Bu, Gurness and the Brochs of Orkney: Part II: Gurness 9780860544357, 9781407317793

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Dedication
Foreword
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Tables
Abbreviations
CHAPTER 2.1 EXCAVATION, RESTORATION AND PUBLICATION
CHAPTER 2.2 THE STRUCTURES AND LAYERS
CHAPTER 2.3 THE FINDS
CHAPTER 2.4 THE ENVIRONMENTAL REMAINS
CHAPTER 2.5 DATING
PPENDIX 2.1 CATALOGUE OF EXTANT RECORDS
APPENDIX 2.2 CATALOGUE OF FINDS AND SAMPLES
APPENDIX 2.3 THE CLAY MOULDS
APPENDIX 2.4 THE POTTERY FABRICS AND RIM FORMS
APPENDIX 2.5 THIN SECTION ANALYSIS OF THE POTTERY
APPENDIX 2.6 THE MACROSCOPIC PLANT REMAINS
REFERENCES

Citation preview

Bu, Gurness and the Brochs of Orkney Part II: Gurness

John W. Hedges with the collaboration of Bernard Bell and Beverley Smith and with appendices by Joanna Close-Brooks, Stephen Cracknell, Camilla Dickson and David F. Williams

BAR British Series· 164 1987

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. 164, 1981: 'Bu, Gurness and th e Broch s of Orkney. Part II: Gurness'

©

Crown Copyrigh t, 1981

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860544357 paperback ISBN 9781407317793 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860544357 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

B U, G URNESS, AND T HE B ROCHS OF O RKNEY P art 2 :

GURNESS

C ONTENTS P age F oreword

iii

L ist o f

f igures

L ist

p lates

o f

iv ix x ii x iii

L ist o f t ables A bbreviations u se C HAPTER

2 .1 2 .2

E XCAVATION, R ESTORATION A ND P UBLICATION T HE S TRUCTURES A ND LAYERS

1 15

w ritten i n c ollaboration w ith 2 .3

B everley S mith T HE F INDS

2 .4

w ritten i n c ollaboration w ith B ernard B ell T HE E NVIRONMENTAL R EMAINS

75

181

w ritten i n c ollaboration w ith 2 .5 A PPENDIX

B everley S mith D ATING

2 .1

C atalogue o f

e xtant

2 .2

C atalogue o f

f inds

2 .3

T he c lay m oulds

183 r ecords a nd s amples

186 191 3 03

b y J oanna C lose-Brooks 2 .4

T he p ottery f abrics

a nd r im f orms

3 06

b y S tephen C racknell 2 .5

T hin s ection a nalysis b y D avid F W illiams

o f

2 .6

T he m acroscopic p lant

r emains

t he p ottery

311 314

b y C amilla D ickson R eferences

3 15

These v olumes a re d edicated t o t he memory o f THE N ORTH OF S COTLAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ERVICES ( NOSAS)

i i

F OREWORD T hese t hree v olumes -at o ne o n

a

s alvage

m onument

e xcavation;

o pened

c ontext

o f

l evel -a re,

t he l ong o verdue

f or p ublic d isplay;

s imilar s ites

r espectively, p ublication

t he n orth a nd w est h ave

a

l arge

a nd a d iscussion o f b oth i n

i n t he i mmediate a rea.

t he

T he e vidence p roduced

a nd t he c onclusions d rawn, h owever, h ave i mportant i mplications f or t he s tudy o f S cotland's p rehistory. l east, s tudy,

a r eport

o f

l ong b een c onsidered t o b e

w ell d efined a s a m onument t ype. H ere, t he a ccepted c oncept o f t he ' broch' i s

a nd f undamental T he ' brochs o f

' understood'

o r,

a t

t aking O rkney a s a c ase r ejected a s b eing b oth

u ntrue a nd c onstrictive t o t hought. T he w ay i s m ade o pen f or f resh t hinking, n ot j ust a bout t wo c enturies, b ut f or t he w hole p eriod f rom t he b eginning o f S upport

t he I ron A ge

t hrough t o

f or t he p roject h as

p rincipally c ome f rom t wo b odies.

H istoric B uildings a nd M onuments D evelopment D epartment p rovided m ost t hrough w ork

P atrick

w as

S ervices

t he V iking s ettlement.

D irectorate o f t he o f t he f unding a nd s ome

A shmore a nd t hen N oel F ojut.

u ndertaken

w ithin

a nd b enefited

t he

N orth

f rom t he h elp,

o f

g reat

T he b ulk S cotland

a nd

s mall,

o f

T he

S cottish s ervices t he

e arly

A rchaeological o f v irtually a ll

t he m embers o f s taff. L atterly, a much n eeded g rant w as m ade f or r esearch. T he s eemingly e ndless t ask o f e diting s uch a l arge m anuscript f or p ublication w as w ife, T eresa. F or

t his

v olume,

i t

i s

l ightened t hrough t he a ssistance o f

a p leasure t o

ac knowledge

m y

t he e arly w ork

o f

B everley S mith o n C hapters 2 a nd 4 a nd, s imilarly, t hat o f B ernard B ell o n C hapter 3 . T he p lans a nd s ections w ere d rawn u p b y B everley S mith, t he

f inds

b y M ain i Anna B irkeland

W hittal), a nd i llustrations

( with s ome b y F rank M oran

a nd

Mike

t he p ottery b y S tephen C radknell -t hough a ll o f t he l ine h ave r eceived f inal p olish a nd a mendation t hrough L eigh

T urner. S pecific c redits h ave b een g iven i n t he l ist o f p lates b ut I a m g rateful t o t he N ational M onuments R ecord o f t he R oyal C ommission o n A ncient

M onuments,

S cotland

a nd t o

t he O rkney

L ibrary

A rchive

f or

p hotographs o f t he G urness e xcavations a nd t o H arold S hearer o f P hoenix P hotos f or a n a erial p hotograph o f t he p resent-day m onument.

JW H O xford

i ii

M arch 1 987

F IGURES F igure

P age

2 .1

G urness:

O verall s ite p lan

2 0

2 .2

G urness:

S ections a cross

2 1

2 .3

G urness:

P lans

o f

s ite

b roch i nterior a t

d ifferent

2 2

h eights 2 .4 2 .5

G urness:

D etails o f b roch i nterior a t

G urness:

E ntrance-way a nd o utbuildings

g round l evel

2 4

t o N E o f

2 5

b roch t ower

2 6

b roch t ower 2 .6

G urness:

O utbuildings

t o S a nd E o f

2 .7

G urness:

O utbuildings N W o f

2 .8

G urness:

C onjectural r econstructed l ayout

b roch t ower

2 7 o f

3 0

b roch i nterior d uring l ater u se 2 .9

G urness:

P lans a nd s ections

o f w ell

3 6

2 .10

G urness:

I nterpretive s ite p lan

3 8

2 .11

G urness:

O verall p lan o f P ost B roch p eriod

6 4

6 6

s tructures 2 .12

G urness:

T he S hamrock

2 .13

G urness:

T he L onghouse

G urness:

S ingle c elled s tructure t o N E o f

2 .14

a nd A nnexe

6 8 b roch

7 0

w ith a djacent E w all 2 .15

G urness:

E vidence s uggestive o f

2 .16

G urness:

P lan a nd s ections o f V iking g rave

2 .17

G urness:

P erforated b one m ounts

2 .18

G urness: P erforated b one m ounts a nd p egs t o t hose f ound w ith s uch m ounts

2 .19

G urness:

P erforated b one m ounts

a ssociated p egs)

a V iking c emetery ( VI)

7 2 7 4 9 1

s imilar

( some w ith

9 2

9 3

a nd b one l ong-handled c ombs

2 .20

G urness:

U nperforated b one p lates

9 4

2 .21

G urness:

B one l ong-handled c ombs

9 5

2 .22

G urness:

B one s ocketed h andles

9 6

2 .23

G urness:

B one

9 7

s ocketed h andles i v

F igure

P age

2 .24

G urness:

B one n eedles/bodkins

a nd p ins

9 8

2 .25

G urness:

B one n eedles/bodkins

a nd p ins

9 9

2 .26

G urness:

B one n eedles/bodkins,

2 .27

G urness:

P ointed b one i mplements

1 01

2 .28

G urness:

P ointed b one i mplements

1 02

2 .29

G urness:

R ubbing a nd p olishing b one

2 .30

G urness:

C etacean b one l arge v essel o r c asket

1 04

2 .31

G urness:

C etacean b one

1 05

2 .32

G urness: a nd l ids

C etacean b one l arge v essels

2 .33

G urness:

C etacean b one

2 .34

G urness:

B one quern h andles a nd

2 .35

G urness: o bjects

B one s pindle w horls

G urness:

B one g aming e quipment a nd m iscellaneous

1 10

2 .36

p ins

a nd p in h eads

i mplements

l arge v essel o r c asket o r c askets

l id a nd s mall v essel ' bobbins

1 00

1 03

1 06

1 07 1 08

a nd m iscellaneous

1 09

o bjects 2 .37

G urness:

M iscellaneous

b one o bjects

1 11

2 .38

G urness:

M iscellaneous

b one o bjects

1 12

2 .39

G urness:

B ronze b rooches

2 .40

G urness:

B ronze t ortoise-shell b rooch

1 14

2 .41

G urness:

B ronze t ortoise-shell b rooch

1 15

2 .42

G urness:

B ronze

1 16

G urness:

B ronze r ings,

2 .43

a nd n eedles

a nd p ins

r ings c hain a nd m iscellaneous

1 13

1 17

o bjects 2 .44

G urness:

I ron knife b lades,

s hield b osses

a nd

1 18

m iscellaneous o bjects 2 .45

G urness:

I ron n ecklet, knife a nd s ickle

1 19

2 .46

G urness:

S tone

1 20

2 .47

G urness:

P erforated s tone d isc l oom-weights

1 21

2 .48

G urness:

P erforated s tone d isc

1 22

s pindle whorls a nd g aming e quipment

l oom-weights

F igure

P age

2 .49

G urness:

P erforated s tone d isc l oom-weights

1 23

2 .50

G urness:

P erforated p ebble l oom-weights

1 24

2 .51

G urness:

P ictish s ymbol s tone

1 25

2 .52

G urness:

S tone s lab w ith c rude i ncised c ross

1 26

2 .53

G urness:

A f lat p iece o f

1 27

p arallel

s andstone w ith i ncised

l ines a nd a p ebble p olisher

2 .54

G urness:

L arge s tone v essel

1 28

2 .55

G urness:

F inely m anufactured s teatite v essel

1 29

2 .56

G urness:

M iscellaneous

s tone v essel

1 30

2 .57

G urness:

M iscellaneous

s tone v essel

1 31

2 .58

G urness:

S tone l amps

1 32

2 .59

G urness:

S tone l amps

1 33

2 .60

G urness:

S tone l amp

1 34

2 .61

G urness:

S tone l amp

1 35

2 .62

G urness:

' Anvil s tones

1 36

2 .63

G urness:

' Anvil s tones'

1 37

2 .64

G urness:

P ivot s tone

1 38

2 .65

G urness:

P ivot

1 39

2 .66

G urness:

W hetstones

1 40

2 .67

G urness:

W hetstones

1 41

2 .68

G urness:

R otary quernstones

1 42

2 .69

G urness:

R otary q uernstones

1 43

2 .70

G urness:

R otary quernstones

1 44

2 .71

G urness:

R otary q uernstones

1 45

2 .72

G urness:

R otary quernstones,

s tone

s addle querns,

1 46

s addle q uerns w ith p ecked h ollows a nd a m ortar 2 .73

G urness:

T rough quernstones

1 47

2 .74

G urness:

T rough q uernstone

1 48

v i

F igure 2 .75

P age G urness:

S tone g rinders a nd a m iscellaneous

1 49

s triking t ool 2 .76

G urness:

S tone p estle a nd a g rinder

1 50

2 .77

G urness:

S tone p ounders

1 51

2 .78

G urness: S tone p ot l ids, a m iscellaneous s tone r oundel a nd q uartzite s trike a l ights

1 52

2 .79

G urness:

S tone p ot

1 53

2 .80

G urness:

N otched a nd p erforated p ieces o f

1 54

l id

f lagstone 2 .81

G urness:

M iscellaneous s tone o bjects

1 55

2 .82

G urness:

C rucibles

1 56

2 .83

G urness:

B aked c lay m oulds

1 57

2 .84

G urness:

B aked c lay m oulds

1 58

2 .85

G urness:

B aked c lay m oulds

1 59

G urness:

G lass b eads a nd g lobules,

2 .86

a nd f lint o r c hert

a mber b eads

1 60

f lakes a nd i mplements

2 .87

G urness: G lass l inen s moother, a s tone w ith a dhesions a nd a g round d own c lam s hell

1 61

2 .88

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

R im 1

1 62

2 .89

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

R im 2

1 63

2 .90

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

R im 3

1 64

2 .91

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

R ims 4 a nd 5

1 65

2 .92

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

R im 6

1 66

2 .93

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

R ims 6 a nd 7

1 67

2 .94

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

R im 7

1 68

2 .95

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

R im 8

1 69

2 .96

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

U nique r ims

1 70

2 .97

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

U nique r ims

1 71

2 .98

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

U nique r ims

1 72

2 .99

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

U nique r ims a nd b ases

1 73

v ii

F igure

P age

2 .100

G urness:

P ottery -F abric B ,

R ims 1 ,

6 a nd U nique

1 74

2 .101

G urness:

P ottery -F abric C ,

R ims 1 ,

7 , 8 a nd

1 74

U nique 2 .102

G urness:

P ottery -F abric D ,

U nique r ims

1 75

2 .103

G urness:

P ottery -F abric E ,

R im 1 a nd a b ase

1 75

G urness:

P ottery -F abric F ,

R ims 4 a nd U nique a nd

1 76

2 .104

a b ody s herd.

F abric G ,

U nique r im a nd a b ody

s herd 2 .105

G urness: 6 ,

2 .106

P ottery -Other F abrics,

R ims 1 ,

1 /2, 4 ,

1 77

7a nd 8

G urness:

P ottery -Other F abrics,

U nique r im

1 78

( amphora) 2 .107

G urness:

P ottery -Other F abrics, U nique r ims a nd

1 79

b ody s herds 2 .108

G urness:

S tone l amp

1 80

v iii

PLATES P late 2 .1

P age G urness:

T he s ite

' rediscovered

i n 1 929,

f rom t he

3

' rediscovered' i n 1 929,

f rom t he

3

W ( RCAMS -S DD g lass n eg A 799/3) 2 .2

G urness:

T he s ite

S ( RCAMS -S DD g lass n eg A 799/2) 2 .3

G urness:

C raw's

b roch i nterior 2 .4

G urness:

G urness:

( 1930)

C raw's

( 1930-1932) 2 .5

p lan o f

t he p artially e xcavated

4

( RCAMS -M OW p lans)

p lan o f

t he e xcavated b roch i nterior

4

( RCAMS -M OW p lans)

T homas K ent

f rom S ( 1930 o r

p hotograph o f

1 931)

b roch i nterior

5

( Orkney L ibrary A rchive)

2 .6

G urness: T homas K ent p hotograph o f b roch i nterior f rom W ( 1930 o r 1 931) ( Orkney L ibrary A rchive)

5

2 .7

G urness: T homas K ent p hotograph o f b roch i nterior f rom E ( 1932) ( Orkney L ibrary A rchive)

6

2 .8

G urness:

6

T homas K ent p hotograph o f

f rom S E ( 1932) 2 .9

C urness:

T homas K ent p hotograph o f

f rom o utside 2 .10

b roch i nterior

( Orkney L ibrary A rchive)

( 1930 o r

1 931)

b roch e ntrance

7

( Orkney L ibrary A rchive)

G urness: T homas K ent p hotograph o f N E quadrant o f b roch w all u nder e xcavation/consolidation ( 1932)

7

( Orkney L ibrary A rchive) 2 .11

G urness:

C raw's

1 933 s ite p lan

2 .12

G urness:

R ichardson's

( RCAMS -M OW p lans)

1 937 s ite p lan s howing g rid

8 9

a nd a reas o wned, r espectively, b y t he C rown a nd t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland ( RCAMS -M OW p lans) 2 .13

G urness: S ite p rior t o f inal r estoration, v iew o f o utbuilding 1 a nd b roch t ower, f rom S ( RCAMS -S DD)

1 0

2 .14

G urness:

v iew o f

1 0

v iew

1 1

S ite p rior t o

o utbuildings 7 -9, 2 .15

G urness:

S ite p rior

a long p assage

f inal r estoration,

f rom W ( RCAMS -S DD) t o

f inal r estoration,

t hrough g atehouse a nd o utbuildings,

f rom E ( RCAMS -S DD) 2 .16

G urness:

C omposite

p hotograph o f w hole

p rocess o f f inal r estoration, g lass n egs A 801/9-11)

i x

s ite i n

f rom S E ( RCAMS -S DD

1 1

P late

P age

2 .17

G urness: T he s ite today, P hoenix P hotos)

2 .18

G urness: B roch e ntrance p assage, ( John W H edges)

2 .19

G urness: h ole

2 .20

E ntrance

( H S hearer,

f rom o utside

1 2

4 7

t o S g uard cell s howing b olt

4 7

( John W H edges)

G urness:

V iew i nto r oofless

e ntrance 2 .21

f rom t he a ir

l intel

G urness:

Sg uard cell o ver

4 8

( John W H edges)

R oof o f b asal g allery/floor o f

s uper-

i mposed g allery i n N E quadrant o f b roch w all

48

( John

W H edges) 2 .22

G urness: C hamber a t N W ( John W H edges)

2 .23

G urness:

I ntramural s tair,

2 .24

G urness:

I ntrusive s taircase p artly b locking

a ccess

f oot of

t o b roch i nterior

i ntramural s tair,

f rom

f rom E ( John W H edges)

4 9

4 9 50

( John W H edges)

2 .25

G urness: T riangular l obby i n N E o f b roch i nterior, f rom S ( John W H edges)

5 0

2 .26

G urness:

5 1

S W p art o f

S a partment in b roch i nterior,

f rom N ( John W H edges) 2 .27

G urness:

S E p art o f

S a partment

i n broch i nterior,

5 1

f rom E ( John W H edges) 2 .28

G urness: N W a partment ( John W H edges)

2 .29

G urness:

i n broch i nterior,

f rom N E

R ectangular n orthern d ivision i n b roch

5 2

5 2

i nterior f rom S ( John W H edges) 2 .30

G urness:

O utbuilding 3

f rom t op o f b roch w all t o N

5 3

f rom t op o f b roch w all t o N

5 3

( John W H edges) 2 .31

G urness:

O utbuilding 4

( John W H edges) 2 .32

G urness: O utbuildings 5 a nd b w all t o N W ( John W H edges)

f rom t op o f b roch

2 .33

G urness: P air o f c ompartments f lanking t he o utside o f t he e ntrance t o t he b roch t ower, f rom E ( John W

5 4

54

H edges) 2 .34

G urness: H edges)

E ntrance t o O utbuilding 1 ,

f rom S ( John W

5 5

P age 2 .35

G urness:

D ouble e ntrance t o O utbuilding 4 ,

f rom N

5 5

( John W H edges) 2 .36

G urness: 3 ,

2 .37

H earth a nd c ooking trough i n O utbuilding

5 6

f rom N ( John W H edges)

G urness:

H earth i n S a partment of O utbuilding 6 ,

5 6

f rom N ( John W H edges) 2 .38

G urness:

E arth closet i n O utbuilding 5 ,

f rom E

5 7

( John W H edges) 2 .39

G urness: A umbry i n O utbuilding 9 ,

f rom N E ( John W

5 7

H edges) 2 .40

G urness:

D ouble a umbry i n O utbuilding 2 ,

f rom N E

5 8

( John W H edges) 2 .41

G urness:

C hamber i n O utbuilding 1 ,

f rom N W ( John W

5 8

C hamber i n O utbuilding 3 ,

f rom N W ( John W

5 9

f rom N E ( John

5 9

H edges) 2 .42

G urness: H edges)

2 .43

G urness:

C upboard i n O utbuilding 9 ,

W H edges) 2 .44

G urness: 4 ,

2 .45

C upboard a nd l arge chamber i n O utbuilding

6 0

f rom N ( John W H edges)

G urness:

Bins

i n O utbuilding 1 ,

f rom N ( John W

6 0

H edges) 2 .46

G urness: H edges)

2 .47

G urness:

?Trough i n O utbuilding 2 ,

f rom N ( John W

S upposed o ven or k iln i n O utbuilding 9 ,

6 1

6 1

f rom S W ( John W H edges) 2 .48

G urness:

G reat D itch a nd g atehouse,

f rom S ( John W

6 2

H edges) 2 .49

G urness: r ampart,

G reat D itch,

c urtain w all,

a nd i nner

f rom g atehouse t o N E ( John W H edges)

x i

62

TABLES T able

P age

2 .1

G urness:

2 .2

G urness:

I ncidence o f

d ifferent

f abrics

G urness:

O ccurrence o f

2 .3

O ccurrence o f

s herds

b y f abric

3 06

o rganic t empered s herds

r im t ypes

i n

i n d ifferent

3 08

3 09

f abrics 2 .4

G urness: a nd

b ase

T he e xtent

o f b urnishing o f F abric A r im

3 09

s herds

2 .5

G urness: O ccurrence o f r im a nd b ase s herds

2 .6

G urness:

c arbon d eposits

C omparison o f p ottery f abric t ypes

d erived b y p etrological a nalysis d etermined

o n F abric A

b y e ye

x ii

a nd

t hose

3 10

3 13

ABBREVIATIONS a pp

a ppendix

B /PB e tc

B roch P eriod/Post s ee a pp 2 .2

( Pottery)

P reserves

t races

o f

b otanical

B roch P eriod.

r emains

F or s ubdivisions

c irca c h

c hapter D iameter E ast

E st/E

E stimated

f ig

f igure

f orth

f orthcoming p ublication

F SA S cot

F ellow o f

GA

G urness,

gm

g ramme(s)

t he

S ociety

o f

A ntiquaries

o f

S cotland

Aikerness

H eight H BM

h istoric B uildings

a nd M onuments D irectorate o f

HMoW

S cottish D evelopment D epartment H is M ajesty's O ffice o f W orks

i n(s)

i nch(es)

kg km

k ilogramme(s) kilometre(s) L ength m etre(s) M aximum

M in m isc

M inimum m iscellaneous

mm M oPBW

m illimetre(s) M inistry o f P ublic B uildings

a nd W orks

N orth N GR

N ational G rid R eference

N /L

N ot L ocated

N MR

N ational M onuments

O D

O rdnance D atum p hase ( Pottery)

P I S e tc

P ost

s ubmitted

B roch p eriod.

p l

p late

P res

P reserved

R ecord

f or

S cotland

f or

p etrological

a nalysis

F or

s ubdivisions

s ee a pp 2 .2

R adius R CAMS

R im R oyal C ommission o n A ncient M onuments

R D R SM(Q)

R im D iameter R oyal M useum o f

S M s p/ssp

S outh S ite M useum s pecies

S cotland

T hickness T H

W (Est) W t

T ankerness H ouse Museum W est W idth ( Estimated) etc W eight

x iv

( Queen S treet

o f

S cotland

p remises)

C HAPTER 2 .1 EXCAVATION,

T he m ound 3 818

K nowe

o f G urness,

A ikerness w as

a

p rominent

g rass-covered

s ituated a gainst t he E vie s hore o f t he E ynhallow S ound ( NGR H Y 2 685). A lthough i t a ppears i n P etrie's l ist o f b rochs o f 1 872

( 1890,

9 3 n o 2 6)

R endall,

O rkney

c ollaboration f ourteen w all

R ESTORATION AND PUBLICATION

o n

i t

w ith

s teps

r emained

s cholar o f

t he t he

t enant,

S ecretary o f

' re-discovered t he

d ug i nto

s taircase

t he w estern s ide

M arwick,

t o b e

a nd m ember o f s et

( pis 2 .1,

t he

a gainst 2 .2).

i n 1 929 w hen R obert

A ntiquarian t op a nd

t he

i nside

O n t he

S ociety, f ollowed o f

a dvice

t he O rkney A ntiquarian S ociety,

t he o f

t his

i n d own

b roch

D r

H ugh

i nvestiga-

t ion w as b rought t o a c lose. B efore t he e nd o f J uly 1 929, h owever, J S R ichardson, t hen I nspector o f A ncient M onuments f or S cotland, h ad s een t he ' examination p it',

a nd w ith t he kind d onation o f

t wo h undred p ounds

f rom T B M acaulay, F SA S cot, t he w ealthy S cots C anadian f ounder o f t he M acaulay I nstitute, had a sked t he S ociety o f Antiquaries o f S cotland t o c onduct e xcavations. C ouncil o f t he S ociety a sked M r H ewat C raw, t heir S ecretary a nd e xcavator m ent t he

w as

t o

b e

o f D unadd,

t o a ct

o n t heir b ehalf;

r eached w ith t he o wner w ith r egard

t o

a n a rrange -

t he d eposition o f

f inds. T he

e xcavations

C raw d irected

t hat

e nsued

f or t he f irst

l asted f or

f our o nly,

t en s easons

( 1930

-1939).

d ying u nexpectedly i n 1 933.

l ess t han a m onth i n 1 930 h e c leared o ut t he f ollowing t rial t renching, a f urther c ircle o f

I n

b roch i nterior t hen, l and w as b ought a round

i t, a nd h e s tarted o n t he s urrounding b uildings. T he l ast o f M acaulay's m oney w as u sed f or t his p urchase, t he s ite w as t aken i nto G uardianship, W orks. B y t he e xhaustively f or m ost o f e xcavated,

a nd t ime

f rom 1 932 o n w as f inanced t hrough H M O ffice o f o f C raw's d eath, t he i nterior o f t he b roch h ad b een

i nvestigated,

t he w all a round

t he o uter b uildings

d efined

i ts c ircuit, t he p assage t hrough i t t o t he b roch e ntrance a nd t he s tructures t hemselves e mptied a part f rom a q uadrant

t o t he s outh ( pls 2 .3 2.11). T his l atter a rea w as c omplicated b y m uch l ater b uildings w hich, a s e lsewhere, w ere l eft i n s itu a lthough t heir f loors h ad b een d ug t hrough i n p laces t o t he l ower l evels. C raw's o nly p ublished a ccount o f h is w ork -a nd t hat v ery b rief -o ccurred i n t he P roceedings o f

t he F irst

t ohistoric S ciences O n l argely

C raw's

I nternational C ongress o f P rehistoric a nd P ro -

( 1934).

d eath R ichardson t ook

a n ominal a ppointment

c harge

o f

o perations;

f or a lthough h e v isited

t he

t his

s ite,

w as a s h e

h ad d one b efore, a nd d ictated w hat w as t o b e d one, h e w as t here f or v ery s hort p eriods o wing t o h is r esponsibilities i n o ther quarters. S upervision o f t he w ork w as d evolved t o f our i ndividuals -T he H on J M B alfour,

L ieut

T ulloch -w ho f rom t he

o ther

C ommander

T Y eoman,

o ccasionally w orked t hrough t he

s ummer.

G eneral E C raig-Brown,

t ogether b ut m ore D uring 1

t his

a nd R

G

o ften t ook

o ver o ne

p eriod f urther

l and w as

b ought d itches I n

a round t hat o wned b y t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries, w ere d ug o ut a nd t he r amparts b etween t hem d efined

a ddition t he

e xcavation t idied u p A t

a s

s econdary b uildings m entioned w ere

n ecessary a nd a ll

t he s tructures

t he t hree ( pl 2 .12).

r emoved

o utside

w ith

s uch

t he b roch

w ere

f or d isplay.

t his

j uncture t he S econd W orld W ar i ntervened a nd e very

a spect

o f w ork o n t he s ite c ame t o a h alt. A fter a d ecade a nd a h alf o f n eglect r econsolidation w ork r ecommenced, t he r esult b eing t he m onument a s i t i s known t oday ( pls 2 .13-2.17). R ichardson, h owever, n ever d id p roduce a f ormal e xcavation r eport a nd t he s ole p ublications o n t he s ite a s a whole h ave

r emained h is R oyal C ommission i nventory e ntry

s ite p amphlet

1 948).

