i th t h e l a te r w hee lhou se s w a s d i f f e r en tb u ti tt oo s howed s ome s im i la r i t ie sw i th p r e -b roch c e ram ic s a nd s ugge s ted t o t h e e xcava to r t h a t a bo r ig ina l t r ad i t ion s h ad r e -eme rged i nl a te p o s t -b roch t ime s . T h i s ma s s o fe v idence w a sp re sen ted i nt h er epo r t i n ac l ea ra nd o b jec t ive manne r .

3 . 7 .6 T he l a s ts yn the s i sb ef o re t h e mod e rn e xcava t ion s

S eve ra l t ime s i n t h e 1 960 s H am i l ton r epea ted a nd e l abo ra ted h i s v i ew s o n t h e p rob lem o ft h e b roch s ( 1957 , 1 962 , 1 965 & 1 966 ) . H eh ad i nt h em ean t ime e xcava ted a t a no the rc omp lex b roch s i te i nS he t land , t wen ty m i le sn o r th o fJ a r l shof , a nd i tw a s w ha t h e f ound h e re t h a t c onv inced h im t h a t h e h ad f ma l ly s o lved ' t he my s te ry o ft h e b roch s ' ( 1965 ) . T he i mpo r tan td i scove r ie sa tC l ickh im in w e r et h a t , a s a tJ a r l shof , t h e s i te h ad b een i n hab i ted l o ng b ef o r e t h e b roch w a sb u i l t . H oweve r , w he r ea s a tJ a r l shof t h e r e w a s a g ap i nh ab i ta t ion b e tween t h et wo s ucce s s ive e a r ly v i l lage s a nd t h e b roch , a tC l ickh im in t h e g ap w a s f i l led w i th t wo s upe r impo sed s t one f o r t s -t h e f i r s t s i te a tw h ich s uch a r e la t ion sh ip c ou ld b e d ef ined s t ra t ig raph ica l ly . H am i l ton w a s t hu s a b le t o m ake i n f o rmed d educ t ion s a bou t t h e e a r l ie rd eve lopmen to ft h et owe r s . H e a l so b e l ieved , i ns p i te o fS i rL ind say S co t t 's w o rk , t h a t t h e b roch s w e r e d ef en s ive s t ruc tu re s r a the r t h an f a rmhou se s a nd t h a t h i s n ew e v idence s howed t h a t i mm ig r an t s a nd n a t ive s h ad t oge the r e vo lved t h e b roch i n r e spon se t o e x te rna l p re s su re s . T h i s p r e s su re , h e s ugge s ted , w a s d ue t o a t ta ck s b y t h e i n hab i tan t s o f t h e v i t r if ied h i l lf o r t s o ft h e m a in land o fS co t land w h ich u n t i l 1 967 w e r e t hough tt od a te t oa bou t t h e s ame p e r iod a st h e b roch s , t hough p e rhap s s t a r t ing al i t t le e a r l ie r . I tt h a ty ea r h oweve r r ad ioca rbon d a te s w e r e o b ta ined w h ich s howed t h a ts ome a tl e a s tw e r ec en tu r ie se a r l ie r ( Ma cK ie 1 969a ) .

P rof e s so r S t ua r t P iggo t t s ucceeded C h i lde i n t h e A be rc romby c ha i r i nE d inbu rgh Un ive r s i ty i n 1 947 a nd a f ew y ea r s l a te rh er e v iewed t h e a r chaeo log ica l b ackg round t oa no the rt ho rny S co t t i sh a r chaeo log ica lp rob lem - t h a to f t h e P i c t s (Wa inw r igh t ( ed . ) 1 955 , 5 4 -65 ) . H e c on s ide red t h e I r on A ge c u l tu r e s o f S co t land a nd t h e i r o r ig in s s i nce t h e se p rov ided a w ea l th o f i n f o rma t ion f o r t h e p e r iod i mmed ia te ly b ef o r e t h e P i c t s b ecame an a t ion . T h i s e s say a ppea r ed j u s t b ef o re t h e p ub l ica t ion o f J a r l shof a nd t h e s e c t ion o nt h e b roch sw a s i ne f ec tt h e l a s to f al ong l i ne o f a t temp t s t o s h ed l i gh t o n t h e se n or ther n s t ruc tu re s w h ich , b ecau se o f t h e a lmo s t c omp le te a b sence o f r e l iab le e v idence f r om t h e A t lan t ic p rov ince i t s e lf , h ad t oa pp ly t o t h ep rob lem k now ledge g a ined e l sewhe r e . P iggo t t s ugge s t ed t h a t t h r ee l i ne s o fe v id ence - d eco ra t ed m e ta lwo rk , e v idence f o r h o r ses a nd c ha r io t s a nd t h e a ppea rance o f f o r t s - s howed t h a t aw a r r io r C e l t ic a r i s toc racy h ad a ppea red i ns ou the rn S co t land , p robab ly i n t h e i s tc en tu ry BC a nd i nr e spon se t od i s tu rb ing i n f luence s f u r the r s ou th . T he se l a s t i n c luded t h e B e lg ic i nva s ion s o f s ou ther n E ng land f r om t h e l a te 2 nd c en tu ry BC o nwa rd s , C a e sa r 's d ef ea to ft h e V ene t i i nB r i t tany i n5 6 BC a nd t h e R oman c onqu e s t o f s ou ther n E ng land f r om AD 4 3 o nwa rd s . Y o rk sh i re w a st h en ea res tm a jo rc en t re o fC e l t ic p owe r o f t h e t r ad i t iona l , c on t inen ta l L a T ene t y pe i n vo lv ing r i ch c h ief s w i th e l abo ra te ly d eco ra ted me ta lwo rk a nd w ho w e r e b u r ied u nde r t umu l i w i th w hee led v eh ic le s ( S tead 1 979 ) ; i tw a s f r om h e r e t ha t s om e o ft h e p r e sumed C e l t ic i n vade r so fS co t land a ppa ren t ly c ame . P iggo t t b e l ieved t h a t t h e m ig ra t ing c h ief s a nd t h e i r a rmed f o l lowe r sp robab ly c ame b yt wo d i s t inc tr o u tes , s k ir t ing t h e t e r r i to ry o f t h e p owe rf u l B r igan te s i n N o r thumb r ia ( I l l . 3 . 13 ) . F rom Y o rk sh i re t h ey c ame u p t h e e a s t c oa s t a nd i n to t h e C hev io t H i l l s b y w ay o ft h e Tw eed v a l ley , b u t i n t h ew e s tt h ey c ame i n to t h eH eb r ides f r om f u r the rs ou th b y t h e l o nge r A t lan t ic s e a r ou te s . T he m a te r ia l e qu ipmen t s ugge s t st h a t am o r e c omp le te m ig ra t ion c ame b yt h e l a t te r r ou te , a l though t h i s z one l a ck ed a ny L a T ene me ta lwo rk . I nt h e H eb r ide s t h e b roch f o r t s d eve loped f r om t h e r ound , s t one -wa l led f a rmhou se s a nd s ubsequen t ly s pread , w i th o t he r a spec t s o f t h e c u l tu re , n or thwa rd s t o S u the r land , C a i thne s s a nd t h en o r ther ni s land s . H ow eve rP iggo t tn o t ed t h a t t h e b one t o o l s f ound i nb roch s , w h ich C h i lde t h ough t i n d ica ted a m ig ra t ion f r om s ou th -we s t E ng land , w e r e e qua l ly c ha rac t e r i s t ic o f t h e Y o rk sh i re L a T ene c u l tu re . T he a s soc ia ted p o t te ry h a s o n ly g ene ra l s im i la r i t ie s w i th

T ur n ing h i s a t ten t ion t o t h e n a tu re o f t h e i n hab i tan t s , H am i l ton t hough t t h a th ec ou ld a l so d e tec ti nt h ep o t te ry a t C l ickh im in e v idence o f t wo s oc ia l g roup s o n t h e s i te n ame ly n a t ive s a nd s ome d om inan t n ewcome r s , r e cen t ly a r r ived f r om t h e s ou th ; i nt h i s l a s t v i ew h e w a s o fc ou r se f o l low ing V G C h i lde ( 1946 , 1 29 ) . P i ece so ft h i s s uppo sed i n t ru s ive w a re - b ucke t shaped j a r s w i th s ha rp ly e ve r ted r im s a nd d eco ra ted w i th a ' n eck -band ' a pp l ied c o rdon w e r e a l so f ound i nO rkney a nd w e r et a ken t os how t h a tt h e b roch w a s i n ven ted i nt ho se i s land s . T he r e su l t s o f t h e C l ickh im in e xcava t ion s a r e d i scu s sed i n t h e a pp rop r ia te p l a ce ( HU44 1 )b u tm eanwh i le i ti sf a i rt om en t ion t h a tt h e r epo r t i sw r i t ten i n a n e n t i re ly d if e ren t s t y le t o t h a t o f J a r l shof w h ich a ppea r ed t h i r teen y ea r s e a r l ie r ; i tr e ad s mo re l i ke a n h i s to r ica l n a r ra t ive t h an a n o b jec t ive e xcava t ion r e po r t( Ma cK ie 1 969c ) .

4 0

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

a nd s ou the rn B r i ta in i nt h e f i r s t c en tu r ie s BC a nd AD . , o r w a s i tap u r e ly l o ca lp henomenon?

t h a t o fs ou th -we s tE ng land , a nd i ts e emed t oP iggo t tt h a t i t w a s mo r e l i ke ly t o b e d e r ived f r om l o ca l B ronze A ge o r f r om l a te N eo l i th ic t r ad i t ion s .

A s i x th p rob lem w a s a l ready a ppa ren t , t h ank s t o S i r L ind say S co t t 's p ape r s , b u t w a s e f ec t ive ly i g no r ed u n t i l m uch l a te r . We r e t h e b roch s r e a l ly a l l m embe r s o f a n a r ch i tec tu ra l ly h omogenou s g roup o fo r ig ina l ly t a l l t owe r s o r h ad t h e i r b een a b roade r r a nge o f b u i ld ing t y pe s , p e rhap s e x tend ing o ve r al o nge r t ime s pan? T h i s i nm any w ay s i st h e mo s t i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion o f a l l s i nce , i ft h e l a t te r i st r ue , t h em mo s t t r ad i t iona l i d ea s a bou t b roch s h av ing b een b a sed o n t h e f o rme r a s sump t ion - mu s t t u rn o u t t ob e , i fn o t a c tua l ly ' b ogu s a nd i l -f ounded ' , t h en a t l e a s tr i pe f o rr e -a s se s smen t .

3 . 8 R ecen tD eve lopmen t s 3 . 8 .1 P rob lems w h ich s eemed i mpo r tan tt o m e i n1 96 1 T hu s b y 1 96 1 , w hen t h e a u tho r b ecame a c t ive ly i n te re s ted i nt h e p rob lem s o ft h e a r chaeo logy o ft h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge , i th ad b een c l ea r f o r s om e t ime t h a t t h e re w e re m any u n r e so lved p rob lem s a bou t b roch s i n p a r t icu la r , s ome o ft h em q u i te b a s ic o ne s . F o r ty -one y ea r s l a te r s ome o ft h e se p rob lems a r e n ea re r s o lu t ion , w h i le o t he r s a r e s t i l l u n re so lved , b u t t h e v a r iou s t a sk s t h a t i ts e emed i mpor tan t t ot a ck le i n1 961 may b ee nume ra ted .

2

As even th p rob lem w a s d a t ing , a nd t h e a pp l ica t ion o ft h e t h en n ew m e thod p rov ided b y r ad ioca rbon s e emed i mpo r tan t , s i nce i t w a s e n t i re ly i n dependen t o f a r chaeo log ica l a s sump t ion s ( e xcep t f o r t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l c on tex to ft h e d a ted s amp le s ) .

I n t h e f i r s t p l ace t h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re o f t h e A t lan t ic p rov ince h ad n eve r b een p rope r ly r e co rded a nd w a s t h e ref o r e n o t u nde r s tood . P a r t o ft h e w r i te r 's i n i t ia l w o rk w a s t h e r ef o re t o e xam ine a nd d r aw a l t h e a va i lab le f i nd s f r om p r ev iou s b roch a nd w hee lhou se e xcava t ion s w h ich w e re h ou sed i n mu seum s .

3 . 8 .2 W ork a f t e r 1 974 B e tween 1 96 1 a nd a bou t 1 974 t h e w r i te r w a s t h e o n ly p e r son a c t ive ly e ngaged i n f i e ldwo rk a nd r e sea rch i nt h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge , t h ough s i nce t h a tt ime an umbe r o f a r cha eo log i s t s h ave b ecome a c t ive ly i n te r e s ted a nd s eve ra l m a jo r e xcava t ion s h ave b een a nd a r e b e ing c onduc ted . B e ing s t i l l e ngaged i nt h is w o rk h e i sp robab ly n o t t h e p e r son b e s t s u i ted t oo f f e r ing ad e ta i led o ve rv iew o fd eve lopmen t s o ve rt h e l a s t t wen ty -e igh t y ea r s . I n deed t h e re i s av i ew t h a t ar a t iona l a pp roach t o t h e s t udy o f b roch s b egan o n ly a f t e r h e c ea sed t o b e t h e o n ly p e r son i n te re s ted . " Th i s" ( t he r e po r t o n D un V u lan ) " i s a w e lcome s i gn o fh ow f a r t owa rd s t h e m a in s t r eam A t lan t ic I r on A ge s t ud ie s h ave c ome s i nce t h e d a rk d ay s o f t h e 1 970 s w hen ' b rocho logy ' a ppea red a lmo s t a s a n a r cane a nd i re levan t s ub -d i sc ip l ine ." ( Arm i t 2 000 , 2 45 ) . L ikew i se I a n A rm i t 's p rof e s so r a t E d inbu rgh , D enn i s H a rd ing , h a s w r i t ten - " In A t lan t ic S co t land a l l t h r ee f a c to r s - d i f f u s ion , c omp re s sed c h rono logy a nd c l a s s if ica t ion b y s t ruc tu ra l t y po logy - c omb ined t o s t u l t if y ing e f f ec t i nt h e 1 960 s . P rog re s s i nb roch s t ud ie s a t t h a t t ime i s i n ev i tab ly l i nked t o t h e n ame o f D r E uan MacK ie . . ." ( 2000 , 2 ) . T he se c ommen t s m igh t a lmo s t r em ind o ne o f McCu l loch 's o p in ion o ft h e a n t iqua r ie s o f n ea r ly t wo h und red y ea r s a go ( p . 3 0 ) b u tt h ey d o s how w hy i t w ou ld p robab ly b e d i ff icu l t f o r m e t o d e sc r ibe d eve lopmen t s o ve r t h e l a s t f o r ty y ea r s i n ag ene ra l ly a ccep tab le w ay . S omeone e l se w i l l h ave t od ot h a t .

I n t h e s e cond p lace t h e re w a s af undamen ta l l a ck o f k now ledg e a bou t t h e s i tua t ion o f m o s t b roch s i n t h e l a nd scape , a nd a n a dd i t iona l t a sk w a s t h e ref o r e t ov i s i t a s m any s i te s i nt h e f i e ld a sp o s s ib le a nd t om ake s ome b a s ic o b se rva t ion s o nt h e i rg eog raph ica l c on tex t s . T h is q ue s t ion i sa l so i n ev i tab ly b ound u p w i th t h a t o fh ow t h e s t ruc tu re s w e re a c tua l ly u sed , a nd h e re t h ee v id ence h a st oc ome f r om c a ref u le xcava t ion s a nd a na ly s is o ft h e a s soc ia ted a r tef ac t s . I n t h e t h i rd p lace t h e re w a s a n a b so lu te l a ck o f s t ra t ig raph ica l ly e xcava ted b roch s a nywhe re w h ich h ad b een p r ev iou s ly u nd i s tu rbed ( t he b ro ch st h em se lve sa tb o th J a r lshof a nd C l ickh im in h av ing p r ev iou s ly b een c l ea red o u t ) , a nd a n a b so lu te l a ck o fa ny b r och s a ta l l e xcava ted i n t h i s w ay i nt h e w e s te rn h a lf o ft h e p r ov ince . T he w r i te r 's t h i rd t a sk t h e ref o re w a s t o f i nd a n u nd i s tu rbed s i te i nt h e H eb r ide s ; t h e o ne c ho sen , D un Mo rV au l o n T i ree ( N M04 4 ) , w a s e xp lo red b e tween 1 962 a nd 1 964 ( MacK ie 1 974 . T he b roch a t L eck ie i n S t i r l ing sh i re ( NS69 3 ) , w a s e xp lo red b e tween 1 970 a nd 1 978 . I n t h e f o u r th p lace t h e re w a s n o a g reemen t o n h ow t h e b roch s h ad d eve loped , o n ly S i r L ind say S co t t h av ing a dvanced a d e ta i led a r gumen t . T he a l ter na t ive v i ew n ame ly t h a t e a r l ie r f o r t if ied s i te s w e re b roch p ro to type s h ad n o tb een i n ve s t iga ted , s ot h ew r i te rs e th im se lf t h e t a sk o f p u r su ing t h is l i ne o f e nqu i ry . Two p o s s ib le b roch p ro to type sw e re e xcava ted - D un A rd t r eck i nS kye ( NG33 2 ) i n 1 965 ( MacK ie 2 002 ) a nd D un a n R u igh R ua idh i n R o ss a nd C roma r ty ( NH 19 2 ) i n1 968 a nd 1 978 ( Ma cK ie 1 980 ) .

S o w ha t f o l low a r e af ew b r ief p e r sona l r ema rk s o n r e cen t d eve lopmen t s i n b roch r e sea r ch w h ich w i l l b e e l abo ra ted a tt h e e nd o fv o lume 2 o ft h i s w o rk . T he f i r s t f ou r s ub s e c t ion s d ea l w i th w ha t o ne m igh t c a l l b a s ic b roch a r chaeo logy a nd t h e l a s t t h r ee w i th mo re g ene ra l c onc lu s ion s a bou t t h e e conomy a nd s oc ie ty o ft h e t owe r s . Wha t i sc u r iou s i sh ow m any o ft h e a r gumen t s a nd t h eo r ie s a bou t b roch s w h ich h ave c ome u p r egu la r ly s i nce t h e 1 8t h

Af i f th p rob lem c oncer ned t h e k i nd o fs oc ie ty w h ich h ad p roduced t h e b roch s - ad i ff i cu l t q ue s t ion w h ich h ad h a rd ly b een a dd re s sed a t a l l i nt h e p a s t o n t h e b a s i s o f d e ta i led e v idence . Ar e la ted q ue s t ion i st ow ha t e x ten t , i f a ny , f o r e ign e l emen t s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e r i se o ft h e b roch c u l tu re s i nm a r i t ime h i gh land a nd i s l and S co t land . I no t he r w o rd s w a s t h is e x t rao rd ina ry a r cha eo log ica l p henomenon t h e r e su l to fi mpor tan tp o l i t ica l e ven t s i nn or th -we s t F rance

Ac l a im m ade b y J ohn H edge s a t ac onf e r ence i nK i rkwa l l , O rkney i nS ep tembe r 1 985 .

2

4 1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

c en tu ry h ave r e cu r red a ga in d u r ing t h i s l a te s t p e r iod o f i n ve s t iga t ion .

o bv iou s t h a ts i tua t ion s n ea rt h e b each w e re much p r ef e r r ed ( I l l . 3 . 14 ) . When an umbe ro fs uch f e a tu r e s w e r e s t ud ied i tw a sp o s s ib le t oi n f e rt h a te ach b roch d om ina ted ad i s t inc t ' e s ta te ' o fg round ,w i th i t so wn a rab le a nd g raz ing l a nd a nd a l so u sua l ly w i th e a sy a cce s st o ab each . T he c onc lu s ion s e em s i n e scapab le ; d e sp i te t h e d ef en s ive a r ch i t ec tu ra l f e a tu re s , a nd d e sp i te t h e f r equen t c ho i ce o f an a tu ra l ly d ef en s ive p o s i t ion , t h e b roch s a r e d ef ended f a rmhou se s , p re sumab ly o ft h e l e ad ing f am i ly o ft h e ' e s ta te ' . E a ch e s ta te w a s c apab le o f s uppo r t ing a n a ve rage o f b e tw een a bou t3 05 a nd 4 80 p eop le o fa l la ge sa nd b o th s exe s ,w h ich p re sumab ly m ean s b e tween a bou t 5 1 a nd 8 0 f a rm ing f am i l ie s( Fo ju t 1 982a , T ab le i i ) .

W e re b roch s " va r iab le s t ruc ture sw i th al ong c hrono logy" o r " homogeneou ss t ruc ture sw i th as hor tc hrono logy"? T h i s q ue s t ion h inge s o nh ow b e s tt oi n te rp re tt h e s u rv iv ing a r ch i tec tu re o ft h e b e t te r p r e se rved b roch s a s w e l l a s t h e a va i lab le C1 4 d a te s . I s t h e b e s t v i ew s t i l l t h e much c a s t iga ted ' c la s s ic V ic tor ian ' o ne w h ich s e e s a l l b roch s a s t a l l t owe r s o r S co t t 's i d ea t h a t mo s t w e re l ow? J ohn H edge s m ade a n a t temp t t o s how , w i th t h e d e ta i led e v idence f r om o ne s i te , t h a t G u rne s s i n O rkney ( and t h e ref o re p re sumab ly many o t he r b roch s ) w a s n eve r v e ry h igh , a nd t h a t i th ad t h e s t one c ub ic le s n ow v i s ib le i n s ide i tf r om t h e s t a r t , t hu s m ak ing i tmo r e l i ke ly t ob e d i rec t ly d e scended f r om t h e e a r ly I r on A ge B u ( Hedge s e t a l . 1 987 ) . T he a u tho rn eve rr ega rded t h e d e ta i led a r gumen t s a sc onv inc ing ( MacK ie 1 995a ) b u t H edge s d id i nt h i s w ay r e -open t h ed eba te a bou tw hen t h e se s t ruc tu re s b egan t ob e b u i l t . T he d i scove ry d u r ing t h e 1 970 s o f an umbe r o f s t one r oundhou se s i n O rkney w h ich c l ea r ly d a ted t o t h e 7t h/ 6f i c en tu r ie s BC - i nt h e e a r ly I r on A ge - m ade much mo re p l au s ib le t h e i d ea t ha tt h e m a s s ive b roch st h em se lve s b egan l o ng b ef o re t h e P t c en tu ry BC , t h e e a r l ie s t d a te u sua l ly a ccep ted u pu n t i lt h a tt ime .

Mo re r e cen t ly a t t emp t s h ave b een m ad e t o u n rave l t h e l a nd scape s e t t ing o f t h e b roch s o f S ou th U i s t a nd t h e s ugge s t ion h a s b een made t h a t t h e h i s to r ica l l a nd scape d iv i s ion s t h e r e g o b ack t ot h e I r on A g e ( Pa rke r P ea r son a nd S ha rp le s 1 999 : 3 64 -66 ) . I st h e re au n if o rm b roch m a te r ia lc u l tu re? O ne o ft h e mo r e d i sappo in t ing a spec t s o ft h e much g r ea te r i n te re s t i n , a nd a c t ive w o rk o n , t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge s i nce t h e m id 1 970 s h a s b een t h e a lmo s t c omp le te a b sence o ff r e sh w o rk o n t h e l o ca l s equence s o fm a t e r ia l c u l tu r e , f r om a bou t 7 00 BC t o AD 5 00 ( t he p o t te ry s equence b e ing a n e xcep t ion i n af ew a r ea s ) . T he b r och t owe r i s a f t e r a l l o n ly o ne a spec t o f t h e e conomy a nd t e chno logy o ft h e I r on A ge c ommun i t ie s c oncer ned , a nd o ne t h a t s e em s n o t t oh ave a ppea red f o r s eve ra l c en tu r ie s a f t e rt h e s e t t lemen t r e co rd b eg in s a f re sh i nt h e l a te B ronze A ge , i n a bou t t h e 8f i c en tu ry BC . T hu s i n o rde r t o u nde r s tand t h e b roch c u l tu r e s t h em se lve s -b road ly t a ken a sd ef in ing t h e m idd le o ft h e t h ree c l ea r s t age s o ft h e I r on A ge s equence - w e h ave t ou nde r s tand w h ich a spec t s o f t h em e x i s ted l o ca l ly e a r l ie r a nd w h ich a r e n ew ( Ma cK ie 1 965b , 9 5 ) . C a r ef u l a na ly s i s o f t h e m a te r ia l c u l tu ra l s equence s i sa l t h e mo re i mpor tan t , n o t o n ly b ecau se t h i s e v idence f i l l s i n am a ss o fd e ta i l a bou tt h e e ve ryday l i f eo f t h e b roch c ommun i t ie s a nd t h e i r p redece sso r s b u t a l so b ecau se t h e m idd le I r on A ge s t age i sn ow k nown t oh ave l a s ted - w i th v e ry l i t t le c hange i np o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s f o r s eve ra l c en tu r ie s mo re t h an u sed t ob e t hough t . I t b egan a tl e a s t a s e a r ly a s t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC , a nd v e ry p robab ly t h e 2nd , a nd l a s ted a t l e a s t u n t i l AD 5 00 ( a nd p o s s ib ly l a te ri ns ome p lace s )w hen i ta b rup t ly d i sappea r ed ( MacK ie 2 002 : 3 67 f . ) . T hu s i tw ou ld b e u sef u l t ob e a b le t o s ub -d iv ide t h i s l o ng p e r iod b y e s ab l ish ing w hen s pec if ic a r tef a c t s f i r s t a ppea red , o r t h e t ime a f t e r w h ich t h ey w e r e n o l o nge r p re sen t . T he v a r iou s k i nd s o f i mpor ted b ronze f i nge r r ing s a nd b rooche s , a nd t h e g l a s s b ead s , f ound i nb roch s a nd a l l ied s i te sp rov ide t h eo bv iou s m a te r ia l f o r t h i s r e sea rch a nd t h e s pec ia l is t s c once rned h ave p rov ided e x ce l len t i n f o rma t ion f o r t h e many e xo t ic o b jec t s f ound a t H owe f o r e xamp le ( Ba i l in Sm i th ( e d . ) 1 994 ) . G ood w o rk h a s a l so b een d one o no t he rs pec ia l i sed m a te r ia l , l i ke s p ea r -bu t t mou ld s ( Hea ld 2 002 ) . Wha t i s n eeded i s ag r ea te r b ody o f e v idence - mo r e w e l l e xcava ted s t ra t if ied s equence s w i th a bundan ta r tef a c t sa nd h e r e t h e c omp lex s i te a tO ld S ca tne s s i nS he t land ( HU31 4 ) w i l l d oub t le s s p rov ide many a n swe r s w hen i t s e xp lo ra t ion i sc omp le te ( Sm i th 2 002 ) .

H oweve r t h e i n c r ea s ing n umbe r o f r e l iab le r ad ioca rbon d a te s f o r t h e v a s t m a jo r i ty o ft h e se s i te s h ave r e f u sed t o e x tend b roch c h rono logy c onv inc ing ly b ef o re a bou tt h e rd c en tu ry BC a tt h e e a r l ie s t ( O ld S ca tne s s , c u r r en t ly u nde r e xcava t ion , may b e a n e xcep t ion ) . O nt h e o t he rh and t h e a rgumen t t h a t s ome b roch s w e r e l ow i sn ow s uppo r ted b y t h e d i scove ry o f s t ruc tu re s l i ke C ro s sk i rk ( NDO7 2 ) a nd H owe ( HY21 6 ) t h ew a l lc o r e s o fw h ich a r e s ob ad ly b u i l t t h a tt h ey c an n eve rh ave b een t owe r l ike . H ow many s uch b roch s ' t h e re i ss t i l l u nknown , b u t t h e f r agmen ta ry r ema in s o f t h e h o l low -wa l l a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s o f t h e t r ue t owe r b roch a r e s o w ide sp r ead t h a t t h e l ow b roch s ' s e em n o t l i ke ly t oh ave b een n ume rou s . Much r ema in s t o b e d i scove r ed i nt h i s a r ea , p a r t icu la r ly i nC a i thne s sw he re r e l iab le i n f o rma t ion i sm in ima l . B roch si nt h el and scape T he a u tho r 's r a the r b a s ic a t temp t i n t h e e a r ly 1 960s t o a na ly se t h e t opog raph ica l s i tua t ion o f b roch s ( MacK ie 1 965b ) w a s n o t f o l lowed u p f o r m any y ea r s . T h i s a na ly s i s w a s r e a l ly p a r t o f a n a t temp t t o u n rave l t h e t ypo log ica l d eve lopmen t o f t h e s t ruc tu re s ( by c l a s s if y ing t h e i r s i tua t ion s i nt e rm s o fn a tu ra l d ef en s ivene s s ) a nd d id n o t s hed much l i gh t o n t h e f unc t ion o ft h e t owe r s . T h i s s i tua t ion w a s r emed ied f o r o ne p a r t o ft h e b roch p rov ince b y Noe l F o ju t 's w o rk i n S he t land ( 1982a ) . H e re w a s c a r r ied o u t ag eog raph ica l a na ly s i s o ft h e s i tua t ion o ft h e s even ty -f ive b roch s t h en k nown a nd f o r t h e f i r s t t ime t h e r e l iab i l i ty o ft h e r e su l t s w a s a s se s sed b y c ompa r ing t h em w i th as im i la ra na ly s i so f as e to fr a ndom ly c ho sen s po t s i n t h e l a nd scape . I t i s d if i cu l t t o o ve re s t ima te t h e i mpor tance o ft h i sk i nd o fw o rk . T ot a ke o ne s imp le r e su l t , w hen t h e c l o sene s s t o t h e s e a o f t h e b roch s i te s i s c ompa red w i th t h a t o f t h e r a ndom ly c ho sen p o in t s ( t he i n te r sec t ion so ft h eO rdnance S u rvey 1km g r id ) i tb ecome s

4 2

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

f i e ldwo rk i nS he t land s howed t h a t t h o se b roch s r e a l ly h ad t o b e f o r t if i ed f a rmhou se s a nd t h i s i d ea i sn ow g ene ra l ly a c cep ted . Whe the r t h e a u tho r 's v i ew t h a t m o s t b roch s w e r e n eve r the le s s t owe r l ike i sa l so g ene ra l ly a ccep ted i s n o t s o c l ea r , e ven t h ough H edge s ' r e in te rp re ta t ion o f G u rne s s i sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly m i s taken ( MacK ie 1 995a ) .

I n b roade r t e rm s i ti ss t i l l c l ea r t h a t t h e re a r e r e g iona l c u l tu re s -m o s t c l ea r ly s e en i nl o ca l p o t te ry s t y le s -b u t t h e r e a r e a l so ' u n ive r sa l b roch ' a r tef ac t s , s ome o fw h ich h ave s t r ik ing p a ra l le ls i nd i s tan tr e g ion s , w ha teve rt h a tm ay m ean . T he r e m ay a l so b e az one o fb roch s w h ich h ave a c omp le te ly d i f f e ren t m a te r ia l c u l tu re a l ied c l o se ly t o t h a t o ft h e m a in land o fS co t land ( Ma cK ie 2 000 ) .

T he s oc ia lo rgan i sa t ion o ft h eb roch b u i ld e r s E a r ly I r on A g ep ro to type sa nd b roch o r ig in s I nt h e 1 960 s t h e o n ly p l au s ib le p ro to type s f o r t h e t owe r s w e r e t h e s em ib roch s o f t h e H eb r ide s a nd a c l ea r t y po log ica l d eve lopmen t a nd g eog r aph ica l s p r ead f r om t h e se c ou ld b e c on s t ruc ted ( MacK ie 1 965b : 1 04 & f i g . 1 ) . N ow an umbe ro f e a r ly I r on A ge s t one r oundhou se s h ave b een e xp lo r ed i nO rkney a nd t h e s i t ua t ion i sn o t s o c l ea r c u t . A s f a r a st h e e vo lu t ion o ft h e h o l low o r d oub le d ry s t one w a l l i sc once rned t h e We s t ern I s le s s t i l l s e em l i ke ly t ob e i t s b i r thp lace a nd t h ree p o s s ib le e a r ly I r on A ge s i te s t h e re ( s t i l l u nexcava ted ) h ave b een i d en t if ied o n S kye a nd i nt h eO u te rI s le s( MacK ie 1 992 :2002 : 3 64 & I l . 3 6 ) . W e re b roch sp r ima r i ly s t rongho ld so rf a rmhou se s? F o r many y ea r st h ea u tho rf a vou r ed t h e i d ea t h a tt h eb roch s a nd d un s w e r e - i fn o t C h i lde 's ' c a s t le s ' o f c onque r ing a r i s tocra c ie s -a t l e a s t p r ima r i ly f o r t if ied s t rongho ld s o f s ome k i nd . T he t e rm ' Sma l l s t one f o r t c omp lex ' w a s c o ined t o d e sc r ibe t h is v i ew , a nd t o d raw t h e f am i l ia r c on t ra s t b e tween t h i s w e s te rn a nd n o r the rn h igh land a nd m a r i t ime z one w i th t h e h i l lf or t r e g ion s o ft h e e a s te rn a nd s ou thern l ow land s ( MacK ie 1 965b , 9 8 ) . D e sp i te S co t t 's p owe rf u l a r gumen t s t o t h e c on t ra ry n ea r ly t h ir ty y ea r s e a r l ie r t h i s v i ew p reva i led f o r s ol o ng i nh i s m ind b ecau se t h e l ow b roch ' p a r t o ft h e h ypo th es i s s e emed u n tenab le a nd t o c onf l ic t w i th s o m uch a r ch i t ec tu ra l e v idence ( Sco t t 1 947 ) ; i t w a s t h e ref o re d i f f icu l t f o r al o ng t ime t o g e t a way f r om t h eo ve r s imp le f a l se a l t er na t ive s o f' h igh b roch s t rongho ld ' o r l ow b roch f a rmhou se ' a nd t h e i d ea o f a h igh b roch f o r t if ied f a rmhou se n ev er c ame u p . A no the r r e a son f o rt h i s r e luc tance t oa l te r a n o l d v i ew w a s t h a t t h e a u tho r 's e xcava t ion o f D un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ( N M04 4 ) b e tween 1 962 a nd 1 964 s e emed t oh ave s hown c l ea r ly t h a t t h is b roch o n ly b ecame ap e rmanen tf am i ly r e s idence ( w i th ac en t ra l h ea r th ) i n i t s s e conda ry p ha se o f u se ; i n i t s p r ima ry p ha se i ts e emed b e s t i n te r p r e ted a s ac ommuna l s t rongho ld ( n o d oub t i n ac h iefs c ha rge ) w h ich w a s o n ly o ccup ied o cca s iona l ly i nt ime s o fd ange r ( MacK ie 1 974 : 1 998a ) . H oweve r l a te r w o rk o n o t he r s i te s s howed t h a t t h is s i tua t ion i sp robab ly v e ry u nu sua l . I n 1 981 H edges a nd B e l l t r ied a ga in t od e s t roy t h eo l d i d ea o fh igh b roch s w i th t h en ew r e su l t sf r om t h e v e ry e a r ly s i t e a t B u a nd a r e -app ra i sa l o f t h e e v idence f r om G ume s s , b o th i nO rkney . J ohn B a r re t t r e s ta ted S co t t 's v i ew s i n t h e s ame y ea r a nd , d e sp i te t h e f a c t t h a t h e a l so a r gued a ga in f o r t h e i d ea t h a t mo s t b ro chs w e re a l so l ow , t h is p ape r p roved t o b e t h e c a ta ly s t f o r ar e -app ra i sa l o f t h e w ho le p rob lem , i n t h e a u tho r 's m ind a t l e a s t ( Ba r r e t t 1 98 1) .3 A t a bou t t h e s ame t i me F o ju t 's s y s tema t ic I nt h e m id 1 980 s h e g ave ac onf e r ence l e c tu r e c a l led s ome th ing l i ke " B roch s : I r on A ge mano rh ou se s?" i nw h i ch t h i s i d ea w a se xp lo r ed . 3

4 3

A s yn the s i s o f t h e e v idence f r om F o ju t 's f i e ldwo rk i n S he t land , f r om t h e a u tho r 's e xcava t ion s a tD un Mo r V au l ( NM04 4 ) a nd L eck ie ( NS69 3 )a nd f r om h i s a r ch i tec tu ra l s t ud ie s o f b roch s h a s b een p u t f o rwa rd ( MacK ie 1 995b : 2 000 ) . B road ly i ts ugge s t s t h a t mo s t b roch s w e re t h e f o r t if ied f a rmhou se s o f t r iba l c h ief s o r s ub -ch ief s m embe r s o ft h e t r iba l ' g en t ry ' -w ho l i ved o n t h e i r o wn e s ta te s a nd w ho w e re r e spon s ib le f o r ag roup o fo rd ina ry f a rm ing f am i l ie s w o rk ing o n t h e i r l a nd . U nf or tuna te ly , b ecau se o f t h e r e la t ive u n if o rm i ty o f b roch s , i ti s n o t p o s s ib le t o i d en t if y t h e r e s idence s o f t h e t r iba l c h ief s t h em se lve s . S im i la r i d ea s h ave b een o f f e red b y P a rke r P ea r son a nd S ha rp ie s ( 1999 : 3 45 f . ) . T he se t wo h ave a l so o f f e r ed i n te re s t ing s ugge s t ion sa bou th ow t h e I r on A ge d we l l ing s w e re l a id o u t a nd u sed i nt e rm s o ft h e d a i ly a nd s e a sona l m ovemen t s o ft h e S un ( I b id : F ig .1 .10 & S ec t ion 1 2 .3 ) . F ore ign i nf luence o rl o ca ld eve lopmen t? P e rhap s t h e m o s t s i gn if ican t c hange i no u t look s i nce t h e 1 960 s i st h e w ho le sa le a bandonmen t b y B r i t ish p r eh is to r ic a r cha eo logy o ft h e d i f f u s ion i s t p a rad igm w h ich w a s t a ken f o rg ran ted u n t i l t h en . T he s t a r t o ft h e w ide sp r ead c hange m ay p robab ly b e d a ted t o t h e p ub l ica t ion o f C o l in R enf rew 's B ef ore C iv i l i sa t ion i n1 974 - w h ich a rgued t h a t a ccumu la t ing C1 4 d a te s m ean t t h a t m any m a jo r p r eh i s to r ic d eve lopmen t s i n E u rope o ccu r red i n dependen t ly f r om t h o se i nt h e u rban c i v i l isa t ion s o fE gyp t a nd t h e N ea r E a s t ( a l though i nf a c t t h e f i r s t s e r iou s a r gumen t a ga in s tt h e o l d d i f f u s ion i s t a s sump t ion s a bou t t h e B r i t i sh I r on A ge w a s m ade ad ecade e a r l ie r -H od son 1 964 ) . T hu st h e a s sump t ion h a sg rown t h a te x ter na l i n f luence sc an b e d i scoun ted w hen s e ek ing e xp lana t ion s f o r t h e p henomenon o f t h e e me rgence a nd s p r ead o f t h e b roch s a nd w e a r e n ow i nd ange r o fg o ing b a ck t ot h e s i tua t ion b ef o re t h e m ode rn i s ing e f o r t s o fC h i lde a nd P iggo t t t r ied t o d r aw S co t t ish p r eh is to ry i n to t h e m a in s t ream o f E u ropean a r chaeo logy . I n deed t h e c u r ren t h o lde r o ft h e A be rc romby c ha i r h a s c ondemned i nt h e s t ronge s t t e rm s t h o se w ho d oub t t h e n ew o r thodoxy ( Ha rd ing 2 000 , 5 ) . T he re i so ne i mpo r tan t d i f f e rence h oweve r b e tween t h e p r e sen t m yop ic s i tua t ion a nd t h a t b ef o r e VGC h i lde c ame t o S co t land ; t h e r e i s n ow a p owe rf u l i d eo log ica l j u s t if ica t ion f o r i g no r ing o r d eny ing t h e e v idence o f ' e xo t ic ' a r tef a c t s i nt h e b roch c u l tu re s w i th t h e s ad r e su l t t h a tm oder np r eh i s to r ian sw ho w o rk i nS co t land r a r e ly f e e l t h e n eed t o c on s ide r , o r e ven t o b e f am i l ia r w i th , t h e p a ra l le l e v idence f r om t h e s ou th o fE ng land o rB r i t tany f o r e xamp le . H ypo the se s o f i n d igenou s d eve lopmen t t h e ref o r e t e nd t o p r eva i l b y d ef au l t , w ha teve r t h e i r m e r i t , a nd t h i s c anno t b e ah ea l thy s i tua t ion f o r as uppo sed ly r a t iona l a cadem ic d i sc ip l ine t o b e i n . T he i d eo log ica l

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

j u s t if i ca t ion d epend s o n t h e b e l ief t h a t t h e d educ t ive , o r ' t heo ry f i r s t ' , a pp roach i st h e b e s tf o re vo lv ing e xp lana to ry h ypo the se s a bou t mu te p r eh is to r ic a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s a nd B a r re t t ( 1981) w a s t h e f i r s t t oa r t icu la te t h i s v i ew i n t h e c on tex t o f S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge s t ud ie s . T he a pp rop r ia te r e spon se i so fc ou r se " I td epend s o nt h eq ua l i ty o ft h e e v idence w h ich t h e d educ t ive t h eo ry c once rned w a s d ev i sed t oe xp la in ." T he a u tho r 's f i r s t a t temp t t o s yn the s i se t h e e v idence f o r t h e o r ig in s o f t h e b roch s a nd t h e i r a s soc ia ted m a te r ia l c u l tu r e ( MacK ie 1 965b ) t ook i n to a ccoun t t h e e me rg ing d oub t s a bou tt h ew i sdom o fa s sum ing t h a tn ew p o t te ry a nd o t he r s pec ia l i sed a r tef ac t s a u toma t ica l ly m ean t t h e a r r iva l o f n ew p eop le ( Hod son 1 964 ) . I n c ommon w i th t h e d om inan t o p in ion o ft h e t ime h e c on s ide r ed t h a t ' f o r e ign e l emen t s ' -p a r t icu la r ly f r om s ou the rn a nd s ou th -we s te rn E ng land - a r r ived i nt h eA t lan t ic p rov ince a tv a r iou st ime s ( b r ing ing e xo t ic b rooche s a nd p in s , a nd s ome p o t te ry ) b u t " The u nden iab le f a c t t h a t b o th t h e w e s ter n a nd n o r the rn h a lve s o ft h e b roch p rov ince h ave s ub s tan t ia l ly d if e ren t p o t te ry s t y le s g oe s f a r t o r u le o u t ( s ic ) t h e i d ea o f a ny e x ten s ive m ig ra t ion o f b roch b u i lde r s" ( I b id . , 1 34 ) . L ikew i se t h e b roch s t h em se lve s w e re t a ken t o h ave d eve loped l o ca l ly i n t h e We s te rn I s le s ( t he re b e ing n o r emo te ly p l au s ib le p ro to type s e l sewhe r e ) , w he r e t h e l i nk s b e tween t h e l o ca l m a te r ia l c u l tu re w i th t h e s ou th s e emed s t ronge s t . Y e te ven h e r et h ep o t te ry s t y le w h ich s e emed t o h ave mo s t e xo t ic f e a tu re s - C le t t rava l w a re ( Ma cK ie 1 965a , f i g . 1 ) - w a s c l ea r ly a l o ca l d eve lopm en t , a n a ma lgama t ion o ft wo d i s t inc t t r ad i t ion s . T he u nde r ly ing a s sump t ion w a s t h a t as ma l l n umbe r o fi n f luen t ia l p eop le c ame n or th t ot h e ma r i t ime p rov ince o fS co t land a tv a r iou s s t age s b u tt h a tt h e ma s s o ft h e p opu la t ion e ve rywhe re w a s l o ca l . A l l t h i s w a s i nf a c t a n a dvance ( i n mode rn t e rm s ) o n t h e t h eo r ie s o f w ho le sa le c o lon i sa t ion a dvanced e i gh teen y ea r s e a r l ie r i nt h e s ame j ou rna l b y S co t t b u t t h e p ape rh a s , i n ev i tab ly ,b een c a s t iga ted s i nce mo re t h an o nce f o rb e ing t oo d i f f u s ion i s t . T he se i d ea s w e re d eve loped f u r the r af ew y ea r s l a te r ( MacK ie 1 969d , 1 971) o nt h e a s sump t ion t h a tt h ep o l i t ica l e ven t s o f t h e l a te 2n d a nd 1S t c en tu r ie s BC c au sed a m ig ra t ion n o r thwa rd s o f d i spo s se s sed s ou the rn E ng l i sh c h ief s a nd t h e i rf o l lowe r sw ho s e t t led , a mong o t he rp l a ce s , i nt h e We s ter n I s le s a nd g a lvan i sed t h e l o ca l c u l tu re s t o p roduce t h e b roch s a nd t h e i r a s soc ia ted t e chno logy a nd e conomy . E ven i fo ne l e ave s a s ide t h e c u r ren t a n t i m ig ra t ion i s t a s sump t ion s t h i s c an s t i l l n ow b e s e en t ob e a n o ve r s imp l if ica t ion ; f o r e xamp le t h e t h e m idd le I r on A ge s t age - w hen t h e a l leged ly e xo t ic i t em s a ppea r -c an n ow b e s e en a lmo s t c e r ta in ly t o h ave s t a r ted i n t h e 2n d c en tu ry BC o r e a r l ie r , w e l l b ef o re t h e b roch s a ppea r ed ( Ma cK ie 2 002 : 3 65 f . ) . I tm ay e ven h ave i t s o r ig in s i n t h e 6t h o r 5t h c en tu ry BC a tC l ickh im in i nS he t land ( HU44 1 ) . H oweve r , e xcep t t o d eny t h e i r r e levance , t h e se i s sue s a r e h a rd ly d i scu s sed a ta l l a ny l o nge r , e xcep tb yt h ea u tho r , s o i n f o rmed d eba te i sd if i cu l t .

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e search

PL ATE 2 .

PL ATE I .

A

r es e 7/

A /he" g

. —

PL ATE 3 .

3 . 1 T he R oman t emp le k nown a sA r thu r 's O 'on n ea rF a lk i rk : a ne a r ly 1 8t h c en tu ry d r aw ing m ade b ef o re i t sd e s t ruc t ion i n1 743 ( S tee r 1 976 ) . C opy r igh t : G la sgow A rcha eo log ica l S oc ie ty .

4 5

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

( 7 1( i 'i .

/4 f ; ' "

1 7 m

)

f ; 7 7/ . ›

3 . 2 A lexande rG o rdon 's d raw ing so fD un T e lve ( NG81 2 )a nd D un T roddan ( NG81 3 )b roch s , n ea r G lene lg , I nve r ne s s -sh i re , c .1 720 ; a tt h i st ime t h et wo s t ruc tu re sw e r ea lmos ti n ta c tb u tw e re b ad ly d amaged s oon a f te rwa rd s( Go rdon 1 726 ) .

4 6

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e search

3 . 3 T he ' Dan ish f o r t s ' i n G len B eag , n ea rG lene lg - D un T e lve ( NG8 1 2 )a nd D un T roddan ( NG8 1 3 ) -a sd rawn f o r T homa s P ennan ta f t e rh i s 1 772 v i s i t ; t h eg r ea td amage s u s ta ined b yt h eb roch si na bou t 1 722 c an b es e en .

4 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

3 . 4 D un T e lve b roch ( NG8 1 2 )i n1 986 , s how ing t h ei n ne rf a ce o ft h er ema in ing t a l lp a r t [ 1986 /2 /20 ]

DANIS H FO RT , , m - , z4 k

I SLE 9 77 2 SKIEd . P 7 'z t 4

P ahl e si l ied a 000r cb i zg e v-IW-o fPar l i am ent , e .1 1 e .r .r .H og.5 7 , ,V . ° 16 :P ie e znA r t e rv fo r .

3 . 5 T he b roch o fD un B eag , S kye ( NG33 3 )a ss e en b yP ennan ti n1 772 .

4 8

d ' ° 1 ( 1

/ 9'

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e search

3 . 6 D un B eag b roch ( NG33 3 )i n1 985 . [ 1985 / 13 / 16 ]

4 9

T he R oundhouse s , B ruchs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

3 . 7 B a ck ie s b roch , S u the r land ( NC80 1 ) ; s k e tche s o ft h e p l an a nd e l eva t ion o ft h e s t ruc tu re b y Wo r saae m ade d u r ing h i s v i s i t t o S co t land i n1 848 . C ompa r ing t h es k e tch o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage w i th t h ep ho tog raph ( I l l . 3 . 8 ) -i nw h ich t h e s ame m a ss ive l i n te lw i th r ounded e nd sc an b es e en - i ti sc l ea rt h a tm o s to ft h eh o l low -wa l led s t ruc tu re a bove t h ee n t rance h a sg one . R ep roduced w i th t h ek i nd p e rm is s ion o ft h eN a t iona l Mu seum i nC openhagen .

5 0

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tor y o fb roch r e search

3 . 8 B a ck ie sb roch ( NC80 1)i n1 9 85 s how ing t h e i n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage a nd t h e d oo rt ot h em u ra l c e l lt oi t sr i gh t . [ 1 985 /2 / 10 ] F i g .1 .

20 F EET

3 . 9 P lan o fK e t t lebu rn b roch , C a i thne s s( ND35 4 )m ade a f t e rt h ee xcava t ion so fS i rH .R h ind i n1 853 . T he d i s t inc t ive n a tu r eo ft h e c e n t ra lc i rcu la rs t ruc tu r ew a se v iden t ly n o tu nde r s tood . S ca le 1 :3 00 . C opy r igh t : S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie so fS co t land .

5 1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

r . :2 14

T .

•

5

% .

e -

•

DUN BHARABH _AT

T z -a i l s ;v er e

e c ti on o nl i ne A .B .

A •

_

•

•

' e x\

l ong itud inal S ect ion _ o f Wa l l

F re t

3 . 10 C ap t . FW L T homa s ' s u rvey o fD un B a rabha ti nL ew i s( NB13 1 ) : t h es t ruc tu re h a sl o s ts eve ra lf e e to fi t sw a l l i nt h e 1 50 y ea r s s i nce h i sv i s i t( f rom T homa s 1 890 ) . C opy r igh t : S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie so fS co t land .

5 2

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e search

F ig . 1 77 . —Sec t ion o f Nuraghe , s how ing f o rm o fc hamber s a nd s p ira ls t a ir . ( From T ynda le 's S ard in ia .) 0 3 . 11 D iag ram so fS a rd in ian n uraghe , f r om A nde r son 1 883 , 1 93 .

3 . 12 K e i s sS ou th b roch ( ND36 6 ,t h e ' Ha rbou r Mound ' ) u nde re xcava t ion b y S i rF .T re s sB a r ry i n 1 893 . C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

5 3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

F ig . z . T he ` S econd B ' P e r iod o ft he S co t t i sh I r on Age A : p enannu la r s o f Aa t ype . B , C , D : p ro jec t ing -he ad , b en t , a nd c a s t r i ng -headed p in s . E : G roup I I a nd I Ia s word s a nd s c abba rd s . F : ' A r r a s ' t h r ee l ink b i t s a nd d e r iva t ive s . G : l ong -h and led b one w eav ing -comb s , s hown h e re f or Tweed v a l ley a nd S co t land o n ly . A rea s ' E ' a nd ' S ' d ef ined b y d o t ted l i ne s a r e H awke s "Ea s te rn ' a nd ' Sou th ern ' p rov ince s .

3 . 13 Map o f t h e ' A t lan t ic 2 "d B c u l tu re s ' a f t e rT homa s 1 963 ; t h e s ugge s ted d if u s ion o f I r on A ge ' Ce l t ic ' a r tef a c t sf r om t h ez one o f c ha r io tg rave s i nY o rk sh i re - a l so p o s tu la ted b y SP iggo t t( 1966 )- i sc l ea r . H oweve rt h er i ng -headed p ins - t h eo n ly m e ta la r t ef a c t t h a th e r ec onnec t st h eA t lan t ic o rb roch p rov ince w i th Y o rk sh i re - a r en ow k nown t ob ea n i n d igenou sn o r the rn p henomenon . T he c l a s s ic ' Ce l t ic ' d eco ra ted m e ta lwo rk , l i ke s wo rd s c abba rd sa nd b r id le b i t s , i sn o tf ound i nb rochs o rw hee lhou se s . C opy r igh t : S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie so fS co t land .

5 4

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e search

3 . 14 C ompa ra t ive d i s t r ibu t ions o fl a nd a r ea a nd b rochs i nS he t land , w i th r e spec tt ot h ec oa s ta f te rF o ju t 1 982a . C opy r igh t : G la sgow A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty .

5 5

S ec t ion 4 : A rea 1 T he S he t land I s les

T h i s s e c t ion i sn o tab le f o rt h e e x ten s ive d i scu s s ion s o ft wo s i te s -J a r l shof a nd C l ickh im in - w h ich w e r e t h o rough ly e xcava ted i nt h e l a te 1 940s a nd t h e 1 950 s a nd t h e r e po r t s o nt h ew o rk a tw h ich a r ea l so e x ten s ive a nd t h o rough . Y e t t h e r e a r e u n so lved p rob lem s a bou t t h e s equence o f s t ruc tu re sa nd m a te r ia lc u l tu re sa tt h e se s i te s , s o at h o rough r ev iew o ft h e e v idence s e emed a dv i sab le . T he c on t inu ing w o rk a t t h e w e l l p r e served a nd c omp lex s i te a t O ld S ca tne s s w i l l d oub t le s s s hed much l i gh t o n t h e se o lde r i n ve s t iga t ion s i nd ue c ou r se b u t s ome y ea r s h ave t oe l ap se b ef o r e t h e p ro jec t i sc omp le ted a nd mo r e t ime b ef o r e t h e c omp le te r e por t i sa va i lab le . T he re s e em s l i t t le p o in t i n d e sc r ib ing i nd e ta i l s u ch a n o n -go ing p ro jec t s o t h e e n t ry f o rt h i ss i te i sb r ief ( HU31 6 ) .

s t i l l 1 f t . h i gh ; t h e o ve ra l l d iam e t e r o f t h e c en t ra l b u i ld ing i s e s t ima ted a s a t l e a s t 5 2 f t . 6i n s , a nd t h e i n d ica t ion s a r e t h a t t h e w a l l i sa tl e a s t 1 3 f t . 6i n s . t h ick . T he e n t rance m ay h ave b een o n t h e e a s t . T he re a r e o u te r d ef ence s c on s i s t ing o ft wo e a r then b ank s 2 5 f t . t o3 0 f t . a pa r t w i th ad i tch b e tween ; t h e i nne r b ank s e em s t oh ave b een a bou t 1 f t .f r om t h e b roch , a nd t h e s e o u two rk s h ave b een d e s t royed b y c u l t iva t ion o n t h e s ou th a nd s ou th -w e s t . I n 1 865 -66 I r v ine g ave t h e i n ter na l d i ame t e r a s2 6 f t . a nd t h e w a l l a s 1 2 f t . t h ick [ 2 ] . T he re i ss u pposed t oh ave b een ap e rpend icu la rp a s sage i n s ide t h e b r och , l i ke aw e l l , a nd w h ich l e dt o ac ave b e low [ 3 , 1 80 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HP50 NW 2 : 2 .R CAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 715 : 3 . A nde r son 1 890 , 1 80 .4 . I r v ine 1 865 .

A n umbe r o f p o s s ib le b roch s h ave b een a dded t o t h e w r i te r 's o r ig ina l l i s tt h ank s t o al i s tk ind ly s upp l ied b y Ms V a l T u rne r o ft h e S he t land A r chaeo log ica l T ru s t . Whe re n o f u r the r s ou rce s h ave b een c on su l ted t h e se s i te s a r e m a rked w i th a n ` + ' .

HU 5 03 K IRKS ( 'G loup ' ) HP /505049 S i te o fp o s s ib l e b roch o n Y e l l . A l though t he O S m ap m a rked a' b rough 'h e re t h e re i sn o th ing t os e en ow . S ource : O Sc a rd HP50 SW 8 .

Mr I a n T a i t o ft h e S he t land Mu seum h a s b een c omp i l ing i n f o rma t ion a bou t b roch s i te s f r om o ld p ho tog raph s , s how ing t h a t m any h ave u nde rgone s eve re d e te r io ra t ion o ve r t h e l a s t c en tu ry . A t p re sen t t h e p ape r c once rned h a s n o ty e tb een p ub l i shed ( i nt h e P roceed ing s o f ac onf e rence o nb roch sh e ld i nL e rw ick i nJ u ly 2 000 ) .

HP 5 04 CRUNESS + HP /52450505 P o s s ib le b roch o nY e l l ; n of u r the ri n f o rma t ion .

I s land o f Uns t

I s land o fY e l l S quare HP40 HP40 1 P IGEON HELL IE + HP /485062 T h i s p o s s ib le b roch o nY e l l ; n o f u r the r i n f o rma t ion .

S quare HP50 HP50 1 BRE IW ICK ( T i l lacomb P o in t ') HP /531053 T he s i te o ft h i s p o s s ib le b roch o n Y e l l c on s i s t s o f" some s t one s a nd r ubb i sh o ve rg rown w i th g ra s s , s i tua ted o n a c on sp icuou se l eva t ion o nt h eb r ink o f ap rec ip ice . I ti ss a id t h a t t h e g r ea te s tp o r t ion o ft h e b u i ld ing h a s f a l len o ve rt h e c l if f ' [ 1 ] . A 1 969 r epo r t s t a te s t h a t t h e b roch h a s d i sappea r ed [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HP50 NW 3 ,w i th s ke tch p l an : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 ,v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 744 . HP50 2 GREENBANK ( `Bu rg iG eo ' ) HP /539050 P robab le b roch o nY e l l i s land , n ow ar u inou s mound b u t

5 6

HP50 5 BROUGH HOL M ( ` B roch H o lm o f L undaw ick ' ) HP /566059 . Ap robab le b roch o nU n s to ccupy ing a lmo s tt h e w ho le o f a n i s le t of t h e c oa s t , b u t w i th n o t r a ce o f ac au seway t o t h e s ho re . I ti s" su r rounded a t ad i s tan ce o fa bou t2 1f t . b y ama s s ive d ef en s ive w a l l , p robab ly a bou t 1 0 f t .t h ick " a nd t r aceab le f r om n o r th -we s t t oe a s t —s ou th -ea s t . " Ou t s id e t h e w a l l i s ad i tch a bou t 2 0 f t . b road , a nd b eyond t h i s a r ampa r t o fe ar th a nd s t one s , s t i l l 4f t .t o 5f t .h igh" [ 1 , 2 ] . E ro s ion h a s r emoved a bou tt wo th i rd s o ft h e ma in b u i ld ing a nd h und red s o ft o n s o fs t one s a r e r epo r t ed t o h ave b een r emoved f r om t h es i te f o rb oa tb a l la s t [ 3 ] . S ource s :l . OS c a rd HP50 NE 3 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 548 : 3 .S pence 1 899 , 4 6 -9 : 4 .H ibbe r t 1 822 , 3 98 . HP50 6 HOGA NESS ( 'Be lmon t ') HP /558005 ( v i s i t ed 7 / 6 /63 ) T h i s p robab le b roch o n U n s t ( a lso k nown a s B e lmon t ) s t and s a tt h e e nd o f ab road , f l a t , g reen t u r f ed p en in su la o n w h ich i s ar u in ed f a rm ( I l l s . 4 . 1 ( t op ) &4 . 2 ) . T he b ro ch i t s e lf w a s ar u ined mound i n1 774 [ 1 , 1 5 1 ] a nd i tb ack s o n t ot h e s t eep , r o cky s ho re w h ich i ss hee ri np l a ces , f o rm ing c l if f s a bou t 2 0 f t .h i gh ; i ti sd ef ended b y e x ten s ive o u t e r d ef ence so nt h el a ndwa rd a r c [ 4 , f i g . 6 59 ] .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

L eve lI : t h e 1 774 p l an a l so c l ea r ly s how s as egmen to ft h e f i r s t f l oo r g a l le ry o n t h e n or th s i de , s pec if y ing t ha t i ti s h ighe r t han t h e g round l e ve l s t o rey w i th i t s c e l ls . T h is c l ea r ly s how s t h a t t h e s i te i s ah o l low -wa l led b roch . I n a dd i t ion t h e i n d ica t ion o f at a l l , c o rbe l led g ua rd c e l l o n e ach s i de o ft h e e n t rance i mp l ie s a tl e a s to ne u ppe rg a l le ry , a sa tD un Mo rV au l ( NM04 4 ) .

T he b u i ld ing i sb ad ly r u ined b u t a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o f a bou t 6 0 f t .i sp robab le w i th aw a l l a bou t 1 5 f t .t h ick . T he o u two rk s f o rm a ma s s ive s y s tem o f c oncen t r ic r ampa r t s a nd d i tche s( I l l . 4 .2 ) . T he i n ne rd ef ence i s as t one w a l l o ra s t one -f aced r ampa r t ; n ex t t o t h is i s ad eep d i tch f o l lowed b y ah igh b ank a nd t h en a n o u te rd i tch . T he o u te re n t rance w a s p robab ly o n t h e w es tern s i de w he re t h e s y s tem i s i n te r rup ted . I nt he s hor t s t re tch b e tween t h i s e n t rance a nd t h e s ea t h e s e cond b ank i sf a ced i n s ide w i th ma son ry b u i l t w i th ama rked b a t te r ; i ti st h e ref o re p robab ly as t one -f aced b ank r a the rt h an aw a l l . T he i n ne rd i tch s e em st ob ep a r t ly r o ck -cu ta nd t h e i nne rw a l l i sa bou t 1 0f t .t h ick . S ources : 1 .L ow 1 869 : 2 .H ibbe r t 1 822 , 3 97 : 3 . OS c a rd HP50 S E3 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 545 .

S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HP 5 0 S E 8( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 : L ow 1 774 , 1 5 1-52 & f i g . 3 . H ibber t 1 822 3 98 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 546 & f i g . 6 60 . HP50 1 0 UNDERHOULL HP /575044 ( v is i ted 7 / 6 /63) T h is p robab le b roch o nU n s ts t and s o nt h e e dge o f ar i dge w h ich s l ope s d own w i th i n c rea s ing s ha l lowne s s t ot h e ( I l ls . 4 . 1 ( l owe r ) a nd 4 . 3) . T he C omm is s ion c on s ide red t h a tt h e b roch i t se lf , s i tua ted o n a mound a bou t 2 50m f r om t h e s ho re a tL unda W ick , h a s b een a lmo s t e n t i re ly d es t royed a nd t h a t a l l t h a t i sl ef t i su nde r i t s own d eb r is . S u rf ace i n d ica t ion s s ugge s t t h a t t h e b roch h a s ad i ame te r o f5 5 f t . w i th aw a l l c .1 5 f t .t h ick [ 2 ] . Two c oncen t r ic r ampa r t s o f e a r th s u r round t h e b roch , f o rm ing a D shaped e nc lo su re a nd e nd ing a tt h e e dge o ft h e s t eep s l ope . Ad eep a nd w ide d i tch i sb e tween t h e b ank s ( I l l . 4 . 3) . E xcava t ion s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t o n t h e s l ope b e tween t h e b roch a nd t h e s ho re a nd t h e r ema ins o fa n e x ten s ive s e t t lemen t r evea led [ 4 ] .

HP50 7 K IRKABY HP /566064 . A p oss ib le b roch o n Un s t n o t n o ted b y t h e R oya l C omm is s ion . T he re a r e v ague t r ace so f ac i rcu la rs t ruc tu re n o r th -ea s t o ft h e r ema in s o ft h e Med ieva l c hu rch o n t op o f t h en a tu ra lk no l l . S ource : 1 .O Sc a rd HP50 NE 2 . HP50 8MUSSELBURGH ( 'Uyea sound ') HP /593011 . S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch o n t h e s ho re o f U yea S ound o n U n s t , c on s is t ing o f a" heap o fs t one s a nd b ou lde r s a lmos t e n t ire ly c ove red b yh igh t i de" ; t h e s i te i sp a r t ly c ove red b y amodern p i e r [ 1 ] . S ources : O S c a rd HP50 S E 2 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 582 .

S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HP 5 0 S E 1 2 ( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 547 , 1 33 & f i g s . 6 58 & 6 60 : 3 .I r v ine 1 865 : 4 . Sma l l 1 966 . NMR p ho tog raphs : 2 P , 1 T .

HP50 9S NA BROCH ( ` Loch o fS nab rough ' o r ` Snabu rgh ' ) HP /568027 ( v is i ted 7 / 6 /63) T h is p robab le s o l id -based b roch o n U n s t , s t and s o n a s hor t , l ow p romon to ry o n t h e s hore o f t h e L och o f S nab rough . F ew o fi t s s t ruc tu ra l d e ta i ls c an b e made o u t n ow . T he s i te s t and s o n r o l l ing c u l t ivab le l a nd i na n o pen a nd e xpo sed p os i t ion e xcep t f o rt h e l o ch o nt h e s ou th s i de ; e l sewhe re i ti sp ro tec ted b y a n o u t e r d ef ence s y s tem . A s t rong ma son ry wa l l , o rr ampa r tw i th a ne x terna l s t one f a ce [ 1 ] , w i th a d i tch o u t s ide i tr un s r ound o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de , a c ro s st h e n eck o ft h e p romon to ry a nd f r om . 3 0 -35 f t . f r om t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e b roch ; i ti ss t i l l 6f t . 6i n s . a bove t h e i n ner e dge o ft h e d i tch . T he re i s ag ap i nt h is w a l l i n f r on t o f t h e b roch e n t rance a nd i n l i ne w i th a c auseway a c ross t h e d i tch . In o ted t h a t t h e w a l l a l so r un s a l ong t h e e dge o ft h e l o ch s o t h a t i tc omp le te ly s u r round s t h eb roch m ound . T he re a r et r ace s o fo u tbu i ld ing sb e tween t h eb roch a nd t h e o u te rw a l l .

HP50 1 NESS OF WADB ISTER + HP /56200180 P os s ib le b roch o n U n s t ; n of u r the ri n f orma t ion .

S quare HP51 HP51 1 BAL IASTA 1 HP /596103 P o ss ib le b roch o n U ns t : n o f u r the ri n f orma t ion .

HP51 2 NORTH GEO OF BROUGH ( ` F lube r sge rd ie > HP /571125 . P os s ib le b roch o n U ns t ; n o f u r the ri n f orma t ion .

S quare HP60 S t ruc tura l a na lys i s : L eve l I : T he C omm is s ion n o ted t h e i n ner a nd o u te r f a ces o ft h e b roch w a l l 14 f t . 6i n s . t h ick -o n t h e s ou th -ea s t , a nd t h e e n t rance o n t h e n o r th -we s t w i th a h eavy l i n te l a t p re sen t g round l e ve l t hough a ppa ren t ly i n s i tu [ 4 , 1 33 ] . T he c o rbe l l ing o f t wo c hambe r s o n e i the r s i de o ft h e e n t rance w a s n o ted i n 1 969 [ 1 ] . I n t h e l a te 1 8 th c en tu ry L ow n o ted " l a rge h o l low a pa r tmen t s . .f o l low ing t h e c u rve o ft h e w a l l" w h ich a r e s hown a s m u ra l c e l l s i n h i s p l an [ 2 , 1 52 ] ; t h er e a r e n o s i gns o ft h e se n ow u n le ss t h ey b et h o se j u s tm en t ioned .

HP60 1 BAL IASTA 2 (Ta l ia s ton ' o r Trough ' ) c . HP /603098 . S i te o f p o ss ib le b roch o n U n s t ( a lso k nown a s Ta l ia s ton ') , n o ted b y I r v ine [ 2 ] ; n o t r ace o fi tw a s f ound i n1 969 [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HP 6 0 NW 5 : 2 . I r v ine 1 866 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 579 , 1 4 1 .

5 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

HP60 2 BALTA ( `Geo o f t h e B rough ' o r ` Ba l ta I s le B roch ' ) HP /660090 . P robab le b roch o nB a l ta I s land , ar o ck s t ack of t h es ho re o f Un s t . T he s t ack h a sb ad ly e r oded ,r emov ing p a r to ft h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e s t ruc tu re . Aw a tch h ou se , n ow r u ined , h a s b een b u i l t f r om t h e d eb r i s a nd p a r t o f t h e b roch e n t rance c an b e s e en i n s ide i t[ 2 ] . T h i s i s 3f t . w ide a nd 1 4 f t . 3i n s , l o ng , t h e t h ickne s s o ft h e w a l l . T he c en t ra l c ou r th a sb een 2 3 i n s . 6i n s , a c ro s sa nd as e conda ry w a l l4 f t . t h ick h a s b een b u i l t a ga in s t i t . T he e x te rna l d i ame te r w a s m ea su r ed a t 1 5 .3m i n 1 969 a nd t h e w a l l f r om 4 . 0m t h ick o n t h e s e awa rd s i de t o 4 . 9m a t t h e e n t rance ; a c u rved w a l l w a s n o ted i nt h e m idd le a bu t t ing a ga in s t t h e s e conda ry w a l l [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HP 6 0 NE 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 596 , 1 43 & f i g . 6 00 ( p l . ) .

HP60 3 BROUGH TA ING HP /633049 . S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch o n t h e s ho r e a tC o lvada le o n U n s t ; t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r 's c ou ld s e e n o t r ace o f a b u i ld ing [ 2 ] b u t 1 9 th c en tu ry r epo r t s i n d ica te t h a t as t one w a l l u sed t ob ev i s ib le [ 1 ] . C on s ide rab le e r o s ion b yt h e s ea h a st a ken p l ace . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HP 6 0 SW 1 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 580 .

HP60 4 S AND W ICK c . HP /623021 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch c l o se t ot h e s ho re o ft h ee a s ts i de o f t h e b ay o fS and iveck o n U n s t . No t r a ce o fi ti sn ow t ob e s e en . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd H P 6 0 SW 1 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 581 , 1 4 1 .

n o . 1 536 ,

1 26 .

HP61 3 URA GEO ( 'C roon o 'd eU ra ' ) HP /634 177 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch n ea r B re i W ick o n Un s t . T he r e i s a n e a r ly r epo r t o f ab roch h e re [ 3 ] b u t n o t r ace c ou ld b e f ound i n1 930 [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . O S c a rd HP 6 1 NW 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 572 , 1 39 : 3 .J akob sen 1 897 , 6 8 .

Ma in land S quare HU15 HU15 1 LOCH OF HUXTER 1( 'B roch o fE a s te r ' ) HU / 173570 ( v i s i ted 4 /6 /63 ) P robab le g round -ga l ler ied b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s , o n f l a t g round n ex t t o as ma l l l o ch ( I l l s . 4 . 4 & 4 . 5 ) . I n d ef en s ive t e rm s t h e s i te s t and s i n aw eak p o s i t ion , o n f l a t g round i nt h e m id s t o ff a rm land a nd n ex t t o t h e L och o f H ux te r , a tt h e n o r th e nd o f i t s e a s t s ho re . T he r e i sa m a s s ive r ampa r t s u r round ing t he b roch o n i t s l a ndwa rd a pp roache s , n o t m en t ioned i n t he C omm i s s ion 's a c coun t ( I l l . 4 . 4 ) . S pence r e f e r s t o" . . . ag igan t ic b u i ld ing , d oub le w a l led , c hamb e red l i ke ab eeh ive , a nd f i t t ed u p w i th e ve ry c onven ience ." [ 3 ] . A ppa r en t ly much s t one w a s r emoved f r om i ti na bou t 1 840 t o b u i ld d ike s [ 3 ] a nd t h e b roch i s n ow i n a v e ry r u inou s c ond i t ion . H oweve r s e ve ra l i n te re s t ing f e a tu re sc an b em ade o u t . P a r t o ft h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce i sv i s ib le ( t hough as h eep p en h a s b een b u i l t i n s ide t h e s t ruc tu re ) a nd i ts t and s t o 5-6f t . o n t h e n o r th a nd n o r th -ea s t . T he p a r t c on ta in ing t h e m a in e n t rance h a s , h oweve r , b een c omp le te ly w reck ed . A d oo rway i nt h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce l e ad st o al e ng th o fi n ta c t mu ra l g a l le ry - l i n te l led o ve r - wh ich r un s t ot h e l e f ta nd e me rge s f r om t h e b roken e nd o ft he w a l l( I l l . 4 . 5 ) . H e re i t c an c l ea r ly b e s e en t ob e e xpand ing i n to a no va l mu ra lc e l l . T h i s p a r t icu la ra r rangemen t - whe reby al e ng th o fg a l le ry r un s o n ly o ne w ay f r om ad oo r a nd e xpand s i n to ac e l l a t i t se nd - i sf ound a to n ly o ne o ther s i t e( HU25 9b e low ) .

HP60 5 NORTH L INKS HP /6591084 1 A p o s s ib le whee lhou se a nd a s soc ia ted m idden h a s b een i d en t if ied h e r eb yt h eU n s tH i s to ry g roup [ 1 ] . S ource :D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 2 00 1 , 8 5 .

D imen s ion s : t h e i n te rna l d i ame te r i s3 1 I t . 9i n s , a nd t h e w a l l , a tt h e o n e m ea su rab le p o in t , i s1 4 f t .t h ick : t h u s t h e w a l l sp ropo r t ion i sa bou t4 6 .7% .

S quare HP61 HP61 1 BURGAR S TACK HP /611144 . A p o s s ib le b roch o n as ma l l h ead land , B u rga r S t ack , o n U n s t . T he b u i ld ing i sw i th in a c i r cu la r mound b u t n o m a son ry i sv i s ib le ; t h e d i ame te r m ay h ave b een f r om 5 5 5 8 f t . . T he r e i sc e r ta in ly o ne r ampa r t , a nd p o s s ib le t wo , a c ro s st h en eck o ft h eh ead land . S ou rce s : I .O S c a rd HP 6 1 SW 1 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 544 , 1 3 1 .

F ind s : d u r ing t h e r an sa ck ing o f t h i s b roch q ue rn s , " ma l le t s" , k n iv e s , p o t te ry a nd a n ima lb one sw e re f ound b u t w e r et h rown a way [ 2 : 3 ,5 2 -3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 1 5 NE 4 ( w i th s k e tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 605 , 1 46 ( no p l an ) : 3 . S pence 1 899 , 5 2 . HU15 2LOCH OF WATSNESS ( `B roch o fN e s s ' ) HU / 175507 P robab le b ro ch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne ss , o n a l ow p romon to ry p ro jec t ing i n to t h e l o ch . T he b roch a nd i t s o u tbu i ld ing s h ave b een r educed t o f o unda t ion l e ve l b y q ua r ry ing [ 2 ] , a nd i t s o ve ra l l d i ame t e r m ay h ave b een c . 1 5m [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O Sc a rd HU 1 5 S E 1 : RCAHMS 1 946 v o l . 3 , n o . 1 605 , 1 46 ( n op l an ) : 3 . S pence 1 899 , 5 2 .

HP61 2 S T . JOHN 'S CHURCH HP /65214 1 P o s s ib le b roch a t No rw ick o n U n s t . T he n o r th w a l l o f t h e c hu rch i ss l igh t ly c u rved b ecau se , a cco rd ing t o l o ca l t r ad i t ion , i to ve r l ie st h ew a l l o f ab roch . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd HP 6 1 S E 1 : RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,

5 8

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

HU15 3 MUCKLE HEOGAN + HU / 183599 P o ss ib le b roch i n Wa l ls a nd S andne ss ; i n f orma t ion .

n o

S t ruc tura l a na ly s i s : T he w a l l s t and s t o t h e h e igh t o f i t s f i r s tf l oo rg a l le ry ; t h e i n s ide f a ce o fa nu ppe rg a l le ry c an b e s e en a bove t h e e n t rance . A n u ppe r mu ra l g a l le ry i sa l so v i s ib le o n t h e w a l lhead a t a bou t 3o ' c lock , w h ich may h ave b een l i n te l led o ve r i n 1 774 [ 3 ] . T he re i sa l so av o id o r d oo rway i n t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce a t a bou t 1 0 o ' c lock . T he re a r e n o s i gn s n ow o ft h e s e cond t i e r . T he s t ruc tu re i s f u l l o f d ebr i s w i th n o s i gn o f as ca rcemen t l e dge b u t a l i n te l led c hambe r i sa ppa ren t o ve r t h e i n ne r e nd o f t h e ma in e n t rance ( I l l .4 . 11) ; t h e l i n te ls o ft h ep a ssage a r en o t e xposed h e re ( I l l . 4 . 9 ) , s o i ft h e s c a rcemen t l e dge i sa t t h e l e ve l o f i t s f l oo r t h is mu s t b e c oncea led u nde r d eb r i s . F ou r c o rbe l s t one s w e re a l so n o ted p ro jec t ing f r om t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce [ 2 ] .

f u r the r

P apa S tour S quare HU16 HU16 1 NORTH BANK HU / 18376097 P o ss ib le b roch o n P apa S tou r : n of u r the ri n f orma t ion .

T he o u te r e nd o ft h e m a in e n t rance i sc l ea r ( I l l . 4 . 8 ) b u t d eb r is i nt h e p a ssage r i se s t o w i th in 2 f t . o ft h e c ove r ing l i n te ls ( I l l . 4 .9 ) . T he re a r e d oo r -check s a bou t 7f t . f r om t h e e x te r io r( t hey c an b e s e en f r om t h e f r on t i nI l . 4 . 9 ) a nd t h e o u ter l i n te l i s ama ss ive t r iangu la r s t one ( I l l . 4 . 8 ) . A r ound mu ra l c e l l ( I l l . 4 . 12 ) i sv i s ib le t o t h e r i gh t o f t h e ma in e n t rance , w h ich i s 1 4 f t . 6i n s . l o ng [ 2 ] , a nd i s p robab ly at a l l g ua rd c e l l . I ti ss a id t h a t i t" wa s o r ig ina l ly e n te red f r om t h e c ou r tya rd" [ 2 ] b u t n o r e a sons a r e g iven f o rt h is c onc lu s ion ; p e rhaps t h e t op o ft h e d oo rway t ot h e c e l lw a sv i s ib le i n1 932 .

She t land Ma in land S quare HU24 HU24 1BURRALAND 2( ` Loch o fB re ib is te r ') HU /222496 P o ss ib le b roch i n Wa l ls a nd S andne ss , o nt h e e a s ts i de o f t h e L och o f B re ib is te r , n ow much mo re r u inou s [ 2 ] t h an w hen i tw a s d escr ibed a s b e ing o n ah o lm a nd w i th a " doub le c oncen t r ic w a l l w i th d i tche s t ha t w e re f i l led w i th w a te r f r om t h e l o ch , a nd c ommun ica t ing w i th t h e s ho re , b y m ean s o fs t epp ing s t ones" [ 3 ] . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 4 NW 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 607 , 1 46 . 3 .H ibbe r t 1 822 , 1 46 .

T he o u te r w a l l c omp le te ly s u r round s t h e b roch t h ough i t h a s l a rge ly d i sappea red o n t h e n o r th s i de ; i t s t h icknes s i s 1 3 f t . 6i n s , a nd t h e d i s tance f r om t h e b roch v a r ies f r om 1 -25 f t .( I l l . 4 . 14 ) . D imen s ion s . E x terna l d i ame te r c . 5 3 f t . , w a l l t h ickne ss a ve rage s 1 4 f t . , w a l ls p ropo r t ion i st h e ref o re a bou t5 3% . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 4 S E4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 397 , 1 01-2 & f i g s . 5 89 , 5 90 & 6 19 : 3 .L ow 1 774 , 8 8 : 4 .F o ju t 1 982a ; 5 . H ibber t 1 822 , 4 53 .

HU24 2 BURRASTO W HU /224478 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch o n c oa s t o f Wa l ls a nd S andnes s . I t w a s r epo r ted t o b e " on a r ock a nd a lmos t e n t ire ly s wep t a way b yt h e s e a" [ 3 ] . No t r aces s u rv ive [ 2 ] . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 4 NW 1 7 : 2 RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 673 , 1 53 : 3 . D ryden 1 890 , 1 82 .

HU24 4 FOOTABROUGH HU /200495 P robab le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s , n ow o n ly ag ra s s g rown mound 1 2 f t . h igh . F ou ro rf i ve c ou r se o ft h e o u te r w a l l a r ev i s ib le o nt h ew e s t . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 2 4 NW 2 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 608 , 1 46 .

HU24 3CULS WICK ( 'Cu l lsw ick ' ) HU /254448 ( v is i ted 4 / 6 /63 & 1 / 7 /87 ) U nexcava ted b roch i nS and s t ing , w i th ama s s ive a nd c l ose -f i t t ing o u ter w a l l o n t op o f as t eep , s moo th k no l l n ea r c l if f s a nd t h e s ea ( I l ls . 4 . 6 -4 . 14 ) . T h is i so ne o ft h e b e s t p r ese rved b rochs i n S he t land a nd s t and s o n r a ised g round n ea r c l if f s o n t he s ou th s i de o f G ru t ing V oe a nd i n t h e m id s t o f r o l l ing c u l t ivab le l a nd ; t h e re a r e t wo f r eshwa te r l o ch s n ea rby ; i th a s ag ood v i ew o u t t o s ea ( I l l s . 4 . 6 -14 ) . C u lsw ick w a s e ven b e t te rp reserved i n1 774 [ 3 , 8 9 ] ; L ow 's d raw ing ( I l l . 4 . 143 ) s how s t h ree c omp le te i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s p r e served ( on t op o ft h e b u r ied b a sa l s t o rey ) a s w e l l a s t h e s c a rcemen t l e dge o n t h e i n s ide f a ce . T he l a t te r i sr ef er red t o a s " a s o r t o f s c a r cemen t , a s i fd e s igned f o r f l oo r ing" .

HU24 5 P INHOULLAND HU /255498 S i te o f p os s ib le b roch i n Wa l ls a nd S andness . T he re i s o n ly ak no l l w i th s ome e a r th -f a s ts t one sp ro t rud ing . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 4 NE 1 9 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 611 , 1 47 . HU24 6 WESTER SKELD ( `Brough ') HU /297438 S i te o fp o ss ib le b roch i nS and s t ing . T he re a r e " s ign s o f t h e f o rme r e x is tence o f as t ruc tu re o fs ome s i ze i n ag ra ss g rown a r ea" [ 1 ] a nd s add le q uern s , p o t te ry a nd h amme r s t one sh ave b een f ound n ea rby [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 4 S E 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 400 , 1 02 .

A l low ing f o r a t l e a s t 4f t . o f w a l l b e ing b u r ied a t t h e e n t rance ( I l l s . 4 .8 & 4 . 9 ) t h e w a l l s e em s t ob e p r ese rved t o ah e igh t o f u p t o 1 2 f t . ( I l l . 4 . 8 ) a nd e v iden t ly r e ached a bou t2 3 f t . i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry [ 3 ] ; i th a s ac l ea rb a t te ro n t h e o u te r f a ce ( I l l . 4 . 8 ) . T he b roch i si n te re s t ing i nt h a t i t i s ar a re e xamp le o fs k i lf u l b u i ld ing w i th u n su i tab le s t one [ 4 ] . S ome v anda l ism h ad o ccu r red t ot h e e a s ts i de i n1 987 .

5 9

T he R oundhou se s , B ruch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

HU25 7 NOUNSBOROUGH (Woe o fC lou s ta ' ) HU /295577 P o s s ib le b roch i nS and s t ing , i nt he f o rm o f ag ra s s -g rown mound o fd eb r i s w i th a n a r c o ft he o u te rw a l l , 3f t . h i gh , v i s ib le o n t h e w e s t [ 2 ] . T he f oo t ing s o ft h i s w a l l c an b e t r aced mo s to ft h ew ay r ound [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 2 5 NE 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 394 , 1 01 .

S quare HU25 HU25 1BAY OF GARTH + HU /216582 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s ; i n f o rma t ion .

n o f u r the r

HU25 2 BROUSTA ( `Muck le B rou s ta ' o r ' B roch o f B rou s ta ' ) HU /223575 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s . T he r ema in s a r e o n ar o cky k no l l a nd w ha t s e emed t ob e t r ace s o f aw a l l w e re v i s ib le i n ap i t d ug i n 1 936 [ 2 ] . O n t op i s ah o l low l i ke t h ei n te r io ro f ac i rcu la rb u i ld ing . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 2 5 NW 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 6 10 , 1 47 .

HU25 8 S TOURA BROUGH ( `B roch o 'S e t te r ' [ 3 ] ) HU /209512 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s , i n a n u nu sua l p o s i t ion o n ah i l l s ide . O n ly s ma l l d eb r i s n ow r ema in sb u t ' t yp ica lb roch r e l ic s ' h ave b een f ound h e r e [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 2 5 SW 2 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 674 , 1 53 : 3 .A nd er son 1 890 , 1 82 .

HU25 3 BR IND ISTER VOE ( 'B r ind ib i s te rV oe ' , ' B rund ib i s te rV oe ') HU /285572 P robab le b roch i nS and s t ing , o n a n i s le t as ho r t d i s tance f r om t h e w e s t s ho re o f B r ind i s te r V oe . I n 1 969 s ome h eavy s t one w a l l ing w a ss e en o nt h e e a s ts i de , e nough f o ra p o s i t ive i d en t if i ca t ion [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 2 5 NE 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 399 , 1 02 .

HU25 9 WEST BURRA F IRTH ( `Bu rgh o fB u r ra f i r th ' o r' Ho lm o fH eb r i s ta ') HU /256572 ( v i s i ted 1 / 7 /87 ) P robab le a berran t g round -ga l ler ied b roch o fu nu sua l f o rm i nS and s t ing , Ma in land , s t and ing o n al ow r o cky i s le t f i r th ( t he H o lm o fH eb r i s ta ) i nt h e F i r th ( I l l s . 4 . 7 &4 . 15 2 0 ) . A cco rd ing t oS pence t h e re w a s o n ce ac au seway f r om t h e i s le t t o t h e s ho re ; a l though n o t s e en b y t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s [ 2 ] i tw a s a ppa ren t a t l ow w a te r i n1 969 [ 1 ] . T he s i te i sa n i n te r e s t ing o ne i nt h a t i n i t s s t ruc tu re a nd s i tua t ion i ts t rong ly r e semb les a n i s land b roch i nt h e O u te r H eb r ide s , e ven t ot h e e x ten t o fh av ing t h e l e dge t ype s c a rcemen t w h ich i sr a r e i n S he t land b u t a lmo s tu n ive r sa l i nt h ew e s t . T he l o ca ls t one a l so s p l i t si n to m a s s ive p o lygona l b lock s , l i ke t he g ne i s se s o ft h e O u te r H eb r ide s .

HU25 4 BURGA WATER 2( 'Ho lm o fB u rga Wa te r ' ) HU /234540 T hough t t o h ave b een a p o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s , o ccupy ing t h ew ho le s u rf ace o fa ni s le t i n al o ch o f t h e s ame n ame [ 2 ] , i th a s r e cen t ly b een v i s i ted a nd d i agno sed a s ar e la t ive ly t h in -wa l led d un [ 1 ] ( bu t s e e HU42 1 ,B u r ra land w he r e t h e w a l lhead i st h in b ecau se i t s t and s r e la t ive ly h igh a l though m a in ly c oncea led u nde r i t s o wn d eb r i s ) . T he s i te w a s " t o rn u p b y Mr S and s ome y ea r sa go" [ 3 ] .

G eo rge L ow v i s i t ed t h e s i te "on as ma l lh o lm i nH e l in s te r V oe c a l led t h e B u rgh o fB u r raf i r th ." H e d e sc r ibed a n umbe r o f c e l l s i n t h e b a se o f t h e w a l l ( t he d i ag ram s how ing t h e i mpo s s ib le n umbe r o fe l even ) ' t o b e e n t e r ed f r om w i th in ' ( i . e . f r om t h e c ou r t ) a nd c l ea r ly s t a ted t h a tt h e h o l low , g a l le r i ed w a l l b egan a bove t h e se . Mo r eove r t h e d e sc r ip t ion c ou ld i mp ly t h a t t h e re w a s mo re t h an o ne g a l le ry p re serv ed a tt h a t t ime , n ame ly " t he d oub le w a l l w i th g a l le r ie s b egan a bove t h e se" ( t he c e l l s ) " and w a s c on t inued t ot h e t o p" . T he c ro ss s e c t ion s ugge s t s aw a l l h e igh t o f a bou t 1 5 f t . j u s t o ve r t wo c en tu r ie s a go ( I l l . 4 . 143 ) .

P a r t o ft h e c r ude ly b u i l t o u te r w a l l f a ce , r i s ing t o ah e igh t o ft h r ee o r f ou r c ou r se s a bove d eb r i s , i se xpo sed ; i ti s o n ly 2 . 5 -1 . 0m t h ick [ 1 ] . T he re i ss uppo sed t oh ave b een ac au seway t ot h e s ho re [ 4 ] b u t t h i s c an n o l o nge r b e s e en [ 2 ] a nd s ound ing s f a i led t o l o ca te i t[ 1 ] . I n 1 774 t h e s i te w a s s e en f r om t h e s ho re b y G eo rge L ow w ho d e sc r ibed i ta s aT igh t 's c a s t le ' w i th t h e w a l l s t and ing t oa bou t 7f t .[ 5 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 5 SW 5( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 606 , 1 46 : 3 .S pence 1 899 , 5 3 : 4 . O ld S ta t i s t ica l A cc t . 1 798 , x x , 12 13 ; 5 . L ow 1 774 .

I n s p i te o f m uch f a l len d eb r i s an umbe r o f s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu r e s w e re m ade o u t , a l though t h e r e i sn o s i gn n ow o f t h e u ppe r g a l le ry m en t ioned b y L ow . T he e n t rance i s b l ocked w i th s t one s b u t t h e l i n te l o ve r t h e i n ne r e nd i s a ppa ren t ( I l l . 4 . 16 , a bove t h e t h eodo l i t e ) , a tt h e l e ve l o fa s c a rcemen t9 11 i n s , w ide w h ich r un s a l r ound t h e i n t e r io r a ta nu nknown h e igh ta bove t h e f l oo r( I l l .4 . 17 ) . V o id sa r e v i s ib le o ve r t h e m a in e n t rance , a nd o ve r t h e d oo rway s t o f ou r mu ra l c e l l s ( I l l . 4 . 18 ) ; t h ese s hou ld h ave l e d t o a n u ppe rg a l le ry .

HU25 5 CULERY IN LOCH ( 'Cum i sB rough ' )+ HU /279543 P o s s ib le b roch i nS and s t ing ; n of u r the ri n f o rma t ion .

HU25 6 HEGL IB ISTER 1+ HU /288515 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s ; i n f o rma t ion .

T he se c e l l s a r e o fu nu sua l c on s t ruc t ion , t wo b e ing d umb b e l l s haped w i th s hor t p a s sage s b e tw een t h e t wo h a lve s . A no the r s e em s t ob e a n e l onga ted c e l l r e a ched b y as ho r t l e ng th o fg a l le ry f r om ad oorway ( s ee HU 15 1a bove ) a nd o ne o ft h e d umb -be l l s i ss im i la r ly r e a ched b y al e ng th o f

n o f u r the r

6 0

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

n ea rby i s land i n t h e l o ch , a nd a no the r c onnec t ing t h e i s land t o t h e w es t s ho re . T he s i te s t and s o n l ow g round a m id r o l l ing c u l t ivab le l a nd w i th s hee r c l if f s a nd t h e s ea a f ew h und red y a rd sa way . T he s t ony b roch mound s t i l l s t and s a bou t 1 5 f t .h igh a bov e t h e s u r round ing g round w i th t h ew a l l s u rv iv ing t o 1 2 f t . o n t h e n or th a nd n or th -ea s t ( I l l . 4 . 22 ) a l though o n ly t h e u ppe r 7f t . a r e c l ea r o fd eb r is . A n u ppe r mu ra l g a l le ry o n t h e w a l lhead i sa ppa ren to nt h en or th s i de .

g a l lery i n to o ne e nd f r om ad oorway a s w e l l a s t h rough a s e cond d oo rway a t i t s c en t re p o in t ( I l l . 4 . 20 ) . A f ou r th mu ra l c e l l s e ems t o b e c i rcu la r a nd i t s e n t rance i sn o t v i s ib le . T he re a ppea r t ob e t wo c e l l s o n e i the r s i de o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage , a lmo s tc e r ta in ly g ua rd c e l ls ( I l l . 4 . 19 ) . D imen s ion s . E x terna l d i ame te r 5 8 f t . a nd w a l l t h icknes s a bou t 1 5 f t . : t h e wa l ls p ropor t ion i st h e ref o re a bou t 5 1 .7% . I n 1 987 a f r esh s u rvey o f t h e c en t ra l c ou r t ( be low s c a rcemen t l e ve l ) w a s made b y t h e a u tho r w h ich r evea led t h a t i n p l an i t wa s c l o se t o at r ue c i rc le w i th a r ad iu s o f 4 . 10 + 0 . 08 m ; t he d i ame te r i st h u s c l o se t o8 . 20 m ( 26 .89 f t . ) . F ind s : af ew p o t she rd s f r om ' We s t B u r ra ' a r e i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seums a nd s e em l i ke ly t oc ome f r om t h is s i te ( I l l . 4 . 52 , 1 5 -20 ) . T hey i n c lude af r agmen to f af i ne b a r re l s haped u r n c on ta in ing s t ea t i te a nd w i th a s moo th , b l ack e x ter io r ( HR 129 ) a nd at h ick b a se o fc oa r se , g r i t ty w a re w h ich h a s b een d eco ra ted w i th d eep f i nge r i mp ress ion s o n i t s i n s ide s u rf ace ( HR 132 ) . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 5 NE 4 ( w i th s ke tch p lan ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o .1393 , 1 00 & f i g . 6 18 : 3 . S pence 1 899 , 5 4 ; 4 . L ow 1 774, 1 26 -27 ; A nde r son 1 890 , 1 81 .

T he ma in e n t rance i s o n t h e w e s t —s ou th -wes t a nd i s a ppa ren t ly l i n te l led a tt h e i n ne re nd ; i ti s 3f t . w ide a tt h e mou th b u t n a r row s t o 2f t . 1 0 i n s , a tt h e i n ne r e nd . T he s i des o f av o id c an b e s e en a bove t h ese l i n te ls b u t t he r e a ppea r s t o b e n o f r on t w a l l f o r t h is , i t s s i de s a ppa r en t ly g o ing s t ra igh t t h rough t o t h e e x te r io r , af e a tu re h a rd t o u nde r s tand . M isgu ided moder n r e con s t ruc t ion ( su ch a s o ccu r red a tC l ickh im in : HU44 I )i sp os s ib le b u t p e rhap s mo re l i ke ly i st h e e x tens ion i na nc ien tt ime s o ft he p a ssag e t h rough t h e w a l l a t f i r s t f l oo r l e ve l , b ecau se t he g round l e ve l w a s a l ready b u r ied i nd eb r is . T he re a r e n o s i gns o f i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le r ie sr unn ing i n to t h e s i des o ft h is c hambe r . T he r oof o f at a l l mu ra l c e l l , p robab ly ag ua rd c hamber , i s v i s ib le o n t h e r i gh t o ft h e e n t rance , i t s d omed r oof r i s ing w e l l a bove t h e l i n te ls o f t h e l a t te r ( I l l . 4 . 23) : t h is i s a no the r c l ea r s i gn o f h o l low -wa l l c on s truc t ion a nd p robab ly e xp la in s t h e l a ck o fa n u ppe r mu ra l g a l le ry a tt h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance . T he t op s o ft h e c e l ls w ou ld h ave b locked t h is , a sa tD un Mo rV au l( NM04 4 ) . D imen s ion s : o ve ra l l d i ame te rc .5 7 f t . , w a l l c .1 5 f t .t h ick ; w a l lp ropo r t ion i st h e ref o re a pp rox ima te ly 5 2 .6 % . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 7 NW 5 ( w i th s ke tch p lan ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 352 , 8 9 -90 ; 3 .L ow 1 774 , 1 36 .

HU25 1 0 WEST HOULLAND ( ` The B roch ') . HU /275503 P robab le b roch o nt op o f ak no l l i nS and s t ing . T he o u te r f a ce o ft h e w a l l c an b e t r aced o n t h e s ou th a nd s ou th -ea s t , s ugges t ing a n o vera l l d i ame te ro f 6 1 f t . . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 5 S E4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 398 , 1 02 . HU25 1 HEGLIBISTER 2 + HU /288515 P oss ib le b roch i nS and s t ing : n oo t he ri n f orma t ion .

HU27 3SAE BRECK ( ` Saeb r ig ') HU /211781 ( v is i ted 4 /6 /63 ) A p ar t ia l ly e xcava ted , p robab le s o l id -based b roch i n Nor thmaven , o nt h e s umm i to f ah igh b u ts ha l low ly s l op ing h i l l n ex t t h e s ea ( I l l . 4 . 24 ) . T h is s i te w a s t hough t t ob e a c a ir n b y t h e C omm is s ion 's i n ves t iga to r s [ 2 ] b u t w a s i d en t if ied a s ab roch i n 1 949 d u r ing t wo d ay s e xcava t ion b y C . S . T . C a lde r [ 3 ] . A w a tch towe r h ad b een b u i l t e xac t ly o nt op o ft h e ma in s t ruc tu re a nd t h e f ounda t ions f o r t h is p reven ted a ny e xam ina t ion o ft h e i n te r io r .

S quare HU27 HU27 1 H ILLS WICK ( `K i rk L och ') HU /281770 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i n Nor thmav ine ; ac hu rch , n ow d emo l ished , w a s b u i l t i nt h e 1 6t h c en tu ry o n t h e s i te w h ich w a s a ppa ren t ly p rev iou s ly f l a t tened [ 1 ] . T he C omm i s s ion t hough t t h e e v idence i n suff ic ien t t o c l a s s if y t h e s i te a s a b roch [ 2 ] , t h ough l o ng -hand led b one c omb s , p o t tery , b one i mp lemen t s , b ones a nd s he l ls w e re f ound i n am idden n o t f a ro f f[ 3 ] ; t h e c omb sa r e o fI r on A ge t ype [ 3 ] . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 2 7 NE 1 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 388 , 9 9 : 3 . C ough t rey 1 872 , 1 46 -7 .

H oweve r t wo o ppo s ing s e c t ion s o f t h e ma in w a l l we r e u ncove red , o n t h e n or th a nd s ou th s i de s , a nd i ne ach wa s a mu ra l c e l l o f t h e u sua l s or t f ound i n s o l id -ba sed b roch s . E ach w a s ac u rved , p a ra l le l s ided s t ruc tu re w i th ad oor t o t h e i n te r io r n ea re r o ne e nd t h an t h e o t he r ; t h e s i l l o ft h e d oo r o f e ach w a s w e l l a bove i t s f l oo r a nd p r esumab ly a bove t h e f l oo ro ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t .

HU27 2 LOCH OF HOULLAND ( ` E sha N e ss ') HU /214792 ( v is i ted 4 /61963) T h is u nexcava ted b roch i n No r thmaven o ccup ies a lmo s t t h e w ho le o f as ma l l , l ow , h eav i ly d ef ended p romon to ry j u t t ing i n to t h e L och o f H ou l land ( I l ls . 4 . 21-23 ) . T he i n nermo s t o f t h ese d ef ences , b a r r ing t h e n eck o f t h e p romon to ry i nf r on t o ft h e b roch , i s as t one -f aced b ank 2 f t . h igh o n t h e e x te r io r , w i th t wo mo re l i ne s o f l a rge s t one s s e te dge i nf r on t o ft h is . T he o u termo s t may a l so b e ar u ined w a l l w i th v e ry l a rge b a se s t ones . T he re i sa c auseway 8 9 f t . w ide c onnec t ing t h e h ead land w i th a

I nt h e c a se o fC e l l Ao n t h e s ou th t h e s i l l w a s 2f t . 4i n s . h igh , a nd 4 f t .i nt h e c a se o fC e l l B . B o th s e c t ions o fw a l l e xpo sed w e re s t i l l s t and ing a bou t 5f t . h i gh a nd mos t o f t h e c o rbe l led d omes o f t h e c e l ls h ad d i sappea red . T he n or th c e l l w a s e mp ty b u tt h e o ne o n t h e s ou th w a s f ound t o h ave ac l ay f l oo r c ove red b y a n i regu la r l a ye r o fp ea t a s h u p t o 8i n s . t h ick . I nt h e a sh w e re s ome l i mpe t s he l l s a nd many p o t she rd s . T he l a t te r w e re d i agnosed b y JR C

6 1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

H am i l ton a s am ix tu r e o f t h e C la s s Ia nd I w a re s t h en b e ing f ound a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) ; t h ey w e re f r agmen t s o f t a l l , s i tu la te j a r s w i th s l igh t ly e ver ted r im s a nd m ade o f h a rd , g r i t ty d a rk g r ey o r b uf f -b rown w a r e . [ 3 , f i g . 3 ] . S ome o ft h e s he rd s a ppea r t ob e o ft r ue e ver ted r im w a r e [ 3 , n o . GA 1 206 ] . A n o u te r w a l l w a s t r aced a r ound t h e b roch a t v a r iou s d i s tance s f r om i t ; 1 5 f t .o n t h e n or th , 2 0 f t . o n t h e w e s t , 4 8 f t . o n t h e s ou th a nd 3 0 f t . o n t h e e a s t . T he m a son ry f a ce s o ft h i s o u te rw a l l w e r e t r aced o n t h e n or th -ea s t f o r a s ho r t d i s tance a nd t h e o u te r f a ce o n t h e s ou th -we s t f o r a f ew f e e t . D imen s ion s : o ve ra l l d i ame te r 5 f t . ; t h e t wo s e c t ion s o f t h e w a l l e xpo sed w e re 1 5 .5 f t . t h ick , s o t h e i n te rna l d i ame te ri sa bou t2 6 f t . ; t h e w a l l s p ropo r t ion i st h e r ef o re a bou t5 2 .7% . T he r ema in sa r en ow h idden b yt u rf . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 7 NW 2 ; 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 361 , 9 4( " ca ir n " ) : 3 .C a lde r 1 952 . HU27 4 WEST HOGALAND ( 'We s t ` Hoga land ' ) HU /27917701 S i te o f ap o s s ib le b roch o r" P ic t 's H ou se" [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O Sc a rd 1 E U2 7 NW 1 .

A y r e '

o r

HU27 5 THE HA MARS + HU /220780 P os s ib le b roch i nN or thmav ine n oo t he ri n f o rma t ion . T h i s m ay b e aw rong p o s i t ion f o r HU27 4 .

D un ro s sne s s p en in su la , c on s is t s o f al a te B ronz e A ge v i l lage w i th a n e a r ly I r on Age v i l lag e s upe r impo sed , f o l lowed a f t e ra ni n te rva lo fa bandonmen tb y am idd le I r on A ge p robab le b roch o f s o l id -ba sed t y pe w i th c ou r tya rd a t tached . L a t e r s t ruc tu re s i n c lude s eve ra l w hee lhou se s , a p a s sage h ou se a nd V ik ing f a rm s . O n ly t h e p r e -b roch s e t t lemen t s , t h e b roch a nd t h e whee lhou se s t ruc tu r e s a r e d e sc r ibed h e r e( I l l s . 4 . 25 -43 )

DESCR IPT ION 1 . E ar ly w ork I n 1 897 t wo g en t lemen s t ay ing w i th J ames B ru ce a t S umbu rgh H ead , P rof e s so r G un the r a nd E . M . N e l son , f ound m a son ry p ro jec t ing f r om t h e s a nd h i l l s a l ong t h e s ho re a nd " soon t h e i r i n te re s t a nd e n thu s ia sm l e d t h em t o c a s t of t h e i r c oa t s a nd b eg in e xcava t ing" [ 2 ] . B ruce h im se lf h ad p r ev iou s ly o b se rved ma son ry a tt h e s ame p l ace b u t h ad t h ough t i tp a r t o ft h e c e l la r s o ft h e o ld h ou se a t J a r l shof , e ven t h ough t h e s t ones s e emed t o b e w i thou t c emen t . B ruce t o ok u p t h e e xcava t ion w o rk i n 1 898 a nd c on t inued , w i th t h r ee h i red m en , e ve ry y ea r t i l l 1 906 . H e s pec if ica l ly i n s t ruc ted h i s m en t o g o a bou t t h e i r w o rk s l ow ly a nd h ad a s e a w a l l b u i l t t o p ro t ec t t h e b u i ld ing s e xpo sed f r om t h e e nc roach ing w ave s ( av i o len t s t o rm h ad e xpo sed t h e s t onewo rk t o t h e g aze o f B ruce 's g u e s t s i n 1 897 ) . B ruce f o l low ed t h e ma son ry i n to t h e s and h i l l a nd u ncove red a nd e xcava ted t h er ema in so f ab roch , t wo -f if th s o fw h ich h ad b een w a shed a way a nd w h ich p a r t ly u nde r lay t h e h ou se o f J a r l shof . H e a l so f ound t wo e xcep t iona l ly w e l l p re se rved " beeh ive s" ( now k nown a s whee lhou se s ) w h ich a ppea r ed t ob e s u r rounded b y ab ounda ry w a l l w i th ag a te i ni t . H e d i d n o t d i s t ingu i sh b e tw een p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry m a son ry a nd t hough tt ha t a l l t h e s t ruc tu re sw e re c on tempo ra ry . H i s r epo r t i sI l t ra ted w i th h igh q ua l i ty p ho tog raph s -o ft h e w hee lhou se i n te r io r s f o r e xamp le t h e t a k ing o f w h ich mu s t h ave b een a c on s ide rab le a ch ievemen tw i th t h ee qu ipmen to ft h ed ay .

S quare HU28 HU28 1 HA MNAVOE HU /239806 T h i s p robab le b roch i nN o r thmav ine h a s o u two rk s a nd s t and so nt h ee dge o ft h e s t eep s l ope o f ag u l ly t o t h e e a s t ; l i t t le o ft h e s t ruc tu re n ow s u rv ive s a nd t h e s i te i s ag ra s s c ove r ed k no l l . T he o u te r w a l l f a ce c an b e s e en a tt h r ee p o in t s , g i v ing a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o fa bou t 6 2 f t . ; t h e p robab le i n ne r f a ce o f amu ra l c e l l i sv i s ib le o nt h e n or th e a s t a r c . A n o u te r d ef ence , e i the r aw a l l o r ab ank , r un s a l ong t h e c r e s t o f t h e s l ope a bove t h e g u l ly . O n t h e s ha l low a pp roach o n t h e o ppo s i te , w e s t s i de a mo re ma s s ive d ef ence e x i s t s , c on s i s t ing o f a n e a r th a nd s t one r ampa r t w i th a d i tch i n s ide i t : t h e r ampa r t s t and s 7 -8 f t . f r om t h e b a se o ft h e d i tch w h ich i sd eepe s t a tt h e n or the rn e nd . S ource s : 1 .O Sc a rd HU 2 8 SW 2 ; 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 353 & f i g . 6 02 , 9 0 -1 .

T he r e po r t g i v e s h a rd ly a ny d e ta i ls o ft h e d epo s i t s i n s ide t h e s t ruc tu re s a nd mo s t o ft h e f i nd s l a ck p r ec i se c on tex t s . T h i s i su nf o r tuna te b ecau se t wo o ft h e a r tef ac t s -t h e l o ng h and led b one c omb a nd t h e e ve r ted r im " n eck -band" s h e rd [ 2 , f i g s . 1 & 1 5 ] -c ou ld b e o fs ome i n t e r es t i na s se s s ing t h e c u l tu ra l o r ig in o f t h e b roch a nd w h ee lhou se b u i lde r s a nd n o f u r the r e xamp le s w e re f ound i n t h e l a te r , m o r e s c ien t if ic e xcava t ion s . T he f i nd s r e cove r ed b y B ruce i n c luded a s e r ra ted s t one s aw , h amme r s tone s , s t one p o t l id s , " c lub s" ( wh ich a r e p re sumab ly s t one a r d p o in t s ) , q ue rn s ( o fu n spec if ied t y pe b u tp re sumab ly r o ta ry ) , s t one v e s se l s a nd s t one w ho r l s , t h e l o ng b one c omb a nd ab one p in [ 2 , f i g s . 1 0 16 ] . V a r iou s o t he r b one t o o l s - i n c lud ing a w l s - w e re a l so f o und t oge the r w i th s ome c up s m ade o f h o l lowed w ha le v e r teb rae . Ab ronze p in w i th ac rook shaped h ead a nd t h e s haf t o f as i lve r p i n w e re a l so f ound . V e ry f ew p o t she rd s t u rned u p e xcep t i ns ma l l f r agmen t s a nd t h e o n ly o ne w i th ad ef in i te s hape w a s t h e E ver ted r im n eck -band s h e rd m en t ioned e a r l ie r .

S quare HU30 HU30 1 J ARLSHOF HU 3 99096 ( v i s i ted 5& 9 / 6 / 1963 a nd i n1 987 ) A s i sw e l l k nown t h e o n ly t r ad i t iona l n ame s u rv iv ing f o r t h is s i te w a s ' The L o rd 's H ou se ' , w h ich r e f e r red t o t h e " gaun t r u in o f ad w e l l ing h ou se o fn o g r ea t a n t iqu i ty , t o w h ich S i r Wa l te r S co t t i n T he P i ra te g ave t h e n ame o f ` Ya r l shof" [ 5 , 13 ] . T he n ame h a s s t uck , t h ough n ow s pe l t w i th a ' F . T he s i te , n ea r t h e s ou ther n e nd o ft h e

6 2

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

i n hab i tan t s o ft h e l a t te r h ad a n I r on A ge c u l tu re i n c lud ing t h eu se o fi r on [ 4 , 3 9 ] .

B ruce d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave d ug b e low a ny p aved f l oo r s i ne i the r o ft h e t wo w hee lhou se s h e c l ea r ed o r i n s ide t h e b roch i t s e lf a nd H am i l ton s ub sequ en t ly f ound t h a t a l l t h e se s u r f ace s w e r e s econda ry . T hu s , c on t ra ry t ow ha t H am i l ton i mp l ie s [ 4 ,4 6 ] , i ts e em s v e ry u n l ik e ly t h a ta ny o ft h e se f i r s t f i nd s c ou ld h ave c ome f r om a ne a r ly s t age i nt h e h i s to ry o f t h e b roch c omp lex - t h e d epo s i t s o f w h ich w e re n o t u ncove r ed u n t i l t h e 1 9 50 's - u n le s s i tw a s f r om b e tween t h e w a l l s o f Whee lhou se 1a nd t h e b roch . B ruce c l ea r ed a m a s so fs t one f r om t h i sg ap .

T he a c tua l e v idence f o r al a te B ronze A ge d a te f o rt h e f i r s t v i l lage c on s i s t s o f s ome b roken mou ld s f o r b ronze w eapon s o ft h a t p e r iod ( p re sumab ly d a teab le t ot h e 8 t h o r 7 t h c en tu r ie s BC ) w h ich w e re f ound i n s ide Dwe l l ing s I a nd I Va , r e s t ing o n b l own s a nd i nt h e f o rme r ( wh ich , i t w a s s ugge s ted , h ad c ome i nt h ough a h o le i nt h e r oo f ) . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t V i l lage Im ay h ave b een a bandoned w hen t h eb ronze s m i th s e tu ph i sw o rk shop i n s ide Dwe l l ing

A t t h e e nd o fB ruce 's p ape ro ne o ft h e o r ig ina l e xcava to r s , E .M . N e l son , s ugge s ted t h a t t h e o u te r w a l l w a s ad ef ence f o r t h e b roch a nd e a r l ie rt h an t h e d we l l ing s ( whee lhou se s ) e nc lo sed b y i t . I n 1 925 t h e r u in s w e re t a ken o ve r b y t h e O ff i ce o f Wo rk s a s an a t iona l m onumen t a nd f r om 1 931 t o 1 935 D r . A .O . C u r le e xcava t ed t h e t wo e a r ly v i l lage s e t t lemen t s w h ich w e r e l a te r s hown t o a n teda te t h e b roch c omp lex [ 5 ,6 , 7& 8 ] .

I n t h e a d jacen t Dwe l l ing I Va h oweve r t h e c l ay mou ld f r agmen t s , t h ough b e long ing t o t h e f i na l s t age o f i t s o ccupa t ion , w e re n o t r e s t ing o n s and . A pa r t f r om o ne b ronze k n if eb l ade t h e re w e re n o o t he rs i gn so fm e ta l -u s ing i n V i l lage Iw h ich t e chn ica l ly t h e ref o r e h ad a N eo l i th ic t e chno logy w h ich w a s e v iden t ly i nu se u n t i l t h e a r r iva l o f t h e b ronze s m i th . T he o ccupa t ion l a ye r s o f V i l lage I p roduced i r on s l ag ( d i scu s sed b e low ) .

I tw a s c l ea r t h a t t h e r e w e re e ven e a r l ie r l e ve l s h e re w h ich c ou ld n o t b e e xam ined w i thou t d e s t roy ing s ome o f t h e n ew ly d i scove red s t one h u t s s o i n1 9 37 P rof . V . G . C h i lde i n ve s t iga ted t h ese i na n a r ea j u s t t ot h e n or th o ft h e p r e b roch v i l lage [ 4 , 8f . ] . Ad eep t r ench w a s s unk t h rough as u cce s s ion o fm idden s a nd o ccupa t ion l a ye r so nt h e s l ope o ft h em a in m ound . 2 .

V i l lage I i s s ome t ime s d e sc r ibed a s a s e t t lemen t o f ' c ou r tya rd h ou se s ' b ecau se o ft h e s upe rf ic ia l r e semb lance o ft h e i n d iv idua l d we l l ing s ( I l l . 4 . 26 ) w i th t h e m uch l a rge r s t ruc tu re a tC hy sau s te r i nC o rnwa l l , b u t t h e re i sn o r e a l l i nk . T he J a r l shof b u i ld ing s s e em t oh ave b een r oof ed o va l h u t s w i th d eep , o pen -f ron ted r e ce s se s i nt h e t h ick w a l l a nd ac en t ra l h ea r th . F o rw an t o f ab e t te ro ne t h e t e rm ' c e l led h u t s ' , t h ough n o te n t i re ly s a t isf ac to ry , i su sed h e re .

T he p re -broch s e t t lemen t s

2 . 1 T he e a r l ie s tl e ve l s I n g ene ra l t e rm s C u r le u ncove red t r a ce s o ft h ree o ft h e se s t one c e l led h u t s - Dwe l l ing s I , I a nd I Va - t oge the r w i th t h e f r agmen ta ry t r ace s o fa n e a r l ie r h ou se - Dwe l l ing I- w h ich m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave b een r ound . T he re s e em s t o h ave b een a no the r u nde r Dwe l l ing V o fV i l lage I b u t t h i s w a s n o t d i s tu rbed ( I l l . 4 . 25 ) . T he f i r s t t wo w e r e f u l ly e xp lo red , b u t I Va w a s o n ly p a r t ly u ncove red b ecau se Dwe l l ing I Vb o f V i l lage I w a s b u i l t r i gh t o n t op o f i t . T he d we l l ing s w e re c l o se t oge the r , f o rm ing a s i ng le c l u s te r , a nd w e re a ppa ren t ly c onnec ted b yp a s sage s ; t h ey a l so s e em t o h ave b een s urounded b y ab ounda ry w a l l . T hey a r e t h u s q u i te d i s t inc t f r om t h e i n d iv idua l l a rge e a r ly I r on A ge r oundhou se s f ound i nO rkney ( HY20 3 , HY21 1 , HY44 8 ( P ie rowa l l ) & HY4 1 7( Quan te rne s s ) ) . O n t h e o t he r h and t h e c e l led h u t a t C l ickh im in ( HU44 1 ) s e em st oh ave s t ood a l one .

C h i lde 's w o rk r evea led a s u cce s s ion o f t h ree m idden l a ye r s ( `M ' ) a nd o ccupa t ion s u rf a ces ( '0 ' ) s epa ra ted b y d epo s i t s o f b l own s a nd ( ' S ' ) ; t h e l a ye r s a r e n umbe r ed f r om It oI V s t a r t ing a tt h e t o p a nd M I I w a s d i v ided i n to t wo p a r t s , Aa nd B . T he t o p m idden ( M I ) h ad V ik ing m a te r ia l a nd s ome s t one i mp lemen t s a ppa r en t ly o fb roch a nd p o s t -b roch d a te . M I IB h ad p o t te ry e qu iva len t t o t h e m a te r ia l f o und i nt h e ' c ou r t -ya rd h ou se ' s e t t lemen t n ea rby b u tt h e s h e rd sf r om M I IB w e re m uch o l de ra nd a ppea red t o b e o fN eo l i th ic a ge . O I I u nde rt h i s i n c luded c l ay h ou se f l oo r s , p a r t s o f w h ich h ad b een b aked b y f i r ep lace s . M I IB r e s ted o n t h i s f l oo r l a y e r a nd c on ta ined l a rge n umbe r s o ff l aked q ua r tz i mp lemen t sa sw e l l a sm any s l a te c u t t ing a nd c hopp ing t o o l s [ 4 , f i g . 7 ] . B one i mp lemen t s i n c luded a w l s a nd p i e rce r s a sw e l l a ss c rap ing t o o l s [ 4 , f i g . 8 ] . T he r e w a s a l so a p e rf o ra ted b one p l aque - u n ique i n t h e B r i t i sh I s le s - w i th f i ne ly i n c i sed g eome t r ica l d eco ra t ion [ 4 , f i g . 8 ,t o p l ef t ] ; t h i s h a s p a ra l le ls b o th i n t h e s c h i s t ' i do l p laque s ' a nd c r o s s e s o f t h e P o r tugue se C oppe r A g e r ock -cu t t omb s a nd i n l a te N eo l i th ic m ega l i th ic t omb s i nD enma rk a nd S w eden [ 4 , 1 6 ] .

T he h u t s t e nded t ob e a pp rox ima te ly s ub -c i r cu la r i np l an . Dwe l l ing I m ea su red i n ter na l ly 5 . 3 mb y 2 . 9 m ; i tw a s f a i r ly s imp le i np l an w i th o ne l a rge c hambe r a tt h e s ou th e a s te nd . A t al a te rs t age a no u te re x ten s ion o ro pen c ou r t w a s a dded t o i t s n o r th -we s t s i de ( I l l . 4 . 25 ) . T he f l oo r d epo s i t s i n d ica ted t h a t p ea t h ad b een b u rned o n t h e c en t ra l h ea r th b u t t h a t , i n i t s p r ima ry p ha se o f o ccupa t ion ( c ove red b y af l agged f l oo r ) , o ne o r m o re a n ima ls h ad b een s t a l led i n t h e l a rge s ou th -ea s t c hambe r e . A b one t e the r ing r i ng w a s a l so f o und a nd Dwe l l ing I t h u s s e em st o h ave b een ab y re .

2 . 2 T he l a te B ronze A ge v i l lage C u r ie 's r e po r t s [ 6 -9 ] d esc r ibe t h e t wo s u cce s s ive p r e b roch s e t t lemen t s a s ' La te B ronze A ge I ' a nd ' La te B ronz eA ge 2 'b u t i ti sc l ea rt h a tt h e l a te ro ne f a l ls i n to t h e e a r ly I r on A ge , a nd i ti ss o d e sc r ib ed h e re . F o r s ome r e a son t h e o l d t e rm ino logy i sm a in t a ined i n H am i l ton 's a ccoun t -w he re t h e t e rm s ' V i l lage I 'a nd ' V i l lage I ' a r e u sed - a l though a t o ne p o in t i ti sc onceded t h a t t h e

Dwe l l ing I I , m ea su r ing o ve ra l l a bou t 8 . 3 m b y 8 . 3 m , w a s t h e mo s t c omp le te o f t h e s t ruc tu re s e xcava ted b y C u r le . I n s ide w a s a p aved ' c ou r tya rd ' o r c l ea r c en t ra l

6 3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

a r ea a bou t 2 . 9 m w ide w h ich h ad p r e sumab ly o nce c on ta ined al a rge r e c tangu la rh ea r th ;t h e re w e re i n d ica t ion s o f b u rn ing o n t h e p aved f l oo r . F rom t h i s ' c ou r t ' f i ve l a rge , o pen -f ron ted c e l l s r e ceded i n to t h e t h ick w a l l , t h e l a rge s t b e ing t h e t r an sve r se o ne a t t h e s ou th -ea s t e nd . T h ree p ha se s o fo ccupa t ion w e r e d e tec ted i nt h i s d we l l ing , a nd t h e re s e em s t o h ave b een a p o t te r 's w o rk shop i n c hambe r Lw he r e al ump o fp l a s t ic c l ay w a sf ound b e s ide a t r ough q ue rn . Dwe l l ing Iw a s f r agmen ta ry b u t , a s i n d ica ted , t wo p ha se s o fc on s t ruc t ion w e re i d en t if ied t h ee a r l ie ro fw h ich a ppea r s t o h ave b een a s imp le r ound h u t . T h i s w a s a ppa ren t ly l a te r mod if ied b y t h e i n se r t ion o f w edge shaped p i e r s w h ich c onve r ted t h e h u t i n to s ome th ing mo r e l i ke t h e l a te r c e l led h u t s . T h i s s e em s t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e l a t te r w e r e a c ompa ra t ive ly l a te d eve lopmen t , w i th in t h e l a te B ronze A ge p e r iod , e xcep t t h a t s im i la r , o lde r , N eo l i th ic h ou se s a r ek nown f r om e l sewhe re i nS he t land . F ind sf rom V i l lage I [ 4 , f i g s . 1 -16 ] ( I l l . 4 . 27 ) . S tone i mp lemen t s i n c luded m any h eavy c u t t ing a nd c hopp ing t oo l s o fs l a te a sw e l la s ap e rf o ra ted m a t tock b l ade a nd t wo k ind s o f s ma l l b l ade s l o ok ing l i ke s aw s a nd k n if e b l ade s w i th g round e dge s ; t h e re w e re a l so q ua r tz s c rape r s . S t ea t i te v e s se l s o fs ub rec tangu la r f o rm w e re u sed a sw e re s and s tone t r ough q ue rn s . B one i mp lemen t s c h i se l l ike t oo l s , w o rk ing t oo l s .

i n c luded m a in ly a w l s a nd p i e r ce r s , o x -b lade s hove l s a nd p o s s ib le p o t -

B ronze . O n ly o ne a c tua l b ronze a r tef a c t w a s f ound - a k n if eb l ade [ 4 , f i g . 1 4 , n o . 6 ] b u ta bou t2 00 p i ece s o fc l ay b iva lve mou ld s w e re f ound i n Dwe l l ing s I I a nd I Va a nd s c a t te red r ound a bou t t h e se s t ruc tu re s [ 4 , f i g . 1 4 ] . T hey w e re f o r l e af shaped s wo rd s , s ocke ted a xe s , as unf lowe r p in , ag ouge a nd r od s . P o t te ry [ 4 , f i g . 1 6 ] ( I l l . 4 . 27 ) : t h i s c on s i s ted o fm a in ly b a r re l shaped v e s se l s , o f w e l l -f i r ed , h a rd w a re u sua l ly b aked t o ab r ick r ed w i th g r a in s o fm ica s how ing o n t h e s u rf ace s . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e p o t sw e re p l a in b u t o ne ur n r im [ 7 , f i g . 3 , b u t n o t I l t ra ted i n4 ] i sd eco ra ted w i th a g eome t r ica l p a t ter n o f i n c i sed l i ne s ( I l l . 4 . 27 , t op r i gh t ) ; t h i s c l o se ly r e semb le sp o t te ry f ound i nP ha se 1a tD un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ( N M4 4 ) , as t ra t if ied a s semb lage w h ich w a s n o tk nown a bou t w hen H am i l ton 's r e po r tw a s w r i t ten . T he c ompa r i son s d rawn t h e r e w i th l a te B ronze A ge m a te r ia l f r om e a s te rn S co t land [ 4 , 2 9 -31 ] n ow s e em l e s s p l au s ib le a nd s ome k i nd o fc on t inu i ty t h roughou t A t lan t ic S co t land i nt h el a te B ronze A ge s e em s mo r ep robab le . 2 . 3 T he e a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage A s i n d ica ted C u r le f ound ' V i l lage I ' f i r s t , o n t op o ft h e s e t t lemen t o f c e l led h u t s j u s t d e sc r ibed . T he n ew s e t t lemen tc on s i s ted o ft h r ee r ound s t one h u t st wo o fw h ich h ad u nde rg round c e l la r s o rs ou te r ra in s a t ta ched a nd t wo o f w h ich h ad t h e i r i n te r io r s a t l e a s t p a r t ly d i v ided u p b y r ad ia l s t one p i e r s , l i ke s ma l le r v e r s ion s o ft h e p o s t -b roch w hee lhou se s o n t h e s i te . O n ly Dwe l l ing I V i sb r ief ly d e sc r ibed h e re .

T he n ew r ound h u t I Vb w a s b u i l t o n t o p o ft h e c e l led h u t I Va t h ew a l l s o fw h ich h ad b een r educed t oa bou t 1 8i n s , i n h e igh t ; s i nce t h e g round p l an o ft h e e a r l ie r s t ruc tu re w a s n o t c l o se ly f o l lowed i tw a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e r e h ad b een a n i n te rva l o fa bandonmen t b e tween I Va a nd I Vb . I tw a s f u r the r d educed t h a t t h i s i n te rva l c anno t h ave b een v e ry l o ng b ecau se a f r agmen t o f a mou ld f o r al e af shaped b ronze s wo rd w a s f ound o n t h e f l oo r o ft h e u ppe r h ou se , i mp ly ing a c on t inua t ion o f t h e l a te B ronze A ge s m i th 's a c t iv i t ie s i nt h e n ew v i l lage . H oweve r t h i s s e em s t oh ave b een t h e o n ly f i nd o fi t sk i nd a nd , b ea r ing i nm ind t h a t t h e o lde r Dwe l l ing I Va ( i nw h ich as m i th h ad b een a c t ive )w a s much d i s tu rbed d u r ing t h e b u i ld ing o f I Vb , i ti ss u r e ly much mo re l i ke ly t h a t t h e mou ld f r agmen t w a s p u l led o u t o ft h e l owe rl e v e la tt h a tt ime . T he c omp le te c on t ra s t b e tween t h e m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e s o f V i l lage s Ia nd I , c ommen ted o n b e low , s uppo r t s t h i s i n te rp re ta t ion a nd a l so t h e b e l ief t h a t t h e r e w a s n o c on t inu i ty b e tw een t h et wo s e t t lemen t s . T he n ew h u t w en t t h rough t wo p e r iod s o f o ccupa t ion . T he f i r s th u t , I Vb ,h ad a n i n ter na l d i ame t e ro fs ome 2 5 f t . a nd t h e re w a s al a rge h ea r th i nt h e c en t r e ; s ome p o s t -ho le s n ea rby w e re e xp la ined a sh av ing s uppo r t ed as c reen f o rt h e f i re . As ma l ls ou te r ra in w a sb u i l ti n to t h ef l oo r( I l l .4 . 25 ) . F o rr e a son sn o tf u l ly e xp la ined t h eb u i ld ing w a sd i agno sed a s aw o rk shop b y C u r le [ 7 , 2 36 -37 ] . I nP ha se I Vc i t c on t inued t ob eu sed a s aw o rk shop a cco rd ing t oC u r ie b u t t h e i n te r io r w a s p a r t ia l ly s ub -d iv ided b y t h e a dd i t ion o f a s hor tr ad ia l p i e ro nt h e n o r th a nd ar ad ia l s l ab o nt h ew e s t . Two o ft h e t h r ee s ub -d iv i s ion s s o made h ad h ea r th s w i th in t h em b u t al a rg e n ew c i r cu la r h ea r th w a s b u i l t o n t op o fa b ed o f g rave l i nt h e c en t r e . T race s o f as ma l l k i ln o r f u rna ce w e re f o und c l o se t ot h is . Al a rg e n ew s ou te r ra in w a s b u i l t o u t s id e t h e e a s t s i de o f t h e h u t b u t w i th i t s e n t rance w i th in . F ind sf rom V i l lag e I[ 4 , f i g s . 1 7 -19 ] . T he r e a r e s e ve ra l ma rked c on t ra s t sw i th t h em a te r ia l c u l tu r e o fV i l lage I ;f o r e xamp le t h e h eavy s t one t oo l s d i sappea r a nd t h e r e i sa n i n c rea se i nt h en umbe ro fs t one p ound e r s . S l a te s aw sa nd k n ive s a nd q u a r tz s c rape r s a l so d i sappea r . T he p o t t e ry i s c omp le te ly n ew , b e ing r e la ted t o t h e e a r ly I r on A ge c a r ina ted w a r e so f s ou the rn a nd e a s te rn E ng land . Me ta l : I r on s l ag w a s e v iden t ly f ound i nt h e r ound h u t s [ 4 , 3 9 ] t h ough i t s p r ec i se c on tex t i sn o t g i ve b y H am i l ton . T h i s s l ag , w i th n o t r ace s o f c oppe r , i so ne o f t h e m o re i mpor tan t d i s cov e r ie s m ade a tJ a r lshof a nd r ema in s a mong t h ee a r l ie s te v idence f o rt h e i n t roduc t ion o fi r on s me l t ing i n n o r th B r i ta in , b e ing a s soc ia ted w i th t h e d i s t inc t ive c a r ina ted e a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry . T he r e s e em s t o b e a s im i la r a s soc ia t ion a tR udh a n Duna in c ave s i te i n S kye ( NG31 1 ) . C u r le g i ve s t h e t wo f i nd s po t s a nd h e a l so o b ta ined ar e po r t o n t h e s l ag f r om M r CHD e sch o ft h e N a t iona l P hy s ica l L abo ra to ry , a l though t h i s d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave b een p ub l i shed [ 7 , 3 03 ] . S l ag w a s f ound i n1 933 a tt h e l owe s t l e v e l o fc hambe r ` 1 9 ' i n Dwe l l ing I I ; p r e sumab ly d i s tu rbance d u r ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e s t one r ound h u to nt o p o ft h e c e l led h u t r e su l ted i nt h i s s amp le f i nd ing i t s w ay d own o nt ot h ef l oo r

6 4

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

o ft h e l a t te r . Mo r e s l ag c ame f r om E a r th -hou se ' h ' w h ich i s a t ta ched t o t h e s ame s t one r ound h u t o r p r im i t ive w hee lhou se ( I l l . 4 . 25 ) ,t h a ti sP ha se 2o f Dwe l l ing I I .

e xam ine t h e b roch , t h e a s soc ia ted w hee lhou se s a nd t h e l a te r V ik ing f a rm s , a s w e l l a s t o e s tab l i sh t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e b roch c omp lex a nd t h e e a r ly v i l lage s a l ready e xp lo red b y C u r le . T hough t h e i n te r io r s o ft h e b roch a nd t h e t wo w hee lhou se s h ad b een c l ea red o u t b y B ruce h a lf a c en tu ry e a r l ie r , t h e n ew e xcava t ion s , c a r ef u l ly r e co rd ing s t ra t ig raphy , p roduced a w ea l th o ff r e sh i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e se b u i ld ing s a nd a l so d i scove red an ew w hee lhou se d we l l ing o f ad i f f e ren t t y pe . T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t t ime t h a t ab roch h ad b een g i ven a p r ec i se c on tex t b y m ode rn a r chaeo log ica l t e chn ique s , b o th w i th in as equence o fs t ruc tu r e s a nd i nt h e w ide r s cheme o f t h e A t lan t ic I r on A ge i ng ene ra l . T he i mpor tan t s t imu lu s t h a t t h i s w o rk g ave t o t h e r e newed a nd mo re s c ien t if ic s t udy o f aw ho le r a nge o f p rob lem s c onnec ted w i th t h e a r chaeo logy o f b roch s a nd w hee lhou se s c anno t b e o ve r e mpha s ised .

I n t h e f o l low ing y ea r , l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f s l ag w e r e r e cove r ed a l though C u r ie m ake s n o m en t ion o ft h e f a c t i n h i s r e la t ive ly s hor tr e por t [ 8 ] . W i th t h e r e s to ft h e J a r l shof m a t e r ia l i t i s h ou sed , u n reg i s t e red , i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land w i th al a be lw h ich r e ad s " S90 . I r on s l ag n o r th Mau so leum d i g 3 '0 " d own . 2 7 .6 .34 ." O ne w onde r s i f ' Mau so leum ' w a s at empo ra ry s i t e n ame f o r o ne o f t h e t wo s ou te r ra in s o r e a r th -hou se s d i scove red a t ta ched t ot h e r ound h u t s o ft h e s e cond p r e -b roch v i l lage . T he re a r e o t he r l a be l s w i th d a te s i nJ une a nd J u ly . A s epa ra te b ag d a ted 1 933 h a s al a be l r e ad ing " I n s ide c ou r tya rd , g r ey a sh . B 1 86" . T h is m u s t s u re ly b e t h e s amp le f o und o nt h e f l oo r o ft h e f i r s t H ou se I I , t h e c e l led h u t . A no the r p la s t ic b ag c on ta in s 5p i ece s o fw ha t l o ok l i ke t u yre f r agmen t s , p i ece s o f f i r ed c l ay t u be h eav i ly v i t r if ied o n o ne s i de ; t h e se i mp ly t h e o pe ra t ion o f ab l a s t f ur na ce . C u r ie 's l a s t r e por t d e sc r ibe s t h e i n v es t iga t ion o ft h e r ound h u t n o I V o ft h e e a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage , w i th l a rge a t tached s ou te r ra in ; n o s l ag i sd e sc r ibed f r om t h i sa r ea [ 9 ] . B ron ze o b jec t s n umbe r ed t h ree , a l s ma l l a nd i n c lud ing a r i ng ; h oweve rs eve ra lc r uc ib le sw e r ef ound . S tone o b jec t s i n c lude p ebb le p ound e r s a nd t r ough q uer n s , t h e l a t te r s im i la r t ot h o se i nu se i nt h e o l de r v i l lage . N ine p i ece s o fp o l i shed s t ea t i te a rm le t s w e r e f ound [ 4 , f i g . 1 7 ] , w i th c r o s s s e c t ion s l i ke af l a t tened D ; a l though t h ep a ra l le l i sn o t d r awn i nt h e r e por t t h e se s hou ld b e c onnec ted w i th t h e j e t a rm le t s w h ich a r e c ommon ly f ound i n e a r ly a nd m idd le I r on A ge s i te s i nm a in land S co t land . T he re w e re a l so s i x b ead s o r p endan t s o fs t ea t i t e [ 4 , f i g . 1 7 ] a nd t wo s p ind le w ho r l s , o ne o ff i r ed c l ay a nd o ne o fs t ea t i te . A n umbe r o f w he t s tone s c onf i rmed t h e p r e sence o f m e ta l t oo ls . P o t te ry ( I l l . 4 . 28 ) : c omp le te ly d i s t inc t f r om t h e v e s se l s o f V i l lage I ,t h e n ew p o t te ry i sd i s t ingu i shed b y r im s w i th i n terna l f l ange s , p rof i le s w i th am a rked s hou lde r ( b e low a c oncave p rof i le ) a bou t aq ua r te r o ft h e w ay d own t h e s i de a nd t h e u s e o f s t ea t i te b a ck ing . Mo s t o f t h e v e s se l s I l t ra ted a r e m ade o fp l a in , f a i r ly c oa r se w a re b u t t h ree a r e f i ne ly m ade p o t s w i th t h in w a l l s a nd a b l a ck b u rn i shed e x te r io r ; t h e se a r e s hown w i th s h aded s u rf ace s . T h i s l a t te r f e a tu re i sf o und o n e a r ly I r on A g e p o t te ry i n s ou the rn E ng land a nd n o r the rn F rance b u t , t o t h e a u tho r 's k now ledg e , n o t e l sewhe r e i nt h en o r th e xcep t f o rt wo s ma l l s he rd s f r om D un A rd t r eck , S kye [ 1 5 ] a nd s ome f r om C l ickh im in ( HU44 1 ) . H oweve r g l o s sy b l ack s he rd s f r om d i f f e r en tv e s se lf o rm sd oo cca s iona l ly o ccu r .

3 . T he b roch c omp lex 3 . 1 S umma ry T he e xcava t ion s b y J .R .C . H am i l ton o n b eha lf o f t h e M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s i nt h e e a r ly 1 950 's w e re d e s igned t o

6 5

I n s umma ry H am i l ton 's h i s to ry o f J a r l shof i n b roch a nd p o s t -b roch t ime sw a s a sf o l low s . T he b roch c omp lex - t h e s t ump o f w ha t w a s p re sumab ly o nce a m a s s ive c i rcu la r d ry s tone t owe r w i th a l a rge w a l led c ou r tya rd a t tached w a s b u i l t a f t e r a n i n te rva l d u r ing w h ich t wo s upe r impo sed o l de r v i l lage s h ad b een a bandoned a nd h ad s i l ted u p w i th s and . Af t e r a n u nce r ta in p e r iod o ft ime - w h ich m ay h ave b een m any y ea r s -t h eb roch e v iden t ly c ea sed t ob en eeded a s as t rongho ld a nd a s t one r oundhou se w i th a b y re a t tached w a s b u i l t i nt h e c ou r tya rd . P a r t o f t h e m a ss ive c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s d emo l i shed t o m ake r oom f o r , a nd t o p rov ide m a te r ia l f o r , t h is p r e sumed f a rmhou se . Af t e r a s ho r t i n te rva l t h e r oundhou se w a s c onver ted t o a n a i s led w hee lhou se b y t h e i n se r t ion o f r a d ia l s t one p i e r s . E ven tua l ly t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ff i r s t o ne a nd t h en as e cond w hee lhou se i nt h e c ou r tya rd ( af t e r p o s s ib ly t wo o r t h ree mo re h ad b een b u i l t e a r l ie r i n t h e v an i shed h a lf o f t h e e nc lo sed s pace ) c au sed t h e c on t rac t ion o f t h e a i s led w hee lhou se u n t i l l e s st h an h a lf o fi tw a sh ab i tab le . T he w hee lhou se c omp lex c on t inued i n o ccupa t ion f o r a l o ng t ime - s eve ra l c en tu r ie s - a nd v a r iou s o t he r s e conda ry b u i ld ing s w e r e e r ec ted o n t h e s i t e i n c lud ing a s t ruc tu re a c tua l ly i n s ide t h e b roch a nd , l a te r , v a r iou s p a s sage h ou se s a nd a f i e ld h u t r ound a bou t . T h rough c a r ef u l s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion i t w a s p o s s ib le t o a s soc ia te a l a rge q uan t i ty o f p o t te ry a nd f i nd s w i th t h e v a r iou sp ha se s o ft h e I r on A ge s e t t lemen t( I l l s . 4 . 39 -4 .31) . 3 . 2 T he b roch a nd i t sc ou r tya rd A bou tt wo -f if th s o ft h e b roch h a sb een w a shed a way b yt h e s e a , i n c lud ing t h e p a r t c on ta in ing t h e mu ra l s t a i r a nd e n t rance p a s sage ; t h e p r e sen t e nd s o ft h e w a l l r e vea l t h e h a lve s o ft wo m u ra l c e l l s o n o ppo s i te s i de s ( I l l . 4 . 29 , 4 . 31) [ 4 , f i g . 2 2 ] . T he o ne o n t h e e a s t ( no t s hown o n t h e d e ta i led p l an )h a st h e d oo rway t ot h e i n te r io rp r e se rved a nd s e em s l i ke ly t o b e t h e l o bby , o r g ua rd -ce l l , a tt h e f oo t o f t h e mu ra l s t a ir . T he o ne o n t h e w e s t i sp robab ly t h e s i ng le s imp le mu ra l c e l l w h ich t h is s o l id -ba sed b roch p o s se s sed . I ti sr e con s t ruc ted i nH am i l ton 's d raw ing [ 4 , f i g . 2 4 ] a st h e g ua rd c e l l s uppo sed ly o n t h e l ef t o f t h e m a in e n t rance , w h ich w ou ld t h u s f a ce n o r th -we s t , d i rec t ly t owa rd s t h e g a teway t h rough t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t i cS co t land

A l though o ne m igh t e xpec t , f r om m any o t he re xamp le s , a b roch e n t r ance t o f a ce a way f r om a ny o u t e r g a te ( t o p r even t ad i r ec t r u sh a t t h e f o rme r i ft h e l a t t e r w a s b r ea ched ) , i nt h i s c a se H am i l ton i sp robab ly r i gh t . I ft h e c ou r tya rd w a s f a i r ly s ymme t r ica l , t h e v an i sh ed o t he r e nd o fi t s w a l l w ou ld h ave b een a t ta ched t ot h e b roch n ea r i t s s ou the rn s i de , l e av ing l i t t le r o om f o r ad oo rway [ 4 , f i g .2 4 ] .

( I l l .4 . 29 ) . T he t h icken ing o ft h eo u te rw a l la tt h eg a t eway s t rong ly s ugg e s t s ac onnec t ion w i th t h e ' b lockhou se ' o r g a t ehou se f o r t s o f S he t land - n ame ly L och o f H ux t e r ( HU56 4 ) , S ca t n e s s ( HU30 2 ) , N e s s o fB u rg i ( HU30 3 ) a nd C l ickh im in ( HU44 1 ) ; i nt h e se t h e e n t rance s e c t ion s w e r e b u i l t s e pa r a te ly a s t h ick e r l e ng th s o fw a l l w i th t wo v e ry l a rg e m u ra lc e l l s ,o ne o ne a ch s i d eo ft h ed oo rway .

I th a s t ob e a dm i t ted h ow eve r t h a t t h e r e i sa n e l emen t o f u nce r ta in ty a bou tt h i s . I ti sn o tc l ea rf r om t h ed e ta i led p l an [ 4 , f i g . 2 2 ] w he the r t h e s t ra igh t e nd o f t h e h a lf o f t h e w e s ter n b roch c e l l w h ich i sp r e se rved i sa n a r b i t ra ry e nd d ue t o e r o s ion o r i st h e b u i l t s i d e o f ad oo rway t o t h e i n te r io r , o r ap a s sage t h rough t h e w a l l . I ti sn o t l i k e ly t o b e t h e l a t t e r b ecau se n o d oo r c heck i ss hown b u t t h e e nd m igh t i n c lude t h e s i d eo f ac e l ld oo rt ot h e i n t e r io r . I nt h i s c a se t h em a in e n t ran ce ( w i th a ny g ua rd c e l l s l e ad ing o f fi t ) w ou ld b e o n t h e s ou ther n s i de a nd t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l w ou ld h av ec u rved f u r the rr ound t ot h ee a s tt oi n c lude i t .

L i t t le o f t h e f l oo r o f t h e c ou r tya rd c ou ld b e e xp lo r ed b ecau se o ft h el a t e rb u i ld ing sb u tt h a te xpo sed w a so fs a nd ; n o t r a ce s o f a ny s t ru c tu r e s w e r e f ound i ni t . A s h a l low d ep r e s s ion i nt h e s a nd , a bou t 2f t . 6i n s , w id e a nd 6i n s . d eep , s e em st oh av eb een u s ed f o r ac amp f i r e , p e rhap s( a s s u rm i sed b yt h ee x cava to r )b yt h e b roch b u i lde r s w h i le t h e t owe rw a sg o ing u p .

T he b roch 's o ve ra l l d i ame t e r i sa bou t 6 4 f t . , i t s w a l l i s s ome 1 8f t .t h ick a nd i t si n ter na ld i ame te r2 9f t . 6i n s . T he w a l l p ropo r t ion i st h e r ef o r e a bou t 5 6 .25% a nd J a r l shof s v e ry m a s s ive b u i ld f a l l s w e l l w i th in t h e S h e t land r a nge ( Ma cK ie 1 97 1 ,f i g . 1 ) . A s e conda ry w a l l h a s b een e r ec t ed r ound t h e i n te r io r , d i r ec t ly a ga in s t t h e b roch m a son ry f o r at h i rd o f t h e s u rv iv ing c i r cumf e r en ce a nd s t and ing a bou t 2f t .f o rwa rd o fi tf o rt h er e s t( I l l .4 .3 1 ) . I ts e em st oh ave b een s ome s o r t o f w h ee lhou se a nd t h e m a son ry r e s t s o n as e conda ry p avemen t a bou t 1 2 i n s , a bov e t h e p r ima ry b roch f l oo r . I n t h e s pa ce o rg a l le ry b eh ind t h e s e conda ry w a l l t h e b ro ch 's s c a r cemen t c an b e s e en , ap ro jec t ing l e dge o fs t one s l ab s r unn ing r ound t h e i n t e r io r w a l l f a ce a t ah e igh t o f 7f t .6 i n s , a bove t h ep r ima ry f l oo r( I l l . 4 . 31) . Aw e l l 1 3f t .d eep i su nd e rt h e b roch f l oo ra nd i sr e a ched b y af l i gh to fs t ep s ; t h e b o t tom 8f t .o ft h i s h av e b een c u t i n to t h e s o l id r o ck . H am i l ton m en t ioned n o t r a ce s o fa n u ppe rg a l le r ie s o nt h e p r e sen t w a l lh ead w h ich n ow s t and s 8o r 9f t . h i gh ; h owev e r i t i s n o t k nown w he the r t h e w a l lhead w a s s y s tema t ica l ly e xp lo r ed t os e a r ch f o rs u ch af e a tu r e . . T he c ou r tya rd w a l l o ft h e b roch i ss o f a r u n iqu e i nt h a t , w hen c omp le t e , i to n ly p a r t ly s u r rounded t h e t owe r : i t r un su p a ga in s tt h eb r och w a l l o nt h en o r th s i de a nd c u rv e s r ound a nd o u t t o t h e w e s t w he r e t h e r ema in s o f al a rg e m u ra l c e l l i n aw id e rp a r t i n d ica t et h e p o s i t ion o ft h e o u t e r g a teway ( I l l . 4 . 29 , 4 . 32 ) ; p r e sumab ly i tw en t o nt om ee t t h e b roch w a l l a ga in a t ap o in t w he r e i t h a s n ow d i sappea r ed [ 4 , f i g . 2 4 ] . T h e w a l l i sa bou t 4f tt h ick a nd s t i l l s t and s 1 0 f t . h i gh i n o ne p l a ce , a nd m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave b een s omewha th i ghe r .

O f t h e m a t e r ia l c u l tu re o ft h e b roch b u i ld e r s a tJ a r l shof o n ly p o t t e ry i s d e sc r ibed - c om ing f r om t h e b r och c ou r tya rd a nd f r om t h e c o r r e spond ing m idden h o r izon o u t s ide t h e o u t e rw a l l ; t h i sw a st h e s t anda rd J a r l shof C la s s Iw a r e f o und i na bundance i nt h e l a t e r r o undhou se ( I l l . 4 . 39 ) . A l though d e ta i l s o ff i nd s o fp o t sh e rd s a nd o b jec t s o fs t on ea nd b on ea r eg i ven f o ra l lt h el a t e rr oundhou se a nd w hee lhou se c on t ex t s , n o th ing i sd e sc r ib ed f o rt h e p r ima ry b roch h o r izon a nd o ne h a s t o c onc lud e t h a t o n ly s h e rd s w e r e f o und a tt h i s l e ve l . T he p o t te ry c on s i s ted o fl a rg e s i tu la t e ( o r o vo id )j a r s w i th s l igh t ly e v e r t ed r im s , b u i l t o n t h er i ng p r in c ip le a nd u s ing s t ea t i te f o rg r i t . T he e xcava to r i n f e r r ed , f r om t h e l o ca l c ha r a c te r o f t h i s w a r e , t h a t t h e J a r l shof b r och w a s p r obab ly b u i l t f o r a n i mm ig ran t r u l ing c l a s s b y a' n a t ive ' l a bou r f o r ce b r ough t d own t h eD un ro s sn e s sp en in su la f r om t h eL e rw ick a r ea f o r t h ep u rpo se . H ef u r th e rs uppo sed t h a tt h e se ' n a t ive s ' -o n t h e c omp le t ion o ft h e i rw o rk - s e t t led i n to t h er oundhou se i n s ide t h e b ro ch c ou r tya rd . T he d e ta i l s o f t h e r e levan t s t ra t ig raphy a nd t h e q ue s t ion o ft h e i d en t i ty o ft h ed w e l le r s o ft h e r oundhou se a r e b o th d i scu s sed l a t e r ( S ec t ion 4 . 2 ) . I ti se nough t on o t e h e r e t h a tt h e s t ra t ig r aphy o ft h e b r och c ou r tya rd d oe sn o tu nequ ivo ca l ly s uppo r tt h ev i ew t h a tt h e r oundhou se w a sb u i l ti mm ed ia te ly a f t e rt h eb roch , w h ich i t s hou ld h ave b e en i f t h e se h ypo the t ica l ' n a t ive ' b r och b u i ld ing l a bou r e r s l i v ed i ni ta s al ow e rc l a s s . N e i th e rd o t h e t wo ' u ppe r c l a s s ' a r t ef a c t s c i ted - a n E ve r t ed R im s h e rd a nd ab on e w eav ing c omb [ 4 , f i g . 2 5 ] -d ef in i te ly c om ef r om t h eb r och h o r izon ( S ec t ion 4 ,b e low ) . I ti si mpo r tan t t on o te t h a t n o t r ace o fi r on w a s f o und i n t h e se e a r ly l e v e l s . 3 . 3 T he r ound hou se a nd b y r e

T he r e i sn o d oub t t h a t i ta n teda t e s a l t h e w hee lhou se s t ruc tu r e s i te nc lo se s a nd t h a t i tw a s b u i l t w i th t h e b roch , o ri mmed ia t e ly a f t e rwa rd s ( t he s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence f o r t h i s s t a t emen ti sd i scu s sed b e low ) .

T he f i r s to f as e r ie so fs t on ed we l l ing sw h ich w e r ea dd ed t o t h e o r ig ina l b r och c omp lex o ft owe r a nd c ou r tya rd w a s a l a rge s t one r o undhou se ; t h i sw a s f i t ted i n to t h en o r th -ea s t c o rne r o ft h e c ou r t a nd f o l lowed t h e c on cav e c u rv e o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l a nd t h e c onv ex c u rve o f as hor t s e c t ion o f b roch w a l l( I l l s .4 . 29 & 4 . 34 ) .

A no the ru n ique f e a tu r e o ft h e o u t e rw a l l i st h e l a rge m u r a l c e l ln ex tt ot h eo u t e rg a te : i ts e em sd oub tf u lw he the ri tw a s ag ua rd c e l l s i n ce o ne s i d e o f ad oo rway i sp r e se rved , l e ad ing d i r ec t ly b a ckwa rd s f r om t h e c e l l i n to t h e c ou r tya rd

T h i s b u i ld ing w a s o ccup ied f o r al o ng p e r iod - f o u r s upe r impo sed p av ed f l oo r s w e re f o und i n s id e i t- a nd u nde rwen t s e v e r a l a l te ra t ion s i n vo lv ing r e du c t ion s i ns i z e . O ne o ft h e se l a t e rw a l l s r e s t s o n r ubb le l y ing o nt h ep av ed 6 6

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

A l so t h e w ooden p l a tf orm p r e sumed t oh ave r e s ted o n t h e s c a r cemen t s e em s u n l ike ly s t i l l t o h ave b een i nu se a f t e r t h e r a d ia l p i e r s w e re i n se r ted s i nce s ome o ft h e se p i e r s a r e b onded t ot h e o u te r w a l l w i th p a i r s o fs t one l i n te l s a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e l e dge ( I l l . 4 . 35 ) . P re sumab ly t h e c hange f r om p o s t st os t one p i e r st ook p l ace b ecau se t h ep r ima ry w ooden r oof w a s u n s tab le a nd t wo a l ter na t ive r e con s t ruc t ion s a r e s ugge s ted ( I l l . 4 . 38 , B&C ) .

f l oo r s [ 4 , f i g . 2 2 , s e c t ion AA ] ( I l l s . 4 . 29 & 4 . 36 ) . I ni t s p r ima ry f o rm t h e r oundhou se s e em st oh ave b een as imp le s t one d we l l ing w i th aw ooden r oof s uppor ted o n ar i ng o f i n terna l p o s t s ( t hough n o p o s t -ho le s w e re a c tua l ly f ound ) . T he f r ee s tand ing , r ad ia l s t one p i e r sw e re d educed t oh ave b een a dded l a te r( I l l . 4 . 38 ) . T he w a l lw a s4 f t . t h ick a nd t h em a son ry c on ta ined ah ighe r p ropo r t ion o f b each p ebb le s t h an t h a t o f t h e b roch ( c ompa r e I l s . 4 . 33 & 4 . 35 ) . T he w a l l l e an s a ga in s t t h e b roch a to ne p o in t a nd i st h e re r e duced t o at h ickne s s o f o ne c ou r se o fs t ones ( I l l . 4 . 29 ) . T he i n te r io r , t h ough much r e duced b y t h e e nc roa chmen t o f l a t e r w hee lhou ses , w a s p robab ly n ea r e r a n o va l t h an ac i r c le i np l an , f i t t ing a s i t d i d i n to o ne e nd o ft h e c ou r tya rd , a nd i t sp r e sen tm ax imum a nd m in imum i n ter na l d i ame te r s a r e 3 7 a nd 3 2 f t . r e spec t ive ly .

I nt h e f i r s t t h e r ad ia l s t one p i e r s a r e a s sumed t oh ave b een a bou t 1 4 f t . h igh a nd d i rec t ly t o h ave s uppo r ted r af t e r s r i s ing f r om t h e w a l lhead t o t h e c en t re ; t h e r oof o n t o p w ou ld h ave t h a tch o r t u rf [ 4 , f i g . 8 9 ] . I nt h e s e cond t h e p i e r s r i se o n ly t o t h e a s sumed o r ig ina l h e igh t o f t h e w a l lhead , a bou t 1 0 f t . , a nd t h e i r i n ne r e nd s s uppo r t s ho r te r r af t e r s w h ich r i se m o re s t eep ly t o t h e a pex o ft h e r oof i n t h e c en t re ; t h ey a l so s uppo r t mo re b eam s d own t o t h e w a l lhead .

T he p r ima ry f l oo r i n s ide i n c luded a s t r ip o f p e r iphe ra l p av ing a r ound t h e w a l l w h ich w a s b ounded b y ak e rb o f s l ab s o ne dg ea t ad i s tance o f 6f t .o u tf r om i t ; ar e c tangu la r p aved h ea r th w a s i nt h e c en t r e . T he m ax imum w a l l h e igh t a tp re sen ti s 7f t . 7i n s , t h ough ar obbe rt r ench s how st h a t i t r o se t o a t l e a s t 1 0 f t . ( I l l . 4 . 36 ) . A s c a r cemen t l e dge f o rmed o ft h in s t one s l ab s p ro jec t s f r om t h e i n ne r f a ce a ta h e igh t o f 5f t . 6i n s , a bove t h e f l oo r( I l l . 4 . 34 ) . I ti sn o t c l ea rw he the rt h is l e dge c on t inued a l ong t h et h in p a r to ft h e w a l l a d ja cen tt ot h e b roch ; p r e sumab ly i td i d i ft h e re w a s a c omp le t e w ooden r oundhou se i n s id e . S eve ra l c upboa rd s o r a umb r ie sw e r e i nt h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce a nd a tl e a s to ne w a s a bove t h e l e ve l o ft h e s c a r cemen t . N ot r ace o fp o s t -ho le s f o r t h e r o of w e re f ound i nt h e c en t ra l a r ea - t h ough t h e i n se r t ion o ft h e r ad ia l p i e r s l a te rh ad b een a ccompan ied b y g r ea t d i s tu rbance - s o i tw a s d educed t h a t t h e se h ad b een a tt h ek e rb o ft h ep e r iphe ra lp av ing .

I nv i ew o ft h e f a c t t h a t , a t al a te r s t age , s ome o ft h e a i s le s ( t he g ap s b e tween t h e f r ee s tand ing p i e r s a nd t h e o u te r w a l l ) w e re b locked w i th m a son ry - e v iden t ly t oc oun te rac t t h e o u twa rd t h ru s t e xer ted o n t h e p i e r s b y t h e r oof - i t s e em s m o re p robab le t h a t s hor te r r oof b eam s r e s ted o n t h e i n ne r e nd s o ft h e p i e r s , a nd t h u s e xe r ted a n o u twa rd t h ru s t u pon t h em , r a the r t h an s imp ly r e s t ing o n t h e t op s o f t h e p i e r s . I n t h e l a t te r c a se t h e t h ru s t w ou ld h ave b een a d ownwa rd o r e ven a n i nwa rd o ne p rov ided t h a t t h e b eam s w e re s e cu re ly a ncho red t ot h ew a l lhead a tt h e i ro u te re nd s . I ft h e p i e r s n eve r r o se a ny h i ghe r t h an t h ey d o a tp r e sen t l o nge r b eam s w ou ld h ave b een n eeded t o r un f r om t h e i r t op su pt ot h er af t e r s . Among t h e r oundhou se s a nd w hee lhou se s c u r r en t ly b e ing u ncove red s t and ing a r ound t h e b roch a tO ld S ca tne s s i s o ne o f t h e f o rme r w i th a s im i la r s c a rcemen t [ 1 0 , p l . 6 ] . O ne mu s t h ope t h a t f u r the r i n f orma t ion a bou t t h e r oof ing o ft h i st y pe o fb u i ld ing w i l lb e o b ta ined a tt h i s s i te .

T he s ca r cem en t l e dge - u n t i lr e cen t ly au n ique f e a tu r e i na w hee lhou se ( I l l . 4 . 34 ) -w a s s uppo sed o r ig ina l ly t oh ave s uppor ted ar i ng shaped w ooden p l a tf orm o r g a l le ry a nd t h e i n ne r e dge o ft h i s w a s p r e sumab ly a t ta ched t ot h e r i ng o f r oof -po s t s a round t h e p av ing k e rb ( I l l . 4 . 38 , A ) . T he e x is tence o f t h e a umb ry a bove t h e l e ve l o f t h e l e dge s ugge s t s t h a t i tw a s u sed t os uppo r t s ome s o r t o fp l a tf o rm , j u s t a s d o d oo rway s i n as im i la r p o s i t ion i ns ome b roch s . H am i l ton e s t ima tes t h a t w hen t h e s c a r cemen t p l a tf o rm o r b a lcony w a si nu se t h er oundhou se w a l lr o se t oa bou t 1 2f t . a nd t h a t t h e r oof e i the r s l oped d ownwa rd s a nd i nwa rd s f r om t h i s ( q u i te u n rea l i s t ic a s t h e r a inwa te r w ou ld h ave d r a ined o n t ot h e h ea r th ) , o r u pwa rd s t o f o rm a s ha l low c one [ 4 ,f i g . 8 9 ] ( t he a ng le o ft h er oof s hown i nH am i l ton 's d i ag ram i su n rea l is t ica l ly l ow ) . I nt h e l a t te rc a se t h e p o s t s s uppo r t ing t h e r oof a nd t h e s c a r cemen t p l a tf o rm w ou ld h ave b een l o ng , 1 6 f ta tl e a s ta nd m o r ep robab ly 2 0f tw hen t h er oof i sg i ven as u i tab le s t eep p i tch ( I l l . 4 . 38 ) .

T he b y re . E xcava t ion s b e low t h e f l oo ro f Whee lhou se 1b u i l t n ex tt o , a nd s l igh t ly e nc roa ch ing o n , t h e r oundhou se -r e vea led a s t one d ra in a s soc ia ted w i th a c obb led f l oo r r e s t ing o n t h e u nde r ly ing s a nd . S i nce t h e d r a in h ad b een b l ocked b y o ne o f t h e r ad ia l p i e r s o f t h e w hee lhou se i t e v iden t ly b e longed t oa n e a r l ie rs t ruc tu re . H am i l ton c on s ide red t h a t , i nv i ew o ft h e a b sence o f ad r a in i n t h e r oundhou se a nd t h e r ough n a tu re o f t h e c obb led f l oo r , t h e se f e a tu r e s w e re l i ke ly t ob et h e f l oo ra nd d r a in o f as epa ra te b y re s im i la rt ot h o se f ound w i th t h e w hee lhou se f a rm s tead s o f C le t t rava l i nN o r th U i s t ( NF77 4 ) a nd t h e A l la sda le o n B a r ra ( NF60 8 ) . A c omp le te v e s se l o f J a r l shof C la s s Iw a r e w a s f ound i nt h e d ra in [ 4f i g . 3 2 , n o . 1 ]a nd a r im s h e rd o f as im i la r v e s se l w a s f ound o n t h e c obb led f l oo r . T h i s t y pe o fp o t te ry w a s f o und i nt h e b roch a nd e a r ly r oundhou se l e ve l s a nd s uppo r t s t h e a s soc ia t ion o ft h eb y re w i th t h em .

T he e v idence o ft h e s c a rcemen t l e dg e a nd t h e p o s i t ion o f s ome o ft h ea umb r ie s s e em t os how f a i r ly c onc lu s ive ly t h a t t h e r ad ia l s t one p i e r s w e re s e conda ry i n ser t ion s a nd t h a t t h ey w e r e t h e r e su l t o f ad ra s t ic r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e r oof o f t h e d w e l l ing . S eve ra l o f t h e a umb r ie s a r e p l aced a wkwa rd ly i nr e la t ion t o t h e s t one p i e r s , a l so s ugge s t ing t h a tt h e l a t te rw e re a dded l a te r .

F ind s . T he p o t te ry a s soc ia ted w i th t h e r oundhou se o ccupa t ion w a s t h e s ame a st h a t f ound i nt h e e a r l ie rb roch l e ve l s , n ame ly J a r l shof C la s s Iw a re c on s i s t ing o f l a rge s i tu la te j a r s a nd u rn s w i th s imp le , s l igh t ly e ve r ted r im s ( I l l .

6 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

4 . 39 ) . O ne v e s se l -t h a t f o und i nt h e b y r e d r a in - w a s 1 4 .5 i n s , h i gh a nd h ad ar ud imen ta ry c a r ina t ion u nde r t h e r im . Many o ft h es h e rd sh ad ah a rd s t ea t i t ic s l ip a pp l ied o n t h ee x t e r io ra nd t h ep o t t e ry i sr i ng -o rc o i l -bu i l t . S ome l a t e r C la s s Is h e rd s w e r e f o und i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s o fs ome o ft h er oundhou se m idden s .

Whee lhou se 1h ad e i gh tr a d ia l p i e r s , w i th t r ace s o f as t one k e rb j o in ing t h e i r i n ne r e nd s , a nd ac e n t ra l h ea r th . T he l a t e s t f l oo r l e v e l i ni t si n t e r io rh ad b een f o und a nd c l ea r ed b y B ruce . T he e n t ran ce t ot h i s d we l l ing h ad b een t h rough as ma l l p o r ch o n t h e e a s t e rn s i d e , i n s ide t h e a i s led r oundhou se p a r t o f w h ich mu s t t h e r ef o r e h av e b een d emo l i sh ed w h en i tw a sb u i l t( I l l .4 . 29 ) .

S tone i mp l emen t s i n c luded a xe s , k n ive s a nd v a r iou s c hopp ing i mp lemen t s o fs t one a nd s l a t e ; b ead s w e r e a l so f ound a sw e re h amm e rs t one sm ade o fb ea ch p ebb le s , T he q ue rn s w e r e m o s t ly t h e s add le t y pe b u t i ti si mpo r tan t t o n o te t h a tt h eu ppe rs t one o f r o ta ry q ue rn , o fs a nd s tone a nd 2 4 i n s , i nd i ame te r , w a s f ound o n t h e p r ima ry p e r iphe ra l p av ing i nt h e a i s led w hee lhou se [ 4 , 4 9 ] ; i nc on t ra s t t o w ha t H am i l ton m a in ta in s ( b e low ) t h i s t y pe o fq ue rn mu s t t h e r ef o r e h av e b een i nu se i nt h e r oundhou se p ha se a nd p e rhap se a r l ie r .

Mo r et h an h a lf o ft h ea i s led w hee lhou se w a ss t i l lo ccup ied , h oweve r ,a nd ap a r t i t ion w a l lw a sb u i l tb ye x tend ing o n eo f i t s r a d ia l p i e r s a c ro s s t h e i n te r io r a nd o v e r t h e p r ima ry h ea r th ( I l l . 4 . 29 ) . I ta ppea r s t h a t a c ce s s b o th t o t h e c on t ra c ted r oundhou se a nd t o Whee lhou se 1w a sg a in ed b y w ay o ft h e l i n t e l led p a s sag e w h ich r u n s a l ong b e tw een t h e w hee lhou se a nd t h e b roch c ou r tya rd w a l l : t wo l a y e r s o f p av ing w e r ef o und i ni tb e low t h eu ppe rmo s to ne ( e xpo s ed b yB ruce ) , i mp ly ing al o ng o ccupa t ion .

B one m a t e r ia l i n c luded w ha lebone a r t ef a c t s l i k e t e the r p eg s a nd s c oop s a nd av a r ie ty o fs ma l l t o o l s s u ch a sa w l s , p i n sa nd s p a tu la te t o o l s .

Whee lhou se 2w a s b u i l t l a t e r a nd c r amm ed i n to t h e s p a ce b e tw een n o .1 a nd t h e a i s led w h ee lhou se , f u r th e r e nc roa ch ing o n t h e i n te r io r o f t h e l a t t e r a nd o n t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l( I l l .4 . 29 ) . D u r ing c l ea r an ce u nd er tak en t o m ak e s pa ce f o r t h i s n ew d w e l l ing t h e a i s led r oundhou se w a s s t i l l f u r th e r d emo l i sh ed a nd m u ch s t one r ubb le a nd e a r l ie r o ccupa t ion r e f u se w a s t h rown o n t o p o f i t s l a t e s t p av ing . S ome a b rad ed e a r ly C la s s Is h e rd s w e r e i nt h i s r ubb le . Whee lhou se 2 w a s e n te r ed b y ad oo rway d r iv en t h rough t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l a nd an ew d oo r mu s t a l so h ave b een p u shed t h rough t h e w e s te rn w a l l o f Whee lhou se 1 s i n ce n o . 2h ad c u t o ft h e l i n te l led p a s sag e t oi t s o r ig ina l p o r ch e n t ran ce .

F i red c l ay m a te r ia li n c luded s p ind le w ho r l s . I n h i s d i scu s s ion o f t h e m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e o f t h e t wo w hee lhou se s w h ich w e r e s ub sequ en t ly b u i l t n ex t t o t h e r oundhou se H am i l ton d e sc r ibed a s t h e m o s t s i gn if i can t i n nova t ion o f t h a t ( whee lhou se ) p ha se t h e r o ta ry q ue rn " wh ich r e p la ced t h e s add le t y pe u s ed b y t h e r oundhou se i n hab i tan t s" [ 4 , 5 9 ] . T ha t i t w a s e v iden t ly n o t a n i n nova t ion t h en m u s tr e duce t h e f o r ce o ft h e a r gumen t f o r t h e e xo t ic o r ig in s a s c r ibed t ot h e w hee lhou se b u i lde r s , a s a l so m u s t t h e e v id ence f o r ac on t inuou s e vo lu t ion f o r t h e w hee lhou se s t ruc tu r e s o u t o ft h e a i s led s t ruc tu r e ( b e low ) .

3 . 5 D emo l i t ion o ft h eb roch B ef o r e t h e e r e c t ion o f Wh ee lhou se 2 al a rg e q uan t i ty o f m a s s ive s t on er u bb le , i n c lud ing s om ev e ry l a rge s a nd s ton e f l ag s , h ad b een p i led i nt h e t r iangu la r a r ea i nf r on t o ft h e p o r ch e n t rance i n to Whee lhou se 1a nd n ex tt ot h ep a r t i t ion w a l l a c ro s s t h e c en t r e o ft h e a i s led w h ee lhou se . E v id en ce o f b r eakag e w a s c ommon a mong t h e se s t on e s a nd a n umbe ro ff l ag s l a y a ta n a cu te a ng le , s u gg e s t ing t h a tt h ey h ad b een d r opped f r om a h e igh t [ 4 , 6 8 ] . H am i l ton b e l iev e st h a t i ti sp r obab le t h a tB ruce f o und as im i la rm a s s o f s t one d eb r i s a tt h e f o o t o f t h e b r och w a l l w h en h e c l ea r ed o u t t h e s p a ce b e tw een Wh ee lhou se 1 a nd t h e b roch ,t h ough B ru ce d oe sn o ts t a te t h i sc l ea r ly [ 2 , 2 5 ] .

3 . 4 T he t wo w hee lhou se s . W i th in t h es u rv iv ing h a lf o ft h eb roch c ou r tya rd t h e r ew e re t h r ee d ome s t ic s t ruc tu r e s , t h e a i s led w hee lhou se j u s t d e sc r ibed a nd t wo w e l l p r e se rv ed w hee lhou se s w h ich h ad b een b u i l t l a te r a nd t om ak e r oom f o rw h ich f i r s tp a r t a nd t h en h a lf o ft h ea i s led d w e l l ing h ad b een d emo l i shed . I ti s h i gh ly l i k e ly t h a t t h e r e w e r e m o r e w hee lhou se s i n t h e v an i sh ed h a lf o ft h ec ou r tya rd ( Ham i l ton 1 953 ,p l .3 ) . B o th Whee lhou se s 1a nd 2w e r eb a s ica l ly t h e s ame t y pe o f s t ruc tu r e a s t h e a i s led d we l l ing a l though a r ch i t ec tu ra l ly c on s ide rab ly m o re s oph i s t ica t ed . T he i r r a d ia l p i e r s w e r e b ond ed t ot h e o u t e r w a l l a nd t h e w id th o ft h e se i n c r ea se s w i th t h e i rh e igh ts ot h a tt h eb ay sb e tween t h em a r ei ne f ec t p a r t ly r oof ed b yc o rbe l l ing : t h e s ma l l r ema in ing g ap sw e r e c ove r ed w i th f l a ts l ab s( I l l .4 . 43 ) .

T he s i ze o fs ome o ft h ef l ag sa nd t h ee v id ence f o rd r opp ing a nd b r eakag e s u gg e s t st h a tt h e s t one s c am e f r om t h eb r och i t s e lf - t h e l a rg e f l ag s b e ing t h e l i n t e l s o f t h e g a l le r ie s i n s ide t h eh o l low w a l l -w h i ch w a sb e ing p u l led d own t oa s a f e h e igh t . T h i s d emo l i t ion mu s t h av e b een c a r r ied o u t b ef o r et h ee r e c t ion o f Wh ee lhou se 2 ,s i nce i t sw a l lr a no ve r t h e s t on e d eb r i s [ 4 , p l . X c ] , a nd a f t e rt h a t o f Whee lhou se I . Ap a r t i t ion w a l l i n s ide Whee lhou s e 1b a r r ing o ft h e s e gmen tn ea r e s tt h e b roch s ugge s t st h a tf a l l s o fs t on e f r om t h e d ecay ing s umm i t o ft h e t owe rw e r e m ak ing c ond i t ion s d ang e rou s b e low a nd w e r e t h e r e a son f o r t h e d emo l i t ion . I ti si mpo r tan tt on o t et h a tt h e d emo l i t ion d i dn o to c cu rf o r s ome c on s id e r ab le t i me a f t e rt h e c ou r tya rd b egan t of i l l u p w i th d ome s t ic d w e l l ing s .

T he t wo b u i ld ing s a l so h ave m uch s ma l le r i n t er na l d i ame te r s t h an t h e a i s led d w e l l ing s -3 f t . a nd 2 3 f t . r e spec t iv e ly - a nd t h e i n ne r e nd s o ft h e r a d ia l p i e r s a l so c u rve i nwa rd s o ve r t h e c en t r e [ 4 , f i g . 9 0 ] . T hu s t h e s t ruc tu r e s w e r e f a rm o re c ompa c t a nd s t ab le t h an t h e l a rg e a i s led w hee lhou se w i th i t s r e la t ive ly f l im sy f r ee s tand ing p i e r s ; t h e s ma l le r o f t h e t wo , n o . 2 , m ay w e l l h ave s uppo r t ed a c o rbe l led s t one d ome o ve r t h e c en t ra l a r ea w h ich i sa bou t 1f t .a c ro s sa tf l oo rl e ve l [ 4 ,f i g . 9 0 ] .

A no the r 6 8

w h e e lhou se

w a s

b u i l t

i n s ide

t h e

b r och ,

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

D ISCUSS ION

p r e sumab ly a f te rt h e d emo l i t ion s i n ce i tw ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een p l aced i n s ide t h e t owe r i fs t one s w e re l i ab le t od rop f r om t h e w a l lhead . T he p aved f l oo r o f t h i s s t ruc tu re , w h ich w a s a l so c l ea red o u t b y B ru ce , r e s ted o n a bou t 1 2 i n s , o fo ccupa t ion d eb r i sw h ich h ad b u i l tu po nt h ef l oo ro f t h eb ro ch i t se lf .

5 . T he b roch c omp lex 5 . 1 T he b roch a nd i t sc ou r tya rd T he s e cond e xcava t ion o ft h eJ a r l shof b roch w a st h e f i r s tt o p rov ide p o t te ry a nd a r tef ac t s f r om a n u namb iguou s p r ima ry b roch c on tex t . T he s h e rd s o fC la s s Ip o t te ry f r om t h e l owe s t l e ve ls i nt h e b roch c ou r tya rd a nd i nt h e m idden s o u t s ide w e re t h e f i r s t e ve r t ob e a s s igned t o t h e p r ima ry u se r s o f ab roch a so ppo sed t ot h e i rs e conda ry o ccupan t s . H am i l ton 's i d ea t h a t b o th t h e s i ng le l a rge s he rd o fn eck b and p o t te ry a nd t h e o n ly w eav ing b one c omb d i scove red o n t h e s i te - b o th u ncove red b y B ruce - a l so b e longed mo s t p robab ly t o t h e b roch b u i lde r s h a s a l ready b een d i scu s sed . H e s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s E ve r ted R im n eck -band p o t te ry s t y le - c on t ra s t ing s ha rp ly a s i td oe s w i th t h e r e s t o f t h e C la s s Iw a r e , a nd w h ich i sf ound s po rad ica l ly o n m any o t he r b roch a nd w hee lhou se s i t e s , i n c lud ing s ome i n t h e We s te rn I s le s - m ay r e p r e sen t t h e a c tua l b roch a r i s toc ra t s a s o ppo sed t o t h e s e rf c l a s s w ho b u i l t t h e s t ruc tu re .

3 . 6 F ind sf rom t h ew hee lhou se s T he p o t te ry f ound i nt h e w hee lhou s e l e ve l s c on t ra s t s w i th t h e C la s s Iw a re o f t h e b roch a nd a i s led w hee lhou se i n b e ing l a rge v e s se l sw i th f l a t , r o l l topped a nd b ead r im s a nd m ade o f an ew r e d , h a rd -f i red w a r e ( I l l s . 4 . 40 & 4 . 43 ) . S eve ra l s ha rp ly e ve r ted r im s i n t h e H eb r idean s t y le a r e I l t ra ted b u t t h e l a rg e s t v e s se l s hown i si nb a s ica l ly i nt h e s ame s t y le a s t h e C la s s Iw a re . S eve ra l r im s o f b a r re l s haped u rn s a r e s hown a nd s ome s h e rd s w i th p l a in h o r izon ta l c o rdon s : t h e se l a s t t wo f e a tu re s a nd t h e h a rd , r ed f a b r ic o ft h e w a r e s ugge s t ar e appea rance o ft h e o ld p o t te ry f r om t h e e a r l ie s t v i l lage o fc e l led h u t s ( ' cou r tya rd h ou se s ' ) [ 4 , f i g . 3 5 , n o s . 1 3 -5 ) . T he h a rd -f i red , r e dd i sh w a r e c ou ld a l so c ome f r om O rkney a nd t h e We s ter nI s le s .

Wh i le i ti sn o t i mpo s s ib le t h a tn eck -band p o t te ry m ay h ave s ome c l o se c onnec t ion w i th t h e w ide sp read a dop t ion o f b roch s , n e i the r t h e s he rd f r om J a r l shof n o r t h e l o ng h and led c omb ( t he o t he r s ugge s ted i n d ica to r o f ' b roch l o rd s ' ) w a s g i ven a ny c l ea r c on tex t b y B ruce . S ince h e c onf ined h i s e xcava t ion s t o c l ea r ing o u t t h e t wo w hee lhou se s a nd t h e b roch a nd s ome o ft h e s pace r ound a bou tt h e se s t ruc tu re s w i thou tp ene t ra t ing t h e l a te s tp av ing , i ts e em s h igh ly d oub tf u l t h a t a ny th ing h e f ound c ame f r om a nywhe re n ea r ap r ima ry b roch c on tex t .

Among t h e s t one t o o l s t h e r e w e r e r o ta ry q uer n s w h ich a ppea r t o h ave b een t h e o n ly t y pe u sed , a s w e l l a s a n o tched s l a te s t ick , p robab ly f o rd e ta ch ing g r a in f r om t h e s t a lk s d u r ing h a rve s t ing . As imp le r f o rm o ft h is i mp lemen t w a s a l so u s ed i nt h e l a te B ronze A g e v i l lage [ 4 , 2 6 : f i g . 1 2 , n o s . 5& 8 ] . O the r s t one a r tef a c t s i n c lude ah and led c up o r l amp , b ead s , h amme r s t one s , af ew s l a te c hopp ing t o o l sa nd d i sc s , a nd s ome p a in ted p ebb le s . B one a r tef ac t si n c luded s poon s , s pa tu la te t o o l sa nd a w l s . Me ta lwo rk ing : m any f r agmen t s o fb r onze c a s t ing mou ld s w e re r e cove red a nd a c omp le te b ronze r i ng -headed p i n . F ragmen t s o fc o r roded i r on w e r e a l so f ound , t h e f i r s t c l ea r s i gn s o f t h e u se o f t h i s m e ta l s i n ce t h e E a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage . 4 .L a ter P i c t i sh s t ruc ture s T he r e w e r e an umbe r o f s t one d we l l ing s a ' p a s sage h ou se ' a nd s ome r ound h u t s - w h ich p o s t -da ted t h e w hee lhou se c omp lex a nd a n teda ted t h e e x ten s ive N o r se v i l lag e w h ich w a sb u i l to n a no the rp a r to ft h e s i t e f r om t h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e 9 t h c en tu ry o nwa rd s [ 4 , 8 0 f ] . T he se a r e n o t d i scu s sed h e r e , e xcep t t om en t ion t h a t s ome d eco ra ted s ma l l s t one d i scs c ame f r om t h em w h ich s e em t o b e o f P i c t i sh /Ea r ly C h r i s t ian d a te [ 4 , p l . XV I Ic ] . O ne o ft h e se d i sc s w a s r e cove red f r om t h e l a te s t f l oo r o f Wheel hou se 1 [ 4 , p l . XV I Ic , b o t tom l e f t ] w h ich c l ea r ly i mp l ie s t h a t t h e Whee lhou se c omp lex w a s i n hab i t ed a t l e a s t u n t i l t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s t m i l lenn ium . As t one d i sc w i th t h e P i c t i sh r u nn ing s c ro l l m o t if w a s f o und i ns a nd b l ow o ve r t h e r ema in s o f ap r e -b roch h ou se [ 4 , 8 4 &p l . XV I Ic , t op l ef t ] .

E ven i ft h e s he rd w a s f ound i nt h e b roch , a s H am i l ton s t a te s [ 4 , 4 6 ] b u tB ruce d oe s n o t [ 2 , 2 9 ] , i ts t i l l mu s th ave c ome f r om a bove t h e s e conda ry p av ing t h e r e ( t he w hee lhou se f l oo r ) ; t h e d eb r i s b e low t h a t p av ing , i n ve s t iga ted b y H am i l ton , y i e lded s he rd s o fC la ss I w a re o f t h e w hee lhou se p ha se [ 4 , f i g . 3 5 ] . I ti si n a ny c a se u n l ike ly t h a t t h e w hee lhou se i n s ide t h e b roch w a s e r ec ted b ef o re t h e t owe r w a s d emo l i shed , l a te i n t h e p o s t -b roch p ha se a nd , i fi td id c ome f r om i n s ide t h et owe r , t h en eck b and s he rd s hou ld mo s tp robab ly d a te f r om al a te p e r iod . S t ruc tu ra l ly t h e b roch i t s e lf i sn o tu nu sua l , b e ing t h e s t ump o f am a s s ive s o l id -ba sed t owe r n ea r t h e t o p e nd o f t h e S he t land r a nge o f w a l l t h ickne s se s . A ny e v idence o f h o l low -wa l l c on s t ruc t ion , i n t h e f o rm o f u ppe r m u ra l g a l le r ie s a nd amu ra l s t a i r , h ad b een d e s t royed w hen t h e t owe r w a s d emo l ished a nd b y l a te r s e a e r o s ion , s o t e chn ica l ly t h i s s i te c an b e c l a s sed o n ly a s a' p robab le b roch ' . O n ly t h e s hape a nd d imen s ion s , a nd t h e s c a r cemen t o n t h e i n s ide p r ima ry w a l lf ace , i n d ica te i t s o r ig ina l n a tu re . H oweve r t h e d eb r i s f r om t h e u ppe r w o rk s , a l r eady d e sc r ibed , c ou ld b e p rov id ing s ome d i rec t e v idence t h a t t h eb roch w a so nce much t a l le r . A s n o ted t h e s u r round ing w a l l i su nu sua l i nt wo r e spec t s . F i r s t ly i td oe sn o tc omp le te ly e nc lo se t h eb roch b u tf o rm s a c our tya rd i n f r on t o fo n ly a bou t h a lf o fi t ,i n c lud ing ( one mu s t a s sume ) t h e e n t rance . T he w a l l r un s u p a ga in s t t h e

6 9

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t i cS co t land

t owe r o n t h e n o r th a nd m u s t h ave d one s o o n t h e s o u th a s w e l l .

b u i l t -n o t , i ts e em s , f o r a ny r e a son c onn ec t ed w i th t h e e xcava ted d a ta b u tb ecau se o fh i sa s sump t ion t h a tt h e l o ca l p eop le w ho a r e a leged t o h av e b u i l t t h e b r och f o r t h e i n t ru s ive u ppe r c l a s s s e t t led d own i nt h i s r o undhou se o n t h e c omp le t ion o ft h e i r t a sk , l i k e s e rf s o u t s id e t h e c a s t le w a l l s ( e x cep t t h a t t h e r oundhou se w a s o r ig ina l ly a v e ry c ommod iou s d w e l l ing , e ven m o r e s o t h an t h e b r och ) ; " The e xped ien cy w h ich o cca s ioned t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e b roch c omp lex w a s a ppa r en t ly s h o r t l iv ed . . " [ 4 , 4 8 & 9 0 ] .

S econd ly t h e e n t rance t h rough t h e o u te r w a l l i so f v e ry u nu sua ld e s ign i nt h a tt h ew a l lt h ick en sa si ta pp roa che st h e p a s sag e a nd c on ta in s am u ra l c e l l f l ank ing t h e e n t rance . P r e sumab ly t h e r ew a s as e cond c e l l o nt h e o t he rs i de , n ow w a shed a way . T he p l an o ft h e s i te ( I l l . 4 . 29 ) s how s o n e s i de o f ad oo rway l e ad ing f r om t h e p r e se rved mu ra l c e l l b a ckwa rd s i n to t h e c ou r tya rd s o i td oe s n o t s e em t oh ave b een ag ua rd c e l l . I th a sb een o b se rved t h a tt h es t ruc tu r eo ft h i so u te rg a t eway i ss t r ik ing ly s im i la r t ot h o se o ft h e f o u r f o r t s o n S he t land w i th m a s s ive s e c t ion s o f w a l l c on ta in ing t h e e n t rance p a s sag e a nd l a rg e m u ra l c e l l s f l ank ing t h i s . T he se a r e L och o fH ux t e r ( 1 1U56 4 ) , N e s s o fB u rg i ( HU30 2 ) , t h e C l ickh im in " b lockhou se" ( HU44 1 )a nd S ca tne s s HU30 3 ) ; t wo o ft h e se s i t e s a r e c l o se n e ighbou r s o fJ a r l shof . F rom t h e c l ea r s t ra t ig raph ica l e v id en ce a tC l ickh im in t h e se c an c e r ta in ly b e a s s igned t o ap r e -b roch f o r t -bu i ld ing s t ag e . T he s t ruc tu r e o ft h e g a teway i n to t h e c ou r tya rd a tJ a r l shof s t rong ly s ugg e s t s t h a t t h e " b lockhou se f o r t " t r ad i t ion w a s s t i l l a l ive w hen t h e J a r l shof b roch w a s b u i l t a nd t h a t i t i nf luenced t h e d e s ign o fi t s o u te r g a t eway . T he f a c t t h a t t h i s e n t ran ce s e c t ion w i th i t s c e l l o r c e l l s i ss moo th ly c on t inuou s w i th t h e r e s t o ft h e o u te r w a l l w he r ea s i nt h e g a tehou se f o r t st h e e n t rance s e c t ion s a r eb u i l ts e pa ra te ly a s r e c tangu la r b l ock s o f m a son ry a l so s ugg e s t s t h e a ma lgama t ion o ft wo d i s t inc ta r ch i t ec tu ra lt r ad i t ion s . 5 . 2 T he r ound hou se a nd b y re I th a s b een e xp la ined t h a t t h e f i r s t s t ru c tu r e i n se r ted i n to t h e s u rv iv ing h a lf o f t h e b roch c ou r tya rd w a s t h e r ound s t one d w e l l ing i nt h en o r th -ea s tc o rne r( I l l .4 . 29 ) .

I th a sa lway ss e em ed t om et h a tt h i si sa nu n l ik e ly s c ena r io , e ven d i scoun t ing t h e d i ff i cu l ty o f e s tab l i sh ing a c l ea r ly d i s t inc t m a te r ia l c u l tu r e f o r t h e ' b roch l o rd s ' . T he c ou r tya rd w a l l i ss om a s s iv e a nd e m inen t ly d ef en s ib le , a nd s o c l ea r ly p a r t o ft h e o r ig ina l d e s ign o ft h e b r och , t h a t i t s e em s i n conce ivab le t h a t t h a ti tw ou ld h av eb een b r ea ched a lmo s t i mmed ia te ly - a nd t h u s g r av e ly c omp rom i sed t h e s e cu r i ty o f t h e s i t e -j u s t t o p r ov ide a r o undhou se f o r s ubo rd ina t e c l an smen . I n d eed a no th e r o f H am i l ton 's r e con s t ru c t ion d r aw ing s s uppo r t s t h i s v i ew , s h ow ing t h e b roch a nd i t s c ou r tya rd w a l l i n ta c t w i th t h e r oundhou se t u ck ed i na to n ee nd [ 4 , f i g .2 4 ,l ow e r ] . T he r e i sa l so t h e p o in tt h a t H am i l ton s p e c if i ca l ly s a y st h a t t h e r oundhou s e w a l l w a s b u i l t o f i n f e r io r s t one . A l though s ome f r e sh look ing s l ab s( a nd t h e r ef o r ep r e sumab ly f r e sh ly q ua r r ied ) f r om t h eb roch a nd c ou r tya rd w a l lm a son ry w e r e u s ed , t h e r e w e r e m any m o r e w a te r -wor n s l ab s c o l le c t ed f r om t h e b ea ch n ea rby [ 4 , 4 8 ] . T he i d ea t h a t t h e n ew ly b u i l t a nd m a s s iv e c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s b r ok en d own j u s tt o o b ta in b u i ld ing m a te r ia lt h u ss e em se v en m o r ei mp robab le . I ft h e r oundhou se w a s b u i l t o n ly a f t e r t h e p r ima ry b r o ch d ef ence s w e r e b r ea ched t h en t h i s s ugge s t s t h a t i tw a s p u t u p v e ry mu ch l a t e rt h an t h e b r och , a t at i m e w hen d ef en ce w a s m uch l e s s i mpo r tan t ( t ha t t h e r e w a s s u ch a t i m e i s s hown b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b r och i t s e lf w a s l a rg e ly p u l l ed d own a t am u ch l a te rd a te - b e low ) . T h i so fc ou r se w ou ld d i sp rove t h e ' l o rd s a nd s ub jec t s ' h ypo th e s i s , a tl e a s t i nt h e f o rm a r gued f o rb yH am i l ton .

T he s t ra t ig raphy . T he s t ra t ig raph ica l e v id en ce a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s b u i ld ing n eed s t o b e a s se s sed a nd u nde r s tood b ef o r e i t s f u l l s i gn if i cance c an b e r e a l i sed . I th a s b een i n te rp r e t ed i nm o r et h an o ne w ay [ 1 4 ,2 0 1 ] . T he e xcava to r h im se lf o f e r ed t wo d if e r en t v i ew s o n i t s s i gn if i cance a nd t h e u n ce r ta in ty h a s c on t inued ( Ma cK ie 1 965 , 1 35 & E n . 2 ) . T he r e a r e t wo p o in t s a ti s sue . T h e f i r s ti st h ew ay t h es t ump o ft h ed emo l i shed c ou r tya rd w a l l , a tt h e p l a ce i ti sm o s t r u ined , r e la te s t ot h e n o r th s i de o f b o th t h e r oundhou se w a l l a nd t h a t o f Whee lhou se 2 ( I l l s . 4 . 29 & 4 . 36 ) . T he s e cond i st h e l e ng th o ft i me t h a t i s l i k e ly t o h ave e l ap sed b e tween t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e b roch a nd i t s c ou r tya rd a nd t h e i n se r t ion o f t h e s t one r oundhou se i n to t h a tc ou r t .

Y e t a ga in t h e r e i sn o d oub t t h a t t h e c ou r ty a rd w a l l w a s c omp le t e ly d emo l i shed a t av e ry l a t e d a t e i nt h eh i s to ry o f t h e o ccupa t ion o ft h e b roch /whee lhou se c omp lex , a nd j u s t af ew f e e t w e s t o f t h e s u ppo sed b r ea ch c au sed b y t h e r oundhou se . T h i sw a sw hen Whee lhou se 2-t h el a s ti nt h e s e r ie s -w a s b u i l t , o ve r lapp ing t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l [ 4 , f i g . 2 2 ] ( I l l . 4 . 29 ) ; t h e d oo r t ot h i s d w e l l ing w a s d r iv en r i gh t t h rough t h eo l dw a l l . T hu st h e r e s e em t ob e f o u rs c ena r io s t oc on s id e r , t h e f i r s t t wo i n vo lv ing t h e a s sump t ion t h a tt h e r e w a s n o s i gn if i can t t i me g ap b e tw een b roch a nd r oundhou se ( s uppo r t ing t h e ' b roch l o rd s a nd c l an sm en ' t h eo ry ) . ( 1 ) T he f i r s t i s H am i l ton 's p r ef e r r ed i d ea o f av e ry e a r ly r oundhou se i n vo lv ing t h e b r ea ch ing o f t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l . ( 2 ) A l t e rna t ive ly t h e r oundhou se c ou ld b e e qua l ly e a r ly b u t i n se r ted w i th in t h ec ou r tya rd w i thou td amag ing t h ew a l l .

I ti sc l ea r t h a t as ub s tan t ia l s e c t ion o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s c omp le t e ly p u l led d own a t al a t e r d a te t om ak e w ay f o r Whee lhou se 2 ; t h u st h e s t ump o ft h a tw a l l , c ove r ed b y I r on A g e m idden m a te r ia l , w h ich i sv i s ib le i nS ec t ion AA [ 4 , f i g . 1 9 ] , c ou ld r e la t et ot h a te ven t( I l l .4 . 36 ) . H am i l ton h oweve r w a s i n n o d oub t t h a t p a r t o f t h e c ou r tya rd w a l lw a sd emo l i shed a ta ne a r l ie rt ime t op r ov ide b u i ld ing m a te r ia l f o r t h e n ew r oundhou se [ 4 , 4 8 &9 0 ] . H ea s sumed t h i sh appened v e ry q u ick ly a f t e rt h et owe rw a s

T he s e cond t wo o p t ion s s u ppo se a m u ch l o ng e r i n t e rva l b e tween b roch a nd r oundhou se , s ot h a tt h ec ou r tya rd ( o ra t l e a s t t h e s u r v iv ing h a lf o f i t ) r ema ined e mp ty o f s t one 7 0

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

O n t h e o t he r h and , i f i t i s d emo l i t ion d eb r i s , t h en H am i l ton 's b a s ic s c ena r io i sc onf i rmed ; t h e r oundhou se w a s b u i l t a f t e r as e c t ion o f t h e o u te r d ef en s ive w a l l w a s p u l led d own . A lso M idden 1c an h a rd ly b e a ny th ing b u t r e f u se t h rown o u to ft h er oundhou se d u r ing i t se a r ly p ha se s o f o ccupa t ion ; b ef o re t h a t t h e a d ja cen t c ou r tya rd w a s p r e sumab ly e mp ty . Mo reove r t h e f a c t t h a t t h e re i sn o b l own s and e i the r u nde r M idden 1o r u nde r t h e t a lu s o f r ubb le s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t n o t much t ime e l ap sed b e tween t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e b roch a nd i t s c ou r tya rd , a nd t h a t o ft h e r oundhou se . T hu s i ft h e e x te rna l r ubb le i s d emo l i t ion d eb r i s t h en H am i l ton 's s c ena r io i s l a rge ly s uppor ted , a l though a n i mmed ia te c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e r oundhou se , a nd a p u l l ing d own o f t h e o u te r d ef en s ive w a l l , s t i l l s e em s i n he r en t ly u n l ike ly .

b u i ld ing s d u r ing t h a t t ime . ( 3 ) T he t h i rd p o s s ib i l i ty i st h a t t h e r oundhou se w a s much l a t e r a nd i n vo lved t h e d emo l i t ion o fp a r t o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l w h i le ( 4 ) t h e l a s t o p t ion i st h es ame b u ta s sume st h eo u te rw a l ls t i l lb e i n tac t . S upe r impo sed o n t h i s p rob lem i sa no the r , n ame ly w he the r t h e i n augu ra t ion o f t h e s e r ie s o f s ub s id ia ry s t one r oundhou se sb u i l t i nt h e o u te rc ou r tm a rk st h eb eg inn ing o f am a jo r s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o f t h e b roch , a f t e r i th ad b een p a r t ly d emo l i shed a nd t ime s w e r e mo re p eacef u l . A l ter na t ive ly d id t h e s ub s id ia ry h ou se sb eg in w hen t h e s i te w a s f u l ly d ef en s ive a nd t h e t owe r s t and ing h i gh? I nf a c t w e k now t h a t s e cond o p t ion i sp robab ly c o r rec t ; a sn o ted b roch d eb r i sp i led u p a ga in s tt h e w a l l o f Whee lhou se I ,s o s eve ra l r oundhou se sw e re i ne x i s ten ce i n s ide t h e c ou r tya rd w h i le t h e b roch w a s s t i l l t owe r l ike . H oweve r w e n eed t o k now a tw ha t s t age p a r t o ft h e n o r th c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s s ub s tan t ia l ly d amaged b ecau se i tm ay h ave b een t h a te ven t w h ich f i r s t s i gna l led t h a t t h e e r ao ft h e b roch s e t t lemen t a s af o rm idab ly d ef en s ive o ne w a so ve r .

H oweve r o n t h e w ho le i ts e em s mo re l i ke ly t om e t h a t t h e e x ter na l r ubb le i s c on s t ruc t ion d eb r i s a nd t h a t t h e r oundhou se w a s b u i l t a nd o ccup ied w h i le t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s i n ta c t ; t h e f a c t t h a t M idden 1 , w i th t h e a pp rop r ia te e a r ly p o t te ry , a bu t s a ga in s t t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h i s w a l l f i t s t h i s s c ena r io w e l l . T h i s v i ew a l so s imp l if ie s t h e s equence o fe ven t s i nt h a t o n ly o ne m a jo re ven t o f' d e f o r t if y ing ' t h e s i t e i sn eeded - t h a t w h ich s aw t h e t a k ing d own o f t h e b roch t owe r s ome t ime a f t e r Whee lhou se 1 w a s b u i l t , a nd t h e d e s t ruc t ion ( p re sumab ly a t t h e s ame t ime ) o f al o ng s egmen t o ft h e n o r th s i d e o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l w hen Whee lhou se 2w a se r ec ted .

T hu s i nt h e l i gh t o fa l l t h i s i ti se s sen t ia l t ot r y t ou n rave l t h e mo s t l i ke ly l i ke ly m ean ing o f t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l s equence u ncove red b y H am i l ton i n s ide a nd t ot h e n or th o f t h e s t one r ound -hou se . T he c r uc ia l e v idence c on s i s t s o ft h e d epo s i t s l y ing d i rec t ly o n t h e p r ima ry s u rf ace o f c ompa c ted s a nd o u t s ide t h e s t ump o ft h ec ou r tya rd w a l l( on w h ich b o th i ta nd t h eb roch w a l l a r e b u i l t ) . T he se l a ye r s a r e ( a ) at a lu s s l ope o f r ubb le r e s t ing o n t h i s o l d g round s u rf ace a nd p i led u p a ga in s t t h e s t ump , ( b ) am idden l a y e r ( no . 1 )l y ing o n t h i s r ubb le b u t r e s t ing a ga in s t , n o t o ve r , t h e s u rv iv ing o u te r f a ce o ft h e s t ump o ft h e w a l l ( i t r e s t s o n t h e o l d g round s u rf a ce f u r the r o u t ) , ( c ) al a ye r o fb l own s and c ove r ing t h i s m idden a nd t h e s t ump o ft h e w a l l a nd ( d ) as e cond m idden ( n o . 2 A )w h ich c ove r sa l lt h i sa nd a bu t sa ga in s tt h e r oundhou se w a l lh ighe ru p( I l l . 4 . 36 ,s e c t ion AA ) .

T h is v i ew a l so a vo id s t h e p ecu l ia r s i tua t ion , i mp l ied b y H am i l ton 's s c ena r io i nw h ich t h e o r ig ina lp o r ch e n t rance o f Whee lhou se 1 w a s r e ached b y al o ng p a s sage - n ow r oof ed w i th l i n te l s - b e tween t h a t d we l l ing a nd t h e a d ja cen t c ou r tya rd w a l l a nd t h en p a s t t h e c on t rac ted r oundhou se . B u t w hy w ou ld s uch a l o ng e n t rance w ay h ave b een n eeded i f t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l n or th o f t h e r oundhou se h ad a l r eady b een p u l led d own s o t h a t am uch s hor te r a pp roach t o t h e p o r ch f r om t h e o u t s ide w a s a va i lab le? T he l o ng g a l le ry m ake s much b e t te r s en se i f t h e w ho le c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s i n tac t u n t i l s ome t ime a f t e r Whee lhou se 1h ad b een b u i l t .

H am i l ton s t r e s sed t h a t t h e p o t she rd s f ound i n t h e t wo m idden sa r eq u i te d i f f e r en t , C la s s Iw a re i nn o . 1a nd C la s s Iw a re i nn o . 2 A . T hu s i ts e em s e m inen t ly r e a sonab le t o a s soc ia t ed M idden 1w i th t h e b u i ld ing a nd o ccupa t ion o f t h e r oundhou se ( t he re w ou ld b e n o r e a son f o r am idden t o a ccumu la te h e re w hen t h e c ou r tya rd w a s e mp ty ) , M idden 2 A w ou ld s i gna l t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f Whee lhou se 1 a nd M idden 2 B , h i ghe r u p , t h a t o f Whee lhou se 2 ( t he l a t te r m idden , o n t o p o f af u r the r s and b l ow , a l so h ad C la s s I w a re b u t i n c lud ing s ome E ver ted R im j a r s , a b sen t f r om 2 A ) .

O ne m u s t a dm i th oweve rt h a tt h e r e i sn o w ay n ow o fb e ing s u re o ft h e a l l i mpor tan t d i agno s i s o ft h e o r ig in o ft h e t a lu s s l ope o f r ubb le l y ing a ga in s t t h e s t ump o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l , a nd p e rhap s i tw ou ld n o t h ave b een p o s s ib le t ob e c omp le te ly s u r e e ven i fo ne h ad b een p r e sen t w hen i tw a s u ncove red [ 4 , p l . V ia ] . Is ubm i t h oweve r t h a t t or ega rd i t a s c on s t ruc t ion d eb r is - a nd t ot h e ref o re a s sume t h a t t h e r oundhou se w a s o ccup ied w i th in a n i n tac t b roch c ou r tya rd -m ake s b e t te r s e n se o ft h e v a r ied s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence c onnec ted w i th i t . T he r oundhou se a nd i t sb y re c ou ld s t i l l h ave b een b u i l t v e ry q u ick ly a f t e r t h e b roch b u t i ts e em s mo re l i ke ly t h a t i tw a s a s amo r e c ommod iou s d we l l ing f o r t h e b roch c h ief a nd h i s f am i ly ( who w e r e , Is ugge s t , o f l o ca l o r ig in ) , o rf o r as on a nd h i s f am i ly , t h an f o rs ome o f t h e i rc l an smen .

T he c r uc ia l q ue s t ion c l ea r ly i s-w ha t i st h e n a tu re o ft h e f a l len r ubb le l y ing a ga in s t t h e f o o t o f t h e s t ump o f t h e c our tya rd w a l l , w h ich u nde r l ie s a l t h e e x te rna l m idden s a nd s a nd b l ow s [ 4 , p l . V la ]? H am i l ton w a s i nn o d oub t t h a t i tw a s d eb r i s f r om t h e d emo l i t ion o f t h a t w a l l b u t m igh t i tb e d eb r is f r om i t s c on s t ru c t ion i n s tead? T he p ho tog raph s ugge s t s t h a t i ti sn o t m a s s ive d eb r is a nd t h e f a c t t h a t i tr e s t s o n t h e s ame o l d g round s u rf ace o f c ompac t ed s a nd a s t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l i t s e lf s e em s t o s uppor tt h i s i d ea . B u t w ou ld m uch d eb r i s b e l ef ta f t e rt h e b u i ld ing o fs u ch ama s s ive w a l l ,a nd w ou ld i tb e l ef tt h e r e?

H av ing m ade t h e se p o in t s o nt h eb a s i s o fa ne xam ina t ion o f t h e e v idence f r om t h is p a r t icu la r s i te s i ti sn ow a pp rop r ia te t o m en t ion t h a t , f r om t h e r e su l t s o f ag ene ra l s u rvey o f S he t land b roch s ( Fo ju t 1 982 ) , a sw e l l a s f r om av a r ie ty o f o t he r e v idence , i tm ay a s sumed t h a t f r om t h e s t a r t t h e s i te

7 1

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

w a s ad ef ended f a rmhou se o ccup ied b y am embe r o ft h e t r iba le l i t ea nd h i sf am i ly a nd r e ta ine r s( Ma cK ie 1 997a ) .

o f s t r ik ing i n nova t ion s . E v en C la s s I p o t t e ry c ou ld p l au s ib ly b e d e r iv ed , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , f r om t h e a n c ien t S he t land c ou r ty a rd h ou se w a r e s [ 4 , 6 0 ] .

F rom t h e s e quence s o fp o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s f o und i nt h e b roch /whee lhou se c omp lex t h e r e r e a l ly i s v e ry l i t t le e v idence f o rt h e a r r iva lo fi mm ig ran t sa ta ny s t age a nd t h e m idd le I r on A g e s i t e i s s u r e ly b e s t e xp la ined a s t h e r e s iden ce o f t h e b roch c h ief , h i s s u cce s so r s a nd t h e i r e x tended f am i l ie s o ve r s e ve ra l c en tu r ie s . P o s tu la t ing n ew come r s f r om c hang e s i n p o t te ry s t y le s w a s c ommon a r chaeo log ica l p r ac t ice i n t h en 1 950 s b u t i sn o l o ng e r . Mo r e l i k e ly i st h e a r r iva l o fn ew f a sh ion s i np o t t e ry a nd i t i ss i gn if i can t t h a t t h e E ve r ted R im j a r v e r s ion o fC la s s I w a r e d oe s n o t a ppea r u n t i l r e la t iv e ly l a t e i n t h e Whee lhou se p ha se . A l though a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e b roch b u i lde r s o n T i r ee ( MacK ie 1 998a , 1 67f f ) E ve r t ed R im w a r e t o ok t ime t ob e a dop ted e v en b y b roch c ommun i t ie s i nn e ighbou r ing H eb r idean i s land s ( Ma cK ie 2 00 1 , I l . 3 5 ) . A s w e h ave s e en , f a r f r om b e ing a n i n nova t ion i n t h e Whee lhou se p ha se , t h e r o ta ry q ue rn w a s i n u s e e a r l ie r . T he o n ly i mpo r tan t t e chno log ica l i n nova t ion i nt h e l a t te r p e r iod s e em st oh ave b een i r on -wo rk ing . 5 . 3 T he s equence o fw hee lhou se s

Whee lhou se s 1a nd 2a r e , m o r eove r , l i k e ly t ob e t h e l a t e s t o f as e r ie s o f p o s t -b roch d we l l ing s i nt h e c ou r t , b e ing c r ammed i n to t h e n o r th -ea s t p a r t a nd c au s ing t h e p rog r e s s iv e d emo l i t ion a nd c on t ra c t ion o ft h e o l d a i s led w hee lhou se b e cau se t h e r e s t o f t h e ( n ow v an i sh ed ) e nc lo sed s pa ce w a sa l r eady u s ed u p . L ook ing a tt h e s i t e a s aw ho le i n s tead o fc oncen t ra t ing o n t h e i n d iv idua l s e qu ence s o fm idden s a nd f l oo r s i ti ss u r e ly m o r e p robab l e t h a t i t h ou sed a s i ng le , h i gh s t a tu s c ommun i ty w h ich o ccup ied i to ve r s e v e ra l c en tu r ie s , a nd w h ich r e qu i r ed m o r e a nd m o r e e l egan t s t on e r oundhou se s a s i te xpanded i nn umbe r s . T he r e s e em s t o b e n o r e a l o b jec t ion t os u gge s t ing t h a tt h e a i s led w hee lhou se w a st h e f i r s t p o s t -b roch d we l l ing , t h a t Whee lhou se s 1a nd 2w e r e t h e l a t e s t , a nd t h a t t h e d e s t royed b u i ld ing s i nt h e s ou th w e s t h a lf o ft h e c ou r t p rov id ed t h e i n t e rm ed ia te s t ru c tu ra l l i nk sb e tw een t h et wo s u rv iv ing s t ag e s . T he d e r iva t ion o ft h e t r ue w h ee lhou se ( w i th b onded r a d ia l p i e r s ) f r om t h ea i s led v e r s ion ( w i th f r ee s tand ing p i e r s ) a t J a r l shof i sr e nd e r ed m o r e p r obab le b yt h e e v idence i nt h e a i s led d w e l l ing t h a t t h e f r ee s tand ing p i e r s p roved t ob e u n s tab le u nde rt h eo u twa rd t h ru s te xe r t ed b yt h er oof . O ne o ft h ep i e r sw a s s t r eng thened b yh av ing t h e ' a i s le ' b l o ck ed w i th m a son ry ( b e tw een b ay s i va nd v )a nd t h ep i e rb e tw een b ay s va nd v is e em st oh ave b een r e bu i l tt or e s ta ga in s tt h e o u te rw a l lf a ce [ 4 ,p l .V I I ] ( I l l .4 . 34 & 4 . 35 ) .

T he s t ruc tu r e o f t h e r oundhou se , a nd t h e n a tu r e o f i t s s e conda ry m od if ica t ion s i n to a na i s led w hee lhou se ,m ay b e r e levan t t o u n rave l l ing t h e o r ig in o f t h e w hee lhou se s t h em se lve s . A sn o t ed v a r iou s l i ne s o fe v idence c omb ined t o s ugge s t t o t h e e xcava to r t h a t t h e r a d ia l f r ee s tand ing s t one p i e r sw e r e s e conda ry i n se r t ion s a nd t h a tt h ed we l l ing h ad o r ig ina l ly h ad w ood en r oof p o s t s a nd b een a t r u e r oundhou se . Mo r eove r as c a r cemen t l e dge r a n r ound t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce - a f e a tu r e o t he rw i se u nknown i n w hee lhou se s -a nd H am i l ton t h ough tt h a tt h er ound -hou se i n i t s p r ima ry p ha se h ad a r i ng shaped r a i sed w ood en g a l le ry o r p l a tf o rm i n t e r io r l i ke t h a t u sua l ly s uppo sed t o h ave e x i s t ed i n s id eb roch s [ 4 , 2 00 -02 ] .

P robab ly t h e f r ee s tand ing p i e r s w e r e d i r ec t a nd i n expe r ienced t r an s la t ion s i n to s t on e o f t h e o r ig ina l w ood en r oof -po s t s w h ich w e r e s oon m od if ied w hen t h e i r s t ruc tu ra l w eakn e s s w a s d i scove r ed . T he c on s id e rab le d i f f e r ence s b e tw een t h e l a rge a nd r a th e rr am sha ck le a i s led w hee lhou se a tJ a r l shof a nd t h e c ompa c t a nd s oph i s t ica t ed w hee lhou se s w i th t h e i r t a l l , c o rbe l l ing p i e r s a nd f l agg ed l of t s a r e e xp l icab le p u r e ly i n t e rm s o f a c cumu la ted e xpe r ience a tt h i s o ne s i t e o fs t one r o undhou se b u i ld ing . Whe the rt h e d e s ign sw e r et a k en t oo t h e rS he t land s i t e s ,and u l t ima te ly t o t h e O u t e r H eb r ide s , i s m o r e d eba tab le , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e l i gh t o f s ome p o s s ib le p r e -b roch w hee lhou se s i nt h e We s t er nI s le s ( Vo l . 2 ,S ec t ion 8 ) . I ti s n ev e r the le s s t r ue t h a t t h e e v idence f r om J a r l shof , a s s umma r i sed h e r e , h a s n ev e r b een p r ope r ly c on s id e r ed b y t h o se c on s ide r ing t h eo r ig in a nd n a tu r eo fw hee lhou se s .

T he c l o se s im i la r i ty b e tw een t h e o r ig ina l r oundhou se a nd t h ei n t e r io ro ft h en ea rby b roch i sr ema rkab le a nd t h e r ec an b e l i t t le d oub t t h a t t h e f o rme r w a s b u i l t a s ar oom ie r , d ome s t ic c opy o f ab roch . T he s ub sequen t a d ju s tmen t o ft h e i n te r io r o ft h e d we l l ing t o c onve r t i tt o a n a i s led w hee lhou se i sa l so o f g r ea t i n te r e s t a nd p rov ide sb y f a rt h e c l ea r e s tk nown e xamp le o f t h e o r ig in o f aw h ee lhou se i n ab r och a nd o ft h e v e ry c l o se c u l tu r a l c onnec t ion s b e tween t h e t wo f o rm s o fs t ruc tu r e s . Mo r eove r t h i s d emon s t rab le o r ig in o ft h e J a r l shof a i s led w hee lhou se i n ar oundhou se u l t ima t e ly d e r ived f r om t h e b roch m u s tr e nde rm uch l e s sp robab le t h ed e r iva t ion o ft h e p o s t -b roch d we l l ing s t h e r e a s aw ho le f r om t h e s imp le r r ound s t one h u t s o ft h e e a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage o n t h e s i t e ; t h e se d o n o t g i ve t h e s ame i mp r e s s ion o fb e ing i n d iv idua l f a rm s t ead sa sd oe st h er oundhou se .

6S oc ia lb ackground T he a l te rna t iv e i n te rp r e ta t ion s o ft h e d ev e lopmen t o ft h e s t ru c tu r e s a nd m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e s a tJ a r l shof w h ich Ih av e s ugg e s ted h e r em u s th ave s ome b ea r ing o nt h e q ue s t ion o f a n ' u ppe r c l a s s ' o f b roch l o rd s a nd a l owe r c l a s s o f r e ta ine r ss ugg e s t ed b yH am i l ton .

We h ave n o ted t h a t , a l though H am i l ton s ugge s t s t h a t Whee lhou se s 1a nd 2 w e r e p robab ly t h e r e su l t o f af r e sh i n cu r s ion o fp eop le t ot h e s i t e - t h i s i su n l ik e ly ; t h et wo l a te r s t ru c tu r e s c ou ld e qua l ly b e r e ga rded a st h e u l t ima t e d e scendan t s o f t h e a i s led w hee lhou se a nd t h e m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e d oe s n o t r e a l ly s how a ny s imu l taneou s a ppea rance

S eve ra l a r cha eo log ica l f a c t s w h ich s e em n o t t of a vou rt h i s p a r t icu la r i n t e rp r e ta t ion ( t hough t h ey d o n o t n ece s sa r i ly d i sp rove i t . ) n e ed t ob e b r ie f ly r e v iew ed . T he f i r s t i st h a t t h e l o ng -hand led c omb a nd s h e rd o f n eck -band w a r e c anno t b e d emon s t ra t ed t ob e long t op ha se 1( b roch ) a nd 7 2

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

N ever the le s s t h e re i ss t i l l s ome th ing v e ry u nu sua l a bou t t h i s b roch s i t e . T he u n ique c ou r tya rd w h ich d oe s n o t c omp le te ly s u r round t h e b roch s t and s o u t , a s d oe s t h e m a s s ivene s s o f t h i s s u r round ing w a l l a nd i t s c l ea r l i nk s w i th t h e o l de r , S he t land p romon to ry f o r t s . T he s i x , s even o r e ven e i gh t s oph i s t ica ted r oundhou se s a nd w hee lhou se s w h ich g radua l ly f i l led t h e c ou r tya rd f o rm ag roup w h ich i s i n ac l a s s b y i t se lf . T he e v idence f o r p e rhap s f i ve c en tu r ie s o fc on t inuou s o ccupa t ion , a nd t h en a bandonmen t b u t n o t d e s t ruc t ion o rs i gn if ican t p i l lag ing o fs t one , i sa l so s t r ik ing . I s i t p o s s ib le t h a t w e h ave a t J a r lshof t h e f o r t if ied f a rm s tead a nd c ou r t o f ah i gh c h ief o r p e t ty k i ng o f t h e m idd le I r on A ge - t h ep a ramoun tr u le ro fS he t land p e rhap s - t h e ' b a i ley ' o fw ho se c a s t le towe r g radua l ly f i l led w i th f i ne ly b u i l t h ou se s s u i tab le f o r h i s g radua l ly i n c rea s ing f am i ly a nd f o r h ou s ing c l ien t c h ief s w hen t h ey c ame t os e e h im? I ts e em s mo re t h an l i ke ly . E qua l ly i n te r e s t ing i s t h a t , o n ly as ho r t d i s tance a way a tO ld S ca tne s s , a ne qua l ly c omp lex a nd i mpo r tan t s i te s e em s t ob e e me rg ing ( HU31 7 ) . S ource s : I .O S c a rd :2 .B ruce 1 906 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 149 , 2 8 -33 & f i g s . 4 89 -501 : 4 . H am i l ton 1 956 : 5 .A . 0 . C u r le 1 932 : 6 .A . 0 . C u r le 1 933 : 7 .A . 0 . C u r le 1 934 : 8 .A . 0 . C u r le 1 935 : 9 .A . 0 . C u r le 1 936 ( t he l a s t f ou r f o r t h e p r e -b roch v i l lage s ) . 1 0 . N icho lson & D ock r i l l ( e d s . ) 1 998 : 1 . F o ju t 1 998 .

i n deed a r em o re l i ke ly t ob e f r om t h ew hee lhou se p ha se . T he s e cond i st ha t t h e r oundhou se a nd b y r e w e re v e ry p robab ly i n ser ted i n to a n i n ta c t b roch c ou r tya rd a s o ve rf low q ua r te r s f o r t h e b roch c h iefs f am i ly . T h i s i s s uppor ted b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r oundhou se s e em s t ob e a d i rec tc opy o f ab roch i n te r io r -c omp le te w i th s ca r cemen t p l a tf o rm - a nd t h e r ef o r e m uch m o re l i ke ly t o b e t h e d we l l ing o fp eop le a ccu s tomed t ou s ing t h eb roch . At h i rd p o in t i st ha t t h e r oundhou se w i th i t s s epa ra te b y r e r e p re sen t s at y pe o f l a rge i n d iv idua l f a rm s tead w h ich s e em s a l ien t ot h e t r ad i t ion s o ft h e l a te B ronze a nd e a r ly I r on A g e v i l lage s a tJ a r l shof ( wh ich a r e c l u s te r s o f c l o se s e t d we l l ing s , e ach p o s s ib ly s u r rounded b y a n e nc lo s ing w a l l ) a nd m o re c ompa rab le t o s im i la r m idd le I r on A g e i n d iv idua l f a rms tead s i n t h e H eb r ide s - l i ke T igh T a lamhan ta o n B a r ra ( NF60 8 ) a nd C le t t rava l i nN o r th U i s t ( NF77 4 ) - a s w e l l a s i n s ou the rn S co t land a nd E ng land . A s n o ted as y s tema t ic s t udy o ft h e s e t t ing o ft h e S he t land b roch s w i th in t h e l a nd scape s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t e ach w a s af o r t if i ed f a rm s tead , o ccup ied b y ar u l ing f am i ly f r om t h e t r iba l e l i te a nd s e t w i th in i t s o wn t e r r i to ry o re s ta te o n w h ich l i ved a l a rge n umbe r o f o rd ina ry f a rm ing f am i l ie s ( Fo ju t 1 982a ) .

HU30 2 NESS OF BURG I HU 3 89084 ( v i s i ted 5 / 6 /63 ) T h i s g a tehouse p romon tory f o r t , e xcava ted i n 1 935 [ 2 ] , s t and s n ea r t h e s ou th e nd o f S ca tne s s , o ve r look ing t h e We s t V oe o f S umbu rgh , a c ro s s t h e w a te r f r om J a r lshof ( I l l s . 4 . 44 , 4 . 46 & 4 . 47 ) . T he d ef ence s c on s i s t o f t wo d i tche s w i th a b ank , w h ich i s p robab ly a s t one w a l l , b e tween t h em ; e nc lo sed b y t h e se i s af r ee s tand ing r e c tangu la r b l ock o fm a son ry w i th a n e n t rance p a s sage o f s t anda rd b roch t y pe i nt h e m idd le o fi t . T he n o r th -ea s t e nd o ft h i s ' g a tehou se ' s e c t ion i s ab u i l t f a ce w i th n o t r a ce o f a ny f u r the r w a l l c r o s s ing t h e r e s t o ft h e p romon to ry w h ich s e em s t ob e d ef ended o n ly b yt h e d i tche s . T he o t he r e nd o f t h e g a tehou se i sn o t s oc l ea r ly d ef ined a nd r un st ot h e e dge o ft h ep romon to ry .

T hu s t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l a nd s t ruc tu ra l s equence s u n rave l led a tJ a r lshof d o s ugge s t t h a t t h e r oundhou se a nd t h e r ef o r e t h e a i s led w h ee lhou se a nd t h e l a te r w hee lhou se s -w e re t h e d ome s t ic d we l l ing s o ft h e s o c ia l g roup w ho b u i l t t h e b roch a nd t h a t a l l t h e se m idd le I r on A ge b u i ld ing s ma rk a s ha rp b r eak w i th t h e p r e -b roch b u i ld ing t r ad i t ions . I ta l so s e em s t h a t t h e v a r iou s p o s t b roch w he e lhouse s r e p r e sen t t h e g r adua l e vo lu t ion o ft h i s t ype o fs t ru c tu re a s mo re a nd m o r e w e r eb u i l t( 1 1 . 4 . 37 ) . A t f i r s t s i gh t t h e se i n f e r ence s a bou t t h e d eve lopmen t o f n ew a nd e xo t ic s t one b u i ld ing s o n t h e s i te a nd t h e i r f unc t ion s , s e em s t o c on t ra s t w i th t h e e v idence o f t h e ma te r ia l c u l tu ra l s equence . T he C la s s Ip o t te ry m ay b e u l t ima t e ly d e r ived f r om t h e l o ca l e a r ly I r on A ge w a re s , a nd t h e s t one t oo l s c e r ta in ly b e long t o a n e ven o l de r t r ad i t ion - t ot h a tt h e l a te B ronz e A ge s e t t lemen to fc e l led h u t s ( ' cou r tya rd h ou se s ' ) . N o t r ace o f i r on w a s d i scove r ed i n t h e b roch a nd r oundhou se l e ve l s a nd t h e h eavy s t one i mp lemen t s m ay b er e ga rded a ss ub s t i tu te s f o r m e ta l c u t t ing a nd c hopp ing t o o l s , a s t h ey s e em t o h av e b een i nt h ei n i t ia lp ha se o ft h e e a r ly I r on A ge s e t t lemen t [ 4 , 2 7 &f i g . 3 0 ] .

Two l a rge mu ra l c e l l s , o ne w i th ad oo r i n to t h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd t h e o t he r o pen ing t ot h e i n te r io r , a r e o n e i the r s i de o ft h e p a s sage a nd t h e re a r e t r ace s o f at h i rd o n t h e s ou th -we s t . T he g a tehou se i sa bou t 7 4 f t . l o ng a tp re sen t t h ough i tw a s p robab ly l o nge r o r ig ina l ly . I tv a r ie s i nw id th f r om 1 8 f t . 6i n s . t o2 1 f t .T he e n t rance w a s e qu ipped w i th d oo r - c heck s a nd b a r -ho le s a nd s ome l i n te ls a r e s t i l l i n p o s i t ion .

T he c on t ra s t b e tween t h e c r ude i n d igenou s look ing ma te r ia l c u l tu re o f t h e b roch a nd r oundhou se p ha se s ( excep tf o rt h er o ta ry q uern ) a nd t h ee xo t ic s t one b u i ld ing s s e em s s t r ik ing b u to n ly i fo ne l o ok sa tJ a r l shof i ni s o la t ion . T he re i sp l en ty o f e v idence n ow t h a t t h i s i s as t anda rd f e a tu re o ft h e ' b roch c u l tu re s ' i nm any a r ea s -p a r t icu la r ly i n C a i thne s s a nd S u the r land ( MacK ie 2 000 ) . T he d rama t ic a nd s t anda rd i sed n ew b ro ch s s e em o f t en t oh av e b een p u t u p f o r i n d igenou s c h ief s b y i t i ne ran t a r ch i tec t s a nd b u i lde r s ,a nd t h i si ss u re ly w ha th appened a tJ a r lshof .

I tc an b e a r gued t h a t t h e r e mu s t h ave b een aw a l lj o in ing t h e g a tehou se t o t h e n o r th e dge o f t h e c l if f p romon to ry , a l though n o t r ace s n ow r ema in o f i t , f o r o t he rw i se t h e s t ruc tu re c ou ld b e e a s i ly b y -pa s sed b y a t ta cke r s o nce t h e o u te r d ef ence s h ad b een c r o s sed . Two c a rved s t one d i sc s s e em t oh ave b een f ound o nt h e s i te i na bou t 1 882 [ 2 , 2 97 ] . I n 1 983 at r ench w a s c u tt h rough t h e b ank b e tween t h e t wo d i tche s o f t h e o u te r d ef ence s , n ea r t h e n o r th e nd w he re t h e re i ss e a e r o s ion [ 5 , I l . 1 ] . T h is w a s f ound t ob e a

7 3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

w a l l s ome 3 . 5 mw ide t h e c o re o fw h ich w a s am ix tu r e o f d umped r ubb le a nd c l ay l o am . T he re w e re n of i nd s .

p re served . I nwa rd s f r om t h ed oo rt h ep a s sage w a s 1 . 5m w ide ; n o l i n te l s w e re f ound i n p o s i t ion o r l y ing o n t h e f l oo r .

T h i s k ind o f d ef ence w o rk i s s ome t ime s k nown a s a ' b lockhou se f o r t ' b u t t h e t e rm ' g a tehou se ' i s p ref e r r ed h e re . T he e v idence f r om C l ickh im in ( HU44 1 ) s how s t h a t t h e r e c tangu la r b u i ld ing s w e re p robab ly n o t d e s igned a s f r ee s tand ing b lockhou se s b u t a s at h icke r p a r t o ft h e p r ima ry w a l lw h ich c on ta ined t h ee n t rance p a s sage . F ind sf rom 1 935 : o n ly p o t te ry w a s f ound ( now i nL e rw ick Mu seum )b u tn od raw ing sw e re p ub l i shed . S eve ra lw a re s w e r e b r ie f ly d e sc r ibed , w i th o ne p ho tog raph [ 3 , f i g . 5 ] , i n c lud ing o ne v e s se lw i th ab l ack b u rn i shed s u rf ace . T he m a te r ia l w a s e xam ined a ga in b y t h e 1 983 e xcava to r s o f S ca tne s s( I 1U30 3 ) b u t t h er epo r tw a sn o tp ub l i shed . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd n o . HU30 NE 2 :2 .J .A . Sm i th 1 883 : 3 . Mowb ray 1 936 ( no p l an ) : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 154 , 3 4 -6 & f i g s . 5 02 a nd 5 05 -8 ( i nc . p l an ) : 5 . C a r te r , McCu l lagh & MacSween 1 996 , 4 46 -47 ( i nc . c r o s s s e c t ion o fo u te rw a l l ) .

T he b u i ld ing w a s 4 . 0 mw ide i ni t s o r ig ina l f o rm a nd m u s t h ave b een s ome 1 5 .5m a l ong i t s c en t ra l a x is s i n ce t h e s u rv iv ing w es tp a r t i s7 . 0m i nl e ng th a nd t h ep a s sage i s1 . 5 m w ide . A l a rge , o b long o r t r apezo ida l mu ra l c e l l p r e sumab ly o r ig ina l ly c on s t ruc ted w i th ac o rbe l led r oof i si nt h ew e s tp a r t . T he c e l lm ea su red c .4 . 0 ml ong b y 1 . 8 mw ide a nd w a s r e ached b y a n n a r row p a s sage a ti t se a s t e nd , p a ra l le l w i th t h e m a in e n t rance a nd e me rg ing i nt h e r ea rw a l l c l o se t oi t . T h i s h ad t wo l i n t e l s s t i l l i np o s i t ion a nd m ea su r ed 1 . 05 m h igh a nd o n ly 5 0 c m w ide . O ne i n te r e s t ing s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re n o ted w a s av o id o r s t r e s s r e l iev ing o pen ing a bove t h i sp a s sage [ 3 ,I l .6 ] ; t hough t h i s i s s ome th ing w h ich i s c ha rac te r i s t ic o f b roch s s u ch a d ev ice i sp r e sumab ly l i ke ly t oh ave b een d ev i sed w he r eve r s t re s s h a s t ob e r emoved f r om t h e l i n t e l s o f ap a s sag e i na h igh w a l l . A s ma l l n a r row c e l l , w i th i t s l ong a x i s a tr i gh t a ng le s t o t h a t o ft h e l a rg eo ne , w a s f ound a tt h ee x t r eme w e s te nd o f t h e s t ruc tu re ; t h e o n ly a cce s s i n to i tw a s b y w ay o f a r e c tangu la r o p en ing 4 0 c m h igh b y 2 0 c m a nd 4 0 c m a bove t h e f l oo r . T he re w e re c l ea r s i gn st h a tt h is c e l lh ad a c o rbe l led r oof . O ne h a s t h e i mp r e s s ion t h a t t h i s m igh t h ave b een ad ungeon .

1U30 3 SCATNESS ( ` The A i th ' , ' Be t ty Mowa t 's C rof t ') HU 3 89008 T h i s g a tehouse p romon tory f o r t s t and s 4 00 m n o r th o f N e s s o fB u rg i ( HU30 2 ) , o n a no the r p romon to ry o n t h e s ame r ocky c oa s t . I tw a s f i r s t i d en t if ied a ss uch b y L amb i n 1 971 [ 2 ] a nd i tw a s c l ea r t h en t h a t s e a e r o s ion o n t h e n or th s i de o ft h e p romon to ry w a s g radua l ly d e s t roy ing t h e b u i ld ing . T he s i te i sv e ry s im i la rt oN e s s o fB u rg i( HU30 2 ) a nd a s umma ry o ft h e r e su l t s o ft h e e xcava t ion s h ed s l i gh to nt h ef o rme rs i te a sw e l l .

No a r tef ac t s o rd a tab le c a rbon w e re f o und a s soc ia ted w i th t h eP ha se 1f e a tu r e s . S econda ry f ea tu re s ( Pha se 2 ) : t h e g a tehou se w a s e ven tua l ly mod if i ed w i th a dded ma son ry w h ich r e s t ed o n t h e s ame g round s u rf ace a s t h e p r ima ry f e a tu re s ; t h e re d oe s n o t t h e r ef o r e a ppea r t o h ave b een a n i n te rva l o f a bandonmen t b e tw een P ha se s 1a nd 2u n le s s t h e d eb r i s o f t h i sw a sc l ea red a way b ef o r et h e l a te rf e a tu r e sw e re b u i l t .

E xcava t ion sw e re u nde r taken i n1 983 [ 3 ] a nd r evea led j u s t o ve r h a lf o f am a s s ive r e c tangu la r d ry s tone b u i ld ing ; t h e e a s t p a r t , a lmo s t u p t o t h e c en t ra l e n t rance p a s sage , h ad b een d e s t royed . T he p r imary s t ruc ture ( Pha se 1 ) : T he g a tehou se w a s b u i l t b eh ind a n o u te r d ef ence w h ich c u t of t h e s ma l l p romon to ry . E xcava t ion s c ou ld r evea l n o s t ra t ig raph ica l c onnec t ion b e tween t h e t wo f e a tu r e s s o i th a s t o b e a s sumed t h a t t h e w ide , c u rved b ank w i th i n ter na l d i tch i s p a r t o ft h ep r ima ry s i te [ 3 , I l . 2 ] . As e c t ion a c ro s st h e se f e a tu re s r evea led t h a t t h e b ank w a s as imp le d umped s t ruc tu re w h ich s u rv ive s u p t o0 . 7 mh igh . T he r o ck -cu t d i tch w a s 7 . 3 mw ide a nd 1 . 7 md eep a tt h ep o in tt r enched a nd l a y i mmed ia te ly w i th in t h e b ank , w i th n o i n te rven ing b e rm . T he h igh ly u nu sua l p a t ter no ft h i s o u te r d ef en ce , h av ing a n i n ter na l d i tch , i sn o t e xp l icab le a tp r e sen t ; s u ch a r rangemen t s a r e u sua l ly t hough t t o b e f o r c e r emon ia l r a the r t h an d ef en s ive s i te s , a s w i th N eo l i th ic h enge monumen t s .

S econda ry d ry s tone m a son ry w a sb u i l ta ga in s tb o th t h er e a r ( s ou th )w a l l -i n c r ea s ing t h et h ickne s s o ft h e g a tehou se b y 1 . 8 m t h e w ho le w ay a l ong . T he e n t ran ce p a s sage w a s l e ng thened b y t h i s , a sw a s t h e n a r row p a s sage l e ad ing t o t h e mu ra l c e l l ; t h e e x i s tence o f as e cond l a rge c e l l i nt h e v an i shed e a s th a lf s e em st ob e c onf i rmed b yt h e f a c tt h a t a p a s sage w a s l e f t b e tween t h e o r ig ina l b u i ld ing a nd t h e a dded m a son ry t o t h e e a s t o ft h e ma in e n t rance ; t h i s i s o n ly l i ke ly t oh ave l e dt os uch ac e l l . T he w e s tc e l l w a sc on t rac ted b yb lock so fs im i la rm a son ry a te i the r a nd b y at h inne r w a l l a l ong i t s s ou th s i de . A l l t h e se a dd i t ion s w e re p r e sumab ly made a ta bou t t h e s ame t ime . P ha se 3 : c on s ide rab le q uan t i t ies o f m a t e r ia l g radua l ly a ccumu la ted , u p t o at h ickne s s o f4 0 c m , b o th w i th in t h e e a s t c e l l , a ga in s t t h e s e conda ry s ou th f a ce o ft h e b l ock h ou se , a ga in s t i t s p r ima ry n or th f a ce a nd i n t h e m a in e n t rance p a ssage [ 3 , I l . 5 ] . R ad ioca rbon d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f r om t h is m a te r ia l i n d ica t ing a c t iv i ty i nt h em idd le o r l a t te r p a r t o f t h e 1s tm i l lenn ium AD . S ome p l a in p o t te ry , p r e sumab ly o ft h e l a te I r on A g e , w a s r e cove red f r om t h e se d epo s i t s [ 3 , I l . 9 ] .

T he e n t rance p a s sage o ft h e g a tehou se i s4 . 0m l o ng a nd 1 . 2 m w ide a t i t s o u te r e nd ; T he h i ghe s t s u rv iv ing m a son ry w a s t h e w e s t p a s sage w a l l w h ich a to ne p o in t s t ood 1 . 6m h igh . A t ad i s tance o f1 . 3 mi nf r om t h e f r on t e nd i st h e d oo r f r ame , t h e c heck s b e ing c ompo sed o fl o ng t h in s t one s l ab s l e t i n to t h e p a s sage w a l l s a tr i gh t a ng le s . Ab a r -ho le w a s f ound i nt h e w e s t s i de j u s t i n s ide t h e d oo r f r ame b u t t h e e a s t w a l l w a s t oo l ow f o r t h e s ocke t t ob e

7 4

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

T he re s e em st ob en ow ay o fk now ing w he the rt h e P ha se 1 g a tehou se w a s s t i l l i n ta c t a tt h i s t i me - i n o t he r w o rd s w he the r t h e p a s sage a nd t h e m u ra l c e l l s w e re s t i l l r oof ed a nd t h e w a l l w a s s t and ing t o i t s o r ig ina l h e igh t - o r w he the r i tw a s ar educed s t ruc tu r e w i th r oo f le s s i n t ra m u ra l f e a tu r e st h e d eb r i s o fw h ich h ad b een r emoved f r om t h e s i te . T he f a c tt ha tn o l i n te l s f r om t h e e n t rance p a s sage w e re f ound i n t h e d eb r i s o f t h e f i na l c o l lap se ( b e low ) s ugge s t st h el a t te r .

p r e sen t d imen s ion s ( d iame te r o f c . 1 8m a nd a w a l l t h ickne ss o f 3m ) a r et h e r ef o re l i ke ly t ob et oo l ow . T h i s s i te i sl i ke ly t ob e a tl e a s ta si mpo r tan ta sJ a r l shof , a nd t h e mu l t i -d i sc ip l ina ry r e sea rch t e am i n vo lved w i l l d oub t le s s e x t rac t amuch g r ea te rv a r ie ty o fi n f o rma t ion t h a t w a s p o s s ib le a t t h e f o rme r s i te . E xcava t ion s a r e s t i l l c on t inu ing i n2 002 . T he e xcava t ion d i rec to r , D r S t eve D ock r i l l , h a s r e cen t ly w r i t ten t h e f o l low ing [ 4 ] .

P ha se 4 : r u bb le o nt op o ft h e se d epos i t sm a rked t h e f i na l c o l lap se o f t h e g a tehou se i n to a n u n inhab i ted r u in ; i n c e r ta in p l a ce s l i ke t h e e n t rance p a s sage t h i s c o l lap se e v iden t ly t o ok p l ace i n d i s t inc t s t ages . N o a r tef ac t s o r d a tab le m a te r ia lw e re r e cove red .

" The u n ique n a tu re o f t h e s i t e - i n t e rm s o f p re se rva t ion , r e cove ry a nd t ime p e r iod - p rov ide s a n u npa ra l le led o ppor tun i ty t o d eve lop a n a b so lu te c h rono log ica l s equence . T he s t ra t ig raphy , t h e s equence o f l a ye r s , p rov ide s ar e la t ive f r amewo rk . T o t h i s , w e h ave n ow a dded o ve r 7 0 a b so lu te d a te s u s ing t h ree m e thod s : r ad ioca rbon , a r chaeomagne t i sm , a nd o p t ica l ly s t imu la ted l um ine scence ( OSL ) .

S ource s : I . O S c a rd n o . HU30 S E 2 1 : 2 .L amb 1 980 : 3 . C a r te r , McCu l lagh & Ma cSween 1 996 ,4 30 -45 .

S quare HU31 T he b ackbone o f t h e s equence i s p rov ided b y t h e a cce le ra to r m a s s s pec t rome te r r ad ioca rbon d a t ing o f c a rbon i sed b a r ley g r a in s f r om s e cu re c on tex t s r e cove r ed b y f l o ta t ion : t h i s g i ve s t h e d a te o fh a rve s t ing f o r e ach g ra in . A rchaeomagne t ic m e thod s a r e u sed b y D r C a thy B a t t t og i ve t h e d a te w hen h ea r th s a nd o ven s w e re l a s t f i r ed T he O SL d a t ing , b y D r E d R hode s o f O xf o rd U n ive r s i ty , t e l l s u s w hen m ine ra l g ra in s w e re l a s t e xpo sed t ol i gh t -am e thod t h a th a s b een a pp l ied t o v a r iou s d epo s i t s , i n c lud ing m idden s , h ea r th s , w ind b lown s and s , a nd b u r ied s o i l s .

HU31 1 LOCH OF BRO W HU /383156 P o s s ib le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , o n as ma l l i s land i nt h e l o ch . T he r ema in s a r e n ow r e du ced t o g round l e ve l . S t epp ing s t one sa nd ar ough c au sew ay l i nk t h e i s land t ot h e w e s t s ho r e , b u t a r e n ow 2 f t . b e low w a te r l e ve l [ 1 ] . A s a dd le q ue rn w a sn o ted n ea rby i n1 9 30 [ 2 ] . S ource s : I .O S c a rd HU 3 1 NE 7 : 2 . 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 153 , 3 4 . HU31 2 LUNAB ISTER HU /378164 P robab le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , o r ig ina l ly al a rge g r a s s c ove red m ound w i th t r a ce s o fm a son ry [ 2 ] , i nw h ich a bou t 4 0 f t .o fb rok en w a l l , 5 . 5 f t .h i gh a nd w i th t h eu sua l b a t te r , w a s f ound i n 1 956 ; t h e e s t ima ted d i ame te r i s6 0 f t . a nd o u two rk sa r ea ppa ren tu nde rt u rf o nt h es ou th s i de [ 3 ] . S ource s : I .O S c a rd HU 3 1 NE 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 152 , 3-4 : 3 . J .S t ewa r t i n D i scove ry & E xcava t ion , S co t land , 1 956 , 2 7 .

Wo rk o n d a te s c on t inue s , b u t t h e s equence t h a t i s e me rg ing p rov ide s c l ea r e v idence t o c ha l lenge c ommon ly a ccep ted d a te s f o r s t ruc tu re s l i ke t h e se a t O ld S ca tne s s E spec ia l ly i mpo r tan ta r et h em id I ron A ge d a te s f o rt h e g roup o fs t ruc tu re st ot h es ou th -we s to ft h e b roch , o ne o fw h ich ( s t ruc tu re 1 4 ) i sc l ea r ly p a ra l le led b y a n a i s led w hee lhou se a tJ a r lshof . A r chaeomagne t ic a nd r ad ioca rbon d a te s i n d ica te t h a t t h is g roup ( of b u i ld ing s ) i sb road ly c on tempo ra ry a nd b e long s t ot h e p e r iod 4 00 BC -AD 1 .T he g roup i n c lude s ap i e r ed w hee lhou se o f 1 0m i n te rna l d i ame te r ( s t ruc tu r e 1 2 ) w h ich h ad b een f i l led w i th a shy w a s te . R ad ioca rbon d a t ing o fp l an t m a te r ia l a nd a s equence o fO SL d a te s o n q ua r tz i n c lu s ion s w i th in t h e d epo s i t s i n d ica te t h a t t h e d ump d a te s t oc .1 00 BC t o AD 1 00 E xcava t ion o f t h e se s t ruc tu re s h a s n o t y e t r e ached p r ima ry f l oo r s u rf ace s , b u t , g i ven t h a t t h ey w e re d ef in i te ly b u i l t a f te r t h e b roch , a nd g i ven t h e d a te o fm a te r ia l d umped i n s ide t h em o nce t h ey w en t o u t o fu se , t h e O ld S ca tne s s b roch mu s t c on s ide rab ly p r eda te t h e g ene ra l ly a ccep ted r a nge o f 1 00 BC t o AD 1-t h ough b y h ow m uch w e w i l l n o t k now u n t i l w e e xcava te d own t ot h e p r ima ry l e ve l s i n t h eb roch i t se lf

HU31 3 OLD HOUSE OF BRO W HU /383139 P o s s ib le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , as a ndy k no l lw h ich o nce s howed s t one s ; t h e r e a r e c onf l ic t ing v i ew sa st ow he the r i t i sl i ke ly t ob e ab roch s i te , o re ven a na n t iqu i ty [ 1 ] . S ou rce : I .O Sc a rd HU 3 1 S E 1 4 . HU31 4 OLD SCATNESS ( `V irk ie ' , ` Sumbu rgh A i rpo r t ' , ` S ca tnes s ' ) HU390 107 Mu l t i -pe r iod s e t t lemen t w i th b roch , whee lhou se s a nd l a ter dwe l l ing s i nD un ro s sne s s . A n a r c o ft h e b roch w a l l w a s e xpo sed i n o ne s i de o f ag r een mound d u r ing t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e p e r ime te r r oad a tt h e a i rpo r t a tS umbu rgh H ead i n 1 976 [ 1 ] . I n 1 995 e x cava t ion s w e r e s t a r ted f o l low ing ag eophy s ica l a nd t o pog r aph ica l s u rvey [ 2 ] . B y 1 996 t h e c i r cu la r b u i ld ing h ad b een f u r the r r e vea led , t o ge the r w i th a sh m idden m a t e r ia l w h ich h ad e v iden t ly a ccumu la ted a ga in s t i t . T he b ro ch s e em s t ob e s t and ing s eve ra l m e t r e s h igh w i th a b a t te r ed o u te r w a l l f a ce ; t h e

T he l e ng th o ft h e I r on A ge c h rono logy i si n d ica ted b y d a te s f r om l a te I r on A ge s t ruc tu re s i nt h e s ou th -ea s ter n g roup o f b u i ld ing s . T he se w e r e i n ser ted i n to e a r l ie r m id I ron A ge b u i ld ing s w h ich h ave y e tt ob e d a ted . F o r e xamp le , at r iangu la r p i e red w hee lhou se ( s t ruc tu re 6 ) , 5 m i n d i ame te r , h a s b een e xcava ted t h rough a t l e a s t

7 5

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

f ou r f l oo r s u rf ace s , e ach a s soc ia ted w i th a c en t ra l h ea r th ,t oi t sp r ima ry f l oo rs u rf ace .

Wes t Barra I s land

T he se d epo s i t s h ave g iven a s equence o fr ad ioca rbon a nd a r chaeomagne t ic d a te s w h ich a l low d e ta i led i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e u se a nd r e -u se o ft h e b u i ld ing . I t w a s i n u se u p t o AD 8 00 , a nd w a s t h e r ef o re c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e P i c t i sh b u i ld ing s ( i nc lud ing t h e c e l lu la r b u i ld ing , s t ruc tu re 7 ,i n se r ted i n to t h e b roch ) , w h ich a r e d a ted c . AD 6 00 -900 . Al a rge P i c t i sh p a in ted p ebb le w a s f ound w i th in t h ep r ima ry l e ve l s o f as e cond l a te I r on A ge w hee lhou se ( s t ruc tu r e 1 ) . T h i s b u i ld ing , i ts e em s , w a s d e l ibe ra te ly i n f i l led d u r ing t h e e a r ly No r se p e r iod t oc r ea te al e ve l f l oo r . E xcava t ion o ft h i s f l oo rr evea led al o ng h ea r th c ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h eN o r se , a nd ag roup o fs oap s tone a nd s ch i s tl o om w e igh t s l y ing j u s ta st h ey h ad f a l len f r om t h e l o om .

S quare HU33 HU33 1 WEST BURRA (Trough ' ) HU /379350 P o s s ib le b roch o n t h e i s land o f We s tB u r ra i nL e rw ick ar ugged g ra s s -g rown h i l lock i n ac ommand ing p o s i t ion . T he re a r e s l igh ti n d ica t ion so fr egu la r ly l a id s t onewo rk . S ou rce s : 1 . O S c a rd HU 3 3 S E 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 277 , 7 7 : 3 .A nde r son 1 890 , 1 82 . Ma inland HU33 2 BURLAND 1 HU / 390370 P o s s ib le b roch i nT ingwa l l , o ccupy ing t h e w ho le o f a s ma l l i s le t 8 0 100m f r om t h e w e s t s ho re o ft h e i s land o f T rond ra . T he i s l e th a sb een c onnec ted t ot h e l a rge ro ne b y ac au seway b u t t h i s , a nd t h e b roch , h ave b een a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 3 NE 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 535 , 1 26 : 3 . Ande r son 1 890 , 1 82 : 4 . D i scove ry & E xca va t ion i nS co t land 2 000 , 8 1 .

An umbe r o fl a te r b u i ld ing s a nd m idden d epo s i t s t a ke t h i s o ccupa t ion s equence t h rough t ot h e m id twen t ie th c en tu ry ." S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 1 S E 2 1 : 2 . D i scove ry & E xca va t ion , S co t land , e n t r ie s f r om 1 995 o nwa rd s : 3 . N icho l son & D ock r i l l , e d s . , 1 998 : [ 4 ] C ur ren tA rchaeo l . n o . 1 77 ( J an .2 002 ) , 3 87 -88 .

HU33 3 GRUNA SOUND HU /373333 P o s s ib le b roch i nL e rw ick ; n o th ing m uch r ema in sb u ta n a mo rphou s ,t u r f -cove red mound w i th s ome s t one ss how ing , a nd t h e s i te s e em st oh ave s e rved a s aq ua r ry . Ar e po r t i n 1 968 d id n o to b se rve a ny b roch l ike m a son ry , b u t as add le q ue rn w a sn o ted n ea rby [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 3 S E 1 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 278 , 7 7 .

HU31 5 S COUSEBURGH ( 'Rhu -A l len ' ) HU /37721781 P o s s ib le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , i n ah igh c on ica l k no l l ; t h e p l ace n ame s ugge s t s ab roch [ 2 ] b u t ar epor ti n1 968 i s s c ep t ica l [ 1 ] . I n 1 956 ac i s t o rh ea r th w a s e xpo sed n ea rby w i th a r tef ac t s s uch a s w ho r l s , s t ea t i te f r agmen t s , e t c . ; n o b roch l ike m a son ry w a so b se rved . [ 1 ] . S ource s : O S c a rd HU 3 1 NE 9 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 190 , 4 5 : 3 .J .S t ewa r ti nD i scove ry & E xca va t ion , S co t land , 1 956 , 2 7 .

HU33 4 L INGA + HU /359397 P o s s ib le b roch i nL e rw ick ;n oo the ri n f o rma t ion .

HU31 6 SKELBERRY HU /391164 P o s s ib le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , ag ra s sg rown k no l l( now s uppor t ing a h ou se ) w h ich h a s a t v a r iou s t ime s y i e lded t r ace s o f ma s s ive w a l l ing , a nd w a l l f a ce s s ugge s t ing c hambe r s , a sw e l l a sp o t she rd s ( i nc lud ing n eck -band w a r e [ 1 ] ) a nd i mp lemen t s i n c lud ing a s add le q ue rn ( ' non r o ta ry ' ) , ap o t l id a nd p o s s ib le s t one l o om w e igh t s [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 3 1 NE 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 151 , 3 3 .

HU33 5 SKEO H ILL HU /376312 P o s s ib le b roch i nL e rw ick , ap rom inen t h i l lock t h ough t t oc on ta in a n e a r ly s t ruc tu re . Ak i tchen m idden n ea rby h a s y i e lded p o t te ry a sw e l l a s" nume rou s s t one o b jec t s s im i la r t ot ho se f ound i nb roch s" [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 3 S E 8 : 2 .R CAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 265 , 7 4 .

HU 3 1 7 WARD H ILL ( Rob in 's B rae ') HU 3 90 128 T h i s s t ruc tu r e , d i agno sed a s awhee lhouse , w a s l o ca ted i n 1 988 a f t e r as i lo p i t d ug i n to amound r evea led m a son ry [ 2 ] . Al i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage ,t h ree m a son ry p i l la r sa nd o ne o r tho s ta t w e re s e en , a l l p re sumab ly r ad ia l . Much p o t te ry , a l leged ly o fl a te I r on A ge d a te ( t he m ean ing o ft h i s t e rm i su nc lea r ) ,w a sa l so f ound . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU31 S E 3 0 : 2 . D i scove ry a nd E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 988 , 3 0 .

HU33 6 SOUND OF MEAL + HU /374354 P o s s ib le b roch i nL erw ick ; n oo the ri n f o rma t ion .

S quare HU34 HU34 1 BUR W ICK HOLM + HU /38624022 P o s s ib le b roch i nT ingwa l l ; n o o t he ri n f o rma t ion

HU31 8 BYRELANDS + HU3810 1600 P o s s ib le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s . No o t he ri n f o rma t ion .

HU34 2 BURRA HOL M HU /3 8 6458

7 6

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

P robab le b roch i n T ingwa l l . A g ra ss -g rown h eap o f d eb r is o ccupy ing mos to ft h et i da l i s l e t o fB u r ra H o lm ; t h e f oo t ing s o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce a r e v i s ib le mo s t o ft h e w ay r ound , i n d ica t ing ad i ame te ro f 5 1 .8 f t .[ 1 ] . No c au seway w a sn o ted [ 1 ] . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 4 NE 9 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 529 , 1 25 .

I n 1 998 t wo s ma l l t r enches r evea led v a r iou s f r agmen t s o f w a l l ing w h ich s e emed t o p o s t -da te t h e b roch ; I r on A ge p o t she rd sw e re a l so f ound [ 3 ] . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 3 5 SW 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 396 , 1 01 : 3 . D i scovery & E xca va t ion i n S co t land 1 998 , 8 4 -5 .

HU34 3 BUR WICK ( 'Ness o fB u rw ick ') HU /388406 P oss ib le b roch i nT ingwa l l , o n as ma l l i s land o ppo s i te t h e t own sh ip o f B urw ick . T he r ema ins o f ab u i ld ing a r e a ppa ren tb u t i th a s b een a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed . No c l ea rs i gn so f ac au seway w e re n o ted . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 3 4 S E4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 528 , 1 25 .

HU35 4S E MBL ISTER + HU /33905050 P os s ib le b roch i n Ma in land ; n oo t he ri n f o rma t ion .

S quare HU36 HU36 1 BURGASTOO HU /345660 P o ss ib le b roch i n D e l t ing o n a n i s land 1 00m f r om t h e s ho re . No t r ace o f ab u i ld ing i sv i s ib le n ow b u t ac au seway t ot h e s ho re i sr e pu ted t o h ave e x is ted [ 2 ] . T h is w a s n o t s e en i n1 968 [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 6 NW 7 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 126 , 1 2 .

HU34 4 HOGALAND HU /395469 P oss ib le b roch i n T ingwa l l . N o c l ea r s i gns o f ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing h ave b een n o ted b u t a n u nde rg round p a ssage a nd c hambe r w e r e f ound w hen t h e f ounda t ion s o ft h e h ou se a t H oga land w e re d ug . S ome h amme r s t one s , s t one i mp lemen t sa nd p o t she rd sw e re r e covered t h en . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 4 NE 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 400 , 1 02 .

HU36 2 BURRAVOE 1 HU /359669 P o ss ib le b roch i nD e l t ing , o n al ow r ock , n ow o ve r la id b y t h e r ema ins o f af i sh ing s t a t ion . P ar t o ft h e l owes t c ou r se o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce i st r aceab le a nd i nd ica tes ad i ame te r o f 5 5 f t . . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 6 NE 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 114 , 9 .

HU34 5HOULLANDS ( `The B rough ') HU /309443 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i n S ands t ing l i s ted i n t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry [ 3 ] ,b u tn ot r ace sn ow s u rv ive [ 2 ] . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 3 4 SW 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 400 , 1 02 : 3 .A nde r son 1 890 , 1 8 1 .

HU36 3 I SLESBURGH HU /337692 P o s s ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine , n ow c omp le te ly d es t royed b y r obb ing i n 1 849 t o b u i ld t h e a d jacen t f a rmhou se [ 1 ] . a rd HU 3 6 NW 1 0 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , S ource s : I . OS c v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 354 , 9 1 .

S quare HU35 HU35 1 EAST BURRA F IRTH HU /358580 P oss ib le b roch i n S and s t ing , o n ar o cky i s le t c onnec ted b y as t ra igh t c au seway t ot h e s ho re . T he l owe s t c ou r se o f t h e o u te r f a ce o f ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing c ou ld b e t r aced f o r mos t o f t h e w ay r ound ( e xcep t i n t h e n or th -ea s t ) a nd i n d ica ted ad i ame ter o f4 5 f t . , q u i te s ma l l f o r ab roch . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 5 NE 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 395 , 1 0 1 .

S quare HU37 HU37 1 BURGAN ( `No r th G lu s s ') HU /344775 P o ss ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine . T he r ema ins , o n a p rom inen t h i l lock a r e n ow u n in te l l ig ib le b u t a r e t hough t l o ca l ly t oh ave b een ab roch . T he re i s ad e scr ip t ion [ 3 ] o f t h e d i scovery o f a n o va l , p o l ished s t one k n if e d u r ing t h e c l ea r ing o u t o f t h e f ounda t ion s o f ap os s ib le b roch a t G lu s s . S ource s : OS c a rd HU 3 7 NW 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 396 , 9 8 -9 : 3 .P .S .A .S . 4 2 ( 1907 -08 ) , 1 63 .

HU35 2 HEGL IB ISTER 1 HU /389516 Ap os s ib le b roch i nT ingwa l l . O n t op o f al a rge n a tu ra l k no l l a r e t h e r ema in s o f ab u i ld ing i n ag ra ssy mound . T he s hape a nd f o rm o ft h e mound s ugge s t ab roch [ 1 ] a nd h amme rs t ones w e re f ound i n an ea rby m idden . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 5 S E3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 50 1 , 1 20 -1 .

HU37 2 THE CU ML INS ( 'O lne sf i r th ') HU /308770 P o ss ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine , a n i regu la r , g ra s s c ove red mound o f l o o se s t one s . A r e cen t r epor t d oub t s t h a t i tc ou ld b e ab roch [ 1 ] . I r on Age p o t te ry h a s b een f ound i ni t[ 3 ] , a nd o t he ra r tef ac t s i n c lud ing as add le q uern . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 7 N W 8( w i th s ke tch p lan ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 363 , 9 4 : 3 .H am i l ton 1 956 ,

HU35 3 HOULLAND ( `Broch o fH ou l land ' , ` Tumb l in ') HU /34495389 P robab le b roch i n S and s t ing . T race s o f ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing r ema in , w i th ad i ame te ro fa bou t 1 6 .93 m ( 55 f t .6 i n s ) . T he s upposed o u te r r ampa r t [ 2 ] i sp robab ly af i e ld w a l l [ I ] .

7 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 6 -7 .

S quare HU41 HU41 1 CLEV IGARTH HU 4 07129 Ap robab le b roch i nD un ro s sness , o nt h es ho re o f ar o cky i n le t . T he w a l l f a ce s a r e v i s ib le a nd i n d ica te at h ickne s s o f a bou t 1 4 f t . ; t h e o ve ra l l d i ame ter i sa bou t 5 7 .5 f t .s ot h e w a l l p ropor t ion w ou ld b e a bou t4 8 .5% . T he u ppe rp a r t s o f t wo c e l ls a r e a ppa ren t i nt h e w a l l o nt h es ou th -wes ta nd t h e l i n te l o f ad oo r i si nt h e i n s ide w a l l f a ce o nt h e n o r th -wes t . T he re a r et r ace s o fm any o u t -bu i ld ing s( I l l .4 .62 ) . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd HU 4 1 SW 3 , i n c . p l an : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 147 , 2 7 &f i g . 4 88 ( p lan ) .

HU37 3 LOCH OF BURRALAND HU /344750 S i te o f p o ss ib le b roch i n Nor thmav ine , ag ra s sy mound a ny s t ruc tu re i nw h ich h a sb een d emo l ished . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 7 SW 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 387 , 9 9 . HU37 4 MARK I NESS + HU /354721 P oss ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine : n o f u r the r i n f orma t ion . HU37 5 ORB ISTER HU /310768 P os s ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine , o n t h e s ho re . A ny b u i ld ing h a s a lmo s t c omp le te ly d i sappea red , e xcep t f o r s ome l a rge , b roch l ike s t ones e xpo sed a tl ow w a te r [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 7 NW 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 385 , 9 8 .

HU41 2 CLU ML IE HU 4 04181 ( v is i ted 5 / 6 /63) P robab le s o l id -based b roch i n Dun ro s sne ss , s t and ing o n al ow r i se o n f l a t a r ab le g round . O n ly t h e l owe r l e ve l s o f t h is b roch r ema in a nd modern b u i ld ing s e nc roach u pon t h e r u ins . C lum l ie w a s p a r t ia l ly e xcava ted b y G oud ie i n1 887 a nd s ome o ft h e o b jec t s r e covered a r e I l t ra ted i nI l . 4 . 52 . Much o ft h e w es th a lf o ft h e s i te i sh i dden b y as t one d yke a nd w a s n o t e xp lo red , b u t t h e e n t rance p a s sage - w i th d oo r -check sm ade o fu p r igh t s l abs s e t i n to t h e w a l l a t1 f t . f r om t h e e x te r io r -a nd a g ua rd c e l l o n t h e r i gh t b eh ind t h e se a r e v i s ib le . A mu ra l c e l l a t 7 . 30 o 'c lock i sa l so a ppa ren t b u t t h e i n te r io r w a l l f a ce i st o o b roken d own f o r a ny t r ace o f as c a r cemen t t ob e p reserved . T he o u te rw a l l f a ce o n t h e n o r th -ea s t w a s 7 -8 f t . i n 1 9 34 b u t t h e u ppe r c ou r ses w e re r e bu i l t a tt h e t ime o ft h e e x cava t ion [ 3 ] ( I l ls . 4 . 44 & 4 . 48 -52 ) .

S quare HU38 HU38 1 BURRA VOE ( `No r th R oe ') HU /373892 S i te o fp os s ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine . T he re i sn o t r ace o f ab u i ld ing a nd t h e s i tua t ion i sa n u n l ike ly o ne f o r a b roch ,b e ing o ve r looked [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 8 NE 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 384 , 9 8 : 3 . T homa s 1 890 , 1 80 .

T he d oo r t o t h e g ua rd c e l l i so n ly 2 f t . 9i n s , h i gh a nd make s ac on t ra s t w i th w ha t mu s t h ave o nce b een a t a l l b eeh ive c e l l b eh ind . A s e conda ry w a l l - v a ry ing i n t h ickne s s f r om 1 5 f t . -r un sr ound t h e i n te r ior o ft h eb r och a nd i so fu nev en t h icknes s , b e ing a bou t 1f t . a tt h e m a in e n t rance a nd a bou t 5f t .o nt h ew es t s i de .

S quare HU39 HU39 1 F ETHALAND (Ta s te rW ick ') HU /375943 P os s ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine . As t ruc tu re e x is t s t h e re a nd w a sp a r t ia l ly d ug o u ta nd p l anned i n1 904 [ 4 ] . I tb ea r s l i t t le r e semb lance t o ab roch e xcep t i n w ha t m ay b e t wo c u rved , r e c tangu la rw a l l c hambe r sw h ich s e em t ol i e o nt h e c i rcumf e rence o f ac i rc le a bou t 3 0 f t . i n d i ame te r , r a the r s ma l l f o r a b roch [ 2 , f i g . 6 03 ] ; t h e s i te h a s b een e x tens ive ly q ua r r ied . Mo re o f i th ad b een d es t royed b y 1 931 [ 2 ] . A l i s t o f t h e f i nd s made i n 1 904 i n c lude s n o th ing s pec if ica l ly o fb roch t ype [ 4 , 1 74 ] . S ource s : OS c a rd HU 3 6 NW 1 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 355 , 9 1 & f i g . 6 03 : 3 . C . S . T . C a lde r i n D i scovery & E xcava t ion , S co t land , 1 956 , 2 8 : 4 . A be rcromby i n1 905 , 1 7 1 .

T he i n te rna l d i ame te r o ft h e s t ruc tu re w a s t h e reby r e duced f r om 3 3 -34 f t . t oa bou t 2 7 f t . No m en t ion w a s m ade o f r ad ia l p i e r s b y t h e e xcava to r b u t ah ea r th w a s f ound i nt h e f l oo r w h ich p r e sumab ly b e longed t o t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion . Ac a r ef u l ly c on s t ruc ted g ap i nt he s e conda ry w a l l a t 1 0 .30 o ' c lock may h ave l e d t ot h e o r ig ina l d oo r t o t h e s t a irway i nt h e b roch w a l l b u t t h e r e i sn o s i gn o ft h is n ow . D u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s Goud ie f o und a w e l l -bu i l t s t one c i s t 2 . 5 f t . a bove t h e f l oo r o f t h e b roch a nd c onc luded t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re h ad b een u s ed f o r b u r ia l s a f t e r f a l l ing i n to d i su se [ 1 ] . D imen s ion s : t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r i s6 8 f t .a nd t h e w a l l i s 1 7 18 f t .t h ick , g i v ing aw a l l p ropor t ion o f5 1 .5 % . F ind s : t h e se i n c luded " a l a rge n umbe r o fg ra in r ubbe r s" a nd ap ho tog raph [ 3 , 2 8 ] s how s a t l e a s t o ne r o ta ry q uern . O the r f i nd s w e r e 5w he t s tone s o f m ica ceous s t one , 2o f s ands tone , 3w hor ls ( 1 o fs ch is t , 2o fs t ea t i te ) a nd s e ve ra l h amme r s t ones . T he re w e re a l so many p o t tery f r agmen t s a nd a n ima l b one s , s h e l ls a nd s t one i mp lemen t s ( I l l . 4 . 52 ) . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 1 NW 4 : 2 . G oud ie 1 889 , 2 49 5 3 : 3 .G oud ie 1 904 , 2 1-9 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 145 , 1 5 -6 & f i g . 4 87 ( p lan ) .

S quare HU40 HU40 1 SU MBURGH HEAD HU /407079 A p os s ib le b roch i n D un ro s sne ss , o n t h e s i te o f t h e p resen t l i gh thou se , c l a imed a s a n a n t iqu i ty b y D ryden o n u nknown e v idence , p e rhaps t h e n ame o ft h e h ead land [ 2 ] . R ampa r t s c ro ss t h e n eck o ft h eh ead land [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 0 NW 1 : 2 . D ryden 1 890 , 2 11 : 3 .D i scovery & E xcava t ion , S co t land , 1 956 , 2 6 .

7 8

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

( wh ich c ove r ed t h e b o t tom c ou r se s o fb o th p i e r s a nd b roch w a l l ) w i th ap av ing o fs ma l l s l ab s o n t o p o ft h i s . T h r ee s upe r impo sed o ccupa t ion d epo s i t s , e ach c ove r ed w i th p av ing , w e re f ound o nt op o ft h i s a nd m o s to ft h e I r on A ge p o t te ry a nd f i nd s r e cove r ed c ame f r om t h e se . R ubb le f r om t h e d i lap ida t ion o ft h eb roch w a so nt op o ft h e se .

HU41 3 DALSETTER ( `Broch o fD a l se t te r ' ) HU /408158 P robab le b roch i n D un ro s sne s s , 5 0m f r om ap r ec ip i tou s c l if fa tt h en o r th s i de o ft h eV oe . O n ly as ho r t l e ng th o ft h e o u te rw a l l f a ce i sv i s ib le o nt h e s ou th . T he o u te rd ef ence s a r e e x ten s ive a nd w e l l p r e se rved , c on s i s t ing o f t wo c oncen t r ic r ampa r t s s epa ra ted b y a w ide d i tch a nd , r e spec t ive ly , 2 6 f t . a nd 5 3 f t .d i s t an t f r om t h e b roch [ 1 , p l an : 2 ,f i g . 2 78 ] . T hey a r em ade m a in ly o fe a r th a nd r i se f r om 4 . 5 -5 . 0 f t .a bove t h e b o t tom o ft h e d i tch ; t h e b a sa l w id th o ft h e o u te r o ne i s1 2 15 f t . . Amo rphou s t r aces o f m any o u tbu i ld ing s c an b e s e en a nd t h e r e a r e t wo w e l l sj u s t o u t s ide t h eo u te rr ampa r t . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 1 NW 1( i nc . s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . R CAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 146 , 2 6 -7 & p l s . 4 78 -9 ( p la te s ) .

A n e x ten s ive e x te rna l m idden w a s f ound i n t h e s e cond t r ench , r e s t ing o n t h e u nde r ly ing t i l l . A s e r ie s o f C 14 d a te s s ugge s ted t h a t t h i s b egan t o a c cumu la te e a r ly i nt h e i s t m i l lenn ium AD a nd c on t inued u n t i l t h e m idd le o r l a te p a r t o f i t . T he w ho le r a nge o f C 14 d a te s o b ta ined s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s e t t lemen t m ay g o b ack w e l l i n to t h e i s t m i l lenn ium B .C . [ 5 , T ab le 4i nm ic rof iche ] . F ind s : t h e p o t tery f ound h a s b een I l t ra ted [ 5 , I l . 1 6 ] . Mo s t o ft h e r im s he rd s i n d ica te s imp le , p l a in b a r re l shaped v e s se ls , a nd o ne s ma l l p o t h a s a n e ver ted r im . O ne d eco ra ted v e s se l w a s f ound ( V6 ) -a n e ve r ted r im j a rw i th ah i gh ly p o l i shed ( p re sumab ly b l ack ) o u te r s u rf a ce , f l u t ing a l ong t h e i n s ide f a ce o ft h e r im , o b l ique i n c ised l i ne s o n t h e e x te r io r i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e r im , w i th a no the r r ow o f i n c ised m a rk s j u s t a bove t h e b a se . T he b l ack b ur n i sh ing , t h e e ver ted r im a nd t h e f l u t ing c an a l so b e s e en o nt h e l a rge s h e rd f r om Mou sa ( I l l . 4 . 52 ) .

HU41 4 EASTSHORE ( `Brough H ead ') HU /402 113 B roch , p robab ly s o l id -ba sed , a nd w hee lhouse i n D un ros sne s s , s t and ing o n t h e e dge o f ac l if f o n as ma l l h ead land a nd p a r t ly d e s t royed b y t h e s e a a nd s u r rounded b y moder n , d i su sed b u i ld ing s [ 1 , 2 ] ( I l l . 4 . 53 ) . I tw a s p a r t ia l ly e x cava ted i n1 989 b y d i gg ing t wo t r enche s a c ro s s t h e mound [ 3 ] .

S tone i mp lemen t s i n c lude p ounde r s , h a lf o ft h e u ppe rs t one o f ar o ta ry q ue rn ( i n t h e u ppe r l e ve l s o ft h e m idden ) a nd s ome s ub r ec tangu la rs t one p l aque s .

B ef o re t h i s as e conda ry w a l l a bou t 5f t .t h ick c ou ld b e s e en i n s ide t h eb roch a sw e l l a st r ace so ft wo r a d ia l p i e r s o nt h e w e s t s i de [ 3 ] . Abou t 2 0 f t . o f i n ne r w a l l f a ce , w i th a s c a rcemen t w a s e xpo sed o n t h e s ou th -we s t s i de ( 1 1 . 4 . 59 ) a nd t r a ce s o fa bou t 2 0 f t . o f a n i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry w e re o b se rved o n t h e n or th s i de c l o se t ot h e b each [ 1 , 2 ] . T he b roch c ou ld b e s een t oc on ta in aw hee lhou se . T he r e i sa l a rge c l u s te r o f o u tbu i ld ing s a nd a n o u te r r ampa r t w a s r e f er red t ob u tn o td e sc r ibed [ 1 ] .

C lo th : t r ace s o fw oo l len f a b r ic w e r e f ound i no ne o ft h e o ccupa t ion l a ye r s i n s ide t h eb roch . D i scu s s ion : t h e e xcava to r s w e re u nab le t od ec ide w he the r t h er ad ia l p i e r s i n s ide t h e b roch w e r e b u i l tu pon t h et o p o f ap r e b roch m idden w h ich h ad b een e r oded d own b e low t h e f ounda t ion s o ft h e a d jacen t m a in w a l l , o r w he the r t h e s u rf ace h ad b een d e l ibe ra te ly c u t d own t o a ccommoda te t h e p i e r s . T he f o rme r w ou ld i mp ly a l o ng p e r iod o f a bandonmen t ( bu t w ou ld n o t e xp la in h ow ' e ro s ion ' c ou ld o ccu r i n s ide e ven t h e s t ump o f am a s s ive s t one t owe r ) w he rea s t h e l a t te r w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t t h e s e conda ry o ccupan t s h ad c l ea red a way t h e d eb r i s o f t h e p r ima ry b roch o ccupa t ion f o r t h e i r n ew s t ruc tu re , p re sumab ly a w hee lhou se . T he s e cond v i ew s e em sm uch mo re p l au s ib le .

A p l ane t a b le s u rvey o f t h e s i t e w a s m ade i n 1 983 a nd s ugge s ted t h a t ac on s ide rab le p r eh is to r ic s e t t lemen t l a y a r ound t h e b roch , n o t m uch s ma l l e r t h an t h a t e x i s t ing a t J a r lshof [ 5 , 4 49 -50 & I l . 1 2 ] . T he t wo 1 989 t r enche s r evea led m idden d epo s i t s o fp r e b roch d a te ; t h e b roch w a l l w a s f ou nded d i rec t ly o n t h em . T h is w a l l h ad a m a s s ive f ounda t ion c ou r se , o r p l in th , p ro jec t ing 5 c m i nf r on t o ft h e b a t te red w a l l f a ce a bove , a nd t h e l a t te rr o se t o am ax imum h e igh t o f2 . 7 m . T he l i n te l led e n t r ance t o ap robab le i n t r a -mu ra l c e l l w a s f ound o n t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce o n t h e w es t s i de , 9 5 c m b e low a m a s s ive s c a r cemen t o f t h e l e dge t y pe w h ich w a s 1 . 7m a bove t h e f o unda t ion l e ve l . T rac e s o fc u rved w a l l f a ce s w e re f ound o n t h e u n t r enched w a l lhead w h ich s e em l i ke ly t o b e long t o aL eve l I( f i r s t s t o r ey ) i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry , c onf i rm ing t h ed i agno s i so ft h e b u i ld ing a s ah o l low -wa l led b roch .

T he t ime o f t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e b roch c ou ld n o t b e p inned d own c l o se rt h an a bou tt h e f i r s tc en tu r ie s BC o r AD w i th t h e C 14 d a te s o b ta ined . T he se d o s ugge s t t h a t t h e b roch m ay h ave c on t inued i no ccupa t ion ( t hough d oub t le s s r e duced i nh e igh t ) u n t i l t h e m idd le o ft h e i s t m i l lenn ium AD . D imen s ion s : e s t ima ted o ve ra l l d i ame te r a f t e r e xcava t ion s , 1 9 .4m ; w a l l t h ickne s s c .4 . 4 m ; t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion w ou ld t h u s b e a bou tj u s t o ve r 4 5% ( t hough t h e e xpo sed s egmen t o fo u te rf a ce i sn o tc oncen t r ic w i th t h e i n ne r[ 5 , 1 1 . 1 4 ] ) .

Two r ad ia l p i e r s w e re f ound t o h ave b een a dded t o t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce o n t h e s ou th s i de ; t h ey e v iden t ly a l so r e s ted o n t h e p re -b roch m idden d epo s i t s , w i th t h e i r f o unda t ion c ou r ses al i t t le b e low t h a t o ft h e a d jacen tb roch w a l l . T he i n ne r f a ce o fe ach p i e r h ad b een f a ced w i th a s t one s l ab a nd t h e i n ne r e dge o ft h e b ay s o d ef ined w a s e dged w i th as i l l f o rmed o fs t one s l abs o n e dge . T he f l oo r o ft h e b ay h ad b een l i ned w i th at h ick l a ye ro fy e l low c l ay

S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 1 SW 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 148 : 3 .D i scove ry a nd E xca va t ion , S co t land , 1 956 , 2 7 -8 . 4 . I b id . , 1 989 , 6 8 : 5 .C a r te r , McCu l lagh a nd MacSween 1 996 , 4 47 -64 a nd m ic rof iche .

7 9

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

HU41 5 L EVEN W ICK ( 1 3 roch o fL evenw ick ' , ' He lm ' ) HU 4 15197 V i s i ted 5 / 6 /63 & 3 0 /6 /87 B roch , p robab ly s o l id -ba sed , o n f l a t g round a tt h e e dge o f t h e c l if f s b ound ing t h e e a s t c oa s t o f t h e D un ro s sne s s p en in su la ; i ti sa tt h e f o o t o f f e r t i le l a nd w h ich s l ope s g r adua l ly d own t ot h e c oa s t , e nd ing a s am o re o r l e s s f l a t s t r ip a bou t h a lf am i le a c ro s s n ex t t ot h e s e a ( F ron t isp iece a nd i l s . 4 . 50 & 4 . 60 ) . T he r e a r e m any m odem s e t t lemen t s n ea rby a nd t h es i te h a s ag ood v i ew o u tt os e a .

as e cond f l i gh to fs t a i r s l e d u pwa rd st ot h er i gh to ft h ev o id b u t t h e se s e em t oh ave b een d e s t royed o rb u r ied . I n1 963 t h ep o s s ib le o u t l ine s o fa n o va l mu ra l c e l lw er e o b se rved a t 1 2o ' c lock b u tt h i s i sn o tr e f e r red t oi nt h e e a r l ie rr e po r t s . A l so n o t m en t ioned i n t h e e a r l ie r r e po r t s i s al a rge u nexcava ted d oo rway o n t h e s ou th s i de , u nde r t h e v o id m en t ioned ; o n e s i de o ft h e l a t te r m ay h ave b een r e bu i l t i n m ode rn t ime s . T h i s d oo r may h ave b een e xpo sed r e la t ive ly r e c en t ly b y d i lap ida t ion ,b u t i t i s h a rd t o u nde r s tand h ow G oud ie d i dn o tf i nd i t , e s pec ia l ly w hen h i s d r aw ing ( F ron t i sp iece ) c l ea r ly s how s t h e v o id o rc hambe r o ve r i t ; i t a l so s how s as e conda ry d oo rway l e ad ing t owa rd s t h e o l d m a in e n t rance a nd g i v ing a cce s s t o al o ng c e l l i nt h e w h ee lhou se s w a l l , s o p r e sumab ly t h e p r ima ry e n t rance w a s b l ocked u p . P re sumab ly a l so t h e s e conda ry w a l l ( b e low ) c oncea led i t s i n ne re nd , s ot h a tt h e o p en ing i n t h e l a t te r w a s o n ly a t f i r s t f l oo r l e ve l . T he re i sa l so a c l ea r s c a r cemen t i nt h e p r ima ry b roch w a l lf ace h e r e , a bou t 3 0 c m a bove t h e p r ima ry p a s sage l i n te l ( I l l . 4 . 56 ) ; f r om G oud ie 's d r aw ing i ts e em st h a tt h e s e conda ry w a l l c ame u p l e ve l w i th t h is . T he t h ick s e conda ry w a l lw h ich c an s t i l l b e s e en r unn ing r o und t h e i n te r io r b e long s t o a n i n se r ted w hee lhou se ( F ron t isp iece & I l . 4 . 55 ) ; i tw a s a bou t 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t . ) t h ick , a nd o f as im i la r h e igh t w hen e xpo sed , a nd h ad f i ve s t one p i e r s b onded t o i ta nd p ro jec t ing r a d ia l ly i n to t h e c en t ra l a r ea . T he l e ng th o ft h e se p i e r s v a r ied f r om 0 . 75 -1 . 2 m( 2 .5 -4f t . ) s ot h e c en t ra l a r ea w a s 3 . 1 -3 . 6m ( 10 -1 2 f t . ) i nd i ame te r . T h ree s l ab s o n e dge s e emed t o h ave f o rmed a f i r ep lace o n t h e n o r th s i de o f t h e c en t ra l a r ea . A l l t h es e i n terna l f e a tu re s e xcep tt h e c i r cumf e r en t ia l w a l l a r en ow b u r ied u nde rd eb r is .

T he e a r l ie s tr e f e r ence t ot h i s s i te i sb y S i bba ld [ 5 , 4 1] w ho d e sc r ibe s ' . .ru in s o ft wo f o r t s , b u i l t b y t h e P i c t s u pon a R ock , c l o se b y t h e s e a . ' L evenw ick w a s c l ea red o u t b y G oud ie i n 1 869 [ 3 , 4 ] ( F ron t isp iece ) b u t m uch o f t h e i n te r io r h a s f i l led u p a ga in w i th d eb r i s i nt h e i n te rva l s o t h a tt h e l owe rf e a tu r e s a r e o b scu red . F ur the rd e s t ruc t ion t o t h e m a son ry w a s c au sed b y w ave s b e ing b l own u p t ot h e s i te b yt h e g r ea tg a le o fF eb rua ry 1 900 [ 2 ] ( F ron t i sp iece & I l s . 4 . 54 -57 ) . R emova l o fr ubb le b egan i nt h e c en t re a nd r e vea led at h ick s e conda ry w a l l b u i l t a ga in s t t h e i n ne r f a ce o f t h e b roch w a l l a nd w i th t h ree o pen ing s i ni t ,o n t h e n or th , e a s t a nd s ou th ,a l l a ppa ren t ly a t f l oo r l e ve l a nd l e ad ing t o c o r re spond ing o pen ing s i n t h e b roch w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 44 ) . G oud ie d e sc r ibe s t h i s s e cond -a ry w a l l a s a` s ca r cemene ac ommon h ab i t a tt h a t t ime - b u t t h e t e rm h a s l o ng b een r e se rved f o r t h e n a r row l e dge o n t h e i n ne r f a ce o f t h e p r ima ry b roch w a l l . A cco rd ing t oG oud ie t h em a in e n t rance w a st h ep a s sage o n t h e e a s t s i de b u t i tc an n o l o nge r b e s e en . I tw a s c .9 0cm ( 3f t . ) w ide t h roughou t , b u t n o t r ace o fd oo r -check s i ni t s w a l ls a r e m en t ioned i nt h e c on tempo ra ry a ccoun t s a nd t h e p l an o f t h e s i te s how s n one . Two l i n te ls o f t h e l o ng p a s sage w e r e f ound i ns i tu , o ne a tt h e i n ne r e nd o f t h e p r ima ry p a s sage a nd a no the r a t t h e i n ne r e nd o f i t s s e conda ry i nwa rd e x ten s ion . O n t h e n o r th s i de G oud ie f ound t h e d oo r t o t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r , w i th a w ide , c u r iou s ly t r iangu la rg ap t h rough t h e s e conda ry w a l l l e ad ing t oi t ; t h i ss t a i rd oo ri ss t i l lv i s ib le , a si st h ep a s sage t u rn ing r i gh t f r om i t s i n ne r e nd . T he p r ima ry d oo rway i t s e lf w a s f ound t o b e f i l led w i th b l ock ing m a son ry s o t h e c u r iou s o pen ing i nt h e s e conda ry w a l l m ay h ave b een p l anned a sa c e l l . N eve r the le s s i ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t s uch as e conda ry c e l l w ou ld h ave b een p l aced i n f r on t o ft h e s t a i r d oo r i f a cce s st ot h i sw a sn o ts t i l l n eeded ;t h eb l ock ing m ay b e long t o at e r t ia ry s t age o fo ccupa t ion , w hen t h e u ppe r p a r t s o f t h e b roch w a l l w e re i n r u in s a nd t h e s t a i r c ove red w i th r ubb le . O n t h e o t he rh and t h e re i sn o s i gn o ft h e s t a irway i nt h ef o r eg round o fG oud ie 's d raw ing ( F ron t i sp iece ) .

T he b roch i ss u r rounded o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de b y am a s s o f ' o u t -bu i ld ing s ' , n ow r e duced t ot u rf -g rown r ubb le ; o ne o f t h em l o ok s l i ke ac e l led h u t( ' cou r tya rd h ou se ' )o fS he t land t y pe ( I l l . 4 . 57 ) . T he r e a r e t wo c oncen t r ic s t one w a l l s b eyond t h e se a nd p a r t ly s uround ing t h e b roch [ 1 , p l an ] ; t h ey n ow r un r o und f r om n o r th t o s ou th a r ound t h e w e s t a r c , a nd t h e m i s s ing s egmen t h a s p r e sumab ly b een d e s t royed b yt h e s e a . S t ruc tura l a na ly s i s : i n t h e l i gh t o f o u r m odem u nde r s tand ing o f b roch a r ch i tec tu re G oud ie 's a c coun t i s r e a sonab ly c l ea r a nd i sm ade mo r e s o b y h i s e xce l len t s k e tch ( F ron t isp iece ) ; I l . 4 . 45 s how s ar e con s t ru c ted p l an o fL evenw ick a tL eve l s 1a nd 2 . T he r e i sl i t t le d oub tt h a t t h e s t ruc tu r e w a s w e l l p re se rved i n 1 869 , s t and ing a tl e a s t a sh i gh a st h e t o p o fL eve l 2( p e rhap s t o3 . 7 mo rh i ghe r ) a nd p e rhap s i n c lud ing as ma l l p a r t o fL eve l 3( t he s e cond f l oo r g a l le ry ) . T he re i s n o m en t ion o f a ny s y s tema t ic e xp lo ra t ion o ft h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e b r och w a l l w h ich i s e v iden t ly s t i l l b u r ied u nde rh uge q uan t i t ie so fs t one d eb r i s .

T he s t a i r r o se t ot h e r i gh t f r om f l oo r l e ve l f o r 2 . 4 o r3 . 0m ( 8 o r 1 0 f t . ) a nd t h e d i gge r s i n 1 869 w e re e v iden t ly f o l low ing ar oof ed p a s sage u pwa rd s ; ' e ven tua l ly ' d ay l igh t a ppea r ed a bove ' . T he s t a i r i sd e sc r ibed a sb e ing r oof ed w i th ' o ve r lapp ing s l ab s ' w h ich t e rm i sn o te n t i r e ly c l ea r [ 4 , 1 6 ] . I t l e d t o a n u ppe r m u ra l g a l le ry w h ich i s n ow o b scu r ed ( no t m a rked o n G oud ie 's p l an ) a nd t h i s r a n r i gh t r ound t h e e a s t h a lf o ft h e w a l lhead , p r e sumab ly o ve r t h e e n t rance p a s sage , t o ar a i sed v o id a t 9 o ' c lock ( i n G oud ie 's t e rm s ) w h ich c an s t i l l b e s e en . H e re 1 5 s t ep s o f

L eve l I . T he g r ound p l an m akes m uch b e t te r s e n se i fi ti s a s sumed t h a t t h i s s o l id -ba sed b roch h ad a s e conda ry d oorway f o r ced t h rough t h e w a l l o n t h e e a s t , p r e sumab ly a f t e r t h e h i gh , h o l low w a l l h ad b een l a rge ly p u l led d own . T he a b sence o fa ny m en t ion o fd oo r -check s i nt h i sp a s sage , a nd t h e o m i s s ion o fs uch f r om t h e g round p l an ( I l l . 4 . 44 ) , m ake s t h i s f a ir ly c l ea r ; s im i la rs e conda ry p a ssage s w i thou t d oo r c heck s a r e f ound i na tl e a s t t wo o ft h e b roch s n ea r K e i s s i nC a i thn e s s ( ND36 5& ND36 6 )[ 5 ] . T he p r ima ry 8 0

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

HU41 6 SOUTHVOE HU /400 147 Ap robab le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , s t and ing n ea rt h e e dge o f c l if f s a nd i n ad i lap ida ted c ond i t ion . F ew o f t h e s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s c an b e m ade o u t . T he e n t rance p a s sage i so n t h e s ou th -we s t a nd h a s t h r ee l i n te l s t one s i np o s i t ion . T he i n te rna l d i ame te r i sa bou t 2 7 f t .a nd t h e w a l l a bou t 1 5 f t . t h ick : t h u s t h e w a l l p ropor t ion m ay b e a bou t 5 2 .6% . T he r e i s ap o s s ib le o pen ing i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce i nt h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce i nt h e n o r th s egmen t . T he re a r e n ume rou s t r ace s o fo u tbu i ld ing s a nd ag ood n a tu ra l h a rbou r i sc l o se b y . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 1 SW 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 142 , 2 3 -4 .

e n t rance , n o t o b served b y G oud ie , s e em s t o b e t h e o pen ing o n t h e s ou th s i de ( i t s i n ne rmo s t l i n t e l i sn ow v i s ib le ) a nd i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e w a l l h e r e mu s t h ave b een s t and ing s u ff i c ien t ly h i gh i n 1 870 f o r t h i s t ob e p r e se rved i n tac t , t oge the r w i th mo s t o ft h e g a l le ry a bove i t ,a nd t h e v o id t ot h e i n te r io r t or ema in . C lea rance o fr ubb le a tt h e o u t s ide o f t h e w a l l w ou ld q u ick ly s how w he the r t h i s h ypo the s is i sc or rec t ; am a s s ive o u te rmo s t l i n te l s hou ld a ppea r a nd t h e p a ssage s hou ld s t i l l b e c omp le te ly r oof ed . A t 9o ' c lock t h ere m ay w e l l b e a n o va l mu ra l c e l l i n s ide t h e s o l id w a l l b a se . A t 1 2 o ' c lock , a cco rd ing t o t h i s a s sump t ion a bou tt h em a in e n t rance , i st h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r w h ich w a s c ove red o ve r i n 1 869 ; s i nce t h i s r i se s t h rough L eve l 1 ,t h rough a s o l id w a l l b a se , o ne m ay s uppo se t h a t s t one l i n t e l s r a the r t h an c o rbe l led m a son ry r oof ed i t , l e av ing ag ap o fa bou t 6f tf o rp eop le t ow a lk u pt h e s t a i r .

S quare HU42 L eve l2 : N o tm en t ioned i ne a r l ie rr e po r t s i st h es c a rcemen t o n t h e i n s ide w a l l f a ce w h ich c an b e s e en b e s ide a nd j u s t a bove w ha ti sa s sumed h e re t ob et h ep r ima ry e n t rance ( I l l . 4 . 56 ) . I ti sd i f f icu l t t o k now h ow h igh i ti sa bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r l e ve l , b u t , a s u sua l , i tc an b e t a ken t om a rk t h e s t a r to fl e ve l 2( p e rhap s s l igh t ly a bove t h e l i n te l s o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage ) . T he f i r s t f l igh t o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r l e d t o ar a i sed i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry w h ich r a n r ound t h e w a l lhead c l ockw ise f r om 1 2 t o 6o ' c lock ; i no t he r w o rd s t h i s mu s t h ave b een al o ng l a nd ing ( t he l o nge s t k nown i n a ny b roch ) , t h e f l oo r o f w h ich , p r e sumab ly a bou t 6f t a bove t h eg r ound , w a st h e r ubb le o ft h e s o l id w a l l c o re o f L eve l 1 . G oud ie s t a te s t h a tt h is g a l le ry w a s c on t inuou s s o , i ft h e e n t rance a t 3o ' c lock w a s as e conda ry o ne , t h i s mu s t h ave b een p u shed t h rough u nde r t h is g a l le ry . O ne m igh t a s sume t h a tt h er a ised v o id o nt h es ou th - a t 6o ' c lock a nd a bove w ha t i sa s sumed h e re t o b e t h e m a in e n t rance e v iden t ly m a rk s t h e p o in t a tw h ich t h i s l o ng l a nd ing g i ve s a cce s s t o t h e i n te r io r , a nd p r e sumab ly a to ne t ime t o a r i ng shaped r a ised w ooden f l oo rr e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t i nt h e p r ima ry b roch i n ne rw a l lf a ce ( ma rked o nt h e L eve l2 p l an : I I . 4 . 45 ) . I mmed ia te ly w e s t o f t h i s r a i sed d oo r f i f t een s t ep s o ft he n ex t f l igh t o ft h e i n t ra mu ra l s t a i r w e re p r ese rved i n 1 869 , r unn ing c l ockw i se f r om t h e o pen ing a nd u p t oL eve l 3 . J udg ing f r om o t he rv i s ib le b roch s t a i r s i tp robab ly r a n a l l t h e w ay u p t ot h e t op o ft h e w a l l i no ne f l igh t . A s sum ing t ha t ab roch s t a irw ay h a sa bou tt h ree s t ep s p e rf oo tt h i sw ou ld t a ke L eve l 2u pa no the r 5f ta tl e a s t .

HU42 1 BURRALAND HU /447232 ( v i s i ted 2 9 /6 /87 ) B roch o n t h e i n ne r e nd o f ah i gh r o cky p romon to ry i n D un ro s sne s s ; i ts t and s o n t h e s ho re o ppo s i te Mou sa a nd i n ap o s i t ion o fc on s ide rab le n a tu ra l s t r eng th ( I l l s . 4 . 58 -62 ) . T race s o fm any o u tbu i ld ing s a r e v i s ib le o n t h e f l a t g round r ound a bou t . T he b roch i sb ad ly d i lap ida ted t h ough t h e w a l l s w e r e r e po r ted a s s t and ing 1 2 f t .h i gh i np l ace s [ 2 ] ; t h e v i s ib le o u te r f a ce r o se t oa bou t 8f t .i n1 987 . A mu ra l g a l le ry i sv i s ib le m o s t o ft h e w ay r ound o n t h e w a l lhead b u tt h e re i sn o t r ace o f as c a r cemen t o n t h e i n s ide f a ce ( I l l . 4 . 59 ) . T he o u te r w a l l f a ce s e em s t o b e n ea r ly v er t ica l i n s tead o fh av ing t h e u sua l b roch s l ope e xcep t o n t h e w e s t s i de w he r e i ts l ope s i nwa rd s2 5cm ( 10 i n s . ) i n2 . 7m ( 9f t . ) . S t ruc tu ra l a na ly s i s : av i s i t i n 1 987 r e vea led an umbe r o f f e a tu re s n o t h i the r to c ommen ted o n . T he m a in e n t rance , c omp le te ly l i n te l led o ve r , i s j u s t v i s ib le a bove t h e s u r round ing r ubb le o n t h e w e s t s i de ( I l l . 4 . 60 ) , a nd t h e l i n te ls a ppea r t o s l ope u pwa rd s t owa rd s t h e i n te r io r ( I l l . 4 . 61) . T he o u te r p a r t s o ft h e s i de s o ft h e p a s sage h ave s omehow c onve rged a nd t h e o u te r e nd l o ok s l i ke a n i regu la r h o le ; t h is d oub t le s s e xp la in s w hy t h e e n t rance s e em s n o tt oh ave b een i d en t if ied b ef o re . T he e n t rance g i ve s av a luab le c l ue a s t o t h e s u rv iv ing h e igh to ft h e s t ruc tu r e . T he r e m u s tb e a bou t 5f t .o fd eb r i s h id ing t h e b a se o ft h e w a l l h e r e a nd t h e o u te rmo s t l i n te l i s s ome 2 . 0m b e low t h e w a l lhead a bove ; t h i s c ove r s t h e l i n te l s o ft h e w a l lhead g a l le ry h e re , w h ich i st h e ref o r e t h e f i r s tf l oo ro rL eve l 2g a l le ry .

T he o n ly p r ob lem w i th t h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion i st h a t G oud ie 's d raw ing ( F ron t isp iece ) d oe s n o t s e em t os how t h e g a l le ry e n te r ing t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance f r om t h e l ef t , t h ough t h ed e ta i ls o ft h em a son ry a r en o ta b so lu te ly c l ea r . F ind s . G oud ie s eem s t o h ave f o und n o th ing b u t af ew f r agmen t s o f w ood b u t t h i s i sp e rhap s n o t s o s u rp r i s ing s i nce h i s o pe ra t ion s s e em mo s t ly t oh ave b een d evo ted t o c l ea r ing r u bb le ; n of l oo rl e ve l sa r e d e sc r ibed c l ea r ly .

Mo reove r i tc an b e s e en t h a t t h e w a l lhead a t a bou t 1 2 o ' c lock o ppo s i te i sc on s ide rab ly h i ghe r( 1 1 . 4 . 59 ) , a nd h e re t oo t h e s i de s o f aw a l lhead g a l le ry c an b e s e en . T h i s t h e ref o re mu s t b e t h e s e cond f l oo r o r L eve l 3g a l le ry , i n to w h ich t h e v o id sa t1 o ' c lock a nd 2o ' c lock m u s tl e ad .

D imen s ion s . T he b roch h a s a n e x t e rna l d i ame te ro f5 4 .5 f t a nd w a l l s f r om 1 2 -1 6 f t .t h ick : i t sw a l l p ropo r t ion i st h u s c .5 1 .4% . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 1 NW 3( w i th p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 144 , 2 4 -5 & f i g s . 4 86 & 4 99 : 3 .G oud ie 1 872 , 2 12 19 : 4 .G oud ie , 1 904 , 1 4 18 a nd g round p l an : 5 .S ibba ld 1 829 .

T hu s B u r ra land i s aw e l l p r e se rved s t ruc tu re , s u r rounded b y ah uge p i le o f d eb r i s , w h ich h a s p a r t o f i t s L eve l 3 ( s econd u ppe r )g a l le ry i np o s i t ion ; i tm ay w e l l s t and u pt o 1 4 f t .a bove t h e g round i np l ace s . T he u nu sua l t h in -ne s s o ft h e w a l l a nd t h e a b sence o ft h e s c a rcemen t o n t h e i n ne r f a ce a r e t h u s e xp la in b y t h e r e la t ive ly g r ea t h e igh t o f a t w h ich m ea su remen t sh ave t ob et a ken .

8 1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

D imen s ion s : t h ese a r e u n re l iab le f o r t h e r e a son j u s t e xp la ined ; a tt h e w a l lhead t h e d i ame te r i s' a t l e a s t ' 5 5 f t . a nd t h e w a l l t h ickne ss a tt h e s ame h e igh t i su pt o 1 0 f t . . I t g round l e ve lt h ew a l l mu s tb e much mo re m a ss ive . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 2 SW 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 143 , 2 4 & f i g s . 4 85 ( p lan ) & 4 81-3 ( pho tog raph s ) : 3 .H ibber t 1 822 , 2 55 -6 . HU42 2 CLOD IE KNO WE ( `Go rd ' , ' Burn o fA i th ') HU 4 41294 P robab le b roch i nD un ro s snes s , ag ra ss -cove red mound 9 f t . 9i n s , h igh a nd s t and ing o n al a rge a r ea o ff l a t g round . No s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s c ou ld b e s e en [ 1 , 2 ] . I n 1 988 a m ach ine t r ench u p t o 1m d eep w a s c u t a c ro ss t h e mound . Two d ry s tone w a l ls w e re r e vea led e ach a bou t 6m w ide , o ne w i th t r ace s o f a n i n t ra -mu ra l g a l lery o r c e l l o n i t s t o T he s t ruc tu re w a sd i agno sed ab roch , p o s s ib le s t i l l s t and ing s eve ra lm e t re sh igh .

o ne t ime i tw a s s u r rounded b y aw a l l -n o t n ece s sa r i ly c on tempo ra ry w i th i t- 7 . 5 f t . ( 2 .29 m ) t h ick a nd a ta d i s tance o f 2 0 f t . ( 6 .1 m ) f r om i t s b a se , b u t t h i s h a s l a rge ly d i sappea red [ 1 , 1 82 ] . T he w a l l o ft h e t owe ri t s e lf i se x t reme ly w e l l b u i l t d ry s t one ma son ry ( I l l . 4 . 65 ) a nd i mmense ly t h ick a t t h e f ounda t ions i n p ropo r t ion t o t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r - 1 5 f t . ( 4 .58m ) i n at o ta l o f 5 0 f t . ( 15 .25m ) -a nd i s as o l id m a ss o fl a id r ubb le f o r t h e f i r s t 1 3 f t .( 3 .96m ) e xcep t f o r t h e f o l low ing g aps . T he re i sa n a r row e n t rance p a s sage o nt h e w es t , t h ree l a rge , c o rbe l led mu ra l c e l ls a t 8 , 1a nd 4 o ' c lock , ar a i sed d oo r t o t h e s t a i rway ( wh ich a l so l e ad s t o as t a ir -f oo t g ua rd c e l l ) a t 1 0 .30 o ' c lock , a nd t h ree l a rge a umb r ie s o rw a l l c upboa rd s a t1 0 , 1 .30 a nd 2 . 30 o ' c lock . T he w a l l o nt o p o ft h is ma s s ive f ounda t ion i s ad oub le o ne , c on ta in ing i n i t s h i ghes t p a r t s i x c omp le te mu ra l g a l le r ie s w i th t h eb a se o f as even th . T he p rof i le o ft h e t owe r i s ma rked ly b e l l shaped b u t t h e s u rveyed e l eva t ion s p r epa red b y H . M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s i n 1 9 19 s ugge s t t h a t t h is i sa tl e a s t p a r t ly d ue t o t h e s a gg ing o f t h e u ppe r s t o r ey s ; t h e l i n te ls o f t h e g a l ler ies h ave a n o t iceab le o u twa rd a nd d ownwa rd t i l t ( I l l . 4 .66 ) . T he s l igh to u twa rd o ve rhang o ft h et op f ew f e e ti sp robab ly d ue t ot h e s ame c au se [ 4 , 2 10 ] .

S ource s : OS c a rd HU 4 2 NW 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 150 : 3 . D i scove ry a nd E xcava t ion i n S co t land 1 988 , 3 0 . HU42 3 KNO WE OF HOULLAND HU /426240 S i te o f p os s ib le b roch i n S andw ick , o n t op o f as ma l l k no l l f r om w h ich s t ones p ro t rude . No s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s a r ev i s ib le . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 2 SW 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 188 , 4 5 .

A l l t h e g a l le r ie s i n Mou sa a r e w ide e nough t o w a lk a l ong ( I l l . 4 . 69 ) b u t a r e al i t t le l ow f o rc omf o r t , v a ry ing i nw id th f r om 1 8 i n s . -3 . 5 f t .( 45cm -1 . 07m ) a nd i nh e igh t f r om 4 . 0 -5 . 5 f t . ( 1 .22 - 1 . 53m ) . Un l ike e very o the r w e l l p rese rved b roch t h e s i de s o ft h eg a l le r ie sa r er e la t ive ly w e l l b u i l tw i th f ew m a rked ly p ro jec t ing s t one s( 1 1 . 4 .69 ) . E ach g a l le ry s t ar t s a t ag ap i nf r on t o ft he a s cend ing s t a ir ( wh ich , a s a lway s , r i ses t o t h e r i gh t ) a nd e nd s b l ind ly a nd i n acce ss ib ly b eh ind t h e s ame s t a irway a tt h e o ther e nd [ 4 , p l . XX I I ] ( I l l . 2 . 7 ) .

HU42 4 MA IL ( `Broch o f Ma i l ') HU /432280 P o s s ib le b roch i n D un ro ssnes s o n at i da l i s le t o f r o ck . T he re a r en ot r aces o f ab roch n ow b u tc i rcu la rf ounda t ion s h ave b een r epo r ted [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 2 NW 8 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 187 , 4 5 .

T he b roch i sb u i l t o ft h e l o ca l s ch is to se s l a te a nd m o s t o f t h e s t ones o ft h e w a l l f a ce s a r e s ma l l , a ve rag ing 1f t . 1 i n s . b y 6i n s . ( 5 7 b y 1 5cm ) . Howeve r t h e l owes t c ou r se o n t h e n o r th s i de o f t h e e n t rance h a s 8 l a rge s l ab s m ea su r ing 3f t .( 9 0cm ) l o ng a nd 8i n s . -2f t .( 20 -6 0cm ) h igh . Mou sa i st h e o n ly b roch wh ich s t i l l s t and s t oa lmo s t i t s o r ig ina l h e igh t t h roughou t t h e e n t i re c i r cu i t o fi t s w a l l , a nd i ta l so s t and s a pa r t f r om t h e r e s t i nt e rm s o fi t s s ma l l d i ame te r a nd i nt h e r e la t ive ly g rea t t h ickness o ft h e w a l l b a se ( s ec t ion 4b e low ) .

HU42 5 EVERGLADES NORTH + HU /43002930 P o ss ib le b roch i n Ma in land ; n o o t he ri n f orma t ion . HU42 6 MOUSA HU 4 57237 T h is s o l id b ased b roch i se xcep t iona l ly w e l lp r ese rved a nd s t and s o n t h e f l a t r o ck s u rf ace o f al ow p romon to ry n ea r t h e w e s t s ho re o f Mou sa I s land , o ve r look ing Mou sa S ound a nd a bou t am i le o f f t h e e a s t c oa s t o f t h e D un ros snes s p en insu la ( I l ls . 4 . 62 -77 ) ( v is i ted 5 / 6 /63 , 2 9 /6 /87 a nd i n J u ly 2 001) .

S ibba ld [ 1 2 , 4 2 ] r e la te s ac u r ious s t o ry a bou t t h is b roch , s ay ing t h a t ` . . i ti sb u i l t c l o se b y t h e S ho re , a nd t h e S ea , b y a n u nde r P a s sage , f l ow s u p w i th in i t . ' H e w ou ld n o t h ave b een a b le t os e e t h e w a ter t a nk a tt h a t e a r ly d a te b u t p e rhaps s ome r a inwa te rh ad a ccumu la ted i n s ide .

I . DESCR IPT ION 1 . 2 T he e n t rance I .G enera l T he d oorway i n to t h e b roch i so n t h e w e s t s i de a nd h a s b een e n la rged a nd a l te red i na n t iqu i ty ( I l ls . 4 .76 & 4 . 77 ) . T he p a ssage i s1 6 f t .l o ng a nd h a s h ad c hecks f o rt h e d oo r a ta bou t 8f t .f r om t h e o u te re nd ; o n ly as i ng le f l ag s tone o n e dge s u rv ive s a tt h i s p o in t i nt h e l ef tw a l l , t h e o the rb e ing p robab ly c oncea led b eh ind t h e s econda ry ma son ry o n t h e

1 . 1 T he b roch t ower T he g r ey s t one t owe r o ft h e b roch o f Mou sa ( I l ls . 2 . 1 , 4 . 64 & 4 . 65 ) s t and s 4 3 f t 6i n s . ( 1 3 .27m ) h igh a tp resen t a nd m ay w e l l h ave r e ached 5 0 f t .( 15 .25m ) o r ig ina l ly . A t

8 2

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

r i gh t s i de ( b e low ) ( I l l . 4 . 70 ) . B eh ind t h e d amaged d oo r f r ame i s ab a r -ho le 4 f t . 9i n s , d eep , a nd t h e o ppo s ing b a r s o cke t i sa l so p r ese rved . T he w id th o ft h e p a s sage i nf r on t o f t h e d oo r f r ame i s 3f t . 1 i n s , a nd t h e s i de s h e re a r e s t ra igh t a nd p a ra l le l : b eyond t h e d oo r i tw iden s t o 5f t . 1 i n c . a nd t h e w a l ls a r e s l igh t ly c oncave , n a r row ing a ga in t owa rd st h ei n ne re nd . T he r i gh ts i de o ft h ep a s sage b eyond t h e d oo rf r ame i sn ow c ove red b y as e conda ry f a c ing o fm a son ry w h ich c onnec t s w i th t h e s e conda ry w a l l r unn ing r o und t h e i n te r io r ( I l l . 4 . 70 ) . L ikew i se t h e i n ne r e nd o ft h ep a s sage i sf i l led w i th ar a ised s e conda ry s t one f l oo rw h ich i sc on t inuou sw i th t h e s u rf a ce o ft h e s e conda ry b ench i n s id e( b e low ) ; t h e f r on to f t h i s f o rm s ah igh s t ep j u s t b eh ind t h e d oo r -check s ( I l l . 4 . 70 ) . T hough t h e o r ig ina l p a s sage l i n te l s h ave b een t o rn o f f , t h e s t ump st h a tr ema in s how t h a tt h ey w e r et h in s l ab s l a id 5f t . 4i n s , a bove t h e p r ima ry p a s sage f l oo r ( I l l . 4 . 7 1) . T h is f l oo r i sp aved w i th s t one f l ag s , p r e sumab ly l a id o n r o ck , b u t i ti sn o tc l ea ri ft h e p i vo ts t one f o rt h e h i nge p o s to ft h e d oo r , w h ich s hou ld b e s e t i n to t h e f l oo r i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e l e f tc heck , s t i l l e x i s t s ( t h i sp a r t o ft h e p a s sage i s n ow h a rd t oe xam ine b ecau se o ft h ew ooden s t ep s s e tt h e re f o rt h e b enef i to fv i s i to r s ) .

n a r row s l i t [ 1 0 , f i g . 1 60 ] a nd a no the r l a te r o ne , t a ken s ome t ime b ef o re 1 9 19 a nd p ub l i shed i n1 922 [ 5 ] , s how s t h e s ame f e a tu re . T h i s o dd a ppea rance o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage - s ugge s t ing ab roch b u i l t f o r g i an t s - a t t ra c ted n o c ommen t u n t i l 1 9 19 w hen t h e O ff ice o f Wo rk s , h av ing t a ken o ve r r e spon s ib i l i ty f o r t h e b roch , w a s u nder tak ing c l ea r ing a nd r e s to ra t ion w o rk . D u r ing t h e r e su l t ing f r e sh e xam ina t ion o ft h e o l d t owe r t h e s napped -of fl i n te l s t ump s w e re n o t iced f o r t h e f i r s t t ime a nd i tb ecame a ppa r en t t h a t w ha t h ad h i ther to b een t hough t t o b e t h e r oof o f t h e e n t rance w a s i n f a c t t h e c o rbe l led r oof o f a n u ppe r c hambe r . T he u ppe r p a r t o f t h e n ow e xce s s ive ly t a l l d oorway w a st h e ref o re b locked u p a nd an ew l i n te l i n se r ted a ta bou t t h e s ame h e igh t a st h e s t ump s , a bou t 5f t . 4i n s , a bove t h e g round a nd t h e p aved p a s sage f l oo r( I l l s . 4 . 66 & 4 . 71) . T he p a s sage w a s l ef tu n roof ed . J udg ing f r om t h e m ea su red s e c t ion , t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave e x tended u p a s f a r a st h e l e ve l o ft h e f l oo ro ft h e f i r s t mu ra l g a l le ry ( wh ich s t a r t s a ta h e igh t o f 1 3 f t . ) ; t h e re a ppea r s t ob e a tl e a s t 2f t .o fs o l id m a son ry b e tween t h et wo f e a tu re s ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) . I ti sd i ff icu l t n ow t od ec ide h ow f a rf o rwa rd t h e c hambe re x tended s i nce i t s f r on t w a l l w a s k nocked o u t d u r ing t h e a nc ien t r e con s t ruc t ion w o rk ; j udg ing f r om t h e t h in -ne s s o f t h e s t ump s o f t h e s napped -of f l i n te l s i tp robab ly e x tended f o rwa rd s t o t h e o r ig ina l a nd mo re m a s s ive f r on t l i n te l w h ich mu s t h ave b een n eeded t os uppo r tt h e w e igh t o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce . T he c hambe r c ou ld t h en h ave b een i n e f f ec t a n o pen s ide c o rbe l led d ome , r e s t ing o nt h e s i de s o f t h e p a s sage a nd o n t h e f r on t l i n te l . N ow t h e s i de s o ft h i s c hambe r r un s t ra igh t f o rwa rd t ot h e m oder nm a son ry a ti t s f r on t e nd ( I l l . 4 . 71) ; p re sumab ly t h e se s i de s w e re s t ra igh tened o u tw hen t h e p a s sage w a se n la rged u pwa rd s . T he a nc ien t u pwa rd e n la rgemen t o f t h e e n t rance w a s p r e sumab ly u nder taken l a te i nt h e I r on A ge , b ecau se t h e i n ser t ion o fs e conda ry d we l l ing s i nt h e i n te r io r ( d e sc r ibed b e low ) m ade t h e o r ig ina l d oorway i mpa s sab le . A l ter na t ive ly , a nd mo re p robab ly , i th appened s ome t ime a f t e r t h e b roch h ad b een a bandoned a nd w hen t h e a ccumu la t ion o f d eb r is i n t h e i n te r io r h ad p roduced t h e s ame e f f ec t .

I nf a c t t h e p r e sen t o u te r l i n te l o ft h e p a s sage a nd t h e f i r s t f ew f e e to fm a son ry a bove i ta r e m oder na nd d a te t o 1 9 19 [ 5 ] ; t h e c onc re te r e inf o rcemen t b eh ind a nd a bove t h is s t onewo rk i se a s i ly s e en ( I l l . 4 . 7 1) . A s n o ted a l t h e o r ig ina l p a s sage l i n te ls h ave b een b r oken o f fa ts ome t ime i nt h e p a s ta nd t h er e a son f o rt h i sd e s t ruc t ion w a s e v iden t ly t h a t an ew o u te r o pen ing h ad t ob e m ade b yt a k ing o u t t h e f r on t l i n te l( wh ich s hou ld h ave b een m o re m a s s ive t h an t h e r e s t ) a nd b r eak ing a way t h e m a son ry a bove i tt o ad i s tance o f a bou t 5f t . , t hu s t h e p a s sage w a s i n e f f ec t p ro longed u pwa rd st oa bou tt w ice i t so r ig ina lh e igh t . When t h eb r och w a s f i r s tc l ea red o fd eb r is i n1 852 o n ly t h e i n te rna l c ou r t w a s d ug o u t ; t h e f l oo r o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage r ema ined h idden u nde r s e ve ra l f e e t o fr ubb i sh a nd i tw a s i nt h i s s t a te w hen S i r H en ry D ryden r e -v i s i ted t h e s i te a nd c omp le ted h i s s u rvey [ 4 ] ( I l l s . 2 . 5 & 2 . 6 ) B ecau se o ft h e u nc lea r ed r ubb i sh h e d i d n o t s e e t h e b a r h o le a nd s o cke t i nt h e w a l ls b eh ind t h e d oo r -f rame a nd h e a l so f a i led t oo bse rve t h e s t ump s o ft h e s napped -of fl i n te l s ( wh ich w e r e v i s ib le ) ; a tt h a t t i me t h e o u te r e nd o ft h e p a s sage w a s 5f t . 9i n s , a bove t h e g r ound ( I l l . 2 . 5 ) a nd t h e p a s sageway d id n o t l o ok v e ry u nu sua l i n t e rm s o f t h e r e la t ive ly s c an ty k now ledge o f t h e a r ch i tec tu re o f w e l l p r ese rved b r ochs w h ich w a s a va i lab le a tt h a t t ime . N ow w e w ou ld p robab ly n o t ice t h a t -u n l ike a l o t he r k nown b rochs w i th i n tac t d oo rway s -t h e p a s sage o f Mou sa i sn o t l i n te l led b u tr oof ed w i th s ome th ing a k in t o as ha l low b a r r e l v au l t . D ryden t h e r ef o re c ou ld o n ly c onc lude t h a t t h e e n t rance w a si na pp rox ima te ly i t so r ig ina l s t a te .

1 . 3 I n te r ior f l oor Mo s t o ft h e e nc lo sed c i r cu la r c ou r t e xcep t t h e c en t ra l a r ea i sn ow o b scu red b y s e conda ry s t one s t ruc tu r e s ( I l l s . 4 . 67 , 4 . 72 & 4 . 78 ) . I nt h e c en t re t h e o r ig ina l , l owe s t f l oo r c an b e s e en , c on s i s t ing o fp av ing r e s t ing o n t h e s u rf ace o ft h e u nde r ly ing r o ck ; ar ec tangu la r t a nk w i th a f l a t , s l op ing b a se h a s b een c u t i n to t h is r o ck - t h e s l ope p r e sumab ly b e ing t h e r e su l t o f q ua r ry ing a l ong t h e b edd ing p l ane d u r ing e xcava t ion ( I l l . 4 . 73) . O n t h e s ame l owe s t l e ve l a nd s l igh t ly w e s t o f t h e c en t re o ft h e c ou r t -i s al a rge , r e c tangu la r k e rbed a nd p aved s t one h ea r th o ne e nd o f w h ich i so b scu red b yt h e l a te rm a son ry ; t h e h ea r th b a se i s m ade o f as i ng le f i re -f rac tu red s l ab . T h i s l owe s tf l oo ri sa l i t t le h ighe r t h an t h e p av ing o f t h e o u te r e nd o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage ( I l l . 4 . 66 , u ppe r ) .

H oweve r t h i r ty y ea r s l a te r t h e e n t rance p a s sage h ad e v iden t ly b een c omp le te ly c l ea r ed o fd eb r i s a nd t h e o u te r e nd h ad b een e xpo sed t oi t s f u l l h e igh t o fa bou t 1 0 f t . f o r t h e f i r s t t i me . A d r aw ing ( b a sed o n ap ho tog raph ) p ub l i shed i n 1 883 s how s t h e d oo r a s a n u nu sua l ly t a l l

Wha t mu s t b e t h e f i r s t a l te ra t ion t ot h e c en t ra l c ou r t o ft h e b roch i s ar i ng shaped s t one b ench o rl ow p la tf orm 1f t .6 i n s , h i gh a ti t s i n ne re dge w h ich i sf a ced w i th u p r igh t s t one

8 3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

s l ab s ; t h e b ench i s s l igh t ly o va l i n p l an a nd i s a pp rox ima te ly c oncen t r ic w i th t h e b roch w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 67 ) . T he c en t ra l s pace t h u s l e f t c l ea r ( a nd i nw h ich t h e h ea r th a nd t a nk c an b e s e en ) m ea su re s a bou t 6 . 5 x9 . 5 f t . . T he u ppe r s u r f ace o ft h e b ench i sf l a t a nd c ove red w i th p av ing s l ab s ( I l l . 4 . 72 ) a nd i te x tend s i n to t h e e n t rance p a s sage f o r as ho r t d i s tance , e nd ing a t av er t ica l s t ep s ome 1f t . 1 i n s . h i gh a nd t h e s ame d i s tance i nwa rd s f r om t h e d oo r -check s ( a s n o ted , as ho r t f l igh t o fw ooden s t ep s n ow c ove r s t h e s t one s t ep ) . T he b ench s u rf ace i sa l so l e ve lw i th t h er a ised s i l l s o ft h et h ree d oo r st ot h e i n t ra -mu ra l c e l l s .

T h i rd ly - t h e w hee lhou se , c r amped t h ough i ta ppea r s , w a s e v iden t ly i n tended t ob e u s ed t oge the r w i th t h e t h r ee l a rge m u ra l c e l ls , a nd t h ese o f c ou r se w ou ld h ave p rov ided p l en ty o fe x t ra l i v ing s pace . 1 . 4 Mura lc e l l sa nd t h es ca rcemen t s T he t h ree c o rbe l led mu ra l c e l ls IL eve l 1a r e t a l l , n a r row , e l onga ted r oom s t h e d oo rway s t o w h ich h ave t h e i r s i l l s r a ised u p t o 2f t . 3i n s , a bove t h e ir i n te r na l f l oo r s , a nd p r e sumab ly a l so as im i la r d i s tance a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t , n ow o b scu red b y t h e a nnu la r b ench ( I l l . 4 . 62 ) . O ne o bv iou s r e a son f o r t h e se s i l ls i st ok eep d r augh t s f r om r u nn ing a c ro s s t h e f l oo r so ft h ec e l ls .

E i the r a tt h e s ame t ime o r al i t t le l a te r an ew f ac ing o f ma sonry w a s a dded a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l a nd o n t o p o f t h e b ench ; i ta ve rage s 2f t .i nt h ickne s s a nd s t i l l s t and s 3 f t .h igh i np l ace s a l though i ti so bv iou s ly v e ry d i lap ida ted a nd h a s l o s t m uch o fi t s f a b r ic ( I l l s . 4 . 67 & 4 . 72 ) . When t h e se f e a tu re s w e re f i r s t r e vea led i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry t h r ee w edge shaped p i e r s o f d ry s tone m a son ry ( o f w h ich o n ly o ne s u rv ive s t oday ) w e re f ound p ro jec t ing i nwa rd s f r om t h i s s e conda ry w a l l ; t h ey a l so r e s ted o n t h e b ench a nd e x tended i nwa rd s a s f a r a s i t s i n ne r e nd , w i th w h ich t h e i r i n ne r e nd sw e re f l u sh ( I l l . 4 . 67 ) . T he s u rv iv ing p i e r i sn o t b onded i n to t h e s e conda ry w a l l a nd i tp a r t ly o ve r r ide s t h e f l oo rt a nk .

C e l l A , a t 8o ' c lock , i s 1 4 x5x 1 f t .h i gh , a nd B a nd C a r e s im i la r ( I l l s . 4 . 62 & 4 . 75 ) . A s w a s d esc r ibed e a r l ie r t h ep aved t op o ft h e s e conda ry a nnu la rb ench i nt h e i n t e r io r i sa tt h e l e ve l o ft h e se s i l l s [ 1 1 , p l . XL I I Ia ] ( I l l . 4 . 73 ) , a nd t h e d oo r s t h em se lve s a r e r e la t ive ly l ow , a ve rag ing s ome 3 . 5 -4 f t . i n h e igh t . E ach c hambe r h a s a umb r ie s o r s h e lve s i n i t s i n s ide w a l l f a ce a nd C e l l A h a s o ne w i th u ppe rs he lve st oi t , 6f t . a bove t h e f l oo r . A bove t h e l i n t e l o fe ach c e l l d oo r a r e f u r the r o pen ing s , o r v o id s , w h ich s e em d e s igned t o l e t l i gh t a nd a i r i n to t h e c hambe r b eh ind , a nd a l so n o d oub t t or e l ieve s t re s s o n t h e l i n te l , i tb e ing n ea r t h e b o t tom o f av e ry h i gh w a l l f a ce . T he c o rbe l led r oof s a r e f o rmed b y t h e g radua l i nwa rd s l op ing o ft h e l o ng s i de s , a nd b yt h e s h a rpe r i nwa rd s l ope o ft h e e nd s ; t h ey e x tend u p i n to L eve l2 ,t ot h e f l oo ro ft h e f i r s tg a l le ry , 1 3f t .a bove t h ep r ima ry f l oo r . T he l i n te l so f t h e d oo rway s t ot h e se c e l l s a r e a tt h e s ame l e ve l a s -a nd t h u s f o rm p a r t o f - al e dge , o rs ca rcemen t , r unn ing r ound t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce a t ah e igh t o f 7f t .a bove t h e o r ig ina l f l oo r [ 6 , 5 1 : 1 , p l . XL I I Ia ] -o rn ea r e r 6f t .a cco rd ing t o t h e e l eva t ion ; t h i s l e dge i sj u s t a bove t h e h e igh t o f t h e s t ump s o f t h e e n t rance l i n te ls a nd f o rm s t h e b ounda ry b e tween L eve l s 1a nd 2( I l l s . 4 . 66 & 4 . 72 ) .

T hu s i ti sc l ea r t h a t s ome t ime a f t e r t h e t owe r w a s b u i l t , d e sp i te i t s c r amped i n te r io r , t h e b roch o f Mou sa w a s e qu ipped i n s ide w i th as ma l l w hee lhou se . T he s e conda ry w a l l h a s g ap s l ef t i nf r on t o ft h e d oo r s t ot h e mu ra l c e l l s a nd i nf r on t o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage ; o n t h e o t he rh and i t r un s b e low t h e r a i sed d oo r t ot h e s t a i rw i thou t ab r eak a nd a l so s im i la r ly i nf r on t o ft h e t h r ee a umb r ie s , t h ough t h e se a r e n ow e xpo sed b y t h e d i lap ida t ion o f t h e w a l l . P re sumab ly t h e w a l l a nd p i e r s w e re a t l e a s t 5f t . h i gh o r ig ina l ly t oa low f o r s t and ing r oom u nde r ap i tched r oof ; t h e c l o se l i nk b e tween t h e b ench a nd t h e w a l l a nd p i e r s o n t op o fi ts ugge s tt h a ta l lt h e s e conda ry m a son ry w a sb u i l ta s a u n i t , a nd t h a t t h e w hee lhou se n eeded a r a i sed , p e r iphe ra l f l oo ra r ea f o rs ome r e a son .

T he l e dge i sf o rmed p a r t ly b yt h e r e ce s s ion o ft h e w a l l f a ce a bove i ta nd p a r t ly b yp ro jec t ing s l ab s ; i tt h u s p ro jec t so n ly 3i n s , b e low b u t 6i n s . a bove . As econd h i ghe rs c a rcemen t , b u i l t i nt h e s ame w ay a tt h e b a se o fL ev e l 3 , i s1 2 f t . 4i n s . a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r , s l igh t ly b e low t h e l e ve l o ft h e f l oo r o ft h e l owe s t mu ra l g a l le ry ; i ti sj u s t v i s ib le i nI l . 4 . 78 a t t h e b o t tom l ef t a nd r i gh t . T he r e a r e a l so t h r ee r e ce s se s , o rl a rge c upboa rd s , i nt h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce , a t9 . 30 , 1 .30 a nd 2 . 30 o ' c lock ; t h e l owe r p a r t s o ft h e se o pen ing s a r eo b scu red b yt h e l a te rm a son ry .

S ome c onc lu s ion s c an b e d rawn f r om t h e s equence o f m a son ry s t ruc tu re s i nt h e c en t ra lc ou r t . F i r s t ly - t h e h i gh , c a ref u l ly m ade s t ep i nt h e e n t rance p a s sage w h ich l e ad s u p o n t o t h e s u rf ace o ft h e b ench i n d ica te s t h a t t h e p a s sage w a s s t i l l l a rge ly i ni t so r ig ina l s t a te - t h a t i s , i th ad n o ty e t b een e x tended u pwa rd s -w hen t h e w hee lhou se w a s b u i l t . P e rhap s t h e i n nermo s t l i n te l s h ad b een r emoved t o m ake r oom f o rp eop le c l imb ing t h e s t ep , b u tt h e p aved f l oo r o f t h ep a s sage m u s ts t i l lh ave b een i nu s e . S econd ly - i f , a s s e em s l i ke ly , t h e re w a s o r ig ina l ly a c omp lex w ooden r oundhou se i n s ide t h e b roch ( r e s t ing o n t h e s c a rcemen t l e dge s a nd p r e sumab ly o n ar i ng o fp o s t s s e t i n to t h e p r ima ry f l oo r ) t h en t h i s mu s t h ave b een d emo l i shed t o m ake w ay f o r t h e w hee lhou se . I n o t he r w o rd s t h e i n se r t ion o ft h i s k i nd o fd we l l ing i n s ide Mou sa d i dn o tt a ke p l ace i nt h e s ame w ay a sa tC l ickh im in ( HU44 1 )-a ppa r en t ly a f t e rt h e t owe rh ad f a l len i n to r u in s -b u t w h i le i tw a s i n tac t . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e ref o r e t h e Mou sa w hee lhou se a ppea red a s t h e r e su l t o f s ome k i nd o f e vo lu t iona ry s o c ia l c hange i nt h i s b roch c ommun i ty r a the r t h an o ne b rough t a bou t b y n ewcome r s i n to ad e se r ted s i te .

8 4

1 . 5 R a i sed i n t ra -mu ra lf ea ture s T he i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s a r e f o rmed b y t h e s pace b e tween t h e t wo c oncen t r ic w a l l s o f t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e b r och , w h ich a r e b ond ed t o ge the r( a nd b raced a pa r t ) b y h o r izon ta l r ow s o f l a rge , f l a t s t one l i n te l s ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) . E ach r ow o f l i n te ls t h u s f o rm s t h e f l oo r o fo ne g a l le ry a nd t h e r o of o f t h e o ne b e low , t h ough t h e f l oo r o ft h e b o t tom o ne ( b e ing o n as o l id w a l l b a se ) i so fp av ing o n r u bb le a si nt h e s t a i r f oo t g ua rd c e l l b e low ( I l l s . 4 . 69 & 4 . 76 ) . I ti sp o s s ib le t o w a lk a l ong m o s t o ft h e g a l le r ies t hough m o s t o ft h e w a l l s a r e l ef t r oughe r t h an t h e f a c ing m a son ry o f t h e c en t ra l

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

a l so h ave l e t al i t t le l i gh t i n to t h e u ppe r g a l le r ie s , b u t n o t v e ry much w hen t h e b roch w a s c omp le te ly r oof ed . O ne l o ng o ne i so ve r t h e m a in e n t rance ( I l l . 4 . 83 ) , a nd o t he r l o ng o ne s r i se o ve rt h e d oo rt oC e l l B , t h e d oo rway t ot h e s t a i r a nd i nt h e s ou th a r c o ft h e w a l l ( b e low ) . A l so h i ghe r u p o ve r c e l l B i s t h e r a i sed d oo r a t t h e s t a i r l a nd ing m en t ioned , w i th al o ng s e r ie s o fv o id s a bove i t( I l l . 4 . 74 ) . I n t h e c a se o ft h e v o id s i nt h e s ou th a r c o n ly t wo o ft h e a pe r tu r e s a c tua l ly p ene t ra te t ot h eg a l le r ie sb eh ind , t h er e s t b e ing m e re r e ce s se s 1 6 i n s . d eep . T he re a r e o t he r , l owe r v o id s i n c lud ing o ne o ve r t h e d oo r t o C e l l C . T he i n ne r w a l l f a ce o ft h e t owe r i s mo re o r l e s s v e r t ica l t h roughou t t h e l owe r , s o l id p o r t ion b u to ve rhang s s l igh t ly f u r the ru p .

c ou r t , t h e s i de o ft h e s t a i rway a nd o ft h e mu ra l c e l l s . T he re a r en ow f i ve g a l ler ie sp r e se rved c omp le te , p a r to ft h e6 t h i s c omp le t ea nd r oof ed a nd t h e b o t tom p a r to ft h e 7 t hr e s t so n t h e 6 t h ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) . A s n o ted e a r l ie r t h e l i n te l led f l oo r s t e nd s t o t i l t s l igh t ly o u twa rd s a nd d ownwa rd s , a s i ft h e o u te rh a lf o ft h eh o l low w a l lh a ss agg ed . T he s t a i rb eg in s a tL eve l 2 ,a tt h e s ame h e igh ta st h e l owe r s c a rcem en t , a nd i sr e a ched b y ad oo rway i nt h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce w i th as i l l a bou t 7f t . a bove t h e o r ig ina l f l oo r l e ve l ; t h i s l e ad s i n to al obby . Al a rge c o rbe l led c e l l o pen s t ot h e l ef to ft h i s , a nd h a s a n a umb ry i ni t sw a l l ; i tc an b et e rmed as t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l , a nd mo s t o f i ti sb u i l t w i th in t h e s o l id c o r e o ft h e b a sa l p a r t o ft h e w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 76 ) . T h i s i s t h e f i r s t r a i sed c hambe r . I ti sw or th n o t ing t h a t t h e c o rbe l led t o po ft h is c e l lp ro jec t sa bou t 2f t . i n to t h e s pace o ft h e l owe s t i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry ( Leve l 3 ) , s ot h a tt h e f l a t s l abs o fi t s r oof f o rm w ha t l o ok s l i ke as ha l low f l igh t o f s t eps u p a bove t h e g a l le ry f l oo r a nd d own a ga in ( I l l . 2 . 8 ) . T h is m ake s i ti mpo s s ib le t og e t i n to t h e f u r the r p a r t o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry e xcep t b y c r aw l ing s o o ne m u s t p r e sumab ly c onc lude t h a t -d e sp i te t h e w ide , w e l l b u i l t a nd r e la t ive ly s pac iou s n a tu re o ft h a t r emo te r p a r t - e ven t h e l owe s t a nd w ide s t o f t h e m u ra l g a l le r ie s i n Mou sa w e r e p u r e ly s t ruc tu ra l .

1 . 6 F ind s Mou sa w a s s y s tema t ica l ly c l ea red o f d eb r i s i n 1 86 1 a nd g r ea t q uan t i t ie s o fa n ima l b one s , e spec ia l ly o fo t te r s , w e r e f ound [ 4 , 2 10 ] ; p r e sumab ly t h e o t te r s i n hab i ted t h e d e se r ted r u in . A l so f ound t h en w e re p i ece s o f ac l ay p o t , f l a t s t one p o t l i d s , as l a ty s t one a bou t 1 2 i n s l o ng " l ike a t h ree -cor ne red f i l e" a nd a" ca rved mode l o f aN o rway b oa t i nf i r " a bou t 3i n s . l o ng . T he i n te r io r w a s c l ea r ed a ga in b y t h en O ff ice o f Wo rk s i n 1 9 19 - a f t e r af u r the r 4f t . o f d eb r is h ad a ccumu la ted i n s ide i t ,b u t n o f i nd s a r e m en t ioned . T he f ew f i nd s i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum i n c lude s ome s he rd s , n o tab ly a f i ne b l a ck -bur n i shed s h e rd o fc l a s s ic I r on A ge t y pe ( I l l . 4 . 52 ) , b u t t h e e xac t p o s i t ion i sn o t r e co rded . P re sumab ly , s i nce t h e s e conda ry s t ruc tu r e s i n s ide t h e t owe r d o n o t s e em t o h ave b een d i s tu rbed a ta ny t ime , t h e se s h e rd s b e long t ot h e l a te rp ha se o fI r on A ge o ccupa t ion .

T he s t a i rr i se s t ot h e r i gh t a nd r u n s u p i n s ide t h e w a l l i na c on t inuou s s weep b roken b y t wo s ho r t l a nd ing s , o ne a ta h e igh t o fa bou t 1 7 f t . a bove t h e f l oo r a nd t h e o t he r n ea r t h e p re sen t s umm i t . A t t h e f i r s t l a nd ing ( j u s t o ve r h a lf w ay u p L eve l 3 ) i s ad oo r t ot h e i n te r io r , h i gh a bove t h e f l oo ro fc ou r se a nd 4f t . 6i n s , a bove t h eu ppe rs c a r cemen t , a nd w i th a s e r ies o f v o id s a bov e i t( b e low ) . T he re a r e o n ly f i ve s t ep sr ema in ing a bove t h e s e cond l a nd ing , a nd n o c l ea r s i gn s o f i tg o ing much f u r the r ; t h e s i x th g a l le ry i s t h e ref o r e l i k e ly t ob e t h e l a s t , e xcep tp e rhap s f o r ap a rape t o n t op . T he s t a i r i s 3f t .w ide a tt h e b o t tom a nd t h e r i se r s a nd t r ead se a ch mea su re 6i n s . ; t h ea ng le o fa s cen t i st h u s a bou t 4 5 d eg rees . D u r ing i t s w ho le a s cen t t h e s t a i r h a s w ound i t s w ay r ound t h rough a bou t h a lf o f t h e c i rcumf e r ence o ft h et owe r , a nd t h i sh a lf i so nt h eo ppo s i te s i de t ot h a t c on ta in ing t h e e n t rance a nd t h e c hambe r s a nd v o id s a bove i t .

1 . 7 D imen s ion s P re sen t g r ea te s t h e igh t 4 3 .5 f t . ( 1 3 .05m ) : e x te rna l d i ame te r ( a cco rd ing t o my m ea su r emen t s m ade w i th t a pe a nd t h eodo l i te ) , n o r th -s ou th 1 5 .22m ( 50 f t . 9i n s . ) , e a s t w e s t4 9 .95m ( 49 f t . 1 0i n s . ) : i n ter na l d i ame te rn o r th -s ou th 5 . 80m ( 19 f t . 4i n s . ) , e a s t -w e s t 5 . 10m ( 17 f t . ) : a ve rage e x terna l d i ame te r 1 5 .08m ( 50 f t . 3i n s . ) , i n te rna l 5 . 45m ( 18 f t . 2i n s . ) : t h e w a l l s p ropo r t ion o f6 4 .4% i st h e l a rge s t i n a ny k nown b roch .

T he s e cond r a ised c hambe r i st h e o ne o ve r t h e e n t rance p a s sage w h ich h a s a l r eady b een d e sc r ibed ( I l l . 4 . 77 ) . O r ig ina l ly i th ad af l oo rm ade o ft h ef l a t l i n te l s o ft h e m a in e n t rance p a s sage , a nd i t s r oof i s as h a l low b a r r e l -vau l t , o r a no pen s ide c o rbe l led d ome t h ea x i so fw h ich i sp a ra l le lt o t h a t o ft h e p a s sage b e low . U n l ik e t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l t h e f l oo r o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry ( Leve l 3 )i sa bou t 2f t . a bove t h e r oof o ft h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance , t h e re b e ing a b and o fs o l id m a son ry t h e re o ft h a tt h ickne s s ; t h i s s ugge s t s t h a tt h eb a r r e lv au l t i sa no r ig ina l I r on A ge f e a tu r e .

2 . H i s tory o ft he s i te T he d eve lopmen t o ft h e b roch o f Mou sa h a s a l r eady b een d i scu s sed i nS ec t ion 2 s o o n ly b r ief c ommen t s a r e m ade h e re . 2 . 1 P reh i s tory N o th ing o ft h e s i te i nI r on A ge t ime s i sk nown f r om w r i t ten r e co rd s ; A g r ico la 's f l ee t , c i rcumnav iga t ing S co t land i nt h e e a r ly AD 8 0 's , i sn o t t h ough tt oh ave l a nded o n S he t land , a l though i tp robab ly s i gh ted t h e i s land s . T hey a r e l i s ted a s ' Thu le ' , P to lemy p r e sumab ly h av ing g o th i s i n f o rma t ion a bou t n or ther n S co t land f r om t h e r e co rd s o f A g r ico la 's f l ee t , n one o fw h ich a r ek nown t oh ave s u rv ived d i r ec t ly .

F ou r l o ng v er t ica l r ow s o f o pen ing s , o r v o id s , b r eak t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce a nd l e t l i gh t a nd a i r i n to t h e w a l l g a l le r ie s [ 6 , p l . 1 8 : 1 , p l . XL I I Ib ] ( I l ls . 4 . 74 & 4 . 77 ) . E ach o f t h e se i ne f f ec tc ons i s t s o f an a r row s l i tr unn ing u pt h e i n ne r h a lf o ft h e w a l l a nd b r idged a tf r equen t i n te rva l s b y s t one l i n te l s , a nd t h e u sua l e xp lana t ion f o r t h em i st h a t t h ey r e l ieve t h in d oo r l i n te l s o f t h e p r e s su re o f t h e m a son ry a bove t h em a nd g ene ra l ly l i gh ten t h es t ruc tu re ; t h ey w ou ld

F rom t h e f o rego ing s t ruc tu ra l a na ly s is t h e o r ig ina l b roch a ppea r s t oh ave b een a n s imp le s t one c y l inde r w i th at a nk

8 5

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

s unk i nt h e f l oo r a nd p robab ly as t one h ea r th ; d oub t le s s t h e re w e re t h e u sua l w ooden f u rn i sh ing s i n s ide . T he se w ou ld h ave c omp r i sed a q u i te c omp lex r oundhou se w i th o ne , p o s s ib ly t wo , a nnu la r f l oo r s o r b a lcon ie s r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t s w i th d oub t le s s al e an to r oof a bove t h e se . Ac omp le te c on ica l t h a tched r oof m u s t s u re ly h ave c apped t h e s t one t owe r a l though h ow t h is w a s a r ranged s o t h a t i t d i d n o t d amage t h e u ppe rp a r t s o ft h e d ry s tone w a l l b y i t s o u twa rd p r e s su re i sn o t c l ea r ( s ee D un T roddan a nd D un T e lve - NG81 3a nd NG81 2 ) .

u nde r d eb r i s ) h e d i d n o t n o t ice t h e t wo s c a r cemen t s , a t l e a s t t h e u ppe ro ne o fw h ich w ou ld h ave b een c l ea r . H e c ou ld n o t t h e r ef o r e s pecu la te a bou t a ny w ooden s t ruc tu re s t h a t m igh t h av e b een i n s ide a nd c onc luded i n s tead t h a tt h e i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s h ad b een t i e r s o fa pa r tmen t s f o rl i v ing i n . H e i n te rp r e ted t h e r ow s o fv o id s a so pen ing s d e s igned t o l e t am in imum o f l i gh t a nd a i r i n to t h e se g a l le r ie s , n ece s sa ry w h en w omen a nd c h i ld ren w e r e s he l te r ing i n t h em f r om a t ta ck . I ng ene ra l H ibbe r tt h ough t t h a t t h e s i ng le e n t rance a nd t h e h i gh w a l l m ean t t h a t t h e b roch w a s w e l l a dap ted t o w i th s tand ing s h o r t s i ege s f r om p i ra t ica l r a ide r s -w h ich w e re a l s u ch r a ide r s c ou ld p re sumab ly m anage i ne a r ly t ime s i nt h e s h o r t n o r ther n s umme r s . I ns uppor t o ft h i s i d ea h e c i ted t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry s i ege o f Mousa r e co rd ed i n N o r se s ou rce s a nd m en t ioned i nS ec t ion 2 ; h oweve r i ti s n o t a ta l c l ea r h ow g ood a n f i l t ra t ion t h i s i sf o r h i s p o in t s i nce , w h i le t h e b e s ieg ing f o rce c ou ld n o t g e t i n , n e i the r c ou ld t h o se t r apped i n s ide g e t a way , a nd t h ey mu s t h ave s t a rved i fn o t i n duced t os u r r ende r .

A t al a te r d a te t h e w ooden r oundhou se w a s p r e sumab ly r emoved , w hen t h e r i ng shaped s t one f l oo r o r b ench w a s i n se r ted i n to t h e i n te r io r ( a nd i n to t h e i n ne r e nd o f t h e e n t rance )a l though p re sumab ly i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h er i ng o f p o s t s c on t inued t o r e s t o n t h e i n ne r e dge o f t h is b ench . H oweve r al a te r c hange i n vo lved t h e b u i ld ing o f as ma l l w hee lhou se i nt h e c r amped i n te r io r , a nd t h i s mu s t s u re ly h ave i n vo lved t h e r emova l o f t h e p r ima ry w ooden f u rn ish ing s . F o r r e a son s e xp la ined e a r l ie r i ts e em s t h a t t h e o r ig ina l l i n te l led d oorway w a s s t i l l i n u se a lmo s t u na l te red a tt h i s t ime , a l though , i fi tw a s , t h e i n se r t ion o f t h e s t one b ench mu s th ave m ade t h e i n ne re nd r a the rl ow .

I n 1 852 S i r H en ry D ryden b egan t h e f i r s t a ccu ra te s u rvey o f Mou sa b roch , a nd f ound 9f t .o fd eb r i s i n s ide i t( 1 1 . 2 . 5 , t op ) ; t h et owe rw a st h u s i nm uch t h e s ame s t a te a si tw a sa t t h e t ime o fH ibbe r t 's v i s i t , a nd t h e m u ra l c hambe r s w e re s t i l l i n v i s ib le . H oweve r i n 1 861 t h e i n te r io r w a s c l ea r ed b y M r . J ohn B ruce o f S umbu rgh , t h e p rop r ie to r ( h e w ho l a te r b egan t h e c l ea rance a tJ a r lshof ) , w ho a l so h ad s ome r e pa i r s m ade t ot h e w a l l ; D ryden w a s t h u s a b le t op l an f u r the r d e ta i l s i n1 866 [ 4 ] . H e s aw t h e s c a r cemen t s a nd h e a l so m en t ioned t h a t an umbe r o fo b jec t sh ad b een f o und d u r ing B ruce 's c l ea rance ( s ec t ion 1 . 5 a bove ) .

2 . 2 T he 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th c en tu r ie s T he t wo r e co rded N o r se v i s i t s t o Mou sa w e re d e sc r ibed i n S ec t ion 2 ; t h is w a s p robab ly t h e t ime w hen t h e e n t rance p a s sage w a se x tended u pwa rd s . T he e a r l ie s t mode rn a n t iqua r ian a ccoun t o ft h e s i te w a s b y G eo rge L ow , c omp i led d u r ing h i s t o u r o f 1 774 b u t w h ich r ema ined i nm anu sc r ip t f o rm f o r mo re t h an ac en tu ry [ 2 ] . T he d e sc r ip t ion i sf a i r ly b r ief , a so ne m igh t e xpec t a tt h a t e a r ly d a te a nd w hen k now ledge a bou t t h e se s t ruc tu r e s w a s m in ima l , b u t h e d oe s p rov ide t h e f i r s t d r aw ing s o f t h e b roch ( I l l . 2 . 2 ) ; t h e se i n c lude w ha t m u s t b e t h e e a r l ie s t c l ea r c r o s s s e c t ion o f t h e p ecu l ia r h o l low -wa l led c on s t ruc t ion o ft h et owe r , s how ing t h e s upe r impo sed g a l le r ie s . L ow c l imb -ed t h e s t a i r i n t h e w a l l a nd s ay s h e p a s sed t h rough s even g a l le r ie s , a nd h e r e pea t s t h i s e r ro r i n h i s c u taway e l eva t ion w h ich s how s t h e g a l le r ie s , a nd t h e s t a i r d oo r , i n d i ag ramma t ic f o rm f r om t h e e x te r io r w i th t h e o u te r h a lf o ft h e w a l l r emoved . L ike o t he r e a r ly v i s i to r s L ow s e em s t o h ave a s sumed t h a t t h e s t a ir -f oo t g ua rd c e l l w a s t h e b eg inn ing o f al o ng g a l le ry a nd h e d r ew i ta ss u ch ; p r e sumab ly t h e f a c t t h a t o n ly c and le s ( o r n o th ing a ta l l ) w e r e a va i lab le t o l i gh t t h e i n te r io r e xp la in s t h e m i s take . H e o f f e r s n o t h ough t s o n t h e a ge o r p u rpo se o f t h e s t ruc tu re .

D ryden 's e l eva t ion s how s t h e f i ve c omp le te i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s , w i th p a r t o ft h e s i x th , t h a t w e s e e n ow a nd a l w e re c o r r ec t ly p l aced a bove t h e l e ve l o f t h e c o rbe l led d ome s o f t h e m u ra l c e l ls [ 4 , p l . x x i i ] . H owev e r h i s e l eva t ion m ak e s i tc l ea rt h a th e h ad n o tm anaged t ou n rave l a l l t h e d e ta i l s o f t h e o rgan isa t ion o f t h e i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu r e s ; t h e b a sa l g a l le ry i ss hown b eh ind t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l a nd c omp le t e ly i s o la ted a nd t h e r ef o r e i n v i s ib le ( I l l . 2 . 7 ) ! T h i s p a r t o ft h e w a l l i si nf a c t s o l id , a nd o n h i s c r o s s s e c t ion D ryden o n ly s how s f i ve c omp le te g a l le r ie s a bove t h e c e l l s . P re sumab ly h e m iscoun ted s omehow a nd f ound h e h ad t o i n se r t t h e s i x th g a l le ry b e low t h e r e s t . N o t u n t i l t h e O ff ice o f Wo rk s s u rvey i n1 9 19 ( b e low ) w a s t h e a r ch i tec tu r e o f Mou sa b roch p rope r ly u nde r s tood . 2 . 3 T he 2 0 th c en tury

S amue l H ibbe r t v i s i ted t h e b roch h a lf ac en tu ry l a te r a nd h i s 1 822 d esc r ip t ion , a s w e l l a s b e ing m o re d e ta i led , i n c lude s ad i scu s s ion o ft h e s i t e [ 3 ] . A s w a s t h e c a se i n L ow 's t ime t h e i n te r io rw a s s t i l l c hoked w i th d eb r i s s ot h a t i tw a s o n ly p o s s ib le t og e t i n to t h e e n t rance o n h and s a nd k nee s -e n la rged u pwa rd s t h ough w e n ow k now i tt oh ave b een a t t h e t ime ( Dun D or na ig i l i n S u the r land i s i n a s im i la rs i tua t ion - NC44 2 ) . H ibber tc l imbed t h e s t a irway a nd , l i ke L ow , c oun ted s e ven g a l le r ie s , a ga in e v iden t ly m is tak ing t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l f o r t h e l owe s t . A l though h e c ommen ted o n t h e v e r t ica l r ow s o fo pen ing s i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce ( t he d oo r st ot h em u ra l c e l ls b e ing t h en c oncea led

I n 1 9 19 H e r Ma je s ty 's O ff ice o f Wo rk st o ok c ha rge o ft h e b u i ld ing a nd a ga in c l ea red o u tt h e i n te r io ri nw h ich a bou t4 f t . o fd eb r is - m o s t ly b i rd d ropp ing s -h ad a ccumu la ted s i nce 1 86 1 [ 5 ] . T he a ccumu la ted d eb r i s a tt h e b a se o ft h e o u te r w a l l w a s a l so r emoved a t t h i s t ime . T he a r chaeo log ica l r e su l t s o f t h i s s u rvey h ave a l r eady b een d e sc r ibed . 3 .D i scu s s ion T he u n iquene s s o ft h e b roch o f Mou sa i nt e rm s o fi t ss ma l l s i ze , f i ne s t a te o fp r e se rva t ion a nd r e la t ive m a s s ivene s s o f 8 6

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

L e rw ick , i ss i tua ted o n ah igh , s t eep c l if fp romon to ry t h e a pp roa ch t o w h ich - f r om t h e n o r th - i sd ef ended b y a m a s s ive s e r ie s o fd i tche s a nd w a l l s a c ro s s i t sn eck ( I l l .4 . 78 -4 . 84 ) . T he o u te r w a l l f a ce s t and s 9 10 f t .h igh mo s t o f t h e w ay r ound . T he l i n te l o f a n i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry i s v i s ib le a ta bou t 8o ' c lock o n t h e w a l lhead o ft h i s r u ined a nd u nexcava ted b u i ld ing a nd , s i nce i t s l i n te ls a r e s ome 8 f t .a bove t h e f l oo ro ft h e o u te re nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage , i ti sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly a n u ppe r r a the r t h an ag round l e ve l g a l le ry . T he C omm i s s ion s aw a no the r f r agmen t o ft h i s g a l le ry a t1 0 o ' c lock [ 2 , f i g . 5 74 ] a nd i n1 963 ad oo ri nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce w a s v i s ib le a ta bou t 1 0 o ' c lock ; i tm ay b e t h e e n t rance t o ac e l l . T he u nexcava ted i n te r io ra ppea r st o b e f i l led w i th a s e conda ry c i rcu la r s t ruc tu re w h ich h a s c on t rac ted t h e c en t ra l c ou r t c on s ide rab ly ; b ecau se o ft h i s t h ep r ima ry b roch w a l l f a ce c anno tb e s e en .

i t sw a l lw a sn o ted b yt h ew r i te r i n1 965 [ 8 ; f i g . 7 ] ; i tw a s s ugge s ted t h en t h a tt h e se s pec ia l f e a tu re sm ean tt h a t Mou sa i st h e b e s t b u i l t o f a l l k nown b ro ch s a nd t h a t t h i s m ay p a r t ly a ccoun tf o ri t se xce l len ts t a te o fp r e se rva t ion . F o ju t h a s r e v iewed a ga in t h e s i ze , p ropo r t ion s a nd a r ch i tec tu re o f Mou sa a nd s hown t h a t i ti sa n e xcep t iona l b u i ld ing e ven i n aS he t land c on t ex t [ 9 ] . U s ing n ew d a ta c o l lec ted i nt h e f i e ld , h e n o te s t h a tt h e w a l l p e r cen tage o f Mou sa ( 6 4 .5% ) i s s o much g r ea t e r t h an t h o se o f i t s S he t land n e ighbou r s t h a t i ts i gn if ican t ly a l te r s t h e m ean o f t h a t i s land g r oup . O n t h e r e a sonab le a s sump t ion t h a tt h e g r ea te rt h er e la t ive ma s s ivene s s o ft h ew a l lb a se o f ab roch , t h e g r ea te r i t so r ig ina l h e igh t , Mou sa p robab ly a l so s t ood a pa r t f r om i t s n e ighbou r s i nt h e I r on A ge ; i f i tw a s n o t a c tua l ly t h e t a l le s t , t h en i tw a s c e r ta in ly t h e t a l le s t a nd m o s t s t ab le . U s ing t h e s ame k i nd o fc r i te r ia Mou sa i sa l so f ound t ob e a sa t yp ica l o fS co t t i sh b r och s a s aw ho le a so f S he t land o ne s . F o ju t a l so a r gue s t h a t t h e d e s ign o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r o f Mou sa m ay n o t b e t y p ica l o f o t he r b roch s .

D u r ing t h e 2 4 y ea r s b e tween t h e w r i te r 's f i r s t a nd s e cond v i s i t s ac on s ide rab le a moun t o fd amage w a s d one t ot h e e n t rance p a s sage . T he c hambe r o ve rt h e e n t rance i sn ow c omp le te ly e xpo sed , a sf a rb a ck a si t s i n ne r e nd ( I l l . 4 . 81) ; t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce i nf r on t o ft h i s h a s e i the rb een k nocked d own o r - mo re p robab ly - w a s n eve r t h e r e . A l though t h e w r i te r 's o r ig ina l 1 963 d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s i te s ay s t h a t a l l t h e l i n te l s w e re i np o s i t ion o ve rt h e e n t rance , n one a r e n ow ( a pa r tf r om o ne i mmed ia te ly i nf r on t o ft h e p o le i nI l . 4 . 81) . I nv i ew o fw ha tf o l low s i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a th e m ade am is take t h en a nd d i d n o t r e a l i se t h a t t h e e x ten s ive l i n te l led p a s sage w h ich c an b e s e en i s as e conda ry c on s t ruc t ion ( t he C omm i s s ion 's d e sc r ip t ion d oe s n o t m en t ion a ny p r ima ry l i n te l s ) .

D e sp i te t h i s u n iquene s s , a nd d e sp i te F o ju t 's c u r iou s q ues t ion i nh i st i t le " I s Mou sa aB ro ch?" ( 'wha t e l se c an i t b e? ' o ne m igh t r ep ly ) , t h e t owe r o n Mou sa i s land c an r e a sonab ly b e d esc r ibed a s t h e m o s t p e rf ec t ly d e s igned h o l low -wa l led b roch o f w h ich w e h ave d e ta i led k now ledge . I td if e r s i n d e ta i l f r om t h e r e s t -a nd i t s a r ch i tec t s e em s t oh ave b een u nu sua l ly i n sp i red o ve r s ome o ft h e se d e ta i l s- b u ti t sb a s ic d e s ign a nd a r ch i tec tu re a r e i nt h e s t anda rd b roch p a t te rn .

T he l i n te l s h av ing b een r emoved , t h e p a s sage b e low c an b e s e en f a i r ly c l ea r ly , a nd t h e t wo m a s s ive d oo r -check s f o rmed o f s t one s l ab s -a r e v i s ib le 3 . 05m ( 10 f t . 0i n . ) f r om t h e o u te r e nd . T he u ppe r p a r t o ft h e c o rbe l led g ua rd c e l l c an b e s e en o n t h e r i gh t , f u l l o fd eb r i s ( I l l . 4 . 82 ) ; t h e d oo rf r om t h is c e l lt ot h ep a s sage , s e en a nd p l anned b yt h e C omm i s s ion , i sn ow b u r ied . T he o u te re nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage i so n ly a bou t am e t re ( 3 f t . ) f r om t h e e dge o ft h e s hee r c l if f , a nd ad i r ec t a pp roach t oi ti sn ow i mpo s s ib le . T he w id th o ft h e p a s sage i s0 . 9m ( 3f t . ) a ti t so u te re nd b u t i tw iden s t o 1 . 52m ( 5 f t . ) w i th in t h e c heck s , c on t rac t ing a ga in t o1 . 37 m ( 4f t . 6i n s . )a tt h e i n ne re nd .

T he c on c lu s ion d rawn h e re f r om t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r oof o f t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l i n t rude s i n to t h e b a sa l g a l le ry h a s n eve r b een d r awn b ef o re b u t i td oe s s e em t o c onf i rm i n a d ec i s ive w ay t h e o ne t h a t c ou ld a l r eady b e d r awn f r om t h e a wkwa rdne s s o f a cce s s t o t h e g a l le r ie s f r om t h e s t a i r t h a t t h e b roch s ' i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s w e re p r ima r i ly a s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re a nd w e r e n o tf o rl i v ing i no rf o rs t o rage . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 2 S E 1 : 2 . L ow 1 879 , 1 8 1-83 : 3 .H ibbe r t 1 822 , 2 51-55 : 4 . D ryden 1 890 , 2 07 11 : 5 . P a te r son 1 922 : 6 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 206 , 4 8 5 5 , f i g s . 5 31-41 & p l s . 1 7 & 1 8 : 7 . C ruden 1 951 : 8 . MacK ie 1 965 : 9 . F o ju t 1 981 : 1 0 . A nde r son 1 883 : 1 . H am i l ton 1 968 : 1 2 . S ibba ld 1 829 , 4 2 .

T he C omm is s ion n o ted t wo c oncen t r ic l i ne s o fs e conda ry w a l l ing a tt h e i n ne r e nd o f t h e p a s sage , w h ich w a s t hu s p ro longed i nwa rd s . T h i s s e conda ry e n t rance c an b e s e en c l ea r ly n ow , s t a r t ing i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e n ow v i s ib le i n ne re nd o ft h e c hambe ra bove t h e b roch e n t rance . T he re i s as t ra igh t j o in t o n e ach s i de b e tween b roch w a l l a nd s e conda ry w a l l , a nd t h e c on t inuou s r ow o f l owe r l i n te l s s t a r t s h e re ; t h e r e semb lance t o D un R ing i l l o n S kye i s v e ry s t r ik ing ( NG51 4 ) . T he re i s at e r t ia ry w a l l b eyond t h i s , a l so w i th t h e l i n te l led e n t rance p ro longed t h rough i t w i th h ighe r l i n te l s ; t h e s t ra igh tj o in t o n t h e l ef t h and s i de f o rm s ad oo r c heck , a nd i sv i s ib le i nI l . 4 . 84 o n t h e r i gh t , j u s t i nf r on to ft h e f i r s t l owe rl i n te l . T he e xce l len ts t a te o f p r e se rva t ion o ft h i s i nwa rd ly e x tended p a s sage - t h e l i n te ls o fw h ich c an o n ly b e as hor t d i s tance b e low t h e s u rf ace o f t h e i n te r io rr ubb le - m ake s B u r land u n ique i nS he t land a nd w e l lw o r thy o fp ro tec t ion a nd p r e se rva t ion . T he o u te r d ef ence s c on s i s t o f t h ree m a s s ive b ank s w i th

S quare HU43 HU43 1 A ITHSETTER ( `B roch o fA i th se t te r ' ) HU /44 -7304 P o ss ib le b roch i n D un ro s sne s s , o n a h igh r o cky p romon to ry ;t h e mu t i la ted mound ,c omp le te ly c ove red w i th t u rf , i s2 . 5m h igh . T he re a r e t r a ce s o f t wo c oncen t r ic c u rved r ampa r t s o n t h e n a r row n eck l e ad ing t o t h e h ead land . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 4 3 SW 2 ( w i th p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 14 1 , 2 3 .

HU43 2 BURLAND 2( `B roch o fB u r land ' ) HU /44636 1 ( v i s i ted 5 / 6 /63 & 3 0 /6 /87 ) . T h i s p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i n D un ro s sne s s ,

n ea r 8 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h ree d i tche s b e tween a nd i nf r on t o f t h em ( I l l s . 4 . 78 & 4 . 80 , t op l ef t ) . T he s ha l low , o u te r d i tch i sa bou t 2 2 f t . w ide , t h en c ome s ap robab ly s t one w a l l 1 8 f t .t h ick w i th a d i s t inc t g ap o r d oo rway i ni t s c en t re 8 f t . w ide . W i th in t h i s a r et wo s ha l low d i tche s w i th aw a l l o rr ampa r tb e tween t h em ; t h e c en t ra l g ap r un s t h rough t h e se a l so . T he i n nermo s td ef ence i sa no the rw a l l , c l ea r ly v i s ib le a ss u ch a t i t s w e s t e nd a nd 1 0 f t .t h ick ; t h e w e s t h a lf a ppea r s t ot u rn i nt oa bu t t h e b roch w a l l . T he se d ef ence s e nc lo se a n a r ea o ft h e p romon to ry - w h ich h a s c l if f s 1 00 f t .h i gh - a bou t 5 0 f t . l o ng b y 3 0 -4 0 y d s . w ide , o f w h ich t h e b roch o ccup ie so n ly at i ny p a r t . D u r ing t h e 1 980 's a s e c t ion w a s c u t a c ro s s t h e o u te r d ef ence s ( e xcep t f o r t h e i n ne r r ampa r t ) c l o se t o t h e w e s t c l if f [ 3 , I l . 1 8 ] . B o th r ampa r t s a ppea red t o b e o f t h e d ump t y pe , w i th r ubb le a nd s o i l c o re s , w i th r e ve t ted d ry s tone f a ce s . D imen s ion s : E x te rna l d i ame te r 6 5 f t . , w a l l a bou t 1 5 f t . t h ick : w a l lp ro -po r t ion t h u sa bou t4 6 .2% . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd HU 4 3 NW 5 ( w i th p l an ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 247 , 7 0 -2 & f i g s . 5 74 -5 & 5 78 -9 ( p la te s ) : 3 . C a r te r , McCu l lagh & MacSween 1 996 , 4 64 -67 .

t h e e a s t s i de . o ccupa t ion .

T he e xcava t ion s r e vea led f i ve p ha se s o f

P ha se 1 w a s ac r ema t ion b u r ia l a nd v a r iou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s o f u nknown p re -b roch d a te . P ha se 2 s aw t h e c on s t ruc t ion a nd o ccupa t ion o f t h e b r och a nd i t s o u te r d ef ences d u r ing t h e m idd le I r on A ge p e r iod . T h i s p e r iod w a s e nded b y ad e s t ruc t ion b y f i re . P ha se 3 w a s t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o f t h e b roch a nd a n a d ja cen t s e t t lemen td u r ing t h e l a te I r on Age , w h i le P ha se 4s aw t h e u se o ft h e s i te a s ac eme te ry a nd P ha se 5t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f a Med ieva l f a rm . O n ly P ha se 2 i sd i scu s sed h e r e i n m o re t h an o u t l ine ; t h em a te r ia l c u l tu r ea nd d a t ing o fP ha se 3i sc ommen t ed o n b ecau se o fi t s r e levance t ot h e l e ng th o ft h eP ha se 2o ccupa t ion .

HU43 3 LOCH OF BR IND ISTER HU /432370 T he mo s t r e cen t d e sc r ip t ion f r om p e r sona l o b se rva t ion o f t h i s p robab le b roch , s i tua ted o na n i s le ti nt h el o ch o ft h a t n ame n ea r L e rw ick , i s t h a t o f G oud ie i n 1 888 , w ho u nder took s ome e xcava t ion t h e re [ 3 ] . T he re i sn os i gn n ow o f ac au seway t ot h e l a nd . G oud ie e xpo sed t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce , t h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd p a r t o ft h e i n ne r f a ce a nd a cco rd ing t oh im t h e w a l l s w e re f ound t ob e s t and ing o n ly 5f t . h igh ; t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r w a s 5 0 f t . f r om n o r th s ou th a nd 5 1 f t . f r om e a s t -w e s t . T he a ve rage w a l l t h ickne s s w a s 8f t .a nd t h e w id th o ft h e e n t rance f r om 3f t . 9i n s . t o 4f t . . I ft h e se m ea su r emen t s a r e c o r rec t t h e w a l l s a r e e xcep t iona l ly t h in f o r ab roch - t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion b e ing a bou t 3 1 .7% - b u t , a sG oud ie n o te s , i tm ay b e t h a t t h e s pec ia l s i tua t ion o f t h e s t ruc tu re m ade h igh w a l l s u nnece s sa ry . N o e v idence f o r i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu re s w a s o b served . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd HU 4 3 NW 9 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 248 , 7 2 : 3 .G oud ie 1 889 , 2 46 -9 . HU43 4 S CALLO WAY ( `Uppe rS ca l loway ' ) HU /406399 P robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i n D un ro s sne s s w h ich w a s d i scove red a s ar e su l t o fh uman b one s h av ing b een f ound d u r ing w o rk o n ah ou s ing d eve lopmen t ; i tw a s e xcava ted d u r ing g ene ra l ly b ad w ea the r i nt h e w in te r o f 1 989 -90 [ 1 ] . T he re h ad b een n o k now ledge o f ab roch o n t h e s i te p r ev iou s ly , w h ich s ugge s t s t h a t t h e r e c ou ld b e m any m o re o ft h e se s t ruc tu r e st h an i sk nown a tp r esen t .

T he w a l lf a ce s r a r e ly s t ood t o mo re t h an t wo c ou r se s h i gh a nd mo s t o f t h e r ubb le c o re h ad g one . T he i n te r io r a ppea red t o b e s l igh t ly p ea r shaped t owa rd s t h e e a s t a nd t h e f ounda t ion s o fo ne i n t ra -mu ra l c e l l w e r e f ound o n t h e s ou th -ea s t . N oc l ea rt r ace s o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage o ro fa n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r c ou ld b e f ound ( a l though t h e l a t te r d oub t le s s s t a r t ed a tf i r s t f l oo r l e ve l ) . T he re w a s ap aved h ea r th i nt h e c en t r e o ft h e c ou r t a nd t h e f ounda t ion s o fa s e conda ry w a l l , b u i l t a ga in s tt h e b roch i n ne rw a l lf a ce , h ad s e a led p a r t o ft h e p r ima ry f l oo r d epo s i t s ; t h e e xcava to r i s c onf iden t t h a t h e h ad i s o la ted mo s t o ft h i s l a ye r o ve r t h e i n te r io r . T he r ew e r e s ome p i t s i nt h i sf l oo r . T he b roch 's o u te r d ef ence s c on s is ted o f ad i tch c u t a c ro s s t h e p romon to ry o nt h e n or ther na pp roa ch . T he r ew a sa l so ah o l low b e tw een t h i s d i tch a nd t h e b roch w h ich y i e lded a n umbe ro ff i nd s . As eve re f i re a tt h e e nd o fP ha se 2c au sed t h e d epo s i t ion o f ar e d a sh l a ye r w h ich w a s d i agno sed a st h e r ema in s o fa c o l lap sed a nd b ur ned r oof . Two C 14 d a te s f o r t h i s a sh l a ye r i mp ly t h a t t h e re i s a9 8% c hance t h a t t h e f i r e t o ok p l ace b e tween a bou t AD 3 45 -505 a nd AD 4 15 -525 . A l a rge n umbe r o fa r tef a c t s w e re f ound i nt h e p r ima ry f l oo r l e ve l s , n ea r ly a l o f w h ich w e re i nt h i s b u rn t l a ye r ; t h e a s sump t ion i s t h e r ef o re t h a t t h e b r och w a s r e gu la r ly c l eaned o u tw h i le o ccup ied . Av e ry l a rge a moun to fb ur n t b a r ley w a s a l so f o und , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e b u i ld ing h ad s e rved a s ag ra in s t o r e . D a t ing : at o ta l o f2 4 r ad ioca rbon d a te s w a s o b ta ined f o r s t ra t if ied o rgan ic s amp le s f r om t h e s i t e ; n one w e r e f r om t h e p r e -b roch p e r iod [ 1 , T ab le 2 4 ) . When a r ranged i n s t ra t ig raph ica l o r de r [ 1 , f i g . 7 1] t h ey g i ve a f a i r ly c l ea r p i c tu re o ft h ec h rono logy o ft h e s i te 's h i s to ry . T he e a r l ie s t s t ra t if ied d a ted s amp le f o r P ha se 2 a l so g ave t h e e a r l ie s t d a t e w h ich f a l l s i nt h e i s t c en tu r ie s B C /AD ; t h i s i se xac t ly w ha t i st o b e e xpec ted i fo ne a dop t s t h e ' s ho r t ' c h rono logy f o r h o l low -wa l led b r och s ( s ee S ec t ion o n d a t ing i nP a r t 2 ) . T he r e s t o ft h e d a te s , i n c lud ing t h e t wo s pec if ica l ly f r om t h e d e s t ruc t ion d epo s i t s , a r e s c a t te r ed t h rough t h e f i r s th a lf o ft h e f i r s tm i l lenn ium AD b u tt h e re i s ag ood c l u s te r o ft h r ee w h ich s how s f a i r ly c l ea r ly t h a t t h e m idd le I r on A g e o ccupa t ion p robab ly w en t o n u n t i l a bou t AD 5 00 . T he p o s t -b roch p ha se 3 w a s d i v ided i n to t h ree s t age s o n

T he e xcava t ion h a s b een t h o rough ly r epo r ted a nd , s i nce i n a dd i t ion s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s w e r e m in ima l , o n ly as umma ry o f t h e d i scove r ie s i sg i ven h e re . S ome v e ry i mpor tan t d a t ing e v idence w a sr e cove red . T he s i te s t and s o n al i me s tone r i dge r unn ing n or th sou th . T he b roch i t s e lf h ad b een a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed , a c omp le te c r o s s s e c t ion o ft h e w a l l b e ing p r e served o n ly o n

8 8

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

t h e b a s i s o f t h e e xcava t ion e v iden ce a nd i nb road t e rm s t h e se s t age s s eem t o h ave l a s ted f r om a bou t 5 00 -650 , f r om 6 50 t o 9 00 a nd b e tween a bou t 9 00 a nd 1 000 r e spec t ive ly . P resumab ly t h eb roch i t s e lf , a l though b u rned o u t o n ce a nd p re sumab ly much r e duced i n h e igh t , mu s t h ave b een r oof ed a nd s t and ing t o a tl e a s t 3m i n h e igh t u n t i la bou t AD 1 000 .