T he

( 1946;

e xcavation a t

t he B roch o f G urness

t ook

a nd

p lace d uring t he

p re-

w ar y ears, w hen m any o f t he b ig s ites i n t he n orthern i sles w ere o pened b y H M O ffice o f W orks -J arlshof, M idhowe C hambered C airn a nd B roch, t he B rough o f B irsay a nd S kara B rae, t o n ame b ut a f ew ( RCAMS 1 946, I II 1 6-23, 2 8-33, 3 7-41; I I, 2 21-225, 1 93-200, 1 -5, 2 54-259). I n p ublishi ng

t he B roch o f G urness

a ims

o f

e xcavations

a t

a fter a n i nterval o f t hat

t ime m ust

b e

f orty y ears

s tressed.

t he

A t

l imited

G urness

t he

t o c lear o ut s tructures a nd r ecover r elics; t hese t wo p hrases o ccur t ime a nd t ime a gain i n t he e xtant r ecords. T he i dea o f s tratigraphy w as c ertainly t here b ut w as r udimentary b y p resent d ay

prime

objectives

s tandards;

were

e verything d epended o n t he o bservation a nd p erception o f

t he

i ndividual s upervisor i n c harge o f a g roup o f w orkmen who w ere d igging d own t o a nd w ithin s tructures a t a c omparatively f ast r ate. T he t he

i nterest

S ociety

h oused. h ad t o

o f

i n r elics

A ntiquaries

i s

a pparent

s ought

f rom t he v ery f irst

t o e stablish w here

t hey

T his i nterest g rew o ver t he y ears; w hen t he c ost b e p assed t o H M O ffice o f W orks w hat r emained o f

d onation h ad b een u sed t o m ake t he s econd o f I t c ulminated w ith o pposition t o R ichardson's

t ime

w hen

s hould

b e

o f e xcavation t he M acaulay

t hree p urchases o f l and. p roposal t o c reate a s ite

m useum. C ompromise w as r eached w hereby f inds f rom o ne s ide o f a l ine d rawn b etween t he s econd a nd t hird l and p urchases w ent t o t he S ociety o f Antiquaries w hile t hose f rom t he o ther b ecame t he p roperty o f t he O ffice o f W orks ( pl 2 .12). A t t he t ime o f w riting t he f inds f rom C raw's

e xcavations

u naccessioned, t he t he kept

a re i n t he R oyal M useum o f

w hile

s ite m useum a nd

t hose f rom R ichardson's t he H istoric B uildings

( Queen

S treet)

a nd M onuments D irectorate o f

S cottish D evelopment D epartment s tore i n E dinburgh. B ones w ere d uring t he l ater e xcavations o nly a nd w ere u sually b oxed e n m asse,

a lthough

i n a f ew i nstances

p ossible

w as

i t,

S cotland

p eriod a re d ivided b etween

h owever,

r etrieved a nd w as

c ontexts w ere g iven. s ome w as kept b y

b oxed b y a rea,

A s m uch p ottery

c ontext;

p resumably t o

a g reat d eal

f acilitate

t ion. T he f inds w ere s ometimes, b ut n ot a lways, p rovenance, a s w ill b e m entioned b elow.

a s o f

r econstruc-

g iven s ome s ort

o f

There w as f rom t he b eginning a c onstant b ias i n e xcavation t owards s tructures, s tripped o f u nnecessary a dhesions, w hich c ould b e c onsolidated a nd d isplayed. A ntiquaries o r H M o W were p rimary a nd e xplicit

T his w as b ecause, t he o rganising b ody,

o bjectives

o f

t he e xercise.

w hether t he S ociety o f d isplay w as o ne o f t he E very y ear t here w as

n ot o nly e xcavation b y a s upervisor a nd h is w orkmen b ut c onsolidation a nd r econstruction f irst b y c ontractors a nd t hen M inistry

f oreman a nd h ands;

t he e stimates 2

a nd g rants w ere

a lso b y a

c hannelled

P 1 2 .1

G urness:

T he

-S DD g lass

P 1 2 .2

G urness:

T he

-S DD g lass

s ite

' rediscovered

i n 1 929,

f rom t he W ( RCAMS

' rediscovered' i n 1 929,

f rom t he S ( RCAMS

n eg A 799/3)

s ite

n eg A 799/2)

3

•

P 1 2 .3

P 1 2 .4

G urness: i nterior

G urness: 1 932)

C raw's p lan o f t he p artially e xcavated b roch ( 1930) ( RCAMS -M OW p lans)

C raw's

p lan o f

t he e xcavated b roch i nterior

( RCAMS -M OW p lans)

4

( 1930-

P 1 2 .5

G urness: ( 1930 o r

P 1 2 .6

G urness: ( 1930 o r

T homas K ent 1 931)

T homas K ent 1 931)

p hotograph o f

b roch i nterior f rom S

( Orkney L ibrary A rchive)

p hotograph o f

b roch i nterior

( Orkney L ibrary A rchive)

5

f rom W

P 1 2 .7

G urness: ( 1932)

P 1 2 .8

G urness: ( 1932)

T homas K ent

p hotograph o f

b roch i nterior f rom E

( Orkney L ibrary A rchive)

T homas K ent

p hotograph o f

( Orkney L ibrary A rchive)

6

b roch i nterior f rom S E

P 1 2 .9

G urness: o utside

P 1 2 .10

G urness:

T homas K ent ( 1930 o r

1 931)

T homas K ent

p hotograph o f

b roch e ntrance f rom

( Orkney L ibrary A rchive)

p hotograph o f

u nder e xcavation/consolidation A rchive)

7

N E quadrant o f

( 1932)

b roch w all

( Orkney L ibrary

P 1 2 .11

G urness:

C raw's

1 933 s ite p lan ( RCAMS -M OW p lans)

8

P1 2 .12

G urness: R ichardson's 1 937 s ite p lan s howing g rid a nd a reas o wned, r espectively, b y t he C rown a nd t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries

o f

S cotland

( RCAMS -M OW p lans)

9

P 1 2 .13

G urness:

S ite p rior

t o

f inal

b uilding 1 a nd b roch t ower,

P 1 2 .14

G urness:

S ite p rior

b uildings 7 -9,

t o

r estoration,

o ut-

f rom S ( RCAMS -S DD)

f inal

r estoration,

f rom W ( RCAMS -SD ] ))

1 0

v iew o f

v iew o f

o ut-

P 1 2 .15

G urness:

S ite

p rior

t hrough g atehouse a nd

P1 2 .16

G urness: f inal

C omposite

r estoration,

t o

f inal

r estoration,

o utbuildings,

p hotograph o f f rom S E

1 1

v iew a long p assage

f rom E ( kCAMS -S DD)

w hole

s ite

( RCAMS -S D I ) g lass

i n p rocess

o f

n egs A 801/9-11)

P1 2 .17

G urness:

T he s ite

t oday,

P hotos)

1 2

f rom t he a ir

( H S hearer,

P hoenix

t hrough t he A rchitects' D epartment m ainly b ecause o f t he o rganisational s tructure c urrent, t hough i n g iving a g rant e xcavation a nd r econstruc t ion

w ere

s een

a chievements r esiting,

a s

s tone

m illennium

t wo a spects

t o w hich g reatest A D

b y

s tone,

w hich

o f

t he

s ame

p ride w as

o f

t wo

p roject.

a ttached w as

s tructures

s tood i n t he w ay

o f

o f

O ne

t he t he

o f

t he

r emoval

a nd

l ater

i nvestigations

o f

f irst e arlier

s tructures; i n n either c ase w as t he f loor r ecorded. F rom a p resent d ay p oint o f v iew, a part f rom t he p resence o f t he i ndividual s upervisor, t he

o nly

p rofessionalism t hat

t he a rchitectural e ither t hat

o f

f ully

n eeded

e ntered

r ecording o f e xposed

t o

b e

t he

t he e xcavations

r emains;

s tructures

o r o f

p ieces

c leared a way i n o rder

t hat

b etter d isplayed -t here a re n o d rawings o f t here a re w ere m ade t o s how r elative s tructures

r ather

W ritten l ayers,

t han t heir s tratigraphic

r ecords a re

a nd

s imilarly

s tratigraphy.

a t G urness w as

i n

i ndeed t he e xtant p lans o f

s econdary

t he m onument

l ayers. h eights

a re

m asonry c ould

b e

S uch s ections a nd p ositions

a s o f

r elationship.

l acking i n i nformation o n

F or t he f irst

p eriod o f

c ontext,

e xcavation w e h ave

C raw's d aily l og-book, i n w hich i s r ecorded, t ogether w ith a d escript ion o f t he w eather a nd a n ote o f t he n umber o f m en i n a ttendance, t he a reas

i n

w hich

e xcavation w as

b eing

c onducted,

o ccasionally

w hat

a rtefacts w ere r ecovered a nd, l ess f requently, t he s ort o f d etails t hat w ould b e w elcomed a s o f a rchaeological i nterest. T here i s a s imilar d ay b ook f or 1 935-38; a ny t here m ay h ave b een f or 1 934 o r 1 939 h ave b een l ost. V arious l etters r elating t o t he t en y ears a s a w hole a lso s urvive t he o f

a nd g ive

d aily t he

a s imilarly

l og w ere kept

f inds w ere

s ometimes kind o f a ssigned, c rude

l ayer

o f

i nformation.

r elics', a nd

I n a ddition t o

c atalogues

d ates

o f

i n w hich

d iscovery;

m ost

a s ketch

b rief d escription a nd t here i s o ften s ome I n t he e arly p eriod t he c ontexts, w here

r elated t o p hases a reas

o f

l isted w ith n umbers

a ccompanies t he c ontext g iven.

n umbered

l ow l evel

' records

i mposed b y

t he e xcavator,

w ithin s tructures h orizontally.

d escriptions w ere

s ometimes u sed t o

v ertically,

I n t he

l ater

i ndicate

a nd

p eriod

d epth,

b ut

m ore u sually w e f ind m easurements b ased o n t he d istance b elow a n a rbitrary a nd c hanging d atum ; h orizontal l ocation w as a chieved b y i mposing a n umbered t wenty f oot g rid o n t he s ite w ithin e ach quadrant o f w hich a f ind A part a nd S ome

t he

c ould b e g iven n orthings

f rom t he e xtant

b rief

l ogs,

t he

p ublications m entioned

n otes m ade

a nd e astings.

t wo

r ecords

o f

f inds,

t he l etters

t here a re a f ew w ritten

b y C raw i n t he f ield s urvive

s ources.

s cribbled o n o dd b its

o f

p aper, m ainly t he b acks o f l etters. I n a ddition t here i s a r eport o f h is w ork w hich h e w rote i n 1 930 a nd u pdated s lightly i n 1 931 a nd 1 932, a nd a s imilar s ummary p roduced b y R ichardson i n 1 935. B oth o f t hese a re

p rogress

r eports

r ather

t heir c ontent. A side n otebooks c ontaining b uildings'

a nd

p reliminary

p ost-excavation w ork

I t b ooks p aper t ype l arge a nd

o f

t han i nterim p ublications

a nd a re b asic i n

f rom t hese, f or t he l ater p eriod t here a re t wo a f ew s ketches o f ' doors a nd h earths i n ' out-

' aumbries'

a nd

a f urther

t wo

o n t he s mall f inds

d evoted a nd

t o

v ery

t he p ottery.

i s c lear f rom t he r ecords e xisting t hat t here w ere n ever s ite i n t he m odern s ense a nd t hat v ery l ittle t hat w as c ommitted t o h as

o f

b een l ost.

l oss

o f

p roportion o f t hereby

c ontext.

O ver t he p assage

i nformation,

t he

M arkings

f inds

r est

o f

h owever.

o f I t

t ime i s

t here h as b een a nother

n ow i mpossible

a nd p ottery w ith n umbers t he e ntry,

o n t he o bjects

w hich m ay

t hemselves, 1 3

i n

t he

o r m ay n ot i n c halk,

t o m atch a c atalogues i nclude c rayon

a a nd

p encil, o f

h ave

p aper

a rtefacts

f requently b ecome i llegible,

u sed t o

a s w hich

l abels h ave o ften

w hile m arked b oxes

b ecome

t hey o riginally r eferred,

d isassociated m ainly a s

a

a nd s craps w ith t he r esult

o f

l ater h andling a nd s orting. T his

a ssessment o f

t he

l imited a ims

o f

e xcavation,

t he c onsequent

s tandards t o w hich i t w as c onducted a nd r ecorded, a nd t he a mount o f i nformation l oss t hat h as o ccurred i s n ecessary s o t hat a p roper a ppreciation c an b e m ade o f t he p resent r eport, n ot l east t he c redibility t hat c an b e a ttached t o a ny ' fact quoted f rom t he s ource m aterial. I n s pite o f t he i mperfections G urness c an s till t hrow a m ajor l ight o n t he p rehistory o f O rkney, i f n ot t he n orth o f S cotland, w hen

i nformation f rom i t

i s

t aken i n c onjunction w ith t hat

s imilar s ites, p articularly t hose w hich h ave b een r ecently a nd f rom w hich m ore r eliable d ata i s a vailable.

1 4

f rom

o ther

e xcavated

C HAPTER 2 .2 T HE S TRUCTURES A ND LAYERS

T he

i nformation f or

t his

s ection i s

d erived

f rom t wo s ources -t he

e xtant d ocumentation ( studied b y J ohn W H edges) a nd t he m onument a s i t e xists t oday ( studied b y B everley S mith a nd t he s ubject o f a d etailed t ypescript

n ow i n t he N ational M onuments R ecord f or S cotland).

T hough

t he e vidence h as t hus b een g one o ver m inutely, b revity a nd c larity d emand t hat t he i ntegrated v iew g iven h ere b e a s ummary o ne. I t i s a lso n ecessary t hat i t b e f rom a r esolved p osition r egarding p hasing a m atter

r equiring

W hen

s ome p refatory c onsideration.

C raw d ied

f inished a nd h is

t he e xcavation o f

l ast known v iews

w hat m ight h ave b een h is m aking d etailed r ecords

t he

o n i ts

f inal o nes. t hat c ould b e

s ite a s

a w hole w as

p hasing c annot

f ar

f rom

b e e quated w ith

I n t he a bsence o f a ny c oncept o f r etrospectively a nalysed h e h ad

t o c ome q uickly t o a w orking h ypothesis o f t he o utline s tratigraphy o f t he s ite. T his i nvolved t he e arly i mposition o f f our p hases ( A-D) b ut -a s

i t

i s

p rogressed T he

i nitial

s ummarized a s 1 )

2 )

e ssential

i n s pite o f

t o a ppreciate -h e d id m odify h is t his

s cheme

v iew

a s

w ork

c onstraint. -a nd

t he

r easoning

b ehind

i t

-c an

b e

f ollows:

T he f urnishings f ound i n t he b roch i nterior w ere c onsidered a rchitecturally d issimilar t o t he t ower i tself a nd w ere t herefore p resumed t o b e s econdary. T he t ower, b eing o riginal, w as p hase A ; t he

i nternal

T he

b uildings

f urnishings p hase B . f ound a round

t he b roch a t

o r n ear t he o riginal g round

l evel w ere s imilar i n a rchitectural s tyle t o t he i nternal f urnishi ngs a nd t hey t oo, t herefore, b elonged t o p hase B . 3 )

A

s tair

w ithin

t he

b roch t ower which was

a ccessible

f rom

t he

e ntrance a nd y et b uilt o ver r ubble m ust h ave b elonged t o a p eriod p hase C -w hen t he t ower h ad p artly c ollapsed. T his a nd, p ossibly, o ther i nternal f eatures w ere a ssumed t o b e c ontemporary w ith a n umber o f c ellular b uildings w hich a ppeared t o b e b uilt o ver t he r uins g round 4 )

o f

t he

b roch o utbuildings,

b ut w hich w ere b elow t he e ventual

s urface.

M aterial

f ound o n t he r uined w all-head

i ndicated t hat

t he s ite

b een o ccupied w hen t he b roch h ad t otally c ollapsed -p hase P aving f ound b elow t he t urf i n v arious l ocations w as b elieved b elong

t o

t his

p hase.

1 5

h ad D . t o

5 )

V iking

A

s hield b oss w as

b urial o n o ccupation. S ince

t op

o f

t aken t o

t he s ite w as

t o

b e

d isplayed i t w as

t he

f urnishings w ithin t he b roch b e

t he

f irst

p art

o f

i ndicate

t hat

t he m ound a fter t he c lose

h is

o f

t here h ad t he

l ast

b een

p eriod

o bviously d esirable

l eft u ndisturbed b ut

C raw

a o f

t hat

t ested

s cheme b y l ifting a nd e xcavating b elow t he

' B'

f loor w here t his w as p ossible. T his s eemingly c onfirmed h is h ypothesis, a n e arlier f loor -if n ot t wo -b eing f ound i n t he c entre. R ound

t he

C raw's

p eriphery,

s uggested

h owever,

t here w as n o s uch d epth o f

r esolution o f

f loor h ad a h ollow i n t he

t his

c entre

c onundrum w as

' below t he

t hat

l evel o f

s tratigraphy.

t he o riginal

t he

' A'

l ater p avement

w hich, r ound t he s ides o f t he b roch s eems t o r epresent t he l evel o f t he f irst o ccupation' ( underlining a dded). I f o ne t akes t he v iew t hat t he f loor

w as

r esurfaced n ear t he

c entre

s imply b ecause i t

w as

s lumping

i nto t he h ole d ug f or t he u nderlying w ell t hen t he p icture b ecomes e ven f urther r emoved f rom t he i dea o f t he s hell o f a n e arlier t ower b eing r efitted b y s hifted h is

s econdary o ccupants who b uilt i n a n ovel w ay. p osition quite c onsiderably b y t he t ime o f h is

C raw h ad l ast s tate-

m ent - I t s eems p robable t hat a lthough t he e xisting i nternal c onstruc t ions a t A ikerness a re s econdary t he p rimary c hambers i n t he c ourt w ere s imilar i n c haracter a nd w as

c ontinuous'.

t he

known r estyling

n eed n ot

n ecessarily

a nd

s ome

t hat

t he o ccupation u ntil

W e w ould g o

o f

o f

t he

h ave

t he

r uin o f

e ven f urther t han t hat

b uilding -it

i nvolved

t he f urnishings

t otal

t hat

t he

b uilding

i n s uggesting

t hat

l atterly h aving

t wo h earths -

r econstruction o f

t he i nterior

s urvive a round t he p eriphery

m ay

b e o riginal. C raw

h ad a bandoned

h ad e mphasised

t hat

t ypical -if n ot o f t he b rochs. t he

o f

t he i dea o f

c ontinuity.

s hanty

r e-use o f

l ine

o f

h e a s

t o

t he f loor w ithin t he

a nd d id n ot i ndicate a p an-site ' horizon -as h ad b een I t s eems t o t he p resent w riter t hat b y f ollowing C raw's

a rgument

s ions.

t ower a nd

o riginal -a nd c onsidered t hem t o b elong t o t he p eriod I t i s a lso i mplicit i n h is f inal known t houghts t hat

s upposed p hases A a nd B o nly h ad r elevance

b roch t ower a nticipated.

t he

H e s aw t he i nternal f urnishings

T he

f urther

f irst

i s

o ne i nevitably t hat

t he

c ase

c omes

f or

t o

t wo a dditional c onclu-

t he o utbuildings

n ecessarily

b eing s econdary h as b een quashed a nd t hat t here i s n o r eason why t hey s hould n ot h ave s tarted t o d evelop d uring t he v ery e arliest o ccupation o f t he b roch. T he s tructural a lterations

s econd i s i n v arious

t hat w hile e vidence m ay e xist f or p arts o f t he s ite d uring t his p eriod

o f i ts u se i t w ould b e a c onfusing f iction t o s peak i n g eneral a bout ' phase A ' o r ' phase B ' r ather t han j ust r eferring t o t he

t erms B roch

P eriod'

-c omplex t hough t hat m ay w ell h ave

I t B roch'

i s a lso b est i f p hases C a nd D a re c ombined a nd known a s ' Posto r e ven ' Pictish'. T he b roch i nterior a side, C raw's o riginal

r ule

o f

t he

t humb

o ne w as

o ther

w as

b een.

f or d iscriminating b etween t hese

t wo w as

o bviously

f ound w hen d igging i nto t he B roch P eriod r uins

o n t op

o f

t hem,

b eing j ust

b elow t he

t urf.

a lternative

e xplanation.

T here

i t w as

f ound

t hat

o f

t he

t imes.

C raw c ertainly w avered i n h is 1 6

a t

c ona lso

d uring a l engthy

p eriod o f P ictish o ccupation d wellings h ad b een s et i nto P eriod r uins, t heir b eing s emi-subterranean w ith r espect t o s urface

t he

R ecent w ork

t he H owe, S tromness ( hedges a nd B ell 1 980; C arter e t a l 1 984) i s s idered t o p rovide b oth a d irect p arallel f or t his o ccurrence a nd a n

t hat

w hile

t houghts

t he B roch t he g round f or w hile

h e h eld

t o h is

d escribing r uined

f ramework

p hase

w hile

r uined a nd i dentified

s hifted

t he e mphasis

c onsiderably, w as

p hase D b ecame ' A p eriod w hen t he b roch w as

t he d wellers

( underlining

h e

C s imply a s ' A p eriod w hen t he b roch

a dded).

o n t he s ite b uilt c ircular h uts I n

t here i s n o

c ombining a ll o f

i mplication t hat

c ompletely

i n t he

t he P ost-Broch

i t was

l atterly p artially d ebris'

o ccupation

c ontemporary.

I ndeed i t

m ust, a t t he l east, s pan a p eriod f rom w hen t he b roch e ntrance w as u sable a nd t he i nterior o nly p artly f illed w ith r ubble t o o ne w hen t he w all

h ad

c ollapsed

t o w hat

i s n ow i ts

t ime t he H owe s uggests t hat t he c omplicated, a nd t he s tructures a nd S uch

r emains

p reserved h eight.

t echniques

o f

t he

1 930s;

m issed; a nd t he i nformation w e d o h ave h as n ot g iving a ny i dea o f t he t otal a ctivity o f

t he

s ame

c ould n ot h ave b een s atisfactorily i nvestigated w ith

a rchaeological

p oint

A t

s tratigraphy m ust h ave b een l ayers v ery d ifficult t o f ollow. a g reat

t he

d eal w ill h ave

t o b e r egarded a s o n t he s ite a t a

b een

p atchy a nd p articular

t ime.

W hen C raw s uggested t hat a s hield b oss f rom t he t op o f t he m ound m ay h ave c ome f rom a V iking b urial h is m ain i ntention w as t o p rovide a t erminus a nte quem

f or

R ichardson s ubsequently v arious

f inds -m ade

t aken t o

i ndicate

T he

s cheme

b ased a lmost t hat

t he

s ite

b ecoming

a n

u ninhabited

h ummock.

f ound a nd e xcavated a d efinite V iking g rave a nd

i n b oth e xcavators'

t he u se

o f

t o b e u sed

t ime -c an b e

f or

t he p hasing o f

e xclusively o n w hat C raw f ound a nd

p articular e xcavator's

r etrospectively

t he d ilapidated s ite a s a b urying g round. t he s ite h as

t hus

t he d irection i n

t houghts w ere d eveloping.

b een which

R ichardson m ay

h ave s een C raw's w ork t hrough i n o ne s ense b ut h e f ailed t o a ppreciate t he s ubtle p rogress t he e arlier e xcavator h ad m ade i n c oming t o g rips w ith t he s ite's p hasing a nd, t o t his e xtent, h is c ontribution w as r etrogressive. T his i s t he m ore u nfortunate s ince i t i s b rief p ublications w hich h ave b een m ost a ccessible. d efences,

w hen f ound,

w ere

l inked w ith C raw's

o riginal p hase A c oncept,

t heir h aving s upposedly e ncompassed a n a rea o f t he

b roch

u nstable,

t ower t o

e xisted.

h ave

T he

c ollapsed

l atter i s

a t

a n

R ichardson's T he o uter

g round w ithin w hich o nly

c onsidered

e arly

t o

p eriod,

p hase

h ave

b een

B

b eing

r epresented b y t he i ntrusive c hambers w ithin t he t ower a nd t he c omplex y et s emi o rganised r ing o f d wellings s urrounding t he t ower a nd c ont ained

w ithin t he b astion l ike

r o c k-cut c ept

o f

d itch.'

S imilarly,

p hase C a s

p redated t he g round l evel

c urtain w all w hich r ises

R ichardson s tuck

c onsisting o f

i ntrusive

f rom t he

d eep

t o C raw's o riginal

c on-

i nferior c onstructions w hich

t otal r uin o f t he s ite a nd t he e stablishment o f a n ew o f t he w reckage. H e t hen t ook p hase D f or t hose l ater

b uildings w hich h e e xcavated t o t he s outh a nd w est o f t he b roch, t hus ma king a n u nwarranted c hronological d istinction b etween t hese a nd t he o nes C raw h ad i dentified. A s m entioned, a V iking b urial w as f ound b ut w as r egarded a s a n i solated o ccurrence r ather t han r epresentative o f a p hase

i n t he

s ite's

l ife.

T HE B ROCH PERIOD S tructures o f

b elonging

t hose w hich c onstitute

t o

t his

p eriod i nclude m ost,

t he g uardianship m onument 1 7

a s

t hough n ot i t

e xists

a ll,

t oday.

o f

C omparison

t hese

w ith t he s urviving

o riginal

r ecords

i ndicates

ave b een r elatively m inor, t his b eing a ll t he m ore r emarkt o h he s pan o f t ime b etween e xcavation a nd f inal c onsolidation w hen t i nto a ccount. T he d ocumentation a lso g ives a dditional i s t aken a b o u t t h e se s t r u c tu r e s , a s w e l l a s a b o u t f e a tu r e s w hich i nformation een r emoved o r c overed o ver. A s ummary p resentation o f h ave e ithe r b c hanges

a ble

ill f ollow t he h eadings t he e videnc e w T he b roch

t ower:

g iven b elow :

T he s hell T he i nterior

T he e ncompassing v illage:

L ayout a nd g eneral c haracter I ndividual f loor p lans C haracteristic t ypes o f f eatures B uilding s equences a nd s tratigraphic d epth

T he o uter

F or 2 .1-2.7 e nsuing

d efences:

T he G reat D itch O utworks b eyond t he G reat D itch

c onvenience

t he

P 2 0-27);

s pecific r eferences a re n ot

g eneral p lans h ave

b een g rouped t ogether g iven t o

t hem

( figs

i n

t he

t ext.

The b roch t ower

The shell T he

b roch

t ower

i s

s lightly

t o

t he w est

o f

t he

c entre o f

t he

s ite

as a w hole. I t i s s aid t o h ave b een b uilt d irectly o n b oulder c lay ( though t he e xistence o f a c ompressed o ld g round s urface m ay h ave b een o verlooked) a nd h ad o nly a s ingle s tep f oundation w hich p rojects c 0 .15m

f rom t he b ase o f

d ressed, 0 .2m

quarried

h igh

h aving

t he w all.

f lagstone

i s

T he d ry-stone b uilding

p roficient,

g enerally b een u sed

s tones

i n

r oughly

c 0 .25m l ong b y 0 .1-

f or f acing a nd a ny

g aps

b eing

f illed w ith a ngular f ragments. I t i s p erhaps i nteresting t hat t he s outh-west e xternal f ace h as b een f ractured a nd r eddened b y f ire t o a h eight

o f

1 .5m .

T he o verall b asal 1 8.25m ( WNW-ESE), t his a symmetry i s e xample, n orth.

d iameter o f

t he t ower r anges

f rom 1 7.5m ( N-S)

t o

t he a verage i nternal d iameter b eing 1 0.3m. M uch o f d ue t o t he w all w hich a t i ts p reserved h eight, f or

v aries f rom c 4 m i n t hickness n ear t he e ntrance t o c 3 m i n t he T he e xternal w all f ace h as s uffered m ost f rom c ollapse a nd

p ossible r obbing b eing a s l ittle a s 1 .05m h igh t o t he n orth a nd a m aximum o f 2 .5m h igh i n t he s outh. T he b etter p reserved i nner f ace h as a m inimum h eight o f i n t he s outh e ast.

c 2 .5m, t o t he n orth, a nd a m aximum o ne o f c 3 .6m, W all w idth d iminishes w ith h eight, t here a pparently

b eing a n i nternal a s w ell The e ntrance p assage o ut o f

a s

a n e xternal b atter.

( pl 2 .18)

i s

i n t he e ast,

w as

p aved

t hrough -

i ts l ength o f 4 .38m, a nd h ad o riginally b een l intelled a t a h eight 1 .75m b y m assive s tones, s everal o f w hich h ave b een p ut b ack i n

p osition. I t i s l ikely t hat t here o riginally was a c hamber o ver t he i nner e ntrance b ut t hat w hich n ow s urvives i n p art i s p robably a l ate i nsertion.

H alf

w ay

a long t he p assage w as 1 8

a n i nward

o pening

d oor,

t here b eing d oor j ambs, f acing b ar h oles.

a t hreshold s tone,

a p ivot

s tone,

O utside t his d oor t he p assage w as

c onstant 1 .18m w ide;

i nside

i t t he p assage w idened

a nd a p air o f

f eatureless a nd a

t o 1 .7m ( diminishing

t o 1 .4m), t here b eing a ccess t o r ight a nd l eft t o t he n orth a nd g uard c hambers b y s hort e ntrance p assages c 1 .25m h igh. T he g uard c hambers a nd t heir e ntrances a re p eculiarly T hat

t o

s outh

d issimilar.

t he n orth -from w hich t he d oor b olt w ould h ave b een s hot -h as

a n e ntry w hich i s s traight a nd a t g round l evel, w ith a s tep d own o f 0 .2m t o a s ub-rectangular c hamber m easuring c 2 .74 b y c 1 .64m. B oth e ntry a nd c hamber t o t he s outh a re c 0 .36m a bove t he p assage ( pl 2 .19), t he e ntry i s k inked, a nd t he c hamber p ear-shaped a nd m easuring c 3 .6 b y c 1 .36m ( pl 2 .20). T he t wo c hambers s eem t o h ave b een p aved o riginally a nd

t hey

p robably h ad c orbelled c eilings,

b e e stimated a t

t hough t heir h eight c an o nly

c 2 .25-2.5m.

P ortions o f a b asal a nd a s uperimposed i ntramural g allery a re t o b e f ound w ithin t he p reserved w all h eight ( pl 2 .21), b oth h aving b een a ccessible s olely f rom t he g uard c hambers. T he l ower g allery h as a n atural c lay f loor, i s c 0 .65m w ide, a nd w as r oofed a t c 1 .4m b y l intels, m any o f w hich a re i n s itu. I t i s p robable t hat t he l ower g allery n ever e xtended a round t he e ntire c ircuit o f t he b roch w all, i t t erminating a t 9 o 'clock ( below t he l anding o f t he i ntramural s tair) a nd b eing c losed b y s eeming c ollapse a t 1o 'clock. E ntry f rom t he g uard c hambers i nto t he u pper o f t he t wo s urviving i ntramural g alleries m ust h ave b een d ifficult -the a ccess h ole i n t he s outhern c hamber a ppears t o h ave m easured c 0 .5 b y 0 .6m a nd t o h ave b een c 1 .7m a bove f loor l evel. T he g allery i tself i s o f s imilar w idth t o t hat b elow , t he r oofing l intels m aximum

o f

t he o ne f orming t he f loor o f

p reserved h eight

o f

1 .14m.

I t

t he o ther,

a nd i t h as a

c an b e t raced t o 1o 'clock

i n

t he n orth w est a nd 7 .30 o 'clock i n t he s outh e ast, w here i t a ppears t o h ave b een b locked. E ven i f i t o riginally e xtended f urther i n b oth d irections i ts c ourse w ould h ave b een i nterrupted i n t he s outh w est s ector b y t he i ntramural s tair. T he b roch h as a n i ntramural s tair , a ccess h aving b een t hrough a d oor s et i n t he i nner w all a t 9 o 'clock a nd c 1 .83m f rom t he f loor; j udging f rom t he s urviving j amb, t he o riginal h eight o f t his e ntrance w ould h ave b een c 1 .31m . W ithin t he e ntrance i s a l anding, t o t he l eft o f w hich i s a 1 .07m s quare c hamber ( pl 2 .22), t he s tair l eading o ff t o t he r ight ( pl 2 .23). T he c hamber i s f loored b y t he l intels o f t he i ntramural g allery b eneath a nd i ts w alls a re o f u pright s labs w hich w ere o riginally l uted w ith c lay; i n i ts s outh w all i s a s mall a umbry a t a h eight o f 1 .13m. A b roken l intel a t i ts e ast e nd a nd a n u pright b etween i t a nd t he l anding b oth s uggest t he c hamber t o h ave o riginally b een c 1 .52m h igh. T he s taircase c urves c lockwise w ithin t he w all, h aving 1 .25m.

a

w idth

o f

c 0 .66m a nd t he t en r emaining

s teps

r ising

s ome

A f ew o ther f eatures o f t he b roch w all a re w orthy o f n ote. A t 1 2 o 'clock a nd 1 .83m f rom t he b roch f loor t here i s a n a umbry w ith a p reserved h eight o f 0 .89m. A t t hree p laces -i n t he s outh-east, s outhw est a nd n orth-west -s ufficient r emains o f t he i nterior o f t he w all f or p arts o f a n i nward p rojecting s carcement t o s urvive. I n t he f irst t wo a reas i t i s 3 .45m a bove t he f loor, i n t he t hird o nly 2 .9m. F inally,

t here

a re a f ew o ther s tones w hich p roject 1 9

f rom t he w all a nd

F ig 2 .1

G urness:

O verall s ite p lan

2 0

a l 4 ) 4 1 C I ) C O C O 0

G urness:

S ections

U c O

N • N

b 4 ) 9 . 1 . 4 4

2 1

G round

f l oo r l e ve l

F i rs t f l oor l e ve l a nd t wo-s to rey c ompar tmen ts

2 2

Wa l l-head

m ason ry o ve r e n trance l a rge ly r ebu i l t a f te r e xcava t ion

0 1 ———— c on jec tured a l ignmen ts

F ig 2 .3

G urnessi

P lans

8

4

2

o f

1 2

3

1 6 f ee t I

4

5 me tres I

b roch i nterior a t d ifferent h eights

2 3

2 4

l t . a oTialuT t poiq

: ssauino

G urness:

o utbuildings

C U

0 4 . )

C . )

0

0

2 5

2 6

a amol t i zoaq

s 2uTpTTnqlno

:s s auan9

B u i ld ings a nd i n ne r d i tch n o r th-wes t o f b roch

F ig 2 .7

G urness:

O utbuildings N W o f

2 7

b roch t ower

w hich m ust o riginally h ave b een i ntended t o s upport f urnishings. T here i s, f or e xample, o ne s uch s tone b elow a nd t o t he w est o f t he e ntrance t o t he i ntramural s tair, a t 9 .30 o 'clodk, 1 .71m f rom f loor l evel; a nother 1 .2m f rom t he f loor a t 5 o 'clock; a nd t wo 1 .04 a nd 1 .53m f rom t he f loor a t 6 .30.