1 .G enera l B e tween 1 953 a nd 1 957 t h i s c omp lex S he t land s i te w a s e xcava ted b y J .R .C . H am i l ton o n b eha lf o f t h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s a nd a r ema rkab le s e r ie s o f s t ruc tu re s a nd a r tef ac t s w e r e u ncove red [ 1 1 ] . T h i s w a s o n ly t h e s e cond b roch s i te e ve r t o h ave b een s t ra t ig raph ica l ly e xcava ted , t h ough i th ad b een p a r t ly c l ea r ed o u t i nt h em id 1 9 th c en tu ry . T he p ub l i shed r epo r t , h oweve r , p r esen t s t h e s t uden tw i th s ome d i ff i cu l t ie so fi n te rp r e ta t ion .

F ind s f r om t h e e nd o f P ha se 2 : t h e se a r e i mpo r tan t b ecau se t h ey g ive u s ap i c tu re o ft h em a te r ia l c u l tu re o ft h e i n hab i tan t s o f aS he t land b roch p robab ly a tt h e e nd o ft h e 5 t h c en tu ry AD . H oweve r t h e w ay t h e a r tef ac t a ppend ice s , a nd t h e i r a ccompany ing I l t ra t ion s , a r e o rgan ised i n t h e r e por t ( t o I l t ra te v a r iou s e conom ic a c t iv i t ie s ) d oe s n o t m ake i te a sy t og e t aq u ick a nd c l ea r i mp r es s ion o fw ha tf i nd s a r ec ha ra c t e r i s t ic o fe ach P ha se .

I ns ha rp c on t ra s t t ot h e e xcava to r 's r e po r t o n h i s o wn a nd o t he r s ' p r ev iou s e xp lo ra t ion s a tt h e mo re c omp lex J a r l shof s i te ( HU30 1 ) , h i s a ccoun t o ft h e w o rk a tC l ickh im in i s p re sen ted i n an a r ra t ive s t y le w h ich f r equen t ly m ake s i t d i ff icu l t t o s epa ra te f a c t f r om t h eo ry [ 1 2 ] . Mo reove r c e r ta in o ft h e e xcava to r 's i n te rp re ta t ion s c an b e q ue s t ioned o n t h e b a s is o f t h e e v idence h e h im se lf p r e sen t s , a nd i n s ome c a se s a l te rna t ive v i ew s c an b e o f f e r ed w h ich a ppea r t oe xp la in t h e e v idence a tl e a s t a sw e l l i fn o t b e t te r . A s w i l l b ecome c l ea r C l ickh im in i so fp a ramoun t i mpor tance f o r o u r u nde r s tand ing o f s eve ra l a spec t s o f t h e A t lan t ic I r on A ge c u l tu re s -b o th i nt e rm s o ft h e s t one b u i ld ing s a nd o ft h e a s soc ia ted m a te r ia l c u l tu r e s -a nd i ti st h e ref o re u nf or tuna te t h a t s ome d oub t r ema in s a bou t h ow t h e s i te a c tua l ly d eve loped , a nd a bou t t h e d a t ing o f i t s v a r iou s p ha se s . F u r the r c a ref u l ly p l anned e xcava t ions , i n vo lv ing r ad ioca rbon d a t ing , w ou ld b e n eeded t o s o lve t h e o u t s tand ing p rob lem s . T he w o rk w a s o f c ou r se d one b ef o re C 14 d a t ing w a s e a s i ly a va i lab le . T h is a ccoun t o f t h e s i te i st h e ref o re p r e sen ted i n c on s ide rab le d e ta i l , i n m o re d e ta i l f o r e xamp le t h an t h e e n t ry o n J a r lshof , t h e r e po r t o n t h a t s i te b e ing m o re s y s tema t ic a nd o b jec t ive a nd n eed ing l e s sc l a r if ica t ion .

P o t t e ry i n c ludes s ome E ve r ted R im w a re o fb o th t h e n eck b and ( f ig . 8 0 , 6& 7 )a nd t h e f l u ted r im v a r ie t ie s ( f ig . 8 0 , 5 ) . T he r e w e re a l so s ome s imp le b a r re l shaped p o t s , i n c lud ing a n a lmo s t c omp le te e xamp le w i th ar ema rkab le p a t te rn o fv e r t ica l a nd d i agona l f l u t ing o n i t s e x te r io r ( f ig . 8 0 , 1 ) . T h i s l a s ta l so h ad a n i n ter na l ly d eco ra ted b a se . Me ta l o b jec t s i n c lude ap i ece o f ab ronze b ow l ( f ig . 8 5 ) w h ich m ay b eR oman . C a r ina t ed p o t te ry : t h e re i s o ne s t range p henomenon w h ich , t h ough c ommen ted o n [ 1 , 1 33 ] , i s n o t r e a l ly e xp la ined i n t h e r e po r t . F rom d epo s i t s c onf iden t ly a l loca ted b y t h e e xcava to r t ol a te P ha se 3( e nd o ft h e f i r s t m i l lenn ium AD ) c ome s s ome t a lc t empe r ed p o t te ry w h ich l o ok s s t r ik ing ly l i ke t h e e a r ly I r on A ge c a r ina ted w a re f r om C l ickh im in a nd J a r l shof w h ich s hou ld d a te t o t h e 7t h i 6 t h c en tu r ie s BC [ 1 , f i g . 8 3) . I n p a r t icu la r t h e s ha rp ly c a r ina ted w a l l s he rd n o . 5h a s d eco ra t ion w h ich i sq u i te s im i la r t o t h a t o n a s im i la r s h e rd f r om C l ickh im in ( Ham i l ton 1 968 ) . P re sumab ly s ome m ix ing o fd epo s i t s mu s t h ave o ccu r red d u r ing t h e e x ten s ive d e s t ruc t ion s a nd r e -bu i ld ing sw h ich t o ok p l ace o nt h e s i t e . T hu s t h e r em ay h ave b e en a n i mpo r tan t e a r ly I r on A ge o ccupa t ion o n t h e s i te w h ich c ou ld n o t b e r e cogn i sed a mong t h e s t ra t if ied l a ye r s .

T h i s d e sc r ip t ion i si n f ou r m a in p a r t s . T he f i r s t i sa n a ccoun t o ft h e w o rk a tt h e s i te i nt h e 1 9 th a nd e a r ly 2 0 th c en tu r ie s . T he s e cond i sm a in ly a d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e s t ruc tu re s v i s ib le o n t h e s i te n ow a nd i s ac omb ina t ion o f t h e a ccoun t d r awn u p b yt h e R oya l C omm i s s ion [ 4 ] a nd o f o b se rva t ion s m ade b y t h e w r i te r . T he t h i rd p a r t i sa d e sc r ip t ion a nd a n a na ly s is o f t h e r e su l t s o f H am i l ton 's p o s t -wa r e xcava t ion s , a nd c on s ide r s t h e r e con s t ruc ted h i s to ry o ft h e s i te p ha se b yp ha se , p i npo in t ing o u t s tand ing p rob lem s a nd o cca s iona l ly o f f e r ing a l te rna t ive h ypo the se s . T he f our th p a r t i s ag ene ra l d i scu s s ion o f t h e s i te a s a w ho le .

D imen s ion s : e x terna l d i am . 1 9 .6m , i n te rna l d i am . 7 . 8 8 . 4m , w a l l t h ickne s s 5 . 5 -6m ; t h u s t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion w ou ld v a ry f r om a bou t 5 6 -61 % t o p robab ly a bove 6 0% ; t h i s a tt h eu ppe rr ange o ft h e m ea su rab le S he t land s i te s [ 1 , f i g . 3 4 ] . S ource : 1 .S ha rp le s 1 998 .

Id o n o t c l a im t oh ave s o lved a l l t h e o u t s tand ing p rob lem s o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l s equence a t C l ickh im in ; f r e sh e xcava t ion s , c a r ef u l ly d e s igned t o u n rave l o b scu re s t ra t ig raphy , a nd t o o b ta in m a te r ia l f o r r ad ioca rbon d a te s , w ou ld b e n eeded f o rt h a t . H oweve r Ih ope t h a ta t temp t ing ar e -ana ly s is o ft h e s i te a tl e ng th i nt h i s w ay w i l l a tl e a s t h i gh l igh t t h e m any p rob lem s n eed ing s o lu t ion a s w e l l a s o f f e r ing s ome c on s t ruc t ive s ugge s t ion s t o m ake b e t te r s en se o ft h e s i te .

S quare HU44 HU44 1 CL ICKH IM IN HU /464408 S o l id -ba sed b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , Ma in land , s i tua ted o n al o ch p romon to ry j u s t o u t s ide L e rw ick . S y s tema t ic e xcava t ion h a s r evea led i t t o b e o n t o p o f e a r l ie r s e t t lemen t s ( wh ich i n c lude s t ruc tu re s l i ke ac e l led h u t o r ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' , ap o s s ib le r oundhouse , ar i ng f o r ta nd ah ybr id g a tehouse f o r t ) a nd t oh ave b een s u cceeded b ya w hee lhou se b u i l t i n s ide i t( v i s i ted 3 & 1 0 /6 /63 a nd i n 1 971 a nd 1 987 ) 8 9

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

P ART 1 : EARLY S TUD IES 2 .E ar ly w ork T he p romon to ry i nt h e l o ch o fC l ickh im in o nw h ich t h e s i t e s t and s i sh a lf am i le o u t s ide L erw ick a nd u n t i l 1 874 w a s a n i s le t w i th a s t one c au seway l e ad ing t ot h e s ho re . I nt h a t y ea r t h e l o ch w a s p a r t ly d r a ined , t h e w a te r l e ve l d ropped b y a bou t 7 5 c m a nd t h e i s l e t b ecame a p romon to ry [ 3 , 2 02 ) . A p ho tog raph t a ken b ef o re 1 874 s how s t h a t t h e w a te r t h en r e ached t h e e dge o ft h e r ubb le f a l len f r om t h e o u te r w a l l a nd t h a t t h e c au seway w a sj u s t v i s ib le a bove i t s s u rf ace [ 4 ,2 4 , f i g . 5 70 ] . T he f i r s t s y s tema t ic s u rvey o ft h e s i t e w a s b egun i n 1 855 b y S i r H en ry D ryden ; h e c omp le ted i t ,w i th ad e sc r ip t ion , i n 1 866 a f t e rt h e f i r s t e xcava t ion s h ad b een c omp le ted [ 3 ] . I n e s sen t ia l s t h e s i te c on s i s t s o f a n o u te r w a l l r unn ing r ound t h e i s le ta nd c l o se t oi t se dge , w i th t h er ema in s o fa b roch t owe r o ccupy ing t h e h i ghe s t g round i n s ide t h i s . B e tween t h e b roch a nd t h e g a teway i n t h i s w a l l i sa n u n ique , f r ee s tand ing b lock o fm a son ry k nown a tf i r s t a s t h e ` f o r ewo rk ' a nd mo re r e cen t ly a st h e ' b lockhou se ' , a nd t h e re a r e t r ace s o f o t he r ' o u tbu i ld ing s ' a r ound t h e b roch ( I l l . 4 . 95 ) .

t h ough t h is i sn o tm en t ioned f o re xamp le b yD ryden . T he e a r ly p ho tog raph w h ich s how s t h e s i te o n a n i s land , w i th w a te r c om ing u p a lmo s t t ot h e t op o ft h e c au seway [ 4 , f i g . 5 70 ] , mu s th ave b een t a ken b ef o re 1 874 w hen t h e l e ve l o f t h e w a te rw a s l ow e red . T h i s p ho tog raph s how s t h eb roch m o re o r l e s s a si ti st oday , w i th a l e ve l w a l lhead c ove r ed w i th t u rf , a nd i ts e em s r e a sonab le t o s uppo se t h a t i tw a s t a ken a f t e r t h e c on so l ida t ion w o rk w h ich f o l lowed t h e 1 86 1 e xcava t ion s . S i nce o ne o fD ryden 's e l eva t ion s o ft h e b roch s how s a n u neven w a l lhead , a nd a l so s ome f e a tu r e s n ea r t h e t op w h ich h ave n ow d i sappea r ed , i ts e em s t h a t t h i s d raw ing w a s m ade i n1 855 , d u r ing h i s f i r s t v i s i tt ot h e s i te [ 3 , 2 03 ] ( I l l . 4 . 92 ) ; t h e r e s t w e re m ade ( o r a d ju s ted ) i n 1 866 , p r e sumab ly a f t e r t h e w o rk o f e xcava t ion a nd r e s to ra t ion w a sc omp le te . I n 1 908 10 t h e s i t e w a s t a ken i n to g ua rd ian sh ip b y H . M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s a nd m uch o ft h e f a l len d eb r i sw a s c l ea red f r om a r ound t h e b roch a nd t h e o u te r w a l l ; t h e u ppe r p a r t s o f t h e b roch a nd t h e ` f o r ewo rk ' o r ' g ua rdhou se ' w e r e a ppa r en t ly f u r the r c onso l ida ted a t t h a t t i me [ 1 1 , 1 ] , t h ough n o d e ta i l s a r eg i ven .

P ART 2 : GENERAL DESCR IPT ION O F THE S ITE I n 1 86 1 t h e S he t land L i te ra ry S oc ie ty w a s f o rmed i n L e rw ick a nd i tf i nanced e xcava t ion sa tC l ickh im in t h en a nd i nt h e f o l low ing y ea r , d i rec ted b y R obe r t N . S pence [ 2 ] . I n t h is w ay t h e i n te r io r o f t h e b roch a nd s ome o f t h e c hambe r s i nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e re c l ea red o u t b y " some g en t lemen i nL e rw ick w i th a s s is tance f r om t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s a nd o t he r s" [ 3 , 2 03 ) . As t one r oundhou se , o r w hee lhou se , w a s t h e reby r e vea led i n s ide t h e b roch a nd i n co rpo ra ted i n to D ryden 's p l an . O n t h e s t one c au seway l e ad ing f r om t h e s i te t ow ha tw a st h en t h e s ho re o ft h e l o ch i sa n o u te r g a teway w i th s hor t f l ank ing w a l l s ; as i l l s t one i nt h is b ea r st wo c a rved f oo tp r in t s s i de b ys i de o n i t su ppe r s u rf ace . T h i s g a teway i sn ow b ad ly r u ined b u t w a s e v iden t ly c on s ide rab ly r e s to r ed b ef o r e 1 874 [ 4 , f i g . 5 70 ) , p re sumab ly a tt h et ime o ft h ee xcava t ion s .

3 . D e scr ip t ion o fS truc ture s T he C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s v i s i ted t h e s i te i n 1 930 a nd 1 934 a nd c omp i led t h e f i r s t r e a l ly c omp rehen s ive a ccoun t o ft h e v a r iou s s t ruc tu re s t h e re . T o t h is a r e a dded o b se rva t ion s m ade b y D ryden i n1 855 a nd 1 866 a nd b yt h e w r i te r , m a in ly i n1 987 . 3 . 1 T he c au seway T h is i s2 . 3 m( 7 f t . 6i n s . ) w ide a nd a pp roa che s t h e i s l e t f r om j u s t e a s t o f s ou th ; i ti sn ow t r a ceab le f o r at o ta l l e ng th o f3 7 m( 1 22 f t . ) [ 4 ] -o r5 1 .9 m ( 1 70 f . )a cco rd ing t oD ryden [ 3 ] . A t ad i s tance o f 1 2 .8 m ( 4 2 f t . ) f r om t h e o u te r w a l l o ft h e s i t e i s as hor t w a l l c on ta in ing ag a teway w h ich e v iden t ly b l ocked t h e c au seway w hen t h e w a te r l e ve l w a s h i ghe r [ 4 , p l . 2 4 , f i g . 5 70 ] . T he s i l l s t one o ft h i s o u te rg a teway b ea r st h et wo c a rved f oo tp r in t s .

T he f e a tu re o ft h e s i te w h ich a r ou sed mo s t i n te r e s t , b o th i n D ryden 's m ind a nd i nt h a t o fm o s t l a te r i n ve s t iga to r s , w a s t h e f r ee s tand ing s t one s t ruc tu re - t e rmed a ' g ua rdhou se ' b y h im - b eh ind t h e o u te r e n t rance [ I l l . 4 . 106 ] . D ryden w a s u nab le t o d ec ide w he the r t h i s s t ruc tu re w a s e a r l ie r t h an , c on tempo ra ry w i th o rl a te rt h an t h e b roch b u t h e w a s i n c l ined t ot h ink t h a t t h e q ua l i ty o f i t s m a son ry i n d ica ted c on temp -o rane i ty . B y c on t ra s th et h ough tt h a tt h em a son ry o ft h e o u tbu i ld ing s w a s i n f e r io rt ot h a t o ft h e b roch a nd h e i n f er r ed t h a tt h e s e conda ry b u i ld ing i n s ide t h et owe r -n ow k nown a s aw hee lhou se - w a sm ade o fm a te r ia l f a l len f r om t h eb roch w a l ls .

T he c au seway p roceed s s t ra igh t o u twa rd s f r om t h e l a nd ing s t age a nd a ta n a ng le w h ich i ss l igh t ly t ot h e w e s t o ft h e c en t re l i ne o ft h e p a s sage t h rough t h e o u te rw a l l ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) . T hen i tt u rn s s h a rp ly t ot h e e a s t ( t hrough a na ng le o fa bou t 4 5 d eg ree s , e s t ima ted b y e ye ) a nd c an b e s e en , c ove r ed i n g r a s s , c r o s s ing t h e a d jacen t f i e ld u n t i l i td i sappea r s n ea r t h e m odem w a l l . T h is b end , a nd t h e o u te r p a r t o f t h e c au seway , a r e n o t m en t ioned i n t h e p ub l ished a c coun t s a nd i ti sb e l ieved l o ca l ly t h a t t h e o u te r p a r t w a s m ade b y w o rkmen c l ea r ing t h e s i te , t o make i te a s ie r t o b a r row m a te r ia l a way .

T he f i nd s r e cove red f r om t h e b roch i n1 86 1 i n c luded s t one t r ough s o r mo r ta r s , o va l b each s t one s u sed a s p e s t le s , c oa r se b l ack p o t te ry , s p ind le w ho r l s , s t one p o t l i d s a nd s he l ls . S ome o ft h e i n f o rma t ion c omp i led b y D ryden i s i n c luded i nt h e d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s t one s t ruc tu r e s i nP a r t2 .

T he s u rf ace o f t h e f i r s t p ar t o f t h e c au seway i s a pp rox ima te ly l e ve l a nd i tm u s t r e la te t ot h e l e ve l o ft h e w a te r i nt h e l o ch w hen i tw a s b u i l t . T h i sw a s w e l l a bove t h e p r e sen t l o ch s u rf ace ( wh ich , a s n o t ed , w a s p a r t ly d r a ined i n 1 874 a nd b ecame a bou t 7 5 c m l owe r ) . D ryden 's e l eva t ion s how st h ew a te r l e ve lt h en t oh ave b een

I ti sc l ea rt h a te x ten s ive c on so l ida t ion a nd r e s to ra t ion w o rk w a s u nde r taken a t t h e s i te a f t e r t h e 1 86 1 e xcava t ion s ,

9 0

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

a bou t 5 . 5 f t . b e low t h e u nde r s ide s o f t h e l i n te ls o f t h e ' b lockhou se ' e n t rance ( I l l . 4 . 94 , s e c t ion o f ' b lockhou se ' ) w h ich s e em s t o b e a ta bou t t h e s u r f ace o ft h e c au seway a t t h e f o o tp r in tg a teway ( I l l . 4 . 96 , s e c t ion BB ' ) . T h i s w ou ld f i t w i th t h e o ld p ho tog raph w h ich s how s t h e c au seway a lmo s t s u bme rged [ 4 , p l . 2 4 , f i g . 5 70 ] . T he w a te r t h en mu s t h ave b een a bove t h e p aved f l oor o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' p a ssag e( I l l .4 . 100 ) .

l a nd ing s t age . A s i se xp la ined l a te rt h e se s l ab sw e re f ound t o b e r e s t ing a l so o n t op o f am idden l a ye r w h ich h ad a ccumu la ted o ng rave l a nd a ga in s tt h e f oo to ft h er i ng -wa l l . 3 . 3 T he Torework 'o r ' B lockhou se ' T he se a r e t h e a l te rna t ive n ame s w h ich h ave b een g i ven t o t h e i s o la ted s t ruc tu r e i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e o u te r g a teway a nd 2 . 75 m ( 9 f t . ) f r om i ta nd w h ich w a s p r e sumed b y t h e C omm i s s ion t ob e c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e b roch ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) [ 1 1 , 5 4 -6 1] . I tw a s f ounded o n n a tu ra l g rave l [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion E 'E ] a nd s t i l l s t and s 2 . 90 m ( 9 .5 f t . ) h i gh a nd 1 2 .96 m ( 42 .5 f t . ) i nl e ng th a nd i sb u i l t w i th n ea t ly c on s t ruc ted e nd s a nd i n ac u rve a pp rox ima te ly c oncen t r ic w i th t h a t o ft h e b roch w a l l a l though s omewha t s ha l lowe r ( I l l s . 4 . 103 -4 . 107 ) . D ryden 's d r aw ing s s ugge s t t h a t i tt o o w a s r e s to red a nd c on so l ida ted i nt h e 1 860 s ( I l l . 4 . 94 ) .

U nf o r tuna te ly , a nd a l though i ti sa n i mpo r tan t p i ece o f i n f o rma t ion , t h e l e ve l o f t h e c au seway s u rf ace i s n o t c l ea r ly r e la ted t ot h e v a r iou s I r on A ge f l oo r s i na ny o ft h e p ub l i sh ed a c coun t s , t h ough a sn o ted D ryden d oe sm a rk t h e p re 1 874 w a te r l e ve l ( b ef o re t h e l o ch w a s d ra ined ) o n h i s e l eva t ion s [ 3 ] . V e ry s im i la r s ubme rged a nd a ng led c au seway s c an b e s e en a t D un T o rcu i l l i n N or th U i s t ( NF87 3 )a nd a tD un B a rabha ti nH a r r is ( NB 13 1 ) . 3 . 2 O u t e rw a l la nd l a nd ing s t ag e T he t h ick s t one w a l l s u r round ing t h e w ho le s i te ( known a s t h e r i ng -wa l lt ot h e e xcava to r ) a ppea r s t ob e as o l id b a r r ie r o fu nev en t h icknes s ; i t sa ve rage w id th i sc .3 . 05 m ( 10 f t . ) [ 1 1 , 5 2 -4 & 7 6 ] . B ef o re t h e m odern e xcava t ion s i ts t ood 1 . 7 m( 5 .5 f t . ) h i gh o u t s ide a nd i s ma s s ive ly a nd r egu la r ly b u i l t w i th b l ock s o f t h e l o ca l g r i t ( I l ls . 4 . 86 -4 .88 ) . I n f r on t o f t h e s i ng le g a teway t h rough t h i sw a l l , w h ich f a c e s a l ong t h ec au seway , i s aw id e a nd f l a t , l ow p l a tf o rm , s uppo sed t ob e al a nd ing s t age . T he p a ssage i t s e lf i s5 . 3 m( 17 .5 f t . ) l o ng s o t h e w a l l i sm uch t h icke r h e r e t h an e l sewhe r e ; t h e re i s ap a i r o fd oo r check s 4 .40 m ( 14 f t . 5i n s . ) f r om t h e o u te r e nd , f o rmed o f s l abs p ro jec t ing f r om t h e w a l ls , a nd t h e re a s i ng le r e ba t ed d oo r -check , 2 . 44 m ( 8 f t . ) i n . T he o u te r p a r t o ft h e p a s sage i sf unne l shaped ( w i th a w ide r o u te r e nd ) a nd s e ems t o h ave b een a dded o n a ts ome s t age ; a s t ra igh t j o in t i sv i s ib le i n t h e f o rm o f t h e r e ba ted d oo r c heck m en t ioned [ 6 , 1 12 ] ( I l l . 4 . 88 ) . T hu s t h e re w e re e v iden t ly t wo w ooden d oo r s o r g a te s i n t h e e n t rance t h rough t h eo u te rw a l l . T he p av ed f l oo ro ft h i s p a s sage i sc ons ide rab ly h i ghe rt h an t h e g round n ow e xpo sed i mmed ia te ly i n s ide , a nd t h e re a r e s eve ra l s t ep s d own f r om t h e p a s sag eway h e r e l e ad ing t oa s t re tch o fp av ing w h ich c onnec t s d i r ec t ly w i th t h e f l oo r o f t h e p a s sage t h rough t h e ' b lockhou se ' b yw ay o f ap r ima ry s t ep a tt h eo u te re nd o ft h e l a t te r( I l l4 . 103) . A s sum ing t h e l a t te r t ob e t h e p r ima ry f l oo r l e ve l t h e p av ing i nt h e o u te r g a teway i sp r e sumab ly s e conda ry o re ven t e r t ia ry . T he ' l and ing s t age ' i s al o ng , l ow p l a tf o rm i mmed ia te ly o u t s ide t h i sg a teway ; i ti sa tp r e sen ta bou t3 0 c mh i gh , u p t o 5m w ide a nd 2 2 m l o ng , t wo th i rd s o fi tb e ing t ot h e w e s t o ft h e g a teway . I th a s c l ea r ly b een l a id a ga in s t t h e r i ng -wa l l b u t i t s e xac t s t ra t ig ra ph ica l p o s i t ion w a s e l uc ida ted d u r ing t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s , a nd i sd i scu s sed i nS ec t ion 7 . 6 .

I t s m ax imum t h ickne s s , a tt h e c en t ra l ly s i tua ted e n t rance p a s sage , i s4 . 12 m ( 1 3 .5 f t . ) . T h i s p a s sage i s1 . 5 mw ide a tt h e o u te r e nd a cco rd ing t ot h e d raw ing [ 1 1 , f i g . 2 4 ] a nd i ss t i l l p a r t ly l i n te l led ; i th a s b u i l t , r e ba ted d oo r -check s 1 . 53 m ( 5 f t . ) f r om t h e o u te r e nd , w i th a b a r -ho le a nd s ocke t b eh ind t h e se . T he b a r -ho le i ss t a ted b y S imp son t o r un i n to t h e mu ra l c e l l o n t h e e a s t [ 7 , 2 1 ] b u t a cco rd ing t oH am i l ton i te nd s b ef o r e t h a t [ 1 1 , f i g . 2 4 ] ; at o rch n ow s how s o n ly b lock ing a tt h e f a r e nd o f t h e h o le , a nd t h e C omm i s s ion 's e l eva t ion i n f a c t a l so s how s t h e b a r -ho le s t opp ing s hor to ft h e c e l l ( I l l . 4 . 97 , s e c t ion E E ') . T he r e i s as t ep u p i n to t h e e n t rance p a s sage a tt h eo u te re nd w h ich l o ok s l i ke ap r ima ry f e a tu r e ; t h e h ug e s l ab f o rm ing t h e s i l l u nde r l ie s b o th w a l l f a ce s ( I l l . 4 . 103 ) . T he r e i s a no the r s i l l s t one a t t h e d oo r -f rame w h ich m igh t b e d educed t o b e ap r ima ry f e a tu re i n t h e s ame w ay ; t h is f o rm s al ow s t ep l e ad ing u p t ot h e h i ghe r l e ve l o fp av ing i n t h e i n ne r h a lf o f t h e p a s sage ( I l l . 4 . 105 ) . T he w ho le p aved f l oo r w i th i t s t wo s t ep s i ss hown a s as e conda ry f e a tu re i nt h e e xcava t ion r e po r t [ 1 1 , f i g . 2 4 , F -E ] a l though n o m en t ion i sm ade o fi th av ing b een t a ken u p t of i nd a ny p r ima ry p av ing b e low ( I l l . 4 . 100 ) . I ndeed t h e s uppo sed ' p lugg ing ' o ft h e p a s sage i nt h is w ay i sm ade a s i gn if ican t f e a tu re o f t h e e p i sode o f f l ood ing w h ich i sh e ld t oh ave o ccu r red b e tween t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond r i ng -f o r t s [ 1 1 , 7 5 ] . Wh i le n o e v idence f o rt h e s e conda ry n a tu r e o ft h e f l oo r i sg i ven i nt h e r epo r t , a nd w h i le t h ec ha rac te ro ft h e s i l l s s e em s f i rm ly t op r ec lude t h e i d ea , i ti st r ue t h a tn o p ivo t s t one i sv i s ib le n ow b eh ind t h e l ef t d oo r -check ( I l l . 4 . 105 ) . T h i s i mp l ie s t h a t i ti s p robab ly b u r ied u nde r al a te r f l oo r l a id i nt h e i n ne rp a r t o f t h ep a s sage . T he s i de w a l l s o f t h e p a s sage c on t inue u p a bove t h e r oof ing l i n te ls o ft h e e n t rance t of o rm ac hambe ro rv o id o f t h e s ame w id th w h ich e x tend s f o rwa rd t o a p o in t i mmed ia te ly a bove t h e d oo r -f rame b e low ; t h e reaf te r t h e w a l l i ss o l id a s f a r a s t h e f r on t l i n te l ( I l l . 4 . 97 , S ec t ion BB 1) , i n t h e s ame w ay a s t h e b roch e n t rance ( b e low ) . T he re i s as hor t l e ng th o fl ow , l i n te l led mu ra l g a l le ry , 1 . 2 m ( 4 f t . ) h i gh , l e ad ing w e s twa rd s f r om t h i s u ppe r c hambe r , a c ro s s t h e w es te rn m u ra l c e l l ( wh ich w a s u nknown t o t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s ) t o e nd b l ind

R e s t ing a ga in s t t h e f o o t o ft h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e r i ng -wa l l i mmed ia te ly w e s to ft h e l a nd ing s t ag e , a nd f o r ad i s tance o f c .1 6 mf r om i t , i s am a s s o fl a rg e s t one s l ab s l a id o n e nd ( I l l . 4 . 86 ) . T hey a l so s e em t or e s ta ga in s t t h e e nd o ft h e

9 1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

b eh ind t h e e x te rna l s t a i rway i n t h e e nd w a l l ; t h e u nde r s ide s o fs om e o ft h e se s t ep s c an b e s e en f r om b e low a st h ey p a s sa c ro s st h es i d eo ft h ec e l ld ome ( I l l .4 . 108 ) .

g a l le ry , ( 2 ) t h em a son ry b l ock b e tween t h e c hambe r o v e r t h e e n t rance a nd t h e e a s tg a l le ry a nd ( 3 )t h es i ng le l i n te li n p o s i t ion o v e r t h e w e s t g a l le ry . H e a l so s h ow s t h a t t h e w e s tc e l lw a s p a r t ly e mp ty o fi t sr ubb le f i l ls ot h a to n eh ad t os t ep d own i n to i tf r om t h eg a l le ry .

T he r e i sa no th e r s ho r t l e ng th o ft h i s u ppe r g a l le ry w h ich o ve r run s t h e d e ta ched mu ra l c e l l o n t h e w e s t w h ich , l i k e t h ee a s to ne , i sa c ce s s ib le o n ly f r om a bove . T h i sg a l le ry i ss e pa ra t ed f r om t h ec hambe ro v e rt h ee n t rance b y ab l ock o f m a son ry a bou t 1 . 2 m ( 4 f t . ) t h ick . I tm ay b e a s k ed w he the rt h i sb l ock ing i so r ig ina l , s i nce s u ch u ppe rg a l le r ie s u sua l ly m ee t t h e c hambe r o v e r t h e e n t rance i nt h e s ame w ay o n b o th s i de s -e i the rj o in ing i to r b e ing s e pa ra ted f r om i tb y s o l id w a l l ing . T he s e cond o rw e s t e rn c e l l w a s o n ly e mp t ied i n t h e p o s t -wa r e xcava t ion s , h av ing a ppa r en t ly b een d e l ibe ra te ly p a r t ly f i l led w i th r u bb le i nt h e 1 9t hc en tu ry .

B y t h e t ime t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t ig a to r s s u rveyed t h e f o r ewo rk i nt h e e a r ly 1 9 30 s t h e f i l l w a s u pt ot h e l e v e l o f t h ep a s sage l i n t e l s a nd t h eg a l le ry f l oo r [ I I .4 . 97 ] , a nd t h e e x i s tence o f t h e c e l l w a s t h e r ef o r e u n su spec t ed . P r e sumab ly D ryden 's d r aw ing sw e r en o tc on su l ted . 3 . 4 O the rv i s ib l ee x t e rna lf ea tu re s T he m o s t i mpo r tan t o ft h e se i s as o r t o fb r oad mound o r p l a tf o rm ( n ow g r a s sed o v e r ) w h ich r e s t s a ga in s t a bou t a q ua r t e r o f t h e c i r cumf e r ence o f t h e b r o ch w a l l , f r om b eh ind t h e f o r ewo rk r ound t o t h e e a s t . T h i s w a s o n ly d i scov e r ed d u r ing t h e e x cava t ion s a nd , a s i s e xp la in ed l a te r , H am i l ton i n t e rp r e ted i ta st h er ema in so ft h ew a l lo f t h e s e cond , c on t r a c t ed p r e -b roch r i ng -f o r t ; h oweve rt h e p l a tf o rm , f r om i t sp r e sen t a ppea rance , l o ok s mo r e l i k e a mound o fr ubb le p i led a ga in s t t h e b a s e o ft h e b roch ( I l l . 4 . 111) . T he r e a r e n o v i s ib l e t r ace s o fw a l l f a ce s e a s t o f t h e f o r ewo rk , w he r e t h e p l a tf o rm r e a che s i s g r ea t e s t w id th , a nd r u bb le c an b e s e en b eh ind t h e s i ng le r ow o f n ea r ly v e r t ica lf a c ing s l ab sw h ich r un sa l ong t h e f r on te dg e o ft h e ' p la tf o rm ' .

B o th f r on t a nd r e a r f a ce s o f t h e f o r ewo rk a r e b a t t e r ed ( s loped ) a nd o nt h e l a t te r ah o r izon ta l l e dg e o rs c a r cemen t o ft h e s h e lf t y pe p ro jec t s a t ah e igh t o ff r om 4 . 5 -5 f t . a bove t h ep r e sen tg round l e ve l( I l l . 4 . 104 ) ; t h e i n ne r -mo s t l i n t e l o ft h ep a s sage ,w hen i tw a sp r e sen t ,w ou ld h ave b een ac on t inua t ion o ft h i s l e dg e [ 4 , f i g . 5 64 ] . I tw a s s u rm i sed b y t h e C omm i s s ion t h a t s t one l i n t e l s r e s t ed o n t h i s a nd r oof ed ap a s sage o rc or ido rr u nn ing b eh ind t h e f o r ewo rk ; t h e o t h e rw a l l o ft h i s ' p a s sage ' w a s b roken d own h e r e b u t i tw a s t h ough t t h a t as t r e t ch o f w a l l f a ce v i s ib le f u r the r w e s ta nd w h ich m e tt h eb roch e n t rance , w a s ac on t inua t ion o fi t . T h e se h ypo the se sh av eb een m ade r e dundan tb yt h e r e su l t s o f t h e m ode rn e xcava t ion s , a nd a l so b y am o r e r e cen t u nd e r s tand ing o f t h e p u rpo se o f s c a r cem en t s i n b roch s . T h i s s e e s t h em a s s uppo r t s f o r r a i sed w ood en f l oo r s , n o tf o rs t one l i n te l s .

I mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e f o r ewo rk t h e ' p la t f o rm ' h a s b een d ug a way t o e xpo se s ome k i nd o f s ma l l c i r cu la r c e l l o r c hambe ro nt h eo l dg r ound s u rf ace , a nd t h eb ack o fw h ich i sf o rmed b y t h e b r och w a l l . H e r e o n o ne s i de o ft h e e xpo su r e i tc an b e c l ea r ly s e en t h a t t h e ' p la tf o rm ' i sp i led a ga in s t t h e b ro ch - i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e l a t t e r i se a r l i e r a l though o nt h eo t he rs i de t h e r ei s as ugg e s t ion t h a tt h es i de o f t h e c e l l p ene t ra te s t h e b r och m a son ry ( I l l . 4 . 111) . Wha t d oe s s e em t o b e r e a sonab ly c l ea r h oweve r i st h a t h e r e t h e f r on t e dg e o ft h i s ' p la tf o rm ' -w h ich b eh ind a nd w e s t o ft h e f o r ewo rk i sr e v e t t ed w i th al ow w a l l f a ce o ve r r id e s t h e l ow r ema in s o ft h e w a l l f a ce w h ich c onn ec t s t h e f o r ewo rk t ot h eb roch e n t rance ( I l l .4 . 107 ) ; t h u sb o th t h e b roch i t se lf a nd t h e f o r ewo rk w ou ld s e em , f r om t h e e v iden ce v i s ib le a tt h e s i t e n ow , t o b e o l de r t h an t h e ' p la tf o rm ' .

T he i n t ra -mu r a l s t one s t a i rr i se s f r om t h e w e s t e nd o ft h e b u i ld ing u pt o al a nd ing f o rmed b yt h el i n t e l sa tt h ep r e sen t w a l lhead ; t h i s o f c ou r se i s a bov e t h e u ppe r g a l le ry , d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r( I l l .4 . 106 ) . P r e sumab ly t h e r ew a sa to n e t ime a tl e a s t ap a r ape ta l ong t h e f r on tf a ce o ft h ef o r ewo rk . When H am i l ton 's e xcava t ion s e xpo sed t h ew e s te nd o ft h e f o r ewo rk i tb ecame c l ea r t h a t t h e s t ep s s t opped a tt h e p r e sen t e nd o ft h e b u i ld ing , b u t s ome d i s tance a bov e i t s b a se [ 1 1 , p l . XVa ] . H am i l ton a s sumed t h a t t h i s m ean t t h a t t h e s t a i r w a s as e conda ry f e a tu r e b u t i tc ou ld e qua l ly m ean t h a tt h el ow e s tp a r to ft h ef l igh th ad b een r emoved i n a n c ien tt i me s . T h i sw ou ld h ave p ro jec ted b eyond t h ew e s t e nd o ft h e f o r ewo rk a nd n ex tt ot h e l ow w a l l f a ce r e f e r r ed t o a bove , w h ich c on t inue s t h e i n s ide f a ce o f t h e s t a i r p a s sag e r ound a s f a r a s t h e b r och e n t rance p a s sag e ( I l l . 4 . 117 ) . T h i s i s ap o in t o f g r ea t i mpo r tance w h ich i s c on s ide r ed l a te r . T he l ow e s tf ew s t ep sw h ich c an b es e en n ow w e r ep r e sumab ly l a id i nt h e 1 950 s( I l l .4 . 106 ) .

N one o ft h e se p o in t s a r e c l a r if ied i nt h e e x cava t ion r e po r t [ 1 1 ] w h ich t e nd st od e sc r ibe t h e e xcava t ed f e a tu r e s a st h ey a ppea rr e levan tt ot h e g ene ra ln a r ra t iv ea bou tt h e s uppo sed h i s to ry o f t h e s i t e . T he ' p la tf o rm ' j u s t d e sc r ibed i s i n t e rp r e ted a sp a r t o ft h e s e cond p r e -b ro ch r i ng -f o r t , b u t n o e v iden ce f o r t h i s i sd e sc r ibed a nd n o e xp lana t ion i s g i v en f o rt h ef a c tt h a t i tl o ok s n o th ing l i k e aw a l l . A l so t h e ' wa l l ' o ft h i s s e cond p r e -b roch r i ng -f o r ti sd e sc r ib ed a s r unn ing a n t i -c lockw i se f r om t h e b roch e n t r an ce - w h ich i t d oe s -b u tb eh ind t h ef o r ewo rk t oj o in w i th t h e ' p la tf o rm ' [ 1 1 , f i g . 3 2 ] , w h ich i tc l ea r ly d oe s n o t a tp r e sen t . A s n o t ed t h e t w o w a l l f a ce s a r e s epa r a t e a nd t h a t o f t h e ' p la tf o rm ' o v e r r id e s t h a t o f t h e p r e -b ro ch w a l l . T he se d i sc r epan c ie sa r ed i scu s sed l a t e r .

T he s moo th , l e v e l t o p o ft h e f o rewo rk s how s c l ea r ly t h a t t h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e s t ruc tu r e h a s b een h eav i ly r e s to r ed a nd c on so l ida ted , p r e sumab ly s oon a f t e r t h e e xcava t ion s o f 1 860 -6 1 . D ryden 's e l eva t ion s ( p r e sumab ly o f 1 8 55 ) s how t h et o p a sh i gh ly i regu la r ( I l l . 4 . 94 ) s oh e d oub t le s s s u r veyed t h e b u i ld ing b ef o r e t h e e a r l ie s t w o rk a tt h e s i t e t o ok p l a ce . T he s u rvey s how s m o s t o ft h e m ode rn i n t ra m u ra l f e a tu r e s a l r eady i n p o s i t ion , s o t h ey s hou ld b e o r ig ina l . T he se i n c lude , ( 1 ) t h e l i n te l s f o rm ing t h e l a nd ing a tt h e t o p o ft h e s t a i r , a nd r oof ing t h e w e s t u ppe r 9 2

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

b e t h e r e su l t o f u n sk i l led r e s to ra t ion w o rk . I tr ema in s a f a c t t h a t s uch o dd f e a tu re s a r e o n ly f ound i n b roch s r e con s t ruc ted i nV ic to r ian t ime s . F o re xamp le H owe o f H oxa i n O rkney h a s a' r eve r sed s c a r cemen t ' a nd w a s c l ea r ed o u t a nd e x ten s ive ly r e bu i l t w i th mo r ta r ed ma son ry ( ND49 4 ) . T he s ame f e a tu re i ss e en i n B u r r ian , N o r th R ona ld say t h e w a l l -head o fw h ich w a s a l so r e con s t ruc ted l e ve l a f t e r i t s l a te V ic to r ian c l ea rance ( HY75 1 ) . N eve r the le s s t h e e x t ra d oo rway a tt h e f oo t o ft h e s t a i r i s l i ke ly t ob ea nc ien t( b e low ) .

3 . 5 T he B roch A pa r t f r om t h e c u r iou s ' s pu r ' o fm a son ry a tt h e f oo t o ft h e o u te r w a l l o n t h e n o r th s i de ( d i scu s sed l a te r ) -a nd w ha t s e em t ob et wo s ub s id ia ry , s ma l l , r a i sed d oorway st h rough t h e o u te rw a l l f a ce - t h e b roch s e em s a tf i r s t s i gh t t ob e a n o rma l o n e w i th a s o l id w a l l b a se , t wo c o rbe l led m u ra l c e l l s i n s ide t h i s b a se a nd s omewha t i r r egu la r ly b u i l t mu ra l g a l le r ie s a nd v o id s o ve rt h e d oo r l i n te l s . H oweve r c l o se r e xam ina t ion r a i se s t h e s u sp ic ion t h a t i t s u ppe r l e ve l s h ave b een e x t en s ive ly r e -bu i l t i n moder nt ime s ; t h e r e a r e m any i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu res w h ich l o ok v e ry o dd i n t e rm s o f s t anda rd i sed b roch a r ch i tec tu r e , a nd w h ich a r e w e l l e xp la ined a s t h e r e su l t o f modem r e s to ra t ion b y p e r son s u nf am i l ia rw i th t h ed e ta i l so ft h a t a r ch i t ec tu r e .

3 . 5 .1 . T he b roch e n t rance p a s sage : t h e b roch i t se lf r e s t s o n a n e a r l ie r s t one w a l l a t i t s e n t rance ( t ha t w h ich w a s t h ough t t ob e p a r t o ft h e ' p a s sage ' o r ' c o r r ido r ' b eh ind t h e f o rewo rk ) a nd t h e s e c t ion m ake s t h i s c l ea r ( I l l . 4 . 97 ) [ 4 , f i g . 59 ] . A s t ra igh t j o in t i mmed ia te ly u nde r t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce o f t h e b roch s how s t h a t t h e t owe r w a s b u i l t a ga in s tt h e i n ne r f a ce o f , a nd s l igh t ly o ve r lapp ing , ap r e e x i s t ing w a l l , a nd i ns u ch aw ay t h a t t h e b roch e n t rance w a s a l igned w i th ap a s sage o ft h e s ame w id th i nt h is o l de r w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 117 ) . T he t wo o u te rmo s tl i n te l s , w h ich r e s to n t h e o l de r p a r t o ft h e e n t rance , a r e s l igh t ly h ighe r t h an t h e r e s tb ecau se o ft h i s . I nt h i s e n t rance p a s sage w eg e t ar a r e g l imp se o f t h e i mpo r tance o f c on t inu i ty t o t h e ' move r s a nd s hake r s ' o ft h e I r on A ge w o r ld ( s ee D iscu s s ion ) .

T he s t ump o ft h et owe rh a sa na v e rage e x te rna ld i ame te ro f 6 5 f t . [ 4 ] , o r6 7 f t . 6i n s , a cco rd ing t oD ryden [ 3 ] ; t h e o r ig ina l c en t ra l c ou r t w a s mo r e o r l e s s c i rcu la r w i th a d i ame te ro f 3 0 f t . [ 4 ] , o r 2 9 f t .a c co rd ing t oD ryden [ 3 ] . T he w a l l i st h e ref o r e o n a ve rag e 1 7 .5 f t . t h ick , a nd t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion i sa bou t 5 3 .8% . At h eodo l i te m ea su remen t i n 1 97 1 o f t h e p r ima ry i n ne r w a l l f a ce - t a ken m a in ly a bove t h e l e ve l o ft h e s e conda ry w a l l - g ave ar ad iu s f o r t h e c ou r to f4 . 615 + 0 . 09m ,w h ich g i ve s ad i ame te ro f9 . 23 m o r 3 0 f t . 3i n s . . T h i s mu s t h ow eve rb e a bove t h e l e ve l o f t h e s c a r cemen t w h ich i s m a in ly c oncea led b y t h e s e conda ry w a l l ; h oweve r a t t h e b ack o f t h e c e l l b u i l t w i th in t h i s i tc an b e s e en t ob e 6f t .a bove t h e s e conda ry f l oo r . T hu s t h e d i ame te r o ft h e c ou r t a tf l oo r l e ve l i s p robab ly a bou t 1 2 -15 i n s , l e s s , p e rhap s 2 9 f t . .

T he e n t rance p a s sage f a ce s w e s t sou th -we s t a nd i t s a x i s i s a tr i gh t -ang le s t o t h a t o f t h e e n t rance s t h rough t h e o u te r w a l l a nd t h e f o rewo rk . N o g ua rd c hambe r i sn ow v i s ib le b u t t h e r e a r e t r ace s o fw ha t m igh t b e t h e b l ocked d oo r t o o ne i nt h e r i gh t w a l l b eh ind t h e d oo r -check s ; av e r t ica l s t one s l ab s e t i n to t h e w a l l m ay b e aj amb [ 4 , f i g . 5 59 , s e c t ion AA ] ( I l l . 4 . 116 ) . I tm ay b e t h a t , i ft h e re w a s a g ua rd c e l lh e re , i tw a s o b scu r ed a f t e rt h e 1 86 1 e xcava t ion s a l though D ryden s how sn ot r a ce o fi t . Two r e ba ted c heck s f o r ad oo r , f a ced w i th s l ab s , a r e 1 .5 f t .d own t h e p a s sage f r om t h e j unc t ion w i th t h e o l de r w a l l , o r a bou t 1 6 .5 f t . f r om t h e p r e sen t o u te r e nd . T he b roch p a s sage i s 2f t . 11 i n s , w ide i nf r on t o ft h is d oo r a nd e xpand s t o 4f t .6 i n s . b eh ind i t . A b a r -ho le a nd s o cke t w e re i n t h e w a l l s i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e d oo r - c heck s i nD ryden 's t ime b u t h ave s i nce b een o b l i te ra ted ; t h i s o fc ou r se c onf i rm s t h a t t h ee n t rance p a s sage h a sb een a l te red .

A t p resen tt h e w a l l s t and s 1 7 f t .h i gh a l r ound a nd h a s a l e ve l led a nd t u rf ed t op ; a s n o ted i th a s b een i n t h i s c ond i t ion s i nce b ef o re 1 874 b u t w h en D ryden d i d h i s f i r s t s u rvey i tw a s v e ry u neven ( I l ls . 4 . 9 1 & 4 . 92 ) . F u r the r r e s to ra t ion a ppa ren t ly t o ok p l a ce a f t e r 1 888 w hen t h e s i te w a s t a k en i n to g ua rd ian sh ip b y H . M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s [ 4 , 6 6 ] , b u tt h en a tu re a nd e x ten to ft h is i sn o ts t a ted . T he b roch h a s t wo m u ra l c e l l s i ni t s s o l id b a sa l s t o rey , t h e i r d oo rway s b e ing a t 1 .30 a nd 4 . 30 o ' c lock . S i nce t h e w a l l a ppea r s s o l id u p t o ah e igh t o f 1 2 f t . 6i n s , i n p l ace s [ 4 , f i g . 59 ] ,t h ough t h eL eve l 2i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry i sn o t n ow h o r izon ta l , t h e c o rbe l led r oof d ome s o ft h e se c e l l sr i se a lmo s tt ot h a th e igh t( I l l .4 . 104 ) .

D ryden a l so s aw a d ra in r unn ing d own u nde r t h e f l oo r o f t h e e n t rance ; i tt ur ned h a lf r i gh t i mmed ia te ly o u t s ide a nd l e d d own t o t h e l o ch a l ong a p a s sage t h rough t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd t h rough a g ap i nt h e o u te r w a l l [ 3 , p l . XV I I I ] ( I l l . 4 . 90 ) . T h i s g ap i n t h e r i ng -wa l l h a s n ow d i sappea red .

T he d oo rway t ot h e mu ra l s t a i r i sa t 9o ' c lock a nd i t s s i l l i s n ow 8 f t .a bove t h e f l oo r o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t . Ab road l e dge r un s r o und mo s t o ft h e i n t e r io r w a l l f a ce c l ockw ise , f r om a bou t6 . 30 t o 4o ' c lock a nd a t ah e igh to fa bou t 1 3 f t . b u t t h is t o o i sl i ke ly t ob e amode rn c on s t ruc t ion b ecau se , a sn o ted ,t h er e a l s ca r cemen t i sl owe rd own a t ah e igh to f6 f t .[ 1 1 , 1 1 ] .

T he b roch p a s sage i sl i n te l led f o r mo s t o fi t s l e ng th , a nd t h e l i n te l s i nf r on to ft h e d oo rf r ame a ppea rt os uppo r t s o l id w a l l c o re , w h ich i su nu sua l . T he p a r t o f t h e p a s sage t h rough t h e o lde rw a l l i nf r on t i sn o t r oof ed e xcep t f o rt wo s l ab s i mmed ia te ly a t t h e j unc t ion , a nd w h ich p a r t ly u nde r l ie t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e b roch , a sn o ted . T he se a r e 5 f t . 9i n s , a bove t h e f l oo r , b u t t h e b roch l i n te l s a r e o n ly 4 f t . 6i n s , h igh w h ich s ugge s t st h a tt h e o r ig ina lp a s sage f l oo r i sa tl e a s t 1 2 i n s . l owe r .

T he h o l low o r g a l le ry -wa l led c on s t ruc t ion o f t h i s b roch w a s v e ry c l ea r w hen D ryden p l ann ed i ta nd e ven t h en i t i n c luded s ome u nu sua l f e a tu re s . F o r e xamp le a s e cond e n t rance n ow l e ad s t h rough t h e o u te rh a lf o ft h ew a l l a tt h e f oo t o ft h es t a i rway ( s ee b e low ) , a nd t h eu ppe rg a l le ry a l so e me rges t h rough t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce a s as ma l l r a i sed o pen ing o nt h e n or th -ea s t( I l l . 4 . 96 ) . B o th t h e se f e a tu r e s a r e u npa ra l le led i na ny o t he rb roch a nd m igh t b e e xpec ted

A bove t h e m a in e n t rance t h e re i s ac hambe r o pen ing o n ly t ot h e i n te r io r , t h i s g ap b e ing t h e l owe s t o f as e r ie s o ft h r ee

9 3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

l i n te l led v o id s w h ich e x tend u p t h e i n ne r f a ce t o t h e p re sen t w a l lhead . T he t op v o id c onnec t s w i th t h e u ppe r i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry , a nd t h e l owe r o ne s o n ly e x tend o u twa rd s a sf a ra sb e low t h e o u te rw a l l o ft h a t g a l le ry , t h a t i sn o t m uch b eyond t h e m idd le o ft h e w a l l c o r e ( I l l . 4 . 97 , s e c t ion AA ' ) . 3 . 5 .2 F ea ture s o ft h e b roch w a l lf ace s : t h e t o ta l w a l l h e igh t , a f te r c on se rva t ion , i sn ow 1 7 f t .b u t t h e b roch w a s u ndoub ted ly h i ghe rw hen D ryden p l anned i t . H i sd raw ing s s how m o re l e ve l s i nt h e i n te r io r v o id s t h an n ow e x i s t ; f o r e xamp le h e s how s f ou r l i n te l led o ne s a nd al a rge p a r t o fa f i f th a bove t h e e n t rance ( I l l . 4 . 9 1) w he rea s t h e r e a r e n ow o n ly t h ree v o id s , t h e u ppermo s tb e ing h a lf t h eh e igh to ft h e l owe r t wo ( I l l . 4 . 118 ) . I n t h e m id 1 9 th c en tu ry t h e w a l lhead h e re w a s 1 9 f t . 4i n s , a bove t h e f l oo ro ft h e c ou r t [ 3 , 2 03 ] w he rea st h eh e igh ti sn ow 2 . 25 i n s . l e s s . I ndeed D ryden 's e l eva t ion s o f t h e c r o s s s e c t ion s o f t h e b roch l o ok ing e a s t a nd w e s t m a rk s eve ra l p a r t s o f t h e w a l lhead a s ' n ew ' f o r t h e t o p 4 -5 f t . [ I l l . 4 . 93 ) . H oweve r , a s w i l l b ecome c l ea r , t h e r e con s t ruc t ion w o rk mu s t h ave b een e ven mo r e e x ten s ive t h an t h i s . A s e xp la ined i ti sc l ea r f r om t h e o l d p ho tog raph r ep roduced b y t h e R oya l C omm i ss ion t h a t t h e t op o f t h e w a l l w a s l e ve l led a nd t u rf ed b ef o re 1 874 , s o i ti sc e r ta in t h a t t h e ' c on se rva t ion ' c a r r ied o u t i n 1 86 1-62 i n vo lved t h e l e ve l l ing o ft h ew a l lhead a nd t h e d e s t ruc t ion o fs ome o ft h e f e a tu re s p l anned b y D ryden i n 1 855 . D oub t le s s m o re c hange s t ook p l a ce a f t e r t h e s i te w a s t a ken i n to g ua rd ian sh ip i n 1 888 [ 4 , 6 6 ] , t h ough p e rhap s n o t t o t h e w a l lhead . T he e x ten t o ft h e r e con s truc t ion - c a r r ied o u t b y p eop le w ho d i d n o tp rope r ly u nde r s tand b roch a r ch i tec tu re ( h a rd ly s u rp r is ing ly a tt h a t e a r ly d a te ) -i se a s i ly a pp r ec ia ted b y e xam in ing t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce o ne i the rs i de o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage ( I l l .4 . 118 ) . T he re i s ab road l e dge r unn ing r ound t h e w a l l c l ockw i se f r om a bou t 6 . 30 t o 4o ' c lock , a nd a ta h e igh t o f c .3 . 6 m ( 12 f t . ) a bove t h e i n te rna l f l oo r ( I l l . 4 . 119 ) ; i tc omp le te ly d i sappea r s f o rt h e l a s t q ua r te ro ft h e c i r cumf e r ence [ I l l . 4 . 96 , p l an o fp r e sen t t o p ] . T h is l e dge v an ishe sj u s t b ef o re t h e s t a i rd oo r a t 9o ' c lock - t h e f a ce s a bove a nd b e low b l end ing t oge the r -a nd l i kew i se f a i l s t o r e appea r o n t h e w e s t s i de o ft h e r a ised v o id a t 4o ' c lock . T h is l e dge i sn o t a n o r ig ina l I r on A ge s c a r cemen t o ft h e t ype a lmo s t i n va r iab ly f ound i n b roch s ; a s n o ted t h e C l ickh im in s c a r cemen t i sm uch l owe r d own a nd i sm a in ly c oncea led b eh ind t h e s e conda ry w a l l . T he b road h i gh l e dge mu s t t h u s b e ar e su l t o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e w a l lhead , a nd c l ea r ly e ve ry th ing a bove i ti s n ew . B ecau se t h i s ' r econ s t ruc t ion l e dge ' i sn o t c on t i nuou s , b u t b l end s i n to a c on t inuou s f a ce w h ich r u n s r ound o ve rt h e e n t rance s e c to r , s ome o ft h ef a c ing b e low i t i sp robab ly a l so m oder n . T h is s u sp ic ion i sc onf i rmed b y a n a na ly s i s o fs ome o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu re s a t a l owe r l e ve l ( Sec t ion 3 . 5 .5 ) . D ryden 's s u rvey ( I l l . 4 . 92 ) s e em s t o s how t h e l e dge r unn ing a l t h e w ay r ound i n h i s ' p lan o n t o p ' b u t t h e e l eva t ion l o ok ing w e s t ( t owa rd s t h e m a in e n t rance ) f a i ls t o s how i t .

9 4

A no the r a r ch i te c tu ra l f e a tu r e u n ique t oC l ickh im in i st h e 4 f t .h i gh ' s pu r ' o fm a son ry p ro jec t ing f r om t h e o u te rw a l l o f t h e b roch o n t h e n o r th s i de ( a t 9 o ' c lock ) , a nd i mmed ia te ly u nde r t h e p r e sumed s e conda ry d oo rway o n t h a t s i de . I t s i n te rp re ta t ion b y H am i l ton i sc on s ide red l a te r , b u t h e r e i sp er t inen t t o n o te t h a t t h e ' s pu r ' w a s d rawn b yt h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s i nt h e 1 930 s b u t i nD ryden 's t im e w hen t h e l e ve l o fd eb r i so u t s ide t h eb r och w a sp r e sumab ly m uch t h e s ame - i tw a sn o ta ppa r en t . H i s p l an s c l ea r ly s how t h e o pen ing a ppea r ing i nt h e o u te rw a l l w e l l a bove t h e t h en o u t s ide g round s u rf a ce ( I l ls . 4 . 9 1 & 4 . 93 ) . T he s i l l o ft h is o pen ing i sn ow o n ly a bou t 3f t . a bove t h e t o p o ft h e ' s pu r ' ( I l l . 4 .96 , s e c t ion BB ' ) s o i t s e em s t h a t t h e l a t t e r s hou ld h ave b een s h own b y D ryden i f i te x is ted t h en . I ti st h e ref o re a tl e a s t p o ss ib le t h a t t h i s f e a tu re t o o i s ar e la t ive ly m odern c on s t ruc t ion . H oweve r t h e l i ne o ft h e c u rved o u te r f a ce o ft h e ' s pu r ' a ppea r st ob e c on t inued a l ong t h e p r e sen t g round l e ve l f o rs ome d i s tance b y ar ow o fs t one b l ock s , a ppa ren t ly t h e f o o t ing s o f aw a l l f a ce ( I l l . 4 . 113 & 4 . 114 ) ; t h is s ugge s t s t h a t i ti sa n o l d , p re -b roch f e a tu r e . 3 . 5 .3 U ppe r i n t ra -mura lg a l ler ie s : o n ly o ne r a i sed m u ra l g a l le ry n ow e x is t s i n s ide t h e b roch w a l l , a t am ax imum h e igh t o n t h e n or th , w e s t a nd s ou th o fa bou t 1 3 f t .a bove t h e g round . I t s l e ve l n ow v a r ie s s o t h a t , a s i tr un s r o und a n t i -c lockw i se f r om t h e r a i sed d oo r t o t h e s t a i r a t 9 o ' c lock , i ta s c end s as hor t f l igh t o f i n te rmed ia te s t ep s a t 4 . 30 o ' c lock , a nd b eyond t h a t i ts l ope s d own s t i l l f u r the r , t o b e low t h e l e ve l o ft h e m a in s t a irway , f i n ish ing a t1 2 o ' c lock . A tt h is p o in t i tc r o s se st h e l i n te l led t op o fo ne o f t h e mu ra l c e l ls a nd s udden ly t u rns a tr i gh t a ng le s t of o rm a s ub s id ia ry e n t r ance m ea su r ing 3 f t . b y 2f t .4 . 5 i n s , w ide , l e ad ing f r om t h e e nd o ft h i s g a l le ry t h rough t h e o u te r h a lf o ft h e w a l l . T he s i l l o ft h i s w indow l ik e o pen ing - i ti s t oo s ma l l t ob e c on s ide red ar e a l d oo r -i s 5f t .a bove t h e p r e sen tt u rf o u t s ide ( I l l . 4 . 96 , p l an s ) . T he r ow o fl i n te l s r oof ing t h e g a l le ry a l so t ur n s t h rough a r i gh t a ng le t o f o rm t h e l i n te l s o ft h e o pen ing - af e a tu re n o t s e en i n a ny o t he r b roch ( I l l . 4 . 96 , s e c t ion AA ' ) . N e i the r i nt h i s o pen ing n o r i nt h e o t he r a t 9o ' c lock a r e t h e re a ny s i gn s o fc heck s f o r ad oo r , a nd - t oge the rw i th t h e u n ique a r r ang emen t o ft h e l i n te l sj u s t r e f e r r ed t o , a nd i n deed o f t h e w ho le ' w indow ' , a nd t h e e qua l ly u nu sua l f o rm o ft h e s l op ing i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry l e ad ing t o o ne o f t h em - t h i s m u s t a l r a i se d oub t s a s t o w he the r t h e se f e a tu r e sw e re o r ig ina l ly p a r to ft h e b ro ch ( I l l . 4 . 125 ) . T he u ppe r g a l le ry p a s se s o ve r t h e m a in e n t rance a nd c ommun ica te s w i th t h e u ppe rmo s t o ft h e t h r ee v o id s s t i l l p r e se rved a bove i t ( I l l . 4 . 96 ) . C ompa r ing t h e C omm i s s ion 's c r o ss s e c t ion o f t h is p a r t o f t h e w a l l w i th t h a t p r epa r ed b y D ryden ( I l l . 4 .92 , e l eva t ion s ) o ne c an s e e t h a t i n1 855 t h e re w a sp a r to f as e cond u ppe rg a l le ry o nt o p o ft h e f i r s tw h ich r a n t h roughou t t h e s ou th -ea s t a r c ; i tw a s o n t op o ft h e l i n te ls o ft h e f i r s t o ne o ve r t h e e n t rance a nd a ppa r en t ly r a n r ound a n t i -c lockw ise t ot h e e a s t t oe me rge t h rough t h e o u te rw a l l f a ce s l igh t ly a bove a nd n o r th o ft h e r a i sed ' w indow ' a l r eady d e scr ibed , a nd w h ich n ow t e rm ina te s t h e f i r s t f l oo r g a l le ry ( I l l . 4 . 93 , s e c t ion ' l ook ing e a s t ' ) . N o t r a ce o ft h i s s e cond g a l le ry n ow r ema in s a nd i t

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

mu s t h ave b een d e s t royed d u r ing t h e c on se rva t ion o ft h e w a l lhead .

o r al a dde r i t sh igh l e ve l a l so i mp l ie s t h a t m a s se s o fd eb r i s l a ya ga in s tt h eo u te rw a l lo ft h eb roch w hen i tw a s m ade .

T he t wo g a l le r ie s s e em t oh ave b een l e ve l i nD ryden 's t ime b u t u n sk i lf u l c on so l ida t ion a nd r e con s t ruc t ion o f t h e w a l lhead h a s e v iden t ly c onf la ted t h em a nd p roduced t he c u r iou s a nd u n ique s i tua t ion w he reby t h e s i ng le r ema in ing g a l le ry s l ope sd ownwa rd s a n t i -c lockw i se f r om s ou th t oe as t ( I l l . 4 . 96 ) .

I nf a c t ac a ref u l e xam ina t ion o ft h e s t a i r -f oo t e n t rance a t C l ickh im in c onf i rm s f a i r ly c onc lu s ive ly t h a t i t i s a s e conda ry o pen ing . A s a l ready n o ted t h e f l oo r l e ve l o ft h e d oo r t o t h e mu ra l s t a i r f r om t h e i n te r io r - w h ich i s c on t inuou s w i th t h a t o ft h e p a s sage t h rough t h e w a l l -i s2 f t .b e low t h e f l oo ro ft h e s t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l , s ot h a tt h e r e i s as t ep o ft h i sh e igh tu p i n to t h e c e l l ; t h er i se ro ft h i s s t ep i sc on t inuou s w i th t h e l ef t w a l l o fb o th t h e s t a i r d oo r a nd t h e o u te r d oo r . T h is a l s ugge s t s t h a t t h e e n t rance i s s e conda ry a nd t h a t , w hen i tw a s p u shed t h rough t h e o u te r t h i rd o ft h e b roch w a l l , t h e p a s sage f l oo r w a s l owe r ed a t t h e s ame t ime , , t hu s d e s t roy ing t h e o r ig ina l l a nd ing a tt h e f o o to ft h e s t a i r .

A no the r c u r iou s f e a tu r e , w h ich m ay a l so b e t h e r e su l t o f 1 9 th c en tu ry a l te ra t ion st ot h e m a son ry , c an b e s e en a bove t h e c e l l a t 4o ' c lock . H e re t h e m u ra l g a l le ry , w h ich r uns o ve r t h e c e l l , h a s as ha rp k ink i ni tw he r e i tp a s se s a nd c ommun ica t e s w i th t h e v o id o ve rt h e c e l l d oo r( I l l . 4 . 96 & 4 . 120 ) . I tt u rn s b r ief ly o u twa rd s t h rough 9 0 d eg r ees b ef o re a b rup t ly r e sum ing i t s o r ig ina l c i rcumf e r en t ia l c ou r se . N o o t he r e xamp le o f s u ch a k ink i n ag a l le ry i s k nown i n ab roch a nd i t i s l i ke ly a l so b e a mode r n r e con s t ru c t ion .

T h is s e em s t ob e c onf i rmed b y t h e f a c tt h a tt h e l owe s t f i ve s t ep s o f t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r a r e d i f f e ren t f r om t h o se a bove , h av ing b roade r t r ead s ( I l l . 4 . 123 ) . T he 6 t h i st h e f i r s t r e a l ' b roch ' s t ep a nd i ti sa tt h e l e ve l o ft h e f l oo r o f t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l ( a n o l de rp ho tog raph s ugge s t s t h a t t h e se l owe r s s t ep s w e re n o t u ncove red u n t i l H am i l ton 's w o rk - C ruden 1 951 , p l . 8 ) . A no the r p o in t i st h a t t h e w a l l s o f t h e s ho r t p a s sage l e ad ing t o t h e s t a i rway n ow w iden a st h ey r i se t os uch a n e x ten tt h a t i tw ou ld h ave b een v e ry d i ff icu l t t o b r idge t h e g ap w i th s t one l i n te l s ; o r ig ina l ly t h e s t ep s w ou ld h ave b een i n s ide a g a l le ry . T he w ho le p r e sen t a ppea rance o f t h e s t a i rway a r ea s ugge s t s t h a t a l te ra t ion s w e re m ade t o i t - m a in ly i n vo lv ing t h e m ak ing o f as e cond e n t rance a nd l owe r ing t h e f l oo r o f t h e p a s sage - a f t e r t h e b roch w a s p a r t ly i n r u in s a nd w hen t h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e w a l l o ft h e t owe rh ad b een r emoved . T h is i sc onf i rmed b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e conda ry e n t rance e me rge s t h rough t h e o u te r f a ce w i th i t s s i l l a bou t 6f t .a bove t h e g round o u t s ide ; a s n o ted w hen D ryden s u rveyed t h e s i te t h i s d i s tance w a s o n ly a bou t 2f t . ( I l l . 4 . 93 , s e c t ion ' l ook ing e a s t ' ) . Much o ft h e t op o ft h e w a l l h e re i sm a rked a s' n ew ' .

D ryden a l so n o t iced c l ea rs i gn s o fe x ten s ive a nd a nc ien tr e b u i ld ing i n t h e 4o ' c lock a r c o f t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce [ 3 , 2 06 ] , p r e sumab ly j u s t a bove t h e s e conda ry w a l l ing t h e re ( wh ich s t and s a bou t 4f t . h igh ) . I ti sq u i te p o s s ib le t h a t e x ten s ive r e con s t ruc t ion s o f t h e w a l l t ook p l ace i n I r on A ge t ime s - a f t e r c on s ide rab le d i lap ida t ion , o r e ven d e l ibe ra te d emo l i t ion , h ad o ccu r r ed ( Sec t ion 9 ) - a sw e l l a s d u r ing t h e t wo 1 9 th c en tu ry e p i sode s o fa l t e ra t ion a nd r e bu i ld ing . I ti sc e r ta in ly n o t w i s e t or ega rd t h e p re sen t s t a te o ft h e w a l l o ft h e C l ickh im in b r och a bove a bou t 8t o 1 0 f t . a s r e p r e sen t ing a ny th ing l i ke i t s f o rm w hen i tw as o r ig ina l ly b u i l t . 3 . 5 .4 S ta i r a nd s econd e n t rance . T he r a i sed d oo r t ot h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway i sa t 9o ' c lock -j u s t w e s t o fn o r th a nd i t ss i l l i sa tp re sen ta bou t 7 . 5 f t .a bove t h e i n te r io rf l oor ( I l l . 4 . 97 , s e c t ion BB) . As t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l o pen s t o t h e l e f t o ft h e d oo rb u t i t ss i l l i s 2f t .a bove t h e f l oo r o ft h e d oorway ( I l l . 4 . 124 ) - amos t u nu sua l f e a tu re u nknown i n a ny o t he r b r och [ I l l . 4 . 97 , s e c t ion B B ' ] . T h i s s t a i r -f oo t c e l l i sp a r t ly c o rbe l led b u t l i n te l s c omp le te i t s c ove r ing a s w e l l a sf o rm ing t h ef l oo ro ft h eg a l le ry a bove .

I ts e em s af a i ra s sump t ion t h a tt h is s e conda ry d oorway w a s p u shed t h rough t h e w a l l w hen d eb r i s h ad a l r eady a c cumu la ted a r ound t h a t p a r t o ft h e b a se o ft h e t owe r t oa d ep th o f 4f t . o r mo re ; p robab ly t h e p a s sage f l oo r w a s l owe red b y 2f t .t o l e s sen t h e d rop o u t s ide . T h i s i nt u rn s ugge s t s t h a t m uch o f t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e t owe r h ad a l r eady f a l len o rb een t a ken d own . A s w e s ha l l s e e i nt h e n ex t S ec t ion b u t o ne t h i s s e conda ry b u i ld ing a c t iv i ty a tt h e s t a i rway t ook p l ace a t t h e s ame t ime t h a t a l a rge w hee lhou se w a s i n se r ted i n to t h eb roch .

T he s t a i rd oo rc on t inue s r i gh tt h rough t ot h e o u t s ide w he re t h e o pen ing m ea su re s 3f t .6 . 5 i n s , i nh e igh t b y 2f t .5 . 25 i n s . w ide . A t t h e t ime o ft h e C omm is s ion 's v i s i t t h e s i l l w a s a bou t 3f t .a bove t h et u rf o u t s id e ; c l ea rance o fr ubb le l y ing a ga in s tt h e b a se o ft h e b roch h a s s i nce i n c r ea sed t h is d i s tance t oa bou t 6f t . . I tm ay b e d oub ted w he the rs uch a p o ten t ia l ly v u lne rab le b ack e n t ranc e -w i th n o a ppa ren t m ean s o fb e ing q u ick ly b l ocked - w ou ld h ave b een b u i l t i n to ad ef en s ive t owe r .

3 . 5 .5 . T he m u ra l c e l l s . T he r e a r e t wo c o rbe l led c e l l s o r c hambe r s i n s ide t h e s o l id b a se o ft h e b roch w a l l , t h e d oo r o fC e l l Ab e ing a t1 .30 a nd t h a to fC e l l Ba t 4o ' c lock ( I l l . 4 . 95 ) ; t h e l a t te r i sb locked u p a nd c omp le te ly h i dden b y t h e s e conda ry w a l l r unn ing r ound t h e c en t ra l c ou r t b u t a g ap h a sb een l ef ti nt h i sw a l l i nf r on to ft h e d oo ro fA .

T h i s r a i sed d oo r o ugh t t o b e s e conda ry a nd i n deed v e ry s im i la r s e cond e n t rance s a r e k nown i n s ome b roch s i n C a i thne s s( Ke i s s S ou th a nd K e i s s We s t f o re xamp le : ND36 6& 7 ) ; t h e se w e re e v iden t ly p u sh ed t h rough a tt h e f oo t o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r , t h e t h inne s t p o in t o ft h e w a l l a nd t h e mos t c onven ien t s po t f o r an ew o pen ing t ot h e i n s id e . S i nce t h e se c an b e s hown f a i r ly c onc lu s ive ly t o b e s e conda ry , t h i s s hou ld s uppo r t as im i la r s t a tu s f o r t h e o ne a tC l ickh im in . U n le s s w e a s sume af l i gh to fw ooden s t ep s

C e l l A i sr ough ly o va l i np l an . 1 3 f t .l o ng b y 5f t .w ide , w i th v e r t ica lw a l l s w h ich r i se 6f t . 6i n s , u p i n to a' b eeh ive ' c o rbe l led d ome . T h i s i sc l o sed a tt h et o pw i th s t one l i n te l s , b u tt h e re i s ag ap b e tween t h e se n ow t h rough w h ich l i n te l s o f t h e ' w indow ' w h ich t e rm ina te s t h e u ppe r g a l le ry h e r e

9 5

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t l an t ic S co t land

c an b e s e en . i n s . w ide .

T he c e l l d oo r i s 2f t . 9i n s , h i gh a nd 2 f t .5

C e l l B , a t 4o ' c lock , i sv e ry s im i la r , b e ing 1 2 f t . 9i n s . l o ng , 5f t . 6i n s , h i gh a nd u p t o 9f t . 6i n s . w id e . I t s d oo rway , a s n o ted , i sc oncea led b y t h e s e conda ry w a l l f a ce i n s ide t h e b roch b u t t h e p a s sageway i t se lf h a s a l so b een c a r ef u l ly f i l led s o t h a t t h e i n s ide w a l l o f t h e c e l l a ppea r s a tf i r s t s i gh t t ob e c on t inuou s ; s t ra igh tj o in t s a r e a ppa ren t o n c l o se r e xam ina t ion ( I l l . 4 . 122 ) . H ow eve r D ryden 's s u rvey s how st h a tt h i s p r ima ry c e l l d oorway w a s e mp ty o fm a son ry 1 50 y ea r s a go ( I l l . 4 . 90 ) s o i tm ay h ave b een b l ocked u p i nt h e m id 1 9 th c en tu ry a s p a r t o ft h e w o rk o fr e s to ra t ion a nd s t ab i l i sa t ion . T he re i s av o id s ome d i s tance a bove t h e b l ocked d oo rway a nd t h e w a l l g a l le ry h e re , a sn o ted , c on ta in s t h e ' k ink ' i n i t sc ou r se . T he v o id i sa l so i n te r e s t ing i nt h a t , w he re a s i t s hou ld b e i mmed ia te ly a bove t h e c e l l d oo r ( s uch f e a t u re s n o rma l ly b e ing ad ev ice t or e l ieve t h e f l a t l i n te l f r om t h e w e igh t o ft h e w a l l f a ce a bove ) , i ti si nf a c t t ot h e r i gh t o f t h i s ; t h e l e f ts i de o ft h e v o id ( l ook ing o u t ) i so ve rt h e r i gh t j amb o ft h e b l ocked d oo r . T h i s s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a tt h e v o id i sa l so a modem r e bu i ld , i n w h ich c a se t h e b road l e dge , b e ing h ighe ru p , mu s ta l so b e , a sa l ready s ugge s ted . A l i t t le d i s tance a n t i -c lockw ise f r om t h e ' k ink ' i n t h e g a l le ry i s as ho r t f l igh t o fs t ep s i nt h e s ame g a l le ry ; t h er e a r e n ow a bou t 5s t ep s b u t D ryden s how s 7 ,p e rhap s m or e ( I l l . 4 . 9 1) . S i nce t h i s s hor tf l igh ti ss on ea rt h ew a l lhe ad i t i sa l so p robab ly amodem i n ven t ion . E xam ina t ion o ft h e d ome o fc e l l Ba nd o ft h e r a i sed v o id n ex t t o i tg i ve s f u r the r c l ea r i n d ica t ion s t h a t m uch o ft h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e w a l l h e re h a s b een r e s to red . T he c o rbe l led d ome i sa lmo s t c omp le te a tt h e n o r th e nd o ft h e c e l l ( n ea re s t t h e m a in e n t rance ) w he re t h e re i s ac ap s tone w h ich l o ok so r ig ina l ( I l l . 4 . 121) . H oweve r i mmed ia te ly t o t h e l ef t ( o r a n t i -c lockw ise ) h eavy s t one l i n te l s , o ne a d oub le o ne , b r idge t h e c e l l r oof a t al owe r l e ve l t h an t h e c ap s tone m en t ioned . A l l b roch c o rbe l led c e l l s t h a t Ih ave s e en h ave u n in te r rup ted d ome s , e ven w hen t h ey a r ec a pped w i th l i n te l s f o rm ing t h e f l oo ro ft h e g a l le ry a bove , a nd t h i s c hambe r l o ok s a s i fp a r t o ft h e t op o f i t s d ome h a s b een c r ude ly r e s to r ed . I nt h is c a se mo s t o ft h e w a l l f r om t h i s p o in t u pwa rd s -t h a t i sf r om a h e igh t o f a bou t 9f t . s hou ld b e r e s to red , a nd t h i s o fc ou r se w ou ld i n c lud e t h e v o id , t h e ' k ink ' i nt h eg a l le ry a nd t h eb road l e dge n ea rt h e t o p o ft h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce . 3 . 5 .6 . S econda ry c on s t ruc t ion s i n s id e t h e b roch . A s e conda ry b u i ld ing w a s e xpo sed i n s ide t h e b roch i n 1 86 1 a nd p l anned b y D ryden ( I l l . 4 . 90 ) . I tc on s is ted o fa n e x t ra t h ickne s s o f w a l l , o f v a ry ing w id th , w h ich h ad b een a dded a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l , a nd o f an umbe r o f s ho r t r a d ia l p a r t i t ion s p ro jec t ing i nwa rd s f r om t h i s . T he p a r t i t ion s h ave g one b u tt h e a dded w a l l ing s t i l l e x i s ts , a nd - b e ing m uch t h icke r o n t h e n o r th s i de - i tf o rms a c on t rac ted c en t ra l c ou r t a pp rox ima te ly o va l i ns h ape a nd m ea su r ing 2 6 f t . 1 0 i n s , f r om n o r th -ea s t t os ou th -we s ta nd 2 0 f t . 9i n s , f r om n o r th b y n or th -we s t t o s ou th -ea s t b y s ou th .

9 6

T he s e conda ry w a l l s t ood a bou t 7f t . 8i n s , h i gh i n D ryden 's t ime , a nd i tr e su l ted i n ac on t inua t ion i nwa rd s o f t h e m a in e n t ran ce a nd o ft h e d oorway t oC e l l Aa t 1 .30 o ' c lock . H oweve r t h e d oo rt ot h e C e l l Ba t 4o ' c lock w a s b l ocked b y t h e a dd i t ion ( t hough a s w e h ave s e en t h e d oo rway i t se lf m igh t n o t h ave b een ) . D ryden a l so s u rm ised t h a tt h e r e m igh t b e a no the r c e l l i nt h e 9o ' c lock a r c t h e d oo rw h ich i ss im i la r ly b locked . H oweve ri ts e em s r a the r u n l ike ly t h a t t h e t o p o fs uch ac e l l w ou ld n o t h ave b een f ound d u r ing t h e e x ten s ive r e -bu i ld ing o ft h e t o p o f t h e b roch w a l l . I na dd i t ion t h i s w he r e t h ep r ima ry s t a i r ca se i ss o at a l l c e l l h e r es e em s i mp robab le . T he s i x r ad ia l s t one s l ab s o rb u i l tp i e r sp ro jec t ing f r om t h e s e conda ry w a l lt of o rm p e r iphe ra l c ompa r tmen t s s how t h a t t h e s e conda ry s t ru c tu re w a s af o rm o fw hee lhou se , i n se r ted i n s ide t h eb roch a sa tJ a r l shof . Ac en t ra lh ea r th a nd as t one c he s t o r b ed o n t h e f l oo r h ave a l so d i sappea r ed . A c ompa r tmen t b u i l t i n to t h e t h icke s t p a r t o ft h i s a dded w a l l ( a nd w h ich n o d oub t p rov ide s t h e r e a son f o r t h e e x t ra t h ickne s s ) r e vea ls as egmen t o ft h e b r och 's s c a r cemen t o ft h e c o rbe l led o r ' s he lf t y pe a nd 6f t .a bove t h e p r e sen t i n te r io rf l oo r [ 1 1 , 1 1] . 3 . 5 .7 . O u tbu i ld ing s . V e ry l i t t le s en se c ou ld b e m ade o f t h e v a r iou s s t ru c tu re s s u r round ing t h e b r och a tt h e t i me o f t h e C omm i ss ion 's v i s i t . H oweve r i ti sw or th n o t ing t h a t t h e p rom inen t p a thway t h a tr u n s n or th -we s t f r om t h eb roch e n t rance b e twe en s t one ' o u tbu i ld ing s ' l e d i nD ryden 's t i me d own t o t h e s ho re o f t h e l o ch c l o se b y t h rough a c on s ide rab le g ap i n t h e o u te r w a l l . T h i s w a s a l so t h e c ou r se o f ad r a in t h a t r a n o u t t h rough t h e b roch e n t rance f r om i t s i n te r io r . B y t h e 1 930 s t h is n o r th -we s t o pen ing i n t h e o u te rw a l l h ad d i sappea r ed , f u r the re v idence o fd r a s t ic r e bu i ld ing , p re sumab ly b yt h eO ff ice o f Wo rk s . 3 . 5 .8 S i te s equence . T h ree p ha se s o f b u i ld ing w e r e i n f e r red b y t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s ( I l l . 4 . 95 ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e s had ing o n t h is p l an t h ey p u t t h e b roch a nd t h e ` f o rewo rk ' i n to p ha se 2 o n t h e b a s is o ft h e c l o se s im i la r i ty o ft h e i ra r ch i tec tu r e a nd t op ha se 3w a s a s s igned t h e s uppo sed ly o l de s t s e conda ry b u i ld ing o n t h e s i t e , t h e w hee lhou se i n s ide t h e b roch . I nP ha se 1w e r e p u t t h e r e s t o ft h e o u tbu i ld ing s b e tween t h e b roch a nd t h e o u te r w a l l , t h e o u te rw a l l i t s e lf a nd t h e ' p la tf o rm ' b u i l ta ga in s tt h ef o o t o ft h eb roch . 4 . N ew i n terpre ta t ions B ef o r e t h e M in is t ry o f Wo rk s e xcava t ion s b egan i n1 953 a n ew v i ew o ft h e s i gn if icance a nd d eve lopmen t o ft h e s i te w a s p r e sen ted a t t h e V ik ing C ong r e s s i n L e rw ick , S he t land , i n 1 9 50 [ 7 ] . F o r t h e f i r s t t i me a n e xp lana t ion w a s e vo lved f o r t h e u n ique a r range -men t a nd t y pe s o f b u i ld ing s a tt h e s i t e , p rev iou s w r i te r s h av ing b een m a in ly c on ten tw i th s imp le d esc r ip t ions . W . D oug la s S imp son f i r s t o b se rved t h a tm any c hange s h ad t a ken p l ace i n t h e s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu r e s o n t h e s i t e s i nce D ryden 's s u rv ey a nd p o in ted o u t t h e r e su l t ing n eed f o r c au t ion i n i n te rp r e t ing w ha t w a s v i s ib le i n 1 950 . N eve r the le s s h ef e l tt h a t i tw a s p o s s ib le t oi s o la te t h em a jo r p ha se st h roug hw h ich t h e s i t eh ad d eve loped .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

PART 3 : THE RECENT EXCAVAT IONS

H e s uppo sed t ha t t h e k ey t o t h e s i t e w a s t h e s o -ca l led " f o r ewo rk " , t h en s t and ing f r ee i nt h e s pace b e tween t h e b roch a nd t h e o u te r w a l l , r ega rd ing i ta s a b su rd t o d oub t t h a t s uch as t ruc tu re - w i th i t s c omp lex e n t rance e qu ipped w i th d oo r -check s a nd ab a r -ho le a nd s ocke t -m u s t o nce h ave b een c onnec ted w i th am a s s iv e c u r ta in w a l l r unn ing f r om b o th i t s e nd s . I no t he r w o rd s t h e f o rewo rk m u s t b e t h e r ema in s o f al a rge r s t ruc tu re b a r r ing e n t ry t ot h e s i te , a nd c ompa r i son w i th t h e t wo w e l l k nown S he t land g a tehou se f o r t s o fN e s s o f B u rg i a nd L och o f H ux te r i n S he t land ( HU30 2& HU56 4 ) l e d S imp son t os uppo se t h a t t h e C l ickh im in f o r ewo rk w a s p a r t o f as im i la rb u i ld ing - a h eav i ly d ef ended g a teway b u i l t m o r e m a s s ive t h an t h e r e s t o ft h ew a l lo fw h ich i tw a so nce ap a r t .

I n 1 953 t h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s b egan e xcava t ion s a t t h e s i te , u nde r t h e d i r ec t ion o fJ .R . C . H am i l ton . T h i s w a s o n ly t h e s e cond c a ref u l , s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion o fa b roch s i te e ve rc a r r ied o u t( t he f i r s tb e ing J a r lshof HU30 1 )a nd d u r ing t h ree s e a son s o fw o rk av a s t a moun t o fn ew i n f o rma t ion w a s r e cove red w h ich s h ed a n e n t i re ly n ew l i gh t o n t h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e s i te a nd r e vea led i tt ob e o ne o ft h e mo s t i mpor tan t I r on A ge c omp lexes i nn o r the rn B r i ta in . S even m a jo r p ha se s i nt h e h i s to ry o f t h e s i te w e re i d en t if ied , n ame ly ( 1 ) al a te B ronze A ge c ou r tya rd h ou se , ( 2 ) a n e a r ly I r on A ge r oundhou se , ( 3 ) al a te r I r on A ge f o r t c on s i s t ing o f ar i ng w a l l a nd a g a tehou se , ( 4 ) a c on t rac ted r i ng -f or t ( unf in i shed ) , ( 5 ) as o l id -ba sed b roch , ( 6 ) aw hee lhou se i n s ide t h e p a r t ly d emo l i shed b roch , a nd ( 7 ) l a te s t ruc tu re s a r ound t h e b roch [ 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 & H am i l ton 1 965 ] . T h i s s e c t ion c on s i s t s o f as umma ry o f H am i l ton 's r e su l t s t oge the r w i th s ome a na ly se s a nd a l te rna t ive e xp lana t ion sp r epa red b yt h ew r i te r .

S imp son t h en p o s tu la ted t h a t t h e f o r ewo rk w a s i nf a c t t h e o r ig ina lg a teway t h rough t h eo u te rw a l l a nd t h a tt h ep l an o f t h e l a t te rh ad b een c hanged ; a ts ome s t age t h i s w a l l w a s e x tended t or un i nf r on t o ft h e g a te w h ich h ad a l ready b een b u i l ta nd w a st hu s l e f ti s o la ted . H et h ough tt h a tt h e p l an o f t h e o u te rw a l l s howed e v idence t h a t i t s d i rec t ion h ad b een a l te red a tt wo p o in t s t or un f u r the r f o rwa rd t h an o r ig ina l ly p l anned [ 7 ,f i g . o np . 2 2 ] ( I l l . 4 . 87 ) .

5 .P ha se 1 :t he L a te B ronze A ge h ouse

T he f ou r m a in p ha se s i nt h e h i s to ry o fC l ickh im in w h ich S imp son t h u s d educe s a r e a s f o l low s . F i r s t w a s b u i l t a s imp le e nc i r c l ing w a l lw i th am a s s ive g a tehou se , a na logou s t o L och o fH ux te r a nd N e s s o f B u rg i . S econd c ame t h e i n se r t ion o ft h eb roch t owe rw h ich w a ss uppo sed t ob e l a te r t h an t h e f o r ewo rk b ecau se o f t h e h i ghe r q ua l i ty o f i t s m a son ry . T h i rd , a nd p e rhap s d ue t o af a l l i nt h e l e ve l o f t h e l o ch , t h e a r ea e nc lo sed b y t h e o u te r w a l l w a s e n la rged a nd an ew e n t rance w a s b u i l t i nf r on t o ft h e o r ig ina l o ne , w h ich t h u s b ecame t h e ' f o rewo rk ' ( t hough w hy i tw a s l ef t s t and ing w a s n o t e xp la ined ) . F our th , a f t e rt h e b roch w a s p a r t ly r u inou s , t h e w a r ren o f s u r round ing ' o u t -bu i ld ing s ' w a s p u tu p ;t h es econda ry b u i ld ing i n s ide t h et owe r , t h ough o fb e t te rm a son ry t han t h e o u tbu i ld ing s , s hou ld a l so b e long t ot h i sp ha se . S imp son 's a na ly s is w a st h e f i r s ta t temp tt or e duce t h em a s s o f s t ruc tu r e s a tC l ickh im in t o s ome s o r t o fl o g ica l o rde r . H e d id n o t d r aw a ny c onc lu s ion s a bou t h ow h i s s uppo sed s t ruc tu ra l d eve lopmen t m igh t a f f ec t o u r u nde r s tand ing o f t h eo r ig in a nd d eve lopmen to fb roch a r ch i tec tu re . I n 1 951 S .H . C ruden w ro te ab r ief d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s i te f o rt h e M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s g u ide [ 6 ] . Wh i le m o s to ft h i s i s p u re ly d e sc r ip t ive , t h e s ugge s t ion i s of e r ed t h a t t h e " f o rewo rk " m ay i nf a c t b e e a r l ie rt h an t h e b roch . R ea son s g i ven f o r t h i s v i ew a r e t h e i n f e r io r q ua l i ty o ft h e m a son ry w hen c ompa red w i th t h a t o ft h e b ro ch , a nd t h e v e ry b ad p l a c ing a nd d e s ign o ft h e s t ruc tu r e i fi ti sc on s ide r ed t ob e p a r t o f t h e o u te r d ef ence s o f t h e t owe r . T he v a r iou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu res o ft h e " f o rewo rk" w h ich d e t rac t f r om i t s e f f ec t ivene s sa s af r ee s tand ing d ef en ce w o rk a r e l i s ted ( t he e x te r io r s t a i rway , t h e e n t rance p a s sag e a nd s oo n ) a nd i ti s a ga in c ompa r ed w i th t h e a na logou s f o r t s o fN e s s o fB u rg i a nd L och o fH ux te r w i th t h e s u rm i s e t h a t i tm ay a n teda te t h e b roch . S imp son 's v i ew t h a t m o s to ft h e f e a tu r e s o ft h e " f o rewo rk " a r e e xp l icab le i fi ti sr e ga rded a st h e g a teway o f a much l o nge r d ef en s ive w a l l , n ow d emo l i shed i sn o t m en t ioned .

5 . 1 T he S t ruc ture T he n ew w o rk r e vea led t h a t o ne o f t h e ' o u tbu i ld ing s ' n or th -we s t b y n o r th o ft h e b roch - w h ich h ad a ppa r en t ly b een c l ea red o u t i n 1 908 10 [ 1 1 , 2 8 ] -w a s i n f a c t t h e o l de s t s t ruc tu re o nt h e s i te . T h i s i s as t one h ou se w h ich j udg ing f r om a na log ie s w i th s im i la r h ou se s a t J a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) -w a s p robab ly o ccup ied t owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h e B ronze A ge , p e rhap s i nt h e 8 t h o r 7 t h c en tu r ie s B .C . ( I l l . 4 . 89 ) . I tw a s e r ec ted o n as a ndy h umu s 9 12 i n s , t h ick w h ich l a y o n t op o f n a tu ra l g r ave l o n r o ck [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion J ' J ] . T he h ou se i sa pp rox ima te ly o va l o rw edge s haped , m ea su r ing 2 7 f t . b y 2 6 f t . , w i th i t s l o ng a x i s r unn ing f r om n o r th b y n o r th -we s t t o s ou th -ea s t b y s ou th ; t h e e n t rance i si nt h en a r rowe r , s ou the r ly e nd a nd i sa l igned w i th t h is a x i s ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) . T he i n te r io r c on s i s t s o f a n a pp rox ima te ly o va l c en t ra l s pace 8 x 9 f t . w h ich s e em s o r ig ina l ly t o h ave h ad a s t one l ined h ea r th ( p robab ly r emoved d u r ing t h e e a r l ie r e xcava t ion s ) ; r ound t h i s a r e s eve ra l c e l l s o rr e ce s se s i nt h e t h ickne s s o ft h e s t one w a l l , s epa ra ted f r om e ach o t he r b y p ro jec t ing m a son ry p i e r s . T he t wo c e l ls c l o se s t t ot h e e n t rance h ad b een b l ocked u p i ne a r ly I r on A ge t ime s ( s ee n ex t s e c t ion ) ; t h e l a rge s t c e l l r ema in ing o pen m ea su r ed 5f t . 0i n s . b y 3f t . 6i n s . , h ad a p aved f l oo r a nd as i l l o rk e rb o fs t one s l ab s o n e dge w h ich s epa ra ted i tf r om t h ec en t ra l a r ea . T he e xcava to r f ound t r a ce s o ft wo s ma l l o u thou se s , o ne o n t h e e a s t a nd t h e o t he r o n t h e w e s t ; t h e f o rme r h ad b een c on s t ruc ted a ga in s t t h e o u te r w a l l o ft h e m a in h ou se i n to w h ich ac r ude ly l i ned , s ha l low r e ce s s h ad b een e xcava ted . B o th t h e se f r agmen ta ry b u i ld ing s a ppea red t o h ave b een s e t u p o n t h e s ame e a r ly g round s u rf ace a st h e m a in h ou se . Al e ng th o fd ry s tone w a l l o r d yke r a n s ou th -ea s t f r om t h e w e s t w a l l o ft h e h ou se f o r a bou t 1 5 .9 m ( 52 f t . ) a tw h ich p o in t t h e re w a s a n u p r igh t s l ab m a rk ing i t s e nd , e v iden t ly t h e s i de o f ag a te ; t h is i si n te rp r e ted a sp a r t o f aw a l l t h a t o nce d e f ined a n e nc lo su re o r y a rd a t tached t o t h is e a r ly

9 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

f a rmhou se . t h eh ou se .

5 . 2

I tt oo w a s f ounded o nt h e s ame e a r ly l e ve l a s

F ind so fP ha se 1

B roken p o t te ry , a r tef ac t s a nd o t he r r ubb ish e v iden t ly d i sca rded b y t h e e a r l ie s t o ccupan t s o f t h i s h ou se w e r e f o und , m a in ly i mmed ia te ly n o r th -we s t o f i ti nt h e l owe s t o ccupa t ion l a ye ro u t s ide t h e r i ng w a l l a nd w h ich r a n u nde r t h a t w a l l . T he f i nd s t h e r e i n c luded a bou t 3 0 s he rd s o f s imp le , b a r re l shaped p o t s w i th p l a in r im s m ade o f a c oa r se , s t ea t i t ic w a r e , s im i la r i nt y pe t ot h e p o t te ry f r om t h e e qu iva len t v i l lage a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) . T he s t ea t i te i n c lu s ion s a r e l a rge , " speck l ing t h e c l ay l i ke o a tmea l" . O the rs t one f i nd s f r om s im i la r ly e a r ly c on tex t s i n c luded a f r agmen t o f at r ough q ue rn , 2f r agmen t s o f S he t land p o l i shed k n ive s o f U yea p orphy ry , s eve ra l h amme r s tone s a nd s ome c h ipped s l a te t oo l s -o ne ab roken a xe a nd t h e o t he r p o s s ib ly ap e rf o ra ted s hove l b l ade [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 3 ] . N o w he t s tone s w e re f ound s o n o m e ta l s e em s t o h ave b een u sed .

6 . P ha se 2 : e ar ly I r on A ge T he l owe s to ccupa t ion l e ve l l o ca ted u nde rt h e c en t ra l c our t o ft h e b roch w a s l a ye r 3 , as t ra tum o fw e t , c l ayey s o i l w i th as p read o ft u rf , t w ig s a nd b ranche s o fs p ruce o n t o p o fi t [ 11 , f i g . 8 , s e c t ion AA ' ] ( I lu s . 4 . 10 1) . T h i s l a ye r c on ta ined an ew f o rm o ft h e s t ea t i te -g r i t ted p o t te ry f ound i nt h e o lde s tl e ve l s -s im i la r ly b a r re l -o rb ucke t shaped b u t w i th t h e v e r t ica l r im s s l igh t ly e xpanded a tt h e t op [ 11 ,f i g . 1 9 , n o s . 1 A -3 A ] ( I l l . 4 . 128 ) . T he e xcava to rt h ough tt h a t t h e se e xpanded r im s b e t rayed t h e i n f luence o f t h e e a r ly I r on A ge c a r ina ted p o t te ry f ound i nt h e s e cond p r e -b roch v i l lage a t J a r l shof t wen ty m i le s t o t h e s ou th ( Ham i l ton 1 956 , f i g s . 1 8 & 1 9 ) . T he I l t ra ted s he rd s s how n o c a r ina ted s hou lde r - t h e m o s t c ha ra c te r i s t ic f e a tu re o f t h e se e a r ly I r on A ge w a r e s - b u t a t l e a s t o ne o f t h e p ho tog raphed s he rd s s e em s t oh ave s ome th ing o ft h e s o r t [ 1 1 ,p l . XX I , a ,t op l ef t ] . Mo re I r on A ge p o t te ry w a s f ound i n ap ea t a sh l a ye ru nde r t h e s t one b l ock ing f i l l ing t wo o ft h e c e l l so ft h e l a te B ronze A ge h ou se , a nd i ns eve ra l o t he re a r ly s t ra ta ; t h is w a s af i ne g r ey w a re , w i thou t s t ea t i te g r i t s , a nd t h e v e s se l s h ad a m a rked ly c a r ina ted s hou lde r [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 9 , 1 13 ] ( I l l . 4 . 128 ) . S ome o f t h is f i ne r p o t te ry i s b a r re l shaped a nd a lmo s t i d en t ica l t o t h e l a te B ronze A ge m a te r ia l e xcep t f o r t h e a b sence o fs t ea t i te [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 9 , n o s . 6 12 ] . Af ew o ft h e s hou lde red p o t s w e re d eco ra ted w i th i n c i sed p a t ter n s [ 11 , f i g . 2 0 ,n o s . 1& 2 ]( I l l . 4 . 128 ) . T he c a r ina ted p o t te ry w a s a l so f ound i nt h e l owe s t l e ve l i n t h e s t ra tum o fr e f u se o u t s ide t h a tp a r to ft h e s t one r i ng -wa l l ( o ft h e f i r s t f o r t o n t h e s i te ) i mmed ia te ly n ex t t ot h e l a te B ronze A ge h ou se [ 1 1 , 1 6 & f i g . 6 , P ane l s X I , X I I & X I I I ; f i g . 9 , s e c t ion G 'G , l a ye r 3 ] . T he t wo k i nd s o f p o t te ry w e re a l so f ound t o ge the r i nt h e m a r ine s a nd l a ye r i mmed ia te ly i nf r on t o ft h e l a nd ing s t age ( b e low ) [ 1 1 : f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion D2D3] .

T h i s b r ing s u p t h e q ue s t ion , d i scu s sed i nt h e n ex t s e c t ion , o f w he the r t h e r i ng -wa l l i t s e lf b e long s t ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge . T he e xcava to r d educed t h a t an ew s t one r oundhou se w a s b u i l t o nt h es i t e i nP ha se 2 ,a nd t h a ti tw a st h eb u i lde r s a nd o ccupan t s o f t h is w ho i n t roduced t h e n ew p o t te ry . T he c l ay l a ye ru nde r t h e b roch f l oo r w a s t h ough t t ob e t h e f l oo r o ft h i s h ou se , a nd t h e w e t d eb r i s o ft u rf a nd t w ig s o n t o p o f i tt o b e t h e r ema in s o f i t s c o l lap sed t h a tched r o of . Mo s t o f t h e h ou se w a s t h ough t t o h ave b een d e s t royed , p r e sumab ly w hen t h e b roch w a s b u i l t , b u t as egmen to fi t s s t one w a l l i sh e ld t ob e p re se rved a st h e ' s pu r ' o fm a son ry p ro jec t ing f r om t h e b a se o f t h e b roch w a l l o n t h e n o r th s i de ; H am i l ton s t a te s t h a t t h e h o r izon ta lj unc t ion b e tween t h e t wo s t r uc t u re s c an b e s e en , j u s t a n t i -c lockw i se f r om t h e ' s pu r ' [ 1 1 ,p l . V I I ] . T he e x te rna l d i ame te r o ft h is r ound h ou se w a s o b ta ined b y p ro jec t ing t h e c u rva tu re o f t h e ' s pu r ' , a nd f ound t o b e a bou t 1 0 .68 m ( 3 5 f t . ) ; t h e t h ickne s s o f t h e w a l l w a s e s t ima ted a t4 6 f t .a nd t h e i n terna l d i ame t e r t hu s a bou t 2 5 f t . . T he p o s i t ion o ft h e h ou se i s ma rked o n t h e m a in p l an o ft h e s i te , a nd t h e v an ished p a r t o ft h e w a l l i ss hown a s c u rv ing a c ro s st h e n o r ther nh a lf o ft h e b r och c ou r t [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) . T he p r e -ex i s t ing l a te B ronze A ge h ou se w a st h ough tt oh ave b een u sed a sa n o u thou se a tt h i st i me . H oweve r t h e e v idence f o r t h e e x i s tence o f t h i s s t one r oundhou se i sn o t a s c l ea r a s t h e r e por t i mp l ie s . T he j unc t ion b e tw een t h e m a son ry o ft h e h ou se a nd t h e b roch , e xpo sed i n at r ench j u s t w e s t o ft h e ' s pu r ' [ 1 1 , p l . V I I ] , i s r e a sonab ly c l ea rb u tt h em a son ry a bove a nd b e low t h e l i ne s l o ok s r ema rkab le s im i la r ; o ne w ou ld p e rhap s e xpec t a r e la t ive ly l ow r oundhou se t ob e b u i l t w i th s ma l le r s t one s . A l so a tl e a s t as ma l l d oub t c an b e r a i sed a bou tw he the rt h e ' s pu r ' i t s e lf i so l de rt h an a bou t 1 861 , a l though H am i l ton 's p ho tog raph d oe s s e em t o s how t h e m a son ry o ft h e ' s pu r ' b onded t ot h a to ft h eb roch n ea rt h et o p , a l though as t ra igh t j o in t c an b e s e en l owe r d own [ 11 ,p l . V I ] . A n a l ter na t ive e xp lana t ion f o rt h e ' s pu r ' a nd t h e h o r izon ta l s t ra igh t j o in t i so f f e red l a te r . H oweve r ag r ea te ro b s tac le t ot h e r oundhou se h ypo the s i s i s s e en i nt h e r e co rded s e c t ion o ft h e d epo s i t su nde rt h eb r och f l oo r[ 11 ,f i g . 8 ,s e c t ion AA ' ] ( I l l . 4 . 10 1) . T h is s how st h a t l a ye r 3 , t h e s uppo sed f l oo r o ft h e r oundhou se , c on t inue s w i thou t ab r eak a l ong ac ho rd c u t t ing a c ro s s t h e n or th -ea s t p a r to ft h e o va l c ou r t f o rmed b yt h e p o s t -b roch w hee lhou se w a l l ; h owev e rt h e p l an ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) s how st h e s uppo sed l i ne o ft h e w a l l o ft h e r oundhou se p a s s ing a c ro ss t h i s c ho rd a t r i gh t a ng le s a nd a lmo s t a ti t s c en t re . I ft h e h ou se w a l l w a s t h e re t h e a s soc ia ted f l oo r s hou ld h ave a ccumu la ted a ga in s t i ta nd s hou ld s how ab reak e qua l i nl e ng th t ot h e t h ickne s s o f t h e w a l l ; i n deed e ven i ft h e re w a s s u ch a b r eak i tm igh t b e t h ough t r a the r o dd t h a t t h e s uppo sed f l oo r l a ye r o ccu r red b o th i n s ide a nd o u t s ide t h e h ou se . H oweve r n o b r eak a ta l l i ss hown i nt h e s e c t ion d r aw ing a nd t h is m u s t r a ise g rave d oub t s a bou t t h e r oundhou se h ypo the s i s a ss t a ted . I ts t i l l s e em s l i ke ly t h a t l a ye r 3w a s t h e f l oo ro f ap r e -b roch s t ruc tu re , a nd t h a tt h e d eb r i s o fi t s r oof w a s f ound l y ing o n t o p o fi t , b u t o ft h e d e s ign o ft h a t d w e l l ing , a nd w he the r i t w a s o fs t one o rw ood , v e ry l i t t le d ef in i te c an b e s a id o n

9 8

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

t h e b a s i s o ft h e e v idence p re sen ted ( i t i ss ugge s ted l a te r t h a t t h e d epo s i t m igh t b e r e la ted t ot h e o ccupa t ion o ft h e e a r l ie s t r i ng -f o r t ) . C er ta in ly i ft h e ' s pu r ' w a s p a r t o f a s t one r oundhou se , a sH am i l ton s ugg e s t s ,t h i sw ou ld h ave t o h ave e nc lo sed t h e e n t i r e a r ea o ft h e c ou r t o ft h e l a te rb roch i n o rde rt oi n c lude a l l i t so wn a leged f l oo rd epo s i t s . T h i s w ou ld g i ve t h e r oundhou se a n e x te r na l d i ame te ro fa tl e a s t a bou t 1 6m ( 5 2 f t . ) w i th a n i n te rna l o ne o f1 3 .4 m ( 44 f t . ) w h ich , t h ough n o t i mpo s s ib le , s e em s r a the r l a rge . H oweve ra sn o ted t h e ' s pu r ' s e em st ob ep a r to f aw a l lw i th amuch s h a l lowe rc u rve t h an t h a t .

a nd r e s t ing o n n a tu ra l g rave l s [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion E 'E ; f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion sH 'H a nd K 'K ] .

6 . 1 F ind so fP ha se 2 T he se i n c luded t h et wo t y pe so fp o t t ery a l ready d e sc r ibed -n ame ly t h e s t ea t i te -g r i t ted , b a r r e l - a nd b ucke t shaped v e s se ls w i th e xpanded r im s a nd t h o se p o t s o f af i ne r g r ey w a re ; t h e l a s t w e re i nt wo f o rm s , s imp le b a r re l shaped v e sse ls a nd j a r s w i th a s ha rp ly c a r ina ted s hou lde r . I n c on t ra s t w i th t h e e qu iva len t p ha se a tJ a r lshof n o t r a ce o f i r on s l ag w a s f ound a nd t h i s ,t o ge the rw i th t h ea b sence o f w he t s tone s ( c ommon i nt h e f o l low ing p ha se s ) , i mp l ie s t h a tm e ta le dge t oo ls w e re u nknown .

H oweve r i ns eve ra l p l ace s i ti sc l ea r ly s t a ted t h a t t h e e a r ly I r on A ge c a r ina ted p o t te ry w a s a l so f ound i n t h e se d epo s i t s , a nd t h i s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e t wo o ccupa t ion s w e re c on t inuou s . A l though H am i l ton d e sc r ibe s t h e f i r s t I r on A ge f o r t i n as epa ra te c hap te rh e s t a te st h a to ccupa t ion w a s c on t inuou s [ 1 1 : 4 8 ] , t h i s o p in ion b e ing p r e sumab ly b a sed o n t h e p o t te ry a s soc ia t ion s j u s t m en t ioned . T h i s i s d oub t le s s a l so w hy t h e f i r s t r i ng -f or t i sg i ven a n a ge o f a bou t 4 00 BC . O n t h e o t he r h and t h e n ew f o r t p o t te ry i s n o t r epo r ted t o h ave b een f ound i n t h e e a r ly I r on A ge d epo s i t s u nde r t h e b roch s o a ny o ve r lap b e tween t h e t wo o ccupa t ion s p r e sumab ly t o ok p l ace n ea r t h e e nd o f t h e c a r ina ted p o t te ry p ha se . A l so , i ft h e re w a s am ix tu re o f p o t te ry s t y le s i nt h e e a r l ie s t m idden s o ft h e r i ng -f o r t i ti s h a rd t os e e h ow t h e r e s t o ft h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re c an b e s o c l ea r ly d i v ided i n to I r on A ge f a rm s tead a nd I r on A ge f o r t [ 1 1 : f i g s . 1 8 -20 & 3-44 r e spec t ive ly ] .

T he d a t e o ft h e r oundhou se f a rm s tead i se s t ima ted b y t h e e xcava to rt ob e i na bou t t h e 6 t h c en tu ry B .C . o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e p o t te ry [ 1 1 , 3 4 ] , t h ough t h i s w a re w ou ld n ow a s s igned t ot h e 7 t h /6 th c en tu r ies o nt h eb a s i so f C 14 d a te s f o rc ompa rab le e a r ly I r on A ge s i t e s i nO rkney .

T he re a ppea r s t oh ave b een a n e x ten s ive e a r ly c o l lap se o f r ubb le f r om t h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h er i ng w a l l ; i ns e c t ion G 'G , s ou th b y s ou th -we s t o f t h e b roch , am a s s o fr ubb le l i e s d i r ec t ly o n t h e n a tu ra l g rave l t o ad ep th o fu p t o 3f t . , a nd n o m idden m a te r ia l a ppea r s t oh ave a ccumu la ted b ef o re i t f e l l . A n e x ter na l m idden a c cumu la ted h e r e t o ad ep th o f a bou t 4i n s . . Y e t i n s e c t ion F J , 2 8 f t . t o t h e w e s t , a m idden l a ye r a bou t 1 4 i n s , t h ick a ccumu la ted a ga in s t t h e f oo t o ft h e i n ne r f a ce o fa n u ndamaged r i ng w a l l [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 ] . I n s e c t ion K 'K , a bou t 1 0 m ( 30 f t . ) f u r the r t ot h e n o r th -we s t , s ome th ing s im i la r c an b e s e en b u t i n s e c t ion E 'E , a bou t 2 5 f t .f u r the r e a s t , t h e f a l len r ubb le i sr e s t ing o nt h et h in p r ima ry m idden l a ye r [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ] .

7 .P hase s 3& 4 : p re -broch f o r t if i ca t ions

7 . 2 T he i n te rna lb u i ld ing s

7 . 1

T he e xcava to r i n f e r r ed t h a t i n t h e n ex t p ha se , d a ted t o a bou t 4 00 B .C . f r om t h e a s soc ia t ed c e ram ic s [ 1 1 , f i g s . 4 2 4 4 ] , t h e s i t e w a s f o r t if ied , a nd b y n ew a r r iva l s j udg ing f r om t h e a s soc ia ted n ew p o t te ry s t y le . Am a s s ive w a l l t h e p re sen t o u te r o ne - w a s e r ec ted r ound e nd o f t h e p romon to ry . I t s p re sen t w id th a ve rage s a bou t 1 2 f t .a nd i t i ss u rm i sed t h a t o r ig ina l ly i t mu s t h ave s t ood s ome 4 . 6 m ( 1 5 f t . )h i gh ; p a r to fi t so u te rf a ce s t i l l s t and st o 8f t . 6i n s . . B a sa l ' r ung s t eps ' l ef t o n t h e i n ne r f a ce i n d ica te , w i th t h e w id th , t h a t t h e re w a s p robab ly a p a rape t w a lk a nd a b r ea s two rk o n t op o ft h e w a l l , b u t n o f u r the r d e ta i ls a bou t t h e se ' s t ep s ' a r e g iven ( p re sumab ly t h ey f o rmed a s o r t o f s t one l a dde rf o rc l imb ing u pt ot h ew a l lhead ) .

I ti sc l a imed t h a t t h e p o s t -ho le s f ound i n d ica te t h a t t wo r a nge s o fh a lf t imbe red l e an to b u i ld ing s w e r e c on s truc ted , a l ong t h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h er i ng w a l l , o ne a l ong t h ea r c f r om n o r th t o e a s t a nd a no the r a l ong t h a t f r om s ou th b y s ou th w e s t r ound t o w e s t [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] . T he se b u i ld ing s a r e i n te rp re ted a s b y r e s w i th r ough ly c obb led f l oo r s w h ich b ecame c ove red b y at h ick d epo s i t o fb l ack p ea t mou ld o f t h e k i nd w h ich i ss t i l l s p read a sw in te rb edd ing f o r a n ima l s i nS he t land . Many f r agmen t s o fw ood w e re f ound i nt h is mou ld , i n c lud ing b roken s t ave s a nd b i nd ing s t r ip s s ugge s t ing t h e u se o f b a r re l s a nd b ucke t s . P o t te ry a nd s t one a nd b one t oo ls f r om t h e e a r l ie s t f o r t w e re r e cove r ed f r om t h e se d epo s i t s a nd a l so f r om am idden l a ye r o n t h e b each o u t s ide t h ew a l l a nd r e s t ing a ga in s t i t[ 1 1 , l a ye r I I i n S ec t ion G 'G , f i g . 9 ] .

T he n ew w a l l e nc lo sed a n a r ea m ea su r ing 1 38 f t .e a s t -we s t a nd 1 35 f t .n o r th sou th . O n t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e s i te t h e r i ng w a l l i sf o unded d i rec t ly o n n a tu ra l g rave l o r o n r o ck , b u t o n t h e s ou th a nd w e s t i tr e s t s o n d eepe r d epo s i t s -e . g . t h e s and l a ye r Ia nd t h e g rave l l a ye r 1i ns e c t ion ‚G 'G [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ] a nd t h e ma r ine s a nd l a ye r 2i ns e c t ion CC [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ] . T he o l de s tw ide sp read o ccupa t ion l a ye r , r unn ing a l ong t h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h e r i ng w a l l , i sa s s igned t ot h i se a r ly f o r t p e r iod a l so ; f o r e xamp le s eve ra l s e c t ion s s how am idden d epo s i t r unn ing u p a ga in s t t h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e r i ng w a l l

T he n umbe r o f p o s t -ho le s a c tua l ly f ound i sd i ff icu l t t o a s se s s b ecau se o f t h e s ma l l s c a le ( 3 30 :1) o f t h e o n ly g ene ra l p l an [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] , b u t i ts e em s r a the r s ma l l t o j u s t if y t h e e l abo ra te b u i ld ing s o n s t one b a se s s hown i nt h e r e con s t ruc t ion d raw ing [ 1 1 , p l . I X ] . T he re i sa l so t h e p rob lem o ft h e m a s s o fr ubb le f a l len f r om t h e i n ne r f a ce o f t h e w a l l , r e f er r ed t o a bove w h ich i sp i led r i gh t i n t h e m idd le o fo ne o ft h e se s uppo sed r a nge s o fb y re s ; a sn o ted p a r t o ft h i s f e l l b ef o r e a ny b y re d epo s i t s h ad a ccumu la ted . H oweve r o n t h e w e s t a r c an umbe r o f s t i l l u p r igh t p i l la r

S tone f i nd s i n c luded ab ead l i ke t h a t f ound w i th t h e e a r ly I r on A g e v i l lage a tJ a r lshof [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 8 , n o . 2 ] , p ounde r s , p o t l i d s o r d i scs , a nd s t ea t i te b ow l l amp s , o ne w i th al u g h and le . B one f i nd s i n c luded af ew a w ls o rp i n s .

T he o u te rw a l l

9 9

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

s t one s w e r e l o ca ted , w i th s ome v e s t ig ia l w a l l ing a t al ow l e ve l [ 1 1 , p l . I Ic ] , a nd t h e se m igh t b e p a r t o f i n t e rna l b u i ld ing s . T he d e sc r ip t ion o fc obb led f l oo r ing a l ong t h e w a l l , a nd o ft h em idden l y ing o n i t ,a nd o ft h er ow o fp o s t h o le s o nt h ew e s ts i de [ 1 1 , f i g . 2 9 ] , s e em s c l ea re nough t o j u s t if ya tl e a s ts ome w ooden l e an to b u i ld ing sa tl e a s t .

w a s t ob u i ld t h e f o r t w a l l o n ac ou r se w h i ch w ou ld l i nk i t w i th t h e g a t ehou se a nd w o rk o n b o th s t ruc tu r e s w a s i n i t ia ted . T h e g a t ehou se w a s d e s ign ed t o p r ov id e a c commoda t ion a nd a ppea r s t oh ave b een c omp le t ed f i r s t . F o rr e a son st h a tc an o n ly b ea s sumed , s u ch a st h en eed f o r a dd i t iona l s pa c e a nd g r ea t e r s e cu r i ty , t h e r i ng w a l l w a s e x tended i ni t s s ou the rn a r c t o e nc lo s e , a nd n o t t oj o in , t h e g a tehou se t h u s g i v ing t h e e l ip t ica l p l an i tp r e se rv e st o t h e p r e sen t d ay . E v idence o f t h e c hang e o f p l an i s a ppa r en t i nt h ec ou r se o ft h ew a l l a nd i n ab a sa lp ro jec t ion o fm a son ry o n t h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e w a l l i nt h e s ou th -ea s t q uad ran t ." [ 1 1 , 5 ] .

T he v an i shed g a t eway t h rough t h e r i ng w a l l o n t h e n o r th w e s ta r c , p l anned b yD ryden , h a s a l r eady b een m en t ioned , a nd t h e g a teway o n t h e s ou th h a s a l r eady b een d e sc r ibed ( I l l . 4 . 90 ) . 7 . 3

T he g a t ehou se

T he o t he r m a jo r s t ru c tu r e t h ough t b y t h e e x cava to r t o b e long t ot h i s i n i t ia l p ha se o ff o r t if i ca t ion ( Pha se 3 )i st h e " f o rewo rk " , n ow h e r e c a l led a " ga t ehou se" . T he a r ch i t ec tu ra l d e ta i l s o f t h i s b u i ld ing h av e a l r eady b een d e sc r ibed . A s e cond o va l c hambe r w a s f o und i n s ide i t d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s , o n t h e w e s t s i de o ft h e e n t rance p a s sag e , a nd a ga in t h i s h ad n o e n t ry e x cep t f r om a bove i nt h i s c a se t h rough t h e f l oo r o ft h e s ho r t l e ng th o f mu ra l g a l le ry w h ich r a n o ve r i tf r om t h e v o id o ve r t h e e n t r an ce . I ti sn o t c l ea rw he the r ag ap w a s l e f tt h e r e i nt h e I r on A ge o r w he the r t h e c e l l w a s s e a led . T he f l a t t o p o f t h e s t ruc tu re p r e sumab ly h ad ap a rape t s im i la rt ot h a t i n f e r r ed f o r t h e o u t e r w a l l , a nd t h i s w ou ld h ave a lowed t h e d ef end e r s t o d om ina t e t h e o u te r e n t rance i mmed ia te ly i n f r on t . S imp son 's i d ea t h a tt h e" ga tehou se" w a st h eo r ig ina l g a teway t ot h ef o r ti sc i ted a sa ne xp lana t ion f o ri t sc u r iou s p l a c ing , t h e i n f e r ence n ow p r e sumab ly b e ing t h a tt h e p l an o ft h e f o r tw a sc hanged a c tua l ly d u r ing b u i ld ing - a nd n o t , a sS imp son s ugg e s ted , a t am u ch l a t e rs t ag ea f t e rt h eb roch h ad b een i n t roduced - a nd t h a t t h e g a t eway w a s t h u s i s o la t ed n o t l o ng a f t e r i th ad b een p u t u p . I ti st h e r ef o r e n o t q u i te c l ea r w hy t h e e xcava to r c a l l s t h e s t ruc tu r e a g a tehou se s i nce t h e n ame s ugge s t s t h a t t h e b u i ld ing w a s o r ig ina l ly d e s igned a s af o rm o f p i l lbox f r om w h ich a t ta ck e r s c om ing t h rough t h e o u te r g a t e c ou ld b e a s sa i led w i th m i s s i le s . P r e sumab ly h e m ean s t h a t t h e " ga t ehou se" , w h i le o r ig ina l ly d e s ign ed a st h e e l abo ra t e e n t rance o ft h e r i ng -wa l l , w a s c onv e r t ed t o ap i l lbox w hen t h e p l an o ft h e f o r tw a sc hang ed s ot h a tt h ew a l lr a nr ound i nf r on to fi t . T he q ue s t ion o ft h e a g e o ft h e " ga t ehou se" i sd i scu s sed i n m o r e d e ta i l i ns e c t ion ( 1 1 .4 )b e low . I tm ay b en o t ed h e r e t h a t , l i k e t h e r i ng w a l l , a tl e a s tp a r t o ft h eb u i ld ing r e s t s d i r ec t ly o n t h e n a tu ra l g r ave l , a s d oe s t h e f i r s t l a y e r o f p av ing r unn ing b a ck f r om i t sr e a r f a ce [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ,s e c t ion D 'D ] . H ow eve r t h e s e c t ion r unn ing u p t o i t s f r on t f a ce [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion E 'E ] s how s as h e l l m idden p ro t rud ing f r om u nde rt h eb a sa l c ou r se o ft h e g a tehou se ; t h e r e i sa l so as ugg e s t ion t h a t t h e p r ima ry m idd en b e tw een i ta nd t h e r i ng w a l l m ay p a r t ly u nde r l ie i t s l ow e s t c ou r se , b u tt h i s i s n o tc l ea ri nt h ed r aw ing . T he r ei sn od oub th ow eve rf r om t h e s t ra t if i ca t ion t h a t t h e g a tehou se b e long s t o a n e a r ly s t age i nt h eh i s to ry o ft h es i te 's f o r t if ica t ion s -i fn o tt ot h e f i r s tp e r iod ( t he s t a r to fP ha se 3 )t h en t os oon a f t e rwa rd s . T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tw een t h eg a t ehou se a nd t h er i ng w a l li s c l a imed t ob e c l ea r . " Excava t ion p roved t h a tt h e p r e sen t c ou r se o ft h e w a l l w a s n o t t h a t o r ig ina l ly p l ann ed , b u t a m od if ied a nd e x tended v e r s ion . T he p r ima ry i n ten t ion 1 00

I n s p i te o f t h e se c l ea r s t a t emen t s t h e a c t ua l e v id ence p r e sen t ed f o rt h e s e a s sump t ion s i sn owh e r e n ea r a ss t rong a si si mp l ied i nt h eq uo ta t ion a bove . T h ee v idence f o rt h e c hange i n t h e c ou r se o f t h e w a l l i sv e ry s l im a nd i s d i scu s sed i n S e c t ion 1 .3 b e low . T h e r e a r e a l so s ome a mb igu i t ie s i n t h e r e po r t a bou t b o th t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip b e tw een t h e g a t ehou se a nd t h e b roch , a nd b e tween i ta nd t h e r i ng w a l l ; t h e se t o o a r e d i scu s sed i n s e c t ion 1 . T he f u nc t ion o ft h e g a t ehou se i ss t a t ed b yt h e e x cava to rt o b e p a r t ly d om e s t ic e ven t h ough i tw a s p l anned a s t h e o r ig ina l g a t e . T h i s d ome s t ic f unc t ion h a s a lway s s e emed s t ra ined [ 1 2 ] a nd i ta ppea r st or e s to nt h ea s se r t ion t h a tt h e t wo mu ra l c e l l s , a c ce s s ib le o n ly f r om a bove , m u s t b e d ome s t ic i n f u nc t ion b ecau se , l a ck ing d oo r s , t h ey c an h a rd ly b ed ef en s iv e ! T h i sr e a son ing s e em sd ub iou st os a y t h e l e a s t , w h i le i nt h e a b sen ce o fd oo rway s t h e d om e s t ic f u nc t ion s e em se v en m o r ei n c r ed ib le . T he r e i s at h i rd o bv iou s p o s s ib i l i ty - w h ich i s , i nt h e w r i te r 's v i ew t h e l i k e l ie s t o ne - w h ich i st h a t t h ey w e r e a p u r e ly s t ru c tu r a l d ev ice t o l i gh ten t h e b u i ld ing a nd s a v e s t one - b u t t h i s i s n o t m en t ioned . T he e xcava to r 's a s sump t ion a bou t t h e d om e s t ic n a tu r e o ft h e mu r a l c e l l s p r e sumab ly u nd e r l ie st h e s t a t emen t [ 1 1 , 5 7 ]t h a tt h ed e s ign o ft h e e n t ran ce p a s sage ' h in t s a t ad ome s t ic r a the r t h an a m i l i ta ry u s e ' . T h i s w ho le t r a in o fr e a son ing i sc onf u s ing , p ar t icu la r ly i n v i ew o ft h e f a c tt h a tt h e e n t rance i t se lf i sat y p ica lA t lan t ic I r on A ge d r y s tone d ef ended d oo rway , a nd c an o n ly p a r t ly b e e xp la ined b y s u ppo s ing t h a t t h e e x cava to r i n c lud ed t h e t wo mu ra l c e l l s a s p a r t o f t h e d e s ign o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage e ven t h ough t h e r e i sn o p hy s ica l l i nk b e tw een t h em . I ts e em si nf a c tt ob ea ni n te r e s t ing e xamp le o fh ow a n ap r io r i i d ea ( t ha t o f t h e g a tehou se b e ing a ' c h ief 's h ou se ' - b e low ) c an p rof ound ly i n f luen ce t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o f f a c t s w h ich , w h en e xam ined d i spa s s iona te ly , d on o ts uppo r tt h e i d ea a ta l . T he d ome s t ic n a t u r e o ft h e g a tehou se i sa l so a r gued f o rb y " D i sm i s s ing t h e s t a i r ca se i n se r ted a t al a t e rd a te i nt h ew e s t g ab le . . " [ 1 1 , 5 6 ] ; s u ch a n i n t r a -mu ra l s t a i r i nt h e o r ig ina l b u i ld ing w ou ld l i nk i tc l o se ly t ot h e l a te r b r och s a nd a l ied g a l l e ry -wa l led f o r t s i nt h e H eb r ide s i nw h ich t h e i n t r a -mu ra l s t a i r i sc l ea r ly i n tended t oa low a c ce s s t ot h e w a l lhead f o rd e f en ce . T he r e a son g i v en f o r a s sum ing t h a t t h e g a tehou se s t a i r i s

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

i n ser ted i st h a ti t s b a se ( f lu sh w i th t h e f a ce o ft h e e nd w a l l ) i s 1m ( 3f t . )a bove t h e p r ima ry g round s u rf ace ; t hu s i ti s a s sumed t o h ave b een b u i l t o n ly a f t e r t h a t t h ickne s s o f d eb r i s h ad a c cumu la ted a ga in s tt h eg a tehou se w a l l . T h i s i s s hown c l ea r ly i nt h ep ho tog raph i nt h e r e por tw h ich s how s t h e w e s te nd u nde re xcava t ion [ 1 1 , p l . XV ] . T he s i tua t ion a tt h e s i te n ow i sd i f f e r en t ; s t ep s c on t inue t h e f l igh td own b eyond t h e e nd o ft h e g a tehou se ( I l l . 4 . 117 ) . T h i s i sv e ry s t range a st h ey n ow g i ve q u i te ad i f f e ren t i mp re s s ion f r om t h a t d e sc r ibed i nt h er e po r t -i . e .t h a t t h e s t ep s o n ly b egan a t ah i gh l e v e l i nt h e d eb r i s . I f e v idence w a s f ound t h a t t h e s t ep s w en t l owe r( e xp la in ing t h e r e s to ra t ion ) t h en t h ey s hou ld b e ap r ima ry f e a tu re o f t h e g a tehou se . T he se f e a tu re s a r e a l so d i scu s sed i n S ec t ion 1 .0 w he re a l terna t ive e xp lana t ion sa r es ugge s t ed . Mos t o ft h e ' d omes t ic ' a spec t s o ft h e g a tehou se c ou ld b e e xp la ined a s ap rodu c to fc i rcu la rr e a son ing - b a sed o nt h e b e l ief t h a t t h e s ca rcemen t o n t h e r e a r f a ce w a s o r ig ina l ly o ne o f t wo w h ich s uppo r ted a f a i r ly e l abo ra te s t one a nd t imbe r ' c h iefs h ou se ' a ga in s t i t s b ack w a l l [ 1 1 , f i g . 2 4 ] . Y e t a s n o ted n o p o s t -ho le s w e r e f ound b eh ind t h e g a tehou se [ 1 1 , 5 7 ] a nd t h eu ppe rs c a rcemen th a st ob ep u re a s sump t ion ; t h e re c an b e n o d i r ec t e v idence t os uppor t i t . S ome k i nd o ft imbe r s t ruc tu re m u s t s u r e ly h ave b een b u i l t a ga in s t t h e b a ck o ft h e g a tehou se , b u t i t s n a tu re d epend s p r ima r i ly o n t h e n a tu re o f t h e s t one b u i ld ing i t s e lf w he the r i tw a s a n i s o la ted s t ruc tu r e o r c h iefs h ome , a s H am i l ton b e l ieves , o r w he the r i tw a s o r ig ina l ly p a r t o fa l o nge rd ef en s ive w a l l . 7 . 4

T he f i nd sf rom P ha se 3

T hese c ame f r om t h e e a r l ie s t m idden o n t h e b each o u t s ide t h e r i ng w a l l [ s ec t ion G 'G , l a ye r I I ] , a nd a l so f r om t h e f l oo r s o ft h er a nge s o fb u i ld ing s a l ong t h e i n ne rf a ce .S tone i mp lemen t s i n c lude p ebb le p ound er s ( hamme r s tone s ) a nd r ubbe r s , d i sc s , p o t l id s , h and led d i sc s a nd a s ha l low s a dd le q ue rn i n s tead o f t h e t r ough q ue rn f ound i n t h e e a r l ie rp ha se s . T her ew e re a l so s t on e ( a nd p o t te ry ) s p ind le w ho r l s , av a r ie ty o fb ead s , p a in ted p ebb le s , t h in p l aque s o fg a rne t if e rou s s ch i s t , a nd l ump s o fp um ice f o r a b rad ing : w he t s tone s a ppea r f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e a nd s how t h a t i r on e dge t oo l s w e re i n u se - a n i mpo r tan t d eve lopmen t . B ow l -shaped l amp s w e re f ound , o f b o th s t ea t i te a nd s a nd s tone , a nd a n umbe r o f s p he r ica l p ebb le s w e re i n terp re ted a ss l ing s t one s .

i nf i g . 1 3 , n o . 3 8 i nf a c tb e long s t ot h e w h ee lhou se p e r iod ( b e low ) . W ood u sed i n c luded p i ne , w i l low a nd s p ru ce , a nd a r tef a c t s i n c luded p i n s , ap eg a nd ah and le . Me ta l w a s s c a rce , o n ly af ew b ronze o b jec t s b e ing f ound ; t h ough t h e re w e re n o d i r ec t t r ace s o fi r on t h e w he t s tone s mu s t m ean t h a t i tw a s e x ten s ive ly u sed . B ronze o b jec t s i n c luded a f r agmen t o f ad oub le l inked c ha in w h ich , a f t e r t h e d i scove ry a t L eck ie b roch , S t i r l ing sh i re ( NS69 3 ) , c an p robab ly b e d i agno sed a sp a r t o f ac ha in b rooch ; t h e d oub le c ha in i sn o t m en t ioned i n t h e f i nd s l i s t [ 1 1 , 9 0 ] , b u t o n ly i nt h e g ene ra l d e sc r ip t ion [ 1 1 , 8 0 ] . T he re w a s a l so af i nge r r ing [ 1 1 , p l . XXX Ia , 1] f r om t h e b each m idden , p r e sumab ly , i n p ane l V I I a nd a n a i l o rr i ve t . B ronze r i ng -headed p i n s o ft h e S co t t ish t y pe w e r e k nown ; t h e i mp re s s ion o f o ne o ccu r s o n as he rd f ound i nt h e e x te rna l m idden [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 4 , n o . 9 ] . T he re w a s a l so af r agmen to f as ma l l c r uc ib le f o rc a s t ing b ronze . T he f i nge r r ing i sd e sc r ibed a s as p i ra l r i ng i nt h e s umma ry a ccoun t o ft h e f i nd s [ 1 1 , 8 0 ] b u t i nt h e d e ta i led l i s t i ti s r e f e r red t o a s " b ronze f i nge r r ing" , w h i le r e f e r r ing t o p l . XXX I a . 1 , t h e s p i ra lr i ng [ 1 1 , 9 0 ] . Y e tt h ep ho tog raph i s c l ea r ly o f f i g . 5 0 .2 w h ich i sf r om t h e b roch l e ve l . T he o t he rr i ng s hown [ p l . XXX l .a .2 ] i sp robab ly t h e p l a in p r e b roch f i nge r r ing . G la s s o b jec t s f ound c omp r ised 2 s ma l l y e l low r i ng b ead s f r om t h e b each m idden , o ne i nP ane l Xa nd a no the r f r om P ane l XV [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 1 , 1 ] . I n t h e a b sence o f a ny C 14 m ea su remen t s t h e d a t ing o f t h e e a r l ie s t f o r t o n t h e s i te r e l ie s o n a r tef ac t s ; t h e y e l low g l a ss b ead i n t h e l owe s t b each m idden i si mpo r tan th e re . S uch b ead s a r e t y p ica l o f t h e m idd le I r on A ge o f t h e A t lan t ic m a te r ia l c u l tu ra l s equence a nd a r e n o t n orma l ly d a ted e a r l ie r t h an t h e 2 nd c en tu ry BC ( MacK ie 2 002 : 3 64 f . ) ; u sua l ly t h ey o ccu r i n l a te r d epo s i t s . T h i s a ppa r en t c onf l ic t i n c h rono logy i s d i scu s sed l a te r . P o t te ry w a s f ound i ng r ea t q uan t i ty - o ve r 3 000 s he rd s i nt h e l owe s t b each m idden o u t s ide t h e r i ng w a l l a nd t h e r e w a s mo re o n t h e l owe s t f l oo r s a l ong t h e i n s ide f a ce . I ti s o f g r ea t i n te re s t , h av ing c l o se l i nk s b o th w i th t h e l a te r b roch w a re s a tt h e s i te a nd w i th t h e p o s t -b roch S he t land w hee lhou se w a re s . A l l t h e v e s se l s w e re f l a t -ba sed , a nd a pp rox ima te ly b a r r e l - o r b ucke t shaped a nd m a in ly w i th s ha rp ly e ve r ted r im s .

B one i mp l emen t s w e re r e la t ive ly s c a rce , s ugge s t ing t ot h e e xcava to rt h a tt h is w a sb ecau se b o th w ood a nd i r on w e r e i n u s e . T he r ew e re s l ive rp o in t s , c h ise l s , p e rf o ra ted t ogg le s , p i n s , a nd s p ind le w ho r ls . T he re w e r e a l so l ump s o f w ha lebone , p e rhap s u sed a s c hopp ing b lock s , a nd t h e s ame m a te r ia l w a s u s ed f o r s om e th ing l i ke a l a rge , p e rf o ra ted p eg [ 1 1 , f i g . 3 8 , n o . 2 1 ] ; t h e s epa ra ted d i sc s f r om w ha le v e r teb rae w e re a l so u s ed . S ome s ma l l b one c y l inde r s w i th l a te ra l p e rf o ra t ion s a r e i n te rp re ted a s s ma l l t o gg le s o r c o l la r s b u t c ou ld b e t h e h ead s o f as pec ia l i sed t y pe o fl o ng i r on p in w i th ab one h ead [ 1 1 , f i g . 3 8 , n o s . 1 6 & 1 7 ] . O fp a r t icu la r i n te re s t a r e t wo i t em s w h ich a ppea r t ob e t h ep omme ls o fi r on d agge r so rs ma l l s wo rd s( 1 1 , f i g . 3 8 , n o s . 1 9 &2 0 ) . T he l a te b one d i sc -headed p i n s hown

Two f a i r ly d i s t inc t w a re s c ou ld b e s e en ; o ne w a s m ade o f w e l l -f i r ed , r ed -b rown w a re a nd h ad e ver t ed r im s w h ich w e r e b o th p l a in a nd w i th h o r izon ta l f l u t ing o n t h e i n s ide s u rf ace [ 1 1 , f i g s . 4 2 & 4 3 ] . S ome o ft h e e ver ted r im s h ave a pp l ied n eck -band s u nde rt h em [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 4 ] a nd t h e r e w e re s eve ra l e xamp le s o f b a se s w i th i n te r na l d eco ra t ion [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 3 ] . As e cond t y pe o fv e s se l o ft h i sw a r e w a sv e ry c ommon a nd i s as ma l le r b a r re l shaped p o t w i th as imp le r o l led o ve rr im ( I l l . 4 . 129 ) . T he s e cond w a re a tC l ickh im in c on s is t s o f f r agmen t s o f s i tu la te p o t s w i th s t ea t i te t empe r ing [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 2 , 1 2 ] . T he se a r e h eav ie r , t h icke r , r i ng -bu i l t p o t s m ade i n t h e 1 0 1

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

i n d igenou s t r ad i t ion ; t h ey h ave o n ly s l igh t ly e ve r ted r i m s . Many o ft h e se v e s se l s s how t h e i n f luen ce o ft h e n ew f o r t p o t t e ry , s u ch a st h ee ve r t ed r im [ 1 1 ,f i g .4 2 ,1 ] . A s n o t ed e a r l ie r i ts e em s f a i r ly c l ea r f r om t h e r e po r t t h a t s ome e a r ly I r on A ge c a r ina ted p o t t e ry w a s a l so f o und i n t h e e x t er na l m idden o f t h e r i ng -f o r t , y e t t h i s i mpo r tan t d i scove ry i sn eve rs p ec if i ca l ly s t r e s sed a si ts hou ld b e . 7 . 5 P ha se 4 : t h e ' i nne rr i ng -wa l l ' T he e x cava to r 's i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e f o l low ing p ha se o n t h e s i t e i s t h a t ar i se i n t h e w a t e r l e ve l o f t h e l o ch , d ocum en ted b y a n a na ly s i s o f t h e b ea ch s t ra ta , t h en o ccu r r ed a nd s t a r t ed t ou nde rm ine t h e o u t e rw a l l [ 1 1 : 7 5 ] . E v iden c e f o r t h i s r i se i n w a t e r l e ve l w a s s e en i n a s e cond a ry ' p lugg ing ' i nt h e o u t e r e n t rance [ 1 1 ; p l . X Ia ] ( I l l . 4 . 103) ; w he the r t h e d oo rway t h rough t h e g a t ehou se w a s a l so p l ugg ed i sn o t c l ea r ; t h e r e i s as h a l low p r ima ry s t ep a tt h e o u te r e nd a nd ar a i sed , s e cond l a y e r o fp av ing b eh ind t h e d oo r c heck s . T he r e i sa l so as e conda ry p aved f l oo rb eh ind t h eg a t ehou se [ 1 1 ,f i g . 8 ,s e c t ion D2D ] . Al a nd ing s t age w a s b u i l t o u t s ide t h e g a teway i nt h e o u te r r i ng w a l l [ 1 1 : p l . I c ] -u nequ ivoca l e v id ence , i tw ou ld s e em , o ft h en ew n eed t ot r ave lt ot h ef o r t if i ed s i t eb yb oa t a nd t h e r ef o r e o f ah i ghe r w a t e r l e v e l . F ina l ly t h e o u t e r f a ce o f al a rge s e c t ion o ft h e w e s t er n a r c o ft h e r i ng w a l l a ppa r en t ly n eed ed t ob e s ho r ed u p a f t e rb e ing u nde rm ined , a nd a ' b reakwa te r ' o f l a rge s t one s l ab s o n e nd w a s b u i l t t h e r e [ 1 1 : p l . I c ] , r e s t ing d i r ec t ly o nt h eo l db ea ch m idd en [ 1 1 : f i g .9 ,s e c t ion GIG ] . Wha t i sn o t e xp la ined i nt h i s s c ena r io i st h e e x i s t ence o f t h e c au seway . P r e sumab ly , a s w i th s e ve ra l O u te r H eb r id ean b roch s , ac au seway j u s ta bove o rj u s tb e low t h e s u rf a ce o f t h e w a t e r w ou ld h ave g i v en r e la t ive ly e a sy a c ce s s t o a n i s land b r och w i thou t t h e n eed f o r b oa t s a nd p e rhap s al a nd ing s t ag e . S i nce t h e c au seway r un s u p a ga in s t t h e ' l and ing s t ag e ' i ti sp r e sumab ly c on t empo ra ry w i th o rl a t e r t h an t h i s f e a tu r e . T h e p rob lem i sd i scu s sed a ga in i ns e c t ion 1 b e low .

P a r t s o ft h e i n n e r f a ce o ft h e r i ng w a l l a r e s t a ted t oh ave c o l lap sed a tt h e t i me o ft h e f l ood ing , a nd p r e sumab ly t h i s r ubb le c ou ld r e p r e sen t t h i s c o l lap se i na na r ea w he r et h e r e w e r e n o i n te rn a l b u i ld ing s ; h owev e r s u ch b u i ld ing s a r e m a rk ed t h e re o n t h e m a in p l an [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] a nd i ti so dd t h a t n o m idd en i s s hown b enea th t h i s c o l lap se i ft h e s equence o fe v en t sw a sa st h ee xcava to rd educed . A l so n o t e xp la ined , o r e v en d e sc r ib ed , i s as ub s tan t ia l s e conda ry w a l lb u i l t a ga in s tt h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h e r i ng w a l l a nd o nt o p o ft h et u r fl a ye rm en t ioned [ 1 1 : f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion K 'K ] ; ap ea t a s h o ccupa t ion l a y e r t h en a c cumu la ted a ga in s tt h i s . T he e xcava to r i n f e r r ed t h a t t h e se r e pa i r s p r oved i n suf f i c ien t t o c oun t e ra c t t h e i n c r ea s ing w e tn e s s a nd i n s tab i l i ty o ft h ew a te r logg ed o u te rw a l lf o unda t ion s ,s ot h e i n hab i tan t s d e c id ed t o e r ec t an ew r i ng -wa l l o n h i ghe r g round b eh ind t h e f i r s t , a nd t h u s t or e du ce d ra s t ica l ly t h e h ab i tab le g round i n s ide t h ef o r t . T he w a l l o ft h i s n ew , c on t rac ted f o r t -c on s i s t ing o fa r ubb le c o r ew i th r e v e t ted f a ce s -w a sb u i l ti na na r cb eh ind t h e " b lockhou s e" ( wh ich w a su sed a s ar e ta in ing w a l l )a nd r ound t ot h e n o r th -we s tw h e r et h e o l dc ou r tya rd h ou se a l so s e rv ed t or e ta in t h e c o r e . T h en ew r i ng f o r tw a st wo th i rd s c omp le ted w h en t h e w o rk , i ti sa l leg ed , w a s h a l t ed b yt h e a r r iva l o ft h e b r och b u i lde r s . T h i s n ew w a l l i sh e ld t ob e t h e o ne r unn ing f r om , a nd p a r t ly u nd e r ly ing , t h e b r och d oo rway a nd r o und t o t h e s ou th ea s t t o b eh ind t h e g a tehou se . T h e e v iden ce f o r t h e l a t t e r b u i ld ing b e ing u sed a s a' r e t a in ing w a l l ' f o r t h e n ew w a l l i sp r e sumab ly t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l a t te r c onnec t s w i th i t s w e s t e nd ( I l l . 4 . 106 ) . 7 . 6 E v id ence a ga in s tt h eo r thod ox i n ne rr i ng w a l l I ti su nf o r tuna t e ly t r ue t h a tt h i sp a r to ft h er e por t -d ea l ing w i th p ha se 4 ,t h e s e cond p r e -b roch r i ng f o r t -i so n eo f t h e mo s t c onf u sed i n t h e b ook ; v e ry l i t t le o f t h e of i c ia l s c ena r io o f af l ood ing a nd a c on t r a c t ed r i ng -f o r t m ak e s s e n se w hen t h e e v id ence i se xam ined c l o se ly . T h e n ew w a l l d oe s n o t r u n o n t h e t r a ck d e sc r ib ed , p a s s ing b eh ind t h eg a tehou se w h e r eo fc ou r se i tw ou ld m ak e l i t t le s e n se i n a ny c a se . T h eo r ig ina lg a teway , o r' c h iefs h ou se ' , w ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een l e f t p ro jec t ing i nf r on t o f ad ef en s ive w a l l , p e rhap s t o o ve r look i ta nd p r ov id e as h ie ld f o r a t ta ck e r s .

T he e x cava to r i n f e r r ed t h a t t h e r a ng e s o fb u i ld ing s a l ong t h e i n s ide f a ce o ft h e r i ng w a l l w e r e d amaged b yt h e f l ood a nd h ad t ob ep u l led d own ; an ew l a ye rr e s t ing d i r ec t ly o n t h e i n t e rna l m idden d epo s i t s w a s i n t e rp r e ted a st h e s t one a nd t u r fd eb r i s o ft h e se b u i ld ing s w h ich h ad b een l e v e l led t o f o rm a n ew f l oo r . T h i s l a y e r c on ta ined m any w ood c h ip s , p r e sumab ly t h e d eb r i s f r om t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e w ooden p a r t so fw a l l sa nd r oof .

T he p ub l i shed e v idence m o r eove r d oe s n o t s uppo r t t h i s v e r s ion o ft h e i n n e rr i ng -wa l l . S ec t ion DID - t h rough t h e g a tehou se e n t r anc ep a s sag eu pt ot h eb r och w a l l -s h ow sa m a s so fs t one d eb r i sl y ing a ga in s tt h ew a l lo ft h et ow e r( t he s e c t ion i sp r e sumab ly s omewha t t o t h e w e s t o f t h e l i ne s hown s i n ce t h e r e w a s s ome k i nd o fh u t i mmed ia t e ly i n f r om t h e p a s s age ) [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ]( I l l s . 4 . 10 1 &4 . 111 ) . T h i s r ubb le i se xa c t ly w he r e , o n t h e ma in p l an ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) , t h e s e cond r i ng -w a l l i ss uppo sed t o r u n . O n t h e s e c t ion d r aw ing H am i l ton a ppea r st ob e s ugg e s t ing ad if e r en ti d ea -t h a t t h e b r o ch i sf ound ed o n t o p o fa n o l de r w a l l ( t he l ow e s t 1 . 4 mb e ing s hown b l ack ) ; t h ough i tc l ea r ly d oe s s oa tt h ee n t r an ce t h eb roch m a son ry b eh ind t h eg a t ehou se d oe sn o ts how ac onv inc ing s t ra igh tj o in t( I l l .4 . 111) .

S eve r a l s e c t ion s d o s how t h i s ' t u rf l a ye r w i th w ood ' , f o r e xamp l e i nt h e s ou th -w e s t w he r e i ti so n ly a bou t 1 0c m ( 4 i n s . )t h ick [ 1 1 : f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion H 'H ] a nd a l so al i t t le f u r the r n o r th w he r e i ti s al i t t le t h ick e r [ 1 1 ; f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion s J ' J a nd K 'K ] . H ow eve r o t he r s e c t ion s a ga in s t t h e r i ng w a l l d o n o ts how i t ; al i t t le t ot h e s ou th o ft h e a r ea m en t ioned , a sa l r eady n o ted , a n e x ten s ive r ubb le l a ye ra ppa r en t ly f e l l d i r ec t ly o nt ot h eg r ave l ly s ub so i la ta ne a r ly s t ag e , b u tt h i s i sn o t f u l ly e xp la ined i nt h e r e po r t [ 1 1 : f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion G 'G ] .

1 02

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

I n f a c t t h e c l a imed s e cond r i ng -f o r t w a l l f u r the r w e s t c an b e s e en c l ea r ly t oj o in t h e i n ne r h a lf o ft h e e a s t e nd o ft h e g a tehou se . T he i n ne r w a l l f a ce o ft h e g a l le ry c on ta in ing t h e s t a i r b l end s s moo th ly w i th w ha t n ow l o ok s l i ke t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e s ub -b roch w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 106 ) . T he m a in p l an s how s ag ap i nt h e w a l l h e re [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] b u t t h i s c ou ld b e a ne xamp le o f ap r io r i r e a son ing w h ich a s sume s t h a t , b e cau se t he s t a i rway i sa s sumed t ob e s e conda ry , a nd b ecau se t h es e cond r i ng w a l l i sa s sumed t oh ave r un b eh ind t h e g a t ehou se , t h i s j unc t ion mu s t b e a moder n r e con s t ru c t ion . T h i s i sq u i te m i s lead ing c ompa r ed w i th w ha t c an b e s een o n t h e g round , a nd t h i s c on t rad ic t ion i s n owhe r e e xp la ined . I ft h i s c onn ec t ion i s a moder n r e b u i ld i ts h ou ld h ave b een e xp la ined .

Y e t t h e s c ena r io p r e sen ted i n t h e r e po r t i sc on t rad ic ted e ven b yt h e e v idence f r om P ane l I I i t se lf w he re af r agmen t o f2 nd o r 3 rd c en tu ry R oman g l a s s w a s f ound i nl a ye r I V [ 1 1 : 1 33 ] , i mp ly ing ( e ven w i thou t t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence j u s t m en t ioned f r om i nf r on t o ft h e l a nd ing s t age ) t h a t t h e f l ood ing e p i sode t o ok p l a ce v e ry much l a te r t h an t h e re m a in ta ined . T he r e a r e t hu s n o g round s a ta l l f o r i n f e r r ing a ny e p i sode o ff l ood ing a tt h e e nd o ft h e p r ima ry f o r t p e r iod , w h ich , i ti sc l a imed , i n augu ra ted t h e s e cond , c on t rac ted r i ng -f or t . T he w ho le e nv i ronmen ta l a nd s oc ia l c on tex t p u t f o rwa rd f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h a t f o r t t hu s c o l lap se s . H oweve r t h e re i sn o d oub t t h a t t h e re w a s a n i n ne r w a l l o f s ome k i nd , a nd t h e q ue s t ion o f i t s n a tu re i s c on s ide red i ns e c t ion 1 .

Mor eov e r t h e e p isode o f f l ood ing a ppea r s t o h ave b een p l aced f a r t o o e a r ly i nt h e s i te s e quence a cco rd ing t ot h e i n f o rma t ion p rov ided i n t h e r e po r t i t se lf . W i thou t t h i s f l ood ing , c r uc ia l t o t h e o r thodox t h eo ry , t h e re i s n o e me rgency a tt h e e nd o fP ha se 3 , n ou nde rm in ing b yw a te r a nd c o l lap se o f t h e o u ter w a l l , a nd n o n eed f o r s u ch a d ra s t ica l ly c on t rac ted s i te .

8 . P ha se 5 : c ons truc t ion o ft he b roch

T he a na ly s i s o ft h e l a cu s t r ine d epo s i t s w a s c a r r ied o u t b y D r W . T .H .W i l l iam son o fA be rde en U n ive r s i ty [ 1 1 : 1 68 9 ] a nd w a s b a sed o n s amp le s t a k en f r om t wo s e c t ion s o u t s ide t h e r i ng w a l l , o ne i np ane l I I [ 1 1 : f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion G 'G ] a nd o ne f r om at r ench i mmed ia te ly i n f r on t o f t h e l a nd ing s t age , i n f r on t o f t h e o u te r e n t rance [ 1 1 : f i g . 8 , s e c t ion D 2D3 ] . W i l l iam son w a sa b le t oe qua te t wo o ft h e l a ye r s i ne a ch o ft h et wo s e c t ion s , a nd t h u s t oc o r re la te t h e e n t ire s e quences .

T he e xcava to r b e l ieve s t h a t t h e s e cond r i ng -f or t w a s n eve r c omp le ted b ecau se o f t h e a r r iva l o f b roch m en f r om O rkney w ho b egan t ob u i ld at owe ro nt h e s i te . Wh i le t h is h uge t a sk w a s i np roce s s t empo ra ry h u t s w e re b u i l t o ve r t h e f a l len r ubb le a nd p ea t a sh i n s ide t h e r i ng -wa l l a nd a bove t h e f l oo r s o ft h e a bandoned r a nge o fb y re s . Ma s se s o f f r e sh s and s tone m u s t h ave b een f e r r ied a c ro s s t o t h e i s land , i fi tw a s a n i s land ( a sw eh ave s e en i tw a sp robab ly s t i l l ap romon to ry a tt h is s t age ) . O n t h e e a s t a r c t h e b roch w a s f ounded o n n a tu ra l r o ck a nd o n t h e n o r th o n w ha t t h e e xcava to r b e l ieved t ob e t h e o l d r oundhou se ; o nt h ew e s ta nd s ou th h oweve ri t sw a l l r e s ted o n t op o ft h e p r e -ex i s t ing b u t a l leged ly i n comp le te s e cond r i ng -wa l l . T he b roch d oorway w a s a l igned w i th a n e n t rance t h rough t h is . I t w a s s u rm i sed t h a t t h e t wo s ub s id ia ry e n t rance st h rough t h eb roch w a l l o nt h ee a s ts i de w e re m ade t o a low b u i ld ing s t one t o b e c a r r ied t h rough i n to t h e g a l le r ie s a nd u p t o t h e w a l l -head , much o f t h e b u i ld ing s t one h av ing b een s t acked o nt h eb a re r o ck o nt h is s i de o ft h e s i t e . H oweve r , w e h ave s e en t h a t t h e d oo r a t t h e f oo t o ft h e s t a i r i sc e r ta in ly s e conda ry , a nd t h a t t h e o t he r o ne m ay b e a moder n i n ven t ion , s o t h e se s uppo s i t ion st o o a r eb a sed o nu n r e l iab le e v idence .

F rom c on s ide r ing t h i s d a ta i ti sq u i t e c l ea rt h a t -a l though t h e c oa r se , w a te r -depo s i ted s t o rm g rave l l a ye r I V , a s s igned t ot h e e p i sode o f f l ood ing , r e s t s d i r ec t ly o n t h e o ld b ea ch m idden ( l aye r I I ) i n p ane l I I - i t w a s e qu iva len tt o amuch h i ghe r d epo s i t i nt h e s equence f ound a tt h e l a nd ing s t age , s ome 9 0 f t . a way t o t h e s ou th -ea s t . H e re , a so ne m igh t e xpec t , t h e l a nd ing s t age w a s b u i l t o n t op o f t h e s t ra tum o f s t o rm -dump ed g rave l . H oweve r t h is i sl a ye r 5( con ta in ing w hee lhou se p o t te ry )a nd i tr e s ted o n t h e h umu s l a ye r 4 , i t se lf o n t o p o f al a ye r o fg rave l s r e su l t ing f r om ' g en t le s ho re l ine s o r t ing ' ( a l so c on ta in ing s ome w hee lhou se p o t te ry ) . T h i s i nt ur n r e s ted o n al a ye r o f ma r ine s a nd ( no . 2 )w h ich c on ta ined e a r ly I r on A ge a nd e a r ly f o r t p o t te ry , a nd i ti st h i s w h ich i se qu iva len t t ot h e f o r tb ea ch m idden [ I l l .4 . 10 1 , s e c t ion D2D3]

8 . 1 S t ra t ig raphy

T hus t h e r e w e re t wo e x t ra l a ye r s i n t h e l a nd ing s t age s equence w h ich w e r e n o t r e p re sen t ed i n p ane l I I , a nd b o th t h e s t ra t ig raphy a nd t h e a s so c ia ted p o t te ry m ake i t q u i te c l ea r t h a t t h e d r a s t ic r i se i n w a te r l e ve l , a nd t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e l a nd ing s t age , o ccu r r ed a t av e ry l a te s t age i nt h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te , a ppa r en t ly al o ng t ime a f t e r t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o ft h e b roch h ad b egun . T he o n ly w ay t h e s e quence a c tua l ly d e sc r ibed i nt h e r e po r t c ou ld b e i n f er r ed i sb y t ak ing a ccoun t o n ly o f t h e s t ra t ig raphy o f p ane l I I a nd f o rge t t ing t h a t i nf r on t o ft h e l a nd ing s t age . O n ly t h en c ou ld i tb e a s sumed t h a tt h e s t o rm g rave l l a ye r I V , i n d ica t ing f l ood ing , f o l lowed i mmed ia te ly o n t h e m idden o f F o r t 1( Pha se 3 ) a nd t h u s i n augu ra ted F o r t 2 ( Pha se 4 ) .

1 03

N o d i rec t s t ra t ig raph ica l l i nk w a s f ound b e tween t h e s t ump o ft h e b roch a nd t h e e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e s a nd l a ye r s a l ready d e sc r ibed , e xcep t f o rt h e o ve r lap w i th t h e o l de rw a l l a tt h e e n t rance . H oweve r , s ome i n f o rma t ive s t ra ta w e r e f ound i n t h e i n te r io r . A l though t h e i n ne r c ou r t o ft h e b roch h ad b een c l ea r ed o u t i n 1 860 -6 1 , i ts e em s t h a t o n ly ar a i sed , s e conda ry f l oo r ( b e long ing t o t h e w hee lhou se ) w a s t h en r e ached . T he n ew e xcava t ion s p ene t ra ted t h is a nd f ound t r ace s o f as t r ip o fp e r iphe ra l p av ing w h ich w a s s epa ra ted f r om t h e c en t ra l h ea r th a r ea b y ak e rb o f u p r igh t s t one s a mong w h ich w a s s e t ar i ng o f l a rge , s t one l ined p o s t h o le s . U nf or tuna te ly n o p l an o ft h e se i sg i ven b u tt h ey a r e a s sumed , a s w i th s eve ra l s im i la r e xcava ted b roch s , t o h ave h e ld t h e h eavy p o s t s o f at imbe r -f ramed g a l le ry o r b a lcony , t h e f l oo r o f w h ich r e s ted o n t h e s c a rcemen t l e dge . S uch a f l oo r w ou ld h ave b een l e ve l w i th t h e s i l l o ft h e d oo rt ot h e mu ra l s t a i rs o p r e sumab ly aw ooden l a dde r l e d

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

u p t ot h e b a lcony f r om t h e i n te r io r . T he i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r c ou ld n o t h ave g i ven a c ce s s t oi ta s i tt oo w a s f ounded a t s c a r cemen t l e ve l ( t h i s r a i se s t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tt h e re w a s a l a nd ing o n t h e s t a i ra tL eve l 3w h ich g ave a cce s st o ad oo r l e ad ing o u t t o af l oo r r e s t ing o n ah i ghe r s c a r cemen t , n ow v an ished ) . A l a ye r o fc l ayey p ea t a sh w a s f ound s p read o ve r m o s t o f t h e c en t ra l a r ea [ 1 1 , p l . X IVa ] a nd w a s a ppa ren t ly t h ep r ima ry b roch f l oo rd epo s i t ; t h ee ven o l de r o ccupa t ion l a ye r f ound u nde r p a r t o f i th a s a l r eady b een d e sc r ibed . O u t s ide a nd t o t h e w e s t o ft h e b roch t wo s t one , f l agged h ea r th s a nd a n a s soc ia ted s p read o f p ea t a sh w e r e f ound c l o se t ot h er i ng -wa l l ; t h e se a r ed i agno sed b yt h ee xcava to r a s t h e r ema in s o f t empo ra ry d we l l ing s i n u se w h i le t h e b roch w a sb e ing b u i l t , ap l au s ib le h ypo the s i s b u to ne b a sed o n a s sump t ion s r a the r t h an s t a t ig raph ica l p roof . Many a r tef ac t s w e re i n t h i s l a ye r i n c lud ing d eco ra ted b roch p o t te ry , a nd w ha lebone o b jec t s l i ke ac up a nd ac omb a s w e l l a sa n t le r h and le p l a te s [ 1 1 , p l s . XX IXb & XXXa , b ] . T h i s e n t i r e d epo s i tr e s ted o nt o p o f am a s s o fr ubb le w h ich h ad e v iden t ly f a l len f r om t h e r i ng w a l l a nd r e s t ing d i rec t ly o n n a tu ra l g r ave l [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion J ' ] . A l i t t le d i s tance t ot h e s ou th mo re s u ch h i gh o ccupa t ion l e ve l s , i n t h e f o rm o f s p read s o fp ea t a sh , w e re e ncoun te r ed [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion F 'F , l a ye r s 3a nd 4 ] , o ne o ft h em i nf r on t o f w e s t e nd o ft h e g a tehou se [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion E 'E , l a ye r4 ] ; t h e se t oo r e s ted o n at h ick l a ye r o ff a l len w a l l s t one s -o n a n o lde r m idden i nf r on t o ft h e g a tehou se b u t o n g rave l i n t h e o t he r s e c t ion . T he se d epo s i t s c on ta ined b o th d eco ra ted b roch p o t te ry a nd a l so q uan t i t ie s o f p l a in s t ea t i te w a re . T he se d we l l ing a r ea s d o s e em t ob e c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e b roch , b u tt h e s t ra t ig raphy c ou ld a se a s i ly b e i n te rp re ted a s m ean ing t h a t t h e b roch -bu i ld ing a c t iv i ty t ook p l ace o n a r u ined a nd a bandoned s i te . 8 . 2 T he r ound h u t I nf r on t o ft h e b roch e n t rance w a s f ound t h e r ema in s o fa r ound s t one h u t( no ts hown o nt h e s e c t ion d raw ing s ) w h ich i sa s s igned t o t h e b roch p e r iod ( I l l . 4 . 98 , H 1) . T o t h e n o r th -we s t o ft h i s w a s a n e x ten s ive p ea t a sh l a ye r 3 0 c m ( 12 i n s . ) t h ick w h ich p r e sumab ly r e p re sen t s t h e m a te r ia l t h rown o u t b y t h e o ccupan t s o f t h e b roch [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion H 'H a nd J ' J , l a ye r 5 ) ; t h e d i su sed o u te rw a l l w a s p r e sumab ly n ow t o o f a ra way f o rr ubb i sh t ob et i pped o ve r i tt oa dd t ot h e b each m idden . I ti si mpo r tan t t on o te t h a t t h is e x ten s ive a sh a nd m idden t i p w a s c ove r ed b y at h ick l a ye r o fb u i lde r s ' r ubb le , s i gn if y ing s ome l a te r b u i ld ing o r d emo l i t ion a c t iv i ty [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion J ' J , l a ye r6 ] . 8 . 3 A l te ra t ion st ot h eg a tehou se T he e xcava to r a s sumed t h a t v a r iou s c hange s w e r e m ade t o t h e o l d , d amaged g a tehou se a tt h et ime t h eb roch w a s b u i l t . T he w e s t o r l ef t c e l l w a s f ound f u l l o f r ubb le a nd h e a s sumed t h a t i tw a s b l ocked u p a t t h is t ime a nd t h e s t a i rca se i n se r ted i nt h e w e s t e nd w i th i t sb a se 9 0c m ( 3f t . ) a bove t h e b a se o ft h e g a tehou se a nd t h e o r ig ina l g round s u rf a ce [ 1 1 , p l . XV ] . S ome d oub t s a bou t t h e n on -p r ima ry n a tu re o f t h e s t a i r h ave a l ready b een e xp re s sed , i n p a r t icu la r t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e s t a i r p a s sage c l ea r ly c on t inue s w e s t -a ppa ren t ly w i thou t ab r eak o r a

1 04

s t ra igh t j o in t - t o b ecome t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e w a l l c onnec t ing w i th t h e b roch e n t rance [ 1 1 , p l . XV ] T h i s s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s t a i r c ou ld o r ig ina l ly h ave c on t inued o n d own n ex tt ot h i s , a nd t h a tt h e l owe s t s t ep s l a ck ing t h e p ro t ec t ion o ft h e o r ig ina l g a l le r ied w a l l -h ad b een r emoved l o ng b ef o re t h e e xcava t ion t o ok p lace ( t hey h ave n ow b een r e p laced : I l . 4 . 106 ) . T he l e ve l a tw h ich t h e c onnec t ing w a l l w a s f ounded w ou ld n eed t ob e k nown b ef o re c e r ta in ty o n t h i s p o in t c ou ld b e a ch ieved ; i fi t s b a se i s a t t h e l e ve l o f t h e b a se o f t h e g a tehou se t h e s t a i r mu s t s u r e ly b e p r ima ry , b u t i fi ti s h i ghe rt h e s t a i rc ou ld h ave b een i n ser ted . T he w e s te nd o f t h e b u i ld ing a ppea r s t o h ave b een e xcava ted b u t n o i n f o rma t ion i sg i ven o nt h i s i mpor tan tp o in t . T he e xcava to r a l so b e l ieve s t h a t t h e n ew s t a i r l e d u p t oa n ew , l owe r w a l lhead " i n te rmed ia te b e tw een t h e o r ig ina l f i r s t a nd s e cond f l oo r s" o f w h ich t wo l i n te l s r ema in . T he re s e em s n ow ay t ob e s u r e a bou tt h i s , a nd i tm ay b ea n a s sump t ion d e r iv ing f r om t h a t o ft h e s t a i rb e ing s e conda ry . T he p r e sen t h e igh t o ft h e r a i sed g a l le ry i s 4f t . 0i n s . ( 1 .22 m ) w he r ea s n o rma l ly o ne w ou ld e xpec t ah e igh t o f 5f t .— 5 f t 6i n s . ( 1 .5 — 1 . 68 m ) . T he p resen t e v en a nd l e ve l t o p o ft h e g a tehou se , w i th t h e l i n te ls , i ss u r e ly a 1 9t h c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion a s i t i s s hown u neven a nd d i lap ida ted i n D ryden 's d raw ing ( I l l . 4 . 94 ) .

8 . 4 T he b u i ld ing o ft h eb roch A l a ye r o f ' b u i lde r s ' r ubb le ' l y ing o n n a tu ra l g rave l a nd c l o se t ot h e e a s t s i de o ft h e b roch [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ,s ec t ion C C ' , l a ye r 3 ]( I l l . 4 . 10 1) i si n te rp r e ted a s t h e r ema in s o fs t one s s t acked d u r ing t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e b ro ch , t h ough i tc ou ld p r e sumab ly b e e qua l ly i fn o t mo re p l au s ib ly e xp la ined a s r ubb le f a l len f r om t h e d i lap ida ted o r d i sman t led t owe r . I t s e em s u n l ike ly f o r e xamp le t h a t b ro ch b u i lde r s ' r u bb le w ou ld h ave b e en l e f t u n t id i ly a ga in s t t h e b a se o ft h e n ew t owe r . T he b r och i t se lf i s as o l id -ba sed t owe r a nd i t s a r ch i tec tu ra l d e ta i ls h ave a l ready b een d e sc r ibed ( s ee s e c t ion 3 . 5 a bove ) . 8 . 5 F ind sf rom t h eb roch l e ve l s Mo s t o ft h e f i nd s a s s igned t ot h e b roch o fP ha se 5 c ame f r om t h e e x ten s ive p ea t a sh a nd m idden l a ye r o u t s ide t h e t owe rt ot h ew e s ta nd n o r th -we s t . T hu st h e i rs t ra t ig raph ica l c onnec t ion w i th t h e b roch , t hough h i gh ly p robab le , c anno t b e p rov ed . I fs ome m a jo r e p i sod e o fc on s t ruc t ion a nd o ccupa t ion i n te rvened b e tween t h e d i lap ida t ion o ft h e f i r s t r i ng w a l l a nd t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e b r o ch - s uch a st h e b u i ld ing o f t h e s o r t o f g a l le ry -wa l led s e cond r i ng -f o r t s ugge s ted h e r e ( s ec t ion 1 b e low ) -a l t h ese f i nd s m igh t i nt h eo ry b e long t h e re . A l though t h e e x ten s ive p ea t a s h f u r the r n o r th -we s t i sr e f e r red t o a s a no the r b roch p e r iod d epo s i t [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion J ' J , l a ye r 5 ]n o f i nd s f r om i t a r e l i s ted . S tone a r tef ac t s f r om t h i s c on tex t [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s ec t ion G 'G , l a ye r 3 ]i n c lud ed w he t s tone s , p o t l id s o rd i sc s , ah and led s l a te d i sc , s and s tone c oun te r s , p l aque so ff i ne g a rne t if e rou s s c h is ta nd al amp w i th at h umb g r ip [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 7 .1] .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

B one a nd a n t ler o b jec t s i n c lud ed a w l s o r p o in t s , a p e rf o ra t ed b obb in , ac h ise l [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 9 .1 ] , ad i e w i th d o t a nd r ing s po t s [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 9 .5 ] , ' t en s ion p eg s ' , p l a in p i n s , a l o ng -hand led c omb [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 8 .6 ] , b one a nd a n t le rp l a te s f o ra t ta chmen tt ou n spec if ied o b jec t s [ 1 1 ,f i g .4 8 .1-4 ] a nd a w ha lebone c up , f ound i n ac av i ty b enea th t h e p av ing o f o ne o ft h et empo ra ry h u t s [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 8 .5 ] . Me ta l : n ot r a ce o fi r on f r om t h i s p e r iod i sm en t ioned b u t a ga in t h e m any whe t s tone s mu s t s u r e ly m ean t h a t i tw a s i n u s e . S eve ra l b ron ze o b jec t s w e re r e cov e red , i n c lud ing as p i ra l f i nge rr i ng [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 0 .3 ] , ap i ece o f ab ra ce le tw i th r i bbed d eco ra t ion , t h e h ead o f ar i ng -head ed p i n [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 0 .2 ] , a d oub le -po in ted f i sh g o rge [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 0 .5 ] . Ap i ece o fa s ma l l c r uc ib le i nd ica te sb ronze -wo rk ing . S t one : f r om t he f l oo r d epo s i t i n s ide t h e b roch c ame o b jec t s l i k e p ounde r s , w he t s tones , s and s tone p o t l i d s , a s phe r ica l b ead o r w ho r l [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 7 .10 ] , ac i rcu la r s a nd s tone b ow l l amp w i th a s t ubby h and le [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 7 .2 ] a nd ap e rf o ra ted p ea r shaped l o om w e igh t [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 7 .4 ] . T he r e w a s a l so h a lf a p o t te ry s p ind le w ho r l a nd b one o b jec t s i n c luded a s ma l l p l a in d i e [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 9 .12 ] a nd a p e rf o ra t ed t o gg le [ 1 1 ,f i g .4 9 .2 ] . A t h i rd d epo s i t i sa s s igned t o t h e b roch p e r iod , n ame ly l a ye r I V i nt h e b each m idden i np a ne l s I X IV . H oweve r f o r r e a son s a l ready e xp la ined i ts e em s t h a t t h is l a ye r i si n f a c t mu ch l a te r a nd b e long s t ot h e l a te w hee lhou se p e r iod ; t h e f i nd sa r et h e ref o r e i n c luded i ns e c t ion 9 . 4b e low . O ne o f t h em w a s af r agmen t o f aR oman g l a s s b ow l m ade d u r ing t h ep e r iod AD 1 60 -250 a nd i tc onf i rm st h e l a te d a te o ft h e d epo s i t [ 11 , 1 33 ] w h ich i su n l ike ly t o a n teda te t h e m idd le o ft h e2 nd c en tu ry AD a nd c ou ld b ew e l la f t e rt h a t .

t h ough s omewha t p l a ine r , s t i l l h ad t h e e ve r ted a nd f l u ted r im s c ha ra c te r i s t ic o ft h e e a r l ie r p e r iod . T he f a l se d oub le r im a l so o ccu r r ed . T he f l u ted r im d eco ra t ion l a s ted av e ry l o ng t ime , o ccu r r ing t h roughou t s e ve ra l f e e t o f m idden d epo s i t s . T h i s w hee lhou se r ema ined t h e p r inc ipa l d we l l ing t h roughou t t h e w ho le o f t h e p o s t -b roch p e r iod a nd h uge m idden s g radua l ly b u i l t u p o ve rt h ep r e -b roch b y re a nd h u t f ounda t ion s . I mmed ia te ly a bove al a ye ro fb u i lde r s ' r ubb le a s soc ia ted w i th t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e w hee lhou se t h e re w a s f ound af r agmen t o fR oman g l a s s d a t ing f r om t h e l a te i s to re a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A no the r e xo t ic s he rd , o fR hen i sh p o lych rome d a teab le t ot h em id 3 rd c en tu ry , o ccu r red i na n " e s tab l i shed w hee lhou se c on tex t" . T he re w a s l i t t le e v idence t o s how h ow l a te t h e s i te w a s o ccup ied b u t , o nt h e a na logy o ft h e e v idence o b ta ined f r om t h e J a r l shof w hee lhou se s , H am i l ton s uppo se s t h a t i tm ay h ave b een u n t i l t h e 7 t h o r 8 t h c en tu r ie s . N o V ik ing r e l ic s w e re f ound t hough t h e p a i r o ff oo tp r in t s c u t i n to s t one o n t h e c au seway i s ad ev ice f ound i no t he r S co t t i sh D a rk A ge r oya l s i te s . T h roughou t t h e p o s t -b roch p e r iod t h e s t one a nd b one t o o l sr ema ined e s sen t ia l ly t h e s ame . 9 . 1 D emo l i t ion o ft h eb roch I n t h e r e po r t s ome o f t h e e v idence f o r t h e se d r ama t ic s t a temen t s i sp r e sen ted . T he s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e w e s t p a r t o ft h e o u te rc ou r t i st h e mo s t c omp le te a nd i ts how s ac l ea r l a ye r o f" bu i lde r 's r ubb le" , u p t o3 0 c m ( 12 i n s . ) t h ick , o n t o p o f t h e b roch p e r iod h ea r th s a nd a s soc ia ted a sh l a ye r [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion F J , l a ye r 6 ] . L ikew i se i n s ide t h e b roch i t s e lf a d epo s i t o f r ubb le w a s f ound i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e l a ye r o f p av ing a s soc ia ted w i th t h e i n se r ted w hee lhou se ( a nd r e ached i nt h e 1 860 -6 1 e xcava t ion s ) [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ,s e c t ion AA ' , l a ye r 5 ] ; t h i s r ubb le w a s l y ing o n t h e b roch f l oo r .

8 . 6 B roch p o t tery T he mo s tp r om inen ts t y le o fp o t te ry f r om p ha se 4c on s i s ted o fe ver t ed r im v esse l sv e ry s im i la rt ot h ee a r ly f o r tw a r e sw e l l f i r ed , s moo th su rf aced a nd r e dd i sh b rown i nc o lou r a nd h av ing s ha rp ly e ver ted r im s . S ome o ft h e se r im s h ad p a ra l le l l i ne s o ff l u t ing a l ong t h e i n ne r s u rf ace , a ga in l i ke t h e f o r t p o t te ry , b u t t h e o ccu r rence o f n eck -band d eco ra t ion - t ha t i s ar ope o f c l ay , p r e s sed o r c u t i n to v a r iou s p a t ter n s , a pp l ied i n to t h e s h a rp a ng le b e tween t h e e ver ted r im a nd t h e b ody [ 1 1 , f i g s . 5 3 &5 4 ] -w a s m uch m o re f r equen tt han i nt h ef o r td epos i t s .

C lea r ly t h e se r ubb le l a ye r s mu s t m ean t h a t s ome k i nd o f a c t iv i ty i n vo lv ing t h e m ov ing o f l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f s t one t o ok p l ace a tt h e e nd o ft h e b roch p e r iod , b u ti ti sn o tc l ea r w he the r t h i s i n vo lved t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e b roch b ef o r e t h e i n se r t ion o f t h e w hee lhou se d we l l ing , o r t h e c l ea r ing o u t o fr ubb le f r om ar u ined a nd a bandoned b roch . T he r ubb le c ou ld e i the rb em a te r ia l c o l lap sed f r om t h e b roch o r t h e r ema in s o ft h eb u i ld ing m a te r ia l b rough t i nt oc on s t ruc t t h e w hee lhou se . I ti sa l so n o t c l ea r f r om t h e r e po r t o n w ha t e v idence t h e e xcava to r b a se s h i s c onc lu s ion t h a t t h e b roch h ad b ecome d i lap ida ted b ef o r e d emo l i t ion ( t hough t h e re i si nf a c t g ood e v idence f o r t h i s , a sw e h ave s e en , i n t h e r eg ion o ft h e s t a i r d oo r -s e c t ion 3 . 5 .4 a bove ) , o rt h a t t h e b roch s t one h ea r th w a s r emoved a t t h a t t ime . P re sumab ly i tw a s D ryden 's c l ea r d e sc r ip t ion o f s i gn s o f s u ch r e -bu i ld ing i n s ide t h e b roch , a l r eady r e f er r ed t o ( s ec t ion 3 . 5 ) . I tm igh t s e em l i ke ly t h a t t h e b roch w a s p a r t ly p u l led d own b ef o re t h e s e conda ry d we l l ing w a s i n ser ted , b o th b ecau se o fD ryden 's e v idence a nd b ecau se s u ch d emo l i t ion a c t iv i t ie s h ave b een d e tec ted a to t he rs i te s . I t p robab ly o ccu r r ed b ecau se t h e u ppe r w o rk s o f t h e d ry s tone t owe r s b ecame u n s tab le a nd d ange rou s w i th t ime , a nd a l so p e rhap s b ecau se t h e r e w a s ag ene ra l d ec l ine i n t h en eed f o rt h eb roch s a sd ef en s ive s t ruc tu re s .

9 . P ha se 6 : d emo l i t ion o f b roch a nd c ons truc t ion o f w hee lhou se A cco rd ing t o av iv id e a r ly a ccoun t o ft h e e xcava to r 's t h e b roch w a s a lowed t of a l l i n to d ecay , a nd w a s t h en p a r t ly d emo l ished , b ef o re al a rge w hee lhou se w a s e r ec ted i nt h e i n te r io r . T he p re sence o f s eve r a l l a rge h ea r th s n ea r t h e r i ng -wa l l a nd c l o se t o t h e o u te r e n t rance , a bove e a r l ie r d epo s i t s , s ugge s ted t oh im t h e p r e sence o f al a rge rn umbe r o f ' n a t ive s ' s i nce much s t ea t i te t empe r ed p o t te ry o ccu r red w i th t h em . T he i n hab i tan t s o ft h e l a rge w hee lhou se i n s ide t h e t ow e r , o n t h e o t he r h and , s e em t o h ave b een d e scendan t s o f t h e b roch b u i lde r s s i nce t h e i r p o t te ry ,

1 05

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

9 . 2 T he w hee lhou se

9 . 3 D a t ing

A sn o t ed ( s ec t ion 3 . 5 ) aw a l lo fu nev en t h ickne s sw a sb u i l t i n s ide t h e b roch t o f o rm a m u ch c on t ra c ted , e l ip t ica l c en t ra l c ou r t m ea su r ing 7 . 63 m ( 2 5 f t . ) f r om n o r th -ea s t b y e a s t t o w e s t b y s ou th -w e s t a nd 5 . 80 m ( 1 9 f t . ) a tr i gh t a ng le s [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] ( I l l .4 . 109 ) ; t h u st h ew a l lo nt h en o r th w e s tw a s u p t o2 . 29 m ( 7 .5 f t . ) t h ick . T he o r ig ina lb roch e n t ran ce c on t inued i nu s e , a sd i dt h e d oo rway t ot h em u ra l c e l l a t 1 2 o ' c lock ; h ow eve r t h e d oo r t ot h e c e l l a t4 . 30 o ' c lock w a s b l ocked ( o r t h e w ho le c e l l m igh t h av e b een f i l led ) . Ac e l l , o r' r ece s sed s pa ce ' , w a s b u i l t w i th in t h e w hee lhou se w a l l i t s e lf o n t h e n o r th s i d e , t h e b a ck o f i t b e ing f o rmed b yt h eb roch w a l l ; o nt h e l a t t e rc an b e s e en t h e s c a rcemen t 1 . 83 m ( 6 f t . ) a bove t h e f l oo r . T he d oo rway t ot h e s t a i r l o bby w a s e x t ended f o rwa rd s t h rough t h en ew w a l la s ar a i sed p a s sag eway a tf i r s tf l oo rl e ve l , 7 5 c m( 2f t .5 . 5 i n s . )w ide ; t h i sp a s sag ea l so l e ad st o an a r row c ompa r tmen ta tt h es ame h e igh ti nt h ew hee lhou se w a l l .

T he p ha se 5 l e v e l s p rodu ced t h e f i r s t r e l iab ly d a t ed a r tef ac t s i nt h e f o rm o f f r agmen t s o fR oman p o t t e ry a nd g l a s s ( t he e x cava t ion w a s c omp le t ed t e n y ea r s b ef o r e r a d ioca rbon d a t ing w a s f i r s t a pp l ied t o a S co t t i sh p r eh i s to r ic s i te ) . T he se R oman f r agm en t s p rov id e af i rm c h rono log ica l h o r izon b u t u nf o r tuna t e ly m o s t o ft h e s i t e 's s t r a t if i ed l a ye r sa r eo l de rt h an t h i s ; t h u sn ol i gh ti ss h ed i n t h i sw ay o nt h ed a t ing o ft h eb u i ld ing o ft h eb roch o ro ft h e e a r l ie rs t on er i ng -f o r t s .