T he interior T he i nterior a s n ow s een i s n ot a ll o f o ne p eriod. T he s taircase w ithin t he e ntrance i s p articularly o ut o f p lace ( pl 2 .24).

j ust

H aving b een f ound b uilt o ver r ubble i t h as b een t otally r econstructed a nd l ooks f alsely o riginal. T he m ajority o f t he r emaining f urnishings m ay b e r egarded a s r epresenting t he l ater p art o f t he B roch P eriod u se o f t he b uilding, t here h aving b een a r evision o f t he i nterior l ayout a t t his t ime. S ome e lements m ay, h owever, h ave s urvived f rom e arlier u se w hen t here w as a s ingle c entral h earth a nd a lso a w ell. T he h earth h as n ow b een c overed o ver -t hough i t w as o nce p ossible t o v iew i t t hrough a s liding t rapdoor -b ut t he w ell i s a ccessible; b oth w ere s ealed b y t he l ater B roch P eriod r ef boring o f t he c entre o f t he i nterior. T he c ooking t rough t o t he s outh w est a lmost c ertainly b elongs t o a n i ntermediate s ub-phase, t hough i t m ay h ave c ontinued i n u se, a nd t he d rain t o

t he n orth w est m ust b e o riginal a s

i t i s b uilt u nder t he b roch

w all.

T he l ater B roch P eriod u se o f t he i nterior R egrettably,

l ittle

i s known a bout

t he c entral a rea o f t he f loor

s ince i t w as o nly p erfunctorily p lanned b efore b eing d ug t hrough i n s earch o f t he e arlier h earth a nd w ell. T he e ffect o f t his i s t o t hrow a s light c onfusion o n t he w ay i n w hich t he i nterior w as d ivided i nto a reas,

t hough t he

1 )

t riangular l obby g iving d irectly i nto a s outhern a partment

A

a ccess

t hree m ain a lternatives h ave m uch i n c ommon : w ith

t o a n orth-western a partment.

2 )

A t riangular l obby l eading t o a t iny s quare a ccess z one f rom w hich a s outhern a nd a n orth-western a partment c ould b e e ntered.

3 )

A

t riangular

l obby l eading i nto a r ectangular

w hich a s outhern a partment, a n orth-western r ectangular n orthern d ivision c ould b e e ntered. I n

s tructuring

a ccess

z one

a partment

t he e nsuing d iscussion t he t hird o ption

f rom a nd

w ill

a

b e

f ollowed s ince t he l ie o f t he o riginal f lagstones f avours t his ( pl 2 .5) a s d oes a n a pparent s lot f or a c ontinuation o f t he m ain E -W f lag p artition. I t m ust b e s tressed, h owever, t hat t here i s n o c ertainty t hat t his o ption i s t he c orrect o ne b ut t he i nformation g iven h ere c an b e r eadily r estructured w ith t he a id o f f ig 2 .8. I t m ight a lso b e p ointed o ut a t t his s tage t hat d ivisions a t h igher l evels w ithin b roch n eed n ot h ave b een i dentical t o t hose o n t he g round l evel.

t he T he

f ollowing d escription i s l argely c onfined t o s tructural r emains s ince n o u seful c omments w ere m ade a bout t he o ccupation l ayers w ithin t he b roch o ther t han t hat o ne e xisted c 1 .8m a bove f loor l evel. A h earth i n t he s outh g uard c ell; p eat a sh i n t he n orth o ne; a nd c harcoal a t t he b ottom o f t he i ntramural s tair m ay a ll r elate t o s econdary a ctivity f or 2 8

t hey

a re known t o h ave The

e ven

i ntrusive

w ithout

t his

b een o pen.

s taircase p artially b locks o ne w ould h ave b een f orced

t he b roch e ntrance

t o

t urn r ight

b ut

t hrough

a

d oorway, t he s ill o f w hich m ay s till b e s een. T his l ed i nto a t riangular l obby ( pl 2 .25), m easuring s ome 3 .5m N -S a nd E -W, h aving t he b roch w all a nd t wo b locks o f m asonry a s s ides, c upboard-like c ompartment i n i ts s econd c orner, ( with s ill) i n i ts t hird. m ore d etailed d escription.

a nd w ith a f lag-built a nd t he t hrough d oorway

A n umber o f f eatures o f t his l obby m erit T he c ompartment s poken o f i s w ell p reserved

a nd i s a p articularly g ood e xample o f f lagstone f urniture. O verall i t i s s ome 1 .2m w ide a nd 0 .8m d eep h aving a n a lmost i ntact s tone r oof 1 .2 t o 1 .36m a bove g round l evel. T he e ntrance t here b eing a l oose s ill, a nd t he b ottom p art l ined w ith s ingle

f lags,

t he

i s o f

f lanked b y u prights, t he s ides a nd b ack a re

l atter a lso h aving a n a umbry

s et

i nto

i t.

T he t rough quern w ithin t his c ompartment i s i n s itu. I t i s o f i nterest t hat f lat s tones h ad s eemingly b een b uilt u p o n t he r oof a s t hough t o m ake i t u p t o t he l evel o f t he a djacent w all w hich i s p reserved t o a h eight o f 1 .78m w here i t b utts a gainst t he b roch t ower. T his w all m istaken b y C raw f or a s tair -m ust o riginally h ave b een 3 .6m l ong, i ts o ther e nd b utting t he n ow r e-erected w estern j amb o f t he d oorway i nto t he c entral a ccess z one. T his w estern j amb i s b roken a t t he t op b ut i ts

e astern c ounterpart

w all s uggests l intel o f t he b etween t he T he

i s 1 .76m h igh;

a p rojecting s tone i n t he b roch

t his a lso t o h ave b een t he a pproximate h eight f irst d oor a nd i t i s t o b e n oted t hat t he b uilt

t wo

i s

o nly o ne

c ourse

o f

s tone

l ower

o f t he m asonry

t han t his.

c onjectured c entral a ccess z one w ould h ave b een l ike a

c orridor,

s ome

3 .5m l ong a nd 1 .5m w ide,

e ntered f rom t he

s hort

l obby

a nd

p roviding a ccess t o t he s outhern a partment, t he n orth w estern a partment a nd a n orthern r ectangular d ivision. A ligned E -W, i t h ad c ompartments a t

e ither

e nd.

T he b est p reserved

o f

t hese o bstructs

d irect

l ineal

a ccess t o t he b roch i nterior f rom t he e ntrance; i t n ot o nly h as t he w all b etween t he l obby d oors a s i ts n orth s ide b ut, a s m ay b e s een f rom p late

2 .5,

i t

i s

b uilt

i nto

t he w all,

t he

t wo

b eing

i nseparable.

F lanking t he f ront o pening o f t his 1 .09m s quare c ompartment s turdy u prights ( with a p ossibly r emovable t hreshold s tone

a re t wo b etween)

t hese s till s upporting a l intel. T he l atter s uggests t his c ompartment w as c eiled a t a h eight o f 0 .93m a nd t he p robability i s t hat t here w as a n i dentical a nd f or

c ompartment

a bove,

i ts

r oof

r esting o n t he n orthern

w all

f orming a f loor a t a h eight o f c 1 .8m. T he s outh e astern s upport t his w ould h ave b een a n e ke s tone o n t he s urviving 1 .25m h igh

u pright

w hile

s outh w est T he

t o

t here w ould h ave n eeded c omplement

t hat

t o

t o b e a f ourth u pright

l ess w ell p reserved c ompartment

0 .92m w ide. b roken o ff

W hat s urvives f lagstone m ay

h eight. B oth t he b ack t o a maximum o f 1 .52m ,

b e

o f

i n

t he

t he n orth w est.

i ts

t o

t he w est w as

s outhern s ide

t he r emains

i s

a bout

1 .57m d eep a nd 1 m h igh a nd

o f a c eiling o r a s helf

a t

a

t his

a nd n orth w all c ontinue u p, h owever, t he l atter a nd t his c ompartment t oo m ay h ave h ad a n u pper

s torey. The

s outhern a partment ( pls 2 .26,

b een e ntered u p

t he

e ntire

b etween i t d oorway

f rom t he

a nd

b eing

c entral a ccess

s outhern h alf

o f

t he n orthern a reas p resumed

t o h ave

t he

2 .27) w ould c onjecturally h ave

z one a nd i s b roch

c an b e

s emi-circular,

i nterior.

t aking d ivision

c learly m ade o ut o n p lan,

b een d irectly o ver 2 9

T he

t he e ntrance

t o

t he t he

r econstructed

7

C ompar tmen ts

3 1 -

—

0

( 3 .

•

3 0 i nterior

e . .

G urness:

. 2 C en t ra l A ccess

-]

1

0 -

e t ,

1

, . .,_

,----, r- -,

'- 1

r

-- .-

-

• ,- s--

-

, ,,

,,

i

1

7

C

.

)

[

(

. 2 . , „ 2 z )

c0

v)

4

/

e f s>

0

3 1

—

e arlier

w ell.

s outhern c hambers

T he c hief

s urviving a nd p ertinent

f urnishings

o f

t his

a partment a re t wo s uperimposed c hambers t o t he w est; t wo a nd a c ompartment a t g round l evel t o t he e ast; a nd a c entral

h earth. A t rough t o t he w est m ay h ave b een i n c ontinued u se. C raw a lso f ound t races o f s lab c ompartments t o t he s outh, h owever, a nd t he e ntrance

t o

t he i ntramural s tair h as

a lso t o

b e

t aken i nto a ccount.

T he b asal c hamber t o t he w est i s w edge-shaped, 2 .22m l ong a nd a m aximum o f 1 .66m w ide; h as a n e ntrance 0 .80m w ide f lanked b y t wo u prights w ith a r aised

t hreshold s tone b etween t hem;

i ts

b ack

i s

l ined

w ith t hree s labs; a nd t he whole h ad a c eiling o f f lagstones a t a h eight o f 0 .95m, t wo t hirds o f t his s till s urviving. T he s uperimposed c hamber i s

m uch l ess w ell

p reserved

b ut

s eems

t o h ave b een s imilar,

h aving

a

s lab-lined b ack a nd t he s ame s hape a nd b asal d imensions. I ts c eiling, i f a t a c omparable h eight, w ould h ave b een c 1 .80m a bove t he b roch f loor, t here b eing a g ap o f s ome 1 .65m b etween i t a nd t he t op o f t he s carcement a bove. t he s carcement, a nd i n

T he n orthern s ide o f t hese c hambers c ontinues u p t o t his b eing p art o f t he d ivision b etween t he s outhern

n orth w estern a partments t he

l atter.

A f inal

s poken o f a nd a lso

p oint

t he

b ac k

t hat m ight b e n oted a bout

o f

t he

s tair

t hese

s uper-

i mposed w estern c ompartments i s t he w ay i n w hich t he t riangular g ap l eft a t t he e nd o f a t l east t he b asal o ne m ay h ave b een u sed a s a c upboard f ronted b y a s lab w hich w as o riginally r emovable. F or

c onvenience

t he

c ompartments

i n t he e ast

o f

t he

s outhern

a partments m ay b e t hought o f a s r unning f rom n orth t o s outh. T he f irst, a c hamber, i s 1 .7m d eep a nd 1 .6m w ide, t he r ight-hand s ide o f i ts f ront b eing f illed i n w ith a n u pright s lab a nd a ccess h aving b een o ver a t hreshold s tone w ith

t he

c ompartment

h ere

a gain,

t here

t o t o

i s

t he

l eft.

t he e ast e nd e vidence f or

I t

s hares a w all o f

o f

t he

u pright

c entral a ccess

s labs

z one

b oth a l ower a nd a n u pper

a nd,

s torey.

T he t hree s labs w hich m ake u p t he s urviving r ight-hand w all o f t he c hamber a re c 0 .9m h igh a nd t he o ther s ide o f a c eiling a t t his h eight c ould

h ave

r ested o n t he

t wo

s imilar

s labs

i n t he

s hared

' post

a nd

p anel w all ( pl 2 .5). A c ase h as a lready b een m ade f or t here h aving b een a f loor a t 1 .8m o n t his s ide a nd t his m ay h ave c ontinued, r esting o n t he f rontal s lab ( broken o ff a t 1 .66m) a nd b eing s upported a t t he b ack b y t he p rojecting s tone 1 .53m u p t he b roch w all. T he s econd c hamber i s 1 .98m w ide b y 1 .43m d eep a nd h as a r aised t hreshold b etween t wo p airs o f f ronting u prights. N one o f t he l atter i s m ore t han 0 .8m h igh, s ides a t

a nd t he r espective m aximum m easurements f or i ts n orth a nd s outh a re 0 .9 a nd 1 .05m. T his c hamber m ay t herefore h ave b een c eiled

t he n ormal h eight b ut n o e vidence s urvives

o f

t here b eing a n

u pper

s torey. T his i s a lso t rue o f t he t hird c ompartment w hich m easures b y 1 .1m a nd f ills i n b etween t he s econd a nd t he b roch w all. u prights a nd i ts

o f

N o t he

e ither s ide

t he

t hreshold s tone h ere a re 1 .07 a nd l m h igh,

s hared w all a m aximum o f t race n ow s urvives s outh a partment.

C raw w rote r ound

o f

t he

1 .05m.

o f a ny c ompartments r ound t he s outhern e dge I n a l etter o f t he 1 8th J une 1 930, h owever,

t o R ichardson t hat s outhern h alf

1 .7m T he

o f

t here w as

t he

c ourt'.

' A d ouble

t ier o f

c ompartments

H e m ay w ell h ave b een i ncluding

t hose t o e ast a nd w est b ut i n h is l og e ntry f or t wo d ays e arlier h e r ecorded h aving f ound f looring b elow t he d oorstep t o t he i ntramural s tair,

i t

p articular d ifficult

h aving b een t he r oof c ompartments t o m ake

m ust

s ense o f

t he

o f

a l ower

t ier o f

c ompartments.

h ave b een v ery f ragmentary o dd c omponents 3 2

a nd

s ketched o n C raw's

T hese i t

i s p lan

( pl

2 .4).

O ne,

a b roke o ff

r adial s lab a t 9 o 'clock

l ater p lans b ut, c uriously, n o i ndications o f a pparent i n t he f lag f loor. T here i s, h owever, f rom

t he

b roch

s tair,

t his

o f

i ts h eight

a nd

w all

t o

t he w est

o f

t he e ntrance

c onfirming b oth t he e xistence o f o f

c 1 .8m a bove

g round

d oes

a ppear

i n

o ther u prights a re t he s tone p rojecting t o

t he

i ntramural

t he u pper f loor C raw s poke

l evel i n t he b roch i nterior.

F inally w ithin t he s outhern a partment, t here i s t he c entral h earth. T his c onsists o f a n ow c racked r ectangular s lab ( 1.44 x 1 .04m) w hich i s b ordered o n t hree s ides e dge, i ts n orthern e nd b eing o pen. p resumably

w ould h ave

b y a r aised kerb o f s mall s tones o n T o w est a nd e ast a re s ockets, w hich

s upported a s pit

o r a d evice f rom w hich

c ooking

v essels w ere s uspended. The s outhern

n orth w estern a partment ( pl 2 .28) i s m uch s maller t han i ts c ounterpart, o ccupying s lightly l ess t han t he n orth w estern

quadrant h owever,

o f t he i nterior a t g round l evel. W ithin t his r estricted a rea, t here i s a c hamber t o t he n orth e ast; t wo s uperimposed o nes t o

t he s outh w est; a s tair a djacent t o t he l atter; a nd a h earth. h eight o f 1 .8m a nd n ext t o t he s tair i s a l arge a umbry. T he d ay v isitor a ccess z one

w ill s ee a s ill s tone w here t he d oor f rom t he c entral w ould b e e xpected t o h ave b een b ut t his h as b een

i ntroduced.

A r ectangular f eature w ithin t his

i n e arly p lans u nintelligible. T he

A t a p resent

a nd p hotographs

s upposed d oorway a ppears

b ut b oth i ts n ature

n orth e astern c hamber i s

p entagonal,

a nd

m easures

a nd i s e ntered f rom t he s ide, t here b eing n o g eneral s urviving h eight o f t he u pright s labs

p eriod

a re

1 .62m b y 1 .2m,

t hreshold s tone. t he c ompartment i s

T he m ade

o f s uggest i t w as c eiled a t a h eight o f c l m. A n u pright p rojecting f rom t he b ack, h owever, i s t aller a nd o riginally h ad a gainst i t a nother s tone

t he

s ome

1 .8m h igh

( pl 2 .5).

T he s outh w estern s uperimposed c hambers a re s imilar t o t hose i n s outhern a partment t hey b ack o nto. T he b asal o ne i s b uilt i nto t he

w estern s tair; t wo u pright a nd s ides

i s 2 .34m l ong a nd

1 .43m w ide;

h as

a n e ntrance

a re

l ined w ith s labs;

a nd i t

h ad a c eiling o f

h eight o f c 1 .13m , p arts o f t his s till s urviving. e nd o f t he f lagged f loor w as r aised s ome 0 .06m. u pper i dea

s torey o f

s urvives

l ining

T he s tone a t

f lanked b y

s labs w ith a r aised t hreshold s tone b etween t hem ;

i n t he m asonry

o f

t he b ack

i s a r eplacement

s labs

b ut,

b ack a t

a

O riginally t he e ast W hat r emains o f t he

t he w estern s tair

t he c hamber w ith u pright

i ts

f lagstones

c an b e

w here

s een o nce

n evertheless,

t his c ompartment s eems t o h ave b een c 1 .2m, t he c eiling a n a nomalous 2 .4m o r m ore a bove t he b roch f loor.

t he m ore.

t he h eight

o f

t herefore b eing

T he p reservation o f t he w estern s tair i s e xtraordinary, i ts f ourt een s teps r ising 2 .88m f rom t he l evel o f t he g round f loor i n t he n orth w estern a partment t o t hat a s o ne w ith t he a djacent t o

h ave

b een b onded i nto

c omposed kerb o f

o f

a s ingle

s mall s tones

T he

r ectangular o f

t wo

t he b roch w all.

c ra c ked

s lab

o n a ll b ut n orthern

e ntered f rom t he s upposed c onsisting

o f t he s carcement. T hough t he s tair i s b uilt s uperimposed c ompartments i t d oes n ot a ppear

i ts

F inally,

1 .4 b y 1 .15m , e ast

( pl 2 .29)

w ould

z one a nd c an b e

c onnecting c ompartments. 3 3

h earth a

w as

r aised

s ide.

d ivision

c entral a ccess

t he

b ounded b y

h ave

t hought o f

T he o uter o ne

o f

b een a s

t hese i s

r ectangular,

c 3 m l ong b y 1 .2m w ide,

a nd o riented r adially N -S.

n o

s ill e xists

a n o rthostat 0 .74m h igh m ay m ark

a nd

t he u pright

f lags

l ining i ts

T hough

t he e ntrance a nd

e ast a nd w est s ides

s uggest

t his

t his

l ong

c hamber t o h ave b een c elled a t t he h eight o f a round l m. T here a re a lso i ndications t hat i t h ad a n u pper s torey c eiled a t a h eight o f 1 .8m a bove t he b roch f loor -t he u pright w hich o nce s tood i n t he n orth w est c orner ( pl 2 .5); t he b uilt w all c ontaining a n a umbry w hich s urvives t o 1 .5m i n t he n orth e ast c orner; a nd t he s hared w all w ith t he l obby w hich t he l atter i s b uilt o nto. I t s hould a lso b e n oted t hat a p erforation i ndicates l ining

t he

t he

s econdary;

p osition o f

t he m assive s lab

r ight h and s ide o f a s

a n u pright

t his

( 0.95m h igh a nd 2 .44m

c ompartment a t g round

i t w ould h ave r eached a lmost

l ong)

l evel t o

t o

b e

s carcement

l evel. T he

i nner c ompartment,

a p robable c hamber,

r uns

a long t he b roch

w all a nd i s 2 .5m l ong a nd 0 .82m w ide; i ts e ntrance, w hich i s w ithout a s ill, i s t o t he s outh w est b ut a ccess w ould h ave b een d ifficult i f t he o uter

c ompartment

r eally w as

c elled a t

t he h eight

o f

c l m a s w ell a s

c

1 .8m. A s imilar c ase m ay, h owever, b e m ade f or t his c ompartment u sing t he s ame f eatures f or t he 1 .8m f loor a nd t wo u pright f lagstones f or t he l m o ne.

T he e arlier B roch P eriod u se o f

t he i nterior

T he i nvestigation o f a ny e arlier d eposits t here m ight h ave b een w ithin t he b roch w as l imited b y a d esire t o k eep s uch f urnishings a s h ad b een d iscovered i ntact

p ending d isplay.

T he f lag f loor w as,

h ow-

e ver, l ifted w here p ossible, o ne r esult o f t his b eing t he d iscovery o f t he w ell. A lthough n o c oherent v iew o f e arlier u se w as o btained a c entral h earth i s a n i ndication t hat t here w as o riginally o ne a partment a t g round l evel r ather t han t wo. C raw's s uggestion t hat t he e arlier f urnishings m ust h ave b een s imilar i n c haracter t o t hose s urviving i s n ot o nly a nd

s upported b y s uch f eatures

t he e ntrance

t o

t he i ntramural

i n t he b roch wall a s s tair.

t he s carcement

T here n ow s eems

l ittle d oubt

t hat o ccupation w as f airly c ontinuous, a nd t hat t he r emodelling o f f loor p lan n eed n ot n ecessarily h ave i nvolved r eplacement o f a ll i nternal f urnishings. c ontinued i n u se. The c entral a rea

S ome

o f

t hat

e xist n ow m ay b e

o riginal,

t he t he

h aving

t he o riginal b roch f loor w ould a ppear t o h ave

s unk a s t he b adkfilling s ettled i n t he h ole e xcavated f or t he u nderl ying w ell. I t w as r ef b ored t wice i n o rder t o b ring i ts l evel u p t o t hat o f t he p eriphery, s ome 0 .6m o f s tratigraphy t hus b eing c reated a nd p reserved. L ittle i nformation s urvives a bout t he p rimary h earth e xcept t hat

i t

w as

i n t he c entre

( beneath t he

l ater c entral a ccess

z one

a nd

n orth o f t he h earth o f t he s outhern a partment) a nd t hat i t h ad p eat a sh o n i t, and c onsisted o f a l arge f lagstone ' much c racked b y t he a ction o f

f ire'.

b each b order, w as

T o t he w est w as

p ebbles

s et

o n e dge

a c urving r ow o f ( pl 2 .8)

a nd t his

n ineteen h ammerstone-like h as b een t aken

g iving t he p ossibly f alse i mpression t hat

d istinct

i n b eing

' rounded i n f orm'.

t his

t o

b e

a

e arliest h earth

I t w ould s eem t hat

t he b roch

i nterior w as r eorganised a t t he t ime o f t he f irst r ef boring o f t he c entre, r ather t han t he m ost r ecent, t he o riginal h earth b eing p aved o ver. A kerbed h earth f ound p rojecting f rom b eneath t he l atest o ne i n t he s outhern a partment w as p robably c ontemporary a nd t here w ere s igns o f b urning b etween t his a nd t he c ooking t ank. T he l atter h as s ingle 3 4

f lags

f or

i ts

s ides,

h ad a l ittle s oil

m easures 0 .59m b y 0 .95m,

i n i t w hen d iscovered;

i ts

i s 0 .5m d eep,

a nd o nly

f lag c overing m ay

e ither

b e s een a s a l id o r a s p art o f t he s uperimposed f loor. T he f ill i nterl eaved b etween t he e arliest, i ntermediate, a nd m ost r ecent f loor i n t he c entre m ay h ave b een l argely o ccupation d ebris, l ot

o f

a rtefacts

a nd

b eing

d escribed

t hat

t he l evel o f

a t

c ontaining a s o ne

p oint

i t d id a

a s

' greasy

d ark-coloured s oil'. C raw c oncluded u nchanged h owever, r ecent

t hroughout t hat

t he p eriphery r emained r elatively

t he o ccupation o f

t he o riginal

o n t he g rounds

t hat

f loor w as t he

t he b roch.

I t may b e s uggested,

s ome 0 .1-0.15m l ower t han t he m ost

( uninvestigated)

f loors

o f

t he

c ompart-

m ents a re p resently a t a h igher l evel t han t he r emainder o f t he i nterior a nd a lso i n v iew o f t he e xcavation e vidence. T o t he s outh w est

i t

w as

s imply s tated

t hat

l evels

o f

p aving

w ere

n ot

c learly

d istinguishable b ut i n t he n orth w est -t hough a l ower p aved f loor i s n ot s pecifically m entioned -o ccupation d ebris w as f ound w hen t he f lagging t his

a ssociated

c ontext

s tones

w ith t he r ecent h earth w as

b eing d escribed a s ' primary'.

o n e dge w as

a lso r evealed a t

t his

r aised,

o bjects

f rom

T he l inear d rain f ormed o f

s tage a nd i ts

c apstones,

w hich

i ncluded a r otary q uernstone, m ay h ave b een o riginal. T he m ost r eveali ng i nformation, h owever, c omes f rom t he n orth e ast w here t he i ntrusive s tair

w as

l ifted. y ellow

t emporarily

r emoved a nd

t he f loor o f

t he

t riangular

l obby

H ere i t w as f ound t hat t he b roch w all r ested d irectly o n t he c lay s ubsoil b ut t hat a t wo s tone t hick o riginal d ouble p aving

w as u nderlain b y a n 0 .1m d eep l ayer o f h eavily l ike a

' surface s oil o f a g reasy n ature

c harged w ith c harcoal-like b lack t ypical ' Old G round S urface'.

s pots -t he l atter s ounding B etween t he l ower a nd u pper

p avements t here w as t hen s ome 0 .1-0.15m o f ' greasy d ark-coloured s oil', t his c ontaining a rtefacts a nd e vidently b eing o ccupational d ebris. T he l atest

e ntrance

t o

t he well w as

f loor a nd t his a nd i ts

b eneath a l arge f lagstone

l ocation s uggest

t hat

i t w as

o f

o nly

t he

a cces-

s ible d uring t he e arliest p eriod o f u se o f t he b roch i nterior ( pls 2 .5, 2 .8); when d iscovered i t w as v irtually d evoid o f a ny f ill o r i ndication o f u se. T he e ffort i nvolved i n i ts c onstruction w as p rodigious; a h ole s ome 5 .5m i n d iameter a nd c 4 m d eep h ad b een quarried a nd t hen a c omplex s tood

s tructure b uilt w ithin i t a spect

o f

t his

i s

( fig 2 .9).

t he f light

T he m ost e asily

o f e ighteen s teps

which

u nderh ave

a

l anding a t t he t op, a ccessible f rom a l ined a perture i n t he c ourtyard, a nd a nother a t t he b ottom , t he b ase o f t he w ell ' shaft' b eing a m ere 0 .9m b elow t his. T he l atter o nly c ontains s ome 0 .35m o f w ater a nd h ad c lean s ilt i n i t t o t his d epth w hen f ound. T he r oof a bove t he w ell ' shaft' i s c orbelled a t a t otal h eight o f s ome 3 m a nd a bove i t a re t wo s mall

c onnecting

a ccessible,

c hambers w hich a lso h ave c orbelled c eilings

w ith d ifficulty,

n ot

w holly e xplained a s

t he

p ressure

o f

m asonry s ides. c hambers w hich t reads

f rom t he s tair.

b eing d esigned a s

a nd

a re

T hese a re c urious a nd a re

r elieving a rches

t he w ell s uperstructure a nd o verlying f loor

t o d isplace o nto

t he

S till m ore o dd a re t wo t all, t hin, i nterconnecting m ay b e e ntered o nly b y r emoving a p air o f a djacent

i n t he s taircase.

3 5

F ig 2 .9

G urness:

P lans a nd s ections o f w ell

3 6

The e ncompassing v illage

Layout a nd g eneral character T he

brch

a nd i ts

1 s ome 150m . n orthern e dge o uter

o utbuildings

c over a r oughly

c ircular a rea

o f

R ichardson t hought t hat a s ubstantial p art o f t he o f t he s ite h ad b een r emoved b y m arine e rosion -t he

d efences

h aving o nce m ade a c omplete

n ecessarily h ave

b een t he

c ase.

W hat

i s

c ircuit -b ut

c ertain i s

t hat

t his n eed

n ot

s everal o f

t he

b uildings w hich a re n ow o n d isplay a long t he n orthern f ringe a re l ater t han t he B roch P eriod. S ome a re m arked a s s uch o n C raw's s ite p lan ( pl 2 .11)

a nd

t hey g enerally s tand o ut

p attern o f n orth p art

a s n ot

f itting

i nto

t he

o verall

t he b uildings b elow; ' weeding o ut o f c lass C w ork i n t he o f t he d welling a rea' w as o ne o f R ichardson's h oped-for

p ost-war o bjectives. T he b uildings i n question h ave b een o mitted f rom t he i nterpretive p lan o f t he B roch P eriod v illage ( fig 2 .10) a nd a re d escribed l ater. g eneral i dea o f t his

W hat l ies b eneath t hem i s u nknown b ut t hey d o g ive a t he s cale o f d amage c aused b y i ntrusive b uildings i n

a rea. T he l ayout

o f

t he B roch P eriod v illage m ay b e

b riefly d escribed a s

c omprising a g atehouse, a p assage t o a nd r ound t he b roch, t his g iving a ccess t o a n umber o f r adial c onjoined o utbuildings, t heir b acks f ormi ng a c urtain w all w hich l ined t he i nner s ide o f A dditional f eatures a re a n a rea b are o f b uildings t o a

p air

b roch

o f

c ompartments

t ower.

c omplex i s s urvive t o i nteriors The

T he

f lanking

t he o utside

o f

t he G reat D itch. t he s outh w est a nd

t he e ntrance

t o

s ymmetrical a nd o bviously p lanned n ature

t he

o f

t his

t o b e n oted a t t his p oint. A s r estored, m ost o f t he r emains a h eight o f 0 .5 t o l m, t he p athways b eing g ravelled a nd t he o f

t he b uildings

g atehouse

g rassed o ver.

( pl 2 .48)

i s

t rapezoid,

4 m l ong a nd a m aximum

o f

8 .5m w ide, h as b een a dded o nto t he i ncurving c urtain w all a nd s traddle a c auseway b etween t he t wo t erminals o f t he G reat D itch. I ts s ides a re b uilt d own t o

t he

w alls

i ntegrate w ith t he d efensive

w hich

d itch b ottom a nd i t

i s f urther p rotected b y r amparts

a nd w hich e ffectively r ecess t he o uter d oor. T he i nner r ecessed t oo a nd b oth e ntrances m ay o riginally h ave b een c h aving b een r educed t o t heir p resent w idth o f c i m. t hreshold s tones a nd t he p ivot f or t he i nner d oor

F rom t here s outh

t he t o

i nner door

o f

b eyond

d oor w as 2 m w ide,

B oth d oorways h ad s urvives i n s itu.

T he g atehouse w as o riginally p aved a nd r emaining u pright s uggest s ome s ort o f f urnishings a t g round f loor l evel.

d irectly

s playing

a nd d itches

s labs o n

t he g atehouse a p assage 1 .7-2m w ide

t he e ntrance o f

t he b roch t ower.

I t

t hen

e dge

l eads

b ifurcates

-

b eing t hreshold s tones f or a d oorway t o t he n orth a nd t o t he -c ontinuing r ound t he b ase o f t he b roch a t t he d iminished w idth

o f 0 .6-0.9m. T his p assage t o a nd r ound t he b roch ( pl 2 .15) w as o riginally p aved a nd c an b e s een t o h ave g iven a ccess t o e very b uilding o n t he

s ite i n a p lanned a nd e fficient w ay.

T he n orthern p art

o f

t he B roch P eriod v illage h as

s uffered s erious

d isturbance b ut t hat t o t he s outh i s s ufficiently i ntact t o g ive a g ood i dea o f t he r adial c onjoined o utbuildings t hat o nce c omprised t he w hole ( pls 2 .30-2.32). c onstituted

' a

A n i nitial p roblem o f b uilding

a nd

d efinition w as

t he c hief

3 7

c riterion

t o d ecide c hosen

w as

w hat t he

G urness:

I nterpretive s ite

c e — 4 a .

0 4 . • N

b i ) e4 : 1 4 1

3 8

e xistence

o f

a b ounding l oad-bearing w all s uch a s m ay h ave s upported a

s ingle r oof; i t m ust i nternal s upports. a round

t he

d ubiously

b e s tated t hat n o i nformation s urvives O n t his b asis s ix o utbuildings w ere

s outhern c ircuit d ivided

( 1-6),

t he n orthern r emains

i nto a f urther e ight

p reliminary c onsideration i s

t hat

s ome

( 7-14)

o f

( fig 2 .10).

t he o utbuildings

r egarding i dentified b eing A

t hus

m ore s econd

d efined

c ould b e s een n ot o nly t o b e d ivided b ut t o c ontain m ore t han o ne d welling, o r a partment, t he c hief c riterion h ere b eing t he e xistence o f h earths. a re b e

I n t he

b riefly s een,

f ollowing

d escribed,

s ection t he f loor p lans

t heir b eing

1 -3 may h ave c ontained

o f

o utbuildings

t aken t o b e r epresentative;

t wo a partments,

1 -6

a s w ill

4 a nd 5 d efinitely d id,

a nd b uilding 6 i s d ivided i nto t hree. I t w as d ecided t hat a d etailed d escription o f o utbuildings 7 -14 w ould s erve l ittle p urpose, t heir b eing s ufficiently i llustrated b y f ig 2 .10, b ut t he t ypes o f f eature m et w ith t hroughout t he B roch P eriod v illage a s a w hole a re s ummarized a nd i ndividually

w est

d iscussed.

A s m entioned, t here w as a n a rea b are o f b uildings t o t he s outh a nd t he o f t he b roch. T his m ay h ave b een i n e xcess o f 4 0m 2

d ensity

o f

s ettlement e lsewhere w ithin t he c urtain w all s uggests

t hat

i t m ust h ave h ad a p articular a nd i mportant f unction. A nother a nomaly i s t he p air o f c ompartments which f lank t he o utside o f t he e ntrance t o t he b roch t ower ( pl 2 .33). T hese e ffectively e xtend t he e ntrance p assage o f t he b roch b y s ome 2 .5m, a dding a n o uter d oorway c 4 ,5m f rom t he o riginal o ne, a nd o f s imilar w idth. T he j ambs, t hreshold s tone, a nd p ivot f or t his a re s till i n s itu. E ach c ou rrtment o pens o nto t he p assage a nd e ntrance t o

h as a f lagged i nterior o f s ome 3 m . t he n orthern o ne s urvives 1 .68m h igh

O ne j amb o f t he a nd a n a pparently

i n s itu r oof s lab 2 .6m l ong b y 1 .2m w ide o ver t he s outhern o ne s uggests t hat b oth o f t he c ompartments a nd t he p assage b etween t hem w ere c eiled a t a h eight

o f

c 1 .84m.

I ndividual f loor-plans Outbuilding d oorway

i s

t o

p articularly s labbing. i n i ts

-i ts I t

p resent

i s

t he

T his

h as

a n i nternal a rea

n orth e ast, e astern

d ifficult

s tate.

l ater b uildings, w hether h owever,

I . t he

a nd

w alls

i ts

i ncorporate

t o s ee h ow t he

o f

w estern,

s ome

3 9m 2 ,

n orthern

s tretches

l atter c ould b e

o f

i ts

a nd

-

u pright

l oad-bearing

T he i nternal f urnishings h ave b een d isturbed b y

t he f loor p lan i s u nclear,

a nd i t

i s

i mpossible t o s ay

t here w ere o ne o r t wo a partments. T he n orthern t hird s eems, t o h ave b een p artitioned o ff, t here b eing a s hort c orridor t o I n t his

s outhern a rea t here

w as a c hamber t o t he s outh e ast -p art o f i ts r oof t here m ay h ave b een a nother t o i ts i mmediate w est.

s outhern p art

f rom t he m ain e ntrance.

s till i ntact -a nd I n t he s outh w est

i s a p ossible c ollapsed e arth-closet a nd t here w as o riginally a h earth t o t he w est o f c entre; t his i s s hown i n f ig 2 .6, a s i s t he p osition o f a m assive f allen u pright. h eavily f lagged a nd h as a t

T he n orthern p art o f t he o utbuilding w as i ts w es ern e nd t hree c urious f lag-built

c ompartments; i ts s ide.

t han l m

e ach

Outbuilding e ntrance s lab-built c ertainty

i s

2 .

i n t he c entre

l ess

T his h as o f

a nd o nly o ne w as a ccessible

a n i nternal a rea o f

i ts n orthern wall,

s ome 4 4m 2 ,

a nd s hares

i ts

h as

f rom

a n

u nusual

w estern w all w ith O utbuilding 1 . A gain, t here i s n o t hat t here w as m ore t han o ne a partment b ut t he o utbuilding 3 9

d oes

s eem t o h ave b een d ivided i nto

t hree b y t wo e ast-west

p artitions.

I n t he n orthern o ne t he d oorway i s p articularly c lear, t hough e astern r ubble-built s ection o f i t m ay b e i ntrusive. S imilarly,

t he t he

s outhern p art m ay j ust b e t he s tump o f a n o riginal b ack w all t o t he o utbuilding, i ts w estern e nd h aving b een r azed t o p rovide a d oorway. I n t he n orthern p art o f t he o utbuilding t here a re c hambers t o n orth e ast a nd n orth w est a nd o utside t he l atter i s a p eculiar

b oth l arge

-t rough - . T he s outh w est c orner i s t aken u p w ith a s lab-sided c upboard a nd i n t he s outh e ast t here m ay h ave b een a c ompartment, p ossibly

a nother c hamber

c hamber. t o t he

I n t he c entral a rea o f t he o utbuilding t here w as a s outh e ast, t here b eing a n a umbry b oth i nside a nd

i mmediately o utside

o f

i t.

T o t he e ast

o f

c entre,

a nd j ust

o utside t he

c hamber, i s a h earth; s ome s labs o n e dge f orm a c ompartment b etween i t a nd t he s outhern p artition a nd t here w as o riginally a nother c ompartment i n t he n orth w est. T he o nly f urnishings t hat s urvive i n t he s outhern p art o f t he o utbuilding a re t he r emains o f a c hamber i n t he e xtreme e ast a nd i n t he s outh w est t here a re t wo a umbries. O utbuilding

3 .

T his

e ntrance i n i ts n orth e ast

h as

t here i s m ore t han o ne a partment, a d istinctive b e

i nternal a rea o f c T hough i t

i s

5 2m 2

e ntered

a nd

a n

a gain u nclear w hether

t he i nterior h as h ere b een d ivided i n

f ashion w hich c reated a r oom w ithin a r oom.

c an b e s een t o p en o ff o nly

a n

c orner.

a n a rea m easuring

A p artition

s ome 4 m b y 5 .75m,

o ver a t hreshold i n t he c entre

o f

w hich c ould

i ts

w est

s ide.

C entrally w ithin t his a rea t here i s a h earth a nd a djacent c ooking t ank a nd a round t he p eriphery a c hamber, a c upboard, a nd a f urther p ossible c hamber w hich i s l arge a nd a lso r ecessed. t he s creen i s a lmost d evoid o f f urnishings

T he a rea t o t he o utside o f t hough t here m ay h ave b een a

c hamber i n t he s outh e ast a nd a lso p ossibly o ther c ompartments a long t he s outhern w all. I n t he s outh w est t here i s a n a umbry a nd, i n t he e ast w all, t he p ossible r emains o f a n e arth-closet. Outbuilding

4 .

T his

i s

t hin -a s

s ome o f

t he n orthern o utbuild-

i ngs m ust h ave b een -a nd, i n s pite o f i ts l ength, i t o nly h as a n T he m anner i n w hich t he o utbuilding h as b een i nternal a rea o f c 1 4m 2 . d ivided

b y a s creen i s

r eminiscent

o f O utbuilding 3 b ut h ere

t he

t wo

a reas w ere a lmost c ertainly s eparate a partments -t hey b oth h ad a h earth a nd t he n orth w estern d oorway t o t he o utbuilding a s a w hole w as d ouble

a nd

s erved e ach o ne

i ndependently.

T he

n orthern

a partment

m easures c 3 .5 b y 2 .5m a nd h as w ithin i t a c upboard, a l arge c hamber, a s econd p ossible c hamber, a nd a h earth. A ccess t o t he s outhern a partm ent w as t hrough t he o ther h alf o f t he m ain e ntrance a nd t hen a long a c orridor w hich a ppears t o h ave c ontained a f urther t wo d oors. T he i nner o ne o f t hese g ave i nto a n a rea m easuring 5 m b y 2 .5m. T here i s a n a umbry a nd a c upboard a long t he w est w all o f t his, a c hamber i n t he s outh, a nd a n e arth-closet i n t he e xtreme n orth e ast. A lthough n o l onger v isible,

a h earth w as

Outbuilding e ntrance

i n

o utbuildings

t he 3

5 .

T his

n orth a nd

4 ,

f ound h as

s outh o f

a n i nternal a rea o f

e ast a nd i ts p art

o f

c entre.

l ayout

i s

c

6m 2 , 6

a

t o

t hat

s imilar

t he i nterior b eing h emmed

o ff

w ide b y

o f a

p artition. T he l atter h as a c orridor a round i t a nd a n u nusual f eature i s t hat t here i s a n e ntrance f rom t his t o O utbuilding 6 t hrough t he c ommon w all. c hamber i n e xternal

A s econd u nusual f eature o f t he o utbuilding i s t he n orth w est c orner w hich c an o nly b e e ntered

p assage a round

s ome 5 b y 4 m ,

i s

e ntered

t he b roch.

T he n orthern

a s eeming f rom t he

a partment

o ver a t hreshold i n i ts e astern s ide, 4 0

m easures a nd i s

i tself p artially d ivided b y a n e ast-west s creen. O n o ne s ide o f t his i s a n e arth-closet w ithin a k erb; o n t he o ther a h earth f lanked b y t wo t anks.

T he

h earth;

i ts

l east

t wo

s econd

a partment m easures

s outhern e nd a ppears

o f

w hich m ay h ave

O utbuilding 6 .

T s

c 7 b y 5 m a nd

h as

a

c entral

t o h ave b een l ined w ith c upboards,

a t

b een c hambers.

o utbuilding

i s

c omparatively

l arge,

h aving a n

i nternal a rea o f c 7 5m . I t h as, h owever, a l oad-bearing i nternal w all a nd i s a lso u nusual i n t hat e ach o f t he t hree a partments i t i s d ivided i nto h as a s eparate e ntrance. T he d oorways t o t he n orth e astern a nd n orth w estern a partments a re f rom t he e xternal p assageway; t hat t o t he s outhern a partment f rom O utbuilding 5 . T he u nclear. 4 .5m,

l ine o f d ivision b etween t he t wo n orthern a partments i s n ow T he n orth w estern, h owever, a ppears t o h ave m easured c 4 .5 b y

a nd

t o h ave h ad a c hamber o n e ither s ide o f

c entral h earth. s ome

T he n orth e astern a partment

5 .5 b y 5 .5m,

w ith a c upboard b y

i ts

s eems

d oor,

t ank, a nd a n a umbry, c hamber a nd e arth-closet s outhern a partment w ould a ppe 'ar t o h ave b een

i ts

e ntrance a nd

a c entral h earth

a

a umbry,

r ange

o f

f urnishings

a n e arth-closet

a nd

a long i ts

e xternal w all w hich

t wo p ossible

a nd

t o t he s outh e ast. T he d ivided, t he e ntrance

g iving i nto a n a rea c 2 m b y 2 m f rom w hich t here w as a d oor t o m easuring c 5 m b y 5 m. T he l atter h as a n i nteresting c entral a nd

a

t o h ave b een l arger,

a nother h earth,

i nclude

a n

c hambers.

I t w ill b e p erceived t hat w hile t he o utbuildings t hus d escribed s ome c ommon e lements i n t heir l ayout, t he d ifferences i n t his

h ave

r espect a re a s p ronounced. S imilarly, w hile t he t ypes o f f eature i nvolved a re c losely c omparable, t he r epresentation o f e ach t ype i n o utbuildings a nd i n a partments

i s v ariable.

Characteristic t ypes o f f eatures The b oundary w alls o f t he B roch P eriod o utbuildings a re

g enerally

o f r ubble-built m asonry. T hose t o t he f ront a nd s ide a re m ost c ommonly 0 .45 t o 0 .6m w ide, t hose a t t he r ear a nd f orming t he o uter c urtain t o t he s ettlement b eing t hicker a nd a veraging 0 .7 t o 1 .2m. a reas o f w alling m ay b e a bove o r b elow t he a verages quoted, w all,

f or e xample,

b eing u p

t o

1 .5m t hick

a t

t he

c orners

L ocalised t he c urtain o f

o utbuild-

i ngs a nd a s l ittle a s 0 .5m a cross i n t he c entre o f l ong s ections. r are i nstances s ections o f t he f ront a nd s ide b ounding w alls a re p osed

s olely o f

a nd t he w est, O utbuilding 1 .

u pright

s labs -a s

I n c om-

i n t he s outh w all o f O utbuilding 9 ,

n orth a nd -m ost p eculiarly -t he e ntire e ast M uch m ore c ommonly, t he i nsides o f t he w alls

w ith s labs -e ither r elated o r u nrelated

t o f urnishings.

w all o f a re l ined

I n O utbuild-

i ng 6 t he e xtreme h as b een g one t o o f a n i nternal w all c onsisting o f t wo r ows o f s labs w ith a n i nfill b etween. T hough g enerally s urviving l ess w ell, i nner

w alls

t here a re m aximum p reserved h eights o f

1 .3,

1 .2 a nd 1 .5m ,

t he

f or

t he o uter,

l atter b eing

s ide a nd

t he f lag f ront

o f

O utbuilding 9 . T he u pright s labs o f t he i nternal w all m entioned a ttain a m aximum o f c 2 m a nd o ne w ould i n a ny c ase s uspect t he o utbuildings t o h ave o riginally b een t his h eight i n v iew o f t he n umerous d oorways a nd t heir s imilarity t o t he b etter p reserved o nes w ithin t he b roch t ower. T here i s, h owever, n o e vidence f or a ny o f b roch t ower h aving h ad a n u pper f loor. 4 1

t he o utbuildings

a round

t he

T he

i nternal

a partments

t end

b urnishings a nd t he d ivisions t o

b e

o f

s labs

t hough

w ithin

f eatures

i ncorporate l aid w alling -s uch a s a c hamber i n p ossible kilns o r o vens i n O utbuildings 9 a nd 1 1.

d o

and

b etween

o ccasionally

O utbuilding 2 , a nd G enerally s peaking

t he c onstructions a re i ndistinguishable f rom t hose s urviving w ithin t he b roch i nterior a nd o ne c an i magine t heir o riginally h aving h ad a s imilar h eight.

S creens

o r p artitions

a re v ariably p reserved a nd s ome

m ay w ell h ave o riginally o nly b een a m etre o r l ess t all; t hat O utbuilding 4 , h owever, i s a m aximum o f 1 .84m h igh d own t he s ide o f

i n t he

i nternal p assage a nd t he i nternal w all i n B uilding 6 m ight a lso c onstrued a s a s creen. A f allen s tone s ome 2 .3m l ong w as p lanned O utbuilding 1 .

b e i n

T he

l ine o f

s everal

d rains i s known

( fig 2 .1)

t heir h aving m ostly

b een d iscovered w hen f looring w as l ifted i n t he f inal s tage o f e xcavat ion a nd c onsolidation. O thers m ay w ell h ave e xisted a nd, i n f act, o ne n ot s hown o n p lan w as f ound i n O utbuilding 1 , r unning t owards t he b roch. I t c an b e s een t hat t he m ajority r un a long e xisting p assageways a nd t hrough d oorways a nd m ay p ossibly h ave b een p ut i n a s t hey w ere f ound

t o

b e

u nderlie t hat

n ecessary;

s ome

t o

B roch P eriod w alling.

f rom t he b roch d oorway

w as 0 .2-0.38m w ide,

t he

n orth

w est,

T he s tructure i s

t hrough t he g atehouse

0 .18-0.3m d eep,

w as

h owever,

s eem

t o

g iven f or o nly o ne t o

p artially

t he o utside. s lab-sided,

T his

a nd h ad

b een c ut i nto y ellow c lay. R etrospective e xamination o f t he p lanned f lagstones i n t his p assageway s uggests t hat t he d rain h ad b een c apped a long i ts l ength. T he e ntrances t o m easuring 1 .6m a

0 .9

( pl 2 .35).

c entral

O ne o f

d ivision

r espective a partments

t he o utbuildings

t o 1 .05m

a re o f

t wo d istinct w idths,

m ost

( pl 2 .34),

a nd a s ignificant m inority 1 .5

t o

t he l atter,

t he e ntrance t o O utbuilding 4 ,

h as

b een

t he

a nd

m ay h ave

a

t ruly

d ouble

d oor,

s ides g iving i ndependent a ccess t o t he n orth a nd s outh w ithin. I nternal d oors a ppear t o h ave b een e xclusively o f

t he n arrower w idth. T he s tate o f p reservation o f t he d oorways v aries b ut i n m ost c ases a t hreshold s tone s urvives; s ome c an b e s een t o h ave h ad

u pright j ambs;

s tones. t he

T he

a nd

t endency f or

o utbuildings

i n a f ew i nstances

t here w ere a ssociated p ivot

t here n ow t o b e a s tep u p

m ay b e d ue

t o

t he p aving o f

t he

t o t he e ntrances o uter

o f

p assageways

h aving b een r emoved. J udging o f

t he

f rom t he s ite p lans

c ompartments

t he f looring o f

w ithin t hem s eems

t o

t he o utbuildings

h ave

b een

a nd

i rregular

a nd

v ariable ( figs 2 .5 -2.7). I n s ome a reas t here a ppears t o h ave b een a n a bsence o f f lagstones w hile i n o thers t hey a re s parse o r h aphazardly l aid -t hough w ith p erhaps g reater c oncentrations i n d oorways a nd c orridors. O nly r arely i s t he d ensity i ndicated f or t he b roch i nterior c ome u pon. H earths b eing

a re

n ormally s et

a way

a nd

e venness

o f

f lagging

f rom w alls -o ne i n O utbuilding

a n e xception -a nd a re u niversally

s quare o r

r ectangular,

8

w ith

l engths f rom 1 .04 t o 1 .48m a nd w idths f rom 0 .87 t o 1 .48m ( pl 2 .36). T ypically, t hey c onsist o f a h eat c racked s lab w ith a r ectangular kerb, t he

l atter u sually b eing

o pen o n o ne s ide.

A ccompanying s ockets

w ere

f ound w ith t he h earth i n O utbuilding 4 a nd w ith t he s outhern o ne o f O utbuilding 5 ; i n b oth c ases, h owever, t here w as o nly o ne, r ather t han a p air.

T he h earth i n t he

d istinction

o f

a

s mall

s outhern a partment

c urved a nnexe 4 2

( less

o f O utbuile ging 6 h ad t he t han

1 1 4) 0 .251

w hich

h ad

w ithin i t

b oth c linker

a nd

s lag

S lab-sided t aMks w hich a re

( pl 2 .37). s et

i n t he f loor a nd w hich a re p resumed

t o h ave b een f or c ooking a re known f rom t hree a partments, w here t hey a re a djacent t o t he h earth. T he o ne i n O utbuilding 3 ( pl 2 .36) i s l m l ong,

0 .56m w ide

a nd 0 .64m d eep,

s lightly

l arger

t han t hat

i n t he n orth

e ast o f O utbuilding 6 a nd s lightly s maller t han t hat i n t he n orth o f O utbuilding 5 . T he l atter w hen f ound w as p artially c overed w ith a c apping s tone. S imilar f eatures a re known f rom O utbuildings 5 , 6 , a nd 1 0, t hough t hey a re s maller, m easuring s ome 0 .75 b y 0 .5m; t he o ne i n O utbuilding 7 c ontained 1 5 i ns 1 0 h ad c lay-luted c orners. F urnishings a nd

a umbries,

b uilt

i nto

o f

r ed p eat

1 ,

3 ,

4 ,

5 ,

a nd 7 a nd

a nd

l evel 0 .53m

a nd h igh

i s

t here w as

i n O utbuilding

i nto

t he d istinction u sually b eing c lear.

e arth-closets

A t otal o f

o ne i n e ach o f

t wo i n O utbuilding 6 .

i s b est e xemplified b y t he m ost 2 .38). T he l ower p art o f t his f loor

t hat

t he w alls m ay b e d ivided

e arth-closets h ave b een i dentified; i ngs

a sh a nd

T heir

s even

O utbuild-

c onsistent

f orm

c omplete, t hat i n O utbuilding 5 ( pl i s c haracteristically s ome 0 .16m a bove

l ined w ith f lagstones;

i t

a nd p resumably o riginally

r eceptacle. P reserved a bove i t s eat, m easuring s ome 0 .4m s quare.

i s 0 .36m d eep,

c ontained a

p ot

0 .46m w ide o r

o ther

i s t he h orizontal p erforated s tone T he u pper p art s urvives t o a h eight

o f 0 .4m, a nd i s l ined w ith f lagstones, b ut i t s eems l ikely t hat i t w as o riginally a t l east a m etre t all. T he e stimated m inimum t otal o f 1 .7m f or t he v ertical d imensions o f s uch f eatures i s v aluable c orroboratory e vidence f or t he s uspected h eight o f t he o utbuildings a round t he b roch t ower. T he t hirteen a umbries known ( pls 2 .39, d istributed t hrough t he o utbuildings, t here b eing,

2 .40) a re u nevenly f or e xample, n one i n

O utbuildings 1 a nd 5 a nd f our i n O utbuilding 2 . T en a re s ingle a umbries, t ending t o b e f ormed e xclusively o f b uilt masonry, a nd t o b e s et

a t

h eights

v arying

f rom f loor l evel

t o

0 .9m

a bove

i t.

T heir

d imensions v ary; w idths f rom 0 .16m t o 0 .4m; d epths f rom 0 .32m t o 0 .5m; a nd h eights f rom 0 .19m t o 0 .58m. I n t hree i nstances, i n O utbuildings 6 , 8 a nd 9 , t here a re s uperimposed p airs o f a umbries. T hese h ave a s uperficial

r esemblance

t o

e arth-closets,

a nd d o

i ncorporate s labs,

b ut

t here i s n o s eat, t heir b ase m ay b e f lush w ith t he f loor o r u p t o 0 .4m a bove i t, a nd t heir d imensions a re a ltogether i napposite, t he h eight o f e ven t he t allest

c omponent

T he m ajority o f

t he

a umbry b eing o nly 0 .33m.

r emaining

f urnishings

c an b e

c lassed u nder t he

g eneral h eading o f compartments. T hese a re m ainly f ormed o f f lagstones a nd t end t o e ither b e a gainst t he w all o f a n o utbuilding o r t o f orm p art o f a p artition w ithin i t. t hough t here m ay b e o thers. W hat s ome

a re h ere

t hirty

h aving

c alled

T wo

c hambers

t ypes

( pis 2 .41,

b een i dentified a mong

o verall d istribution a nd

a re

t he n umbers

t hey a re

c learly

2 .42)

t he

d iscernible,

a re v ery

o utbuildings.

f ound

c ommon, T heir

i n w ithin o utbuild-

i ngs a nd a partments i s i n keeping w ith t heir p roposed f unction a s b oxb eds. T hey a re c hiefly r ectangular o r s quare ( though s ome a re p entagonal, t riangular, o r s emi-circular) a nd t heir m ain c haracteristics a re t hat t heir g reatest d imension i s a ppropriate a nd t hat t hey h ave a n e ntrance. L engths m ost c ommonly f all i n t he r ange o f 1 .7m t o 2 .1m, t hough a s ubstantial n umber a re a s s hort a s 1 .4m a nd s ome 4 3

f ew

a s

l ong

s purious. t he f ull

a s 2 .5m.

T he 3 m l ong e xample i n O utbuilding 3

m ay

b e

S imilarly, w idths t end t o b e b etween 1 .2m a nd 1 .5m, t hough r ange i s f rom 0 .8m t o 2 .0m. T he w idths o f t he e ntrance i s

g enerally 0 .6m t o 0 .9m ( a f ew b eing a n arrow a s 0 .44m o r a s w ide a s 1 .2m), t hreshold s tones a re f requent, a nd o ne i n O utbuilding 2 i ncorporated a p ivot s tone. S ome c hambers, a t l east, w ere p aved. T he o rthostats c omprising t he w alls a nd j ambs i n g eneral s urvive t o h eights o f u p

t o

-a nd

i t m ay

l m -a

m easurement

b e

t hat

o f

1 .58m i n O utbuilding 9 b eing e xceptional

t he c hambers w ere

r oofed a t

t he c ase o f t he b est p reserved e xample, O utbuilding 1 -s uch o f t he s lab r oof

a bout

t his

l evel.

I n

h owever -t hat i n t he s outh o f a s i s i ntact i s a t a h eight o f

o nly 0 .54m. A nother a nomaly i s t hat t he c hamber a t t he n orth e nd o f O utbuilding 4 i s s aid t o h ave b een f ull o f p eat a sh a nd t o h ave h ad a c orbelled r oof. What

a re h ere

c hambers t hese

i n

c alled

c upboards

h aving a n e ntrance,

d o n ot

s eem t o h ave h ad

t hreshold s tones

t he f loor a rea i s m uch s maller. 0 .5m b y ( i .bm t o 1 .23 b y 1 .5m. h eights t o

A p ivot

2 .44) and,

a re

s imilar

o rthostats,

t o b ut

m ore p articularly,

T he s ix i dentified v ary i n s ize f rom T he s mallest t wo a re s labbed o ver a t

o f 0 .5m a nd 0 .69m w hile

0 .8m.

( pis 2 .43,

e ven w ith f lanking

t he o thers

h ave s urviving s ides

s tone i n O utbuilding 2 m ay

r elate t o

t he

o f

u p

a djacent

c upboard. O ther

t ypes

o f

c ompartments

t hat m ight

b e

d ifferentiated a re b ays

( or s talls) a nd b ins. T he f ormer w ould h ave d ivisions a long a w all o r p artition a s d efined b y s labs;

t hey

a re d ifficult

t o

j ust c onsisted o f p rojecting u pright

i dentify w ith c ertainty b ut

t here a re

a

l ot o f p ossible o ccurrences o n t he s ite, a s i n O utbuilding 1 2. B ins c an b e p rospectively d efined a s e nclosed o n a ll f our s ides, b eing o nly a ccessible f rom t he t op; t he e xistence o f s uch a t ype i s s uggested b y t hree s mall c ompartments i n t he n orth w est o f O utbuilding 1 , e ach h aving a n a rea o f ( pl 2 .45). I n

l ess

a ddition

t o

nd t han l m2 a

t wo s eemingly h aving n o s ide a ccess

a ll t he a bove,

f eatures i n t he b roch o utbuildings. b uilding 2 i s t rough

r ecessed

( pl 2 .46).

i nto

t here

a re

t hree

m iscellaneous

O ne i n t he n orthern p art o f

O ut-

t he f loor a nd c an b e l oosely d escribed a s

I n p lan i t

i s

i rregularly f ive s ided,

a

m easuring 2 m

l ong b y 1 .25m w ide. T he b roken b ottom s lab h as r ound i t a f lush i nner kerb o f l ong n arrow s tones o n e dge a nd t hen a nother kerb 0 .42m h igh. I n

O utbuilding

9 t here

i s

a s ubstantial m asonry

f eature

i nterpreted a s a n o ven o r kiln ( pl 2 .47). I t n ow s tands t hough s labs o n i ts e ast a nd n orth f aces a re u p t o i nternally

i t h as a d iameter

o f

c 0 .9m ,

t entatively 0 .6m 1 .2m

h igh, t all;

a s outhern c onstriction

0 .6m

a cross o pens t o t he s outh, a h earth b eing a djacent. L astly, t here i s a s imilar f eature i n O utbuilding 1 1; i t i s p reserved t o t he s ame h eight a nd

c ontained

s ome

a shes.