B ecau se o ft h e d i scov e ry o ft h r ee p o s t -ho le s i nt h e u ppe r p av ed f l oo r -s unk d own i n to t h eg r ave l l a ye ri mmed ia t e ly b e low t h a t p av ing [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ,s e c t ion A 'A , l a ye r 6 ] ) a nd s ma l le r t h an t h o se i n t h e b ro ch f l oo r -t h e e xcava to r c on s id e r ed t h a t i ni t s o r ig ina l f o rm t h e i n se r t ed d w e l l ing w a s at r u e ( t hough o va l ) r oundhou se w i th ar oof s uppo r ted b y i n t e rna l w ooden p o s t s . A t al a t e rd a t e t h e r a d ia l s t one p i e r sw e r es ub s t i tu ted f o rt h ep o s t s , a n as im i la rm anne rt o t h e c hang e s m ade i n t h e e a r l ie s t p o s t -b roch d w e l l ing a t J a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) ; t h e p i e r s w e r e o fs t on e s l ab s a bou t 6 9 c m( 2f t . 3i n s . )h i gh a nd t h ey p ro jec t ed a bou t 7 6c m ( 2f t . 6i n s . )i nf r om t h ew a l l . A cco rd ing t o I r v ine [ 2 ] t h e r e w a s t h en a r e c tangu la r , p av ed s t one h ea r th i nt h e m idd le o ft h e f l oo r , s l igh t ly s unk b e low t h e s u r round ing f l oo r a nd k e rbed w i th s t one s o n e dg e ; i tm ea su r ed 1 . 07 m ( 3f t . 6i n s . ) b y9 0 c m( 2f t .1 i n s . ) a nd s t i l l h ad a s h i ni t s c r ev ice s . As t one b en ch o r ' b ink ' w a s o nt h e s ou th s i de o ft h e h ea r th . T he m id 1 9 th c en tu ry e xcava to r s f o und av a r ie ty o fa r tef a c t s i nt h e b ay s f o rmed b yt h ep i e r s ; i nt h eo ne t ot h er i gh to ft h ee n t rance w e r em any p ebb le h amme rs t on e so rp ound e r s . I nt h eb ay t oi t s l e f tw a s ah ea r th , a nd i nt h e w hee lhou se c e l lb eyond t h a t ap ea t w a s f o und o n as h e lf i n t h e w a l l . I r v ine s u rm i sed t h a t t h e b roch c e l l o ppo s i te t h e m a in e n t rance , w h ich r ema ined o pen i nP ha se 5 ,s e rv ed a st h eb ed chambe r o ft h e ' Ce l t ic s qu i r eo ft h eb rough ' [ 2 , 3 72 ] ; t h i ss e em sa r e a sonab le s uppo s i t ion ( w i th s ome r e se rva t ion s a bou t t h e a d je c t ive ' Ce l t ic ' ) . I th a sa l r eady b een o b se rv ed t h a tt h e s e conda ry e n t ran ce t o t h e b roch - p u shed t h rough t h e w a l l a tt h e b a se o ft h e i n t ra -mu r a ls t a i rway - s e em sl i k e ly t od a te t o ap e r iod a f t e r m u ch r ubb le h ad f a l len f r om t h e t ow e r . T h i s d oo r w a s c e r ta in ly i nu s ew i th t h ew hee lhou se ( s ince t h ep a s sag eway t oi tr un s t h rough t h e w a l l o ft h e l a t t e r a tt h e s ame l e ve l ) a nd m ay w e l l h av e b een c on s t ruc t ed w i th i t . I fs o t h i s w ou ld s imp ly c onf i rm t h a t t h e w hee lhou se i t s e lf w a s b u i l t a f t e r t h e b r och w a s p a r t ly r u ined , p r e sumab ly a f t e r t h e i n te r io r( i fn o tt h eb a se o ft h ee x te r io rw a l l f a ce s )h ad b een c l ea r ed o fm o s to ft h ef a l len r u bb le .

Ap i ece o fR oman g l a s s d a t eab le t ot h e l a te i s t o re a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry AD w a s r e po r t ed t o h av e b e en f o und " i n a n e a r ly w hee lhou se d epo s i t a bove t h e b u i ld e r 's r u bb le" w h ich e v id en t ly m a rked t h e t r an s i t ion b e tween p ha se s 4 a nd 5 [ 1 1 , 1 33 ] . H owev e rt h e d e ta i l s g i ven i nt h e f i nd s c a ta logue m e r e ly s t a t et h a ti tw a s f ound i np ane l 1 8 , s o u th w e s t o f t h e b r och , a nd i n l a ye r 1 0 [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion H 'H ] ; t h i s d oe s n o t s how t h e r ubb le l a ye r m en t ioned . T he s e cond p i e ce , o f ap a in t ed b ow l f r om t h e R h in e land , i sd a teab le t ot h e p e r iod AD 1 60 -250 a nd w a s f o und a ta h i gh l e ve l i nt h eb ea ch m idd en - i nl a y e rI V i n p an e lV I I I [ 1 1 , 1 33 ] . A s sum ing t h a t t h e se f r agm en t s r e a ch ed t h e i r f i na l r e s t ing p l a ce s f a i r ly q u ick ly ( a n a s sump t ion t h a t m ay b e w rong ) , t h e se v a r iou s d a t ed i mpo r t s s ugge s t t h a t t h e P ha se 5s e conda ry o ccupa t ion w a s i np r og r es s b yt h et h i rd c en tu ry AD . 9 . 4 F ind sf rom P ha se 5 T he m o s t n um e rou s f i nd s c ame f r om t h e u ppe r c ou r tya rd m idden s t ot h e w e s t o ft h e b roch a nd f r om t h e u pp e rmo s t d epo s i t so ft h eb ea ch m idd en so u t s id et h eo u te rw a l l . S t one i mp l emen t s [ f ig s . 5 8 &5 9 ] i n c lud ed p ound e r s a nd r ubbe r s , p o t l i d s a nd s t ea t i t e d i sc s , w h e t s tone s , d i sco id ' l oom w e igh t s ' c en t ra l ly p e rf o ra ted [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 8 .3 ] , b ead s a nd w ho r l s , c oun t e r s a nd p l ay ing m en , s p he r ica ll ump so f p um ice , af i n e s e t o f h and led b ow l lamp s ( mo s t o f s a nd s tone b u t o n e o f s t ea t i t e ) [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 9 ] a nd d i sco id p l aque s o f g a rne t if e rou s s c h i s t . A r o ta ry q u e rn o f u n spec if i ed t y p e -t h e f i r s t m en t ioned - w a s f ound i nt h e r o adway s i l tb e tw e en t h e g a tehou se a nd t h eb roch e n t rance [ 1 1 ,14 1 ] . A r tef ac t s o ffi r ed c l ay i n c luded s p ind le w ho r l s c u t f r om s h e rd s , p o t te ry b ow l lamp s a nd a l so as ma l l c r u c ib le f o r b ronz e -ca s t ing . B one a nd a n t l e r t o o l s i n c lud ed ap i nw i th a no b l iqu e ly c u t h ead [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 0 .4 ] , c u t s e c t ion s f r om l o ng b on e s , a t o gg le [ 1 1 , f i g .6 0 .7 ] , a n o va lb one w i th ar e c tangu la rs l o t t h rough i t[ 1 1 , f i g . 6 0 .6 ] , p o in t s o r a w l s , ap e r f o r a ted b obb in [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 0 .1 ] a nd ap o s s ib le w eav ing t a b le t [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 0 .5 ] . T h e r e i sa l so a b one p i n w i th a d i sc shaped h ead - I l t ra ted w i th t h er i ng -f o r tm a te r ia l [ 1 1 , f i g . 3 8 ,n o . 1 3 ] -w h ich s e em st ob e c ha r a c te r is t ic o ft h e l a te I r on A ge a s semb lag eo fc ompo s i te b one c omb sa nd o r namen t a lb one p i n s . S i nce t h e r e a r e n o o t he r c l ea r f i nd s o ft h i s p e r iod t h i sp i nm ay b e long t ot h ev e ry e nd o ft h em idd le I r on A g e p e r iod .

1 06

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

p e r iod s a l so , a nd i n ter na l ly d eco ra ted b a se s -a l so f ound i n t h e e a r l ie r l e ve l s m en t ioned - a ga in o ccu r [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 8 ] . T he re a r e a l so s imp le r , b a r r e l shaped p o t s w i th p l a in i n tum ing r im s a sw e l l a s an umbe r o fs he rd s w i th i n c i sed d eco ra t ion w h ich s e em t ob e f r agmen t s o ft h e se [ 1 1 , F ig s . 6 6 &6 7 ] . T he r e semb lance t ot h e l a te B ronze A ge ur n s a t J a r l shof , a sw e l l a st oH eb r idean V au l w a re u rn s , m ay n o t b ec o inc iden ta l .

B ron ze o b jec t s i n c luded a p i n w i th a t w i s ted , s qua r e s e c t ioned s h af t [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 1 .1] ; t h i s r e ca l ls t h e b ronze o b jec t f r om t h e Dun Mo rV au lb roch , T i ree , i n te rp re ted a s p a r t o f ac r uc ib le t ong s , w h ich h ad as im i la r ly d eco ra ted s haf t ( Ma cK ie 1 974 , f i g . 1 , n o . 4 08 & 1 3 1) . A l terna t iv e ly i t may b et h e k i nd o fp i n f ound a tT he H owe i nO rkney [ 1 3 , I l . 1 33 , n o 4 314 ] a nd p robab ly a tD un A rd t r eck i nS kye [ Ma cK ie 2 001 , I l . 2 5 , n o . 4 4 ) . T he re w a s a l so a no the r p in w i th ad eco ra t ed s haf tf o rmed o ft wo r od s t w i s ted t oge the r [ 1 1 , I l . 6 1 .2 ] . O the r b ronze s i n c luded a no the r p in a nd af i nge r r ing o fu n spec if ied t y pe , w ha t m ay b e p a r t o f ap enannu la r b rooch w i th l o zenge d eco ra t ion [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 1 .4 ] , t h e h ead o f an a i l -headed p in w i th c r i s s -c ro s s o rnamen t o n t o p [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 0 .6 ] ( w rong ly I l t ra ted w i th t h e b roch m a te r ia l ) , a nd a no the r p i n w i th a n e xpanded ,p e rf o ra ted h ead [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 0 .5 ] ( w rong ly I l t ra ted w i th t h ef o r tm a te r ia l ) .

1 0 . P ha se 6 :l a te w hee lhouse o ccupa t ion

O ne s i lve r i t em w a s f ound - a s p i ra l f i nge r r ing w i th c o r ruga ted or namen t o n t h e t h ick e r c en t ra l t w i s t , a nd w i th much t h inne r e nd t w i s t s w h ich e ach e nd i n af i ne , r i bbed t e rm ina l [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 1 .3 ] ; t h i s i sc l o se ly m a tched b y a s im i la r ly d eco ra ted s i lve r r i ng f r om t h e l a te s t p o s t -b roch l e ve l a tD un Mor V au l , t h ough t h e t e rm ina l s o ft h i s o ne a r e o n ly s l igh t ly t h inne r t h an t h e c en t ra l t w i s t ( MacK ie 1 974 , f i g . 1 7 ,n o . 3 27 & 1 32 ) .

T he e xcava to r a s s ign s t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e n a r row c au seway t o t h i s l a s t p e r iod o fo ccupa t ion , b e l iev ing t h a t t h e l o ch w a s s i l t ing u p b y t h i s t ime a nd t h a t t h e g round b e tween t h e s i te a nd t h e f i e ld s a r ound , w h i le n o t o pen w a te r , w a s muddy a nd d i f f icu l t . H oweve r , a s d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r , t h e e v idence f r om t h e l a ye r s i nt h e s e c t ion i nf r on t o ft h e l a nd ing s t age a nd f u r the re a s t( ? ) i n d ica te c l ea r ly t h a t t h e f l ood ing a nd t h eb u i ld ing o ft h e l a nd ing s t age o ccu r r ed a t al a te s t age e ven i n t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o f t h e b roch . T h i s d oe s n o t o fc ou r se c on t rad ic t t h e p l a c ing o f t h e c au seway a tt h i s l a te p e r iod , b u t t h e r e a son b ecome s t h e p r e sence o f ad eep l o ch r a the rt h an j u s tm uddy g round . 1 0 .1 L a te p i t s a nd h u t s

R oman g l a s s i n c luded o ne s ma l l f r agmen t o ft h e b a se o fa c o lou r le s sb ow l , p robab ly o fA lexand r ian f a b r ic a nd m ade i nt h e l a te I s t c en tu ry o rt h e e a r ly 2 nd [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 2 .2 ] . I t c ame f r om l a ye r 1 0 i np ane l 1 8 [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion H 'H ] , s ome d i s tance a bove l a ye r 5w h ich i sp r e sumab ly t h eb roch m idden . T he o the r p i ece i st h e f r agmen t o ft h e r im o fa p a in ted d i sh , p robab ly m ade i n n or th -ea s t G au l o r t h e R h ine land ( i n t h e C o logne a r ea ) b e tween a bou t AD 1 60 a nd 2 50 [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 2 .1 ] . I tw a s f o und i nt h e u ppe r p a r t ( l aye rI V )o ft h eb each m idden i np ane l V I I I .

V a r iou s r ound h u t s a nd s t o rage p i t s w e re e xcava ted i n to t h e u ppe rmo s t l e ve l s o ft h e m idden d epo s i t s , p a r t icu la r ly w e s t o ft h e r oadway l e ad ing t ot h e o l d b roch e n t rance . A l a rge c i r cu la r h u t h e re w a s e xp lo red i n 1 860 -6 1 a nd r e co rded o n D ryden 's p l an [ f ig . 4 ] . H am i l ton a s sume st h a t t h e w hee lhou se c on t inued t o b e o ccup ied i n to t h i s l a te r p e r iod , b u t d i rec t e v idence i sl a ck ing a nd t h e p o t te ry i s q u i te d if e r en t .

N a t ive g l a s s i n c lude ad umb -be l l s haped b ead o r p endan t [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 4 . 1] o fc l ea r g l a s s w i th y e l low s t r ipe s , f ound i n a n u n spec if ied l a ye r i n t h e l a nd ing s t age t r ench ; p r e sumab ly i tw a s e i the r o n o r w i th in t h e s t age a nd t h e ref o r e d a te s t o al a te p ha se i nt h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te . T he re w a s a l so a f r agmen t o f ab r a ce le t o fo paque g l a s s ( c o lou r u n spec if ied ) w i th l o ng i tud ina l s t r ipe s o f b l ue , y e l low , w h i te , b lue , w h i te a nd y e l low ; i tw a s f ound i n p ane l X IV , i nl a ye r V o ft h e b ea ch m idden . F rom t h e d r aw ing i ta ppea r s t o h ave h ad a g roove c u t i n i t , p r e sumab ly c onver t ing i tt o ap endan t [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 4 .2 ] . A n umber o fs ma l l r i ng -bead s o fo paque y e l low g l a s s w e re f o und i nt h e se l a te ro ccupa t ion l e ve l s .

T he se w e r e f ew a nd i n c luded o n ly p o t te ry a nd s ome s t one a r tef ac t s l i ke p ounde r s , w he t s tone s , b ead s a nd p o t l i d s o r d i sc s . t h e p o t te ry w a s q u i te d i f f e ren t t o t h a t f r om t h e e a r l ie r l e ve l s , b e ing s imp le a nd p oo r a nd l a rge ly u ndeco ra ted [ 1 1 , f i g . 7 1 ] . T he e ve r ted r im s a nd t h e a s soc ia ted d eco ra t ion h ad d i sappea red a nd t h e v e s se ls a r e p l a in , f l a t -ba sed , b ucke t shaped p o t s mo s t ly w i th s t ra igh t s i de s t a pe r ing t o af l a t r im w h ich c an b e s l igh t ly i n tur ned o r e ve r ted . T he w a re i sw e l l f i r ed a nd h a rd a nd o f a l i gh te r b i scu i t c o lou r t h an i n t h e o l de r l e ve l s , a nd t h e p o t te ry a s aw ho le c o r r e spond s w e l l w i th t h a t f r om t h e i mmed ia te ly p r e -V ik ing s e t t lemen ta tJ a r lshof .

W hee lhou se p o t tery : t h e a bundan t p o t te ry o f P ha se 5 a ppea r s t ob e e s sen t ia l ly s im i la rt ot h a t o ft h er i ng -f o r t a nd b roch p e r iod s , a l though - a s a tJ a r l shof - i tt e nd s t o b e m ade o fh a rde r , mo re r e dd i sh w a r e [ 1 1 , 1 44 & F ig s . 6 5 6 8 ] . C ommon i st h e l a rge E ve r ted R im j a r , w i th f l u t ing a l ong t h e i n s ide s u rf a ce o f t h e r im - i nw ha t s hou ld b e k nown a s t h e ' C l ickh im in s t y le ' i n v i ew o f i t s e a r ly a ppea rance a tt h is s i te . Many o ft h e se j a r s h ave n eck b and d eco ra t ion , af e a tu r e o f b o th t h e f o r t a nd b roch

PART 4 : GENERAL D ISCUSS ION

1 07

1 0 .2

T he l a te s tf i nd s

S ome s pec if ic p rob lem s o ft h e e xcava to r 's i n te rp re ta t ion s o ft h e p r e -b roch f o r t s a r e d i scu s sed f i r s t ( s ec t ion 1 ) , a nd t h en c ome s as umma ry o ft h e s equence o fm a te r ia l c u l tu re s r evea led o n t h e s i te u s ing t h e c l ea r ly d e sc r ibed s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence ( s ec t ion 1 2 ) . T he l a s t s e c t ion of e r s an ew s i te s equence w h ich t a ke s i n to a ccoun t a s much o ft h e e v idence a sp o s s ib le .

T he R ound hou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

d ev ice o f w id en ing t h e w a l l a tt h e e n t r an ce ( t hough t h i s e xpan s ion m ay b e al a t e r a l te ra t ion ) . T h i s w ou ld s imu l taneou s ly m ak e t h e p a s sage l o ng e r a nd a low m o r e r oom f o rm ano euv r eo nt h ew a l lhead .

1 . T he n a ture o ft he p re -broch f o r t s T he w r i te r 's o r ig ina l v i s i t s t ot h e s i t e i n1 963 s ugge s ted t o h im t h a t a l t e rna t iv e e xp lana t ion s c ou ld b e e vo lv ed f o r s ome o f t h e s t ru c tu ra l f e a tu r e s n ow v i s ib le . T he a ppea ran ce o ft h ee x cava t ion r e po r ti n1 968 [ 1 1 ]r e -opened s om e o ft h e se q ue s t ion s [ 1 2 ] . I ti sc l ea rt h a tt h en a tu r eo f t h e " ga tehou se" o r" f o r ewo rk " i so ne i mpo r tan tk ey t ot h e u nd e r s tand ing o ft h e a l i mpo r tan t p r e -b roch f o r t -bu i ld ing p ha se a tt h i s s i t e , m a in ly b ecau se i tp o s se s se s s e ve ra l a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s w h ich a r e t y p ica l o f t h e b roch s t h em se lve s . T he se i n c lude ( 1 )t h e s moo th c u rve a nd b a t t e r o ft h ew a l lf a ce s ,( 2 )t h en a r row a nd c ompa c te n t rance w i th i t s l ow l i n t e l s , d oo r -check s a nd b a r -ho le , ( 3 ) t h e v o id o r c hambe ra bove t h ee n t rance l i n t e l s , ( 4 )t h es c a r cemen t o n t h e r e a rw a l l f a ce a nd ( 5 ) t h e s ho r t l e ng th o fr a i sed m u ra l g a l le ry a nd ( 6 )p e rhap sa l so t h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i r .

I ts e em sp l a in t o ot h a t ac on s ide rab le a dvan ce i nd ef en s iv e a r ch i tec tu r e h ad t a k en p l a ce b e tween t h e c on s t ru c t ion o f t h e o u t e rg a t e a nd t h a t o ft h e ' g a tehou se ' e n t rance a nd t h a t t h e r ef o r e e i the r t h e ' g a t ehou se ' g a teway i s much l a t e r o r t h a t n ew , m o r e d eve loped b u i ld ing t e chn iqu e s w e r e s udd en ly i n t roduced f r om o u t s ide w h i le t h e p r ima ry r i ng f o r tw a sb e ing b u i l t . 1 .2

H am i l ton 's e xcava t ion s p rov ed s t ra t ig raph ica l ly t h a t t h e " ga t ehou se" i s o l de r t h an t h e b roch , p robab ly b y a c on s id e rab le t im e ; u n t i l t h e d i scove r ie s a t T he H owe ( HY21 1 ) C l ickh im in w a st h e o n ly k nown s i t ep o s se s s ing ad ef en s ive s t ru c tu r e w h ich c ou ld b e a n ce s t ra l t o t h e b roch s a nd a l so i na n u nequ ivoca l ly e a r ly p o s i t ion . I ti s i mpo r tan t t h e r ef o r e t h a t t h e p r ec i se n a tu r e , f u nc t ion a nd o r ig in o ft h e " ga t ehou se" s hou ld b e a sc l ea r ly u nde r s tood a sp o s s ib le w i th t h ei n f o rma t ion n ow a va i lab le . 1 .1

D e s ign o ft h eg a t ehou se

Wh en t h e s t ru c tu r e i t s e lf i se xam ined i tq u ick ly b ecome s c l ea r t h a t t h e m o s t r e cen t c ommen t s o n i tl e ave m any q ue s t ion s u nan sw e r ed . T h e f i r s t p o in t i st h a t H am i l ton e v iden t ly r e ga rd s t h e g a t ehou se a st h e o r ig ina l e n t rance t o t h e f i r s t f o r t o n t h e i s l e t , h av ing a ppa r en t ly t a k en t h i s v i ew f r om S imp son [ 7 ] ; t h e i n ev i tab le i n f e r en ce t h en m u s t b e t h a t i ti se a r l ie r t h an t h e p r e sen t g a t eway i nt h e o u te r w a l l . Y e t t h e f a c t i st h a t t h e p r e sen t o u t e r g a te i sf a r i n f e r io r t ot h e g a t ehou se b o th i nd e s ign a nd c on s t ruc t ion ; a sf a r a so ne c an t e l l f r om i t sp r e sen t f o rm - a bou t 1 . 3 m ( 4 i n s . ) h i gh - i tl a ck s a l l t h e s oph i s t ica ted s t ru c tu ra l f e a tu r e so ft h eg a tehou se s u ch a st h ew e l ld e s igned ,n a r row e n t rance , t h e m u ra l c e l l s , t h e c ompa c t c u rved p l an , t h e b a t t e r ed w a l l f a ce s a nd s o o n . I ft h e g a t ehou se w a s t h e o r ig ina l e n t ran ce o ft h e f i r s t f o r t o n t h e s i t e t h e p r e sen t , a leged ly l a t e r , o u te r g a te s hou ld s u r e ly h ave a l t h e se s p ec ia l i sed f e a tu r e s a nd p e rhap s o t he r s a sw e l l . I ts e em s h i gh ly i mp robab le t h a t , i ft h ep l an o ft h es i t ew a sa l t e r ed a s h a s b een s ugg e s t ed , t h e n ew g a teway i nf r on t s hou ld b e i n t h e s l igh t e s t d eg r ee i n f e r io r i n d e s ign t o t h e f i r s t o ne , e s pec ia l ly i f- a sH am i l ton s e em st oi mp ly - t h ea l t e ra t ion a c tua l ly t o ok p l a ce d u r ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h ef o r t .

T he f unc t ion o ft h eg a t ehou se

H am i l ton s e em s t o a c cep t S imp son ' s i d ea t h a t t h e g a t ehou se i s a n a bandoned o r ig ina l g a teway b u t h e e v iden t ly b e l iev e st h a ti tw a st h en u t i l i sed a s ac omb ina t ion o f p i l lbox t o c ov e r t h e o u te rmo s t e n t ran ce a s w e l l a s a c h iefs h ou se . Wh en t h e s t ruc tu r e i se xam ined c l o s e ly i ti s s e en t ob en o tw e l l s u i ted t ot h i s s e conda ry f u nc t ion w h ich h a sb een a s s ign ed t oi t- t h a to f as t rong -po in td e s ign ed t o s h a t t e r a ny a t ta ck w h ich m igh t s ucceed i np ene t ra t ing t h e o u t e r g a t e . F o r s u ch ap i l lbox t o o pe r a t e s u cce s sf u l ly i t m u s t o bv iou s ly b e s i t ed i ns u ch aw ay t h a tp eop le i nf r on t o fi th ave n o c ov e r f r om m i s s i le s f l ung a nd s ho t f r om i t s s umm i t a nd i tm u s t b e b u i l t s o t h a t a ny a ta ck e r s w ou ld f i nd g r ea t d if i cu l ty i ng e t t ing t og r ip s w i th t h e d ef end e r s o n i t s w a l lhead ( l oop -ho le s b e ing t h en u nknown ) . T he C l ickh im in g a t ehou se f a i l so nb o th c oun t s . T he e n t rance p a s sage t h rough t h e ' g a tehou se ' i s a s upe r f luou s f e a tu r e i ft h e s t ru c tu re w a s u s ed a s ap i l lbox ; i nf a c tt h et u nn e l l e ad ing t ot h e d oo rw ou ld p rov id es h e l t e r f r om t h ed ef end e r s ' m i s s i le sf o r mo r et h an o ne a t ta ck e ra nd a n o ppo r tun i ty f o r t h em t ob r eak t h rough a nd g e t b eh ind t h e o b s ta c le w h i le c oncea led f r om a t ta ck f r om a bov e . A s t ru c tu r e w h ich p r e sen ted a s h ee r a nd s o l id f a ce t ot h e a t ta ck e r sw ou ld b em i l i ta r i ly much m o r ee f ec t ive .

T he p r e sen to u te rg a te i su ndoub t ed ly i n f e r io ri nd e s ign ; i t r u n st h rough as imp le , s o l id d r y s tone w a l l o fu neven w id th a nd w i thou t a ny s i gn s o ft h e l a rg e mu ra l c e l l s n ex t t ot h e p a s sag e s e en i nt h e l a t e r g a tehou se . T he e n t rance i t s e lf i s u neven i nw id th a nd l a ck s t h e n ea t s y s t em o fd oo r -check s s e en a l so i nt h e ' g a t ehou se ' . I ts e em sj u s ta sl i ke ly , i fn o t m o re s o , t h a t t h i s g a t e i st h e o r ig ina l o ne o ft h e p r ima ry r i ng -f o r t a nd w a s b u i l t a t at i me w hen l i t t le e xpe r ience i n d r y s tone c on s t r uc t ion w a s a va i lab le l o ca l ly a nd w hen t h e m o s t a dvanced i d ea f o r e f ec t ive d ef ence w a s t h e s imp le 1 08

T he l a te ra l s t a i r r unn ing u p t o t h e s umm i t o f t h e ' g a tehou se ' f r om i t sw e s ter ne nd c an h a rd ly h ave b e en p a r t o ft h e o r ig ina l c on s t ruc t ion i fi tw a s d e s ign ed a s ap i l lbox . A ny a ta cke r s w ou ld o n ly h ave t o r u sh r o und t ot h e e nd a nd f i gh tt h e i rw ay u pt h e se s t ep st od om ina te t h e s c en eo f c omba t , p r o jec t ing m i s s i le s d own o nt ot h ed ef end e r sf r om ag r ea t e r h e igh t . A s d e sc r ibed t h e e x cava to r i n f e r r ed t h a t t h e se l a te ra l s t ep s a r e as e conda ry f e a tu r e . E ven i fo ne a low s t h i s i ti ss t i l l d if i cu l t t ob e l iev e t h a t t h e g a t ehou se w a s a ss ho r t a si ti sn ow w h en i tw a s p a r t o ft h e d e f en ce w o rk so ft h e s i t e . I tc an b eo u t f lank ed t o oe a s i ly a tp r e sen t a nd S imp son ' s o r ig ina l v i ew - t h a t t o b e e f ec t iv e t h e b u i ld ing w ou ld h ave t o b e p ro long ed o n e i the r s i d e f o r m any y a rd s -s t i l ls t and s . T he g a tehou se o n ly m ak e ss e n se a st h ee n t r ance s e c t ion o f al o ng w a l l . 1 .3 T he o r ig ina ln a tu re o ft h eo u te rw a l l I th a s a l r eady b een m en t ioned t h a t S imp son s ugg e s t ed t h a t t h e ' b lockhou s e ' , o r f o rewo rk a s i tw a s t h en k nown , w a s o r ig ina l ly p a r to ft h e o u te rd ef en s ive w a l lb u tt h a tt h ep l an w a sc hang ed t oe nc lo se m o r eg round i nf r on to fi t . Among o t he rt h ing st h i sh ypo the s i s d epended o nt h e b e l ief t h a tt h e

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

o u te r w a l l s howed t r aces o f t h i s c hange i n p l an a nd S imp son 's v i ew s a bou t t h i s a r e e ndo r sed b y H am i l ton . H oweve r a n e xam ina t ion o ft h e o u t e r w a l l f a ce a tt h e t wo r e levan t p o in t s f a i led t o c onv ince m e t h a t t h e r e i sa ny e v idence a ta l f o r t h e d i sman t l ing a nd r e bu i ld ing w h ich m u s t h ave o ccu r red i ft h e l i ne o ft h e w a l l w a s c hanged i n t h e w ay s ugge s ted . N o t o n ly a r e t h e re n o s i gn s o fs t ra igh t j o in t s i n t h e ma son ry , o r i n deed o f a ny c hange i n t h e m a son ry a ta l , b u t t h e s i gn if icance o f t h e a l l i mpo r tan t ' k ink ' o n t h e e a s t s i de h a s b een g r ea t ly e xagge ra ted ( I l l . 4 . 87 ) . T he p l an p r epa red b y t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion ( I l l . 4 . 95 ) s how s t h a t t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e o u t e r w a l l t u rn s i nwa rd a t t h i s ' k ink ' f o ra bou t 6 0c m( 2f t . ) -a si ft oa l ign i t s e lf w i th t h e f r on t f a ce o f t h e g a tehou se - a nd t h en r e sume s i t s o r ig ina l d i r ec t ion . I n f a c t t h i s k i nk i s c au sed b y t h e i n co rpo ra t ion i nt h e w a l l f a ce o fa n e a r th -f a s t b ou lde r ( I l l . 4 . 87 ) . T he f r on t f a ce o ft h i s b ou lde r i ss ha rp ly a ng led s o , i ft h e p l an o ft h e o u te r w a l l i sd r awn a tg round l e ve l , t h e k i nk w i l l a ppea r ( t hough i tp ro jec t s am a t te r o f i n che s r a the r t h an 6 0 c m ) , w he rea s t h e w a l l f a ce a bove t h e b ou lder r u n sr ound i n am o re o rl e s s s moo th c u rve w i th t h e g ene ra l a l ignmen t a l te r ing n o t a ta l . T he o n ly m en t ion o f a ny e xcava t ed e v idence f o r ac hang e i nt h e a l ignmen t o f t h e w a l l m ade b y H am i l ton i st h e ' b a sa l p ro jec t ion o f m a son ry ' i nt h e i n ne r f a ce i nt h e s ou th -ea s tq uad ran t a bou t w h ich n o f u r the r i n f o rma t ion i sg i ven . T h i s e p i sode o ft h e ' k ink ' i nt h e r i ng w a l l a nd i t s c l a imed s i gn if icance i sa c l a s s ic e xamp le o f h ow e l abo ra t e h ypo the se s c an b e e r ec ted o n t op o f d ub iou s a nd e v iden t ly u nchecked e v idence . 1 .4 T he a g eo ft he s econd r i ng -f or t H av ing m ad e t h ese v a r iou s o b se rva t ion s , a nd c onc luded t h a t t h e g a tehou se i sm o r e l i ke ly t oh ave b een t h e g a teway o f as e cond m o re s oph i s t ica ted r i ng -f o r t b u i l t i n s ide t h e f i r s t , o ne m igh t r ea sonab ly c onc lud e t h a t t h i s s e cond f o r t w a s t h e o ne d esc r ibed b y H am i l ton a s h av ing b een c on s t ruc ted a f t e r t h e p a r t ia l f l ood ing o ft h e s i te c l a imed t o h ave o ccu r r ed a tt h ee nd o fP ha se 3 .

s pec if ica l ly s a id t ob e b u i l t o n m ade -up g round b u t o ft h e t h ree d rawn s e c t ion s w h ich m igh t r e vea l t h i s c r uc ia l f a c t n one i nf a c t d oe s [ 1 1 , f i g s . 8 10 ] . S ec t ion G 'G s t op s s ho r t o ft h e w a l l f a ce c oncer n ed a nd i sn o t i n f o rma t ive i n t h i s c on tex t ; F 'F r e ache s t h e w a l l b u t t h e t r ench w a s n o t d ug d own t o i t s b a se e ven t h ough i tr e a che s t h e s ub so i l f u r the r b ack ; D 'D w a s at r ench d ug b eh ind t h e g a tehou se b u t t h e e v idence i s o b scu re b ecau se a l a te h u t w a s e v iden t ly d ug i n to t h e m a son ry u nde r ly ing t h e b roch w a l l a tt h is p o in t , a nd t h e t r ench a tt h e w a l l f a ce w a s n o tt a ken b e low t h e u ppe rmo s t l e ve l o fp av ing . N o e xcava t ion i s r e co rded a sh av ing b een d one i nt h e o u te rp a r t o ft h eb roch e n t rance p a s sage s o t h e r eg re t tab le s i tua t ion e x i s t s i n w h ich t h e r e a r e n o m ean s o fc heck ing t h e r e la t ive a ge o fa w a l l o n w h ich s o much o ft h e e xcava to r 's i n te rp re ta t ion s h i nge . 1 .5 T he s t ruc tura lf ea tu re so ft h eg a tehou se A t ten t ion h a s a l ready b een d r awn t o t h e r e semb lance s b e tween t h e g a tehou se a tC l ickh im in a nd t wo o t he rf o r t s i n S he t land , L och o f H ux te r ( HU56 3 ) a nd N e s s o f B u rg i ( HU30 2 ) , a nd a l so t o t h e f a c t t h a t s t r ik ing ly b roch l ike s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s a r e e v iden t o n t h e b u i ld ing . O ne c an s how g raph ica l ly w i th a t a b le [ MacK ie 1 965 , 1 40 ] h ow t r a i t s f r om t h e se t wo d i s t inc t a r ch i tec tu ra l t r ad i t ion s c an b e i s o la ted . O n t h e o ne h and t h e g a tehou se i ss im i la r i ni t s o ve ra l l d e s ign t o t h e t wo S he t land g a tehou se f o r t s m en t ioned - b e ing a s epa ra te ly c on s t ruc ted , r e c tangu la r b l ock o fm a son ry w i th ah i gh ly d ef en s ib le e n t rance p a s sage t h rough i ta nd w i th al a rge mu ra l c e l l o n e i the r s i de o ft h i s ; s i nce t h e se a r e n o t g ua rd -ce l ls o pen ing f r om t h e p a s sage t h ey m ay w e l l b e al o ca l ly i n ven ted d ev ice o fh o l low -wa l l c on s t ruc t ion d e s igned t o s ave a c on s ide rab le a moun t o f b u i ld ing m a te r ia l . O n t h e o t he r h and f e a tu r e s l i ke t h e s c a r cemen t l e dge , t h e b a t te r ed w a l l f a ce , t h e s moo th ly c u rved p l an , t h e c ompac t e n t rance p a s sage w i th v o id a bove , t h e u ppe r mu ra l g a l le ry a nd p e rhap st h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i ra l lp o in tu nequ ivoca l ly t ot h eb roch t r ad i t ion . H oweve r t h e ' g a tehou se ' i sc l ea r ly n o t t h e r ema in s o f a c i r cu la r t owe r s t ruc tu re a nd t h i s , w i th t h e f a c t t h a t s uch a t owe r d id n o t a ppea r o n t h e s i t e u n t i l much l a te r , s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a tt h e se a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s w e r e d e r ived f r om t h e h o l low -bu i l t w a l l ( w i th t i e r s o f s upe r impo sed i n t ra mu ra l g a l le r ie s ) a t at ime b ef o r e t h e f r ee s tand ing r ound t owe r f o rm h ad b een e vo lved . T hu s t h e C l ickh im in ' g a tehou se ' c ou ld b e ap ro to type b roch . O n t h e o t he r h and , t h e re a r e s eve ra ln on -c i r cu la r , o pen s ided s ma l l s t one f o r t le t s i n t h e H eb r ide s w h ich a l so p o s se ss t h e s ame s pec ia l i sed g a l le r ied w a l l , a nd s ome f e a tu re s o f t h e ' g a tehou se ' m ay b e d e r ived f r om t h e se . T h i s p henomenon h a sb een d i scu s sed b ym e a l ready [ 1 4 ] .

H oweve r t h e s t ra t ig raphy o f t h e g a tehou se i s h e ld t o p r ec lude t h i s : i ta nd t h e p r e sen t o u t e rg a teway a r e s a id t o b eb u i l to nt h es ame o r ig ina lg round l e ve lw he rea st h er i ng w a l l o ft h e s e cond f o r t b eh ind i t( a nd t h e b a se o ft h e e nd s t a i r o ft h e g a tehou se i t s e l f ) a r e s a id t o r e s t o n ah i ghe r l e ve l , o n s e ve ra l f e e t o fm ade -up g round . A l so , a sa l ready e xp la ined , t h e e p isode o ff l ood ing i nf a c t o ccu r r ed much l a te r . H ence w ha teve r i t sp r ima ry f u nc t ion t h i s e n igma t ic b u i ld ing m u s t b e p a r t o ft h e e a r l ie s t f o r t if ica t ion s o n t h e s i te a nd b e e i the r ap i l lbox i n s ide t h e o r ig ina l e n t rance t o t h e f o r t , a st h ee xcava to rb e l ieve s , o rt h eg a teway t o aq u i te d i f f e ren t s e cond p re -b roch f o r t b u i l t o n t h e s ame e a r ly g round s u rf a ce a nd t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o fw ho se e x i s tence h a s n o tb een r e cogn ised u n t i ln ow . U nf or tuna te ly i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t oc h eck i nt h e e xcava t ion r e por t t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l p o s i t ion o f t h e m a son ry w a l l d i agnosed b y H am i l ton a st h e i n comp le te s e cond r i ng -f o r t , b u i l t j u s t b ef o re t h e a r r iva l o f t h e b roch [ 1 2 ] . I ti s

1 09

C e r ta in ly t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t a ch ievemen t o f H am i l ton 's e xam ina t ion o f t h i s s t ruc tu r e i s t o h ave d emon s t ra ted b eyond a ny d oub t t h a t af r agmen t o f af o r t b ea r ing s eve ra l b roch l ike a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s i sc l ea r ly much e a r l ie r t h an t h e b roch o n t h e s ame s i t e . O bv iou s ly t h i s c ou ld h ave s i gn if icance f o r t h e p rob lem o f t h e o r ig in o f t h e b roch s t h em se lve s .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 .6 A na l terna t ive s econd r i ng -f or t

1 2 . Ma ter ia l c u l ture

T he o b jec t ion s t o t h e s t ruc tu r e b e ing u sed a s af r ee s t and ing p i l lbox - s pec i f ied e a r l ie r -s t i l l s e em s o s t rong t h a t If a vou r t h e v i ew t h a t i t mu s t b e t h e e n t rance o f a s e cond r i ng -f o r t b u i l t b ef o re t h e b roch . I n t h i s c a se i t w ou ld o f c ou r se b e l a te r , n o t e a r l ie r , t h an t h e o u te r w a l l a nd i t s m o re s oph i s t ica ted a r ch i tec tu re w ou ld p r e sen t n o p rob lem . I tw ou ld b e t h e s epa ra te ly b u i l t e n t rance s e c t ion o ft h is f o r t -a n a r ch i tec tu ra l ly mo r e e l abo ra te v e r s ion o f t h e S he t land ' g a tehou se f o r t s ' o fL och o fH ux te r a nd N e s s o f B u rg i . Mo reove r t h e s e cond , i n ne r r i ng -wa l l w ou ld h ave b een h o l low - ag a l le r ied w a l l b u i l to nt h e H eb r idean mode l -a nd t h e e x i s t ing w a l l c onnec t ing t h e g a tehou se w i th t h e b roch e n t rance w ou ld b e af r agmen t o ft h e i n ne r h a lf o ft h i s ( I l l . 4 . 131) . T he o pen ing a tt h eb roch e n t rance w ou ld b e ad oo r f r om t h e i n te r io r o f t h i s f o r t i n to t h e g round l e ve l g a l le ry w h ich w ou ld h ave b een a n o r ig ina l f e a tu re a nd l e dd i r ec t ly t ot h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r ; t h is i nt u rn w ou ld h ave l e d t ot h e L eve l 3w a l l h ead o ve rt h e e n t rance p a s sage - a s en s ib le a r rangemen t f o r d ef ence . A s i s e xp la ined b e low t h e ' s pu r ' o fm a son ry o nt h e n o r th s i de o f t h e b roch c an b e p l au s ib ly e xp la ined a s ac on t inua t ion o f t h i s g a l le r ied w a l l w h ich w a s i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e b roch w a l l .

T he C l ickh im in s i te i so ne o fo n ly s i x i nA t lan t ic S co t land w he re ac omb ina t ion o fc a ref u l s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion s a nd g ood l u ck h a s m ade i tp o s s ib le t o r e con s t ruc t a n e l abo ra te s equ ence o fh ab i ta t ion s i te s s p ann ing t h e w ho le o ft h e p e r iod f r om t h e e nd o ft h e B ronze A ge d own t oa t p e rhap s a s l a t e a s AD 5 00 . A s d e sc r ibed a bove t h e s e quence o f s t ruc tu re s o n t h i s s i te , a l though u nce r ta in i n p l ace s , i sh i gh ly i n f orma t ive , b u t t h e s e quence o fp o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s i se qua l ly v a luab le i nm ak ing i tp o s s ib le t o l i nk t h e t e chno logy a nd e conomy o ft h e i n hab i tan t s o ft h e s i t e i ne ach p ha se t ot h e i r a r ch i tec tu ra l s k i l ls ( t hough v e ry l i t t le e conom ic d a ta f r om C l ickh im in h a sb een p ub l i shed ) .

T hu s t h i s h ypo the t ica l s e cond r i ng -f o r t c ou ld h ave b een a h yb r id , am ix tu r e o ft h e a r ch i tec tu r e o ft h e e a r ly g a l le ry w a l led f o r t s o f t h e We s te rn I s le s a nd t h e l o ca l S he t land g a tehou se f o r t s . A s n o ted n o c heck s o n t h i s h ypo the s i s c an b e c a r r ied o u tw i th t h e a va i lab le s t ra t ig raph ica l d a ta i n t h e e xcava t ion r e por t a nd i ts e em st h a t n ew t r enche sw ou ld h ave t ob e d ug a tt h e s i te t os o r t o u t t h e p r ec i se n a tu r e o f t h e s e cond r i ng -f o r t . T h ree f e a tu r e s s hou ld b e s ough t . I n t h e f i r s t p l ace t h e b a se o ft h e s u rv iv ing w a l l o ft h e s e cond f o r t n eed s t ob e e xpo sed a nd i t s d ep th a s cer ta ined . I nt h e s e cond p l a ce , i ft h eh ypo the s is of e red h e re i sc o r rec t , t h i s w a l l i st h e i n ne r h a lf o f ad oub le o r h o l low w a l l ; t h e r e s hou ld h ave b een a n o u te rh a lf r unn ing a l ong p a ra l le l w i th i ta nd a bou t 9 2 c m ( 3f t . ) f r om i t . B i t s o ft h e b a se o ft h i s m igh t s t i l l b e i np o s i t ion , t h ough n o th ing l i ke t h a t a ppea r s i n t h e o n ly s e c t ion w h ich m igh t h ave e xpo sed i t[ f ig . 9 , s e c t ion F 'F ] . T he t h i rd f e a tu re n eed ing t o b e c l a r if ied i s t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l p o s i t ion o ft h e b a se o ft h e s t a i r i nt h e w e s t e nd o ft h e g a tehou se . A t p r e sen t t h e f e a tu re s v i s ib le a t t h e s i te s ugge s t t h a t t h e s t a i r c on t inue s b eyond t h e e nd o f t h e b u i ld ing a nd r u n s d own n ex t t ot h e s uppo sed i n ne r h a lf o ft h e g a l le r ied w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 106 ) , w h ich w ou ld f i tt h e n ew h ypo the s i s . H oweve r a s n o ted e a r l ie r o ne o f t h e e xcava to r 's p ho tog raph s s how s i te nd ing a s hor t d i s tance a bove t h e b a se o f t h e g a tehou se [ 1 1 , p l . XVa ] , w h ich w ou ld a ppea r t o f a vou r h i s i n terp r e ta t ion . Y e t e ven t h is f e a tu r e c ou ld b e e xp la ined i ft h e p a r to ft h e s t a i rp ro jec t ing b eyond t h e s epa ra te ly b u i l t g a tehou se ( a s i tw ou ld h ave d one i n ac on t inuou s w a l l ) h ad b een l a rge ly d e s t royed w hen t h e c onnec ted g a l le r ied w a l l w a s h a lf d i sman t led . A ga in a s imp le t r ench a tt h e w e s t e nd o f t h e g a tehou se m igh t s o lve t h i s p rob lem a nd m igh t a l so d i scove r w he the r t h e re a r e a ny t r a ce s o f t h e o u te r h a lf o f t h e w a l l w h ich s hou ld , i nt h i s v i ew , h ave b een a t tached t ot h e o u te r h a lf o ft h ee nd o ft h eg a tehou se .

I np a r t icu la r l i gh t i ss hed o n t h e l o ng s tand ing q ue s t ion o f t o w ha t e x ten t b u i ld ing t y pe s r ep r e sen t a r chaeo log ica l c u l tu r e s . I n o t he r w o rd s , d oes t h e a r r iva l i nA t lan t ic S co t land o f an ew t y pe o f d ry s tone b u i ld ing n ece s sa r i ly s i gn if y t h e a ppea rance o f an ew g roup o fp eop le , o rw e re s u ch b u i ld ing s mo re p robab ly b u i l t f o r p r e -ex i s t ing c ommun i t ie s? T he p o t te ry a tC l ickh im in p e rhaps g i ve s t h e c l ea r e s t s i gn s o f h ow t h e p o r tab le m a te r ia l c u l tu r e c hanged d u r ing t h e v a r iou s p ha se s o f t h e s i te 's h i s to ry . I n t e rm s o f t h e c e ram ics t h e r e a r e r e a l ly o n ly f ou r p ha se s , n ame ly 1( l a te B ronze A ge ) , 2( e a r ly I r on A ge ) , 3t o 6( f or t s , b roch a nd w hee lhou se ) a nd 7 ( l a te ' whee lhou se ' ) . T he r e s t o ft h e m a te r ia l c u l tu r et e nd st os uppor tt h is v i ew . 1 3 . R ev i sed s i te s equence 1 3 .1 P ha se 1 : l a te B ronze A ge f arm T he e xcava to r 's i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e i n i t ia l o ccupa t ion o n t h e s i te s e em s s t ra igh tf o rwa rd a nd c l ea r I ti n vo lved t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f af a rm s tead c en t red o n as t one c e l led h u t ( o r ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' ) , p robab ly s u r rounded b y ay a rd w a l l . N one o ft h e e a r l ie s t p o t te ry i d en t if ied a c tua l ly c ame f r om t h i s h ou se b u t m o s t o fi t s i n te r io r h ad b een c l ea red o u t i n 1 908 10 . H oweve r " t he l owes t l e ve l s r e ached i nP ane ls X I -X I I I a l ong t h e n o r th -we s t s e c to r o ft h e s ho r e p roduced s h e rd s o f c oa r se b a r re l shaped p o t s w i th p l a in , o vo id r im s . . ." [ 1 1 , 3 1 &f i g . 1 4 ] T he re w a s a l so at r ough q ue rn i nP ane l2 . C ompa rab le b u i ld ing s , w i th s im i la r p o t te ry , a nd t r ough q ue rn s , a r e k nown f r om J a r l shof t wen ty m i le s t ot h e s ou th ( HU30 1 ) ; t h e re f r agmen t s o fp o t te ry m ou ld s f o r b ronze i mp lemen t s i n d ica ted a L a te B ronze A g e d a te , p robab ly b e tween t h e 8 t h a nd t h e 6 t h c en tu r ie s B .C . , f o r a n i mmed ia te ly p o s t v i l lage p ha se . N o s u ch i n dependen t d a t ing e v idence c ome s f r om t h is h o r izon a tC l ickh im in b u t t h e re i sn o r e a son t o d oub t t h a t i td a te s t o t h e 8t h o r 7t h c en tu r ie s BC a tt h e l a te s t . T he s i te a tt h i s t i me s e em s t o h ave b een a tt h e e nd o f a p romon to ry i nt h e L och o fC l ickh im in , c onnec ted t ot h e s ho re b y as ho r t n a tu ra l l a nd b r idg e r a the r a s i ti sa t p r e sen t .

10

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

-b ead s a nd s p ind le w ho r l s ( a f ew d eco ra ted ) , p o l i shed s ch i s t p l aque s , s l ing s t one s , s t one g r inde r s a nd p ounde r s , w he t s tone s a nd s and s tone l amp s . B one t oo l s i n c lude p o in t s a nd a w l s , c h i se l s ,p omme l s f o r i r on d agge r s o rs ma l l s wo rd s , a nd s ome p l a in p i n s . B ronze i t em s i n c lude ' f i sh g o rge s ' ( wh ich m igh t b e d oub le -po in ted n eed le s ) , a nd a f r agmen t o f ab ronze c ha in w i th d oub le l i nk s . T he l a t te r h a s p a ra l le l s i n t h e 2nd c en tu ry AD a t L eck ie i n S t i r l ing sh i r e ( NS69 3 ) a nd , p e rhap s l a te r , i n P ha se 3 d epo s i t s a t D un A rd t reck o n S kye ( NG33 2 - MacK ie 2 002 , I l . 2 5 , n o . 3 5 ) . T he re w e re a l so s eve ra l s ma l l y e l low g l a s s r i ng -bead s w h ich a r e u sua l ly t a ken t o b e a ' t ype f o s s i l ' o ft h em idd le I r on A ge .

1 3 .2 P ha se s 2& 3 : e a r ly I r on A g ef a rm a nd n ew r i ng f or t P ha se 2 i sm a rked b y t h e a ppea rance o f an ew m a te r ia l c u l tu re o nt h e s i te , i n c lud ing t wo v a r ie t ie s o ft h e c a r ina ted e a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r -f i ne a nd c oa r se ( t he l a t t e rb e ing s t ea t i te -ba cked ) . T he c e l led h u tc on t inued i n u se , p r e sumab ly u nde r n ew o wne r sh ip i ft h e p o t te ry i n d ica te s n ew a r r iva l s , a nd w a s e v en tua l ly mod if i ed , o ne o ft h e b ay s b e ing b l ocked u p ; t h e c a r ina ted p o t te ry w a s f ound o n t h e f l oo r u nde r t h i s b l ock ing [ 1 1 , 4 1 ] . A n o ccupa t ion l a ye r c on ta in ing t h e n ew p o t te ry e x tended a c ro s s t h e s i te o f t h e l a te r b roch , e a s t o f t h e c ou r tya rd h ou se , b u t - a s a r gued e a r l ie r -t h e r e s e em s n o g ood e v idence a ta l l f o r t h e e x i s tence o ft h e s t one r oundhou se a rgued f o r b y H am i l ton , p a r t icu la r ly a s t h e m a son ry c l a imed a st h e o n ly s u rv iv ing p a r to ft h e s t ruc tu re i sa sw e l l i fn o tb e t te re xp la ined a sp a r to fF o r t 2( b e low ) .

O n t h e o t he r h and t h e f i r s t a ppea rance o f s add le q ue rn s , t h e c omp le te a b sence o f r o ta ry q ue rn s f r om t h e r i ch d epo s i t s e xp lo red a nd t h e p r e sence o f af ew e a r ly I r on A ge s he rd s a tt h e b a se o ft h e e x te rna l m idden m igh t m ean t h a t P ha se 3 b egan i n t h e 5 t h c en tu ry B .C . o r e ven e a r l ie r . T h i s u ncer ta in ty a bou t d a t ing w ha t i sc l ea r ly t h e b eg inn ing t h e m idd le I r on A ge t e chno logy i s p robab ly t h e m o s t i mpor tan t o f t h e v a r iou s u n so lved p rob lem s l ef t b y t h e r e po r to nt h e mo s tr e cen te xcava t ion sa tC l ickh im in .

T he a bo l i t ion o f t h i s r oundhou se f r om t h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te b r ing s u p i na cu te f o rm t h e q ue s t ion o ft h e r e a l n a tu r e o f t h e e a r ly I r on A g e o ccupa t ion . Wa s i t ,a s H am i l ton b e l ieve s , a l a te r v e r s ion o f t h e l a te B ronz e A ge u ndef ended f a rm s tead , w i th a n ew m a te r ia l c u l tu r e a nd p e rhaps n ew owne r s? O r d oe s t h e n ew m a te r ia l c u l tu re s i gn if yt h ea r r iva lo ft h e f i r s tf o r t -bu i lde r so nt h e s i te , i nt h e 7 t h o r 6t h c en tu r ie s BC? A t f i r s t s i gh t t h i s s e em s i mpo s s ib le ; t h e e xcava t ion r e po r t c l ea r ly s t a te s t h a t t h e re w e re t wo s u ccess ive e a r ly I r on A g e p ha se s -t h e o ne j u s t m en t ion ed a nd t h en ( a bou t4 00 BC )a no the ro ne w h ich s aw t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fr i ng f o r t 1a nd t h e i n t roduc t ion o fa n e n t ir e ly n ew p o t te ry ( Ever ted R im j a r s ) a nd m a te r ia l c u l tu re . B u t a r e t h e se h o r izon s r e a l ly s t ra t ig raph ica l ly d i s t inc t o ri st h is d i s t inc t ion m e r e ly t h e r e su l t o ft h e ' s to ry t e l l ing ' s t y le o ft h e e xcava t ion r e po r t? U nf o r tuna te ly t h e e v idence p r e sen ted t h e re d oe s n o t a l low a c omp le te ly u nequ ivoca l a nswe rt ot h i s q ue s t ion b u tt h e re i se nough t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e f i r s t r i ng -f o r t a nd t h e e a r ly I r on A ge h o r izon o f m a te r ia l c u l tu r e , i ft h ey w e re n o t q u i te o ne p e r iod , a tl e a s to ve r lapped s l igh t ly .

Wh i le w r i t ing t h i s e n t ry I l o oked a t t h e a va i lab le s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence i n mo re d e ta i l t h an p r ev iou s ly . C on s ide rab le q uan t i t ie s ( a bou t 2 00 s h e rd s ) o f t h e f i ne v e r s ion o ft h en ew ( Pha se 2 )c a r ina ted p o t te ry [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 9 , 1 5 ] w e r e f ound i nt h e e x ter na l m idden d epo s i t i nP ane l s V I I I -X IV , t h a t i sa ga in s t t h e w e s ter n s i de o ft h e w a l l o f t h e p r e sumab ly l a te r f i r s t r i ng -f o r t " whe re t h e f a rme r s h ad o bv iou s ly d epo s i ted a g ood d ea l o f t h e i r r ubb i sh a tt h e w a te r 's e dge ( P l . XX Ib ) ." [ 1 1 , 4 1] S he rd s w e r e a l so f ound i n P ane l If u r the r e a s t , i mmed ia te ly w e s t o f t h e l a nd ing s t age [ I b id . ] . U nf o r tuna te ly t h e r e i sn o p ub l i shed s e c t ion o ft h e d epo s i t s h e re b u t i ts ound s a si ft h e se s h e rd s w e re f ound i n as im i la r m idden d epo s i t o u t s ide t h e f o r t w a l l t ot h a t f u r the r s ou th -ea s t w h ich p roduced s o m uch o f t h e n ew f o r t p o t te ry ( b e low ) . T h i s a ppa ren t s t ra t ig raph ica l l i nk ing o ft h e p o t te ry o fP ha ses 2 a nd 3 i s d i scu s sed f u r the rb e low .

H am i l ton h im se lf a r gued , p u r e ly o n t h e s t ra t ig raph ic e v idence ( t hough n o tv e ry e xp l ic i t ly ) t h a tt h e f i r s tr i ng -f o r t ( Pha se 3 ) f o l lowed i mmed ia te ly o n t h e e a r ly I r on A ge o ccupa t ion ( Pha se 2 ) . , a nd h e a s s ign ed ad a te o fa bou t4 00 BC t oi t . T ha td a te h a s u n t i lr e cen t ly a lway ss e emed t om e t o b e m u ch t oo e a r ly s imp ly b ecau se o f t h e P ha se 3 m a te r ia l c u l tu re . F o r e xamp le t h e s ma l l y e l low g l a s s r i ng b ead i n t h e e x terna l m idden , a nd t h e t ime o f t h e a ppea rance o f c ompa rab le E ver t ed R im p o t te ry a tD un Mo r V au l i nT i ree , c ou ld b o th b e i n te rp re ted a s a r gu ing s t rong ly t h a tP ha se 3d i dn o tb eg in u n t i l t h e 2n d o re ven t h e I s t c en t u ry BC . C e r ta in ly t h e g r ea t m a jo r i ty o f r ad ioca rbon d a tes n ow a va i lab le f o rt h e o n se to ft h em idd le I r on A ge m a te r ia l c u l tu re a g r ee t h a tt h i s i sm o s tu n l ike ly t o h ave h appened b ef o r e t h e 2nd c en tu ry BC a tt h e e a r l ie s t ( a l though , a sn o ted , t h e c omp lex d a t ing e v idence e me rg ing a t O ld S ca tne ss may n o t f i t w i th t h i s i d ea - HU31 4 ) ( MacK ie 2 002 ) . T he re a r e o t her n ove l e l emen t s i nt h e P ha se 3 m a te r ia l c u l tu r e w h ich l ook a s i ft h ey s hou ld b e a s s igned t o t h e m idd le I r on A ge [ 1 1 , f i g s . 3 3 -41) . E xamp le s o fs t one a r e 11

F o rr e a son s s umma r i sed a ga in i nt h e f o l low ing s e c t ion i ti s s ugge s ted h e re t h a t -i nc on t ra s t w i th t h e s cheme of e r ed b y t h e e xcava to r - t h e P ha se 3 r i ng -f o r t ( wheneve r i t a ppea red ) a tf i r s t s t ood a l one , t hough t h e re w e re c e r ta in ly s ome w ooden b u i ld ing s a l ong p a r t o f i t s i n ne r f a ce , p o s s ib ly o f mo re t h an o ne s t o rey t h ough t h e e v idence f o r t h i s o bv iou s ly h a s t o b e i n conc lu s ive . T he d a te o ft h e i n cep t ion o ft h i s P ha se , a nd i t sl e ng th , a r e a l so o bv iou s ly a m a t te r o fd eba te , a nd d epend s , a sw e h ave s e en , e n t i r e ly o n t h e c h rono log ica l s i gn if icance a t t r ibu ted t os ome o ft h e a s soc ia ted p o t te ry a nd a r tef ac t s . A s n o ted a p rob lem e x i s t s w i th a mb igu i t ie s i n t h e d e sc r ip t ion s o f t h e p o t te ry f ound i n t h e d epo s i t s a t t r ibu tab le t oP ha se s 2a nd 3- t h a ti s( f o r' Pha se 2 ' )t h o se u nder nea th t h e b roch a nd u nde r t h e b l ock ing s i nt h e c e l led h u t -a nd , f o r ' Pha se 3 ' , t ho se l y ing o n t h e b each , a tt h e f oo to ft h e o u t s ide f a ce o ft h ew a l l o fR ing -f o r t 1a nd t ot h e w e s t o ft h e l a nd ing s t age [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 ] . Whe r ea s i nt h et wo f o rme r c a se s t h e c a r ina ted p o t te ry w a s f ound a l one w i th a r e s t r ic ted m a te r ia l c u l tu r e [ 1 1 , f i g s , 1 8 -20 ] , i n t h e t wo

T he R ound hou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t i cS co t land

l a t t e rc a se s i ts e em sn o th av eb een . T he se a r ep a r t so ft h e m idden l a y e r I I m en t ioned , l y ing d i r ec t ly o n l am ina ted s a nd s a nd a ppa r en t ly a ga in s t t h e f o o t o ft h e o u t e r f a ce o f R ing f o r t 1 . I ti st h e f i r s t o ccupa t ion l a ye r i nt h a tp a r to f t h e s i te a nd m u s t , a s t h e e xcava to r a r gue s , b e f o rmed o f r e f u se m a t e r ia l t h rown o v e r t h e r i ng w a l l o ft h e e a r l ie s t f o r t .

p r even t s u sf r om u nd e r s tand ing t h e f u l l s i g n if icance o ft h i s i mpo r tan ts i t e .

C hap te r Vd e sc r ibe s t h i s p ha se i nt h e s i t e 's h i s to ry a nd , i n t h e s e c t ion o np o t t e ry , e mpha s i se st h a t an ew w a r e a ppea r s a tC l ickh im in a tt h i st ime - af o rm o ft a l lj a rw i th as ha rp ly e ver ted r im [ 1 1 , f i g s . 4 2 -4 & 9 1 -6 ] . L a rge a moun t s o f p o t te ry - o ve r 3 000 s h e rd s -w e r e f ound i nt h e m idden l a ye r I I a nd m o s t o ft h e se w e r e o ft h e n ew f o rm s w h ich a l so i n c lud ed ab a r r e l shap ed j a rw i th as imp le r o l led -ove r r im [ 1 1 ,p l s . XXV I I & XXV I I I ] . T he s e cond c l a s so fp o t te ry f r om l a y e rI I ' wa sr e p r e sen ted b y n ume rou s f r agmen t s o f l a rg e , s i tu la l ik e p o t s w i th s t ea t i t ic b a ck ing i n t h e c l ay - a n i n d igenou s p r ac t ice . T he se p o t s w e r e o f ah eav ie r ,t h ick e rf a b r ic b u i l tu po nt h e r i ng p r inc ip le a nd v e ry m uch l e s s e xpe r t ly t h an t h e f o r t w a r e s . . . . . Many s how ed i n f luence f r om t h ef o r tw a r e sf l u t ing o ft h e r im a nd d eco ra t ion o ft h e b a se ." T he s ugge s t ion w a s m ade t h a t t h i s p o t t e ry w a s m ade b y d e scendan t so ft h ee a r ly I r on A g ei n hab i tan t so ft h es i te .

I f as o lu t ion h a s t ot o of e r ed Iw ou ld s u gg e s t t h a t t h e c on t en t s o ft h e ' p u r e ' e a r ly I r on A ge d epo s i t s i n d ica t et h a t t h e r ew a s a nu nd ef ended s e t t lemen t o ft h a tp e r iod , p e rhap s w i th a n u nde t e c t ed w ooden m a in b u i ld ing , w he r ea s t h e c on t en t s o f t h e e x t er na l m idd en f o r ce u s t o a ccep t t h a t t h e r e w a s l i t t le o r n o t ime l a g b e tween t h e e nd o f t h a t s e t t lemen t a nd t h e b u i ld ing o fR ing -f o r t 1 . T hu s , a f t e r m any t r ibu la t ion s , Iw ou ld b e i n c l ined t o g o b a ck t o H am i l ton 's o r ig ina l s c en a r io , w i th a l l i t si mp l ica t ion s , a nd a c cep t t h a t a tt h i s u n ique s i te a n e a r ly f o rm o ft h e m idd le I r on A g em a te r ia l c u l tu r e a r r iv ed o nt h e s i t e , w i th t h ef i r s t f o r t if i ca t ion , p r obab ly a s e a r ly a s t h e 5t h o r e ven t h e 6t h c en tu ry BC - f a re a r l ie rt h an a nywhe r ee l s e . F o r t s 1a nd 2( b e low ) w ou ld t h u sh ave b een i n hab i t ed f o rp e rhap sf o u r o rf i ve c en tu r ie sb ef o r et h eb roch w a sb u i l t ,a nd F o r t 1w a s s t i l l i n u s e w h en y e l low r i ng -bead s a r r iv ed o n t h e s i t e , p robab ly i n t h e 2 nd c en tu ry BC a t t h e e a r l ie s t . T he a b sence o fr o ta ry q u er n s f r om t h e e xcava t ed p a r t s o ft h e f o r t d epo s i t s s e em s s t rong ly t os uppo r tt h i sv i ew ( a l though t h ey w e r ea l so a b s en tf r om t h eb roch d epo s i t s ) . 1 3 .3 P ha se 4 :R ing f or t 2( m idd le I r on A g e? ) .

Mo s t o f t h i s n ew p o t t e ry c ame f r om t h e P ane l s i mmed ia t e ly w e s to ft h e l a nd ing s t age ( I -V I I )b u te xamp le s o ff o r tp o t te ry ( w i th f l u t ed e ve r t ed r im )f r om P ane lX I I I o n t h e n o r th -w e s t s i d e a r e m en t ioned [ 1 1 , 9 2 , f i g . 4 2 , n o . 1 ] , w h ich i sw h e r e t h e e a r ly I r on A ge ' f a rmhou se ' c a r ina ted p o t te ry w a s d om inan t ; t h e se a r e s p ec if ica l ly a s s igned t o l a ye r I I , t h e ' f o r t m idd en ' , w h ich t h u s s e em s t o h ave e x t end ed a l t h e w ay r ound t ot h e n o r th -w e s t er n s i de ( I l l . 4 . 99 ) . O the r s im i la r r im s w e r e f o und i nP ane l s XX IV [ 1 1 ,9 4 ] .

A cco rd ing t o t h e r e in te rp r e ta t ion s o f e r ed h e r e , a nd d i scu s sed i nd e ta i li ne a r l ie rs e c t ion s , t h e r ew a sn oe p i sod e o ff l ood ing a tt h i s t i me a nd t h e s e cond , c on t ra c ted s t on e r i ng -f o r t -t h ough i tc l ea r ly e x i s t s -w a s o f ar a d i ca l ly d if e r en t d e s ign t ot h a t s ugg e s ted b y t h e e x cava to r . T h e ' g a t ehou se ' o r ` f o r ewo rk ' i st a ken h e r e t ob e t h e e n t r ance s e c t ion o ft h i s n ew , a r ch i t ec tu ra l ly mu ch m o r e d ev e loped s e cond r i ng -f o r t ( I l l . 4 . 131) . T h i s w a s , i ti ss ugg e s t ed , a h yb r id s t ru c tu r e , h av ing t h e s e pa ra te e n t r ance s e c t ion w i th m u ra l c e l l s s e en i nt h et wo S h e t land g a t ehou se f o r t s( Loch o fH ux t e ra nd N e s so fB u rg i )a nd t h eh o l low , g a l le r i ed w a l l o ft h eH eb r idean s em ib roch t r ad i t ion .

T hu s , t h ough i ti sn o t s p ec if ica l ly s t r e s sed i nt h e r e po r t , i t i se v id en t t h a t t h e r e w a s am ix tu r e o ft h e c a r ina t ed e a r ly I r on A g e f i ne w a r e s o f ' P ha se 2 'w i th t h e f o r t p o t te ry o f ' P ha se 3 'i np a r t so ft h e s uppo sed ly c l o sed m idden d epo s i t o u t s id e t h e f o r t r i ng -wa l l . T h i s i st h e s ame d epo s i t t h a t y i e lded t wo s ma l l g l a s s r i ng b ead s , i nP ane l s Xa nd XV [ 1 1 , 9 0 ] . T h i s i sp r e sumab ly w ha t t h e e xcava to r m ean t w hen h e s t a t ed t h a t o ccupa t ion b e tween P ha se s 2a nd 3 w a sc on t inuou s . O nt h eo t he rh and t h ef o r tw a l lc ou ld h ave b een b u i l t t h e o n t o p o f t h e e a r ly I r on A ge m idd en s w e s t a nd s ou th -we s t o ft h e f a rm s tead ( i tw a s n o t s e c t ioned ) a nd t h e f o r t p o t t e ry c ou ld h av e b een t h rown d own d i r ec t ly o n t o p o f am uch e a r l ie rm idden ; t h e s ma l l y e l low g l a s s r i ng b ead s i n t h i s m idden c ou ld s t rong ly s uppo r t t h i s h ypo the s i s . T he t h i rd a l t er na t ive i st h a t t h e P ha se 3 m idd en a c cumu la t ed d i r e c t ly o n t h a t o fP ha se 2b u t t h a t t h i sP ha se l a s t ed f o rs e ve ra lc en tu r ie s .

T he r ema in s o ft h e g a l le r ied w a l l , a s e xp la ined e a r l ie r , m ay s t i l l b e s e en r unn ing f r om t h e w e s t e nd o f t h e g a tehou se t ot h eb r och e n t ran ce . No c l ea r ly s t ra t if i ed f l oo r l e ve l s o r m idd en d epo s i t s w e re r e la ted s p ec if ica l ly t ot h e n ew r i ng -f o r t ( e x cep t o f c ou r se t h e f l oo r s d i rec t ly l i nked w i th t h e e n t r ance p a s sag e ) - as u rp r i s ing f a c t w h en a n e x t en s ive e p i sode o ff l ood ing ,d amage a nd r e pa i rw o rk w a s p o s tu la ted f o rt h i s t i me b y t h e e xcava to r . T h i s , a nd t h e f a c tt h a tt h e ' g a t ehou se ' i sf o unded o nt h e s ame s ub so i l a s t h e f i r s tr i ng -f o r t , s ugg e s t st h a tt h e c on s t r u c t ion o ft h en ew s t rongho ld w a s u nde r taken b y t h e o r ig ina l i n hab i tan t s o f t h e s i t e , p r e sumab ly b ecau se i tw a s am o r e moder nf o rm , a nd t h a t t h ey c on t inued t o u se t h e e x i s t ing f l oo r s a nd m idden s . I ta l so o f c ou r se s uppo r t s t h e v i ew t h a t t h e f l ood ing o ccu r r ed m u ch l a te r . T h i s v i ew a l so s e em s s uppo r t ed b y t h e s t r a t if ica t ion o ft h e d epo s i t s b e tw e en t h e o u te rw a l l a nd t h e b r och o n t h ew e s t a nd s ou th -we s t s i de s . H e r e t h e re w a s am a s s ive c o l lap se o ft h e o u t e rw a l l d own o nt ot h e e a r l ie s tf l oo r l e ve l , a nd a t o ne p o in t u p a g a in s t t h e f r on t f a ce o ft h e g a tehou se ; t h e m idd en s w h ich a c cumu la ted d i r ec t ly o n t o p o ft h i s w e r e a s s igned t ot h eb r och p e r iod [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,G 'G ] . T h i s a l so f i t s w e l l w i t h t h e h ypo the s i s t h a t t h e o r ig ina l l i v ing

I t i s r e g r e t tab le t h a t t h i s p o t en t ia l ly i mpo r tan t s t ra t ig raph ica l l i nk b e tween e a r ly I r on A g ea nd f o r tp o t te ry w a s n o t p r ope r ly a na ly sed i nt h e r e po r t s ot h a t w e c anno t t e l l f r om t h e e v id ence p r e sen ted ( n o C 14 d a te s a r e o f c ou r se a va i lab le ) w h e the r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f F o r t Ia t C l ickh im in i sm o s t p l au s ib le a s s igned t o t h e 6t h o r 5t h c en tu r ie s BC o rt ot h e 2 "o r 1 st.T h i s a mb igu i ty o fd a t ing 12

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

e xcep t t h e e n t rance s e c t ion a nd s ome f r agmen t s o f t h e i n ne r h a lf o f t h e w a l l t o t h e w e s t o f t h i s - w a s l a te r q ua r r ied t o p rov ide m a te r ia l f o r t h e b roch . T he f a c t t h a t t h e e n t rance s e c t ion w a s l ef t mo re o r l e s s i n ta c t m ay w e l l g i ve s ome s uppo r t t o H am i l ton 's i d ea t h a t t h e g a tehou se w a s u sed a st h e f r on t w a l l o fs ome k i nd o fh ou se , t h ough i nt h e i n te rp re ta t ion of e red h e r e t h i s w ou ld h ave b een a s t h e r e su l t o f as e conda ry a dap ta t ion . I ni t s o r ig ina l f o rm o ne s hou ld p robab ly a s sume t h a tt h e s c a r cemen to nt h er e a r f a ce w a s c a r r ied f o r s ome d i s tance a l ong t h e w a l l a t ta ched t o e ach e nd a nd s uppo r ted t h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r o f a r a nge o ft imbe rb u i ld ing s , much l i ke t h a tp o s tu la ted i nt h e r e po r tf o rt h e e a r l ie s tf o r t .

s u rf ace sw e r e i nu se u n t i lt h e P ha se 4 f o r tw en to u to fu se . H ow eve r o ne p rob lem w h ich b o th o ft h e se i n te rp re ta t ion s l e ave s u n so lved i sw hy t h e f i r s tr i ng -f or tw a sn o tt o rn d own t op rov ide m a te r ia l f o rt h e s e cond , i n deed w hy i tw a s n o t c omp le t e ly r emoved a s a n o b s ta c le t o t h e d ef en s ive e ff ica cy o ft h es e cond . T he f e a tu r e s c l a imed i nt h e r e po r t a s p a r t o f H am i l ton 's s e cond r i ng f o r t - n ame ly t h e s p u r o f m a son ry n ow p ro jec t ing f r om t h e b roch o n t h e n o r th -we s t s i de a nd t h e r ubb le p l a tf o rm b eh ind a nd w e s t o ft h e g a tehou se - a r e h e re a s sumed t ob e , r e spec t ive ly , p a r t o ft h e s e cond r i ng f o r t ( b e low ) a nd amuch l a te rp i le o fr ubb le f a l len f r om t h e b roch a nd l y ing a ga in s t i t s b a se ( I l l . 4 . 111) . T he h uge s l ab s d umped a ga in s t t h e o u t s ide o fp a r t o ft h e f i r s t r i ng f o r t -a nd a s sumed i nt h e r e por tt ob e e v idence o fs ho r ing u p b ecau se o f t h e f l ood ing - a r e h e re t h ough t t o b e i n capab le o fe f f ec t ive ly h o ld ing u p am a s s ive d ry s tone w a l l a nd t o h ave b een d umped t h e r e a t s ome l a te r t ime , p robab ly w hen t h e b roch w a s d emo l i shed o rc l ea r ed o u tt o m ake w ay f o rt h ew hee lhou se .

A no the r m ino r p rob lem i st h a t i ft h e s e cond r i ng -f o r t w a s a s s ugge s ted h e re ( I l l . 4 . 131) t h en t h e e a r l ie s t o ccupa t ion u nde r t h e b roch s hou ld b e long t o i t a nd n o t t o t h e h ypo the t ica l r oundhou se ; t h e g a l le r ied w a l l o fw h ich t h e ' s pu r ' i sh e re h e ld t ob e ar emnan t p a s sed v e ry c l o se t o t h i s d epo s i t . Y e t t h e f i nd s f r om t h i s l a ye r a l though n o t s pec if ica l ly l i s ted - s e em t o i n c lude o n ly t h e p o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s o f H am i l ton 's P ha se 2 a nd n one o f t h e mo r e v a r ied a s semb lage o fh i s P ha se 3[ 1 1 , 4 0 f ] s ot h e s t ra tum m ay , d e sp i te i t s l o ca t ion , i n deed b e long t h e u ndef ended s e t t lemen to fP ha se 2 .

T he ' s pu r ' o f ma son ry p ro jec t ing f r om t h e b a se o f t h e b roch o ni t sw e s te rn s i de i sh i gh ly u n l ike ly t ob ep a r to fa n e a r ly I r on A ge r oundhou se f o r r e a son s a l ready e xp la ined ( no t l e a s t b ecau se n o f ounda t ion t r ench f o r i t s w a l l w a s v i s ib le i nt h ef l oo r s t ra ta i n s ide t h eb r och ) . L ook ing a tt h e p ho tog raph s o ft h e f e a tu re s i ti sr a the r o bv iou s t h a t -f a r f r om c u rv ing q u ick ly b ack u nde r t h e b roch w a l l - t h e ' s pu r ' a ppea r s t ob e c on t inued a l ong j u s t o u t s ide t h e l i ne o ft h e b roch b y t h e f ounda t ion s o fa n a lmo s t c omp le te ly d emo l ished w a l l e nc lo s ing amuch l a rge ra r ea ( I l l . 4 . 113 & 4 . 114 ) w h ich f i t sw e l lw i th t h ep ropo sed l i ne o ft h eg a l le ry w a l led f o r t 2s ugge s ted h e re ( I l l . 4 . 131) . T he se w a l l f oo t ing s a r e n o t m en t ioned i nt h e r e por t . T hu s t h e ' s pu r ' , l i ke t h e f r agmen t o ft h e o l d w a l l i n co rpo ra ted i nt h e b roch e n t rance p a s sage , s e em s t o b e a no the r e xamp le o f h ow o l de r s t ruc tu re s w e re n o t e n t i r e ly d emo l i shed w hen t h i s b roch w a s b u i l t b u t f i t ted i n to i t . T he mo s t s pec ta cu la r e xamp le s o f t h i s h ab i t a r e t o b e s e en a t T he H owe i n O rkney ( HY2 1 6 ) . T he r e i s n o i n dependen t e v idence f o r t h e d a te o f t h e s e cond r i ng -f or t a s i d en t if ied h e r e ( o r o ft h e o ne d e sc r ibed i nt h e r epo r t ) e xcep t t h a t i ti ss t r a t ig raph ica l ly e a r l ie r t h an t h eb roch . H eb r idean h o l low -wa l led s em ib roch s o ft h e D o rC shaped t y pe w e r e b e ing b u i l t f r om a tl e a s t a se a r ly a s t h e 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( MacK ie 2 002 , I l . 3 6 ) , a nd s u ch a d a te s e em s r e a sonab le i ft h e f i r s t f o r t w a s o ccup ied f o r s eve ra l c en tu r ie s . H oweve rt h e r e i s ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e s imp le p romon to ry s em ib roch s w e r e m uch e a r l ie r a nd b e long t ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge , a l though n one h ave y e tb een e xcava ted ( Ma cK ie 2 002 , 3 64 ) . I ft h i s p rove s t ob e t h e c a se a n e a r l ie rd a te f o rt h e s e cond , g a l le ry -wa l led r i ng -f or t a tC l ickh im in i sp o s s ib le , p e rhap s a se a r ly a st h e 5t h o r 6t h c en tu ry . I fo ne c on s id e r s o n ly t h e l o ca l e v idence t h e s c an ty r ema in s o ft h i s g a l le ry -wa l led f o r t m ay m ean t h a t i tw a s u nf in i shed w hen t h e b roch w a s b u i l t ; i nt h a tc a se ad a te i mmed ia te ly b ef o r e t h e b roch may b e i mp l ied - p robab ly i n t h e 1 s t c en tu ry B .C . o r AD . H oweve r i ts e em s mo re l i ke ly t om e t h a t t h e P ha se 4 f o r t w a s c omp le ted a nd t h a t mo s t o fi t-

13

H oweve r i tm u s t b e a dm i t ted t h a t t h is p a r t o f t h e s i te 's h i s to ry i ss t i l l n o t u nde r s tood p rope r ly , a nd t h a t f u r the r e xcava t ion s m ay r e qu i r e s ub s tan t ia l m od if ica t ion o f t h e s c heme p r e sen ted h e re , a s w e l l a s o ft h a t o f f e r ed b y t h e e xcava to r . A s n o ted a bove i fan ew , h o l low -wa l led h yb r id g a tehou se f o r tw a sb u i l tt or e p la ce t h e P ha se 3r i ng f o r to ne w ou ld e xpec tt h e l a t te rt oh ave b een e n t i r e ly r emoved s i nce i n as em i ru ined s t a te i tw ou ld p rov ide e xce l len t c ove r f o r a t ta cke r s . Y e t i t i s t h e s e cond r i ng -f or t ( i n b o th i n te rp re ta t ion s ) w h ich h a s a lmo s t c omp le te ly d i sappea red , l e ad ing t o t h e s pecu la t ion o f f e r ed b y H am i l ton f o r h i s s e cond f o r t -t h a t i tw a s o n ly p a r t ly b u i l t w hen t h e b roch w a s b egun a nd r e p la ced i t . T he b e t te r s t a te o ft h e o u te r w a l l i s i n f a c t f a i r ly e a s i ly e xp la ined ; i tw a s s u re ly r e f u rb i shed b y t h e b roch b u i lde r s t o p rov ide a n o u te r d ef ence f o r t h e t owe r , a nd t h e r e a r e c l ea r t r ace s o ft h i s r e bu i ld ing i nt h e t h inne r u ppe r p a r t w h ich e x is t s i np l ace s [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion E 'E ] . 1 3 .4 P ha se 5 , t h eb roch ( m idd le I r on A g e ) T he c on s t ruc t ion o f C l ickh im in b roch , a nd t h e a ccumu la t ion o fe x ten s ive m idden s o n t o p o fe a r l ie r l e ve ls , m a rk s am a jo r n ew p ha se o fo ccupa t ion o n t h e s i t e . T he f a c t t h a t t h e se m idden s d o o ve r l ie q uan t i t ie s o f r ubb ish f r om e a r l ie r p e r iod s - i n c lud ing , a s n o ted , am a s s o f r ubb le t umb led i nwa rd s f r om t h e o u te rw a l l o n to t h e l owe s t f l oo r -c ou ld m ean t h a t t h e P ha se 4 r i ng -f o r t h ad b een a bandoned f o r s ome t ime , a nd h ad f a l len i n to r u in , w hen t h et owe rw a sb u i l t . A l terna t ive ly t h e r ubb le c ou ld b et h e r e su l t o ft h e d emo l i t ion o fp a r t s o fr i ng -f or t 2w h ich h ad b een i nu se u n t i l w o rk o n t h e b roch b egan . T h i s l a t te r v i ew i sp e rh sp s s uppor ted b y t h e f a c t t h a t as ub s tan t ia l f r agmen t o f r i ng -f or t w a l l w a s i n c luded i n t h e b roch e n t rance p a s sage . A s n o ted e a r l ie r i ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t t h e m a s s o fm idden

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t i cS co t land

m a t e r ia lo v e r ly ing r u bb le , a nd a s s igned i nt h er e po r tt ot h e b roch o ccupa t ion , d oe s i nf a c t b e long t ot h e l a t e r i ng -f o r t p e r iod ; t h e r e i sn o c l ea rs t ra t ig raph ica l l i nk b e tw een t h e se d epo s i t sa nd a ny o ft h em a jo rb u i ld ing sc on ce rned . T he b roch i s ah o l low -wa l led o ne w i th as o l id w a l l b a se a nd p r e sumab ly h ad a w ooden r oundhou se i n s ide i t o r ig ina l ly ( p o s t -ho le s h av ing b een f o und i nt h e p r ima ry f l oo r ) . I t i s at y po log ica l ly d ev e loped f o rm a nd r a d ioca rbon d a t e sf r om c ompa rab le s i t e s( l ik eT h eH ow ei n O rkney a nd , m o r e a pp rop r ia t e ly , L eck ie i n S t i r l ing sh i r e ) s ugge s tt om et h a ti tw a sb u i l ti nt h e i s tc en tu ry AD . T he E ve r ted R im p o t t e ry i sv e ry s im i la r t o t h a t o f P ha se 3 , t h ough w i th ah i ghe r p ropo r t ion o ft h e n eck -band v a r ie ty , a nd r o ta ry q ue rn sa r es t i l la b sen t ,o ra tl e a s tw e r eu n loca ted d u r ing t h e e x cava t ion s . Mo s t o f t h e a r t ef a c t s c ha ra c t e r i s t ic o f t h e m idd le I r on A g e w e r e f o und i nt h e b roch l e v e l s . H owev e r b ecau se o ft h e u n ique s i tua t ion a tC l ickh im in w he re a m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e w i th m any m idd le I r on A g e f e a tu r e sm ay g ob a ck t ot h e 6t ho r 5t hc en tu ry BC - i th a st o b e a dm i t t ed t h a t ,f rom t h e e v id ence f rom t h i ss i te b y i t s e lf t h e r ei sn or e a son w hy t h eb roch s hou ld n o th ave b een b u i l t s omewha t e a r l ie r -i nt h e 1 Sto re v en t h e 2 nd c en tu ry BC . Whe th e rt h i s i sl i k e ly i nt h e c on t ex to ft h ea va i lab le d a t ing e v iden ce f r om a l b roch s i sc on s ide r ed i n P a r t 2o ft h i s w o rk .

( t hough l e av ing at h in l a ye r o fd eb r i s o n i t )b ef o r e b e ing p av ed . O ne m u r a l c e l l w a s b l ocked o f -p r e sumab ly i t w a s w r eck ed a nd h a lf f u l l o fr ubb i sh ( a no the rs i gn p e rhap s o ft h e s t a t e o fd i s in t eg ra t ion o ft h e t ow e r ) -b u tt h e o t he r o ne c on t inu ed i nu s e , t o g e the r w i th an ew c e l l b u i l t i n to t h et h ick e s tp a r to ft h ew hee lhou se w a l l . T he w h ee lhou s e p e r iod m idd en s a r e e x t en s ive , a nd t h e R oman m a te r ia l f o und i nt h em i n d ica t e s t h a t i tw a s b e ing o ccup ied d u r ing t h e 2 nd a nd 3 rd c e n tu r ie s AD , a nd p o s s ib ly a l o t l a t e r t h an t h a t . E v en t h ough t h e r e a r e i n d ica t ion s t h a t t h e b r och w a s ar u in w hen t h e s e conda ry d we l l ing w a s i n s e r ted , t h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re o f P ha se 6 i n d ica t e s ac on t inu i ty w i th t h e b roch p e r iod . W i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o ft h e d i sc -head ed b one p i n [ 1 1 , f i g . 3 8 , 1 3 ] t h e r e a r e n ot r a ce s o ft h e a r t ef a c t s c ha ra c t e r i s t i c o f t h e l a te I r on A g e p e r iod o f t h e 7t h/ 8t h c en tu r ie s s u ch a s c ompo s i te b on ec omb sa nd or namen ta lh eaded b one p i n s . I ti sa s sumed h e r et h a t s om e t ime d u r ing P ha se 6t h e r ew a s ap e rmanen tr i s e i nt h e l e v e lo ft h e l o ch w h ich c hang ed t h e s i te i n to t h e i s l and a nd i tr ema ined a ss u ch u n t i l t h e m id 1 9 th c en tu ry . T h i sp e r iod o ff l ood ing - p e rhap s i nt h e 4t h o r 5t h c en tu r ie s -w ou ld b ew hen t h ec au seway a nd l a nd ing s t age w e r eb u i l t . 1 3 .6 P ha se 7 ,l a t el e ve l s . A s d e sc r ibed t h e p o t t e ry o ft h e l a s tp ha se o fo ccupa t ion i s q u i te d if e r en t f r om t h e I r on A g e E v e r ted R im w a r e a l though t h e f ew s t one f i nd s m ade r e semb le t h o se o ft h e e a r l ie r l e ve l s . D i r ec t e v id ence f o r d a t ing i s l a ck ing , t h ough a n i mm ed ia t e ly p r e -V ik ing d a t e s e em s p l au s ib l e , d e sp i te t h e a b s en ce o ft h e c l a s s ic l a t e I r on A ge m a t e r ia l ( wh ich i sf o und n o tf a ra way i nO rkn ey ) .

A rgum en t s w e r e a dvanced e a r l ie r f o r r e ga rd ing m uch o f t h eu ppe rp a r t o ft h e b roch - a nd i np a r t icu la rm o s t o ft h e a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s w h ich a r e u n ique t oC l ickh im in - a s t h e p rodu c t o fm od er nr e s to ra t ion . T h i s r emove s m o s to f t h e ' p rob lem s ' r a i sed b yt h e se o dd f e a tu r e sa nd w h ich h av e b een c ommen t ed o n b y e a r l ie r w r i te r s . P r e sumab ly t h e b roch w a s at ow e r l ik e s t ru c tu r e w i th a n i n t er na l r a i sed w ooden f l oo r o r f l oo r s a nd w h ich w a s u s ed f o r s om e c on s id e rab le t i me , j udg ing f r om t h e t h ickne s s o f t h e m idden s w h ich a c cumu la ted o u t s id e . H ow eve r t h e r e a r e n o m ean s o fe s t ima t ing p r ec i se ly h ow l o ng i tw a s i nu s e e xcep tt h e2 nd c en tu ry R oman m a te r ia l a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e f o l low ing p ha se , a nd t h i s o fc ou r se m ay h ave b een o n t h e s i t ef o r al o ng t i me b ef o r eb e ing d r opped i n ad epo s i t .

1 4 . F ina l C ommen t s

1 3 .5 P ha se 6 ,w hee lhou se ( m idd l eI r on A g e )

Wha th a s t ob er e a l i sed a bou tt h e a r cha eo log ica l e v id en ce a tC l ickh im in r e cove r ed f r om t h e e x cava t ion s o ft h e 1 9 50 s i s t h a t m o s t o f i t c on s i s t s o f t wo q u i te d i s t in c t s t ra t ig raph ica l s e quence s , w i th h a rd ly a ny c onn ec t ion b e tween t h em . T h i sm ak e s l i nk ing t h em , a nd p rodu c ing a p l au s ib le s i t eh i s to ry , at r i cky t a sk w h i ch c an p r oduce m o r e t h an o n er e su l t( F o ju t 1 998 ) .

T he i n se r t ion o f al a rge w hee lhou se i n s id et h eb roch m a rk s t h ef i na lm a jo rp ha se o ft h em idd le I r on A g eo ccupa t ion o n t h e s i t e , a nd t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o f e r ed h e r e f o l low s t h a t o f D ryden a nd H am i l ton w i th af ew a dd i t iona l d e ta i l s . T he r e i s s ome c i r cum s tan t ia l b u t c onv inc ing e v idence w h ich i mp l ie s t h a t t h e b roch w a s a l r eady i n r u in s a nd m u ch r e duced i n h e igh t w hen t h i s h appened ; p e rhap s t h e d i lap ida ted a nd a bandoned t ow e r w a s r e duced t o as a f e h e igh t w hen t h e w hee lhou se w a s b u i l t . T he s t ronge s t e v idence f o rt h i s i st h eb r eak ing t h rough o f an ew d oo rway a tt h e f o o to ft h eb ro ch s t a i r , a nd a t ah e igh tw h ich i mp l ie s t h a t av e ry l a rg e a moun to fd eb r i sh ad a l r eady a c cumu la ted o u t s id e . T he f l oo r f o r t h i s n ew d oo r s e em s t oh ave b een d ug d own f o ra bou t 6 0 c m i n to t h eb u i ld ing 's c o r e a nd t h e s ame f l oo r l e v e l r u n s i nwa rd s t h rough t h e w hee lhou se w a l l . A tt h e s ame t i me t h e i n te r io r o ft h e b roch s e em s t o h ave b een c l ea r ed o u t a lmo s t t o t h e p r ima ry f l oo r l e ve l

T he f i r s t s equ en ce c on s i s t s o f t h e m a jo r b u i ld ing s ; t h e r i ng -wa l l , t h e g a t ehou se a nd i t s a s soc ia t ed w a l l f r agm en t s , t h e b roch a nd t h e w hee lhou se a r e r e l iab ly t i ed a nd w e r e b u i l t i nt h a t o r de r( e xcep tt h a tt h e r e i sn o d i rec tp roof t h a t t h e g a t ehou se i sl a t e r t h an t h e r i ng -wa l l ) . T he s e cond c on s i s t s o f t h e o ccupa t ion s t ra ta o u t s ide t h e r i ngwa l l , b e tween i ta nd t h e b r och a nd i n s ide t h e b r och . Wh i le t h e l owe s t l e ve l s e v e rywhe r e r e s t o n s t e r i le d epo s i t s a nd c on ta in e a r ly I r on A ge m a t e r ia l ( Pha se 2u nd e rt h e b r och a nd u nde rt h eb l o ck ing s i nt h e c e l led h u t ,a nd P ha se s 2a nd 3e l sewhe r e ) , t h ee x ten s ive a sh m idd en s a nd r u bb le l a y e r s b e tween t h e r i ng -wa l l a nd t h e b roch ( a nd a bove t h e se p r ima ry l a y e r s ) a r e n o t a c tua l ly c onne c t ed w i th t h e b r o ch o rt h ew hee lhou se a ta l ; a l o ne c an s a yf i rm ly i st h a tt h ey p o s t -da te t h e r i ng -wa l l . T h i s o fc ou r se i sm a in ly b ecau se o ft h e 1 9t hc en tu ry c l ea rance sa r ound t h eb r och ( t hough i ti s n o t i mpo s s ib l e t h a t s ome l ow s t ra ta s t i l l r ema in w h ich 14

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

i n d ica t ing a c i rcu la r b u i ld ing s ome 1 6 .78 m ( 55 f t . ) i n d i ame te r . T he re may b e an a r row o pen ing t owa rd s t h e n or th -ea s t . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 4 NE 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 500 , 1 20 .

m igh tp rov ide al i nk ) . F or tuna te ly s ome e a r ly b roch l a ye r s w e re f ound i n s ide t h e t owe r b u t t h ey c anno t b e d i rec t ly l i nked w i th t hose o u t s ide . B ea r ing t h a t i n m ind t h e ma in i mpo r tance o f t h e r e su l t s f r om t h e C l ickh im in e xcava t ion s , a s r e -a sses sed h e re , wou ld s e em t o b e ( 1 ) t h a t t h e b roch l ike g a tehou se ( o r ` f orewo rk ' ) o n t he s i te i ss t ra t ig raph ica l ly e a r l ie r t h a t t h e b roch t owe r i t se lf , ( 2 ) t h a t t h e b u i lde r s o ft h e e a r l ie s t f o r t o n t h e s i te p osses sed a r tef ac t s a nd p o t te ry w h ich a r e e l sewhe r e a s s ignab le t ot h e s t a r t o ft h e m idd le I r on A ge i n t h e 2n d o r i s t c en tu r ies B .C . b u t w h ich h e re may s t a r t a s e a r ly a st h e 6t h o r 5d t c en tu ry BC a nd ( 3 ) t ha t t h e v a r iou s s oph is t ica ted s t one s t ruc tu res b u i l t i nP ha se s 3 -6 a ppea r t oh ave b een a dop ted b y d i f f e ren t g ene ra t ion s o ft h e s ame c ommun i ty . T he re i sl i t t le i nt h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re o ft ho se p ha se s t o j u s t if y t h e a s sump t ion t ha t n ew i mm ig ran t s b rough tt h e b roch a nd t h e w hee lhou se t ot h e s i te , a l though t h e s ha rp c hange b e tween P ha se s 2a nd 3 s u re ly s ugges t s n ew p eop le i n t h e c ommun i ty . O n t h e o t he r h and t h e a ppea rance o f t ho se s oph is t ica ted b u i ld ing s a t d i f f e ren t t imes m ay w e l l b e t e l l ing u s s ome th ing a bou t b o th t h e s t a tu s o ft h e C l ickh im in c ommun i ty i nt h e I r on A ge a nd a bou t t h e m anne r i n w h ich b roch a r ch i tec tu re w a s t a ken f r om p l a ce t op lace i nA t lan t ic S co t land .

HU44 3 HEOGAN HU /475435 S i te o f ap o ss ib le b roch w h ich w a sc omp le te ly d emo l ished many y ea r s b ef o re t h e C omm is s ion 's v i s i t , l e av ing n o th ing t ob e s e en . Ah eap o fs t one sw a sn o ted i n1 878 [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 4 S E 7 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 105 , 7 .

S quare HU45 HU45 1 BURR IAN 2( `Ho lm o fB en s ton ') HU /467540 T races o f ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing , ap robab le b roch , c an b e s e en o n ar ocky k no l l i n N e s t ing . I t i s c . 1 6 .5m i n d i ame te ra nd 0 . 6m h igh , a nd as t re tch o ft h e o u te rw a l l f a ce i sv i s ib le o n t h e e a s t [ 1 ] . A f ew f i nd s h ave b een m ade r ound a bou t , i n c lud ing ab roken c u sh ion type s t one mace h ead a nd as t ea t i te w ho r l( i nt h e L erw ick mu seum ) . S ource s : OS c a rd HU 4 5 S E 1 4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 310 , 8 3 .

1 5 . D imens ions T he o u t e r w a l l ( t he e a r l ies t f o r t ) e nc lo se s a n a r ea o fs ome 1 240 s qua r e me t res ( wh ich c ompa re s w i th t h e 6 5 .8 s qua re m e t res c on ta ined b y t h e b roch . T he a ve rage e x terna l d i ame te ro ft h e b roch i s1 9 .8 m ( 6 5 f t . )a nd t h e i n ter na l o ne i s9 . 1 m( 30 f t . ) ; t h e w a l l b a ses t h u s o ccupy s ome 5 3 .8% o ft h e o ve ra l l d iame te r a nd a r e 5 . 3 m( 17 .5 f t . ) t h ick . T he e n t rance i s 1 . 75 m ( 5 f t . 9 . 5 i n s . ) h igh u nde r t h e t wo o u termo s t l i n te ls a nd t h e reaf t e r 1 . 39 m ( 4f t .6 . 5 i n s . ) . I t s w id th i s0 . 86 m ( 2 f t . 1 0 i n s . ) i nf r on t o ft h e d oo r -check s w h ich a r e a bou t 2 . 7 m ( 9 f t . ) f r om t h e s t ra igh t j o in t b e tween t h eb roch w a l l a nd t h e e a r l ie r ma son ry o nw h ich i t i sp a r t ly f o unded b u t a bou t 4 . 6 m ( 1 5 f t . ) f r om t h e a c tua l f r on to ft h ee n t rance p a s sage . I n 1 987 ac a ref u l s u rvey o fw ha tc an b e s e en o ft h ep r ima ry i n ner w a l l f a ce o ft h e b roch s howed t h a t t h e c en t ra l c our t a bove t h e s c a rcemen t i sc l ose t o a n e xac t c i rc le w i th a r ad iu s o f4 . 6 1 +0 .09 m , a nd t hu sh a s ad i ame ter o f9 . 22 m o r3 0 .23 f t . .

HU45 2 CORN HOL M HU /481549 S i te o f ap o ss ib le b roch o n as ma l l i s land o ft h a t n ame i n t h e E a s t V oe o fS ke l l is te r , i nN e s t ing . T he s i te i s ar ocky k no l lb u tn o s i gns o f ab u i ld ing a r en ow v i s ib le . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 S E 7 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 309 , 8 3 . HU45 3 BURR IAN 1( ` The B u r r ian ,"Brough ') HU /478545 P robab le b roch i nN e s t ing , s i tua ted o n t h e f l a t s umm i t o f ah igh , r o cky k no l l c l ose t ot h e s ho re . T he b u i ld ing i sc . 1 6 .0m i nd i ame te r a nd 1 m h i gh w i th ac en t ra l d ep res s ion [ 1 ] . A p o ss ib le o u te r c u r ta in w a l l , c .0 . 5m h igh a nd o f t u rf , c an b e s e en t o t h e s ou th a nd e a s t , a nd t r aces o f o u tbu i ld ing sa r ev i s ib le o nt h e s ou th -wes t . S ou rces : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 S E 1 3 ( w i th s k e tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 308 , 8 2 -3 . HU45 4 GLETNESS ( ' Longa S ker r ies ') HU /470512 P os s ib le s i te o f ab roch i n N es t ing , o n a n i s le t c a l led L onga S ke r r ie s 1 00 m f r om t h e s ho re . No t r ace s o f a b u i ld ing c an b e s e en , a nd t h e i s le t h a s b een c l a imed t ob e t oo s ma l l f o rs uch ab u i ld ing [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 S E 1 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 311 , 8 3 .

1 6 . S ource s 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 4 S E2 : 2 .I r v ine 1 866 : 3 .D ryden 1 890 , 2 02 -07 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , 6 4 -70 & f i g s . 5 57 5 73 : 5 .G raham 1 947 : 6 . Cn iden 1 951 : 7 . S impson 1 954 : 8 .H am i l ton 1 957 : 9 . H am i l ton 1 962 , 7 2 -74 & 8 18 2 : 1 0 . H am i l ton 1 966 , 15 f . : 1 . H am i l ton 1 968 : 1 2 . MacK ie 1 969 : 1 3 . B a l l in Sm i th , e d . , 1 994 : 1 4 . MacK ie 1 992 : 1 5 . F o ju t 1 998 .

HU45 5 HOUSAB ISTER HU /487578 T h is p robab le b roch s i te i sa lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed . I ti ss i tua ted n ea r t h e t op o ft h e c l if f s i n aw i ld p a r t o ft h e c oa s t o fN e s t ing . S pence d e sc r ibed i ta s ac en t ra l t owe r s u r rounded b yt wo c oncen t r ic w a l ls . T he p a r ish c hu rch h a s b een b u i l t n ex t t ot h e s i te o u t o ft h e s t one s f r om t h e b roch

HU44 2 HA WK 'S NESS HU /461490 Ap os s ib le b roch i nT ingwa l l , as t eep c on ica l mound s ome 5 . 49m ( 18 f t . ) h igh s i tua ted o n ar o cky k no l l c l o se t o t h e e dge o ft h e c l if s . As i ng le c ou r se o f ma son ry c an b e s e en ,

15

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

b u tt h e mound o fr ubb le i ss t i l l 2 1 .35 m ( 70 f t . ) i nd i ame te r a nd 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t . )h i gh i nt h e c en t re . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 NE 1 6 : 2 .S pence 1 899 , 4 5 6 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 282 , 7 8 : 4 . A nde r son 1 890 , 1 8 1 .

HU46 2CHAPEL KNO WE + HU /48556910 P os s ib le b roch i nN e s t ing ; n o f u r ther i n f o rma t ion .

HU45 6 HOL M OF BENSTON HU /463537 P robab le b roch o n a n i s le t o ft h a t n ame i nN es t ing . T he C omm iss ion d i d n o t v i s i t t h e s i te b u t t h e r ema in s o f a c i rcu la rb u i ld ing a r ev i s ib le , c .1 7 .5m i nd i ame te ra nd 1 . 3m h igh ; t h e f oo t ing s o f t h e s u rveyed o u te r w a l l f a ce a r e o cca s iona l ly v i s ib le [ 1 ] . T he re i s as e conda ry s t ruc tu re i n s ide t h e b roch a bou t 4 . 8m i n d i ame te r , a nd t r aces o f o u tbu i ld ing s a r e v i s ib le . Ac au seway j o in s t h e i s land t o t h e s ho re . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 S E 1 8 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 283 , 7 8 . HU45 7 LOCH OF S TAVANESS HU /490590 S i te o fp o ss ib le b roch i nN es t ing ; n ot r ace o fa ny b u i ld ing r ema in s . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 NE 1 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 307 , 8 2 : 3 . A nde r son 1 890 , 1 8 1 . HU45 8 RA ILSBURGH ( `Broch o fR a i l sbu rgh ') HU /456523 P os s ib le b roch i nN e s t ing , o n as ma l l i s land 6 0m f r om t h e s ho re o n t h e e a s t s i de o fC a t F i r th . No c l ea r s i gns o fa b roch h ave b een d e tec ted a l though t h e re a r e r u ined b u i ld ing s o nt h e i s land . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd n o HU 5 4 S E 1 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 285 , 7 9 : 3 .S pence 1 899 , 4 4 -5 : 4 . A nder son 1 890 , 1 8 1 . HU45 9 WADB ISTER NESS HU /447504 P o s s ib le b roch i n T ingwa l l c ons is t ing o f s c a t te red a nd b roken r ema ins o f at u rf -cove red b u i ld ing o nt op o f as ma l l r ocky s pu r o n t h e s ho re w h ich i sf r equen t ly c u t o f fb y h igh t i des ; much o ft h e b u i ld ing s e em s t oh ave b een e r oded b y t h e s ea . As hor t s t re tch o fo u te r w a l l f a ce c an b e s e en o n t h e s ou th -we s ts i de [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 SW 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 499 , 1 20 & f i g . 5 87 ( p la te ) .

S quare HU46 HU46 1 BURGA WATER 1 HU /480641 P robab le b roch i nN e s t ing , ag ra s s -cove red mound 2 . 44 2 . 71 m ( 8 -9 f t . ) h igh s i tua ted o n t h e l a rge r o ft wo i s le t s i n t h e l o ch o ft h a t n ame ; i ti sa bou t 1 00m f r om t h e s ou th a nd s ou th -we s t s ho res . I tw a s n o t v i s i ted b y t h e C omm iss ion 's i n ves t iga to r s , b u t al a te r r e po r t [ 1 ] d esc r ibes a mound a bou t 1 5m i nd i ame te r c on ta in ing ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing w i th a n a ppa ren t e n t rance o n t h e e a s t . No c au seway h a s b een s e en . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 4 6SE 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 284 , 7 9 .

16

HU46 3 V IDL IN HU /479655 S i te o f ap o ss ib le b roch i nN e s t ing . T he f ew r ema in ing s t one sw e re r emoved i n1 829 t ob u i ld ac hape l [ 2 ] . S ou rce : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 6 NE 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 306 8 2 .

S quare HU47 HU47 1 FUGLA NESS HU /438777 ( v i s i ted 4 / 6 /63) T h is p robab le b roch i nD e l t ing , n ow v e ry r u inou s , s t and s a tt h e f oo t o f g en t ly s l op ing , f e r t i le l a nd a nd n ex t t o t h e r ocky s ho re . I ti sp a r t ly s u r rounded b yt wo e ar th r ampa r t s w i th a w ide d i tch b e tween t h em , t he s t eep s l ope t o t h e b each a ppa ren t ly h av ing f o rmed t he d ef ences o n t h e e a s t h a lf . Two mu ra l c e l ls a r e v i s ib le o n t h e e a s t , o n t h e s i de n ea res t t h e s ea , a nd o ne s e em s t o h ave ad oo r l i n te l i ni t s w es ter n s i de , f a c ing a l ong t h e w a l l . T he s i de o f ap a s sage s e em s t o p ro t rude o ve r t h e b each b e tween t h e se t wo c hambe r s w h ich a r e t h e ref o re l i ke ly t o b e ap a i r o fg ua rd c e l ls f l ank ing t h e ma in e n t rance , a s t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s s u rm i sed . A ny a t tacker s w ou ld h ave h ad t o h ave c l imbed u p t ot h e e n t rance f r om t h e b each b e low a nd ad i rec tr u sh w ou ld h ave b een i mposs ib le . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 7 NW 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 115 , 9& f i g . 4 65 ( p lan ) . HU47 2 I NF IELD HU /454747 ( v i s i ted 4 /6 /63) A p robab le b roch i n D e l t ing , s t and ing o n al ow r o cky p romon to ry j u t t ing i n to t h e F i r th o r V oe o n ly a f ew f e e t a bove w a te r l e ve l a nd a tt h e f oo t o f al o ng s l ope d own t o t h e s e a f r om t h e h i l ls b eh ind . As ma l l l i gh thouse s t and so n t h e s t ruc tu re w h ich i sn ow n o th ing b u t amound o fd eb r i s ; o n ly o n t h e n o r th s i de i sa n a r c o ft he o u te r f a ce v i s ib le , t o ah e igh t o ft wo o rt h ree c ou r ses . Al i n te l led d oo rway o n t h e s ou th s i de , 5 1 c m ( 1 f t . 8i n s .) w ide a nd 7 1 c m ( 2f t .4 i n s . ) h igh , l e ad s f r om t h e i n te r ior o u t t o aw recked m u ra l c e l l ; t h e C omm is s ion n o ted t h a t t h e re w a s as t ep d own i n to t h e c hambe r a ti t s i n ner e nd . T he o u te r d i ame te r o f t h eb roch i sa bou t 1 8 .30 m ( 60 f t . ) . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd HU 4 7 S E 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 116 , 9 10 . Y e l l HU47 3 HOL M OF COP ISTER HU /472779 T h i s b roch a nd i t s o u two rk s o ccupy a lmos t t h e w ho le o f t h e s ma l l i s le t o ft h a t n ame o n Y e l l i s land , 1 50 y d s . f r om t h e t i p o f ap en in su la . T he s i te i s ag r a s sy mound a bou t 6 . 10 m ( 20 f t . ) h i gh a nd t h e b a se o ft h e w a l l i sv i s ib le o n t h e e a s tw i th , o nt h ew es t s i de , p a r to f am u ra l g a l le ry a bou t 9 0cm ( 3f t . ) w ide ; t h is mu s tb e a n u ppe ro ne s i nce i ti so n t h e w a l lhead . T he w a l lhead h ere i s3 . 81 m ( 12 .5 f t . )t h ick . P a r t o f a mu ra l s t a ir w a s t r aceab le i n 1 890 [ 3 ] . T he m a son ry i sb u i l t i n u nusua l ly t h in c ou r ses a nd i so f t h e

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

l o ca l l ime s tone .

v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 723 ,

T he b roch i ss u r rounded b y ar ampa r t 1 . 37 -1 . 83 m ( 4 .5 6f t . ) h igh f a ced w i th s t one o n i t s i n ne r f a ce w h ich i s a lmo s t v e r t ica l whe re e xposed ( o n t h e n o r th -we s t a nd s ou th -ea s t ) ; t h e o u te r f a ce n ow s l opes d own t o g i ve a max imum b r ead th o f4 . 68 m ( 1 5 f t . ) a tt h e b a se . O n t h e n or th -we s t s i de , t h e l owes t p a r t o f t h e i s le t a nd f a c ing Y e l l , a ne x t ra d i tch a nd b ank l i e so u t s ide t h er ampa r t . D imens ion s . E x terna l d i ame te r 1 8 .15 m ( 59 .5 f t . ) . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 7 NE 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l .3 , n o . 1 720 , 1 62 -3 & f i g s . 6 73 : 3 . A c land 1 890 .

HU49 2GRAVELAND + HU /463967 ( a pp rox . ) P os s ib le b roch i nY e l l ;n o f u r the ri n f o rma t ion .

S quare HU48 HU48 1 HEAD OF BROUGH HU /446850 T h is p robab le b roch o n Y e l l I . , s t and ing o n ap la teau o ver look ing t h e s ea , i sn ow r educed t oi t s f ounda t ion s . A f ew t r ace s o ft h e o u te r f a ce i n d ica te a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o f 1 7 .38 m ( 57 f t . ) . On t h e n or th s i de t h e re a r e t h e r emnan t s o ft wo d ef en s ive b ank s o r r ampa r t s , 2 0m a nd 3 0m f r om t h e b roch , w i th ad i tch b e tween t h em ; t h is l a s t h a s b een a t l e a s t 1 . 22 m ( 4f t . ) d eep . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 8 SW 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 721 , 1 63 .

1 63 .

B re s say S quare HU54 HU54 1 A ITH ( `Brough ') HU /515435 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch o n B ressay I . , o n ar ound topped h i l lock a t t h e n eck o f t h e p en insu la A i th N es s . I ti s ma rked a s a' b rough ' o n t h e o ld OS map b u t A l l t r ace s o f t h e s t ruc tu re h ave b een d e s t royed . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 4 SW 4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 106 , 7 . HU54 2 BROUGH 1 HU /519412 P o ss ib le b roch o n B re s say , c on s is t ing o f al a rge , f l a t t opped , t u rf -cove red mound , p robab ly S ibba ld 's ' P ic t 's h ou se ' [ 2 ] . I tr i ses t o ah e igh t o f 1 . 83 m ( 6f t . ) a bove t h e b o t tom o f ad i tch w h ich s e ems t o h ave s u r rounded t h e b u i ld ing a nd w h ich i s6 . 1 m( 20 f t . ) w ide a nd 6 1-76 c m ( 2 -2 f t . 6i n s . ) i nd ep th . Aw e l l i so n t h e s ou th -ea s t . T he n e ighbou r ing v i l lage o fB rough s uppor t s t h e i d en t if ica t ion o ft h e s i te . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 4 SW 2 : 2 . S ibba ld 1 829 , 2 9 : RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 107 , 1 87 .

HU48 2 WEST SAND W ICK ( ` The B rough ') HU /440887 P robab le b roch o n Y e l l I . ,o n as ma l l t i da l i s le t . T he s i te i s at u rf -cove red mound t h rough w h ich t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce c an b e s e en , i nd ica t ing a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o f a lmo s t 1 7 .5m [ 1 ] . T he u ppe r c ou r ses o f ac o rbe l led mu ra l c e l l c an b e s e en i nt h e s ou th -wes t a r c a nd t h e e n t rance , n ow g r ea t ly o b scu red , i sa ppa ren t ly o nt h ee a s ts i de . T he o u te r d ef ences a r e much e r oded b u t t wo l ow , t u rf -cove red r ampa r t sc an b e s een o nt h en or th s i de w i th ar ock -cu td i tch b e tween t h em , 2 . 5m d eep . E ro s ion h a s p roduced a c l if f f a ce w i th a c r oss s e c t ion a t t h e w e s t e nd o f t h e i n ne r r ampa r tw he re i tc an b e s e en t ob e2 . 0m t h ick w i th ar ubb le c o re f a ced w i th r eve t ted s l ab s s e to ne dge . S ources : I . OS c a rd HU 4 8 NW 1( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 722 , 1 6 3 .

HU54 3 CULL INGSBURGH HU /521423 P o ss ib le b roch o n B re s say I . , c on s i s t ing o f ar ough , s t ony k no l l 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) h igh a tt h e n or th -we s t c orne r o ft h e g raveya rd . No t r aces o fw a l l ing a r e n ow v i s ib le . P os s ib ly I r on Age a r tef ac t s , l i ke h amme r s t ones a nd a w he t s tone s , w e re r e cove red f r om t h e s i te [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 4 SW 6 : 2 RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 086 , 4 .

S quare HU49 HU49 1 WINDHOUSE HU /48809 19 1 P robab le b roch o n Y e l l I . , o n t h e s hou lde r o f t h e h i l l o ver look ing t h e s ou th e nd o f Wha le F i r th a nd l e s s t h an 3 0m a bove t h e s ea . T he s i te w a s e xcava ted many y ea r s b ef o re t h e C omm iss ion 's v i s i t i n1 931 w hen s ome ' t yp ica l ' a r tef ac ts w e re f ound , b u t w h ich a r e n ow l o s t . T here a r e o n ly t wo o r t h ree c ou r se s o fm a son ry l ef t b u t t h ey s how t h a t t h e b u i ld ing h a s a n o vera l l d i ame te ro f1 7 .5m ( 57 f t .4 i n s . ) a nd t h a t t h e w a l l i s3 . 89 m ( 1 2 f t . 9i n s . ) t h ick o n t h e n or th a nd n o r th -wes t . O n t h e w e s t h oweve r i te xpand s t o 4 . 68 m ( 1 5 f t . 4i n s .) a nd s how s t r a ce s o f a n i n t ra -mu ra l c e l l . I nt h ew a l l o fa n o u tbu i ld ing i mmed ia te ly t ot h ew es ta s he l l m idden i se xpo sed [ 1 ] . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 9 S E 4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 ,

17

HU54 4 NOSS SOUND HU /528410 T h is p robab le b roch o nB res say I .s t and sn ea rt h ee nd o fa r ocky h ead land w i th c on s ide rab le o u te rd ef ences . A n e a r th a nd s t one b ank c rosses t h e n eck o ft h e p romon to ry 7 . 78 m ( 25 .5 f t . ) f r om t h e b roch w i th as e cond , mo re ma s s ive o ne 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t . ) b eyond i t : t h ey may h ave o r ig ina l ly b een b u i l t s t one w a l ls u p t o 3 . 20 m ( 10 .5 f t . ) t h ick . T he re a r e s ome b ou lde r s o n e dge a tt h e e a s t e nd o ft h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e o u te r b ank , w h ich m ay b e p a r t o fi t . T he b roch i t se lf s how s f ew o f i t s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s t hough t h e mound i s s t i l l 4 . 12 m ( 1 3 .5 f t . ) h igh , a nd o n t h e n or th -we s t s eve ra l c ou r se o ft h e i n ne rf a ce c an b e s e en . H ibber tn o ted s eve ra l " cav i t ie s" i nt h e w a l l w h ich mu s t h ave b een mu ra l c e l ls ; e ach w a sa bou t3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) l o ng b y 1 . 83 m ( 6f t . )b road . T races o fo ne c an b e s e en o n t h e s ou th -we s t . T he w a l l o f t h eb roch s e em st ob e a bou t4 . 58 -5 .19 m ( 1 5 -17 f t . )t h ick . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 4 SW 8 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 085 , 3 -4 & f i g . 4 80 ( p la te ) : 3 .H ibber t 1 822 , 2 84 .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

i n c rea se s f r om 7 6 c m ( 2f t 6i n ) a tt h e f r on tt o 1 . 07 m ( 3f t 6i n ) a tt h e i n ne r e nd . B eh ind t h e l e f t c heck i s al a rge r e c tangu la r h o le w h ich l e ad t o t h e l e f t c e l l ; i t i s p r e sumab ly f o rt h ed r aw b a rb eh ind t h ed oo r .

Wha l say S quare HU56 HU56 1 BROUGH 3 HU /554651 P o s s ib le b roch o n Wha l say I . , c on s is t ing o f af e a tu re le s s h eap o fr ubb i sh o n as ma l lk no l l . No t r a ce o fm a son ry c an n ow b es e en [ 1 ] a l though t h e re w e re s ome i n1 931 [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 5 6 NE 1 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 343 , 8 8 .

T he p a s sage i sn ow u n roof ed a nd o pen b u t i n 1 863 t h e g a tehou se s e c t ion w a s s omewha t h i ghe r ( c . 2 . 4 m ) , t h e p a s sage w a s l i n te l led o ve ra nd t h e re w e r e a ppa ren t ly t r a ce s o f as e cond t i e r o fc e l l s a bove t ho se m en t ioned . T h i s i s p e rhap s mo r e l i k e ly t o h ave b een a r a i sed g a l le ry b u t M i tche l l i sn o t v e ry s pec if ic a bou t w ha t h e s aw . N o t r a ce o f aa n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rw a s s e en .

HU56 2 S TAVANESS + HU /508602 P o s s ib le b roch o n Wha l say ; n o f u r the ri n f o rma t ion . HU56 3 S Y MB ISTER HU /540626 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch o n Wha l say I . , ag ra s s g rown h eap o n t op o f ak no l l . A t t h e e nd o ft h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ag r ea t q uan t i ty o fs t one w a s t a ken f r om i tf o r b u i ld ing p u rpo se s [ 1 ] F ind : al a rge r im s he rd i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum s i s p robab ly f r om t h i s b roch ( GA 1 271) ; i ti so fa n E ver ted r im j a rw i th al a rge ' n eck b and ' c o rdon i nt h e a ng le o ft h e r im w h ich h a s b een r e pea ted ly i mp re s sed w i th t h e e nd o fa b one ( d iam . c .2 3 c m ) . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 5 6 SW 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 342 , 8 8 .

D i scu s s ion : L och o fH ux te r i so fi n te re s t b ecau se i ti sn o t as imp le p romon to ry f o r t l i ke t h e t wo c l o ses tp a ra l le l s f o r t h e g a tehou se s e c t ion - S ca tne s s ( HU30 3 ) a nd N e s s o f B u rg i ( HU30 2 ) . T he c l o se s t p a ra l le l f o rt h e g ene ra lp l an i sw i th t h e s e cond r i ng -f o r t a t C l ickh im in a s t h e w r i te r i n te rp re t s i tb u t a tt h e l a t te r s i te t h e g a tehou se s e c t ion i s s l igh t ly c u rved a nd c on ta in s s eve ra l c l ea r b ro ch l ike f e a tu re s w h ich a r e a ppa r en t ly a bsen t a tL och o f H ux te r . T he re s e em s n o r e a son t o d oub t t h a t t h e t h ree c l a s s ic g a tehou se f o r t sa r e a n i n d igenou s S he t land d eve lopmen t . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU56 S E 1 : 2 .R CAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 3 16 , 8 3 & f i g s . 5 99 & 6 0 1 : 3 .M i tche l l 1 881 , 3 03 -05 : 4 . C a r t e r , McCu l lagh & Ma cSween 1 996 : L ow 1 879 , 1 77 & f i g . .

Y e l l HU56 4 LOCH OF HUXTER 2 HU /559620 U nexcava ted g a tehouse r i ng -f or t o n Wha l say w h ich s t and s o n a n i s le t i nt h e l o ch o ft h a t n ame ; ac au seway a bou t 1 9 .5 m (64 f t ) l o ng a nd f r om 1 . 8 -3 . 6 m ( 6 12 f t . ) w ide c onnec t s t h e s i te d i r ec t ly w i th t h e s ho r e [ 2 , f i g . 6 0 1] ; M i tche l l s aw t h e s i te i n1 863 a nd g i ve st h e l e ng th a sa bou t 3 0 .2 m ( 99 f t )a nd h ea l so m en t ion st h a ti tr un s o b l ique ly t o t h e s ho re [ 3 , f i g . 1 ] . A t t h a t t ime s t one w a s b e ing t a ken f r om t h es i te t ob u i ld as c hoo l ( I l l . 4 . 44 ) .

S quare HU57

T he i s le t i sa lmo s t c omp le te ly o ccup ied b y t h e f o r t w h ich c on s i s t s o f ad ry s tone w a l l 1 . 2 -1 . 5 m( 4 -5 f t . ) e nc lo s ing a r ough ly c i r cu la r a r ea s ome 2 1 .4 m ( 7 0 f t . ) i nd i ame te r . T h i s s u rv ived i n 1 935 u p t o a bou t t h r ee c ou r se o n t h e n o r th -we s t b u t h ad a lmo s t c omp le te ly v an i shed o n t h e n or th -ea s ts i de . T he p a r t f a c ing t h e c au seway c on s is t s o f as e pa ra te ly b u i l t r e c tangu la rg a tehou se s e c t ion 1 2 .5 m ( 4 1 f t ) l o ng b y 3 . 4 m ( 1 1 f t ) t h ick ; t h e r i ng -wa l l a bu t s a ga in s t t h e n o r the rn e nd o ft h i s b u t a tt h e o t he r e nd i ta bu t s a ga in s t t h e e nd o ft h e i n s ide f a ce , s ot h a tt h e re i s as ha rp c o rne rt h e r e , f o rmed b y t h e f r on te nd o ft h eg a tehou se . A n e n t rance p a s sage r un st h rough t h e c en t r e o ft h i s s e c t ion w i th al a rge i n t ra -mu ra l c e l l o n e i the rs i de o ft h i s . Al ow d oo rway o pen s f r om e a ch c e l l t o t h e f o r t i n te r io r . T he c hambe r s - w h ich M i tche l l d e sc r ibe s a s o f ' b eeh ive c on s t ruc t ion ' -m ea su re ( p re sumab ly a tg round l e ve l ) 4 . 27 m( 14 f t ) b y 1 . 22 m ( 4f t )o n t h e s ou the rn s i de a nd 3 . 20 m ( 10 f t 6i n ) b y 1 . 07 m ( 3f t 6i n ) o n t h e s ou th s i de . T he e n t rance i t s e lf i se qu ipped w i th a d oo r f r ame a bou t h a lf w ay d own i t s l e ng th a nd a t t h e d oo r -check s t h e w id th 18

HU57 1 BURRAVOE 2 ( ` Bu r ra V oe ' ) HU /519793 S i te o fp robab le b roch i ns ou th Y e l l I . ,n o ted b y T homa s [ 2 ] b u t o f w h ich f ew t r a ce s n ow s u rv ive [ 3 ] . Mo re r e cen t ly p a r t o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce o f ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing w a s o b se rved , w i th ad i ame te r o fc .1 9 .0m [ 1 ] . T he r e a r e f a in t t r ace s o fa n o u te r r ampa r t o n t h e s ou th , p a r t ly e r oded b yt h e c l if fa nd d e s t royed b yt h e q ua r ry ing o ft h e s i t ew hen ac hape l ( now a l so v an i shed )w a s b u i l to nt h e s i te . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 5 7 NW2 : 2 .T homa s 1 890 , 1 80 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 745 , 1 66 -7 .

S quare HU58 HU58 1 GOSSABROUGH ( 'Ne s so fG o s sab rough ' ) HU /534833 ( v i s i ted 6 / 6 /63 ) P robab le b ro ch o n t h e s ou th -ea s t s ho r e o fY e l l 1 . , o n a r o cky k no l l n ea r t h e b a se o f ap romon to ry ( ove r look ing a b ay w i th s a ndy b ea che s ) b u t i n e f f ec t i n t h e m idd le o f f a rm land w i th m oder nh ou se s n ea r ; i ti sa lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed , t h e r e b e ing o n ly a t a l l , g r a s sy mound w i th s t one s p ro jec t ing f r om t h e s i de s ( I l l . 4 . 138 ) . T he b u i ld ing i sp robab ly o n t o p o f ar o cky k no l l a nd t h e C omm i s s ion w a s a b le t ot r a ce ad i ame te r o fa bou t 1 7 .39m ( 57 f t . ) : t h e i n ve s t iga to r s a l so d e tec ted p robab le o u tbu i ld ing s o n t h e n or th -ea s t s i de . A n a ccu ra te m ea su r emen t o ft h e s t ruc tu re i sn ow i mpo s s ib le [ 1 ] . I r v ine r e co rd s t h a t c hambe r s w e re s t i l l v i s ib le i nt h em idd le o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry [ 2 ] .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 8 SW 1 : 2 . I r v ine 1 866 : RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 718 , 1 62 .

3

HU58 2 LOCH OF KETTLESTER HU /511806 T he s c a t te red r ema in s o f ap os s ib le b roch o n Y e l l I . , s i tua ted o n a n i s le t i nt h e l o ch , a nd l i nked t ot h e s ho re b ya c au seway r unn ing n or th -wes t sou th -ea s t . T he C omm i s s ion d id n o t s e e i tb u t al a te r r epo r t [ 1 ] d e sc r ibe s t h e r ema in s o ccupy ing t h e w ho le i s le tb u t s how ing n o th ing o fi n te re s t . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 8 SW 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 719 , 1 62 . HUSS 3 S TOAL ( `Ayw ick ') HU /546873 P oss ib le b roch o n Y e l l I . , s i tua ted o n t h e e dge o fs hee r c l if f s a tt h e e nd o f ah ead land ; o n ly f r agmen t s r ema in a f t e r e x ten s ive e r o s ion b y t h e s ea . T h ree v e ry s t rong d ef en s ive e a r then r ampa r t s , s epa ra ted b y d eep d i tche s , r un a c ro s st h en eck o ft h ep romon to ry , a t ap o in tw he re i ti s o n ly 1 9 .83 m ( 65 f t . )w ide . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 8 n o r th -we s t 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 717 , 1 6 1-2 .4 .

3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 238 ,

6 2 .

HU59 3 SNA BROCH 2 ( ' Sna B rough ') HU /578933 P o ss ib le b roch o nt h e w es tc oa s to fF e t la r I . , c on s i s t ing o f as egmen t o f as e r ies o f r ampa r t s a nd d i tche s mos t o f w h ich h a s b een s wep t a way b y t h e s ea . T he r ema in s s ugges tt h a tt h e d ef ence sp ro tec ted ab roch b u tt h a tt h is h a s c omp le te ly v an ished . T he r ampa r t f r agmen t s -a ppa ren t ly p a r t ly f a ced w i th s t one - a r e s t i l l o n a ve rage 1 . 83 -2 . 14 m ( 6 -7 f t . ) h igh a nd 3 . 66 -3 . 97 m ( 12 -13 f t . ) w ide a tb a se . T he i n nermos t d ef ence - a f r agmen t o fw h ich r ema in s a t t h e e dge o ft h e c l if f -s e em s l i ke ly t ob e ap i ece o fa no u te r d ef en s ive w a l l r a the r t h an o ft h e b roch i t se lf [ 4 ] . Aw e l l u sed t ob e v i s ib le i nt h e o u te rd i tch [ 2 , 3 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 9 S E 1 : 2 .L ow 1 774 , 1 66 : 3 . H ibbe r t 1 822 , 3 87 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 210 , 5 5 -6 & f i g . 5 42 .

Ma inland S quare HU67 HU67 1 HEAD OF GRUNAY + HU /69477168 P o ss ib le b roch o nO u te rS ke r r ies , Ma in land ; n oo t he r i n f o rma t ion .

S quare HU59 HU59 1 BURRA NESS HU /557957 ( v is i ted 6 / 6 /63) We l l p r e se rved b roch o n t h e c oa s t o fY e l l I . , s i tua ted o n f l a tg round n ea rt h et i p o f ap romon to ry w i th r o cky , t h ough n o t s hee r e dges , a nd w h ich s how s s i gn s o f r e cen t c u l t iva t ion ( I l ls . 4 . 139 -4 .141) . Ar u ined f a rm s t and s c l o se t ot h e s i te a nd af i e ld o fc o rn g r ew u pt ot h e s i te i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry [ 2 ] . T he w a l l s t i l l s t and s 4 . 27 m ( 14 f t . ) h igh o n t h e e a s t , b u t w a s 6 . 10 m ( 20 f t . ) h i gh t h e re t wo c en tu r ies a go w hen t h e b eg inn ing o f ab e l l shaped p rof i le w a s c l ea r ly v i s ib le [ 2 , 1 49 ] ( I l l . 4 . 143 ) . T he i n ne rw a l l f a ce i s e xpo sed a nd s how s ac l ea r l e dge type s ca rcemen t a bou t 3 8 c m ( 15 i n s . ) w ide a s w e l l a s am u ra l g a l le ry o n t h e w a l lhead ; H ibber tr e f e r s t ot wo c oncen t r ic w a l ls [ 3 ] . T he g a l le ry h e re i sa tl e a s t3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . )a bove t h e g round a nd mu s t b e a n u ppe r o ne . T he re a r e s i gns o f amu ra l c e l l o n t h e s ou th -ea s t b u t n o t r ace o f t h e e n t rance c an b e s e en . T he re a r e t r ace s o fo u tbu i ld ing s t owa rd s t h e n or th , s ou th a nd s ou th -ea s t , a nd s l igh t i n d ica t ion s o f s u r round ing r ampa r t s . D imen s ion s : e x ter na l d i ame te r c .1 8 .3 m ( 60 f t . ) , w a l l c . 4 . 6 m( 1 5 f t . )t h ick ; w a l lp ropo r t ion t h u sa tl e a s t5 0% . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 9 NE 3 : 2 .L ow 1 774 , 1 48 : 3 . H ibbe r t 1 822 , 4 19 : 4 .D ryden 1 890 , 2 12 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 7 16 , 1 6 1 .

Fe t lar S quare 1 IU68 HU68 1 RU IR TAING HU /616873 P o ss ib le ' brough ' o n F e t la rI . , ma rked o nt h e o ld OS map , b u t t h e re a r e n o s i gns o fi tn ow a pa r t f r om s ome d i s tu rbed g round e r oded b y t h e s e a ; p o ss ib le t r ace s o f r ampa r t s d ef end ing t h eh ead land a r en ea rby [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 6 8 NW 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 243 , 6 3 .

S quare HU69 HU69 1 F EAL ( ` S t . R ognva ld 's ' , Tea lb roch ') HU /629902 A much d i lap ida ted p robab le b roch o n F e t la r I . , o n f l a t g round n ea r t h e c hu rch a t F ea l . Many s t ones f r om t h e b roch mound a nd t h e s u r round ing " ou tbu i ld ing s" w e re r emoved t o b u i ld t h e c hu rch b u t t h e e x ter na l d i ame te r o f 1 9 .83 m ( 65 f t . ) i ss t i l l m ea su rab le , a s i st h e 5 . 03 m ( 16 .5 f t . ) t h ick w a l l o nt h e w e s t ; t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion w ou ld t hu s b e a bou t 5 0 .5 % . T he w a l l t h ickens s l igh t ly t owa rd s t h e e n t rance o n t h e e a s t , a nd a l i n te l s t one s t i l l r e s t s o n i t s b locked u p p a ssage . T he re a r e s i gn s o f amu ra l ( gua rd? ) c e l l o n i t s l ef ta nd L ow r e f er st o" apa r tmen t s" h o l lowed o u t i nt h ew a l l . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 6 9 SW 2 0 : 2 .L ow 1 774 , 1 70 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 211 , 5 6 .

Fe t lar HU59 2 BROUGH LODGE HU /581927 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch o n F e t la r I . ,o ccup ied b y amoder n t ower ; t h e re a r en or ema ins t ob e s e en . S ou rces : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 9 S E 4 : 2 . L ow 1 879 , 1 66 : 19

T he R oundhouse s , B ruch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

HU69 2 HOUB IE HU /620904 B roch o n F e t la r I . ,n ow mo s t ly d e s t royed , s t and ing o n a k no l l c l ose t ot h e e dge o f ac l if fa nd w i th o u two rk s ; af ew f e a tu re s a r e s t i l l t r aceab le . T he d i ame te r i sa bou t 1 7 .39 m ( 57 f t . ) a nd t h e w a l l s e em s a bou t 4 . 12 ( 1 3 .5 f t . ) t h ick , s o t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion i sa bou t 4 7 .5 % . T he re a r e t r ace s o fa mu ra l g a l le ry o n t h e w es t s i de w h ich i ss hown g o ing a l lt h e w ay r ound i nL ow 's p lan [ 2 ] . T he o u te r d ef ence s c on s i s t o ft h ree c oncen t r ic r ampar t s o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de a nd t h e o u te r o ne o ft h ese i sc onnec ted t o t h e b roch b y as t ra igh t w a l l . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 6 9 SW 2 2 : 2 .L ow 1 774 , 1 70 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 212 , 5 6 -7 & f i g . 5 43 .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

S ECT ION

A -B

, A , , , ,, \5 1 1 ! I I V I I I I I I I f ie le l l I fee

.l e

_ . ,1 \ \ I I I I T T IM P I e te e i l l / / / / / / /4 8

\ 99‘

-27 f rrA l \1 1 11 11 1W e

c eS)

%, _ ,

/ .z

, .,

: , . 2 „ ,

:

. . . . . =_ _

, -. . . . .. . . .

„ , ; ) _ _ , _ . i, * 7 : 5 * 1 . . . . , . _ . _ „ 2 -- 1 ' " -

, . . . .

_ _ -. zz

_ _ _ _

_ !

/ O ' ; . : ! : — . : . i . . " « = . _ . --

• -

. „ „ . . .„ .

. „ . , ,,‘

, . ..-,

, -

/

-- 2 : : -

, . . . . • •: __ 4_ " „--_---

)

. . _ . . , _ _ _ _ -

« . " . " . . :----

r t ) _ . , . „ , I , , : , . , , S i y G s

S EA

t

1 0

/‚

c ,

\ \

1

4 '

-

, ., \ 1 7 ,, , e 9 e ` z b c P a

t " A r

e z Z z ' e s . , . :" k . ,

/f

PLAN

M

N

. •e . " , ;Z . , :

Lir

C L IFFS

50

0

S EA

1 00 F EET

SECT ION

1 3

e ee i m em y l i fi e

e 't s -

e e

-'

z • e .

, -e _ . , - , . _ , _ _ _: _ _ . r , _ _ _ : , : : 1

-

I A

•

P LAN

/ 7 7

4 -

_ __ _ _ _ _ , , _ _ . , . . , z . _ , - _ , __,_„.__„_.,„__._„.-„._.,._

/// e f l if i f

I; . -

_ __ . . _ _ . _ -

f2 \ , „Mee

1 00 F EET

1 21

4 . 1 T op , p l an o fH oga N e ss ( Be lmon t : • HP50 6 ) : b o t tom , p l an o fU nde rhou l l ( HP50 1 0 ) . B o th a t s ca le 1 : 6 00 ( RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e served .

T he Roundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 2 H oga N e s s( Be lmon t : HP50 6 )i n1 963.

G ene ra lv i ew o fb roch mound w i th t h em ound so ft h eo u te rd ef ence si nt h ef o reg round . [ 1 963 / 10 /31] .

4 . 3 U nde rhou l l i n1 963 ( HP50 1 0 ) . T he o u te rd ef ence s [ 1 963 / 10 /36 ] .

1 22

4 . 4 L och o fllux te r i n1 963 ( HUI5 I) . D is tan t v i ew w i th t r ace s o fo u two rk s i np rof i le [ 1963 /9 /9 ] .

4 . 5 L och o fH ux te ri n1 963 ( HU15 1 ) . P a r to ft h e mu ra l c e l l w i th p o le a te nd o fb roch ma son ry [ 1963 /9 /7 ] .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd Whee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 6 C u lsw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) . D i s tan tv i ew [ 1 987 /4 /6 o r7 ] .

1 24

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

0 (1 7 . 4?

1 0 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

ROUGH

GRASSY

1 0

2 0

3 0

WALL

OR

4 0

5 0

6 o

7 0F EET

AREA

C .S .T .C .

4 . 7 T op , p l an o fC u lsw ick ( HU24 3 ) .

B o t tom , p l an o f We s tB u r ra F i r th ( HU25 9 ) . B o th a ts c a le 1 :3 00 ( RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 25

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 8 C u l sw ick i n1 963 ( HU24 3 ) .

4 . 9 C u l sw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) .

C lo se -up o fo u te rw a l lw i th e n t rance a nd t r iangu la rl i n te l [ 1 963 /9 /2 ] .

I n s ide t h el i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n ,t wo th i rd sf u l lo fr ubb ish ; t h ed oo r -check s a r ea t t h ei n ne re nd o ft h ew e l l l i tp a r t so ft h es i de s . [ 1 987 /4 / 1 ] .

1 26

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 10 C u l sw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) .

I n s ide t h ev o id o ve rt h ee n t rance p a s sage , l o ok ing t owa rd st h ei n te r io r ; l i n te l sb e low . [ 1987 /4 /2 ] .

r ubb le c ove r st h ee n t rance

4 . 11 C u lsw ick i n1 963 ( HU24 3 ) . T he c hambe ro ve rt h el i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage s e en f r om t h ei n te r io r [ 1 963 /9 /4 ] .

1 27

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 12 C u lsw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) .

V iew d own i n to mu ra lc e l l [ 1987 /4 /5 ] .

4 . 13 C u lsw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) . V iew a c r s st h ei n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h ev o id o ve rt h ee n t rance p a s sage [ 1987 /4 /4 ] .

1 28

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 14 C u l sw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) .

4 . 15 We s tB ur ra F i r th i n1 987 ( HU25 9 ) .

V iew f r om t h eb roch t oo u te rw a l l o nt h e SW s i de . [ 1 987 /4 /3 ] .

G ene ra lv i ew f r om s eawa rd s i de w i th p o le i nf r on to fl ef tg ua rd c e l l [ 1987 /4 /9 ] .

1 29

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 16 We s t B ur ra F i r th i n1 987 ( HU25 9 ) .

V iew f r om t h e i n te r io rt owa rds t h e e n t rance ; t h ep o le i sr e s t ing o n t h e s c a rcemen t w h ich r uns a c ros st h ei n ne rmos t l i n te l . [ 1987 /4 /8 ] .

4 .1 7 We s t B u r ra F i r th i n1 987 ( 1 1U25 9 ) . T he s ca rcemen tl e dge i nt h e i n ne rw a l lf a ce ( po le l y ing o n i t )w i th an a r row d oo r i nt h e i n ne rw a l lf ace i mmed ia te ly b e low i t . [ 1987 /4 / 12 ] .

1 30

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 18 We s tB ur ra F i r th i n1 987 ( HU25 9 ) .

4 . 19 We s tB u r ra F i r th i n1 987 ( HU25 9 ) .

U p r igh ts l ab i ni n ne rw a l lf a ce a t 9o ' c lock , f o rm ing t h es i de o fv o id o rd oo rway a bove t h e s ca rcemen t( wh ich i si n v is ib le ) . [ 1987 /4 / 13 ] .

T he l ef tg ua rd c e l lw i th d oo rl i n te lt ot h ee n t rance p a s sage v i s ib le a tb o t tom ( b e low t h e p o le ) . [ 1987 /4 / 10 ] .

1 31

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 20 We s tB u r ra F i r th i n1 987 ( HU25 9 ) . I n s ide t h er a i sed i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry l e ad ing t o t h ec e l l a t1 0 .30 o ' c lock . [ 1987 /4 / 11 ] .

4 . 2 1 L och o fH ou l land i n1 987 ( HU27 2 ) .

G ene ra lv i ew o ft h e s i te o n i t sl o ch p romon to ry . [ 1 987 /4 / 16 ] .

1 32

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 22 L och o fH ou l la nd i n1 987 ( HU27 2 ) .

T he o u te rw a l lf a ce o nt h ee a s to r NE . [ 1 987 /4 / 17 ] .

4 . 23 L och o fH ou l land i n1 987 ( HU27 2 ) . T he r ound , c o rbe l led g ua rd c e l l s how ing l i n te l( a tp o le )o ft h ed oo rway t ot h ee n t rance p a s sage b eyond . [ 1987 /4 / 18 ] .

1 33

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd Whee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

TOWE R WATCH HUT

: OUTER , WALL

?D iT c,

•e r : Tr i P VU3ENT

50

1 / 4 C -E

L EVEL

H A -B

S ECT I ON

1 . W 1 1 4 1 41y 7 7

•

PROBABLE L I NE OF ENT RANCE

. 0

0 0

. . . . . . A

RI T

9 . 0

Y r x

// / 1 /,

I e

,% • \ \ \

\ • \ % , •

. . . . • `. • —,

1 0

5

0

•/

ee . //

ST ONE WORK

E Z Z 3 z e e :

. / . /

1 . , .. . . .' ' ',"

e / . . ' , " . ." /

I

.. . . .

C .S . T . CALDER

i

/ e /,' , , / '

I s • • .‘ •. , . . .

, '•

TRENCH

I • \\ \ •

r 2Z ]

PLAN

, . ._ . . .„,..."

20

30

40

50

GO

70

CO RE DEBR IS M ODE RN

CONJE CTU RAL

I

1 0

. . .. , . , > e ,, . ( . e & , .

80

90

1 00FEET

fff( 1

4 . 24 P lan o fS a e B reck ( HU27 3 )a f t e rp a r t ia l e xcava t ion . Af t e rC .S .T .Ca lde r 1 952 : s ca le 1 : 300 .

1 34

4 . 25 P l an o fp r e -b roch s e t t lemen t a tJ a r lshof ( HU30 1 ) , a f te rH am i l ton 1 956 , f i g . 1 0 . S ca le 1 : 150 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

1 35

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

e r t e .,: s 7

4 . 26 J a r lshof i n 1 987 ( HU30 1 ) . ' Cour tya rd h ouse i nt h e L a te B ronze A ge v i l lage .

1 36

[ 1987 /2 /32 ] :

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4

—

8

\

7

1 1 4

1 3

1 8

1 7

1 9

4 . 27 L a te B ronze A ge p o t te ry f r om t h ef i r s tp re -b roch v i l lage o f' c ou r tya rd h ou se s a tJ a r lshof ( HU30 1 ) : d rawn b yt h ea u tho r . No . 1 4s hou ld b ei nI l .4 . 4 1 .

1 37

z

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

I

-

1

2

3

,,

1 J 20 2 0

-

( 21 ,

2 3 /

4 . 28 E a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry f r om t h es e cond p re -b roch v i l lage o f r ound s t one h u t sa tJ a r lshof ( HU30 1 ) : d rawn b yt h ea u tho r .

1 38

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 29 P l an o ft h e b roch a nd i t sc ou r tya rd a tJ a r lshof a f t e re xcava t ion ( HU30 1 ) ,a f t e rH am i l ton 1 956 , f i g . 2 2 .

c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 39

S ca le 1 : 150 : C rown

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 30 J a r lshof i n1 963 ( HU30 1 ) . T he o u te rw a l l o fb roch c omp lex f r om e x te r io r , l o ok ing t owa rd ss i te o fg a teway . T he mode rn s e a w a l l i st ot h er i gh t . [ 1963 / 10 / 17 ] .

4 . 31 J a r l shof i n1 987 ( HU30 1 ) . V iew o ft h ee a s te nd o ft h eb roch w a l l w he re e r o s ion h a sc u tt h rough i t . T he p o le i sn o ts t and ing i n ag a l le ry b u ti nt h eg ap b e tween t h ew hee lhou se w a l l ( e x t reme l e f t )a nd t h ei n ne rf a ce o ft h eb roch w a l l o nw h ich t h es ca rcemen ti s v i s ib le ,n ex tt ot h et op o ft h ep o le . O nt h er i gh t i sh a lf o ft h ei n t ra -mu ra l c e l lo nt h ee a s ts i de , a nd t h eo ld h ou se o f` J a r lshof i sa bove . [ 1987 /2 /28 ] .

1 40

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 32 J a r l shof i n1 963 ( HU30 1 ) . T he o u te rd ef en s ive w a l l o ft h eb roch c omp lex a tt h ep o in tw he r es e ae r o s ion h a sd e s t royed i t . H a lf t h el e f t mu ra lc e l lr ema in s ,p re sumab ly p a r to ft h eg a teway c omp lex . [ 1963 / 10 / 16 ] .

4 . 33 J a r l shof i n1 963 ( HU30 1 ) . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h ew e s ts i de s how ing i t sf ounda t ion p l in th a nd t h ew a l l o f Whee lhou se 1t ot h el ef t . [ 1963 /2 /5 ] .

1 41

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 34 J a r lshof : i n1 987 ( 1 1U30 1 ) .

T he a i s led w hee lhou se s e en f r om o nt op o ft h eb roch w a l l ,w i th t h et wo w hee lhou se sb eyond , p a r t ly e nc roa ch ing o ni t . [ 1987 /2 /27 ] .

4 . 35 J a r lshof i n1 963 ( I 1U30 1 ) . T he i n te r io ro fa i s led w hee lhouse s how ing o ne o ft h ef r ee s tand ing r a d ia lp i e r si nf o reg round ; p a r to f t h es c a r cemen ti sj u s tv i s ib le a tt o pr i gh t , u nde rt h eb r idg ing l i n te l . T he w a l l o f Wh ee lhou se 2i sa tt h ee x t reme l ef t . [ 1 963 /2 /7 ] .

1 42

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

A B R

PLA N

R

O C H

S CAL E

A N

L S

D

P O S T

B R

H

O C

e

a

S T

H

a

F EET SE CT ION

O

t

R U C T

3

U

•

R E S

3

t e

METRES e

S CA LE

t e e,

UNEXCRVATE D

mo m> www l io wwwwww i wwWw › mwwwww m one mb

e x ) e t .

••I .

i •e 1e,

e s

S

E

C

T

!

O

N

K ERB

S T ONES

AS H, SHEL LS . 00CUPATI ON R EFUSE N SANDBLOW

S AN D

OF

SANDBLOW

WOOD

A SH

TURF

GREY

MI 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1b

S ANDBLOW

HEARTH

e : ' , : A r e e m , • • ; , e v v e ,

D ISTURBE D

ASH

FALLE N BROCH

MAS ONRY P E RI OD

WHEEL HOUSE PASS AGE

MOUND

P AVI NG

L I MI T

O F

A I SL ED

E ARLY

HOUSE

SO IL

S T ONE

EXCAVATI ON

HOUSE

WHEE LH OUSE ME DI AEVAL

L ATE AND

L ATE R

4 . 36 S ec t ion st h rough t h ed epo s i t so ft h eb roch a nd i t sc our tya rd a tJ a r lshof ( HU30 1 ) , a f t e rH am i l ton 1 956 , f i g . 2 2 . C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 43

S ca le 1 : 75 :

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

J ARLSHOF

BROCH AND POST -BROCH

p ropo sed r ev i sed s equence a pprox . d a te

P hase

b u i ld ing s

o ther e ven t s

3 . LATE 3

I

L ATE I RON AGE /H ISTOR IC

p a s sage h ou se sa nd h u t so u t s id e M idd le I r on A ge b u i ld ing sa bandoned

AD 5 00?

2 b

l a t e ro c cupa t ion o fa l w hee lhou se s a i s led w hee lhou s ed i su sed

2 . S ECONDARY

2 a

b r och r e duced t os t ump

I

OCCUPAT ION

Whee lhou se 2b u i l ta nd p a r t o fc ou r tya rd w a l ld emo l i shed : a i s led w hee lhou s ef u r the r c on t r ac t ed a nd u n inhab i tab le

b r och p a r t ly d emo l i sh ed ( r ubb le a nd l i n t e ls p i led a ga in s tw a l ls o fW I a nd a i s led w hee lhou se ) : w hee lhou se b u i l t i n s ide

M IDDLE I RON AGE

Whee lhou se 1b u i l t( p a r t ly

l b

e nc roach ing o na i s led w -hou se ) : e n t rance a l ong n ew ly r o of ed p a s sage n ex to u t e rw a l l

o t he rw he e lhou se sb u i l ti nv an i sh ed p a r to fc ou r tya rd : r o undhou se c onve r t ed t oa i s led w hee lhou se

r oundhou se b u i l ti n s ide . i n tac tc ou r tya rd 1 1 . PR IMARY

I

OCCUPAT ION

b r och s t and ing t of u l l h e igh t b y r ei nc ou r tya rd

l a b r och a nd c ou r tya rd w a l l e r ec ted

1

1 00 B C? s t e r i le b l own s a nd

EARLY I RON AGE

v i l lage o fr o und h u t s 7 00 BC? v i l lage o f` cou r tya rd h ou se s '

LATE BRONZE AGE

1 000 BC?

4 . 37 A l te rna t ive s i te s equence , s ugge s ted h e r e , o f t h em a in s t ruc tu ra l c hange sw h ich t o ok p l ace d u r ing t h em idd le I r on Age p e r iod a t J a r lshof ( HU30 1 ) . T he p r ima ry a s sump t ion m ade i st h a tP ha se 1- t h ep r ima ry o ccupa t ion o ft h ed ef en s ive s i te ( t he b roch s t and ing a s a s at a l l t owe r s u r rounded b y am a s s ive c ou r tya rd w a l l ) -c on t inued u n t i l m o s t o ft h e w hee lhouse s h ad b een b u i l t i nt h e o u te rc ou r t . T he c r uc ia l e v idence f o r t h is v i ew i st a ken t ob e t h e e x is tence o ft h e l o ng p a s sage e n t rance t o Whee lhou se 1 ,w h ich i mp l ie s t h a t t h e ma s s ive c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s c omp le te ly i n ta c t( a nd t h e b roch t owe rs t and ing t oi t s f u l l h e igh t ) u n t i l w e l l a f t e rt h is h ou se h ad b een b u i l t a nd p robab ly u n t i lt h ec on s t ruc t ion o f Whee lhou se 2 . T he n o t ion t h a tt h ee a r l ie s tr oundhou se w a sb u i l tf o rt h e ' r e ta ine r s ' o ft h eb roch l o rd i st hu s s e en t ob e h igh ly i mp robab le u n le s s a l t h e w hee lhou se s i nt h e c ou r tya rd w e re ; t h e re i sn o th ing t od i s t ingu ish a ny o ft h e a dded w hee lhou se s f r om t h er oundhou se , a nd f r om e ach o t he r , i nt h is r e spec te xcep tf o rt h e l a s t , w h ich w a sb u i l ta f t e rt he s i te c ea sed t ob e ah eav i ly d ef ended o ne .

1 44

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

'

A

ROUND S UGGESTED

10

HOUSE : ROOF I NG

METHODS .

20

2 fEE1

S

S .E/f IES .

4 . 38 D iag ram o fp robab le r oof ing o ft h ea i s led r oundhou se si ni t st wo p ha se so fe x is tence ( Ham i l ton 1 956 , f i g . 8 9 ) : C rown c opy r igh t r e se rved .

1 45

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

CLASS

IT

t -

Fl 1 4

c

f 3

N . ; I S

0

N S

T

C MS

Ts

4 . 39 P o t te ry a nd o t he rf i nd sf r om t h eb roch a nd l a te rl e ve ls a tJ a r lshof ( HU30 1 ) ( Ham i l ton 1 956 , f i g .32 ) : s ca le 1 :4 :C rown c opy r igh t r e se rved .

1 46

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

r7 1 CLASS

r 4

6

1 1

= 8

5

9

7 %

r E J

1 3 — 16

1

1 7 -20

2 1

2 2

1

i mm o r r 23

-29

r

P

la m m ir l I NS r

:

YJ = ta in k= g 1 CMS

‘

11

:10 . -10 34 1

LIM

Ts

4 . 40 P o t te ry a nd o t he rf i nd sf r om t h eb roch a nd l a te rl e ve ls a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 )( Ham i l ton 1 956 , f i g .35 ) : s ca le 1 :4 :C rown c opy r igh t r e served .

1 47

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

S

3

I

1

1

1 6

% 1 1 7

2 0 \

,‘

,

1 9

/1 I

i

/ I

• , .

ss

2 1 4 . 4 1 P o t te ry f r om t h eb roch a nd l a te rl e ve ls a tJ a r lshof ( HU30 1 ) ; d rawn b yt h ea u tho r . S ee a l so n o . 1 4 i nI l . 4 . 27 .

1 48

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 42 J a r lshof i n1 963 ( HU30 1 ) . T he e r o s ion c u tc r o s ss e c t ion t h rough t h eb roch w a l l o nt h e w e s ts how ing h ow t h e ma son ry o ft h ei n se r ted w hee lhouse m ake s as t ra igh tj o in tw i th i tf o rp a r t o ft h ew ay u p ; r e s to red ma son ry h ighe ru ph a s b l ended t h et wo w a l ls t oge the r . [ 1963 /2 /6 ] .

4 . 43 J a r l shof i n1 987 ( HU30 1 ) . T he i n te r io ro f Whee lhou se 1s how ing t h ec en t ra lh ea r th , t a l lk e rb s tone f l ag sa tt h ei n ne re dge o f e ach b a ya nd t h ew ay t h er a d ia lp i e r st h icken v e r t ica l ly [ 1987 /2 /31 ] .

1 49

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

0

50

1 00

S .

1 50 F EET

S EA • e ' • . " '

Lk , , , 3

. .z

. . i,,

. S . ,z

I 4 : ,

, _ • , -( A .

, , . , - / . . : _ , -

1 , I f r 2

2

: . . . -

-

! , , , `

, e - i .

- -

zz' s s , • , ' _ , -' 7 -

. 7 . . i . 2

. ; ' ,, . . . 11 ?

' ' 1

.‘

S EA

ej

\ -tv -

. -

Ul -j'h

i' i , l `% /,

i A ,

. 7 1 1 T f t z l

(

' )

K \ tN

LOCH

NESS OF BURG I

L au

!,

1 0

P o

3 0

4 0

f leet

‘1*

H =HEARTH

20

30 FEET

4 86 . —B roch o f L evenw ick ( No . 1 144 ) ;a fter Goud ie . [ By C ou r te sy o ft h eS o c i e ty o f An t iquar i e s o fS co t land . ]

4 . 44 T op : p l an o fN e s so fB u rg i ' b lockhou se ' f o r t( HU30 2 ) : s ca le 1 : 1200 ,w i th ( i n se t )L och o fH ux te r' b lockhou se ' f o r t ( HU56 4 ) : s ca le 1 : 2500 ( CHECK )( af t e r RCAH MS ) . B o t tom l ef t , L evenw ick ( HU4 1 5 ) , r i gh t , C lum l ie ( HU4 1 2 ) , b o th a ts c a le 1 : 300 ( RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) . B o th C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 50

T u4

1 5 1

4 . 45 R econ s t ruc ted p l an so fL evenw ick b roch ( HU4 1 5 ) , a tg round l e ve la nd f i r s tf l oo rl e ve l( s ca le 1 : 150 ) .

L evenw ick :

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 46 N e s so fB u rg i c oa s ta lp romon to ry f o r ti n1 963 ( HU30 2 ) : d i s tan tv i ew [ 1 963 / 10 /20 ] .

4 . 47 N e s so fB u rg ip romon to ry f o r ti n1 963 ( HU30 2 ) . t h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u twa rd sw i th t wo f a l len l i n te l sa nd d oo r -check s b eyond ; l i n te ls c an b es e en i ns i tu a tt h eo u te re nd [ 1 963 / 10 /21 ] .

1 52

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 48 B roch o fC lum l ie i n1 987 ( HU4 1 2 ) . Av i ew t owa rd st h ee n t rance ( po le )f r om t h ei n te r io r , s how ing t h es e conda ry w a l l i nt h e m idd le g round ,w i th t h ep r ima ry b roch w a l lb eh ind i t . Al a rge s ub t r iangu la rl i n te l l i e so nt h eb g round a nd h a sp robab ly f a l len ( o r b een t a ken )f r om t h ef r on te nd o ft h ep a s sage r oof . [ 1987 /3 /34 ]

4 . 49 B roch o fC lum l ie i n1 987 ( HU4 1 2 ) , s how ing t h eg ua rd c e l l i nt h ef o reg round w i th t h ee n t rance p a s sage a nd d oo r -check ( t he u p r igh ts l ab )b eyond , a nd moder nw a l ls b eh ind . [ 1987 /3 /36 ]

1 53

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd Whee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 50 B roch o fC lum l ie i n1 963 ( HU41 2 ) . T he e n t rance p a s sag ei nt h ef o reg round w i th t h eo t he rd oo r -check ( a tt h ep o le ) ; t h el ow d oo rt ot h eg ua rd c e l l i sa l so v i s ib le ( 1963 / 10 / 10 ) .

4 . 51 C lum l ie i n1 987 ( HU41 2 ) . V iew a c ro ss i n te r io rt owa rd s e n t rance w i th t h ew ide s e conda ry w a l lv i s ib le [ 1987 /3 /35 ] .

1 54

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

„

4 . 52 N os . 1 13 , p o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t sf r om C lum l ie b roch ( HU41 2 ) ; n o . 1 4 e ve r ted r im s he rd f r om Mou sa b roch ( HU42 6 ) ; n o s . 1 5 2 0 ,p o t she rd sf r om We s tB u r ra F i r th b roch .( HU2S 9 )

1 55

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 53 E a s t sho r eb roch i n1 987 ,b ef o r et h er e cen te xcava t ion s( HU4 1 4 ) . V iew a c ro s si n te r io r ,w i th t h ep o le r e s t ing o ns ca rcemen tl e dge a nd t wo r a d ia lp i e r sv i s ib le [ 1987 /3 /37 ] .

4 . 54 L evenw ick i n1 987 ( HU4 1 5 ) .

D i s tan tv i ew w i th o u te rd ef ence si np rof i le [ 1987 /3 / 33 ] .

1 56

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 55 L evenw ick b roch i n1 987 ( HU4 1 5 ) . L ook ing a c ro s si n te r io rt ot h es ou th , t owa rd st h ep robab le ma in e n t rance a tc en t re , u ppe r r i gh t( t ot h er i gh to ft h ep o le ) . T he w ide w hee lhou se w a l lc an b es e en i nf r on to ft h eb roch w a l l . [ 1987 /3 /32 ] .

4 . 56 L evenw ick i n1 963 ( HU4 1 5 ) . Ac l o se r v i ew o f t h e i n ne rw a l lf a ce s how ing t h e s e conda ry w hee lhou se w a l l( r igh t )a nd t h er i gh t s i de o ft h ev o id i nt h ep r ima ry w a l l( n ex tt h e p o le )a bove al i n te l , a s sumed t ob ea tt h ei n ne r e nd o ft h eu nexp lo red m a in e n t rance . T he s c a r cemen to nt h eb roch w a l l i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le 3 . 5 f t .f r om t h et op o ft h ep o le , a nd as e cond l i n te l a bove t h ef i r s te v iden t ly c on t inue st h e l e dge a c ros st h eg ap [ 1963 / 10 /5 ] .

1 57

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 57 L evenw ick i n1 963 ( HU41 5 ) . R ema in so fo u tbu i ld ing si n c lud ing ap o s s ib le ' c ou r tya rd h ouse ' . [ 1 963 / 10 /6 ] .

4 . 58 B u r ra land b roch o n i t sc l if top s i te i n1 987 ( HU42 1 ) . Ad i s tan tv i ew s how ing t h ep rof i le o ft he w a l l [ 1 987 /2 /23 ] .

1 58

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 59 B u r ra land i n1 987 ( HU42 1 ) . V iew a c ro s st h ei n te r io rw i th t h ep o le a tt h er a i sed v o id i nt h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce [ 1 987 /2 /26 ] .

4 . 60 B ur ra land i n1 987 ( HU43 2 ) . E x te r io rw a l la nd t h eo u te re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage ( by t h ep o le ) [ 1 987 /2 /25 ] .

1 59

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

.,

-•

,

w ime ememotwe ezt

4 . 6 1 B u r ra land i n1 987 ( HU42 1 ) . I n s ide t h es t i l l l i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage , l a rge ly f i l led w i th d eb r is , l ook ing i nwa rd s . T he d oo r c heck ss e em t ob ei mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h ef a l len b l ock o nt h er i gh ta nd t h el i n te l ss e em t ob ea t al owe rl e ve l b eyond [ 1987 /2 /24 ] .

1 60

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

0

4 . 62 T op l ef t : p l an o fC lev iga r th b roch ( HU4 1 1 ) , s ca le 1 :3 00 . T op r i gh t : p l an o ft h eu ppe rp a r to ft h ew a l l o fB u r ra land b roch ( HU42 1 ) , s c a le 1 : 300 . B o t tom : p l an o f Mou sa ( HU42 6 ) ; s c a le 1 : 150 ( a l l f r om RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) . C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 61

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 63

Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . G ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch [ 1987 /2 /9 ] .

4 . 64 Mou sa i n1 963 ( HU42 6 ) . C lo se -up v i ew o ft h et owe r[ 1963 / 10 /2 ] .

1 62

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 65 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . D e ta i lo ft h ee x te rna lw a l lf a ce s how ing t h ep l in th a tt h eb a se ( sma l ls ca le ) a nd m any e xamp le so f s k i lf u l lu nd e rp inn ing o fl a rge b lock sw i th s ma l lp i ece so fs t one [ 1987 /2 / 11] .

1 63

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 0

5

o

1 0

S ECT ION 1 0 5 0 1 1 11 1 1 1111

30FEET

20

1 0

I

C- D 20 I

3 0 F EET I

4 . 66 Two c ro s ss e c t ion so f Mou sa ( HU42 6 ) : s ca le 1 : 1 50 ( RCAHMS 1 946 ,v o l . 3 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 64

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

SECT ION

A- B 1 a ' s I

la wa i ll » a1 4111 11 1' 1. . . 1 . 1' 1! . 1f _ei ll e

I . 4 1 1111 11 11. 4!

M i l l

i11 lf H 111 ,." 1 -

1

1. 1 1. 1 .M.P I » M ae

I

M e l . . . . .

1

.7.-L . ".

.TANK I H EARTH

S ECT ION

I

4 . 67 Mou sa ( HU42 6 ) .

0

1 0

I I

CD

1 5 FEET

P lan a nd c r os ss e c t ion so ft h ec en t ra lc ou r ta ts c a le 1 :7 5 ( RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) : C rown c opy r igh t r e se rved .

1 65

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

T H IRD F IRST

F IFTH

CROSS

a

S IXTH

GALLERY

L ONG ITUD INAL -SECT ION

CELL- B

CROSS - SECT ION

1 0

GALLERY

- SECT ION

CROSS - SECT ION

4 . 68 Mou sa ( HU42 6 ) .

GA LLERY

S ECOND GALLERY

GALLERY

L ONG ITUD INAL - S ECT ION

CELL- C o

L ONG ITUD INAL - S ECT ION 1 0

2 0FEET

T op : p l an so ft h es i xl e ve ls o fi n t ra -mu ra lg a l le r ie sa ts ca le 1 :3 00 . B o t tom : c ros ss ec t ion so f mu ra lc e l l sa t s c a le 1 : 1 50 ( RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 66

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 69 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . I n s ide t h e l owe s t i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry ( Leve l 3 )b eyond t h e o b s t ruc t ion c au sed b y t h e r a ised l i n te l led r oof o ft h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l b e low . I nc on t ra s tw i th o t he rk nown r a ised g a l le r ie st h e w a l lf a ce h a sb een b u i l t s moo th . T he f l oo r i s t h et op o ft h e r ubb le w a l l c o re b e low b u tc en tu r ie s o fa ccumu la ted d i r to b scu r et h is ( un le s st h e e a r th f l oo rw a s l a id i nI r on A ge t ime s ) [ 1 987 /2 / 15 ] .

4 . 70 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) : t h ei n ne re nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n . T he mode rn w ooden s t eps a r ea tt h ed oo r -check s( t he s l ab o fo ne c an b es e en o n t h el e f t )a nd c ove rt h e w a l lf a ce w h ich f i l ls t h ei n ne r p a r to ft h ep a s sage a nd w h ich i st h ee nd o ft h e s e conda ry , r i ng shaped s t one b ench i nt h ec en t ra lc our t . T he w oodwo rk a l so o b scu r e st h ep i vo ts t one w h ich i s p r e sumab ly b eh ind t h el ef tc heck . T he s e conda ry f a c ing a ga in s tt h ep a s sage w a l lo nt h er i gh ti sp a r to ft h e a dded f l oo rr e f e r red t o[ 1987 /2 / 19 ] .

1 67

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 7 1 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . V iew o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u t . T he s ma l l s ca le r e s t so nt h e s t ump so ft h eo r ig ina l l i n te l so ft he p a s sag e , t h eo the r e nd so fw h ich a r ev i s ib le i nt h eo ppos i te w a l l . T he s e conda ry f a c ing i so nt h el ef t , t he s l ab d oo r -check i s v i s ib le o nt h er i gh ta nd t h et op o ft he r a i sed f l oo rl e ve l i nt h ef o r eg round ( pa r to ft h es e conda ry b ench i n s ide ) l o ok sl i ke mode rn r e s to ra t ion . No te t h em ode rn m ason ry a bove t h el i n te l a tt h eo u te re nd o ft h ep a s sage ( wh ich a ppea r st oh ave b een s e tt oo l ow ) ,w i th c onc r e te a bove ; t h er e s to ft h es t one l i n te ls s epa ra t ing t h e c hambe ra bov et h ee n t rance ( Leve l 2 )f r om t h ev o id h ighe ru p( Leve l 3 )a r es t i l l i np os i t ion i nf r on to ft h e c onc r e te [ 1 987 /2 / 18 ] .

4 . 72 Mou sa i n 1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . V iew d own i n to t h e c en t ra l c ou r t , s how ing t h er e c t angu la rp r ima ry h ea r th w i th i t sr a ised k e rb ( w i th t h e r o ck -cu t w a te r t a nk n ex t t o a nd b e low i t ) i nt h e m idd le a tt h e l owe s t l e ve l , t h e w ide c i r cu la r r a ised b ench a r ound t h is a nd t h e r ema in so ft h e s e conda ry w hee lhou se w a l l o nt op o ft h eb ench a nd a ga in s tt h eb a se o ft h eb roch w a l l . T he e n t rance p a s sage i sa tt h et op a nd t h el owe rs ca r cemen tl e dge c an b es e en a tt h el e ve l o ft h ed oo rl i n te ls . P a r to ft h eu ppe rs c a rcemen ti sa tl ow e rl e f t . [ 1987 /2 /2 1] .

1 68

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 73 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . A no the rv i ew o f t h e i n te rna l f l oo r sw i th t h eh ea r th , t h ew a te rt a nk t oi t s l ef ta nd t h eo t he rf e a tu re s a s d e sc r ibed i nI l . 4 . 73 . T he e n t rance p a s sage i sa tt op r i gh ta nd t h er ema in so fo ne o ft h ew hee lhou se p i e r s i sa tt h e l owe rl ef t , r e s t ing o n t h eb ench [ 1 987 /2 /22 ] .

4 . 74 Mou sa i n1 963 ( HU42 6 ) . V iew o ft h er a ised d oo rt ot h e mu ra l s t a i r( r is ing t ot h er i gh t )a t1 o ' c lock , i t ss i l la tt h el e ve l o ft h el owe rs ca r cemen t( s ee I l . 4 . 67 , l owe re l eva t ion , C -D ) . I mmed ia te ly a bove t h is d oo ri s a no the rd oo r -s ized o pen ing w i th i t ss i l la tt h e l e ve l o f t h eu ppe rs c a rcemen tb u tt h is l e ad so n ly t ot h e i n a cce s s ib le p a r to ft h ef i r s tg a l le ry ( Leve l 3 )t ot h el ef t o ft h es t a i r . H oweve r an a r row w ooden p l ank m igh t h ave g i ven a cce s sf r om t h es t a i rb a ck t ot h is g a l le ry a nd s oo u tt h rough t h ed oo ro nt o aw ooden f l oo rr e s t ing o n t h eu ppe rs c a rcemen t . [ 1 963 /9 /28 ] .

1 69

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 75 Mou sa i n 1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . I n s ide mu ra l c e l l Ba t 1 2 .30 o ' c lock , r a ised p aved f l oo r i n t h e f o r eg round , w i th t h e d oo r t ot h e c en t ra l c ou r t o n t h e l ef t , w i th v o id a bove i t( s ee I l . 4 . 66 , e l eva t ion C -D ) ( t he s c a le i s3 0 c m ) . [ 1987 /2 / 12 ] .

4 . 76 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . T he s t a i rf o o t g ua rd c e l l a t 1 0 o ' c lock , a tL eve l 2w i th in t h e s o l id b a sa l s t o rey ; t h e p av ing r e s t s o nt h er ubb le c o r e o f L eve l 1 . E a r ly e xp lo r e r s t h ough t t h a t t h is w a s t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e l owes t g a l le ry . [ 1987 /2 / 13 ] .

4 . 77 Mou sa i n 1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . V iew o ft h e i nne r e nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd t h e v o id s a bove i t ; t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t i sa t t h e l e ve l o f t h e f i r s t s u rv iv ing l i n te l , t h e l owe r ( whe re t h e i n ne rmos t l i n t e l o ft h e m a in e n t rance o nce wa s ) i sa tt h e l e ve l o ft h e l i n te l o ft h e d oo r t o C e l l A a tb o t tom r i gh t ( w i th ac l o th o ni t ) . [ 1 987 /2 / 16 ] .

1 70

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 78 B u r land b roch i n1 987 ( HU43 2 ) .

4 . 79 B u r land b roch i n1 963 ( HU43 2 ) .

V iew o ft h es i te o ni t sc l if p romon to ry w i th t h eo u te rd ef ence st ot h el ef ts e en i np rof i le [ 1 987 /3 /24 ] .

T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch s t and ing 1 0f th igh ( po le ) , s how ing t h es t eep ly b a t te red p rof i le . [ 1963 /9 /25 ] .

1 71

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

3

/e f f i e f i l i P 1

# 1 / 41 1

> •2 . , . D EBR IS

0 5 H111 0111

1 0

0

h mw

1 0

2 0

30

4 0

5 0

I I I il

6 0

l

7 0

3 0

9 0

1 00

li f f

F EET .

4 . 80 T op : p lan o f t h eb roch o fB u r land HU43 2 )o n i t sd ef ended p romon to ry ( s ca le 1 : 7 70 ) w i th ( r igh t ) d e ta i led p l an o ft h e b roch e n t rance p a s sage a nd a dded m a son ry i nt h e i n te r io r (s c a le 1 : 1 50 ) . B o t tom : g ene ra l p l an o fH o lm o fC op is te r( HU47 3 ) ( s ca le 1 :6 00 )( RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 72

1 0 1 5F EET 011111 c5 Tc

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 82 B u r land b roch i n 1 987 ( HU43 2 ) . T he i n te r io r o f t h e g ua rd c e l l , i t s c o rbe l led r oof p a r t ly i n ta c t , w i th t h e d oo r t o t h e e n t rance p a s sage a lmo s t b u r ied u nde r r ubb le [ 1987 /3 /29 ] .

4 . 81 B u r land b roch i n 1 987 ( HU43 2 ) . V iew o f t h e f r ag i le look ing c hambe r o ve r t h e m a in e n t rance ( Leve l 2 ) , w h ich h ad b een c l ea r ed o u t s i nce 1 963 ; m o s t o ft h e f l oo r l i n te ls ( f o rm ing t h e r oof o ft h e p a s sag e b e low ) h ave b een p u l led o u t o rh ad a l ready g one . T he i n ne r e nd o ft h e b roch p a s sage i s a t t h e p o le a nd b eyond i s t h e s e conda ry ' whee lhou se ' e n t rance , s t i l l l i n te l led o ve r [ 1 987 /3 /27 ] .

4 . 83 B u r land b roch i n 1 987 ( HU43 2 ) . T he j unc t ion b e tween t h e s e conda ry a nd t e r t ia ry i nwa rd e x tens ion s t o t h ee n t rance p a s sage , l o ok ing o u twa rd s . T he l owe rl i n te l sa r e o ve rt h es e conda ry , w hee lhou se , p a r t o f t h ep a s sage a nd t h e c heck f o rmed b yt h e s t ra igh tj o in tc an b e s e en o nt h er i gh t . T he b l ocked b roch e n t rance i sd im ly s e en b eyond . [ 1 987 /3 /28 ] .

1 73

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 84 B u r land b r och i n1 987 ( HU43 2 ) . T he i n ne r e nd o ft h et e r t ia ry e n t rance p a s sage , f i l led w i th r ubb le b u tw i th l i n te ls i n ta c t . T he d ay l igh tc ome s f r om t h ec en t ra lc ou r ta nd i tl o ok sa si ft h ef i na l c o l lap se o ft h eb roch w a l l h a sp a r t ly f i l led t h i s p a s sage w i th h eavy r ubb le . [ 1 987 /3 /26 ] .

4 . 85 C l ickh im in b roch i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . G ene ra lv i ew o fs i te t a ken f r om t h ea pp roa ch c au seway , n ow o n ap romon to ry . T he o u te r r i ng w a l l i si nt h ef o reg round , w i th t h e ' l and ing s t age i nf r on to fi t ; t h e ' b lockhou se ' c an j u s tb es e en b eh ind t h is w a l l , a tt h er i gh te nd o ft h eb roch . T he l e ve l s umm i to ft h eb roch i sd ue t o1 9 th c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion . [ 1 987 /3 /20 ] .

1 74

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 86 C l ickh im in i n 1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . V iew o ft h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e o u te r w a l l j u s tt ot h e l e f t ( we s t ) o ft h e l a nd ing s t age ( s een i nt h e b ackg round ) , s how ing t h e ' b reakwa te r ' o fs t a cked s l ab s . T h is m ay b e p a r t o ft he d eb r is r emoved f r om t h e u ppe rp a r t s o ft h e b roch i n t h em idd le I r on Age . [ 1987 /2 /33 ] .

4 . 87 C l ickh im in i n 1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eo u te rw a l l o nt he e a s t s i de , s how ing t h e ' b end ' a bove a ne a r thf a s tb ou lde r . T h is ' k ink ' w a s o nce t a ken t ob e p roof t h a t t h e w a l l h ad b een t a ken d own b ef o re c omp le t ion , a nd r e -a l igned f r om t h i s p o in t f o rwa rd s ( t owa rds t h e c ame ra ) t o e nc lose a l a rge r a r ea , b u t t h e r e i sn o e v idence f o r t h is v i ew a ta l l ; t h e c ou r se s o f ma son ry d o n o t c hange d i rec t ion a bove t he ' k ink ' ,w h ich i sn o th ing b u tt h eb ou lde r . [ 1 963 /2 /9 ] .

1 75

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 88 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . V iew l o ok ing d own o nt h ee n t rance p a s sage t h rough t h eo u te rw a l l ; d oo r -check a nd t h e r e i s as ugge s t ion o f ac on t rac ted d oo rway i nt h ep a s sage s i de f u r th e ri n . [ 1987 /2 /34 ] .

t h ep o le i sn ex tt ot h eo u te r

4 . 89 C l ickh im in i n 1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . T he c e l led h u t ( ' cou r tya rd h ou se ' ) s e en f r om t o p o fb roch w a l l , a s i ti sn ow a f t e r H am i l ton 's e xcava t ion s( c ompa r e I l . 4 . 95 ) . [ 1963 /9 /36 ] .

1 76

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

1 77

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

Nam t dmm ( , hWU ' n ' aV 7 4 , 7 )

LO O KI N G

N . W .

. fe v -Z o rf r l f .d er

4 . 9 1 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) . T op - S i rH .D ryden 's 1 865 ( ? )p l an o ft h eb roch a bou th a lf w ay u p ; b o t tom - e l eva t ion l o ok ing NW s how ing t h el e ve lo ft h ew a te ri nt h el o ch a tt h a tt ime a nd t h el e ve lo ft h ed eb r is i nt h ei n te r io rb ef o re c l ea rance ; b o th a ts c a le 1 : 1 50 ( D ryden 1 890 ) .

1 78

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 i f r . 4 '4" i r

yt-

. e 1 t i n

S cale o f Feet

t0 1,

LOO K I NC

S .

E .

4 .92 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) . T op - S i rH .D ryden 's 1 865 ( ? )p l an o ft h eb roch a tt h et o po ft h ew a l l ; b o t tom - e l eva t ion l ook ing S Es how ing t h el e ve lo ft h ew a te ri nt h el o ch a tt h a tt ime a nd t h el e ve lo ft h ed eb r i si nt h ei n te r io rb ef o re c l ea rance ; b o th a t s c a le 1 :1 50 ( D ryden 1 890 ) .

1 79

T he R oundhouse s , B roch sa nd Whee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

• • • 0 0, a ) r e ' c 4 3 c

e Oc O c • e l

4 a 0

a b t r 4

c n

ö

f , o

t g a ) e n 3 .E 3 O

r i 2

o

c z )

OF 0 0 E

•— c e

• b e_ ▪• . 2 a C . )

1 0 4

V,

0 r )

2 0

C / ) e . ) ( 1 . )

0 0 0 s

c n

e ) 1 0 —

« ' = • " ; : :

" 0 5

c c

• • e p• , 7 2,

8 " 0

0 > a . )

" 0

f . ) g 0 E " ä c r i C .)

1 80

5 0 ^ •

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

1 7 "

17

41 34 .

4 . 94 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) . L ef t , S i rH . D ryden 's 1 865 ( ? )p l an so ft h e ` f o rewo rk ' a tg round l e ve l ,h a lf w ay u pa nd o nt o p ; r i gh t ,l o ng i tud ina le l eva t ion s ( d rawn b ef o re c l ea rance )a l ong t h em id l ine a nd a l ong t h ei n ne rf a ce ; a l a t s c a le 1 :1 50 ( D ryden 1 890 ) .

1 81

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

L OCH

L OCH

L AND ING

S TAGE

L OCH

P LAN

GAT E WAY

1 1 0

5

0

F OOT -MARKED S TONE

1 0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80 F EET

C5 1C ALDER

4 .95 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) .

T he R oya lC omm is s ion 's 1 926 ( ? )p l an s how ing t h es ugge s ted t h r ee p ha se h i s to ry o ft he s i te : s ca le 1 :3 00 ( RCAHMS 1 946 ,v o l . 3 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 82

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

-

c u

d- , • r i - . =

= . 2 =

r n .—

• . = , _ • . ., . . ,

0 . .

( . )= e . = c n c 0

, c s )

0

=

c ,. f .5

U X I e z 1

;A

* ' , = , ' cr 2 z

0 = c u o ' i z i . 5. ( . ). ( . )( . 4 , „ . . . . .. , . . ; , . , = E' r e c n • ^ . ' 3 . ) 0 c n . . a , ). c c • - 4 a ) , —. ä. . = ; . , .)E 0 2m c 2 0 — : .. . , c . )

1 83

T he R oundhouses , B ruchs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 97 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) . T he R oya l C omm i s s ion 's 1 926 ( ? )s e c t ion s . T op ,a l ong a nd a c ro s st h e ` f o rewo rk ' , a l ong l i ne s DD a nd E E : n ex t , a c ro s st h ef o rewo rk ( a long i t se n t rance p a s sage )a nd t h ea d ja cen tb roch w a l l , a l ong l i ne BB ; t h i rd , t wo s e c t ion sa c ro s s t h e b roch w a l l -l e f t o n l i ne CC t h ough C e l l Ba nd , r i gh t , a l ong l i ne BB a tt h e f o o to ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r , s how ing t h e s e conda ry e n t rance : b o t tom , s e c t ion o n AA t h ough C e l l Aa nd r a ised e n t rance a bove i t( l e f t ) , a nd a l ong AA t h rough ma in e n t rance ( r igh t ) . A l l s c a le sa t 1 :1 50 ( RCAHMS 1 946 ,v o l . 3 ) :C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 84

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

F OOT P R INTE 1 0 S TONE —w ` A-

_2, 4•_

CAUSE WA Y

e L 9 i 6he ie

S CALE

OF

20

F EET

4 . 98 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) .

70

40

SO

°

60

S CALE

O F

0

t 5

20

METF 'ES

G ene ra l p l an o ft h e s i te a f t e rt h e modern e xcava t ions : s c a le 1 : 300 ( Ham i l ton 1 968 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e served .

1 85

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

C L ICKH IM IN

BROCH

EXCAVAT ION

1 0

0

SCALE OF FEET 5

30

60

1 0

I NTER IOR ZO

SC ALE OF M ETRES

PANELS :i

2 7

EXTER IOR PANELS :I

XV

S ECT IONS

:AA ' ,B B '

4 . 99 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) . G ene ra l p lan o ft h es i te s how ing t h ee xcava ted a r ea s a nd t h ep o s i t ions o ft he c r os ss e c t ions : s c a le 1 : 150 ( Ham i l ton 1 968 , b a sed o n ap lan i nS impson 1 954 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e served .

1 86

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

c CL ICKH I M IN B LOCKHO USE

S C ALE OF F EET

1

SCALE

OF

4

6

METRES

ce 3 e ,

d rCZ) Aa . .

A

FRO NT

B F

E LE VAT IO N

• R M I I

« M IN I

R EAR

•

LATE

ELEVAT ION / SECT ION

BRON ZE

l ik ( ) ,N AGE

AGE

1

W HEELH OUSE

EARL Y

W HEELH O USE

LATE

R I NG WALL

P ER I OD

I

-- RANGES

i i i .R 1 NG WALL

P ER I OD

I

F l

B r kgC H

P ER I OD

H EARTH

HI HUT

4 . 100 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) . U ppe rp a r t , p l an a nd v a r iou se l eva t ion so ft h e ' b lockhou se ' : s c a le 1 : 175 . B o t tom , c onven t ions u s ed o nt h ep l ans t os how t h e v a r iou s s t age s i nt h eh i s to ry o ft h es i te ( Ham i l ton 1 968 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 87

l I u I I l I l i ! l i

1 1 10 1 1 1l I I l1 1 1 1l I l i

I I l I l l l I l l I I

I

—

( I. A .FARMSTEAD )

e 8 0 FROM

BROCH GROUND

0

RUBBLE

L EVEL

B LUE /GRAY CLAY

S PREAD

PAV ING

GRAVEL

WHEELHOUSE

NATUR AL

EARTH & S TONES

WHEELHOUSE

RUBBLE

4 . 10 1 C l ickh im in b roch ( 1 1U44 1 ) . S ec t ion s a l ong AA 1 , BB1 , CC 1 a nd DD 1 ( s ee f i g . 1 . 39 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

F ig . 8 . S ec t ions AA ' , B B ,,CC ' , DD ' ,

I

BU ILDERS

GRAVELS

FLOOR

T he R oundhou se s , B ruchs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

C 2

S ECT I ON

a l ong t h ei n ne rf a ce o ft h ef i r s t

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

1 89

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 103 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he i n ne re nd o ft h e e n t rance t h rough t h e o u te rw a l l ( on l ef t )a nd i t sr e la t ionsh ip w i th t h e o u te re nd o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' e n t rance p a s sage ( r igh t ) . I ti sc l ea rt h a tt h ef o rme rp a ssage h a sb een r a i sed a ts ome s t ag e( p resumab ly t o k eep o u tf l ood w a te r )s ot h a tt h es t ep sh ad t ob ea dd ed . [ 1 987 /3 / 1 ] .

4 . 104 C l ickh im in i n1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . T he r e a rw a l lf a ce o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' s how ing t h e s c a rcemen ta tt he t op o fp o le . T h is l e dg e w ou ld h ave b een i nl i ne w i th t h ei n ne rmo s tl i n te lo ft h ep a s sage , n ow v an ished t oge th e rw i th s eve ra lo fi t sn e ighbou r s . T he c hambe r o ve rt h ee n t rance i sc l ea r a nd t h eo pen t o po ft h ec e l l i nt h el ef th a lf o ft h ew a l lc an b es e en . [ 1963 /9 / 37 ] .