A s w ithin t he b roch,

r eferences

t o a rchaeological d eposits i n t he

o utbuildings a re s parse a nd d o n ot g ive a c omprehensive v iew o f w hat a ny o ne f loor w as l ike. P eat a sh i s m entioned g enerally a nd o n h earths b ut i t a lso o ccurred i n d umps. T he c ompartment t o t he s outh w est o f t he h earth i n O utbuilding 2 , f or e xample, c ontained l arge quantities, a s

d id

t he

c upboard

t here w as a O utbuilding 6 .

t o

t he w est

o f

t he h earth i n O utbuilding

d ump n ext t o t he h earth i n T he p resence o f a sh i n t he 4 4

t he t ank

3 ,

a nd

s outhern a partment o f i n O utbuilding 7 a nd i n

t he p ossible o ven i n O utbuilding 1 1 h as o ther

m ajor

c omponent

o f

a lready b een r eferred

f loor d eposits

s eems

t o

h ave

t o.

b een

T he

m idden.

R ichardson, i n h is g uide b ooklet f or t he s ite, s ays t hat t his h ad a ccumulated i n e very h ole a nd c orner a nd t hat i t was a m ajor s ource o f o f

f inds. T he c learest p icture w e h ave i s f or t he s outhern a partment O utbuilding 6 . R emoval o f a s econdary f loor w ithin t his r evealed

d eposits s oot,

o n t he e arlier o ne w hich a re v ariously d escribed

y ellow c lay a nd s lag;

a nd a d ump o f

a s

m idden;

a sh.

B uilding s equences a nd s tratigraphic d epth S o f ar a l argely s tatic v iew h as

b een t aken o f

t he v illage

t he b roch t ower. W hile t here i s n o l onger a ny h ope o f i ng w hat m ust h ave b een c omplex c hange a nd d evelopment, i t

e xists

t oday a nd t he

e xtant

r ecords d o

p ermit

a round

c losely f ollowt he m onument a s

c ertain a spects

t o

b e

t ouched u pon. I nstances

o f

b utting walls i mply a s equence

o f

c onstruction.

O f

p articular i nterest h ere i s t he m anner i n w hich t he r elationship o f b ack w alls t o O utbuildings 1 t o 6 s uggest t hat t hey w ere b uilt s erial a dded

o rder;

O utbuilding

t o O utbuilding 1 4.

O utbuildings

5

1 3 c an s imilarly b e L ike e xamples

a nd 6 a nd

t he

o f

t he g atehouse a re

O utbuildings

6

g atehouse h ave I t

i s

a dditions, a nd

t o

h ave

t he d ivision

b een

b etween 6

a re

t he c ompartments e xternal t o t he t hat t he e astern a nd s outhern i ts

n orthern a nd w estern b ounding

t hat b oth o uter a nd i nner

d oors

o f

t he

b een n arrowed.

p eriod o f

a ttributes

e xistence

7 ;

c onceivable

o ver a s hort t wo

a nd

t hought

t hat

i nternal w all w ithin O utbuilding

s ubsequent t o t heir r ear w alls; t hat b roch e ntrance w ere b uilt a gainst i t; w alls

a re

t he i n

o f

o f

t hat

t ime

t he w alls

r ebuilds,

s uch a s equence c ould h ave

a s

a s

p art

b een

c reated

o f a s ingle b uilding p rogramme,

a lone m ilitate a gainst

t his.

a pparently i n p arts

t he

o f

b ut

O ne i s w alls

t he

b etween

O utbuildings 1 a nd 2 , 4 a nd 5 , a nd 7 a nd 8 . T he o ther i s t he e xtension o f t he l engths o f buildings s uch t hat t heir o uter wall p rojects b eyond i ts

o riginal

l ine,

t his

h aving b een t he i nner

f acing o f

t he s urrounding

d itch. T he p erimeter i s m issing i n t he n orthern a rea b ut, t hat a side, t he o riginal l ine s eems o nly t o h ave b een kept t o i n t he c ase o f O utbuilding 1 4 a nd t he

b are a rea t o i ts

t o b e e xceeded e lsewhere b y a nything u p 6 ,

7 ,

a nd

f ound,

p ossibly 1 ,

u sually b elow f loor

t he t wo w alls e xample, i t w as l ayer o f

a sh,

I n

t he w all

l evel.

m ay a lso

p oint

o f

c onsolidation

p erhaps

s urprising

i t

s eem 5 ,

t hat h ad b een s uperseded w ere

f act

t hat

i n s o

b e

a nd s ome o ther

i ndicative o f

t he f loors o rder

b oth c hange a nd d uration

o f m ost

t hat

t hey

r efuse.

o utbuildings c ould b e

l ittle m ention i s m ade o f

r eset

w ere a nd

o f

r aised i t

i s

e arlier o ccupation

I t m ay w ell b e t hat s uperimposed f loors e xisted b ut t hat t heir c omponent w as s uch t hat t hey c ould n ot b e d istinguished u sing

t he p rimitive e xcavation t echniques f lagstones p aving o f f loors

o nly d oes

i n O utbuildings 2 ,

T he i nfilling o r l evelling b etween

a b urnt h earthstone,

d uring l evels. e arthen

o f

N ot

t o 2 m b ut

w as i nvestigated i n p laces; i n O utbuilding 3 , f or f ound t o g o d own a lmost t wo m etres a nd c ontained a d eep

R ef b oring u se.

t races

s outh.

i n

n oted d ouble

i n o ne p art t hi c kness

b ut

o f

t he d ay.

S uperimposed

o f O utuilding 2 m ay h ave s imply t here d o g enuinely

t he n orthern a partment

b een

o f a

s eem t o h ave b een t wo

o f O utbuilding 5 , 4 5

l ayers

i n

t he

s outhern

a partment w ere a round t o

o f O utbuilding 6 a nd,

a lso

t wo

l ayers

t he b roch,

o f

p ossibly,

i n a p ortion o f

d efining

1 4. t he

T here p assage

t he m ain p assage f rom t he b roch t ower

t he g atehouse a nd o n t he o utside o f T he p rocess o f

i n O utbuilding

p aving i n t he s outhern p art o f

t he g atehouse i tself.

t he o utbuildings a nd m aking t hem r eady f or

c onsolidation w as n ot e ffected i n o ne o peration. T hey w ere f ound t o b e c omplicated a nd a l arge p art o f t he 1 938 a nd 1 939 s easons w as d evoted t o

t he

r emoval o f s tructural a ccretions.

S ome o f

t hese w ere l ater

-

m any s till s urviving i n t he n orthern p art o f t he s ite -but o thers c onsisted o f ' early p atch w ork a nd c onsolidation'. R ecords o f t he e xact n ature a nd e xtent o f t he l atter h ave n ot s urvived, t hough w ork s eems t o h ave b een c arried o ut i n a ll a reas. S ome i nstances w ere d oubtless o f t rivial i mportance b ut t here a re i ndications -from t he p lans -t hat o thers w ere n ot. I n C raw's p lan ( pl 2 .11) c oherent c ons tructions a re s hown i n w hat a re n ow s een a s t he s outhern a partments o f O utbuildings 5 a nd 6 . H e m arked t hese a s ' C' a nd t hey w ere r emoved i n R ichardson's t ime a s s econdary a ccretions -t hat i n O utbuilding 6 h aving t he u pper f loor s poken o f. T hey d o, h owever, f it i n w ith t he o verall d esign o f t he B roch P eriod o utbuildings a nd i t m ay b e t he c ase t hat t hey -a nd t he e ast-west w all i n O utbuilding 2 -w ere t he p roduct o f t he d ivision o f t hese o utbuildings. S uch s ubdivision o f d iscrete o utbuildings into t wo o r t hree a partments i s i mplicit i n s everal o f t he f loor p lans, i s p aralleled b y t he b roch i nterior, a nd, a gain, i s a n i ndication P eriod.

o f

c hange i n w hat m ay b e t hought

o f

o verall a s

t he

B roch

The o uter d efences

T he G reat D itch

a ll

T he G reat D itch ( pls 2 .48, 2 .49) e ncompasses t he b roch v illage o n b ut i ts n orthern s ide, t hat w hich b orders t he p resent c oastline.

A part f rom t he c auseway t o t he e ast, w as o riginally c 4 m w ide a t t he t op,

i t i s c ontinuous, s ome 9 1m l ong, a nd h as b een d ug i nto t he b edrock

t o a d epth o f f rom 1 .5 t o 2 m. I t a ppears t o h ave b een U -shaped i n s ection, t he b ase b eing o nly s lightly c urved a nd t he c orners r ounded. A s m entioned,

i ts

o riginal i nner f acing o f m asonry h as b een t raced

a t

s everal p oints a nd i s s till v isible t o t he s outh w est o f t he b roch w here i t s urvives 0 .87m h igh a nd c an b e s een t o h ave b een b uilt u pon b edrock. T here i s a c omplementary o uter f acing o f m asonry. T he d itch h as b een e ncroached u pon a long t he g reater p art o f i ts l ength, o utb uildings e xtending o ver i ts i nner m argin a nd r educing i ts e ffective w idth -i n o ne p lace t o a s l ittle a s a m etre. T he r esultant w all a ppears t o h ave b een o f p iecemeal c onstruction c ontaining a ngles a nd j oins a nd a lso h as a v ariable w idth, i s, h owever, c ontinuous, i s a s w ell b uilt a s i tself

a nd

h as

c urtain s everal

a veraging o nly 1 m. I t t he w all o f t he b roch

a n i mpressive m aximum s urviving h eight o f 2 .7m t o

t he

o utside o f O utbuilding 6 -t hough o nly s ome 0 .6m o f t his i s a bove f loor l evel. T he b ottom o f t he d itch i s i nterrupted a t s even p oints b y t ransverse w ide.

w alls

o f

p a c ked s tone o n e dge

4 6

c i m h igh a nd 0 .75m

t o

l m

P 1 2 .18

G urness: e ntrance p assage, o utside

B roch f rom ( John W

H edges)

1 21 2 .19

G urness:

E ntrance

t o S g uard c ell s howing b olt h ole

( John W

h edges)

4 7

P 1 2 .20

G urness: i nto g uard

V iew

r oofless

S

c ell o ver

e ntrance

l intel

( John W H edges)

P1 2 .21

G urness:

R oof

o f b asal g allery/ f loor o f s uper i mposed

g allery

i n N E quadrant o f

b roch w all

( John W h edges)

4 8

G urness: C hamber o f

a t

f oot

i ntramural

s tair,

f rom N W

( John W H edges)

P 1 2 .23

G urness:

I ntra—

mural s tair, f rom E ( John W H edges)

4 9

P 1 2 .24

G urness:

I ntru—

s ive s taircase p artly

b locking

a ccess t o b roch i nterior ( John W H edges)

P 1 2 .25

G urness:

T riangular

l obby

( John W H edges)

5 0

i n N E o f

b roch

i nterior,

f rom S

P 1 2 .26

G urness:

S W p art

o f

S a partment

i n

b roch

i nterior,

f rom N

( John W h edges)

P 1 2 .27

G urness: p art m ent

S E

o f S a parti n b roch

i nterior, f rom E ( John W h edges)

5 1

P1 2 .28

G urness:

N W

a partment

i n

b roch i nterior, f rom N E ( John W H edges)

P 1 2 .29

G urness:

R ectangular

n orthern d ivision i n b roch

f rom S ( John W H edges)

5 2

i nterior

P1 2 .30

G urness:

O utbuilding 3 f rom t op

o f

b roch w all

t o N

( John W H edges)

P1 2 .31

G urness:

O ut-

b uilding 4 f rom t op o f b roch w all

t o N ( John

W H edges)

5 3

P 1 2 .32

G urness:

O utbuildings

5 a nd 6 f rom t op o f

b roch w all t o N W

( John W H edges)

P 1 2 .33

G urness: e ntrance

P air o f t o

c ompartments

t he b roch t ower,

5 4

f lanking

t he o utside o f

f rom E ( John W H edges)

t he

P 1 2 .34

G urness:

P1 2 .35

E ntrance

G urness:

t o O utbuilding

D ouble e ntrance

( John W H edges)

5 5

1 ,

f rom S ( John W H edges)

t o O utbuilding 4 ,

f rom N

P 1 2 .36

G urness:

H earth a nd

c ooking

t rough i n O utbuilding 3 ,

f rom N

( John W H edges)

P 1 2 .37

G urness:

H earth

i n S a partment

( John W H edges)

5 6

o f

O utbuilding 6 ,

f rom N

P 1 2 .38

G urness:

E arth

c loset i n O utb uilding 5 , f rom E ( John W H edges)

P1 2 .39

G urness:

Aumbry

i n O utbuilding 9 ,

f rom N E

W H edges)

5 7

( John

P 1 2 .40

G urness:

D ouble a umbry

i n O utbuilding 2 ,

f rom N E

( John W

H edges)

P 1 2 .41

G urness:

C hamber i n O utbuilding 1 ,

5 8

f rom N W ( John W H edges)

P 1 2 .42

G urness:

C hamber

i n O utbuilding 3 ,

f rom N W ( John W H edges)

P1 2 .43

G urness:

C up-

b oard i n O ut b uilding 9 , N E ( John W H edges)

5 9

f rom

P 1 2 .44

G urness:

C upboard

a nd

l arge

c hamber

i n O utbuilding 4 ,

f rom N

( John W H edges)

P 1 2 .45

G urness:

B ins

i n O utbuilding

6 0

1 ,

f rom N ( John W H edges)

P 1 2 .46

P 1 2 .47

G urness:

? Trough i n O utbuilding 2 ,

f rom N ( John W H edges)

G urness: S upposed o ven o r k iln i n O utbuilding 9 , ( John W H edges)

6 1

f rom S W

P 1 2 .48

G urness:

G reat

D itch a nd g ateh ouse, f rom S ( John W H edges)

P 1 2 .49

G urness:

G reat D itch,

g atehouse

t o N E ( John

c urtain wall, W H edges)

6 2

a nd i nner r ampart,

f rom

I n

t he l ower p art o f

t he d itch t here w as

' kitchen m idden

-u p t o

a m etre t hick i n p laces -a nd t his w as e xceptionally r ich i n b oth a rtefacts a nd e nvironmental r emains. T he f ill a bove, b y c ontrast, w as r elatively s terile a nd w as f ormed a r ampart'; a ddition

t o

d escribed a s

t his m ay

r ubble.

S tructures

f ound t o t he s outh w est, O utbuilding 2 , ( pl 2 .11) b urials

i mply

' material w hich h ad a t

t hat

c lay a nd e arth w ere

b uilt

o ne t ime

p resent

o ver t he f illed-in d itch

i n w ere

w here t hey a lso s ealed t he r educed w all o f a nd t here i s e vidence f or o ne o r m ore V iking

h aving b een i nserted

t o

t he w est.

O utworks beyond t he G reat D itch T he

b roch a nd i ts

r amparts.

o utbuildings

T he i nner rampart i s

f t he f urther p rotection o

h ave

c ontiguous w ith t he e dge

o f

t he

t wo

G reat

ne gainst o w here i t t erminates a ndications o t he f t here a re n o i ide o f t he g atehouse t he n orth e ast, t his s

D itch f rom t he n orth w est t o t he e ast, s ide o f t he f ront o f t he g atehouse; r ampart h aving

c ontinued

t o

idth o f t he i nner b eing d efended b y t he G reat D itch i tself. T he w t i s f aced o n e ither r ampart v aries t remendously f rom 2 .75 t o 6 .5m a nd i urviving h eight o f c s ide b y r elatively c rude d rystone m asonry w ith a s rea o f t he p erimeter T he o uter r ampart d efends a f urther r educed a estern e xtremes ( and i s j oined t o t he i nner r ampart a t i ts E SE a nd w

l m. a nd a lso

a t

2 .2

a nd

a t hird p oint 4 .75m ,

n either

b ut

r ampart

t o

t he W SW).

i s

o therwise s imilar.

I t

i s

t hinner,

w ith a w idth o f

T hough t he

i s known f or c ertain t his

o ne w as

s tructure

c onjectured

a t

f rom o f a n

e arly s tage t o h ave b een ' packed w ith e arth o n t he i nside'. T he

t wo r amparts a re

r eferred

t o a s

s eparated b y a g ap

t he M iddle D itch ;

t here b eing n o e vidence

t hat

i t

t his

i s

t wo s urface f eatures. T he p articularly i n t he o uter h alf,

i s

s ome 0 .6-2.8m w ide,

a lmost

a nything o ther t han a s pace

c lay

b etween

l ower f ill w as o f f allen m asonry, a nd s uperimposed u pon t his w ere l ater

s tructural r emains a nd a lso t he v estiges o f a V iking b urial. D itch i s m ore i mpressive a s a f eature f or, t hough i t w as s hallow,

o ften

c ertainly a m isnomer,

w ould s eem t o h ave b een r emoved i n p arts,

T he Outer g enerally

t he

b edrock

b eing r evealed. I ts o uter e dge w as d ifficult t o d efine b ut, h ere a gain, t here w ere t wo p laces i n w hich i t w as d efinitely m arked b y m asonry. I t w as o f v ariable w idth ( up t o 7 .5m), e xtended t o t he c oast i n t he n orth w est

a nd m ay h ave s imilarly c ontinued p ast

t he t erminal o f

t he o uter r ampart i n t he E SE. A s w ell a s b eing a n a dditional d efence i t m ay, p ossibly, h ave d oubled a s a s ource o f m aterial f or t he c ore o f a t

l east

t he o uter

s tones,

r ampart.

I ts

s ome a s a r ough p avement

b ottom i s

s aid t o h ave b een l ined w ith

b ut m ostly j ust

t hrown i n,

t here w as

a h earth a t o ne p oint t o t he s outh e ast, a nd, a pparently, s ubstantial a ligned b locks o f m asonry t o t he s outh e ast, t hough

t wo t he

e xact

t he

f unction o f

t his

l atter

f eature i s

s o-called

' rockery' i n t he n orth w est.

a rea

m asonry ( which w as

o f

r ampart) w ith

t o

o bscure. T his

M ost

f aced a nd w hich r an f rom u nder

t he n orth o f w hich w as a t rough-shaped

l arge a nd

s mall s tones w hich s loped

s tones

w ere

l ifted

s teep,

t his

c ontinuation

s triking i s

c onsisted o f a t riangular

c rude a nd p artial o f

t owards

p aving

t he

o uter

d epression

l ined

t he s ea.

w as

r evealed.

t he o uter d itch w as m ooted

s lip.

6 3

W hen t hese T hough

t o b e a

b oat

6 4

: SSauin9

P OST B ROCH P ERIOD S ETTLEMENT T he s hortcomings o f o ur knowledge r egarding s ettlement o n t he s ite s ubsequent t o t he B roch P eriod h ave a lready b een n oted. M uch m ust h ave b een

m issed

t hat

h as

d uring e xcavation b ut

b een g leaned

f rom t he

f ig 2 .11

-a

v isual

s ummary o f

a ll

r ecords -i ndicates h ow e xtensive

s uch

s ettlement w as. T here i s a lso t he p roblem o f n ot knowing w hat w as c oeval, a l ack o f u nderstood s tratigraphy b eing e xacerbated b y b uildi ngs

h aving o ften b een r ecessed i nto

r ecording w as h ow d ifficult

t he B roch P eriod

r uins.

F inally,

e xtremely v ariable, t his i n i tself b eing a r eflection o f t he r emains w ere t o c ome t o g rips w ith. A n o verall v iew

i s

i mpossible

o f

o ccurrences.

a nd

t his

s ection i s

F or

a ll

t hat

i nevitably a d isconnected

i t

c onstitutes a

c atalogue

v aluable

r ecord

o f

c ertain e lements o f a n o ccupation w hich w as p artly o r w holly P ictish; t he o ne o r t wo p ossible V iking b uildings a re o nly a rguably s o. T he r emains a re m ost c onveniently d escribed b y a rea. S outh:

t he S hamrock,

T he t hat

S hamrock

i ts Annexe,

a nd i ts

a nd neighbouring s tructures

a djacent A nnexe h ad

t he u nderlying B roch P eriod o utbuildings

t o b e c ould

r emoved i n b e

o rder

i nvestigated.

T hey w ere, h owever, c onsidered t oo f ine t o b e s imply d estroyed t heir w alls w ere t herefore r ecorded i n d etail a s a p reliminary t o e rection n ext The

t o

t he s ite m useum

S hamrock

t akes

i ts

a nd r e-

( fig 2 .12).

n ame

f rom i ts

l obate p lan,

a

s eries

o f

r ecessed c ells o pening f rom a c entral a rea. T he s tructure a s a w hole w as s et i nto t he r ubble f ill o f B roch P eriod O utbuilding 2 . I n c ertain p laces

a dvantage

w as

a nd f urnishings b ut, w all c 0 .9m t hick

t aken o f

p rotruding e lements

o f

e arlier

m asonry

i n g eneral, a c avity was l ined w ith a s ingle-faced w hich p rotruded b etween e ach c ell t o f orm a

s tructural p illar. T he e ntrance w as t o t he w est, w as 1 .03m w ide a nd h ad a n e xtended l ength o f 1 .8m w ith u pright s labs f lanking i ts o uter p art. w ithin

T he i t

c entral a rea w as s ub-oval, m easuring c 3 m b y 2 .5m a nd h ad a h earth f or w hich n o d escription s urvives. T he c ells t o

n orth, n orth e ast a nd s outh e ach h ad a t hre eold s tone a nd w ere s ubr ectangular t o o val w ith a f loor a rea o f c 3 m'; t he w all o f t hat t o t he n orth e ast h ad a s urviving h eight

o f

c 1 .16m a nd t here a re

i ndications

t hat i t w as c orbelled. F rom t he c entral a rea a n 0 .66m w ide a perture l ed i nto a n e astern s ub-rectangular a rea o r c ell m easuring c 3 m b y 2 m. I n t he t his

s outh w est

o f

t his w as

s ection o f w all a ppears

a s mall a umbry

c 0 .48m f rom t he f loor b ut

t o h ave b een r ebuilt,

a l ined c avity 0 .9m

b y 1 .4m b eing e mptied b ehind. F urther a long t he s outh w all t here w as a pparent a ccess t o a B roch P eriod c hamber m easuring c 2 m b y 1 .5m o ver p ossibly c hamber

o riginal m ay

s tones

o n e dge.

h ave b een o riginal

s etting w ithin s eems

t o

T he s labs

t oo b ut

l ining

t he w alls

a n 0 .35m s quare t ank

h ave b een s econdary.

S imilar s labs

e nd w all o f t he e ast c hamber -t his h aving o riginally P eriod O utbuildings 2 a nd 3 -a nd a l m w ide b reach t o w ith a n i nset

t hreshold s tone p rovided a n e ntrance

t o

o f o r

t his p ost

l ined

t he

d ivided B roch t he s outh e ast

t he a nnexe.

T he s tructural c onglomeration w hich b ecame known a s t he Annexe w as o bviously m ultiphase a nd c omplex a nd i t i s c lear t hat i t w as r emoved w ithout b eing f ully u nderstood. W alls d ifferent b uilds, m ore t han o ne f loor a nd

a ny

s ummary m ade

T he

A nnexe w as

r etrospectively

r ecessed i nto

t he

c annot

r ubble 6 5

c an n ow b e s een t o h ave b een o f l evel i s known t o h ave e xisted, o f

b e o ther t han

s implistic.

B roch P eriod O utbuilding

3

6 6

: Ssauin9

w ith

u se

m asonry

b eing m ade o f b eing

i rregularly

t he o riginal w all t o w est a nd

s ingle f aced.

s ha

e a reas

s outh

I n p lan t here s eem t o h ave

r anged f rom n orth t o

a nd

b een

n ew t hree

s outh a nd h aving a reas

o f

b etween 5 t o 8 m w ith t he s outhern o ne h aving t wo s imilarly i rregular c ells l eading f rom i t w ith a reas o f s ome 2 1'. T he c entral a rea h ad 1 t hree w all,

a djoining s mall a umbries s et 0 .4m f rom t he f loor o f i ts e ast e ach h aving s labs a t t he t op a nd b ottom a nd w ith s tone p illars

b etween; h ave

a B roch P eriod o rthostat

b een a d oor j amb;

a nd

t o

t hat

a lready m entioned,

t he

c ell

t o

B oth

i ts

a t

t he e ntry

t here w ere t wo o ne i n t he

t o t he

s outhern a rea m ay

s mall f loor-set

t anks

s imilar

s outhern a rea a nd t he o ther

i n

n orth e ast.

S hamrock

a nd A nnexe

s eem o riginally

t o h ave h ad a n

e arthen

f loor, t hat i n t he f ormer b eing d escribed a s ' lumpy a nd u ncertain p resumably b ecause i t h ad s ettled i nto t he r ubble b elow. T he A nnexe a ppears t o h ave b een r ef bored t wice w ith f lagstones. A rtefacts w ere p lentiful a t f loor l evel i n t he t wo b uildings a nd t here w ere t he ' usual l impet p ieces

a nd w helk o f p ottery,

c lay'. a nd

s hells, b its o f

C harcoal

t here w as

s undry b roken b ones, f ragments o f a ntler, c harcoal a nd f ire c racked s tones a nd b urnt

i s s pecified t o h ave b een a ssociated w ith t he h earth

a p ile o f

c harcoal a nd p eat

a sh i n t he e astern

a rea

o f

t he S hamrock. Elements o f o ther c ellular s tructures w ere f ound i n t he v icinity

o f

s ettlement

t he S hamrock

a nd Annexe g iving

s ingle-faced w alls, t he

t hat

s uch

i n t he a rea w as m ore w idespread -t hough a ll p arts n eed n ot

h ave b een s trictly c ontemporary. O utside t here w as a n i solated f lag-floored c ell, i n

i mmediate

t he i mpression

r ubble

o f

t he e ntrance t o t he S hamrock b ounded o n t hree s ides b y

w hich p resumably b elonged t o a s tructure

t he n orthern p art

o f

r ecessed

B roch P eriod O utbuilding

1

( fig

2 .12). S imilarly, C raw p lanned a c ell t o t he s outh e ast o f t he S hamrock a nd Annexe ( pl 2 .11, h is 5 0a) w ith s everal m ore h aving b een f ound t o t he s outh w here t hey o verlay t he d itch f ill a nd a lso t he o uter w all o f a t l east B roch P eriod O utbuilding 2 ( these a re s imply l abelled ' D' i n p l 2 .11).

S outh e ast:

t he Longhouse and a ssociated and underlying f eatures

The Longhouse w as h ad

d ug

t hrough

t he

o nly a ppreciated f or w hat f loor o f

i ts

w estern

i t w as h alf

l ong a fter C raw

a nd,

e ven

t hen,

R ichardson's t eam l acked t he a bility t o e xcavate a nd r ecord r emained i n a m anner t hat g ave m uch i nformation. T he b uilding h owever, c onsidered t o b e o f s ome i mportance, b eing d rawn o f i ts w alls ( fig 2 .13) a nd p art o f r e-erected

a longside

t he

r ectangular a nd e longated

S hamrock

a nd

what w as,

p lans a nd e levations i ts w estern e nd b eing

Annexe.

T he

s tructure

w as

i n s hape w ith a pproximate i nternal d imensions

o f 1 8m b y 3 m ( ?); i ts w all -w hich s urvived t o a m aximum h eight o f c 0 .8m -w as c l m w ide a nd s eems t o h ave b een d ouble-faced w ith a r ubble c ore.

N o

p laces

p arts

r emoval; M ention

d efinite n o

i s

o f

e astern

w all i s

o ne a re s ketched

i ndications f paving m ade 2 o

e xist

s hown o n a ny f inal p lan

i n a nd b rief m ention i s m ade o f

a ny d oorways

i n b oth e nds

a nd a t

t here m ay

b ut o f

h ave

b een.

t he e xtreme e ast

t here

w as a h earth c l m w ith a n a sh t ip s ome 2 m t o t he s outh w est o f i t. o ther i nformation s urvives a bout t he f loor b ut l arge n umbers e nvironmental l evel

r emains

a nd a rtefacts w ere

c orresponding w ith t he b ase o f

r ecovered

t he n orth w all a t 6 7

i n i ts

f rom i ts

t he

N o o f

g round

e ast e nd.

P lan a nd E leva t ions o f p ar t o f T he ' Longhouse 4'

0

2

4

6

8

1 0 f ee t

0 I

1

2

3 m e tres

2 6 a bove OD

Wes t F ace

N or th F ace

_A_ 2 6 "above OD

S ou th F ace

F ig 2 .13

G urness:

A f ew f eatures Longhouse.

T he L onghouse c an b e

R ecoveries

t emporary

g round

a s

c onjectured

t o

t he e ast

t o h ave b een a ssociated w ith t he

s uggest

s urface w hich c ontinued

t hrough t he b roch o utbuildings. r emains o f ' D p eriod' o ccupation,

t here

t owards

t o h ave b een a t he e ntrance

c on-

p assage

T o t he s outh C raw r ecorded e xtensive t here b eing a l evel o f ' paving f lags'

o ver t he g reater p art o f t he a rea a nd a lso p ossible t races o f ' cons tructions'. A mong t he l atter w as a g round s et t ank m easuring c 1 m b y 0 .5m w ith a d epth o f T he

s hape

o f

c 0 .6m. t he L onghouse

c aused i t

t o b e

t hought

o f

a s

l ate

-

V iking -a nd a fter r ubble b eneath i t h ad b een r emoved s econdary -a nd p resumably P ictish -f lag f looring w as f ound o ver t he n orthern h alf o f B roch P eriod O utbuilding 5 .

E ast a nd c entral:

r e-use o f t he p assage t hrough t he o utbuildings

a nd

o f t he b roch t ower The

m ain p assage t hrough t he e arlier b roch o utbuildings m ust h ave

f ormed a l inear d eclivity i n P ictish/Viking t imes, p aving h aving b een l aid o ver a r ubble f ill c l m d eep. A t i ts o uter e nd t his p aving i s s aid t o h ave b een c 3 m w ide, t hough i t b ecomes n arrower; i ts w estern e nd w as c 0 .1m b elow t he l evel o f t he w all o f t he a djacent L onghouse, t he w all

o f

T here

t he e arlier p assage c an b e

l ittle d oubt

b eing j ust v isible a t t hat

t he interior o f t he b roch t ower.

t his

t his

p oint.

r e-used p assage g ave a ccess

t o

C raw f ound a l ate p avement w ithin t he

e ntrance i mmediately i nside o f w hich t here w as a s taircase, b uilt o ver r ubble, 0 .7m w ide, a nd o riginally h aving 1 5 s urviving t reads. I ts h eight i s s pecified t o h ave b een t he s ame a s t hat o f t he s outhern e ntrance

t o

t he i ntramural s tair

o f 6 8

t he b roch ( 1.86m);

i t

h as

b een

r ebuilt, 2 .4). t here

h aving

c ollapsed

a nd

t hen b een e xcavated b eneath

T he c oincidence o f h eight m ay b e f ortuitous b ut t o h ave a lso b een a n o ccupation l ayer, a t l east

( fig

2 .3,

C raw t hought t o t he s outh;

this w as, h owever, a t a n e arly s tage o f e xcavation a nd w hat h e s aw m ay h ave b een a ssociated w ith t he u pper l evels o f o riginal f urnishings.