1 90

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 105 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . I n s ide t h el i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' l o ok ing o u t ; t h ed oo r -check sc an b e c l ea r ly s e en , made o fa nu p r igh ts l ab o nt h el ef ta nd o fb u i l tb l ock so nt h er i gh t . T he o pen ing o ft h eb a r -ho le i so nt h el ef th a lf w ay u p ( beh ind t h ep o le ) . T he p i vo ts t one s hou ld b ei mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h er i gh tc heck b u th a sp robab ly b een b u r ied ; t h es t ep a tt h eo u te r e nd o ft h ep a s sage s ugge s t st h a tt h ev i s ib le p aved f l oo ri sa na dded o ne ( I l l . 4 . 109 ) . T he o u te rw a l le n t r ance i sv i s ib le b eyond . [ 1 987 /2 /36 ] .

4 . 106 C l ickh im in i n1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . T he w e s te nd o ft h eb l ockhou se s how ing t h ef l igh to fs t ep si ni t . I ts e em sc l ea rt h a tt h el ef ts i de o ft he p a s sage c on ta in ing t h is s t a i ri sc on t inuou sw i th t h el ow w a l lf a ce r unn ing of t ot h el e f t . T he re a r es t ep sc on t inu ing d own i nf r on t o ft he ' b lockhou se ' , a d ja cen tt ot h i sw a l la nd r e s t ing a ga in s tt h ee nd w a l lt h ough t h e se a r ep robab ly 1 950 sr e p la cemen t . [ 1 963 /2 / 11 ]

1 9 1

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 107 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) .

V iew o ft h ee a s te nd o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' w i th t h eu n imp r e s s ive w a l lf ace o fH am i l ton 's ' Fo r t2 ' t ot h er i gh t a nd t h eb roch w a l lb eyond t h i s . [ 1987 /2 /35 ]

4 . 108 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he t o po f t h el ef to rw e s th a lf o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' , l o ok ing a l ong t h el ow l i n te l led u ppe rg a l le ry a nd i n to t h e l a rge mu ra l c e l lb e low ; t h er e a re dge so ft h es t eps o ft h es t a i ro u t s ide c an b es e en . T he g a l le ry i sv e ry l ow a nd o ugh tt ob ea tl e a s t 2f th ighe r ; n od oub t i t w a sr e con s t ruc t ed a nd r e roof ed a f te rt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry e xcava t ion s . [ 1987 /3 /0 ] .

1 92

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 109 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . V iew f r om t h ee a s tl o ok ing d own i n to t h er i gh th and ( e a s t ) mu ra lc e l lo ft h e ' b lockhou se ' w i th t h e u ppe rg a l le ry b eyond r unn ing t owa rd st h e c hambe ra bove t h ee n t rance . T he l i n te l l o ok s l i ke a nu n sk i l led r e p la cemen t ,a tm uch t o ol ow a l e ve l , a nd t h eu ppe rp a r to ft h ed omed c e l l s hou ld p robab ly b ec u rv ing i n mo re s ha rp ly . [ 1987 /2 /37 ]

4 . 110 C l ickh im in i n1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . L ook ing f r om t h ee a s te nd o ft h eg a tehou se ( r igh tf o reg round )t owa rd st h eb roch e n t rance . T he w a l l f a ce n ex tt ot he p o le i st h es ame a st h eo ne i n 4 . 112 ( ? )w h ich j o in st h ee nd o ft h eg a tehou se a ti t ss t a i r . H e re i tr un sr ound t oa n o pen ing w h ich f o rm st h eo u te re nd o ft h eb roch e n t rance p a s sage a nd a tt h is p o in ti tc an b es e en t h a tt h eb roch i sb u i l tp a r t ly o nt op o f t h is wa l l . T h is c ou ld t h e ref o r eb et h ei n ne rf a ce o ft h eg a l le ry o f ap re -b roch , h o l low -wa l led f o r t . [ 1 963 /2 / 12 ]

1 93

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 111 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he b roch w a l lb eh ind t h e ' b lockhou se ' s how ing t h ew a l lo ft h ea l leged s e cond r i ng -f o r t i mmed ia te ly i nf r on to fi t . S ome o ft h is s t onewo rk c l ea r ly r e s t sa ga in s tt h eb roch w a l lw h ich i ts hou ld n o ti fi tp r e -da te s i t . [ 1987 / 3 /4 ]

4 . 112 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h ee a s ts i de w i th t h ew a l lf oo t ing so ft he a leged s e cond r i ng -f o r t i nf r on to fi t . T h i ss t onewo rk d oe sn o tr e semb le aw a l lf a ce . [ 1 987 /3 /5 ]

1 94

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 113 C l ickh im in i n1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . T he ' s pu r ' i nt h eo u te rw a l lf a ce o ft h eb roch s l igh t ly w e s to fn o r th ( r igh tf o r eg round ) . T he f ounda t ion s o f wha tl o ok l i ke ac l ea rp r e -b roch w a l l a ppa ren t ly c on t inue i t sl i ne b eyond . T he o pen ing a bove t h e ' s pu r ' c on t inue st h e d oo rway t ot h es t a i rr i gh tt h rough t h eb r och w a l l a nd i sp robab ly a nI r on A ge f e a tu r e ,p u shed t h rough t h ew a l lw hen mo s to ft h eu ppe r p a r t so ft h et owe rh ad b een t a ken d own . [ 1 963 /2 / 13 ]

4 . 114 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . V iew o ft h e ' s pu r ' f r om t h eo t he rd i rec t ion s how ing t h eo u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h en o r th s i de w i th t h ew a l l f o o t ing so f ap r e -b roch w a l l i nf r on to fi t( a tt h ep o le ) . [ 1987 /3 /3 ]

1 95

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 115 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . I n s ide t h eb roch e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u t , s how ing t h es l ab -bu i l t d oo r -che ck o nt h e l e f t( t o t h er i gh to ft h ep o le ) , a nd a l so ( t o i t sl ef t )t h ep o s s ib le b l ocked -up g ua rd c e l l d oo r ; as t ra igh tj o in tt h e r ei sc l ea r ly v i s ib le . [ 1987 /3 /6 ]

4 . 116 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he s ame p a r to f t h er i gh tw a l lo ft h eb roch e n t rance p a s sag e , l o ok ing i nwa rd s ; t h ep os s ib le b l ocked d oo rway o ft h eg ua rd c e l l i sc l ea re r b u tt h ew a l l f u r the ri nl ook sa si fi tm igh th ave b een a dded a ga in s tt h eo r ig ina lp a s sage w a l l ,p e rhaps a sa s uppor t [ 1 987 /3 /7 ]

1 96

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 117 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . I n s ide t h e o u te re nd o ft h eb roch e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n . T he s t ra igh tj o in ti sc l ea rb e tween t h eb roch w a l l a nd t h ei n s ide f a ce o ft h eo l de rw a l la ga in s tw h ich , a nd p a r t ly o nt op o fw h ich , i tw a sb u i l ta tt h is p o in t ; b o th w a l l ss e em t ob ef ounded a tt h es ame l e ve l . T he t wo t i l ted l i n te l sa tt h i sj unc t ion c an b es e en . [ 1987 /3 /8 ]

4 . 118 C l ickh im in i n 1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . A w ide a ng le v i ew o ft h e i n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h e m a in e n t rance w i th t h e v o id sa bove i t ; t h e r a i sed d oo rt ot h es t a i r i so nt h er i gh ta nd n ow r e a ched b yt h e w ooden s t ep s . H e re t h ep a s sage t ot h es t a i r -l e ad ing t ot h e s e conda ry r a ised e n t rance , h a sb een c u t t h rough ,o rl ef ti n , t h e u ppe rp a r to ft h e w hee lhou se w a l l . T he p r ima ry b roch w a l l , w i th i t sd oo ra nd r a ised v o id a bove t h i s , i st ot h er i gh to ft h i s , a nd a no the rp r ima ry b roch v o id i so nt h e l ef t , a t 4o 'c lock . T he s l op ing g ra s s -cove red l e dge a tt op l ef tm ake s n os en se a nd i s o bv iou s ly a1 9 th c en tu ry r e con s t ruc t ion . [ 1 987 /3 / 12 ]

1 97

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 119 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . A no the rw ide a ng le v i ew o fi n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h eb roch c e l la t1 2o ' c lock , r ea ched b ya d oo rway t h rough t h es e conda ry w hee lhou se sw a l l ( a tt h ep o le ) . . T he h i gh l e dge f o rmed b yt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry r e s to r e r si sc l ea r ly v i s ib le a nd t h ef l a tw a l lhead d oub t le s sa l so o r ig ina ted a tt h es ame t ime . [ 1 987 / 3 / 13 ]

4 . 120 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . V iew o ft h eu ppe ri n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry a t 9o ' c lo ck s how ing t h er a ised v o id t ot h e i n te r io ro nt h e l ef ta nd t h ek i nk i nt h el i ne o ft h eg a l le ry o ppo s i te t h is . Mo s to ft h is i sp robab ly 1 9 th c en tu ry r e -bu i ld a nd r e s to ra t ion . [ 1987 / 3 / 14 ]

1 98

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 12 1 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . I n s ide t h eb roch mu ra lc e l l Ba t 4o ' c lo ck . [ 1 987 /3 /9 ]

4 . 122 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . I n s ide b roch c e l l Ba t4 o ' c lock s how ing n ea tb l ock ing i nt h ed oo rway w i th al a rge l i n te l a bove . T h i sb l ock ing s e em st ob eo f1 9 c en tu ry d a te . [ 1 987 /3 / 15 ]

4 . 123 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he b roch s t a i rway a t 9o ' c lock ; t h eb o t tom f ou ro rf i ve s t ep s s e em t ob es e conda ry a dd i t ion sw hen ap a s sage w a s d r iven t h rough t h ew a l lt ot h ee x te r io ra t al owe rl e ve l t h an t h ef l oo ro f t h eo r ig ina l s t a i rl o bby o rg ua rd c e l l . [ 1 987 /3 / 19 ]

1 99

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 124 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he s e conda ry e n t rance a tt h ef oo to ft h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i r a t 9o ' c lo ck , l o ok ing o u t ; t he f l oo rh a sb een c u t d own a bou t 2 f tb e low t ha to ft h eo r ig ina l s t a i rg ua rd c e l l ;n o t et h er a ised f l oo ro ft he l a t t e ro nt h e l ef t . T he u pp e rl i n te l s e em sl i ke ly t ob e a1 9 th c en tu ry f e a tu re [ 1 987 /3 / 18 ]

4 . 125 C l ickh im in i n 1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he l i n te ls o ft h em u ra l g a l le ry a t1 2o ' c lock , a bove c e l lA , s how ing t h er i gh t a ng led t u rn o u twa rds t ot h er a ised d oo rway o rw indow ( a tl owe r l ef t ) i nt he o u te rf a ce o ft h ew a l l -a lmos t c e r ta in ly a no the r 1 9 th c en tu ry r e cons truc t ion . [ 1 987 /3 / 10 ]

2 00

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 126 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he s ame r a ised g a l le ry b u tl o ok ing a n t i -c lockw ise b a ckwa rd st owa rd st h e m a in e n t rance . [ 1987 / 3 / 11 ]

4 . 127 C l ickh im in i n1 963 ( HU44 1 ) .. T he u ppe ri n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry o nt h es ou th s i de , o nt h ew a l lhead a bove C e l l Ba t 4o ' c lock ; t h er a i s ed v o id ( p e rhap sp a r t ly r e s to red )i si nt h ef o r eg round . [ 1 963 /9 /39 ]

2 01

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

I

'

1A

3A

2A

2 . 3

I iI I (1 I t )1 \ .1 I1 4

5

4 . 128 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) . E a r ly I r on A ge P o t te ry f r om P ha se s 2( Ham i l ton 1 968 , f i g s . 1 9 &2 0 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

*

4 . 129 C l ickh im in ( HU44 1 ) . F o r t 1p o t te ry f r om P ha se 3( Ham i l ton 1 968 ,f i g .4 2 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e ser ved .

2 02

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

CL ICKHI M IN

P ha se

p ropo sed r ev ised s equence A l terna t ive c hrono log ie s

b u i ld ing a nd o ther e ven ts

A

• Z 0 H z o . 1

7

L a te I r on A ge /P i c t i sh

f o o tp r in ts o n c auseway

4 4

7

7

AD 5 00 -

c auseway a nd l a nd ing s t age

I L C I )

e ve l r i se s w a te r l "

I lA

L IA 1

n z w
f . i 3

3

4

r .

w c o

-

4

_

g c y ,

R ing -f or t 1 n ew E ve r ted R im p o t te ry

-

l o ch -s ide m iddens c on t inue t oa c c um ula te

3 ' E IA

E ar ly I r on A ge f a rm ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' r e -u sed

2

—

( e v idence f o rs t one r oundhouse n o tc onv inc ing )

5 00 BC E IA 1

2

2

-

BA

BA

-

m idden m a te r ia l d ropped a te dge o fl o ch

1 ,

,

• • B ronze A ge f a rm ( ' cou r tya rd h ou se ') ' o np en insu la i nl o ch

1 .

1 -

4 . 130 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) . D iag ram s how ing s ugge s ted h i s to ry o ft h e s i te a cco rd ing t ot h e a rgumen t sp re sen ted h e re , w i th t wo a l te rna t ive c h rono log ie s .

2 03

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd Whee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

go

#

/: 1i

//

009

de

•

/ 4 4e

' s

/ j

la

1 i ii II ll i 11 i t

t0 0 , • dd.

•

•

•• S • e•• • • %i e

r\

. . . . . . . . ..• ,,

4 .4

. •

% . ‘•

• • • •% •% % , . • % ‘5

•• 55 •• 5

l e i

i r

•. .

/

• e •

. . •

. •

• •

I I 0

•

.

•

( e al

‚S • •• , .

:

1 . .

S

% ‘ ‘

b,

1

. ,‘

‘e e% .

%

‘ I • i ee. • • 0 S l e :

d -.•

1i t

% t % • bt % tt • , "

ti% ' ‘i 1 I

I f

I

• P t I i

i

II/ I /59 1

" N e . . .... . • °.

• • • • % • •• • • % .

0 3

4 . 131 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) .

Ilb

•

1

•

ii

•b -•%% % %

1 (

1

\

g ik

e . ' •s eiP ' 3" '4 i . • % % •. • 7 ! % ° *.e_ % . • e

, . a

at a lb. •

d e

/ /( fi // i i l

0. i.

°.

3 0

P lan s how ing t h e l i ke ly n a tu re a nd p o s i t ion o ft h ea l te rna t ive g a l le ry -wa l led F o r t2 s ugge s ted h e re . S ca le 1 : 000 .

2 04

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

SEA

. ,. / / / / / /

:, . 3( F z :i 9 * : . • , —

'

•—

•• • , , , , i .„ ›

' 7 Ffn l ie 1 0 0 I1

1 1 1

5 0

1

1 0F E T 1 1 1 1 1 .src

S H O R E 1 0

SECT ION

0

1 0

2 0

. x A

\# \ \f f i l ‘U 1

\

\

s ,

A -B

3 0

4 0

5 0F E ET

4 9 * i .

, u 1 , f i l u i, e

4 \ \ . \ , \ , \ % \ k \ k \ \N t l i i i i i i ; ; ; ; ; s t i f i f i l 44 1 I i i ? i rew il i t i l i ie l i l i f l i i im \ u , ;7 , .

, OVI c o

5 ,

r •—"-\ --t

. % ,

n" P LAN

1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0F E E T JI 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 I

-

4 . 132 T op : p lan o f F ug la N e s sb roch ( HU47 1 ) . B o t tom ,p l an o f t h er ema in so fS na B roch a nd i t so u te rd ef ence s( HU59 3 )a nd a n e l eva t ion . S ca le o fp l an s 1 : 600 , o fe l eva t ion 1 : 300 ( bo th f r om RCAH MS ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

2 05

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 133 F ug la N e s si n1 987 ( HU47 1 ) .

4 . 134 F ug la N e s si n1 987 ( HU47 1 ) .

T he b roch m ound j u s ta bove t h es ho r ea nd t h eo u te rd ef ence s . [ 1 987 /4 /23 ]

T he t wo s i de so ft h ee n t rance p a s sage p ro jec t ing o ve rt h em ode rn b each , w i th af a l len l i n te li n f r on t . [ 1 987 /4 /25 ]

2 06

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 135 F ug la N es si n1 987 ( HU47 1 ) . T he l ef tg ua rd c e l lw i th t h el i n te lt ot h ee n t rance p a s sage v i s ib le a tt h eb a se o ft h ep o le . [ 1 987 /4 /24 ]

4 . 136 F ug la N e ss i n1 987 ( HU47 1 ) . T he b a sa lc ou r se o ft h eo u te rw a l lf a ce n or th o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage w i th t h er a d ia ld ef en s ive w a l l p ro jec t ing , i mmed ia te ly t or i gh to fp o le . [ 1 987 /4 /26 ]

2 07

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 137 B roch o fI nf ie ld i n1 963 ( HU47 2 ) .

T he e n t rance p a s sage ( a tp o le )e me rg ing o ve rt h em ode rn b ea ch . [ 1 963 /9 / 17 ]

4 . 138 G os sab rough i n1 963 ( HU58 1 ) . G ene ra l v i ew o ft h eb ro ch m ound . [ 1 963 / 10 /25 ]

2 08

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 139 B u r ra N e s si n1 963 ( HU59 1 ) .

G ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch mound . [ 1 963 / 10 /26 ]

4 . 140 B u r ra N e s si n1 963 ( HU59 1 ) . T he i n te r io rw a l lf a ce s how ing t h ep robab le s c a rcemen t( p ro jec t ing s l ab st or i gh to fp o le )a nd a l a te rw a l lr unn ing a c ro s si t .[ 1 963 / 10 /27 ]

2 09

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t i cS co t land

4 . 14 1 B u r ra N e s si n1 963 ( HU59 1 ) . P o s s ib le o u two rk ss e en f r om t h e b roch mound . [ 1 963 / 10 /28 ]

2 10

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

— 0

e \\ e,

— 0

_

r3 4 o e ,

—

_o

WALL

F OUNDAT ION

0

•e •, 1 2

-

Ir In

_

0

—c7 8 0 r

u, H

P

9

1 —

"f r3 • SEA

SEA

5

9 \ \ W

M IP M e *

\\ \ \ \ 1 \\ IU 1 i 4 1 , 'Z .. s .. Z»

\

' " •• ' .0 .

,

‘ :

I NNER F ACE O F A CELL I

\

>‘ . . \ \ \ \ 1 I ! I

1 % %

• ••

, . .e '' '' .: ' -' ' «' . ., ' . . .'— , . . .e

, , -

7« ..'' '' '..' —'----

. -

,1 . \

t e

0 ‘. .---- -

• ••

I da

. 3

77

1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1

1

50 1

1 00FEET 1

I

I

I

I

4 . 142 T op , p lan o fH oub ie a nd i t so u te rd ef ence s( HU69 2 ) . B o t tom , p l an o fH amnavoe a nd i t so u te rd ef ence s( HU28 1 ) . S ca le o fp l an s 1 : 600 ( RCAH MS 1 946 ,v o l . 3 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

2 11

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

BRO T ZGH OF BURRANESS .

' B URGH O F C UL SW ICK . —EXPLANAT ION . P La lt —A . T he a r ea; b .The i nne rw a l l; c .The p as sag eb e tween t he w a l ls; d . T he e n trance a nd o u te r ;e .T he d i t ch; f . T he r ampar t . S ze r tos t . — xT he g a l ler ies , w i th t he ir l i n te ls , o ne a bove a no ther; *A s or t o fa ca r cemen t , a si fd e s igned f o r af l oo r ing .

F LAN A ND S ECTION OF THE BURGH OF IOGSETTER , I N WHALSEY .

S NABURGH , f l UNST —PLAN .

EX PLANAT ION . —A.T he a r ea; B . T he p l an o ft he f ounda t ion; C . T he d ry d i t ch; I ) . T he r ampa r t; E . T he w e t d i tch , c u ti nm any p la ce s t h ro ' t h e r o ck s , much f i l ed u p , a nd n ow d ry; F . T he l i ve e a r th a r ound h i ghe r t han t h e d i t ch; G . T he l o ch; a .A p a rt o ft he d oub le w a l l , o r af r agmen t h ighe r t han t he l ow er s t o ry; b .T he e n t ranc et ot h ep a s sag eb e twe en t h ew a l ls; c .T h e m a in e n t ranc e; d . T he a pa r tmen t si nt h el owe rs t o ry; e .T he e n t rance si n to t h e s e ,m o s t . o fw h i ch a r ec hoked u p w i th r ubb i sh .

4 . 143

BROUGH OF i l ounnl .

A . T he a r ea; B . T he d oub le w a l l; C . As p a ce b e tween t h e w a l l a nd r ampa r t; I ) . T he f i r s t r ampa r t , o f mud; E . A s or t o f c h eck w a l l ;F . T h e s pa ce t o t h e s e cond w a l l ;G . T he o u te rmo s t r ampa r t , o r s e cond w a l l ;H . A . s o r t o f f l ank ing w a l l , j o in ing t o t h e m a in

P lan so ff ou rS he t land b roch sa nd o ne g a tehou se f o r t , w i th e l eva t ion sf o ra l le xcep tt wo o ft h eb r ochs ,

p r epa red f o rG eo rge L ow i n1 777 .

2 12

S ec t ion 5 : A r ea 2 T he O rkney I s land s I n troduc t ion T he i n f o rma t ion o n t h e b roch s o ft h e O rkney I s land s w a s i mmen se ly i n c rea sed a nd s y s tema t i sed b yt h ew o rk o fJ ohn H edge s a nd t h e o rgan i sa t ion h e f ounded ( NOSAS , o r No r th o f S co t land A r chaeo log ica l S e rv ice s ) a nd w h ich o pe ra ted i nO rkney d u r ing t h e l a te 1 970 s a nd e a r ly 1 980 s . D e scr ip t ion s o f a l l t h e k nown s i t e s w e re p ub l i shed a s a t h i rd v o lume i n t h e s e r ie s d ea l ing w i th t h e NOSAS e xcava t ion sa tB u ( HY20 4 )a nd w i th an ew a na ly s i s o ft h e o ld e xcava t ion s a tG u rne s s ( HY32 2 )( Hedge s e ta l . 1 987 ) . O fp a r t icu la rv a lue a r e t h e a na ly se s o ft h e m ean ing s o ft h e p l ace n am e s a nd t h e e x ten s ive l i s t o fs ou rce s f o r e ach s i te , i n c lud ing m anu sc r ip tm a te r ia l( no ti n c luded h e re ) .

c oa s ta l e r o s ion [ 5 ] . I ts e em s f i r s t t oh ave b een d i s tu rbed i n1 8 12 w hen s t one w a sr emoved t ob u i ld t h en ea rby h ou se a nd h uman b one s w e re f ound . When i tw a s d ug i n to a ga in i na bou t 1 887 b yJ ame s C u r s i te r [ 4 ] b u r ia lc i s t sw e re f ound o n t op o f t h e mound w h ich r e vea led t h e r ema in s o f a b roch a tl e a s t 6 . 1 m( 20 f t . ) h igh , mo re t h an h a lf o fw h ich h ad b een e r oded b y t h e s ea e ven a tt h a t t ime . H uman b one s , e xpo sed b y e ro s ion , w e re n o ted a tt h e No r th -we s t c o rne ro ft h e mound i n1 979 [ 5 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 2 0 SW 7 : 2 .C u r s i te r 1 923 , 4 9 5 2 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 79 , 1 08 -9 . 4 . H edge s e t a l . 1 987 , 1 01-2 . 5 .L amb 1 989 , 1 2 .

Ma inland T he o n ly m a jo r om i s s ion w a st h a tn o d r aw ing s o ft h e f i nd s f r om t h e o l de xcava t ion s w e r e m ade a pa r t f r om t ho se f r om G u rne s s ) , al a ck p a r t ly r emed ied h e r e . T he g r id r e f e rence s o ft he s i t e s a r e wo rked o u t t o e i gh t f i gu re s a nd t h e se a r e a dop ted h e r e , i n c on t ra s t t o t h e o t he r r eg ion s w he r e o n ly s i x f i gu re r e f e rence sa r eu sed .

HY20 3 BRECKNESS ( 'Broch o fB recknes s ' ) HY /22470928 Ap robab le b roch i nS t romne s s , s i ted o nt h ee dge o f al ow c l if f o n ly a f ew f e e t a bove h igh w a te r m a rk ; i ti sn ow a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed b y t h e s e a , o n ly as ho r t a r c o f t h e w a l l r ema in ing . T he i n te r io r t h u s f a ce s o ve r t h e S ound t owa rd st h e H ead o fH oy ( I l l . 5 . 9 ) .

D imen s ion s : u n les s o t herw i se i n d ica ted t ho se g i ven f o rt h e p robab le a nd d ef in i te b roch s w e re t a ken w i th a s t ee l t a pe b yt he a u tho ra nd a r et h ough tt ob em o re r e l iab le t h an o t he r p ub l ished f i gu res . B e tween 1 971 a nd 1 987 h e m ea su red t h e s hape o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t so f5 2o ft h e b e t te rp r e served s i te s ( a l l o ve r S co t land ) s y s tema t ica l ly a nd i n t h is w ay o b ta ined s ome p rec ise d i ame te r s ( w i th s t anda rd d ev ia t ion s f r om t h eb e s t -f i t t ing t r ue c i rc le s ) .

T he w a l l s e em s t oh ave b een j u s t o ve r 3 . 0 mt h ick [ 1 ] . A 1 9 th c en tu ry d e sc r ip t ion g i ve s t h e e s t ima ted e x ter na l d i ame te ra s2 0 .7 m ( 68 f t . ) , i n ter na l a t1 3 .4 m ( 44 f t . )a nd a m ea su red w a l l t h ickne ss o f 3 . 6 m ( 12 f t . ) [ 3 ] . H oweve r b ecau se o n ly as ho r t c ho rd o ft h e w a l l i sp r e se rved t h e r e i s s ome d i sc repancy b e tween t h ev a r iou se s t ima te s [ 5 , 9 1 ] . T he b roch w a s e nc i rc led b y as t rong o u te rw a l l , t h e e nd so f w h ich s t i l l a ppea r a tt h e e dge o ft h e b ank o n e i the r s i te o f t h e b roch . T he s i te f e a tu red i n ab i za r r e 1 9 th c en tu ry s ugge s t ion b y L a ing t h a t t h e b roch s w e r e o f S tone A ge d a te , t h e e r o s ion o ft h e c l if fu nde r i tb e ing h e ld t oi n d ica te g r ea ta n t iqu i ty [ 2 ] .

Hoy i s land S quare HY 2 0

HY20 1BRAEB ISTER HY /213052 P os s ib le b roch o n H oy I . , o n as ma l l r o cky h ead land b e tween t wo d eep g eo s o r g u l l ie s . O n ly s ome s c a t te red s t ones a nd a f ew l a rge b l ock s r ema in , a nd t h e s i te h a s e v iden t ly b een q ua r r ied . As add le q uer nw a s f ound a tt h e s i te n o t l o ng b ef o re 1 929 , a nd f r agmen t s o fa l leged b roch p o t te ry w e r e r e cove r ed f r om am idden d epo s i t i nt h e e dge o ft h e c l if ft ot h ew e s t [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 0 NW 2 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 80 , 1 09 & f i g . 3 35 ( p la t e ) .

I n 1 995 t r a ce s o f al a rge e x ter na l s e t t lemen tw e re n o ted o n b o th s i de s o ft h e b roch , e xpo sed i nt h e e r od ing s e c t ion [ 6 ] . T he c on s ide rab le p o ten t ia l f o r r e sea r ch o f t h is s i te w a s r e vea led w hen b o th a w e l l a nd t h e c r o s s s e c t ion o f t h e b roch d i tch w e re l o ca ted a nd e xcava ted [ 7 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 2 0 NW 9 : 2 .L a ing 1 868 , 6 3 -5 &f i g . : 3 .D ryden 1 890 , 9 4 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 9 20 , 3 24 : 5 .H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 8 9 -9 1 ; 6 . D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i n S co t land 1 993 , 1 05 ; 1 996 , 1 04 . 7 .B a l l in S m i th 2 002 , 1 6 6 -74 :B a l l in S m i th 2 002 , 1 6 6 -74 .

HY20 2 GREEN H ILL 2( 'G r een H i l l o fQ uoyne s s ' ) HY /25000284 P robab le b roch o n t h e s ho re i n H oy I . , n ex t t o B u r ra S ound , t h en ame o fw h ich i mp l ie st h ep r e sence n ea rby o fa r e cogn i sab le s t rongho ld i nN o r se t i me s [ 4 , 1 0 1 ] . I ti sn ow a g r een mound o fe a r th a nd s t one sw h ich i sn ow 3 . 7 -4 . 0 m ( 12 13 f t . ) h i gh ; h a lf o f i th a s n ow b een d e s t royed b y

2 13

HY20 4 BU ( `Nave r shaw ' o r` Nave r shough ' ) HY /270093 T he s i t e , s t and ing o n f l a t f a rm land , w a s d i agno sed a s a c a i rn b y t h e C omm is s ion [ 2 ] b u t i n 1 978 r e scue e xcava t ion s a ts ho r t n o t ice , a nd w i th l i m i ted t ime , p roved i tt ob e ar oundhouse t h e w a l l o fw h ich w a s s ub sequen t ly

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h ickened t o g i ve i t t h e a ppea rance o f a b roch l ike b u i ld ing [ 3 ,4 ] . T he m a in b u i ld ing i sc a tego r i sed a s" b roch l ike" h e r e , l i ke D un C u ie ro nB a r ra ( NF60 3 ) , b ecau se - w h i le h av ing t h e s i ze a nd p ropo r t ion so fo ne o ft ho se b u i ld ing s -t h e re i sn o e v idence t h a t i te ve rh ad a ny o ft h e f e a tu r e s o ft h e h o l low w a l led c on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique s o c ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h e d ry s t one t owe r s . T h is i si mpo r tan tb ecau se o ft h e f a r reach ing c l a im st h a tw e re m ade , s oon a f te rt h e e xcava t ion , a bou tt h e s i te b e ing a n e a r ly I r on A ge b roch , much o l de r t h an a ny o t he r k nown [ 4 ] . A d e ta i led r epor t o n t h e d i scove r ie s i s a va i lab le s o o n ly as umma ry i sg iven h e re [ 5 ] . I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a to n ly t h e i n te r io r o ft h eb u i ld ing w a sc omp le te ly e xcava ted ; f ou rr ad ia lt r enche s a c ro s st h er oundhou se w a l l e xpo sed t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e w a l l , t h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd s ome e x te rna l b u i ld ing s b eyond t h e e n t rance [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 2 ] . 1 .T he e xcava t ion 1 . 1 T he s t ruc ture o ft h er oundhou se . S eve ra l p ha se s i nt h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te w e r e d e tec ted , t h e m a in b u i ld ing b e ing p u t u p i n P ha se 2 , a f t e r ap e r iod o f u nknown l e ng th ( Pha se 1 ) w hen t h e g round h ad b een p loughed . A t f i r s t t h is w a s ac i rcu la r , s o l id -wa l led d ry s t one b u i ld ing p re se rved o n ly u pt o 1 . 5 ma nd e nc lo s ing a n a pp rox ima te ly c i rcu la r a r ea m ea su r ing 1 0 .1 m e a s t -we s t a nd 9 . 0 m n o r th sou th a t g round l e ve l . U nf o r tuna te ly a s omewha t m i s lead ing i mp re s s ion i sg i ven , a tt h e s t a r t o f t h e a ccoun t ,t h a tt h eb u i ld ing w a s as i ng le -pe r iod s t ruc tu r e ; t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r s c o r re spond ing t o t h e i n ter na l o ne s m en t ioned a r eg i ven a s2 0 .5 a nd 1 9 .5 m a nd i ti ss t a ted t h a t t h e w a l l " i s o ne o f t h e t h icke s t o n r e co rd" f o r O rkney b roch s [ 5 , 1 0 ] . H oweve r t h e re a r e i n f a c t t h ree ' c omponen t p a r t s ' o ft h e w a l l t h e t h ickne s se s o f w h ich a r e g i ven [ 5 , T ab le 1 . 1 ] w i thou t m uch f u r the r c ommen t . We h ave t o t ur n t o t h e f o ld -ou t c r o ss s e c t ion s [ 5 , f i g s . 1 . 3 & 1 . 4 ] t os e e i nd e ta i l h ow t h er oundhou se w a l lw a s c on s t ruc ted .

s e c t ion s a l so s how t h a tt h ep aved a r ea so ft h e i n te rna l f l oo r r un u p t ot h e i n ne ra dded m a son ry a nd n o tu nde r i t ,s ot h a t t h e a dd i t ion s m ay w e l l h ave b e en made d u r ing c on s t ruc t ion , o ri mmed ia te ly a f t erwa rd s . T he s ou th w a l l o n t h i s s e c t ion h a s h a rd ly c o l lap sed a ta l b u t i t s t h ree c omponen t s a r e c l ea r ly v i s ib le . T he E -W s e c t ion i sn o t s o i n f o rma t ive i nt h is c on t ex t , t h e m a in w a l l n o th av ing b een c u tt h rough . 1 . 2 T he e n t rance p a s sage T h i s w a s o n t h e e a s t -we s t s i de a nd h ad b een m uch mod if ied i nP ha se I Ia , m a in ly t h rough ac on t rac t ion o ft h e i n ne r e nd ; t h e o r ig ina l d e s ign i sn o t e n t i r e ly c l ea rb ecau se o f i n comp le te e xcava t ion . O ne mu s t p r e sume t h a t t h i s i n ne r e nd w a s a tt h e i n s ide e dge o ft h e i n t e rna l a dd i t ion o f m a son ry [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 5 ] a nd t h i s i s w ha t t h e e xcava to r d educed ( b e low ) . T he i n ne r p ar t o ft h e p a s sage w a s c . 1 . 74 m w ide a nd f l agged w i th l a rge p av ing s t one s ( wh ich s e em f r om t h ep l an t od i sappea ru nde rt h ec on t rac ted s ou th s i de o ft h ep a s sage a tt h e i n ne re nd ) . A t 2 . 55 m f r om t h a t e nd w a s ad oo r f r ame f o rmed o f o ppo sed u p r igh t s l ab s s e t a t r i gh t a ng le s t o t h e w a l l s ; f u r the r o u tt h ep a s sage w a s 1 . 06 m w id e . T he re w a sw ha t l o oked l i ke a b l ocked d oo r t o ag ua rd c e l l i mmed ia te ly i n s ide t h e d oo rf r ame o nt h e r i gh t ( l ook ing i n ) ; a t temp t st o t r a ce t h e p l an o ft h e s uppo sed c e l l t ow h ich t h i s l e d w e re u n succe s sf u l . T he n or th f a ce o ft h e p a s sage w a s t h e b e t ter p re se rved o f t h e t wo a nd n o d i s t inc t ion ( s uch a s as t ra igh t j o in t ) w a s v i s ib le i n i tb e tween t h e i n ne r f a c ing a nd t he m a in w a l l , s ugge s t ing t h a t b o th b e long t o t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e b u i ld ing 's h i s to ry . O n t h e o t he rh and t h ej unc t ion w i th t h e o u te r c l add ing c ou ld b e s e en s o t h e l a t te r c l ea r ly w a s a l a te r a dd i t ion ( a s s ugge s ted b y t h e p a r t ia l ly c o l lap sed p a r t o ft h e m a in w a l l d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r ) . T he o r ig ina l l e ng th o f t h ep a s sage w ou ld t h u sh ave b een a bou t 4m . 1 . 3 T he c en t ra lc our t

T he n o r th w a l l o nt h e n or th sou th s e c t ion i sv e ry r e vea l ing i nt h a t i ts how s r a the rc l ea r ly h ow t h e mo s tm a s s ive p a r to f t h e r ubb le -co red w a l l , w i th t h e h eav ie s t f a c ing s t one s , i s t h e c en t ra l s e c t ion w i th a t h ickne s s a tt h i s p o in t o fj u s t a bou t 3 . 0 ma ti t s b a se . T he o u te r f a ce o ft h i s h a s t i pped o u twa rd s m a rked ly h e re a nd t h e v e ry m uch l o o se r w a l l f a c ing o u t s ide t h i s -w i th ac o r e o fs ma l l s t one s i n s tead o f m a s s ive b l ock sa nd a no u te rf a ce o fq u i te m ode s ts l ab s( 1 .9 mt h ick a tb a se )- l o ok s a si fi th a sb een a dded t os t ab i l i se t h e m a in w a l l . T h i s s e em st ob e c onf i rmed b yt h e f a c tt h a t t h e o u te rf a ce o ft h i s i ss t i l l u p r igh tw he rea s , a sn o ted , t h a t o ft h e c en t ra l s e c t ion t i l t s s ha rp ly o u twa rd s . B y c on t ra s tt h e r e la t ive ly t h in i n ne ra dd i t ion o fm a son ry s ome 8 0 c m t h ick - r e s t s a ga in s t a n u p r igh t w a l l f a ce a nd s e em s s t ab le ( i t s p r ima ry n a tu re i sc onf i rmed b y e v idence f r om t h e e n t rance p a s sage , b e low ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e s e c t ion a l l t h ree w a l l s r e s t o n t h e o ld g round s u rf ace , n o t o n a ny m idden m a te r ia l , s o t h e o u te r t wo w e re p robab ly a dded e a r ly i n t h e h i s to ry o f t h e b u i ld ing . I ndeed t h e

2 14

T he i n te r io r f l oo r w a s w e l l p re se rved a nd t h o rough ly e xp lo red ; t h e b u i ld ing h ad a ppa ren t ly b een a bandoned s udden ly a s" k i tchen u t en s i l s" w ere f o und i ns i tu . Two C 1 4 d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f o r a n ima l b one s f o r t h e " b roch p ha se" o fo ccupa t ion ; t h ey a r e 4 90 +6 5 a nd 5 10 + 8 0b . c . ( GU 152 & 154 ) a nd s ugges t t h a t B u w a s b u i l t a nd o ccup ied i nt h e l a te B ronz e A ge o r i nt h e e a r ly p a r t o ft h e e a r ly I r on A ge . A s imp l if ied p l an o f t h e i n te r io r h e lp s t o u nde r s tand t h e v a r iou s f e a tu r e s [ 6 , f i g . 1 . 10 ] . A l a rg e , D -shaped h ea r th o ccup ied t h e c en t r e w i th ac ook ing t a nk s unk i n to t h e f l oo r a d jo in ing i t ; p r e sumab ly t h i s l a s t w a sf o rb o i l ing m ea t l i ke t h e l a rge r o ne s , i ns pec ia l b u i ld ing s , i d en t if ied b y H edge s o n O rkney a nd d a t ing t ot h e l a t te r p a r t o ft h e B ronze A ge ( Hedge s 1 975 ) ; h oweve r n o h ea t c ra cked s t one a r e m en t ioned h e r e . N ex tt ot h e c u rved o rw e s t s i de o ft h eh ea r th w a sw ha tw a s d i agno sed a s ac u rved o rc r e scen t shaped s e rv ice a r ea w i th

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

u t en s i l s s t i l l l y ing a bou t o n t h e f l oo r . T h i s a nd t h e h ea r th t oge the rf o rmed a n a pp rox ima te ly c i r cu la ra r ea al i t t le of c en t re , a nd b e tween t h i s a nd t h e w a l l w a s ab road , r i ng s haped p aved b and d iv ided i n to i regu la r r ad ia l c ompa r tmen t s b y s t one f l ag s s e t o ne dge ; t h e re w e re g ap s f o r d oo rway s b e tween t h e se a r ea s a nd t h e o ne o nt h e n o r th w a s mu ch l a rge r a nd o ccup ied a bou t at h i rd o ft h e w ho le p er ime t e r . T h is a r ea w a sp aved a nd m ay w e l lh ave b een a c ommuna lh a l l . T he c en t ra la r ea w a ss epa ra ted f r om t h eo u te r" r oom s" b ya s im i la rr ow o fl ow f l ag s o n e dge . T he p a r t o ft h i s o u te r a r ea i mmed ia te ly i nf r on to ft h ee n t rance w a s i n te rp re ted a s as o r t o fv e s t ibu le f r om w h ich o ne c ou ld g o e i the ri n to t h e m idd le a r ea , o r i n to t h e " ben th a l l" o nt h e r i gh t , o ri n to t h e f ou r s ma l le r r ad ia l c ompa r tmen t s o n t h e l e f t . T he f i r s t t h ree o ft h e se w e re m ud -f loo red ( i ns ha rp c on t ra s tw i th t h e r e s to ft h ei n te r io r )a nd m ay h ave b een u sed f o ra n ima l s . A n umbe r o fp o s t -ho le s w e re f ound i nt h o se p a r t s o ft h e i n te r io rc l ea red d own t os ub so i l ; t h ey w e re e n t i r e ly i nt h e c en t ra l a r ea a nd w e re c ove red b y t h e h ea r th a nd b y t h e p av ing o ft h e " se rv ice a r ea " . T h e i r a ge w a s n o t e n t i re ly c l ea r b u tt h e e xcava to r s h ad t h e i mp r e s s ion t h a t f ew i fa ny w ere i nu s e a f te r t h e s t one b u i ld ing h ad b een c omp le ted . T he re i st h e ref o re al a ck o fc l ea r e v idence a tB u f o r ar oof a nd u ppe r s t o rey s s uppo r ted b y t i mbe r p o s t s , a nd t h i s i n crea se st h ec on t ra s tw i th t h eh o l low -wa l led b roch s . Many m o r e d e ta i l s o ft h e i n te r io r a r rangemen t s a r e i nt h e r epor t [ 5 ] .

2 . 2F ind sf rom t h er oundhou se ( Pha se H a ) B one o b jec t s i n c luded 2p o in ted i mp lemen t s , 1m ade f r om as heep u l na , aw ha le v er teb ra v e s se l , ap e rf o ra ted b ov ine p ha lanx ( s ome t ime s i n te rp r e ted a s ab obb in f o r w ind ing w oo l ) , 2p i ece s o fp e rf o ra ted w ha lebone [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 18 ] , a c e tacean r ad iu s w i th m any c u t -ma rk s a nd t h e e nd o f a p o l i shed a nd p e rf o ra ted d ee rm e taca rpa l . S tone o b jec t s i n c luded t h e d eb r i s f r om a m anuf ac tu r ing a r ea i n s ide t h e h ou se w he r e t h e r e w e re a l so t h e t i p o fa w o rn a rd p o in t , 6p o s s ib le m a t tock f r agmen t s , ap i ece o f f l ag s tone p ecked t o aw a is t , a nd s eve ra l o t he r p i ece s o f c h ipped f l ag s tone . E l sewhe re i n s ide t h e h ou se t h e re w e r e 3p i ece s o f s add le q ue rn s a nd 2 r ubbe r s , ab roken p ivo t s t one , am a t tock b l ade , ap o s s ib le r ough -ou t f o r a n a rd p o in t , ap o s s ib le w he t s tone , 6p ebb le p ounde r s o rg r inde r s , 9p i ece s o fp um ice ( s ome u sed a sa b rade r s ) , a nd ap i ece o f h aema t i te . Much p o t te ry c ame f r om t h e r oundhou se f l oo r a nd t h e e x ter na l m idden [ 5 , f i g s . 1 . 49 -1 .51 ] . T he v e s se l s a r e e n t i re ly p l a in , c o i l - o r r i ng -bu i l t a nd w i th n o b ur n i sh ing . T he p o t s hape s a r e m a in ly b ucke t shaped v e s se l s w i th n ea r u p r igh t r im s b u t m any h ave t h e s hou lde red p rof i le as ho r t d i s tance b e low t h e r im w h ich i sc ha rac te r i s t ic o fe a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry a tJ a r l shof i nS he t land ( HU30 1 )a nd a to t he r s im i la re a r ly s i te s i nO rkney . As l ive ro fi r on c o r ro s ion w a sa l so f ound . 2 . 3F ind sf rom p o s t -roundhou se s i l t( 1 1b )

1 . 4L a t e ro ccupa t ion T he r oundhou se s eem st oh ave s t ood f o rs ome t ime a f t e r i t w a s a bandoned ; al a ye r o fg r ey s i l t c on ta in ing r ubb le , u p t o 3 0 c m t h ick , w a s s p r ead a c ro s s t h e i n te r io r . R ubb le f r om t h e d i s in teg ra t ing w a l l f e l l o n t h a t a nd t h en , i nt h e f o l low ing P ha se I I , a no the r o ccupa t ion l a ye ra ccumu la ted o n t op . A l so a t t ha t t ime a s ou t e r ra in , o r u nde rg round c hambe r , w a s b u i l t i n to t h e o u t s ide o ft h e w a l l o n t h e e a s t s i de , n ex t t ot h e e n t rance p a s sage w h ich w a s r e s to red a nd b locked o f[ 1 , 3 ] ; as ho r tp a s sage f r om t h e e n t rance l e dt o t h e c hambe r [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 11] . S even s t one p i l la r s s uppor ted t h e s t one r oof o ft h e o va l c hambe r . N o C 14 d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f o ro b jec t sf r om P ha se I I . 2 .T he f i nd s T he f i nd s a r e d esc r ibed h e re i ns ome d e ta i l b ecau se t h ey a r e mu ch m o re n ume rou s t h an i na ny o t he r e a r ly I r on A ge s e t t lem en t s o f a r d i scove red i n O rkney a nd , t h ough o f l im i ted v a r ie ty , g ive q u i te a d e ta i led p i c tu r e o f t h e e conomy a nd t e chno logy o fO rkney f o rt h e p e r iod o fa bou t 7 00 -500 B C . 2 . 1 F ind sf r om t he p re -roundhou se p ha se s ( l a &l b ) T he se w e r e a l l o fs t one a nd i n c lud ed 5m a t tock s , 3r ough o u t s o fa r d p o in t s , ap i ece o f as a dd le q ue rn , 2p i ece s o f u nwork ed p um ice 4 m i sce l laneou s i mp lemen t s a nd t h e d eb r is o fs t one -wo rk ing .

2 15

T he s i l tw a sp robab ly s t e r i le s ot h e se f i nd sp robab ly b e long t o P ha se I i a o r I l ia . T he re w a s n o th ing w h ich d oe s n o t a ppea r i nt h e o t he r l a ye r s a pa r t f r om t wo i t em s . O ne i sa c u r iou s s t one c on ica l o b jec t 2 5 c m i nd i ame te rt h e c on ica l s ocke t i nw h ich a ppea r st oh ave b een m ade b yg r ind ing [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 35 ] . T he s e cond i s ac r uc ib le b ea r ing t r ace s o f c oppe r . 2 . 4F ind sf rom P ha se I la & I l lb [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 14 ] O fb one t h e re w a s as o cke ted h and le m ade f r om a n a n t le r t i ne , af i sh ta i led l o ng -hand led c omb ( wha lebone ) a nd t h e p o s s ib le b u t to f as e cond o ne , o fa n t le r ; as imp le p i nw i th a s qua red -of f t e rm ina l ; 4p o in ted i mp lemen t s o r a w l s ; a r ubb ing o r p o l i sh ing i mp lemen t , a nd af emu r -head b u t ton o rw ho r l . O f s t one t h e r e w a s b roken p ivo t s t one , p a r t o f as add le q uer n , a nd p o s s ib le g am ing c oun te r o rb l ank f o r as p ind le w ho r l , 2p ounde r s , 1c h ipped s t one i mp lemen t a nd t h e b u t t e nd o f ab roken m a t tock . O fp o t te ry t h e re w a s ab roken p ea r shaped c r uc ib le w h ich h ad c on ta ined mo l ten m e ta l i n c lud ing c oppe r [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 47 ] . T he re w e r e a l so a f ew s h e rd s o f p o t te ry w h ich w e r e n o t d i s s im i la r t ot h o se o fP ha se I ; o ne h ad as l igh t s hou lde r b e low t h er im [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 55 ] . Me ta l i n c luded 2 l e ng th s o fi r on c o r ro s ion w h ich m igh tb e n a tu ra l .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

2 . 5A n ima lb one s &p lan te v id ence T he l a rge s tc o l lec t ion o fb one s f r om e a r ly I r on A ge O rkney h a s c ome f r om B u b u t " I t i su nf or tuna te a nd i redeemab le t h a t t h a t t h e b one s w e r e i d en t if i ed ( by t h e l a te B a rba ra N odd le ) w i thou t r e f e r ence t o ac on t ex t a nd w e r e t h en d e s t royed" [ 5 , 8 9 ] ; h oweve r mo s t e v iden t ly b e longed t o t h e p r ima ry p ha se o f t h e r oundhou se a nd i td i d p rove p o s s ib le f o r t h e e xcava to r s t o p a r t ia l ly r e con s t ruc t t h e p ropo r t ion o fa n ima l sf ound i ne ach p ha se [ 5 , 1 23 -5 ] . S heep , g oa t s a nd c a t t le w e r e i d en t if ied , t h e l a t te rb e ing i n t h e m a jo r i ty ; t h e r e w e re af ew f i sh . I tw a s o b se rved t h a t t h e re w a s ah igh i n c idence o fd ea th a mong t h e n ew b o rn d ome s t ic s t ock w h ich c ou ld b e e xp la ined i n t wo w ay s . T he re m ay h ave ab een ah i gh n a tu ra l m o r ta l i ty r a te o rt h e y oung m ay h ave b een k i l led ( a nd e a ten ) s o t h a t t h e mo the r s ' m i lk w ou ld h ave b een a va i lab le f o r h uman c on sump t ion . A l te rna t ive ly f odd e rf o rt h e a du l t s m ay h ave b een s c a rce s o t h a t t h e m o the r s c ou ld n o t s uppor t t h e y oung . E v idence f r om S ou th U i s t c ou ld n ow m ean t h a t t h em i lk h ypo the s i si sm o s tp l au s ib le ( C ra ig e ta l . 2 000 ) . T ra ce s o fc u l t iva ted c e r ea l s s u ch a sb a r ley a nd w hea tw e re i d en t if ied . 3 .R ad iocarbon d a te s F ou r d a te s w e r e o b ta ined , t wo f o r P ha se H a , o ne f o r I b a nd o ne f o r I Ia . B ecau se o ft h e t ime s pan i n to w h ich t h e s i te f a l l s t h e d a te s c anno tb e c a l ib ra ted s op rec i se ly a s , f o r e xamp le ,t h o se f r om t h e l a te rb roch p e r iod . T he f i r s tt wo w e re 2 470 + 9 5 b p ( GU 1 228 , c ha rcoa l ) a nd 2 460 + 8 0 b p ( GU 154 , b one ) ; w hen c a l ib ra ted t h ey s ugge s t at ime s pan o fa bou t 8 00 -450 BC a t a6 8% d eg ree o fc onf idence ( t he f i r s td a te i ss l igh t ly m o re u nce r ta in ) . P ha se I b i sd a ted t o 2 440 + 6 5 b p ( GU 152 , b one ) , o r a bou t7 70 +4 50 a t6 8% c onf idence . P ha se I Ia i sd a ted t o2 545 + 6 5 b p ( GU 153 , b one ) , o r a bou t 8 60 -620 BC a t6 8% . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 0 NE 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 9 27 , 3 25 -6 : 3 .J .H edge s &B . Sm i th i nD i scovery a nd E xcava t ion S co t land , 1 979 , 2 5 -6 : 4 .H edge s &B e l l 1 980 : 4 .H edge s 1 983 : 5 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 1 . HY20 5 WAREBETH CE METERY ( 'Monke rhou se ' , ` Monke r s G r een ' , Wa rebe th ' , ` S t romne s s ' , ` S t romne s s C hu rchya rd ' ) HY /23780818 T h i s p robab le b roch i so n t h e s ho re i nS t romne s s a nd h a s b een p a r t ly d e s t royed b y t h e s e a . T ra ce s o f ab roch w e re s e en i n s e c t ion b y L a ing a nd P e t r ie i n 1 866 [ 5 ] b u t t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion s aw n o th ing [ 2 ] . I n1 979 t h e b roch w a s s e en a ga in , w i th a s soc ia ted o u tbu i ld ing s , i nt h e l ow c l if f i mmed ia te ly s ou th o f Wa rebe th C eme te ry [ 4 ] a nd i n 1 980 t h e w e l l w a s e xp lo red [ 6 ] ; i tw a s c u t i n to t h e b ed rock a nd e n te red b ya na lmo s tv e r t ica l s t a i r ca se c . 3m h i gh [ 7 ] .

2 16

V a r iou sf i nd s h ave b een a tv a r iou s t ime s , i n c lud ing p l a in a nd d eco ra ted p o t te ry , h amme r s tone s , as t one l amp , c ha r red g ra in , ab ronze p i n a nd ma s se s o f a n ima l b one s a nd s he l l s . P r e sumab ly t h e se a r e f r om t h e b roch r umou r s o ft h e p r e sence o fw h ich , b enea th t he c hape l a nd c eme t e ry , w e re r e f e r r ed t oi nt h e e a r l ie r r e co rd s . More f ind s m ay h ave b een r e cove r ed f r om t h e s i te i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry [ 3 ] i n c lud ing t h e l owe r s t one o f ar o ta ry q ue rn , as t one d i sc a nd af r agmen to f al a rge s and s tone v e s se l . A l o ng -hand led b one c omb , t wo w ha lebone ma t tock s o r h oe s a nd a s t one w ho r l a r e f r om " S t romne ss c hu r chya rd " a nd i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( B .19 14 .727 , 7 30 , 7 31 & 7 34 : C u r s i t e r c o l lec t ion ) . F rom " S t romne s s" , a nd d oub t le s s f r om t h e s ame s i te , a r e s e v e ra l p o t sh e rd s , a b oa r 's t u sk , aw ha le v e r teb ra v e s se l , ac u ta n t le rt ime a nd 2 d i sc o rp o t l i d s o fs l a ty s t one ( B .1914 .246 , 2 95 , 7 26 , 7 28 , 7 29 & 7 32 ) . L a te rm a te r ia l a lmo s t c e r ta in ly f r om t h e s ame s i te i n c lude s ac i rcu la r b ronz e b rooch o rm oun t ing w i th t h e p in m i s s ing a nd d eco ra ted w i th g o ld p l a t ing o n t o p [ 83 39 , f i g . 6 : 9 , 2 00 ] ( B .1914 .863 ) . O bv iou s ly g rav e d i gg ing i n t h e c eme te ry c ou ld h ave t u rned u p s ome o ft h e i t ems . I n 1 988 aC 14 d a te o f 1 740 1530 c a l B P ( AD 2 10 -420 ) ( GU 2 385 )w a so b ta ined f o rb ones f r om t h eb roch w e l la nd a ppa ren t ly " ac co rd s w e l l w i th t h e t ypo logy o f p o t s h e rd s a l so p re sen ti nt h em idden" [ 7 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd s HY 2 0 NW 1 2 &1 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 9 40 , 3 27 : 3 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 3 2( 1 897 9 8 ) , 2 36 : 4 . C . Mo r r i s i n D i scove ry a nd E xca va t ion S co t land , 1 979 , 2 4 : 5 . L a ing 1 868 , 6 0 1 . 6 .H edg e se t a l . 1 987 , 9 1-2 : 7 .BB e l l & SP C a r t e r i nD i scove ry a nd E xca va t ion S co t land , 1 980 , 2 2 : 8 .C u r s i t e r 1 887 , 3 46 : 9 . S he te l ig 1 940 .

Ma in land S quare HY21 HY21 1 BOR W ICK ( ` B roch o fB or thw ick ' , ` Bu rw ick ' ) HY /22411678 ( v i s i ted 1 963 & 1 / 9 / 1985 ) S o l id -ba sed b roch i n S andw ick , o n ac l if f p romon to ry n ex t t of l a t f a rm land ( 1 1 . 5 . 2 ) . T he s i te , o r ig ina l ly ag r een mound , w a s e xp lo red b y W .G .T . Wa t t i n 1 881 , b u t h i s d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e b roch h e d i scove red i sn o t a s c l ea r a si t m igh t h ave b e en , m a in ly b ecau se h e p ub l i shed n o p l an o f t h e s i te ( I l l s . 5 . 1-58 ) . T he b roch s t and s o n t op o f ac l if fp romon to ry w h i ch f a l l s 1 8 .3 -24 .4 m ( 6 0 -8 0 f t . ) s hee r t o t h e s e a a nd r o l l ing , c u l t iva ted l a nd r un s r i gh t u p t o i t . As ma l l s t ream r u n s p a s tt h e s i te i mmed ia te ly t ot h e e a s t . T he p romon to ry w a s c u t o f f f r om t h e f l a t l a nd b eyond b y a n o u te r w a l l ; a s ha l low d ep r e s s ion i mmed ia te ly b eyond i tm ay b e ad i t ch . O u tbu i ld ing sw e r e f ound b e tween t h ew a l la nd t h eb roch . I n 1 881 t h e w a l l o ft h e r u ined t owe r s t ood t o ah e igh t o f 3 . 4 m ( 1 1 f t . ) a nd i np l ace s r e ached 4 . 9 m ( 16 f t . ) . T he C omm i s s ion m ea su r ed t h e w a l l h e igh t a s2 . 6 m ( 8 .5 f t . ) i n 1 935 [ 3 ] , s o c on s ide rab le d i lap ida t ion o ccu r red d u r ing t h e

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

h a lf c en t u ry a f te rt h e e xcava t ion ; t h e b u i ld ing n ow s e em s t o b e f a i r ly s t ab le ( I l l . 5 . 4 ) . T he e n t rance p a s sage , s t i l l l i n te l led o ve r , w a s 5 . 57 m ( 18 f t . 3i n . ) l o ng w i th d oo r c heck s e a ch f o rmed o f as l ab s e t o n e dge 2 . 97 m ( 9 f t .9 i n . ) f r om t h eo u t s ide ; t h e a c tua lb roch e n t rance i so n ly 4 . 3 4 .6 m ( 1 4 15 f t . ) l o ng a s as e conda ry w a l l h ad b een a dded t o t h e i n ne r f a ce a t s ome s t age ( b e low ) . A g ua rd c e l l o pened o ft h e r i gh to ft h ep a s sage ;t h e d oo rw a s 1 . 57 m ( 5 f t . 2i n . )h i gh b u t r ubb le n ow c hok e s t h e p a s sage t ow i th in 4 5 c m ( 1 8 i n . ) o fi t s l i n te l s . T he r e a r e n o c l ea r s i gn s o f b a r -ho le s b eh ind t h e d oo r . T he p a s sage i sl i n te l led o n ly d own a s f a r a s t h e d oo r f r ame a nd t h e r e i s av o id o r c hamb e r a bove t h e se ; t h i s v o id i s t a ken h e re a s a n i nd ica t ion t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re i s ah o l low -wa l led b roch . I f t h e b u i ld ing s t ood t o4 . 9 m ( 1 6 f t . ) i n 1 881 Wa t t s hou ld h ave u ncove red t r a ce s o ft h e u ppe r g a l le ry a nd t h e i n t ra mu ra l s t a i r o n t h e w a l l h ead b u t h e m ake s n o m en t ion o f a ny s u ch f e a tu re s ; p r e sumab ly t h es t a i rs t a r ted a tf i r s tf l oo r l e ve lb u tw a sn o to b se rved .

p ropo r t ion m ay t hu s b e a bou t 4 7 .3% . T he e n t rance p a s sage w a s 1 . 58 m ( 5 f t . 2i n . ) h i gh , 1 . 05 m ( 3 f t . 5i n . ) w ide a tt h e b a se a tt h e e x te r io r , n a r row ing t o9 0 c m ( 2f t . 1 i n . ) a tt h e c heck s ; i tt h en w idened a ga in t o 1 . 53 m ( 5 f t . ) . F ind s [ 2 ] : t h ea r tef ac t s f ound a r eg i ven n op rovenance b u t i tm ay b e s uppo sed t h a t m any o f t h em c ame f r om t h e " unc tuou s" e a r th - t h e d ebr i s o ft h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o ft h et owe r . T he mo r e i mpor tan ti n c lude , o fb one , 2l o ng h and led b one c omb s ( one f i sh ta i led ) , 1c ompo s i t e , s i ng le e dged r ound -backed c omb , 1s i ng le -edged n on -compo s i te c omb , 1b roken d oub le -edged c ompo s i te c omb , 1s ma l l w ha le v er teb ra c up , 1s ocke ted h and le , 3n eed le s o r b odk in s ( 1 d eco ra ted ) , as p ind le w ho r l , a n t le r t i ne s , a c e tacean i v o ry t ogg le a nd a p o s s ib le a n t le r b r id le c heek p i ece .

Wa t t c l ea r ed t he d eb r i s f r om t h e i n te r io r a nd f ound u nde r t h e r ubb le " unc tuou s m a t te r " c on ta in ing a she s , b one s a nd s he l l s m ixed w i th c l ay t o ad ep th o f6 0 c m ( 2f t . ) o r mo r e . Under n ea th t h is l a ye rw a s al a ye r o fs ma l l f l a t s t one s f r om 6 0 -90 c m ( 2 -3 f t . ) t h ick a nd u nd e r t h is t h e b roch f l oo r . S ome f l ag s tone s o n e dge w e r e j u s t s how ing a bove t h e " unc tuou s m a t te r" a nd " c rude i n ne r c i r cu la r w a l l s" r e s ted o n t h e 9 0 cm ( 3 f t . ) t h ick b a sa l s t one l a ye r . T h i s p resumab ly r ef e r s t ot h e s e conda ry w a l l r ound t h e i n te r io r s hown o n t h e C omm i s s ion 's p l an ; t h i s i s2 . 58 m ( 8 .5 f t . ) t h ick a tt h ee n t rance ( I l l . 5 . 1) . T he re s e em t o h ave b een s e conda ry o b long c hambe r s i n t h e i n te r io r , p re sumab ly f o rmed o ft h e f l ag s o n e dge ; a s econda ry s t a irway o n t h e e a s t s i de i s a l so d e sc r ibed , f ounded o n t h e b a sa l s t ony l a ye r . No s i gn s o f mu ra l g a l le r ie s , s t a i r s o r c hambe r s w e re a ppa ren t t h en a nd n one a r e n ow . T he b a sa l c ou r se o ft h e o u te rw a l l f a ce p ro jec t s f o rwa rd s l igh t ly f r om t h o se a bove . F rom t h ev e rba l d e sc r ip t ion i ts ound s a st h ough t h e i n te r io r s t ra t ig r aphy o ft h e b roch s howed am a s s o fs ma l l m a son ry d eb r i s o n t h e o r ig ina l f l oo r l e ve l -p e rhap s d e r ived f r om t h e p a r t ia l d emo l i t ion o f t h e u ppe r w a l l s - w i th a s econda ry w a l l ( pe rhap s b u i l t o ft h e l a rge rs t one s f r om t h e d emo l i shed w a l l ) b u i l t r ound t h e i n t e r io ro nt op o fi t . T he " unc tuou sm a t te r "t h en a ccumu la ted d u r ing t h es ub sequen t , s econda ry h ab i ta t ion o f t h e b roch . T he c ompo s i te b one c omb f o und wou ld f i t i n to t h e l a te I r on A ge p ha se o ft h i s s econda ry o ccupa t ion , p e rhap s i nt h e 6 t h o r 7t h c en tu r ie s AD , a sa tB u r r ian b roch o nN or th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 )a nd i nt h e l a t e l e ve ls i nD un C u ie r o n B a r ra ( NF 6 0 3 ) . T he l ong -hand led c omb s a r e c ha ra c te r i s t ic m idd le I r on A ge b roch p e r iod a r tef ac t s . I n 1 983 am idden l y ing o n b ed rock w a s f ound i nt h e c l if f f a ce 9 m n or th -ea s t o ft h e b roch ; i tc on ta ined I r on A ge p o t te ry ,a s ha nd a n ima l b one s [ 5 ] . D imen s ion s . E x ter na l d i ame te r 1 6 .8 m ( 55 f t . ) : i n te rna l 8 . 2 m( 27 f t . ) . T he w a l lt h ickne s s v a r ie s f r om 3 . 49 m ( 1 1 f t .5 i n . ) o n t h e w es t t h rough 4 . 3-4 .6 m ( 1 4 -15 f t . ) o n t h e s ou th a nd e a s t t o 4 .9 m ( 16 f t . ) o n t h e n or th . T he w a l l s 2 17

S tone o b jec t s i n c luded s ome t h in , r ound s t one d i sc s , p robab ly p o t l i d s , ap o l ished g am ing p i ece , ap o s s ib le s t one l amp , ap e rf o ra ted w he t s tone , h amme r s tone s , s ome S ka i l l k n ive s a nd c hoppe r s , a nd s ome q uer n s ( t ype n o t s t a ted ) . I r on : 1r od . P o t te ry : 1n a t ive s h e rd . Af u l l l i s t o ft h e f i nd sh a sb een c omp i led [ 6 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NW 1 : 2 . Wa t t 1 882 , 4 42 -50 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 79 , 2 52 -3 & f i g s . 3 44 , 3 45 ( p la te s ) a nd 3 47 ( p lan ) : 4 .A nde r son 1 883 ,2 , 2 38 -9 : 5 .D . L ynn & B . B e l l i n D i scovery & E xcava t ion S co t land 1 983 , 1 9 : 6 .H edge s e ta L 1 987 , 8 3 -5 : F ra se r 1 924 , 2 6 . HY21 2 BURR IAN 2 ( RUSSLAND ) ( ` Bu r r ian B roch , R u s s land ' : ' B roch o fH a r ray ' , ` Ha r ray ' ) HY /296 11834 A p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i nH a r ray , o n t h e b road o u te r e nd o f al o ng , f l a t p romon to ry p ro jec t ing i n to t h e L och o fH a r ray ( I l l . 5 . 9 & 5 . 1112 ) . O n ly al i t t le o ft h i s s t ruc tu re i sl ef t . T he s i te i sc a l led H a r ray b y P e t r ie a nd i s n o tt ob e c onf u sed w i th h i s " b roch a tt h e Man se" o fH a r ray ( Ne t la te r : HY31 1 4 b e low ) . T he i n ne r f a ce o f aw a l l c oncen t r ic t ot h a to ft h eb roch b u to n ly 2 . 4 m( 8f t . )f r om i t i sa ppa ren to nt h e s ou th a nd m ay b e p a r to fo u te rd ef ence s , a s m ay a l so a r ow o f b ou lde r s a c ro s s t h e n eck o f t h e p romon to ry . T he b roch w a s e xcava ted b y F a r r e r i n 1 866 [ 2 ] a nd , a s u sua l , G eo rge P e t r ie m ade s ome n o te s o n w ha t w a s d i scove r ed . T he e n t rance p a s sage w a s f ound o n t h e e a s t w i th s l ab -bu i l t d oo r -check s a bou t 2 . 1 m ( 7 f t . ) d own t h e p a s sage a s m ea su red f r om t h e p l an [ 4 . f i g . 7 9 ] . T he re s e em s t oh ave b een ag ua rd c e l l o nt h e r i gh to ft h ep a s sage w i th t r ace s o fa no the ro nt h e l ef t( t he l a t te ri sn o ts hown o n P e t r ie 's p l an ) . I n 1 929 t h e o n ly p a r t o ft h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce s t i l l v i s ib le w a s o n t h e n or th -ea s t a r c - f r om a bou t 3 o ' c lock t ot h e e n t rance - a nd t h e re w e r e s i gn s o f ad oo r i n t h i sw a l l a bou t 1 . 8 m( 6f t . ) a bove t h e f l oo r [ 4 ] . I n s ide t h i s w e re p o s s ib le t r ace s o f as t a i ra s cend ing r ad ia l ly , n o ta l ong t h e w a l l . F a r r e r n o ted " c i s t s" o r t a nk s s e t i n to t h e b roch f l oo r a nd t h e p l an s how s v a r iou s s t ruc tu re s i nt h e i n te r io r w h ich a r ep r e sumab ly s e conda ry . T he c u rved w a l l f a ce o u t s ide t h e b roch i s s hown o n P e t r ie 's p l an a s r unn ing r ound t h e w ho le o f t h e s ou th e a s ter na r c , f r om a bou t 1 0 o ' c lock a n t i -c lockw i se a nd p a s t

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h e e n t rance . H e s how s i st ob e 2 3 f t .f r om t h e b roch w a l l b u t t h e C omm i s s ion 's m ea su r emen t o f a bou t 8 f t . i s u ndoub ted ly m o re r e l iab le . I tm ay b e s u rm i sed t h a t a s t ruc tu r e s oc l o se t ot h eb roch w a l l i sm o re l i ke ly t ob ep a r t o fs ome o u tbu i ld ing st h an ad ef ence w o rk . D imen s ion s ( t aken f r om P e t r ie 's p l an ) . E x te rna l d i ame te r c .1 8 .6 m ( 6 1 f t . ) : i n te rna l d i ame te rc .9 . 8 m( 32 f t . ) : w a l l s p ropor t ion a pp rox ima te ly 4 7 .5% . F ind s [ 7 ] : t h e se i n c luded " many w o rked s t one s , s t one l amp s , f r agmen t s o fc oa r se p o t te ry , p e rf o ra ted s t one s , a nd s ome o ft h o se c u r iou s s t one d i sc s , h i ther to f ound o n ly a t S ka i l l" ( Ska ra B rae ) . O f p a r t icu la r i n te re s t i s a n o rnamen ted b ronze s pea r -bu t t w h ich c an n ow b e d a ted t o a bou t t h e 3 "15t h c en tu r ie s AD , t h e l a t te r p a r to ft h e m idd le I r on A ge [ 8 ] [ 2 ,103 ] . N eed le s s t os ay n o c on tex t s f o r t h e f i nd sa r eg i ven . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 2 1 NE 2 9 : 2 .F a r re r 1 868 , 1 03 4 : 3 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 7 2 : 4 . F ra se r 1 923 : 5 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 4 , 1 5 &f i g s . 7 8 , 7 9 &6 2 ( p l . ) : 6 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 6 8 -70 & p l s . 3 . 2 &3 . 3 ( m s p l an a nd s k e tch o f i n te r io r b y P e t r ie ) : 7 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7( 1 866 -68 ) , 1 03 -4 ( f ind s ) : 8 .H ea ld 2 00 1 . HY21 3 BURR IAN 5 ( HARRAY ) ( `Bu r r ian , L och o f H a r ray ' ) HY /28881538 V e ry r u inou s , p robab le b roch i nS andw ick , s i tua ted o n a l ow p romon to ry o nt h e w e s t s i de o ft h e L och o fH a r ray ; i t w a s a ppa ren t ly p a r t ly e xcava ted b ef o re 1 880 b u tn of u r the r i n f o rma t ion i sa va i lab le [ 4 , 8 6 ] . Mo s t o ft h e e a s t h a lf h a s a ppa ren t ly b een r emoved b u t as ma l l s egmen to ft h ec u rved o u te r w a l l f a ce , w i th t h e " u sua l b a t te r" , w a s n o ted o n t h e s ou th i n1 928 [ 3 ] . D imen s ion s : t h e d i ame te r w a s f r om 1 8 .3 - 1 9 .8 m ( 60 -65 f t . ) a nd t h e w a l l 4 . 0 -4 . 3 m( 1 3 14 f t . ) t h ick . T he r e a r e f a in t s ugge s t ion s o fa n o u te r w a l l o r o fo u tbu i ld ing s . A q uer n" of P i c t i sh t y pe" w a sr e cove r ed f r om t h el o ch n ea rby [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NE 1 7 : 2 . F ra se r 1 924 , 2 5 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 80 , 2 53 -4 : 4 .H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 8 6 : 5 .C lou s ton 1 84 1 , 5 4 -5 : 6 .F ra se r 1 924 ,2 5 . . HY21 4 CASTLE BLOODY HY /251129 P o s s ib le b roch i n S t romne s s t h e r ema in s o fw h ich w e r e r emoved b y c u l t iva t ion af ew y ea r s b ef o r e 1 880 [ 1 ] ; n o t r a ce s a r ev i s ib le n ow e xcep t al a rge k no l l . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 2 1 S E3 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 9 4 1 , 3 27 . HY21 5 CU M M I HO WE HY /2824 1039 P o s s ib le b roch c l o se t ot h e s ho re i nS t enne s s ; t h e s i te i sa m ound s how ing m any t r ace s o fs t onewo rk a nd t h ew ho le o f t h ew e s ts i de h a sb een e r oded b yt h es e a . P a r to f ac i r cu la r w a l l -e i the r t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce o r t h e i n ne r f a ce o f a m u ra l g a l le ry - i sv i s ib le o nt h e s ou th s i de a nd s how se i gh t c ou r se s o fs t onewo rk [ 1 ] . T he re w a s a l so as ma l l s t ruc tu r e n ex t t o t h e m a in w a l l w i th a p a s sage i n i t[ 2 ] , n ow i n v i s ib le . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 S E 1 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 8 72 ,2 98 . 2 18

HY21 6 THE HO WE ( `H i l lock o f H owe ' , ' Howe o f H owe ' , ` Ca i r s ton ') HY /2759 1092 R oundhouse , d un , s o l id -ba sed p robab le ' broch ' a nd l a ter P ic t i sh v i l lage o n f a rm land i nS t romne s s . T h i s w a s o r ig ina l ly a c on sp icuou s g r een mound w h ich w a s c l a s sed a s ap robab le b r och b y t h e C omm is s ion [ 4 ] h av ing b een p a r t ia l ly e xcava ted i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry w h en i tp roduced m any f i nd s s ome o fw h ich w e re p re sen t ed t ot h e N a t iona l Mu seum [ 3 , 8 ] . N o c ohe ren t e v idence f o r s t one b u i ld ing s s e em s t o h ave b een r e cove r ed a t t ha t t i m e . S y s tema t ic e xcava t ion s ( unde rt h e l e ad e r sh ip o fJ ohn H edges t ob eg in w i th )t ook p l ace b e tween 1 978 a nd 1 982 [ 7 ] a nd r evea led a c omp lex s equen ce o f d ry s t one s t ruc tu r e s -d a t ing f r om N eo l i th ic t o P i c t i sh t ime s -a nd i n c lud ing t wo s ucce s s ive b roch l ike b u i ld ing s ( I l l s . 5 . 13 -22 ) ( e xcava t ion v i s i ted i n J u ly 1 980 ) . I n t e rm s o f s c a le a nd t ho roughness t h i s w a s o ne o f t h e l a rge s t a nd mo s t e xpen s ive e xcava t ion s e v e ru nde r taken i n S co t land , a nd i th a s p rov ided as equence o fs t ruc tu r e s a nd a r tef ac t s w h ich i so n ly m a tched i n I r on A ge S co t land b y t h a t a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) . T he i n f o rma t ion g a ined s e em s l i ke ly t o r e vo lu t ion i se o u r u nde r s tand ing o f t h e n o r th A t lan t ic I r on A ge [ 1 4 ] . Ap o in t o f m a jo r i mpo r tance i s t h a t , s i nce t h e s i t e w a s t o b e d e s t royed , a c omp le t e e xcava t ion c ou ld b e c a r r ied o u t ; t h e r e w a s n o p rob lem a bou t r emov ing t h e l a te r s t ruc tu re s t o e xam ine t h e e a r l ie r o ne sf u l ly . T he w o rk h a s b een r e po r ted o n i ng rea t d e t a i l [ 1 3 ] a nd t h e a u tho r h a s r e v iewed t h i s w o rk e x ten s ive ly [ 1 4 ] . A s umma ry i st h e ref o re s e em s s uf f ic ien t h e r e , t oge the r w i th a n i n d ica t ion o fw he r et h e a u tho r ' u nde r s tand ing o ft h e s i t e d i f f e r s t e n ta t iv e ly f r om t h a t p r e sen ted i nt h e r epor t . T he m a in p ha se s o f t h e s i te 's d eve lopmen t a r e s hown i n I l . 5 . 13 . 1 . T he e xcava t ion s 1 . 1 C on t inu i ty w i th t h ep a s t? T he I r on A ge b u i ld ing s w e r e p l an ted o n t h e r u in s o ft wo s upe r impo sed N eo l i th ic c hambe red t omb mo s t o f t h e d e ta i l s o f w h i ch m ay b e i g no red h e r e . H oweve r t h r ee a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s o f t h e N eo l i th ic s t r uc tu re s s e em t o h ave i nf luenced t h e d e s ign o ft h e l a te rb u i ld ing s , t os u ch a n e x ten tt h a t i tm ay b e a r gued t h a tt h e re w a s , i fn o t c omp le te c u l tu ra l c on t inu i ty b e tween t h e t wo p e r iod s ( a n i d ea r e nde red d ub iou s b y t h e c omp le te ly d if e r en t m a te r ia l c u l tu r e o ft h e l a te r p e r iod s ) , t h en a tl e a s t am a jo r a t temp t b y t h e I r on A g e s e t t le r s t o r e f e r b ack t ot h e much o l de r r e l ig iou s s i te i ns eve ra l i mpo r tan t w ay s . I tm ay b e f u r the r a r gued t h a t t h e I r on A ge s i te i t s e lf may h ave b een - b o th b ecau se o f i t s s i t ing a nd b ecau se o f t h e d e l ibe ra te l i nk s w i th t h e N eo l i th ic a r ch i tec tu re - mo r e c e r emon ia l t h an d ef en s ive [ 1 4 ] . T he re a r e m o r e c ommen t s o n t h is t h eme i n t h e D i scu s s ion s e c t ion . T he f i r s t l i nk w i th t h e d e s ign o ft h e N eo l i th ic s i te i sb a s ic . T he s t one p a s sage g r ave ( t he s e cond t omb ) w a s c on ta ined w i th in a mound o f c l ay l ike s o i l w h ich w a s i t s e lf s u r rounded b y ad i tch c u t i n to t ha t s ame s ub so i l . I ti s

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

p oss ib le t h a t t h e p a s sage g r ave s u rv ived i n ta c t u n t i l t h e f i r s t I r on A ge o ccupa t ion ( Pha se 4 ) , o ri tm ay h ave b een i n r u in s l o ng b ef o re ; h oweve r t h e b u i lde r s o f t h e P ha se 5 r oundhou se ( b e low ) s i ted t h e s t ruc tu r e o n t h e r ema in s o f t h e c l ay m ound ( af t e r t h e p a s sage g r ave h ad b een l a rg e ly r emoved ) a nd c l ea r ed o u t t h e d i t ch . T he u n s tab le c l ay f ounda t ion r e su l ted i nc o l lap se so ft h er oundhou se w a l lb u t t h is d id n o t d e te r s ub sequen t b u i lde r s f r om u s ing e xa c t ly t h e s ame u n su i tab le s i te f o rt h e i rm u ch h eav ie rb u i ld ing s . I nt h e s e cond p l ace t h el o ng , a lmo s ts t ra igh te n t rance o ft h e p a ssage g r ave s eem s t o h ave d e t e rm ined t h e p o s i t ion ing a nd a l ignmen t o f t h e e n t rance s o f t h e t h ree s ucce s s ive r ound I r on A ge b u i ld ing s w h ich u s ed t h e s ame p a s sage p av ing f o r t h e i r e n t rance s . T hu s t h e c i r cu la r b u i ld ing s t h em se lve sw e re l a id o u ta r ound v e ry s im i la rc en t re s . T he t h i rd l i nk w i th t h e p a s t i st h e c hambe r b e low g round l e ve l w h ich f o rmed p a r t o ft h e p a s sage g r ave , t h ough h ow i tw a s r oof ed t h en i sn o tk nown . T h i s r ema ined o pen a sa s or t o fc e l la r , a nd q u i te f r ee o fo ccupa t ion d eb r i s o r o t he r c l u t ter , i n s ide t h e r ound b u i ld ing s t h roughou t mo s t o ft h e I r on A ge o ccupa t ion o ft h e s i te e xcep t P ha se 8 . A t o ne p o in t i tw a s e x tended a nd t ur n ed i n to s ome th ing mo re l i ke a n I r on A g e s ou te r ra in , w i th u p r igh ts t one s l ab s s uppo r t ing t h e r oof s l ab s . T he p henomenon o fe l abo ra te u nde rg round c hambe r s i nI r on A ge O rkney - m o s t ly ' we l l s ' i n s ide o r n ex t t o b r och s b u t i n c lud ing t h e e x t rao rd ina ry M inehowe s i te o n al ow h i l l top - s e em st ob eu n ique a nd m ay r e qu i re ac e remon ia lr a the rt h an ap r ac t ica le xp lana t ion . 1 . 2P ha se 5 :t h ee a r ly I r on A ge r oundhou se Af te r s ome i l -unde r s tood e a r ly I r on A ge a c t iv i ty t h e f i r s t r e a sonab ly w e l l d ef ined b u i ld ing d e tec ted w a s ad ef ended s t one r oundhou se w i th a m a s s ive s t one w a l l w h ich h ad b een a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t roy ed b y l a te r a c t iv i ty ; t h i s w a s a ppa r en t ly p ro tec ted b y , a nd t h e r ef o r e c on tempo ra ry w i th , a n o u te r d ef ence w o rk c on s i s t ing o f ac l ay -co red r ampa r t w i th a r ock -cu t d i tch o u t s ide i t( wh ich , a s n o ted , a r e t he r ema in s o ft h e c l ay m ound a nd s u r round ing d i tch o f t h e N eo l i th ic p a ssage g rave ) . T he se o u two rk s a r e r e f e r red t o a s t h e " r ing -f o r t" i ns ome o ft h e i n te r im r e po r t s . T he r oundhou se - w i th a n i n ter na l d i ame te ro fc . 7m - h ad a n u nde rg round c e l la r , o r e a r th h ou se , a t tached w h ich w a s r e ached b y av er t ica l s haf t i ni tf l oo r . Two r ad ioca rbon d a te s i n t h e 5 th c en tu ry b . c . w e r e o b ta ined f o r t h i s o ccupa t ion ; t h ey w e re 4 30 + 5 0b . c . ( GU 1 799 ) a nd 4 55 + 7 0 b . c . ( GU 1 789 ) . 1 . 3 P ha se 6 :t h ed un A ppa ren t ly t h e r oundhou se o f P ha se 5 e ven tua l ly c o l lap sed , t h e o u te r f a ce s l id ing d own t h e s l ope o f t h e mound a nd t h e i n ne rf a ce s h if t ing a st h ec l ay b e low s e t t led . I tw a s d i sman t led a nd r e p la ced b y a no the r" r oundhou se o r b roch" ; t h i s b u i ld ing h ad a w a l l 3 . 5 m t h ick w h ich s u rv ived t o ah e igh t o fu p t o 2m . I tc on ta ined t wo i n t ra mu ra l s t a i r s , e ach as ho r t c l ockw i s e f l igh t . T he e n t rance w a s 2 . 1 ml o ng a nd h ad s ome k i nd o f" open -backed" c e l l o n e i the rs i de o fi t( I l l . 5 . 14 ) . T he i n te r io rw a sd i v ided b y s t one p a r t i t ion s i n to ( 1 ) a n o u te r z one o f p aved r a d ia l r oom s o rb ay s a nd ( 2 ) ac en t ra l a r ea w i th t h e h ea r th . T he

e a r th h ou se o f P ha se 5 r ema ined i nu se . P o s t -ho le s i n a r ough c i r c le w e r e d i scove r ed b e long ing t o p ha se w h ich c ou ld h ave s uppo r ted a r oof , w i th p e rhap s a l so a t imbe r g a l le ry ( I l l . 5 . 14 ) . AC 14 d a te o f3 05 + 95 b . c . ( GU 1 758 ) w a so b ta ined f o rt h i sp ha se [ 7 ] . 1 . 4 P ha se 7 :T he ` b roch ' T he i n te r io r o f t h e r oundhou se w a s c l ea r ed a nd t h e a r ea b e tween i ta nd t h e o u te r r ampa r t w a s l e ve l led . A' b roch ' w i th aw a l l 5 . 5 mt h ick w a s b u i l t o ve r t h e r ema in s o ft h e r oundhou se , t h e o l d e n t rance b e ing r e -u sed ; t h e c e l l a nd i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r i nt h e w e s t w e r e r e bu i l t . H oweve r e a r ly i ni t sc on s t ruc t ion t h en ew b u i ld ing c o l lap sed i nt h e w e s tp r e sumab ly b ecau se o ft h e u n s tab le c l ay f ounda t ion s -a nd t h i s c au sed t h e c e l l a nd t h e s t a i r ca se t h e re t o l o se t h e i r r oof s , t h ough mu ch o ft h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h eb roch r ema ined i n tac t . T he o u te r f a ce w a s r e bu i l t a nd t h e c e l l w a s r e f l oo red a nd b u t t r e s sed . T he n ew c en t ra l c ou r t c on s i s ted o f ac en t ra l a r ea 4 m i n d i ame te r c on ta in ing t r a ce s o f ah ea r th i nt h e m idd le ; t h e o u te r a r ea c omp r i sed , i nt h e n o r th a nd e a s t , t h e c u rved p a s sage h ou s ing t h e e a r th h ou se s haf t a nd , o n t h e s ou th a nd w e s t , t h ree b ay s -t wo " l idded" ( p re sumab ly r oof ed w i th s t one s l abs ) a nd o ne o pen . T he w e s t c e l l a nd mu ra l s t a i r w e re b l ocked u p b ecau se o f i n s tab i l i ty a nd w e r e r e p la ced b y a n i n ter na l s t a i r b u i l t a tt h e e nd o ft h e c u rv ing p a s sage . S i x s t one h ou se s w e r e b u i l t n ex tt ot h e b roch o n t h e e a s t , s ou th a nd w e s t s i de s ( on e i the r s i de o ft h e b roch e n t rance ) a nd w i th in t h e o u te r r ampa r t ; t h ey w e r e a ppa r en t ly c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e f i r s tp ha se o ft h eb roch 's o ccupa t ion r a the r t h an b e ing s e conda ry o u tbu i ld ing s . T he re w a s a l so a p aved c ou r tya rd i n f r on t o f t h e b roch e n t rance a nd a n e x ter na l c e l led d oo rway w a s a dded t ot h e e n t rance . S eve ra l C 14 d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f o r m a te r ia l o fP ha se 7 : 1 20 + 5 0 b . c . ( GU 1 750 ) f o r t h e e nd o ft h e m a in b roch v i l lage , AD 1 5 +5 5 ( GU 1 788 ) f o r a n e a r ly e p i sode o f b u rn ing i n s ide t h e b roch , 2 5 +5 5 b . c . ( GU 1 786 ) f o r al a te b u rn ing i n s ide t h e b roch a nd a . d . 2 80 + 6 5 ( GU 1 787 ) f o r aw o rk shop f l oo ri nt h e NE o u tbu i ld ing . 1 . 5 : l a te rP ha se 7a nd P ha se 8 : T he o u tbu i ld ing s w e re mod if ied i nv a r iou s w ay s a s t ime w en t o n a nd t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e b roch t owe r c o l lap sed a ga in s eve re ly i n t h e w e s t a nd v a r iou s s ho r ing u p o pe ra t ion s t ook p l a ce . T he i n te r io r w a s r e la t ive ly u ndamaged a nd w a s r e -occup ied a s aw o rk shop e qu ipped w i th k i ln s o ro ven s a nd a l so u sed f o rp o t te ry a nd s t one t oo l m anuf ac tu re . T he f i na l c o l lap se o ft h e b roch w a l l b l ocked i t s e n t rance a nd a cce s s t h e reaf t e rw a s o ve rt h e w a l l h ead a nd d own t h e i n te rna l s t a i r ca se o f P ha se 7 . S ome f u r the r w o rk shop a c t iv i ty t ook p l a ce b u t mo re r ubb le f a l l s c au sed t h e r u ined b u i ld ing t ob e a bandoned . F u r the r a c t iv i ty t o ok p l a ce i n t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd c on t inued o n i n to P i c t i sh t ime s w hen n ew d we l l ing s w e re b u i l t o n t o p o f t h e o r ig ina l o u tbu i ld ing s . Two C 14 d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f o r t h i s l a te s t p e r iod - AD 3 85 + 4 5 ( GU 1 749 ) a nd AD 5 00 + 5 0 ( GU 1 757 ) .

2 19

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 . 6F ind s : ( 1 )p o t te ry O n ly ab r ief s umma ry o ft h es u cce s s ion o fm a te r ia l c u l tu r e s c an b e g i ven h e re [ 1 3 ] . T he a ppend ice s i nt h e r e por t w h ich s hou ld b e s t ud ied c a r ef u l ly b y t h o se i n te r e s ted p rov ide n ume rou s p a ra l le l s f o r t h e p o t te ry a nd t h e o t he r a r tef ac t s . S t r ik ing i st h e n umbe r o fe xo t ic look ing b ronze p in sa nd b rooche s . L a te B ron ze A ge /e a r ly I r on A g ep o t tery . I ti sd i ff icu l tt o g e t ac l ea r i d ea o ft h e w a r e s p r e sen t a tH owe ( e xcep t f r om t h e d raw ing s ) b ecau se o ft h e h ab i t o fd e sc r ib ing t h e s he rd s b y t h e i r s epa ra te c ha rac te r i s t ic s , s uch a s f o rm , f a b r ic a nd d eco ra t ion . R e la t ive ly f ew f i nd s w e r e r e cove r ed f r om P ha se s 4a nd 5 a nd i n p a r t icu la r n o c l ea r ly c a r ina ted p o t te ry , l i ke t h a t f ound i n t h e e a r l ie s t r oundhou se s i n O rkney ( HY20 4 , HY44 8& HY41 5 ) , w a s i d en t if ied . O ne s u ch s h e rd i sc l a imed : [ 1 3 , I l . 1 39 , n o . 6 956 ] b u t t h e ` c a r ina t ion ' i sb a re ly p e rcep t ib le . H oweve rt h e r e i sa no the r c ha rac te r i s t ic L BA /E IA p o t te ry f r om m a in land S co t land , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fw h ich e x tend s i n to C a i thne s s , o fw h ich af ew s h e rd s t ur ned u p i nP ha se 5 d epo s i t s a tH owe [ 1 3 , I l . 1 4 1 , n o s . 6 410 a nd 4 400 ) . T h i s i s as ma l le r a nd mo re d e l ica te v e s se l , o rj a r , o ft h e p l a in , g r i t ty D unago i l w a r e mo s t o ft h e r e s idue s w h ich a r e i nt h e f o rm o fb a r r e l shaped u rn s . O the r p a ra l le l s a r e l i s ted [ 1 3 , 2 4 1 ] . T he re i sa l so s ome th ing l i ke ar ough ly m ade a nd c r ude f o rm o f as ma l l E ve r ted R im j a r [ 1 3 , I l . 1 41 , n o . 7 083 ] . M idd le I r on A ge p o t te ry . Mo s to ft h e s he rd s f r om t h el a te r s t ra ta c ame f r om P ha se 7 ,t h e o ccupa t ion o f' B roch 2 ' [ 1 3 , T ab le 7 0 ] . V e ry r a r e a r e t h e s t anda rd E ver ted R im j a r s o f t en f ound o n S he t land a nd H eb r idean s i te s ; t h e t op t wo p o t s i n I l . 1 52 [ 1 3 ] m igh t b e e xamp le s . Many o f t h e d i agno s t ic s h e rd sa ppea rt oc ome f r om v e s se l sw i th i n c i sed d eco ra t ion [ 1 3 , I l . 1 46 & 1 48 -49 ) q u i te s im i la r t o V au l w a re v a se s f r om t h e We s ter n I s le s . T he se a r e r a re i n O rkney ; s i te s l i ke G ur n e s s a nd M idhowe y i e lded m a in ly p l a in w a r e a nd u n t i l n ow t h e o n ly t wo s i te s w h ich h ave g i ven i n c i sed w a re i na ny q uan t i ty h ave b een A y re ( HY40 1 )a nd L ing row ( HY40 2 ) . A no the r q u i te c ommon s t y le i s av e r s ion o ft h e E ve r ted R im j a r w i th n eck -band d eco ra t ion , c ommon i nS he t land , a l though a tH owe t h e s ha rp ly e ve r ted r im i sh a rd ly p r e sen t [ 1 3 , I l . 1 44 ] . A ga in a v a r ie ty o f p o s s ib le p a ra l le l s i s of e r ed [ 1 3 ,2 50 ] .

p a t ter n s [ i b id . , I l . 1 30 , n o . 4 822 & I l . 1 31] . S im i la r i mp lemen t s w e re f ound a t L eck ie b r och , S t i r l ing sh i re ( NS69 3 ) . T he r e i sa l so al a te d i sc -head ed p in c ompa rab le t ot h e o ne f ound a tB u r ray E a s t( I l l . 5 . 148 ) . P o ten t ia l ly i mpo r tan tt o o a r et h e t wo e xamp le s o fl o ng i r on p in s w i th b a l l shaped h ead s -u sua l ly o fb one - o f ar a re t y pe . I nt h e f i r s tc a se o n ly t h eh ead r ema in s ,t h e i r on s h ank h av ing b ecome d e tached o r r o t ted a way ; t h e h ead i so f p o l i shed j e t [ 1 3 , I l . 1 07 , n o . 2 94 ] . T he o t he r ( f rom P ha se 7 ) i sc omp le te a nd t h e h ead i sa n o va l p a le g la ss b a l l [ 1 3 , I l . 9 0 , e ] . A b ronze r i ng -headed p i n o f n or th B r i t i sh t ype ( w i th a p ro jec t ing h ead ) c ome s f r om d epo s i t s o fP ha se 5 / 6 a nd i s t h ough t i n d i rec t ly t od a te t h e b u i ld ing ' B roch l 't op e rhap s t h e 1 s t o r 2n d c en tu r ie s BC , h e ld t ob e t h e e a r ly I r on A ge ; h oweve r t h e t y pe h a s av e ry l o ng l i f e s p an [ 14 , 2 4 -5 ] a nd o t he r s c ame f r om l a te r d epo s i t s [ 1 3 , I l . 1 33 & 1 34 ] , s o r e ly ing o ns uch p i n s f o r ad a te i su nw i se . T he l a te r s u ch p i n s i n c lude o ne w h ich s t rong ly r e semb le s t h e ' e lbow s t udded ' L a T ene f o rm ( w i thou t t h e p ro jec t ing h ead ) w h ich c an b e a se a r ly a s t h e 3 rd/ 4t h c en tu r ie s B C i n t h es ou th . O the r b ronze p i n s ( Pha se 7 ) i n c lude a l o ng o ne w i th a z oomo rph ic h ead t h e s haf t o f w h ich h a s b een t w i s ted l o ng i tud ina l ly [ 1 3 , I l . 1 33 , n o . 4 314 ] ; ag ood p a ra l le l ( b roken a nd w i thou t ah ead ) c ome s f r om Dun A rd t r eck , S kye ( MacK ie 2 002 , I l . 2 5 , n o . 4 4 ] . T he 4t h/ 5t h c en tu ry AD d a te f o r t h e t y pe ( Fow le r 1 963 , 1 0 3 ) s uppo r t s al a te d a te f o rt h em idd le I r on A ge o ccupa t ion a tt h e S kye s i t e . T he re t wo c omp le te p enannu la r f i bu lae a r e o f t h e z oomo rph ic t y pe w h ich a r e t h ough t t oh ave d eve loped i n t h e n o r th i nt h e 4t h a nd 5t h c en tu r ie s AD , p e rhap s b ecau se o f t h e i n f luence o f z oomo rph ic p in s l i ke t h e o ne j u s t m en t ioned . T he t e rm ina l s a r e a lmo s t i d en t ica l t ot h a t o f t h e p i n a nd i ti se x t r eme ly r a re t o f i nd b o th t y pe s o f or namen tt o ge the r . Two h igh ly u nu sua l b rooche s a r e t h e o ne f o rmed l i ke a n i n sec t w i th t i nned w ing s s p read o u t [ 1 3 , I l . 1 35 ] a nd aL a T ene 1f i bu la o ft h en a t ive B r i t i sh ` Swa l lowc l if f e ' s ub type f ound i n l a te P ha se 8 d epo s i t s . T he l a t te r mu s t b e a n h e i r loom a st h e t y pe , o fs ou the rn manuf a c tu re , c an h a rd ly b e l a te rt h an t h e3 rd c en tu ry BC . T he i n sec tb rooch s e em st ob eo fR oman m ake a nd i sl i ke ly t oh ave b een m ade i nt h e 2n d c en tu ry AD .

1 . 7 F ind s : ( 2 ) o t he ra r tef ac t s A s w i th t h e p o t te ry f i nd s o f o t he r t y pe s a r e r a re b ef o r e P ha se 7[ 1 3 , T ab le 5 7 ] .

Wha t i sp robab ly af r agmen t o f ab ronz e s p i ra l f i ng e rr i ng w a s a l so f ound [ 1 3 , I l . 1 32 , n o . 2 05 ] . I n s p i te o f t h e a ccompany ing c ommen t ( wh ich r e l ie s o n C la rke 1 97 1) t h e w r i te rk now s o fn o s u ch r i ng s i nt h en o r th w h ich a r ee a r l ie r t h an t h e m idd le I r on A ge ( t ha t i s , e a r l ie r t han a bou t t h e d, + is t 2n / c en tu r ie s BC ) . Whe the r t h e o ne s f o und a tG u rne s s a r e o fN o r se d a te ( a s i sa l so s ugge s ted , f o l low ing H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 8 7 ) i sh i gh ly d eba tab le , a l though o fc ou r se i ti s p o s s ib le t h a tI r on A ge f i nge rr i ng sw e r ei nu se a sh e i r loom s f o r al o ng t ime .

Me ta l : an umbe r o fu nu sua l i r on o b jec t s w e re f ound [ 1 3 , I l . 1 30 ] , i n c lud ing a s ma l l p a i r o ft weeze r s , 2d eco ra ted p i n s , a n a lmo s t i n tac t r a zo r b l ade s e t i n ap o l i shed b one h and le [ i b id . n o . 5 319 ] , s ome k n if e b l ade s ( i nc lud ing o ne w i th a n a lmo s t c omp le te t a ng w i th a s ma l l b one p omme l [ i b id . I l . 1 30 , n o . 5 165 ] ) a nd t wo s ma l l c h i se l s , o ne o f w h ich m ay h ave b een a c ha se r f o r c u t t ing o rnamen ta l

2 20

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

A p a i r o fs ma l l b ronze t weeze r s w a s f ound t oge the r w i th t wo b ronz e n eed le s [ 1 3 , I l . 1 36 , n o s . 1 68 & 4 414 ] . T he t weeze r s a r e s im i la r t o t h e i r on o ne s ( a bove ) a nd , b e ing r a re i nt h en or th , c ou ld b e c op ie s o fR oman o ne s . O ne o f t he n e ed le s r e semb le s t h a t f ound a tD un A rd t r eck , S kye , wh ich i st h ough t t ob e R oman o n t h e b a s i s o ft h e g roove b e low t h e e ye (Ma cK ie 2 002 , I l s . 2 8 &2 5 , n o . 4 1 ] . T he Howe e xamp le b yc on t ra s td oe sn o ts how a ny g roove i nt h e d raw ing . G la s s o b jec t s i n c luded p i ece so fR oman v e s se l s [ 1 3 ,2 34 & I l . 1 38 ] , a nd a R oman i n tag l io f r om a l a te ( Pha se 9 ) h or izon ;t h e l a t te ri sc a rved w i th a ne ag le a nd w a sp robab ly made i nt h e m idd le o ft h e 2I' d c en tu ry . L ike m any o t he r R oman o b jec t s i td oub t le ss b ecame a n h e i r loom . N a t ive g la s s i n c luded s eve ra l b ead s , t wo b e ing l a rge f r agmen t s o f t h ick r i ng b ead sw i th c o lou red i n lay [ 1 3 , 2 34 -5 & I l . 1 38 ] ; av e ry s im i la re xamp le w a sf ound a tD un Mo rV au l [ NM04 4 ] . T he r e w e re a l so t wo s ma l l , o paque , y e l low a nnu la r b ead s o ft h e s t anda rd m idd le I r on A ge t y pe , f ound i nm any b roch s , a nd a n u npe rf o ra ted d umb b e l l o b jec t , p r e sumab ly ab ead . T he l a s t i sv e ry l a te , f r om P ha se 9 ,b u t as im i la r o b jec tw a s f ound a tL eck ie b roch i nS t i r l ing sh i re w he r e i t w a s w e l l d a ted t o t h e l a te 1s t o r t h e 2 nd c en tu ry AD (MacK ie 1 985 ) . O ft h e s t one i mp lemen t s t h e m o s t i n te r e s t ing a r e p e rhap s t he r o ta ry q ue rn s o fw h ich t h e n ew d raw ing s m ade b y t h e w r i te r a r e g i ven a ga in h e re ( I l l . 5 . 15 ) ( MacK ie 1 998 , 2 6 3 1) . O fp a r t icu la r i n te re s t a r e t h e t wo w i th r a d ia l h and le s l o t s - as ou thern E ng l i sh a nd n o r th -we s t F rench t y pe . S add le q ue rn s w e r e a l so f ound w h ich a ga in s ugge s t s t h a t b o th k i nd s o fg r ind ing m i l l w e r e i nu se s imu l taneou s ly a t s ome s i t e i nt h e m idd le I r on A ge ; i n deed t h er o ta r ie s w e r e o u t -numbe red b y t h e s add le s t on e s i n l a te P ha se 8 [ 1 3 , 2 07 ] . T he re i s ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a t o ne f r agmen t o f ar o ta ry q ue rn d a t e s b ack t ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge b u t i ti sn o t I l t ra ted [ 13 , T ab le 5 3 ] .

T he q ue s t ion o ft h e n a tu re o f' B roch 1 'a nd ' Broch 2 'h a s b een d i scu s sed a t s ome l e ng th t h e r e ; n e i the r b u i ld ing m a s s ive , r ound a nd b roch l ike i np ropo r t ion s t h ough t h ey a r e - p roduced a ny e v idence f o r t h e h o l low -wa l led a r ch i tec tu re o ft h e t owe r b roch s . N e i the r w a s t h e r e c l ea r d a t ing e v idence t h a t ' B roch 1 'b e longed t ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge a nd t hu sp rov ided e v idence t os uppor tt h ee vo lu t ion o f t h e b roch s i nO rkney f r om t h e r oundhou se s o ft h a t p e r iod . ' B roch 1 ' c anno t r e a l ly b e p u shed b ack b ef o re t h e 1s t c en tu ry BC o rt h e i s t AD . I ndeed t h e u n s tab le c l ay u nde r ly ing t h e c en t ra l b u i ld ing s r e su l ted i nt h e p a r t ia l c o l lap se o fa l t h ree r ound b u i ld ing s e r ec ted o n i t ; mo r eove rt h e c o re o ft h ew a l l o ft h e m a s s ive ' B roch 2 ' w a s a l so p a r t ly o f c l ay r e nde r ing i tq u i te u n su i tab le t ob e t u rned i n to ah i gh t owe r . T he re c an r e a l ly b e l i t t le d oub tt h a t H owe b roch 2w a s a n ' im i ta t ion b roch ' - ar e la t ive ly l ow -wa l led s t ruc tu r e t h e d e s igne r s o fw h ich c op ied s ome a spec t s o f b roch a r ch i tec tu r e b u t c ou ld n o t b u i ld - o rd i dn o tw i sh t ob u i ld - ah i gh t owe r . T he s e cond p o in t h a s a l so b een d ea l t w i th a ts ome l e ng th [ 1 4 , 3 i f . ] . I ti sp o s s ib le t om ake o u t as t rong c a se t h a t H owe t h roughou t t h e I r on A ge w a s a sm uch ac e remon ia l a s ad ef en s ive s i te , a nd t h a t i t s s i tua t ion o n t op o f a w recked N eo l i th ic p a s sage g rave ( r e su l t ing i n v e ry u n s tab le f ounda t ion s ) s how s t h a t i t w a s much mo r e i mpo r tan t t o h ave p hy s ica l c on t inu i ty w i th a n i mpo r tan t monumen t o f w ha t w a s e ven t h en a v e ry r emo te p e r iod t h an t oc on s t ruc ta ne f f ec t ive s t rongho ld . As t udy o ft h e f i nd s d oe s s e em t oc onf i rm t h i s c onc lu s ion . A l though t h e p o t te ry o n t h e w ho le s e em s t o h ave i n d igenou s O rkney o r ig in s t h e re a r e e nough r a re a nd u nu sua lm e ta l or namen t st os ugge s tt h a tt h e s i te h ad r egu la r l o ng d i s tan t c on tac t s w i th much mo re s ou the r ly r eg ion s o f t h e B r i t i sh I s le s . T ak ing a l l t h e se p o in t s t oge the r i tm ay n o t b e t oo f a nc if u l t os ugge s tt h a t H owe w a s av e ry a nc ien th o ly s i te w i th h i gh p r e s t ige a nd t h a t h igh s t a tu s p i lg r im s -p e rhap s p r ie s t s o r c h ief s o r b o th - c ame t o i tr egu la r ly f r om f a r a way f o r i mpo r tan tr e l ig iou sa nd p o l i t ica lr e a son s .

T he re a r e a l so f ou r f r agmen t s o fb r ace le t s , t wo o fj e t a nd t wo o fs t one , o f at y pe c ommon ly f ound o n S co t t i sh I r on Age s i t e s[ 1 3 , I l . 1 07 ] ; B one a r t ef ac t s w e re v e ry v a r ied b u t t h e s t anda rd t y pe s i n c lud e b o th l ong -hand led ' weav ing ' c omb s a nd l a te I r on Age c ompo s i te c omb s [ 1 3 , I l . 1 0 1 &1 00 ] . T he r ew a sa l so a n u nu sua l , s i ng le p i ece , s i ng le s ided r e c tangu la r h a i r c omb [ 1 3 , I l 1 00 ,n o .4 907 & I l , . 9 0 , a ] . Two c en t ra l ly p e rf o ra ted ' n e t t ing n eed le s ' w i th ap o in t a t e ach e nd a r e mo re l i ke ly t ob e f i sh g o rge s ( no t ' g ouge s ' ) [ 13 , I l . 9 5 , n os . 3 580 & 2 139 ] . A ny k i nd o fn eed le b y d ef in i t ion i sl ong , f a i r ly s l ende r a nd h a s t h e h o le f o r t h e t h read n ea ro ne e nd .

S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 S E4 1 : 2 . P .S .A .S 2 3( 1 888 8 9 ) , 2 38 ( f ind s ) : 3 . Ma rw ick 1 928 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 3 24 , n o . 9 2 1 : 5 . JH edge s e t a l . i n D i scove ry & E xcava t ion 1 979 , 2 4 : 6 . H edge s & B e l l 1 980 : 7 . S .Ca r te r e ta l . i nD i scovery & E xcava t ion 1 980 , 2 4 : 8 . B e l l , B& H a igh , Di nD i scove ry & E xca va t ion 1 981 , 2 5 : 9 . H a igh & Sm i th 1 982 : 1 0 . S . C a r te r e t a l . 1 984 : 1 . C u r is te r 1 923 , 5 0 : 1 2 . H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 9 2 -3 : 1 3 . B a l l in Sm i th ( e d . ) 1 994 : 1 4 . Ma cK ie 1 998 . HY21 7 HO WANS HY /252176 P o s s ib le b roch , r e f e r r ed t oa s a" b rough" [ 1 ] , i nS andw ick b u t n o c l ea r i n d ica t ion s o ft h e n a tu r e o ft h e s t ruc tu re h ave b een s e en . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NE 4 4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 7 46 , 2 7 1 .

2 .D i scu s s ion On ly a f ew a spec t s o f t h i s i mmen se ly c omp lex a nd i mpo r tan t s i te c an b e c ommen t ed o n h e re ; t h e w r i te r h a s a l ready o f f e red a n o verv iew o fi t s s i gn if icance e l sewhe r e [ 14 ] .

2 21

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

HY21 8 KNO WE OF REDLAND ( 'A non ' , ' B roch o f A n ion ' ) HY 2 659 1385 S i te o fp robab le b roch i nS t romne s s , e xcava ted b y F a r r e r a nd P e t r ie i n1 866 [ 1 ] . T he re i sn o th ing l ef tt os e e n ow [ 3 , 1 ] Ac i rcu la rw a l lw a s f ound " bu i l to fl a rge s qua re s t one s a nd o fg r ea tt h ickne s s a nd s t reng th , a nd a bou t 5 0 f t .( 1 5 .25 m ) i nd i ame te r ." A n e n t rance w a s f ound o nt h e e a s t . N ea rt h e c en t re o ft h e c ou r t w a s f ound ar o ck -cu t w e l l , c on ta in ing w a te r a nd e n te r ed b y as p i ra l s t one s t a i r w h ich d e scended 2 0 f t . ( 6 .1 m ) . Many a she s a nd b one s w e re f ound i nt h e b u i ld ing .

F ind s : w hen t h e b roch w a s d amaged a r une in scr ib ed s a nd s tone d i sc o ft h e V ik ing p e r iod w a s r e cove red [ 4 , f i g . 6 1 ] ; as t one w ho r l i sa l so r e po r ted [ 5 , 8 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NE 9 :2 . F r a se r 1 924 , 2 5 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 77 , 2 52 : 4 .O l sen 1 954 , 1 66 9 : 5 .H edge s e ta L 1 987 , 8 7 -8 : 6 .C u r s i t e r 1 923 , 5 0n o . 3 2 , 5 2 . HY21 1 2 VERRON 2( `Knowe o fV e r ron ' ) HY /231198 P o s s ib le b roch o n t h e s ho re i n S andw ick , o n t h e s ou th p o in t o f V e r ron G eo . T he re i sn o th ing n ow b u t m u ch q ua r r ied mound w h ich l o ok s a st hough i tc ove r s t h e r u in s o f as t one b u i ld ing . Am idden i sc l o se t ot h e s ou th s i de a nd h a sp roduced p o t she rd sa nd f ood r e f u se .

S tone f i nd s i n c lude a p ecked ' h and le h amme r ' , a n o va l h o led s t one a nd ap o s s ib le m a cehead . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 S E 3 2 : 2 . A nde r son 1 890 , 9 4 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o s . 9 39 & 9 42 , 3 27 : 5 . H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 9 3 -4 ) . HY21 9 LOCH OF CLU MLY ( ` B rough o fC lum l ie ' , ' C lum l ie ' ,C lum ly ' o rC lum ley ' ) HY /2517 1649 P robab le b roch i nS andw ick , s i ted a tt h e n or th -we s t e dge o ft h e l o ch o n al ow m a r shy p romon to ry w h ich m ay o nce h ave b een a n i s land . As t ony mound c on ta in s t h e r ema in s o ft h e b u i ld ing , w i th a n a ppa ren t o ve ra l l d i ame te r o f 1 9 .8 m ( 65 f t . ) , w h ich a r e much d e s t royed a nd t u rf -g rown . T race s o ft h e o u te rf a ce c ou ld b e s e en o nt h e n o r th -we s t i n 1 928 [ 2 ] ; t h i s i sn o l o nge rv i s ib le [ 1 ] . T race so f ap o s s ib le i n t ra -mu ra l c e l l a r e v i s ib le o n t h e w e s t . T he r e s e em t o h ave b een e xcava t ion s o n t h e s i te s ome t ime b ef o re 1 924 b u tn om o r ei n f o rma t ion i sa va i lab le [ 3 ,2 6 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NE 1( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 78 , 2 52 : 3 . F ra se r 1 924 ,2 5 : 4 . H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 8 7 . HY21 1 0 S CARRATA ING HY /276 176 P robab le b roch i n S andw ick , o n t h e w e s t s ho re o f t h e L och o fH an-a y i nw h ich a l i t t le o ft h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e c u rved w a l l c an b e s e en ; t h e w a l l t h ickne s s w a s e s t ima ted a t 4 . 0 m ( 1 3 f t . ) a nd t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r , f r om t h e se i n d ica t ion s , w a s t h ough t t ob e " unu sua l ly l a rge" . T ra ce s o fp robab le o u tbu i ld ing s a r e o n t h e s ou th s i de a nd o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de t h e re i s ac u rved o u te rr ampa r t . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NE 4 0 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 81 , 2 54 . HY21 1 S TACKRUE ( ` S take r row ' , ` Lyk ing ' ) HY /27051512 P robab le b roch i nS andw ick , t h e s ou th h a lf o fw h ich w a s c u t a way w hen t h e r oad w a s m ade , s ome t ime b ef o r e 1 881 [ 4 , 1 66 ] ; t wo s e c t ion s o ft h e w a l l w e re v i s ib le i n 1 928 a nd i n d ica ted a n i n te rna l d i ame te r o f 9 . 2 m ( 30 f t . ) a nd w a l l t h ickne s so fa tl e a s t4 . 0m( 1 3 f t . ) ; t h ew a l lp ropo r t ion w ou ld t h u sb ea tl e a s t4 7% . T he o u te rw a l l f a ce s how st h e u sua l b a t te r . Ac o rbe l led c e l l a bou t 1 . 7 m( 5f t . 6i n . )h i gh i ss unk i n to t h e i n te r io r f l oo r o f t h e b roch w i th a s ho r t f l igh t o f s t ep s l e ad ing d own i n to i t ; i tm ay h ave b een a w e l l .

2 22

I n 2 00 1 as ma l l r e scue e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t a tt h e e r od ing s i te a nd f ound m e ta lwo rk ing d eb r i s a nd t r a ce s o f s t ruc tu re s [ 3 ] . S ource s : 1 . HY 2 1 NW 2 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 82 , 2 54 . 3 .D i scovery & E xcava t ion 2 00 1 , 7 1-2 . HY 2 1 1 3 BROUGH OF B IGG ING HY /218157 U n l ike ly p o s s ib le b roch n ea rY e snaby , S andw ick , D e sp i te t h en ame o ft h i s s ho r ts ea p romon to ry n ot r a ce s o f ab roch l i ke s t ruc tu re h ave e ve r b een i d en t if ied , t h ough t h e n eck m ay o nce h ave b een d ef ended . S ou rce s : 1 .R CAH MS 1 946 1 ,2 69 , n o . 7 30 : 2 . C u r s i te r 1 923 , 5 2 . S quare HY22 HY22 1 KNO WE OF SKOGAR HY /26392340 P o s s ib le b roch i n B i r say a nd H a r ray , am ere h eap o f s t one s i nt h em idd le o f ac u l t iva ted f i e ld ; t h e o u ter f a ce o f t h e w a l l i se xpo sed o n t h e s ou th a nd s ou th -we s t t o ah e igh t o f 3o r 4c ou r se s a nd f o r a bou t4 -5 m ( 1 2 15 f t . ) [ 2 ] . T he w a l l f a ce s h ave n ow d i sappea r ed [ 1 ] . A r t ef ac t s l i ke s ome h amme r s tone s , ap e rf o ra ted s t one l oom -w e igh t , ap o s s ib le s t one v e s se l a nd a s add le q ue rn , w h ich c ou ld i nd ica te a b roch ,w e re n o t iced i n1 928 [ 2 ,4 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 2 S E 3 9 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 3 , n o . 2 8 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,1 6 , n o . 1 6 : 4 .H edge s e ta l 1 987 , 5 3 -4 . HY 2 22 LOCH OF HUNDLAND HY /297264 P o s s ib le b roch i n B i r say a nd H anmy , c l o se t o t h e e a s t s ho re o ft h e l o ch ; i tc on s i s t s o f a n a ppa ren t ly a r t if i c ia l m ound s ome 3m ( 9 f t . ) h i gh a nd 3 6 b y 2 4 m ( 1 18 b y 8 0 f t . ) . I ti sr e po r ted t o b e f u l l o f s t one s b u t n o s t ruc tu ra l d e ta i l sa r er e co rded . S ou rce s : 1 . O S c a rd HY 2 2 NE 2 6 : 2 . R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 8 , 1 6 . HY22 3 LOCH OF I SB ISTER HY /257233 S i te o f ap o s s ib le b roch o n as ma l l i s land i nt h e l o ch f r om w h ich ac au seway o fl a rge s t one s 6 5 ml o ng a nd 4 .6 m ( 1 5 f t . ) w ide , l e ad s t o t h e s ho r e . T he r e i sn o t r ace o f a s t ruc tu re o nt h ei s land [ 2 , 3 ] .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 2 2 S E 3 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 7 , 1 6 : [ 3 ] i nF ra se r 1 924 , 2 3 .

A ge t ime s .

HY22 4 OXTRO W ( 'Ox t ro ' , ` Haugh s te r H owe ' o r ` Ok s t row ' ) HY /25372678 ( v i s i ted 1 9 /7 /63 & i n1 985 ) A p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i n H a r ray w i th e xcep t iona l ly t h in w a l l s a nd s t and ing o n f l a t g round n ea ra l o ch ( I l l s . 5 . 23 , 5 . 24 & 5 . 26 -29 ) . Mr . L ea sk o fB oa rdhou se ( B i r say ) e mp loyed m en t o move ap i le o fs t ones i n 1 847 : h e f i r s t f o und m any c i s t g rave s a nd f o r tuna te ly G eo rge P e t r ie w a s a b le t o e xam ine t h em b ef o re t h ey w e re d e s t royed [ 2 ] . T hey w e re m ade o f f l ag s tone s a nd f r om 7 5 -9 0 c m( 2 .5 -3f t . ) l o ng a nd a bou t 4 5 cm ( 1 8 i n . ) w ide a nd d eep , a nd c on ta ined b u rn t b one s a nd a she s . A n " eag le" w a s s uppo sed t o h ave b een c u t b o ld ly i n to o ne o ft h e c ap s tone s b u t t h i s w a s b u i l t i n to a w a l l b ef o r e M r L ea sk c ou ld r e cove r i tf o r P e t r ie . O ne o f t h e c i s t s h ad a b ow l shaped s t one v e s se l w i th a she s a nd f r agmen t so fb one . P e t r ie c on t inued t h e e xcava t ion s b e low t h e se c i s t s a nd f ound t h er u in so f ac i r cu la rb u i ld ing , p robab ly ab roch ,t h e w a l ls o fw h ich w e re a tt h a t s t ag e s t i l l s t and ing u pt o 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t . ) h i gh ; t h e r u in s n ow s t and s c a r ce ly 6 0 c m ( 2 f t . ) a bove t h e s u r round ing f i e ld ( I l l . 5 . 28 ) . P e t r ie [ 2 ] a nd L a ing [ 3 ] s uppo sed t h a tt h e b roch b e long t ot h e S t one A ge a tt he l a t e s tb ecau se t h ey t hough tt h e c i s t s t ob e o fB ronze A ge d a te ; t h eb roch w a so fc ou r se i nr u in sa nd c ove red b y e a r th b ef o r et h e c i s t sw e r e i n ser ted i n to t h e " howe" . T h i s d i agno s i s w a s made i n s p i te o f t h e f a c t t h a t as he rd o f R oman S am ian w a re h ad b een f o und i n t h e b roch ( I l l s . 5 . 23 & 5 . 24 ) .

D imen s ion s . A cco rd ing t o P e t r ie t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r i s a bou t 2 1 .0 m ( 69 f t . ) , t h e i n te rna l d i ame te r e xcep t iona l ly l a rge a t 1 3 .7 m ( 45 f t . ) ; t hu s t h e w a l l s p ropor t ion i s u nu sua l ly l ow a t 3 4 .8% . Mea su remen t s f r om s ou th s ou th -we s t t o n o r th -no r th -ea s t i n 1 963 g ave a n o ve ra l l d i ame te ro f2 1 .8 m ( 7 1 f t . 7i n . ) a nd aw a l lt h ickne s s a tt h e l a t te r e nd o f3 . 8 m ( 12 .5 f t . ) ; t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion w ou ld t hu s b e 3 4 .9% . A ccu ra te m ea su remen t s o f t h e s u rv iv ing i n ne r w a l l f a ce i n 1 985 r e vea led t h a t t h e c en t ra l c ou r t i s c on s t ruc ted v e ry p rec i se ly a r ound at r ue c i rc le w i th m ean r ad iu s o f6 . 83 + 0 . 12 m , o r ad i ame te r o f 1 3 .66 m ( 44 .79 f t . ) F ind s ( I l l . 5 . 26 & 5 . 27 ) [ 5 ] : a l l a r eu n s t ra t if ied , s ome h ave n o tb een t r a ced [ 8 , 5 7 ] a nd t h e m o re i mpor tan t i n c lude t h e f o l low ing . B ron ze , 1 z oomo rph ic p ena rmu la r b rooch ( [ 3 f i g . 2 ] ; [ 4 f i g . 2 18 ] : GD 5 2 ) , 1d eco ra ted p i nw i th l o o se r i ng -head o f V ik ing a ge ( [ 9 , 1 48 -9 ] ) : [ 5f i g . o n 8 5 ] : [ 3 f i g . 2 : GD ] , 1 I r on A ge t a nka rd h and le [ 3f i g . 2 19 ; 1 0 p l . I X .2 : 1 2 2 , n o . 2 9 1 : GD ] a nd 1r i ng . S i lver : a f t e r t h e e xcava t ion a c y l ind r ica l p i ece o f s i lve r s ome 6 . 3 c m ( 2 .5 i n . ) l o ng a nd 1 . 9 c m ( 0 .75 i n . ) i n d i ame te rw a s f ound i nt h e w e l l b u tm e l ted d own ( [ 2 8 7 ] ) . B one o b jec t s i n c luded a tl e a s t 3l o ng -hand led c omb s ( GD 2 6 & 2 7 ) , 1f emu r -head w ho r l o r b u t ton ( GD 2 3 ) , a g l obu la r h ead o fa n i r on p i n ( GD 2 2 ) , 1r i ng ( GD 2 3 ) , a p i n w i th ad eco ra t ive t e rm ina l a nd ah i pped s hank , a nd a p o s s ib le s l o t ted h and le . S tone o b jec t s i n c lude l amp s , o ne o fw h ich s e em s t ob e a n i m i ta t ion o f aR oman l amp ( GD 9 ,1 0& 1 ) , s eve ra l " ve ry r ude" v e s se l s o f v a r iou s s i ze s , s eve ra l b ead s o r w ho r l s , i n c lud ing o ne d eco ra ted ( GD 1 9 ) ,5 h amme r s tone s , 1 p o l i shed d i sc 9 . 5 c m ( 3 .75 i n . ) i nd i ame te r , 1c h ipped d i sc 6 . 3 c m ( 2 .5 i n . ) i nd i ame te r , a nd 3w ho r l s . T he r e w a s a l so aP i c t i sh s ymbo l s t one .

P a r t o ft h e w a l l i nt h e w e s t a r c h ad b een d e s t royed b ef o re P e t r ie a r r iv ed a nd t h i s d oub t le s s c on ta ined t h e m a in e n t rance . A mu ra l s t a i r w a s u ncov e red a ta bou t 3o ' c lock , w i th as t a i r -f oo t c e l lt ot h e l ef ta nd s t ep sr i s ing t ot h e r i gh t . A l ong m u ra l c e l l w a s a t a bou t 1 o ' c lock w i th t h e d oorway t ot h e c en t ra l c ou r t a to ne e nd o fi ti n s tead o f , a s i s more u sua l , a t t h e c en t r e . A w e l l w a s f ound i n t h e c en t ra la r ea w i th ad ra in l e ad ing f r om i tt owa rd st h eb roken a r ea whe r et h ee n t rance p robab ly w a s( I l l . 5 . 25 ) . T he re w a s s upposed t oh ave b een a s t ra igh t w a l l r unn ing a c ro s s t h e i n ne r c ou r ta nd o ve r r id ing t h ew e l l : i tw ou ld t h e ref o re h ave b een as e conda ry i n ser t ion . A l so p robab ly s e conda ry w e r e s eve ra l r a d ia l s l ab s o n e dge a ga in s t t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce . D oub t sa bou tt h er e l iab i l i ty o ft h ed r aw ing so ft h e se f e a tu re o n t he s i t e p l an ( I l l . 5 . 23 ) h ave b een e xp r e s sed [ 8 , 5 6 ] . P a r to ft h ew a l lo ft h ec e l l i ss t i l lv i s ib le ( I l l . 5 . 29 ) .

P o t tery : a mong t h e s h e rd s f ound i sp r e se rved a n e ver ted r im ( GD 4 7 ) a nd t h e r im o f ac oa r se , g r i t ty u rn ( GD 5 0 ) . Ac omp le te l i s to ft h e f md sh a sb een c omp i led [ 8 : 9 ,5 7 ] . R oman f i nd s i n c luded h a lf t h e b a se o f aS am ian v e s se l o f t h e l a te 2 nd o r3 rd c en tu ry AD [ 63 95 ] . I n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum t h e re a r e a l so a s t one s p ind le w ho r l a nd ab one a w l f r om t h e s i te , p robab ly f r om t h e JW C u r s i te rc o l lec t ion ( B .19 14 .551 & 52 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 2 NE 4 : 2 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 7 6 -8 & 8 6 -7 : 3 .L a ing 1 867 , 6 4 : 4 .A nde r son 1 883 , 2 ,2 40 1 : 5 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 ( 1876 -77 ) , 8 6 -7 ( dona t ion s ) : 6 .J . C u r le , J .1 932 , 3 94 -5 : 7 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 , 1 1 3 &f i g . 6 7 : 8 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 5-8 ( i nc lud ing o t he r s ou r ce s n o t m en t ioned h e re ) a nd p l . 3 . 1 ( m s e l eva t ion s b y D ryden ) : 9 .G r ieg 1 940 : 1 0 . C o r co ran 1 952 : 1 . F ra se r 1 925 : 1 2 . MacG rego r 1 974 .

T he d a t e o ft h e b roch c an b e a s s igned t ow i th in t h e l i on A ge b ecau se o ft h e f r agmen t o fR oman p o t te ry i ff o r n o o the r r e a son . T he c i s t g rave s i n ser ted i n to i t s r u in s a r e t h erefo r e n o t B ronze A ge i nd a te b u t e ven l a te r t h an t h e b roch . T he " eag le" s uppo sed t oh ave b een s e en o n o ne o f t h e c ap s ton e s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e c eme te ry m ay h ave b een P i c t i sh , i np a r t a tl e a s t , b u t e ven s ot h e c r ema t ion s i n s ide t h e c i s t s , s ome t ime s i n p o t s , s ugg e s t t h a t av e ry a nc ien t f une ra ry t r ad i t ion h ad s u rv ived o n O rkney f r om p r e I ron

2 23

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

HY22 5 SKEABRAE HY /275202 P o s s ib le b roch i n S andw ick ; t h e f ounda t ions o f s ome i n de term ina te s t ruc tu re w e re o b se rved w hen t h e g round w a s c l ea red f o ra n a e rod rome i na bou t 1 940 [ 2 ] . . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 2 2 S E 4 : 2 . H . Ma rw ick 1 951 , 2 36 .

S ource s : I . RCAH MS 1 946 2 ,3 20 n o . 9 11 : 1 923 , 5 2 .

2 . C u r s i te r

HY31 2 BURR IAN 5( ` Loch o f B o squoy ') HY /309184 T he re i sn o a n t iqu i ty a tt h is p o in t wh ich w a s t hough tt ob e t h e s i te o f ab roch e xcava ted b y F a r re r i na bou t 1 868 [ 2 ] ; h oweve rt h a tb roch i s HY21 2 ( Bu r r ian 1 )o nt he e a s ts i de o ft h e l o ch . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 4 6 : 2 . J .W .Cu r s i te r 1 887 , 3 45 -6 .

HY22 6 TAFT ( `Knowe o fT af t ') HY /28362226 P robab le g round -ga l ler ied b roch i n B i r say a nd H a r ray w h ich w a s p a r t ly e xpo sed b y Mr D . S t ephen s ho r t ly b ef o re 1 882 [ 2 ] . T he r u in s w e re i n s ide amound 3 . 1 m ( 10 f t . ) h igh a nd t h e re w e re s ma l l s qua re s t one c i s t s i nt h e e a r th a r ound i t sb a se . P a r to ft h ew a l l o ft h e s uppo sed b roch w a s f ound , w i th al i n te l led p a ssage r unn ing a l ong i t ; t h i s w a s t r aced f o ra bou t 1 0 m( 30 f t . ) , a f t e rw h ich t h e s t ruc tu re w a s i n r u in s , p robab ly b ecau se o f s t one r obb ing . T he d esc r ip t ion o ft h e " pa s sage" s ugge s t s t h a t t h e b roch m ay h ave b een a ne xamp le o ft h eg round -ga l le r ied t ype .

HY31 3 BURNESS ( `Chape l Knowe ' ) HY /38811556 T h is p robab le b roch i n F i r th s t and s n ea r t he P o in t o f B ackaquoy . I th ad b een q ua r r ied r e cen t ly when v i s i ted b y t h e C omm is s ion a nd v a r iou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu res h ad t h e r eby b een r evea led ( I l l . 5 . 30 ) .

F ind s r e cove red d u r ing t h ese o pe ra t ion s i n c luded a f r agmen t o f ap robab le a rm le t o f b lue g l a s s w i th w h i te s t r ipes . T he re w e re a l so 2 s ma l l p i eces o f r ed R oman S am ian p o t te ry , s ome s he rd s o fn a t ive w a re , as ma l l c l ay c r uc ib le , s eve ra l f r agmen t s o fh aema t i te , p i eces o fq ue rn s ( p resumab ly r o ta ry b u t t ype n o t s pec if i ed ) . T hese f i nd s s e ems t o h ave c ome f r om t h e b roch r u in s r a the r t h an t h e c i s t s . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 2 2 S E 8 : 2 . Wa t t 1 882 , 4 49 5 0 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 5 , 1 6 ; 4H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 5 4 -5 .

S quare HY30 HY30 1 H ILLOCK OF BRECKNA HY /353051 P o s s ib le b roch i nO rph i r , c on s is t ing ah i l lock s ome 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t . ) h i gh o n t h e s ho re o f Swanb is te r B ay , o n as ma l l p en in su la . S can ty t r ace s o f ar u ined b u i ld ing c an b e s e en b e low t h et u rf , i n c lud ing al e ng th o fc u rved i n ne rw a l l f a ce a nd ap o s s ib le f r agmen to f ac o r respond ing o u te ro ne . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 0 NE 1 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 4 86 , 1 75 -6 : 3 . O ld S ta t i s t ica lA ccoun t , x i x ,4 17 .

S quare HY31 HY31 1 B IG HO WE HY /308125 S i te o f p o ss ib le b roch i n S t ennes s , b e tween t h e S t enne ss s t one c i rc le a nd t h e p a r i sh c hu rch . T he re u sed t o b e a mound a tt h i s s i te b u t i tw a s l e ve l led n ea rt h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 2 0t h c en tu ry a nd a ppa ren t ly w a s t h en f ound t o b e a b roch [ 1 ,2 ] . No f u r the r i n f orma t ion i sa va i lab le . T he re a r et h ree f r agmen t so fp o s s ib le w he t s tones i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum , f r om ' B ighowe , S t ennes s ' , w h ich s e em t ob e f r om t h e s i te ; t h ey a r e p robab ly p a r t o f t h e JW C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion ( B .1914 .707 ) .

2 24

S ign s o f as ca rcemen t l e dge w e re v i s ib le o n as t r e tch o f i n ne r w a l l f a ce o n t h e e a s t w h ich e x tended f o r 4 . 3 m( 14 f t . ) a nd r o se u p t o 2 . 7 m ( 9 f t . ) a bove t h e d eb r i s i nt h e i n te r io r [ 4 ] . As e conda ry w a l l a bou t0 . 6 m( 2 f t . )t h ick w a s b u i l t a ga in s t t h i s f a ce . T he re i sa l so a s ma l l mu ra l c e l l w i th al i n te l led d oo rt ot h e i n ter ior w h ich h as av o id a bove i t0 . 84 m ( 2f t . 9i n . )h igh a nd 0 .6 m ( 2f t . )w ide . I n 1 922 a n i n c i sed s cu lp tu red s t one w a s f ound i nt h e r u ins o ft h is s i te d u r ing q ua r ry ing f o r s t one [ 2 : 4 , f i g . 7 2 , p l a te v i i : n o . 3 47 ] . Mo s t o f t h e i n c i sed d e s igns a r e o f a n u nce r ta in c ha rac te r b u t t h e re i s o ne h uman f i gu re a ppa ren t ly w ea r ing a g own d own t o t he k nee s [ 2 ] . V a r iou s f i nd s , i n c lud ing p o t sherd s a nd b oa r 's t u sk s , a r e r e co rded . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NE1 : 2 . Ma rw ick 1 924 : 3 . F ra se r 1 927 , 5 2 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 21 , 9 1-2 : 5 . H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 6 5 . HY31 4 BURR IAN 3 ( `Bu r r ian , C o r r iga l l ' , ` Bu r r ian b roch , H a r ray ' ) HY /32351937 A p robab le b roch i n s ide a l a rge m ound w h ich h a s s uf f e red f r om e x ten s ive q ua r ry ing ; as hor t s ec t ion o ft h e o u te rw a l l f a ce c an b e s e en o nt he n o r th -we s t , a bou t2 . 4 m ( 8 f t . ) l o ng a nd 1 . 4 m( 4 .5 f t . ) h igh i ns i x b a t tered c ou r ses o fd ry s t one m a son ry . O ne o rt wo o t he rb l ock s s ugge s ta n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o f 1 6 .2 m ( 53 f t . ) . T he re i s ad eep o u te r d i tch 1 0 .1 m ( 3 3 f t . ) a c ros s s uround ing t h e mound a bou t 1 2 .2 m ( 40 f t . ) o u t f r om i t s b a se , w i th p a r t o f ap o s s ib le o u te r e mbankmen t o n t h e w es t . T he re a re t r a ce s o f o u tbu i ld ing sb e tween b roch mound a nd d i tch . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 3 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,1 3 , n o . 1 2 : H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 7 0 . HY31 5 BURR IAN 4 ( `Knowe o f B ur r ian ' , G a r th ' , ` Ne the rb rough ' ) HY /308168 Ap o s s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd Ha r ray , n ea r G a r th f a rm , s t and s o n al a rge , n a tu ra l h i l lock o n m a r shy g round w h ich m ay h ave b een al o ch [ 1 ] ; i tc an s t i l l f l ood i nw in te r[ 2 ] . At r ench w a s c u t i n to t h e r u ined b u i ld ing o n t he m ound i n 1 936 [ 2 , 4 ] a nd r e vea led " b roch l ike" c u rved w a l l ing o n

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

t h e e a s t s i de , a n i n t e r io r f l oo r l e ve l ( ad epo s i t o fp ea t a sh a nd b u rn tc l ay )a sw e l l a sa nu nde rg round c hambe rc u t i n to t h e r ock . T h is i s4 . 0 m( 13 f t . ) d eep a nd r oof ed w i th f l a t s t one l i n te l s [ 2 , f i g . 8 0 : 4 , 7 1 , f i g . 3 . 14 ] , a nd h a s s t one s t ep s l e ad ing d own i n to i t . I tm ay h ave b een t h e w e l l o fa b roch a l though t h i s d i agno s i s i s p e rhap s m ade l e s s p robab le b y t h e f a c t t h a t v e ry f ew e xcava ted b roch s h ave t h is f e a tu r e wh ich , i fc onnec ted w i th t h e w a te r s upp ly , s hou ld s u r e ly b yw ide sp read ; n e i the rn eed t h e se " we l l s" b e s o e l abo ra t e i fo n ly f o rw a te r( s ee D un Mo rV au l —NM04 4 ) . D imen s ion s : b ecau se o ft h e c ond i t ion s u nde r w h ich t h e ama teu r e xp lo ra t ion s t o ok p l a ce t h e s i ze o f t h e b roch i s o n ly k nown a pp rox ima te ly ; t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r i s a pp rox ima te ly 1 8 .3 m a nd t h e i n te rna l 8 . 5 m[ 4 , 7 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd n o . HY 3 1 NW 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 1 , 1 7 18 & f i g . 8 0 : 3 . C u r ie 1 940 , 6 6 : 4 . H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 7 1 -2 . HY31 6 F INSTO WN ( ` The H i l lo ck ' o r` Oyce ' ) HY /36 1142 Ap o ss ib le b roch i nF i r th , c on s i s t ing o fa ne x ten s ive g r a s s g rown m ound c on ta in ing s t ruc tu re s o fs ome k i nd . P a r t o f ac i r cu la rw a l l 4 .9 m ( 16 f t . ) w a s e xpo sed m any y ea r s a go [ 3 ] d u r ing r oad c on s t ruc t ion . Two f r agmen t s o fp o t te ry a nd ab oa r 's t u sk w e r ep i cked u pi n1 928 [ 4 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 1 S E4 : 2 . G . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 2 : 3 . G . P e t r ie 1 927 , 5 2 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 23 , 9 2 . HY31 7 HARRAY CHURCH HY /314 17a P os s ib le b roch s i te i nB i r say a nd H a r ray ; t h e r e i so n ly a n " i l l d ef ined r i se i nt h e g round" w h ich m ay b e t h e s i te o fa b roch [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 1 NW 4 9 : 2 . G . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 3 : 3 .R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 38 , 3 7 . HY31 8 HO WEN BROCH HY /318 19 1 P os s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r r ay , c on s i s t ing o f al a rge t u rf -cov e r ed mound w i th n o c l ea r t r ace s o f ab u i ld ing v i s ib le . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 1 NW 3 2 : 2 . G .Pe t r ie 1 890 , 9 3 : 3 .R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 0 , 1 7 .

s c a t te red m idden d epo s i t [ 5 ] a nd h uman b one s w e r e f ound i nt h er ubb i sh i n s ide t h eb roch [ 3 ] . P e t r ie m ade as ke tch o ft h e e xpo sed r ema in s , w h ich w e re t h en a bou t 3m h igh , i n c lud ing t h e e n t rance p a s sage ( w i th d oo r -check s f o rmed o f s l ab s s e t o n e dge , ag ua rd c e l l o pen ing of i t( w i th a l ow d oo r , s hown w i th d o t ted l i ne s ) a nd t h e p r e sumab ly L eve l 2i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry [ 6 , 6 6 , f i g . 3 . 12 ] . R eco rd ed d imen s ion s [ 2 ] , d i ame te r 1 8 .3 m ( 60 f t . ) , i n te rna l d i ame te r 1 0 .1 m ( 3 3 f t . ) a nd w a l l t h ickne s s 4 . 1 m ( 1 3 .5 f t . ) ; t h ew a l lp ropo r t ion i st h e r ef o re c .4 5% . F ind s [ 6 , 6 7 ] : as t one w ho r la nd i r on s l ag . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 S E 5 :2 .A nde r son 1 878 , 3 18 ( l i s to fs i t e s o n ly ) ; 3 .P e t r ie 1 927 , 2 5 : 4 . F ra se r 1 927 , 5 2 : 5 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 22 , 9 2 : 6 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 6 6 -8 . HY31 / 10 K IRK OF CLEATON HY /3019 1565 P o s s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r ray c on s i s t ing o f al a rge mound 2 . 4 m ( 8 f t . ) h igh a t t h e e nd o f ap en in su la p ro jec t ing i n to t h e L och o f H a r ray . T he r e a r e n o c l ea r i n d ica t ion so ft h en a tu re o ft h eb u i ld ing i n s ide i t . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 1 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 3 , 1 8 . HY31 1 KNO WE OF BOSQUOY HY / 309186 P o s s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r ray c on s i s t ing o f at u rf c ove red mound . P o t te ry : p robab ly b e long ing t ot h e JW C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion t h e r e i si nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum ac o l lec t ion o fs h e rd s o f I r on A ge t y pe f r om t h e s i te . T hey c on s is t o ff l a tr im s a nd b a se s o f b ucke t shaped v e s se l s o f h a rd , c oa r se g r ey -buf f w a r e( B .1914 .586 ) S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 3 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 7 1 , 2 9 . HY31 1 2 KNO WE OF GULLO W ( ` The C a s t le ' ) HY /307163 P o s s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r ray c on s i s t ing o f al a rge mound o nt h ee dge o fc u l t iva ted l a nd , e v iden t ly c ove r ing a s ub s tan t ia l s t one s t ruc tu re . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 2 , 1 8 .

HY31 9 I NGSHO WE HY / 39031277 B roch i nF i r th , c l o se t o t h e s ho r e a tt h e p o in t o f al ow p en in su la . T he s i te w a se xp lo red b yF a r re rb ef o re 1 866 [ 3 ] a nd t h i s a nd t h e e nc roa ch ing s e a h ave s o m uch d e s t royed t h e s t ruc tu r e t ha t n o p rope r m ea su remen t s a r e o b ta inab le n ow ( I l l s . 5 . 31 &5 .32 ) .

HY31 1 3 NETHER HOUSE HY /336 179 P o s s ib le b roch : n of u r the ri n f o rma t ion .

T he m a in e n t rance w a s f ound i nt h e s ou th -we s t w i th a g ua rd c e l l o n t h e e a s t ( r igh t ) s i de o ft h e p a s sage . I n ap a r t o ft h e w a l lw h ich s t ood a bou t3 . 7 m( 12 f t . )h igh t r ace so fa mu ra l g a l le ry s u rv ived : t h i s mu s t h ave b een a n u ppe rt i e r . T he re w a s a l so s uppo sed t oh ave b een a n a per tu re o r s l i t o pen ing f r om t h e g ua rd c e l l t o t h e e n t rance p a s sage b u t f r om P e t r ie 's s ke tch ( b e low ) t h i s i s p robab ly t h e l ow d oorway . I n ab ank n ex t t o t h e b each a r e t r ace s o f a 2 25

HY31 1 4 NETLATER ( `Man se o fH a r ray ' ) HY /32321741 ( v i s i ted 1 9 /7 / 1963 ) T h i s p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i nH an-a y s t and s o n f l a t g round a nd w a s d ug i n to b yt h e R ev . Wm . T ra i l l o fH a r ray i na bou t 1 860 ; t h e r e su l t s w e re d e sc r ibed b y P e t r ie [ 3 ] . T he f e a tu re s P e t r ie d e sc r ibe s w e r e n o t a l s e en b y h im [ 6 , 7 2 ] ( I l l s . 5 . 23 -25 , 5 . 33 & 5 . 34 ) . T he b u i ld ing i sn ow b ad ly r u ined a nd , t h ough t h e c i r cu i t w a s c omp le te w hen P e t r ie p l anned i t , o n ly h a lf n ow

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

r ema in s ; i th a s b een u t i l i sed a sp a r t o f af i e ld w a l l . O n f i r s t e xpo su re t h e c i rcu la r w a l l w a s f ound t ob e 3 . 7 m( 12 f t . ) t h ick a nd t h e e n t rance - n ow d e s t royed - w a s o n t h e e a s t . T he l a t te r w a s 0 . 84 m ( 2 .75 f t . ) w ide a tt h e e x t e r io r a nd r e ta ined t h i s w id th f o rt h e f i r s t 1 . 8 m( 6f t . ) , a sf a r a s t h e d oo r -f rame ; t h e se w e r e f o rmed o fs l ab s o ns e to n e dge a nd p ro jec t ing f r om t h e w a l l s a tr i gh t a ng le s . T he reaf t e r t h e p a s sage w a s 1 . 2 m ( 4 f t . ) w ide . T he re w e re n o g ua rd c e l l s . T he d oo rway t ot h e m u ra l s t a i r w a s a t8 . 30 o ' c lock w i th al a rge c e l l l e ad ing of t oi t s l ef ta nd t h e r e w e re t h en 1 9 s t ep s r i s ing i n s ide t h e w a l l o n t h e r i gh t ( I l l . 5 . 34 ) . A l i t t le o f t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l c an s t i l l b e s e en a tt h e s ou th -ea s te nd o ft h es u rv iv ing w a l l . T he r ew e r et wo m o re o va l mu ra l c e l l s , o ne a t 1 o ' c lock a nd t h e o t he r a t 3 o ' c lock . When t h eC omm i s s ion v i s i ted t h e s i te i n1 929 t h e w a l lw a s 1 . 98 m ( 6 .5 f t . )h i gh o nt h eW . I nt h e i n te r io rt h e re w e re v a r iou s s l ab s o fs t one s e to ne dge i n to t h e f l oo r i n c lud ing t wo i n l i ne w i th t h e s i de s o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage w h ich i ne f f ec t p ro jec ted t h e se i n to t h e c en t ra l c ou r t ; p r e sumab ly t h e se f e a tu re s a r e s e conda ry . O ne o ft h e s l ab s h ad ah o le i ni t ,p e rhap s f o r t e the r ing a n a n ima l [ 3 . f i g . 7 ] . Ad eep w e l l h ad b een c u t i n to t h e r o ck i n s ide t h eb roch a nd h ad s t ep s l e ad ing d own i n to i t[ 3 , f i g s . 8& 9 ] ; i tw a s 2 . 7m( 9f t . ) d eep a nd h ad w a te r i ni tw hen f ound ( Do np l an ; I l . 5 . 25 ) . T race s o f o u tbu i ld ing s w e r e f ound a r ound t h e b roch a nd t h e re w a s as e cond w e l l o u t s ide t h e e n t rance ( p robab ly i n s ide C hambe r Io n P e t r ie 's p l an - I l . 5 . 23 ) ; t h i s w a s s uppo sed t o h ave b een c onnec ted t o an ea rby b u rn b y a d r a in . A round t h e b roch w a s as u r round ing w a l l a bou t 9 0 c m ( 3f t . ) t h ick a nd t h e s ame d i s tance f r om i t ; P e t r ie w a s i n f o rmed t h a t i tw a s " on ly f a ced o n t h e s i de n ex t t o t h e b roch" . O ne m igh th aza rd ag ue s s t h a tt h i s c oncen t r ic a nd i l -made " wa l l" w a s t h e d eb r i s o f t h e u ppe r w a l l s o ft h e b roch w h ich h ad b een p i led a r ound t h e b a se i n am anne r e ncoun te r ed e l sewhe re . O the rf e a tu re s h ad b een d e s t royed b ef o re P e t r ie c ou ld s e et h em . D imen s ion s . E x ter na l d i ame te r 1 7 .4 m ( 57 f t . ) , i n ter na l d i ame te r 1 0 .1 -1 0 .2 m ( 3 3 -3 3 .5 f t . ) : w a l l s p ropo r t ion 4 2 .1 % . P e t r ie g ave t h e i n te r io r d i ame te ra s 1 0 .1 m ( 3 3 f t . ) a nd t h ew a l lt h ickne s sa s3 . 6 m( 12 f t . ) . F ind s . N one a r e m en t ioned i nP e t r ie 's p ub l i shed a ccoun t e xcep t f o rt wo l a rge p o t te ry u rn s f ound s e t i nt h e g round o u t s ide t h e b roch a nd w i th c a ref u l ly c u t t r iangu la r s t one c ove r s . T hey c on ta ined c a lc ined b one s . L a ing I l t ra te s a d eco ra ted b ronze p enannu la r f i bu la o f Med ieva l d a te w h ich w a st h en i nt h e p o s se s s ion o fD r . T ra i l l w ho s a id h e h ad f ound i ti nt h eN e t la te rb roch ( [ 2 , 7 0 , f i g .4 ] ) . Mo r e f i nd s a r e r e co rded i n P e t r ie 's n o tebook a nd h ave b een l i s ted [ 6 , 7 5 ] . T hey i n c lude a b one l o ng -hand led c omb , ad eco ra ted b one s ocke ted h and le , a nd o b jec t s o f w ha lebone . Me ta l o b jec t s i n c luded a s e cond Med ieva l p enannu la rb rooch a nd ap robab le b ronze b race le t . S tone i t em s i n c luded a p o s s ib le p e rf o ra ted l o om -we igh t , " ve s se l s" , ah and led l amp a nd " quer n s" . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 3 8 : 2 .L a ing 1 868 : 3 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 7 8 -81 : 4 .F ra se r 1 923 , 3 1-8 : 5 . RCAH MS

2 26

1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 3 , 1 3 15 & f i g . 7 7 ; 6 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 7 3 -5 & p l s . 3 . 4 &3 . 5 ( m sp l an & e l eva t ion sb yD ryden ) . HY31 1 5 OVERBROUGH ( `Ha r ray C hu r chya rd ' ) HY /314179 P o s s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r ray ; t h e r e i sn ow n ot r a ce o f a b u i ld ing b u t t h e f ounda t ions o f a b roch w e re a ppa ren t ly d i scove r ed w hen t h e w a r m emo r ia l w a s e r ec ted o n at u rf -cove r ed mound i n t h e g raveya rd o f H a r ray C hu rch [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 3 6 : 2 .F r a se r 1 923 , 3 2 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 39 , 3 7 . HY31 1 6 REDLAND ( `B roch o fR ed land ' , ` S t i r l ingo ' ) HY /377171 T h i s i st h e s i te o f as o l id -ba sed b roch n ea rS t i r l ingo , F i r th , w h ich w a s e xcava t ed b yF a r r e ri n1 856 o r1 858 [ 5 , 6 2 ] a nd w a s a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed a bou t 1 874 . T he g round h a s s i nce b een u nde r c u l t iva t ion b u t i sw a s ap ea t mo s s a t t h e t ime o ft h e e xcava t ion , a nd may h ave b een a s ha l low l o ch i nI r on A g e t ime s [ 3 ] . P e t r ie mad e s ome s ke tche s o f t h e b u i ld ing a tt h et ime o fe xcava t ion [ 5 , 6 3 , f i g . 3 . 11 ] b u t t h eb roch p l an s how sa lmo s tn o th ing . O n e xcava t ion t h e b roch w a s f ound t o b e s ma l le r t h an u sua l , 1 3 .7 m ( 4 5 f t . ) i no ve ra l l d iame te r w i th a n i n ter na l d i ame te ro f8 . 2 m( 27 f t . ) a nd aw a l l 2 . 7 m( 9f t . ) t h ick :t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion i st h u s 4 0 .0% . T he w a l lw a s 9f t .t h ick . A p a r t ly r o ck -cu t w e l l w i th s t ep s l e ad ing d own t o i tw a s f ound i n t h e c en t ra l a r ea a nd P e t r ie s k e tched a c r o s s s e c t ion o ft h i s [ 5 , 6 3 , f i g . 3 . 11 ] . T he b roch i ss a id t oh ave b een s u r rounded b y amoa t . A mu ra l g a l le ry 2 f t . 6i n . w ide ( no t s hown i n P e t r ie 's s ke tch ) w a s o b se rved r unn ing r ound t h ew a l l a tt h e t ime o f t h e e xcava t ion . G raham ( 1947 ; 6 1) s ugg e s ted t ha t i tm ay h ave b een ab a sa l g a l le ry , av i ew s uppo r ted b y H edge s [ 5 , 6 4 ] . H oweve rP e t r ie s ay st h a t" when e xpo sed ,t h ew a l l so f t h i s b roch w e r e o fs uff ic ien t r ema in ing h e igh t t o s how t h e e nc i rc l ing g a l le ry , w h ich w a s 2 . 5 f t . i nb r ead th , t h e w a l l o u t s ide t h e g a l le ry b e ing 3 . 5 f t .t h ick , a nd t h e i nne r o ne 3 f t . i n ." [ 3 ] ; t h i s m ay m ean t h a t t h e g a l le ry w a s a n u ppe r o ne a nd t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re w a s as o l id b a sed b roch . T he w a l l h ad b egun t o b u lge o u twa rd s i n a n c ien t t ime s a nd a ppea r ed t oh av e b een s ho r ed u p b y a" r ude ly b u i l t f a c ing " [ 2 ] . F ind s : p a r t s o f as t one q ue rn a nd a s t one v e sse l w e r e f ound , a sw e l l ap i ece o fr e d p igmen t ( p e rhap s h aema t i te ) [ 3 ] a nd as t one " c lub" [ 4 ] . As t one i n c i sed w i th as p i ra l w a s f ound i nt h e s e conda ry c ons t ruc t ion b u i l t a ga in s t t h e o u te rw a l l f a ce . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NE 1 2 : 2 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 8 4 -5 & 8 7 : 3 .P e t r ie 1 927 , 5 3 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 20 , 9 1 : 5 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 6 2 -4 . HY31 1 7 S T . MARY 'S K IRK 1 HY /34018 P o s s ib le b roch i nE v ie a nd R enda l l c on s i s t ing o f ag r a s s c ove red m ound r e por ted t oc on ta in t h e r u in s o f ab roch o r ac i rcu la rc hape l ,b u i l to ft wo c oncen t r ic w a l ls [ 1 ] . S ou rce : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 3 1 NE 2 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

HY31 1 8 S T . MARY 'S K IRK 2 HY / 311143 P os s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r ray , al ow g ra s s -cove red mound s t and ing o n as ma l l p romon to ry j u t t ing i n to t h e L och o fH a r ray . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 1 SW 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 2 4 , 1 8 .

S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 2 NE 2 7 : 2 .T homa s 1 852 . 1 22 3 :3 .W i l son 1 863 , 2 , 1 07 : 4 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 8 5 &8 9 : 5 . P e t r ie 1 927 , 2 3 : 6 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,7 4 , n o . 2 6 1 : 7 . B . B e l l i nD i sc . &E xca y . S co t . 1 980 , 2 4 : 8 . H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 5 9 -60 : HY32 2 GURNESS ( 'A ike rne s s ' ) HY /382269 (v i s i ted 8 / 7 /63 & 1 5 /7 / 1985 ) T h i s g round -ga l ler ied b roch w i th m a s s ive o u te rd ef ence s s t and s o n f l a t g round n ex t t o t h e r o cky n or th s ho re o f Ma in land ( I l l s . 5 . 35 -76 ) .

S quare HY32 HY32 1 BURGAR ( 'B roch o fB u rga r ' , ' Bu rghe r ' ) HY /352277 T he o n ly i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e s i z e a nd s t ruc tu r e o ft h i s p robab le b roch o n t h e c oa s t i nE v ie & R enda l l i sf r om T homa s [ 2 ] . H e g ive s t h e e x ter na l d i ame te ra s 1 8 .3 m ( 60 f t . ) a nd i t s i n te rna l d i ame te r a s 1 0 .4 m ( 34 f t . ) : t h e w a l l p ropor t ion w ou ld t h e r ef o re b e a bou t 4 3 .3 % . A tt h a t t ime , h e s ay s , " upon o ne s i de t h e w a l l i ss t i l l f ou r teen f e e th i gh , a nd i sa bou t f i ve f e e tt h ick ; t h e i n ne r c oncen t r ic w a l l i so f t h e s ame t h ickne ss , a nd s epa ra ted f r om t h e o u te r o ne b y a d i s tance o f s even f e e t , t h e s pa ce b e tween b e ing f o rmed i n to n ume rou s c hambe r s ." [ 8 , 6 0 , f i g . 3 . 10 ] T he b roch h ad a l r eady b een e xp lo red . I n 1 825 o ne P e te rk in d ug i n to t h e mound a nd f ound a f ew r e l ic s , i n c lud ing a h uman s ke le ton w i th a l ong -hand led b one c omb b e s ide i t[ 3 , f i g . 19 ] ) , o f w h ich h e s e n tt h e l a t t e rt ot h eN a t iona l Mu seum . A bou t 1 5y ea r s l a te rt h e s i te w a sr e -open b yt h e p rop r ie to r M r G o rdon w ho i sa l leged t oh ave f o und i t em so fg o ld a nd s i lve r . U nf or tuna te ly t h e d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e se f i nd s [ 4 ] i s s e cond h and , b e ing d e r ived f r om t wo " i n te l l igen t g en t lemen" w ho h ad s e en t h em . G o rdon i sr e pu ted t o h ave t h rown t h e w ho le c o l lec t ion i n to t h e s e a r a the r t h an s u r r ende r t h em t o t h e C rown , f o r w hom t h ey h ad b een c l a imed [ 6 ] . R ecen t ly f u r the r e ro s ion o ft h e b r och e xpo sed ap o l i shed b one p in a nd a bou t3 0s he rd so fu ndeco ra ted p o t te ry [ 7 ] . T he " t rea sure" : t h e m e ta l a nd o t he r o b jec t s w e r e i n a v e s se l f o und " i n o ne o f t h e c e l l s i nt h e t h ickne s s o f t h e w a l l" [ 5 ] , " a h igh ly o rna te s i lve r v a se o r B eake r w h ich w ou ld c on ta in a bou t h a lf a g a l lon o f l i qu id " a nd w h ich " bu lged o u ta bou tt h e m idd le , t h e m ou th a nd b o t tom b e ing c on s ide rab ly n a r rowe r . R ound t h e m idd le w e r e p ro jec t ing k nob s a nd v a r iou s o rnamen ta l f i gu r e s o r d e s ign s w e re s t amped o ri n c ised u pon i t ss u rf a ce [ 4 , 8 9 ] ." T he s i lve ra r t ic le s f ound w i th i tp robab ly i mp ly ap o s t I ron A ge d epo s i t . T he p o t" wa sn ea r ly f i l led w i th t h e f o l low ing a r t ic les , v i z , ag rea t n umbe r o fa mbe r b ead s , f r om 3 t o4 i n che s i nd i ame te r d own t o t h e s i z e o f ap ea , i n c lud ing m any o ft h e s i ze o fh a lf -c rown s ; s e ve ra l s i lve r c omb s o f v a r iou s s i z e s , s ome 6 i n che s l o ng , w i th l o ng t e e th , t h e b ack o r u pper p ar t b e ing r ounded a nd p e rf o ra ted w i th n ume rou s h o les ; f i ve o r s i x s i lve r p in s , s ome s i lve r b uck le s o r f i bu lae , a nd s eve ra l p i ece s o f s i lve r c ha in s , c on s i s t ing o f t h ree l i nk s i n te rwoven , a nd r e semb l ing moder nw a tch c ha in s" [ 4 , 8 9 ] . F rom t h ep o s i t ion o ft h i s h oa rd P e t r ie i n f e r red t h a t i th ad b een d epo s i ted , t og e the r w i th a h uman s ke le ton , a f t e r t h e b u i ld ing h ad f a l len i n to r u in .

2 27

T he s i te w a s e x ten s ive ly e xcava ted o ve r s eve ra l y ea r s i n t h e 1 930 s , m a in ly u nde r t h e d i rec t ion o f J . S . R icha rd son , H .M . I n spec to r o f A nc ien t Monumen t s i n S co t land . E xp lo ra t ion sh ad b eg in i n1 929 w hen aR ober tR enda l ld ug a n i n spec t ion p i t i n to t h e g r ea t mound a nd e s tab l i shed t h a t i tw a s ab roch . I n 1 930 t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s o f S co t land b egan e xcava t ion s a nd i nN ovembe r 1 931 t h e s i te w a s t a ken u nde r G ua rd ian sh ip b y t h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s w ho t h e reaf t e r c a r r ied o n t h e w o rk o f e xcava t ion a nd c on se rva t ion . U nf o r tuna te ly , a nd i ns p i te o ft h e l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f f i nd s a nd t h e c omp lex i ty a nd u ndoub ted i mpo r tance o ft h e s i t e , n o d e ta i led r e po r t o n t h e w o rk w a s e ve r p roduced b y t h e e xcava to r . N ea r ly a l l t h e m ea su remen t s g i ven b e low w e re o b ta ined d u r ing p e r sona l v i s i t st ot h e s i te , a nd t h e d a ta o nt h e f i nd s c ome s f r om my e xam ina t ion o f t h em i n E d inbu rgh i n 1 963 , a tt h e t h en N a t iona l Mu seum o fA n t iqu i t ie s a nd t h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s . Mo re r e cen t ly t h e s t af f o f N o r th o f S co t land A r chaeo log ica l S e rv ice s h ave p r epa r ed an ew a nd d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e s i te , o f t h e e xcava t ion a nd t h e f i nd s t h e ref rom [ 4 ] . T h i s b roch i si mpo r tan t i nt h a t -u n l ike B u r r ian 1f o r e xamp le ( HY75 1 )-v e ry l i t t le l a te o rp o s t I r on A ge m a te r ia l w a s r e cove red ; a l though a tl e a s t t wo d i s t inc t p ha se s w e r e d i s t ingu i shed i nt h e m a in o ccupa t ion o ft h e s i te , b o th t h e se f e l l i n to t h e m idd le I r on A ge p e r iod . T he s i te i sa l so i mpor tan t i nt h a t t wo c omp le te ly d if e ren t i n te rp r e ta t ion s o f t h e n a tu r e o f t h e p r ima ry b roch s e t t lemen t h ave b een d eve loped , e ach o fw h ich h a s w ide r i mp l ica t ion s f o rt h e s t udy o fb roch s i ng ene ra l . T h i s h a s b een d i scu s sed i n d e ta i l [ 6 ] a nd i s r e v iewed a ga in i n S ec t ion 3 . 1 .D e scr ip t ion 1 . 1 T he h i s tory o ft h es i te a se s tab l i shed b ye xca va t ion : R icha rd son 's s umma ry o f t h e r e su l t s [ 2 ] s how s t h a t h e d i s t ingu i shed t h ree m a jo r p ha se s i nt h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te . I nP ha se I w e re b u i l tt h eb roch a nd i t ss t one o u te rw a l l( o f w h ich n o c l ea r e v idence i si nf a c t v i s ib le ) , a nd t h ree d eep d i tche s s epa ra ted b y t wo r ampa r t s w e re c on s t ruc ted i n f r on t o f t h i s . T he b roch h a s ac on t inuou s i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry a tg round l e ve l ( of H eb r idean t y pe )w h ich p robab ly r un s a l t h e w ay r ound t h ough i tw a s n o t c omp le te ly e xpo sed . I nP ha se 2 t h e b roch u nderwen t s ome c o l lap se , t h e b a sa l g a l le ry b e ing p a r t ly c r u shed i nwa rd s b y t h e w e igh t o f t h e w a l l a bove . A t t h i s t ime ( bu t p r e sumab ly a f t e rt h e c o l lap se a nd a f t e ra ny c on sequen td emo l i t ion a nd c l ea rance ) m any s t one b u i ld ing s w e r e c on s t ru c ted o n t h e

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

p l a tf o rm b e tween t h e b roch a nd t h e o u te r w a l l a nd t h e l a t te r w a s p a r t ly d emo l i shed a nd r e con s t ruc ted , b e ing c onve r ted t o aw a l l w i th b a s t ion s f ounded f u r the r o u t , i n t h e m idd le o f t h e f i r s t d i tch . S econda ry s l ab -bu i l t p a r t i t ion s i nt h e b roch i t s e lf w e r e a l so a dded , w i th h ea r th s a nd t a nk s o n an ew f l oo r l e ve l w h ich h ad b een l a id i n s ide . I n P ha se 3 a l l t h e e a r l ie r s t ruc tu re s w e r e i nr u in s a nd a n ew s u rf a ce h ad b een e s tab l i shed o n t h e d eb r i s ; l a te b u i ld ing sw e re e r ec t ed o nt op o ft h i s . O ne o ft h e se l a s tw a s as t ruc tu re r ema rkab ly l i ke t h e L a te B ronze A ge ' c ou r tya rd h ou se s ' a tJ a r l shof ( HU 3 0 1 ) ; t h e o t he r , p r e sumab ly l a te r , w a s aV ik ing l o nghou se . I n t h e a b sence o f d e ta i led e v idence f o r t h e s i te s t ra t if ica t ion o ne c an o n ly p rov i s iona l ly a ccep t t h i s s equence - c heck ing i tw he r ep o s s ib le a ga in s tt h ee v idence s t i l l v i s ib le o n t h e s i te - b u t t h e l a ck o f p ub l i shed p rovenance s f o r t h e a r tef ac t s i s as e r iou s h and icap t o i n te rp r e ta t ion . T he e xcava t ion n o tebook sa r ea va i lab le a nd s ome s en se c ou ld u ndoub ted ly b e m ade o ft h e e xcava t ion g iven t ime a nd p a t ience . Id i d n o t h ave s uff ic ien t t ime i n 1 963 t oe x t rac tt h em ax imum i n f o rma t ion f r om t h er e co rd s ; t h i s t a sk h a s n ow b een c omp le ted b y o t he r s [ 4 ] . B y c on t ra s t t h e r e i sp l en ty o f i n f o rma t ion t o b e g a ined b y e xam in ing t h e s t ruc tu re s t h em se lve s , p a r t icu la r ly a bou t h ow t h e s i te w a sm od if ied o ve rt ime . T h i si n f o rma t ion h a s n eve r b een f u l ly u n rave l led b ef o r e -t h e NOSAS a ccoun t [ 4 ] , f o r e xamp le , d i s r ega rd s s ome c r uc ia l e v idence v i s ib le o n t h e r u in s o ft h e t owe r -a nd s ome o ft h e c onc lu s ion s d rawn h e re ( i n S ec t ion 3 ) a r e t h e ref o r e a tv a r iance w i th t ho se o fH edge sa nd B e l l [ 6 , 4 ] . T h i s mo s tr e cen ts t udy h a s d educed ad i f f e ren ts equence o f e ven t s a tt h e s i te [ 4 ] . H e re P ha se 1 i s ad i agno sed a sa d ef ended s i te o fp r e -b roch d a te , t h e s e to fc oncen t r ic o u te r b ank s a nd d i tche s b e ing t h ough t t o a n teda te t h e t owe r e n t i re ly . P ha se 2 s aw t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e b roch v i l lage - c on s i s t ing o f t h e t owe r i t s e lf , t h e i n te r io rs t one c ub ic le sa s sumed t ob ep r ima ry f e a tu re s ) , t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd t h eb a s t ioned w a l l -a l l b e ing a s sumed t o h ave b een c on s t ruc ted t oge the r a s au n i t . P ha se 3 i sa p o s t I r on A ge , P i c t i sh p ha se w hen v a r iou s d ome s t ic s t ruc tu re s w e re b u i l to n t op o ft h e r u in s o ft h e b roch w h i le P ha se 4 i s al a te r V ik ing s e t t lemen t . C lea r ly t h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion i sn o tj u s t d i f f e ren t i nt e rm s o ft h e s equence o f s t ruc tu re s o n t h e s i te - b u t i t a l so i mp l ie s a nd c omp le te ly d i f f e ren t i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e p r ima ry f u nc t ion o ft h i s i mpor tan tO rkney b roch ( s ee s e c t ion 3b e low ) . 1 . 2 T he b roch T he b roch s t and s o n af l a tp l a tf o rm o fr o ck b ounded b yt h e i n ne rd i tch . I t se x ter na l d i ame te ri s1 9 .2 m ( 6 3 f t . ) a nd t h e d i ame te r o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t i s1 0 .07 m ( 3 3 f t . ) ; t hu s t h e p ropor t ion o ft h e t o ta l d i ame te r o ccup ied b y t wo o ppo s i te w a l l b a se s i s4 6 .0% . T he m a in e n t rance , 4 . 47 m ( 14 f t .8 i n . ) i nl e ng th , i so n t h e e a s t s i de a nd i s1 . 14 m ( 3f t . 9i n . ) i nw id th a tt h e o u te r e nd . Two w e l l b u i l t r e ba te s f o r t h e m a in d oo ra r e 2 . 42 m ( 7f t . 1 i n . ) f r om t h e o u te re nd ( I l l . 5 . 50 ) a nd t h e r e i s ah o le a nd o ppo sed s ocke t f o r t h e w ooden d r aw -ba r i nt h e w a l l s b eh ind t h e se ; ap i vo t s t one w a s f ound i n p l ace b eh ind t h e l e f t h and c heck . T he p a s sag e a tt h e c heck s i s1 . 20 m ( 3f t .1 i n . ) a nd j u s t i n s ide

2 28

t h em i tw iden s t o 1 . 73 m ( 5 f t . 8i n . ) , n a r row ing a ga in t o 1 . 42 m ( 4f t . 8i n . )a tt h e i n ne re nd . Two l i n te l led , n o tc o rbe l led , g ua rd c e l l s f l ank t h ee n t rance b eh ind t h e d oo ra nd t h e d oo ro ft h e o ne o nt h e l ef t( l ook ing i n ) h a s as i l l p ro jec t ing a bove t h e p a s sage f l oo r ( I l l . 5 . 51) . F rom t h e r e a r e nd o fe ach g ua rd c e l l am u ra l g a l le ry r un s b ack a nd r ound t h e w a l l ( I l l . 5 . 54 ) : i tw a s p robab ly c on t inuou s a r ound t h e b roch a t g round l e ve l b u t i th ad b een b l ocked w i th s t one i n t h e s ame m anne r a s t h a t a t M idhowe , t h e e xcava t ion o fw h ich w a s d e sc r ibed i nm o re d e ta i l ( HY33 1 ) . T he b l ock ing u nde r t h e r oof ing l i n te l s o ft h e g round g a l le ry i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le o n t h e n o r th a r c , a nd i ti n c lude s s ome l a rge s l ab s t i pped i n( I l l . 5 . 62 ) . T he n ow o pen p a r t s w e re e v iden t ly c l ea red o fs t one d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s b u t t h e s i de w a l l s c an b e s e en c on t inu ing b eyond t h e p r e sen t e nd s . T he re i sn o e v idence o f a ny d oo rway s f r om t h e i n te r io r t o t h is b a sa l g a l le ry , w h ich s e em s t oh ave b een i n acce s s ib le e xcep t t h rough t h e g ua rd c e l l s . T he f a c t t h a t t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r s t a r t s a bove i ta t f i r s tf l oo rl e ve lp robab ly e xp la in st h i s( b e low ) ; t h eg round l e ve l g a l le ry w a s a n i s o la ted f e a tu re , p robab ly p u r e ly s t ruc tu ra l i np u rpo se . T he m a in e n t rance h a s t h e t wo f r on t l i n te l s s t i l l i np o s i t ion ( b eh ind t h em i so ne o fr e con s t ruc ted c onc r e te ) a nd t h e re i s ag ap b e tween t h em t h rough w h ich as p ea r c ou ld b e t h ru s t d own i n to t h e p a s sage b e low . T he s i de s o f av o id o r c hambe r a bove t h e e n t rance p a s sage a r e p a r t ly p r e served ( I l l . 5 . 56 ) . T he o n ly w ay i nt ot h is c hambe r s e em s t oh ave b een f r om t h e i n te r io r , p r e sumab ly b y aw ooden l a dde r , a nd t h e r e a r e i nf a c tp ro jec t ing s t one s i nt h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce o ne i the rs i de o ft h ep a s sage a nd a tt h e l e ve lo ft h e e n t rance l i n te l s w h ich d oub t le s s s uppo r ted s ome th ing o f t h e s o r t . T he s c a rcemen tl e dge o nt h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce i s much h i ghe r ( I l l . 5 . 57 ) . T he i n te r io ro ft h eb roch h ad b een p a r t ly f i l led w i th am a s s o fc ub ic le s a nd c on s t ruc t ion s b u i l t o fs a nd s tone f l ag s , a nd o cca s iona l ly o fm a son ry ; t h e se a r e q u i te c l ea r ly o nt o po fa s e conda ry l a ye r o fp av ing , 4 6 -53 c m ( 1 8 -2 1 i n . ) a bove t h e l owe r f l oo r , w h ich i sp re sumab ly t h e o r ig ina l o ne . A n u ppe r h ea r th ( I l l . 5 . 59 ) a s w e l l a s al owe r o ne c ou ld b e s e en i n 1 963 b u t t h e l a t te r - a n a ppa r en t ly r e c tangu la r , p ebb le -edged s t ruc tu re o n t h e p r ima ry f l oo ri nt h e c en t r e i sn ow h i dden . I ti so ne o ft h e mo re u nf o r tuna te a spec t s o f b o th t h e G u rn e s s a nd t h e M idhowe e xcava t ion s t h a t t h e m a s s o f s e conda ry c on s t ruc t ions i n b o th w e re l ef t i n tac t a nd , a s ar e su l t , t h e p r ima ry l e ve ls o ft h e b roch i n te r io r s w e re h a rd ly e xp lo r ed a ta l l . T hu s i nn e i ther i si tp o s s ib le t o c heck w ha t t h e d e s ign o ft h e o r ig ina l i n te r io r w a s a nd w he the r , f o r e xamp le , w i the rb roch h ad ar i ng o fw ooden p o s t s i ni t se a r l ie s tf l oo r . T he m u ra l s t a i ri sa t9 . 30 o ' c lock ( I l l . 5 . 63 & 5 . 64 ) a nd t h e d oo rway t o i ti sa bou t 1 . 83 m ( 6 f t . ) a bove t h e s e conda ry f l oo r : ap ro jec t ing s t one a t t h e b a se o f t h e r i gh t j amb p robab ly s uppo r ted a w ooden c on s t ruc t ion , i n c lud ing a l a dde r , f o r a cce s s t ot h i s d oo r ( I l l . 5 . 63 ) . A s ma l l c e l l , w h ich m igh t b e d e sc r ibed a s as t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l , o pen s t o t h e l ef t o f t h e d oo r , a nd o n ly 9 s t ep s o f t h e s t a irway r ema in ( I l l . 5 . 64 ) . A c o rbe l led s c a r cemen t l e dg e r u n s r ound t h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce a t ah e igh to fa bou t 3 . 67 m ( 1 2

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

f t . ) a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r . I nt h e p r ima ry f l oo r i s aw e l l c on s i s t ing o f ar ock -cu t w a te r t a nk a pp roached b y s t eep s t ep s a nd s t i l lc on ta in ing s ome w a te r( I l l . 5 . 60 & 5 . 6 1) .

1 . 4 T he o u tbu i ld ing s

T he re a r et h er ema in so fa nu ppe rm u ra lg a l le ry o nt h ew a l l h ead , w h ich e xh ib i t c l ea r s i gn s o fa l te ra t ion , p r e sumab ly a f t e rt h e b roch h ad b een p a r t ly d emo l i shed . A t 1o ' c lock f r om t h e m a in e n t rance t h e re i sa n i n f o rma t ive s e r ie s o f f e a tu re s . As t eep a nd n a r row s e conda ry f l igh to fs t ep sh a s b een b u i l t a ga in s t t h e o r ig ina l i n ne r w a l l f a ce ( I l l . 5 . 67 ) a nd i tr u n s u p p a s t ar a i sed o pen ing o rv o id i nt h e p r ima ry w a l l t h e s i l l o f w h ich i ss ome 2 . 14 m ( 7 f t . ) a bove t h e s e conda ry f l oo r( i n 1 963 t h ep av ing o ft h i sf l oo r ,a nd o ft h e o r ig ina l o ne b e low i t ,c ou ld b e s e en b u t e ve ry th ing i sn ow g rave l led o ve r ) . T he o u te r e nd o ft h is v o id - w he r e i t m ee t s t h e u ppe r i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry - h a s b een b l ocked w i th al a rge s l ab o n e dge ( I l l . 5 . 68 ) a nd , b eyond t h i s , t h e s i de o ft h e i nne r f a ce o ft h e g a l le ry i sv i s ib le . Y e t n ea rby t h e s t one s l abs n ow f o rm a c on t inuum t h e w ho le w ay a c ro s s t h e w a l l h ead a nd a c ro s s w he re t h e g a l le ry mu s t h ave b een ; t h is i sd oub t le s s t h e r e su l t o fw e l l i n ten t ioned b u t m i sgu ided c on serva t ion w h ich h a s u nw i t t ing ly o b scu r ed i mpor tan ts t ruc tu ra l f e a tu r e s . A no the r c u r iou s f e a tu re - t h e f o unda t ion s o f as ma l l , c i rcu la r c hambe r -c an b e s e en b e s ide t h e m a in e n t rance , a bove t h e l ef th and g ua rd c e l l ( I l l . 5 . 52 ) . T h i s g ua rd c e l l h ad e v iden t ly b een b l ocked w i th s t one w hen t h e s i te w a s e xcava t ed , a nd t h e c hambe r i n se r t ed o n t op o f i ta f t e r a s ub s tan t ia l d emo l i t ion o ft h e b roch ( s ince i tc ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een i n ser ted i n to a n i n ta c t o ne a tt h a t p o in t ) . T he r emova l o ft h e b lock ing h a s l e f t o n ly p a r t o ft h e c hambe r i n tac t ; t h e f e a tu re m u s t h ave b een b u i l t o n a n a l ready r u ined a nd e xposed w a l l h ead . T he p robab le s i gn if i cance o f t h e se w a l l h ead f e a tu re s i sd i scu s sed b e low ( s ec t ion 3 . 2 ) .

A l a rge n umbe r o f c l o se ly p acked c on s t ruc t ion s , p r e sumab ly d we l l ing s a nd a l so b u i l t o f l a rge f l ag s o f s and s tone , s u r round st h eb roch o nt h e o u t s ide a nd t h e se a r e b ounded b y , a nd a r e c l ea r ly c on tempo ra ry w i th , t h e " ba s t ion w a l l" w h ich i ss uppo sed t o h ave r ep laced t h e o r ig ina l o u te r w a l l a r ound t h e b roch [ 2 ] . I ng ene ra l t e rm s t h e se o u tbu i ld ing s a r e s im i la r i nd e s ign t o t h e s e conda ry c ub ic le s i n s ide t h e b roch . T hey c on s i s t o f s eve ra l l a rge u n i t s b ounded b y d ry s t one w a l l ing , a pp rox ima te ly r ad ia l i np l an i nr e la t ion t ot h e b roch a nd b ounded o nt h e o u t s ide b y t h e b a s t ioned w a l l ( wh ich i sf ounded i nt h e m idd le o f t h e i n ne r d i tch ) a nd o nt h e o t he r s i de sb yt h e n a r row r ad ia l e n t rance s t ree t a nd b y t h e s t r ee t n ex t t o t h e b roch a nd r unn ing r ound i t( I l l . 5 . 35 ) . E ach o ft h e se b a s ic u n i t s i s s ubd iv ided i n ter na l ly b y r ow s o f s and s tone s l ab s s e t o n e dge t of o rm m any p o lygona lc ub ic le s . T he se o u tbu i ld ing s a ppea rt oh ave e x tended a l t h ew ay r ound t h et owe re xcep t t h a t o nt h e w e s t ( oppo s i te t h e m a in e n t rance )t h e r e i s ag ap a s i ft h e s y s tem h ad n o t b een c omp le ted b y t h e t ime t h e s e t t lemen tw a s f i na l ly a bandoned [ 2 , 7 8 ] . T he se " ou tbu i ld ing s" a r e a l o bv iou s ly s e conda ry i nt h a t t h ey w e re b u i l t r ound a n a l r eady s t and ing b roch , b u t i ti s n o t i mmed ia te ly c l ea r h ow m uch l a t e r t h ey a r e . I ft h e b ank s a nd d i tche s a r e a l toge the r e a r l ie r t h an t h e b roch t owe r [ 4 ] t h en t h e b a s t ion w a l l a nd a s soc ia ted o u tbu i ld ing s c ou ld b e t h e s ame a ge a st h e b roch , a nd t h e w ho le s y s tem w ou ld f o rm a b roch a nd i t s a s soc ia ted v i l lage . O n t h e o t he r h and i f , a s R icha rd son t h ough t , t h e o r ig ina l o u te r d ef ence s w e r e b u i l t w i th t h e b roch , t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd t h e b a s t ioned w a l l s hou ld b e o fp o s t -b roch d a te ; i nt h a t c a se t h e b roch w ou ld o r ig ina l ly h ave s t ood a l one o n ac l ea r p l a tf o rm w i th in t h eo r ig ina lm u l t ip le d ef ence w o rk s . 1 . 5 T he m a in e n t rance

1 . 3 F ea tu re s i n s id et h eb roch T he s e conda ry b u i ld ing s i n s ide t h eb roch a r e m ade o fh uge s and s tone f l ag s , w i th o ne o r t wo b l ock s o fb u i l t m a son ry . T he r e i s ,a sa l ready n o ted , as e conda ry s t a i rway r un ing u p a ga in s t t h e i nne r w a l l f a ce o f t h e b roch o ppo s i te t h e e n t rance . U n l ike t h e c a se w i th in m any o t he r b roch s t h e re i sn o s e conda ry w a l l a r ound t h e c en t ra l c ou r t b u t a to ne p o in t t h e a dded c on s t ruc t ion s d o o ve r lap t h e h igh s ca r cemen tl e dge , s how ing c l ea r ly t h a tt h ey a r en o tp a r to f t h e o r ig ina l d e s ign ( I l l . 5 . 66 ) . Two h ea r th s a r em a rked o n t h e l a te r f l oo r i nt h e p l an ( I l l . 5 . 35 ) , a nd o ne h a s s ocke t h o le s o n o ppo s i te s i de s a s i ft o s uppor t s ome k i nd o f r oa s t ing s p i t . T he c ub ic le s r e s t ing o n t h e s e cond f l oo r i n s ide t h e b roch c ons i s t o f aj umb le o fp o lygona l c e l l s d ef ined m a in ly b y s and s tone s l ab s s e to n e dge , a nd w i thou t as en s ib le p a t ter n t ot h em . Mos to ft h es ou the rn h a lf i sc l ea r . T he re a r et wo b lock s o fb u i l t ma son ry , o ne j u s ti n s ide t h ee n t rance a nd t o i t s r i gh t a nd t he o the r al i t t le f u r the r o n , i nt h e f o rm o fa p i e rp ro jec t ing r ad ia l ly f r om t h ew a l l( I l l . 5 . 56 ) .

2 29

T he m a in e n t rance o ft h e b roch i sa l igned n o t o n ly w i th a s t ra igh t , r ad ia l p a thway t h rough t h e o u tbu i ld ing s b u t a l so w i th i t s c on t inua t ion a c ro s s t h e c au seway o ve r t h e o u te r d ef ence s ; mo reove r t h e se b ank s a nd d i tche s c u rve i n t owa rd s i to n b o th s i de s t og i ve t h e o ve ra l l p l an ak i dney s haped a ppea rance ( I l l . 5 . 35 ) . T h i s c ou ld m ean e i the rt h a t b roch a nd o u te rd ef ence s a r e c on tempo ra ry o r , o nt h eo t he r h and , i tm igh t b e a r gued t h a t t h e b roch e n t rance w a s a l igned t owa rd s ap r e -ex i s t ing c au seway a c ro s s o l de r d ef ence w o rk s . H oweve r t h e re i sa l so t h e p o in t t h a t t h e b roch e n t rance h a s b een e x tended o u twa rd s w i th a s ho r t s e conda ry p a s sageway c on ta in ing a d oo r a nd h av ing a t l e a s t o ne g ua rd c e l l ( I l l . 5 . 47 & 5 . 48 ) , a nd t h a t t h e r a d ia l " s t ree t" t h rough t h e o u tbu i ld ing s l e ad ing t owa rd s i t b i f u r ca te s i mmed ia te ly i nf r on tt oa vo id t h i s p ro jec t ion ( I l l . 5 . 35 ) . T h i s l a s t p o in t i np a r t icu la r s t rong ly i mp l ie s t h a t t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a r e s e conda ry a nd c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e u ndoub ted ly s e conda ry c ub ic le s a dded i n s ide t h e b roch . T he d e s ign o f t h e o u tbu i ld ing s i s c l ea r ly i n t ima te ly c onnec ted w i th t h eb a s t ioned w a l l ( I l l . 5 . 35 )a nd t h e re i sn o d oub t t h a t t h i s w a s b u i l t a f t e r t h e p r ima ry o u te r d ef ence s ( s ec t ion 1 . 6 b e low ) . E ve ry th ing d epend s , t h e ref o r e , o n w he the r i tc an b e s hown t h a t t h e se d ef ence s h ave t o b e e a r l ie r t h an t h e b roch . T he se p rob lem s a r e d i scu s sed a ga in b e low ( s ec t ion 2 ) .