L ate

u se

o f

t he

i ntramural s tair

t hus

c annot

b e

d iscounted.

C ertainly t here a ppears t o h ave b een i ntrusive b uilding i mmediately o ver t he b roch e ntrance, t heir e xtent s uggesting t hat t he h eight o f t he w all w as c onsiderably r educed a t t his s tage. T hese s tructures a re o nly r ecorded i n C raw's b een c onsolidated; f loor',

c harcoal,

p lan o f 1 930 ( pl 2 .3), t hough t he s outhern o ne h as m idden i s m entioned i n t his c ontext a s i s a n ' upper ' burnt m atter',

N orth e ast quadrant:

a nd a f ew a rtefacts.

t he c ell w ith t he t a lk,

n eighbouring m idden,

and

b uildings f ringing t he c oast O ver b uildings. P eriod

t he n orth e ast a rea t here w as a c onglomeration o f s econdary T hese a ppear t o h ave b een r ecessed i nto t he e arlier B roch

r ubble -t heir f loors

i ntermittent

s uperficial

b eing a t

a d epth o f

p aving m ay i ndicate

a m etre o r

m ore,

t he c ontemporary

a nd

g round

l evel. O ne s mall c ell w ith a t ank w as r econstructed n ext t o t he s ite m useum w hile o ther s tructures w ere d estroyed; t he w alls o f t hose a long t he

c oastal

f ringe,

h owever,

w ere

The c ell with t he t ank

w as

l eft

i n s itu.

a lmost

s quare i nternally w ith a l ength

o f 2 .1m, a w idth o f 1 .85m , a nd w alls s urviving 0 .88m h igh ( fig 2 .14). T hese w alls h ad a n a pparent w idth o f 0 .55m a nd w ere f aced o n t he i nside b y u pright s labs. T he e ntrance t o t he b uilding w as t o t he n orth e ast a nd w as 1 .2m l ong a nd 0 .7m w ide. T he c entral t ank w as 0 .55m s quare, b uilt o f u pright s labs, w ith h alf o f i ts d epth o f 0 .4m p rotruding a bove t he f loor; w hen f ound i t h ad a s lab c over i n s itu a nd w as s ilted u p w ith e arth. o f

a ny

h ave

N o o ther

o rthostatic

d etails

s urvive

f urnishings w ere

W hatever t he p urpose o nly b een o ne p art o f

o f

t he f loor a nd t he o nly

t race

i n t he n orthern c orner.

o f t his s mall s tructure i t w ould a ppear a l arger b uilding o r c omplex, r emains

t o o f

w hich e xtended s outh e astwards f rom i ts n orth e astern c orner. T he w all f ound h ere u ltimately j oined a nd r e-used t he o uter w all o f t he e arlier b roch O utbuilding c ontaining t races b etween. m ay b ut

7 a nd c an b e s een t o h ave f ormed t wo b ays o f f lag f looring -w ith a p rojecting m asonry

A k erbed r ectangular s tructure m easuring

c 2 m b y l m

-w hich

b e t entatively i dentified a s a h earth -is s hown t o t he n orth e ast n eed n ot h ave b elonged t o t he s ame p hase o f P ost B roch b uilding.

T here w as a lso, h owever, b uilding, t his b locking t he a nd a gain g iving

t o

t he b roch s urvived a s a l inear d epression i n P ictish t imes. T he n ature

f rom f igs 2 .1, r ecorded

o f

t he

a n e xtensive m idden t o t he s outh o f t he p assages o f B roch P eriod O utbuildings 8 a nd

7

w as

-o ne p illar

( the l arger p art

e rosion a nd

t he p assage

f rom t he

t he b uildings f ringing t he c oast i s

2 .5 a nd p l 2 .11,

t hrough a c omplex o f c oastal

i mpression t hat

o f

c omparing

b est

g atehouse

a ppreciated

t hese w ith f ig 2 .11.

w hich r emains

t oday) w as

W hat

a l inear b and

s tructures w hich w ere d estroyed o n t he o ne s ide b y o n t he o ther b y p oor e xcavation.

L ittle

s ense c an

b e m ade o f t he s tructures a s a w hole, t hough t here a re a n umber o f g eneral a nd i ndividual f eatures o f i nterest. T he c ellular p attern

6 9

F ig 2 .14

G urness:

S ingle

c elled

s tructure

t o N E

o f

b roch

w ith

a djacent E w all p rincipally f ormed b y w alls

r ecessed i nto r ubble i s f amiliar a s i s

t he

o ccurrence o f s labs l ining w alls a nd a lso t he r e-use o f b roch m asonry t he o uter w all o f O utbuilding 7 a nd t hose b etween 7 a nd 8 a nd 9 a nd 1 0 h aving b een i ncorporated. S everal o f t he s tructural f ragments e vidently b elonged t o b uildings o n t he s eaward s ide ( Craw's 1 , 1 1, 1 9, 6 3 & 6 4) b ut t here w as a p assage f rom t he c oast t hrough a b reak i n t he b roch P eriod w all b etween O utbuildings 7 a nd 8 a nd t here a lso a ppears t o h ave b een a d oorway i n t he s outh o f C raw's 6 3 t o t he w est. T he i mplication o f t his i s t hat t he c omplex i ncluded b uildings i nside t he c oastal f ringe a nd, i n a ddition t o t hose a lready d escribed, C raw's 9 a nd 6 5 c ould o nly h ave b een e ntered f rom t he l andward s ide. O f t he s tructures t he c learest a nd m ost i nteresting i n p lan i s C raw's 1 9. T he r emaining d iameter;

p ortion o f t his i s s emi-circular a nd c 5 m i n a pparent i ts w all s urvives 0 .7m h igh, i s r ecessed a nd p artially f lag

l ined a nd t here a re t he r emains

o f a n e ntrance t o t he e ast.

W ithin t he

b uilding, a nd p arallel t o i ts i nner w all, i s a n a rc o f u prights d efining a c entral a rea w ith a n a pparent d iameter o f c 2 .4m; t wo s tones w ithin h earth.

t his m ay A nother

c onjecturally b e c onsidered t o h ave b elonged t o a h earth w as m entioned i n C raw's 6 3 b ut i n g eneral

i nternal f eatures w ere e ither a bsent o r w ent u nnoted. A ll o f t he b uildings a long t he n orthern f ringe f rom t he s emi-circular o ne e astward, h owever, h ad w ell l aid s tone f loors, t hat t o t he e xtreme e ast h aving b een r ef bored t wice. T he f loors w ere l ifted a nd o riginal B roch P eriod p aving u ncovered b eneath t hem ; t his w as f ound t o c ontinue u nder t he w alls -being t raced t hrough t o t he o ther s ide o f t hem , a nd

7 0

c onfirmed

t he s econdary n ature o f

N orth w est quadrant: T here

c learly w ere s econdary

o f

a s

a w hole.

L onghouse a nd m iscellaneous r emains

b ut l ittle s ense w as m ade o f r ecords a re o f p oor q uality. P art

t he b uildings

w hat w as

s tructures

i n t he n orth w est q uadrant

t hem t hrough e xcavation a nd t he

f ound m ay h ave b een a L onghouse o f

s urviving

s maller

s ize

b ut s imilar o rientation t o t hat t o t he s outh e ast o f t he b roch t ower. T he s ingle s ided l ong w all a nd t he c urve o f u pright s labs a t o ne e nd r emain i n s itu a nd s uggest t he b uilding t o h ave m easured s ome 9 m l ong b y

c 2 .2m w ide.

I nternally

t here w as

t his r evealed B roch P eriod w alling, t he s tructure a s a w hole. T o

t he w est

l aneous

a nd s outh w est

s tructures

t hese b ut L onghouse)

o f

r ough p aving a nd r emoval o f

c onfirming

t he L onghouse a re

w hich a re s hown o n p lan.

r ectilinear w alling i s a nd R ichardson w as o f

o ccupation i n t he a rea.

T here i s,

t he s econdary s tatus

v arious

L ittle

m iscel-

c an b e

m ade

e vident ( one p iece j oined t he o pinion t hat t here w as h owever,

a lso

a t

o f

o f

t o t he V iking

l east o ne e xample

o f a ' cell -p resumably p art o f a l arger b uilding -i n t he c onstruct ion o f w hich b oth s ingle f aced a nd e arlier w alling h ad b een u sed. T hough n ever p lanned, t here w as a s imilar s tructure t o t he w est, i t b eing

s pecifically

R ichardson's d escribed, w ith h ad

m attresses'

a f lagged

A

l ater

i ngs t o b uildings

a nd L onghouse b uilding.

t he u sual P ictish v illa o f

t he o nly i nformation t hat

e vidence s uggests

r emains

o f

t wo

h ands

i t

s urvives

b een r elatively

t he p eriod i s

w hich

f inger-rings

t hat

r ecent

o verlying n ot

o nly

c omposition

0 .6m

a cross

a nd

o f

i t t he

r emained

s ite p lan

i n

( pl 2 .11)

t he b roch o utbuild-

t he n orth w est o f t he t ower b ut a lso s ome o f t he d iscussed. I t m easured s ome 1 0m b y 7 .5m w ith

u nspecified n orth e ast.

i n

T hough

t o h ave b een t he f indspot

o n

l arge r ectangular e nclosure s hown o n C raw's

h ave

S outh:

a s

t he S hamrock o f a

f loor a nd a k erbed r ectangular h earth w ith a s lab b ottom.

C ircumstantial

m ust

a n i nstance

p erhaps j ocularly,

s tone

s keletal p osition.

m entioned a longside

s ite g uide a s

s econdary w alls o f

h ad a w ide e ntrance

t o

t he

i nserted s tructure b etween i nner a nd o uter r amparts

T he r ectangular s tructure i n question w as s mall ( c 4 .5m l ong b y c 1 .8m w ide i nternally) a nd h ad b een b uilt o n t op o f r ubble f ill. T he r ampart h ad b een u sed f or i ts n orthern w all, t he o thers v arying i n w idth

f rom

f acing b ut

t o

1 .2m a nd

t he e ntrance a ppears

o f t his s tones a rea

0 .9

w ith a p utative

s eemingly h aving h ad a n

r ubble

c ore;

i rregular

n othing i s known o f

t o h ave b een i n t he n orth e ast.

t he

s tone

i nterior

T o t he

w est

s tructure, a nd a gain o ver r ubble, t here w as a r ough p avement o f i nto w hich a s mall f lag-lined t rough h ad b een s et. F rom t his

t here w as

a lso e vidence

o f

a V iking b urial.

7 1

I

:s sauinn

5 * ( r ) c r

2 .

1

A T s a22ns

2

0

— 0

N J

C T 1

C O

-8

N J

—

0 , D , D

or ,

7 2

4,

V IKING G RAVES C raw s howed a n e arly a wareness

o f

t he p ossible e xistence o f V iking

g raves, t heir p resence b eing s uggested b y t wo s hield b osses f ound h igh i n t he f ill o f t he b roch t ower ( putative g raves I a nd I I). T hese w ere a lmost c ertainly 2 56 a nd 2 57 a nd w e m ight t entatively a dd a nother i tem w hich h as n ot s urvived b ut w hich w as d escribed a s a n ' iron s ock f or a h and p lough'. O bjects f ound i n e nsuing s easons s uggest V iking g raves e lsewhere ( fig 2 .15). I n 1 935 t he f ollowing i tems w ere r ecovered d uring c learance o f s uperficial l ayers o ver t he n orth w estern e xtreme o f t he G reat D itch : a g lass l inen s moother ( 833); a f olding b ronze b alance ( 242); a l arge b ead o r w horl o f ' polished j et'; a ' whetstone'; a nd

s mall p ieces

o f ' iron o re

( the

l ast

t hree a re u ntraced)

( putative

g rave II). S imilarly, a b ronze r ing-headed p in ( 234) a nd a n a mber I b ead ( 835) w ere f ound t o t he s outh w est, b etween t he r amparts b ut a bove t he

r ubble f ill o f

t he s upposed d itch ( putative g rave I V);

a ccompanying

f ragments o f b ones w ere s ent f or i dentification a nd p roved t o b e p arts o f a h uman c ranium ( 2036). A s econd a mber b ead ( 836), v irtually i dentical t o t hat j ust m entioned, w as f ound o n t op o f B roch P eriod f urnishings t o t he i mmediate s outh w est o f t he t ower ( putative g rave V ) -t hough i t n eed n ot n ecessarily h ave a ccompanied a n

i nhumation.

O ne

d iscovery t hat p erhaps r equires r e-evaluation i s t he s keletons o f t wo h ands w ith f ive b ronze f inger-rings s till i n p lace w hich w ere f ound i n a s mall c hamber' t o t he w est o f t he b roch t ower ( putative g rave V I). S ufficient a dditional h uman b ones w ere r ecovered f rom t he p resumed l ocation ( one b atch u ntraced, t he o ther 2 051) t o s uggest a ctuality a c omplete i nhumation m ay h ave b een p resent. A c omparatively l arge n umber o f h uman b ones f rom t he s urvive a nd s uggest t he p resence o f b urials -t hough n ot

t hat

i n

e xcavations n ecessarily

V iking o nes. M ost a re n ow u nstratified ( 2049, 2 053, 2 056, 2 057, 2 119, 2 120) b ut s urviving c ontexts a re t he m ain p assage t hrough t he b roch o utbuildings ( 2011), f our p ositions s uperficially a mong t he o utbuildi ngs t hemselves t o t he s outh a nd w est o f t he b roch t ower ( 1997, 2 005, 2 032, 2 062) a nd a t a n u nspecified l evel s omewhere i n t he G reat D itch ( 2050). T he r ecords f urther m ention a p art o f a s kull f rom t he p assageway t hrough t he b roch o utbuildings ( probably t he s ame b urial a s 2 011) and h uman b ones i n t he G reat D itch a t b oth a s uperficial l evel a nd a t a d epth o f c2 m. T wo e ntries a re p articularly i nteresting, t hough w ithout c ontext; o ne r elates t o t he e xcavation o f a s keleton, t he o ther t o a h uman i nterment s howing c remation. I n

t he f inal s eason o f

e xcavation,

1 939,

a n i ndisputable V iking

g rave ( VII) w as d iscovered i nserted i n t he n orthern w all o r k erb o f t he e xternal p assage l eading t o t he B roch P eriod g atehouse ( fig 2 .16). T he g rave m easured c 1 .8m b y c 1 .1m w ide, w as l ined w ith u pright s labs a m aximum o f 0 .4m t all a nd i s s till v isible t oday. T he b ones h ad d ecayed a part f rom p art o f t he l eft f emur a nd t he s kull, t he l atter b eing p reserved u nder w hat m ay h ave b een a f allen c apping s lab. A round t he w oman's n eck w as a n i ron n ecklet ( 264); o n h er p ectoral b ones a p air o f b ronze

o val

b rooches

( 220);

a t t he r ight s houlder a

b one

p in

( not

t raced); a nd t o r ight a nd l eft a t w aist l evel a n i ron knife ( 254) a nd a s ickle ( 263). T his g rave h as b een p ublished s eparately ( Robertson, W N 1 969); a n e rror t o b e n oted b eing t hat t he n ecklet i s s aid t o h ave i ncorporated s ea-shells o r l obster s hell.

7 3

P lan o f V i k ing G rave

1 1 \

A S ec t ions

0

2

ee 3f t

1 m e tre

Ze

c app ing s tone

B S

F ig 2 .16

G urness:

P lan a nd

s ections

7 4

o f

V iking

g rave

( VI)

C HAPTER 2 .3 T HE F INDS

O ne

o f

t he f irst s teps

t aken i n p ublishing

t he B roch

o f

G urness

w as t o r igidly d efine, n umber, a nd d escribe t he e xtant f inds b oth i n o rder t o a id s tudy a nd t o p ermit t heir b eing f inally h oused, a nd a ccess ioned. T he r esultant c atalogue i s o f p rodigious l ength -there w ere m ore t han 8 50 a rtefacts a nd i n e xcess o f 1 0,000 s herds ( app 2 .2). I n t his t he a ssemblage w as o riginally l isted w ithout r egard t o p hase, a s r ecorded

i nstances

o f

t otally r eliable s tratigraphy w ere k nown t o

b e

r are. G reater f amiliarity w ith t he e xtant d ocumentation h as, h owever, p rompted a n a ttempt t o r elate a s ignificant p art o f t he c ollection t o t he t hree m ain p eriods o f t he s ite. W hile c are h as b een t aken i n d oing t his b oth e rrors a nd o missions w ill c ertainly e xist. T he i llustrations a re

t o b e f ound a s a g roup o n p p 9 1-180.

T HE B ROCH P ERIOD

B one implements W hat

a re h ere c alled p erforated m ounts ( figs 2 .17-2.19)

a re

t hin

r ectangular o r s ub-rectangular p lates o f a ntler, a nimal o r c etacean b one v ariously p erforated a t t he e nds a nd s ometimes a long t heir l ength w ith h oles d esigned t o t ake p ointed p egs. F our e xamples w ere f ound a bove t he r ef boring o f t he c entral a rea o f t he b roch i nterior ( 4, 7 , 2 0, 2 1); f ive s urvive f rom t he f inal f loor ( 2, 5 , 1 0, 1 7, 1 9), a nother t wo b eing r ecorded; a nd t wo w ere a mong t he l ower 1 .83m o f r ubble i n t he t ower, a nd t herefore p ossibly c ontemporary ( 1, 6 ). F our s urvive f rom t he o utbuildings ( 3, 8 , 1 5, 1 6), a f urther o ne b eing r ecorded. S ome o f t hese h ave p egs r emaining i n s itu ; i solated e xamples o f s uitable p egs w ere r ecovered f rom t he r ef bored c entral a rea o f t he b roch i nterior ( 24) a nd f rom a n o utbuilding ( 31), w hile a c oarser e xample w as f ound b e -l ow t he f loor o f O utbuilding 8 . A dditionally, a n u nperforated p late w as f ound o n t he f inal b roch f loor ( 41) a nd a nother i n t he o utbuildings ( 43) ( fig 2 .20). I t i s s uggested t hat t hese a rtefacts w ere u sed t o c o -n nect, s trengthen, o r r epair a p erishable m aterial s uch a s w ood, t he i mperforate e xamples p ossibly b eing b ound r ound. L ong-handled c ombs s ite t hough o nly f ive, s aid d efinitely t o b e o f

( figs 2 .19,

2 .21) w ere r elatively c ommon o n t he

r ecovered f rom a mong t he o utbuildings, 5 t he B roch P eriod ( 50, 5 2, 5 3, 5,

c an b e 5 6); a

f urther e xample m ay b e c ontemporary ( 58) h aving b een f ound i n a c avity i n t he i nner w all f ace o f t he b roch s ome 2 m a bove f loor l evel. T hree o f t he c ombs a re o f c etacean b one a nd t hree o f a ntler ( one i ncorporating

a b urr);

a part f rom 5 6 t hey a re s tumpy i n 7 5

f orm,

t hree

b eing

-f ish-tailed';

f our h ave

t eeth a nd t hree a re d ecorated.

a n i ncised l ine a long t he

b ase o f

T he f orms a nd d ecoration a re

t he

t ypical o f

t hat f ound i n t he S cottish I ron A ge o utside t he a rea o f i mmediate R oman i nfluence ( Hodder a nd H edges 1 977). F ormerly t hought t o b e c onnected w ith c loth m anufacture, t hese a rtefacts a re b etter c onsidered t o h ave b een u sed f or d ressing t he h air. D isappointingly t he s ite a re s ocketed e nd o f

f ew o f

t he

s ocketed h andles

( figs 2 .22,

s tratified. O nly o ne o f t he m ost c ommon a n a ntler t ine -w as c ertainly B roch P eriod

2 .23) t ype ( 68),

f rom -t he a s i t

w as f ound i n a n o utbuilding. A v ery f inely f inished v ersion w as, j ust i nside t he b roch i nterior, t his h aving o pposing h owever, f ound r ivet h oles a nd h aving b een s moothed t o a h exagonal s ection a nd d ecorated w ith a d ense B oth 2 .26)

o f

f ound

t he

c hevron d esign

p rincipal

t ypes

o n t he s ite a ppear

( 69).

o f n eedles a nd b odkins

t o h ave

b een u sed

( figs

i n t he B roch

2 .24P eriod.

T he f irst g roup c onsists o f d iamond-shaped f lat p lates o f b one w ith a p erforation a t t he j unction o f t heir a xes a nd e xamples c ome f rom t he f inal f loor o f t he b roch i nterior a nd a lso f rom t he o utbuildings ( 83, 8 6) • T he s econd v ariety t ends t o h ave a n o val o r r ound s ection 7 9 8 4 _ _ 2

t o

a nd f loor ( 88

b e o f

8 7

p erforated n ear o ne e nd;

t he b roch i nterior a nd

c ame

f rom

t he

f inal

f rom t he m idden i n t he G reat D itch

9 1).

2

S tratified b ut

o ne e xample

t wo

p ins ( figs 2 .24-2.26) w ere s urprisingly f ew i n

o ne w ith a h emispherical b one h ead c ontaining

n umber

t he s tump o f a

s hank

o f t he s ame m aterial c ame f rom t he l owest f loor i n t he c entre o f t he b roch i nterior ( 122) w hile t wo w ith c hamfered h eads f rom t he s outh g allery c ould a lso b e B roch P eriod ( 108, 1 09). I n a ddition t here w as a f ibula, p robably o f a p ig, t he n atural a rticulation h aving b een kept a s a h ead ( 100); t wo p ins w ith s imple s quared o ff o r r ounded t erminals ( 102,

1 03); B oth

a nd a f eatureless

p iece

o f

s haft

( 112).

p ointed i mplements ( figs 2 .27-2.28)

a nd

i mplements u sed

f or

rubbing and p olishing ( fig 2 .29) w ere f ound. Among t he f ormer t he m ost d istinctive t ype c onsisted o f b ovine o r c ervid u lnas w ith t heir d istal e nds

r educed

m odified

t o

a nd

u sed a s a p oint,

f orm a h andle.

t heir p roximal e nds

o ften

b eing

T hree e xamples w ere d efinitely B roch P eriod

( 124, 1 27, 1 28) a nd a nother w as f ound i n r ubble b elow t he 1 .82m l evel i n t he b roch t ower ( 129). A dditionally, t here w ere s livers o f b one a nd a ntler ( 133, 1 34, e nd r etained a nd m ost

d istinctive

1 35, 1 38) a nd a lso a b ird l ong b one w ith t he p roximal t he s haft m ade i nto a n eedle-like p oint ( 145). T he t ype

o f

r ubbing a nd p olishing

i mplement w as

f ormed

o f

o vicaprid m etapodials w ith t heir d istal e nds p reserved a nd t heir s hafts u sed a t a s light a ngle t o t he a nterior-posterior p lane ( 148, 1 49, 1 52). S plinters o f

o f

b one h ad a lso

a n o vicaprid t ibia,

r emoved

t o g ive

W halebone r espectively, v ertebral

a nd

l atest f loor h owever ( 175), a lmost

o f

f lat w orking

( 154,

1 60)

a nd

t here w as

t he p roximal p art s urface

t he

s haft

o f w hich h ad b een

( 153).

v essels and l ids ( fig 2 .30-2.33) w ere m ade, b y h ollowing o ut v ertebrae a nd b y u sing d etached

e piphyses.

p rovenance

O ne

a l ong

b een u sed

o ne s ide

T he g reater n umber f rom t he s ite h ave

t hese m ust

i nclude

t he t hree v essels

r ecorded

l ost

t heir

f rom

t he

o f t he b roch i nterior. A l id c ame f rom t his c ontext, a nd a f ragment o f a v essel f rom t he o utbuildings ( 169).

c omplete

e xample

o f a v essel, 7 6

a s pine b eing r etained a s

a

h andle,

w as

f ound i n t he c hamber a t t he b ase o f

a nd m ay b e B roch P eriod

t he i ntramural

s tair

( 167).

A h itherto u nrecognized

t ype o f b one a rtefact

r ecovered a t G urness

i s t he q uern handle ( fig 2 .30) t hese c onsisting o f s uitably s haped p ieces o f a nimal b one w hich h ave h ad o ne e nd f orced i nto a h ole o f s maller d iameter. T he t wo s tratified e xamples a re B roch P eriod, t he o ne -t he d istal e nd o f a b ovine m etacarpel -h aving b een f ound b elow t he w ell s tair ( 182), a nd t he o ther -a b ovine h orn c ore -h aving b een i n t he o utbuildings

( 180).

T he r emaining B roch P eriod b one a rtefacts ( figs 2 .35-2.38) i nclude a f emur h ead s pindle whorl ( 183) ( another w horl o f t he s ame m aterial b eing m entioned a s f ound) a nd a s o-called b obbin c onsisting o f a s heep m etapodial p erforated c entrally f rom f ront t o b ack ( 188). O ne p arallelepiped b one d ie c ame f rom t he l atest f loor o f t he b roch i nterior ( 191) w ith a nother b eing f ound b etween s easons i n a c avity i n t he i nterior w all f ace ( 192). p ieces; a n a pparently u nworked, o f

f lat

T wo f urther i tems m ay h ave b een g aming u nfused c ondyle ( 195) a nd a s mall p iece

i vory l ike t he s ection o f

a t ooth ( 194).

F urther b one

i tems

w ere n ot s o r eadily c ategorized. O ne w as a m allet m ade b y s awing a n a ntler o ff a bove t he b row t ine, l eaving t he l atter a s a h andle a nd t he b urr a s a w orking f ace

( 2U6);

a nother,

a n a ntler w ith t he b row t ine a nd

b urr r emoved a nd t he e nd t hen s lotted, p resumably t o t ake a b lade ( 205); a t hird, a l ength o f a ntler s ectioned o bliquely a nd p erforated a t l east t wice m aking a p ossible h andle ( 206). A b ovine f irst p halanx p erforated f rom b ack t o f ront w ith a c rude h ole w as p icked u p i n 1 967 a mong t he o utbuildings ( 216) a nd m ay b e B roch P eriod a s m ay a h ighly d ecorated

o bject

f ound a t t he 1 .83m l evel i n t he b roch i nterior

w here

i t r ested o n t he u pper s urviving p art o f t he b roch f urnishings t o t he s outh w est. T he l atter c ould b elong t o a l ater p eriod; i t h as n ot b een t raced b ut i ts f orm i s known f rom a s ketch i n C raw's f inds b ook.

M etal o bjects

r ing

S urviving b ronze o bjects ( figs 2 .39-2.43) i nclude a p ossible e ar( 229); s ingle l inks ( 231, 2 32); t wo p ointed s hafts -w hich m ay b e

c omplete p ins ( 237, 2 38); a nd a f ine n eedle w ith a n o val e ye t owards o ne e nd ( 233). T here a re a lso f our p ieces o f t hin s heet -presumably d erived f rom a l arger o bject -w hich h ave b een v ariously t urned o ver, g rooved a nd p erforated ( 246) a s w ell a s s everal s mall l umps o f c orrosion ( 246-248). U nidentified o bjects c orresponding t o t hree f inds n umbers h ave n ot

g iven

s urvived.

I ron o bjects w ere u ndoubtedly m uch c orroded, n one o f t he t welve n umbers e xisting t oday; t hree a re d escribed a s p ins, t hree a s

knife b lades,

a nd o ne a s ' hook-shaped'.

S tone o bjects T he f eeling a t t he t ime o f

e xcavation w as

t hat

s addle querns

( fig

2 .72) h ad b een e xclusively u sed w hen t he b roch t ower w as f irst e rected a nd o ccupied ( A) b ut t hat w ith t he r efurbishing o f t he i nterior a nd t he a ddition o f t he o utbuildings ( B) r otary querns ( figs 2 .68-2.72).

t hey w ere e ntirely T his ' finding' h as 7 7

s uperseded b y b een r ecently

r eiterated

a s

c onsidered

h ere

i dea

o f

s unken c ase,

p art

g eneral p art

t o

p hasing;

o ver

b eing

o f

a g eneral

b e u nfounded,

t hesis

( Caulfield 1 978)

r elying o n c ontrasting o ne

t he w ell -w ith t he s ite a t

b orne o ut

b y

b ut

h aving b een b ased o n a

t he e vidence.

I t

l arge;

i t

i s

m isconceived

s mall a rea a nd n ot,

-t he i n

a ny

i s u nfortunate t hat querns

w ere n ot g enerally e ntered i n t he l ist o f f inds. N one o f t he s addle querns t hat s urvive i s s tratified a nd a ll t hat i s r eliably known i s t hat a n u pper a nd u nder s tone w ere f ound b eneath t he f inal f loor o f t he b roch querns h ave

i nterior. T he s ituation i s a nd i s s ufficient t o s how t hat b een

' introduced

o r i n a ny

s lightly b etter w ith t heir u se n eed n ot b e

s ense ' late'.

Q uerns

c ame f rom b elow t he f inal f loor o f t he b roch i nterior f loor i tself -w here t hey w ere r eused a s f lagstones t raced); f rom p acking o f l ater B roch A ge f loor o f a nd

f rom b elow p aving

b orne w ell, s ite. b een

t he r otary t hought t o

o r

f ragments

( 427); f rom ( 425 a nd o ne

t he n ot

t he i nternal f urnishings ( 404); f rom b elow t he t he s outhern a partment o f O utbuilding 6 ( 420);

i n O utbuilding 2 ( not

t raced).

I t m ust

a lso

b e

i n m ind t hat a quern h andle w as f ound b eneath t he s tair o f i t b eing a rguably o ne o f t he e arliest s tratified o bjects o n

t he t he

O ther c ontexts i n w hich r otary quernstones a re known t o h ave f ound a re t he o utbuildings ( 395, 4 03, 4 n ot t raced, 3 n ever

l isted); t he D itch ( 424).

m idden I t i s

o f t he G reat D itch ( not t raced); a nd t he O uter r egrettable t hat w here b oth s tone a nd c ontext

s urvives t he r otary q uerns t end t o b e a nomalous, m ost b eing s mall; h aving b een u sed o n b oth s ides; a nd 4 03 b eing o f c onglomerate. s tone

3 95

r ecovered

i s

f rom t he

O ther s ole t he

m ore

t ypical o f

s ite,

t he

t ype

t hese a lmost

q uernstone

a ll b eing

m ost

c ommonly

o f m assive s andstone.

quern t ypes m ay h ave b een u sed i n t he B roch P eriod b ut

t he

s tratified e xample i s a t rough quern ( fig 2 .72) w hich w as f ound i n c upboard-like c ompartment i n t he t riangular l obby o f t he b roch

i nterior -w here i t r emains i n s itu. o f r ubbers a nd g rinders ( figs 2 .75, a mong 4 48-550) a

o f

4 04 T op

T here a re c ertainly a h uge n umber 2 .76) ( some 4 3 s tratified e xamples

t hese b eing b each p ebbles w hich h ave e ither b een u sed i n

r ubbing m otion a t

a n a ngle o f

c 4 5 ° -t his

p roducing f aceted

w orked

s urfaces -or w hich h ave b een r ocked b ackwards a nd f orwards i n a g rindi ng m otion -t he r esult b eing c oarser, c urved w orked s urfaces. O ne o r b oth e nds

o f a s tone w ere u sed -a nd

s ometimes

t he e ntire

c ircumference

-a nd p articular w orked s urfaces m ay h ave b een u sed i n o ne o r b oth o f t he w ays i dentified. T he s ame s ort o f m ixed u se w as f ound a mong t he 3 1 s tratified o f t hese s plit a nd b e

p ounders

( fig 2 .77)

( from a mong 5 51-625)

t he w orked

s urfaces

b each p ebbles v ariously b eing p ocked t hrough p ounding a nd s plintered b y m ore v igorous u se o n h arder s ubstances. I t c an

p ostulated

t hat

s ome h ad b een u sed

f or d ressing

querns

-others

b eing h ammerstones -t hough t hey d oubtless h ad o ther f unctions a s w ell. A f urther t en s tones ( from a mong 6 26-646) h ad b een u sed f or b oth g rinding a nd

p ounding a nd

t hree e longated b each p ebbles

( 647,

6 48,

6 50)

w hich h ad b een p estles. A ll o f

u sed a t b oth e nds w ere s eparated o ut a s p ossible t he a bove g rinders a nd p ounders h ad b een h eld m ore o r

l ess

b ut

v ertically

t here w ere a dditionally

b each p ebbles w hich a ppear t o h ave a h ammering a ction ( 661-662). S ome

o f

t he

c an b e

( figs 2 .62,

s een r e-used

b attered

b een h eld h orizontally a nd u sed w ith

s andstone w ith n umbers o f c upped h ollows b eing p resumed t o h ave b een u sed i n t he O ne

a nd

m ore b attered b each p ebbles m ay h ave b een

c onjunction w ith anvil s tones

w ork.

t wo p ocked

2 .63).

i n o f

a long o ne o r m ore e dges, t heir b ending a nd f orming o f m etal-

i n t he m asonry o f 7 8

u sed

T hese a re b locks

o ne o f

t he

c ompart-

m ents a dded t o t he o utside o f t he b roch e ntrance ( 336), a nd t hree o thers, w hich h ave n ot b een t raced, w ere r ecorded i n B roch P eriod c ontexts. T here a re a lso s tones w ith s mall r ough p ecked h ollows, u sually o n b oth f aces, t hese b eing o f u nknown u se ( 368-371). S ome o f t he h ammerstones w ere d oubtless u sed t o s hape f lagstone f or f urnishings a nd a rtefacts. T he m ost c ommon a mong t he l atter a re t he r oundels w hich a re p robably c orrectly i dentified a s p ot l ids ( figs 2 .78, 2 .79), 5 2 s urviving

f rom

B roch

P eriod c ontexts

( among

6 64-775)

w ith

s everal

o thers b eing r ecorded. T here a re a lso f our p ieces o f n otched f lagstone ( fig 2 .80) o f u nknown u se ( 778, 7 81-783) a nd a s eries o f c hipped m iscellaneous o bjects ( fig 2 .81); o ne r esembling a knife b lade ( 795); o ne b eing f igure o f e ight i n f orm ( 798); o ne b eing a h andle t o a l arger a rtefact ( 801); a nd t he f ourth b eing D -shaped w ith t wo p ieces c ut o ut o f

i ts

s traight

A n

e dge m aking i t

i ntegral p art o f

t ricuspate

( 797).

t he f urnishings w ere p ivot s tones ( figs 2 .64,

2 .65) f or t he d oors, t hese b eing n aturally o ccurring o r s carcely s haped p ieces o f s tone w ith a p ecked s ocket ( usually j ust o n o ne s urface); f w ear. a re o ccasionally indications o

t here s ite

b ut

M any a re known f rom

o nly e ight a re d emonstrably B roch P eriod.

O f

t hese,

t he t hree

w ere i n t he o utbuildings, t wo i n s itu ( 340, 3 44, 3 45); o ne i n t he b roch d oor ( 350); o ne b etween t he c hambers b uilt o nto t he b roch e ntrance ( 351); and one i n t he g atehouse ( 343). C uriously, t wo w ere r ecovered f rom t he G reat D itch ( 356, V essels

w ere

3 59).

a lso m ade o f

s tone a nd t hough u p t o s ix f rom

B roch

P eriod c ontexts h ave n ot b een t raced t here a re t hree w hich a dequately d emonstrate t he v ariability f ound. O ne w as a m assive t ank o r t rough p e c ked 2 .54).

f rom a b lock o f s andstone a nd s haped i nside a nd o ut ( 315) ( fig T his i s o f p articular i nterest i n t hat o ne o f t he t wo j oining

f ragments c ame f rom i nside t he b roch a nd t he o ther f rom o utbuildings. T he s econd i s a c rude s andstone b owl f ound i nside b roch

( 321)

t he t he

( fig 2 .56).

T he t hird -found i n t he g atehouse -is b oth

u nusual a nd b eautifully p atera f ashioned o ut o f b ase a nd a r ectangular u nderneath a nd d ecorated

m ade b eing a v ery f ine s keuomorph o f a R oman s teatite ( 319) ( fig 2 .55). I t h as a r ounded l ug-type h andle, t he l atter b eing r einforced w ith a c ross o n t op. I t a ppears t o h ave b een

f unctional, s urface.

t here

b eing

t races

o f a c arbon

d eposit

o n

t he

o uter

M any e longated p ebbles w ere k ept b y t he e xcavators a s whetstones ( figs 2 .66, 2 .67) b ut o f t hose w hich s urvive f rom B roch P eriod c ontexts o nly t hree a re c onvincing ( 389-391). T here a re, h owever, s ix m anufactured w hetstones ( 372-374, 3 79, 3 83, 3 86) t wo o f w hich i ndicate t hat t his f orm m ay h ave b een b oxed. T he b roken o ff u pper p art o f a p erforated w hetstone w as f ound a bove f loor l evel i n t he f urnishings w ithin t he b roch t ower a nd i s p robably a lso B roch P eriod ( 377). B oth t ypes o f o il l amp ( figs 2 .58-2.61) f ound o n t he s ite a ppear t o h ave b een u sed i n t he B roch P eriod. T here w ere t wo i n w hich a c up a nd w ic k r est h ad b een p ecked i n o ne s urface o f a n aturally o ccurring o r v ery r oughly s haped b lock o f s tone ( 325, 3 26) a nd o ne e xample o f a d ish-shaped l amp -these b eing u sually m ore f inely m anufactured -i n w hich t he w ick m ay h ave f loated, t here b eing n o w ick r est ( 2115). T he l atter d iffers f rom o thers f rom t he s ite, h owever, i n h aving a h andle.

7 9

S tone

s pindle whorls ( fig 2 .46) w ere m ore

c ommon t han t heir

b one

c ounterparts t here b eing e ight, v ariously m anufactured f rom s andstone p ebbles a nd f lagstone d iscs ( 272, 2 77, 2 79, 2 80, 2 82, 2 83, 2 85, 2 86); a f urther f ive w ere r ecorded b ut n ot t raced. L arger r ough d iscs o f s andstone w ith a c entral p erforation w hich w eigh f rom 0 .5 t o 1 .5kg s eem a lso t o h ave b een u sed i n t he B roch P eriod ( 291, 2 92, 2 94); f ound i n s mall n umbers t hey m ay h ave b een l oom-weights. Among

r esidual

i tems

t here w as

a n o val quartzite

t hough o nly

p ebble

g rooved

l ongitudinally o n b oth s ides t hrough u se a s a s trike a l ight ( fig 2 .78) ( 852); t his w as o n t he l owest f loor i n t he b roch i nterior. T wo p ebbles h ad b een u sed a s p olishers ( 311, 3 12), o ne b eing a n a lmost s pherical b all o f s erpentine ( fig 2 .53) T he o nly p iece o f d ecorated s tone o f B roch

A ge

w as

a s mall,

p illow-shaped

f ragment

o f

s andstone w ith

t wo

d eeply s cored l ines m eeting i n a V o n i ts f lattest f ace ( 308). R emaining m iscellaneous i tems a re a ll o f d ubious i mportance:- a s ection o f f ossilized c rinoid s tem ( which m ust h ave b een i mported t o t he

s ite)

( 791)

a nd w ith s andstone ( 793); f ace

( fig 2 .81);

a s andstone p ebble

r andom l inear s cratches a cross i t w ith t he r emains o f a n h our-glass

a nd a s mall

s tone

c ube w ith a s light

s haped l ike a h and

( 792); a p iece o f p erforation i n o ne

a xe s oft s ide

c ircular i ndentation i n o ne

( 796).

O ther a rtefacts E vidence moulds ( figs

o f b ronze w orking i ncluded b oth crucibles ( fig 2 .82) 2 .83-2.85) O ne c rucible i s c omplete a nd h as a f oot

p ouring

l ip

( 804) w hile

p ointed

b ase

( 805).

t he h ad

o utside a nd a f lake c ome

f rom t he s ide

T he s aid

c rucibles

t o h ave

t here a re

f ragments

T he l atter h as o f

o f

c ame

b een f ound

o f

a nother

w hich

h ad

a h eavy g reen f usion a dhering

v itrified m aterial

a c rucible w as

a lso

t hat f ound

l ooks

c ontext,

t hough

a t o i t

( 810).

f rom t he o utbuildings a nd w hile i n t his g eneral

a s

a nd a nd

t wo m oulds a re

t here w as a t otal

o f

e leven i n t he G reat D itch. S even o f t hese h ave b een t raced ( 1812-1818) a nd t he f ollowing c omments a nd d escription a re b ased o n a r eport b y J oanna

C lose-Brooks

( app 2 .3).

T he

f ragments

p iece m oulds, a ll o f w hich h ave b een u tilized. b right o range a nd b rown o n t he o uter f aces b ut t he

i nside;

b lackened.

M oulds t he

s urfaces

a re

f or b ack

t he

b ack

a nd

f ront

v alves a re f lat

o f

a cross

c onvex w ith s unk keys;

o f

t he

t he t he f ront

s ometimes

o bjects b ack,

c an a nd

c lay

s moothed d own t he s ides

o ver

b e t he

v alves a re m ore

r ounded i n s ection w ith c oncave j oining s urfaces a nd p rojecting O n c ertain e xamples t he m oulds c an b e s een t o h ave b een j oined t hin c oating o f

t wo

T he c lay i s o xidized i s s ometimes g reyer o n

t he s urface a ctually i n c ontact w ith t he m etal i s

d istinguished; j oining

a re f or p arts

t he j unction

keys. b y a b etween

t he t wo v alves. A t G urness, a s a lso a t o ther s ites w ith t wo-piece c lay m oulds ( such a s T raprain L aw, B irsay, a nd C latchard C raig) i t i s t he b ac k v alves t hat m ost o ften s urvive i ntact, w hile t he f ront v alves w ere b roken u p m ould s pear M ould

t o

e xtract

t he c asting.

8 12-815 a re

p robably a ll p art o f

o r m oulds f or knobbed f errules o f t he t ype known a s ' door b utts a nd 8 16-818 m oulds f or s imple r ingheaded o r b eaded 8 16 i s

t he h ead

a nd

t he b ase. r ing a t t he

f or

t he

f ront

o f

t wo p ins w ith a s imple r ing a t

t wo o r t hree h emispherical

b osses,

t he

a

knob' p ins. t op o f

n ow r ather d amaged,

a t

M ould 8 17 i s f or t he b ack o f a p air o f p ins w ith a s imple t op, b ut w ith n o e vidence f or w hat h appened a t t he b ase o f 8 0

t he

h ead

i n f ront;

e xample.

T he

a nalysed i dentify T here t heir

w as N ine

c ontexts c omment.

( 2085);

o f

a f ragment t wo o f

o f

a

t he m ould

s imilar,

f ragments

b y e nergy-dispersive X -ray f luorescence a ny m etals p resent ( app 2 .3).

P eriod. a nd

8 18 i s

s urfaces

a lso e vidence o f

i ron w orking o n t he

s amples w ere n ot

t raced b ut

i ntact w ere F our

s ubmitted

p roved

t o

t wo w ith a v itrified

t he i nside

o f w alls

( 2098,

d egraded, 8 17) w ere

t o

q ualitatively

s ite

e ighteen t hat

i n t he

o f

s urface o ver

f urnaces;

r ed-orange

B roch

s urvived w ith

t o E lizabeth S later

b e p arts

2 090);

b ut ( 816,

f or

a nalysis

o ne w as

a

a nd a s imilar s ample w as

2 075,

2 077,

2 080-82,

2 084-86,

2 090-91);

2 081

a mong

t he

h aematite

a re

l ocations

o f

s amples

s ubmitted

m entioned t he

( 2073)

b ut

t wo

s amples

a s a w hole a re o f

s ome

T he

a re

o f w ood i ron o re

u ntraced

f rom B roch P eriod c ontexts.

t o

I ron ( 2070,

a nd 2 082

p articularly i nteresting a s t hey b ear r esidual i mpressions w hich s how t hat t wigs w ere u sed a s f uel. O nly o ne p iece o f w as

f rom

t hought

b e f rom a r emovable s topper o r a p rotection f or a n ozzle ( 2072). s lag w as r ecognised i n t welve o f t he s amples a nd s ome h ad r un 2 071,

b ase

c lay h ad c ome

f inds

o f

w idespread

i nterest.

S lag

a nd

f urnace p arts w ere f ound i n O utbuildings 1 , 3 a nd 7 w ith s lag u ntraced s amples w ere a lso r ecovered f rom O utbuildings 5 , 6 a nd 9 ,

a nd t he

e ntrance p assage, t he p assage T he i ron o re, f urnace p arts,

r ound t he b roch, a nd t he b roch i nterior. a nd s lag w ere r ecovered f rom t he G reat

D itch a nd

s ample

t here

i s

a n u ntraced

f rom t he O uter D itch.

w ere

Among t he r emaining f inds a re t wo glass b eads ( fig 2 .86) which f ound a t t he l owest f loor l evel i n t he b roch i nterior. O ne i s

h alf

o f a g reen-blue d umb-bell

a

t wisted

o ff

g lobule

i ncorporated i nto i ts

o f

s plit

l ongitudinally

g reen-blue g lass w ith

( 829)

t hree

s urface which a re m ade u p o f

a nd t he o ther

p arallel

t wisted t ogether ( 830). F lint a nd quartz ( fig 2 .86) r ecovered a nd t hough t he f ormer m ust h ave b een i mported t o b ecause

o f

t he

r arity

o f

s ources

i n O rkney -t his

t ion m ay, n evertheless, b e r esidual. h ave b een f ound i n t he o utbuildings a nd t he

l atter,

o uter

d itch

p ieces

o f

P umice 8 44)

a t humb-nail t here

i s

c alcined f lint

w as

k ept

t hough

o nly

s craper,

a f lint ( 843),

b een t raced

s truck

o f

t he

o f

( 839).

f rom a

c ore

a nd a n u nworked quartz

f rom b oth t he G reat D itch a nd o ne

p art

w ere a lso t he s ite t he

c ollec-

O ne p iece o f f lint i s s aid f our i n t he G reat D itch; o ne

h as

f lake,

l ines

b lue a nd w hite g lass

t wo p ieces

F rom

t he

( 840);

t wo

c rystal

t he O uter

s hows

p ossible

t o o f

( 860).

D itch

( 849,

u se

a s

a n

a brasive. F inally, a p ebble w as k ept w hich h as t races o f a dherent r edb rown matter o n o ne s ide ( 859). T his m ay b e c ompared w ith t races o n o ne o f t he m anufactured w hetstones ( 386) a nd a lso o n s ome o f t he g rinders

a nd p ounders

( 460,

5 22,

5 39,

5 88,

T he p ottery ( figs L ike t he r emainder

o f

t he s mall

6 28).

2 .88-2.107)

f inds

a ssemblage,

t he

p ottery

f rom

t he s ite w as i nitially s tudied a nd c atalogued a s t hough u nstratified, i n t his c ase b eing o rdered b y S tephen C racknell a ccording t o a s cheme o f v isually i dentified f abric t ypes ( app 2 .4). S amples o f e ach o f t he s even c ategories a nd o f h is r esidual g rouping o f o ther f abrics t hen s ent t o D avid W illiams f or t hin s ection a nalysis ( app W illiams

t ypes

d o n ot

e ntirely a ccord w ith C racknell's,

8 1

a n

w ere 2 .5).

o utcome

m ade

d oubly

u nfortunate b y

s ample h ad b een t aken a nd t heir b eing

t he n on-random w ay i n

t he f act

t hat

s maller

r egard

t o

o f t he f abric o f t he B roch P eriod p ottery d oes e merge f rom o f t he c ommon e lements o f t he t wo r eports.

C radknell A .

c lassified

T his

i rregular

e dge

T his

t he

c hosen w ithout

a ccount m elding

F abric

s tratified.

w hich

s herds w ere a lso

s ome 9 8% o f

n otwithstanding,

t he 1 661

i s d escribed a s m edium-soft, a nd

s ometimes

a

u seful a

B roch P eriod s herds

a s

b reaking f riably t o

a n

c ontaining v isible m ica

a nd

s and;

i ts

c hief c haracteristic, h owever, i s t he p resence o f c rushed d yke r ock a s t empering. S herds a re g enerally d escribed a s l ying t owards t he c entre o f t he o xidation-reduction s cale, m ost b eing p ale r ed-brown o r y ellowg rey, o ften w ith a g rey c ore, t hough t here a re a lso r ed-brown s herds a nd,

m ore

f requently,

b lack

o nes.

O ther o f

C racknell's

f abric t ypes

v aried i n b reaking m ore c leanly, h aving a d ifferent f eel, a nd c ontaini ng s uch i nclusions a s c rushed s andstone, quartz o r o rganic m aterial. N ot o nly w as W illiams a ble t o c onfirm t he p resence o f d yke r ock i n t he f ive s herds o f F abric A s ent t o h im b ut h e f ound t he s ame t empering i n s even s herds w hich w ere i ntended t o b e r epresentative o f o ther g roups. T ogether t hese f ormed h is l argest c lass, F abric 7 , a nd t hough o nly t hree t he

o f

t he s herds

i mpression

h ave

i s

b een s ubsequently a ssigned t o t he B roch P eriod

t hat p ots w ere m ost

c ommonly m ade

o f

l ocal

c lay

t empered b y d yke r ock. T wo c amptonite d ykes a re l ocated a bout a m ile t o t he s outh o f G urness a nd t he m aterial w ould h ave b een a dded i n o rder t o e nhance t he a

t hermal p roperties

' technological

p eriod s herds

r ecipe

o f

t he p ots,

w hich c an b e

b oth i n f iring a nd u se -

t raced b ack

t o

t he

N eolithic

i n O rkney ( Williams 1 982). T he f our r emaining B roch P eriod s ent t o W illiams w ere o f h is F abrics 4 a nd 5 ; t hese c ontained

s andstone, quartz, F our

m ica,

s herds

o f

a nd o ther i nclusions

W illiams'

o f

p robable

t otal s ample m ay

h ave

l ocal o rigin. b een

i mported

e ither f rom o ther p arts o f O rkney o r f rom f urther a field b ut n one o f t hese w as s tratified. T here w ere, h owever, p arts o f o ne, o r p ossibly t wo,

R oman a mphorae o f

t he

t ype C amulodunum 1 85A ( Hawkes a nd H ull 1 947)

w hich o riginated m arine p roducts.

f rom B aetica/southern S pain a nd p robably c ontained O ne s ample ( 1860) c ame f rom t he l owest f loor i n t he

b roch i nterior a nd

t hough t he o ther

( 1883) w as u nstratified i n t he o ut-

b uildings i t s eems p robable t hat b oth a re r eferable t o t he B roch P eriod s ince t he f orm i s c haracteristic o f t he f irst a nd s econd c enturies A D.

t ypes

C racknell s econdarily c lassified t he r im s herds f ound i nto e ight a nd a m iscellaneous c ategory o f ' unique' f orms. H is t ypes 1 -3

a ccounted b elonged

f or t o

2 9%

o f

b ucket-o r

t he B roch P eriod s ample b arrel-shaped p ots

a nd

w ith

t hese

p lain

g enerally

v ertical

o r

s lightly i nturning r ims, s ome o f w hich w ere s lightly t hickened e xternally. M ore n umerous s till w ere g lobular o r s itulate v essels, t hese

t ending

t ypes

6 a nd 7 ( some 4 9% o f

t o h ave p lain v ertical o r s lightly e verted r ims t he s ample).

A round 5 % o f

o f

h is

t he s ample h ave

b eaded r ims ( type 8 ) w ith a t l east o ne o f t he p ots c oncerned s mall a nd b arrel-shaped. A lmost a ll o f t he s o-called u nique

b eing r ims,

h owever, a re e verted a nd d iffer f rom t he g enerality i n e ither b eing m ore p ronounced a t t he l ip o r s houlder o r i n h aving s ome v ariant f eatures s uch a s a f lat o r g rooved t op o r a n i nternal b evel; o nly o ne i s v ery d istinct, t hat h aving a n a pplied s econd e version d irectly b elow t he

r im p roper.

b ases a nd b ottomed.

A gain,

t he s ame p ot

t ypes

a re

s een a nd

b asal c orners s uggests t hat v essels w ere Among C racknell's u nique r im f orms, h owever, 8 2

t he n umber o f u sually f latt here a re a lso

t wo

d istinct

a nd

s eemingly u nusual

f orms

o f

p ot.

T he o ne,

o f

w hich

p arts o f t wo s mall B roch P eriod e xamples s urvive, i s f lat-based a nd a lmost s quare a t t he m outh; t he o ther i s a s quat r ound-bottomed b owl, a b asal

s herd a nd T he

s urface o f

w ere

b urnished

t his

b eing

e ven. m anner

t hree

o f

f ive

t he p ots

p ossible e xamples i s

g enerally u neven y et

e xternally -e specially a t

v ariable

b eing B roch P eriod.

t he

s mooth b ut

r im a nd

i n i ntensity a nd s ometimes

s everal

s houlder

w ith

r ather

t han

s triated

G lobular a nd s itulate f orms s eem t o h ave b een t reated i n t his w ith g reater f requency t han b ucket- o r b arrel-shaped v essels.

D ecoration

i s

s o

r are a s

t o

b e v irtually a bsent.

O ne

incised a bove a nd b elow a c entral l ine t riangles ( 1276); a nother h as h orse-shoe s haped i ndentations

r im s herd

h as

o n t he s houlder o n t he l ip w ith

s tabbing b oth i nternally a nd e xternally ( 1811).

T HE P ICTISH P ERIOD T he

l ater s tratified

f inds

f rom o ccupation d eposits

a re d ealt w ith

h ere a s a g roup i n o rder t hat t hey m ay b e c ompared a nd c ontrasted w ith t he l arger B roch P eriod a ssemblage. I n t his r espect t he c ontinuity o f t ypes

i s

t o

b e

p articularly n oted.

T oo

f ew f inds

e xist

i n t otal

p ermit a ny i nsight i nto c hanges w ithin t he P ictish p eriod t hey g ive n o c lue t o t he r elative a ges o f t he s tructures r ecovered

f rom.

I t

i s

o f

s ome

i nterest

t hat n one o f

t o

i tself a nd t hey w ere

t he

f inds

i s

c haracteristically V iking.

B one i mplements A lthough n one

o f

a p eg ( fig 2 .18) was t he o utbuildings

t he

p erforated m ounts

c ame

f ound o n t he u pper p avement

( 30).

T his

f rom P ictish c ontexts, o f

t he p assage

t hrough

c ontext a lso p roduced a l ong-handled c omb

( 51) w ith a s econd e xample h aving b een f ound o utside t he b roch e ntrance s ome 0 .5m b elow t he f inal g round s urface ( 57) ( fig 2 .21). B oth a re o f c etacean b one a nd w hile t he f irst i s s imilar t o t hose known t o b e B roch P eriod,

t he

i n w idth. f ish-tail a ntler

s econd -w hich i s

d ecorated w ith a c ross -is m uch s lighter

T he b utt o f 5 7 i s m issing b ut n either c omb w ould h ave h ad a s haped t erminal. S odketed handles m ade f rom t he e nds o f

t ines

s eem a lso

o ne w ith a s ingle ( 67) ( fig 2 .23),

t o h ave

c ontinued

i n u se a fter

t he B roch P eriod;

r ivet h ole w as f ound o n t he f loor o f t he a c ontext f or w hich a s econd h andle i s

L onghouse r ecorded.

T here w ere a lso, h owever, h andles o f a d ifferent t ype c onsisting o f c ylindrical l engths o f b one w ith a s ocket i n o ne e nd. O ne w ith knife b lade i ntact h as a n o gam i nscription i ncised o n i t a rea o f t he S hamrock a nd Annexe ( 252) ( figs 2 .22, t hree

c oncave

d ots

b roch e ntrance T here

( 75)

a re

o n i ts

e nd w as

a nd w as 2 .44);

i n t he s tructures

f ound i n t he a nother w ith

b uilt

o ver

t he

( fig 2 .22)

n o s urviving P ictish e xamples o f

t he t ypes

o f

n eedle

f ound i n t he B roch P eriod b ut a l imb b one s haft w hich w as c ut o bliquely and p erforated t hrough t he p rotrusion p roduced ( 94) ( fig 2 .25) w as i n t he t op p art o f t he f ill o f t he b roch t ower. p olish a nd m ay h ave b een a b odkin . T he o nly w as

a

p iece

o f

L onghouse f loor

s haft w ith a r ounded o ff ( 105)

( fig 2 .24).

t erminal w hich c ame f rom

H owever, 8 3

T his b ears a v ery h igh c rude t ype o f p in f ound

t his

c ontext

t he

a lso p roduced

a

s hort g lobular h eaded p in w ith f our i ncuse d ots

a round

t he h ead

a nd

o ne c entrally o n t op ( 106) ( fig 2 .25); a l onger p in, i ts f lat t erminal h aving b een p erforated ( 107) ( fig 2 .26) ; a nd a s olid b one p in h ead w ith

a

s emi-circular c ross-section a nd

t hrough i t ( 119) ( fig 2 .26). w as a lso f ound o n t he f loor o f T hough f ewer i n n umber,

t he

r emains

T hough n ot t raced, t he S hamrock.

o f a n

i ron

s hank

a g lobular h eaded p in

t he p ointed i mplements a nd i mplements u sed

f or rubbing a nd p olishing w ere i ndistinguishable f rom t hose o f t he B roch P eriod. A p oint m ade f rom a b ovine o r c ervid u lna w as f ound i n t he p assage

t hrough t he e arlier o utbuildings

( 131)

o f a n o vicaprid m etatarsal m ade i nto a p oint a t P ictish b uildings i n t he n orth e astern p art o f 2 .27).

F rom

t he

s ame

g eneral

c ontext

a nd a p iece o f

s haft

o ne e nd w as a mong t he s ite ( 140)

t here w ere

t wo

t he ( fig

e xamples

o f

o vicaprid m etatarsals w ith t he d istal e nd p reserved a nd t he s haft u sed w ith a r ubbing m otion ( 147, 1 51) a nd a lso a l ength o f r ib w ith o ne e nd w orn a t a 3 0 40 ° a ngle ( 161) ( fig 2 .29). A s plinter o f b one, i ts r aised p arts b earing a h igh g loss, c ame f rom t he P ictish s tructures t o t he w est

o f

t he b roch t ower

N o e xamples

o f

( 155).

c etacean b one v essels,

q uern h andles,

b obbins

o r

g aming e quipment c an b e a ttributed t o t he P ictish p eriod b ut a s pindle whorl c ut f rom a p elvis w as f ound o n t he r educed w all o f t he b roch t ower

( 187)

o utside

( fig 2 .35).

w ith c rossed

g eneral a rea metacarpal w as

A b one c ylinder e xtensively d ecorated o n t he

i ncised l ines

a nd d ots

a nd c ircles

c ame

f rom

t he

o f t he S hamrock ( 198) ( fig 2 .35) a nd a g rooved b ovine f ound i n t he b uildings t o t he n orth e ast ( 210) ( fig

2 .35).

Metal o bjects T he

o nly

s urviving p iece

o f

s tratified b ronze t hat

i s

p utatively

P ictish c ame f rom t he f irst o f t he ' cells w hich C raw i nvestigated i n t he n orth e astern p art o f t he s ite. I t i s a f lat-cast t refoiled o bject o f u nknown u se w hich h as c ircular h oles n ear t he c orners, a s quare o ne c entrally, a nd a s imple l ine d ecoration w hich c omplements i ts o verall s hape ( 241) ( fig 2 .43). F ragments o f a b ronze b u c kle a nd a b roken p in a re a lso r ecorded f rom t he n orth e astern P ictish b uildings b ut h ave n ot b een t raced. S imilarly,

t he

o nly s urviving

s tratified P ictish i ron o bject

i s

t he knife b lade w ith t he o gam i nscribed h andle w hich w as f ound i n t he a rea o f t he S hamrock a nd A nnexe ( 252) ( figs 2 .22, 2 .44). A nother knife b lade, a nd

h owever,

w as

r ecorded i n t he n orth e astern b uildings;

a n ail o n t he p aving

i ron a mong

t o

t he s outh a nd

t he P ictish c onstructions

t o

s outh e ast;

t he w est

o f

a b ent p in

a nd a p iece

o f

t he b roch t ower.

S tone o bjects T he o nly querns o f a ny d escription t hat h ave s urvived f rom known P ictish c ontexts a re t wo t rough querns f ound i n t he b uildings t o t he n orth e ast o f t he s ite ( 443, 4 44) ( figs 2 .73, 2 .74) ; a s addle quern i s h owever m entioned f rom t he s tructure t o t he w est o f t he b roch t ower. " l iammerstones' a re n oted f rom t he S hamrock a nd i ts A nnexe, f rom t he g round

s urface

t o

t he n orth e ast o f

8 4

t he L onghouse,

f rom t he

w estern

b uildings, t hat

a nd

c ould b e

f rom t he w all t raced

a nd g rinders,

f ive

b eing

t op b ut

i t

4 48-663)

( among

i s

n oticeable

t hat

( figs 2 .75-2.77)

p ounders,

a nd

t he o thers

o f

t he s even

n one a re

r ubbers

b eing a p estle a nd a

p ebble u sed h orizontally w ith a s triking a ction. M ost P eriod

o f

a re

n umbers. a re e ight n orth

t he

o ther t ypes o f

r epresented

s tone a rtefact

f ound

i n t he P ictish a ssemblage,

i n

t he

t hough i n

B roch r educed

O ne p ossible e xception i s c hipped f lagstone o bjects b ut t here p ot l ids ( among 6 64-775) f rom t he S hamrock, t he w estern a nd

e astern b uildings,

a nd

t he L onghouse a nd t he g round s urface

t o

t he n orth e ast o f i t; f our o thers a re n oted f rom t he s ame c ontexts. P ivot s tones w ere f ound i n t he L onghouse a nd o n t he b roch w all ( 337, 3 65) w as

( fig 2 .65), t hough n ot n ecessarily i n s itu; a c rude s tone v essel i n t he n orth e astern b uildings ( 322) ( fig 2 .57) a nd a nother m ay

h ave b een i n t hose t he

n orth

e ast

t o t he w est.

a nd

O f

t hree m anufactured whetstones f rom

f rom t he b roch w all

o nly a nd m ay h ave b een b oxed

( 380,

t op

3 81,

t wo w ere w orn o n o ne

3 85)

( fig 2 .67,

f ace

2 .66).