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 . 6 T he o u te rd ef ence s T he n or th h a lf o ft h e o u te rd ef ence s h a sb een d e s t royed b y s e a e ro s ion b u t e nough r ema in s t o s how t h a t t h e se o r ig ina l ly c on s i s ted o f t h r ee d i tche s s epa ra ted b y t wo r ampa r t s ( whe the r t h e r e w a s a l so a n i n ne r w a l l w i th in t h e i n ne rmo s t d i t ch i sn o t c l ea r ) . T he d i tche s a r e l i ned w i th m a son ry a nd t h e i n ne rmo s t o ne a tl e a s t i sp a r t ly r o ck -cu t . T he t wo o u te r r ampa r t s a r e r e ve ted w i th s t one . A s n o ted a l l t h e l i ne s o f t h e se f o r t if ica t ion s c u rve i nwa rd s a tt h e o u te r e n t rance c au seway o n t h e e a s t - i n l i ne w i th t h e b roch d oo rway - s o t h a t t h e p l an o ft h e w ho le i ss l igh t ly k idney shaped . T h i s r a d ia l e n t rance s t ree t i s2 6 m l o ng o ve ra l l , t h e o u te r p a r t c on s i s t ing o f ac au seway w h ich c r o s se s t h e o u te r d ef ence s . T he c au seway i sk e rbed o r w a l led a nd p roceed sw e s ta c ro s st h e l i ne o ft h e i n ne rd i tch , t h e t wo r ampa r t s a nd t h e t wo o u te r d i tche s h av ing c u rved i n t o b l end a nd v an i sh a t t h i s p o in t . T he g a te i n t h e b a s t ioned w a l l m a rk s t h e e n t rance t ot h e s e t t lemen tp rope r a nd i nf r on to ft h is , a nd o nt h e l i ne o ft h ei n ne rd i tch , t h e r e i s as o r t o ft r apeze shaped w a l led s pace w h ich i se n te red b y a n o u te rg a te . T hu s t h e re w e re a tl e a s t t h ree d oo r s o r g a te s a l ong t h e r ad ia l s t r ee t l e ad ing t ot h e o r ig ina l b roch e n t rance p a s sage , o ne a tt h eo u te re nd , o ne a tt h eb a s t ioned w a l l a nd at h i rd j u s ti nf r on to ft h eb roch i t se lf . 2 .T he F inds ( I l l s . 5 . 73 —5 . 77 ) T he se w e r e v e ry n ume rou s , a l though u nf or tuna te ly t h ey h ave t ob e r e ga rded n ow a sl a rge ly u n s t ra t if ied . T he mo r e i mpo r tan ts e en b yt h ea u tho ra r e l i s ted h e re i nc a tego r ie s o f m a te r ia l a nd i n c lude t h e f o l low ing . I t em s c l ea r ly b e long ing t o t h e p o s t I ron A ge o ccupa t ion s a r e n o t i n c luded . 2 . 1 B ronze Two c omp le te s p i ra l f mge r r ing s a nd ap a r t o fo ne o ft h ick w i re ( at o ta l o f 5i sm en t ioned [ 2 ] , s ome o fw h ich w e r e f ound o n t h e b one s o ft wo h and s ) , 3o rd ina ry f i nge r r ing s , o ne d eco ra ted , a nd ap l a in r i ng , 2p ro jec t ing r i ng -headed p in s , af i ne d eco ra ted , z oo -mo rph ic p enannu la r f i bu la , 2 n eed le s ( 1 w i th t h e h ead m i s s ing ) , ab en t s t r ip a nd f r agmen t so f ac ha in w i th d oub le l i nk s . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t H edge s b e l ieve s t h a t t h e s p i ra l f i nge rr i ng sf ound o nt h eh and sc ome f r om d i s tu rbed N o r se b u r ia ls ; i fs o t h i s w ou ld p l a ce w ha t h a s h i ther to b een r ega rded a s as t anda rd m idd le I r on A ge a r tef ac t i n ap e r iod a f t e r a bou t AD 8 00 . T he r e i so fc ou r se n o d i rec te v idence t h a t t h e h and s w e re N o r se , t h ough N o r se b u r ia l s w e re f ound o nt h e s i te [ 5 , 8 7 ] . T he s ugge s t ion i mp l ie s t h a t t h e h and sw e r ec u to f ft h ep e r son sc once rned e i the rb ef o re t h ey w e re d ead o r s ho r t ly a f t e rwa rd s , b u t s uch ap un i shmen t c ou ld h ave b een i n f l ic ted o n I r on A ge m en a s w e l l . I t s e em s p e rve r se t o a l loca te t h e s p i ra l f i nge r r i ng s t o t h e N o r se p e r iod o n s u ch s l ende r e v idence , p a r t icu la r ly w hen t h ey a r ef ound s of r equen t ly i nb roch sa nd w hee lhou se s . 2 . 2 F i red c l ay

f r agmen t s o f m ou ld s f o r c a s t ing s ma l l b ronze o b jec t s , i n c lud ing t wo f o r w ha t l o ok l i ke v e ry s ma l l r i ng -headed p in s a nd o ne f o r ab ronze r od . Add i t iona l i t em s n o ted [ 4 ] i n c lude m ou ld sf o rb ronze s pea r -bu t t s 2 . 3 G la s s Ag r een d umb -be l l s haped " bead" ( unpe rf o r a ted ) , 1s ma l l b l ue /g reen g l obu la r b ead a nd a s ma l l b a l l o f t h e s ame c o lou r , 2r ed d i sco id b ead s ( p e rhap s m ade o f a mbe r ) . A dd i t iona l i t em sn o ted [ 4 ] i n c lude ap i ece o fg r een w indow g l a s s . 2 . 4S tone A tl e a s t 1r o ta ry q ue rn , 3s p ind le who r l s( 1o fs and s tone , 1 o fs t ea t i te a nd 1o fj e t ) , s eve ra l h amme r s tone s i n c lud ing a d i sco id e xamp le , 2s ma l lw he t s tones a nd a no the rl a rge ro ne w i th a n o vo id s hape , 3c h ipped f l a t d i sc s c . 1 0 c m i n d i ame te r , u sua l ly t e rmed p o t l i d s , ap e rf o ra ted d i sc o f a s im i la r d i ame t e r , ap o s s ib le w e igh t f o r ad i gg ing s t ick , a s ma l l t h ick d i sc a nd a s ma l l s t one b a l l ( a s l ing s ho t? ) . A dd i t iona l i t em s n o ted [ 4 ] i n c lude , p robab le g am ing c oun te r s ( f o rmed o f p o l i shed n a tu ra l p ebb les , s eve ra l l amp s o fu sua l I r on A ge f o rm , s ocke t s t one s , s t one s w i th p ecked h o l low s , s eve ra l r o ta ry q ue rn s tone s , b o th u ppe r a nd l owe r , s ev e ra l s add le q ue rn s , amor ta r , s eve ra l t r ough q uer n s , p e s t le s , s t r ike -a l igh t s , an umbe r o f f l ake s a nd s c rape r s o f f l i n t a nd c her t , p i ece s o fw o rk ed p um ice a nd f r agmen t so fh a ema t i te . 2 . 5B one A t l e a s t 1 l o ng -hand led c omb s ( 2 b e ing f r agmen t s o n ly ) o f w h ich s eve ra l a r e d eco ra ted , af emu r -head b u t ton o r w ho r l , 2p a ra l le lop iped d i ce w i th d o t s o n t h e l o ng s i de s i n d ica t ing 3 -4 -5 -6 , 2l a rge a w ls , 2l a rge n eed le s , 1 d oub le -po in ted f i sh g o rge , 2p e rf o ra ted a n t le r t i ne s , 1 d eco ra ted , w h ich a r ep robab ly b r id le c heek -p iece s , s e ve ra l r e c tangu la r p l a te s w i th h o le s i nt he c o rne r s , o ne w i th a b one p i n s t i l l i n o ne h o le , 1d oub le -ended l o ng , f i ne ly s moo thed s pa tu la , 1c u t l o ng b one made i n to as pa tu la , 1 p robab le r o ta ry q uer n h and le , 1b a l l -headed i r on p i n , 1 p l a in p i n , 1h i pped p in , p robab ly w i th ab a l l shaped h ead , 2l a rge p i n s , o ne p e rf o ra ted , 1p e rf o ra ted d i sc o r w ho r l , o ne s ma l lp eg f i t ted i n to ah o l low h ead , f r agmen t s o fs awn w ha lebone , 1s ma l l b one p omme l w i th t h e r ema in s o fa s ma l l i r on b l ade s e t i n i t , 1b one s l eev e w i th e l abo ra te g eome t r ica l i n c i sed d eco ra t ion , 1b roken k n if e o rd agge r p omme l a nd o ne l o ng p o l i shed t ube , r e c tangu la r i nc r o s s s e c t ion a nd d eco ra ted w i th i n c i sed g eome t r ica l p a t ter n s . A dd i t iona l i t em s n o ted [ 4 ] i n c lude - s o cke ted h and le s m ade f r om a n t le r t i ne s , ap i n w i th a c a rved r i ng -head ( No r se? ) , o ne w i th a s qua t g lobu la r h ead w i th d o t s , w ha lebone ( wha le v e r teb ra ) c up s a nd c a ske t s , s ome w i th l i d s , b obb in s , at o gg le a nd ac heek p i ece . 2 .6 P o t te ry O ft h i s t h e re w e r e l a rge q uan t i t ies i n c lud ing c oa r se g r i t ty w a re , m a in ly b a r re l -and b u cke t shaped , f i ne r , s moo the r j a r sw i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed l i p s ( s im i la rt oJ a r lshof C la s s 1 w a r e ) , s om e o f i tb l ack -bu rn i shed , af ew p i ece s o f

F ragmen t s o f c r uc ib le s ( s ome w i th s h iny , b l ack , g l a s sy d epo s i t s o nt h em ) o ne o fw h ich i se gg -cup shaped , s eve ra l

2 30

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

e ver ted r immed v e s se l s , 1w a l l s h e rd w i th az i g -zag a pp l ied c o rdon a nd af ew s h e rd sw i th i n c i sed d eco ra t ion . S ign if i can t ly a b sen tw e re - e xcep tf o rt h eh i pped p in - a l l t h e v a r ie t ie s o fb one p i n s w i th or namen ta l h ead s a nd t h e c ompo s i te b one c omb sw h ich s e em t ob e long t o al a te rI r on Age p e r iod ,p robab ly i nt h e 7 t ho r8 t hc en tu ry . Two f r agmen t s o f aR oman a mpho ra o f u nu sua l ly e a r ly t ype w e r ef ound [ 5 ] ; t h e i rs i gn if i cance i sd e sc r ibed b e low . 3 .D i scu s s ion 3 . 1 . G ene ra l T he r e su l t s o f t h e e xcava t ion o f t h e b roch o f G ur ne s s , t hough i n adequa te ly p ub l ished , m ak e i tc l ea rt h a tt h e s i te i s a n i mpo r tan t o ne w h ich m e r i t s c a r ef u l s t udy . A l though i t s eem s u n l ike ly t h a t m uch i fa ny p r ima ry b roch m a te r ia l w a s r e cove red - s i nce t h e s e conda ry s t ruc tu re s i n t h e t owe r w e r e mo s t ly l ef t i n tac t - t h e a b sence o f l a t e r ma te r ia l ( d eco ra ted b one p in s a nd c ompo s i te c omb s ) p robab ly m ean s t h a t t h e s i te w a s o ccup ied a lmo s t e n t i re ly w i th in t h e m idd le I r on A ge . T he f a c t t h a t t h e e n t i r e s i te w a s i nr u in s a nd l e ve l led w hen a n a n t ique c ou r tya rd h ou se w a s e r ec ted o n t op o f i ts uppo r t s t h i s . I fa nd w hen t h e a r tef ac t s c an b e a s s igned t o t h e v a r iou s p ha se s o f t h e e vo lu t ion o ft h e s i te i n te re s t ing r e su l t sm ay b ee xpec ted . A ma jo r p o in t r equ i r ing c l a r if i ca t ion i st h e n a tu re o f t h e b u i ld ing s t h a t w e re f i r s t e r ec ted o n t h e s i te . A s n o ted t h ere a r e t wo v i ew s o n t h i s , t h e f i r s t b e ing t h e s equence a dvanced b yt h e e xcava to r [ 2 , 3 ]a nd t h e s e cond b e ing t h a t a dvanced b y t h e NOSAS r epo r t [ 4 ] . T he f o l low ing d i scu ss ion s a bou t v a r iou s a spec t s o f t h e s i t e h ave b een c ompo sed w i th t h i s c on t rove r sy i n m ind , a nd t h e a l terna t ive s a r e r ev iewed a ga in a tt h e e nd . T he a r gumen t s a r e s e to u ti ng rea te rd e ta i l e l sewhe r e [ 6 ] . 3 .2 T he s t ruc ture o ft h eb roch A c ruc ia l p o in t c once rn s t h e o r ig ina l n a tu r e o ft h e b roch . Wa s i t ah i gh , h o l low -wa l led t owe r l i ke Mou sa ( HU42 5 ) , c on ta in ing ac l ea r c en t ra l c ou r t w i th aw ooden r oundhou se r e s t ing o n ar i ng o fp o s t s a nd o n t h e s c a r cemen t l e dge , o r w a s i t ,a sS co t t ( 1948 ) s u rm ised , n eve r much h i ghe rt h an i ti sn ow a nd e qu ipped f r om t h e b eg inn ing w i th i n te rna l s t one c ub ic le s q u i te d i f f e ren t t o t h e n o rma l b roch r oundhou se t r ad i t ion? I nf a c ti ti sd if i cu l tt oc on s ide rt h e v a r iou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s o ft h e b roch m en t ioned e a r l ie r w i thou t a g r eei ng w i th R icha rd son t h a t G ur n e s s w a s o r ig ina l ly at a l l , h o l low -wa l led t ow e r w h ich u nde rwen t a p a r t ia l c o l lap se q u i te e a r ly i n i t s h i s to ry a nd w h ich w a s t h en p u l led d own t o as a f e h e igh t ( no t much a bove i t s max imum p r e sen to ne ) , m ade s a f e i nv a r iou sw ay s a nd t h e i n ter io ro fw h ich w a st h en c omp le te ly r e -mode l led . T he b roch c l ea r ly s t i l l p o s se s se s t wo s t o rey s o fi n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ies , o ne a tg round l e ve l a nd a no the r o n t op o ft h i s . T he g round l e ve l g a l le ry s e em s t o h ave r un a l l t h e w ay r ound t h eb roch a nd t oh ave h ad n o e n t rance si n to i te xcep t f r om t h eb a ck o ft h et wo g ua rd c e l l s ; t h e r e w e re n o d oo r s f r om i t t o t h e c en t ra l c ou r t a s t h e re u sua l ly a r e i n

2 31

H eb r idean g round -ga l le r ied b roch s ( e g . NM 0 4 4 ) . T he f i r s t f l oo r g a l le ry a l so l a ck s a ny r a ised d oorway s o rv o id s c onnec t ing i tw i th t h e i n te r io r ; i tm ay a l so h ave b een a cce s s ib le f r om t h e b ack o fe ach g ua rd c e l l b u t mu s t h ave b een d i v ided i n to t wo p a r t s b y t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway , w h ich h a s i t s l owe s t s t ep a tt h eh e igh to ft h er oof ing l i n te l s o ft h e g round l e ve l g a l le ry . T he c hambe r o ve rt h e m a in e n t rance a l so s e em s t oh ave b een a cce s s ib le o n ly f r om t h e i n te r io r , s o i t s s i de w a l l s w ou ld a l so h ave b locked t h e f i r s t f l oo rg a l le ry a nd s p l i t i ti n to t wo f u r the rp a r t s . S i nce t h e 9 s t ep s o ft h e s t a irway mu s th ave r i sen u pt o a bou tt h e l e ve l o ft h e l i n te l s o ft h i s u ppe rg a l le ry , t h e se w e r e e i the rg i v ing a cce s s t o ap a rape ted w a l l h ead a ta bou t ah e igh t o f 3 . 5 m e t re s o rt o al o ng l a nd ing l e ad ing r ound t ot h e v o id a t1 2 o ' c lock , w h ich i t s e lf l e d o u t t ot h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r a s t h e s c a scemen t . O n t h e w ho le i ts e em s f a r mo r e l i ke ly t h a t G u rne s s w a s a t a l l t owe r , n o t l e a s t b ecau se o ft h e e v idence f o r c o l lap se t h rough t h e g r ea t w e igh t o ft h e o r ig ina l w a l l ; t h e b a sa l g a l le ry w ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een c r u shed i nwa rd s b y aw a l l o n ly 4 m h i gh . T he r e i sa l so p l en ty o f e v idence , b o th d i rec t a nd i n d i r ec t , t h a t e x ten s ive d emo l i t ion o ft h e u ppe r w a l l s o f at owe r t o ok p l ace b ef o r e t h e c ub ic le s w e re i n ser ted i n to t h e c en t ra l c ou r t , a nd t h a t t h e se i n ser ted b u i ld ing s w e re i n s ide w ha t h ad b ecome a l ow -wa l led b roch . Mo s t v i v id p e rhap s a r e t h e t wo f l igh t s o f s t ep s w h ich h ave b een b u i l t u p a ga in s t t h e i n ne r b roch w a l l ; t h e se mu s th ave b een b u i l tt og i ve a cce s st o ar e duced w a l l h ead , i tb e ing i n conce ivab le t h a t t h ey c ou ld r e ach u p t oa w a l l h ead 1 2 mh i gh . I na ny c a se t h e o r ig ina l i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r w ou ld h ave d one t h a t , s o t h e o n ly r e a son f o r t h e p r e sence o f t h e i n te r io r f l igh t s o f s t ep s i st h a t t h e o l d s t a irway w a s i n conven ien t ly h i gh a bove t h e f l oo r , a nd m ay w e l l h ave b een b l ocked b y f a l len r ubb le . I ti sq u i te c l ea r t h a t t h e se i n te r io r s t ep s a r e , l i ke a l t h e c ub ic le s i n s ide t h e b roch , s e conda ry i nt h e s en se t h a tt h ey w e r eb u i l to nt op o f an ew p aved f l oo r l e ve l a bou t 3 0 c m a bove t h e o r ig ina l o ne . I ti so ne o f l e s s e a s i ly u nde r s tood a spec t s o f t h e NOSAS r e po r t t h a t i tc on s i s ten t ly i g no r e s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e t wo f l oo r s i n s ide G ur n e s s b roch , a nd t h a t t h e i n ter na ls t ruc tu r e sa l lr e s to nt h e l a te rf l oo r . Wh i le i ti sp o s s ib le t oa rgue o ve r w he the r t h e s c a r cemen t l e dge o n t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce s uppor ted ar a i sed f l oo ro rt h e r oof o ft h e s t ruc tu re - b o th a s sumed t or e s t o n ar i ng o f p o s t s -t h e re i sn o d oub t a ta l lt h a tt h e w ooden f ur n i sh ing s o nce a s soc ia ted w i th t h e l e dge i n s ide G ur ne s s m u s t h ave b een d i sman t led b ef o r e t h e i n ser ted s t one c ub ic le s , s t ep s a nd s o o n w e re c on s t ruc ted . A t o ne p o in t t h i s a dded m a son ry c an b e c l ea r ly s e en t o o ve r lap t h e s c a rcemen t l e dge ( I l l . 5 . 66 ) , a nd t h i s mu s t m ean t h a t ad ra s t ic c hange t ot h e i n ter na l f u rn i sh ing s h ad t a ken p l ace . I fa nd w hen i t p rove s p o s s ib le t or emove t h e u ppe r f l oo r i n s ide G ur n e s s ( a nd i tc ou ld b e d one o n t h e w e s t s i de w i thou t d amag ing t h e s e conda ry c on s t ruc t ion s ) ar i ng o fm a s s iv e p o s t -ho le s s hou ld b e f ound a bou t 2m o u t f r om t h e w a l l a nd a bou t c oncen t r ic w i th i t . I ts e em s mo s t l i ke ly t h a t G u rne s s w a s o r ig ina l ly a t a l l , h o l low -wa l led b roch t owe r a nd t h a t i t s i n te r io rw a s o r ig ina l ly c l ea r e xcep t f o r ac en t ra l h ea r th a nd ar i ng o fs t ou tp o s t s w h ich h e ld u p e i the r ap i tch ed r oof o r , mo re p robab ly , aw ooden r i ng shaped b a lcony s ome 3 . 2 m a bove t h e f l oo r . I nt h e l a t te r c a se t h e m a in r oof w ou ld

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

h ave b een e ven h ighe r u p a sa t Mou sa ( HU 4 2 5 )a nd D un T e lv e ( NG 8 1 2 ) . T he t wo a l te rna t ive i n te rp re ta t ion s a r e s hown i nI l . 5 . 27 . F u r the r e v idence f o r t h e d emo l i t ion a nd r e -adap ta t ion t o n ew p u rpo se s o ft h e b roch c an b e s e en o n t h e w a l l h ead . T he r a i sed v o id a t 1o ' c lock s how s t h i s e xcep t iona l ly c l ea r ly ; a se xp la ined i ns e c t ion 1i tw en to u to fu se a ts ome s t ag e , i t s a cce s s p o in t i n to t h e f i r s t f l oo r g a l le ry b e ing b l ocked w i th a l a rge s t one s l ab . P re sumab ly t h i s h appened w hen t h e f l igh t o fs t ep s w a s b u i l t u p t ot h e w a l l h ead i mmed ia te ly i nf r on t o ft h e v o id ; p o s s ib ly t h e f i r s t f l oo rg a l le ry w a s s t i l lp a r t ly r oof ed t h en b u tu n saf e , s ot h a t e n t ry i n to i th ad t o b e p r even ted . A t a ny r a te t h e s e conda ry f l igh t o fs t ep s c l ea r ly s how s t h a t t h e w a l l h ead w a s n o t f a r a bove t h e p r e sen t o ne w hen t h e i n ter na l s t one s t ruc tu r e s w e re i n se r ted . T he r ema in s o ft h e c i rcu la r c e l l o n t o p o ft h e l ef tg ua rd c e l l a l so s how c l ea r ly t h a t t h e h i gh b roch w a l lh ad b een p u l led d own b yt h et ime i tw a sb u i l t . T he e x t en s ive b lock ing o f t h e g round l e ve l g a l le ry a l so s how s t h a t s ome th ing d ra s t ic h ad h appened t o t h e b roch a nd t h e l i ke l ie s t e xp lana t ion s i ss u re ly R icha rd son 's , t h a t t h e h i gh t owe r h ad b egun t o s ag d ange rou s ly a st h e b a sa l g a l le ry s l ow ly g ave w ay . T he m a s s o f s t one s a nd l a rge l i n t e l s l ab s s ub sequen t ly r emoved f r om t h e u ppe r w a l l s w ou ld o f c ou r se h ave p rov ided m a te r ia l t o b u i ld t h e i n ter na l c ub ic le s a s w e l l a s t h e o u tbu i ld ing s . T he o n ly r e a son f o r t h e p r e sence o ft h e s e conda ry e x ten s ion t ot h e o u t e re nd o ft h eb roch e n t rance p a ssage , w i th i t st wo g ua rd c e l l s , i ss u r e ly t h a t t h e o r ig ina l g ua rd c hambe r s h ad b een b l ocked b y p ack ing , o r b y f a l len d eb r i s , a s R icha rd son i mp l ie s [ 3 , 7 7 ] . S ince t h i s e x ten s ion s e em st oh ave b een p a r t o ft h e p l an o ft h e v i l lage o fo u tbu i ld ing s -t h e r ad ia l e n t rance s t r ee t d i v id ing i n to t wo j u s t i nf r on t o fi t- t h e re s e em s l i t t le d oub t t h a t t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e re a l l b u i l t ( a s p a r t o f a s i ng le p l an ) a f t e r t h e p a r t ia l c o l lap se a nd d emo l i t ion o ft h e b roch t owe r . T he s im i la r i ty i nd e s ign b e tween t h e s t one c ub ic le s i n s ide a nd o u t s ide t h e t owe r s uppo r t st h i s i d ea .

t h a t t h e b a s t ioned w a l l w h ich w a s b u i l t w i th t h e se o u tbu i ld ing s , a nd w h ich f o rmed t h e i r o u t e r d ef ence , w a s i t s e lf l a te r t h an t h e s y s tem o fa n i n ne r w a l l w i th mu l t ip le d i tche s a nd r ampa r t s b eyond i t , w h ich s u r round s t h eb roch s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s s y s tem w a s c on t empo ra ry w i th t h e t owe r . T hu s t h e t owe r w ou ld o r ig ina l ly h ave s t ood a l one o n i t s p l a tf o rm , u n le s s t h e re w e r e s ome wooden o r s t one s t ruc tu r e st h e re w h ich w e r e s wep ta way w hen t h e s i t e w a s r e -mode l led . T he re s e em s n o th ing i nt h e e v idence r e v iewed t o s uppo r t t h e a s sump t ion , e xp r e s sed i n t h e NOSAS r e por t , t h a t t h e m u l t ip le d i tche s a nd r ampa r t s a r e o fp r e -b roch a g e . O n t h e c on t ra ry t h i s i sn ow s een t ob e a n u n -nece s sa ry c omp l ica t ion t o t h e s t udy o f t h e s i t e , b e ing a n a s sump t ion w h ich d epend s o n o ve r look ing v i ta l e v idence f o rt h et wo p ha se h i s to ry o ft h eb r och . 3 . 4

C on t inu i ty b e tween t h et wo p ha se s :

T he p a r t ia l c o l lap se o f t h e b roch a t as upposed ly e a r ly s t age i n i t s h i s to ry -o w ing t o t h e w eakne ss o f t h e b a sa l g a l le ry - p o se s t h e i n te re s t ing p rob lem o fw he the r t h e s i t e w a s t h en a bandoned a s ad ef ended r oundhou se o r w he the r i tw a s p o ss ib le t os ho re u p t h e t owe r a nd u se i tf o r s ome t ime l o nge r . A s e xp la ined o ne m ay a s sume t h a t t h e b roch w a s e ven tua l ly s ub s tan t ia l ly d emo l i shed a nd t ha t t h e l a rge f l ag s f r om i t s g a l le r ie s a nd o t he r w a l l d eb r is w e re u s ed t o c on s t ruc tt h e s e conda ry d we l l ing s i na nd a r ound t h e t owe r . T he se t h em se lve s a r e as u r e s i gn t ha t t h e f unc t ion o ft h e s i te h ad c hanged d ra s t ica l ly . H oweve r , t h ough t he e r ec t ion o fo u tbu i ld ing s i s ap henomenon f ound f r equen t ly o nb r och s i t e s , t h e o ne s a tG ur ne s s s e em t oh ave b een b ounded b y a n ew o u te r d ef ence w o rk - t h e b a s t ioned w a l l f ounded i n t h e i n ne r d i tch . T h is s ugge s t s t ha t t h e s i te s t i l l h ad a d ef en s ive c ha ra c t e ra f t e rt h eo u tbu i ld ing sw e r e c ons t ruc ted . T he w eakne s s o ft h e b roch t owe rm igh th ave p romp ted t h i s u nu sua l m e thod o fp ro long ing t h e p ro t ec t ive v a lue o ft h e s i te , b u tt h e s h a rp c on t ra s tw h ich c an n ow b e s een b e tween t h e o rgan i sa t ion o ft h e s i te i nP ha se s 1a nd 2 s ugge s t s t h a t t h ec hange w a so f amo re p rof ound n a tu r e . 3 . 5 D a t ing

I ns um t h e v i s ib le f e a tu re s o ft h e b roch s how q u i te c l ea r ly t h a t i t s h i s to ry c an b e d i v ided i n to t wo d i s t inc t s t age s . I n s t age 1i tw a s mo s t p robab ly at a l l , h o l low -wa l led t owe r w i th a l t h e u sua l b roch a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s i n c lud ing s ev e ra l t i e r s o fs upe r impo sed i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s , r a i sed v o id s i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce , a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r r e ach ing t o t h e w a l l h ead a nd a h i gh s c a r cemen t l e dge w h ich s uppo r ted a n e l abo ra te w ooden r oundhou se . Whe the r t h e s agg ing o ft h et owe ra nd t h e s ho r ing u p o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry o ccu r r ed d u r ing i t s u se a s at owe ro rw he the r i tm a rked t h e e nd o ft h a t u se a nd t h e b eg inn ing o f i t s d emo l i t ion i sn o t c l ea r . A t s ome s t age a f t e r t h e s agg ing a nd s ho r ing t h e u ppe r w a l l w a s p u l led d own , i n augu ra t ing S t age 2 ; t h e i n t e r io r o ft h e r e duced b roch w a s g i ven an ew f l oo r l e ve l a nd r e -mode l led w i th i n se r ted s t one c ub ic le s a nd , e v iden t ly a tt h e s ame t ime , t h e e x te rna l b roch v i l lage w a s c on s t ruc ted .

T he re i sl i t t le e v idence f o r a ny a b so lu te d a t ing f r om t h i s s i te a nd n o r c an t h e re b e b ecau se o ft h e a b sence o fc l ea r c on tex t s f o r m o s t o f t h e f i nd s . I ti sw or th m en t ion ing h oweve r t h a t a n u nu sua l ly e a r ly R oman f i nd - i nt h e f o rm o ft wo f r agmen t s o fa n a mpho ra o fH a l ter n 7 0 t ype , w e r e f ound [ 5 ] . T he se s t o rage j a r s s e em s t oh ave g one o u t o f u se b y t h e m idd le o ft h e 1 'c en tu ry w he r ea s mo s t R oman o b jec t s o n S co t t i sh I r on A ge s i tes b e long t o t h e l a te 1 s t c en tu ry o rt h e m id 2 "1c en tu ry , t h e t ime o ft h e o ccupa t ion s o fs ou ther nS co t land . F i tzpa t r ick s ugg e s t s t h a t t h i s e a r ly a mphora may i n f a c t r e la te t ot h e d i spu ted s ubm i s s ion o ft h e O rkney I s land s t o t h e Empe ro r C laud iu s a f t e r h i s c onque s t o f s ou the rn E ng land i n AD 4 3 . T he a l ter na t ive - t h a t a n o ld j a r w a s b rough t t ot h e i s land s b y G ove rno r A g r ico la 's f l ee t i nt h e l a te AD 7 0 s -i sn o tr ega rded a sp lau s ib le [ 5 ] .

3 . 3 T he o u tbu i ld ing sa nd o u ter d ef ence s : S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 2 NE 5 : 2 .R icha rd son 1 948 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 63 , 7 5 -9 & f i g s . 1 27 -32 : 4 .

T he c l ea r e v idence f r om t h e b roch j u s t r e v iewed s ugge s t s t h a t t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e re s e conda ry . T he c l ea r e v idence

2 32

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 2 NE 1 9 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 5 79 , 2 20 : 3 . " No te s o n r e l ic s o f t h e V ik ing p e r iod" , P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8( 1972 -74 ) : 4 . B rogge r 1 929 , 1 3 1-2 : 5 .L amb 1 982 ,2 2 .

H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 2 : 5 . F i tzpa t r ick 1 989 : 6 . MacK ie 1 995a . HY32 3 KNO WE OF RYO ( 'Knowe o fG ruga r ' ) HY /356273 P os s ib le b roch i n E v ie a nd R enda l l , ag ra s s -cove red mound o n t h e s ho re ; n o l a id m a son ry i sv i s ib le b u t t h e mound i se v iden t ly f u l l o f s t one s a nd s e em s l i ke ly t o c oncea lt h er u ins o f al a rge b roch . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 2 NE 1 0 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 67 ,7 9 -80 . HY32 4 KNO WE OF S TENSO HY /36382675 P robab le b roch i nE v ie a nd R enda l l , o n t h e e dge o ft h e r ocky c oa s t ; t h e s i te h a s b een m uch d i s tu rbed b u t al e ng th o f6 . 1 m( 2 0 f t . ) o ft h e f ounda t ion c ou r se o ft h e i n ne r a nd o u te r w a l l f a ces a r e t r aceab le o n t h e n o r th , i n d ica t ing a w a l lt h ickne s so fc .3 . 6m( 12 f t . ) . T he r ea r et r a ce so fw ha t may b e am u ra lg a l le ry c .3 0 c m( 1f t . )w ide a to ne p o in to n t h e w a l lh ead , a nd t h e re a r e s ugge s t ion so fo u tbu i ld ing s o n t h esou th s ide . Ab one b o re rw a sf o und a tt h es i te [ 3 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 2 NE 1 :2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 2 63 , 7 4 -5 : 3 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t5 5 ( 1920 -21) , 2 75 : H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 6 1 . HY32 5 MITHOUSE HY /308200 P os s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r r ay , av e ry l a rge , g ra s s c ove red m ound o n c u l t iva ted l a nd w h ich a ppa r en t ly c on ta in ss t one . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 2 SW 1 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 9 , 1 6 17 .

HY32 9 V IERA LODGE HY /392281 P o s s ib le b roch c l o se t ot h e s ho r e o n R ou say I . , c on s i s t ing o f af ew s c a t te red g ra s s -g rown r ema in s much e r oded b yt h e s e a . O ne e s t ima te p u t st h e w a l l t h ickne s s a t3 . 7 m( 12 f t . ) . B y 1 979 t h e s ea w a l l w h ich w a s p ro tec t ing t h e s i te w a s f a l l ing a way ,r e vea l ing s ome s t onewo rk [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 2 NE 1 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 56 , 2 01-2 : 3 .L amb 1 982 ,2 2 .

S quare HY33 HY33 1 MIDHO WE HY /3716306 1 d i tch ( v i s i ted 1 8 /7 /63 a nd i n1 985 ) T h i s g round -ga l ler ied b roch i so n t h e s ou th c oa s t o f R ou say I . , s t and ing o n al ow r ocky p romon to ry a nd d ef ended i nf r on t b y am a s s ive f o rewo rk a nd ( I l l s . 5 . 10 , 5 . 77 107 & 5 . 111) . L ike G ume s s ( HY32 2 )t h i s s i te w a s e xcava ted d u r ing t h e 1 930s , b u tb y Wa l te rG . G ran ta nd h e a l so a r ranged f o rt h e e xp lo ra t ion s t o c ea se w hen t h e f i r s t m a jo r f l agged s t one f l oo rw a s e ncoun te red a nd c l ea red . T he e xcava ted b roch w a s h anded o ve r t o t h e G ove rnmen t a nd t a ken i n to G ua rd ian sh ip . J ohn H edge s ' s umma ry o ft h e r e su l t s [ 4 ] a ccep t s w i thou t m uch c ommen tt h e s i te s e quence d educed b yt h e e xcava to r a nd b y J .G .Ca l lenda r o f t h e N a t iona l Mu seum ( who c o l labo ra ted w i th G ran t i n w r i t ing t h e r e por t ) ; t h i s s uppo sed ap r ima ry b roch t owe r a nd s e conda ry s l ab -bu i l t d we l l ing s i n se r ted l a te r ( b e low ) . T h i s c on t ra s t s w i th h i s r e jec t ion o f t h e v e ry s im i la r s equence p ropo sed f o r t h e a lmo s ti d en t ica lb roch o fG ume s s .

HY32 6 VERRON 1 HY /319299 P os s ib le b roch o n t h e s ho r e o f E v ie a nd R enda l l , c on s i s t ing o f much e r oded f r agmen t s o fm a son ry . T he re a r e t r ace s o fo u tbu i ld ing s t ot h e n o r th -we s t a nd o fm idden m a te r ia li nt h ec l if ff a ce t ot h e S E . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 2 NW 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 60 , 7 4 .

1 .D e scr ip t ion

HY32 7 V INQU IN HY /327283 P os s ib le b roch i n E v ie a nd R enda l l , o n t h e c r e s t o f V inqu in H i l l . T he s i t e h a s b een b r oken u p b y q ua r ry ing a nd o n ly s c a t te red s t one sa r et ob es e en . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 2 NW 1 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 66 , 7 9 .

T he s i te w a s e xcava ted b y t h e p rop r ie to r o ve r f i ve c on secu t ive s umme r s f r om 1 930 -34 ( t he a c tua l d i gg ing b e ing d one b y o ne m an ) a nd t h en h anded o ve rt ow ha tw a s t h en H .M . O ff i ce o f Wo rk s . B y t h e s t anda rd o fp r ev iou s b roch e xcava t ion s t h e r e por t i sq u i te g ood , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h a t s eve ra l g roup s o fa r tef ac t s a r e d e sc r ibed f r om s p ec if ic a nd u sef u l c on tex t s . H oweve r v e ry l i t t le s t ra t ig raphy w a s d e sc r ibed a nd m any o f t h e a r tef ac t s h ave n o a ccu ra te p rovenance . 1 . 1 S i te s equence d educed b yt h ee xca va to r

Rousay HY32 8 KNO WE OF SWANDRO HY /375297 P o ss ib le b roch o n R ou say I . am uch d i s tu rbed s t ony mound w h ich s eem s t oc on ta in t h e r ema in s o f ad ry s t one b u i ld ing , p e rhaps t h e n or th -ea s t h a lf o f ab roch [ 1 ] . A V ik ing h a l l i sn ea rby [ 1 ] a nd aV ik ing s wo rd a nd s h ie ld b o ss w e r ep l oughed u ps epa ra te ly c l o se t ot h e s i te [ 1 , 3 ,4 ] . N o d oub t a ny n ea rby b roch w ou ld h ave b een r obbed o f s t one f o rt h i sh a l l . 2 33

T he e xcava to r d educed t h a t t h e M idhowe s i te h ad p a s sed t h rough t h r ee m a in c on s t ruc t iona l p ha se s [ 3 , f i g . 2 73 ] . P ha se I w a s t h e p e r iod o ft h e b roch a nd i t so u te rd ef ence , o r f o rewo rk : t h e l a t te r w a s a s sumed t o b e c on tempo rar y w i th t h e t owe r b u t n o d i rec t e v idence f o r o r a ga in s t t h i s c onc lu s ion w a s n o ted . P ha se 2 s aw t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f s ome o f t h e o u tbu i ld ing s r ound t h e t owe r a nd t h i s m u s t h ave b een p r eceded b y t h e f i l l ing i n o f t h e i n ne r d i tch ( b ecau se o ne o ft h e e x te rna l d we l l ing s o ve r l ie s i t ) . P ha se

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

3s aw t h e p a r t ia l c o l lap se o ft h e b roch , d ue t ot h e i n he r en t w eakne s s o ft h e b a sa l m u ra l g a l le ry , a nd t h e f i l l ing o ft h i s w i th s t one . A t t h e s ame t ime , t h e e xcava to r s uppo sed , t h e " bu t t re s s ing" o fu p r igh t s l ab s w a s a dded t ot h e e x te r io r t o s uppor t i ta nd , f o rt h e s ame r e a son , as e conda ry f a c ing w a s a dded t op a r to ft h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce . T he e x t ra d oo rway o u t s ide t h e e n t rance p a s sage w a s a dded , a nd s ubd iv i s ion s p u t i n to t h e o u tbu i ld ing s . T he C omm i s s ion s ugge s ted t h a t t h e s e conda ry s t ruc tu re s i n t h e i n te r io r w e re t h en b u i l t . T he v a l id i ty o ft h is s cheme i sd i scu s sed i ns e c t ion 3 . 1 . 2 T he g ene ra ls i tua t ion o ft h es i te T he s i te s t and s o n al ow b u t s t eep s ided r o ck p romon to ry o n t h e s ou th c oa s t o fR ou say i s land , l o ok ing a c ro s s t ot h e m a in land o fO rkney o ve r E ynha l low S ound ; t h e f l oo r o f t h e b roch i so n ly 2 . 54 m ( 28 f t . ) a bove p r e sen t l ow w a te r m a rk . T he b roch i so ne o ft h ree w h ich s t and o n a5 00 m e t re s t re tch o ft h e c oa s t( t he o t he rt wo b e ing HY32 3a nd 4 ) a nd t h e re i s aw e l l p r e served N eo l i th ic c hambe r ed c a irn c l o se b y w i th al a rge a bandoned f a rm , o rc l achan , a bou t 4 00 m a way . T he c oncen t ra t ion o fb roch s w i th in as ma l l a r ea i sr ema rkab le a nd i ss u rpa s sed i nd en s i ty o n ly b ys ome g roup s i n C a i thne s s ; t h e re a r e t h r ee e v iden t r e a son s f o r t h i s . I nt h e f i r s tp l ace t h e re i sa na bundan ts ou rce o ff l a ts l ab so f b u i ld ing s t one i nt h e f l a t w ave -cu t p l a tf o rm o f s a nd s tone a l ong t h e s ho re , t hough f ew l o o se f l ag s a r e a ppa ren tn ow . I n t h e e a r ly 1 930 s t h e re w e re l o ca l p eop le w ho s t i l l r emembe red h ow l a rge f l ag s w e re s p l i t f r om t h e b ed rock b y i n se r t ing d ry w ooden w edge s i n to c r a ck s a nd s oak ing t h em w i th s e awa te r[ 2 ,4 44 ] . S econd ly al o ca l i n f o rman tt o ld m et h a tt h i s p a r to fR ou say w a s w e l lk nown t ob et h e mo s tf e r t i le p a r to ft h e i s land a nd t h a tt h e re u sed t ob e mo re f a rm st h an e x i s tn ow . A t h i rd r e a son f o r t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f b roch s m ay b e s upp l ied b y ar ema rkab le p henomenon w h ich Iw i tne s sed i nt h e s e ao na r r iva la tt h es i te a tn oon i nJ u ly 1 983 . A tt h i s t ime c r o s s c u r ren t s - t h e e a s twa rd mov ing t i de a nd a w e s twa rd c u r ren t a l ong t h e s ho re - w e re c l a sh ing i n E ynha l low S ound a nd c r ea t ing a v e r i tab le m ae l s t rom o f r ough b r eake r s a nd w h i r lpoo l s . T he f e r ryman t o ld t h e m e i tw a s ad ea th t r ap f o rs ma l lb oa t s . T he se c ond i t ion sd on o t o ccu r a l l t h e t ime - t h ree h ou r s l a te r t h e w a te r i n t h e S ound w a s r e la t ive ly c a lm - b u t t h e c u r ren t s m ay w e l l h ave p rov ided a n o cca s iona l u sef u le x t ra p ro tec t ion a ga in s t a s sau l tf r om t h es e ai nI r on A ge t ime s . 1 . 3 T he a rch i tec tu re o ft h eb roch M idhowe s t and s o n t h e o ppo s i te s ho r e o ft h e S ound f r om t h e G ur n e s s b roch ( HY32 2 ) a nd i s v e ry s im i la r i n s t ruc tu re . T he i n ne rw a l l f a ce s t i l l s t and s f r om 3 . 7 -4 .3 m ( 1 2 14 f t . )h i gh b u tt h e o u te ro ne i sl owe r , b e ing u pt o 3m ( 10 f t . ) h i gh o n t h e n o r th -ea s t a nd e a s t b u t a l toge the r a b sen t o n t h e s ou th sou th -we s t . A s i su sua l i nb roch s t h e o u te r f a ce s how s am a rked b a t te r ( o f a bou t 1i n 4o r 5 ) w h i le t h e i n ne r i s mo re v er t ica l e xcep t i nt h e s ou th -ea s t w he re i ts e em s t oh ave s agged o u twa rd s ( I l l . 5 . 88 & 5 . 89 ) . T he s t ruc tu re i sc l ea r ly t h e s t ump o f ah o l low -wa l led b roch

2 34

t owe r ; t h e re a r e t h e r ema in s o f t h r ee s upe r impo sed g a l le r ie s a nd as t a i rway i n s ide t h e w a l l , a nd t h e i n ne r f a ce s how s r a i sed o pen ing s , o r v o id s , a s w e l l a s t h e u sua l h o r izon ta l l e dg e o rs c a rcemen t . T he m a in e n t rance f a ce sw e s ta nd t h e l i n t e l s i nf r on to ft h e d oo r -check s a r e s t i l l i n p o s i t ion . T he o u te rmo s t t h r ee s uppo r t t h e m a son ry a bove a nd a r e ma s s iv e , t h e i n ne rt wo b e ing s e t o n e dge ; t ho se f u r the r b ack a r e t h inne r -w i th c l ea r g ap s , o r m eu r t r i&e s , b e tween t h o se i nf r on t o ft h e d oo r -check s ( I I . 5 . 90 & 5 . 9 1) - a nd t h ey f o rm t h e f l oo ro f ac hambe r a bove t h e e n t rance p a s sage . T he p a s sage v a r ie s i nw id th f r om 1 . 08 m ( 3f t . 7i n . ) a tt h e o u te re nd t o 9 1 c m ( 3 f t . ) i mmed ia te ly i n f r on t o f t h e d oo r -check s , w iden ing a ga in t o 1 . 29 m ( 4f t . 3i n . ) b eh ind t h em ; a ti t s i n ne r e nd t h e p a s sage i so n ly 1 . 11 m ( 3f t . 7i n . ) w id e . A t i t s o u te r e nd t h e p a s sage i s1 . 9 m ( 6 f t . 3i n . ) h igh . T he c heck s o ft h e d oo rf r ame a r e f o rmed o fb u i l t r eba te s i nt h e p a s sage w a l l s a td i s tance s o f2 . 27 m ( 7f t . 5i n . )a nd 2 . 59 m ( 8f t . 6i n . ) f r om t h e e x te r io r -a n a ve rage d i s tance o f2 . 40 m ( 8 f t . ) . T he r e i sn o p ivo t s t one f o r t h e d oo r b eh ind t h e l e f t c heck - t h e u sua l p l ace f o r t h i s f e a tu re - t h ough i t p robab ly l i e s c oncea led b e low as econda ry l a ye r o fp av ing ( I l l . 5 . 92 ) . T he f l oo r o f t h e p a ssage i so f s t one f l ag s t h roughou t . T he g ua rd c e l l s : t wo o ppo s ing g ua rd c e l l s o pen f r om t h e p a s sage b eh ind t h e d oo r f r ame , t h e i r d oo r s b e ing r a i sed a bove t h e p r e s en t p a s sage f l oo r ( I l l . 5 . 92 ) . A h o le r u n s t h rough t h e w a l l f r om t h e r i gh th and c e l lt ot h e p a s sag eb u t i nf ron to ft h ed oo r -check s ; t h u s i tc anno th ave b een f o ra b a rt os e cu re t h e d oo r a tt h e c heck s . Mo r eove rt h e o u t s ide e dge o f t h e d oo r t o t h e l ef t c e l l i sf l u sh w i th t h e d oo r c heck , l e av ing n or oom f o rt h eu sua lb a rs o cke t . T he r i gh t c e l l i sas imp le , f o u r s ided c hambe r2 . 36 m ( 7f t . 9i n . ) h i gh a nd w i th ac o rbe l led r oof ; i ti ss l igh t ly t r apeze s haped , b e ing a bou t 1 . 96 m ( 6 .5 f t . ) l o ng o n a ve rage a nd f r om 1 . 14 m ( 3f t . 9i n . ) t o 1 . 83 m ( 6f t . ) w ide . Al a y e ro f d eb r i s a bou t 3 0 c m t h ick w a s f ound o n i t s f l oo r a nd t h i s c on ta ined a f r agmen t o f aj e t a rm le t a s w e l l a s s e ve ra l p i ece s o f r ed d ee r a n t le r . Mo re a n t le r f r agmen t s w e re s t uck i n to c r ev ice s i nt h ew a l l s . T he d oo rt ot h e l ef tc e l l i s 0 . 71 c m ( 2 f t . 4i n . ) h igh a nd t h e s i l l i s6 3 c m ( 2 5 i n . ) a bove t h e f l oo ra nd i t s l i n te l led r oof r i se st o2 . 67 m ( 8f t .9 i n . ) ; t h e c hambe r i s1 . 68 m ( 5 f t . 6i n . ) w ide a nd a bou t ( 3 .51 m 1 f t . 6i n . ) l o ng . T he re w e r en or epor t s o fd eb r i s o n t h e f l oo r , a nd t h e g round l e ve l mu ra l g a l le ry r un s b ack f r om i t sr e a rw a l l ( I l l . 5 . 93 ) . As t one s i l l , m ade f r om as a nd s tone f l ag s e t o n e dge , i ss e t a c ro s s t h e p a s sage i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e d oo r -check s , a nd p ro jec t s af ew c m a bove t h e f l agged f l oo r . T h i s i sa m o s tu nu sua l f e a tu re i n ab roch a nd i nf a c tt h i s o ne f o rm s a s t ep u p o n t ot h e i n ne r h a lf o ft h e p a s sage f l oo r w h ich i s s l igh t ly h i ghe rt h an t h e o u te r( I l l . 5 . 92 ) . T h i s i n ne rp a r t i s e v iden t ly a s e conda ry p av ing , l a id o n t o p o f t h e o r ig ina l p a s sage f l oo r , a nd i td oub t le s s c ove r s u p t h e p ivo t s t one b eh ind t h e l e f t c heck . A no the r s i l l s t one , f o rm ing a s e cond s t ep u p t ot h e p r e sen t f l oo r o ft h e c our t , i sa tt h e i n ne re nd o ft h e p a s sage , s e tb e tween t h et a l l r ad ia l s l ab o n t h e r i gh t( l ook ing i n )a nd t h ee nd o ft h et h in s e conda ry w a l l o nt h e l ef t[ 6 ,1 1 1 . 2 8 ] .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

C hambe r s o ver t h e e n t rance : o n t op o f t h e e n t rance p a s sag e i s ac hambe ro ft h e s ame w id th a nd 2 . 82 m ( 9f t .3 i n . ) l o ng c ommun ica t ing w i th t h e c en t ra l c ou r t b y a n o pen ing w e l lb e low t h e l e ve lo ft h es ca r cemen t( I l l . 5 . 9 1 & 5 . 94 ) . I ne f ec tt h ew a l l so ft h ee n t rance p a s sage c on t inue u p a bove t h ep a ssage l i n te l s t of o rm t h e s i de s o ft h i s u ppe r c hambe r ; e ven t h e d oo r -check s c on t inue i n to t h i s u ppe r l e ve l , a na r rangemen th a rd t ou nd e r s tand ( un le s s i tw a s t h e s imp le s t w ay o f b u i ld ing t h e w a l l s ) s i nce t h e u ppe r c hamb e r w a s b locked a ti t s f r on t e nd b y t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e b roch w a l l . I n f a c t t h e p a s sage s i de s c on t inue e ven f u r the r u p t o f o rm a s e cond u ppe r c hambe r t h e l i n te l led f l oo r o fw h ich i sa ts ca rcemen t l e v e l , 3 . 4 m( 1 1 f t . ) a bove t h e p re sen t f l oo r o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t ( I l l . 5 . 94 ) . D oub t le s s t h e o pen ing s o r ig ina l ly c on t inued u p t ot h e w a l l h ead a sa s e r ie s o fv o id s , a s i nD un T e lve f o r e xamp le ( NG8 1 2 ) . No t e nough o f t h e f l oo r a nd w a l l s o ft h i s s e cond u ppe r c hambe r a r e p reserved t o s e e w ha t h appen s i nt h e m idd le o f t h e w a l l , b eyond a bou t 1m ( 3 f t . ) i n f r om t h e s ca r cemen t , b u t i ts e em s v e ry p robab le t h a t -u n l ike t h e c hambe r b e low - t h e t h i rd l e ve l o fg a l le ry c ommun ica ted w i th t h i sc hambe ro nb o th s i des . I t may b e s upposed t h a t t h e f i r s t f l i gh t o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r ( wh ich s t a r t s a t L eve l 2 , b e low ) l e d u p t o al o ng l a nd ing i nL eve l 3f o rmed b yt h e l i n te l sr oof ing t h e s e cond ( o r f i r s t f l oo r ) g a l le ry , r e ach ing t h i s p o in t a t a bou t 1 o ' c lock ; i fo ne c ou ld h ave w a lk ed c l ockw i se r ound t h i s s t one f l oo r f o r mo re t h an h a lf o ft h e c i r cumf e rence o ft h e b roch o ne w ou ld t h en h ave r e a ched t h e s e cond u ppe r c hambe ro ve rt he e n t rance a nd c ou ld t h en h ave e me rged o n t o t h e r a i sed f l oo r o r b a lcony w h ich , i ti sa s sumed h e re , r e s ted o n t h e s ca rcemen t a nd o n ar i ng o fp o s t s s e t i nt h e p r ima ry f l oo r . A l te rna t ive ly , s i nce t h e re i sa no the r v o id a tt h i s l e ve l a t1 o ' c lock , t h i s may h ave b een t h ew ay o u to nt ot h ew ooden f l oo r a nd t h e s econd f l igh t o f t h e s t a i r c ou ld t h en h ave b egun a ta bou t 3o ' c lock ( t he s i de s o ft h e t o pmo s t g a l le ry a r e p re serv ed t o a lmo s t t h a t p o in t -I l . 5 . 97 ) . T he s t a i r w ou ld o fc ou r se h ave e f f ec t ive ly b l ocked e ach g a l le ry i t p a ssed t h rough a nd , i ft h i s w a s t h e c a se , t h e o n ly w ay t o g e t i n to t h e s e cond c hambe r o ve rt h e e n t rance w ou ld h ave b een b y w a lk ing a l ong t h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r t o i t ; i t c ou ld t h en h ave b een a p r iva te r oom , o r a n e n t ry i n to o t herw i se i n acces s ib le p a r t so ft h et h i rd g a l le ry . T he b a sa li n t ra -mura lg a l le ry r un sr i gh tr ound t h e w a l l t o w i th in a bou t 1 . 5 m( 5f t . ) o ft h e o t h e rg ua rd c e l l a nd h a s a r a i sed d oo r a t 2 . 30 o ' c lock c onnec t ing i tt o t h e i n te r io r . T he g a l le ry i sf r om 1 . 5 m( 5f t . )t o2 . 06m ( 6f t . 9i n . ) h igh i n mo s t p l a ce s b u t o n ly 1 . 07 m ( 3 .5 f t . ) h i gh u nde r t h e l o bby ( o r s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l ) a tt h e f oo t o f t h e r a i sed mu ra l s t a i r ; i t s f l oo ri sn o tt h e o l dg r ound s u rf ace o nw h ich t h e b roch i sb u i l t b u t i sa bou t 6 0 c m( 2f t . ) h i ghe rt h an t h e p r esen t f l oo r i nt h e c ou r t a nd p e rhap s 9 0 c m -1m ( 3 f t . ) a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r [ 3 , f i g . 2 74 ] . P r e sumab ly t h e ref or et h e b a sa l g a l le ry a c tua l ly r e s t s o n al a ye r o fw a l l c o re . When f i r s t e xpo sed i tw a s f ound t o h ave b een p acked f u l l o f s t one s l ab s s e t o n e dge t o w i th in a f ew c en t ime t r e s o ft h e r oof , a nd p a r t o fi ti ss t i l l s o b locked

2 35

( I l l . 5 . 89 ) . T h i s s t r e tch c an c l ea r ly b e s e en t oh ave b u lged o u twa rd s , p r e sumab ly b ef o r e i tw a s p acked w i th s t one . I ndeed t h e b u lg ing o u twa rd s o f t h e w a l l b a se w a s p r e sumab ly t h er e a son f o rt h eb l ock ing . T he g a l le ry v a r ie s i nw id th f r om a bou t4 5 c m( 18 i n . )t o7 5 c m( 2f t . 6i n . ) . T he i n t ra -mura ls t a i r : t h e d oo rt ot h e s t a i r i n s ide t h e w a l l i sa t 9o ' c lock a nd 8 4 c m ( 2f t . 9i n . ) w ide , a nd i t s s i l l i s s e t 1 . 75 m ( 5 f t . 9i n . ) a bove t h e s e conda ry f l oo r o ft h e c ou r t . T he s t a i r r un s u p t o t h e p r e sen t w a l l h ead i n a s i ng le f l igh t o fw h ich 1 5 s t ep s r ema in ( I l l . 5 . 103 ) , r i s ing 1 . 53 m ( 5 f t . ) o ve r ad i s tance o f a bou t 2 . 44 m ( 8 f t . ) . T he r e i sa no va l mu ra lc hambe r , o rs t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l , t o t h e l ef t o ft h e s t a i r d oo r w h ich i s3 . 96m ( 1 3 f t . ) l o ng a nd t h e f l oo r o fw h ich i sc ompo sed o ft h e l i n te l s o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry u nder n ea th ; i tl e ad s b a ck i n to t h e n a r row f i r s t f l oo r g a l le ry w h ich r un s a n t i -c lockw i se o ve rt h e l ef tg ua rd c e l l a nd a lmo s t t o t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e m a in e n t rance ( b e ing b l ocked t h i s w a s n o t n o t iced b y t h e o r ig ina l e xcava to r [ 2 , 4 52 ] ) . T he s t a i r -f oo t c e l l a nd t h e s e cond g a l le ry w e re f ound t o b e b l ocked w i th s t one s w hen e xcava ted [ 2 , 4 52 ] a nd t h e c e l lh ad s agged al i t t le o u twa rd s w i th t h i s p a r t o ft h e w a l l . As t one s l ab p ro jec t s f r om t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce a tt h e b a se o ft h e r i gh t j amb o ft h e s t a i r d oo rw i th a no the ra ta bou tt h e s ame h e igh t3 . 05 -3 .36 m ( 10 o r 1 f t . ) c l ockw i se f r om t h e f i r s t . T he se m ay w e l l h ave s uppo r ted s ome s o r t o fw ooden p l a tf o rm a nd l a dde rt ot h e s t a i rd oo r . U ppe r g a l le r ie s a nd s ca rcemen t : t h e s c a rcemen t , p a r t c o rbe l led a nd p a r t l e dge , i sm uch h i ghe r -3 . 36 m ( 1 1 f t . ) a bove t h e s e conda ry f l oo r ; i ti su p t o5 3 c m ( 2 1 i n . ) w ide i np l ace s . T he r e i s av o id a bove i ta t 1o ' c lock - w i th i t s s i l l a t t h e l e ve l o f t h e l e dge - w h ich p robab ly l e ad o r ig ina l ly i n to t h em u ra l g a l le ry a tt h a tl e ve lb u tw h ich n ow g i ve s a cce s s t o ac e l l i n se r ted i n to t h e w a l l h ead ( I l l . 5 . 105 & 5 . 106 ) . T he i n comp le te a nd u n roof ed g a l le ry r unn ing r ound t h e p r e sen t w a l l h ead ( a nd n ow b locked b y t h e i n se r ted c e l l m en t ioned ) , p a s se s o ve rt h e c e l l a tt h e f oo t o f t h e s t a i ra nd h a s i t sf l oo ra ta bou ts c a rcemen t l e ve l ; i ti si n f a c t t h e L eve l 3 g a l le ry . T he r e a r e t r a ce s o f a n i n te rmed ia te g a l le ry i nt h e s egmen t a t2 3 o ' c lock ; t h e d oo r t ot h e b a sa l g a l le ry a l so o pen s i n to t h e s e cond l e ve l h e re b u t l e ave s v e ry l i t t le r oom t og e t i n . T he s e cond t i e r i sa l so v i s ib le a tt h e s t a i rd oo rway w he re i tr un sb ackwa rd s f r om t h e b ack o f t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l t o n ea r t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance ; h e re i tr i se s u p s l igh t ly o ve r t h eg ua rd c e l l( I l l . 5 . 93 ) . A t M idhowe t h e a r rangemen t o f L eve l s i sl e s s c l ea r -cu t t h an i n mo s to t he re xpo sed b roch s . W e l l o r c e l la r : ar o ck -cu t u nde rg round w e l l o rc e l la r w a s f ound i nt h en o r th h a lf o ft h e c en t ra lc ou r t ; i tw a sc ove red w i th f l ag s tone s a nd t h e c hambe ri s2 . 59 m ( 8f t . 6i n . )d eep w i th t h e t op 7 6 c m ( 2 f t . 6i n . ) o ft h e s i de s b e ing o fd ry w a l l ing . I nc on t ra s t t ot h e w e l l a tG ur n e s s o n ly a bou t 3 0 c m ( 1 f t . ) o f d ra inage w a te r w a s f ound i n t h e b o t tom , l e ad ing t h e e xcava to r t o s u rm i se t h a t t h e u nde rg round c hambe r m ay h ave b een a d ry c e l la r , a s a ppea r s t oh ave b een t h e c a se a tH owe ( HY21 1 ) .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 . 4 S econda ry a l te ra t ion st ot h eb roch T he i n ne rc ou r to ft h eb roch i sf u l lo fc on s t ruc t ion sb u i l to f e no rmou s s l ab s o f s a nd s tone ; t h ey a ppea r n o t t o b e o r ig ina lb ecau se t h ey a r e e v iden t ly b u i l to nt h e s u rf a ce o fa f l agg ed f l oo rw h ich h a sb een l a id o ve rt h e o r ig ina l o ne . A n a r row a r ea o fp av ing , n ex t t ot h e w a l l a nd a t as l igh t ly l owe r l e ve l t h an t h e r e s t o ft h e f l oo r , c an b e s e en i nt h e s egmen t f r om 3 6 o ' c lock ( I l l . 5 . 10 1) a nd c ou ld w e l l b e p a r t o f t h e b and o f p e r iphe ra l p av ing o f t en f ound o n p r ima ry b roch f l oo r s . A s w i th G ur n e s s ( HY32 2 ) , t h e r emova l o ft h e a dded f l oo r s hou ld r evea l ac i r c le o fp o s t h o le s a r ound t h e i n ne r e dge o ft h i s p av ing , a ta bou t 2m f r om t h e w a l l . T h i s p av ing i sm a rked a s ' d ra in ' o n t h e o r ig ina l p l an ( I l l . 5 . 78 ) a nd m igh t h ave b een u sed a ss u ch i nt h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion , t h ough n o o u t le tw a s f ound . T he e xcava to r r e a l i sed t h a t t h e f i r s t f l oo r h e r e a ched w a s a na dded o ne b u ts t i l le xp la ined t h en a r row s t r ip o fs l igh t ly l owe rp av ing n ea rt h ew a l la s ad r a in . L im i ted b yt h e d ec i s ion t op r e se rve f o rd i sp lay t h e i n se r ted s t one c on s t ruc t ion sh ep robed u nde rt h e t o p f l oo r f o r s i gn s o f ac en t ra l h ea r th o n t h e p r ima ry f l oo r . P l en ty o fb ur n t m a te r ia l w a s f ound n ea r t h e c en t re , a nd i tw a s n o ted t h a t t h e re w e re 4 5 c m ( 18 i n . ) o f d epo s i t s b e low t h e u ppe r s u rf a ce [ 2 , 4 55 ] . T he i n te r io r i sd i v ided i n to t wo a lmo s t e qua l , D shaped h a lve sb y aw a l lo fh i gh s t one s l ab s -6 . 4 -76 c m ( 2 .5 -3 i n . ) t h ick a nd u pt o2 . 44 m ( 8f t . ) h i gh - s e t o n e dge d own t h e m idd le a nd i nl i ne w i th t h e e n t rance . T he re i s ap i l la r o f b u i l t m a son ry n ea rt h e e a s t e nd o ft h i s " wa l l" , a nd s ho r te r s l ab s h ave b een i n ser ted a tr i gh ta ng le sb e tween s eve ra l o f t h ep a i r s , p r e sumab ly t oj am t h em i np o s i t ion . T he l i ne o f s l ab s e nd s i n aT shape a bou t 1 . 53 m ( 5f t . ) f r om t h e m a in e n t rance , s ot h a tt h e r e i s as o r t o fv e s t ibu le i mmed ia te ly i n f r om t h e b roch d oo r f r om w h ich o ne c an t u rn e i the r h a lf r i gh to rh a lf l ef tt oe n te ro ne o ft h et wo h a lve so ft h ec ou r t . T he re a r e v a r iou s s ma l le r p o lygona l c ub ic le s i n s ide e ach h a lf , s ome s o s ma l lt h a tt h ey m igh tb e c upboa rd s , o re ven e a r th c l o se t s . T he r e a r e t wo m a s s ive , r e c tangu la rk e rbed a nd p aved h ea r th s , o ne i ne a ch h a lf , s ugge s t ing t h a t e ach h a lf o ft h ec ou r tw a s af am i ly d we l l ing u n i t( I l l . 5 . 95 ) . T he o ne i nt h e s ou th h a lf h ad t wo s qua re s ocke t s a ga in s t t h e o u t s ide e dge o fi t s l o ng s i de s , n ea rt h e m idd le , w h ich w e r e p r e sumab ly f o rh o ld ing t h e f r ame f o r ar oa s t ing s p i t ; t h i s h ea r th o ve r lay a no the r , a l so p r e sumab ly s e conda ry , w i th a s im i la rs ocke ta to ne s i de . T race so f as im i la ra r rangemen t o f s ocke t s w e r e n o ted a tt h e f i r ep lace i n t h e n o r th h a lf w h ich p a r t ly o ve r lapped t h e s t one f l ag s c ove r ing t h e e n t rance t ot h e c e l la r . P r e sumab ly , a s a tG ur n e s s , t h e r e w a s as i ng le c en t ra l h ea r th o n t h e p r ima ry f l oo r , a nd t h i s m ay s t i l lb ei np l a ce ,c ove r ed b yt h ef l ag s tone " wa l l" . T he re a r e s eve ra l o dd c on s t ruc t ion s i n s ide t h eb roch w h ich a r e n o t a lway s e a s i ly i n te rp r e ted . N ex t t ot h e w a l l a t 1 o ' c lock - a tt h e f a r e nd o ft h e s ou th h a lf o ft h e i n te r io r a r e t h e r ema in s o f af l igh t o fs t one s t ep s b u i l t u p a ga in s t t h e w a l l f a ce ; o n ly t h e f i ve s t ep s a tt h ep r e sen tt op s u rv ive ( I l l . 5 . 97 ) . P r e sumab ly t h i s f l igh t l e d u p t ot h e r educed w a l l h ead a sa tG ur n e s s . T hey p a s s b e low t h eh igh v o id a t 1 0 o ' c lock ( d e sc r ibed b e low ) a nd c ou ld n o t h ave g i ven

2 36

a cce s s t o t h a t . T he re i s at a nk s e t i n to t h e f l oo r i nt h e n o r th h a lf w h ich w a s c on t inuou s ly p a r t f u l l o fc l ea r w a te r d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion , a nd w a s e v iden t ly f i l led b y as p r ing [ 2 ,4 65 ] . Al a ye ro fp ea ty m a t te ru p t o1 3c m ( 5i n . )t h ick , w h ich t h e e xcava to r t h ough t w a s c ompo sed o f h ea the r a nd g ra s se s , l a y o n much o ft h e f l oo r a r ea o ft h e n o r th h a lf ; i tw a s a s sumed t o b e ad e l ibe ra te f l oo r c ove r ing , a dded t o r egu la r ly . I tc on ta ined m any f i nd s , i n c lud ing t wo s h e rd s o fR oman S am ian w a r e ( s ec t ion 2b e low ) . T he re i so ne r ema rkab le p i ece o fs econda ry w a l l ing w h ich s t and s a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l i n t h e n o r th -wes t a r c ( I l l . 5 . 98 ) . A n e x t ra l i n ing o fm a son ry w a s l a id a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l f r om t h e m a in e n t rance r ound t ot h e s t a i r d oo r a t 9o ' c lock ; a to ne p o in t i tc u rve s o u t t o f o rm ah uge p i l la r o n t h e f l oo r o ft h e c ou r t -f o rmed o f as i ng le s l ab a t t h e b a se s u rmoun t ed b y d ry w a l l ing - a nd t h e w ho le f o rm s a n a l cove w i th a c o rbe l led , s l ab -capped r oof a lmo s t l i ke t h e s i ng le p i e ro f av e ry t a l l w hee lhou se . S e tu p r igh ti n to t h e t h in w a l l o ft h i s c on s t ruc t ion , b e tw een p i e r a nd s t a i r d oo r , i s ah uge s t one s l ab f l u sh w i th t h e f a ce ; i tl o ok s l i ke ac anva s f o r ap i c tu re o r d eco ra t ion o fs ome k ind . T h i s s t ruc tu re i sp a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t i n t h a t i t s o u te r s i de ( r e s t ing f l u sh a ga in s tt h e b roch w a l l ) r i se s u p t ob l end w i th i t s l i n te l led r oof , a nd t h en b o th o ve r lap a nd c ove r t h e o r ig ina l b roch s c a rcemen t ( I l l . 5 . 98 ) ; t h i s s upe rpo s i t ion g oe s c l ockw i se r i gh t r ound t ot h e s t a i r d oo r a t 9o ' c lock . T h i s i st h e c l ea r e s tp o s s ib le e v idence - s im i la rt o ,b u te ven m o re e xp l ic i t t h an , t h a t a tG ur ne ss - t h a t t h e re w e r e t wo d i s t inc t p ha se s i nt h e a r ch i tec tu ra l e vo lu t ion o ft h e b r och , a nd t h a t t h e p r e sen t i n te r io r a r rangemen t s b e long t o t h e s e cond p ha se . S eve ra l s ma l l c ub ic le s o fs t one f l ag s h ave b een b u i l t i n s ide t h eb roch , mo s t ly o pen a tt h e t o p ; t h e r ea r et wo n ex tt ot h e w a l lb e s ide t h e" a lcove" . O ne j u s t i n s ide t h e n or th h a lf i s t a l l , b u t n a r row a nd c r amped w i th a f l a t s t one l i d ( I l l . 5 . 95 ) ; t h i s c ou ld b e ac upboa rd o r " p r e s s" . T he l i d o ft h i s w a s f i re -c rack ed a nd , w hen f i r s t e xpo sed , w a s c ove r ed w i th at h ick l a ye r o fb ur n t m a te r ia l , s ugg e s t ing t h a t t h e r e h ad b een a no c cupa t ion i n s ide t h eb roch w hen i tw a sf u l lo f a bou t 2m o fd eb r i s . S ome o ft h e s ma l lc ub ic le sm igh tb e e a r th c l o se t s . A no the r p i ece o f s econda ry ma son ry w a s n ex tt ot h e w a l l a nd w e l l a bove t h e f l oo ro n t h e s ou th -we s t s i de [ 2 , 4 66 & I l . 1 3 ] , a nd i td oub t le s sb e long s t o ap e r iod w hen t h eb roch w a sh a lf f u l l o fd eb r is . A no the r f e a tu r e o n t h e w a l l h ead I l t ra te s t h e t wo p ha se h i s to ry o f t h e s i t e . A t 1o 'c lock a r e c tangu la r c e l l i n te r rup t s t h e t h i rd l e ve l o f mu ra l g a l le ry o f w h ich f ounda t ion sc an s t i l l b e s e en ; t h e v o id i nt h e o r ig ina lb r och w a l l , a t s c a r cemen t l e ve l , l e ad s i n to i t ( I l l . 5 . 105 ) . C lockw i se f r om t h is c e l l t h e s i de s o ft h e t h i rd g a l le ry c an b e s e en c l ea r ly , w i th t h e m a son ry o ft h e c e l l i n te r rup t ing t h em ( I l l . 5 . 106 ) . I no t he r w o rd s t h e c e l l h a s b een b u i l t i n to t h e w a l l h ead o ft h e r u ined a nd r e du ced b roch ( s ince i tc ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een f o rced i n to a n i n te rmed ia te g a l le ry o f as t and ing t owe r ) , mak ing u s e o f a n o r ig ina l v o id a s ad oo r a nd d e s t roy ing as hor t s e c t ion o ft h e r a i sed g a l le ry t ow h ich t h i s l e d . T he s im i la r i ty w i th G ur n e s s i s a ga in c l ea r ; M idhowe a l so s e em s t oh ave b een aw r ecked

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

a nd p a r t ly d emo l ished t owe r b roch w h ich w a s mod if ied w i th c on s t ruc t ion so nt op o fa na l r eady l owe r ed w a l lh ead . T he b locked u p b a sa l g a l le ry o f c ou r se c onf i rm s t h a t d ra s t ic c hange s t o t h e s t ruc tu re o ft h e b roch , d oub t le s s a t l e a s t i n p a r t d ue t o i n c ip ien t c o l lap se , o ccu r red a t s ome s t age . 1 . 5 T he o u tbu i ld ing s I ft h em a s s ive o u te rw a l la nd i t st wo d i tche sw e r eb u i l tw i th t h e b roch , t h e o u tbu i ld ing s s u r round ing t h e t owe r a r e c er ta in ly s e conda ry ; t h i s i sb ecau se t h e f ou r c ompa r tmen t s o fc hambe r Hw e re b u i l t o nt op o ft h e f i l led in i n ne rd i tch . I ft h e o u te r d ef ence s a r e e a r l ie rt h an t h e b roch i tc ou ld b e a rgued t h a t t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e re p u t u p w i th t h e t owe r . T he o u tbu i ld ing s t h em se lve s c on s i s t o f a n umbe r o f a pp rox ima t e ly c i rcu la ro rp o lygona lc ub ic le sm ade o fg ood q ua l i ty d ry s t one w a l l ing , s ome e qu ipped w i th f l oo r t a nk s a nd h ea r th s . T he c hambe r s t ot h ew e s t o ft h e t owe rh ave b een l a rg e ly s wep t a way b y t h e s e a e xcep t f o r s ome f r agmen ta ry r ema in s c l o se t ot h e b roch ; t h e se l a s t i n c lude as hor te x ten s ion o u twa rd so ft h ee n t rance p a s sage w h ich i s e qu ipped w i th a c hambe r -p r e sumab ly ag ua rd c e l l -o n e i the r s i de ( I l l s . 5 . 87 & 5 . 88 ) . T he v a r iou s b u i ld ing s t o t h e W , n o r th a nd e a s t o ft h e b roch a r e s o a r ranged t h a t t h e re i s ac u rved p a th r unn ing r ound t h e f oo t o ft h e o u te r w a l l ( I l l . 5 . 78 ) . C hambe r Hi st h e l a rge s to ft h es u rv iv ing e nc lo su re s , a nd i t w a s l a t e r s ubd iv ided i n to t h r ee p a r t s w i th c r o s s -wa l l s o f i n f e r io r q ua l i ty ma son ry . I t s n o r th w a l l w a s b u i l t o ve r p a r t o ft h e f i l led in i n ne r d i tch a nd a ga in s t t h e f o r ewo rk w a l l , t h ef a c ing o fw h ich w a sr emoved f o r ad ep th o fu pt o 1 . 53 m ( 5f t . )t oa ccommoda te i t . N o c l ue t ot h e n a tu re o f t h e r oof w a s f ound t h ough t h e w a l l s w e r e i n p l ace s s t and ing 1 . 2 -1 . 5 m( 4 -5 f t . ) h i gh . C hambe r s E , F ,G a nd H h ave c ommon p a r t i t ion w a l l s , a nd t h eo r ig ina ld oo r s o f t h ese r oom s o pened o n t o t h e a ley a tt h e f oo t o ft h e b roch w a l l . S eve ra l o f t h e c hamb e r s h ave r e ce s se s o r a umb r ie s i n t h e i r i n ne r w a l l f a ce s , a nd t r ace s o f i r on s me l t ing w e r ef ound i nc hambe rG . A n i n te r e s t ing p henomenon w a s n o t ed a l ong t h e n or th -ea s t a r c o ft h e b roch w he r e am a s s ive h eap o fl a rge s and s tone f l ag s s t and ing o n e nd h ad b een p i led u pr a d ia l ly a ga in s tt h e w a l l o ft h e t owe r f o r a bou t aq ua r t e r o fi t s c i rcumf e r ence ( I l l . 5 . 108 ) . T hey h ad e v iden t ly b een p l a ced i np o s i t ion a f t e r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fo u tbu i ld ing s E , F ,Ga nd H s i nce t h ey b lock t h e p a th b e tween t h e se s t ruc tu r e s a nd t h e b roch w a l l ; t h e d oorway s l e ad ing t ot h i s h ave b een p a r t ly f i l led i n . One p ho tog raph i nt h e r e po r t s how s t h i s " bu t t re s s ing " i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e b l ocked -up d oo r o fC ompa r tmen t F( wh ich h ad as e conda ry e n t rance m ade i n to i t ) . Whe the r s uch a n a r rangemen t o f f l ag s w ou ld h ave s ho red u p t h e w a l l i sa no the r ma t te r( s ec t ion 3b e low ) .

o u t s ide a nd i t sw a l l h ead w id th i s4 . 4 m -5 . 8 m( 14 .5 f t .1 9 f t . ) . T he w ho le w a l l c u rve s s ha rp ly r ound t ot h e w e s t ( t owa rd s t h e s e a ) a ti t s s ou th e nd b u tt h e s ou th f a ce o ft h i s e x ten s ion i sn o t a tt h e e dge o ft h e s e a -f i l led g eo b u t r un s a l ong t h e e dge o f av e r t ica lr ock f a ce s ome d i s tance f u r the r b a ck ( I l l . 5 . 84 ) . An a r row d oorway l e ad st h rough t h e c r o s s w a l l n ea r t h e s ou th e nd b u t t h e p a s sage o f t h i s q u ick ly b roaden so u tt oa bou t4 . 0 m( 1 3 f t . ) . I nf r on to ft h ew a l l i s ab road , s ha l low d i tch w i th r eve t ted s i des a nd a p a r t ly p aved f l oo r ; i t s o r ig ina l w id th w a s 2 . 7 m ( 9 f t . ) a nd i t r e ache s 1 . 8 m( 6 f t . ) i nd ep th i np l ace s . T he d i tch i n s ide t h e f o rewo rk i sd eepe r , u p t o3 . 05 m ( 10 f t . ) i np l ace s , a nd 3 . 36 m ( 1 1 f t . ) w ide ; b o th f a ce s a r e s t eep a nd l i ned w i th d ry s t one w a l l ing ( I l l . 5 . 86 ) , a nd t h e i n ne re dge i so n ly 1 . 2 m( 4 f t . ) f r om t h e f oo t o ft h e b roch w a l l a to ne p o in t . T he f o r ewo rk w a l l e nd s i n ab u i l t f a ce a tt h e e dge o f av er t ica l r o ck f a ce o n t h e s ou th , s ome d i s tance f r om t h e e dge o ft h e g eo ( s ea i n le t ) . 2 . T he f i nds T he e xcava t ion r e po r t o fM idhowe i sc e r ta in ly i n adequa te b y mode rn s t anda rd s , i nt h a tt h e re i sn o d e ta i led a ccoun to f t h e s i te s t ra t ig raphy a nd m any o ft h e a r tef ac t s l a ck c l ea r a nd c omp rehen s ib le c on tex t s . N ever the le s s s eve ra l u sef u l o ccupa t ion d epo s i t s a r e d e sc r ibed w h ich c on ta ined g roup s o f a r tef a c t s w h ich m ay b e r ega rded a s mo re o r l e s s c on tempo ra ry . T he f i gu re n umbe r s i nb ra cke t s r e f e rt ot h e I l t ra t ion s i nt h e o r ig ina l e xcava t ion r e po r t . As e lec t ion o f t h e f i nd s i ss hown h e re i nI l . 5 . 80 -82 . No f i nd s c an b e s how t ob e long t ot h e t ime o ft h e u se o f t h e b roch f o r i t s o r ig ina l p u rpo se a nd i ti su n l ike ly t h a t t h e se l e ve l s , i f a ny e x is t , w e re r e ached d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s . V a r iou s d epo s i t s i n s ide t h e b roch p roduced a r tef a c t s w h ich m ay b e a s sumed t o d a te f r om t h e f i r s t s e conda ry u se o f t h e t owe r a s ad we l l ing . T he P ha se n umbe r ing s y s tem u sed i st h a tg i ven i ns e c t ion 3 . ( a ) T he r oof ed s ou the rn g ua rd c e l l h ad a bou t af oo t o f d eb r is o n t h e f l oo r f r om w h ich w a s r e cove red ap i ece o fa s ha le a rm le t a nd s eve ra l f r agmen t s o fr ed d ee r a n t le r ( on t h e c e l l f l oo r ) . T he se p robab ly b e long s t o t h e f i r s t s e conda ry o ccupa t ion , p ha se 2 , t h ough t h ey c ou ld b e o f P ha se 1 . ( b ) I n t h e p ea ty f l oor d epo s i t o fC hamber C v a r iou s a r tef ac t s w e r e f ound i nt h e n o r th h a lf o ft h e i n te r io r , a nd t h ey o bv iou s ly b e long t o p ha se 2 . T he se i n c lude ( on t h e f l oo r a tt h e e n t rance t ot h e c hambe r ) 1b one l o ng c omb 1 b one a w l o rb o r e r , 1c h i se l -ended b one t oo l , 1s l o t ted d ee r t i ne ( p e rhap s ab r id le c heek -p iece ) , 1p e rf o ra ted h a lf -p la te o fw ha lebone , h a lf ar o ta ry q ue rn , 5p o t l i d s ( p re sumab ly s t one ) , 2m oved s o cke ts t one s . ( c ) I n o ne o ft h e c ub ic le s i nC hambe r C : 1c h i se l -ended ( s pa tu la te ) b one t oo l , p a r t o ft h e s ku l l a nd h or n c o re s o f B o sf ron to su s , 2l o ng w eav ing c omb s a tf l oo r l e ve l , n o . 9 h ighe ru p ) , 1w ho r l , 1s add le q ue rn a nd 1p o tl i d .

1 . 6 T he o u te rd ef ence s T he o u te rf o r t if ica t ion s b a r r ing t h e n eck o ft h e p romon to ry c on s i s t o f t wo s t ra igh t d i tche s w i th , b e tween t h em , a m a ss ive a nd b road f o rewo rk w a l l . T he p r e sen th e igh t o f t h ew a l la bove g round l e ve l i s1 . 5 m -2 . 1 m( 5 -7 f t . )o nt h e

2 37

( d ) O n t h ef l oor o fC hambe r C : 1s pa tu la te t oo l , 3 b one p in s o rb o r e r s , 2d ee r -hor np i ck s , 2s he rd s o fS am ian w a re , 1l o ng w eav ing c omb , 1s pa tu la te t o o l , 1b ronze r i ng -

T he R ound hou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

h eaded p i n n ex t t o t h e f l oo r t a nk , 1w he t s tone , 1b one b o r e r , h a lf a n i v o ry h ead f o ra n i r on p in , 1p e rf o ra ted h af t p l a te o fd ee r -ho rn , 1p o t l i d , 3r o ta ry q ue rn s tone s ( on t h e f l oo r ) , 1s add le q ue rn ( h ighe r u p ) , 2m o r e r o ta ry q ue rn s ( a l so a t ah i ghe rl e ve l ) .

3 . D i scu s s ion 3 . 1 S i te s equence

( e ) I nt h e l o bby o ft h ee n t rance t oC hamber D ( s ou th h a lf o ft h eb roch i n te r io r ) : 1s add le q uer na nd 2s ocke ts t one s . ( I ) O n t h ef l oor l e ve l o fc ompa r tmen t D : 3l o ng w eav ing c omb s , 1w he t s tone , 1b one p i n , 1b one r i ng , 7s t one p o t l i d s , 1r o ta ry q uern , 4s t one w ho r l s , 1w ha lebone w ho r l a nd 1b ronze r i ng -headed p in . I n t h e d eb r i s 4 5 c m ( 18 i n . ) a bove t h e f l oo r w a s ab ronze p a te ra ( h and led c up ) , a ppa ren t ly R oman . As ma shed v e s se l o fp o t te ry w a sa bou t 6 0 c m( 2f t . )a bove t h e f l oo r . ( g ) I n t h e d ebr i s i n t h e o u te r d i tch , i n f r on t o f t h e f o rewo rk , w e re f ound : 2p enannu la r b ronze f i bu lae , h a lf a s t one w ho r l ( on t h e d i tch b o t tom ) , 5p o t l i d s , 1w he t s tone ( on t h e b o t tom ) , p a r t o f ah uman s ku l l , 2s add le q ue rn s , 4 h amme r s tone s , 2s ocke ts t one s( d e tached ) . ( h ) I n t h e i n ne r d i tch ( e a r l ie r t h an t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd p robab ly n ea rt h e s t a r to fP ha se 3 ) : 2p o in ted b one t oo l s , 1 b one p in , 2s add le q uern s , 2b oa r 's t u sk s , h a lf a p o t te ry w ho r l , 1s pa tu la te b one t oo l , 1s ma l l b one p o l i sh ing t oo l , 1 s ma l l w o rked s c apu la , 1p i ece o f aw ha le v er teb ra c up , 1 p o tl i da nd b one so fB o sf ron to su s . ( i ) O n t h e " pa th" ( p re sumab ly t h e o ne a r ound t h e f oo t o f t h e b roch n ex t t ot h e i n ne r d i tch ) a nd " a t ah ighe r l e ve l" ( t he m ean ing o ft h i s i sn o tc l ea r )w e r e : ab roken c ompo s i te b one c omb , 1b one p i n , 2p o in ted b one t o o l s , 1f r agmen to f as add le q ue rn a nd 3 h amme r s tone s . T he p h ra se " a t a h ighe r l e ve l" m ay m ean t h a t t h e se o b jec t s w e re a bove g round l e ve l i nd eb r i s : t h i s w ou ld e xp la in t h e c ompo s i te c omb , at y pe o fa r tef ac t o t herw i se a b sen t f r om t h e s i te a nd u sua l ly d a ted t o av e ry l a te p o s t -b roch p e r iod . 0 ) O n t h e p a th f ur the r w e s t , n ow b l ocked b y t h e " bu t t re s s ing" ( p re sumab ly b e low t h e s t acked s l ab s a nd a n teda t ing t h em : p robab ly a s s ignab le t oP ha se 3 ) : 1b ronze p enannu la r f i bu la , 1l o ng w eav ing c omb a nd 1h o l lowed s t one . ( k ) C hambe r E ( i n t h e o u tbu i ld ing s ) g ave a tf l oo r l e ve l a s pa tu la te b one t oo l , as add le q ue rn a nd 1h o l lowed s t one .

( i )

C hambe r G h ad ah ea r th i nt h e c en t re w i th ma s se s o f i r on s l ag a nd af l agged " d ra in" , p o s s ib ly af l ue f o r ab l a s t f u rnace . O b jec t s r e cove r ed i n c luded ac omp le te p o t s unk i nt h e f l oo r , 1p o tl i da nd 2b oa r s ' t u sk s . ( m ) T he f ou r c ompa r tmen t s o fC hambe r H -o ve r ly ing t h e f i l led in i n ne r d i tch - g ave m any a r tef ac t s i n c lud ing 1 b roken s add le q ue rn , as t one b a s in o r l amp [ 5 , f i g . 4 2 ] , 1 b one h af tp l a te ( on t o p o ft h e w a l l ) , 1l o ng w eav ing c omb a nd 1b ronze r i ng -headed p in .

2 38

T he e xcava to r s ugge s t s as equence o fe ven t s a tM idhow e w h ich s e em s q u i te p l au s ib le ( s ec t ion 1 . 1 a bove ) , b u t i si t t h e mo s t l i ke ly o ne? I t mu s t b e b or ne i nm ind t h a t , s i nce n ew a r gumen t s h ave b een a dvanced i n f a vou r o f ap r e b roch p ha se a tG u rne s s [ HY31 0 ) , t h e s ame m igh tb e s a id a bou t M idhow e . I ndeed t h e ma s s ive s t ra igh t w a l l w i th f l ank ing d i tche sw h ich c u t s of t h e p romon to ry s e em st ob e a n e ven mo r e p l au s ib le c and ida te f o r a p r e -b roch p romon to ry f o r t t h an t h e s y s tem o fc oncen t r ic b ank s a nd d i tche s r ound G ur n e s s . U nf o r tuna te ly n o c l ea r e v idence w a s n o t iced d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s r e levan t t o t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip o f t h e b roch a nd t h e o u te r d ef ence s . O ne c ou ld a r gue t h a tt h ef i l l ing i no ft h ei n ne rd i tch a nd t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fo u tbu i ld ing s o ve rt ha tf i l l i sa n e ven tw h ich w ou ld o n ly h ave t a ken p l ace a f t e rt h e s i t eh ad c ea sed t ob e p r ima r i ly d ef en s ive ; i ft h a t w a s t h e c a se i ti sh a rd t os e e w hy s u ch e l abo ra te p r ecau t ion s w e r e s uppo sed ly t a ken l a te r o n t o b o l s te r u p t h e s agg ing b roch ( Ca l lenda r & G ran t 's P ha se 3 ) . Ac r uc ia l p i ece o fe v idence , o fw h ich t h e e xcava to r w a s n o t a wa r e , m ay g i ve ac l ue t ow ha t a c tua l ly h appened . I t i n vo lve s t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e " bu t t r e s s ing" - t h e s t ack o f l a rge s t one s l ab s w h ich a r e s e t o n e nd a nd r a d ia l ly a ga in s t t h e f o o t o ft h e b roch w a l l i nt h e a r c f r om w e s t t o n o r th ( I l l . 5 . 108 ) . T he c u r iou sc on s t ruc t ion o ft h i s f e a tu re -t h e s l ab s s imp ly l e an a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l -m ake s i t mo s t u n l ike ly t h a t i t c ou ld h ave h ad a ny u s ef u l s t reng then ing e f f ec t o n t h e m a s s ive w a l l b eh ind , e spec ia l ly i ft h i s w a s o nce m o re t h an 1 4mh igh . I ts e em s much m o r e p robab le t h a t t h e s l ab s a r e l i n te ls t a ken f r om t h e u ppe r g a l le r ie s o f ad e l ibe ra te ly d emo l i shed b roch a nd w h ich w e re t h en s t a cked a ga in s t t h e b a se o f t h e t owe r a s a t J a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) . V e ry c l ea r e v idence o fs uch d e l ibe ra te d emo l i t ion w a s f ound a tD un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ( NM04 4 ) . L ikew i se t h e s e conda ry f a c ing o n t h e i n ne r w a l l i nt h e n o r th -we s t a r c w a s i n te rp re ted a s t h e s t reng then ing o ft h e s agg ing b roch , b u t a ga in s u ch at h in , v e r t ica l l i n ing s e em s q u i te i n adequa te f o r s u ch ap u rpo se . Many b roch s h ave s e conda ry w a l l s a r ound t h e i r c en t ra l c ou r t s , a nd t h a t a t D un Mo rV au l w a s c l ea r ly b u i l t a f te rt h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e u ppe rp a r t s o ft h eb u i ld ing . T he p u rpo se o ft h e a dd ed w a l l a t M idhowe i s m o re l i ke ly t o h ave b een t o s uppo r t s e conda ry s t ruc tu re s . T h i s d emo l i t ion c l ea r ly o ccu r red s ome t ime a f t e r t h e o u tbu i ld ing s h ad b egun t oc l u s te r r ound t h e t owe r a nd t wo d if e ren t c onc lu s ion s c ou ld b e d rawn f r om t h is . T he f i r s t i n vo lve s t h e a s sump t ion t h e p romon to ry d ef ence s a r e o f p r e -b roch a g e a nd t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a r e p a r t o f ap r ima ry b roch v i l lag e ; t h en t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e u ppe r w o rk s o f t h eb roch w ou ld s imp ly h ave m a rked t h em ak ing s a f eo fa n i n c rea s ing ly d i lap ida ted a nd d ange rou s d ry s t one t ow e r p r e sumab ly s ome t ime a f t e r t h e n eed f o r d ef ence h ad p a s sed . H oweve r i td oe s s e em r a the r u n l ike ly t h a t a n

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

w he the rt h ey w e r e o rn o t , t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e r e e v iden t ly p u t u p b ef o re t h e b roch w a s c omp le te ly p u l led d own a nd r e -mode l led a s ad we l l ing . Ap l au s ib le s equence o fe ven t s a tM idhowe i st h e ref o r ea sf o l low s .

i ndef en s ib le s e t t lemen t o f s t one d we l l ing s w ou ld b e a l lowed t oc l u s te rr ound an ew t ow e r a nd t h e r eby p a r t ly t o n u l l if y t h e a dvan tage s o f a n e x t r eme ly s t rong s y s tem o f f o rewo rk d ef ence s . I ti sp r e sumab ly p o s s ib le t h a t t h e f o rewo rk w a l la nd o u te rd i tch c on t inued i nu se e ven t h ough t h e i n ne rd i tch w a sp a r t ly f i l led .

P ha se 1 : t h ef o r t if ied f a rmhou se . I n P ha se l a t h e b roch t owe r w a s c on s t ruc ted a s ar e s iden t ia l s t rongho ld p e rhap s 1 2 .2 m ( 40 f t . ) h igh a nd b eh ind am a ss ive f o rewo rk w a l l a nd d i tch . T he r e i s ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a tt h e l a t te rf e a tu re sm ay b e long t oa n e a r l ie r p romon to ry f o r t b u t t h e r e i sn o d i r ec t e v idence o ne w ay o rt h e o t he r . I na ny c a se t h e f o rewo rk d ef ence s w e re s u r e ly i nu se w hen t h e b roch w a s b u i l t , a nd f o rs ome t ime a f t e r , a nd t h er o ck p l a tf o rm a round t h et owe r w ou ld d oub t le s sh ave b een b a re o fs t ruc tu re s a tt h i ss t age .

T he s e cond v i ew i n vo lve s t h e a s sump t ion t h a t t h e p romon to ry d ef ence s w e re b u i l t w i th t h e b roch , o r a tl e a s t w e re u sed i n tac ta se x t ra d ef ence sb yt h eb roch -bu i lde r s f o r ap e r iod o ft ime ; i nt h i sc a se t h ef i l l ing o fp a r to ft h e i n ne r d i tch a nd t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fo u tbu i ld ing s m a rked as ha rp c hange i n t h e w ay t h e s i te w a s u s ed - f r om a h eav i ly d ef ended s t rongho ld t oa n much l e s s w e l l d ef ended b roch v i l lage . T he s ub sequen t d emo l i t ion o ft h e b roch w ou ld t h en b e al o g ica l e x ten s ion o ft h i sp roce s s . I ndeed , i nt h i s c a se t h e d emo l i t ion m ay h ave s t a r ted w hen t h e f i r s t o u tbu i ld ing s w e re p u t u p , t o p rov ide m a te r ia l f o r t h e i r c on s t ru c t ion . A s a t G u rne s s ar e a sonab le r e so lu t ion o f t h i s p rob lem c ou ld c ome w i th ap rope r u nd e r s t and ing o ft h e n a tu r e o f t h e s t one c on s t ruc t ion s i n s ide t h e b roch . T he se s t one s t ruc tu r e s - w h ich c onver t t h e c en t ra l c ou r t i n to t wo d i s t inc t a r ea s o fl i v ing s pace - s e em q u i te c l ea r ly t oh ave b een b u i l ta f t e r t h et owe rb roch h ad b een p u l led d own t oa h e igh tn o tm uch a bove i t s p r e sen t o ne . T he o r ig ina l m a in d oo r i n t h e e n t rance p a s sage s e em s t o h ave b een t a k en a way a nd p a r t o ft h e p a s sage r e -f loo red w i th as t ep u p t o t h e n ew f l oo r l e ve l l a id i n t h e i n ter io r . D oub t le s s t h e e x ten s ion o u twa rd s o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage - f o rm ing a n ew d ef en s ib le d oo r w i th t wo g ua rd c e l l sj u s t i n s ide i tw a s s e tu p a tt h is t ime . I ts e em s s imp le s tt os uppo se t h a t t h e b a sa l m u ra l g a l le ry a nd t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l w e r e b locked u p a tt h e t ime o f d emo l i t ion ; i ft h e b roch w a s p e rcep t ib ly b eg inn ing t o s ag , a nd i ft h e n eed f o r t h e s t rongho ld w a s n o t s o a cu te , t h i s w ou ld h ave s t imu la ted t h e d i sman t l ing . Wha t i sq u i te c l ea r i st h a t t h e e l abo ra te s e conda ry w a l l b u i l t o n t h e n or th -we s t a r c w a s p u t u p a f t e r t h e o r ig ina l i n ter na l t i mbe r -wo rk i nt h e i n t e r io r h ad b een r emoved s i nce i to ve r lap st h e s c a r cemen tl e dg e -a nd mo s tp robab ly a f t e rt h et owe rh ad b een d emo l i shed . T he e x i s tence o ft h e r ema in s o fa n i n te rna l f l igh t o fs t ep s a l so c l ea r ly i mp l ie s a r educed w a l l h ead , a nd t h e c e l l i n ser ted i n to t h e t h i rd g a l le ry o n t h e e a s t s i de d emon s t ra t e s t h e s ame . A l l t h e i n te r ior s t one c on s t ruc t ion s a r e o n t o p o fw ha t i sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly a r a ised , s e conda ry p aved f l oo r , a nd t h i s i t se lf c ou ld o n ly h ave b een l a id a f t e r t h e o r ig ina l w ooden r oundhou se h ad b een d i sman t led ; t h e r i ng o fp o s t -ho le s w h ich a r et h er ema in s o ft h i s , a nd w h ich a r e u sua l ly f ound i nt h e p r ima ry f l oo r s o fe xcava ted b r och s , a r e d oub t le s s s t i l l i np o s i t ion u nde rt h e l a te rf l oo ra nd t h ep r ima ry c en t ra l h ea r th s hou ld a l so b e t h e re . T he h ea r th i nt h e n or th h a lf o f t h e i n te r io r p a r t ly o ve r lap s t h e s t one c ove r o f t h e p resumab ly p r ima ry c e l la ro rw e l l . T he o n ly r e a l u ncer ta in ty i sw he the r t h e e r ec t ion o f t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w a s p a r t o ft h e s ame c hange o fb a s ic f unc t ion f o rt h e b roch a st h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e t owe ra nd t h e d ra s t ic r e -a r rang emen t o f t h e i n te r io r . O n t h e w ho le i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a tt h e t wo e ven t s a r e c onne c ted , b u t i na ny c a se ,

P ha se l b . S ome t ime a f t e r t h e b roch w a s b u i l t s i gn s o f i n s tab i l i ty w e re n o t iced i n i t s s agg ing w a l l ; t h e b a sa l g a l le ry b egan t o b end o u twa rd s u nde r t h e w e igh t o f t h e w a l l s a bove . T h i s g a l le ry w a s t h en b l ocked w i th s t one t o s t reng then i t ,a nd t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l w a s a l so p acked w i th s l ab s . B ecau se o f t h e l a te r a l te ra t ion s t o t h e s i te i s u n l ike ly t h a t a ny e v idence i sp r e se rved a st ot h e e x ten t o f t h i s i n i t ia l d amage t h a tt h e b roch s uf e red b u t i ti su n l ike ly t o h ave b een v e ry s eve re s i nce t h e b a sa l g a l le ry w a s e n t i re ly f i l led w i th s t one a nd b u lged o u twa rd s o n ly al i t t le w ay ( I l l . 5 . 89 ) . I tm ay b e s uppo sed t h a tt h e p rob lem w a s c u r ed , f o r aw h i le a tl e a s t , a nd t h a t t h e b roch c on t inued i n u se f o rs ome t ime a f t e rwa rd s . I tw i l l b e n o ted t h a tt h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion d i f f e r s s ha rp ly f r om t h a t o ft h e e xcava to r b y a s sum ing t h a t t h e b lock ing o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry t ook p l ace a c on s ide rab le t ime b ef o re t h e f i na l d emo l i t ion o f t h e t owe r a nd t h e s ub sequen t c on s t ruc t ion o fs e conda ry b u i ld ing s i n s ide i t . P ha se 2 : t h e u nd ef end ed s e t t lemen t . P ha se 2 a s e em s t o h ave b egun w h i le t h e t owe r w a s s t i l l i n tac t , b u t a f t e r t h e b l ock ing o f t h e b a sa l g a l le ry , a nd i sa s sumed h e re t o b e d ef ined b y ad r ama t ic l e s sen ing o ft h e n eed f o r d ef ence . T he c au se o ft h i s w a s e i the r t h e r e duc t ion o fa n e x ter na l t h rea t o r , mo r e l i ke ly p e rhap s , b ecau se o fc hange s i nt h e n a tu r e o ft h e d om inan t l o ca l s oc ia l g roup . A n umbe r o f s t one d we l l ing s w e re b u i l t a r ound i t s b a se . I ti st r ue t h a t t h e se b u i ld ing s c ou ld b e long t o t h e p r ima ry d ef en s ive p ha se s i nce , w h i le t h e i n ne rd i tch w a s o u t o fu se , t h e m a in w a l l a nd o u te r d i tch c ou ld s t i l l h ave b een f unc t ion ing . H oweve r i ts e em s mo s t l i ke ly t o m e t h a t t h e p r e sence o f o u tbu i ld ing s , m a rked b y t h e o b so le scence o f p a r t o f t h e o u te rd ef ence s , m a rk s a ne n t i re ly n ew s i tua t ion . E s sen t ia l ly i ts e em s i mp robab le t h a tt h e o wne r so f at owe rr equ i red f o r d ef ence - o r a t l e a s t w h ich r equ i re s t o l ook e m inen t ly d ef en s ib le ( t hough o ne d oub t s w he the r t h e re w ou ld h ave b een much p ra c t ica l d if e rence ) -w ou ld a l low ac l u t te ro f b u i ld ing s t oa ccumu la te r ound i t sb a se . T h is s e em st ob e t h e mo s t e conom ica l h ypo the s i s t o e xp la in t h e o b served f a c t s . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a ts ome o ft h eb roch w a st a ken d own a t t h i s t ime a nd t h a t t h e s t one w a s u sed f o r t h e n ew s t ruc tu re s . P ha se 2 b : s ome t ime a f t e rt h e s e t t lemen th ad c ea sed t ob e p r ima r i ly d ef en s ive , t h e d ec i s ion w a s m ade t o d emo l i sh t h eb roch ( p e rhap s f o rt h e s e cond t ime )t o as af eh e igh ta nd t o r e -a r range t h e i n te r io r c omp le te ly . F u r the r s i gn s o f

2 39

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

c o l lap se m ay h ave b een n o ted a nd t h e t owe r w a s s y s tema t ica l ly p u l led d own t o a bou t i t s p re sen t h e igh t o f a bou t 4 . 27 m ( 14 f t . ) . S ome o f t h e l i n te l s f r om t h e g a l le r ied w a l l s w e re p i led i n t h e p a s sage b e tween t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd t h e b roch a nd m ade n ece s sa ry s t ruc tu ra l a l te ra t ion s -s u ch a s n ew d oorway s -i n s ome o f t h e se s e conda ry c hambe r s . O ccupa t ion c on t inued i na nd a r ound t h eb roch f o rs ome t ime a f t e rt h i s . P ha se 3 : m ino r l a te r s t ruc tu ra l a l te ra t ion s w e re m ade t o t h e o u tbu i ld ing s . 3 . 2 Ad i f f eren tv i ew I n 1 947 S i r L ind say S co t t a dvanced av i ew o ft h e o r ig in a nd p u rpo se o ft h e b roch s w h ich w a s e n t i r e ly d i f f e r en t t o t h e o ne w h ich h ad c ommanded s uppor t u n t i l t h en E s sen t ia l ly h e a r gued t h a t t h e i rt o pog raph ica l s i tua t ion l e f t l i t t le r oom f o rd oub tt h a tt h ey w e re f a rmhou se sa nd t h a tt h e g r ea t m a jor i ty w e r e r e la t ive ly l ow -wa l led , t h e s ca r cemen t l e dge b e ing a n i n te rna l r oof s uppo r t . M idhowe w a s c i ted i ns uppo r t o ft h i s h ypo the s i s a nd i n c luded i nS co t t 's C la s s Ib roch s , w h ich o r ig ina l ly r e a ched p e rhap s 4 . 9 m( 16 f t . ) i nh e igh t [ 5 , 1 0 15 ] . A l though t h e e v idence v i s ib le n ow a t M idhowe c anno tb y i t se lf r e f u te t h i s h ypo the s i s d ec i s ive ly , i tc an n ow b e s e en t ob e s t rong ly a ga in s t i t ;t h e a r gumen t s f o r t h e i d ea s uppo r ted h e re - t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re w a s o r ig ina l ly a t a l l , h o l low -wa l led t owe r w i th a n i n ter na l w ooden r oundhou se w i th a r a i sed , r i ng shaped f l oo r h ave b een s e to u ti nd e ta i l e l sewhe re [ 6 ] . Wha t mu s t b e r emembe r ed o fc ou r se i st h a t t h e r e f u ta t ion o fS co t t 's ' l ow b roch ' h ypo the s i s d oe sn o tn ece s sa r i ly l e ad t ot h er e f u ta t ion o fh i s ' b roch e qua l sf a rmhou se ' h ypo the s i s ( Ba r re t t 1 98 1) ; t h e e qua t ion o fb roch t owe r w i th c a s t le l i ke s t rongho ld w a s m ade a u toma t ica l ly f o r f a r t oo l o ng , n o t l e a s t b y t h e a u tho r ( Ma cK ie 1 965 ) , b u t i s ap u re a s sump t ion w h ich d oe s n o t h ave t ob e v a l id . I ndeed t h e e v idence f o r t h e f a rmhou se h ypo the s i s i s much s t ronge r n ow t h an i tw a s i n S co t t 's t ime ( Fo ju t 1 982a : MacK ie 1 995 , 2 000 ) . 3 . 3 Ma ter ia lc u l tu re T he g roup so ff i nd sl i s ted i ns e c t ion 2p rov ide s eve ra lq u i te v a luab le a s semb lage s o f a r tef a c t s f r om t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o f ab roch w h ich d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave b een u sed f o r a s l o ng a s s ome o t he r O rkney s i te s . T he c ompo s i te c omb s a nd or namen ta l -headed b one p i n s w h ich a ppea r ed i nt h eu ppe rl e ve l s a tB u r r ian ( HY75 1 ) , L ing row ( HY40 2 ) a nd A y re ( HY40 1 ) -a nd w h ich u ndoub ted ly b e long t o al a te p o s t -b roch h o r izon ( t he l a te I r on A ge ) a r e c omp le te ly a b sen t f r om t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion s a t M idhowe . T he s i ng le c ompo s i te c omb r e cove r ed s e em s l i ke ly t oh ave c ome f r om al a te r c on tex t . T he a b sence o f c l ea r ly s t ra t if ied p r ima ry b roch m a te r ia l i s ad r awback t o u nde r s tand ing t h e c u l tu re o ft h e t owe r b u i lde r s , b u t t h e e x ten s ive c o l lec t ion s f r om t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion s g i ve m any v a luab le c l ue s a s t o t h e c u l tu r e o ft h e m idd le I r on A ge p opu la t ion o f O rkney f r om a bou t t h e 2 nd t o t h e 5t h c en tu r ie s AD .

2 40

Ad i scu s s ion o ft h e s i gn if icance o ft h e a r tef a c t s i si nP a r t2 b u t i tm ay b e n o ted h e re t h a t t h e s eve ra l s add le q uer n s f ound w i th e xo t ic o b jec t s l i ke b ronze p enannu la r f i bu la e , r i ng -headed p i n s a nd r o ta ry q ue rn s s ugge s t t h a t am uch e a r l ie r , l o ca l I r on A ge c u l tu re c on t r ibu ted t o t h e e v id en t m ix tu re o ft r ad i t ion s s e en i nt h er e -occupa t ion l e ve l s . D imen s ion s : t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te rf r om n o r th -ea s tt os ou th w e s t i s1 8 .13 m ( 5 9 .5 f t . ) , a nd f r om n o r th -we s t t o s ou th e a s t 1 7 .69 m ( 5 8 f t . ) ; t h e c o r r e spond ing i n t er na l d i ame t e r s a r e 9 . 81 m ( 32 f t . 2i n . )a nd 9 . 50 m(31 f t . 2i n . ) . C a ref u l m ea su r emen t o f t h e i n te r io r i n 1 971 a nd 1 985 s howed t h a t t h e c en t ra l c ou r t h ad p robab ly b een l a id o u t v e ry a ccu ra te ly a s at r ue c i rc le t h e b e s t -f i t t ing r ad iu s o f w h ich i s4 . 82 m + 0 . 05m ; t h i s g ive s ad i ame te r o f9 . 64 m( 3 1 .6 1 f t . ) . T he w a l lv a r ie s i nt h ickne s s f r om 4 . 65 m ( 1 5 f t . 3i n . ) o n t h e s ou th , 4 . 35 m ( 14 f t . 3i n . ) a tt h e e n t rance a nd 3 . 66 m ( 1 2 f t . ) o n t h e n o r th - n o r th -ea s t . U s ing t h e a ve rage o ft h e f i r s t f ou rd imen s ion s c i ted M idhowe r e vea l s aw a l lp ropo r t ion o fc .5 3 .9% . S ou rce s : 1 .0 5 c a rd HY 3 3 S E 2 : 2 .C a l landa r &G ran t 1 934 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 53 , 1 93 -200 & f i g s . 2 73 -8 : 4 . H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 10 16 : 5 .S co t t 1 947 . 6 : MacK ie 1 995a : 7 .L amb 1 982 ,2 2 .

HY33 2 NORTH HO WE HY /37043074 Ap o s s ib le b roch o n R ou say , t h e much p i l laged r ema in s o f as t one b u i ld ing w h ich s t and a bou t 3 00 m n or th -we s t o f M idhowe a nd a bou t 1 00 m f r om t h er o cky c oa s t . T ra ce so f a n o u te rw a l l f a ce a r e v i s ib le f o r al e ng th o fc .1 2 ma l ong t h e n o r th -we s t a r c [ 1 ] . T he re a r e s ugg es t ion s o f o u t b u i ld ing s . T h ree p o t she rd s f r om t h e s i te a r e i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 3 S E 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 57 , 2 02 : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 16 -17 : 4 .L amb 1 982 , 2 2 . HY33 3 SOUTH HO WE ( `We s t s ide ' , ' Broch ' o r ' B rough ' ) HY /37273036 P robab le b roch i nR ou say . A bou t 5 00 m s ou th -ea s t o f M idhowe , a nd a l so o nt h ec oa s t , a r et h es c an ty r ema in so fa s t one b u i ld ing i nw h ich t r ace so ft h e i n ne ra nd o u te rf a ce o f ac u rved w a l l , e xpo sed b y t h e s ea , a r e v i s ib le o n t h e w e s t a r c [ 1 ] ; t h e s e i n d ica te w a l l t h ickne s se s i nt wo p l ace s o f 3 . 9 a nd 4 . 2 m . A n i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry 1 . 2 mw ide i sa l so v i s ib le f o r al e ng th o f 2m ; t h e n or th s i de o fa ne n t rance t o i tf r om t h e i n t e r io r c an b e s e en , s t and ing t o ah e igh t o f1 . 7 m . [ 1 , 3 ] . T he r e a r e t r a ce s o f o u tbu i ld ing s t o t h e N . H edge s p o in t s o u t t h a t n o d imen s ion s w e re o b ta ined b y p r ev iou sv i s i to r s f r om t h ee xpo sed s e c t ion . Al o ng -hand led b one c omb o fI r on A ge t y pe i sr epo r t ed t o h ave b een f o und o n t h e s i te ( and t o b e i np r iva te h and s ) [ 2 ] , a sh a s ap o t she rd , p o s s ib ly a l so o ft h es ame p e r iod [ 3 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 S E 1 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 52 , 1 9 3 : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 17 -18 : 4 .L amb 1 982 , 2 2 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

i n to t h e i n te r io r i nl i ne w i th t h e r i gh t w a l l o ft h e e n t rance , a nd t h i s mu s ts u r e ly b e as e conda ry a r rangemen t .

HY33 4 THE BURR IAN HY /395334 P o s s ib le b roch o nR ou say : n of u r the ri n f o rma t ion . S ou rce : O Sc a rd HY 3 S E 1 3 .

T he d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e mu ra l s t a i r -t h e d oo rt ow h ich i sa t 9o ' c lock a nd e v iden t ly a tf l oo r l e ve l -s t a te s t h a t " t he se s e emed t o l e ad d own b e low t h e f l oo r l e ve l o ft h e b roch , t e rm ina t ing i n ac av i ty r oof ed b y o ve r lapp ing s l ab s" ; t h e s t a i rway w a s 7 5 c m ( 2 f t . 6i n . ) w ide . O n ly t h ree s t ep s w e re f ound , 2 3 c m ( 9 i n . ) d eep ( t he s t ep s a r e a c tua l ly d e sc r ibed a s 3 0 c m ( 12 i n . ) w ide w h ich s e em s h i gh ly u n l ike ly ) . T h i s c anno t b e t h e n o rma l b roch i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r a nd t h e d e sc r ip t ion a ppea r s t om ean t h a t af ew s t ep s l e ad t ot h e l e f t d own i n to t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l s hown o n t h e p l an w h ich m ay h ave b een s ome k i nd o fs unk en c hambe r . I n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway s a lway s r i se t o t h e r i gh t o f t h e i r a cce s sd oorway s i nb roch s .

S quare HY40 HY40 1 AYRE ( ` Loch o fA y re ' , ' S t . Ma ry 's H o lm ' ) HY /47020 136 ( v i s i ted 1 6 /7 / 1963 ) T h i s p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i nH o lm s t and s n ex t t o t h e L och o fA y re c l o se t ot h e s ho r e i n ag en t ly r o l l ing f i e ld a mong m oder nf a rm s . T he r e i sl i t t le t os e en ow a tt h e s i te a nd , i ns p i te o ft h e e xpo sed s i tua t ion , t h e re a r e n o v i s ib le t r ace s o f o u te r d ef ence s . T he s i t e w a s e xcava t ed f r om D ecembe r 1 901 u n t i l t h e f o l low ing y ea r a nd i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e s t ruc tu ra l d e ta i l s c ome f r om t h e e xcava to r 's d e sc r ip t ion [ 2 ] ( I l l s . 5 . 108 110 ) .

2 .T he o u tbu i ld ing s

1 . T he b roch T he m a in w a l l w a s f ound t ob e 1 . 07 m ( 3 .5 f t . ) h i gh w hen i tw a s f i r s t e xposed , b u t n o c ohe r en t d e sc r ip t ion i sg i ven o ft h e e xcava t ion o ft h e b roch i t s e lf ; t h e w o rk e v iden t ly p roceeded b y f o l low ing e xpo sed w a l l s a nd i n c omp le te i g no rance o ft h ep o ss ib i l i t ie so fs t ra t ig raph ica l o b se rva t ion . S ign so fs ome th ing d e sc r ibed a s a" ca s ing o fm a son ry" 2 43 0 c m ( 9 -1 2 i n . ) t h ick w a s f ound b u i l t a ga in s t t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h es ou th -we s ts i de . T he e n t rance p a s sage , f a ced s ou th -ea s t a nd c on ta ined a l a rge b roken l i n te l ; t h e f i r s t s e t o fd oo r -check s w e r e 6 1 c m ( 2 f t . ) d own t h e p a s sage a nd 1 . 07 m ( 3 .5 f t . ) a pa r t . T he re w a s ap ivo t s t one s e t i nt h e f l oo r b eh ind t h e o ne o n t h e l ef ts i de ( l ook ing i n ) , a nd ab a r -ho le w a s f ound b eh ind t h e o ne o nt h e l ef tw i th as ocke t f o r i ti nt h e o ppo s i te w a l l o n t h e r i gh t . T he p a s sage w idened t o 1 . 37 m ( 4 .5 f t . ) b eh ind t h e c heck s . A n i n ne rs e t o fd oo r -check s w a s f ound l a te r , b u tt h e se a r en o tm a rked o nt h ep l an . T he g ua rd c e l l i so n t h e r i gh t s i de , i ss l igh t ly d i amond s haped a nd h a s af l oo r3 0c m( 1 2 i n . )a bove t h el e ve l o ft h e e n t rance ; t h e d oo r t o i tp re sumab ly h ad a s i l l t h e s ame h e igh t a bove t h e p a s sage . T he p a s sage f l oo r w a s p aved a nd h ad as t one d ra in u nde r i tw h ich w a s s t i l l " convey ing w a te r" w hen d i scove r ed . I td r a ined i n to t h e l o o se e a r th o u t s ide . T he i n te r io r w a s p a r t i t ioned b y " s tand ing s t one s" i n s t ra igh t r ow s i n to s eve ra l d i s t inc t a r ea s [ 2 , f i g . 1 ] . T h ree o rf ou r s o cke t s t one s w e re f ound n ea r t h e se u p r igh t s l ab s , w h ich a r e p r e sumab ly s e conda ry , i nt h e i n te r io r a nd t h ey p robab ly m a rked t h e d oorway s t os e ve ra l l i v ing c ub ic le s t h e re . Aw e l l 6 0 c m ( 2 f t . ) s qua re w i th t wo s t ep s l e ad ing d own i n to i tw a s f ound n ea rt h ew a l lo ppo s i te t h e e n t rance , a nd t h e r e w a s w a te r i ni tw hen i tw a s u ncove r ed ; i tw a s p a r t ly r oof ed w i th af l a t s t one s l ab . T he re s e em s t oh ave b een a s e conda ry w a l l a r ound a tl e a s t p a r t o ft h e i n te r io r f a ce , t hough t h e d e sc r ip t ion i sn o t a l toge the r c l ea r ; t h e f a ce " cu rved r ound o n t h e r i gh t h and s i de o ft h e e n t rance a nd w a s b u i l t o u t al i t t le w ay o n t o p o ft h e s t and ing s t one . . " T he o r igi na l p l an s how s h ow t h e m a in w a l l a tt h i s p o in t t u rn s i nwa rd s t oj o in t h e r ow o fs l ab s w h ich p ro jec t 2 41

T he n ex t p ha se o fw o rk a tt h e s i te t o ok p l ace i nJ une 1 909 w hen s ome o f t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e r e e xp lo red f o r f i nd s . T he d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e e xcava t ion i sb r ief a nd i n adequa te e ven b yt h e s t anda rd s o ft h et ime , a nd t h e m o r e s u rp r i s ing t h e ref o r e i s ar ema rkab le a ppend ix a tt h e e nd o ft h e r e po r t ( p e rhap sb ya no the rh and )w h ich d e sc r ibe sw i th c a re a nd i n d e ta i l t h e s t ra t if ied l a ye r s i np a s sage Ii nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s ( I l l . 5 . 116a ) a nd t h e f i nd s f r om i t[ 2 , 5 0f f . ] . J udg ing f r om t h e p l an t h e p a s sage s e em s t o h ave b een a n e n t rance , h av ing d oo r -check s a nd a p i vo t s t one n ea r i t s i n ne r e nd n ex tt o ap a thway r ound t h e b roch , t h e d oo rw a s e v iden t ly i n tended t o c l o se a p a s sage l e ad ing o u twa rd s f r om t h is p a thway , p re sumab ly t o s ome c hambe r w h ich w a s n o t e xp lo red . B e tween t h e t wo w a l l s o ft h i s p a s sage - w h ich o n ly s t ood a bou t 6 0 c m ( 2 f t . ) h i gh - w a s af l oo r l a ye r o fl am ina ted o ccupa t ion d eb r i s c ove r ed b yf a l len m a son ry r ubb le [ 2 , f i g . 1 6 ] ( I l l . 5 . 111) ; t h i s b a sa l l a ye r a l so c on ta ined c ha r coa l . A t i n te rva l s w i th in t h e r ubb le f a l len f r om t h e w a l l s w e re c l ay l a ye r s c on ta in ing p ea t a sh . T he c on t ra s t w a s n o ted b e tween t h e c ha r coa l i nt h e l owe s t l e ve l a nd t h ep ea ta sh i n t h e p o s t -co l lap se d epo s i t s a nd i tw a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h i s i n d ica ted a c hange o f f u e l . T he a r tef ac t s f ound i nt h e b o t tom l a ye r -w h ich p r e sumab ly d a te f r om t h e e a r l ie s t o ccupa t ion o ft h e o u tbu i ld ing s , e i the r d u r ing t h e p r ima ry o ccupa t ion o ft h e b roch o r( p e rhap s m o re p robab ly ) d u r ing as e conda ry p ha se - w e re c a r ef u l ly l i s ted a nd d e sc r ibed . 3 .D i scu s s ion L i t t le i nt h e w ay o fu sef u l c onc lu s ion s c an b e d r awn a bou t t h i s s i te , t h e e xcava t ion o fw h ich s e em s -w i th t h e s t r ik ing e xcep t ion o fo ne t r ench i nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s -t oh ave b een i l -p lanned a nd i l reco rded . O ne c anno t e ven b e s u r e f r om t h e e v idence p r e sen ted t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re i sn o t t h e r ema in s o f ag round -ga l le r ied r a the r t h an a s o l id -ba sed b roch ; t h e w a l l h ead d oe s n o t a ppea r t o h ave b een e xp lo red , a nd t h e n ea rne s s o ft h e d oo rf rame t ot h e o u te r e nd o f t h e m a in e n t rance i s c ha rac te r i s t ic o f g round g a l le r ied H eb r idean . O n t h e o t he r h and - a nd d e sp i te i t s s hape , s i ze a nd p ropo r t ion s -t h e s t ruc tu re m ay n o t h ave b een ah o l low -wa l led b roch a ta l ( t hough s u ch s e em t ob e r a re i nO rkney ) .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

D imen s ion s : e x te rna l d i ame te r c .1 7 .69 m ( 58 f t . ) [ 3 ] , o r 1 8 .0 m & 1 7 .8 m ( 59 f t .&5 8 .5 f t . ) i nl i ne w i th a nd a tr i gh t a ng le s t o t h e e n t rance r e spec t ive ly ( my m ea su remen t s ) : t h e w a l l i sc .4 . 27 m ( 14 f t . )t h ick [ 3 ] o rn ea re r4 . 88 m ( 16 f t . ) a l ong t h e e n t rance d i ame te r : w a l l s p ropo r t ion ( by my m ea su r emen t s )5 4 .2% . 4 . T he f i nds Mo s to ft h e f i nd sh ave n o e xac tp rovenance : t h o se m a rked w i th @ @ a r et h e o ne sf r om t h ep a s sage i nt h eo u tbu i ld ing s l i s t ed a bove [ 2 , 3 8 f ] . D e ta i led d esc r ip t ion s h ave b een p r epa r ed [ 4 ] . P o t te ry : [ 2 , f i g s . 1 3 15 ] : T he re w a s " much p o t te ry" , u nf or tuna te ly u n iden t if ied b u t w h ich d oub t le s s i n c luded s ome o ft h e d eco ra ted s he rd s I l t ra ted h e r e ( I l l . 5 . 110 ) . ] Mo s t o fi ts e em s t oh ave b een f ound i nt h e b a se l a ye r i n P a s sage Ii nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s [ 2 , 5 1 ] . A t ten t ion h a s b een d rawn t o t h e s im i la r i ty b e tween s ome o f t h e se i n c i sed s he rd sa nd s ome H eb r idean p o t te ry [ 4 , 7 ] . I r on : 1l ump o f c ong lome ra te ( bur n t c l ay , p o t te ry a nd i r on ) o nt h e f l oo r l e ve l , i n s ide a nd u nde rt h en o r th w a l l o f t h e b roch : 2i r on s p ea rhead s ( one i nt h e g ua rd c e l l ) : 1a xe h ead ( u nde r t u rf o u t s ide t h e b roch ) : 1" shank" i n a ' s phe r ica l b one h and le ' —a lmo s t c er ta in ly a b a l l -headed i r on p i n . B ron ze : 2p i n s , o ne w i th a n " expand ing , f l a t topped h ead ( n a i l -headed? ) : 1s ma l lr i ng ,n ow l o s t . B one : Many f r agmen t s o fc u t r ed d ee r a n t le rw e r e f ound , t oge the rw i th a na w lo f as h eep 's l e g -bone : 1p o l i shed b one c y l inde r [ 2 ,f i g . 6 ]a nd h a lf o fa no the r ; 1a n t le rh and le p l a te [ 2 , f i g . 7 ] ; 1l o ng -hand led c omb @ @ w i th t e e th m i s s ing , a no the r o ff i sh ta i l t y pe w i th t h e t e e th m i s s ing [ 2 , f i g . 8 ] , a nd p o s s ib le f r agmen to f at h i rd ; 2p i ece s o fr i ve ted a n t le r p l a te s @@ w i th s ome o f t h e b one r i ve t s o r p eg s i n p o s i t ion , t oge the rw i th p i ece s o fs im i la ro ne s [ 2 , f i g . 7 ]s ome o ft h e l o ng , r e c tangu la r p l a te s w i th o ne h o le a te ach e nd m ay b e k n if eh af tp l a te s : 1s heep s hank w i th ac en t ra l p e rf o ra t ion ,p robab ly ab obb in : 2p o l i shed b l ade l ike t oo l s ; s ome p i n s , i n c lud ing 1n a i l -headed a nd 3 s pa tu la -headed e xamp le s [ 2 , f i g . 1 0 ] : 3a w l s ( 1 @@ ) ; ag rooved t ogg le ; 1n eed le w i th p o in ted b u t t [ 2 , f i g . 1 0 ] ; av e s se l o rc up @ @ m ade f r om aw ha le v er teb ra [ 2 , f i g . 9 ] ; 2d i ce m a rked 3 -4 5 6 , o ne h o l low @ @ w i th s l igh t ly c onvex l o ng s i de s a nd w i th i n c i sed d o t s a nd t h e o t he r s o l id w i th s l igh t ly c oncave l o ng s i de s a nd d o t -and -c i rc le s [ 2 , f i g . 1 0 ] . T h i s a s semb lage o fc on tempo ra ry a r tef ac t s i s av a luab le o ne a nd h a sn o th i ther to b een g i ven t h ea t ten t ion i td e se rve s . S t one : 1t r iangu la r v e s se l , p robab ly a l amp [ 2 , f i g . 4 ] : s e ve ra l mo r ta r s [ 2 , f i g . 4 ] : 2u ppe r s t one s a nd 1u ppe r o r l owe r s t one o f r o ta ry q uer n s : as add le q ue rn a nd i t s r ubbe r : 2s ocke t s t one s [ 2 , f i g . 4 ] : 1f l a t d i sco id s i nke r w i th ad eep n o tch i no ne s i de f r om w h ich ag roove o ft h e s ame w id th r un s b a ck a c ro s s e ach f a ce [ 2 , f i g . 5 ] , a no the r , 5c m i nd i ame te ra nd p e rf o ra ted ; 3w he t s tone s : 2w ho r l s : ag rooved f r agmen t o f p um ice ; s ome p ebb le h amme r s t one so rp ounde r sa nd p o l i shed o va l s t one .

F ood d ebr i s : b one s o f o x , p i g a nd s h eep , m any o ft h em s p l in te r ed , t og e the r w i th c r ab s ' c l aw s a nd s he l l s a nd s ome w a te r -wor n ,w h i te q ua r tz p ebb le s . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 0 S E 6 : 2 . G ra eme 1 9 14 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 60 , 1 02 -3 & f i g . 1 53 : 4 . Ma cK ie 1 983 , 1 21 & f i g . 2 :5 . H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 7 6 -7 & p l . 3 . 6 ( p lan f r om G ra eme 1 914 ) : 6 .C u r s i te r 1 923 , 5 0 . 7 .Y oung 1 953 , 9 4 &p l . 9 . 3 : .

HY40 2 L INGRO ( ' L ing row ' ) HY /43450878 ( v i s i ted 1 6 /7 /63 & i n1 985 ) T h i s i st h e s i t e o f ap robab le b roch , o ft h e s o l id -ba sed t y pe a t f i r s t g l ance b u t w h ich may i n f a c t h ave b een a g round -ga l le r ied e xamp le . I t s t ood o n f l a t g round i n K i rkwa l l a nd S t . 0 1 1a , n ea r t h e s ea s ho re ( I l l s . 5 . 27 & 5 . 112 -116 ) . T he s i te , w h ich i n c luded ac omp lex o fo u tbu i ld ing s , w a s b e ing e x ten s iv e ly e xcava ted i n1 870 a nd p robab ly i n1 87 1 b y G eo rge P e t r ie w ho , a f t e r o b serv ing F a r re r 's m any c l um sy b roch e xp lo ra t ion s , d ec ided t h a t i tw a s t ime t h a t o ne i nO rkney w a s s y s tema t ica l ly e xp lo r ed . S eve ra lr e po r t s o ft h e w o rk a ppea red i nt h e p r e ss . T he g round p l an w a s m ade a t t h e t i me i n c o l labo ra t ion w i th S i r H . D ryden ; h oweve r P e t r ie 's d ea th p r even ted d e ta i led p ub l ica t ion , a l though af u l lr e po r ti sa ppa ren t ly p end ing [ 6 ] . L i t t le o ft h e w a l l w a s s t and ing a tt h e t ime o f e xcava t ion a nd n o th ing w a s v i s ib le i n1 963 e xcep t ag ra s s -g rown r i ng w i th h ummock s r ound a bou t ; t h e p o s i t ion o ft h e e n t rance a nd t h e t wo g ua rd c hambe r s c ou ld j u s t b e m ade o u t [ 1 ] . T he s i te w a s b u l ldozed b y t h e f a rme r i n 1 981 [ 1 ] a nd n o th ing c an n ow b e s e en . J udg ing f r om D ryden 's p l an t h e b u i ld ing s e em s t o h ave b een t h e s t ump o f as o l id -ba sed b roch , t h ough ac u r iou s a nd u nexp la in ed d o t ted l i ne r unn ing r ound i n s ide t h e w a l l i n t h e C omm i s s ion 's p l an [ 4 , f i g . 2 30 ] s ugge s t s t h e p r e sence o f s ome i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu r e l i ke a b a sa l g a l le ry ( a s a tM idhow e a nd G u rne s s ) . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t s u ch a t h ing w ou ld n o t h ave b een r e cogn i sed a tt h e t ime . I ti s i n te re s t ing t h e v e r s ion o f t h e s ame p l an r ep roduced b y A nde r son s how s n o d o t ted l i ne b u t av e ry d i s t inc t i n t ra mu ra lw a l l f a ce a t2 3 o ' c lock , v e ry l i ke t h e i n s ide e dge o f s u ch ab a sa lg a l le ry [ 3 ] . T he m a in e n t r ance w a s o nt h e s ou th -ea s tw i th ad oo r -check a bou t 2 . 9 m ( 7 .5 f t . ) d own o n t h e r i gh t s i de ; i tw a s a ppa r en t ly m ade o fb u i l tm a son ry , a nd t h e l ef tc heck s e em s t oh ave b een f o rmed b y t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e d oo rway t o t h e o va lg ua rd c e l l o nt h a ts i de . T he d oo rt ot h er i gh th and c e l l , al i t t le m o re e l onga ted t h an t h eo t he r , i s al i t t le f u r the r b ack . F u r the r d imen s ion s o f p a s sage a nd c e l l s a r e a va i lab le [ 6 , 8 1 ] . T he r e w e r e s e ve ra l r ad ia l r ow s o fa ppa r en t ly u p r igh t s t one s l ab s i n t h e i n te r io r , a s w e l l a s ac l ea r s ugge s t ion o f a w edge shaped b l ock o fs e conda ry m a son ry a t7 . 30 o ' c lock , b e tween o ne o ft h e r ow s a nd t h e p r ima ry b roch w a l l . T he a r rangemen t o ft h e se i n te r io rf e a tu r e s d if e r s s l igh t ly a to ne p o in t i nt h e t wo p l an s r e f e r r ed t o . P r e sumab ly a ny u ppe r

2 42

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

b roch s , b e ing mo r e o r l e s s c onf ined t oL ing row a nd A y re , a nd a l so t oT he H owe ( HY21 6 ) .

i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry a nd s t a irway w e re a t ah ighe rl e ve lt h an t h e w a l l h ead a s f ound i n 1 870 a nd h ad b een d e s t royed l o ng b ef o r e . Ac ook ing t r ough o rh ea r th i nt h e l ef th and a pa r tmen t w a s r e co rded b y P e t r ie b u t n o t b y D ryden [ 6 , 8 2 ] .

O fp a r t icu la r i n te re s t i st h e l a rge p o t o n I l . 5 . 113 ( GE 5 6 ) w h ich a ppea r s t o c omb ine s eve ra l c e ram ic t r ad i t ion s . I t s e em s t o b e a n E ve r ted R im j a r w i th t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic f l u t ing o nt h e i n s ide o ft h e r im ; h oweve rt h e v a s tm a jo r i ty o f s uch j a r s a r e o t herw i se p l a in o r , i n t h e H eb r ide s , o rnamen ted w i th aw a i s t c o rdon a nd a l so s ome t ime s w i th c oncen t r ic , c u rv i l inea r c hanne l led a r che s a bove t h e se ( t he C le t t rava l s ub s ty le ) . I n t h e a r ea o f i t s g r ea te s t c oncen t ra t ion , i nt h ew e s t , i n c i sed d eco ra t ion i sh a rd ly e ve r f ound o n E ver ted R im j a r s . H e r e h oweve r i ti sa nd t h e s e r ie s o f r unn ing t r iang le s i st y p ica l o f H eb r idean V au l w a re . H oweve r t h e r ow o fk nob s b e low t h e se r e ca l l s t h e w a i s tc o rdon s o ft h eC le t t rava lj a r s . A no the rt r a i tf r om t h e j a r s i st h e c o rdon t u cked u nde r t h e E ver ted R im o n t h e o u t s ide ; t hough t h i s i s mo re c ommon i n S he t land i ti s f ound i nt h e w e s t . L a s t ly t h e i mp r e s s ion s o ft h e h ead o fa b ronze r i ng -headed p i n o ft w i s ted w a re a r e a l so f ound i n t h ew e s t ,b u tu sua l ly o nV au lw a re u rn sa nd v a se s .

Aw a r r en o fs t one c hambe r sp a r t ly s u r round st h eb roch ,b u t t h e a r ea o ft h e se o n t h e n or th w a s e i the r l ef to pen o rn o t e xcava ted . A t o ne p o in t o nt h e p l an [ 4 , f i g . 2 30 ] t h ey a r e s hown a s o ver r id ing s ome e a r l ie r m a son ry l a be l led " f ounda t ion s" a nd w h ich l o ok s l i k e af r agmen t o fa n o u te r w a l l f o r t h e b roch . T he c hambe r s a r e c i r cu la r , o va l a nd p o lygona lr o om s , r a r e ly m ea su r ing m o re t h an 6 . 1 m( 20 f t . ) i n terna l ly a nd a ppa ren t ly b u i l ts imu l taneou s ly w i th a no u te r r e ta in ing w a l l ; t h ey a r e a l so a r rang ed s oa st ol e ave ap a th r ound t h e f o o t o f t h e b roch w a l l i n to w h ich s eve ra l d oo rway so pen . I mmed ia te ly o u t s ide t h e e n t rance p a s sage t wo s ma l l c hambe r s l i ke e x t ra g ua rd c e l l s h ave b een a dded a ga in s t t h e o u te r w a l l , ap henomenon n o t ed a to t he r s i te s ; t h e se a ppea rt ob ec on tempo ra ry w i th t h eo t he ro u tbu i ld ing s . T he s equence o f e ven t s a tL ing row m ay w e l l h ave b een s im i la r t ot h a t i n f e r r ed a tG u rne s s a nd M idhowe ; i fs o t h e o r ig ina l s t ruc tu re w ou ld h ave b een ab roch , p robab ly w i th a n o u te r d ef en s ive w a l l w h ich a t s ome s t age w a s p a r t ly p u l led d own ( p robab ly b ecau se o fd i lap ida t ion o rp e rhap s b ecau se o f as y s tema t ic c hang e i n t h e l i f e s t y le o f t h e o ccupan t s ) . T he d emo l i t ion e v iden t ly m ean t t h a t t h e o r ig ina l d oo rway c ou ld n o l o nge rb eu sed e f f ec t ive ly s oa n e x terna l d ef ended d oo rway w a s a dded ; p r e sumab ly t h i s h appened w hen t h e s u r round ing v i l lage w a s p u tu p a nd t h e m od if ica t ion s w e re c a r r ied o u tt ot h e c en t ra l c ou r t . A s i s t h e c a se w i th t h e A y r e b roch ( I l l . 5 . 110 ) t h e p o t te ry ( I l l . 5 . 113 ) s how sr ema rkab ly c l o se l i nk s w i th H eb r idean V au l w a re . D imens ion s ( t aken f r om D ryden 's p l an ) . E x te rna l d i ame te r 1 8 .0 m -1 8 .3 m ( 59 -60 f t . ) : i n ter na l d i ame te r c . 9 . 2 m ( 30 f t . ) : w a l l p ropor t ion c .4 9 .5 % . H edge s g i ve s f i gu re s o fc .1 8 .11 m a nd c .8 . 97 m r e spec t ive ly [ 6 ] . F ind s : m any i n te re s t ing a r tef ac t s w e re r e cove r ed t h ough f ew o ft h em c an b eg i ven e xa c tp rov enance s . Ac o l lec t ion w a s g iven t ot h e t h en N a t iona l Mu seum o fA n t iqu i t ie s i n E d inbu rgh i n1 885 [ 2 ] , a nd a s ma l l n umbe r o ft h e f i nd s c ame i n to t h e p o s se s s ion o f A .H . B i shop ( who o b ta ined t h em f r om J .W . C u r s i te r a f t e r t h e G la sgow e xh ib i t ion o f 1 9 11) a nd w e r eu l t ima te ly g i ven t ot h eH un ter ian Mu seum , U n ive r s i ty o f G la sgow ( B .19 14 .667 -685 ) . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t P e t r ie g ave o n ly p a r t o ft h e c o l lec t ion o ff i nd s t ot h e R h ind C omm i t tee o f t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s , w h ich s pon so red t h ee xcava t ion s . P o t tery : 4 6 s h e rd s o fp o t te ry w e re f o und i n c lud ing s ome w i th f i ne i n c i sed d eco ra t ion o n t h em ( I l l . 5 . 113 ) ; t h ey a r e s im i la r i ns ome w ay s t ot h a t f r om t h e A y re b roch a bove a nd t h e c ommen t s o n t h o se s he rd s s hou ld b e r e f e r red t o . T he s ame c l o se r e semb lance s t o H eb r idean i n c i sed V au l w a re c an b es e en f o re xamp le a tD un Mo rV au l , NM04 3 ) , a l though t h ev e sse l s hape s a r em o re l o ca l . I ti sn o ta lway s r e a l ised h ow r a re t h i s i n c i sed w a re i sa mong s t t h e O rkney

2 43

B ronze a nd b ron ze -ca s t ing : T he mo r e i mpo r tan t o ft h e o t he r r e l ic s i n c luded a c l ay m ou ld f o r c a s t ing a n o rnamen ted , s i ng le p i ece , b ronze r i ng -headed p i n ( l ike t h a t f ound a t B owe r rnadden i n C a i thne s s - ND26 4 ) , a nd s eve ra l o t he r f r agmen t s , p o s s ib le t h e p a r t s o f " r ing s o r p in s" ( p re sumab ly r i ng -headed p i n s ) . B one : 2l o ng -hand led c omb s , 1o f w ha le -bone w i th 8 t e e th ( a l l b roken o f f ) a nd 1w i th 9 t e e th a nd a d i agona l c r o s s i n c i sed o n i t( f ound i nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s ) , b one d i ce ( one f ound w i th 2R oman c o in s , b e low ) , ah and le m ade o f d ee ra n t le ra nd w i th ap eg o rh ad b one i n se r ted i no ne s awn e nd [ 2 , f i g . o n 3 58 : 3 , f i g . 2 22 ] , 1h o l lowed a n t le r f r agmen t , p robab le ah and le , s eve ra l a w l s o rb o r e r s ( 17 .8 c mo r 7i n . l o ng )a nd s eve ra lp i ece so fc u ta nd s awn a n t le r . S tone : m any q ue rn s ( p r esumab ly r o ta ry ) , 1s t one l amp , 1 s t r ike -a l igh t p ebb le w i th g roove s o n i t s f l a t f a ce s [ 2 , f i g . o n 3 58 : 3 ,f i g . 2 21] a nd 4s t one w ho r l s ( 1o fs t ea t i te a nd 3o fs and s tone ) . O rgan ic ma te r ia l s : s ome c ha r red b a r ley w a sf ound . R oman c o in s : s eve ra l w e re f ound i nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s [ 3 , 2 44 -5 : 8 ]t h e i d en t if ica t ion s o fw h ich w e re o r ig ina l ly g i ven i nT he O rcad ian i nN ovembe r a nd D ecembe r 1 870 . T hey w e re a d ena r iu s o f A n ton inu s P iu s ( AD 1 38 16 1) , a d ena r iu s o fV e spa s ian ( AD 6 9 -79 ) , a no the r o fA n ton inu s , a nd o ne o fH ad r ian ( AD 17 138 ) w i th C lemen t ina o n t h e r e ve r se . I na dd i t ion aj o t t ing b yP e t r ie o nt h er ough p l an o f t h e s i te i n d ica ted t h a t " two c o in s o fC r i sp ina a nd ab one d i ce f ound h e re" [ 3 , 2 44 , f oo tno te ] . C r i sp ina 's c o in sw e re m in ted f r om AD 1 80 183 . T he c o in s h ave b een r e f e r red t oa nd d i scu s sed an umbe r o ft ime s [ 8 , 2 35 : 9 ,1 34 : 1 0 , 3 87 , T ab le 3& 4 09 : 1 ,2 04 : 1 2 , T ab le 3 :1 3&1 4 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 4 0 NW 1( w i th i l s . ) : 2 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9( 1870 -72 ) , 3 57 -60 ( fmd s ) &P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 9 ( 1884 1985 ) , 1 39 ( c omb ) : 3 .A nde r son 1 883 , 2 43 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 4 06 , 1 52 -3 & f i g . 2 30 : 5 . MacK ie 1 983 : 6 . H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 8 1 -3 & p l s . 3 . 9 &3 . 10 ( m s g ene ra l p l an o fb roch a nd o u tbu i ld ing s a nd

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

e l eva t ion s a c ro s s t h e s i te , b y D ryden & P e t r ie ) : 7 .C la rke 1 970 , 2 31 : 8 . MacDona ld 1 9 18 : 9 .R obe r t son 1 97 1 : 1 0 . R obe r t son 1 975 : 1 . R ober t son 1 978 : 1 2 . R ob er t son 1 983 ; 1 3 . T he O rcad ian 2 6t h F eb . 1 981 : 1 4 . R escue N ew sn o . 2 5( Ma r ch 1 981) , 5 .

w a s f ound a tt h e s i t e [ 4 ] d u r ing s ome d i gg ing w h ich t o ok p l ace p r io rt o1 927 [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 NW 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 65 , 7 9 : 3 .H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 7 -8 : 4 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 1 ( 1 926 -27 ) , 2 62 ( dona t ion ) .

HY40 3 TOFTS ( `B rough o f Wa rbu s te r ') HY /436094 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i n K i rkwa l l & S t . O la , a t t h e f a rmhou se o fl of t s . No t r a ce o fi tc an n ow b e s e en [ 1 ] b u t t h e r e a r e o ld r e po r t s , r e co rded i n1 880 , o ft h e f ounda t ion s o f ac i r cu la rb u i ld ing b e ing e xpo sed i nt h e f i e ld [ 1 ] . Two q ue rn s tone s o f u n spec if ied t y pe a nd m any b one s w e re f ound h e re w hen t h e g round w a s c l ea r ed [ 2 ] . F ou rb oa r 's t u sk s i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum p robab ly c ome f r om t h i s s i te ( Cu r s i te r c o l lec t ion : B .1914 .653 ) . T he re a r e a l so s eve ra l m o r e i t em s s pec if i ca l ly l i s ted a s f r om t h i s b roch , i n c lud ing a n ima l b one s , aw ha lebone s hove l o rm a t tock , a p o s s ib le s l a te i mp lemen t , as phe r ica lh amme r s tone u sed a l l o ve ra nd ap o l i sh ing p ebb le ( B .1914 .658 -663 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 0 NW 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 4 30 , 1 63 .

HY41 4 NORTH ETT IT HY /421200 P o s s ib le b roch i n E v ie & R enda l l , u ndernea th t h e f a rmhou se o ft h a t n ame . A n " unde rg round h ou se" w i th w a l l s 1 . 53 m ( 5f t . )t h ick i sr e por ted t ob e o n t h e s i t e f r om w h ich as ma l lq uer nw a so nce r e cove r ed [ 2 , 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 NW 4 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 97 , 8 5 :

S quare HY41 HY41 1 BERSTANE ( `B r i s ton ' ) HY /47521002 P robab le b roch c l o se t ot h e s ho re i nK i rkwa l l &S t . O la , s i tua ted o n t h e T a ing ( l ow p o in t ) o f B e r s tane , t h e s ou th h or n o ft h e B ay o ft h a t n ame . Af ew f r agmen t s o fd ry s t one m a son ry w e re s e en i n1 928 [ 4 ] , b u tt h e s i te h a s b een a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t roy ed b y t h e s e a . I n t h e l a te 1 9 th c en tu ry t h e s i te w a s a ppa r en t ly s t i l l i d en t if iab le a s ab roch w i th a n e x te rna l d i ame te ro f1 8 .3 m ( 60 f t . )a nd a n i n ter na l o f 1 0 .07 m ( 3 3 f t . ) [ 2 ] ; i tw a s " excava ted b yt h e t e nan t o f B e r s tane" a nd p l anned b y G .Pe t r ie [ 4 ] b u t n o r e po r t w a s p ub l i shed . A n i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu re w h ich c ou ld b e ag round l e v e l g a l le ry o r t h e a pp roach t o as t a i r w a s s e en i n 1 973 [ 5 ] . A p o s s ib le t e the rs t one w a sr e cove r ed a tt h es i t e [ 5 ] . A p o t she rd a nd a h amme r s tone f r om t h e s i te a r e i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( Cu r s i te r c o l lec t ion : B .1914 .631 & 6 32 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 S E 6 : 2 .T udo r 1 883 , 1 , 1 0 : 3 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 3 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 4 05 , 1 52 : 5 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , HY41 2HATSTON HY 4 26 120 P o s s ib le b roch i n S t . A nd r ew s a nd D eeme s s : n o f u r the r i n f o rma t ion . HY41 3 KNO WE OF D ISHERO ( `D i sc row ' ) HY /42561998 P robab le b roch i n E v ie & R enda l l , i n t h e f o rm o f a m ound c l o se t ot h e s ho re . F ew f e a tu re sa r e v i s ib le b u tt h e i n t e rna l d i ame te rh a s b een e s t ima ted a t9 . 15 m ( 30 f t . ) [ 2 ] . P a r t o ft h e i n ne rf a ce 5 . 95 m ( 19 f t . 6i n . ) l o ng i sv i s ib le o n t h e w e s t i nw h ich t h e re i s ar e cen t ly b u i l t -up o pen ing 7 6 c m ( 2f t . 6i n . )w ide w h ich p robab ly l e dt o amu ra l g a l le ry o rc e l l . O nt h e e a s tt h e re a r e s l igh tt r ace s o fa n e nc lo s ing w a l l w i th ad i t ch b eyond [ 2 ] . Ap i ece o f as ha le a rm le t

2 44

HY41 5 QUANTERNESS HY /418130 E ar ly I ron A ge r oundhou se i n F i r th , d i scove red w i th in t h e d eb r i s o ft h e c a ir n o ft h e N eo l i th ic t omb o ft h e s ame n ame [ 2 , 1 80 -98 ] . T he w o rk b yR enf r ew o nt h e c hambe r ed t omb w a s c a r r ied o u t b e tween 1 972 a nd 1 974 a nd t h e d i scove ry o ft h e r oundhou se w a s n o t a n t ic ipa ted . I tw a s t h e f i r s t i nO rkney t ob e a s s igned t ot h e l a te B ronze A g e o r e a r ly I r on A ge p e r iod s a nd t h e d i scov e ry s hed a n e n t i r e ly n ew l i gh t o n t h e b roch p e r iod i n t h o se i s land s , h i the r to h a rd ly u nde r s tood a nd r e ly ing e n t i r e ly o n t h e e v id ence f r om o l d e xcava t ion s ( no n ew b roch h a s b een e xp lo r ed b y t h e s p r ing o f2 002 ) . T he e a r ly d a te o ft h e f ounda t ion o f t h e h ou se , p robab ly i n t h e 6t h o r 7t h c en tu r ie s BC ( t he e xcava to r s ugg e s t s c .7 00 BC ) , i ss uppo r ted b o th b y C 14 d a te sa nd b yt h es ma l la moun to fa s soc ia ted p o t te ry . T he h ou se w a sb u i l tb yr emov ing p a r t o ft h e c a i rn m a t e r ia l a r ound i t s e n t rance p a s sage a nd b u i ld ing t h e c i r cu la r w a l l p a r t ly o n t h e o l d g round s u rf ace o fc l ay a nd p a r t ly o n t h e b a se o ft h e c a ir nm a te r ia l . T he w a l l w a s o r ig ina l ly a bou t 8 0 c m t h ick , w iden ing t o 1 . 0 ma tt h e s ho r t e n t rance i nt h e s ou th -ea s t ; i te nc lo sed a n a r ea s ome 7 . 0 m i n d i ame te r . T he n o r th -we s t p a r t o f t h e w a l l o v e r rode t h e e n t rance p a s sage o ft h eN eo l i th ic t omb b u t i tw a s n o t c l ea rw he the r t h i sw a s e xpo sed d u r ing I r on A ge t ime s , a si tw a s a tH owe ; a t al a te d a te i ts e em s t oh ave b een e n te r ed . T he r ema in s o f ah ea r th w e r ef ound o nt h en o r th -w e s ts i de . T he r e w e r e a l te ra t ion s t o t h e i n t e r io r s ub sequen t ly , i n vo lv ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f v a r iou s p a r t i t ion w a l l s a nd , l a te r ,t h et h ick en ing o ft h er oundhou se w a l l i t se lf . F ind s : mo s t o ft h e p o t te ry a nd o t he r f i nd s w e re r e cov e red i nt h e e n t rance p a s sage . T he p o t te ry i n c lude s ao ne p i ece w i th as ha rp ly a ng led s hou lde r , a na logou st ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge m a te r ia l f r om J a r l shof a nd C l ickh im in [ 2 , f i g . 5 3 ] . T he r e w e r e a l so s ome s and s tone c obb les , p r e sumab ly h amme r s tone s , a nd o ne i v o ry moun t . A n umbe ro fa n ima l b one sw e re r e cov e r ed a nd ar e po r to n t h em i sa va i lab le [ 2 , 1 92 -04 ] . S ou rce s : R enf rew 1 979 , 1 8 1f . HY41 6 WIDEFORD H ILL HY /421120 P o s s ib le b roch i nF i r th : n o f u r the ri n f o rma t ion .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

HY41 7 WORK HY /475135 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch i nK i rkwa l l &S t . 0 1 1a , o fw h ich a l l s u rf ace f e a tu res w e re d e s t royed i n 1 963 [ 1 ] . L oca l i n f o rman t s s t a ted t h a t t h e re p robab ly w a s ab roch t h e r e , a nd q ue rn sa nd I r on A ge p o t te ry h ave b een f ound t h e re [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 S E 2 :2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 4 35 , 1 6 5 .

HY42 3 NESS OF W OOD W ICK HY /40072486 P o s s ib le b roch i nE v ie & R enda l l , b u r ied i n s ide a l a rge mound c l o se t o t h e s ho re . T he c u rved " ou te r w a l l" ( p re sumab ly t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce ) c ou ld b e t r aced o n n o r th e a s t s i de f o r a bou t 6 . 6 m ( 20 f t . ) [ 2 ] b u t i sn ow n ea r ly o ve rg rown [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 2 SW 9 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o .2 64 , 7 9 : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 6 2 .

S hap insay

HY42 4 T ING WALL ( ' Th ing V o l l ' ) HY /401229 P o s s ib le b roch i n E v ie & R enda l l c on s i s t ing o f al a rge mound j u s t w e s t o f t h e f a rmhou se . T race s o f m a son ry w e re s e en [ 2 ] a nd af r agmen t o f as ub s tan t ia l r ampa r t i so n t h e w e s t s i de [ 1 ] . T he n ame c ome s f r om t h e No r se t h ing y o l l r , m ean ing " f ie ld o f t h e c ou r t " o r " a s semb ly" a nd s ugge s tt h a tt h e V ik ing a s semb ly t ook p l a ce h e re i na nc ien t t ime s( s ee a l so NDO6 1 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 2 SW 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 2 68 , 8 0 .

HY41 8 HELL IAR HOL M HY /4859 1579 P o ss ib le b roch o n S hap in say , o n t op o f as ma l l r o cky h ead land . As ma l l f r agmen to fw a l l s t and s 7 0 c m ( 2f t .6 i n . ) h igh o nt h en o r th -we s ta r cb u te ve ry th ing e l se h a sb een w a shed a way b yt h e s e a[ 2 ] ; t r a ce so ft h e i n ne rf a ce g i ve a w a l l t h ickne s s o f3 . 8 m [ 1 ] . A' s tab i l i s ing ' w a l l f a ce w a s s e en a ga in s tt h e i nne rf a ce o ft h ew a l l h e re w i th t r ace s o fa c e l l i n i t[ 1 ] . T ra ce s o f am idden w e re n o ted a nd a p o t she rd o fI r on Age t y pe w a sr e cov e r ed [ 3 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 NE 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 2 80 , n o . 8 06 : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 20 -21 . HY41 9 LOCH OF WESTH ILL HY /480 183 N o th ing i sn ow v i s ib le o ft h i sp o s s ib le b roch o n S hap in say b u t t he r ema in s o f as t ruc tu re w h ich a r e s a id t oh ave b een r emoved a r ound 1 860 o r 1 870 [ 2 ] . A t t h a t t ime t h e l o ch w a s d ra ined a nd m o s t o f t h e l a nd b rough t u nde r c u l t iva t ion . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 NE 8 :2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 8 01 , 2 50 .

HY42 5 WASS WICK HY /401220 P o s s ib le b roch i nE v ie & R enda l l , o nm a r shy g round c l o se t ot h e s ho re . N oc l ea rt r ace sw e re s e en i n1 928 ,b u t al o ca l i n f o rman t s a id t h e re w e re t r ace s o fb u i ld ing s a l l o ve r t h e a r ea [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 2 SW 1 0 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 69 , 8 0 .

Rousay HY42 6 KNO WE OF BURR IAN HY /401275 P o s s ib le b roch o n R ou say I . , i nt h e f o rm o f ak no l l c l o se t ot h e s ho re a nd m uch o fw h ich h a s b een d e s t royed b y t h e s e a . T race so fd ry s t one m a son ry h ave b een n o t iced . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 2 NW 1 3 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 51 , 1 93 : 3 .L amb 1 982 , 2 2 .

Ma in land S quare HY42 HY42 1 HALL OF RENDALL HY /4252 10 P o ss ib le b roch n ea r t h e s ho re i nE v ie & R enda l l , n ow h i dden u nd e rt u rf . Many I r on A g e p o t she rd s w e re f ound i n1 928 [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 4 2 SW 1 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 70 , 8 0 : HY42 2 NESS OF BORAY HY /443212 P o ss ib le b roch i nE v ie & R enda l l , s i tua ted o n t h e s t eep r o cky c oa s t . T race s o f ad ry s t one b u i ld ing w e r e e xpo sed s hor t ly b ef o r e 1 928 [ 2 ] b u t much o fi th ad b een e r oded b y t h e s ea . " B roch" p o t te ry w a sf ound n ea rby [ 2 ] a nd t h e re i s ad enuded r ampa r t c r o s s ing t h e h ead land o nw h ich t h e s i te s t and s [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 2 SW 4 :2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 3 13 , 8 9 .

2 45

HY42 7 KNO WE OF HUNCLETT HY /41442722 P robab le b roch o n R ou say c on s i s t ing o f at u rf -cove r ed m ound a bou t 3m h igh a nd 3 0 mf r om t h e s ho re . A t o ne p o in t as ho r t s egmen t o f t h e i n ne r f a ce o f ac u rved d ry s t one w a l l i sv i s ib le , a nd i ts ugge s t s ab u i ld ing w h ich m igh t h ave a n i n te rna l d i ame te r o f9 . 15 -1 0 .07 m ( 30 -33 f t . ) [ 2 ] , w h ich m ay s t and o n ap l a tf o rm [ 1 ] . T he r e a r e m any t r a ce so fo u tbu i ld ing s . S ou rce s : 1 . O S c a rd HY 4 2 NW 1 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 55 , 2 01 : 3 .L amb 1 982 , 2 2 : 4 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 10 .

S quare HY43 HY43 1 S COCKNESS 1( ` Taf to 'F a rac le t t ' , ' Loch o f S cockne s s ' ) HY /450331 T h i s p robab le b roch i n R ou say i sn ow a much r obbed , i regu la r s t ony mound c .2 . 7 m ( 9 f t . ) h i gh w h ich s t and s

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

n ea r t h e n o r th -we s t s ho re o f t h e L och o f S cockne s s , a f r e shwa te r l o ch s epa ra ted f r om t h e s e a b y as t o rm b each . As ho r tp i ece o fw a l l f a ce w a sn o ted i n1 928 o nt h e s i de o f t h e mound n ex tt h e l o ch [ 2 ] . I n 1 857 a n e xcava t ion r e vea led ac o rbe l led c hambe r 3 . 05 m ( 10 f t . ) h i gh a nd w i th a c o rbe l led r oof , w h ich i s a c ce s s ib le o n ly t h rough i t s c ap s tone , n ow r emoved ; t h e o va l c hambe ri s2 . 29 m ( 7f t . 6i n . ) b y 1 . 46 m ( 4f t .1 0 i n . ) . Ad oo rf r om t h i s , 1 . 2 m( 4f t . )h igh , l e ad st h rough 1 . 5 m( 5 f t . ) o fw a l lt o ap a ssage a tr i gh ta ng le s , c omp le te ly l i n te l led o ve r . T hough t h e re a r en od oo r -check so rb a r -ho le sv i s ib le i nt h i s , w h ich i sb locked a tb o th e nd s , i ts e em s p robab le t h a t t h e f e a tu re s c omp r i se t h e g ua rd c e l l a nd e n t rance p a s sage o f ab roch . I nt h e o u te rp a r t o ft h e p a s sage t h e r e a r e g ap sb e tween s ome o ft h e l i n te l s , a nd s ome o ft h em a r e s e to ne dge a sa tM idhowe ( HY33 1 ) . A s t one l amp w a s f ound o n t h e f l oo r ( p r e sumab ly o ft h e c e l l ) [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 3 SW 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 5 54 , 2 00 1 : 3 .L amb 1 982 , 2 2 .4 . HY43 2 S COCKNESS 2 c .HY /454323 S i te o f ap o s s ib le b roch o n R ou say I . , b u t n o s t ruc tu re i s n ow v i s ib le . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 3 SW 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 06 . :

Wes tray S quare HY44

HY44 1 BROUGH HY /448479 P o s s ib le b roch o n We s t ray , n ow a l a rge h i l lock o n c u l t iva ted l a nd . Af r agmen to f ab u i ld ing w a se ncoun te r ed m any y ea r s b ef o re 1 928 w h i le p l ough ing w a s i np rog re s s b u t n o f u r the r d e ta i l s a r e a va i lab le [ 2 ] . Ag rooved s t one s i nke r , f ound o nt h es i te , u sed t ob ea tt h e f a rm [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 4 NW 2 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 074 , 3 60 -6 1 . HY44 2 CASTLE OF BOTH ICAN ( ' Ca s t le o f B o th ikan ' , ' Ca s t le o ' M i l lyemay ' , ' L ink s o f Moc le t t ' , ' Ca s t le o fM i l leymay ' , ` M i l lymay ' , ` M i l leyemay ' ) HY /49264972 T h i s p robab le b roch o n P apa We s t ray i s n ow a f l a t t o pped h i l lock i ns and d une s , b u t i tw a s p a r t ia l ly e xp lo r ed b y P e t r ie i n1 874 a f t e re xpo su re b yt h e s e a . T he r e su l t ing s ke tch p l an ( of a n u n -named s i te i nt h e i s land ) i si nt h e l i b ra ry o ft h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s [ 2 , f i g . 2 66 : 3 ] ( I l l . 5 . 117 ) . T h i s p l an - i fi tr e a l ly d oe s r e f e rt ot h i s s i te [ 4 ] -s how s a l a rge s egmen t o f ab roch , i n c lud ing t h e e n t rance p a s sage , mo r e t h an h a lf o fw h ich s e em s t o h ave d i sappea r ed o ve r " c l if f s" w h ich a r en o tn ow v i s ib le . T he w a l l s e em st oh ave b een 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t . ) t h ick a nd ag ua rd c e l l o pen s o f ft h e r i gh t o f e n t rance i n f r on t o f t h e d oo r -check s w h ich a r e 2 46

a bou t 3 . 36 m ( 1 1 f t . ) d own t h e p a s sag e ; t h i s i s ah i gh ly u nu sua l a r rang emen t a nd s ugge s t s t h a t t h e re w a s a no the r d oo r -f rame i nf r on t o ft h e c e l l ( s ee ND49 1 ) . T he p a s sage h a s b een s e conda r i ly e x tended o u twa rd s i n to o u tbu i ld ing s a nd a ppea r s , f r om t h e s e c t ion d raw ing w i th t h e p l an , t o h ave h ad l i n t e l s i np o s i t ion o ve r t h e o u t e r h a lf A l ow l i n te l led d oo rway l e ad ing i n to t h e se o u tbu i ld ing s w a s f ound o nt h e l e f ts i de o ft h i se x ten s ion ( l ook ing i n ) . D imen s ion s : H edge s g i ve s t h e o ve r a l l d i ame te r 1 6 .57m , t h e i n te rna l d i ame te ra sc .8 . 33m , a nd t h e w a l l t h ickne s s a s 4 . 1m [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 4 NE 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 22 , 1 80 -81 & f i g . 2 66 : 3 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 1 09 &p l . 3 . 15 ( m sp l an b yP e t r ie ) : 4 .L amb 1 983 , 1 4 . HY44 3 HODGALEE HY /464447 P robab le b roch o n We s t ray , n ow a p rom inen t m ound o ve r look ing t h e b each . As ho r t l e ng th o fc u rved w a l l i s e xpo sed n ea r t h e s umm i t . T he r e a r e t h e r ema in s o f i n de te rm ina te s t ruc tu re s a l ong t h e s ho r e t ot h e e a s t o ft h e mound w h ich m ay b eo u tbu i ld ing s . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 4 S E 3 : 2 . R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 1 035 , 3 50 : 3 . D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 990 , 4 5 . HY44 4 HOOR NESS ( `Ou rN e s s ' , ` Howa r -ne s s ' ) HY /4 1 4492 P robab le b roch n ea r t h e s ho re o n Wes t ray . P e t r ie d e sc r ibe s t h e s ma l l s egmen t o f ab roch w a l l v i s ib le i nt h e f a ce o f ac l if fn ea r " Hoo r N e s s" , w h ich i sp robab ly O u r N e s s n ea r N oup , a nd as k e tch o ft h e r ema in s s u rv ive s [ 2 , 3 ] S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 4 NW 2 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 07 1 , 3 61 : 3 .H edge s e ta / . 1 987 , 1 28 . HY44 1 KNO WE OF BURR ISTAE HY /43174293 B roch o n f l a t g r ound o n t h e s ou th -w e s t s hore o f We s t ray , a ppea r ing n ow a s at u rf ed m ound o n i t s l a ndwa rd s i de . A s t r e tch o fc oncave i n ne r w a l l f a ce i se xpo sed a to ne p o in t o n t h e s e awa rd s i de , w i th am a s s o fr u bb le i nf r on t o fi t ; t h e t op s o fs ev e ra l s l ab s o n e dge c ou ld b e s een a mong t h i s i n 1 928 , p r e sumab ly f r agmen t s o f s t ruc tu res i n s ide t h e c en t ra l c ou r t . T he re i s al i n te l led v o id o r d oo rway i nt h e c u rved f a ce [ 2 , f i g . 7 4 ] , 5 7 c m ( 1f t . 1 0 .5 i n . ) w id e a nd 8 4 c m ( 2f t . 9i n . ) h i gh f r om s i l l t o l i n te l , a nd wh ich i sc .2 5 c m ( 10 i n . ) a bove as ca rcemen t l e dge . T h is o pen ing l e ad s t o a mu ra l g a l le ry b eh ind , w h ich mu s t b e a n u ppe r o ne . T he s ca rcemen t i s2 0 .0 -21 .6 c m ( 8 -8 . 5 i n . ) w ide a nd i s d e sc r ibed a s " p ro jec t ing" ; i ti s p robab ly a t l e a s t p a r t ly c o rbe l led . T h e c u rva tu re o ft h e w a l l s ugges t s a n i n t e r io r d i ame te r f o r t h e s t ruc tu re o f 7 . 9 m ( 2 6 f t . ) , a nd o ne m ay a s sume t h e r e s t o fi th a s b een d es t roy ed b y t h e s e a . T he b u i ld ing s hou ld b e ah o l low -wa l led b roch b u tt h e d e s ign o f i t sg round l e v e l s t o r ey i su nknown ( I l l . 5 . 117 ) . B y 1 990 t h e s c a r cemen t a nd l i n t e l led o pen ing h ad e v iden t ly c o l lap sed [ 5 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY44 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 034 , 3 50 & f i g s . 7 3 -4 ( p la te s )a nd 4 54 ( p lan ) : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 28 -29 : 4 .L amb 1 983 , 2 9 : 5 . D i scove ry &

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

E xca va t ion i nS co t land 1 990 ,4 5 .

S ou rce : 1 .D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 990 ,4 5 .

HY44 6 KNO WE OF QUEEN o ' HO WE ( `Queena H owe ') HY /42504948 P os s ib le b roch o n We s t ray I . ,i nt h ef o rm o f ac on sp icuou s t u rf ed m ound q u i te n ea r t h e s e a i nw h ich m any s t one s a r e v i s ib le . I np a r t icu la r al o ng , s e a -e roded s e c t ion w a sv i s ib le i n1 983 i nw h ich as e r ie s o fm a s s iv e s t one s t ruc tu r e s w e r e s e en [ 3 ] . T he re s e emed t o b e s e ve ra l c oncen t r ic w a l l s e me rg ing f r om t h e s e c t ion i ni t se a s th a lf a nd r e -en ter ing i t o nt h e w e s t . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 4 NW 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 043 , 3 52 : 3 .L amb 1 983 ,2 9 .

HY44 1 0 TAFTS HY /49634171 P o s s ib le b roch o n We s t ray i n s ide a s eve r e ly e r oded mound . S he rd s o fI r on A ge t y pe f ound i n 1 990 s uppo r t t h e i d en t if i ca t ion [ 1 ] . S ou rce : 1 .D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 990 , 4 5 .

HY44 7 KNOLL OF SKULZ IE HY /447490 Ap o ss ib le b roch o n We s t ray I . , m en t ioned i nG . P e t r ie 's n o tebook [ 2 ] ; i tc on s i s t s o f ak no l l w i th n o t r ace s o f b u i ld ing s . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd BY 4 4 NW 2 3 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 072 , 3 60 . HY44 8 P IERO WALL QUARRY HY /438490 E ar ly I r on A ge r oundhou se o n We s t ray w h ich w a s d i scove r ed d u r ing r e scue e xcava t ion s i n 1 981 ; t h e se t ook p l ace a f t e rt h e d i scove ry i nt h e q ua r ry o f ad eco ra ted s t one f r om aN eo l i th ic t omb . T he e xcav a t ion h a s b een r epo r ted i nd e ta i l [ 1 ] . T he r ema in s o ft h e r oundhou se w e re f ound o n t op o ft h e a bandoned N eo l i th ic c a i rn , w h ich h ad p robab ly b ecome a t u rf ed m ound b y t h a t t ime . O n ly s egmen t s o f t h e r oundhou se w a l l r ema ined a nd t h is h ad a n i regu la r c u rva tu r e , s o t ha t i t s o ve ra l l d imen s ion s c anno t b e e s t ima ted ; i t mu s t h oweve r h ave b een a t l e a s t 1 6 m i n o ve ra l l w id th a to ne p o in t . At h ick ne s s o f3 . 1 mc ou ld b e m ea su r ed a to ne p o in t .

S quare HY45 HY45 1 S T . TRED WELL 'S CHAPEL HY /49645088 P robab le b roch o n P apa We s t ray i n s ide a mound o n w h ich s t and s t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry c hape l o f S t T r edwe l l ( I l l . 5 . 1) . I tw a s d ug i n to i n 1 883 b y T ra i l l [ 2 ] w ho f ound a c u rved u nde rg round p a s sage w h ich a ppa ren t ly w a s t r aced t o t h e p o in t w he r e i te n te red a c i rcu la r b u i ld ing . T he re w a s ad oo r t o ac o rbe l led c e l l i n t h e r i gh t w a l l o f t h i s p a s sage j u s t b ef o re t h a tp o in t ( I l l . 5 . 1) w i th ap a i r o fd oo r c heck s i mmed ia te ly b ef o re t h i s c e l l . A h eap o f c ha r red g ra in w a s f ound i n t h e p a s sage , t o ge the r w i th a n i r on s pea r -head a nd ab a l l o fs e rpen t ine [ 4 ] . Ab one d i e f r om t h e s i te i si nt h e c o l lec t ion s o ft h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land [ 5 ] , a si s ab one p l ay ing d i sc a nd ab one r i ng [ 1 ] . O n t h e s ou th -we s t s i de o f t h e m ound a 1 .6 m ( 38 f t . ) l e ng th o fc u rved a nd b a t te red d ry s t one w a l l i se xpo sed ; i t h a s am ax imum h e igh t o f 1 . 80 m ( 6f t . ) b u t i t s c u rva tu re i s i regu la ra nd i tc ou ld b ep a r to ft h e o u te rw a l lo f ab roch . I n 1 992 f u r the r s u rvey w o rk w a s c a r r ied o u t a nd t h e r ema in so ft h eb roch w e r er e co rded a ga in [ 8 ] . S ou rce s : I .O S c a rd HY 4 5 S E 4 : 2 . W . T ra i l l i nP roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 7 ( 1882 -83 ) , 1 37 -38 : 3 . POAS . 3 , 3 4 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 23 , 1 8 1-82 & f i g s . 7 5 &2 67 : 5 . C la rke 1 970 , 2 31 : 6 .A SMS , 1 9 , n o . 3 0 : 7 .L amb 1 983 , 1 9 : 8 .D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 922 , 8 2 . HY45 2 K IRK OF HO WE HY /493531 P o s s ib le b roch o n P apa We s t ray I .c on s i s t ing o f amound w h ich m ay c oncea l ab roch . T he re i sn o th ing t os e en ow . S ou rce s : 1O S c a rd HY 4 5 S E 1 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 5 30 , 1 85 : 3 .P roc O rkney A n t iq S oc 3 , 3 2 : 4 . P roc O rkney A n t iq S oc 5 , 2 8 .

T he o ld g r ound s u rf a ce o n w h ich t h e w a l l s t ood g ave aC 1 4 d a te o f5 60 + 8 0 b c ( GU 1580 ) . A n o ccupa t ion d epo s i t w a s f ound o u t s ide t h e w a l l a nd m o re d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f r om b one s f r om t h i s , t hough m o s tw e re o fN eo l i th ic a ge . I r on Age b one s g ave a d a te o f4 75 + 6 0 b c ( GU 158 1) . B road ly s p eak ing t h e se t wo , w hen c a l ib ra ted , c onf i rm t h a t t h eh ou se b e long st ot h e 7f i a nd 6f ic en tu r ie s BC .

HY45 3 S T . BON IFACE CHURCH ( `Munke rhoo se ' ) HY /49634 171 P robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch o n P apa We s t ray e xpo sed i n ac l if fs e c t ion ,p a r to f a ne x ten s ive I r on A ge s i t ew h ich l i e s u nde r a nd t ot h e w e s t o ft h e c hu rch . [ 1 ] . O n ly p a r t o ft h e s t ruc tu r e i sp r e se rved a nd t h e e n t rance w a s o b se rved o nt h e s ou th -ea s t ; h e re t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce s t ood c .2 . 8 m h igh . T he e s t ima ted o ve ra l l d i ame te r i s1 7 .6 m , t h e i n ter na l 1 0 .6 m ; t h e w a l l s p ropo r t ion w ou ld t h u s b e 3 9 .8% w h ich i s r a the rs l im . Mo re w a l l f a ce sw e r e a dded a r ound t h e b roch i n te r io r , p r e sumab ly w hen ar oundhou se w a s i n ser ted ; t h e f i na l i n ter na l d i ame te rw a s c .7 . 5 m . Ap l an o ft h er ema in s h a sb een p ub l i shed [ 1 , f i g . 2 1 ] . S ource : 1 .D i scove ry & E xca va t ion i nS co t land 1 990 , 4 6 &f i g s . 2 0 &2 1 .

T he p o t te ry f r om t h em idden i n c lud ed f r agmen t so fv e s se l s w i th v e r t ica l r im s a nd s ha rp s hou ld e r s , c l o se ly p a ra l le l t o t h e ma te r ia l f r om t h e s e cond p r e -b roch v i l lage a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) . T hu s a s w i th Q uan te rn e s s ( HY41 5 ) a nd B u ( HY20 4 )t h e r ad ioca rbon d a te s a nd t h e d i s t inc t ive p o t te ry c omb ined t o g ive a c l ea r p i c tu r e o ft h e a ge a nd c u l tu ra l a ff in i t ie so ft h eh ou se . S ource : 1 .S ha rp le s 1 984 . HY44 9 KNO WE OF SKEA HY /49634 17 1 P o ss ib le b roch o n We s t ray . I n 1 990 s he rd s o fI r on A ge t y pe w e r ed i scove red [ 1] .

2 47

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h ick , t h e i n te r na l d i ame te r w a s 1 0 .1 m ( 3 3 f t . ) a nd t h e o ve ra l l d i ame t e r 1 7 .4 m ( 57 f t . ) . T he w a l l s p ropo r t ion i s t h u sa bou t4 2% .

Ma in land S quare HY50

S eve ra l f r agmen t so fh a rd p o t te ry w e r e f o und a tt h et i me o f t h e e xcava t ion s , o f v e s se l s w h ich " had b u lg ed o u t c on s ide rab ly i nt h e m idd le a nd h ad al i p o rr im r ound t h e m ou th" . P e t r i e a l so n o ted t h a t t h e re w a s e v idence o ff i re o n t h e s andy k no l l o n w h ich t h e b roch w a s b u i l t , a nd t h a t m any b ur n t b one s o fl a rge a n ima ls w e r e f o und [ 4 ] . T ra ce s o f ad ry s t one w a l lw e re n o ted o nt h em ound i n1 964 [ 1 ] .

HY50 1 BRAEBUSTER ( ' Eve 's H owe ' , ` Ev ie H owe ' ) HY /549006 11 T he t u rf -cove r ed r ema in s o f ap robab le b roch i n S t . A nd rew 's a nd D ee rne s s a r e o n l ow g round j u s ta bove h i gh w a t e r m a rk , b e tween t h e b ea ch a nd as ma l l , s ha l low l o ch ; t h e re i s am oder n c au seway 1 . 5 m( 5f t . ) w ide t h rough t h e l o ch [ 1 ] . T he mound i sa bou t 2 4 m i nd i ame te r a nd 3 m h igh a nd t h e re i s as ma l l e xpo su re o fo u te r w a l l f a ce o n t h en or th s i de [ 5 ] . T he s i te w a sa ppa ren t ly e xcava ted f o r ad ay i n1 884 [ 4 , 5 8 ] a nd p a r t o ft h e o u te r f a ce o f ac i r cu la r b u i ld ing i sv i s ib le f o r al e ng th o f c .3 . 5 m ( 10 12 f t . ) ; o n ly t wo o r t h ree c ou r se s c an b e s e en . As ma l l s t one c up ( p e rhap s al amp ) , as add le q uer n , ah amme r s tone a nd s ocke t s t one w e re f ound a tt h es i te [ 2 ,4 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 0 NW 1 4 : 2 .C u r s i te r 1 923 , 2 42 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 24 , 2 42 : 4 .H edge s e t a l . 1 987 , 5 8 -9 : 5 .L amb 1 987 ,2 3 . HY50 2 CA MPSTON ( 'Ven ike lday ' ) HY /528804 11 P o s s ib le b roch i n s ide a g r a s s -cove r ed mound o n l ow g round , n ea r t h e h ead o ft h e B ay o f S uckquoy i nH o lm . T he C omm i s s ion s aw n o th ing [ 3 ] b u t i n 1 859 P e t r ie d e sc r ibed ar a i sed c i r cu la rp l a tf o rm s u r rounded b y at r ench [ 2 ] . A1 964 r e po r td e sc r ibe st h eg r ea t ly mu t i la ted r ema in s o f ab roch o n as ma l l k no l l , w i th a n o u te r g ra s s -cove red w a l l o nt h e s ou th s i de [ 1 ] w h i le i n1 979 a n o u te rb ank w a s n o ted [ 3 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 0 SW 1 : 2 .P e t r ie 1 927 , 2 8 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 48 ,2 47 : 3 .L amb 1 987 ,2 4 . HY50 3 DEERNESS CHURCH HY /589063 P o s s ib le b roch i nD ee rne s s , c l o se t ot h e s e a s ho r es ou th o f t h e c hu rchya rd a tS ka i l l , a nd a ppea r ing a s ag r a s s -g rown h i l lock . S ome p o t she rd s o fI r on A ge t y pe w e r e f ound i n 1 928 , i n at h in d a rk l a y e re xpo sed n ea rby a tt h e s ho re [ 2 ] , a nd t wo b l ock s o fs a nd s tone ( one w i th ac up -ma rk a nd o ne w i th a n i n c i sed d e s ign ) m ay h ave c ome f r om t h i s s i te [ 2 ] . I n 1 943 s i x s h e rd s o fr e dd i sh I r on A ge p o t te ry " w i th l i nea r p a t te rn s" w e r e f ound p robab ly a tt h i s s i t e ( " a t ab roch a t D ee rne s s" ) [ 4 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 0 NE 2 1 : 2 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8( 1 864 -66 ) , 4 2 ( f ind s ) : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 29 , 2 43 -44 : 4 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 0( 1945 -46 ) , 1 52 ( po t te ry ) : 5 .O Sc a rd HY 5 0 NE 2 4( po t te ry ) . HY50 4 D ING IESHO WE ( 'D ing i showe ' o r ` D ingy 's H owe ' ) HY /54760330 T h i s p robab le b roch i n S t . A nd r ew s a nd D ee rne s s i sa l a rge , t u rf -g rown m ound w h ich s t and s a tt h e w e s t e nd o f t h e i s thmu s j o in ing D ee rne s s t o t h e m a in land ; i tw a s e xcava ted i n1 860 b y F a r ra r a nd p l anned b y P e t r ie [ 5 ] b u t n o e xpo sed f e a tu re s a r e v i s ib le n ow . T he d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e e xcava t ion r e co rd s t h a t t h e w a l l s w e r e 3 . 6 m ( 1 2 f t . )

2 48

F ind s : t h ey i n c lude h amme r s tone s , a w he t s tone , a f r agmen t o fp o l i shed a n t le r a nd an umbe r o f ma in ly p l a in b ody s he rd s . T he re w a s a l so a f r agmen t o f N eo l i th ic G rooved w a re w h ich b e long s t o amuch e a r l ie r p e r iod [ 5 ] . A r e c tangu la r p ebb le w he t s tone i s i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( B .19 14 .557 ) . S ou rce s : 1 . HY 5 0 SW 7 : 2 .A nde r son 1 878 , 3 18 ( s i te l i s t o n ly ) : 3 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 8 8 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 25 , 2 42 -3 : 5 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 7 8 -9 : 6 .L amb 1 987 , 2 3 . HY50 5 HO WE OF LANGSKA ILL ( 'Round H owe ' ) HY /50780593 P robab le b roch i nS t . A nd r ew s a nd D ee rness , o n ah i l lock 2 00 m n or th -w e s t o ft h e f a rm o ft h a t n ame ; t h e r ema in s h ave b een c u t i nt wo b y t h e r oad a nd t h e re i sl i t t le t ob e s e en n ow . I tw a s d ug i n to i na bou t 1 860 b y F a r r e r a nd p l anned b yG . P e t r ie [ 3 ] . T he b u i ld ing i sr e co rded a sh av ing b een r a the r s ma l l , 1 2 .2 -1 3 .7 m ( 40 -45 f t . ) i no ve ra l ld i ame te ra nd 6 . 1 -8 . 5 m( 2 0 2 8 f t . ) i n te rna l ly ( Pe t r ie 's p l an i n d ica te s 1 2 .09 m w i th t h e w a l l 3 . 05 m t h ick [ 5 ] ) . T he w a l l w a s f r om 2 0 .0 -2 5 .0 m ( 8 10 f t . ) t h ick [ 4 ] , a nd a n e n t rance 6 0 c m ( 2f t . ) w ide w a s f ound o n t h e e a s t -no r th -ea s t . A t f i r s t s i gh t t h e w ho le b u i ld ing s e em s t o h ave b een v e ry r u inou s b u t H edge s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e d i ff icu l ty P e t r ie h ad i n u nde r s tand ing w ha t F an-e r h ad p a r t ly e xpo sed may b e b ecause o n ly t h e t o p f ew c m o f as t ruc tu re s t i l l s t and ing a bou t 4 . 27m h i gh w a s u ncove red [ 5 ] . A n o u te r e mbankmen t o r w a l l s u r rounded t h eb roch a t ad i s tance o f2 0 .0 -2 4 .0 m ( 6 6 -78 f t . ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 0 NW 8 : 2 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 2 ( 1877 -78 ) , 3 18 : 3 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 3 , n o . 1 3 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,2 43 , n o . 6 27 : 5 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 7 9 -80 & p l s . 3 . 7 & 3 . 8 ( m s s ke tch p l an o f b ro ch a nd g ene ra lp l an , b yP e t r ie ) : 6 .L amb 1 987 ,2 3 . HY50 6 R IGGAN OF KA M I HY /593074 ( v i s i ted i n1 987 ) T h i s p robab le g round -ga l ler ied b roch w i th whee lhouse i nS t . A nd rew s &D ee rne s s , c on s i s ted o f as t ony m ound a t t h e h ead o ft h e g eo ( i n le t ) 4 00 m n o r th o fS and s ide F a rm ; t h e s i te i s o n t h e l a ndwa rd e nd o f at r iangu la r c l if f p romon to ry [ 2 ] . E xcava t ion s b egan i n 1 981-82 b u t w e re c u t s ho r t b y t h e d ea th o ft h e d i rec to r , P e ter G e l l ing ; t h e e xpo sed p a r t s o f t h e b u i ld ing r ema in o pen a nd d i s in teg ra t ing ( I l l s . 5 . 118 121) . V i s ib le i s al o ng s egmen t o fc u rv ing w a l l w h ich c on ta in s a g round l e ve l g a l le ry ( w i th af ew l i n te l s i np o s i t ion o ve r i t )

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

a nd a n e n t rance p a s sage . T he r e a l so i sw ha t l o ok s l i ke a r a i sed v o id i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce ( I l l . 5 . 119 ) a nd a tl e a s t t wo r ad ia l p i e r s i nt h e i n te r io r s ugg e s t t h a t aw hee lhou se h ad b een i n ser ted i n to t h eb u i ld ing a ts ome s t age . T he p l an o f t h e r ema in s w a s m ade i n 1 984 , n o t l o ng a f t e r w o rk c ea sed , a nd s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s i t e i s ag round -ga l le r ied b roch . T he e xcava to ra ppa ren t ly t h ough tt h a t i t sd e s ign , a s w e l l a s i t sp o s i t ion o nt h e e dge o f al ow c l if f , i n d ica ted t h a t i tw a s D shaped s em ib roch o f t h e t y pe o t he rw i se f ound o n ly o n t h e w e s t c oa s t a nd i nt h e We s te rn I s le s ( Ma cK ie 1 992 : 2 002 ) . T he s i te i sp a r t icu la r ly i n te re s t ing f o r t h i s r e a son , b u t a l so b ecau se i tc on ta in sw ha t i ss o f a rt h e o n ly k nown e xamp le o f ap rope r w hee lhou se o fS he t land t y pe ( w i th b u i l t r a d ia l p i e r s ) i nO rkney . No i n f o rma t ion a bou t a ny f i nd sm ade i sa va i lab le t om e . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY50 NE 2 0 :2 .L amb 1 987 ,2 4 .

HY50 7TANKERNESS 1( 'How ie o ft h e Man se ' ) HY /514090 P o s s ib le b roch i nS tA nd rew s &D e er ne s s , ag ra s sy mound s i tua ted o n as hor t p romon to ry n ea r t h e s ou th e nd o ft h e L och o f T anker ne s s . T race s o fm any s t one s h ave b een s e en , a nd am idden o n t h e n or th -w e s t a r c [ 2 ] . T he re a r e s ugges t ion s o f o u tbu i ld ing s c l o se b y o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de , t r a ce s o fw ha t l o ok s l i ke d oub le d ef en s ive w a l l o r r ampar ta c ro s st h en eck o ft h ep romon to ry . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 5 0 NW 3 ( w i th p ho to . ) ; 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 26 , 2 43 .

HY51 2 S TE IRO ( `B roch o fS t e i ro ' ) HY /50191635 P robab le b roch o n S hap in say I . , c on s i s t ing o f s c an ty r ema in s o n t h e r o cky b ank o ve rhang ing t h e b ea ch b e low ; t h e b u i ld ing h a s a lmo s t b een c omp le te ly d e s t royed b y t h e s e a , b u t a n a r c o fm a son ry o ft h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce s u rv ive s o nt h e n o r th -ea s t , s ugge s t ing a n o ve ra l l d i ame te ro fc .1 8 .3 m . As c a rcemen t i sr epo r ted o n t h i s [ 4 ] w h ich i sw hy t h e s i te i sc l a s sed a s ' p robab le ' . O n t h e e a s t s i de t h e re i sa s e cond w a l lf ace a ga in s t t h e i n te r io r o f t h e b u i ld ing a nd a ppa r en t ly c u t t ing i t ; t h e b roch w ou ld h ave t oh ave b een s ub s tan t ia l ly d emo l i shed b ef o r e t h i s w a s d one [ 4 ] . Af ew s t one s o ft h e o u te r f a ce s ugge s t aw a l l t h ickne s s o f3 . 6 m [ 1 ] . T he re a r et r ace so fo u tbu i ld ing so nt h ew e s t . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 1 NW 1 0 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 76 , 2 , n o . 7 79 : 3 . H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 20 : 4 . L amb 1 987 , 1 .

S quare HY52 1

HY50 8 TANKERNESS 2 HY53209 1 P o s s ib le b roch i nS t . A nd rew s &D eer ne s s , amound o n a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd . T he i n te r io r h a s b een d ug o u t d own t o g round l e ve l a ts ome s t age , s o i tn ow a ppea r s a s ac i rcu la r b ank . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 5 0 NW 1 ( w i th p ho to s . ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 35 , 2 45 . HY50 9 BACKLAND ( `Quoybu r ing ' , H ow ie o ' B ack land ' ) HY /58040402 P o ss ib le b roch i nS t . A nd rew s a nd D eer ne s s c on s i s t ing o f a n i r regu la rm ound u p t o 3m h i gh . At r ia l t r ench d ug i n to i tb yD r DB ro thwe l l i ss a id t oh ave r e vea led ac u rved w a l l s ome 3 m h i gh b u tt h e l o ca t ion o ft h i s t r ench i su nce r ta in . T he re a r et r a ce so fa no u te rd i tch o nt h en or th -we s t . S ou rce : 1 .O S c a rd HY50 S E8 : 2 .L amb 1 987 , 2 3 .

S hap in say S quare HY5 1 HY51 1 HO WE H ILL ( 'H i l lock o fH owe ' ) HY /512 160 P os s ib le b roch o n S hap in say , at u rf -cove red s hape le s s k no l l 3 . 5 m( 1 1 f t . 6i n . ) h igh w h ich h a s b een d ug i n to i n t h e p a s t a nd w h ich i ss a id t o c on t a in a s t ruc tu r e o fs ome s o r t , i n c lud ing p a s sage s [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 5 1 NW 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 7 80 , 2 76 : 3 .L amb 1 987 , 1 .

2 49

HY52 1 BURROUGHSTON ( `H i l lock o f B u r rough s tone ' , ` Bo r row s tone ' ) HY /54042100 ( v i s i ted 1 5 /7 / 1985 ) As o l id -ba sed b roch o n S hap in say s t and ing a tt h ef oo to fa g en t ly s l op ing f i e ld j u s t a bove t h e l ow r o cky b ea ch ; t h e g ra s s -g rown s t ruc tu re m ay b e o n a p l a tf o rm a nd i s s u r rounded b y ah uge d i tch . I na bou t 1 862 aM r . B a lf ou r o f B a lf ou r a nd T r enab ie g o t s ome m en t o o pen u p t h e mound " sho r t ly a f t e r t h e d i scove ry o f Mac s H owe" a nd G eo rge P e t r ie m ade n o te s o n t h e s t ruc tu re s e xpo sed w h i le S i r H . D ryden m ade ap l an o ft h em . V e ry l i t t le c an n ow b e s e en o fb roch i ng ene ra l f r om t h e o u t s ide s i nce l i t t le o ft h e o u te r w a l l w a s e xpo sed d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s ; t h e b u i ld ing a ppea r s n ow a s ag ra s sy m ound ( I l ls . 5 . 122 5 . 1298 ) . T he e n t rance p a s sage i ss t i l l v i s ib le ( I l l . 5 . 127 ) w i th al i t t le o ft h e o u te rw a l l f a ce o n e i the r s i de o fi t ; i tf a ce s e a s t a nd i sa bou t 3 . 7 -4 . 0 m( 12 13 f t . ) l o ng , 1 . 2 m( 4f t . ) w ide a nd 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t . ) h i gh . I tn ow h a s o ne m a s s ive l i n te l a tt h e o u te r e nd ( t he o t he r s h av ing b een s napped o f f ) , a nd i n 1 862 t h i s w a s d e sc r ibed a s t h ree c l o se se t t oge the r o n e dge ; t h ey mu s t h ave s uppo r ted t h e h i gh o u te r w a l l f a ce . T he d oo rway b e low t h e l i n te l i sn ow b l ocked u p . T he u nde r s ide o f t h e s u rv iv ing l i n te l p r e sumab ly g i ve s t h e h e igh t o ft h e r ema inde r , a nd i tc an t h u s b e s e en t h a t t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e p a s sage e x tend s f o r a tl e a s t 1 . 5 ma bove t h i s l e ve l ; i t mu s t t h e r ef o re b e t h e s i de o ft h e c hambe r a bove t h ee n t rance . Two d oo r -f rame s a r e s t i l l a ppa ren t , s ome 2 . 5 m( 8f t . 1i n . ) a nd 2 . 2 m ( 7 f t . 2i n . ) f r om t h e o u te r e nd o ft h e p a s sage a cco rd ing t o D ryden 's p l an ; t h u s t h ey a r e n o t q u i te o ppo s i te o ne a no the r . T he o ne o n t h e l ef t ( l ook ing i n ) i s m ade f r om ap ro jec t ing s l ab , a nd t h e o t he ri s ab u i l tc heck . B eh ind t h e l ef t( s ou th ) c heck i st h e b a r socke ta nd t h e b a r h o le c an b e s e en o ppo s i te i t . T he re i sa n e l onga ted g ua rd c hambe ro pen ing f r om t h e l ef ts i de o ft h e p a s sage ( l ook ing i n ) , t h e d oo rb e ing o n ly 4 1 c m ( 1f t . 8i n . ) w ide . T h i s c e l l i s4 . 4 m( 14 .5 f t . ) l o ng a nd a bou t 2 . 4 m( 8f t . ) h igh a ti t s o u te r e nd ; i td im in i she s g r adua l ly i nh e igh t( t o 1 . 14 m o r3 f t . 9i n . ) a nd i nw id th t owa rd s i t s i n ne r e nd ( I l l . 5 . 128 ) .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

T he c hambe r i sr oof ed w i th f l a t l i n te l s w h ich p robab ly m ean s t h a t t h e re i sa n u ppe r g a l le ry i mmed ia te ly a bove i t . T he re i sa n i n gen iou s s l o t l e ad ing f r om t h i s c hambe rt ot h e e n t rance p a s sage i nf ron t o ft h e d oo r -check s ; ar ang ing p o le c an b e p oked t h rough t h i s , s o p r e sumab ly a s pea r c ou ld i nI r on A ge t ime s . A cco rd ing t o P e t r ie t h e a ve rage i n ter na l d i ame te r o f t h e b roch i s1 0 .2 m ( 3 3 .5 f t . ) a nd t h ew a l l a ppa ren t ly v a r ies i n t h ickne s s f r om 4 . 3 m ( 14 f t . ) d own t o 3 . 05 m ( 10 f t . ) o r l e s s [ 2 ] . P e t r ie a c tua l ly d e sc r ibe s i ta st h ick a tt h ee n t rance a nd o n t h e o ppo s i te s i de , b e ing t h inne r e l sewhe r e , s o h e m ay h ave b een m i s lead b y at h inne rw a l l h ead t h ickne ss i n p l a ce s . T he w a l l w a s l a te rm ea su red a s3 . 7 -4 . 0 mt h ick ( 12 13 f t . )n ea rt h e e n t rance [ 3 ] . T he i n ne rf a ce s t ood t oa m ax imum h e igh t o f3 . 7 m( 12 f t . ) o n t h e e a s t a nd w e s t i n 1 928 [ 3 ] b u tP e t r ie r e co rded i ta s4 . 0 -4 . 3 m( 1 3 14 f t . ) [ 2 , 8 1 ] . O n t h i s f a ce i s as c a r cemen t l e dge w h ich w a s a bove 2 . 7 m ( 9 f t . ) t h e f l oo r i n 1 928 [ 3 ] a nd 3 . 1 -3 . 4 m( 10 11 f t . ) i n P e t r ie 's d ay [ 2 ] : i ti sn o t much mo r e t h an 2 . 5 m a bove t h e i n te r io r g round l e ve l n ow ( I l l . 5 . 125 ) . T he s c a rcemen ti so ft h e" she lf 't y pe a nd P e t r ie r e co rd si ta s4 5 c m( 18 i n . )w ide . P e t r ie r e co rd s t wo o pen ing s 1 . 1 c m ( 3 .5 f t . ) w ide i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce n ea r ly l e ve l w i th t h e s c a rcemen t , o ne a t1 2 o ' c lock a nd t h e o t he r a t 9o ' c lock [ 2 , 8 2 ] . D ryden 's d raw ing s how s o ne o f t h e se r a i sed v o id s w i th i t s s i l l a t s c a rcemen tl e ve l [ 2 , f i g . 1 2 : 3 ,f i g . 3 63 ] ( I l l . 5 . 129 ) , a nd h e a l so s how s as e c t ion t h rough t h e r a i sed mu ra l g a l le ry ( wh ich l o ok s r a the r l ow ) o n t h e s ame l e ve l , r e s t ing o n a w a l l b a se w h ich s e em s t o b e s o l id u p t o t h a t p o in t . H oweve rh e a l so s how s as e c t ion o fw ha t l o ok s l i ke av e ry l ow g a l le ry a tg round l e ve l , a l so a t 9o ' c lock , b u tn o th ing i si n d ica ted h e re o n t h e p l an ; i ti si nf a c t t h e m i sp laced c r o s s sec t ion o ft h e i n ne r e nd o ft h e g ua rd c hambe r , w h ich e nd s a ta bou t7 . 30 o ' c lock . T he u ppe rg a l le ry i sr e co rded a s 8 4 c m ( 2f t . 8 9 i n . ) w ide . T he r e w e re a l so t r a ce s o f " two a s cend ing s t ep s" i n t h e g a l le ry a t o ne p o in t , a nd " t h ree a t a no the r " [ 2 , 8 2 ] . N o p rope r mu ra l s t a i r i s d e sc r ibed , a nd n o d oo r t o i tf r om g round l e ve l i ss hown . I tm ay w e l ln o th ave b een d i scove r ed b eh ind t h e s e conda ry c on s t ruc t ion s( b e low ) . A t p r e sen t t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e u ppe r g a l le ry i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le f r om a bou t9 . 30 -1 o ' c lock , w i th o ne l i n te l s t i l l i n p o s i t ion ( I l l . 5 . 124 ) . T race s o ft h e o pen ing t ot h e u ppe r g a l le ry f r om t h e i n te r io ra r e s t i l l a ppa r en ta t 9o ' c lock , b u t t h e o ne a t 1 2 o ' c lock i sh i dden o r d e s t royed . T he i n ne r f a ce o ft h e u ppe r g a l le ry r un s a n t i -c lockw ise t owa rd s t h e e n t rance f r om t h ef i r s tv o id . S econda ry c on s t ruc t ion s w i th r a d ia l p a r t i t ion s w e re f ound i nt h e b roch i n te r io r . T hough D ryden 's p l an a nd e l eva t ion a r e n o t a l toge the r c l ea r , t h e s e c t ion s e em s t o s how s ome f o rm o f i n comp le te a i s led w hee lhou se l ike s t ruc tu re w i th r a d ia l p i e r s j o ined b y l i n te l s t o a s e conda ry w a l l c on s t ruc ted a ga in s t t h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e b roch w a l l o n t h e a r c f r om 6 -9 o ' c lock . A t o ne p o in t as o l id b l ock o f

2 50

m a son ry a ppea r st op ro jec ta nd l i e a ga in s to ne o ft h er a d ia l s t one s l ab s ; o n i t s o t he r s i de i ti ss haped l i ke a n a l cove , r a the r s im i la rt ot h e s t ruc tu r e a tM idhowe ( HY /33 1 ) ; t h is w a s r oof ed w i th l i n te l s w hen f ound , a nd t h e e l eva t ion s how st h is [ 2 , f i g . 1 2 ] ( I l l . 5 . 129 ) . A d eep w e l l w a s i n t h e b roch f l oo r , a ppea r ing l i ke a v e r t ica l s haf t i nD ryden 's s e c t ion : t h e u ppe r p a r t w a s o f d ry s t one m a son ry , t h e l owe r c u t i n to t h e r o ck . A n e x ten s ion o u twa rd s t ot h e m a in e n t rance - e v iden t ly w i th d oo r -check s o fi t s o wn - w a s b u i l t a to ne p o in t f o r a bou t 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . )a nd l e dt oa n" ob long b u i ld ing" [ 2 ] . A no u t e rw a l lw a sf ound t ob e c oncen t r ic w i th t h eb ro ch o n t h e w e s t , a nd a bou t 2 . 74 m ( 9 f t . ) f r om i t . B eyond t h i s w a s ab road d i t ch f r om 4 . 9 -5 . 5 m ( 1 6 18 f t . ) w ide a tt h e b a se w i th a n e a r th b ank o rp a rape tb eyond t h i s , 7 6 -9 2 c m ( 2 .5 -3 f t . ) h i gh i np l ace s . O n ly o n t h e s eawa rd s i de a r e d ef ence s l a ck ing , a nd h e r e t r ace s o f o u tbu i ld ing s w e re f ound . T he i n ne rw a l l s t ood 1 . 8 o r2 . 1 m( 6o r 7f t . ) a bove t h eb o t tom o ft h e d i tch o u t s ide i t . D imen s ion s . T he e x ter na l d i ame te r h a s t ob e e s t ima t ed a s t h ew a l lt h ickn e s so f3 . 7 -4 . 0 m( 12 13 f t . ) i sa ppa r en tn ow o n ly a tt h e e n t ran ce . T ak ing t h e i n te rna l d i ame te ra s1 0 .21 m ( 3 3 .5 f t . ) , t h e e x ter na l d i ame te r s hou ld b e a bou t 1 7 .7 1 8 .0 m ( 58 -59 f t . ) a nd t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion 4 2 .5% . N ew m ea su r emen t s o f t h e i n te r io r w a l lf a ce i n 1 985 b y m e s howed t h a t t h e b roch w a s p robab ly i n tended t o b e b u i l t r ound a t r ue c i r c le w i th a r ad iu s o f 4 . 82 + 0 . 12 m , e qu iva len tt o ad i ame te ro f9 . 64 m ( 3 1 .6 1 f t . ) . F ind s . L i t t le i n f o rma t ion w a s a va i lab le a bou t t h e se b u t a l i s t i sn ow a va i lab le [ 4 ] . A cco rd ing t oP e t r ie t h ey w e re m o s t ly d ee r -hor nf r agmen t s , m any o x a nd s heep b on e s a nd " s eve ra l r ude s t one v e s se ls o fd i f f e r en t s i zes" , i n c lud ing a p o s s ib le t r iangu la r l amp O n ly ab one o ra n t le r ' p e rf o ra ted m oun t ' n ow s u rv ive s [ 4 , 1 22 ] . A s t one l amp f r om ` S hap in say ' i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum c ou ld b e f r om t h i s b roch ( B .19 14 .829 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 2 SW 4 : 2 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 8 1 -4 &8 7 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 3 ,2 75 -76 , n o . 7 78 & f i g s . 3 62 &3 63 : 4 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 1 22 -24 & p l s . 3 . 16 -3 .20 ( m s p l an s ( two ) , p ano rama s ( two ) o fi n te r io r , a nd g ene ra l p l an o fb roch a nd o u te rw a l l , b yD ryden ) : 5 .L amb 1 987 , 1 . HY52 2 NESS OF ORK ( ` The H i l lock ' ) HY /53562238 P o s s ib le b roch o n S hap in say c on s i s t ing o f at u rf -cove red m ound o f s and a ppa ren t ly c ove r ing ab u i ld ing at h i rd o f w h ich h a s b een s wep t a way b y t h e s e a . As ho r t a r c o ft h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce m ay b e v i s ib le [ 4 ] a nd t h e r ea r e s ugge s t ion s t h a t t h e w a l l w a s a bou t 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) t h ick ; t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r w a s e s t ima ted a tc . 1 7 .7 m . T races o f e a r l ie r e xp lo ra t ion s w e re n o ted , o ne o fw h ich h ad u ncove r ed c i s t s a nd g rave st ot h en o r th o ft h e b roch [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 5 2 SW 2 : 2 . R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 2 75 , n o . 7 77 : 3 .H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 1 2 1-22 : 4 .L amb 1 987 , 1 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

Eday S quare HY53

HY53 1 CALF OF EDAY HY /578385 S e t t lemen t , p robab ly o ft h ee a r ly I r on A ge , c on s i s t ing o fa r oundhou se r e -used a s ap o t ter 's w ork shop a nd r e -u sed c hamber s o f aN eo l i th ic c a irn w h ich l i e s o n t h e s ma l l i s land o ft h a t n ame of t h e e a s t s ho re o f E day i t s e lf ( I l l . 5 . 129 & 5 . 130 ) . I n a bou t 1 936 C S T C a lde r i n ve s t iga ted t h e g roup o f a nc ien ts i t e s wh ich l i e sa tt h e s ou th s i de o ft h ei s l e t . T he se i n c luded t h ree Neo l i th ic b u r ia l c a ir n s ( one b e ing amu l t i p e r iod s t a l led c a irn ) a nd t wo o t he rs t ruc tu re sw h ich p roved t o b e long t o t he I r on A ge . I r on A ge r ema in s w e re a l so f ound i n s ide o ne o ft h e c a ir n s . Ar e a s se s smen to ft h e l a te r p o t te ry s how st ha ta tl e a s to ne o ft h eC a lf o fE day I r on A ge s i te s v e ry p robab ly c omp r i se a no the r o f t h o se r a re s e t t lemen t s i nt h e n o r ther n i s land s w h ich c an b e a s s igned t ot h e e a r ly I r on Age , p robab ly i nt h e 7t h/ 6t h c en tu r ie s BC a nd w e l lb ef o re t h eb roch p e r iod .

r ounded w edge s hape a nd f i t ted i n to ag roove f o rmed i n t h e l owe r e dge o f t h e o ne a bove , t h e j o in t t h en b e ing s moo thed d own [ 2 , f i g s . 2 2 & 2 3 ] . V e s se l s m ade i nt h i s w ay o f t en b r eak a l ong t h ej o in s o ft h en r i ng s , a sw a sn o ted i nt h e E ver ted R im j a r s f ound a tD un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ( N M04 4 ) . C hamber s A & Bo ft he s t a l led c a irn " Af t e r t h e r oof o f t h e b u r ia l c hambe r ( A ) o f t h e s t a l led c a ir n h ad d i sappea red a nd t h e i n ter io r h ad b een p a r t ia l ly f i l led u p ,j udg ing f r om t h ep o t te ry f ound a tt h eh ighe rl e ve l t h e c hambe r h ad b een o ccup ied b y p eop le o f t h e I r on A ge ." [ 2 , 1 43 ] . T he d eco ra ted s he rd s f i t ted t oge the ri nI l . 5 . 131 ( t op l ef t )c ame f r om t h i sc hambe r [ 2 , f i g . 1 9 ] Mo re p l a in I r on A ge p o t te ry w a s f ound i nC hambe r Ba nd t h i s i n c luded a l lt h er im sa nd b a se sd r awn b yC a lde r [ 2 , f i g . 2 0 ] e xcep t f o r n o . 1w h ich i st h e d eco ra ted s he rd f r om C hambe rA . T hey i n c luded s e ve ra l r im s a nd w a l l s he rd so f ah igh q ua l i ty , h a rd , b l a ck , t h in w a r e ( I l l . 5 . 131 , b o t tom c en t re : EO 6 51A : i th a s as l ipped g r ey s u rf ace ) a sw e l l a s s ome c oa r se r s h e rd s( no td r awn ) . D i scus s ion

S truc ture 3

T he o n ly c l ea r e v idence f o r t h e d a te o f t h i s I r on A ge s e t t lemen t c ome s f r om t h e s hou lde r ed r im s he rd HD 6 98 ( I l l . 5 . 131) w h ich i sn o t s p ec if i ca l ly m en t ioned i nC a lde r 's r epor t . I ti so f ah a rd ,b uf f -g rey w a r ew i th ac oncave n eck a bove t h e s hou lde r a nd m u s t s u re ly b e av e r s ion o f t h e s t anda rd c a r ina ted e a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry w h ich i sf ound i n s ma l l q uan t i t ie s i n A t lan t ic S co t land . S ince i t i s c a ta logued ' HD ' i tp r e sumab ly b e long s w i th t h e s h e rd c o l lec t ion f r om t h eN eo l i th ic c a ir n . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY53 : 2 .C a lde r 1 9 39 .

T he mound c on ta in ing S t ruc tu r e 3 w a s o n ly p a r t ly e xp lo red ( t he w e s th a l f ) b ecau se o fl a ck o ft ime a nd t ur n ed o u tt oc on ta in a no va l s t one b u i ld ing w h ich m ea su red s ome 1 2 .5 x 1 .6 m ( 4 1 x3 8 f t . ) o ve ra l l . T he w a l l t h ickne s s w a s m ea su rab le a to ne p o in ta t4 . 42 m ( 14 f t . 6i n . ) . T race s o fa tl e a s t t wo c hambe r s w i th in t h e t h ickne s s o ft h is w a l l w e re f ound a nd t h e t h ickne s s b eh ind t h e se v a r ied f r om 2 . 13 -2 . 52 m ( 7 f t .t o 8f t . 3i n . ) ; t h e s t ump s o ft wo t h in s t one s s l ab sw e re f ound i nt h e w e s t er no ne . As i ng le s t one s l ab w a s p ro jec t ing a bove t h e g round b ef o re w o rk s t a r ted a nd p roved t o b e s t and ing 1 . 60 m ( 5 f t . 3i n . ) a bove t h e i n ter na l f l oo r ; i tw a s f i t ted a tr i gh t a ng le s t o t h e i n ne r w a l lf ace i s i f t o f o rm t h e s i d e o f as ma l le r c hambe r b e tw een t h e o the r t wo m en t ioned . T he n or th r e ce s s a l so h ad s l ab s i ni t ,s ome o fw h ich l i ned i t ss i de s . As l ab h ea r th w a s f ound i nt h ec en t ra la r ea .

S tronsay S quare HY62

L a rge a moun t s o fp o t te ry w e re r e cove red f r om t h e n o r th r e ce s s . Ap i le o fc l ay w a s f ound i mmed ia te ly t ot h e n or th o ft h e h ea r th . T he re w a s a l so as t one s l ab l ined p i t w i th a c l ay b a se s unk i n to t h e f l oo r a nd a s t one m o r ta r p r e sumab ly f o r g r ind ing t h e c l ay - n ex t t o i t . T he e xcava to r t h ough t t h a t a l l t h e se f e a tu re s s howed t h a t t h e b u i ld ing h ad b een t ur n ed i n to ap o t t e r 's w o rk shop a t al a te r s t age ; p r e sumab ly i th ad b een ad w e l l ing b ef o r et h a t . T he p o t te ry w a s d i f f e r en t t o t h a t f o und i nt h e c hambe r ed c a ir n( b e low ) . "Mo s t o ft h e s he rd s f r om C hambe r B " ( o f t h e s t a l led c a i rn , b e low ) " we r e t h in a nd o f g ood h a rd t e x tu re w h i le t ho se f r om Mound n o . 3 " ( t he h ou se ) " a r e c oa r se a nd t h ick , a nd m any c on ta in amuch g r ea te ra moun t o f c r u shed s t one a mong t h e c l ay ." [ 2 , 1 47 & f i g s . 2 1 & 2 2 ] . Mo s t o ft he r im s a r e o fs imp le b a r re l - a nd b ucke t s haped ur n s a nd o f s ome i n te re s t i st h e e v idence f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h ree o ft h em . T he s e v e s se l sw e re b u i l t i n r i ng s , t h e u ppe re dge o ft h e r i ng b e low b e ing m ade i n to a 2 51

HY62 1 H ILLOCK OF BAY WEST HY6 1 902425 P robab le b roch o n S t ron say , ar ugged a nd b roken mound 2 2 .5 m i nd i ame te r a nd 3 . 2 m h i gh ; i ti ss i tua ted o n a n " i s land " i n l ow ly ing , b oggy g round , p robab ly a d ra ined l o ch . T he s ou th a r c o ft h e o u te r f a ce i sv i s ib le f o r 3 . 5 m a nd t o ah e igh to ff i ve c ou r se s [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 6 2 SW 1 :2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 9 49 , 3 29 : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 24 : 4 .L amb 1 984 , 2 4 . HY62 2 HUNTON HY65342754 T he s i te o f ap robab le b roch o n S t ron say s i tua ted o n r i s ing g round ; o n ly a s l igh t r i se i nt h e f i e ld b e t ray s i t s p o s i t ion [ 5 ] . I n 1 863 , a f t e r ap l ough h ad e xpo sed a n u nde rg round c hambe r , as ma l l e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t b y F a ir e r a nd P e t r ie a nd t h e e n t rance p a s sage o f ab roch r e vea led [ 2 , f i g . 4 25 ] . T he t r enche s w e re f i l led i na nd t h e re w e re n o f md s a pa r t f r om as p ind le w ho r l . As k e tch

T he R ound hou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

o f t h e e n t rance a r ea s u rv ive s [ 4 , f i g . 3 . 30 ] . M idden m a te r ia l i sf r equen t ly e xpo sed o nt h e s i te [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 2 NE 6 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 2 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 33 -34 , n o . 9 80 & f i g . 4 25 : 4 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 24 -26 : 5 .L amb 1 984 ,2 4 .

HY63 2 BRAEHO WAR HY620374 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch i nC ro s s&B ume s so n S anday I . ; i t i ss uppo sed t oh ave b een d ug t h rough d u r ing r oad b u i ld ing . S ou rce s : O S c a rd HY 6 3 NW 3 0 : 2 .L amb 1 980 , 1 5 .

HY62 3 LA MB HEAD HY69042146 T h is p robab le b roch o n S t ron say s t and s o n h igh c l if f s i n t h e s ou th -ea s t c o rne ro ft h e i s land . L i t t le r ema in s n ow b u t w hen i tw a s c omp le te t h e s t ruc tu re h ad a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o fc .2 0 .7 m ( 6 8 f t . )w i th aw a l ln ea r ly 4 . 88 m ( 16 f t . )t h ick o nt h ew e s ts i de ( I l l . 5 . 108 ) .

HY63 3 LA MANESS ( `B roch o fL am (b )ane s s ') HY6 1 .37 . ( a pp rox ) S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i nC ro s s & B ume s s o n S anday I . T he re i sn o i n f o rma t ion e xcep t f o r ac o l lec t ion o f f i nd s ( s ome o ft h em V ik ing ) p r e sen ted t ot h e N a t iona l Mu seum i n 1 878 [ 2 ] ; t h e re i sn o e v idence a s t ot h e n a tu r e o fa ny s t ruc tu re f ound . T he re a r e t wo p e rf o ra t ed s t one ' l oom w e igh t s a nd a n a du l t h uman s ku l l f r om ` Lam ine s s ' i nt h e C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum w h ich a r e p robab ly f r om t h i sb roch ( B .19 14 .803 & 8 04 : B .1922 .8 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 3 NW 1 8 : 2 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 2( 1876 -78 ) , 5 99 : 3 .L amb 1 980 , 1 6 .

T he ma in e n t rance i so nt h en o r th -we s t , a bou t 1 . 2 m( 4f t . ) w ide , a nd h a s t wo g ua rd c e l l s , o ne o n e i the r s i de . N o d oo r -check s w e re r e co rded i nt h e m a in p a s sage b u t a bou t h a lf w ay d own a r e t h e t wo o ppo sed e n t rance s t o g ua rd c e l l s o n t h e l ef t a nd r i gh t ; c once ivab ly t h e o u te r e dge o f e ach o ft h e se m igh t h ave s e rved a s ad oo r f r ame , b u t a h i nge s ocke tw ou ld n eed t ob e f ound n ex tt oo ne t ob es u r e . E ach o ft h e se c e l l d oo rway s i t s e lf h ad ad oo r -f rame w i th in i t ( a h igh ly u nu sua l a r rangemen t ) m ade o f o ppo sed p ro jec t ing s l ab s ; b o th c e l l s w e re b eeh ive c o rbe l led c hambe r s c on ta in ing a n a umb ry ( c upboa rd ) a t t h e i n ne r e nd . T he r ea r eo ve rg rown t r a ce s o fs e conda ry s t ruc tu re s i n t h e i n te r io r , a nd s l igh t d ep r e s s ion s o n t h e w a l l h ead m ay i n d ica te a n u ppe r g a l le ry . T he e n t rance p a s sage c an n ow o n ly b e s e en f r om w i th in t h e g ua rd c hambe r s [ 1 ] . T he r e m igh t b e t r ace s o f a n o u te r d i tch o n t h e n o r th -we s t a nd s ou th -ea s t [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 6 2 S E 1 :2 .T homa s 1 851 , 1 23 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 3 28 ,n o . 9 47 & f i g . 4 23 : 4 .H edge s e t a l . 1 987 , 1 26 -27 : 5 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 2 . HY62 4 B ENN I CU ML HY /67152142 Ap robab le b roch o n S t ron say . Al a rge n umbe r o ff i nd s o fI r on A ge t y pe w e re m ade i n am idden n ex tt ot h e mound i n1 989 . A tt h e b a se o ft h em ound o nt h e w e s t i s as e c t ion o f m a s s ive w a l l ing o n ap l in th w h ich m ay b e p a r t o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage . S ou rce : D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 989 , 6 5 .

HY63 4 NEB ISTER ( `C roo s o fN eb i s t e r ') HY /6316370 1 P robab le b roch i nC ro s s & B umes s o n S anday , o n t h e e dge o f al ow c l if a tt h e s ho re . I n 1 928 t h e f a ce o f a c u rved w a l l w a s s e en e xpo sed b y e ro s ion i nt h e v e ry e dge o ft h e c l if f , a bou t2 . 75 m ( 9f t . ) l ong a nd 8 4 c m( 2f t . 9i n . ) h i gh a nd s how ing s i xo rs even c ou r se so fd ry -bu i l tm a son ry [ 2 ] . T he c on cav i ty o ft h e c u rve w a s t owa rd s t h e s e a , s o t h e s i te a ppea r ed t ob e ab roch mos t o fw h ich h ad a l r eady b een d e s t royed . Mo s t o ft h e r ema in ing m a son ry w a s s a id t o h ave b een w a shed a way b y 1 969 [ I ] b u t i n t h e l a te 1 970 s t h e re w a s as t i l l am ound 2 5 m i nd i ame te r a tt h e c l if e dge a nd ad epo s i t 2 . 5 mt h ick c on s i s t ing o fm idden m a te r ia l s a nd s t one w a l l s [ 3 ] . T he l a t te ri n c lude ap robab le b roch w a l l . Aq ue rn f r agmen t a nd p o t te ry f r om t h e s i t e a r e i nT ankem e s sm u seum [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 3 NW 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 60 , 4 1 : 3 .L amb 1 980 , 1 6 . HY63 5 ELSNESS ( 'Sma l l B rough ' o r' E i sN e s s ' ) HY /672390 P o s s ib le b roch i nL ady o n S anday I . T he s i te i sl i s ted b y P e t r ie [ 2 ] b u t n o f u r the r i n f orma t ion w a s d i scove r ed i n 1 928 [ 3 ] . Af l i n t a r rowhead a nd ap o l i sh ing p ebb le i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum m ay b e f r om t h i s s i t e ( Cu r s i te r c o l ln . : B . 19 14 .768 & 7 69 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 3 NE 7 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 4 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 4 79 , 1 73 : 4 .L amb 1 980 , 1 6 .

S anday S quare HY63 HY63 1 BACKASKA ILL HY64 1739 19 P robab le b roch i n C ro s s & B ume s s o n S anday I . , s i tua ted o n ar o cky o u tc rop c l o se t ot h e s ho re ( I l l . 5 . 129 ) . P a r t o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce w a s s e en b y P e t r ie w ho n o ted t h a t i th ad ac on s ide rab le b a t te r [ 3 ] . Ad ra in a ppa r en t ly l e d d own f r om t h e b u i ld ing o nt h e o u tc rop i n to ac o rbe l led c hambe r a ti t s b a se , n ow d e s t royed . T he s i te i sd ef ended b y af l a t -bo t tomed d i t ch a nd i nt h e l a te 1 970s as e a -e roded l o ng s e c t ion i n t h e c l if f f a ce s howed w a l ls a nd f l oo r s c omp r i s ing ad epo s i tu pt o 3m t h ick [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 6 3 NW 1 :2 .P roc O rk A n t iq S oc 1 , 5 2 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 59 , 4 0 &f i g . 8 7 : 3 . L amb 1 980 , 1 5 . 2 52

HY63 6 HO W FAR M HY /660392 P o s s ib le b ro ch i n S anday . A b u i ld ing o f d ry s t one m a son ry w a s f o und h e re i n1 887 a nd e xp lora t ion s r e vea led c e l l s o r c hambe r s i nt h e w a l l . T he re i sn o r e a l s t ru c tu ra l e v idence t h a t t h i s i s ab roch [ 2 ] a nd , t h ough h e s aw s ome m a son ry , av i s i to r i n 1 970 d i d n o t t h ink i tt y p ica l o ft h e se s i t e s [ 1 ] . F ind s : t h e o r ig ina l e xp lo ra t ion s p roduced d ef in i te I r on A ge f i nd s w h ich w e r e g i ven t ot h e Na t iona l Mu seum s i n 1 937 b y Wa l te r GG ran t [ 3 ] a nd w h ich e a s i ly b e f r om ab roch . T he se i n c lud ed 5 l o ng -hand led a n t le r c omb s , a n a n t le r p l a te w i th 5 h o le s i ni t , af emu r -head w ho r l o r b u t ton , a

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

b one p i n h ead ' o f f l a t tened s phe ro id s hape , w i th a p e rf o ra t ion b e low . . f o rmed f r om ah o r se 's t oo th , as t one w ho r l , 3p o t she rd s , a nd ab one r i ng o rt ogg le . T he re w a s a l so ac omp le te s i lve r s p i ra l f i nge r r ing ( GA 174 ) w h ich , w i th t h e ' t ogg le ' w a s f ound i n a n a umb rey i n t h e w a l l . T he r i ng i sa n a lmo s t p l a in p i ece o fw i re o r f l a t tened r od w i th a lmo s t t h ree c omp le te t u rn s ; o n t h e c en t ra l s e c t ion t h e re a r em any g roup so ft h ree t i ny n i ck so nt h ee dge o ft h e r od . T he t wo o the rs i lve rs p i ra lr i ng s k nown f r om A t lan t ic S co t land b o th a r eo rnamen ted a nd b o th c ome f r om b roch s-f r om C l ickh im in ( whee lhou se p e r iod ) [ 5 , f i g . 6 1 n o . 3 ] a nd f r om D un Mo rV au l [ 4 , f i g . 1 7 ,n o . 3 27 ] . S ource s : O S c a rd HY 6 3 NE 9 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 1 58 : 3 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 2 ( 1937 -38 ) , 9( f ind s ) : 4 . MacK ie 1 974 : 5 .H am i l ton 1 968 . HY63 7 THE KNO WES HY /635390 P o s s ib le b roch i nS anday : n of u r the ri n f o rma t ion . S tronsay HY63 8 GREEN H ILL 1 HY /63223008 P os s ib le b roch o n S t ron say , c on s i s t ing o fa ne x ten s ive b u t s hape le s s m ound o fs t one s a tt h e e dge o ft h e a i rf ie ld a nd c l o se t ot h e s ho re . Q ua r ry h o le sh ave e xpo sed s ome e a r th f a s t s l ab s . I n 1 996 at o pog raph ic s u rvey r e co rded ab ank s u r round ing t h e p re sumed b roch w i th a n e n t rance i n i t ; h ea r ths a nd f r agmen t s o fw a l l ing n ea rby p robab ly r e la te t o o u tbu i ld ing s [ 4 ] . F u r the r e r o s ion h a s r emoved s ome o f t h ese r ema in s . S ou rce s : I .O S c a rd HY 6 3 NW 1 :2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 9 48 , 3 28 : 3 . L amb 1 984 , 2 4 : 4 . D i scove ry & E xca va t ion 1 996 , 8 0 .

S anday S quare HY64 HY64 1 COLL I NESS HY /68542 1 S i te o f ap o s s ib le b roch i nL ady o n S anday , d e s t royed b y m i l i ta ry u se s hor t ly b ef o re 1 928 [ 1 ] . T he re w a s al a rge a r t if ic ia l m ound o n t h e s po t f r om w h ich a n i r on s pea rhead w a s o b ta ined a nd w he r et h e re w a sa l so ac hape l ,a ppa ren t ly o nt op o fa no l de rb u i ld ing . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 4 S E2 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 1 72 , n o .4 73 . HY64 2 I CEGARTH ( ' Icega r th C a s t le ' , ` I c iega r th ' , ' E s s iga r th ' ) HY /6714 16 P o s s ib le b roch i n C ro s s & B u rne s s o n S anday I . , a cco rd ing t o P e t r ie [ 2 ] . T he r e i sn o t r a ce o f as t ruc tu r e n ow . T ra ce so fa n a nc ien tb u i ld ing w e r e e xpo sed i n1 867 a nd s ome s t one i mp lemen t s r e cov e red [ 1 , 2 ] . A s t h e

2 53

f o l low ing l i s to ff i nd s s how st h i s i sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly a nI r on A ge s i te . F ind s : i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum t h e re a r e an umbe r o f o b jec t s f r om I c iega r th ( i n t h e C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion ) s ome o f w h ich a r e s pec if ica l ly l a be l led a sc om ing f r om t h e ` m idden o fI c iega r th b roch ' . T hey i n c lude af r agmen t o f as i ng le s i ded c ompo s i te b one c omb , 5b oa r 's t u sk s , 3p i ece s o f w o rked b one , p o s s ib ly h and le s , ap o s s ib le w ha lebone m a t tock , ac y l ind r ica l , t a pe r ing b one h and le w i th a h o le t h rough t h e w ide r e nd , 3w ho r l s o r b u t ton s m ade f r om h uman f emu rh ead s , a no the rt u bu la rb one h and le , c a rved t o ah exagona l s e c t ion , ab one g ouge o r c h i se l , aw ha le v e r teb ra b ow l o r l amp , af l a t b a se s he rd o fc oa r se r ed -buf f w a re w i th a g r ey c o re , a nd 6 s t one w ho r l s ( B .1914 .787 8 00 ) . S ou rce s : I .O S c a rd HY 6 4 S E 1 6 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 4 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 ,2 ,4 4 , n o . 1 85 : L amb 1 980 , 1 6 . HY64 3 MARYGARTH MANSE HY /6544 12 P o s s ib le b roch i nC ro s s a nd B u rne s s o n S anday . D u r ing t h e r ebu i ld ing o f t h e m an se a t a bou t 1 886 , t r ace s o f a n a nc ien t c i r cu la r b u i ld ing w e r e u ncove red , i n c lud ing s t one s o fc on s ide rab le s i ze . T he re w a s a l so m idden m a te r ia l a nd p a r t o f ar o ta ry q ue rn s tone . T he re i sn o t r ace o fa ny th ing n ow [ 1 ] . F ind s : i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( Cu r s i te rc o l ln . )a r et h ree f i nd s f r om Ma ryga r th ( a l l B .1914 . ) , n ame ly t h e b a se o fa p o t o f I r on A ge t y pe w i th i n te rna l d eco ra t ion o f f ou r c i rcu la r i mp re s s ion s ( 8 50 ) , ab oa r 's t u sk ( 849 ) a nd as ma l l w he t s tone ( 848 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 4 S E2 2 : 2 .L amb 1 980 , 1 6 . HY64 4 S CAR ( `Runna C lef t ' ) HY /666454 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i nC ro s s a nd B u rne s s o n S anday , n ow o n ly as l igh t r i se i n af i e ld . Many c a r t load s o fs t one a r e s a id t oh ave b een t a ken f r om t h e s i t e , w h ich h a s n ow b een e n t i r e ly r emoved . S ou rce s : 1OS c a rd HY 6 4 NE 3 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 4 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 ,2 , 4 4 , n o . 1 82 . HY64 5 WESTBROUGH HY /663424 P o s s ib le b roch i nC ro s s a nd B ur n e s s o n S anday , n ow a l a rge f e a tu re le s s mound a tt h e f a rm . O ne s i de w a s b roken i n to i n 1 928 , e xpo s ing am idden d epo s i t . No t r a ce s o fa b u i ld ing h ave b een d e sc r ibed . F ind s : f r om ` He rm ie sga r th ' c l o se b y c ome ap o l i shed a nd w o rn b one d i e , as t one ' p e s t le ' a nd ap robab le m a t tock o f s t one w h ich ( j udg ing f r om t h e d i e ) c ou ld c ome f r om t h i s s i te . T hey a r e i nt h e C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( B .1914 .770 -772 ) S ou rce s : O S c a rd HY 6 4 S E 1 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 4 4 ,n o . 1 83 .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

S anday S quare HY73 HY73 1 HANGIE HEAD HY /712380 P o s s ib le b roch i nL ady p a r i sh o n S anday c on s i s t ing o fa l ow mound e r oded b y t h e s e a . P rev iou s ly r e ga rded a s n a tu ra l , t h e mound n ow a ppea r st oc on ta in s t onewo rk [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 3 NW 3 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 1 68 , n o .4 46 : 3 .L amb 1 980 , 2 4 , n o . 1 56 . HY73 2 WASSO ( `Wa s show ' , ` Wa s sa ') HY /70923794 P robab le b roch i nL ady p a r i sh o nS anday , s t and ing o nt h e l o ng p romon to ry o f T re sne s s ( I l l . 5 . 140 ) . N ow a g ra s s g rown mound a bou t 4 . 58 m ( 15 f t . ) h igh i tw a s J ame s F a r re r [ 2 ] , n o t S i r HD ryden [ 4 ] , w ho e xp lo red t h e mound i n 1 868 ; D ryden 's s ke tch p l an , m ade f r om P e t r ie s ' n o te s , s u rv ive s a st h e o n ly r e co rd [ 2 , f i g . 2 56 ] . T h i s s how s t h e n or th -ea s t q ua r te r o f t h e i n ne r f a ce o f w ha t l o ok s l i ke a b roch , w i th a n umbe r o f s t one s l ab s s e t u p r igh t i n t h e e nc lo sed f l oo rc l o se t oi t ; s ome o ft h e se a r e s hown w i th a h e igh t o f4 . 12 m ( 1 3 f t . 6i n . ) . T he i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h e s i ze o ft h e s t ruc tu re sd oe sn o ts e em r e l iab le [ 4 ] . O ne p o in ted b one i mp lemen t , as t one w ho r l a nd s ome p o t she rd s f r om t h e s i te a r e i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum i n E d inbu rgh . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 3 NW 2 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 4 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 1 66 , n o . 4 38 & f i g . 2 56 : 4 .H edges e t a l . 1 987 , 18 19 : L amb 1 980 , 1 6 .

S quare HY74 HY74 1 BRACE GARTH HY /749465 P o s s ib le b roch i nL ady p a r i sh o n S anday , at u rf -cove r ed s ma l l mound l y ing c l o se t ot h e s ho re . ; i tm ay b e ad une [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 4 NW 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 1 68 ,n o .4 44 . HY74 2 NE WARK HY /722422 T h is b roch , i n L ady p a r i sh o n S anday a nd a bou t h a lf a m i le f r om t h e s e a , w a sd esc r ibed b yD r . Wood f r om w hom t h e o n ly e x tan t i n f o rma t ion c ome s [ 2 ] ; a n a l te rna t ive p o s i t ion i s HY717426 [ 1 ,3 ] . " A t N ewa rk . t h e re w e r e l a te ly d i scove red u nde r l a nd , w h ich h ad b een c u l t iva ted f o r g ene ra t ion s , t h e r u in s o fa l a rge c i r cu la r b u i ld ing . I tw a s b u i l t o f l a rge f l a t s t one s , a dm i rab ly f i t ted t oge the r , b u tw i thou tc emen to fa ny k i nd . T he w a l l c u rved s l igh t ly i nwa rd s , f r om t h e f ounda t ion t o t h e h e igh t o f 8o r 9f e e t , a nd t h en o u twa rd , a s i tr o se i n h e igh t , f o r a bou t 4f e e t , w he re i th ad t h e a ppea rance o f h av ing b een t h rown d own . I tw a s a bou t 1 2 f e e t w ide a t t h e b o t tom i n s ide . T he w a l l w a s f u l ly 6f e e t i nt h ickne s s , a nd , i ns ome p a r t s , ad oub le w a l l w a sp e r cep t ib le , w i th a n i n te rmed ia te s pace o fa bou t 3f e e t . T h i s d oub le w a l l w en t a l l r ound ; . . . . T he re w a s n o a ppea rance o f d oo r n o r 2 54

w indow , u n le s s i nt h e s ou th a nd e a s t s i de s , w he r e t wo s ma l l o pen ing c ommun ica ted w i th t h e s pa ce b e tween t h e w a l l s . I n o ne o ft h e se o pen ing s w a s f ound a b one p i n ; t h ree i n che s l o ng , s moo th ly p o l i shed ; i nt h eo the ro pen ing , p a r t o f av e ry c oa r se ly f o rmed c omb , m ade o ft h e b one o f aw ha le ." T he i n te r io rw a s d e sc r ibed a sb e ing f i l led w i th ad eep l a ye r o f r ed a she s , f u l l o f a n ima l b one s a nd s he l l s . T he d e sc r ip t ion r a the r c l ea r ly r e f e r s t o a n u ppe r i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry o n t h e 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) h igh w a l l h ead , a nd a l so t o r a i sed v o id sb e tween t h i s a nd t h e i n te r io r . F ind s : ah uman c r an ium a nd r i gh t h ume ru s f r om N ewa rk a r e i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum , C u r s i te r c o l ln . : B .19 14 .805 &B .1922 .9 ) S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 4 SW! : 2 . Wood NS A cc t , 1 38 -9 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 4 39 , 1 67 : 3 .L amb 1 980 , 1 6 . HY74 3 P ETERK IRK HY /714436 P o s s ib le b roch i nL ady p a r i sh o n S anday . T he c hape l i s r e pu ted t oh av eb een b u i l t o n ap reh i s to r ic s i te a nd m idden m a te r ia l h a s b een e xpo sed a l ong t h e b ea ch n ea rby . T he r e i sa l so ad ry s t one w e l l c l o se b y , w i th as t a i rl e ad ing i n to i t , w h ich w a sc l ea r ed o u ti nt h e l a te 1 960 's [ 1 ] . F ind s : i nt h e C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum a r e s eve ra l f i nd s f r om ' P e te r K i rk ' w h ich s hou ld b e f r om t h i s b roch ( a l l B . 19 14 . ) . T hey i n c lude ab one d i e ( w i th s po t s o f s imp le d o t s i n s tead o f d o t -and -c i r c le m o t if s 8 07 /2 ) , ap o s s ib le u nf in i shed a nd p l a in l a rge b one d i e ( 807 / 1) a nd ab one d oub le s ided c ompo s i te c omb ( 806 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 4 SW 7 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 1 7 1 , n o .4 60 : 3 .L amb 1 980 ,n o . 1 81 . HY74 4 PO INT OF BURYAN ( ` Bu r r ian , L opne s s ' , ` Bu ryan ' ) HY /77244340 P robab le b roch i nL ady p a r i sh o n S anday , s t and ing o n a p romon to ry a nd c l o se t ot h er o cky s ho r e . I tw a s a ppa r en t ly e xp lo red i n1 880 b y JW C u r s i te r a nd M r B a rne t tb u t e ven t h en mo s to ft h eb u i ld ing h ad b een w a shed a way b yt h es e a [ 4 ] . S ome f o unda t ion s r ema in o n t h e n or th s i de w h ich s ugge s t t h a tt h e o ve ra l l d i ame te rw a s 1 5 .3 -1 8 .3 m ( 50 -60 f t . ) a nd t h a tt h e w a l l w a s 3 . 97 m ( 13 f t . )t h ick ; t h e c u rved i n ne r f a ce o ft h e d ry s t one w a l l r ema in s t o ah e igh t o f9 1 c m( 3f t . )a to ne p o in t . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 4 S E 2 :2 .R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 1 66 , n o . 4 37 . 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 18 : 4 .C u r s i t e r 1 923 , 5 2 : L amb 1 980 , 1 5 . HY74 5 TOFTS NESS ( ` Tof t sne s s ' , ' Taf t 's N e s s ' ) HY /757464 E ar ly I r on A ge r oundhouse i n L ady p a r i sh o n S anday . T he s i te w a s e xcava ted i na dvance o f l a nd i mp rovemen t f r om 1 985 t o 1 988 a nd w o rk w a s f o cu s sed o n t h e r oundhou se a nd o n s y s tema t ica l ly e xam in ing t h e s u r round ing p r eh i s to r ic s o i l s . I n te r im a c coun t s o ft h e l a t te r h ave b een p ub l i shed a nd s ome s i gn if i can t i n f e rence s m ade [ 2 , 3 ] . F ragmen t s o f a no the r , e a r l ie r r oundhou se w e re f ound .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

T he r e a r e av a r ie ty o fo the r a nc ien t s t ruc tu re s i nt h i s a r ea , i n c lud ing " ea r th -hou se s" [ 5 ] a nd g rave s . I n 1 885 J .W .Cu r s i te r s howed s ome f i nd s o fI r on A ge t y pe " f rom a b roch o n T of t snes s , S anday" a tt h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s o f S co t land [ 4 ] . T hey i n c luded s e ve ra l a w l s ( " bo r e r s" ) , p re sumab ly o fb one , a nd s ome g rooved p um ice s ha rpene r s . A r ough s t one w ho r l i si nh i s c o l lec t ion a tt h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( B .1914 .810 ) . I tm ay b e t h a t t h e se f i nd s c ame f r om t h er e cen t ly d i scove r ed r oundhou se. S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY74 NE 1 : 2 . D i scove ry a nd E xca va t ion i nS co t land 1 985 , 3 2 : 1 986 , 2 20 -3 : 1 987 , 3 6 : 1 988 , 2 9 : 3 . Dock r i l l2 002 , 1 56 -58 a nd r e f s . . 4 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 9 ( 1884 1985 ) , 1 39 : 5 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 1 72 -3 , n o .4 74 . HY74 6 CHAPEL OF ANSTON HY /7 17426 P o s s ib le b roch i nS anday : n of u r th e ri n f o rma t ion .

Nor th Rona ld say S quare HY75 HY75 1 BURR IAN 5 HY /76275138 ( v i s i ted 1 7 /7 / 1985 ) Ap robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch o nN o r th R ona ld say ( C ro s s a nd B u rne s s p a r ish ) w h ich s t and s n ex t t ot h e r o cky s ho re ( I l ls . 5 . 132 140 ) . T he n ame e v iden t ly c ome s f r om t h e No r se B o rg in , " t he f o r t r e s s" . I tw a s t h o rough ly e xcava ted ( by d i gg ing d own i n to t h et o po ft he mound )b yD r . W i l l iam T ra i l l ,p rop r ie to r o ft h e i s land , i n 1 870 a nd 1 87 1 a f t e r t h e s e a h ad e xpo sed p a r t o f ac i r cu la r w a l l i nt h e l a rge , t u rf -cove r ed m ound . T he w a l l f o o t ing i ss t i l l v i s ib le a bove t h e b ea ch a nd h a s s u s ta ined l i t t le d amage s i nce . T he s i t e w a s l ef t o pen b u t , s i nce t h e r e i sh a rd ly a ny r ubb le i n s ide i tn ow ( i n s ha rp c on t ra s t , f o r e xamp le , w i th B u r ray E a s t — ND49 1 ) , t h e w a l lh ead sw e re e v iden t ly p a r t ly r e -bu i l ta nd t u rf ed o ve r . T he o u te r d ef ence s c on s i s t o f t h e r ema in s o f f ou r c oncen t r ic r ampa r t s o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de , t h e s e cond i nne rmo s t n ow b e ing v e ry s ho r t . S ome e a r l ie r w o rk w a s e v iden t ly d one b u t t h e o n ly e v idence f o r t h i s c on s i s t s o fa f ew a r tef a c t s f r om t h e s i te w h ich w e re i n t h e O rkney Mu seum w hen i tw a ss o ld o f fi n1 862 [ 7 , 1 06 ] . T he s i te i sp a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t b ecau se i tw a s t h e f i r s t b roch i nw h ich c l ea r p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry o ccupa t ion s w e re o b se rved a nd d e sc r ibed , a nd i n w h ich f i nd s w e r e s pec if ica l ly a l loca ted t o t h e se p ha se s . T hu s t h e f undamen ta l d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e m idd le a nd l a te s t age s o f t h e A t lan t ic I r on A ge ma ter ia l c u l tu ra l s equence w a s f i r s t r e cogn i sed w i th t h e a i do fi n f o rma t ion f r om B u r r ian 5 [ 9] . 1 . D e scr ip t ion S ince n o d oo r w a s a ppa ren t . D r . T ra i l l 's m e thod o f e xcava t ion w a s t o d i g d ownwa rd s i n to t h e c en t r e o f t h e mound a nd i nt h is w ay t wo s epa ra te o ccupa t ion l e ve l sw e r e f ound i n s ide t h e b roch . T he b o t tom l e ve l w a s ap aved 2 55

f l oo r -p r e sumab ly t h e o r ig ina l o ne - w i th " va r iou s r ude i mp lemen t s" o n i ta nd c ove red b y 3 0 -60 c m ( 1 -2 f t . ) o f r ubb i sh . T he s e cond w a s a n u ppe r l a ye r o fp av ing o n t op o ft h i s r ubb i sh , c ove r ing o n ly p a r t o ft h e i n te r io r , a nd w i th p a r t i t ion w a l l s , m ade o f s t one s l ab s o n e dge , r e s t ing o n t h i s . F rom ad i s tance t h e s i t e s t i l l h a s t h e a ppea rance o f ag r een mound , b e ing s i tua ted a tt h e e dge o f af i e ld a nd j u s ta bove t h e s ho re ( I l l . 5 . 136 ) . T he g ra s sy f l oo r o f t h e c l ea r ed i n te r io r i ss t i l l a lmo s t c omp le te ly f r ee o fd eb r i s . B ecau se t h e s ou th p a r t o ft h e w a l l i so cca s iona l ly r e a ched b y h igh t i de s , s ome o ft h e u nde r ly ing s o i l h a s b een w a shed a way , a nd i tc an b e s e en t h a t t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e b roch i sb u i l t o n t op o f as l igh t ly p ro jec t ing p l in th o fh eavy s t one s l ab s l a id f l a t ( I l l . 5 . 137 ) ; t h e se i nt u rn r e s t o n at h in s ub so i l o f r edd i sh e a r th c l o se t ot h er o ck . When e xcava ted t h e w a l l w a s s t and ing a bou t 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) h igh a nd t h e re w e r e n o i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu re s a ppa ren t i n i te xcep tf o r ac e l l a t 3o ' c lock . No g ua rd c e l lw a s f ound i n t h e e n t rance p a s sage w h ich w a s 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t . ) l o ng , 0 . 99 m( 3f t . 3i n . ) w ide a tt h e o u te re nd a nd 1 . 42 m ( 4f t . 8i n . ) a tt h e i n ne r e nd . R ece s sed c heck s f o r ad oo r , f a ced w i th s l ab s o n e dge , w e r e a bou t2 . 44 m ( 8f t . ) f r om t h e o u te re nd ( mea su red f r om t h e p l an [ 4 , p l . x l v ] ) . T he o u te r e nd o f t h i s p a s sage i s n ow i mmed ia te ly a bove t h e b each a nd b l ocked b y moder nm a son ry . As l ab o fm a son ry h a sb een a dded a ga in s t t h e p a s sage w a l l b eh ind t h e l ef t c heck , m ak ing t h e l ef ts i de i n to ac on t inuou s s t ra igh t f a ce ; t h i s i s s hown o n D ryden 's p l an ( I l l . 5 . 140 ) b u t n o t i nt h e o t he r s . T h i s w a l l c on t inue s i n to t h e i n te r io r f o r as ho r t d i s tance , w he re i tr e s t s a ga in s tt h e f i r s t o ft h e t wo r ad ia l s l ab s w h ich c on t inue t h e l ef t s i de i n to t h e i n te r io r . Two s im i la r s l ab s f o rm a ne x ten s ion o ft h er i gh ts i de . Ad eep w e l l o rc e l la r w a s f o und i nt h e l owe r f l oo r . I tw a s c ove r ed w i th f l ag s tone s w hen d i scove r ed , w a s a bou t 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t . ) d eep w i th r o ck -cu t s t ep s d own i n to i tb u t c on ta ined n o w a te r . T he o pen ing t ot h i s u nde rg round c hambe r w a s o ve r run b y am a s s ive s e conda ry w a l l , p r e sumab ly o nt o po f t h e u ppe r p av ing , s o t h e l a te r o ccupan t s s e em e i the r t o h ave b een u nawa re o fi t se x i s tence o rn o tt oh ave n eeded i t . A no the r s e conda ry w a l l , s t i l l v i s ib le , r un s a l ong a nd a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l f r om a bou t 2 -5 o ' c lock [ 5 , f i g . 8 9 ] a nd c oncea l st h e e n t rance t ot h e mu ra l c e l l . T h i s c e l lh ad a c o rbe l led r oof w hen f ound , t hough t h i s c o l lap sed b ef o re t h e e nd o ft h e o pe ra t ion . I ti sp robab le t h a t t h e re w a s a v o id a bove t h ed oo rt ot h i sc e l l [ 6 , 6 5 ] . I ti sd if i cu l tn ow t ob e s u r ea bou tw h ich s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s b e longed t ot h e u ppe r a nd w h ich t ot h e l owe r f l oo r l e ve l s . H edge s ' r e cen t d i scu s s ion r e v iew s t h e e v idence f r om t h e v a r iou s p ub l i shed p l an s a nd m anu sc r ip t s ke tche s a nd c onc lude s t h a tt h e r ad ia l s t one s l ab s w e re p robab ly s e t i n to t h e l owe r f l oo rw h i le t h eb u i l tw a l l s r e s ted o nt h e u ppe r [ 7 , 1 07 ] ; h oweve r n o s p ec if i c e v idence i s c i ted f o r t h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion o f t h e s l ab s ( s ee ' D i scu s s ion ' b e low ) . L ikew i se , a s n o ted a l r eady , t h e d eep w e l l b e long s t ot h e f i r s t o ccupa t ion . Mo reove r t h e r e c tangu la r c i s t , c ove red w i th a s t one s l ab , w a s c l ea r ly d e sc r ibed a s b e ing i nt h e u ppe r f l oo r a nd t h i s c on ta ined r ed a sh a nd a p ebb le e ng raved w i th aP i c t i sh s ymbo l [ I b id . ] .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

As c a rcemen tp ro jec t s f r om t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce , a t ah e igh t o f 9 0 c m ( 3 f t . ) a bove t h e f l oo r a cco rd ing t o t h e C omm i s s ion b u ta bou t 1 . 5 m( 5f t . )a bove t h ep r ima ry f l oo r m ea su r ing f r om D ryden 's s e c t ion [ 4 , p l . XLV ] . A t 1 . 28 m ( 4 f t . 2i n . ) a bove t h i s l e dge t h e w a l l f a ce p ro jec t s f o rwa rd s udden ly f o r 1 0 c m ( 4 i n . ) , i n t h e f o rm o f a n u p s ide d own l e dge s c a r cemen t ; t h e r eaf t e r i tr i se s v e r t ica l ly a ga in ( I l l . 5 . 138 ) . As t one t a nk h a lf f u l l o fr ed a she s w a s s unk i n to t h eu ppe rf l oo r . A n e x te rna l" bu t t r e s s" w a s f ound o nt h en or th —n o r th -we s t c on s is t ing o f m a son ry l a id a ga in s t t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e b roch . T he C omm i s s ion n o ted t h a tt h i s s t ruc tu r e a ppea red t ob e u n in te l l ig ib le w i thou t e xcava t ion b u to b se rved " some o f t h e s t one s b e ing s e t o n e nd a nd s ome e dgeway s F rom t h ep l an o fT ra i l l a nd D ryden t h i s" bu t t r e s s" s e em st o b e a lmo s ta sh igh a st h eb roch w a l lh ead [ 4 , p l .XLV : 6 ,f i g . 2 ] . T he f l oo r o ft h ep a s sage i nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s w h ich r un s p a s t t h e " bu t t re s s" i so n ly af ew f e e t b e low i ta nd i ss t i l l a bou t 2 . 44 m ( 8f t . ) a bove t h e p r ima ry b roch f l oo r( t hough i ti sn o tc l ea ri ft h i sp a s sage w a sf u l ly e xcava ted ) . O u tbu i ld ing s e x i s t o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de n ex t t ot h e b roch a nd t h e se w e re p a r t ly e xcava ted b y T ra i l l . B one p i n s a nd c omb s ( p re sumab ly c ompo s i te ) w e r e f ound i nt h em , a nd T ra i l l t hough t t h em c oeva l w i th t h e s e cond o ccupa t ion o f t h eb roch .

2 .D i scus s ion 2 . 1 T he " r eve r se s ca rcemen t" T he o ne r e a l ly u nu sua l s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re w h ich c an b e s e en a tB u r r ian i st h e " r eve r se s c a r cemen t" a bou t 1 . 30 m a bove t h e s c a r cemen t p rope r , a nd w h ich r un s a l ong t he s e c to r o ppo s i te t h e e n t rance f o r as ho r t d i s tance [ 5 , f i g . 2 7 ] ( 1 1 . 5 . 137 ) . T h is i sn o t m en t ioned i nt h e o r ig ina l r epo r t , a nd Ma cg rego r s ugge s t s t h a t i th ad s ome th ing t o d o w i th t h e i n t er na lt imbe rs t ruc tu re o ft h eb roch [ 6 , 6 5 ] . H oweve rt h e e x t r eme r a r i ty o ft h i s f e a tu re m akes i tm o r e l i ke ly t ha tt h i s i s am ode rn r e con s t ruc t ion c a r r ied o u t b y t h e e xcava to r s . T he f a c t t h a t h a rd ly a ny r ubb le h a s f a l len f r om t h e w a l l i n to t h e i n te r io r -i n s ha rp c on t ra s t f o r e xamp le t o t h e s i tua t ion a tB u r ray E a s t ( ND49 1 )- s t rong ly i mp l ie s t h a t D r T ra i l l ( mo r e c on sc ien t iou s t h an J ame s F ai r e r MP ) h ad t h e n ew ly e xpo sed w a l l h ead s t u rf ed o ve r ; s i nce t h e w a l l h ead i sn ow l e ve l h e m igh t a l so h ave a dd ed f r e sh ma son ry i n p l ace s t o e ven i t of . A n e xac t ly s im i la r " r ev e r se s c a r cemen t" i st ob e s e en a tt h e H owe o fH oxa ( ND49 4 ) , e xp lo r ed mo r et h an t wen ty y ea r s e a r l ie r . T he u ppe rp a r t so f t h e w a l l t h e r e w e r e r ebu i l t a nd p o in ted w i th l ime m o r ta r a nd p a r t o f t h e a dded w a l l f a ce o ve rhang s t he l ow e r c ou r se s i nt h e s ame w ay ( I l l . 5 . 160 ) . 2 . 2 T he i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry

F ind s : af a i r ly c omp le te l i s t o ff i nd s i sg i ven b y T ra i l l [ 4 ] w ho d e sc r ibe s v a r iou s o b jec t s a s c om ing f r om t h e l owe r f l oo rl e ve l -t h e" f i r s to ccupa t ion" . T he se i n c lude t h el o ng h and led c omb s ( one o fw h ich w a s f ound o nt h e f l oo ro ft h e mu ra l c e l l , b locked b y t h e s e cond ry w a l l ) , 2 b one h amme rhead s , 3b one a w l s , 2 0 s t one w ho r l s , 2s t one mor ta r s , m any s t one p o t l id s , a nd p i ece s o f 3q ue rn s ( r o ta ry? ) . I ti sn o t c l ea r h ow m any o ft h e se o b jec t s w e r e a c tua l ly s t ra t if ied o n t h e l owe r f l oo r ; w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t h e l o ng c omb st h e i rp rovenance s a r er a re ly g i ven .

T he e xcava to r s d i d n o t s pec if ica l ly r e po r t a ny s i gn o fa n i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry o n t h e w a l l h ead b u t t h i s c ou ld w e l l b e t h e r e su l t o fi n expe r ience ( t he re i sa ppa r en t ly as ugg e s t ion o fo ne o n a n u npub l ished p l an [ 7 , 1 07 ] ) . T he o ne a tB u r ray E a s t , e xp lo red a f ew y ea r s e a r l ie r , w a s o n ly f ound b y a c c iden t a f t e rt h e s t a i r h ad b een c l ea r ed ( ND49 1 ) . N e i the r w a s a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway d i scove r ed , t h ough t h i s i s h a rde r t o e xp la in s i nce t h e w a l l w a s 3 . 6 m h igh w hen e xpo sed , a nd t h e re i sn o k nown r a i sed s t a i r d oo r i na ny o t he rb roch w i th as i l la sh i gh a st ha t .

R epor ted ly b e long ing t o t h e s e cond o ccupa t ion w e re , a mong o t he r t h ing s , s i ng le a nd d oub le -edged c ompo s i te b one c omb s , 3b one d i ce , 2 6 b one p i n s w i th o rnamen ta l h ead s , as t one w i th a n8 t h c en tu ry O gham i n sc r ip t ion , ( n ea r t h e s u rf ace ) , a nd a no xp ha lange w i th i n c i sed " m i r ro rc a se" s ymbo l o ft h eP i c t i sh a r t i s t ic t r ad i t ion s .

I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e c e l l a t 3o ' c lock - b l ocked o f fb yt h e s e conda ry w a l l -w a s i nf a c t t h e s t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l , a nd t h a t t h e s t a i rway r o se t o t h e r i gh t f r om i ta nd w a s n o t u ncove red . I nt h e a b sence o fa ny p r ec i se k now ledg e o f w ha t t h e e xcava to r d id a nd w ha t h e s aw t h is c e r ta in ly c anno tb e r u led o u t ; i ti se a sy t om i s s s t ru c tu ra l f ea tu r e s i n t h e r u in s o f t h e b roch s o f O rkney a nd C a i thne s s , t h e s a nd s tone m a te r ia l o fw h ich w ea the r s t os o i l a nd b ecome s t u rf ed o ve r . F o re xamp le o ne l o ng a go e x cava ted b ro ch i n t h e n o r th m a in land ( NC96 3 )h a s i t s s t a i rway b lock ed o f f w i th aw a l l a ti t sf o o t , w h ich l e aves t h e s t a i rd oo r e n t e r ing w ha tn ow l o ok s l i ke as imp le c e l l .

T he e xcava t ion o ft h e b roch o f B u r r ian i sn o tewo r thy a s t h e f i r s t i nw h ich s ome s o r t o fs t ra t ig raph ica l o b se rva t ion s w e r e m ade a nd i n w h ich a r tef a c t s o f w e l l k nown t y pe s w e re a s s igned t os epa ra te p ha se s ( S teven son 1 955 ) . A c omp le te l i s t o f t h e f i nd s , b a sed o n t h e c o l lec t ion d ona ted b y D rT ra i l lt ot h eN a t iona l Mu seum [ 2 ] , h a s b een c omp i led b y Macg r ego r [ 6 ] , w ho p rov ide s t h e f i r s t s y s tema t ic a na ly s is o fw ha t i sk nown a bou t t h e i r c on tex t s , r i gh t ly p o in t ing o u tt h a t an umbe ro fa s sump t ion s a bou tt h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re o ft h e t wo s epa ra te o ccupa t ion s h ave b een m ade i nt h e p a s t . H oweve r h e o m i t s t o m en t ion t h a t a s im i la r s t ra t ig raph ica l s e pa ra t ion o f w ha t w e w ou ld n ow c a l l m idd le a nd l a te I r on A ge m a te r ia l w a s o b se rved i nt h e O u te rH eb r ide s i nt h e 1 950 s( NF74 3 )[ 8 ] .

2 56

O n t h e o t he rh and i ti sn o t i mpo s s ib le t h a tB uf f ian 1w a s a r e la t ive ly l ow -wa l led d un , w i thou t a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r , l i ke o t he r sw h ich h ave b een i d en t if ied ; y e t ac l a s s ic e xamp le o f s u ch ' i m i ta t ion s b roch s ' i sa tH owe a nd t h e re i sa n i n t ra m u ra l s t a i r t h e re ( HY21 6 ) . U nf o r tuna te ly w i thou t f u r the r e xcava t ion w e c anno t k now f o r s u re . T ha t t h e r u in s w e r e s t i l l i mp re s s ive , a nd n o t j u s t amound , i nt h e 9 th c en tu ry w hen t h e N o r semen a r r ived i ss ugge s ted b y t h e ir m ode rn n ame , a n a ng l ic i sed v e r s ion o f t h e N o r se b orgi n , " t he f o r t re s s" .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

2 . 3 S t ra t ig raphy

2 . 4F ind s [ 6 : 7 ,1 08 : 9 ]( I l l s . 5 . 134 & 5 . 135 )

C once rn ing t h e s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e i n te r io r , t h ed e sc r ip t ion d oe s n o t m ake i tc l ea r w he the rt h e " r ubb i sh" o n t h e l owe r f l oo r i so ccupa t ion d eb r is o rm a te r ia l f a l len f r om t h eb roch w a l l s : i fi tw a st he l a t te ri tw ou ld i mp ly t h a tt h et owe r ( i fi t w a s s uch ) w a s f a l l ing i n to r u in b ef o re t h e s e cond o ccupa t ion t ook p la ce . T ra i l l " came u pon v e ry d i s t inc t e v idence o f a t l e a s t t wo s epa ra te o ccupa t ion s o f t h e b u i ld ing s w i th a ppa ren t ly a l o ng i n te rva l o ft ime b e tween t h em" [ 4 , 3 41] a nd t h i s w o rd ing s ugge s t s t h a t d eb r i s f r om t h e d i lap ida t ion o f t h e b roch h ad a ccumu la t ed i n s ide i t b ef o re t h e s e cond f l oo r w a s l a id . T he c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e e x te rna l " bu t t res s ing " a ppea r s t o h ave b een c a sua l i n n a tu re [ 5 ] , s ugge s t ing t h a t i tw a s i nf a c t d eb r i s f r om t h e d emo l i t ion o ft he u ppe r w a l l s o f at owe r w h ich h ad b een s t acked a ga in s ti t sb a se i nt h i sm anne r .

T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e f i nd s a r en o ta t t r ibu tab le t o ap a r t icu la r p ha se o f o ccupa t ion . H edge s ' s y s t em ( ba sed o n Ma cG rego r 's a na ly s i s — [ 6 ] ) i s f o l lowed h e re w he reby t h o se w h ich c an b e a l loca ted t o t h e f i r s t o ccupa t ion a r e l a be l led ' B ' a nd t h o se t ot h e s e cond a r e l a be l led ` PB ' . I t i s i mpor tan t t o n o te t h a t t h e l a be l TB ' d oe s n o t n ece s sa r i ly m ean t h a t t h e t y pe o f a r tef a c t c oncer ned i s f ound o n ly i nl a te I r on A ge c on tex t s ; s ome e xamp le s o f t h e l a t te r , w h ich h ave b een f ound i ns t ra ta o ft h e p r eced ing p e r iod a r e i n d ica ted w i th a na s ter isk [ 8 , f i g . 6 ] .

T h i s p henomenon h a sb een n o ted a tJ a r l shof a nd a ts eve ra l s i tes i nO rkney (M idhowe a nd G ur n e s s ) , a nd s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s t a r t o ft h e s econda ry o ccupa t ion w a s o f t en m a rked b y t h e s ub s tan t ia ld emo l i t ion o f at owe r l ike s t ruc tu re . T he r ad ia l s l abs w h ich w e r e s t i l l s t and ing w hen t h e i n te r io r w a s c l ea r ed w ou ld b ee xp la ined b e s ta sf e a tu re ss e ti n to t h e s e cond f l oo r( pe rhap sa f t e ra n i n te rva lo fa bandonmen ta nd d i lap ida t ion , wh ich l e d t o t h e d emo l i t ion ) , a nd w h ich d i v ided t h e o u te r p a r t o f t h e c en t ra l c ou r t i n to c ompa r tmen t s ( I l l . 5 . 140 ) . T hey s hou ld b e a pp rox ima te ly a na logou s t ot h e w hee lhou se s w i th b u i l t r ad ia l p i e r s w h ich w e re e r ec ted i n s ide s ome S he t land b roch s ( e .g . HU4 1 2 ) . T he m a in r e a son f o rm yt h ink ing t h i s i st h ea s sump t ion t h a t t h e p r ima ry f l oo r o f m o s t i fn o t a l b roch s s uppo r ted a w ooden r oundhou se w i th a r a i sed f l oo r r e s t ing o n t h e s c a rcemen t , a nd t h a t t h e d emo l i t ion o f t h is w ooden s t ruc tu re o f t en ma rked t h e b eg inn ing o f as e conda ry p ha se o f o ccupa t ion , t hough s t i l l w i th in t h e m idd le I r on A ge p e r iod . T he p robab i l i ty o ft h i s h appen ing i nt h e G u rne s s a nd M idhowe b roch sh a s b een d i scu s sed i nd e ta i l ( MacK ie 1 995a ) . H oweve r t h i s s econda ry o ccupa t ion w en t o n f o r al o ng t ime . T he r e w e re c l ea r P i c t i sh e l emen t s a mong t h e f i nd s , w h ich s hou ld b e long t o ap e r iod s e ve ra lc en tu r ie s l a te r , a nd t h e l a te I r on A ge a r tef ac t s l i ke t h eb one p i n sa nd c ompo s i te c omb s b e long t o as im i la r p e r iod - f r om a bou t t h e 7 t h t o t h e 9 th c en tu r ies AD , t h a ti su n t i lt h eN o r se o ccupa t ion o f t h e O rkney i s land s s t a r ted [ 4 , 1 0 1 f ] . A s n o ted as t one w i th a P i c t i sh s ymbo l w a s i n as t one c he s t s e t i n to t h e u ppe r f l oo r , s o t h is s e conda ry f l oo r w a s e v iden t ly i nu se f o r s eve ra l c en tu r ies ( un le s s t h e r e w a s al o ng p e r iod o f a bandonmen t b e tween t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond o ccupa t ion s ) . F u r the r e xcava t ion s a mong t h e o u tbu i ld ing s m igh t c l a r if y t h i sp o in t . T he E a r ly C h r is t ian i t em s ( t he i r on b e l l a nd t h e c r o s s s lab ) w e re n o t r e la ted t o a ny s pec if ic s t ru c tu r e s , a nd t h e re i sn o o t he r e v idence y e t t h a t t h e re w a s am ona s t ic s e t t lemen t o n t h e s i te . H e re a ga in t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e o u tbu i ld ing s m igh tp rove i n f orma t ive .

2 57

O f t h e s t one f i nd s a t ten t ion s hou ld b e d rawn t o t h e f r agmen t o f t h e p o in ted e nd ( w i th c ha rac te r is t ic w ea r s t r ia t ion s ) o f ab a r shaped a r d s ha re [ 6 , f i g . 1 9 , 2 67 ] . S uch i mp lemen t s a r e u sua l ly a t t r ibu ted t o N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge t ime s a nd , i ft h i s i sn o t a n a nc ien t c u r io c o l lec ted b y t h e i n hab i tan t s o ft h e b roch , i tc l ea r ly i mp l ie s t h a t e ven i n t h e m idd le I r on A ge s ome f i e ld s o n b roch e s ta te s w e re s t i l l b e ing p l oughed w i th a r d s w i th s t one s ha r e s . T h i s i d ea i ss uppo r ted b yt h e e x t r eme r a r i ty o fi r on a r d s ha re s ( known o n ly f r om A C hea rdach B eag w hee lhou se i n S ou th U i s t [ NF74 4 ] a nd L eck ie b roch i n S t i r l ing sh i re [ NS69 3 ] ) a nd b y t h e o cca s iona l c l ea r e v idence t h a t t h e i n hab i tan t s o f s ome b roch s w e r e s t i l l m ak ing u se o f s t one t oo l s , f o r e xamp le a t J a r lsbe rg i n S he t land ( HU30 1 ) . T h i s s uppo r t s t h e v i ew t h a t t h e c ommun i t ie s t h roughou t A t lan t ic S co t land w ho a dop ted b roch s w e re v e ry v a r iab le i n t h e i r t e chno logy a nd t h e i r e conom ic p r ac t ice s . I r on : a n e c c le s ia s t ica l b e l l o fC e l t ic C hu r ch t y pe , k n if e b l ade s ( PB ) , a r row h ead ( PB ) , s pea r o r d a r t h ead ( PB ) , f e r ru le s ( PB ) , h a tche t( PB ) , r i ng s ( PB ) , s h ee t i r on , r i ve t s o r n a i lh ead s , b l ade f r agmen t sa nd i n de te rm ina te f r agmen t s . B ron ze : b ronze p i n s , t wo w i th d eco ra t ive t e rm ina l s ( PB ) , p o s s ib le b rooch f r agmen t s , B one : p e rf o ra ted m oun t s , s ome w i th p eg s : l o ng -hand led c omb s ( B ) ( i nc lud ing s ome r a r e e xamp le s w i th s hor t t e e th w h ich l o ok m uch m o re s u i tab le f o r b ea t ing d own t h e w ef t [ 6 , f i g . 1 3 , n o s . 1 76 -83 ] ) ; 1s i ng le e dged , n on -compo s i te c omb ; s i ng le -edged c ompo s i te c omb s ( PB ) ; d oub le -edged c ompo s i te c omb s ( PB ) ; s ocke ted a n t le r h and le ; s ocke ted c y l ind r ica l h and le s ; b odk in s ( PB ) ; n eed le s *w i th ac i r cu la r s e c t ion a nd ap e rf o ra t ion a to ne e nd ( PB ) : p i n sw i th h a rd ly m od if ied h ead s ( PB ) ; p i n s w i th s qua r ed -of f t e rm ina l s ; p i n s w i th d eco ra t ive h ead s a nd o cca s iona l h i pped s hank s ( PB ) ; g l obu la r p i n h ead s ( t he se a r e f o r i r on p i n s a nd a r e n ow w e l l k nown f r om m idd le I r on A ge c on tex t s { Leck ie b roch } a l though 4 7 y ea r s a go t h ed a t ing e v idence a va i lab le t oS t even son m ade i ts e em t h a t t h ey w e r e mo re t y p ica l o f t h e l a te I r on A ge , t h ough h e d i d m en t ion t wo e a r l ie r o ne s [ 9 , 2 92 -3 & f i g . A , n o . 2 7 ] ) ; ap o in t m ade f r om a n u l na r b one ; t h e e nd o fa n a n t le rt i ne ; as im i la rt i ne , n o t s i ng led o u t b y H edge s , w h ich i sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly a b r id le c heek p i ece [ 6 , f i g . 1 0 , n o . 1 44 ) ; r ubb ing a nd p o l i sh ing i mp lemen t sm ade f r om o v icap r id m e tapod ia l s ; c a lende r ing i mp lemen t s ; q ue rn h and le s ( p r e sumab ly t h e se a r e t wo p i ece s I l t ra ted b y Ma cG rego r , t h ough t h ey a r e r a the r t h in [ 6 , f i g . 9 ,n o s . 1 25 & 1 26 ] ) —s e et h e c ompa rab le e xamp le s

T he R ound hou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

f r om G u rne s s [ 7 , f i g . 2 . 34 ] ; s p ind le w ho r l s , p a ra l le lop iped d i ce ( PB )( t he se a r ea l so n ow k nown f r om m idd le I r on A ge c on tex t s , a s a tD un Mo r V au l ; p l ay ing p i ece s ; p omme l s f o r i r on s wo rd s a nd d agge r s ; o x p ha lange s w i th i n c i sed P i c t i sh s ymbo l s ; as ocke ted o x p ha lanx ; w eav ing t a b le t s ; ' b lubbe r ' m a t tock s ; as uppo sed l i nch p i n , a n i mp lemen t g rooved a to ne e nd a nd v a r iou sp i ece s o fw o rked b one a nd a n t le r . S tone : s p ind le w ho r l s , c r o s s s l ab c a rved w i th a n O gham i n sc r ip t ion a nd ap o s s ib le P i c t i sh f i sh s ymbo l [ 6 , f i g . 2 1 ] , p ebb le w i th aP i c t i sh p a t te rn i n c i sed o n i t[ 6 , f i g . 2 0 , 2 78 ] ( PB ) , p a in ted p ebb le s , f r agmen t o f as t ea t i te v e s se l ( PB ) , w he t s tone s m ade o fu n shaped f r agmen t s , q uer n s , mo r ta r s , g r inde r s a nd p ounde r s , p o t l i d s , a r d s ha re , p a r t p e rf o ra ted b a l l , p ebb le s t r ike -a l igh t s , p um ice f r agmen t s ( s ome p e rf o ra ted ) , as t ea t i te o b jec t a nd a p e rf o ra ted s i nke r . A s t one w ho r l f r om t h e s i t e w a s o b ta ined b y JW C u r s i te r ( Hun te r ian Mu seum : B .19 14 .742 ) . P o t te ry : s eve ra l n a t ive p o t she rd s w e re f ound , s ome d eco ra ted [ 6 , f i g . 2 2 ] . T hey a r e a l lo fg l obu la ra nd b ucke t s haped v e s se l s w i th e i the r v e ry s l igh t ly o u t tur ned r im s o r p l a in u rn r im s . T he E v er ted R im s t y le a ppea r st ob ea b sen t a nd o n ly o ne p i ece s how s i n c i sed d eco ra t ion , b e low ar ow o fb o s se si mmed ia te ly u nde rt h e s ho r tr im ( I l l . 5 . 135 ) . D imen s ion s . E x ter na l d i ame te r c .6 0 f t .( 18 .3 m ) , i n te rna l d i ame te r3 0 f t . 9i n s( 9 .40 m ) : w a l l sp ropo r t ion c .5 1% . I n 1 985 I p l anned t h e s hape o f t h e c en t ra l c ou r t w i th a t h eodo l i te a nd f ound t h a t i ti sl a id o u t c l o se t o n at r ue c i rc le w i th ar ad iu so f4 . 69 + 0 . 07 m ; t h ec ou r td i ame te ri s t hu s9 . 38 m ( 30 .75 f t . ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 5 S E 3 : 2 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8( 1872 -74 ) 5 23 ( f ind s ) : 3 .A nde r son 1 883 , 2 45 -57 ( w i th m any f i nd s d r aw ing s ) ; 4 .T ra i l l 1 890 : 5 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 4 5 -7 , n o . 1 93 , f i g s . 8-9 ( s t ruc tu re ) a nd 9 0 1 ( f ind s ) : 6 . MacG r ego r 1 974 : 7 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 05 -08 &p l s . 3 . 13 & 3 . 14 ( m s d e ta i led p l an o fb roch a nd a d jacen t b u i ld ing s , a nd o ve ra l l p l an w i th e l eva t ion , b y D ryden ) : 8 . Ma cK ie 1 965 : 9 . S t even son 1 955 : 1 0 . A nde r son 1 872 , 5 60 ; 1 . NMAS 1 892 ,2 31-3 ; 1 2 . A l len 1 903 , 2 4 -6 : L amb 1 980 , 1 6 . O the r p a s s ing r e f e rence s t ot h e s i t e , w i th m s s ou rce s , a r e l i s ted [ 7 , 1 08 ] . HY75 2 DENN IS NESS HY /784560 S i te o f ad oub tf u l p o s s ib le b roch i n N or th R ona ld say ( C ro s s a nd B u rne s s p a r i sh ) . T he C omm i s s ion r e por ted i n 1 928 t h a t t h e mound h ad d i sappea r ed [ 2 ] b u t t h e r ema in s o f as ub rec tangu la r s t ruc tu re , u n l ike ab roch , w e re n o ted m o re r e cen t ly [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 5 NE 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 5 2 , n o . 2 05 . HY75 3 HO W MAE ( `Howmae B rae ' ) HY /758523 A 3 . 0 m ( 10 f t . ) h i gh mound c on ta in ing a c l u s te r o f r oundhouse s a nd h u t s ( i nc lud ing a t l e a s t o ne w hee lhouse ) i n N o r th R ona ld say ( C ro s s a nd B ur ne s s p a r i sh ) w a s e xcava ted i n 1 884 a nd 1 889 b y D r W . T ra i l l , 2 58

p rop r ie to r o f t h e i s land . F o r i t s p e r iod t h e e xp lo ra t ion s e em s t o h ave b een c a ref u l a nd s y s tema t ic , a nd a l a rge n umbe r o f f i nd s w e re r e cove red , a nd t h e i r l o ca t ion s r e co rded ( I l l s . 5 . 14 1-143 ) . Af t e r t h e e xcava t ion s t h e e xpo sed b u i ld ing s s uf e red f r om d amage a nd e r o s ion s ot h a t , w hen t he R oya l C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r 's v i s i t ed t h e s i te i n 1 928 t h e r e w a s n o th ing c omp r ehen s ib le t o s e e , a nd t h e o r ig ina l e xcava t ion r e po r t h ad t ob e u sed . N ow t h e re a r e o n ly af ew s t and ing s t one s l ab s a mong g r a s sy h o l low s( I l l . 5 . 141) , a l though t h ea r co f aw hee lhou se w a l lw a s s e en i n1 970 [ 1 ] . I ti s ap i ty t h a ts o l i t t le r e l iab le i n f o rma t ion i sa va i lab le f r om t h e s i t e ; t h e s e t t lemen t i so n ly a bou t at h ou sand y a rd s f r om B u r r ian b roch a nd m u s t s u re ly h ave b een c on t empo ra ry w i th a nd l i nk ed w i th i t( b e low ) . 1 .T he s i te T he s e t t lemen t c on s i s ted o f ac l u s te r o fd we l l ing s f o rmed o fp i t s d ug o u to ft h e s and a nd w i th r eve t ted w a l ls . A l lt h e c hambe r s a ppea r ed t o h ave b een b u i l t a s au n i t w i th c ommun ica t ing e n t rance s a nd p a ssage s , r a the r l i ke t h e much o l de r S ka ra B rae . T he re w a s a n a ppa ren t ly o pen c ou r tya rd a r ea a mong t h e se b u i ld ing s w h ich w a s n eve r c omp le te ly c l ea r ed a nd ap aved f l oo r w i th a d ra in b e low l e da way f r om i tt ot h en o r th -ea s t . R oom iw a st h eo va l c hambe r( 7 .32 x4 . 58 m , o r2 4 x1 5f t ) w i th r ad ia l s t one s l ab s i n s ide s o t h a t i t r e semb led a w hee lhou se ; i t s i n ter na l w a l lf ace ( wh ich s t i l l s t ood t o6 . 5 f t . ) s l oped i nwa rd s a t ar a te o f 1 8 i n . i n 6f t .a s i ft h e r oof h ad b een ab eeh ive d ome , w h ich s eem s r a the r i mp robab le . I tw a s n o ted t h a tt h e r ad ia l s l abs w e re a l w or n , a si fc a t t le h ad b een r ubb ing a ga in s t t h em ; t wo h ad h o le s b o red t h rough t h em a bou t 4 5 c m ( 18 i n . ) a bove t h e f l oo r . N o h ea r th w a s r e co rded i nt h i s c hambe r b u t i n kt h e r e w a s a n a r rangemen t o f s l ab s o n e nd t o f o rm t h e b ack s o f t h ree f i r ep la ce s . Many m o re d e ta i l s w e re o b se rved a nd d e sc r ibed [ 4 ] . D r T ra i l l a l so r e co rded t h e d e ta i l s o fw h ich f i nd s w e re f o und o nw ha tp a r to ft h e s i te [ 2 ,3 ] . 2 . D i scus s ion I nt h e a b sence o f moder n s t ra t ig raph ica l d a ta a nd o fC -14 d a te s i ti sd i ff icu l t t o p i n d own t h e a ge o f t h e H owmae s e t t lemen t s a t i sf a c to r i ly b eyond s ay ing t h a t i so fI r on A ge d a te . N o t m uch m o r e t h an t wen ty y ea r s a go t h e p r e sence o ft h e l o ng -hand led b one c omb s wou ld h ave b een t a ken a s as u r e s i gn t h a tt h es e t t lemen tb e longed t ot h em idd le p ha se o ft h e I r on A ge , s pann ing ap e r iod s e ve ra l h und r ed y ea r s l o ng s t a r t ing i nt h e 1 ' c en tu ry BC ( o r p os s ib ly t h e 2n d) . N ow h oweve r af o rm o fl o ng c omb - n o t q u i te t y p ica l o f t h e b roch /wh ee lhou se e xamp le s -h a s b een f ound i nw ha t m ay b e e a r ly I r on A ge c on tex t i n O rkney , i n s ide t h e u nde rg round c hambe r w h ich w a s b u i l t a f te r t h e B u r oundhou se h ad b een a bandoned . U nf or tuna te ly , a l though t h e r oundhou se i t s e lf i sw e l l d a ted t ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge , i t i sn o tc l ea rh ow m uch l a te rt h e s ou te r ra in w a s .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

A no the ro b jec tw h ich m igh ti n d ica t e ar e a l ly e a r ly d a te - i f c o r rec t ly d i agnosed - i st h eb one h and le ( I l l 5 . 143 , n o . GO 1 88 ) . T h i sp i ece o fr i bh a s b een c u tt or e semb le ac opy o f t h e h i l t o f al a te B ronze A ge b ronze k n if e a nd c ou ld b e p o in t ing a ta n a ge o f t h e 76 1 /6 t h c en tu r ie s BC f o r t h e s e t t lemen t . Ano the r r i b k n if e r e semb le s t o s ome e x ten t o ne f ound i nt h e P ha se l a l e ve l s ( l a te B ronze A ge o re a r ly I r on Age ) l e ve ls a tD un Mo rV au l o nT i r ee ( Ma cK ie 1 974 , f i g . 1 , n o . 4 5 ) . L ikew i se t h e s u rv iv ing p o t te ry i s r ema rkab ly s im i la r t o t h e e a r ly D unago i l w a re f r om t h e s ame e a r ly l e ve l s a tD un Mo rV au la nd o n ly s imp le , p l a in , g r i t ty , b a r r e l shaped ur n s s e em t ob e p r e sen t . T he r e s e em t ob e n o s h e rd s o ft h e s moo the rO rkney b roch p o t te ry . I n a dd i t ion n or o ta ry q uer n sw e re r e po r ted f r om t h es i te w h ich d id h oweve r y i e ld o ne s add le q ue rn ; t h i s m igh t b e v e ry s t rong e v idence i nf a vou ro fa ne a r ly d a te . A ga in s t t h i s e a r ly I r on A ge d a te a nd i n f a vou r o f c on tempo rane i ty w i th f i r s t o ccupa t ion o ft h e n ea rby b roch a r e p e rhap s t h e l ong -hand led c omb s f r om H owmae w h ich a r e q u i te s im i la r t o t h o se f r om B u r r ian ( I l l . 5 . 134 ) . I n p a r t icu la r m ay b e n o ted GO 4 o n I l . 5 . 143 w h ich h a s i n c i sed d eco ra t ion o n i tl i ke p a r t o f aS t . A nd r ew 's c r o s s ; t h e f u l l c r o s s i so n GB 8 7 f r om B un ian . I tm igh t a l so b e a r gued t h a t t h e e x is tence o fo ne n ea r -c i rcu la r s t one h u t a t H owma e w i th r ad ia l p a r t i t ion s o f s t one s l ab s m ean s t h a t t h e s e t t lemen t w a s c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e b roch s ; s eve ra l O rkney b roch s h ave r e vea led s im i la r a r rangemen t s i n s ide , i n c lud ing B u r r ian . H oweve r t h e e a r ly I r on A ge r ound h ou se a tB u h ad s ome r ad ia l s l ab s a nd a tl e a s t o ne o ft h e s t one h u t s o f t h e c on tempo ra ry v i l lage a t J a r lshof , S he t land ,h ad r ad ia l s t one p i e r s . C oncern ing q ue rn s , a l though n o r o ta r ie s w e r e r e por ted b y D r T ra i l l t oh ave b een f ound a tH owmae , i ti sc u r iou s t h a t t h e re a r e s e ve ra l a nc ien t look ing q u e rn s a t ah ou se n o t f a r f r om H owmae , a tK i rb i s t . H owev e rt h e se s t one s c ou ld o f c ou r se h ave c ome f r om B u r r ian b roch . I n c onc lu s ion o ne h a s t o a dm i t t h a t t h e e v idence f o r t h e d a t ing o fH owmae i ss omewha t c on t rad ic to ry . Wh i le t h e s e t t lemen t c ou ld b e s eve ra l c en tu r ie s o l de rt h an t h e b roch s t h e a u tho r i sa tp re sen t i n c l ined , p rov i s iona l ly , t os e t i ti n t h e m idd le I r on Age a nd t o s uppo se t h a t i t s i n hab i tan t s r e ta ined am o re p r im i t ive m a te r ia l c u l tu re , w i th s ome o l d l o ca l r oo t s , t h an t h e i n hab i tan t s o fB u r r ian b roch n o t f a r a way . T h i s p a r t icu la r ly a pp l ie s t o t h e H owmae p o t te ry w h ich i so f ak ind w h ich w e n ow k now p robab ly t oh ave b een u b iqu i tou s i nt h e l a te B ronz eA ge i nt h e We s ter nI s le s ( a s s hown a t t h e s i te o f C ladh H a l lam i n S ou th U i s t : MacK ie 2 002 , 3 61) . H oweve r t h e f a c t t h a t n one o ft h e f ew w e l ld a ted e a r ly I r on A ge s i t e si nA t lan t ic S co t land h a s p roduced c l a s s ic l o ng -hand led c omb s , w he r ea s t h o se f r om B un ian m a tch t hose f r om H owma e q u i te w e l l , s e em s r e a sonab ly c onc lu s ive .

m ade f r om t h e l e g b one s o f a n ima l s ( GO 3 7 & 1 70 ) , w ha lebone s p ind le w ho r l ( GO 5) , a nd a c u rved , f l a t , s pa tu la te t oo l w i th a p er f o ra t ion a tt h e n a r row e nd ( GO 1 87 ) . Among t h e l o ng l i s t o f o t he r o b jec t s , n o t e a s i ly r e cogn i sab le f r om v e rba l d e sc r ip t ion s , a r e ar i b c u t i n to w ha t l o ok s l i ke t h e h af to f al a te B ronze A ge b ronze k n if e , as ma l l , r ounded h ook ( numbe rn o tn o ted ) , al o ng r i bk n if e ( GO 1 88 ) , ap o s s ib le h af t o f ak n if e o f w h i te , p o l i shed b one ( GO 1 85 ) , as t ra igh t s l ive r o fb one w i th a f i ne z i g z ag p a t te rn i n c i sed a l ong i t( GO 2 30 ) a nd a c u r iou s e l onga ted o b jec t w i th r ounded e nd s a nd c oncave s i de , w i th t wo l a rge p e rf o ra t ion s -p e rhap s at ogg le o f s ome k i nd ( GO 1 84 ) . I na dd i t ion t h e re a r e q uan t i t ie s o fl a rge p i ece s o fw o rked b one . S tone i mp lemen t s i n c luded 1 6 h amme r s t one s , ad i sc o f s l a ty s t one , 2m a s s ive a nd t h ick d i sc s ( 5 -6 i n . i nd i ame te r a nd 1 2 i n . t h ick ) , as and s tone s add le q ue rn , 7p i ece s o f w o rked p um ice a nd a n umbe r o f o t he r w o rk ed s t one i mp lemen t s . T he re w e r ea l so a tl e a s t 3s t ruck s t one f l ake s . P o t te ry : T ra i l l r epo r t s " s eve ra l f r agmen t s o fr im s a nd s i de o f v e s se l s o f c oa r se , r e dd i sh w a re" a nd t h e se i n c lude a s imp le r im s he rd o f ab af f e l shaped ur n o f h a rd , g r i t ty D unago i lw a r e ( GO 9 6 , 9 7 ) a nd s l igh t ly f oo ted b a se s he rd s o ft h e s ame p o t te ry . T he w a l l s he rd s a r e r i ng -bu i l ta nd a r e m a in ly d a rk g r ey o rb l a ck i no ne h a lf a nd b r ick r e d i nt h e o t he r . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 5 : 2 .T ra i l l 1 885 , 2 3 -32 : 3 . T ra i l l 1 890a : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 4 8 ,n o . 1 95 .

Hoy S quare ND28 ND28 1 THE SKEO ND /286880 P robab le b roch i n Wa l l s &F lo t ta o n H oy , amound s ome 2 . 29 m ( 7 f t . 6i n . ) h i gh s t and ing i na n e xpo sed p o s i t ion n ea r t h e c oa s t . P a r t s o f as i ng le c ou r se o fm a son ry o ft h e o u te rf a ce a r ev i s ib le o nt h ew e s t [ 1 ] . T he r e a r et r a ce so fa s u r round ing w a l l f r om 5 . 49 -6 . 10 m ( 18 -20 f t . ) o u t a nd s i gn so fn ume rou s o u tbu i ld ing s [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 2 8 NE 3 ( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 ,2 ,3 40 ,n o . 1 009 : 3 .L amb 1 989 , 1 2 .

S quare ND38 ND38 1 BURRO WSTONE ND /333898 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s & F lo t ta o n H oy , o n c u l t iva ted l a nd ; t h e r e i sa n a mo rphou s s t ony a r ea h e re w h ich m igh t b et h er ema in so f ab roch . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 3 8 NW 1 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 032 , 3 42 .

3 .F inds ( I l l . 5 . 143 ) T he f o l low ing l i s t ( m inu s a mo rphou sp i ece s ) i st a ken f r om D r T ra i l l 's s e cond a r t ic le [ 3 , 4 57 ] . B one i mp lemen t s : 4 l o ng -hand led c omb s ( GO 1 4 ) , af r agmen t o f aw ha le v e r teb ra c up , ap robab le p er f o ra t ed s t oo l s e a tm ade f r om a w ha le v e r teb ra , 1i n comp le te n eed le ( GO 2 03 ) ,4 9p i n sa nd b odk in s ,m o s t ly p o l ished b yu se ( GO 2 2 ) ,2 0s ha rp b odk in s

2 59

ND38 2 GREEN H ILL OF HEST I GEO ND /338890 P robab le b roch i n Wa l l s & Ho t ta o n H oy I . ,c on s i s t ing o f amound a bou t 3 . 21 m ( 10 .5 f t . ) h i gh . As i ng le c ou r se o f m a son ry o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce r ema in s o n t h e w e s t s i de , s ugge s t ing a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o fa bou t 1 9 m . T ra ce s o f a n i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry , a nd o fa no u te rw a l l a bou t3 0 mo u t ,

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

w e r e o b se rved i n 1 929 [ 2 ] b u t n o t i n1 967 [ 1 ] . T he re a r e t r ace s o f o u tbu i ld ing s s ome 2 0 m t o t h e n o r th -ea s t a nd , b eyond t h em , o fa n o u te r b ank . A bou t aq ua r te r o ft h e b u i ld ing s e em st oh ave b een l o s tt ot h es e a[ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 3 8 NW 8 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 3 40 , n o . 1 008 : 3 .L amb 1 989 , 1 8 . ND38 3 OUTER GREEN H ILL ( ` Can t ick H ead ' ) ND /343896 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s &F lo t ta o n H oy , a n2 . 44 m ( 8f t . ) h i gh , t u rf -cove r ed h i l lock , 2 0 m i n d i ame te r a nd a f ew y a rd s f r om t h e s ho re . S tone s p ro jec t f r om t h e g r a s s a nd t h e r e i s aw e l ln ea rby . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 3 8 NW 9 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 39 , n o . 1 006 : 3 .L amb 1 989 , 1 8 .

S quare ND39 ND39 1 GREEN H ILL 3 ND /315910 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s & F lo t ta o n H oy , ap rom inen t t u rf -cove r ed m ound 9m h igh c l o se t ot h e b each ; m idden d epo s i t s a r e b e ing d e s t roy ed b y t h e s e a [ 3 ] . T he m ound i s n ow f e a tu re le s sb u tt h e r ew e re t r a ce so fo u tbu i ld ing so nt h e e a s t a nd s ou th -ea s t ( now o b scu r ed b yg r a s s [ 3 ] ) , a sw e l l a s a l ong t h eh i gh b ank a bove t h e s ho re . S ou rce s : O S c a rd ND 3 9 SW 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 39 , n o . 1 007 : 3 .L amb 1 989 , 1 8 . ND39 2GREEN H ILL OF S CARTON ND /33789005 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd F lo t ta , H oy , c on s i s t ing o fa l a rge mound c . 2 . 5 m h i gh w h ich c ou ld b e ab roch s u r rounded b yo u tbu i ld ing s . S ou rce s : RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 39 , n o . 1 0 18 : 2 . L amb 1 989 , 1 8 .

Muck le S kerry S quare ND47 ND47 1 MUCKLE SKERRY ( ' Sa l twa te rG eo ' ) ND /468785 D oub tf u l p o s s ib le b roch o n Muck le S ke r ry , S ou th R ona ld say . S tone f ounda t ion s a nd t r ace s o f ak i tchen m idden w e r e s e en a ts eve ra lp l ace so nt h i s s ma l l i s land a nd t h e o ne s a t t h e s i te a r e s uppo sed t o h ave r e semb led a b roch , a l though t h e w a l l w a s r a the r t h in [ 3 ] . T he r e i s n o th ing t ob e s e en n ow [ 1 ] . S ome h and -made p o t she rd s , t oge the r w i th a s ma l l too thed , d oub le -edged c ompo s i te b one c omb , w e re r e cove red a nd s e n t t o t h e N a t iona l Mu seum [ 2 ] , b u t i ti sn o tc l ea rf r om w h ich s i te t h ey c ame . T he i s le t s e em t oo s ma l l t o h ave s uppo r ted a b roch c ommun i ty . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 4 7 NE 5 : 2 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 0( 1935 -36 ) , 3 93 & f i g . 1 :3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,3 65 ,n o . 6 .

2 60

S ou th Rona ld say S quare ND48 ND48 1 BROUGH FAR M ND /443833 A mound , w h ich m igh t b e t h e s i te o f ap o s s ib le b roch i s n ea r t h i s f a rm o n s ou th . R ona ld say a l though n o d ef in i te t r ace s w e re r e po r t ed i n 1 929 [ 2 ] . I n 1 973 t h e s i te w a s d i agno sed a s am ined b roch , t h e mound h av ing ac en t ra l d ep re s s ion , a nd i n 1 972 t wo r o ta ry q ue rn s ( now i n T ankeme s s Mu seum , K i rkwa l l )w e re r e cove red f r om i t . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 4 8 SW 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 2 91 , n o . 8 51 . ND48 2 WEE MS CASTLE ( ' Lady Weem s ' C a s t le ' ) ND /434889 P robab le b roch o n S ou th R ona ld say , s i tua ted o n as ma l l h ead land k nown a s C a s t le T a ing ( I l l . 5 . 144 ) . T he s i t e i s c l ea r ly ad ef en s ive o ne s i nce t h e re a r et wo c oncen t r ic w a l l s o r r ampa r t s o n t h e e a s t s i de o f al a rg e m ound , t h e n o r th e nd s f i n i sh ing a t ac l if f ; t h e re i s as t eep s l ope d own t ot h e b each t o t h e w e s t o f t h e mound [ 2 ] . A 1 973 r e po r t c onc lude s , i ns p i t e o ft h e a b sence o fv i s ib le ma son ry , t h a t t h e s i te i st h a to f ab roch [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 4 8 NW 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 2 84 , n o . 8 16 & f i g . 3 64 .

Burray S quare ND49 ND49 1 BURRAY EAST ( ` Ea s tB roch o fB u r ray ' ) ND /48979881 ( v i s i ted 1 6 /7 /63 & 1 3 /7 / 1985) As o l id -ba sed b roch o n B u r ray a tt h e f o o t o f as l ope n ex t t ot h e s e as ho r e . T he n ame " Bu r ray c ome s f r om t h eN o r se B o rga r E y , o r " f o r t i s land" [ 9 ] , a nd i ne a r l ie r t ime s t h e a pp roach t o i ta c ro s s t h e w a te r f r om t h e n o r th mu s t h ave b een d om ina t ed b y t h e t wo r u ined b roch m ound s o ve r look ing t h e S ound . F o r c onven ience , a nd a s w i th ND29 2 b e low , t h e n ame o f t h e s i te h a s b een s ho r tened h e re t o` Bu r ray E a s t ' ( I l l s . 5 . 27 & 5 . 144 153) . T he s i t e w a s o r ig ina l ly ah uge mound s ome 6 . 10 m ( 20 f t . ) h i gh [ 6 ] a nd h a s s uf e red m o re t han m o s t a mong ac l a s s o f monumen t s n o to r iou s f o r h av ing u nde rgone i n compe ten t e xp lo ra t ion . I ts t and s o n w ha t s e em s t o b e a n a r t if i c ia l p l a tf o rm o fe a r th n ex tt ot h er o cky n o r th s ho re o ft h e i s land a nd a bou t 3 . 1 -6 . 1 m ( 10 -20 f t . ) a bove i t( I l l s . 5 . 145 5 . 154 ) . T he mound w a s o pened u p i n 1 852 a nd 1 853 b y J ame s F an-e r , M . P .f o r D u rham , o n av i s i t t oO rkney a nd " co s t m uch l a bou ra nd e xpen se" [ 2 ] ; t h ep roce s sw a s e xce s s ive ly d e s t ruc t ive e v en b y t h e s t anda rd s o ft h e t ime . T h i s w a s o n ly t h e s e cond b roch e ve r d ug i n to s y s tema t ica l ly w i th a r cha eo log ica l i n ten t - af ew y ea r s a f t e rH owe o fH oxa n o t f a r a way ( ND49 4 ) -a nd t h e s ad w r eckage t ow h ich t h is m agn if icen t s t ruc tu re ( c ompa rab le t o M idhowe a nd G u rne s s w hen i tw a s f i r s t e xpo sed ) h a s b een r educed c an b e j udged b y c ompa r ing t h e 1 985 p ho tog raph o f t h e

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

i n te r io r ( I l l . 5 . 152 ) w i th t h e c r o s s s e c t ion s d rawn a f te r t h e e xcava t ion ( I l l . 5 . 146 ) . No c on so l ida t ion s e em s t o h ave b een u nde r taken s o t h a t , w he r ea s s i te s l i ke B u r r ian o n Nor th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 )a nd H oxa o n S ou th R ona ld say ( ND49 4 )s t i l l s t and f a i r ly c l ea ro fd eb r i s , B u r ray E a s th a s f i l led u p a ga in w i th i t s o wn r ubb le . I ti ss u re ly ap r ime c and ida te f o rb e ing r e -c lea red a nd c on so l ida ted .

c l ea r ly t h a t t h e c hambe r e x tended a s f a r f o rwa rd a sj u s t b ef o re t h e o u te rmo s t d oo r -check ( I l l . 5 . 146 , A -B ) ; i nf a c t t h i sc heck s e em t oe x tend u pwa rd st of o rm t h ef r on tw a l lo f t h e u ppe r c hambe r , a n u nu sua l a r rang emen t . T h i s o u te r w a l l i so n ly 9 0 c m ( 3 f t . ) t h ick a nd mu s t h ave r e s ted o n a m a s s ive l i n te l ( t hough P e t r ie 's c r o s s s e c t ion i sn o t c l ea r a bou tt h i s ) .

T he mound w a s s oon f ound t oc on ta in t h e r u in s o f ab roch a nd t h i s w a s p a r t ly s u r rounded b y a ne a r th r ampa r t ( wh ich p re sumab ly may c on ta in a s t one w a l l ) o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de . G eo rge P e t r ie t a c tf u l ly e xp la in s t h a t F a r re r " hav ing l i t t le t ime t os pa re , e ndeavou red ,b ym ak ing e xcava t ion s a t v a r iou s p o in t s , i n s tead o ft r ac ing t h e w a l l s t h roughou t , t o o b ta in a s much i n f o rma t ion i nr e ga rd t ot h eb u i ld ing a st h e c i rcum s tance s wou ld a low ." [ 2 ] H e a c tua l ly h ad as ho r t s egmen t o ft h e ma s s ive b roch w a l l p u l led d own a nd , o n d o ing t h i s" ac e l l w a sb roken i n to" .T h i sw a st h eg ua rd c e l l o n t h e r i gh to ft h e m a in e n t rance ( I l l . 5 . 145 ) . T he p re sen t g ap i nt h e w a l l f a c ing n o r th -ea s t , a nd w h ich l o ok s l i ke a r u ined e n t rance , i s i n f a c t t h e b r eak i n t h e b roch w a l l r e f e r red t o .

T he p r e sen tc ond i t ion o ft h i s e n t rance p a ssage i su nknown ; i tm ay w e l l s t i l lb ep a r t ly l i n te l led u nde rt h e d eb r i s , t h ough t h e c hambe r a bove s e em s l i ke ly t oh ave c o l lap sed f u r the r . A n u nde rg round p a s sage l e ad ing t o ad eep c ove red w e l l w a sf ound j u s to u t s ide t h em a in e n t rance ( I l l . 5 . 147 ) [ 7 , f i g . 3 72 ] .

F a r re r c ame b ack i n 1 854 w i th P e t r ie , w ho r e co rd s , w i th c ommendab le r e s t ra in t , t h a t " I. .s ugge s ted t h e p rop r ie ty o f l e av ing t h e b u i ld ing u nd is tu rb ed , a nd o f t h e c a ref u l r emova l o f r ubb i sh , b o th o u t s ide a nd i n s ide ." P e t r ie h im se lf r e tu rned i n 1 866 w i th s ome w o rkmen t o c l ea r u p s ome o u t s tand ing p rob lem s [ 9 , 9 6 ] .

Two o t he r mu ra l c e l l s w e re i n t h e w a l l , a t 1 a nd 3 o ' c lock . T he f o rme ri s as ho r tr e c tang le i np l an w i th af i ne , c o rbe l led b eeh ive r oof , t h e u ppe r p a r t o f w h ich i ss t i l l v i s ib le ( I l l . 5 . 153 ) . T he s t one l i n te l o ve r t h e d oo rway t o t h i s c e l l h ad c r a cked a ts ome e a r ly p e r iod o ft h e b roch 's u se a nd h ad b een p ropped u p w i th av er t ica l s t one s l ab ( I l l . 5 . 149 ) . T h i s i s af a i r ly c l ea ri n d ica t ion t h a tt h e w a l l o ft h e b u i ld ing w a so nce v e ry much h i ghe ra nd h eav ie rt h an n ow .

T he e n t rance p a s sage f a ce s e a s t , p a ra l le l t ot h e s ho r e a nd a bou t 5m t ot h e l ef t o ft h e b reak a nd w he re t h e w a l l s t i l l s t and s r e a sonab ly h i gh ; b e ing a tp r e sen t i n v i s ib le i ti s p resumab ly s t i l l p a r t ly i n tac t u nde r d eb r i s . J udg ing f r om t h e c r o s s s e c t ion ( I l l . 5 . 146 ) t h e p a s sage s t ood 4 . 27 m ( 14 f t . ) h igh w hen i tw a s f i r s t e xpo sed , b u t t h is i n c lude s t h e w e l l p r e se rved c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance w h ich r o se t o s c a r cemen tl e ve l ; t h e a c tua lp a s sag el i n te l sw e r ec .1 . 83 m a bove i t sf l oo r . I tw a s 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t . ) l o ng a nd f r om 1 . 37 1 . 53 m ( 4 .5 f t . -5 f t . ) w ide w i th t wo g ua rd c e l l s b e tween t h et wo s e t so fd oo r -check s . T he o u t e rmo s t d oo r i s1 . 68m ( 5f t . 6i n . ) f r om t h e o u t s ide a nd h ad o n ly o ne r e ce s sed c heck ; t h e i n ne rw a s3 . 20 m ( 10 f t . 6i n . ) f r om t he e x te r io r a nd w a s c ompo sed o ft wo h uge f l ag s tone s s e t o n e nd a nd p ro jec t ing f r om t h e w a l l w i th a b a r -ho le a nd s ocke t b eh ind t h e se . Two o ppo sed g ua rd c hambe r s o pened of t h e p a s sag eway w i th t h e i r d oorway s b e tween t h e t wo s e t s o fd oo r -check s . T he c r o s s s e c t ion ( I l l . 5 . 146 , t op l ef t ) s how s t h e se d oo r s c l ea r ly , a s w e l l a s t h e c hambe ra bove t h e p a s sage ( b e low ) . T he s i l l s o fb o th t h e c e l l d oo r s a ppea rt ob er a i sed a bou t6 0 c m( 2f t . ) a bove t h e f l oo r o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage . E ach g ua rd c e l l w a s a f me s qua r e , c o rbe l led c hambe rw i th ar oof a pex a bou t 3 . 20 m( 10 f t . 6i n . ) a bove i t sf l oo r( I l l . 5 . 146 ) . T he c e l lo nt h e l ef ts e em st oh ave ac upboa rd o ra umb ry i ni t si n ne rw a l l . A v o id o r c hambe r 3 . 66 m ( 1 2 f t . ) l o ng w a s a bove t h e e n t rance l i n te l s wh ich h ad g ap s , o r" meu r t r ie re s" , b e tween t h em [ 5 , 7 5 ] . No l i n te l s a r e s hown r oof ing t h i s u ppe r c hambe rb u tt h ey h ad p r e sumab ly o n ce b een a tt h e l e ve l o f t h e s ca r cemen t , i t se lf 1 2 f t . ( 3 .66 m ) a bove t h e f l oo r ( b e low ) . B o th P e t r ie 's a nd D ryden 's c r o s s s e c t ion s s how 2 6 1

T he i n te r io r w a s e v iden t ly c l ea red d own t o ar e cogn i sab le f l oo r l e ve l a l though n o d e ta i l s a r e g i ven a bou tt h i s . O nt h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce w a s as c a r cemen tl e dg e ( o fw h ich t h e re i s n ow n o t r ace ) 3 0 c m ( 12 i n . ) w ide a nd 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) a bove t h e f l oo r ; i tw a s f o rmed h a lf b y p ro jec t ing s l ab s a nd h a lf b y r e ce s s ing t h e w a l l a bove 1 5 c m ( 6 i n . ) b ack f r om t h a tb e low [ 5 , 7 4 ] .

T he c e l l a t 3o ' c lock w a sn o tc l ea red o u tb u tw a s e v iden t ly al o ng r e c tang le i np l an , c oncen t r ic w i th t h e c u rva tu re o f t h e b roch 's w a l l a nd u n roof ed ( I l l . 5 . 145) ; i t sd oo rway i s a bou t 1 . 22 m ( 4f t . )a bove t h ef l oo r( I l l . 5 . 146 , C -D ) . T he re i sa ppa ren t ly a n m anu sc r ip t s ou rce w h ich s a y s t h a t t h is c e l lw a sr oof ed w i th ac o rbe l led d ome [ 9 , 9 6 ] . T he d oo rway a t 9o ' c lock l e d t o a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway r i s ing t ot h e r i gh t , a nd t o al o ng s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l , o r l o bby , l e ad ing of t ot h e l e f t ; t h e s i l l o ft h i s d oo r i sa bou t 1 . 52 m ( 5f t . ) a bove t h e b roch f l oo r ( I l l . 5 . 146 , s e c t ion F E ) . T he s t a i rw a sn o td i scove red b yF a r r e r ,b u tb yP e t r ie i n 1 866 w hen h e d i scove red t wen ty s t ep s ; h e h ad s u spec ted i t s e x i s tence a f te rt h e i n i t ia l c l ea rance o ft h e s i te a nd c ame b ack s pec if i ca l ly t o l o ok f o r i t[ 5 , 7 4 , f oo tno te ] . I n 1 864 h e h ad g o t i n to t h e l o bby o r g ua rd c e l l a tt h e f oo t o ft h e s t a i r , w h ich h ad p r ev iou s ly b een i n a cce s s ib le , a nd f ound g r ea t n umbe r s o f a n ima l b one s s t uck i n to t h e c r ev ice s i n t h e w a l l . H e p u l led s ome o u t a nd f ound a l h ad b een b roken a nd s p l i ta si ft oe x t rac tt h em a r row . T he c l ea r ing o ft h e s t a i rway r e vea led ag a l le ry o n t h e w a l l h ead , a nd p a r t o ft h i s i ss t i l l v i s ib le a t1 0 o ' c lock a nd f r om 2 -4 o ' c lock , t h e o u te r f a ce b e ing e xpo sed ( I l l . 5 . 154 ) . F rom P e t r ie a nd D ryden 's c r o s ss e c t ion s ( I l l . 5 . 146 , s e c t ion CD ) t h e re a ppea r s t oh ave b een ad oo r o r v o id l e ad ing t o t h i s u ppe rg a l le ry w i th i t s s i l l a ts c a rcemen t l e ve l a nd mo r e o r l e s s a bove t h e d oo r t ot h e c e l l a t1 o ' c lock . T hu s t h e s t a i r p robab ly l e ad t o as hor t l a nd ing f r om w h ich t h e d oo rway l e ad o u t o n t ot h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t , ac ommon b roch a r rangemen t . T he re i sn o

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

d oub t t h a t B u r ray E a s t w a s o nce a h igh , h o l low -wa l led t owe rb roch . T he f i nd s l i s ted b e low i n d ica te t h a t t h e re w a s al a te o ccupa t ion o n t h i s s i te , p robab ly i n t h e 7 t h c en tu ry a nd l a te r , w hen t h e b a l l -headed b one h i pped p i n s a nd t h e c ompo s i te b one c omb s w e re i nu se . N o s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence f o rt h e se t wo p ha se so fu se w a sr e co rded . D imen s ion s . E x te rna l d i ame te r 1 9 .5 m ( 64 f t . ) ( Hedge s g ive s t h i s m ea su remen t a s 2 0 .07 m [ 8 ] ) , i n ter na l d i ame te r 1 .13 m ( 36 .5 f t . ) : t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion i st h e ref o r e a bou t 4 3% . T he w a l l c hambe ra t 3o ' c lock m ea su re s 6 . 4 x1 . 5 x 2 . 4 m( 2 1 x5x8f t . )h i gh ; t h a ta tt h e f oo t o ft h e s t a i rw a s 6 . 1 m( 20 f t . ) l o ng a nd f r om 1 . 07 m ( 3 .5 f t . )t o1 . 45 m ( 4f t . 9i n . )w ide . I n 1 985 c a ref u l m ea su remen t o ft h e b roch 's i n ter na l w a l l f a ce b yt h e a u tho rs ugge s ted t h a t i th ad b een l a id o u ta l ong a ne xac tc i rc le w i th ar ad iu so f5 . 50 +0 . 06 m ; t h ei n tended d i ame te rw ou ld t h u sb e 1 .00 ( 36 .07 f t . ) . F ind s . No c l ea rp rovenance s a r e g i ven f o rt h e se b u tP e t r ie b e l ieved t h a t s ome o ft h em , h av ing b een f ound a mong t h e r ubb le f a l len f r om t h e b roch w a l l , mu s t h ave b een o r ig ina l ly i n s ide c e l l s o rc hambe r s i nt h eu ppe rp a r t s o ft h e t ow e r . T h i s p henomenon d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave b een o b se rved i n mo r e r e cen t ly e xcava ted b roch s i nw h ich t h e s t ra t ig raphy h a sb een mo r e c a r ef u l ly o b se rved . Ac omp le te l i s to ft h e f i nd sh a sb een c omp i led b yH edge s e ta l . [ 8 ] a nd t h em o re i mpor tan ti n c luded t h e f o l low ing ( I l l . 5 . 148 ) . I r on o b jec t s : ak n if eb l ade a nd ap o s s ib le c h i se l . B ronze o b jec t s i n c luded

1d eco ra ted d i sc -headed p in .

B one & a n t le r : 4l o ng -hand led a n t le r c omb s , 2b roken c ompo s i te d oub le -edged , r i ve ted c omb s , 2b a l l -headed , h ipped p in s , 1h i pped p i n , p l a in p in s , 1w ha le v er teb ra c up , 2b a l l shaped h ead s f o r i r on p i n s , 1h o l low a nd 1 s o l id , f emu r -head w ho r l s , f r agmen t s o fh and le s , as pa tu la , t ube s , a n t le r p l a te s w i th h o le s , a nd m any c u t a nd s awn p i ece s i n c lud ing ap a r to f as uppo sed w hee l . S tone : w ho r l s , s eve ra l v e s se l s , a nd 1b roken p o l i shed d i sc o f m ica s ch i s t , u sab le a s am i r ro r w hen d i pped i nw a te r [ 1 0 ] , r o ta ry q uer n s tone s , al o om w e igh t a nd a l amp w i th w ick r e s t . T he r e i sa l so as t one w ho r l f r om ' Bu r ray ' f r om t h e JW C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum w h ich p robab ly c ome sf r om t h i sb roch ( B .1914 .736 ) .

ND49 2 BURRAY WEST ( 'We s t B roch o fB u r ray ' , ' Ay re sda le ' ) ND /48479871 ( v i s i ted 1 6 /7 / 1963) T h i s p robab le g round -ga l ler ied b roch s t and s a tt h e f o o t o fr o l l ing f i e ld s s l op ing d own t ot h e n o r th s ho re o fB u r ray I . ,a nd a bou t 4 50 m w e s t o ft h e E a s t B roch ( ND49 1 )( I l l . 5 . 154 ) . L i t t le o f t h e s t ruc tu re i s n ow v i s ib le s i nce a m a s s ive c onc re te g un e mp lacemen t ( d a t ing f r om t h e 1 939 -45 w a r , a nd c ove r ing t h e C hu rch i l l b a r r ie r w h ich n ow j o in s s ou th . R ona ld say a nd B u r ray t ot h em a in land ) , h a sb een b u i l tn ex t t oa nd p a r t ly o nt o po fi t( I l l . 5 . 155) . F o rc onven ien ce , a nd a s w i th ND29 1 a bove ( a nd t h e t h r ee K e i s s b roch s i n C a i thne s s ) , t h en ame o ft h e s i t e h a s b een s hor tened h e r et o ' Bu r ray We s t ' . T he b roch w a s p a r t ly e xp lo r ed i n a bou t 1 860 b y J ame s F a r re ra nd av e ry b r ief a ccoun tw a sp ub l i shed b yP e t r ie [ 2 ] , w i th ap l an a nd c r o s s s e c t ion p repa red b y S i r H . D ryden b a sed o n s k e tche sm ade 1 879 ( I l l . 5 . 149 ) . T he b roch h ad a n i n ter na l d i ame te r o f3 1 f t .( 9 .45 m ) a nd aw a l l 1 2 .5 f t . ( 3 .81 m ) t h ick . T he e n t rance w a s n o t l o ca ted - i tm u s t h ave b een i n t h e u nc lea r ed h a lf o f t h e w a l l - b u t a c o rbe l led mu r a l c e l l ( w i th an a r row d oo r t ot h e i n te r io r a t f l oo r l e ve l ) w a s f ound f r om w h ich a g a l le ry r a n a n t i c l ockw i se r ound a lmo s t h a lf t h e e xpo sed b roch w a l l . A w ide d oo r , l a ck ing i t s l i n te l s , l e d f r om i tt o t h e i n te r io r n ea r t h e o t he r e nd a nd t h e d oo r t o t h i s w a s a bou t 1 8 i n . A bove f l oo r l e ve l . , I ti sn o t c l ea r f r om t h e C omm i s s ion 's a ccoun t w he the r t h i s e nd i sr e a l o r s imp ly t h e l im i t o ft h e p a r t o f t h e g a l le ry c l ea r ed , b u t w e k now n ow t h a t t h e l a t te ri n te rp r e ta t ion i sc o r rec t [ 4 , 9 4 ] . T he 1 9t h c en tu ry c r o s s s e c t ion s how s t h a t t h e l i n t e l led g a l le ry i sa bou t 4 . 5 -5 . 0 f t .( 1 .37 -1 . 53 m ) h igh , a nd t h a t t h e w a l l i ss t and ing much h i ghe r ; t h e r e w ou ld h ave b een s pa ce f o r a n u ppe r mu ra l g a l le ry , b u t d oub t le s s t h is w a s n o t o b se rved b y F a r re r b ecau se o f i n expe r ience . T he re a ppea r t oh av e b een s ome t a l l s and s tone s l ab s s e t u p r igh t a nd r a d ia l ly i nt h e i n te r io r ( I l l . 5 . 149 ) . No r e l ic s a r e r e co rded w h ich s ugge s t s t h a t F a r re r d i d n o t c l ea r a l t h e i n ter na lr ubb le a way t or e a ch a ny o ccupa t ion l a ye ri n s ide . D imen s ion s : f r om t h e c r o s s s e c t ion t h ew a l l s e em st oh ave b een s t and ing a bou t 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) h i gh ( I l l . 5 . 149 ) ; f r om t h e o t he r d im en s ion s g i ven t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r i s5 6 f t . (c . 1 7m ) , s ot h ew a l lp ropo r t ion w o rk s o u ta ta bou t4 4 .6% . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 4 9 NE 2 : 2 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 7 6 , 9 2 , 9 3 n o . 5 : 3 .R CAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 8 6 1 , 2 93 & f i g . 3 68 : 4 . H edge se ta L 1 987 , 9 4 -5 .

P o t tery : 1s h e rd o f R oman S am ian w a re , 2 n a t ive p o t she rd s . A n ima l b one s i n c luded s heep , c a t t le , d ee r , p ig a nd h o r se [ 8] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 4 9 NE 1 : 2 . F a r r e r 1 857 : 3 . F a r r e r 1 868 : 4 .P e t r ie 1 857 , 5 6 -8 ; 5 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 7 2 -6 & 8 5 -6 : 6 .P e t r ie 1 927 , 2 4 : 7 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 8 62 , 2 93 -5 & f i g s . 3 69 -372 : 8 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 9 6 101 & p l s . 3 . 11 & 3 . 12 ( m s p l an o f b roch a nd s k e tches o f o pen ing s i n w a l l , w i th d imen s ion s , b y D ryden ) : 9 . ( Ande r son 1 874 , 7 17

2 62

ND49 3 KYEL ITTLE ND /485953 P o s s ib le b roch o n B u r ray I . , s t and ing n ex tt ot h eb ea ch a t t h e e dge o f c u l t iva ted l a nd . On ly ab r oken a nd u neven mound w i th p r o t rud ing s t one s i sv i s ib le , a nd t h e r u in s m ay b et h o se o f ac hambe red c a ir n[ 1 , 2 ] . S ou rce s : O Sc a rd ND 4 9 NE 8 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 2 ,n o . 8 66 , 2 96 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

S ou th Rona ld say ND49 4 HARRA BROCH M a r ra B rough ' ) ND /4 15903 Un l ik e ly p o s s ib le b roch i nS ou th R ona ld say . T he d if i cu l t a nd d ang e rou s a pp roach t o t h i s s i t e - o n H a r rab rough H ead w h ich i sj o ined t ot h e l a nd b y an a r row ,r o cky n eck mean t t h a tt h e r ema in s h e re w e r e n o t e xam ined c l o se ly b y t he C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s [ 2 ] . H oweve r l a te rv i s i to r s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e r e a r e t h e r ema in s o f as ub recangu la r b u i ld ing o nt h e s i te [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd ND 4 9 SW 3( w i th s ma l l s c a le p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 8 52 . ND49 5 HO WE OF HOXA (T rough o fH oxay ' ) ND /42529396 ( v i s i ted 1 6 /7 /63 & 1 3 /7 / 1985 ) T h is p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch s t and s o n t h e n or th s ho re o f S ou th R ona ld say I . , o n t h e s umm i t o f ah og b acked r i dge ( t he " howe" i nt h e n ame ) a mong f l a t g round a nd o ve r look ing t h eb each ( I l l s . 5 . 156 16 1) . P r inc ipa l G o rdon v i s i ted t h e s i te t owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h en 1 8t hc en tu ry a nd r epor ted s e e ing ac u rved g a l le ry o nt o p o f t h e mound [ 3 ] . T h i s s i te s e em s t o h ave b een o n ly t h e s econd O rkney b roch t oh ave b een d ug i n to f o ra n t iqua r ian r ea son s -t h e f i r s tb e ing B u rga ri n1 825 ( HY32 1 ) , a nd t h e p ro jec tw a s c a r r ied o u t b y G eo rge P e t r ie i n1 848 [ 6 , 8 ,9 ] . Howev e r t h e s i te w a s a lmo s t i mmed ia te ly a f t erwa rd s mu t i la ted w i th mo r ta red m a son ry b y t h e w e l l i n ten t ioned e f f o r t s a tc on se rva t ion c a r r ied o u tb yt h ep rop r ie to r [ 6 , 1 08 f . ] . A l though s eve ra l f e a tu re s a r en ow h idden o rd e s t royed b ecau se o ft h is , t h e c emen t ing h a s n eve r the le s s e n su r ed t ha t -i nc on t ra s t t oB un-a y E a s t f o r e xamp le ( ND49 1 )much o f t h e s t ruc tu r e i ss t i l l v i s ib le a nd t h e i n te r io r i s r e la t ive ly f r ee o fd eb r i s . H owev e r t h e a lmo s t c omp le te l a ck o fu nde r s tand ing o fb roch a r ch i tec tu re a tt h e t ime t h e wo rk w a s d one m ean s t h a t t h e e x i s tence o f p o ten t ia l ly i mpo r tan t f e a tu re s l i ke t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r w e re u nsu spe c t ed a nd u n sough t w h i le o t he r s w e re c ove r ed u p . A p lan p r epa red a tt h e t ime h a s b een p ub l i shed [ 1 0 , f i g . 3 .23) . Apa r t f r om t h e a r ea a r ound t h e m a in e n t rance , o n ly t h e i n te r io r o ft h e t owe r w a s e xpo sed a nd t h e s i te n ow l o ok s l i ke a k no l l c on ta in ing a l a rge r ound h o le l i ned w i th ma son ry ; t h e o u te r f a ce s e em s t oh ave b een f u r the rb u r ied b y m a te r ia l t h rown o u t f r om t h e i n t e r io r . T he u ppe r p a r t o ft h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e w a l l , t oa bou t h a lf w ay d own , w a s p o in t ed w i th c emen t ; i n deed much o ft h e t o p o ft h e w a l l s eem s t oh ave b een c omp le te ly r e con s t ruc ted , a s c an b e s een o n t h e n or th s i de w he re m a son ry h a s b een a dded d i rec t ly o nt op o ft h e o r ig ina l s h e lf s c a r cemen t , p roduc ing a" reve r se s c a rcemen t" e f ec t ( I l l . 5 . 156 ) . T h i s mode rn s upe r s t r u c tu re i sc l ea r ly i n d ica ted a bove a ' l edge ' o n t h e e l eva t ion a bove t h e p l an i n P e t r ie 's n o tebook [ 1 0 , f i g . 3 . 23 ] .

s t anda rd b roch d e s ign , w i th o ne s e t o f d oo r -check s a nd p robab ly ab a r -ho le l e ad ing i nt o amu ra l c e l l i mmed ia te ly t ot h e r i gh t ( bu t w i th i t s d oo r l e ad ing t ot h e i n te r io r o ft h e b roch ) [ 6 , 1 09 , f i g . 1 2 1] . T he p re sen t e n t rance i ss ho r t , c emen ted a nd l a ck s a ny d oo r -check s ; n o g ua rd c e l l c an n ow b e s e en . T he i n te r io r d i ame te r i s 9 . 05 m ( 29 f t . 8i n . ) a nd a s e conda ry w a l l l i n ing h a s b een b u i l t r ound a tl e a s t p a r t o f t h e i n ne r c ou r t , v a ry ing i nt h ickne s s f r om 3 0 -90 c m ( 1 -3 f t . ) ( I l l . 5 . 159 ) . T h i s r i se s o n ly 2 . 29 m ( 7 .5 f t . ) a bove t h e p r e sen tf l oo ra nd a ti t sh ighe s tp o in te nd sj u s tb e low as h e lf s c a rcemen t 1 3 c m ( 5 i n . ) w ide m ade o f p ro jec t ing s l ab s ( I l l . 5 . 158 ) . A t o ne p o in t o nt h e n o r th s i de t h i s s c a rcemen t c an b e s e en a bove t h e s e conda ry w a l l a nd e me rg ing f r om t h e c emen ted m a son ry ; t h e c on serve r s e v iden t ly h ad n o i d ea o f t h e s i gn if i cance o f t h e l e dge . O ppo s i te t h e d oorway t h e s e conda ry w a l l b l end s w i th t h e c emen ted p r ima ry f a ce , i n d ica t ing t h a t e x ten s ive r e con s t ruc t ion h a s t a ken p l ace ( I l l . 5 . 159 ) . R ad ia l s l ab s a r e s t i l l v i s ib le s e t i n to t h e s e conda ry w a l l , a nd s e em t oh ave b een s omewha t l a rge r w hen f i r s t e xpo sed [ 6 , f i g . 1 20 ] . T hey e v iden t ly d i v ided t h e f l oo r o ft h e i n te r io r u p i n to a tl e a s t s i x r ad ia l p a r t i t ion s , r a the r l i ke a w hee lhou se . T he d raw ing a l so s how sr o ta ry q ue rn so nt h ef l oo r [ 1 0 , f i g . 3 . 24 ] . T he b u i ld ing a lmo s t c e r ta in ly p o sse s se s a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway l e ad ing t o u ppe r g a l le r ie s i n ah o l low w a l l . A t a bou t 9o ' c lock t wo u p r igh ts l ab s a r e s e t i n to t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce w h ich , e ven t h ough n o s i l l s t one s e em s t o b e p r e se rved , mu s t s u re ly b e t h ej amb s o f ar a i sed d oo r , n ow b l ocked u p ; t h i s , j udg ing f r om s im i la r d oorway s i no t he r O rkney b roch s , p robab ly l e ad s t ot h e s t a i r( I l l . 5 . 161) [ 1 0 , f i g . 3 . 23 ] . T he f e a tu r e i sr e co rded i n ad r aw ing m ade s oon a f t e r t h e e xcava t ion [ 6 , f i g . 1 20 ] , b u t t h a t s how s t h e m a son ry b e tween t h e j amb s a s n ea t ; i nf a c t i ti sn ow a v e ry c r ude r ubb le b l ock ing a nd m igh t h ave b een i n se r ted b y t h e p rop r ie to r s oon a f t e r t h e e xcava t ion . O the r s h e lf l i ke s t ruc tu re s i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce s hown i n t h e s ame d raw ing a r en o l o nge rv i s ib le . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e o n ly a u then t ic a ccoun t o ft h e b roch a si tw a sf ound w hen e xcava ted i st h a tb yP e t r ie . T he o t he r d e sc r ip t ion s w e r e s e cond -hand a nd s ome o f t h e s t a temen t s i nt h em d e sc r ibe f e a tu re s s e en b y p eop le w ho h ad s e en t h e r u in s o n ly a f t e r t h ey h ad b een " con se rved" . E ven t h e mu ra l c e l l s e em s n o tt oh ave b een s e en b y P e t r ie s i nce h e s ay s" The re a ppea r st oh ave b een ac hambe ri nt h e t h ickne s s o f t h e w a l l . . "[ 8 , 2 3 ] a nd m a rk s t h i s a t9 o ' c lock o n h i s s k e tch p l an [ 1 0 , f i g . 3 . 23 ] . I ti sn o t c l ea r w he the r t h e d raw ing r ep roduced b y W i l son [ 6 , f i g . 1 20 ] w a sm ade b ef o re o ra f t e rc on se rva t ion . F ew f i nd s w e r e r e co rded [ 8 ] , mo s t ly o fs t one , a nd t h ey i n c lude s ome q ue rn s , e v iden t ly r o ta ry [ 6 , f i g . 1 20 ] , a mo r ta r a nd p e s t le a nd 2 s ma l l c up s o r l amp s ( one a ppa ren t ly as t ea t i te h and led l amp [ 1 0 ] ) , b o th 1 c m ( 4 .5 i n . ) d eep a nd 1 3 c m ( 5i n . ) a nd 1 8 c m ( 7i n . ) i nd i ame te r r e spec t ive ly . T he re w e r e a l so s add le q ue rn s a nd r ubbe r s [ 5 , 1 22 ] .

S ome m oder n f e a tu r e s h ave a l so b een a dded , l i ke as t one p la tf o rm o f f l ag s w h ich o nce h ad a f l agpo le o n i ta nd wh ich s t and sb es ide t h e mode rn e n t rance ( I l l . 5 . 157 ) . T h i s d oorway f a ce s e a s t a nd i s c omp le te ly mode rn , a nd o ne c anno tt e l ln ow whe the ra ny o ft h eo r ig ina lp a s sage r ema in . T h is w a s e xpo sed i n1 848 a nd a ppea r st oh ave b een o ft h e

D imen s ion s : e x ter na l d i am . c .1 7 .68 m , i n te rna l 9 . 14 m ; t h e w a l l t h ickne s s i s a bou t 4 . 27 m [ 1 0 ] s o t h e w a l l

2 63

T he R oundhou se s , B ruch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

p ropor t ion w ou ld b e a bou t 4 8% . I n 1 985 t h e a u tho rm ade ap l an o f t h e i n te r io r w a l l f a ce , b e low t h e r e con s t ruc ted p a r t s , w i th as t ee l t a pe a nd t h eodo l i te ; t h e r e su l t s howed t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re h ad b een b u i l t v e ry e xac t ly a r ound at r ue c i rc le w i th ar ad iu s o f4 . 53 + 0 . 06 m , o r ad i ame te ro f9 . 06 m( 29 .70 f t . ) . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd ND 4 9 SW 1 : 2 .L ow 1 879 , 2 2 : 3 . Go rdon 1 792 , 2 57 : 4 .P e t r ie 1 872 , 3 61-62 : 5 .T homa s 1 852 , 19 -22 : 6 . W i l son 1 863 , 2 , 1 07 10 : 7 . T udo r 1 883 , 3 35 : 8 .P e t r ie 1 927 , 2 3 : 9 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 8 15 , 2 83 -4 : 1 0 . H edges e ta L 1 987 , 1 02 -04 . ND49 6 HUNDA ND /434962 P os s ib le b roch o n S ou th R ona ld say I . , i nt h e s hape o fa much d i s tu rbed mound o n t h e t i da l i s le t o ft h a t n ame . I t h a s b een d i agnosed a s ac hambe red c a i rn [ 1 ] b u t amo re r e cen t r e po r t s uppo r t s t h e i d ea [ 2 ] t h a t i t may b e at h e r ema in so f ab roch [ 1 , 3 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd ND 4 9 NW 1 ,i n c . f i g . : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 2 ,n o . 8 63 , 2 95 : 3 . D . F ra se r & A . Mo r r ison i n D i sc . &E xc . S co t . 1 980 , 2 6 . ND49 7 SMIDDYBANKS ( `B rough o fO n tof t ') ND /442936 S i te o f ap o ss ib le b roch o n S .R ona ld say I . , n ow n o th ing b u ta na r ea o fd i s tu rbed g round . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd ND 4 9 SW 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 2 , n o . 8 50 2 90 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

7-7 C IA V eÄ

GA8L .E O A '

FS

CHAPEL

5 . 1 T op : p l an o f B o rw ick b roch ( HY21 1 ) : s ca le 1 : 300 RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 6 79 ) . B o t tom , p l an o f r ema ins a t S t T redwe l l 's C hape l , P apa We s t ray ( HY45 1 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved . 7 3.

2 65

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 2 B o rw ick i n1 985 ( HY2 1 1 : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch o ni t sc l if top s i te . [ 1 985 /6 / 12 ]

5 . 3 B o rw ick i n1 963 ( HY21 1 ) : e n t rance p a s sage ,i n ne re nd . [ 1 963 / 10? /33 ]

2 66

S ec t ion 5 : Orkney

5 . 4 B orw ick i n 1 985 ( HY21 1 ) : b roch s e en f r om t h e o u t s ide . [ 1 985 /6 / 13 ]

5 . 5 B o rw ick i n 1 985 ( HY21 1 ) : v i ew o fi n te r io rl ook ing t owa rd st h ee n t rance ; t h e re i sn o s i gn o f as ca rcemen t . [ 1985 /6 / 15 ]

2 67

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 6 B orw ick i n1 985 ( HY21 1 ) : i n s ide t h e l i n te l led o u te rp a r to ft h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i nwa rd s . [ 1 985 /6 / 14 ]

5 . 7 B orw ick i n1 985 ( HY21 1 ) : t h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u tw i th t h es i de so ft h ec hambe ra bove t h ee n t rance v i s ib le . [ 1 985 /6 / 16 ]

2 68

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 8 B o rw ick i n1 985 ( HY21 1 ) : i n s ide t h ec o l lap s ing mu ra lc e l l. [ 1 985 /6 / 17 ]

2 69

T he R oundhouses , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

SOFT STONE

ROCK k CLAY BEACH

ROCK

S ECT ION

/ / , ,

_ _ . . . _ . . P LAN

1 0

5

0

1 0

20

30 FEET

5 . 9 T op : p l an o fB reckne s sb roch ( HY20 3 )w i th c r o s ss e c t ion o fr ema ins a bove b ea ch . B o t tom : p l an o fB ur r ian 2( Rus s land ) ( HY21 2 ) , a f t e rP e t r ie . B o th a ts c a le 1 : 300 .

2 70

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

L OCH

•

•

•

• • • • \

1 \ \ \

) 1 ( 1-

E NTRANCE

1

I I ä

/

L OCH

1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

C .5 .T .C .

PLAN AT SCARCE MENT T 1 111 41111?

TH EKROCH

LEVEL I

OF

7

I 5

M IDF -. 1 0WE

I

I

5 0FEET

I M I ND ICATES P P ER IOD L EM • • 3 ‚. • • = I ND ICATES LATE UNDEF INED P ER IOD 4 o m or r . I I I I

2 R OUSAYi . ORKNEY.

,

5 . 10 T op : p l an o fB u r r ian 2( Ru s s land ) : HY21 2 )f r om RCAH MS : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved . B o t tom : p l an o fM idhowe a tf i r s tf l oo r l e ve l . B o th a ts c a le 1 : 300 .

2 71

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 11 B u r r ian 2 ,R u s s land i n1 985 ( HY21 2 ) : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch mound o nl o ch p romon to ry . [ 1 985 /5 / 1]

5 . 12 B u r r ian 2 ,R u s s land , i n1 985 ( HY21 2 ) : as ma l la r co ft h ew a l l f a ce w i th ad oo rway i n to t h ew a l l ( r igh to fp o le ) . [ 1985 /5 /2 ]

2 72

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

P hase 7 e a r ly

P hase 7 t a te r

P hase 8 e ar ly

5 . 13 P lans o f s i xo ft h em a in p ha se sa tT he H owe ( HY21 1 ) , s c a le 1 : 740 ;

2 73

t a ken f r om B a l l in Sm i th ( e d . ) 1 994 .

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

0

274

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

2

1

0 .5r n

0I

3 - --

-- - --

--

4

-

7

5

4 -

6

5 . 15 D raw ing s( by t h ea u tho r )o f s e ven o ft h eI r on A g er o ta ry q ue rn s tone sf ound a tT he H owe ( HY21 1 ) . S ca le 1 : 83 .

2 75

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 16 V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( HY21 1 ) i n1 980 : t h ee n t rance p a s sage o f` 1 3 roch 2 'l o ok ing o u t . [ 1 980 /7 /28 ]

5 . 17 V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( HY21 1 )i n1 980 : t h e i n te r io ro f' B roch 2 's how ing ar a ised d oo ro rv o id i nt h ew a l l . [ 1 980 /7 /29 ]

2 76

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 18 V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( HY2 1 1 )i n1 980 : o u tbu i ld ing so fP ha se 8 .[ 1980 /7 /35 ]

5 . 19 V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( HY21 1 ) i n1 980 : g ene ra l v i ew o f` 1 3 roch 2 '[ 1 980 /7 /34 ]

2 77

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 20 V iew o f e xcava t ion sa t T he H owe ( HY21 1 ) i n1 980 : r a ised o pen ing o r v o id i n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce o f ' B roch 2 ' w i th t h e o pen ing t o t h e u nde rg round c hambe r i n t h e f o r eg round . [ 1980 /7 /32 ]

5 . 2 1 V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( I 1Y2 1 1 ) i n1 980 : t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r i n ' B roch 2 ' s how ing c r a cked s t ep s . [ 1 985 /6 /30 ]

5 . 22 V iew o fe xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( HY21 1 )i n1 980 : t h ef e a tu r ee xposed i nf l oo ro f' B roch 2 'w h ich t u rned o u tt ob et h e p a s sage o f aN eo l i th ic p a s sage g r ave . [ 1980 /7 / 33 ]

2 78

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

Ok s t row B ro ch , S ec t ion o n t he l i ne e I ,e .

F ig . 5 .—Ground P lan o fO k s t row B ro ck [ Sea le o ne -s ix t eenth i n ch t oo ne f o ot .]

s K e

F ig . 6 . --G round P l an o fB r u ch a tM an s eo f Barmy . [ S ca l e , o ne -s ix t een th i n ch t oo ne f o o t . ]

5 . 23 T op : P e t r ies 's ( 1890 ) p l an o fO x t row ( HY22 4 ) .

B o t tom : P e t r ie 's ( 1890 ) p l an o fN e t la te rb roch ( HY31 1 4 ) . B o th s ca le 1 : 300 .

2 79

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 24 T op : p l an o fO x t row b roch ( HY22 4 )f r om RCAH MS . B o t tom : p l an o fN e t la te r( HY31 1 4 ) f r om RCAHMS . S ca le s 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e served .

2 80

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 25 N e t la te rb roch ( HY31 1 4 ) : c r o s ss e c t ion o ft h e ' we l l ' ( Pe t r ie 1 890 ) .

2 81

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 G D1 2

3

GP 25

5

8

9 1 '1 0

:WH I M i ma m ,

Ca

6

5 . 26 F ind sf r om O x t row ( HY22 4 )i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land ; s t one i mp lemen t s( 4l amp sa nd ap l aque ) , n a t ive p o t te ry , a S am ian b ow lb a se a nd ab ronze p enannu la rf i bu la . S ca le 1 : 4 .

2 82

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

4 GD23

2 GD27 f

-z —r = 3 c

, —

---

3c x r .i c t

_

—

G I ) 24

1 0 GC

23

5

9

GCS

/

cc 4

1

d

C S C 30

1 2

4C 4 -4 .

1 3

8 C C L I -

9

CC 3 1

Gc

1 3

1 4

7

1 5

B . (q14 . G . g4 1

1 7

5 . 27 F ind sf r om 3s i te s , i nt h e NMS . T op —O x t row ( HY22 4 ) , i n c lud ing t wo l o ng -hand led b one c ombs , ab one b ead a nd ad eco ra ted s t one w ho r l . C en t re —B u r ray E a s t( ND49 1 )i n c lud ing 3l o ng -hand led b one c omb sw i th ap o s s ib le u nf in ished o ne , ab one p i nw i th a b a l l shaped h ead , t wo i r on p ins w i th l a rge b one h ead s( one s o l id a nd o ne h o l low ) , af r agmen to f ad oub le s ide c ompo s i te b one c omb , aw ho r l o r b u t ton made f r om t h e h ead o f af emu r ( p robab ly h uman ) a nd ac i rcu la r s t one d i sc o r p l aque ; t h e b ronze r i ng i sf r om O x t row . B o t tom — L ing row ( HY40 2 )i n c lud ing a f l aked s t one o b jec ta nd t h es o l id b one p omme lo f as wo rd o rd agge r . S ca le 1 : 4 .

2 83

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 28 O x t row i n1 985 ( HY22 4 ) : g ene ra l v i ew o fb roch m ound . [ 1985 /6 /9 ]

5 . 29 O x t row i n1 985 ( HY22 4 ) : r ema in so fc e l l o nt h e Ss i de . [ 1985 /6 / 10 ]

2 84

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 30 B u rn e ss i n1 987 ( HY31 3 ) : g ene ra l v i ew o fb roch mound . [ 1987 / 1/36 ]

1

2

3

4

5

6

5 . 31 I ng showe i n1 987 ( HY31 9 ) : v i ew o fb roch f r om b ea ch , t h er ema in sr e s t ing o n ah o r izon ta lp l a tf o rm ,v i s ib le o nt h er i gh t . o u t e rw a l l , 2= b roch w a l l( po le a ti nne rf a ce ) , 3=r ubb le mound , 4=r i gh tb roch w a l l , 5= d i p , 6= o u te rw a l l . [ 1 987 / 1/34 ]

2 85

1=

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 32 I ng showe i n1 987 ( HY31 9 ) : p ro jec t ing i n ne rf a ce o fb roch w a l l , a so n 5 . 31 . [ 1987 / 1/ 35 ]

5 . 33 N e t la te r i n1 985 ( HY31 1 4 ) : g ene ra l v i ew o fo u te rw a l l f a ce . [ 1985 /5 /3 ]

2 86

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 34 N e t la te ri n1 985 ( HY31 1 4 ) : t h er u ined s t a i r . [ 1 985 /5 /4 ]

2 87

5 . 35 G u rne s s( HY32 2 ) p l an o fs i te ( RCAH MS ) : s ca le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved . .

BU ILD ING

R E MOVED

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

I 10 10

2 88

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

f

R O C

R O C K

R O C K SECT ION

A -B & E-F

SECT ION C-D & G -H 0

4

PLAN

—F

A B O V E= WELL

7

i 1

R OCK I

0I234567F E T 11111

II

I I

II

1

I

I

SECT I ON

1-J

AJ

5 . 36 G urness ( i n 1 963 HY32 2 ) : p l an a nd e l eva t ions o ft h e ' we l l ' ( RCAH MS ) : s ca le 1 : 60 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

2 89

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 37 G u rne s si n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch o u te rd ef ence sw i th r e -po s i t ioned ' c ou r tya rd h ouse ' i nf o r eg round . I th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tt h et h i rd , o u te rmos t , d i tch ( on t h er i gh t ) i sf o rmed o ft h eu nf i l led in r ema in so fe xcava t ions t of i nd i ti nt h e 1 930 s . [ 1 963 /5 / 18 ]

5 . 38 G u rne s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

g ene ra l v i ew l o ok ing n or th a l ong i n ne rd i tch o nw e s ts i de ; s t a cked s l abs c an b es e en a l ong t h e i n s ide f a ce ( f o r eg round ) . [ 1 987 / 1/ 19 ]

2 90

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 39 G u rne s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

5 . 40 G u rnes si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

a ppa r en t ly s t a cked s t one s l ab si nt h ei n ne rd i tch . [ 1987 / 1/ 17 ]

o u te rd ef ence sw i th b a s t ion w a l l s i t t ing i ni n ne rd i tch . A ts ome s t age t h eb a s t ion h a sb een c on t inued a c ro s st h ed i tch b y as hor tc au seway . [ 1987 / 1 / 18 ]

2 91

T he Roundhouses , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 4 1 G u rne s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) :

5 . 42 G u rne s s i n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) :

g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch a nd o u te rd ef ence s f r om t h en o r th -we s t . [ 1 985 /5 /5 ]

i n ne rd i tch , l o ok ing t owa rd st h ee n t rance c au seway f r om e a s t ; t h e r ock -cu te nd o ft he d i tch i s v i s ib le ( po le )w i th t h eb a s t ion w a l lo ve r r id ing i t . [ 1 963 /5 / 13 ]

2 92

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 43 Gu rne s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) : g ene ra lv i ew o f t h eo u tbu i ld ing sw i th t h eb roch i nb a ckg round . [ 1 985 /5 /6 ]

5 . 44 G u rnes s i n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) : l o ok ing n o r th t oR ou say a l ong t h ei n ne rd i tch o nt h ee a s ts i de ; t h ef a ce o ft h eb a s t ioned w a l l e nc lo s ing t h ev i l lage i so nt h el ef t . [ 1987 / 1/20 ]

2 93

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 45 G u rne s si n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) :

l a te ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' o nt o po fo u tbu i ld ing s , r e bu i l ti n an ew p os i t ion . [ 1 963 /5 / 17 ]

5 . 46 G u rne s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) : r ema in so fe a r th c l o se ta mong t h eo u tbu i ld ing s . [ 1987 / 1/22 ]

2 94

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 47 G u rne s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) :

5 . 48 G ume s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h eo u te re nd o ft h e b roch e n t rance w i th p a s sage e x ten s ion h ou s ing t h es e conda ry d oo rf r ame i n f r on to fi t . [ 1 985 /5 /7 ]

s i de v i ew o fs e conda ry d oo rh ou s ing a nd g ua rd c e l l : t h es t ra igh tj o in tb e tween i ta nd t h eb roch w a l l i sv i s ib le . [ 1 987 / 1/24 ]

2 95

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 49 G ume s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

v i ew f r om t h eb roch w a l lh ead o ft h ea pp roa ch r o ad t ot h ee n t rance a nd o ft h es e conda ry d oo r h ou s ing a nd g ua rd c e l l . [ 1 987 / 1/23 ]

5 . 50 G ume s s i n 1 985 ( HY32 2 ) : t h e i n s ide e nd o ft h e m a in e n t rance s how ing c onc r e te l i n te l a bove d oo r f r ame h o ld ing u p s t ruc tu r e s f ound d u r ing e xcava t ions , I9 85 /5 / 10 1

5 . 51 G ume s s i n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : ma in e n t ra nce w i th d oo r c heck a nd c onc r e te s uppo r t a bove ; t h e b a r s o ck e t i sv i s ib le t o t h el e f to ft h ep o le a nd as ocke ts t one n ea ri t sb a s e . [ 1963 /5 /7 ]

2 96

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 52 G ur n e s si n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : t h er ema in ing h a lf o ft h es e conda ry r a i sed c hambe ra bove t h eg ua rd c e l lt ot h el ef to ft h ee n t rance ; t h i sw a sp r e sumab ly b u i l ta f t e rt h eg a l le ry b e low h ad b een f i l led i n . [ 1963 /5 / 19 ]

5 . 53 G u rness i n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : d i s to r ted d oo rway t o t h e r i gh t g ua rd c e l l s e en f r om i n s ide t h e d oo rway t o t h e l ef to ne . [ 1963 /5 / 12 ]

5 . 54 G u rne s s i n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) : g round l e ve l i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry l e ad ing b a ck f r om t h el ef tg ua rd c e l l . [ 1985 /5 /8 ]

2 97

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

—

5 . 55 G ume s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

l o ok ing d own o nt ot h ei n ne re nd o ft h em a in e n t r ance ( po le ) , a nd t h ea d jacen tc en t ra lc ou r t , f r om t h ew a l lhead . [ 1 987 / 1/25 ]

5 . 56 G ume s s( HY32 2 ) : g ene ra l v i ew o ft h ei n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd s t h ee n t rance . [ 1985 /5 / 13 ]

2 98

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 57 G u rne s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) :

g ene ra lv i ew o ft h ei n te r io rf r om a bove t h ee n t rance p a s sage i n1 985 . [ 1 985 /5 / 12 ]

5 . 58 G ume s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h ei n te r io rs how ing t h es e conda ry h ea r th : c ompa r e I l . 5 . 59 . [ 1 985 /5 / 17 ]

2 99

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 59 G u rne s si n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h es e conda ry h ea r th a si tw a si n1 963 w i th t h ep r ima ry c en t ra lh ea r th a cce s s ib le u nde rt h es l id ing c ove rb eyond . [ 1 963 /5 / 15 ]

5 . 60 G ume s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) : d own i n to t h ew e l l [ 1 985 /5 / 11 ]

3 00

t h e s t ep s

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 61 G u rne s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h er o ck -cu tb a se o ft h ew e l lw i th al i t t le w a te ri ni t .[ 1 987 / 1 /29 ]

5 . 63 G u rne s s i n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : v i ew o ft h e r a i sed d oo rway t o t h e s t a i r w i th p a r t o ft h e s c a rcemen t v i s ib le t oi t sr i gh t , a tt h et o po ft h ew a l l . [ 1963 /5 / 16 ]

5 . 62 G u rnes s i n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : e xpo sed l i n te l s o ft h e g round g a l le ry i nt h e n o r th t on o r th -ea s t a r c ; t ho se i nt h e f o r eg round h ave b een w r enched p a r t ly o u t o fp o s i t ion a nd t h e p a cked r ubb le u nde rnea th c an b e c l ea r ly s e en . [ 1 963 /5 / 10 ] 3 01

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 64 G u rne s si n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : t h er ema in so ft h e p r ima ry i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway . [ 1 963 /5 /9 ]

5 . 65 G u rne s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h es t a i rf oo tg ua rd c e l l s how ing s e conda ry mod if i ca t ion s( t he e n t rance f r om t h ei n te r io ri so nt h e l ef t ) . [ 1 987 / 1/26 ]

3 02

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 67 G u rne s s i n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : s e conda ry f e a tu re s i nt h e i n te r io r o ppo s i te t h e e n t rance , i n c lud ing a s t eep f l igh t o f s t ep sa ga in s tt h ew a l lf a ce . [ 1 963 /5 /8 ]

5 .66 G u rne s si n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : t h ee dge o ft h er a ised d oo r t ot h e s t a i r i sv i s ib le i nt h e f o r eg round o n t h e l ef t( ma rked b y t h e p o le ) ; t h e h igh s ca r cemen t i s b eyond a nd v a r iou s s e conda ry f e a tu re s c an b e s e en e nc roa ch ing o n i t . F 1963 /5 / 14 1

5 . 68 G u rne s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h er a ised v o id a t1 2o ' c lock s how ing t h es e conda ry s t ep sa ga in s tt h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h ew a l la nd t h e c r os ss l ab b lock ing i t .[ 1 985 /5 / 16 ]

3 03

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 70 G u rness i n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) : v i ew a l ong t he w a l l h ead t o t h e b locked v o id a t 1 2 o ' c lock ( s lab o n e dge i n c en t r e ) l e ad ing l ef tt ot h e i n te r io r : p a r t o ft he u ppe rg a l le ry i sv i s ib le i nt h e f o reg round a s i st h e t o p o ft h e s e conda ry s t a i r a tt o p l ef t . [ 1987 / 1/28 ]

5 . 69 G u rne s s i n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) : v i ew o ft h e s e conda ry s t a i r a ga in s t t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce a t 1 2 o ' c lock w i th t h e b l ocked v o id a t l owe r r i gh t ; n o te h ow t h e s e conda ry a nd p r ima ry m a son ry b l end a tt h et op . [ 1 987 / 1/27 ]

3 04

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

H ypo the s is A - P hase 2

H ypo the s i s B-P ha se 1 b

5 . 71 G ume s s ( HY32 2 ) : d iag ram s how ing t wo p os s ib le i n te rp re ta t ions o ft h e d e s ign o ft h e p r ima ry f l oo r i n s ide t h e b roch ; t h e t op p lan s how s t h e b roch a s ah o l low -wa l led t owe rc on ta in ing aw ooden r oundhou se w h i le t h e b o t tom p l an s how s i ta st h e l owe rs t ruc tu re s ugge s ted b yH edges c on ta in ing c ompa r tmen t s m ade f r om s and s tone s l abs ( MacK ie 1 995 , I l . 5 ) . S ca le 1 : 130 .

3 05

T he R oundhouses , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

l e ve l

0

1

2

3

4

5

0

me tre s

4

8

1 2 1

1 6 f ee t 1

5 . 72 G u rne s s ( HY32 2 ) : c r o s s s e c t ion s s how ing i n te rna l f l oo r s a nd p o s s ib le r oof ing o f t h e b roch a cco rd ing t ot h e a l t e rna t ive s c ena r io s s hown i n 5 . 7 1 . T op , t h eh i gh b roch w i th t h ew ooden r oundhou se i n s ide s u gge s ted b yt h ea u tho r ; b o t tom , t h e l ow b r o ch w i th s t one i n ter na l c ompa r tmen t s a nd ap a r t ia l r a i sed w ooden f l oo r s ugge s ted b y J o hn H edge s ( Ma cK ie 1 995 , I l . 6 ) . S ca le 1 : 160 . T he p i t ch o fb o th r oof si st o of l a t .

3 06

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

6

7

8

m t o te

9 1 4

1 3 1 0

1 8

1 9

2 2

2 3

2 6

5 . 73 G u rne s s ( HY32 2 ) : f md s f r om t h e s i te n ow i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land . T he c oppe r a loy o rnamen t s i n c lude a z oomorph ic p enannu la rb rooch , r i ng -headed p i on s o fn o r th B r i t i sh t y pe , s p i ra l f i nge r r ing s a nd an eed le . F i red c l ay i n c lude sp o s s ib le c r uc ib le f r agmen t s a nd s ome p o t she rd s . Among t h el a t te ri s ap i e ce o f aR oman a mpho ra ( l owe rl ef t , d r awn u p s ide d own )t h ed a t eo f w h ich i ss i gn if i can t( s ee s i t ee n t ry ) . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 07

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 5

3

9

1 1 5

1 3 1 2

1 4

1 9

( i 2 2 2

0 0 0 .0

, 9 :

j :5

2 3

5 . 75 G u rne s s ( HY32 2 ) : f i nd s f r om t h e s i te n ow i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land — m o r e b one a r tef a c t s i n c lud ing a no the r f r agmen to f al o ng -hand led c omb , ad e co ra ted t u be o fu nknown f u nc t ion , ap robab le w ho r l , p l a in p i n s , t h e t i ne o fa n a n t le r ,t wo a w ls m ade f r om a n ima l a s t ragu l i , t h e t u rn ing e nd o f al o ng q ue rn h and le ( c en t re r i gh t ) , t h e p omme l o f as ma l l i r on k n if e o r d agge r , a d eco ra ted r e c tangu la r r od a nd s l igh t ly c u rved f l a tp l a te sw i th p e r f o ra t ion s( one w i th ab one p o in ti ni t ) . S ca le 1 : 4

3 08

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

4

1 3

2 0 2 2

1 7 1 9 5 . 74 G u rne s s ( HY32 2 ) : f i nd s f r om t h e s i te n ow i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land — b one i mp lemen t s i n c lud ing l o ng -hand led c omb s , t h e b a l l -shaped h ead o fa n i r on p i n ( w i th p a r t o ft h e s hank r ema in ing ) , ad i e , n eed le s , ap robab le f i sh g o rge , ab r id le c heek p i ece , af emu r -head w ho r l o rb u t ton a nd ar e c tangu la r p l a te w i th ap e rf o ra t ion a te a ch c o rne r . I na dd i t ion t h e r e a r e t wo c l ay m ou ld f r agmen t sf o r s ma l lr i ng -headed p i n s . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 09

T he R oundhouses , B roch sa nd W hee l hou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

2 0

1

2 4

5 . 76 G u rne s s( HY32 2 ) : f i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land —p o t te ry r im f r agmen t si n c lud ingb p l a in ,g r i t ty b a r r e l shaped ur n s a tt o p l e f ta nd b o t tom l e f t , t wo E ve r ted R im s h e rd s ( one w i th p robab le f l u t ing o nt h e i n s ide f a c eo ft h e r im ) a nd a f r agmen to fw ha tl o ok sl i ke a ni n c i sed l i ne -de co ra ted f r agmen to f aH eb r idean V au lw a r ev a se . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 10

S ec t ion 5 : O rk ney

4

3

2

5 6

7

9

1 0

1

1 2 5 . 77 Gu rne s s( HY32 2 ) : f i nd s f r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land —s t one o b jec t s i n c lud ing t h e l owe rs t one o fa r o ta ry q ue rn ,p ounde r so rp ebb le g r inde r s ,w ho r l so rb ead s , as ma l l w he t s tone a nd al a rge p e rf o ra ted d i sc ,p e rhap s aw e igh t . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 11

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

r n > . Z

= 0 2

= > 0 3 • 7 , ' c m : 2 , D z vi c . )

c u c on

C 5 > " '

. 0

u 0

1 .

c , j c ,F t ) , > .. = 0 i 2 e c r ; ,. , e

; -

2 '7 a . ,, . ,o 22 .

" . ' ' , '

. . ▪ • t 4 ; ) • c • . . . —

, 4 .

> , > c l . e ) t r i ( . )

e .

. 2 , ,

0

v D

▪ = C A a2 . c e. •• -.. 0 . 0 N...-. , ▪ . • . 0.= ,$-,. z, .= , ' ' '

=

t n

I .. .

0

.)

f2

4 / 4e 1 .)

. 30

2

N

I ND ICATES

• •

J.GR AHAI I CA LLANDER

a lld

3

W A LTER G.

MI DHOWE

0 .1

3 12

3 13 TO

S .E.

W EST.

M idhowe b roch ( HY33 1 ) : c r o s ss e c t ion so ft h eb roch a nd s u r round ing s t ruc tu re s ,a f te r RCAHMS ( s ca le 1 : 300 ) : C rown c opyr igh tr e se rved .

BROCH

W EST

THRO '

SECT I ON.

FAC ING

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

T he R oundhouses , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

GAM 1 28

2

5

1 \

1 \

1 5

\

\. . . .

. , QA M 9 5-

1 6

/ /

', „

5 . 80 M idhowe b roch ( HY33 1 ) : o b je c t so fs t one , f i red c l ay a nd m e ta l i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . T he s t one o b jec t s( u ppe r h a l f ) i n c lude t wo l amp s , ag rooved w e igh t o rs i nke r , ar ough d i sc a nd ap e rf o ra ted w ho r l ; t h o se o ff i red c l ay i n c lude ac oa r se r im s h e rd a nd f r agmen t s o fp robab le s ma l l c r uc ib le s w h i le t h e i t em s o fc oppe r a loy i n c lude t wo r i ng -headed p i n s o fn or th B r i t i sh t y pe , t h ree p enannu la rb rooche s w i th ah i gh c u rve i nt h eu ppe rp a r to ft h ep i n ( one f r agmen ta ry )a nd ab ra ce le t o f b ea ten m e ta l . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 14

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P

5 . 81 M idhow e b roch ( HY33 1 ) : o b je c t s o fb one i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land i n c lud ing 9 l o ng -hand led b one c omb s , a n u nu sua l s i ng le s ided c omb a nd af r agmen t o f ad oub le s ided c ompo s i te c omb ; t h e r ea r ea l so ah eavy a w lo rp i e r ce r , ah af t ed a n t le ro r b one t oo l a nd ap o ss ib le p omme l f o r a ni r on d agge r . T he re a r e a l so t h r ee e l onga ted s t one p ebb le s w h ich m ay b e w he t s tone s . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 15

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1-

! ___1 _ ___

5 . 82 M idhowe b roch ( HY33 1 ) : p o t te ry i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land , i n c lud ing s t anda rd p la in , h a rd -f i r ed O rkney b roch v e s se l s ( p robab ly a l l e xcep t 7& 1 ) a nd t wo s he rd s o fE ve r ted R im j a r s ( no s . 7& 1 ) ; n o 1 i sb l a ck -bu rn i shed w i th f l u t ing o n t h e i n s ide f a ce o ft h er im ( s ome t ime sc a l led t h eC l ickh im in s t y le o ft h ew a re ) . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 16

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 83 M idhowe i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) :

g ene ra lv i ew f r om t h eh i l la bove o ft h eb roch m ound b e s ide t h es ea ,w i th i t sm a s s ive d i tch i nf r on t . [ 1 985 /5 / 19 ]

5 . 84 M idhowe i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : t h eb roch w i th , i nt h ef o reg round , t h e ` g eo ' o rr o cky c l ef ti nt h el ow c l if t ot h ee a s to ft h es i te w h ich f o rm s p a r to ft h ep romon to ry o nw h ich t h es i te s t and s . [ 1 985 /5 /20 ]

3 17

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 85 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : ag ene ra l v i ew o f t h eo u te rd i t ch w i th t h eb roch j u s tv i s ib le t ot he r i gh t( t he b u i ld ing i nt h e b a ckg round c ove r st h ea d ja cen tN eo l i th ic s t a l led c a i rn ) . [ 1 963 /5 /28 ]

5 . 86 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) :

t h ei n ne rd i tch o ft h ep romon to ry d ef ence w i th i t sh i gh , r e ve t ted o u te rf a ce a nd f l a t , r ock -cu tb a se ( b roch t ot h el ef t ) . [ 1 963 /5 /30 ]

3 18

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 87 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : r ema in so f t h es e conda ry d oo rway o u t s ide t h em a in e n t rance o ft h eb roch ( a tt h er i gh t ) ; i t sp i vo t s t one i ss e ti nt h es ame s e conda ry p aved f l oo rt h a tr un si n to t h eb roch p a s sage . [ 1 985 /5 /25 ]

5 . 88 M idhowe i n1 987 ( HY33 1 ) : a no the rv i ew o f t h ef r agmen ta ry r ema in so ft h es e conda ry g ua rd c e l ls o u t s ide t h em a in e n t rance ( s ee I lu s .5 .87 ) . [ 1987 /2 /5 ]

3 19

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 89 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o ft h er u ined w a l l h ead o nt h e s e awa rd s i de s how ing t h e d i s to r ted a nd c o l lap s ing g round g a l le ry p acked w i th s t one b lock ing ; af r agmen to ft h eh igh s c a rc emen t i sv i s ib le i nc r o s ss e c t ion a tt op r i gh t . [ 1963 /5 /20 ]

5 . 90 M idhowe i n 1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : t h e e n t rance p a s sage f r om o u t s ide . T he p o le i s b e ing t h ru s t t h rough g ap s b e tween t h e p a s sage l i n te ls i nf r on t o f t h e d oo r f r ame s how ing t h a t t h ey c ou ld h ave s e rved a sm eur t r i& e s o rg ap st h rough w h ich p eop le i nf r on t o f t h e d oo r c ou ld h ave b een a t ta cked f r om t h e c hambe ro ve rt h ee n t rance . [ 1 963 /5 /2 1]

5 . 9 1 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : t h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u t , s how ing h ow t h e d oo r -check s e x tend u pwa rd s i n to t h e c hambe r a bove i t ; t h e l a t te r w a s w he re t h e a u tho r w as s t and ing i n t h e p r ev ious p ho tog raph . [ 1985 /5 /24 ]

3 20

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 92 M idhowe i n1 987 ( HY33 1 ) : t h eo u te re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage s how ing t h es e conda ry p av ing b eh ind t h ed oo rf r ame a nd i t s s i l l s t one , a nd w h ich p re sumab ly c ove r st h ep r ima ry p i vo ts t one . [ 1987 /2 /6 ]

5 . 93 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : i n s ide t h e t h e l ef tg ua rd c e l l w i th , b eyond ,t h e g round l e ve lg a l le ry l e ad ing b a ck f r om i t . [ 1 985 /5 /33 ]

3 21

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 94 M idhowe i n 1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o ft h e c en t ra l c our t l o ok ing t owa rd s t h e m a in e n t r ance . T he r ema in ing f r on t l i n te l s o ft h e p a s sage c an b e s e en ( a bove t h ep o le ) a si n 1 1 .5 .9 1 a nd t h e se f o rm t h ef l oo ro ft h ec hambe ro ve rt h e e n t rance i nL eve l2 ; t h ei n ne rmo s t l i n te l o ft h e s l ab r oof o ft h is f o rm s p a r t o ft h e h igh s ca rcemen t w h ich , u nsua l ly , s t a r t s a tL eve l 3 . T he v o id o ve rt h e e n t rance e x tend s e ven h ighe ri n to L eve l 3t of o rm a no the rc hambe r, o f w h ich o n ly af ew c ou r se so ft h em a son ry o ft h es i de sr ema in . T h is w ou ld h ave b een a cce s s ib le f r om t h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t w he rea s al a dde r w ou ld p r e sumab ly h ave b een n eeded t og e t i n to t h el owe rc hambe r . [ 1963 /5 /22 ]

5 . 95 M idhowe i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : g ene ra l v i ew o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t l o ok ing t owa rd s t h e e n t rance ; t he s e conda ry s and s tone s l ab p a r t i t ion d i v ide s t h e c ou r t i n h a lf a nd t h e t wo v i s ib le h ea r th s a r e a l so o n t h e s e conda ry f l oo r , n ow n concea led u nde r g r ave l . [ 198 5/ 5/ 27 ]

3 22

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 96 M idhow e i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : a no the r v i ew o ft h e i n te r io r , s how ing h ow t h e w a l l o n t h e S E s i de s ag s o u twa rd s a bove t h e s c a rcemen t ( t he p o le i sv e r t ica l ) ; t h e r a i sed v o id a t1 . 30 o ' c lock a bove t h is l e dge i sv i s ib le . A lso v i s ib le i nt h eb a ckg round a r e t h e r ema in s o f as e conda ry s t a i rca se b u i l ta ga ins tt h eb roch w a l l ( p re sumab ly o nt op o ft h es e conda ry f l oo r )t og i ve a cce s st o ap o in tr a the r t ot he l e f to ft h is v o id ; t h es i tua t ion i sv e ry s im i la r i nG ume s sb roch ( I l l . 5 . 67 ) . [ 1 985 /5 /30 ]

5 . 97 M idhow ei n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o ft h ec en t ra lc ou r ta ta bou t 1 . 30 o ' c lock w i th o ne o ft h es e conda ry h ea r th sa nd t h er ema ins o f t he s e conda ry f l igh to fs t ep s ; t h eo r ig ina l p aved s e conda ry f l oo ri sh i dden u nde rg rave l . [ 1 985 /5 /28 ]

3 23

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 98 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o f t h eh igh s c a r cemen t s pann ing a nd j u s tb eyond t h ee n t rance s how ing h ow s e conda ry m a son ry , f o rm ing t h eh i gh a l cove , o ve r lap st h el e dg e . [ 1 985 /5 /29 ]

5 . 99 M idhowe i n1 987 ( HY33 1 ) : a no the rv i ew o ft h e s c a rcemen ta tt h ee n t rance , s e en f r om a bove , s how ing h ow t h es econda ry m a son ry o ve r lap si t .[ 1 987 /2 /4 ]

3 24

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 100 M idhowe i n 1 987 ( HY33 1 ) : t h ei n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage s how ing h ow i t ss e conda ry p av ing e me rge s i n to t h ei n te r io r a bove t h ep r ima ry p av ing ( a tb o t tom )a nd h ow t h es e conda ry f a c ing o ft h ew a l l ( t he f oo to ft h ea l cove s hown i n 5 . 98 )a bu t st h is h ighe r p a s sage f l oo r . [ 1987 /2 /7 ]

5 . 10 1 M idhowe i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o ft h e i n te r io rf l oo r l o ok ing t owa rd s t h e e n t rance a nd s how ing t h a tt h ep r ima ry p e r iphe ra l p av ing a tt h e w a l l f oo t ( ' d ra in ' o n p l an ) i sa t al owe r l e ve l t h an t h e s e conda ry f l oo r ( now c ove r ed w i th g rave l ) w i th i t s h ea r th t ot h e r i gh t . [ 1985 /5 /26 ]

3 25

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 102 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew t owa rd st h er a ised d oo rway t ot h e s t a i ra t 9o ' c lock , t h e s e conda ry a l cove t ot h e l ef ta nd o ve r r id ing t h es c a rcemen t . [ 1963 /5 /23 ]

5 . 103 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : t h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i ro n L eve l 2 , w i th t h e d oo rway t o t he i n t e r io r t o t h e r i gh t . [ 1 963 /5 /26 ]

5 . 104 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew b ack d own t h e s t a i rt ot h eL eve l 2g a l le ry r unn ing a n t i -c lockw ise f r om i t . T he s t ep sa bove t h eg a l le ry r oof a r ep r e sumab ly al a te a dd i ton u n le s st h eg a l le r ie st hem se lve sw e re n o tb u i l te n t i re ly l e ve l . [ 1 963 /5 /25 ]

3 26

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 105 M idhowe i n1 987 ( HY33 1 ) : t h er a i sed v o id i n L eve l 3a t1 . 30 o ' c lock l e ad ing t ot h ei n te r io r( t ot h e l ef t ) ; i nt h ec en t re i s as hor tl e ng th o ft h eL eve l 3i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry ( connec ted t ot h ev o id )w h ich h a sb een c onve r ted t o ar e c tangu la rc e l l b yb lock ing ma son ry . [ 1 987 /2 /3 ]

5 . 106 M idhowe i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) :

t h es ame L eve l 3g a l le ry j u s tc l ockw ise f r om t h ev o id a t1 . 30 o ' c lock s how ing f r om t h er e a rt h e b l ock ing w h ich h a sf o rmed t h er e c tangu la rc e l l . [ 1 985 /5 /31]

3 27

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 107 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : t h er a i sed v o id a t8 . 30 o ' c lock l e ad ing t ot h eb locked L eve l 3mu ra l g a l le ry . [ 1 985 /5 /34 ]

5 . 108 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o ft h es t a cked s l ab sr e s t ing a ga in s tt h ef o o to ft h eb roch w a l l t ot h el e f to ft h ee n t rance ; t ho se f u r the ra way o nt h el e f ta r eo nt h eo ld g round s u rf ace b u tt ho se n ea re rt h ec ame ra r e s to nt h ew a l l o fo ne o ft h es ur round ing ' o u tbu i ld ing s ' . [ 1985 /5 /2 1 ]

3 28

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

w i n 4 1 0

I I

0

1 0

2 0

30

40

30

60

70 F EET

1

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f

1 0

20

3?

40 F EET C .5 .T .e .

5 . 109 T op : p l an o fb roch o fA y re ( HY40 1 ) ; b o t tom ,p l an o fL amb H ead ( HY62 3 ) ;b o th a f t e r RCAHMS a nd a t s c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 29

T he R oundhouses , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 1 1 0 B roch o fA y r e ( HY 40 1 ) : s ome o ft h ed eco ra ted p o t te ry i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land ; H eb r idean V au lw a re ,p a r t icu la r ly n o s . 8& 1. S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 30

t h ei n c i sed l i ne p a t te rn sr e ca l l

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 111a R ema in so fA y r eb roch ( HY40 1 ) a nd i t so u tbu i ld ing si n1 963 w i th t h et r a ce so fP e t r ie 's t r enche sc l ea r ly v i s ib le ; s t and sn ex tt o af r agmen to ft h eo u te rw a l lf ace o ft h et owe r . [ 1963 /5 /39 ]

t h ep o le

F ig . 1 6 . S ect ion o fS t rata i nt he D ebr is i nt he P assage I .

. 4

S cale .

.

5 . 111b : G raeme 's p l an o f t h e b roch a nd s e c t ion o fd epo s i t si nt h eo u tbu i ld ing s .

F ig . 1 . P lan o ft he B roch o f Ay r e , S t Mary 's Ho lm , O rkney .

3 31

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

F IRST

M I N

1 0 Q 1 1 1 1 1 1W

P ER IOD

S ECOND

D o .

T H IRD

D o .

1 0

20

30

40

50

60

7 0F EET

I NDEF IN ITE

f r ,

e

5 . 112 T op : M idhowe b roch ( HY33 1 ) , a no the rp l an w i th d if e ren t s had ing . B o t tom p l an o fL ing ro b roch ( HY40 2 )( af t e r RCAH MS , P e t r ie & D ryden ) . B o th a ts c a le 1 : 300 .

L INGRO

32

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

(

e u me*

6

9

3r w i .689 -

1

1 0 3 33

7

5 . 113 S ome o ft h e p l a in a nd d eco ra ted p o t te ry f r om L ing ro ( HY40 2 ) i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land . T he v e s se l a tt h et op ( GE 5 6 ) i s ar ema rkab le c omb ina t ion o f v a r iou s c e ram ic t r ad i t ion s . I ti sa n E ve r ted R im j a rw i th f l u t ing o n t h e i n s ide s u rf a ce o ft h e r im , b u t t h i s f l u t ing ( un ique ly ) h a s i n c ised d eco ra t ion o n i t , a nd t h e r e i s a l so a n eck -band ( s im i la r ly i n c i sed ) u nde r t h e r im o n t h e o u t s ide w h ich r e ca l l s t h e S he t land f o rm s ; t h e i n c ised g eome t r ica l p a t te rn s o n t h e e x ter io r c an b e m a tched w e l l i nH eb r idean V au l w a re ,a sa l so c an t h e c i r cu la r i mp re s sed ma rk s m ade w i th t h er i ng o f ar i ng -headed p in ; l a s t ly t h e r ow o fk nob sr ound t h e w a i s tr e ca l ls t h e w a is t c o rdon o f t h e B a levu l l in v a se s s e en a t D un A rd t reck , S kye ( Ma cK ie 2 002 , I l . 2 1) . T he p o t b e low t h is ( GE 7 5 ) i s ac l a s s ic e xamp le o f aV au l w a re v a se b u t t h e v e s se l s b e low t h i s a r e s t anda rd O rkney b roch p o t s . S ca le 1 : 4 .

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

I

t

Lt i

J

4

( 1‘ 9

0 /

\ i/ 0

. .. "-

0 /

1.

-.

- -

-• • •

. .. ..

s

. ... ... .

. . .e a

/ f r _

-/

/

. =... .

0/ i . . . . - - / 0 f\ \7 7 ,7 . i ,

Gre

2

1

G rE 1 02

9

C . T G " ( s-2

5 . 114 Mo r eo ft h ei n c i sed l i ne -deco ra ted p o t te ry f r om L ing ro ( HY40 2 )i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land .

34

S ca le 1 : 4 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 115 S ome o ft h e s t one a nd b one f i nd s f r om L ing ro ( HY40 2 ) i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum , U n ive r s i ty o fG la sgow . A t t h e t op i sa l a rge s t one l amp ( 673) , ap ebb le g r inde r( 6 68 ) a nd ar ough s t one d i sc ( 674 ) . T he b one o b jec t s i n c lude t h e h o l low b a l l h ead f o ra n i r on p i n ( 680 ) , ap robab le p omme l f o ra n i r on d agge r( 677 ) , ap robab le b r id le c heek p i ece ( 681) a nd ad eco ra ted a n t le rt i ne ( 68 1) . T he re i s a l so af r agmen to f af i red c l ay mou ld , p robab ly f o r ab ronze p i n ( 685 ) . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 35

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 116 S i te o ft h e b roch o fL ing ro ( HY40 2 )i n1 985 ; n ot r a ce o ft h eb u i ld ing r ema in si nt h ef i e ld a l though t h eh ump st ot h el ef to f t h ew a l l a nd n ex tt ot h es t ream m ay s i gn if ys ome th ing . [ 1 985 /5 /22 ]

3 36

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

SECT ION

s

A-B

cARCEMEN r

I ‘•

5 1 0 1 5F EET II III II III1

C .S .T .C .

5 . 117 T op : p l an a nd o ne c r oss s e c t ion o fC a s t le o fB o th ican ( HY44 2 )a f t e r RCAH MS ( Sca le 1 : 150 ) . B o t tom : p lan o fB roch o f B ur r is tae ( HY44 5 ) : s c a le 1 : 75 . C rown c opy r igh tr e served .

37

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 118 T he a bandoned e xcava t ion sa tR iggan o fK am i ( HY50 6 )i n1 987 ; t h ep a r t ly e xpo sed e n t rance p a s sage s e en f r om t h ei n te r io r w i th t h ep o le a to ne o ft h ed oo r -ckeck s . T he i n ne rw a l l f a ce i sa tt op r i gh t . [ 1 987 /4 /31]

5 . 119 R iggan o fK am i ( HY50 6 )i n1 987 ; t h ec en t ra lc ou r ts how ing o ne r a d ia lp i e r( c en t re )a nd ar a ised v o id i nt h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce o n t h er i gh t ; a no the rp ro jec t ing p i e ri si nt h ef o r eg round . [ 1987 /4 /28 ]

3 38

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 120 R iggan o fK am i ( HY50 6 )i n1 987 ; t h eg round l e ve li n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry w i th af ew l i n te l si np o s i t ion . [ 1 987 /4 /30 ]

I

39

e .

3 40

R iggan o fK am i ( HY50 6 ) ; p lan o ft he e xpo sed r ema ins , made i n Ap r i l 1 984 B y SC a r te ra nd D H a igh .

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

A k

t t

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

\e\ 1e 1 1 1 1 19 , 1 1 1p l i i iV r f e

\ \

\

I

j ` .\ e

4 4 0 i

i l r f g • i l i 4I

Ski i , Kw

„ •

I t •

:

a we—

r5 -

ee li l l 1 1 1 11 1\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ( // ‚ / '

1 0

0

.

5 0

1 00 F EET

5 . 122 P lan o f B o r row s tone ( Bu r rough s tone ) , S hap in say ( HY52 1 ) , a f t e r RCAHMS : s c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 41

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 123 B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; g ene ra l v i ew o ft h e mound b yt h es ea . [ 1 985 /4 / 37 ]

5 . 124 B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; t h eg ra s sed o ve rw a l lh ead s how ing t r a ce so ft h eu ppe rg a l le ry ( a bove t h el ef te nd o ft h ep o le )w i th t h ei n ne rw a l l f a ce t oi t sr i gh t ,a t 5o ' c lock . [ 1 985 /5 /36 ]

3 42

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 125 B o r rows tone , S hap insay , i n1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; t h e s ame p i ece o fi n ne rw a l lf ace s how ing t h e s ca rcemen tw i th t h ep o le r e s t ing o n i t .[ 1985 /4 /33 ]

5 . 126 B or row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; v i ew a c ross t h e c en t ra l c ou r tt owa rds t h e e n t rance ( po le ) . [ 1985 /4 /32 ]

3 43

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 127 B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 , i n 1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; t h e e n t rance p a s sage w i th t h et op o ft h ed oo rt ot h e l e f tg ua rd c e l l a nd am ode rn w a l l b l ock ing t h e o u te r e nd ( po le ) . T he s i de s o f t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance a r e s t i l l v i s ib le ( un le s s r e -bu i l t ) b u t n o s i gn s o fa ny s t ump s o ft h e p a s sage l i n te ls c an b es e en . [ 1 985 /4 /34 ]

5 . 128 B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; i n s ide t h e g ua rd c e l l . [ 1 985 /4 /35 ]

3 44

S ec t ion 5 : O rkne y

_

e

/ . M l)

S '

t e ee

' . . e 7 d. •c g 'S

4 1 % ;7 " :" .t i : )t

kQ -

,Va

• j•

/

9-

/

Q

3 /

a ZeA •i f /

.

, o b•

/ i

\ I

‘

I / /

, 0

\

1 6

41. %1 111 ; )

s e °

I%l b 0

ab t

0

t l b

y e z ,Z . ,

Ac

/ /

i

//

/ / il

WA L I 1/

‘• •

// 1/ / /

It % O ie 14 % % 1 0

/ P I7

E XCAVAT I 0N

/

i ( 0

4

0

‘» i b

1 0

bA lE s

, -

l a b le MI. a

2 0

3 0

4 1 1. P

yI v . — 4 0

50

. . -

,// / 7

- " '

6 0F EET

Q0

c e )

7 *

1 J L ,

t i

c o

r

5 . 129 T op : e l eva t ion t h rough t h eb roch o fB o r row s tone ( HY52 1 ) , a f t e rP e tr ie ; t h es e conda ry s t ruc tu r ei n s ide i sc l ea r ly s e en ,a sa r e t h es ca r cemen t ,t h eu ppe rg a l le ry a nd av o id l e ad ing t oi t . B o t tom : p l an o fB acka ska i l l ( HY63 1 )a f t e r RCAH MS : s c a le 1 . 330 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 45

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

3 46

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

( I p 4 7 -r oo

MD 5 77

1 4

1 3

5 . 131 C a lf o fE day w hee lhou se ( HY53 1 ) : p o t te ry i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land . A tt o p l ef ti s ah igh ly u nu sua l , f l owe r -po t s haped v e s se l d eco ra ted w i th s t ra igh ti n c i sed l i ne s ( r em in iscen to fH eb r idean V au l w a re ) ; a tt h eb o t tom ( MD 6 98 ) i sw ha ts e em s t ob e ac rude v e r s ion o f t h e e a r ly I r on A g ec a r ina ted o rs hou lde red s t y le w h ich p re sumab ly d a te s t h e s u i te t ot h e rh/ 6 "1c en tu r ie s BC . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 47

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

i ‘U I t t l iu“n i l tl i h t tL 1i t l 41 i 4t

1

, > , > ' ` \ \ \ 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 111 ,111 1 1 W ! ! ! ! ! f lu i t i l l* \ Z " s :

m

0\\ W

o ‘

\\\\\\\\

e i \ ae ze

5EA-5HORE

\

\ . `

Z. Z . ›

ay .

q lw a y,

L r 1 00 F EET I

I

C .S .T .C .

5 . 132 B u r r ian b roch ,N or th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 ) : p l an o fb roch a nd o u te rd ef ence sa f t e r RCAHMS : s c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh t r e served .

3 48

S ec t ion 5 : O rk ney

BROCH

OF

BU R RI A N ,

GR O U N D

PLA N

&

N .

RO N ALDSAY .

SECTI O N.

5 . 133 B u r r ian b roch ,N o r th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 ) : p l an o ft h ei n te r io ra f t e rT ra i l l 1 890 : s c a le 1 : 300 .

3 49

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

f CG

t r Z ZZD

1 6 GB 5 9

4 -8 9 2 Ca 2P+

G ' 3

1 7

1 8

2 0

GB 3 3

G 1 1. 239

2 5

5 . 134 B ur r ian b roch , N o r th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 ) : as e lec t ion o ft h e b one a nd s t one f i nd s m ade b y W . T ra i l l , i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land . T he b one i mp lemen t s i n c lude l o ng -hand led c ombs , w ha t l o ok s l i ke ap omme l f o r as wo rd ( bo t tom c en t re ) a nd t h er ema ins o ft wo d oub le -s ided c ompo s i te c omb s . S tone o b jec t s i n c lude h amme r s tone s a nd s eve ra l s p ind le w ho r ls , o ne d eco ra ted . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 50

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

1

2 O F t en , 1 . 1 S OcKET

3

-M ACE S

• • •

Ge 0 34 -

25-0

8

C xB 2 15-

1

6 , 0 3 10

1 2

5 . 135 B u r r ian b roch , N o r th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 ) : as e lec t ion o ft h e b one f i nd s a nd p o t te ry m ade b y W . T ra i l l , i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . T he b one i mp lem en t s( t op ) i n c lude t wo a ppa r en tn eed le s ,p e rhap s f o rn e t t ing , ab r id le c heek p i e ce ( GB 2 20 ) , c l ea rs wo rd p omme l ( b e low GB 2 15 )a nd h ead o fa n i r on p in . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 51

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 136 B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say , i n1 985 ( HY75 1 ) : g ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch m ound w i th t h es ea w a l lt ot h e l ef t . [ 1985 /6 / 5 ]

5 . 137 B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say , i n1 985 ( HY75 1 ) : v i ew o ft h es e aw a l l , o nt h el ef t , w h ich i n co rpo ra ted t h eb roch w a l l , h e r e b e ing u nde rm ined . [ 1 985 /6 /2 ]

3 52

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 138 B u r r ian b roch ,N o r th R ona ldsay , i n1 985 ( 1 41/ 75 1 ) : v i ew o ft h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce w i th t h e p o le r e s t ing o nt h es ca r cemen t . T he ' r eve r sed s ca rcemen t ' a bove i sp robab ly al 9" c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion , a si n ND49 3 . [ 1 985 /5 /37 ]

5 . 139 B u r r ian b roch ,N o r th R ona ld say ,i n1 985 ( HY75 1 ) : t h ee n t rance ( l ead ing t ot h es ho re )s e en f r om t h ei n te r io r , w i th mode rn b l ock ing . [ 1 985 /6 / 1]

3 53

T he Roundhouses , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

C ROSS -S ECT ION DRAWN

( No . I

N OT

T O TW ICE

S HEWN )

O F C ELL

THE SCALE

L OOK ING

LOOK ING E AST

SOUTH -WEST

E LEVAT IONS O F S TONES

P OS IT ION

NOT

N os . 1 , 23 ,3

\

D EF IN ITELY v4 .

F IXED

WALL NOT FOLLOWED . 0 ' PARTNER .. ,"

• N . a .

P LAN 1 0

5

0

1 0

20 F EE T

5 . 140 T op : B un-i a nb roch ( HY75 1 ) , p l an o ft h e i n te r io r . B o t tom , p l an o f Wa s so ( HY73 2 ) . B o th a f te r RCAHMS a nd a ts c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 14 1 S i te o ft h eH owma ew hee lhou se s , No r th R ona ld say ( HY75 3 ) . [ 1 985 /6 /6 ]

3 55

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

CO VE RE D --- --- --- - - --- - -- - -- -D R AI N

RO C K

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

SE A-LF V EL

SE C TI O N G -H

SE C TI O N E -F

EX C A V A TE D 4 - R UBBIS H

SE A- W AL L BE A C H SE A-LE V EL

SE C TI O N C -D

_

O RI GI N AL SU RF A CE

N

-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - -

ST O N ES ----- O N EN D

-- -- -- ---- ---

W ALL

SE C TI O N A-B

MI

PRI M A R Y

E IS2

SE C O N D A R Y

CO V E RE D D R AI N

ST O NES O N E N D

PL A N I ( )

10

20

30

40

50

6 o

7 oFEET

5 . 142 T he H owmae w hee lhou se s ( HY75 3 ) : p l an o ft h e b u i ld ing s a sr ep roduced b yH am i l ton ( 1968 , f i g . 1 7 ) ; s c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 56

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

r 1 7`

Y1

L V

2

1

4 3

GO 2 .

G ro c . , o 3 Go 3 7

1 3

2 30

oS G "

; ` . ,0 23 1 I I

1 2

1 8 9

1 0

1 4

G -o i 5

1 5

3

GO 203

1 6

Go 4 6,43

2 2 1 7 1 8

5 . 143 H owmae whee lhouse ( HY75 3 ) : s ome o ft h eb one f i nd s a nd p o t she rd s f r om t h e s i te a nd n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land — s c a le 1 : 4 . T he b one o b jec t s i n c lude l o ng -hand led c omb s , w ha t l ook s l i ke ac opy o f al a te B ronze A ge s wo rd h and le ( GO 1 86 , n o t 1 88 ) a nd w ha t l o ok s l i ke a p o t te r 's t o o l ( GO 1 88 ) . T he s haded v e s se l p rof i le i s aw ha lebone c up . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 57

T he R oundhouses , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

\ \ \

. ', \

/.

\ 'f f

,

‘

‚ , - :; ::#.• i t>

.

; " ; > ' _ , _ , ,

_ • , •‚ ,. • ,'..

i

\

. , s .r i', _ -.1 " ,,, '

,p'- ' , ' -" 2. 4. . , _,

/ f . . ..

., . .

. ,-/ .. , " . "' ., ,i : , ,_,•••

d i p

. ,': „

d lr

- . . . . .,...

/

. -- " . .

,

,

,. ... . e.

. . . . . ,. . . r i , „ . , z . , . . , . _ _ . _ . , „ _ . . , ,. , _ „ ,_ . . , . . _ , . „ /, , , ,-

.

` '' -

t iO. ..".^ .-e. .. . . .. , , ,, 1. . "_ ‚'

-'-- . . . .* '"% • am m f li.. .

i

,

«;/ • •

rw

d . . .

/

----,

-

,/

. .,

j

" ,

. _..

w o w*

A

c . , ' , t z , /

// P " d ie i r, . / rd

. .„ .:

I: : .. . 2 1 , . ., . .._ .. . t m,.

f

/

1 ,

%

I t

e • -,' I P ' -,A.'

. / ,. . _

/ /, . /

'

" T K -

B EACH

\

C .ST .C .

1 0 0 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 0F EET I

I

5 . 144 Weem s C a s t le ( ND48 2 ) : p lan o fb roch mound a nd o u te rd ef ence s a f t e r RCAH MS : s c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 58

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

S ECT ION t o 0 l U H I H h l I

E -G 50

I

I

I

s „ 8 e

I

1 00 F EET

I

1

J i r L

A cH

J

ere \ 5 . 145 B u r ray E a s t( ND49 1 ) . T op : e l eva t ion o fb roch a tr i gh t a ng le s t oe n t rance p a s sage , t h rough C e l l H . B o t tom : p l an o fb roch a nd o u te rd ef ence s . B o th f r om RCAHMS a f te rP e t r ie a nd a ts c a le o fI : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 59

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

A

S ECT ION A T E NTRANCE L OOK ING E AS T

1 0

5

0

E XTENDED

S ECT ION

F- E

S ECT ION

C-D

S ECT ION

A- B

1 0

20

S ECT ION O F S TA IR

30

L OOK ING S OUTH

40 F EET

5 . 146 B ur ray E a s t( ND49 1 ) ; v a r iou sc r o s s s e c t ions o ft h e b roch v i s ib le a f t e r F a r r e r 's e xp lo ra t ion s , f r om RCAHMS a f te r P e t r ie : s ca le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 60

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

L ONG ITUD INAL

B ROK EN

S ECT ION

T HROUGH

M g F ARR E R 'S I N

0

5

1 0

1 5

t

B Y

E XCAVA TORS 1 852

20

2 5 F EET

5 . 147 B ur ray E a s t( ND49 1 ) . T op ; l ong i tud ina l s e c t ion o ft h e ' we l l ' . B o t tom ; d e ta i led p lan o f t h e e n t rance p a ssage , t he n e ighbou r ing w a l l a nd t h e e x terna l w e l l . A l l a f te rP e t r ie . S ca le 1 : 75 .

3 61

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

F ig . 2 .—Ea s tB r o ch , B u r r ay .

S e c t ion o n al i ne C t oH .

F ig . 1 .—Ea s t B ro ch , B u m .

G round P l an .

[ S ca le o ne -s ix t e en th i n ch t oo n ef o o t . )

F ig . 1 .

F ig . 2 .

F ig . 3 .

F ig . 4 .

F ig . 5 .

F ig . 6 . 5 . 148 B u r ray E a s t( ND49 1 ) . T op ; P e t r ie 's p l an a nd e l eva t ion ( t h rough t h ee n t rance p a s sage ) ; s c a le 1 : 300 . B o t tom ; s ome o ft h e f i nd sf r om B u r ray E a s t ,a f t e rP e t r ie ( c ompa re I lu s . 5 . 27 ,c en t re ) .

3 62

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

T

5 e0C ,/

,

2 3ele e g _Y ,

. 4SA ,

2

g8.

reec ,‘ ‚c

T .

>,

37 '

4 . „ . e . ce 4 , ( he

4 .yr .

fe7e,4

12

I It K t

S ECT IONS T O TW ICE

A RE T HE

S ECT ION

( Qt d x e

, «; a 44 ,z , A,Aid i t x .

DRAWN SCALE

A -B

S ECT ION

C-D

5 . 149 B u r ray E a s t ( ND49 1 ) . T op : P e t r ie 's d r aw ing o fa ne l eva t ion o f t h ei n ne rw a l l f a ce a tt h ed oo rway t o t h e mu ra lc e l l ,s how ing h ow i t sl i n te lh ad b een p ropped u p . T he d oo r t o av o id a ts c a r cemen t l e ve l i sa l so v i s ib le . B o t tom ; p l an o fB u r ray We s t( ND49 2 )w i th t wo c r o s s s e c t ion s a tt w ice t h e s c a le ; f r om RCAHMS , a f t e r P e t r ie . S ca le o f p l an 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh t r e served .

—

— P LAN

1 0

5

0

1 0

20 F EET

3 63

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 150 B u r ray E a s t( ND49 1 )i n1 963 ; g ene ra l v i ew o ft h eb roch m ound o n i t sp l a tf o rm w i th t h es u r round ing r ampa r t . [ 1 963 /5 / 1]

5 . 151 B u r r ay E a s ti n1 963 ( ND49 1 ) ; o u te rw a l lf ace o fb roch o nt h ew e s t . [ 1963 /5 /4 1 ]

3 64

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 152 B u r ray E a s t i n 1 987 ( ND49 1 ) ; v i ew a c ro s st h er ubb le -f i l led i n te r io r t owa rd st h eg ap t h a tF a r r e rb roke t h rough t h ew a l l w i th t h e i n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance t ot h er i gh t( a tp o le ) . [ 1 987 / 1/ 13 ]

5 . 153 B ur ray E a s ti n1 985 ( ND49 1 ) ; ar ound m u ra l c e l l a t1 o ' c lock . [ 1 985 /4 /25 ]

3 65

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 154 B u r ray E a s ti n1 987 ( ND49 1 ) ; t h eo u te rw a l lo ft h eu ppe rg a l le ry a bove t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r( now h i dden ) . [ 1987 / 1/ 15 ]

5 . 155

B u r ray We s ti n1 963 ( ND49 2 ) ; t h er ema in so ft h eb roch mound u nde r aW W2 g un e mp lacemen t . [ 1963 /5 /40 ]

3 66

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 156 H owe o fH oxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 963 ; d i s tan tv i ew o fb roch m ound . [ 1 963 /5 /4 ]

5 . 157 H ow eo f Hoxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 963 ; 1 9t h c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion so fm or ta red m a son ry i n c lud ing a n a dded p l a tf orm w i th af l ag p o le , t h el a t te rn ow v an ished . [ 1 963 /5 /3 ]

3 67

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 158 H owe o fH oxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 985 ; g ene ra lv i ew a c ro s st h ec l ea red c en t ra lc ou r ts how ing r a d ia lu p r igh ts t one s l abs a nd t h er e a l s ca rcemen tj u s ta bove t h ep o le . [ 1 985 /4 /29 ]

5 . 159 H owe o fH oxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 985 ;

v i ew o ft h e i n s ide w a l lf ace w i th t wo r a d ia l s t one s l ab ss e ti n to as e conda ry f a c ing o f ma son ry . [ 1985 /4 /28 ]

3 68

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 160 H ow eo f Hoxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 985 ; t h er e con s t ruc ted p a r to ft h eu ppe ri n ne rw a l lf a ce s how ing p o in t ing w i th l ime mo r ta r ; t h e ' r eve r sed s c a r cemen t ' ( a bove p o le ) i sp r e sumab ly w he re e x t ra w a l l ing w a sa dded o nt os e cu re t h ew a l lh ead ( a si n HY75 1 ) . A n u p r igh tr a d ia l s l ab c an b es e en a tl owe rr i gh t . [ 1 985 /4 /31]

5 . 16 1 H owe o fH oxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 985 ; v i ew o fb l ocked u p i n t ra -mu ra l d oo rway ,p robab ly l e ad ing t ot h es t a i r . [ 1 985 /4 /30 ]

3 69

S co t t i sh B roch B ib l iog raphy N o te : p er iod ica lv o lume n umber sa re i nb o ld a nd a l lt h eo ld f ash ioned k i nd g iven i nR oman l e t ter sh ave b een t r ans la ted i n to A rab ic n umera l s -e . g . I= 1 , V=5 ,X = 1 0 , L =5 0a nd C = 1 00 , w i th a l lt h ev ar ious c omb ina t ion so ft hese . A be rcromby , T he H on . J . 1 905 R epor t o n e xcava t ion s a t F e tha land a nd T row ie Knowe , S he t land : . . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 3 9 ( 1904 -05 ) , 1 71-84 . A c land , CL1 890 No tes o n t h e b roch o f i nY e l l S ound , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2 4 ( 1889 -90 ) , 4 73 -74 . A ikman ,J . 1 827 T he ' H i s tory o f S co t land ' , t r ans la ted f rom t h e L a t in , o fG eorge B uchanan , w i th n o te s .G la sgow . A nder son , J ames 1 779 A n a ccoun t o f a nc ien t monumen t s a nd f o r t if ica t ion s i nt h e h i gh land s o f S co t land . A rchaeo log ia 5 , 2 41-66 . Ande r son , J1 872 No tes o n t h e e v idence o fs p inn ing a nd w eav ing i nt h eb roch so rP i c t ish t owe r s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9( 1870 -72 ) , 5 48 -61 . 1 878 No te s o n t h e s t ruc tu re , d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd c on ten t s o ft h e b roch s , w i th s pec ia l r e f e rence t o t h e q ues t ion o ft h e ir C e l t ic o r Norweg ian o r ig in . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 2 ( 1876 -8 ) , 3 14 -55 . 1 883 S co t land i n P agan T imes : t h e I r on A ge . ( Ed inbu rgh ) . 1 890 No t ice o ft h e E xcava t ion o ft h e B roch s o f Y a rhou se , B ronnaben , B owe rmadden , O ld S t irkoke , a nd Dunbea th , i n C a i thnes s , w i th R ema rk s o n t h e p er iod o f t h e B rochs A rchaeo log ia S co t ica 5 , 1 31-198 . 1 90 1 No t ice o fn ine B roch s a l ong t h e C a i thnes s c oa s tf r om K e is sb ay t oS k i rza h ead , e xcava ted b y S i r F ranc is T res s B a r ry , B a r t . ,M .P . , o f K e iss C a s t le , C a i thnes s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 3 5 , 12 -48 . Ande r son , J . , ( ed . ) 1 873 T he O rkney inga S aga . E d in b u rgh A rm i t , I . 1 988 B roch l a nd scapes i nt h e Wes te rn I s les . S co t t A rchaeo log ica lR ev 5 , 7 8 -86 . 1 990a B roch s a nd b eyond i n t h e Wes tern I s le s , 4 1-70 i n B eyond t h e b rochs : c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on . Age . ( ed . ) I .A rm i t : E d inbu rgh . 1 990b E p i logue : t h e A t lan t ic S co t t ish I r on A ge , 1 94 -210 i n B eyond t h e b rochs . c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge . ( ed . ) I .A rm i t : E d inbu rgh . 2 000 R ev iew o fP a rke r P ea r son , M , S ha rp les , N . e ta l . 2 000 . A n t iqu i ty 7 4 ( Ma rch ) , 2 44 -45 . A rm i t , I( e d . ) 1 990 B eyond t h e b rochs : c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge . E d inbu rgh . B a l l in Sm i th , B eve r ley 1 991 N ew i n s igh t s i n to l a te r I r on A ge s e t t lemen t i nt h e n or th : H owe . 3 2 -40 i n I . A rm i t , ( ed . ) B eyond t h e b rochs : c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge . E d inbu rgh . 2 002 T he r e len t les s p u r su i t o f t h e s e a : B recknes s , a n e r od ing O rcad ian b roch , 1 63 -76 i n B a l l in Sm i th , B ever ley a nd B ank s , I( ed s . ) I n t h e

3 70

s had ow o ft h e b rochs : t h e I r on Age i nS co t land . S t roud . B a l l in Sm i th , B eve r ley ( ed . ) 1 994 H owe . F our m i l lenn ia o fO rkney p reh i s tory . S oc ie ty o f An t iqua r ies o f S co t land monog raph s e r ies n o . 9 . E d inbu rgh . B a l l in Sm i th , B eve r ley a nd B ank s , I( e ds . ) 2 002 I n t h e s had ow o ft h e b rochs : t h e I r on Age i nS co t land . S t roud . B a r re t t , J .C . 1 981 A spec t s o f t he I r on Age i n A t lan t ic S co t land : a c a se s t udy i n t h e p rob lem s o f a r chaeo log ica l i n terpre ta t ion . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 11 ( 1981) , 2 04 -19 . B ever idge ,E . 1 903 N or th U i s t . E d inbu rgh . 1 911 C o l la nd T i ree . E d inbu rgh . B oece , H . 1 520 S co torum R egn i Descr ip t io ( A d esc r ip t ion o ft h ek ingdom o fS co t land ) . P a r is . B rew s te r , T .C .M . 1 963 T he E xcava t ion o fS tap le H owe . S ca rbo rough . B rogge r , A .W . 1 929 A nc ien t Em ig ran t s . O s lo . 1 976 D en N or ske B ose tn ingen P a S he t land O rk noyene ( The Norweg ian c o lon isa t ion o f t h e S he t land a nd O rkney I s land s ) . O s lo . B ruce , J ohn 1 906 No t ice o ft he E xcava t ion o f aB roch a t J a r lshof , S umbu rgh , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 4 1 ( 1905 -06 ) , 1-33 . B uchanan , G . 1 582 R erum S co t icarum H is tor iae ( Ma t ter s a bou tt h e H is to ry o fS co t land ) . A n twerp . B u l le id , A . &G ray , H . S tG . 1 917 T he G las tonbury l a ke v i l lage T aun ton . C a lde r , C ST 1 939 E xcava t ions o fI r on Age dwe l l ing s o n t h e C a lf o f E day i n O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 3 ( 1938 -39 ) , 1 67 -85 . 1 952 R epor t o nt h e p a r t ia l E xcava t ion o f aB roch a t S ae B reck , E sha N ess , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 6( 1951-52 ) , 1 78 -86 . C a l lenda r , JG & W . G . G ran t 1 934 T he B roch o f M idhowe , R ou say , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 8( 1933 -34 ) , 4 44 -516 . C ar te r , S .P . ,H a igh , D . ,N e i l , N .R .J . &S m i th , B eve r ley 1 984 I n ter im r epo r t o n t h e s t ruc tures a tH owe , S t romnes s , O rkney . G la sgow A rchaeo l J ourn 1 , 6 1-81 . C ar te r , SP , McCu l lagh , R P J & MacSween , A nne 1 995 T he I r on Age i n S he t land : e xcava t ion s a t f i ve s i te s t h rea tened b y c oas ta l e r os ion . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 25 , 4 29 -82 . C hapman , R .W . ( ed . ) 1 979 J ohnson a nd B o swe l l . A j our ney t o t h e W e s tern I s le s o fS co t land . T he j ourna lo f at o ur t ot he Hebr ide s . Oxf o rd . C h i lde , VG 1 935 T he P reh i s tory o fS co t land . L ondon . 1 940 P reh is tor ic C ommun i t ie so ft he B r i t i sh I s le s . L ondon . 1 946 S co t land b ef ore t he S co t s . L ondon . C la rke , D .V . 1 970 B one d i ce a nd t h e S co t t ish I r on A ge . P roc P reh i s tS oc 3 6 , 2 14 -32 .

S ec t ion 5 : A rea 2

1 97 1 Sma l l f i nd s i n t h e A t lan t ic P rov ince ; p rob lem s o f a pproach . S co t t A rchaeo log ica l F orum 3 , 2 2 -54 C lous ton , C1 841 P ar ish o f S andw ick . T he N ew S t a t i s t ica l A ccoun t o f S co t land , 1 5 ( 1845) ( O rkney ) , 4 1-67 . C o rcoran , JW XP 1 954 T anka rd sa nd t anka rd h and les o f t h e B r i t ish e a r ly I r on A ge . P roc P reh i s tS oc 1 8 .1 , 8 5 102 . C o rd iner , C . 1 776 A n t iqu i t ie sa nd s cenery o ft h eN or th o f S co t land . L ondon . 1 780 A n t iqu i t ie s a nd s cene ry o f t h e N or th o f S co t land : i n a s er ie s o f l e t ter s t o T homas P ennan t . L ondon . 1 788 -95 R emarkab le R u ins a nd R oman t ic P rospec t s o f N or th B r i ta in : w i th A nc ien t Monumen t s a nd S ingu lar S ub jec t s o f N a tura l H i s tor y . 2v o ls . L ondon . C ough t rey , M . 1 871 No tes o n m a ter ia ls f ound i n a k i tchen m idden a t H i l lsw ick , S he t land , w i th s p ec ia l r e f erence t o l ong -hand led c ombs . . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9( 1870 -72 ) , 5 6 -7 & 18 -43 . C ra ig , 0 , Mu lv i l le , J , P a rke r -Pea r son , M , S oko l , R , G e l s thorpe , K , S tacey l l , R & C o l l in s , M 2 000 D e tec t ing m i lk p ro te in i n a nc ien t p o ts . N a ture 4 08 ( no . 6 810 ) , 3 12 . C ruden , S .M . 1 951 T he b rochs o fC l ickh im in a nd Mousa . E d inbu rgh . C un l if f e , B . 1 978 I ron A ge C ommun i t ie s o f t h e B r i t i sh I s le s . 2 nd . e d : L ondon . 2 00 1 F ac ing t h e o cean : t h e A t lan t ic a nd i t s p eop les . Un ive r s i ty P res s : O xf o rd . C unn ing ton , M .E . 1 923 T he e ar ly I r on A ge i n hab i ted s i te a tA l lC ann ing ' sC ross F arm . D ev izes . C u r le , A .O . 1 9 16 An a ccoun t o ft h e r u in s o ft h e B roch o f D un T e lve , n ea r G lene lg , e xcava ted b y H . M . O ff i ce o f Wo rk s i n 1 9 14 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 5 0( 1915 -16 ) , 2 41-54 . 1 92 1 T he B roch o fD un T roddan , G leann B eag , G lene lg , I nvernes s -sh i re . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 5 5( 1920 -21) , 8 3 -94 . 1 927 T he d eve lopmen t a nd a n t iqu i ty o f t h e S co t t ish b roch s . A n t iqu i ty 1 , 2 90 -98 . 1 932 I n ter im R epor t o n t h e E xcava t ion o f a B ronze Age Dwe l l ing a t J a r lshof , S he t land , i n 1 931 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 6 ( 1931-32 ) , 13 -28 . 1 933 A ccoun t o f f u r the r e xcava t ion i n 1 932 o f t h e p r eh is tor ic t own sh ip a tJ a r lshof , S he t land , o n b eha lf o fH .M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 7( 1932 -33 ) , 8 2 136 . 1 934 An A ccoun t o f F u r the r E xcava t ions a t J a r l shof , S he t land , i n 1 932 a nd 1 933 , o nb eha lf o f H .M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 8 ( 1 933 -34 ) , 2 24 -319 . 1 935 An a ccoun t o ft h e E xcava t ion , o nb eha lf o f H .M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s , o f a no ther P reh is tor ic Dwe l l ing ( No . V ) a t J a r lshof , S umbu rgh , S he t land , i n t h e S umme r o f 1 934 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 9 ( 1934 -35 ) , 8 5 -107 . 1 936 A ccoun t o ft h e E xcava t ion o f aHu t C irc le w i th a n a s soc ia ted E a r th -hou se a t J a r lshof , S umbu rgh , S he t land , c onduc ted o nb eha lf o fH .M . 3 71

O ff ice o f Wo rks i n 1 935 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 0( 1935 -36 ) , 2 37 -70 . 1 936a A ccoun t o f t h e e xcava t ion o f a n I r on Sme l te ry , a nd o f a n a s soc ia ted d we l l ing a nd t umu l i a t W i l t row i n t h e p a r ish o f D un ros sness , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 0 ( 1935 -36 ) , 1 53 -69 . C u r ie , J . 1 892 No t ice o n t wo b roch s r e cen t ly d i scove r -ed a t B ow , M id lo th ian , a nd T orwood lee , S e l k i rk sh ire . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2 6 ( 1891-92 ) , 6 8 -84 . 1 932 A n I nven tory o f o b jec t s o f R oman a nd p rov inc ia l R oman o r ig in f ound o n s i te s i n S co t land , n o t d ef in i te ly a s soc ia ted w i th R oman c on s truc t ion s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 6 ( 19313 2 ) , 2 77 -397 . C u r s i te r , J .W . 1 887 No t ice o f t h e b ronze w eapon s o f O rkney a nd S he t land a nd o fa n I r on A ge d epos i t f ound i n ac i s t a t Moan , H a r ray . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t2 1 ( 1886 -87 ) , 3 39 -46 . 1 923 T he O rkney b roch s . P roc O rkney A n t iq S oc 1( 1922 -23 ) , 4 9 -52 . D an ie l , GE 1 950 A h und red y ear s o f a rchaeo logy . L ondon . 1 962 T he i d ea o fp r eh i s tory . L ondon . 1 967 T he o r ig ins a nd g row th o f a rchaeo logy . H a rmond swor th . D ock r i l l , S . J . 1 998 No r thern e xpo su re : p ha se 1o ft h e O ld S ca tness e xcava t ion s 1 995 -98 . 5 9 -80 i nR .A . N icho lson & S . J . D ock r i l l ( ed s .) O ld S ca tne ss b roch : r e t rospec ta nd p rospec t . B radf o rd . D ock r i l l , S2 002 B roch s , e conomy a nd p owe r , 1 53 -6 2 i n B a l l in Sm i th , B eve r ley a nd B ank s , I( e ds . ) I n t h e s hadow o ft h e b rochs : t h e I r on Age i nS co t land . S t roud . D ryden , S i r H . 1 890 No tes o f t h e B roch s o r ' P ic t ish T owe r s ' o f Mou sa , C l ickn im in , e t c . , i nS he t land , i lu s t ra t ive o f p ar t o f t h e S er ies o f P lan s a nd S ec t ion s d epos i ted i nt h e L ib ra ry o ft h e S oc ie ty . A rchaeo lS co t ica 5 , 1 99 -214 . F a r re r , J . 1 857 No t ice o f aB u rgh r e cen t ly o pened i nt h e i s land o fB u r ray , O rkney ....P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2( 1854 -7 ) , 5 -6 . 1 868 No te r e spec t ing v ar iou s a r t ic les o fb ronze a nd s t one ; f ound i nO rkney , a nd n ow p resen ted t o t h e Mu seum . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7( 1866 -68 ) , 1 03 -5 . F eachem , R 1 970 Mon s G raup iu s = Duncrub? A n t iqu i ty 4 4( J une ) , 1 20 -24 1 976 A g u ide t op reh i s tor ic S co t land . L ondon . F e l l , C h r is t ine 1 975 E g i l sS aga . L ondon . F en ton , A . 1 963 E a r ly a nd t r ad i t iona l c u l t iva t ion i mp lemen t s i n S co t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 6( 1962 -63 ) , 2 64 -317 . 1 978 T he N or thern I s land s . O rkney a nd S he t land . E d inbu rgh . F e rgu sson , J . 1 877 On t h e No rweg ian o r ig in o fS co t t ish b roch s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 2 ( 1876 -8 ) , 6 30 -69 . 1 877b S hor t e s say o n t h e a ge a nd u se s o f t h e b rochs a nd t h e r ude s t one m onumen t s o f t h e O rkney i s land s a nd t h e n or th o f S co t land . L ondon .

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

F i tzpa tr ick , A P 1 989 T he s ubm is s ion o f t h e O rkney i s land s t o C laud iu s : n ew e v idence? S co t t A rchaeo lR ev 6 , 2 4 -33 . F o ju t , N . 1 982a T owa rd s a g eog raphy o f S he t land b roch s . G lasgow A rchaeo log ica lJ ourn 9 , 3 8 -59 . 1 982b I s Mou sa ab roch? P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 11 ( 1981) , 2 20 -28 . 1 998 H ow d id w e e nd u p h e re? S he t land I r on A ge s t ud ies t o 1 995 . 1 -4 1 i nR .A . N icho lson & S . J . D ock r i l l ( ed s .) O ld S ca tne s s b roch : r e t rospec ta nd p rospec t . B radf o rd . F os te r , S a l ly 1 989 Ana ly s is o fs pa t ia l p a t tern s i nb u i ld ing s ( a ccess a na ly s is ) a s a n i n s igh t i n to s oc ia l s t ruc tu re : e xamp les f r om t h e S co t t ish A t lan t ic I r on A ge .A n t iqu i ty , 6 3 ,4 0 -50 . F os te r , S a l ly 1 990 P in s , c ombs a nd t h e c h rono logy o f l a te r A t lan t ic I r on A ge s e t t lemen t s . 1 43 -74 i n A rm i t , I( ed . ) B eyond t h e b rochs : c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge . E d inbu rgh . F ow ler , E l izabe th 1 960 T he o r ig in s a nd d eve lopmen t o f t h e p enannu la r b rooch i n E u rope . P roc P reh i s t S oc, 2 6 , 1 49 -79 . F ox , A i leen 1 976 P reh is tor ic Maor i f o r t if i ca t ion s i n t h e No r th I s land o fN ew Z ea land . Auck land . F ra se r , J . 1 923 T he a n t iqu i t ies o fH a r ray p ar ish . P roc O rkney A n t iquar ian S oc 1( 1922 -23 ) , 3 1-7 . F ra se r , J .1 924 T he a n t iqu i t ies o fS andw ick p a r ish . P roc O rkney A n t iquar ian S oc 2( 1923 -24 ) , 2 2 -9 . F ra se r , J . 1 925 T he a n t iqu i t ies o fB ir say p ar ish . P roc O rkney A n t iquar ian S oc 3( 1924 -25 ) , 2 1-30 . F ra se r , J . 1 927 T he a n t iqu i t ies o f F i r th p ar ish . P roc O rkney A n t iquar ian S oc 5( 1926 -27 ) , 5 1-6 . G o rdon , A . 1 726 I t inerar ium S ep ten tr iona le : o r a j ourney t h rough m os to ft h e c oun t ie s o fS co t land . L ondon . G o rdon , P r inc ipa l 1 792 R ema rk s m ade i n aj our n ey t o t h e O rkney I s land s . A rchaeo log ia S co t ica , 1 , 2 56 -68 . . G oud ie , G . 1 871 No t ice o f E xcava t ion s i n aB roch a nd a d jacen t T umu l i n ea r L evenw ick , i nt h e p ar ish o f D un rossnes s , Z e t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 ( 1870 -72 ) , 2 12 19 . 1 889 No t ice o fs ome r e cen t B rough e xcava t ion s i nS he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2 3 ( 1888 -89 ) , 2 46 -53 . 1 904 T he C e l t ic a nd S cand inav ian A n t iqu i t ie s o f S he t land . B lackwood : E d inbu rgh & L ondon . G raeme , A . S . 1 914 A n a ccoun t o ft h e e xcava t ion o ft h e B roch o f Ay re , S t . Ma ry ' s H o lm , O rkney . .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 4 8( 1913 -14 ) , 3 1-51 . G raham , A . 1 947a S ome O bserva t ion s o n t h e B roch s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 1 , 4 8 -99 . 1 947b D iscu s s ion . I nS co t t 1 947 , 3 5 -6 . 1 976 T he a r chaeo logy o fJ oseph A nder son . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t1 07 ( 1975 -6 ) , 2 79 -98 . G r ieg , S 1 940 V i k ing A n t iqu i t ie s i n G rea t B r i ta in a nd I r e land : p ar t 2 : V i k ing a n t iqu i t ie s i nS co t land ( ed . H . S he te l ig ) . O s lo . G u ido , Ma rga re t 1 978 T he g las s b ead s o f t h e p reh i s tor ic a nd R oman p er iod s i n B r i ta in a nd I r e land . L ondon .

3 72

H a igh , D & Sm i th , B 1 982 E xcava t ions a t H owe , S t romne s s : a n i n ter im r epor t . K ir t I cwa l l . H am i l ton , JR C . 1 953 J ar l shot M in i s try o f W ork s Of f i c ia lG u ide B ook E d inbu rgh . 1 956 E xcava t ions a t J ar l shof S he t land . E d in b u rgh . 1 957 F rom t h e S tone Age t ot h e B roch b u i lder s i n S he t land . I l lus . L ondon N ews (May 2 5 th ) , 8 50 1 . 1 962 B roch s a nd B roch b u i lde r s . i n Wa inw r igh t , ( ed . ) 1 962 , 5 3 -90 . 1 965 T he my s te ry o f t h e b rochs s o lved a t C l ickh im in . I l lus . L ondon N ew s , 2 47 , n o . 6 580 , 3 3 -5 . 1 966 F or t s , b roch s a nd w hee lhou ses i nn o r thern S co t land . I nR ive t , ( ed . ) 1 966 , 11-130 . 1 968 E xcava t ions a t C l ickh im in , S he t land . H .M . S. 0 . ;E d inbu rgh . H a rd ing , D 1 984 T he f unc t ion a nd c l a ss if ica t ion o f b roch s a nd d un s , 2 06 -20 i nR oger M ike t &C o l in B u rges s ( ed s . ) , B e tween a nd b eyond t h e W a l l s : e s say s o n t h ep reh i s tory a nd h i s to ry o fN or thern B r i ta in i nh onour o fG eorge J obey . E d inbu rgh . 19 90 C hang ing p er spec t ive s i nt he A t lan t ic I r on A ge . I nA rm i t( ed . ) 1 990 , 5 16 . 2 000 T he H ebr idean I r on A ge : T wen ty Y ear s R e search . Un ive r s i ty o f E d inbu rgh : O cca s iona l P aper n o . 2 0 . E d inbu rgh . H ea ld , A 2 00 1 K nobbed s pea r -bu t t s o f t he B r i t ish a nd I r ish I r on A ge : n ew e xamp les a nd n ew t h ough ts . A n t iqu i ty 7 5 ( Dec . ) , 6 89 -95 . H edges , JW 1 975 E xcava t ion o f t wo O rcad ian b u rn t mound s a tL idd le a nd B eaquoy . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t1 06 ( 1974 -75 ) , 3 9 -98 . 1 983 T r ia l e xcava t ion s o n P i c t ish a nd V ik ing s e t t lemen t s a t S aeva r H owe , B irsay , O rkney . G lasgow A rchaeo lJ ourn 1 0 ,7 3 124 . 1 990a S urvey ing t h e f ounda t ion s : l i f e a f t er ' b roch s ' . 1 7 -31 i n I . A rm i t ( ed .) B eyond t h e b rochs : c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on Age . E d inbu rgh . 1 990b T he b roch p er iod . 1 50 -75 i n R enf r ew , C . , ( cd ) . T he p reh is to ry o fO rkney . E d inbu rgh . . H edges , J .W . & B . B e l l 1 980 T ha t t ower o f S co t t ish p reh is to ry : t h eb roch . A n t iqu i ty 5 4 , 8 7 -94 . H edges ,J .W . ,e ta L 1 987 B u , G urne s s a nd t he b rochs o f O rkney . 3v o ls . . B r i t ish A rchaeo log ica l R eps . , B r i t . s e r . 1 63 . O xf ord . H ende r son , JC 2 000 S ha red t r ad i t ion s? T he d ry -s tone s e t t lemen t r e co rd s o f A t lan t ic S co t land a nd I r e land 7 00 BC t o AD 2 00 . 17 -54 i nH ender son ( ed . ) T he p reh i s to ry a nd e ar ly h i s tory o fA t lan t ic E urope : p aper s f rom a s e s s ion h e ld a t t h e E uropean A s soc ia t ion o fA rchaeo log is t s F our th A nnua l Mee t ing i n G o teborg 1 998 . BAR I n te rna t iona l S er ies 8 61 : O xf o rd . H ende r son , J . & War ren , S E 1 982 : A na ly s is o f p reh is tor ic l e ad g l ass . 1 68 -80 i n A sp ina l l , A . & Wa r ren , S . E . ( e ds . ) P roceed ing s o f t h e 2 2nd S ympos ium o nA rchaeome tr y . B radfo rd . H en sha l l , A ud rey S . 1 950 T ex t i les a nd w eav ing a pp l iances i n p reh is tor ic B r i ta in . P roc P reh i s t S oc ,1 6 , 1 30 -62 .

S ec t ion 5 : A rea 2

H ibber t , S .1 822 A d e scr ip t ion o ft h e S he t land i s land s , c ompr i s ing a n a ccoun t o ft h e i rg eo logy , s cene ry , a n t iqu i t ie sa nd s uper s t i t ions . E d inbu rgh . H od son , F .R . 1 964 C u l tu ra l G roup ing w i th in t h e p r e R oman I r on A ge .P roc P reh i s tS oc, 3 0 , 9 9 110 . I r v ine , J .T . 1 866 On t h e b roch o fC l ickh im in i nt h el o ch o f C l ickh im in , n ea r L e rw ick , Ma in land o f S he t land . J ourn B r i tA rch A s soc 2 2 , 3 69 -75 . J akobsen , J 1 897 T he d ia lec t a nd p lace -name s o f S he t land : t wo p opu lar l e c tu re s . L erw ick . J ones , G . 1 960 E g i l ' sS aga . S y racu s e . J on s son , F . 1 924 E g i l sS aga S ka l lag r ims sonar . H a l le . K i lb r ide J one , H 1 994 R eco l lec t ion o fC h i lde t h e m an . 1 35 -39 i n H a r r is ( ed . ) T he a rchaeo logy o f V G ordon C h i lde . L ondon . K le jn , LS 1 994 C h i lde a nd S ov ie t a r chaeo logy : a r omance . 7 5 -89 i nH a r r i s ( e d . ) T he a rchaeo logy o f VG ordon C h i lde . L ondon . L a ing , S . 1 867 On t h e a ge o ft h e B u rg s o r ' B roch s ' a nd s ome o the r p reh is to r ic r ema in s o f O rkney a nd C a i thnes s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7( 1866 -68 ) , 5 6 -69 . L amb , R .G . 1 980 T he A rchaeo log ica l S i te s a nd Monumen t s o f S co t land . S anday a nd N or th R ona ld say : a n a r chaeo log ica l s urvey o ft wo o f t h eN or th I s le s o fO rkney . R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H i s tor ica l Monumen t s o f S co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 982 T he A rchaeo log ica lS i t e sa nd Monumen t so f S co t land . P apa W e s t ray a nd W e s t ray . R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H is tor ica l Monumen ts o fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 983 T he A rchaeo log ica lS i t e sa nd Monumen t so f S co t land . R ousay , E g i l say a nd W y re . R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e r A nc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t so fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 984a T he A rchaeo log ica l S i te s a nd Monumen t s o f S co t land . E day a nd S t ronsay . R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H is tor ica l Monumen t so fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 984b T he A rchaeo log ica l S i te s a nd Monumen t s o f S co t land . S hap insay , S t . A nd rew s a nd D ee rne ss . R oya l C omm i s s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t so fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 989 T he A rchaeo log ica l S i te s a nd Monumen t s o fS co t land . H oy a nd W aa s . R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e Anc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s o f S co t land . E d inbu rgh . L ow , G . 1 879 T our t h rough t h e I s land s o f O rkney a nd S che t land i n1 774 . K i rkwa l l . McCu l loch , J . 1 824 T he H igh land sa nd W e s tern I s le so f S co t land . .4 v o ls . : L ondon . MacDona ld , G . 1 918 R oman c o in s f ound i n S co t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 5 2 ( 19 17 18 ) , 2 03 -76 . MacG rego r , A . 1 974 T he B roch o f B u r r ian , N o r th R ona ld say , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 05 ( 1972 -74 ) , 6 3 118 . 1 985 B one , A n t ler , I vor y a nd H orn : t h e T echno log yo fS ke le ta l Ma te r ia l ss i nce t h eR oman P e r iod . L ondon . MacK ie , EW . 1 963 A d we l l ing s i t e o ft h e e a r l ie r I r on A ge a tB a levu l l in , T i r ee , e xcava ted i n1 9 12 b y A

3 73

HB ishop . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 6 ( 1962 -63 ) , 1 55 -83 . 1 965a B roch s a nd t h e H eb r idean I r on A ge . A n t iqu i ty 3 9 , 2 66 -78 . 1 965b T he o r ig in a nd d eve lopmen t o ft h e b roch a nd w hee lhou se b u i ld ing c u l tu r e s o ft h e S co t t ish I r on A ge .P roc P reh i s tS oc 3 1 , 9 3 143 . 1 969a R ad ioca rbon D a te s a nd t h e S co t t ish I r on A ge .A n t iqu i ty 4 3 , 1 5 -26 . 1 969b C on t inu i ty i n f o r t -bu i ld ing t r ad i t ion s i n C a i thne s s . 1 18 i n Me ld rum , E . ( ed . ) T he D ark A ge si nt h eH igh land s . I nve rne s s . 1 969c R ev iew o f E xcava t ions a t C l ickh im in , S he t land , b y JR C H am i l ton ( 1968 ) . P roc P reh i s tS oc 3 0 , 3 86 -88 . 1 969d T he h i s to r ica l c on tex t o ft h e o r ig in o ft h e b roch s . S co t tA rchaeo l F orum 1 , 5 3 -59 . 1 971 E ng l ish m ig ran t s a nd S co t t ish b roch s , G lasgow A r chaeo log ica lJ ourn 2 , 3 9 -71 . 1 974 D un Mor V au l : a n I r on A ge b roch o n T i ree . G la sgow . 1 975 S co t land : a n a rchaeo log ica l g u ide . L ondon . 1 976 I r on A ge p o t te ry f r om t h e S tones o f S t enne s s . 2 5 -27 i n JN G R i tch ie , T he S tone s o f S t enne s s , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 07 ( 1975 -76 ) , 1 60 . 1 980 D un a n R u igh R ua idh . G la sgow A rch J ourn 7 , 3 2 -79 . 1 983 T e s t ing h ypo the se s a bou t S co t t ish b roch s . S co t t A rchaeo log ica lR ev 2 . 2 , 17 -27 . 1 985 T he L eck ie b roch , S t i r l ing sh ire ; a n i n ter im r e po r t , G lasgow A r chaeo lJ ourn 9 , 6 0 -72 . 1 989a L eck ie b roch - i mpac t o nt h e S co t t ish I r on A ge . G lasgow A rchaeo lJ ourn 1 4 , 1 18 . 1 992 T he I r on A ge s em ib roch s o f A t lan t ic S co t land : ac a se s t udy i n t h e p rob lem s o f d educ t ive r e a son ing .A rchaeo lJ ourn 1 48 ( 199 1) , 1 49 -81 . 1 995a G ur n e s s a nd M idhowe b roch s i nO rkney : s ome p rob lem s o f m is in te rp r e ta t ion . A r chaeo l J ourn 1 51 ( 1994 ) , 9 8 157 . 1 995b T he E a r ly C e l t s i n S co t land . 6 54 -70 i n M i randa G r een , ( e d . ) , T he C e l t ic W or ld . L ondon . 1 998a D un Mo rV au l r e v is i ted : f a c ta nd t h eo ry i n t h er e -app ra isa l o f t h e S co t t ish A t lan t ic I r on A ge . 1 4 1-80 i n J .N .G . R i tch ie ( ed) T he A rchaeo log yo fA rgy l l . E d inbu rgh . 1 998b C on t inu i ty o ve r t h r ee t h ou sand y ea r s o f n o r ther n p r eh is to ry : t h e ` t er a tH ow e , O rkney . A n t iq J ourn 7 8 , 1 42 . 2 000 T he S co t t ish A t lan t ic I r on A ge ; i n d igenou s a nd i s o la ted o r p a r t o f aw id e r E u ropean w o r ld? 9 9 116 i nH ende r son , J( ed . ) . T he p reh i s to ry a nd e ar ly h i s to ry o fA t lan t ic E urope : p aper sf rom a s e s s ion h e ld a t t h e E uropean A s soc ia t ion o f A rchaeo log i s t s F our th A nnua l Mee t ing i n G o teborg 1 998 . BAR I n ter na t iona l S e r ie s 8 6 1 : O xf o rd .

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

2 002 E xcava t ion s a t Dun A rd t reck , S kye , i n1 964 a nd 1 965 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 30 ( 2000 ) , 3 0 14 11 . Mage t t i i , M . &S chwab , H . 1 982 I r on A ge f i ne p o t te ry f r om C ha t i l lon s u r G lane a nd t h e H eunebu rg . A rchaeome t ry 2 4 .1 , 2 1-36 . Ma i t land , W . 1 757 T he H i s to ry a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o f S co t land L ondon . Ma r t in , M . 1 703 A D e scr ip t ion o ft h e W e s tern I s le s o f S co t land L ondon . Mar t lew , R . 1 982 T he t y po log ica l s t udy o ft h e s t ruc tu r es o f t h e S co t t ish b roch s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 12 ( 1981-82 ) , 2 54 -76 . Marw ick , JG 1 928 No tes o n s ome r e l ics f r om O rkney e xh ib i ted b ef o re t h e S oc ie ty . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 2 ( 1927 -280 , 1 21-22 1 951 O rkney . L ondon . M idd le ton , A .P . 1 987 T echno log ica l i n ves t iga t ion o f t h e c oa t ing s o n s ome ' h aema t i te -coa ted ' p o t te ry f r om s ou thern E ng land . A rchaeome t ry 2 9 .2 , 2 50 -61 . M inn i t t , S & C o les , J . 1 996 T he l ake v i l lage s o f S omer ser t . T aun ton . M i tche l l , A . 1 880 T he p as t i n t h e p re sen t : w ha t i s c i v i l i sa t ion? E d inbu rgh . 1 881 No t ice o fb u i ld ing sd es igned f o rd ef ence o n a n i s land i n al o ch a t H ogse t te r , i n Wha lsay , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 5 ( 1880 -81) , 3 03 15 . Mowb ray , C ec i ly L . 1 936 E xcava t ion a t t h e N e ss o f B u rg i , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 0 ( 1935 -36 ) , 3 81-87 . N icho lson , R .A . & S . J . D ock r i l l ( e d s .) 1 998 O ld S ca tne s s b roch : r e t rospec ta nd p rospec t . B radf o rd . NMAS 1 892 C a ta logue o f t h e N a t iona l Museum o f A n t iqu i t ie so fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . No l l , W . , H ohn , R . & B orn , L1 975 P a in t ing o fa nc ien t c e ram ics .A ngewand te C hem ie 1 4 , 6 02 -13 . No rda l , S . 1 9 13 -16 O rkney inga S aga . C openhagen . O lsen , M 1 954 V i k ing A n t iqu i t ie s i n G rea t B r i ta in a nd I r e land : p ar t 6 : T he c i v i l i sa t ion o ft h e V ik ing s e t t ler s i nr e la t ion t ot h e ir o ld a nd n ew c oun t rue s ( ed . H . S he te l ig ) . O s lo . O 'Ne i l , B .H .S t J . 1 954 T he d a te a nd p u rpo se o f t h e b rochs . 4 6 -52 i n S impson , W . D , ( ed . ) T he V i k ing C ong re ss . A be rdeen . P a rker P ea r son , M , S ha rp les , Ne ta l . 1 999 B e tween l a nd a nd s ea : e xcava t ions a t Dun V u lan , S ou th U i s t . S heff ie ld . P a t te r son , J .W . 1 922 T he b roch o f Mou sa : as u rvey b y H .M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 5 6 ( 1921-22 ) , 1 72 -83 . P ennan t ,T . 1 769 A T our i n S co t land i n 1 769 . War r ing ton . 1 774 1976 A t o ur i nS co t land a nd v oyage t ot h e H ebr ide s 1 772 . 2v o ls . . C hes te r . P e t r ie , G . 1 857 D esc r ip t ion o f A n t iqu i t ie s i n O rkney r e cen t ly e xam ined , w i th i lu s t ra t ive d raw ing s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2( 1854 -57 ) , 5 6 -62 . 1 890 No t ice o f t h e B rochs o r L a rge R ound T owe r s o f O rkney , w i th P lan s , S ec t ion s , a nd D raw ings , a nd T ab les o f Measu remen t so fO rkney a nd S he t land B rochs .A rchaeo lS co t 5 , 7 1-94 . 3 74

1 927 P r imeva l a n t iqu i t ie s o f O rkney . P roc O rkney A n t iq S oc , 6( 1926 -27 ) , 1 9 -29 . P iggo t t , S . 1 966 A s cheme f o rt he S co t t ish I r on A ge . 11 5 i n R ive t , A .L .F . ( ed . ) T he I r on A ge i n N or thern B r i ta in . E d inbu rgh . R enf rew , C 1 974 B ef ore c i v i l isa t ion . L ondon . 1 979 I nve s t iga t ions i n O rkney . ( = R epor t o ft h e R esea rch C omm i t tee o ft h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iquar ies o fL ondon , n o . 3 8 ) . L ondon . R enf rew , C . ,( e d . ) 1 990 T he p reh i s to ry o f O rkney . E d inbu rgh . R h ind , A . H . 1 854 An A ccoun t o fa n e x ten s ive c o l lec t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l r e l ics , a nd o s teo log ica l r ema in s , f r om a ' P ic t 's H ou se ' , K e t t lebu rn , C a i thnes s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1( 1851-54 ) , 2 64 -69 . R icha rd son , J . S . 1 948 T he b roch o f G urne ss , A ike rne ss , W e s t Ma in land , O rkney . ( M in is t ry o f Wo rk sp amph le t ) . E d inbu rgh . R i tch ie , J .N .G . 1 988 T he B rochs o fS co t land . P r inces R isbo rough . R ive t , A .L .F . 1 962 T he I r on A ge i n Nor thern B r i ta in . A n t iqu i ty 3 6 , 2 4 -31 . 1 966 ( ed . ) T he I r on Age i n n or thern B r i ta in . E d inbu rgh . R ober t son , A nne S . 1 950 R oman C o in s f ound i n S co t land , 1 941-50 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 4 ( 1949 -50 ) , 1 37 -57 . 1 961 R oman c o in s f ound i nS co t land , 1 951-60 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 4( 1 960 -61) , 1 33 -83 . 1 971 R oman c o in s f ound i n S co t land 1 961-70 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 03 ( 1970 -71) , 13 -68 . 1 975 T he R oman s i n No r th B r i ta in : t h e c o in e v idence . 3 64 -462 i nT empo r in i , H( ed .) A uf s te ig u nd N iedergang d er r om i schen W e l t , I , 3 . B er l in . 1 978 T he c i rcu la t ion o f R oman c o in s i n n o r th B r i ta in : t h e e v idence o fh oa rd sa nd s i te f i nd sf r om S co t land . 1 86 -216 i nC a r son , RA G & K raay , C M ( e d s . )S cr ip ta N ummar ia R omana . L ondon . 1 983 R oman c o in s f ound i nS co t land . 1 971-82 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 13 ( 1983 ) , 4 05-48 . RCAHMS 1 9 11a S econd r epor t a nd i nven to ry o f m onumen t s a nd c ons truc t ion i n t h e C oun ty o f S u ther land . E d inbu rgh . 1 911b T h ird R epor ta nd I nven to ry o f Monumen t s a nd C ons truc t ions i n t h e C oun ty o f C a i thne ss . E d inbu rgh , H .M .S .0 . . 1 928 N in th R epor t w i th I nven tory o f Monumen t s a nd C ons t ruc t ions i n t h e O u ter Hebr ide s , S kye a nd t h eS ma l lI s le s . E d inbu rgh . 1 946 T we l f th R epor t w i th a n I nven to ry o ft h e A nc ien t Monumen t s o f O rkney a nd S he t land . T h r ee v o ls . E d inbu rgh . 1 980 A rgy l lv o l . 3 : Mu l l . T i ree , C o l l &N or thern A r gy l l . E d inbu rgh . 1 998 T he S i r F ranc is T r e s s B ar ry c o l lec t ion . C a ta logue o f m a ter ia l h e ld i n t h e N a t iona l Monumen t sR ecord o fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . S anda r s , N .K . 1 957 B ronze A ge c u l tures i n F rance . C ambr idge . S co t t , S i rL . 1 947 T he p rob lem o f t h e b roch s . P roc P reh i s tS oc 1 3 , 1 36 .

S ec t ion 5 : A rea 2

1 948 G a l lo -Br i t ish c o lon ie s ; t h e a i s led r ound H ou se c u l tu re i nt h e n or th . P roc P reh i s tS oc 1 4 , 4 6 125 . S ha rp les ,N .M . 1 984 E xcava t ion s a t P i erowa l l Q ua r ry , Wes t ray , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 14 , 7 5-125 . 1 998 S ca l loway : a b roch , l a te I r on Age s e t t lement a nd Med ieva l c eme te ry i n S he t land . O xbow Monog raph 8 2 . O xf o rd . 2 00 1 R ev iew a r t ic le : p r eh i s tory i n t h e Ou te r H eb r ides . A n t iqu i ty 7 5( Sep t . ) , 6 33 -35 . S ibba ld , R1 829 De scr ip t ion o ft h eI s land s o fO rkney a nd Z e t land , r epr in ted f rom t h e e d i t ion o f 1 711 . E d inbu rgh . S impson , W D 1 963 S i r D an ie l W i lson a nd t h e P re h i s tor ic A nna l s o fS co t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 6( 1962 -63 ) , 1 8 . S impson , W .D . 1 954 T he b roch o fC l ickh im in . 1 9 -45 i n W .D .S impson ( ed . ) T he V ik ing C ong re ss . A be rdeen . S inc la ir , S i rJ . 1 791-99 S ta t i s t ica l A ccoun t o f S co t l a nd . 2 1 v o ls . E d inbu rgh . Sma l l , A . 1 966 E xcava t ion s a t Underhou l l , Un s t , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 8 ( 1964 -66 ) , 2 25 -48 . Sm i th , And r ea 2 002 A r tef ac ts o ft h e I r on Age o fA t lan t ic S co t land : p a s t , p resen t a nd f u tu re . A n t iqu i ty 7 6 .293 ( Sep t . ) , 8 08 -12 Sm i th , JA 1 893 No tes o n s ome s t one i mp lemen t s e t c . , f r om S he t land , n ow p r esen ted t o t h e mu seum . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t1 7( 1882 -83 ) , 2 91-99 . S pence , J . 1 899 S he t land f o lk l o re . L erw ick . S t ead , I .M . 1 979 T he A r ras C u l ture . Y o rk . S t eer , K .A . 1 960 A r thu r 's Oon : al o s t s hr ine o fR oman B r i ta in . A rchaeo lJ ourn 15 ,9 9 -110 . 1 976 More l i gh t o n A r thu r ' s O 'on . G lasgow A rchaeo lJ ourn 4( 1976 ) , 9 0 -2 . S t even son , R .B .K . 1 955 P ins a nd t h e C h rono logy o f B roch s . P roc P reh i s tS oc 2 1 , 2 82 -94 . 1 966 Me ta l w o rk a nd s ome o ther o b jec t s i n S co t land a nd t h e ir c u l tu ra l a ff in i t ies . 1 7 -44 i n R ive t , ( ed . ) , T he I r on A ge i nN or thern B r i ta in . 1 970 R ev iew o f E xcava t ions a t C l ickh im in , S he t land b y JR C H am i l ton i nA n t iq J ourn 5 0 , 1 23 -4 . S tuar t , J . 1 859 R ema rk s o n t h e A nc ien t S t ruc tu res c a l led P i c t s ' H ou ses a nd B u rgh s , w i th e spec ia l r e f erence t o t h e B u rgh o f Mou sa i n S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 3( 1857 -60 ) , 1 87 -95 . 1 867Repor t o f t h e c omm i t t ee o f t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ies o fS co t land . . . .a f und . . . .f or e xcava t ing e a r ly r ema ins . . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7( 1866 6 8 ) , 2 89 -307 . T ay lor , A .B . 1 938 T he O rkney inga S aga . E d inbu rgh . T homas , C . 1 963 T he a n ima l a r to ft h e S co t t ish I r on A ge a nd i t s o r ig in s . A rchaeo log ica lf ourn 18 , 1 4 6 4 . T homa s , F .W . L . 1 851 A ccoun t o f s ome o f t h e C e l t ic A n t iqu i t ies o f O rkney i n c lud ing t h e s t ones o f S t ennes s , T umu l i , P i c ts ' H ou ses , e t c . , w i th p l an s . A rchaeo log ia 3 4 , 8 8 136 .

1 867 On t h e P r im i t ive Dwe l l ings a nd Hypogea o f t h e Ou te r H ebr ides . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 ( 1866 -68 ) , 1 53 -95 . 1 890 On t h e Dun s o f t h e Ou te r H ebr ides . A rchaeo l ica S co t ica 5 , 3 65 -415 . T ra i l l , W . 1 885 No t ice o fE xcava t ion s a tS tenab r eck a nd Howmae , i n No r th R ona ld say , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 9 ( 1884 -85 ) , 2 3 -32 . 1 890a No tes o n t h e f u r the r e xcava t ion s o f Howmae , 1 889 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2 4( 1889 9 0 ) , 4 51-61 . 1 890b R esu l t s o f E xcava t ion s a t t h e B roch o f B u r r ian , N or th R ona ld say , O rkney , d u r ing t h e s umme r s o f 1 870 a nd 1 871 . A rchaeo log ia S co t ica 5 , 3 41-64 . T udo r , J .R . 1 883 T he O rkney sa nd S he t land s : t h e ir p as t a nd p re sen ts t a te . 2v o ls . . L ondon Wa inw r igh t , FT 1 962 T he N or thern I s le s . E d in -bu rgh . Wa inw r igh t , F .T . ( ed . )1955 T he p rob lem o f t h e P ic t s . E d inbu rgh . Wa t t , W .G .T . 1 882 No t ice o ft h eb roch k nown a sB u rw ick o r B o rw ick , i nt h e t own sh ip o fY escanabee a nd p ar ish o f S andw ick , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 6( 1881-82 ) , 4 42 -50 . W i lson , D . 1 851 T he A rchaeo logy a nd p reh is tor ic a nna l s o fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 863 T he A rchaeo logy a nd p reh i s tor ic a nna l s o f S co t land . 2n d e dn . E d inbu rgh . W i ther s , C .W .J . ( ed . ) 1 998 A t o ur i n S co t land a nd v oyage t ot h eH ebr ide s 1 772 b y T homas P ennan t . E d inbu rgh . Y oung A l ison 1 953 A n A is led F a rmhou se a t t h e A l la sda le , I s le o fB ar ra . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 7 ( 1952 -53 ) , 8 0 -105 . 1 956 E xcava t ion s a t D un C u ier , I s le o f B ar ra , Ou te r H eb r ides . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 9 ( 1955 -56 ) , 2 90 -328 . 1 962 B roch s a nd d uns . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 5 ( 1961-62 ) , 1 7 1-98 . Y oung , A l ison & K .M . R icha rd son 1 960 A C hea rdach Mho r , D r imo re , S ou th U is t . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 3 ( 1959 -60 ) , 1 35 -73 .

3 75

A ppend ix D e sc r ip t ive l i s to f I r on A ge a r tef ac t s d r awn b yt h ea u tho r When n o t n umbe r ed t h e i t em s a r e d e scr ibed f r om l ef t t o r i gh t , s t ar t ing a tt h e t o p . T he g roups o f f i nd s a r e g i ven p r ima r i ly i nt h e o rde r o ft h e s i t e n umbe r s a nd s e conda r i ly , o no cca s ion s ,t e rm so ft h ei lu s t r a t ion n umbe r s .

6 . 7 .

A l l i t em ss hown a ts c a le 1 : 4u n le s so t herw ise i n d ica ted 8 . A . S he t land We s tB urra F ir th -HU25 9 C heck n umbe r sa ga ins ti l .

9 .

D eco ra ted w a l l s h e rd o f l i gh t b uf f w a r e w i th g eome t r ic or namen to fi n c ised l i ne s( HR 130 ) . R im s h e rd o fj a r w i th u pr igh t l i p , o f h a rd g r ey w a r e w i th ab l ack e x te r io r : d i am . n o t m ea su rab le ( HR 127 ) . R im s he rd o fj a r w i th u pr igh t l i p , o fs im i la r t h in h a rd b l ack w a re w i th s t ea t i te g r i t : d i am . c .1 3 c m ( HR 125 ) . R im s h e rd o f f i ne , b a r re l shaped u rn o fh a rd g r ey w a r e c on ta in ing much s t ea t i te a nd w i th s moo th , b l ack e x ter io r ; d i am . c .2 1 c m . ( HR 129 ) . B a se s h e rd o fl a rge , t h ick -wa l led v e s se l o fc oa r se g r i t ty w a re w i th d eep f i nge r i mp r e s s ion s i n i t s u ppe r( i n s ide ) s u rf ace ( HR 132 ) .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 . 1 3 .

1 4 .

J ar lshof -HU30 1 1 5 . ( a tt h et ime o fd r aw ing t h e s h e rd sh ad n o N a t iona l Mu seum n umbe r s ) . 1 6 . I l . 4 . 27. L a te B ronze A ge p o t t e ry f r om t h e o l de s t v i l lage o f ' c ou r tya rd h ou ses ' . T he r e a r e m a s se s o f f r agmen t s o f h a rd , p l a in , b a r r e l shaped ur n s , g r ey a nd b rown a nd g r i t ty b u t o f t en w i th s moo thed s u r f ace s ; s ome f l a t r im s a nd t h e b a ses a r e s l igh t ly f oo ted . 1 .

2 . 3 .

4 .

5 .

1 7 .

T op r ow , l e f t : l a rge r im s h e rd o f ap l a in , b ucke t s haped u rn o f h a rd , l i gh t b rown w a r e w i th s ome d a rke rp a tche so nt h e e x ter io r : d i am . c .2 3 c m . R im s he rd p l a in b a r r e l shaped ur no fl i gh t c r eam -buf f w a re w i th b l ack e x ter io r : d i am . c .2 0c m . F oo ted b a se s h e rd o f h a rd , l i gh t b rown -g r ey w a r e w i th s t ea t i te g r i t s , t h e o u te r s u rf ace p i nk -b rown : d i am . 1 8c m . R igh t , r im o f ad eco ra ted b a r re l shaped u rn o fg r i t ty g r ey w a r e , t h e o u te r s u rf ace m o t t led w i th l i gh t b rown a nd d a rk g r ey , t h e g eome t r ica l d eco r a t ion u nde r t h e r im d one w i th l i gh t ly c hanne l led l i nes : d i am . c . 1 c m . . N ex t r ow , l ef t : a n t le r h and le s hown h a lf s i ze i n r e la t ion t ot h er e s t ; l e ng th 1 3c m .

1 8 .

1 9 .

R im o fb u cke t -shaped u rn o f b uf f -brown h a rd w a re w i th s h iny s p eck s : d i am . a pp rox . 2 0c m . . R im s h e rd o ff i ne b u cke t shaped ur nw i th t wo a pp l ied d eco r a t ive r i dges ( o rp l a in c o rdon s )b e low t h e r im ; o f ah a rd g r ey w a re , m o t t led w i th l i gh t b rown o n t h e o u te rs u r f ace : d i am . c . 9c m . . R im s h e rd o f d eco ra ted t h ick , p l a in b ucke t shaped ur n w i th s l igh t ly f o lded o ve r r im , o f h a rd , l i gh t b rown , g r i t ty w a re , t h e o u te r s u rf ace d a rk g r ey a nd s moo th ed ( p robab ly b u rn ished ) , or namen ted w i th a c hanne l led g roove u nde r t h e r im : d i am . c .2 2cm . : " Hou se I V?" . T h ick , f o o ted b a se s h e rd o f h a rd , l i gh t b rown g r i t ty w a re , s moo thed o nt h eo u te rs u rf a ce : d i am . 8c m . . T h ick r im s h e rd o fp l an , b a r r e l shaped u rn o fh a rd , l i gh t b rown a nd g r ey w a re w i th f a i r ly s moo th , l i gh t b rown s u rf ace s : d i am . c .2 3 c m . . F rom ' Hou se I V ' . T h ird r ow , l e f t : R im s he rd o ff i n e b ucke t -shaped u rn o fh a rd ,r e dd ish g r i t ty w a re ,t h eo u ter s u rf ace m o t t led b r ick r ed a nd g r ey a nd b u rn i shed s moo th ; t h e d eco ra t ive r i dge j u s t u nde r t h e r im h a s av e ry s l igh t g roove j u s ta bove i t : d i am . c .4 5cm . . " Hu t I V" . R im s h e rd o fp l a in , t h ick , b ucke t shaped u rn o fh a rd , l i gh tb rown -g rey w a r e ; d i am . 1 5c m . . R im s h e rd o fp l a in b ucke t -shaped ur n , w i th as l igh t ly r o l led -ove r r im , o f v e ry h a rd , l i gh t b rown w a re : d i am . c .1 5c m . F oo ted b a se s he rd w i th ` ompha lo s ' b ase o fh a rd , g r ey a nd l i gh t b uf fw a re ; d i am . c .1 3 c m . T h is i sl a be l led " Broch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" s oi ts hou ld b e i nI l . 4 . 4 1 . B o t tom r ow , l e f t : r im s he rd o f p l a in b ar r e l shaped ur n w i th s l igh t ly r o l led -ove r r im , w a re u n -no ted : d i am . 2 0c m . B e low i t ,r im s he rd o f f i ne , d eco r a ted b a r r e l shaped ur n o fh a rd , s moo th g r ey w a r e w i th t r ace s o fb l ack b u rn ish ing o n t h e o u t e r s u rf ace , d eco ra ted w i th t wo h or izon ta l g roove s : d i am . 1 3 c m . . R im s h e rd o fp l a in b ucke t shaped ur n o fh a rd , b uf f b rown w a r e w i th as moo th o u te rs u rf ace mo t t led l i gh t b rown a nd b l ack : d i am . c .1 7 c m . R im s h e rd o fp l a in ,b u cke t s haped ur no f ah a rd ,g r i t ty g r ey a nd b rown -buf fw a re , t h e e x te r io r b l ack ( p a r t ly s oo ted ) a nd mo t t led b rown -buf f ; t h ere i s as l igh t c arna t ion : d i am . c .2 0 c m . R im s h e rd o fd eco ra ted , b ucke t shaped u rn o f ah a rd , d u l l , g r ey b rown . w a r e , t h e e x te r io rs moo th ( p robab ly b ur n ish ed ) a nd d a rk g r ey ; t h e r e i s ac hanne l led g roove u nde r t h e r im : d i am . 1 7 c m . . " F rom t h e m idden s" .

I l . 4 . 28 E a r l yI r on A ge p o t te ry f r om t h e s econd p r e -b roch v i l lage o f r o und s t one h u t s ( t he t wo d i agona l r ow s o f s h e rd s , a nd t h e b o t tom h or izon ta l o ne , a r e t h e p r ima ry d e scr ip t ive u n i t s ) .

3 76

A ppend ix

1 . 2 .

3 .

4 . 5 .

6 . 7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

T op r i gh t : C a r ina ted r im s h e rd o fh a rd , l i gh t b rown w a r e ; d i am . 1 0c m . . " La te l e ve l ,H ou se I Vc" . D iagona l 1 : ( t op l ef t ) c a r in a ted r im s he rd o f a c o rdoned j a ro fh a rd , l i gh t -co lou r ed w a r e , t h e e x te r io r a bov e t h e c o rdon b e ing s moo th a nd b l ack ; t h e c o rdon i sa pp l ied , p r e sumab ly t oi m i ta te t h e c a r ina ted s hou lde ro nt h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e s h e rd s ; d i am . a pp rox . 3 6c m . . " Hou se I Vb , l owe rl e ve l" C ar ina ted r im s he rd o f h a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th a d a rk e r , s moo the r e x te r io r ; d i am . c . 3 0 c m . . " Dw e l l ing I Vc" . H eavy c a r ina ted p l a in r im s h e rd o ft h ick , c oa r se w a re ; d i am .c .3 6 cm . . " La te l e ve l ,H ou se I Vc" . R im s h e rd o f b ucke t -shaped u r n , o f t h ick , h a rd , g r i t ty , p a le b rown w a re , w i th f l a t tened r im f o rm ing a r i dg ea ti t si n s ide e dge ; d i am . c .3 0c m . . " La te l e ve l , H ou se I Vc" . C ar ina ted r im s he rd o f h a rd , l i gh t b rown -g rey w a r e w i th s t ea t i te g r i t s ; d i am . c .2 5 c m . . " Dwe l l ing I Vb" . T h ick , c o rdoned r im s he rd o fh a rd , l i gh tb rown w a re ; t h e c o rdon i sp r e sumab ly ar ough i m i ta t ion o f at r ue s hou lde r ; d i am . c .2 3 c m . . " Dw e l l ing I Vc" . F ine c a r ina ted r im s h e rd o fh a rd l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th av e ry s moo th , b l ack b ur n ished e x ter io r : d i am . 1 5 cm . . " Hou se I Vb , l owe rl e ve l" . F la tc opper a l loy p l a te t h e n a r row e re nd o fw h ich h a s b een f o lded o ve r i n to a t u be ; m ax . l e ng th 3 . 9 c m , max .w id th 2 . 8c m . B e low t h e se a nd a tl ef t : s ma l l c a r ina ted r im s h e rd o f l i gh t b rown w a r e , w i th a s moo th , b ur n ished e x te r io r w i th t r aces o f ap a le b rown -p ink s l ip . : d i am . c . 1 c m . . " Hou se I Vb , l owe rl e ve l" . D iagona l2 : ( t op l ef t ) s l igh t ly c a r ina ted r im s he rd o f l i gh t b rown , h a rd g r i t ty w a r e w i th s moo th e x ter io r ; d i am .c .2 0 -23 c m . T h ick c a r ina ted d eco ra ted r im s h e rd o fh a rd , g r i t ty , l i gh tg r ey b rown w a r e w i th i mp r e s sed h o le s o nt o p o f r im s p aced c . 3c m a pa r t ; d i am . c .2 6 c m . " Dwe l l ing I Vc" . C ar ina ted r im s he rd o f l i gh t g r ey w a r e c on ta in ing much s t ea t i te g r i t , t h e o u te r s u r f ace g r ey b rown b u t d a rk g r ey a l ong t h e s hou lde r ; d i am . c . 1 6 c m . . " Dw e l l ing I V" . R im s h e rd o fl a rge c o rdoned j a r( t he a ng le o ft h e r im i su nce r ta in a nd i tc ou ld b e m o r e b ow l shaped ) o f l i gh t b rown , h a rd , g r i t ty a nd f r i ab le w a r e , r ough ly b l ack b u rn ished o n t h e e x te r io r ; t h e c o rdon s e em st o h ave b een a pp l ied a s i ft o i m i t a t e a pp rox ima te ly t h e c a r ina ted v es se l s ; d i am . a pp rox 2 4 c m . ( bu t n o t c er ta in ) . " La tes tp ha se s , H ou se s V& V I" . C ar ina ted r im s he rd o f h a rd , g r ey g r i t ty w a re w i th l i gh tb rown -g rey e x ter io r ; d i am c .3 0 c m . . " Dwe l l ing I Vc" . C a r ina ted r im s h e rd o f d u l l , g r ey -b rown h a rd a nd g r i t ty w a re w i th a p l a in , s l igh t ly r ough e x ter io r ; d i am .2 0c m . " Hou se I Vb , l ow e rl e ve l" . T h ick , c a r ina ted r im s he rd o fh a rd , g r i t ty g r ey w a r e w i th as moo th , b rown ish e x t er io r ; d i am . c .3 0 c m . . " Dw e l l ing I Vb" . B e low t h e se a nd a tl ef t : F in e c a r ina ted r im s he rd o f h a rd g r ey w a re w i th g l o s sy , b l ack -bur n ished e x ter io r ; d i am . 1 6c m . . " La te l e ve l , H ou s eI Vc" . S o l id c opper a l loy r i ng ; d i am . 3 . 6c m . 3 77

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

B o t tom r ow : ( l ef t ) r im s he rd o fb uck e t shaped u rn o f h a rd , b r ick red w a r e ; d i am . a pp rox . 3 0 c m . " Dwe l l ing I Vb" . C a r ina ted r im s he rd o fh a rd , l i gh t b rown g r i t ty w a r e w i th t r ace s o f as moo th b l ack s u r f ace o nt h e e x ter io r ; d i am . a pp rox . 2 3 c m . ( bu t d if i cu l t t o e s t ima te ) . " La te l e ve l ,H ou se I Vc" . R im s h e rd o fd eco ra ted j a r , p r e sumab ly c a r ina ted j u s t b e low b r eak , o fh a rd , l i gh t b rown w a re w i th s moo th s u rf ace s ; r im i nu nu sua l i nt h a t i te x tend s i nwa rd s a s ar i dge ; d i am . 2 3 c m . ; d eco r a t ion o f ar ow o f i mp re s sed s ma l l p i t s a l ong t o p o fr im . " Hou se I Vb , l owe rl e ve l"

I l . 4 . 41 M idd le I r on A ge p o t te ry a nd o t he rf i nd sf r om t h e b roch a nd t h e a i s led r oundhou se a nd f r om w hee lhou se l e ve ls . [ Ba se s h e rd 1 4i n I l . 4 . 27 b e long sh e re ] 1

2 .

3 .

4 . 5 .

6 .

7 . 8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 . 1 4 .

T op r ow o f5 . L ef t , b a r r e l shaped ur n o fh a rd b uf f w a re w i th b uf f -g r ey e x te r io r ; d i am . c .2 5 c m . " F loo r o fw e s tw hee lhou se" . E ve r ted r im j a r o f h a rd g r ey w a r e w i th a s moo thed e x te r io r s u rf ace ; t h e e dge o ft h e s h e rd c l ea r ly s how s e v idence o fr i ng b u i ld ing ; d i am . c .1 5 c m . B roch a nd a i s led w hee lhou se . L a rge j a r w i th e ver ted r im o f h a rd , l i gh t r ed -b rown w a r e w i th s moo th , d a rk g r ey e x ter io r ; d i am . c .3 0 c m . " B roch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" . F oo t le s sb a se s he rd F oo ted b a se s he rd o fh a rd l i gh tg r ey w a r e w i th b rown e x te r io r ; t h e s ugge s t ion o fa n o mpha los b a se i sn o t d ef in i te ; d i am . c .1 5c m . S econd r ow o f4 . L ef t , d eco ra ted r im s h e rd o f' C la s s I I ' w a r e f r om t h e N o r se s e t t lemen t -w a re u n -no ted ( 1960 .49 1) ; d i am . c .1 5c m . S im i la rr im s he rd t oa bove f r om t h eN o r se s e t t lemen t ; d i am . u n -no ted . D eco r a ted E ver ted r im s h e rd ( a bove ) , w a re u n -no ted ; d eco r a t ion o fd i agona l i n c ised l i ne s o n i n ne r s u rf ace o f r im ; d i am . c .2 8 c m . D eco r a ted E ve r ted r im s he rd o f h a rd , l i gh tg r ey w a r e w i th t h e o u te rt h i rd a nd t h e i n ne rs u r f ace l i gh tb rown ; d eco r a t ion o f d i agona l i n c ised l i ne s o n t h e i n s ide s u rf ace o ft h er im . " B roch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" . T h ird r ow o f4 . L ef t , r im s h e rd o fj a r w i th u pr igh t r im , o fh a rd b l ack w a r e , o r ange -b rown n ea r t h e r im , w i th as moo th , s h iny b l ack s l ip o n t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e e x te r io r ; d i am . c . 1 5 c m . B roch a nd a i s led w hee lhou se . F oo ted b a se s he rd o f h a rd , c oa r se g r ey w a re w i th mo t t led b uf fs u r f ace s ; d i am . c .1 3 c m . " B roch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" . D eco r a ted E ve r ted r im j a r o f h a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh t b rown s u r f ace s a nd s moo th e x te r io r ; d eco ra t ion o fd i agona l i n c ised l i ne s o n i n s ide s u rf ace o fr im ; d i am . c .2 5 c m . E ver ted r im j a r o f h a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th s moo thed e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 0c m . F our th r ow o f4 . L ef t , r im s h e rd o fj a r w i th u p r igh t r im , o f h a rd g r ey , g r i t ty w a r e , t h e e x te r io r s u rf ace

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

m o t t led d a rk g r ey a nd o r ange w i th t r aces o f as h iny b l ack s l ip : d i am . c . 1 8 c m . B roch a nd a i s led w hee lhou se . R im s h e rd o f p robab le E ve r ted r im j a r -w a r e u n n o ted ; d i am . c .1 8c m . R im s h e rd o fl a rge t h ick j a r w i th t u rned o u t r im , o f h a rd ,r e dd ish w a r e ; d i am . c .3 0c m . R im s h e rd p robab ly o fj a r w i th u pr igh t r im , o fh a rd g r ey w a re ; t h e a ng le o ft h e r im s hou ld p robab ly b e m o re u pr igh t ; d i am . c . 1 8 c m . " F loo r o f w e s t w hee lhou se" . B o t tom r ow o f5 . L ef t , f oo t le s s b a se s he rd o f h a rd , l i gh t b uf f -g r ey w a r e w i th s moo th , b l ack -bu rn ished e x ter io r ; d i am . c . 1 c m . " B roch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" . F oo t les s b a se s h e rd o fh a rd g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh t b uf f s u rf ace s ; d i am . c .1 0 c m . " B roch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" . T h ick r im s h e rd o fl a rge j a r h a rd , c oa r se , g r i t ty g r ey w a r e w i th t r ace s o fb l ack s l ip o n t h e e x ter io r ; d i am . a pp rox . 2 8 c m . B roch a nd a i s led w hee lhou se . R im s h e rd o f f i ne , b a r r e l - o r b ucke t shaped u rn o f h a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re ; d i am . c .w 20 c m . " F loo r o f w e s tw hee lhou se" . F oo ted b a se s h e rd o f h a rd g r ey w a r e ; d i am . c . 1 0 c m . " F loo ro fw e s tw hee lhou se" .

Mousa -HU42 6 I l . 4 . 52 1 4 . R im s h e rd o ff i ne E ve r ted r im j a ro f h a rd d a rk w a re w i th b l ack -bu rn ished i n ne r a nd o u te r s u rf ace s ; t h e r im h a s h or izon ta l f l u t ing o n i t s i n s ide s u rf ace a nd s how s ac u r iou s s p l i t e f f ec t a s i fa no the r l a y e r o f c l ay h a s b een a pp l ied t o i t s o u t e r s i de a nd t h en c a r ef u l ly s moo thed d own ; d i am . 2 4 .8 c m ( GA 121) . B . O rkney T he H owe -HY21 6 I l . 5 . 15 T he f i nd s f r om t h is s i te a r e i lu s t ra ted a nd d e sc r ibed i ng r ea t d e ta i l i nt h e r epo r t . H oweve r t h e r e a r e n od r aw ing so ft h eq uern ss os i xa r e s upp l ied h e re ,t o ge the r w i th ad raw ing o f p a r t s o f ac omp le te h and m i l l o fn a t ive t y pe f r om E lg inhaugh R oman f o r t , M id lo th ian . I .

2 . C lum l ie -HU41 2 3 . I l .4 . 52 I . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

7 . 8 . 9 .

1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 .

F l a t d i sco id s t one w i th r ough e dge s b u t w i th a c a r ef u l ly p ecked , c i r cu la rh o le ( GA 3 11) . Smoo th f l a t s t one d i sc w i th p a ra l le l s u r f aces a nd r e gu la re dge ; d i am .4 . 8 c m( GA 3 13 ) . Sma l l r ough ly w o rked , t h ick s a nd s tone d i sc ; m ax . d i am . 5 . 7c m( GA 3 12 ) . A no the rv i ew o fn o . 1 . Smoo th r i ve r p ebb le u sed a s ah amme r o rg r inde r a t b o th e nd s( GA 3 18 ) . F ine , c a r ef u l ly s haped w he t s tone w i th r e c tangu la r c r o s s s e c t ion a nd e xpand ing a t e a ch e nd ( one o f w h ich h a sb roken o f f ) ; l e ng th 1 3 .5 c m( GA 3 04 ) . S l igh t ly f oo ted b a se s he rd o f h a rd , d a rk g r ey w a re w i th b uf fe x ter io r ; d i am . c . 9c m( GA 3 97 ) . A no the rd r aw ing o fn o . 7 . R im s h e rd o f p a in ted b ow l o f b r ick -co lou r ed w a re w i th a n e xpanded r im w h ich o ve r lap s t h e w a l l i n s ide a nd o u t ; t h e r im i s p a in ted w i th d i agona l s t r ipe s , a l te rna t ing w h i te a nd p a le g r een -g r ey , t h e i n ter io r h av ing s im i la r ly a l te rna t ing s im i la rh or izon ta l s t r ipes ; d i am . c .2 0 c m . T h is h a s b een d i agno sed b y Ms V a l D ean a s Wer ra s l ip -deco r a ted w a r e m ade i n t h e l a te 1 6 t h -ea r ly 1 7 th C a nd i mpo r ted f r om G ermany ( GA 3 97 ) . F oo t le s sb a se s h e rd o fs im i la rw a r et on o . 1 2 , d i am . c . 7 . 5 -9c m( GA 3 97 ) . D up l ica te d r aw ing o fn o . 1 0 . R im s h e rd b a r r e l shaped u rn o fh a rd b uf f -g r ey w a re w i th b u rn ished e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 0c m( GA 3 97 ) . R im s h e rd o ff i ne , b a r re l shaped u rn o f h a rd b rown g r ey w a r e ,f a i r ly s moo th ; d i am . 1 5c m( GA397 ) .

3 78

4 . 5 .

6 .

7 .

( T op r ow ) h a lf o ft h e l owe r s t one o f ar o ta ry q u e rn o f P ha se 7 ; t h e c en t ra l h o le , p e r f o ra ted f r om b o th d i rec t ion s ( t he ' h ou r g l a ss ' m e thod ) , a ppea r s t o b e c ha rac t e r is t ic o ft h e l owe r s t one so fa d jus tab le q ue rn s ( 5 385 ) . T h r ee l a rge f r agmen t s o f t h e l owe r s t one o f a n a d ju s tab le r o ta ry q ue rn o f P ha s e 5 /6 , w i th t h e c ha rac t e r is t ic ' h ou rg l a s s ' p e rf o ra t ion ( 7302 ) . ( Second r ow ) o ne q ua r te r o f t h e u pper s t one o f a n u nda tab le r o ta ry q ue rn f ound i n' V ic to r ian r ubb le ' ; i t h a s aw ide f e ed p i pe , an ea r v e r t ica l a nd a lmo s t s t ra igh t s i de a nd a r a d ia l s l o t f o r t h e t u rn ing h and le ( 4319 ) . H a lf o ft h eu ppe rs t one o f ar o ta ry q uern o fP ha se 5 / 6 ; n oh and le h o le i sp r e se rved ( 7294 ) Aq ua r t e r o ft h e u ppe r s t one o f ar o ta ry q uer nf o und i n ' V ic to r ian r ubb le ' ; i t h a s ar ounded e dge , a c oncave g r ind ing s u rf ace a nd p a r to ft h e r ad ia l h and le s l o t( 2 197 ) . A bou t aq ua r te r o ft h e u ppe r s t one o f ar o ta ry q uer n w i th a d ome -shaped u ppe r s u rf ace a nd a n u p r i tgh t h and le h o le w h ich r e aches t h e g r ind ing s u rf ace ; P ha se n o tc e r ta in ( 7009 ) . A bou t h a lf o f t h e l owe r s t one a nd a q uar te r o f t h e u ppe r s t one o f ar o ta ry h and m i l l f r om E lg inhaugh R oman c amp , We s t L o th ian ; b o th s t one s a r e m ade o f v e ry s im i la r a r ko se , p robab ly d er iv ing f r om t h e n o r th -w e s t h i gh land s , a nd t h e u ppe r s t one h a s h a lf o f t h ew edge shaped h and le h o le p r e s e rved .

Ox trow -HY22 4 . 26 I l . 5 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .

( T op l e f t )t h ick s t one b ow l o rl amp ( GD 1 2 ) . S tone l amp w i th w ick h o lder ( GD 9 ) . R ec tangu la r b one p l aque , c a r ef u l ly s moo thed ( GD 2 5 ) . S tone l amp o ff i ne -g ra ined s and s tone , c aref u l ly m ade , t h e f l a t f l oo r o ft h e o i l r e servo i r c on t inuou s w i th t h a t

A ppend ix

5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 .

1 0 .

1 .

o ft h ew ick h o lde r ; t h e h and le i sn ea t ly p e rf o r a ted a s i ff o rs u spen s ion ; l e ng th 1 4 .0 c m( GD 1 ) . P la in b on ea w l o rp i n ( GD 1 2 ) . R im s h e rd o fE ve r ted r im j a r o fl i gh t o r ange w a r e ; d i am .c .2 8 cm ( GD 4 7 ) . P robab ly a no the rd r aw ing o fn o .6 . Sma l l s a nd s tone s t one l amp w i th s ha l low w ick h o lde r ( GD 1 0 ) . C oppe r a loy p l a in p enannu la r f i bu la w i th s l igh t ly f l a t tened t e rm ina l s , t h e r i ng h av ing a s l igh t ly o va l c ros ss e c t ion ; t h ep in l o op i sp a r t ly b roken a way ( GD 8 2 ) . R im s h e rd o fb ucke t -shaped ur n o fh a rd , g r i t ty p a le c r eam -g r ey w a r e ; e s t ima ted d i am . 1 5 c m b u t p robab ly much mo r e( GD 5 0 ) . B ase o f 2nd c en tu ry S am ian b ow l( GD 5 2 ) .

7 .

8 .

9 .

cm .

I l .5 . 27 S ee a l so I l . 5 . 27 ,n o . 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 .

4 .

5 .

( T op l e f t ) l ong -hand led b one c omb w i th mo s t o ft h e l ong t e e th m is s ing ; p re sen tl e ng th 1 4 .8 c m( GD 2 7 ) . B one r i ng o rb ead w i th s i gn so fp o l ish ing i nt h e h o le ; d i am .2 . 3 c m( GD 2 3 ) D eco ra ted d i sco id s t one w ho r l , n ea t ly m ade w i th p a ra l le l f a ces o rnamen ted w i th ap a t ter no fd r i l led p i t s o nb o th f a ces ; d i am . 3 . 4c m ( GD 1 9 ) . L ong h and led b one c omb , s ome o f t h e l o ng t e e th m is s ing , w i th t h e s aw m a rk s d ef in ing t h e t e e th e x tend ing al ong w ay d own t h e h and le ; s h iny w h i te b one ; p r e sen tl e ng th 1 .1 c m( GD 2 6 ) . R ing o fc opper a l loy f o rmed b yb end ing at u bu la rr od i n to ac i r c le ; d i am . c .2 . 4 c m( GD 5 3 ) .

Gurnes s

HY32 3

I l . 5 . 73 A m uch mo r e d e ta i led a nd c omp le te a ccoun t o f t h e f i nds f r om t h is s i te i sa va i lab le ( Hedge s e ta l . 1 987 , v o l . 2 ,C hap te r2 . 3 ) . A tt h e t ime t h e s e d r aw ing sw e r e d one t h e m a ter ia l w a s s t i l l i nt h e p o s se s s ion o ft h e t h en M in is t ry o f Wo rk s ( n ow H is to r ic S co t land ) a nd h ad n o t b ee t r an sf e r red t ot h e N a t iona l Mu seum o fA n t iqu i t ie s ; i tw a s t h en e n t i r e ly u npub l ished . I . 2 .

3 .

4 .

5 . 6 .

Two t h ick f i nge r r i ng s o f c oppe r a l loy c o r roded t oge the r ; o ne s e em s t o b e p a r t o f as p ira l r i ng ( one t u rn o n ly b u t s l igh t ly o ve r lapp ing a tt h e e nd s ) w h i le t h e o t he r i sp l a in ; t h is w a s a l so f ound w i th ah uman f i nge rb one s t a in ed g r een ; d i am . o fs p i ra l p a r t c .2 . 5 c m ,t h ec oppe ra loy r od sa bou t4 inm i nd i am . P l a in s p i ra l f i nge r r i ng o f c oppe r a loy , f o rmed o f a m e ta l w i re o r r od t w is ted r ound t h r ee t imes ; a s soc ia ted w i th t h is f i nd w a s ah uman f i nge r b one s t a ined g r een ; d i am . 2 . 2 c m . ( S econd r ow , l e f t ) S imp le f i nge r r i ng o fc oppe r a loy , m ade f r om am e ta l r od b en t i n to ac i rc le ; d i am . 1 . 6

( T op r ow ) S o l id b ead o fg r een -b lue g l a s s , i nt h e f o rm o f as l igh t ly f l a t tened s phe r e ; m ax . d i am . 1 . 05 c m . P la in s p i r a l f i nge r r i ng o fc opp e r a l loy , f o rmed o f a f l a t tened b and o f m e ta l t w is t ed r ound i n to t wo c omp le te c i rc les ; d i am . 2 . 3 c m . Z oomo rph ic p enannu la r f i bu la o f c oppe r a l loy , t h e t e rm ina ls f l a t tened a nd d eco r a ted a nd t h e t o p o f t h e p in i nt h ef o rm o f at u be o fu nev en d i ame te r ; d i am . o f r i ng 6 . 2c m . R ing -headed p in o fc oppe r a loy , f o rmed o fw i re b en t t h rough s l igh t ly mo r e t h an ar i gh t a ng le a tt h e t o p o f t h e s haf t ,a nd t h en i n to ac i rc le ; l e ng th 6 . 6c m . A no the r v e ry s im i la r , c a s t r i ng -headed p in w i th t i ny n o tche so nt h et op o ft h er i ng ; l e ng th 6 . 6 c m . T h is i sf r om a s ma l l s c a le s k e tch o f ac i r c le t o fi r on e nca sed i np l a s te r ; d i am s . 1 6 .5 a nd 1 6 .0 c m .

3 79

ragmen t o f c oppe r a loy c ha in , e ach l i nk c on s is t ing 1 0 . F o f t wo s ma l l r i ng s ( t he d r aw ing d oe s n o t s how t h is p rope r ly ) . ine c oppe r a l loy n eed le c om ing t o ap o in t a bove t h e 1 . F h o le ;l e ng th 6 . 0c m . 1 2 . F l a t d i sco id b ead o fr ed g l a s s , o r p o s s ib ly o fa mbe r ; d i am . 1 . 8 c m . 1 3 . L a rge r i ng o f c oppe r a l loy m ad e o f as hee t o fm e ta l f o rmed s ot h a t t h e c r o s s s e c t ion i sU shaped w i th t h e e dge s s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed ; t h ese e dge s a r e d eco ra ted w i th f i ne n o tch ing ; d i am . 3 . 0c m . 1 4 . C ruc ib le f r agmen t w i th n a r row r ounded b a se , p r e sumab ly d e s igned t os i ti n ah o lde r . 1 5 . P l a in c oppe ra loy f i nge rr i ng m ade i nt h e s ame w ay a s n o . 1 3 ; d i am . 2 . 8 c m . 1 6 . ( T h i rd r ow , l ef t ) r im s h e rd o f s ma l l E ve r ted r im j a r d eco ra ted w i th d eco r a t ion o fs ma l ln i ck so nt h en a r row o u te rb eve l o ft h el i p ; d i am . n o tg i ven . 1 7 . T op v i ew o f af r agmen t o f h a lf a f i r ed c l ay mou ld , l o ok ing d own o n t ot h ep ou r ing f unne l . 1 8 . C oppe ra loy d oub le h ook m ade f r om a b and o fm e ta l c .3 . 5 mm w ide a nd 1mm t h ick ; l e ng th 3 . 6c m . 1 9 . C oppe ra loy a w l o rn eed le , t h e h ead m is s ing ; p r esen t l e ng th 7 . 6 c m . 2 0 . C omp le te e gg c up shaped c r uc ib le w i th f oo ted b a se a nd ap ou r ing s pou t ; h e igh t 3 . 8 c m . 2 1 . ( Fou r th r ow , l ef t ) L a rge f r agmen t , i n c lud ing ap i ece o f t h e h and le , o f R oman a mpho ra o f H a l ter n 7 0 t y pe f r om s ou ther nS pa in ; t h e r e i sa l so ar im f r agmen t f r om t h e s ame v e s se l . T he p i ece i si mpo r tan t a s i td a te s f r om t h e l a te i s t c en tu ry BC t o a bou t AD 6 0 a tt h e l a tes t , a nd m ay t h e r ef o re h ave r e ached O rkney ( p robab ly c on ta in ing a l i queu r w ine o r o l ives p r e served i n i t ) b ef o r e t h e A g r ico lan c onque s t o f s ou ther nS co t land ( F i tzpa t r ick 1 989 ) . 2 2 . Wa l l s he rd o f h a rd g r ey w a re , t h e e x ter io r mo t t led d a rk g r ey a nd b rown -buf f ; d eco ra ted w i th a n a pp l ied z i g -zag c o rdon i nt h e c ha rac te r is t ic H ebr idean s t y le ; d i am . a tt h e c o rdon c .1 7c m . 2 3 . Wa l l s h e rd w i th i n c ised d eco ra t ion , o fv e ry h a rd , d a rk g r ey w a r e , w i th a s moo th s l ipped s u rf ace a mo t t led g r ey -b rown i nc o lou r ; d eco ra t ion o fi n c ised l i ne s . 2 4 . ( Bo t tom r ow , l ef t ) Wa l l s h e rd o f l i gh t b rown , g r i t ty w a r ew i th f a in tc hanne l l ing a nd s t r ia t ion s . 2 5 . Wa l l s h e rd s im i la rt oa bove . 2 6 . F ragmen t o f am ou ld o f f i r ed c l ay , ap i ece o f t h e p ou r ing o r if ice p r e served a tt o p r i gh t . 2 7 . P a r t o f a n e a r thenwa r e j ug h and le , p r e sumab ly Med ieva l o rl a te r .

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

I l . 5 . 74 S ome o ft h e a r tef ac t s f r om t h i ss i t e h ave an umbe r w r i t ten o nt h em a nd t h e se a r ei nb racke t sa tt h ee nd o f t h ee n t r ie sc oncer n ed .

1 6 .

1 .

1 7 .

2 .

3 . 4 .

5 .

6 . 7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 . 1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) l o ng -hand led c omb , p robab ly o f a n t le r , w i th a bou t 1 t e e th o r ig ina l ly , w i th a c r ude f i sh t a i lb u t t ; p r e sen tl e ng th 1 .4 c m . L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 9l o ng t e e th ( n ea r ly a l b roken o f f ) , as l igh t ly f i sh t a i l shaped b u t t a nd a n a r row s haf tw i th c oncave s i de s ; p r e sen t l e ng th 1 3 .3 c m . L ong -hand led b one o r a n t le r c omb w i th 1 0 l o ng t e e th ,a l lb roken ; p r e sen tl e ng th 8 . 0c m . A lmo s t c omp le te l o ng -hand led b one c omb , p robab ly w i th 1 4 l o ng t e e th o r ig ina l ly ( 1 1 p r ese rved ) , v e ry n ea t ly c a rved s haf tw i th c oncave s i de s a nd as t ra igh t b u t t ; t h e s haf t i s or n amen ted w i th a n i n c ised l i ne a c ros s i tj u s t b e low t h e t e e th a nd t wo p a i r s o fc u rved l i ne s -e ach l i ke al o ng c u rved h or nex tend ing f r om t h e e nd s o ft h is l i ne t ot h e c en t r e o ft h e b u t t ; l e ng th 1 0 .0 c m . ( S econd r ow , l ef t ) b a t te r ed a n t le r l o ng -hand led b one c omb p robab ly w i th 1 l o ng t e e th o r ig ina l ly , w i th a s t ra igh tb u t t a nd u na l te r ed s i de st ot h e s haf t ; p r esen t l e ng th 1 2 .8 c m . F ragmen t o f al o ng -hand led c omb , p robab ly a n t le r , w i th l o ng t e e th . ( ! 55 ) L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 9 l o ng t e e th o r ig ina l ly , t h e b u t t b rok en o f f ; t h e re i s ad eco ra t ion o f as imp le S tA nd rew 's c r o s s o nt h e s haf tj u s tb e low t h e t e e th , w i th t h e l o ng d imen s ion c r o s sw ise ( no t s hown o nt h ed r aw ing ) ; p r e sen tl e ng th 7 . 9c m . ( 56 ) L ong -hand led p robab ly a n t le r c omb , c omp le te , w i th 9l o ng t e e th a nd a f i sh t a i l b u t t , t h e s i de s b e ing s l igh t ly c u rved c oncen t r ica l ly ; al a rge S t A nd r ew 's c r o ss i s i n c i sed o n t h e b u t t , t h e l a rge r d imen s ion l e ng thway s ; l e ng th 1 0 .0 c m . L ong -hand led w ha lebone c omb w i th 1 t e e th , a l b roken o f fb u t s e em ing ly l o ng ; , w i th a f i sh t a i l b u t t a nd c oncave s i de s t o t h e s haf t ; p r e sen t l e ng th 1 9 .5 c m . ( 273 ) . ( T h ird r ow , l ef t ) l a rge b one h o l low h ead f o r a n i r on p in , t h e t o p o ft h e s haf tr ema in ing i ni t ; t h e h ead h a s b een m ade f r om t h e c r o s s s e c t ion o f al o ng b one , t h e e nd s a nd t o p c a r ef u l ly s moo thed a nd r ounded , t h e b a se f l a t te r ; ah o le w a s d r i l led i n to t h e b a se f r om t h e s haf t w h ich , w hen i n se r ted , w a s j ammed a ga in s t t h e t o po ft h eh ead , s e cu r ing i ti np o s i t ion ; w id th 2 . 5 c m . F r agmen to f as ma l lw he t s tone , t h ee nd t a pe red . B roken l o ng -hand led c omb p robab ly o f w ha lebone , t h e t o o th e nd m o s t b roken o f fb u t t h e f i sh ta i led b u t t p r e served ; s i de s o f s h af t s l igh t ly c oncave ; p r esen t l e ng th 8 . 0c m . ( 4 55 ) H a lf o f af i r ed c l ay m ou ld f o r ap a i r o fr i ng -headed c oppe r a loy p i n s ( t hough t h e s haf t s l o ok r a the r b road ) . A m o r e c omp le te s im i la r m ou ld s how ing t h a t t h e p ou r ing o r if ice l e ad s t ot h e t wo p i n s s haf t s a nd t h a t t h er i ng -head sa r ea tt h eb a se . ( F our th r ow , l ef t ) l a rge , f l a t r e c tangu la r b one p l a te w i th a s l igh t ly c u rved c r o s s s e c t ion a nd w i th ah o le d r i l led i ne ach c or n e r ; l e ng th 1 3 .6 c m .

3 80

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 .

R ec tangu la r ( t echn ica l ly ' pa r a l le lop iped ' ) b one d i e ( s ingu la r o f ' d ice ' ) m ade f r om t h e s haf t o f at h ick l o ng b one , t h e s i des s qua red of ; t h e l ong s i de s h ave p i t sd r i l led i n to t h em t os how 3 , 45a nd 6 . ( Bo t tom r ow , l ef t , i n c lud ing 5 i t ems a tb o t tom r i gh t ) c r os s s e c t ion o f s p ind le who r l o r b u t ton m ade f r om t h eh ead o f ah uman f emu r ; d i am . a tb a se 4 . 1 c m . L a rge a n t le rt i ne w o rked i n to ap robab le b r id le c heek p i ece , w i th a p e rf o ra t ion t ow a rd s t h e r i gh t , t h icke r , e nd a nd , b eyond t h a t , as e r ie s o f c u t g roove s o f u nce r ta in p u rpo se - p e rhap s d eco ra t ive b u t m o r e l i ke ly t oh e lp h o ld l e a the r s t rap s ; t h e p o in to ft h et i ne h a sb een n ea t ly c u to f f ; l e ng th 1 3 .0 c m . B one p i n w i th a s l igh t ly h ipped s haf t a nd ab a l l s haped h ead ( t he ' b a l l ' s l igh t ly f l a t tened ) w i th a s ma l lp e rf o r a t ion o rp i ti ni t ; l e ng th 4 .0 c m L ong b one s pa tu la te t oo l , e ach e nd r ounded a nd f l a t , t h e c en t r a l s h af t w i th ar ounded c r o ss s e c t ion ; l e ng th 1 4 .5 c m . F i sh g o rge f o rmed o f af l a t s t r ip o fb one a nd w i th a s qua r ep e rf o ra t ion : l e ng th 1 0 .0 c m . B one n eed le w i th p o in ted b u t t a bove e ye ; l e ng th 7 . 0 c m . S im i la rb on en eed le ; l e ng th 7 . 4c m .

I l . 5 . 75 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 . 9 . 1 0 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) F ragmen t l ong -hand led b one c omb w i th l o ng t e e th a nd d eco ra ted w i th a n i n c ised g roove a l ong t h e b a se o ft h e t e e th a nd t h e b eg inn ing s o f a d i agona ll i n e -p robab le aS tA nd r ew 's c ro s sm o t if . H eavy b one a w l m ade f r om a l o ng b one , t h e p o in t f o rmed b y as ha l low d i agona l c u t a c ros s t h e s haf t ; l e ng th 8 . 5 c m . P e rf o ra t ed f l a t b one d i sc , p e rhap s c u t f r om a t h ick s c apu la ( s pongy m a te r ia l b e tw een t wo f l a t s u rf ace s ) , p e rhaps as p ind le w ho r l ; d i am . c .3 . 7c m . R ough -ou t o f ab one p in , p e rhap s t h e n a i l -headed k i nd , t h e r e b e ing t i ny t r imm ing c u t s a tt h e l ef t e nd ; l e ng th 4 . 4 c m . As hor tb on e h and le f o rs ome k i nd o fi r on b l ade ; t h e b one i s ar ounded D shape i n c r o s s s ec t ion w i th t h e r ema in s o f as ma l l b l ade s e t i n to as l i t a tt h e l owe r e nd ; t h e re m ay b e t r aces o fa n i r on r i ve t ; l e ng th 2 . 1 c m . ( 396 ) D eco ra t ed b one s l eeve o f u ncer ta in p u rpo se , p r e sumab ly a s e c t ion f r om a l a rge l ong b one ; t h e or n amen t c on s is t s o fm ir ro r i mage h or izon ta l p ane ls s e pa r a te b y i n c ised l i nes , o n e i the r s i de o f ar ow o f d o t -and c i r c le s i nt h e c en t re ; t h e c r iss -c ro s s p a t te rn s a nd t h e p a r a l le l l i ne s a r e a l l s imp le f i ne ly c u t l i nes t h e s had ing o n t h e d r aw ing d oe s n o t m ean a ny th ing ; l e ng th 5 . 2 c m . ( M idd le r ow , l ef t ) T h i s i s as k e tch a t ar edu ced s c a le o f ah eavy p er f o ra ted s t one d i sc , w i th a n h ou rg la s s s haped d r i l led h o le ; a ve rage t h icknes s c . 5c m , t h e c omp le t es i de 1 2c mi nl e ng th . L ong b one a w l o rp robe ; l e ng th 9 . 8 c m . S ocke ted s o l id b one h and le , t h e s o cke td r i l led i n to t h e w ide re nd t o ad ep th o f a bou t 2c m ; l e ng th 7 . 0c m . A n t le rt i ne ,p robab ly i n tended a s ab r id le c heek p i ece ; t h e w id ee nd h a s as ocke t i ni t( d o t ted l i ne ) a nd ah o le d r i l led f r om t h e s i de ( bu t q u i te c l o se t ot h e e nd ) l e ad s

A ppend ix

1 .

1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

2 3 .

i n to t h i s( n o ts hown o nt h ed r aw ing ) ; l e ng th 1 0 .9 c m . ( 395 ) B one s p a tu la te t oo l m ade o f al o ng b one w i th t h e s haf t c u t a c ross a t as ha l low d i agona l a ng le , t h e e nd r ounded a nd t h en p o l ished w i th u s e ; l e ng th 1 0 .8 c m . ( 396 ) H eavy b one n eed le w i th al a rge e ye ,p e rhaps an e t t ing n eed le ; l e ng th 9 . 6c m . ( 397 ) B one a w lo rh eavy p in ; l e ng th 8 . 0c m( 399 ) . P robab ly ah eavy b one a w l w i th t h ep o in tb roken of ; p resen tl e ng th 9 . 5 c m . ( 220 ) . B one o r a n t le r o b jec t w h ich h a s t ur n ed i n s ocke t , l e av ing a b ra s ion s a l l r ound t h e s haf t , p o s s ib le a q uern h and le ; t h e d raw ing d oes n o t s how t h e a b ra s ion s c l ea r ly - t h ey a r e i nt h e n a r row e r , c en t ra l b and a si ft h e l owe rp a r to ft h eo b jec t( i nt h ed r aw ing ) h a s b een u ppermo s t i n as ock e t a nd t u rn ing ; t h e s imp le s t e xp lana t ion s e em s t h a t i ti se i the r as ho r t h and le r o ta t ing i nt h e u pr igh t h and le h o le o f ad i sc q uer n , o r - mo re l i ke ly - t h a t i t f o rmed t h e l owe r , h a rde re nd o f al o ng ( c . 1 . 20 m )w ooden p o le h and le p ivo ted a bove t h e h and m i l l . P a r t icu la r ly i n te r e s t ing i st h e f a c tt h a t t h i s b a r o fb one w a s u n if o rm ly t i l ted a s i tt ur n ed ; t h is i se xac t ly h ow al ong p o le h and le w ou ld r e la te t ot h e q ue rn s ocke t . O n t h e o t h e rh and t h e s o cke t w ou ld h ave t o h av e b een a n u nu sua l ly l a rge a nd d eep o ne , s ome th ing l i ke 4c m i nd i ame te r a nd a tl e a s t6 . 5 c md eep . P r e sen tl e ng th 1 2 .6 c m . ( T h i rd r ow , l e f t ) b one p l a te w i th ab one n a i l s t i l l i n t h e h o le a to ne e nd , p os s ib ly m ade f r om p a r t o f a l a rge l o ng b one ; l e ng th 9 . 6 c m . ( 3 50 ) B one a w l made f r om a l o ng b one c u t a c ro s s d i agona l ly ; l e ng th 1 9 .5 c m . ( 3 52 ) . B roken b one a r tef ac to fu nce r ta in u se . ( 378 ) S phe r eo fd u l l ,b lue -g r een g l a s s ;d i am . 1 . 2 c m ( Bo t tom r ow , l e f t ) l a rge b one p l a te w i th c onvex u ppe r a nd l ow e r s u rf ace s , w i th 8p e rf o r a t ion s , 4a l ong e ach s i de ; l e ng th 1 7 .8 c m . B one o b jec t o f u ncer ta in p u rpo se ; ab one p eg h a s b een f i t t ed i n to ad ome shaped b one h ead ( on ly p a r t o f w h ich n ow r ema in s ) a nd w h ich i s c omp le te ly p e rf o r a ted f o rt h ep eg . B roken , f i ne ly s moo thed i v o ry p omme l f o r as wo rd o r d agge r h i l t , w i th a l a rge , r e c tangu la r s haf t -ho le t h rough i t ; l e ng th 5 . 0c m . H o l low ,p o l ished b one t ube - p e rhaps ag am ing p i ece -w i th as qua re c r o s s s e c t ion ; t wo o ppo sed f a ce s a r e d eco ra t ed w i th r ow s o fs ma l l d o t s a nd t h e o t he r t wo w i th v a r iou s l i gh t s c ra tche s , i n c lud ing a f ew X 's ; l e ng th 7 . 1 c m .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 . 1 4 .

1 5 . 1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 . 1 9 .

R im s he rd E ve r ted r im j a r ( a ng le b e tw een s l igh t ly c oncave i n ne r s u rf ace o f r im a nd i n ter io r ) o f g r i t ty b uf fw a r e w i th t r ace so f ad a rk e x te r io rs u rf ace ; d i am . a pp rox . 2 0 -23 c m . E ve r ted r im s he rd o fg l obu la rj a r o fh a rd , l i gh t b uf f w a r e w i th a s moo th , s h iny s l ipped e x te r io r , mo t t led l i gh tb rown a nd g r ey ; d i am . 1 8c m . ( a t t op r i gh t ) r im s he rd o fp l a in g l obu la r v es se l w i th f l a t , u pr igh t l i p , o fb l ack a nd l i gh t b rown w a re ; d i am . c .1 5c m . R im s he rd o fu nu sua l g l obu la r p o t w i th b ead r im , o f w a r e w i th l i gh t g r ey c o r e a nd l i gh t b uf f -b rown s u rf ace s , d a rk g rey o n p a r t o f e x te r io r ; d i am . n o t c e r ta in . ( S econd r ow ) r im s he rd o f b a r re l shaped o rg l obu la r p o t w i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed l i p a nd d en se h o r izon ta l c hanne l l ing o no u te rs u r f ace ; d i am . c .2 3cm . R im s he rd o f b ucke t shaped u rn w i th g roove o n f l a t tened l i p , a nd a r ow o f f a in t f i nge r i mp res s ion s u nde rt h er im ( no ts hown ) ; d i am . c .2 0c m . R im s he rd ( t ip o f r im b roken o f f ) o f d eco ra ted E ver ted r im p o t o fh a rd b uf fw a re w i th b l ack e x ter io r ( s oo t? ) ; t h e r e i s ad i s t inc t a ng le b e tween t h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e r im a nd t h e i n te r io r ; d eco r a t ion o f i n c ised l i ne s ; d i am . c .1 0c m . ( T h ird r ow , l ef t ) E ve r ted r im s h e rd o fh a rd w a re w i th g r ey c o r e a nd l i gh t b rown s u r f ace s , e x ter io r mo t t led b uf fa nd d a rk g r ey ; d i am . c .1 5c m . R im s he rd o f E ver ted r im j a r ( a ng le b e tween i n ne r s u rf ace o f r im a nd i n te r io r ) o f t h in b uf f w a r e , d eco ra ted w i th d oub le c o rdon ( w i th g roove b e tween )n u nde rt h ea ng le o ft h er im ; d i am . a pp rox 1 15 c m? R im s he rd o f p l a in b u cke t shaped u rn o fl i gh t b rown w a re ; d i am . c1 9 c m . B a r re l r im s h e rd w i th g roove u nde r r im , o fw a r e w i th g r ey c o re a nd b rown o u te r p a r t s , b l ack a r ea o n e x ter io r ; d i am . c .1 5c m . . S l igh t ly f oo ted b a se s h e rd o fh a rd g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh t b rown e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 c m . S l igh t ly f oo ted b a se s h e rd , w i th d omed u ppe r s u r f ace , o f h a rd l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th r e dd i sh i n te r io r a nd p a tchy r edd ish a nd b l ack e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 .5 c m . ( Four th r ow , l ef t ) r im s h e rd o fb ucke t -shaped u rn o f p l a in g r i t ty w a re w i th p ro t rud ing s ma l l s t one s ; d i am . c .3 0c m . R im s he rd o fb a r r e l shaped u rn , s l igh t ly t ur n ed -ou tl i p ; d i am . u nknown . R im s he rd o f t h ick , b a r r e l shaped u rn w i th b road g roove o n t op o f t h e r im , o f l i gh t b rown w a re w i th s moo th s u r f ace s ; d i am . c .1 7c m .

I l .5 . 76 I l . 5 . 77 I .

2 . 3 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) l a rge r im s he rd o fp l a in , b a r r e l s h aped ur n o fg r i t ty w a re w i th p ro t rud ing s ma l l s t one s ; p a r t o f i t s s l igh t ly f oo ted b a se i sp r ese rved ; d i am . c . 1 9 c m . R im s h e rd o f l a rge b a r re l shaped u rn o fr ough p l a in w a re ; d i am . c .1 9c m . R im s h e rd o fb ar r e l s haped p o tw i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed l i p , o f h a rd , c oa r se g r i t ty w a re w i th l i gh t b rown e x ter io r ; d i am . c .1 7c m .

1 .

2 .

3 .

3 81

( T op r ow , l ef t ) b a se s h e rd o f h a rd , d a rk g r ey w a r e w i th b rown e x ter io r a nd d epo s i t s l i ke s oo t i n s ide ; d i am . c .1 0c m . ( 3 33 ) P a r t o f a n ea t ly m ade s ma l l w he t s tone w i th r e c tangu la r c r os s s e c t ion a nd s h aped , b lun t e nd ; p r esen tl e ng th 5 . 0c m . ( 3 35 ) B one p in o ri n comp le te a w l , f o rmed f r om as l ive ro fa l o ng b one ; l e ng th 5 . 8 c m( 3 34 )

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 5 .

6 .

7 . 8 . 9 .

1 0 . 1 . 1 2 .

P robab le w he t s tone f o rmed o f a l o ng , r ounded p ebb le ; l e ng th 2 2 .1 c m . ( 260 ) ( S econd r ow , l e f t ) . T h ick s and s tone w ho r l w i th f l a t u ppe ra nd l owe rs u r f aces a nd r ounded e dge ; d i am . 3 . 1 c m . R econ s t ru c t ion ( f rom a f r agmen t w h ich h a s l o s t i t s o u te re dge ) o ft h e l owe r s t one o fa n a d ju s tab le r o ta ry q uer n ; t h e g r ind ing s u r f ace , r i s ing s l igh t ly t owa rd s t h e c en t ra l h o le , i so n t o p a nd t h e h ou rg la s s s hape o f t h e c en t ra l h o le s e em s t ob e t h e s t anda rd p a t te rn f o r l owe r s t ones ( I l l . 5 . 15 ) ; e s t ima ted d i ame te r s hou ld p robab ly b e much l a rge r t h an t h a t s hown i n t h e d r aw ing ,p a r t icu la r ly i ft h e s t one i s much w or n . T h ick s p ind le w ho r l o fs h iny b l ack m a te r ia l ,p robab ly j e t ; d i am . 3 . 8c m T h ick s p ind le w ho r l ( c ro s ss e c t ion s hown o nt o po fi t ) o f s t one c on ta in ing s h iny f l eck s ;d i am .4 . 1 c m . G r ind ing s t one f o rmed f r om a n e l onga ted r i ve r p ebb le , w i th c ha rac te r is t ic f a ce t ted w o rk ing s u rf ace v i s ib le a tt h el owe re nd ; l e ng th 1 3 .5 c m . ( 406 ) R ough s t one d i sc ; d i am . 9 . 5 c m . ( 2 31) . H eavy c i r cu la rp e rf o ra ted s t one w e igh t ; v er t ica l d i am . 1 2 .5 c m ,h o r izon ta l 1 .0 c m , m ax .t h ickne s s4 . 7c m . A d i sco id s t one p ounde r o r h amme r , t h e t r ace s o f w o rk ing r unn ing a l r ound t h e e dge ; d i am . 9 . 5 c m . ( 405 )

9 .

1 0 . 1 . 1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 . 1 5 .

1 6 .

M idhowe - HY33 1

C omp le t e c oppe r a loy r i ng -headed p in ( t h e p in e r roneou s ly n o t s hown c omp le te ) m ade i n t h e s ame w ay a st h e o ne a bove b u t w i th al a rge r r i ng ; t h e c ros s s e c t ion o f t h e w i r e f o rm ing t h e r i ng i s d i s t inc t ly d i amond shaped s o t h a t t h e re i s ar i dge a l l r o und i t ; l e ng th 6 . 2 c m . H em isph e r ica l c r uc ib le f r agmen t( GAM 1 60 ) . F ragmen t o f h em isphe r ica l c r uc ib le w i th p ou r ing l i p ( GAM 1 60 ) . B ronze a rm le tm ade f r om am e ta lb and b en ti n to ar i ng a nd s l igh t ly o ve r lapp ing ; t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e b and i s s l igh t ly c onvex a nd t h e re i s ad eco ra t ive g roov e a l ong e ach e dge ; p r e sen t m ax . d i am . 5 . 1 c m . . ( t he b ronzes a r en umbe r ed f r om GAM 150 -160 ) . C oppe r a loy p enannu la r f i bu la w i th b roken r i ng w i th e xpanded t e rm ina ls , e ach o fw h ich h a s ah o l low i ni t s e nd ; t h e l o ng p in i sa r ched , i st h ickened a tt h e t ube t h rough w h ich t h e r i ng p a s ses a nd h as af l a t ten ed a nd e xpanded p o in t ; l e ng th o fp in 6 . 5 c m . ( t he b ronzes a r e n umbe r ed f r om GAM 150 -160 ) . T h ree s ma l l c oppe r a l loy r i ng s " l a te r t h an o t he r r e l ic s" . F ragmen t so f ap enannu la rf i bu la w i th a na r ched p in o f u nknown l e ng th ( t he b ronze s a r e n umbe r ed f r om GAM 150 -160 ) , . S egmen t o fj e t a rm le t ( a lso s p l i t i nh a lf l e ng thway s ) w i th c r o s s s e c t ion l i ke a f l a t tened ` 1 3 ' w i th as l igh t ly c onvex u p r igh t ; e s t ima ted d i am . 8 . 0 c m . , t h icknes s 1 2 .5 mm . ( GAM 9 5 ) .

I l . 5 . 80

I l . 5 . 81

1 .

I .

2 .

3 .

4 . 5 .

6 . 7 .

8 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) s t one b ow l o r l amp w i th s l igh t p ro jec t ion f o r ah and le b u t n o s i gn o f aw ick h o l low ; i tm ay b e a n u nf in ished c up ; d i am . ( t hough ' h and le ' ) 1 3 .5 c m . ( GAM 1 27 ) . D amaged s t one b ow l o r l amp ; al a rge f l ake h a s b een r emoved f r om t h e l owe r s i de ( a s o n t h e d r aw ing , w h ich d oe s n o t s how t h e d amage ) a nd m ay h ave r emoved m os t o ft h e w ick h o l low ; m ax . l e ng th 1 4 .2 c m .( GAM 1 28 ) . ( S econd r ow , l ef t ) p ebb le w e igh t ( c ro s s s e c t ion b e low ) w i th as h a l low g roove p ecked a r ound i t s l o ng i tud ina l m id l ine , p e rhap s al o om w e igh t o rf o rf i sh ing ; l e ng th 1 8 .5 c m . ( GAM 1 20 ) . R ough ly c h ipped s t one d i sc ; d i am . 7 . 1 c m . ( GAM 1 25 ) . R im s h e rd o fp l a in , t h ick -wa l led v e s se l o fh a rd , g r i t ty , l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh t b rown e x ter io r ; d i am . c .2 1 c m . ( t hough t h is s e em s v e ry l ow f o r s u ch am a s s ive p o t )( GAM 1 58 ) . H a lf at h ick s t one w ho r l o ff r iab le w h i t ish r o ck ; d i am . 3 . 9c m . ,t h ickne s s 1 . 3 c m . (GAM 1 00 ) . C oppe ra loy b roken p enannu la r f i bu la w i th p l a in r i ng a nd l o ng a r ched p i n ( b roken o f f ) ; d i am . o fr i ng c .2 . 2 c m . ( t he b ronze s a r e n umbe r ed f r om GAM 150 160 ) . C omp le te c oppe r a loy r i ng -headed p in f o rmed o f m e ta lw i re b en tt h rough ar i gh ta ng le a tt h eh ead o ft h e s haf t a nd t h en i n to a c i r c le i nt h e s ame p l ane a s t h e s haf t ; t h e r i ng i ss ma l le r t h an u sua l ; l e ng th 5 . 7 c m . ( t he b ronze sa r en umbe r ed f r om GAM 150 -160 ) .

3 82

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 . 7 .

8 .

9 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) a lmo s t c omp le te l o ng -hand led b one c omb w i th 8 l o ng t e e th , s l igh t ly c oncave s i d e s a nd a s t ra igh tb u t t ; l e ng th 8 . 9 c m . ( GAM 9 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb , p robab ly w i th 7 t e e th o r ig ina l ly , w i th c oncave s i des a nd as l igh t ly c oncave b u t t ; l e ng th 1 0 .2 c m . ( GAM 4 ) . I n tac t l o ng -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 1 c l o se -se t l o ng t e e th ( wh ich a r e s l igh t ly m o r e p o in ted t h an a s s hown ) , s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd a f i sh t a i l b u t t ; l e ng th 1 2 .6 c m( GAM 6 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th p robab ly 8 w ide se t l o ng t e e th o r ig ina l ly , s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd af i sh t a i l b u t t w i th a l a rge h o le o r c i r cu la r n o tch i n t h e m idd le o fi t ; l e ng th 1 0 .3 c m . ( GAM 7 ) . L ong -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 8l o ng t e e th , s l igh t ly c oncave s i des a nd ad amaged b u t to fu nce r ta in s h ape ; l e ng th 1 3 .6 c m( GAM 5 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 1 3l o ng t e e th , c oncave s i de sa nd af i sh t a i lb u t t ; l e ng th 1 .2 c m . ( GAM 2 ) . H a lf a l o ng -hand led b one c omb w i th 9 l o ng t e e th , p robab ly u nf in ished ( b e ing b l un t -ended r a the r t h an p o in ted )t h ee nd so fw h ich s e em t oh ave b een a b raded i n to ac u rve ;p r esen tl e ng th 7 . 8c m . ( GAM 1 0 ) . L ong -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 8 l o ng t e e th , m a rked ly c oncave s i de s t o s haf t a nd af i sh t a i l b u t t ; l e ng th 1 2 .2 c m . ( GAM 3 ) P ar t o f al o ng -hand led b one c omb p robab ly w i th 1 0 t e e th o r ig ina l ly , a nd s l igh t ly c oncave s i des ; d eco ra ted w i th a ni n c ised S t . A nd rew 's c r o s so nt h e s moo th f a ce ( t he u nd e r s ide b e ing r ough ) ; p r e sen t l e ng th 6 . 5 c m . ( GAM 8 )

A ppend ix

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 . 1 5 .

1 6 . 1 7 .

H eavy b one a w l , o ne o f m any s im i la r o nes , m ade f r om a l o ng b one c u t d i agona l ly a c ro s s t h e s haf t ; l e ng th 1 .6 cm . ( GAM 1 8 ) . S ing le p i ece , s i ng le s ided b one c omb w i th 9t e e th a nd w i th a c a ref u l ly c arved , h and le ; s ome h o r izon ta l i n c ise l i ne s a bove t h e t e e th ; o r ig ina l m ax . l e ng th 5 . 0 cm . ( GAM 1 63 ) . D ee r h or nt oo l , p e rhaps ah amm e rhead , c u t a c ro s s a t b o th e nd s a nd d r i l led w i th al a rg e c i r cu la rh o le i nt h e c en t r e , s ub rec tangu la r c r o s s s e c t ion w i th s l igh t ly c onvex s i des ; l e ng th 6 . 9 c m , m ax . t h ickne s s 1 . 9 c m . . ( GAM 6 5 ) . F ragmen to fc ompo s i te , d oub le s ided b one c omb w i th a l l t e e th b roken of , t h e t wo s t r eng then ing b a r s c l amped w i th i r on r i ve t s a nd d eco ra ted w i th d o t -and c i rc le m a rk s ; t h ickne s s a c ro s s b a r s c . 8 mm ( GAM 1 ? ) F ragmen t o f s ma l l w he t s tone w i th v e r t ica l s i de s ; p r esen tl e ng th 4 . 3 c m . ( GAM 18 ) . B one o r a n t le r o b jec t o f u nc e r ta in u se w i th t wo r e c tangu la r o ppo sed s l o t s j o ined b y ad r i l led h o le ; l e ng th 7 . 5 c m . ( GAM 9 4 ) . F la t w he t s tone w i th r e c tangu la r c r o s s s e c t ion ; l e ng th 1 .2 c m . ( GAM 15 ) . Whe t s tone o fl ong p ebb le o fg r ey ish s t one w i th n ea r r e c tangu la rc ro s ss e c t ion l e ng th 1 4 .0 c m ( GAM 11) .

I l . 5 . 82 1 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) l a rge r im s h e rd o fb a r re l shaped v e s se l w i th s l igh t u pr igh t r im , o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th s u rf ace s m o t t led w i th l i gh t b uf f ; r ough h or izon ta l s t r ia t ion s o n t h e e x ter io r ; o ne c l ea r j o in t h a lf w ay d own i n d ica t ing r i ng -bu i ld ing i n vo lv ing a s ub s tan t ia l o ve r lap o fe ach r i ng ;d i am . c .2 2c m( GAM 1 50 ) . 2 . R im s h e rd o fp o t w i th u pr igh t , s l igh t ly t ur n ed o u t l i p s how ing ar i ng -bu i ld ing j o in w i th s ub s tan t ia l o ve r lap ; b l ack a r ea o ne x ter io r ; d i am . c .1 9c m( GAM 1 83 ) . 3 . R im s h e rd o fj a r w i th o u t tur n ed r im , o f l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th d u l l b rown red e x te r io r ; f a in t h o r izon ta l c hanne l m a rk s a r e a l so o nt h e o u te r s u rf ace ; d i am . c . 2 0c m . ( GA M 1 66 ) . 4 . R im s h e rd o f s ma l l p o t o fr e dd i sh w a r e w i th s l igh t ly e ver ted u p r igh tr im ; d i am . c .1 3c m . ( GAM 1 65 ) . 5 . ( M idd l er ow , l ef t ) p robab ly f o o ted b a se s h e rd s how ing ac l ea r o ve r lapp ing j o in ; t h e b a se p l a te w a s m ade s epa ra te ly ; d i am . u nce r ta in . 6 . R im s h e rd o f l i gh tb rown , f r iab le w a re w i th w ha tl o ok l i ke t r ace s o f ad a rk s l ip o n t h e o u te r s u rf ace , w i th a l i dr i dge o nt h er im ; d i am . u ncer t a in ( GAM 1 68 ) . 7 . R im s h e rd o fg rey w a re w i th r e dd ish b rown e x te r io r a nd w i th s imp le f l u t ing o n t h e r im ; d i am . c .1 5 c m . ( GAM 1 84 ) . 8 . ( Bo t tom r ow , l ef t ) r im s he rd o f l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th l i gh t b rown o u te r p a r t a nd w i th as andy f e e l , p e rhap s p a r t o f as ma l l E ve r ted r im j a r ( t hough s u ch s hou ld n o tn o rma l ly h ave af oo ted b a se ) ; d i am . a tw a is tc .1 0 c m . ( GAM 1 85 ) . 9 . F oo ted b a se s he rd o f l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th l i gh t b uf f e x ter io r ; d i am . a pp rox . 1 3c m . ( GAM 1 75 ) . 1 0 . B a se s h e rd o f l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th t r ace s o f r ed b rown o ne x ter io r ; d i am . c . 8 c m .( GAM 1 87 ) .

3 83

1 . R im s he rd o f ac l a s s ic E ve r ted r im , p robab ly g l obu la r j a r o f t h e C l ic ldüm in s ub s ty le ( GAM 1 48 ) w i th a b l ack -bu rn ished o u te r s u rf ace a nd f l u t ing ( t h ree f a ces ) a l ong t h ei n s ide f a ce o ft h er im ;d i am . 1 6c m .

B roch o fA yre - HY40 1 I l . 5 . 110 I n a dd i t ion t o t h e i lu s t ra ted s h e rd s t h e r e a r e t wo mo r e w h ich Id r ew w h ich a r e p o ten t ia l ly i mpo r tan t . T he f i r s t ( L .1948 .83 ) i s ac l a s s ic E ver ted r im j a rw i th t wo f a ce t s o f f l u t ing o nt h e r im b eve l a nd t r aces o f ab l ack s l ip o rb l ack b ur n ish ing o n t h e e x ter io r ( d iam . c . 1 9 c m T he s e cond ( L .1948 .83 ) i s as l imme r , p l a in E ve r ted r im j a r o fs moo th g r ey w a re ( d iam . 1 5 c m ) w h ich r e semb les H ebr idean f o rm s . 1 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) l a rge r im s he rd o f ad eco ra ted p o tw i th s l igh t ly o u t tu rned l i p ; d eco ra t ion o f 3f i ne g rooves o n t h e f l a tp a r t o ft h e r im , a nd ap a t ter no fi n c ised l i nes i n c lud ing p a r t o fw ha t i s p robab ly a s e r ie s o f f i l led t r iang le s r unn ing r ound t h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e v es se l ; d i am . c .2 0c m( L .1948 .65 ) . 2 . L a rge r im s he rd o f ad eco r a ted j a rw i th as l igh t ly o u t t ur n ed l i p a nd a b l ack -bu rn ished e x ter io r s u r f ace ; d eco ra t ion o f i n c ised l i ne s i n c lude s a s e r ies o f d i agona l n i ck s o n t h e b eve l o ft h e r im a nd a no the r s u ch s e r ie s o n w ha t l o ok s l i ke a s moo thed d own a pp l ied c o rdon , o r' n eck b and ' , i nt h e a ng le o ft h er im ; d i am . 1 9c m( L .1948 .6 1) . 3 . ( S econd r ow ) r im s he rd o f h eavy d eco ra ted w i th s l igh t ly o u t tu rned l i p , d eco ra ted w i th o ne r i dge o nt h e i n s ide b eve l o f t h e r im a nd w i th a n a pp l ied ' n eck b and ' c o rdon , w h ich h a s as e r ies o f s ho r t d i agona l l i ne si n c ised i n to i t ; d i am . c .2 0c m( L .1948 .6 1) . 4 . R im s h e rd o fh eavy j a rw i th ar ounded , e ve r ted l i p , o f t h ick , c oa r se g r i t ty w a re w i th a l i gh t b rown e x ter io r a nd c on ta in ing l a rge g r i t s ; t h e d eco ra t ion c on s is t s o f al a rge p ro jec t ing a pp l ied ' n eck b and ' c o rdon w i th S s haped s ymbo ls , m ade o f at u bu la r r o l l o fc l ay , s t uck o na bove t h is ; d i am . c .2 0c m( L .1948 .? ) . 5 . ( T h ird r ow , l ef t ) l a rge s h e rd o f d eco ra ted j a r w i th ( b roken o f f ) s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed l i pw i th t r aces o fb l ack b u rn i sh ing o n t h e e x te r io r ; o t he r d eco ra t ion o f a s ma l l ' n eck b and ' c o rdon b e low t h e r im a nd a no the r c o rdon l owe r d own ; b e tween t h e se ,a nd e x tend ing j u s t b e low t h e l owe rc o rdon , i s ap a t ter no fh o r izon ta l h e r r ingbone m o t if s m ade o f s ho r t d i agona l i n c ised l i ne s ; t h e l owe r c o rdon i s a l so d eco r a t ion w i th d i agona l n i ck s ; d i am . a t w a is t c . 3 0 c m , a t r im p robab ly 9c m( L .1948 .60 ) . 6 . R im s he rd o fs t anda rd O rkney b roch j a rb u t d eco ra ted w i th ap a t ter n o f i n c i sed l i ne s , ad oub le h e r r ingbone p a t te rn r unn ing r ound u nde rt h e r im ; d i am . c .1 5 c m ( L .1948 .66 ) . 7 . ( F our th r ow ,f rom l e f t ) r im s h e rd o f d eco ra ted O rkney b roch j a r , w i th f a in tp a r a l le l d i agona l c hanne l led l i ne s s t a r t ing 2 c m b e low t h e r im ( no t s hown o n d r aw ing ) ; d i am . c .1 5c m( L .1948 .75 ) . 8 . Wa l l s he rd o f al a rge v e s se l d eco ra ted w i th c oncen t r ic i n ve r ted V shapes o fi n c i sed l i ne s a nd , a tt h e t o p , p a r t

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

9 . 1 0 . 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

o ft h e i mp re s s ion o f ac oppe r a l loy r i ng -headed p i n ( L .1948 .69 ) . A no the rw a l l s he rd w i th af r agmen to f ac r ude a pp l ied c o rdon f o rmed i n to az i g -zag ( L .1948 .82 ) . Wa l l s h e rd w i th i n c ised h e r r ingbone p a t te rn ( no d e ta i ls a sn o tl o ca ted i np r ima ry d r aw ing f i l e ) . ( Bo t tom r ow ) Wa l l s h e rd w i th a n a pp l ied z i g -zag c o rdon ( v e ry l i ke t h e H eb r idean f o rm s ) w i th , a bove t h is , ah o r izon ta l p a t te rn o f i n c ised , f i l led t r iang le s a l ter n a te ly u pr igh ta nd i n ver ted ; d i am . a tc o rdon c .3 8 c m( L .1948 .67 ) . Sma l l E ve r ted r im s he rd w i th s ho r t r im b u t h av ing a d ef in i te a ng le , o r f l u t ing , b e tween t h e i nwa rd f a c ing b eve la nd t h ei n ter io r ; d i am . 1 3c m( L .1948 .83 ) . R im s he rd o fv e s se l w i th s l igh t ly o u t tu rned l i p , t h e o u te r s u r f ace b l ack b ur n i shed a nd d eco r a ted w i th a h o r izon ta l b and o f ad oub le h e r r ingbone p a t ter n o f i n c i sed l i ne s j u s t b e low t h e r im ; d i am 2 0 c m ( L .1948 .63 ) .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 . 1 .

L ingrow -HY40 2 I l . 5 . 27 ( i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum , U n ive r s i ty o f G la sgow )

I l . 5 . 114 1 .

1 6 . C h ipped s t one ' p ick ' b u t w i th n o t r ace o fa b ra s ion a t t h ee nd s ;l e ng th 2 1 .4 c m( B .19 14 .627 ) . 1 7 . Wha lebone s wo rd p omme l , l i ke a f l a t ` D ' i np rof i le a nd w i th ac i r cu la rh o le f o rt h eb l ade t a ng ; l e ng th 7 . 2 c m( B .19 14 .678 ) . I l . 5 . 113 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 . 5 .

( Be low t h e l a s t ) r im s he rd o f s ma l l b ow l shaped v e s se l o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th s moo th s u rf aces mo t t led w i th p a le b rown a nd p a le g r ey ; d i am . c .1 0 c m( GE 4 5 ) . Wa l l s h e rd , o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a r e , d eco r a ted w i th g eome t r ic p a t te rn o fi n c ised l i n e s i nh er r ingbone a nd z i g -zag m o t if s( GE 6 7 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , l e f t ) r im s he rd o fp l a in j a ro fh a rd , p a le g r ey -buf fw a r e w i th n o s i gn s o fp o l ish o r s l ip o n t h e e x te r io r ;d i am . c .2 0c m ( GE 5 1 ,n o t3 1) . R im s h e rd o fp l a in j a r w i th p robab ly a pp l ied c o rdon ( o r ' n eck b and ' ) i nt h ea ng le o ft h e s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed r im , a nd t h e e x te r io r s u rf ace b l a ck b ur n ished ; d i am . 1 6 .5 c m ( GE 6 3 ,n o t4 3 ) . F oo ted b a se s he rd , o fg r i t ty p a le b uf fa nd g r ey w a r e ; d i am . c .1 8c m ( GE 3 4 ) . F oo ted b a s e s h e rd o f v e ry h a rd , b uf f -g rey w a r e w i th t r ace s o fb l ack b ur n ish ing o n t h e o u te r s u rf ace , a nd b rown -buf f i n ter io r ; v e r t ica l s moo th ing m a rk s a r e v i s ib le o n t h e e x te r io r a nd h o r izon ta l o ne s o n t h e i n ter io r ; d i am . c .1 5c m( B .1914 .684 ) .

( T op ) l a rge f r agmen t o fd eco ra ted E ver ted r im j a r o f h a rd , mo t t led b rown a nd g r ey c l ay w i th a s moo th e x ter io r s u rf ace w i th n o t r ace o f b l ack -bur n i sh ing ; t h e i n te r io r f a ce o ft h e r im h a s ah o r izon ta l r i dge t o g i ve f l u t ing a sw e l l a s ah e r r ingbone p a t te rn o fs hor t i n c ised l i ne s ; o u t s ide , i nt h e a ng le o ft h e r im , i sa n a pp l ied c o rdon ( o r ' n eck b and ' ) a l so d eco ra ted w i th s ho r ti n c i sed l i ne s ; o nt h eo u te rs u rf ace i s ar e pea t ing p a t te rn o f f i l led t r iang le s o f i n c ised l i ne s w i th , b e tween e ach o f t h e se , a n i mp r e s s ion m ade f r om a r i ng -headed p i n ; b e low t h e t r iang le s i s ah or izon ta l r ow o fa pp l ied k nobs ; d i am . 2 4c m( GE 5 6 ) . S he rd o f t h e r im o f a v a se ( l ook ing v e ry l i ke H ebr idean V au l w a re ) o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th t h e o u te r s u rf ace m o t t led d a rk e r g r ey a nd b uf f ; d eco ra t ion o f ar ow o f f i l led t r i ang les o f i n c i sed l i nes ; d i am c .2 4c m( GE 5 , n o t7 5 ) . ( M idd le r ow , l ef t ) L a rge r im s h e rd o f p l a in j a r w i th n ea r ly u pr igh t l i p , o f h a rd , p a le g r ey -buf fw a r e w i th b l ack b ur n ish ing o nt h e e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 7c m( GE 4 7 : t h e d r aw ing i sl a be l led ` GD ' f o r O x t row i nm y p ad b u t t h is i s a s sumed t o b e a n e r ro r a s a l t h e a d jacen tf i nd sa r e ` GE ' ) . R im s h e rd o f s im i la r v e s se l o f d a rk g r ey r oughe r w a re ; d i am c .1 5c m( GE 4 9 ) . R im s h e rd o f d eco ra ted j a rw i th s l igh t ly e ve r ted r im -n o d a ta o n w a r e ; d eco ra t ion o fi n c ised l i nes , s ho r t d i agona l o ne s o n t o p o f t h e r im , ar ow o f c r ude d i amond sj u s t b e low i ta nd ah or izon ta l h e r r ingbone p a t te rn f u r the rd own ; d i am . 2 0c m ( GE 7 9 )

3 84

2 . 3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

( T op l e f t ) l a rge r im s h e rd f r om d eco ra ted v a se o f l i gh t , g r ey -b rown w a r e , d i agona l ly s moo thed o n t h e l owe rh a lf ; d eco ra t ion o fi n c i sed l i nes i n c lud ing s ho r t d i agona l l i ne so nt h ei n s ide s u rf ace o ft h e s l igh t ly o u t t ur n ed r im , a na pp l ied c o rdon ( o r ' n eck b and ' ) i nt h e a ng le o f t h e r im , i t s e lf m a rked w i th s ho r t v e r t ica l l i nes , a nd a w ide b and o f or n amen t b e low t h is , c on s i s t ing o f v e r t ica l p ane ls ( s epa ra ted b y v e r t ica l l i nes ) c on ta in ing v a r iou s h e r r ingbone s a nd z i g -zag d e s ign s , d ef ined a ti t s l ow e r e dge b y ah or izon ta l l i ne ; d i am . c .2 0c m( GE 1 06 ) . Wa l l s h e rd o fh a rd , l i gh t g rey c l ay o rnamen ted w i th g eome t r ica lp a t te rn i n c ised l i ne s( GE 7 6 ) . ( S econd r ow ) l a rge r im s herd o f ad ecora ted j a rw i th as l igh t ly o u t tu rned r im o fh a rd , l i gh t b rown w a re w i th s moo th s u rf ace s ; d eco r a t ion o f i n c ised l i nes f o rm ing as imp le z i g -zag p a t ter nr ound t h e p o t ( GE 1 02 ) . R im s h e rd o f d eco ra ted v e s se l w i th s l igh t ly o u t t ur n ing r im , w a re u n reco rded ; s imp le p a t tern o f ar ow o f p i t s o n t h e r im a nd l a rge r p i t s o n t h e o u t s ide s u rf ace u nde rt h er im ; d i am . 2 0c m( L .1948 .68 ) . ( M idd le r ow , l e f t ) L a rge r im s h e rd o f d eco ra ted p o t w i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed r im , s im i la r i nf a b r ic t ot h e o t he r s o fi t s t y pe , b u t w i th t r ace s o fb l ack b u rn i sh ing o n t h e o u te r s u rf ace ; d eco ra t ion o f ar ow o fs ho r t d i agona l i n c ised l i ne s o n t h e r im , a' n eck b and ' c o rdon u nd e r t h e r im o n t h e o u t s ide ( i t se lf d eco r a ted w i th ar ow o fs ho r t s t ab m a rk s ) , a nd ar unn ing z i g z ag ( o r as e r ie s o ft r i ang les ) g o ing r ound t h e v e s se l b e low t h is w i th a n i mp ress ion o ft h e h ead o f ar i ng h eaded p i n b e tween e a ch t r iang le ; d i am . c .2 5 -30 c m ( GE 1 04 ) . Sma l l d eco ra ted b ow l w i th a ' n eck b and ' c o rdon b e low t h e s l igh t ly o u t tur ned l i p , a nd ar ow o fs ho r t s t ab -ma rk so nt h is c o rdon , a nd ar ow o fd i agona l ' h a lf h e r r ingbone ' l i ne s b e low t h is ; b e low t h ese l i ne s a r e t r ace s o f ah o r izon ta l r ow o ft h e i mp res s ion s o ft h e

A ppend ix

7 .

8 .

9 .

h ead o f as ma l l r i ng -headed p in ; d i am . 9 . 5 c m ( GE 4 4 ) . ( Be low n o . 5 ) r im s h e rd o f ad eco r a ted v e s se l w i th a lmo s t u pr igh t r im , o f h a rd g r ey c l ay , u nbur n ished , w i th as imp le p a t ter no fv e r t ica l ' h e r r ingbone ' i n c ised l i nes ; d i am . 1 5 c m( GE 1 05 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , l e f t ) r im s he rd o fd eco ra ted p o t w i th a v e ry s l igh t ly o u t tu rned l i p , o f h a rd w a r e w i th ag r ey c o re a nd b uf f s u rf aces , d eco ra t ed w i th b l ack b u rn ish ing o n t h e o u te r s u r f ace a s w e l l a s ad oub le ' n eck b and ' c o rdon u nde rt h e r im p a t ter n s o fi n c ised l i nes ; t h e l a t te r h a s ar ow o fs ho r t d i agona l i n c ised l i nes o n e ach r i dge o ft h e d oub le c o rdon a nd , b e low t h is , t h e r e a r e t r ace s o f d i agona l i n c ised l i nes p o ss ib ly f o rm ing ar ow o ft r iang le s ; d i am . c .2 4 c m . ( GE 5 7 ) . B a se s h e rd o fh a rd g r ey w a r e m o t t led p a le b rown o n t h e s u r f aces a nd or namen ted w i th a n umbe r o f c i rcu la r d ep res s ion s o n t h e u ppe r ( i n s ide ) s u r f ace ; d i am .c . 1 cm ( GE 1 52 ) .

1 9 .

C a lf o fE day whee lhouse - HY53 1 I l . 5 . 131 TO ' m ean s f r om t h e c hambe r ed t omb , ' HD ' f r om t h e s e t t lemen t . 1 .

2 . 3 . 4 .

I l .

5 . 115 ( i n t h e H un te r ian Mu s eum , Un ive r s i ty o f G la sgow : a l ln umbe r ss t a r tw i th ` B .19 14 ' )

1 .

( T op l e f t ) s t one l amp w i th w ick h o ld e r , r e s to r ed f r om t h ree p i eces ( 673 ) ; l e ng th 1 9 .6 c m . ( T op r i gh t ) h amme r s tone o f l o ng r i ve r p ebb le , u sed f o rp ound ing o ra b ra s ion a tb o th e nd s ; l e ng th 1 5 .7 c m ( 668 ) . ( R igh t ) c h ipped s l a te d i sc ; h or izon ta l d i am . 1 0 .0 c m ( 674 ) . ( M idd l er ow ,f rom l ef t )p o l ished s t on eb ead ; d i am . 2 . 5 c m ( 6 75 ) . F l a ts l a te w ho r l ;m ax . d i am . 4 . 0c m( 6 75 ) . H o l low b one h ead p re sumab ly f o r i r on p in a l though t h er e a r e n o t r ace s o fr u s t ; m ad e f r om as e c t ion o fa l ong b one , s moo thed d own ; w id th 2 . 5 c m( 6 80 ) . S tone w ho r l , p e rhaps o f p a le s t ea t i te , o ne s i de s moo th ; d i am . 3 . 4c m( 675 ) . ( Be low t h i s ) T h ick s t one w ho r l o rb ead o fp i t ted g r ey r ock ;d i am .3 .3 c m( 675 ) . ( Row b e low , l ef t )t h ick s p ind le w ho r l o f s andy , b uf f y e l low f i red c l ay ; d i am .4 . 6c m( 6 75 ) . B roken w ha lebone p omme l f o r s ma l l s wo rd o r d agge r , m ade f r om ac e tacean t o o th ; l e ng th 4 . 8 c m ( 677 ) . T he w edge -shaped w o rked e nd o ft h e a n t le r t i ne n o . 1 8( 68 1) . O ne o f 4f r agmen t s o ff i red c l ay m ou ld , p robab ly f o r t h e s h af t o f ac oppe r a l loy p in ; m ax . l e ng th 4 . 7 c m ( 685 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , f rom l e f t ) t h in s l a te w ho r l o r b ead ; m ax .d i am . 2 .7 c m( 675 ) . S p ind le w ho r l m ade f r om a c u t -down p o t she rd o f h a rd w a r e w i th a d a rk b rown g l aze o r s l ip o n t h e c on cave f a ce ; d i am . 3 . 8c m( 675 ) . P o l i shed s t one b ead ;d i am . 2 . 7 c m( 6 75 ) . A n t le rt i ne , wo rked s moo th a nd w i th c u tm a rk s a tt h e t h ick e nd ; l e ng th 7 . 6 c m( 681 /4 ) . A n t le r t i ne , n o tched t w ice o n o ne s i de - p e rhap s a n u nf in ished b r id le c heek p i ece ; l e ng th 1 .6 c m( 6 81) . L ong a n t le r t i ne , s moo thed , w i th as ma l l c u rv i l inea r p a t t er ni n c ised o ni t ; t h ew edged shaped t h ick e nd i s

5 .

2 .

3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 .

1 . 1 2 .

1 3 . 1 4 .

1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 .

3 85

s hown s e pa ra te ly u nde r n o . 1 ; l e ng th o fc ho rd 2 5 .2 c m( 681) . B one s pa tu la te t oo l c on s is t ing o f al o ng b one s p l i t l ong i tud ina l ly ; l e ng th 1 2 .8 c m( 677 ) .

6 . 7 .

8 . 9 .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

( T op r ow , l e f t ) F rom t h e I r on A ge l e ve ls i n t h e c hambe r ed t omb , r e con s t ru c ted f r agmen t o f al a rge , b ucke t shaped d eco r a t ed v esse l o f g r i t ty , g r ey -buf f w a re w i th a f l a t r im , or n amen ted w i th g eome t r ic p a t ter n so fi n c ised l i ne s ; d i am . c .1 9c m( EO 6 49A ) . T h ick , f oo t le s s b a se s h e rd o f v e ry g r i t ty g r ey w a r e w i th ab uf fe x ter io r ; d i am . c .9 10 c m ( HD 6 92 ) . F oo t le s s b a se s he rd o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re ; d i am . c . 8c m( HD 6 02 ) . ( M idd le r ow , l ef t ) t h ick f oo t les s b a se s h e rd o fd en se ly g r i t ted d a rk g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh tb uf fs u rf ace s ; d i am . 1 3c m( HD 6 9 1) . S l igh t ly f oo ted b a se s h e rd o f s moo th h a rd w a re w i th s l ipped g r ey s u r f ace ; C hambe r Bo ft h e c a ir n ; d i am . c . 1 0c m ( EO 6 55c ) . L a rge f oo ted b a se s he rd o fg r i t ty g r ey w a re w i th b uf f b rown o u te rs u rf ace ; d i am . c .1 c m( HD 6 84 ) . F oo ted b a se s he rd o ft h in -wa l led v e s se l o f s moo th s u r f aced g r ey w a r e w i th p a tche s o f b uf f o n t h e e x ter io r ; d i am . c .1 3c m( HD 7 02 ) . R im s he rd o fb a r r e l shaped u rn o fg r ey , g r i t ty w a re ; d i am . 1 5c m . ( HD 6 88 ) . R im s he rd o fl a rge , b a r r e l s haped u rn o fr ough , b uf f g r ey w a r e , b l ackened a l ong t h e r im ; d i am e s t ima ted a t 1 c mb u tt h is mu s tb em uch t oo s ma l l( HD 6 90 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , l e f t ) r im s h e rd o f h a rd , g r ey s moo th w a re w i th b uf f l igh t b rown a r ea s o n t h e e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 8c m( EO 6 53 ) . R im s he rd o f h a rd , g r ey a nd b uf f -g r ey w a r e , t h e e x ter io r s u rf ace s moo the ri mmed ia te ly b e low t h e r im ; t h e l i p i ss l igh t ly o u t tur n ed a nd a n a ng le i nt h e w a l l b e low t h is h a s b een e mpha s ised w i th a p inched -up r i dge o nt h e o u t s ide ; t h i s l o ok s l i ke ac r ude i m i ta t ion o fc a r ina ted ( s hou lde r ed ) e a r ly I r on A ge p o t s ; d i am . c .2 3 c m( HD 6 98 ) . R im s he rd o f a n u nu sua l b ow l l ik e v e s se l w i th a s l igh t ly t h ickened , u p r igh t r im , o fh a rd , s moo th w a re w i th s l ipped g r ey s u r f ace s ; f r om C hambe r B ; d i am . c .1 3c m( EO 6 51A ) . R im f r agmen t o f an ea t ly m ade , b a r r e l shaped v e s se l o fs t ea t i te ( o rh eav i ly s t ea t i te -backed w a r e ) ; d i am . c . 1 5 -0 16 c m( HD 7 00 ) . Sma l l r im s h e rd o f ah eavy ,b a r re l shaped u rn o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th a r edd ish e x ter io r ; d i am . e s t ima ted a t 1 0 c m b u t t h is mu s t b e much t oo s ma l l ( HD 5 77 ) . B urr ian b roch - HY75 1

I l . 5 . 134 F o r af u l l a ccoun to fa l t h e f i nd ss e e MacG rego r ( 1 974 ) .

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) i n tac t l ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 8 s hor t t e e th , s l igh t ly c oncave s i des a nd a s l igh t ly c oncave b u t t ;l e ng th 2 1 .1 c m . ( GB 9 5 ) . L ong -hand led c omb o f d en se b one , p e rhaps w ha lebone ; t h e r e a r e t h e r ema in s o f 1 0 s hor t t e e th ( t he o ne o n t h e r i gh t s e em st ob e c omp le te ) , t h e s haf t h a s s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd t h e b u t t i ss t r a igh t ; l e ng th 1 3 .1 c m .( GB 8 9 ) . S t ubby l ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 1 6 c l o se se t l o ng t e e th a nd w i th a h and le t h a t w a s o r ig ina l ly a lmo s t s qua r e ; t h e r e i sa n i n c ised g roove a l ong t h e b a se o ft h et e e th ; l e ng th 8 . 0c m . (GB 8 6 ) . ( Be low n o . 3 ) l o ng -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 1 2 m ed ium l e ng th t e e th , c oncen t r ic s l igh t c u rved s i des a nd ab u t t f o rmed f r om t h e b a se o ft h e a n t le r ; l e ng th 1 0 .7 c m . ( GB 1 00 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th t h e r ema in s o f 1 5 s ho r t t e e th , as h af tw i th s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd a s w e l l ing b u t t w i th a c oncave e nd ; l e ng th 1 4 .1 c m . ( GB 9 1) . L ong -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 1 0 s hor t t e e th , s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd as t ra igh tb u t t ; l e ng th 1 2 .2 c m . ( GB 9 4 ) . ( S econd r ow , l ef t ) l ong -hand led c omb p robab ly w i th 1 0 m ed ium l e ng th t e e th o r ig ina l ly , a nd a c r ude ly r e c tangu la r s haf tf o rmed f r om t h e c u rved s e c t ion o fa l a rge a n t le r ; l e ng th 1 .3 c m . ( GB 9 8 ) . L ong -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 8l ong t e e th , s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd a c r ude ly f i sh t a i l shaped b u t t ; l e ng th 1 2 .4 c m( GB 8 5 ) . H eavy b one a w l m ade f r om o ne e nd o f al a rge l o ng b one w o rk a symme t r ica l ly t o ap o in t ( b ecau se t h e c en t r e o ft h e b one i sh o l low ) ; l e ng th 1 .5 c m . ( GB 2 23 ) . S t ubby l ong -hand led c omb m ade f r om p ar t o f a n a n t le r b eam , w i th 1 2 l o ng t e e th o r ig ina l ly , a nd a r ounded b u t w id e rt h an t h e s haf t ; l e ng th 9 . 7 c m ( GB 8 7 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb p robab ly w i th 1 m ed ium l e ng th o r s ho r tt e e th o r ig ina l ly , t h e h and le w i th s l igh t c oncave s i de a nd t h e b u t t s t ra igh t ; l e ng th 1 .0 c m ( GB 8 8 ) . Af l a t r e c tangu la r b one b a r , t h e c r o s s s e c t ion f l a t o n o ne f a ce a nd s l igh t ly c onvex o n t h e o t he r , w i th a r ound h o le a to ne e nd a nd p robab ly a l so a tt h e o t he r , w h ich h a s b een b roken o f f ; p r esen t l e ng th 8 . 4 c m ( GB 2 48 ) . ( T h ird r ow , l ef t ) f r agmen t o fd oub le s ided , c ompo s i te b one c omb r i ve ted t oge the r w i th i r on , t h e b a r s how ing ap a t te rn o f r ow s o fi n c ised l i ne s ; w id th o f b a r 1 . 9c m( GB 8 1 ) . ( Be low i t ) o ne e nd o f ad oub le s ided c ompo s i te b one c omb , t h e b a r s ( now m is s ing ) h av ing b een i r on r i ve ted , d eco ra ted a tt h e e nd w i th t wo d o t -and -2 r i ng s m o t if s( GB 8 2 ) . ( R igh te nd b u to ne ) l a rge p e r f o ra ted b one p l a te d r awn a t aq ua r te r s c a le , p robab ly a h oe ; l e ng th c .2 6 c m ( GB 2 54 ) . B roken l ong f l a tb one s t r ip w i th ap e rf o ra t ion n ea rt h e i n tac t , s qua r e e nd a nd a l so a tt h e o t he r d amaged e nd , a nd ab one p eg n ea rt h e m idd le ; l e ng th ( GB 2 48? ) .

3 86

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 .

( Bo t tom r ow ) p ounde r o r g r inde r m ade f r om aw h i te b each p ebb le , u sed a tb o th e nd s ; l e ng th 8 . 0 c m ( GB 1 ) . S o l id o va l p robab le s wo rd p omme l , p robab ly o f w ha lebone o r i v o ry , w i th a r e c tangu la r s h af t -ho le t h rough t h e m idd le o fi t ; l e ng th 7 . 7 c m , t h ickn e s s 2 . 5 c m( GB ? ) . H and le o f as ma l l l o ng c omb , t h e t oo th e nd b roken o f f , t h e s i des s l igh t ly c oncave , l i kew ise t h e b u t t ; p r e sen tl e ng th 6 . 0c m GB 9 2 ) . D eco ra ted w ho r l o f r ed s and s ton e , w i th a g r oove r ound t h e e dge ; t h e u ppe r s u rf ace i s or namen t ed w i th r a d ia l i n c i sed l i nes ; d i am . 3 . 4 c m( GB 5 5 ) . N a r row b one c y l ind r ica l o b jec tw h ich h a sb een t ur ned e x t en s ive ly i n s ide as ocke t ; i ft h is i sa no the r h and le f o r as ma l l r o ta ry q ue rn t h e s o cke t w as s ma l l , o n ly a bou t 1 mm i nd i ame te r ; l e ng th 5 . 3 c m( GB 2 14 ) . B one w ho r l ; d i am . 2 . 8 c m( GB 3) . S t one w ho r l ,p e rhap ss t ea t i te ; d i am . 2 . 3 c m( GB 5 9 ) . S and s tone w ho r l ; d i am . 3 . 0 c m( GB 5 6 ) . B a l l shaped b one h ead f o ri r on p i n( GB 2 39 ) .

I l .5 . 135 1 .

2 . 3 . 4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) s o l id b one h and le f o r i r on b l ade , t h e r ema in s o f w h ich a r e i n t h e s o cke t a tt h e n a r rowe r e nd ; l e ng th7 .2 c m ( GB ? ) . L a rge b one n eed le w i th d eco ra t ion o f 3r ow s o fs ma l l p i t sb e low t h ee ye ; l e ng th 1 2 .3 c m( GB 1 87 ) . A no the rp l a in b one n eed le o fs im i la r t y pe ; l e ng th 9 . 2 c m( GB 1 84 ) . ( S econd r ow , l ef t ) b one s pa tu la te t o o l m ade f r om p a r t o f ac annon b one , t h e r ounded , s moo thed e nd b e ing f o rmed b y s hav ing a c ros s t h e s h af td i agona l ly ; l e ng th 1 2 .8 c m( GB 2 53 ) . B one h and le o f u nce r ta in f unc t ion ; t h e e nd h a s t wo p a r a l le l g roove s r unn ing r ound i t ; l e ng th 9 . 9 c m( GB 2 25 ) . ( T h i rd r ow , l ef t ) d amaged a n t ler t i ne w i th a p e rf o r a t ion n ea r t h e b lun t e nd - p robab ly ab r id le c heek p i ece ; l e ng th 1 2 .0 cm ( GB 2 20 ) . L a rge a w l m ade f r om al ong b one w i th t h e s h af tc u t d i agona l ly t o f o rm t h e p o in t ; l e ng th 1 8 .1 c m ( GB 2 22 ) . ( Be low i t ) s i de v i ew o f ab one p l a te w i th D shaped c r o s s s e c t ion a nd 3b one ' p eg s ' r ema in ing i np o s i t ion , 2c omp le te ; l e ng th 7 . 1 c m( GB 2 50 ) , ( F our th r ow , l ef t ) a n t le r t i ne w i th n ea t ly s awn w ide e nd , p r e sumab ly i n tended t ob e ab r id le c heek p i ece ; l e ng th 1 0 . 2c m( GB 2 21) . B roken h o l low b one h ead f o r a ni r on p in ; t h eh ead i s m ade f r om a s e c t ion o f al o ng b one , r ound ed a nd g i ven af l a t l owe r s u rf ace i nw h ich i st h e h o le f o rt h e p in ( s ome r u s t r ema in s ) ; t h e t o p p ar t o ft h e h ead i s n a r row e rt h an t h eb a se ; h e igh t2 . 2 c m( GB 2 4 1) . B one h and le l ike o b jec t wh ich h a se v iden t ly t u rned i n as ma l l s ocke t , t h e l owe r e nd b e ing a b rad ed a nd t h inne r ; t h e s l igh ta ng le b e tween t h em a in h and le a nd t h e a b r aded p a r t s ugge s t s t ha t t h is i st h e l owe re nd o f t h e l o ng , p i vo ted h and le f o r ad i sc q uern , t h ough t h e s ocke t s e em sr a the rs ma l l f o rs uch ; l e ng th 8 . 6c m( GB 2 15 ) .

A ppend ix

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 . 2 1 .

2 2 .

2 3 .

S o l id s wo rd p omm e l o f i v o ry o r w ha lebone i n t h e c ha r a c te r is t ic k idney s hape a nd w i th a s qua r e s haf t h o le r unn ing t h rough t h e c en t r e ; t h e s t ra igh t e dge w ou ld b e t owa rd s t h e b l ade a nd t h e d i p f o rm ing t h e k idney s hape i n w h ich w a s t h e r i ve t o r s c r ew ( a t ta ch ing t he s wo rd t a ng t o t h e p omme l ) w ou ld p rev en t t h e p ro jec t ing o f t h e l a t te r i n conven ienc ing t h eu s e r ; l e ng th 5 . 9c m( GB ? ) . ( F if th r ow , l ef t ) r im s h e rd o f ab a r re l shaped ur n o f d a rk g r ey c l ay w i th t r ace s o f s oo ty m a te r ia l o n t h e e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 9c m( GB 3 10 ) . D eco ra t ed g lobu la r v e s se l w i th ab ead r im , o fh a rd g rey w i th s moo th b l ack a nd l i gh tr ed -buf fe x ter io r ; a n a pp l ied c o rdon , n i cked w i th d i agona l i n c ised m a rk s , r un s r o und i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e r im ; i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a tt h ea ng le o ft h ew a l l o ft h ev e s se lw a s mo r e u pr igh t t h an s hown ( no . 1 6 b e low ) ; d i am . c . 1 7 c m ( GB 3 09 ) . ( Be low t h e l a s t ) r im s he rd o fl a rge p l a in v es se l w i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed l i p , h a rd , p a le b r ick r ed w a r e ; d i am .c .2 3 cm ( GB 3 10 ) . T h is a ppea r s t o b e a n a l ter n a t ive d r aw ing o fn o 1 4 a bov e w i th a mo r e r e a l i s t ic r im a ng le ( s ee n o . 1 7 ) ( GB 3 09 ) . R im s h e rd o f ap l a in , b ead -r immed , g l obu la rb ow l o f h a rd , s a ndy t e x tu red w a r e w i th al i gh t g r ey c o r e a nd mo t t led g r ey -buf f e x te r io r ; d i am . n o t m ea su r ed ( GB 3 13 ) , R im s h e rd o f v e s se l w i th s l igh t ly o u t tu rned l i p , o f h a rd w a r e w i th ag r ey c o r ew i th b r ick r ed o u te rp a r t s ; t h e a ng le o ft h e r im s hou ld p robab ly b em o r e l i ke t h a t o fn o . 1 5 ; d i am . c .2 0c m( GB 3 09 ) . F oo t le s s b ase s h e rd o f v e ry h a rd g r ey w a r e w i th s moo th , d a rk g r ey s l ip o n t h e e x te r io r ; d i am . c . 1 c m( GB 3 11) . H eavy f o o ted b a se s h e rd o fd a rk g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh t b uf fo u te rs u rf ace ; d i am . c . 7c m( GB 3 10 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , l e f t ) r im s he rd a ppa ren t ly o fg l obu la rj a r w i th s ho r t E ver ted r im , o f h a rd w a r e w i th b l ack b ur n i shed o u te r s u r f ace , or namen ted w i th a ' n eck b and ' c o rdon i nt h e a ng le o ft h e r im ( bu t f o rmed o f w ha t l o ok s l i ke a n a pp l ied b and o f c l ay w h ich h a s b een p i nched i n to ar ow o fo va l b o s se s ) a nd as imp le i n c i s ed p a t tern b e low t h a t( ah o r izon ta l l i ne b e low t h e b os s e s a nd w ha t l o ok s l i ke a l a rge z i g -zag p a t ter n b e low t h a t ) ; d i am .n o tg i ven ( GB ? ) . R im s h e rd o f f i ne , h a rd E ver t ed r im j a r ( t he t o p o f t h e r im b roken o f ) w i th ' n eck b and ' c o rdon i n ar ope p a t t e rn ; d i am . n o tg i ven ( GB 3 09 ) . R im s h e rd o fv e s se l w i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed r im , o f h a rd ,b r ick -red w a r e ; d i am c .1 9c m( GB 3 09 ) .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 . 1 . 1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 . 1 7 .

H owmae w hee lhouse

HY75 3 1 8 .

I l . 5 . 143 1 9 . 1 .

2 .

( T op l e f t ) d eco ra ted l o ng -hand led b one o ra n t le rc omb w i th 1 3 l o ng t e e th ( Ib rok en o f ) , w i th c oncave s i de s a nd or n amen ted w i th as imp le p a t te rn o fi n c ised l i ne s o no ne s i de ; l e ng th 1 6 .4 c m( GO 4 ) . P la in , h eavy l o ng -hand led , s t r a igh t s ided b one o r a n t le r c omb w i th 6 m a s s ive l o ng t e e th a nd t h ick

2 0 .

3 87

h and le ; a n i n c ised l i ne a l ong t h e b a se o ft h e t e e th m ay b eo rnamen t ; l e ng th 1 2 .0 c m( GO 3 ) . P l a in l o ng -hand led b one o r a n t le r c omb w i th 9 l o ng t e e th ( one b roken of ) a nd n ea r ly p a ra l le l s i des ; l e ng th 1 5 .7 c m ( GO 1 ) . D eco r a ted l o ng h and led , s t ra igh t -s ided b one o ra n t le r c omb w i th 1 0 l o ng t e e th ( 2b roken i nh a l f ) , d eco ra ted w i th i n c ised l i nes o n t h e b u t t ; l e ng th 1 3 .8 c m ( GO 4 ) . ( S econd r ow ) ah eavy e xamp le o f m any b one a w ls , f o rmed o f t h e t o p o f al o ng b one , t h e p o in t b e ing f o rmed b yd i agona l ly c u t t ing a c ro s st h e s haf t a nd t h en p o l ish ing ; l e ng th 1 0 .7 c m( GO 1 70 ) . F l a tb one i mp lemen t ,p robab ly ac u t -down r i b , l o ok ing l i ke t h e h and le o f ak n if e ; t h e r e i s as ugges t ion o fa p omme l a tt h e t o p a nd t h e ' b lade ' e xpand s s udden ly f r om t h e ' h and le ' ,t h e r eb e ing t wo p o s s ib ly or n amen ta l d r i l led p i t s j u s t b e low t h e b l ade s hou lde r s ; a tt h e b roken e nd o ft h e ' b lade ' a r e t wo s ma l l d r i l led h o le s ; p re sen tl e ng th 7 . 9 c m . T he o b jec tr e semb le st h eh i l to f as ma l l c oppe r a l loy l a te B ronze A ge l e af shaped s wo rd ( GO 1 86 ) . B one a w l m ad e f r om t h e t o p o f a n u lna b one , t h e p o in t f o rmed b y c u t t ing a c ro s s t h e s haf t d i agona l ly ; l e ng th 1 0 .1 c m( GO 3 7 ) . F l a t b one o b jec t w i th as ho r t h and le ( w i th p erf o ra t ion f o r s u spen s ion ) a nd a s hor t l e af shaped b l ade p e rhap s ap o t te r 's t o o l ; l e ng th 8 . 6c m( GO 1 87 ) . Sma l l s l ive ro fb one w i th r e c tangu la rc r o s s s e c t ion a nd m a rk ed w i th az i g -zag p a t ter n o fi n c ised l i ne s ; ( GO 2 30 ) . S im i la r b one s l ive r w i th c l ea re r z i g -zag p a t te rn ( GO 2 31) . B one a w l ; l e ng th 8 . 2 c m( GO 2 2 ) . S o l id b one k nob w i th f l a t s u rf ace s a nd a r ounded s i de , p e rf o r a ted w i th ad eep c y l ind r ica l s ocke t wh ich a lmo s t g oe s r i gh t t h rough ; p o s s ib le ap omme l f o r a k n if eo rd agge r ; d i am . 3 . 9c m( GO 5) . ( Above t h i s ) a b one h ook w i th a s u spen s ion p e rf o ra t ion a tt h e t o p o ft h e s haf t( i n t h e d raw ing t h e s i de v i ew o f t h e h ook i sa t t h e w rong e nd o f t h e o b jec t ) ; l e ng th 4 . 6c m( GO n umbe rn o tn o ted ) . ( T h ird r ow ) l a rge b one i mp lemen t m ade f r om ar i b , p e rhaps ap o t te r 's t oo l j udg ing f r om t h e s im i la r f i nd f r om D un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ( MacK ie 1 974 , f i g . 0 0 , n o . 0 0 ) ; l e ng th 1 9 .4 c m( GO 1 88 ) . A no the r k n if e l ike i mp lemen t i fp o l ished w h i te b one , t h e ' b lade ' b roken o f f ; p r esen t l e ng th 8 . 8 c m ( GO 1 85 ) . B one n eed le , p o in t b roken of ; l e ng th 3 . 7 c m ( GO 2 03 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , l ef t ) b a se s h e rd o f h a rd , g r i t ty g r ey w a r e w i th a b r ick -co lou r ed t i nge u nder n ea th b a se ; d i am . c . 2 3 -26 c m( GO 9 6? ) . B a se s he rd o f h a rd , g r i t ty w a r e , t h e o u te r h a lf b r ick c o lou r ed ,t h ei n ne rb l ack ; d i am . c .1 5c m( GO 9 7? ) . B one i mp lemen t o fu nce r ta in p u rpo se ; t h eo n ly t h ing s im i la r ( bu t s ma l le r ) t h a t Ih ave s e en i s t h e b one t i gh ten ing f i x tu r e o n t h e d eck t h ong s o f a n I nu i t k ayak ; p r e sen tl e ng th 7 . 8 c m( GO 1 84 ) . F ragmen t o f al a rge c up o r p o t m ade f r om aw ha le v er teb ra ; d i am . c .1 5c m( GO 5 ) .

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

2 1 .

R im s he rd o f ap l a in b a r r e l shaped u rn o fh a rd , g r i t ty g r ey w a r e ; d i am . n o tm ea su rab le ( GO 9 6 , 9 7 ) .

B urray E a s t - ND49 1 I l .5 . 27 5 . 6 . 7 .

8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 .

( T op l e f t ) l ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 7l o ng t e e th , 3b roken o f f ; p r e sen tl e ng th 1 2 .5 c m( GC 5 ) . ( Be low i t ) h eavy s o l id b one h ead f o r a n i r on p i n , t h e s haf tb roken o f f ;d i am . 2 . 1 c m( GC 3 0 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th v e ry s ho r t t e e th a nd a h eavy h and le w i th a n ea r c i r cu la r c r o s s s e c t ion ; l e ng th 1 4 .6 c m( GD 3 ) . O ne o f t h ree b a l l -headed b one p in s ; l e ng th 5 . 7 c m ( GC 7 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb p robab ly w i th l o ng t e e th , n ow b roken of ;p r e sen tl e ng th 1 4 .7 c m( GC 4 ) . ( T op r i gh t ) b one s poon m ade f r om a c u t -down s c apu la ; l e ng th 1 2 .5 c m( GC 2 1) . ( Be low s poon ) Who r l o r b u t ton m ade f r om a ( p robab ly h uman )f emu rh ead ; d i am . 3 . 6 c m( GC 2 3 ) . F ragmen t o f ad oub le s ided c ompo s i te b one c omb w i th a ni r on r i ve t ;w id th 5 . 5 c m( GC 6 ) . F ine ly m ade a nd s moo thed c i r cu la rs t one d i sc o fm ica s ch is t ; d i am . 6 . 7c m ,t h ickne s s 3mm ( GC 4 6 ) . I sf r om Ox trow . H o l low b a l l h ead o fb one f o r a n i r on p in , af r agmen t o ft h e s ha f t r ema in ing ; t h e h ead i sp robab ly m ade f r om t h e t r immed a nd p o l ished s e c t ion o f al o ng b one ;d i am . 1 . 8c m ( GC 3 1 ) .

I l . 5 . 148 ( Bo t tom ; s ome o ft h e f i nd si lu s t r a ted b y P e t r ie , a nd a l so b yA nde r son ( 1 883 , 2 37 ) . I nb racke t sa tt h ee nd o f e ach e n t ry i s ,i fr e levan t , t h e c o r r e spond ing n umbe ro ft h e o b jec ti nI l . 5 . 27 . F ig . 1S o l id b one o ri v o ry h ead w i th af r agmen to ft h e i r on p i ns haf ta t tached ( 2 ) . F ig . 2F ragmen t o f ad oub le s ide c ompo s i te b one c omb ( 8 ) . F ig . 3 Ac up m ade f r om aw ha le v e r teb ra . F ig . 4 Ab a l l -headed b one p i nw i th ah i pped s hank ( o fl a te I r on A ge t y pe )( 4 ) . F ig . 5B one a w l . F ig . 6D eco ra ted c oppe r a loy p i n w i th a d i sco id h ead , d eco ra ted w i th n i ck s r ound i t s e dge a nd w i th af ew l i ne sa r ound t h e s haf t .