B oth

t ypes o f a nd w ick

l amp known a re a lso r epresented, a t riangular b lock w ith a c up r est b eing o n p aving t o t he s outh e ast ( 323) ( fig 2 .58) a nd a

f ragment ( 329).

o f t he d ish-shaped v ariety h aving c ome f rom t he b roch w all t op S andstone s pindle whorls ( fig 2 .46) o ne u nfinished, c ame f rom

t he

S hamrock

a nd

f rom t he n orth e astern b uildings

( 281,

2 84) w hile

a

d isc l oom-weight, ( fig 2 .47) w as n oted f rom t he l atter c ontext a nd a s econd e xample s urvives f rom a h igh l evel i n t he b roch e ntrance ( 288); a p ossible p ebble l oom-weight ( fig 2 .50), a t ype n ot r ecovered f rom t he B roch P eriod b uildings, w as f ound o n t he t op o f t he b roch w all ( 301). Among t he

r esidual i tems w est

2 .78); a nd

( 314);

a nd

t here w as a p ebble p olisher f rom t he b uildings

a s trike a l ight f rom t he b roch w all t op

( 850)

t hree m iscellaneous o bjects - a r ough s andstone

a b all o f

t he

s ame m aterial

( 799)

f rom p aving

t o

t he

77. c( 800)

s outh,

a nd

c urved p iece o f g rey s teatite w ith a c ircular s ection f rom t he s urface t o t he n orth e ast o f t he L onghouse ( 787) ( fig 2 .81). T he

m ost

w ith

a

T his

h as

s ymbols

c learly P ictish s tone o bject

f rom t he s ite i s

d esign o f t hree s ymbols i ncised i n o ne f ace ( 305) r ecently b een d iscussed b y J N G R itchie who

a s ' two r ectangular f igures a nd

a

g round

a

( fig

b lodk 2 .51).

d escribes

t he m otif known a s

t o

( fig

t he

t he c ircular

d isc a nd r ectangle w ith s quare i ndentation ( 1969, 1 30). A n e arlier d iscussion b y C louston i s i nteresting b ut f anciful ( 1936). T his p iece s eems t o h ave b een f ound o n t he w all b etween b roch O utbuildings 3 a nd 4 a t

a h eight o f 0 .7m f rom f loor l evel;

e ast

o f

t he S hamro c k Annexe a nd

a ssociated w ith t he o ccupation o f c rude o f

t he p osition i s

t he

s tone m ay

t hat b uilding.

c ross p eeked o ut l engthwise o n o ne

t he

b roch w all

( 306)

( fig 2 .52)

b ut

i s

t he i mmediate

b e

A s econd

s urface w as i t

t o

p erhaps

t entatively s tone w ith a

f ound o n t he

c onceivable

t hat

t op

i t

i s

V iking.

O ther a rtefacts B ronze f ragments.

w orking T he

i s

i ndicated b y a c rucible a nd a n umber

c rucible

c ame

t hough f ragmentary a nd m isshapen, b ase; m ould

o f

f rom t he n orth e astern b uildings i t

mould a nd,

c an b e s een t o h ave h ad a p ointed

a d ark g reen f usion a dheres t o t he o utside. T he e ight known f ragments a ll c ome f rom t he u pper f loor o f t he S hamro c k Annexe,

o thers f rom t he s ame s uperficially s imilar

c ontext n ot b eing t raced w ith c ertainty. T hough t o t he m oulds o f t he B roch P eriod, J oanna C lose8 5

B rooks

n oted i n h er

e nveloped t riangular b ack

r eport

t he s ides o f i n s ection.

( app 2 .3)

o f a h andpin w hich h ad

a nd w hich h ad n o

t hat

t he f ront v alves w ould

t he b ack v alves a nd t hat O ne o f t he m oulds ( 819)

l oop.

F ive

t hree o f

' fingers

h ave

t he l atter a re a lmost ( fig 2 .84) i s f or t he

a bove a n i mperforate p late

t he o thers

( 820-824)

( fig 2 .84,

2 .85)

a re f or p in s hafts, t wo b eing a p air, a nd i t i s i nteresting t hat t he p ins w ere c ast w ith a r ectangular s ection -as i n t he c ase o f t hose o f t he

B roch P eriod -p resumably b eing

r ounded o ff

a fterwards.

T he

t wo

r emaining m ould f ragments h ad b een u sed t o c ast a n a nnular a nd a n u nidentified o bject ( 826, 8 25) ( fig 2 .85). T he s urfaces o f t wo o f t he m ould f ragments S lag w all

t op

f rom

t he

was b ut

( 819,

8 21) w ere a nalysed

( app 2 .3).

n oted i n t he n orth e astern b uildings t he

o nly

L onghouse

a nd

o n

t he

s urviving e vidence f or i ron w orking i s

f loor w hich h as

b roch

a

s ome v itrification o n o ne

s tone

s urface

w hich c ontains a l ittle r esidual i ron ( 2069). E lizabeth S later c onsiders t hat i t m ay h ave b een a c hance i nclusion i n t he c ontents o f a f urnace. T hough t he i dentification m ust b e o pen t o question, s lag i s s aid t o h ave b een f ound o n t he f loor o f t he S hamrock.

g lass

The p ottery ( figs 2 .88-2.107) T wo h undred a nd f ive s herds o f p ottery v ariously c ame f rom t he S hamrock, t he L onghouse a nd a ssociated g round s urface, t he b roch w all t op, a nd t he P ictish b uildings t o t he w est a nd n orth e ast. T he a ssemblage

t hey

f orm i s

i ndistinguishable

f rom t he p ottery o f

t he B roch

P eriod. 8 9% o f t he s ample i s o f C racknell's F abric A a nd o f s ix s herds o f h is o ther f abrics s ent t o W illiams o ne p roved t o c ontain d yke r ock a nd a ll h ad i nclusions c onsistent w ith l ocal m anufacture. R im t ypes a nd f orms p ots

a re

f ound

g enerally r ims

o f

a lso

a bsent

n either

t he s quare n or

a nd

b urnishing

h owever,

h as

s mall

r epresented.

t ends

t o

s itulate a nd g lobular v essels;

e astern b uildings, l ip

s imilar;

i n t he B roch P eriod a re

o ccur

o ne

a c rude

r ound-bottomed

D ecoration o n t he

r im s herd f rom

c able

t oo

s houlders t he

i s a nd

n orth

c ordon a pplied b elow i ts

( 1260).

THE VIKING P ERIOD

A ll c ome

o f

f rom

t he a rtefacts g raves,

2 116)

a re a ssumed t o

h ave

t heir p articular a ssociations

d escribed

( except

h aving a lready

b een

m entioned.

Objects o f b one, T he

s ole

a ccompanied

t he

s tone,

b one a rtefact known o f b urial

t o

t he e ast

o f

amber, a nd g lass i s a p in w hich i s t he g atehouse.

s aid

N ear

t he

t o

h ave

s ite o f

t his a re t wo s hort o rthostats b earing p utative runic inscriptions ( 2116) a nd w hat m ay h ave b een a whetstone w as w ith t he p resumed b urial i n t he u pper p art o f t he n orth w estern e xtremity o f t he G reat D itch. S imilar a mber b eads w ere f ound w ith t he b urial i n t he M iddle D itch a nd f rom

a n u nassociated c ontext

i n t he a rea

8 6

o f

t he L onghouse

( 835,

8 36)

( fig 2 .86). e xtremity

A c haracteristically V iking o bject o f

t he

G reat

D itch i s a

i ts

s ide

a c entral i ndented s car w here i t w as

t here

i s ( 833)

t hat o f

f rom t he n orth w estern

s moother

p atinated g lass; m anufacture

f orm i s

l inen

o f

d ark

g reen

a f lattened g lobule a nd o n t he t op t wisted

o ff

i n

( fig 2 .87).

Metal o bjects S everal g rave

t o

b rooches t ogether.

b ronze

t he e ast

o bjects o f

o f V iking d ate w ere

t he g atehouse t here w as

r ecovered.

a m atching

( 220) ( figs 2 .40, 2 .41), e ach m ade o f t wo T he u pper p arts h ave h ighly d ecorated r aised

I n

t he

p air o f

o val

p arts r iveted s urfaces w ith a

c entral a nd e ight p eripheral p rotuberances. O nly t he m argins o f t he l ower p art a re v isible; a round t hese i s a b and o f z oomorphic o rnamentat ion. A s mall f olding b eam b alance ( fig 2 .43) i n a c losed p osition ( 242) w as f ound w ith t he p resumed b urial i n t he n orth w estern e xtremity o f

t he G reat D itch.

m ent o f t otal

o f

b roch

f ive f inger r ings

t ower o n t he

b een p art

t wo u pturned a rms

s keletons

( fig 2 .42) w ere o f

i s

a n i ron r eplace-

o ne w ith t races

f ound t o

t he w est

o f

t wo h ands w hich a re c onjectured

o f a c omplete i nhumation.

f our t wists, o f a

B etween t he

y arn o r c ord w hich t he e quipment m ay h ave b een s uspended b y.

o f

T wo a re

g ilding

s piral

( 222,

2 24);

r ings

o f

A t he

t o h ave

t hree

o r

t wo a re p lain r ings

c ircular s ection ( 223); a nd t he f ifth i s o f h eavy c onstruction w ith s hallow U -shaped s ection ( 225). A ccompanying t he b urial i n t he

M iddle D itch t here w as a p in w ith a r ing a rticulating a t i ts head ( 234) ( fig

2 .39).

s ide;

a round t he u pper p art

T he h ead h as

V iking o bjects w oman i n t he n ecklet m ade c ircular h ook

o f

l ozenge d esigns o f

t he s haft a re

f orm w ith a c hord c ould b e

o ne

t wo f urther i ncised l ines.

i ron w ere a lso r ecovered

g rave t o t he e ast o f o f a l ength o r i ron,

f astening

i ncised o n t he t op a nd

( fig 2 .44,

2 .45).

T he

t he g atehouse w as b uried w earing r ound i n s ection, a nd b ent t o

( 264).

O n a r adiograph a p ossible e ye

s een o n t he c hord;

o pposite t here w ere

a a a nd

f used

p ieces o f w hat m ay h ave b een d ecorative a ttachments. I n t he s ame g rave t here w as a s mall s i c kle, b roken a t t he p oint a nd w ith i ndications o f a w ooden h andle g rave

a nd

t hat

a t

t he

t ang

( 263).

K nife b lades a re known f rom b oth t his

i n t he M iddle D itch ( 254,

2 55);

t he o ne f rom t he l atter

c ontext i s s mall a nd d iamond s haped a nd m ay a lternatively h ave b een t he h ead o f a l ight s pear. T wo f ragmentary s hield b osses a re a lmost c ertainly t o b e i dentified w ith t hose t hought t o h ave a ccompanied V iking b urials

i n t he u pper b roch f ill

( 256,

2 57).

A p iece o f

a lso f ound w ith t he o bjects i n t he n orth w estern e xtremity o f D itch b ut h as n ot b een t raced.

i ron w as t he G reat

U NSTRATIFIED O BJECTS

f rom

M any o f t he u nstratified o bjects a re o f t ypes w hich a re a lso known t he B roch P eriod a nd f rom P ictish c ontexts. T hey a re f ully

d escribed i n t he i tems

w hich

c atalogue

a re n ot

( app 2 .2)

a nd

r eference

o therwise r epresented a nd

t o

i s

o nly m ade h ere t o

c lasses o f

a rtefact

a bout w hich m ore i nformation i s g iven. I t m ust b e b orne i n m ind s ome o f t he o bjects m ay n ot b elong t o t he f irst m illennium A D.

8 7

t hat

B one o bjects E ight

o f

u nstratified

t he

s urviving

l ong-handled

c ombs

a nd a dd t o o ur o verall i mpression o f

( fig

t his

2 .21)

t ype.

a re

S ix a re

s tumpy, a n e qual n umber h aving p lain a nd f ish-tailed t erminals; o ne, h owever, i s e longated, t he h andle o f t his b eing a lso f ish-tailed. A ll o f t he t hree d ecorated e xamples h ave a l ine a t t he b ase o f t he t eeth, t wo b earing a n i ncised c ross o n t he h andle, a nd t he t hird f ragment a d ense c hevron d esign. F eatures o f p articular i nterest a re t hat 5 8 i s m ade f rom a h alved a ntler b urr; 5 2 a nd 5 4 h ave p ronounced c urvature a t t he d entated e nd; 4 7 h as a s napped o ff p iece o f i ron e mbedded i n t he c entre o f i ts h andle; a nd t he t eeth o f 4 8 a re e ither u ncut o r h ave b een r emoved w ithout t race. T he

s odketed

b one

h andles

( fig 2 .22)

e ncountered a mong t he s tratified m aterial

i nclude

a

v ariant

n ot

( 72-74) w here t he b utt e nd o f

a n a ntler h as b een c ut o ff, m odified t o a v arying d egree, a nd s ocketed. A knife w ith a c ylindrical h andle i s p robably m ediaeval o r l ater ( 253) ( figs 2 .22,

2 .44).

S ubsumed u nder t he c ategory o f n eedles a nd b odkins

t here i s a n u nusual, f inely f inished, f lat, c igar-shaped o bject w ith a n i ncomplete p erforation o ne t hird a long i ts l ength ( 93) ( fig 2 .26). B oth o f t he g lobular c etacean i vory p in h eads ( 120, 1 21) ( fig 2 .26) a re u nstratified. I n o ne a r ecess c an b e s een o pposite t he p erforation t o r eceive t he e nd o f t he m issing p in ; t he o ther w as f ound w ith p art o f i ts p in i ntact, b ut t his h as s ubsequently b een b roken o ff f lush w ith t he

s ocket.

t here t ines

A mong t he p ointed i mplements a nd r ubbing a nd p olishing i mplements a re f urther c rude v ariants, t hese i ncluding s napped o ff a ntler ( 163-166) ( fig 2 .29). S everal e xamples o f c etacean v essels a nd

l ids ( figs 2 .31, 2 .33) e xist, o ne b eing o f p articular i nterest f or i ts f ull p rofile ( 168), a nd a nother b ecause i t i s u nusually s mall ( 176). A s m entioned, quern handles ( fig 2 .34) h ave n ot b een i dentified e lsewhere a nd t he u nstratified a ssemblage p rovides f our f urther e xamples, t hree b eing o f b ovine h orn c ores ( 177-179), a nd o ne b eing a p iece o f a ntler w hich h as b een u sed a t b oth e nds ( 181). O f t wo ' bobbins ( fig 2 .34) o ne i s p erforated c entrally w ith a c orresponding f lattened g roove o n t he o ther s ide ( 190); t he s econd h as a p erforation a long i ts l ength ( 189). A n i vory g aming p iece ( fig 2 .36) ooks r ecent b ut h as N orse p arallels m odern p awn , ( 1937- r

s haped l ike a ( Curie, C L

1 982, 8 9). T he m iscellaneous b one a rtefacts ( figs 2 .35,

2 .37,

2 .36)

i nclude

s everal i nteresting i tems -p art o f a f inely m ade s patulate o bject w ith a t l east t wo l arge p erforations ( 196); p art o f a n a ntler t oggle w ith a s quare p erforation ( 197);

a h ollow ,

s quared b one t ube,

s moothed i nside

a nd o ut, w ith d ots o n t wo o pposing f aces a nd l ines o n t he o thers ( 200); a nd a s patulate o bject w hich i s h ighly p olished o ver i ts e ntire s urface ( 201).

T here

i s

a dditionally

a b roken s word g uard

c arved

f rom

a

w hale's t ooth ( 202). A t e ither s ide o f t he f laring r ectangular s ocket f or t he t ang i s a h ole a t r ight a ngles w ith c lear i ndications t hat r ivets h ad b een f iled o ff.

8 8

Metal o bjects T he u nstratified b ronze o bjects t he

b est

f rom t he s ite.

( figs 2 .39-2.43)

i ncluded

s ome

T here a re t wo p enannular b rooches,

a

o f

l arge

g ilded o ne w ith z oomorphic t erminals a nd f ragments o f a s maller e xample ( 218, 2 19); a f inger r ing w ith a U -shaped s ection a nd d ecorated f langes ( 221); t wo ear-rings ( 226, 2 28); a m isshapen d ebased r ing w ith a s mall i nternal d iameter ( 227 -7 7- a l ength o f d ouble l ink c hain ( 230); a nd a r ing h eaded p in, ( 235). w ith o f

T here t wo

i ts

i s

p airs

i nterest

f ace d ecorated w ith f ine,

a lso a n e nigmatic i tem , o f

p erforated

( fig

2 .44)

i s

c lose,

r adiating

p rojections

( 243).

T he o nly i ron o bject

a n a dze o r a xe w ith a s ocket

f ormed b y h ammering t he s ides

r ound

l ines

a h ollow d ecorated b ronze t ube a t

o ne

e nd

( 259).

S tone o bjects A s m entioned, t he

s ite

m ost

o f

t he s urviving quern s tones

a re u nstratified.

T his

i ncludes

( fig 2 .72)

s even s addle querns

f rom ( 429-

4 35); f our t op rubbers ( 436-437, 2 117-2118); a mortar ( 441); a nd t hree s addle querns w ith a s mall p edked h ollow a t o ne e nd o f t he w orking s urface

( 438-440).

K nap o f

H owar,

T he

t he p eculiar h ollow i s s eeds

f rom b een

i n o rder

l atter f ind a p arallel i n t op r ubbers

a N eolithic h abitation s ite; t o

t hat

i t w as

i ntended

f rom t he

t he e xplanation o ffered t o

f or

c atch a nd t urn o ver h ard

f acilitate t heir b eing c rushed

( Inskeep

1 983).

T wenty-nine u nstratified r otary querns ( figs 2 .68-2.72) s urvive G urness ( among 3 93-428) w ith s everal o thers m entioned a s h aving f ound.

m icaceous

O nly

s chist

o ne

i s n ot

( 406).

o f m assive s andstone,

N one p air b ut

t he s izes o f

t his

t he

b eing

o f

t op a nd b ottom

s tones c ompare w ell, t he m ajority h aving a d iameter o f 3 50-600mm , w ith a c lear p eak a t 4 50-500mm. T he o verall s hape o f t he t opstones i s quite d istinctive;

t hey a re

c omparatively f lat a nd t hin a nd v ery

l ittle s tore

s eems t o h ave b een s et o n m aking t hem c ircular. I t a ppears t o h ave b een m ore t he c ase t hat a n e lliptical o r s ub-rectangular s hape w as p referred w ith t he h andle b eing h oused i n a h ole p art w hich p rojected m ost. h ave

b een m ade w hen t he f irst b roke a way;

w ith

3 98

o r

i nteresting

i t

m ay s imply h ave

r epair,

p enetrated

t hrough t he

I n t he c ase o f 4 00 a s econd h andle h ole may h ad

t his m ay a lso h ave b een

t wo

h andles.

4 01

t he b roken s tone h aving b een m ended

s hows

i n

s o a n

a ntiquity

u sing d owel h oles l ined w ith l ead. F our o f t he s tones s how d istinct w ear i n u se, t here b eing s triations c oncentric w ith t he h opper o n t he w orked s urface ( 394, 3 99, 4 00, 4 08). A nother i ndication o f u se i s t he s tate o f f or

t he d ressing o n t he w orked

t he s tones

p eriodically a nd

4 09.

s urfaces;

t o g rind e fficiently,

r edone;

t his

p ocking,

n ecessary

w ould h ave w orn d own a nd h ad

s uch d ressing i s

p articularly

c lear o n

3 94,

h ave b een t o p revent a ny s pilt g rains t he quern i nto t he f lour a round i ts b ase.

L ike t he t opstones, t endency t o b e t hicker;

t he b ottom s tones a re f lat w ith t he b ottom s tones t oo,

b e

4 08

3 94 a nd 4 08 f eature a p ecked r ing r ound t he h opper o n t heir

u pper s ide; t hese m ay r olling d own t he s ide o f

t o

t o b e

t he

r ectangular

e xception r ather ( 410,

4 12,

t han t he r ule a nd

4 22).

A ll b ut

t hough t hey h ave a c ircularity t ends

t hree

t hree h ave

f rom

a re

d istinctly

c omplete

c entral

p erforations, p resumed t o h ouse a s pindle, b ut t here i s a t endency f or t hem t o b e w orked f rom e ach s ide a nd n ot t o m eet e xactly. 4 10, 4 12, and

4 14

t hrow s ome

l ight o n t his

f or 8 9

t hough t he s tones w ere

e vidently

u sed t he t op a nd b ottom s ockets d o n ot m eet a t a ll a nd -u nless t his i s a d ifferent t ype -t he i mplication i s t hat a c omplete p erforation w as t he o utcome A s

o f w ear r ather t han a p rerequisite f or a quern t o

w ith t he

t op s tones

( 410,

4 12,

s een t o h ave h ad a n o perating s urface

Among 3 04)

4 22);

t he b ottom o nes

c an b e

f lat

4 15,

s ome o f

4 22 i s w orn i n s uch a w ay

t he o ther u nstratified

o perate.

r etain p ecked t hat

d ressing

t he u pper s tone

c 4 20mm i n d iameter.

s tone o bjects

f rom t he s ite a re

t hree

c ircular p ebbles w hich m ay h ave b een u sed a s gaming p ieces ( fig.

2 .59,

2 .46);

2 .61);

f our d ish-shaped

f our

anvil

miscellaneous n atural i n t hree p lanes ( 794)

s tones

l amps ( 327-328, ( 332-335)

s andstone p ebble ( fig 2 .81).

3 30-331)

( figs

2 .62-2.63);

p e c ked a round i ts

( 302-

( figs 2 .58a nd

a

c ircumference

O ther a rtefacts T he m ost

i nteresting a mong t hese i s

p art

o f a mould ( fig 2 .85)

f or

c asting t he b arrel-headed p in f or a p enannular b rooch ( 827). A f urther g roup o f t hirty-seven s mall a nd t iny m ould f ragments ( 828) i nclude s ome f or

c asting

p in

s hafts.

A dditionally

t here i s

a

p iece

o f

g reen

p atinated w indow glass ( 834) a nd t wo g lobules o f l ight b lue g lass 2 .8 0 which m ay b e s oda b ottle s toppers ( 831, 8 32).

( fig

P ottery ( figs 2 .88-2.107) T he u nstratified t hat

known

d ecorated f irst

t o

p ottery,

b y a nd l arge,

b e B roch P eriod o r P ictish.

s herds

o f U nstan w are

( 1272,

f loor i n t he b roch i nterior -a nd

1 886)

i s

i ndistinguishable f rom

T he e xceptions

a re

-o ne o f w hich w as

f ragments

o f

t wo

o n t he

b oth M ediaeval a nd

p ost-Mediaeval v essels ( 1891-1893). w ith ( app 2 .4) t hough t he c lay o f

T he s ame f abrics a re g enerally m et s ome o f t he s herds a nalysed b y

W illiams

c rushed

i nterest m aterial

h ad

b een

O rkney, s uch a s S hapinsay, b ut s uch a lso

t empered

w ith

p ottery.

O f

p articular

i s t hat f our o f h is s ample c ontained i gneous/metamorphic ( Fabrics 8 -10); t hese m ay h ave o riginated f rom o ther p arts o f t he w estern a nd s outhern p arts o f M ainland, H oy, a nd a lternatively c ould h ave c ome f rom m ore d istant a reas

a s S hetland o r t he O uter H ebrides. T he u nstratified a ssemblage p rovides s everal e xamples o f c omplete p rofiles w hich a id

i nterpretation o f l ess w ell p reserved s tratified p ots. F ew s herds a re d ecorated; 8 83 a nd 1 005 h ave f inger i mpressions a long t he r im; 1 826 a nd 1 873, r im;

r espectively, h ave a l ine o f d imples a nd o f a nd 1 889 i s a b ody s herd w hich b ears a d ense

i ncised

l ines.

9 0

s tab m arks b elow t he i rregular p attern o f

i ni o

f l CiMa imm

0

F ig 2 .17

2

cms

G urness:

P erforated b one m ounts

9 1

2 04 ( B )

1 4 11= 114

9( u /s )

4 ( 8 )

1 6 (B )

3 2 ( B /PB )

3 6 ( s i re 3 )

•

3 7

3 4 (u is ) -.2 8

4

( B /PB

2 5 ( B in )

• 3 0

( PB)

F ig 2 .18

t 2 9

( B /PB )

•

G urness:

• 3 1 (B )

4 1>

-I I ' -e 2 4 (B )

P erforated b one m ounts a nd p egs

f ound w ith s uch m ounts

9 2

-• 2 7 ( B /PB )

2 6 ( B /PB )

2

CMS

s imilar t o

t hose

5 8 ( s i n )

4 6 (s iPB )

1 9 (B )

0

2

CMS

2 1 (B )

1 0 (B ) 41 1 1

1 1 1= im e .

C 11 1 1hL

ai l1 li1 1 13 1 )

F ig 2 .19

G urness:

P erforated b one m ounts

a nd b one l ong-handled c ombs

9 3

( some w ith a ssociated p egs)

4 1 (B )

CMS

F ig 2 .20

G urness:

U nperforated b one p lates

9 4

4 1 1.

ME

W IZ

2

O MN I

Fig 2 .21

CMS MO M

G urness:

B one

l ong-handled

9 5

c ombs

2 53 ( u / s )

2 52 ( PB )

7 2 ( u i s )

• 7 5 ( P B )

7

( PB )

C S

0

F ig 2 .22

2

G urness:

CMS

B one

s ocketed h andles

9 6

0

2

F ig 2 .23

CMS

G urness:

B one

s ocketed h andles

9 7

9 7 ( u / s ) •

UZ I

MI

M I

F ig 2 .24

N

l o b

9 9 ( B / pB )

( B )

1 4 ,

—

2

a l l

1 05

1 0 4

( PB)

( B/PB) —

CMS M

G urness:

9 2 ( u / s )

8 2 ( B /pB )

7 9 ( B )

B one n eedles/bodkins

9 8

a nd p ins

•

8 7( i e ) i m p 9 4

8

9 1 t B )

0

Fig 2 .25

2

( B/PB)

— •

8 6

( B /PB)

8 5

9 8 ( B /PB )

4 1:3 1 1

8 9

, 8 3 ( 6 )

( B)

•

( B)

CMS

G urness:

B one n eedles/bodkiüt d ud

9 9

1 0 6 ( P B )

p inn

1 09

1 0 7

1 0 3

( B /PB )

Me )

1 0 2 V 1 0 8 ( 8 )

( 9 )

9 3 ( e rPe )

( WP M

4 1.

OF

•

1 22 ( s )

•

•

•

9( P s ) 1

1 2 0 cs i m

2 1( u r s ) 1

0

F ig 2 .26

2

C MS

G urness:

b one n eedles/bodkins, p ins a nd p in h eads

1 00

I

•

1 3 3

( E )

d i

1 4 1, 0

2

F ig 2 .27

CMS

G urness:

« I t

P ointed b one i mplements

1 01

1 4 1( P s )

II I

* 4 0

2

F ig 2 .28

CMS

G urness:

P ointed

b one

i mplements

1 02

1 5 4 ( B )

1 6 3

1 5 3 ( B )

1 6 1

( PB )

( B )

1 9 3

1 5 0

( B&B )

( B /PB )

1 5 1

( PB )

« MO

NO

lab A

a

% WV

0

2

«1 1

l i li

F ig 2 .29

G urness:

CMS

I I I I 1 . 1

M

M I

MI

M

ye

R ubbing a nd p olishing b one i mplements

1 03

I an.

o

o

1 6 7( s /PB )

0

F ig 2 .30

G urness:

2

C etacean b one

CMS

l arge v essel o r

1 04

c asket

1 6 8

( B /PB )

F ig 2 .31

0

G urness:

C etacean b one

2

CMS

l arge v essel o r c asket

1 05

1 7 1 ( u is )

1 72 ( u i s )

0

2

F ig 2 .32

CMS

G urness:

w e r m e i ngb

C etacean b one l arge v essels

1 06

o r c askets

a nd l ids

.

-

1 7 6 ( B iPB )

0

2

F ig 2 .33

CMS

G urness:

C etacean

b one

l id a nd s mall

1 07

v essel

1 8 0 ( B )

• I g o

1 8 9

( B /PB )

( B /PB )

1 7 9 B /PB )

•

0

F ig 2 .34

G urness:

B one q uern h andles

1 08

2

a nd

C MS

' bobbins'

18 8 ( B )

1 8 7 ( P B )

1 8 5 ( B in )

1 8 3 ( B )

1 8 4 ( B /PB )

2 09 ( B /PB )

-

1 9 6

2 1 0

(u /S )

( PB )

m • M INMED

c p 0

2

F ig 2 .35

C MS

G urness:

B one

s pindle whorls

1 09

a nd m iscellaneous

o bjects

1 92 ( B /Pe )

9 1 1 ( B)

2 0 1 ( u / s ) i a da i k e" . „ , 4 !G i d e elnit

"

"

1 9 3

t i o

. 4 . •

i o e ü

•

e t ,

, „ ;

4 b

,

•

• • . • ‘ • •

1 9 4 ( B)

e

1 9 5( B ) 0

F ig 2 .36

2

2 00 ( u / s ) CM S

G urness:

B one g aming e quipment

10

a nd m iscellaneous

o bjects

-- -

198

(PB) ...,,,--=·...._--.ai1r.i..-...-llf.i;;;;I

1g)

(u/s)

2 0 p--....._

Fig 2.37

c ms j

Gurness:

Miscellaneous bone objects

111

......

s noa tr eTrazsTw : ssauann C P Z

C c

3

1 12

• 2 35 ( u /s )

—

2 33 ( B )

0

F ig 2 .39

2

G urness:

CMS

B ronze b rooches a nd n eedles a nd p ins

1 13

0

2 38 ( 3 )

2 20

o

F ig 2 .41

G urness:

2

( PB )

C MS

B ronze t ortoise-shell b rooch

15 1

2 25 ( B /PB )

22 _ 2 ( B /Pa )

2 23 ( B /PB )

O.

• •

2 24 ( B /PB )

2 1 2 ( u /s )

27 2 ( B /PB )

0

F ig 2 .42

2

G urness:

CMS

B ronze

r ings

16 1

2 45 ( u / s ) 2 46 C s )

c O D

2 46 (w

2 40 4 1 IP

( B /P B )

0

F ig 2 .43

G urness:

B ronze r ings,

2

CMS

c hain a nd m iscellaneous o bjects

1 17

2 59 ( u / s )

255

( P E I )

2 53 ( u t s )

2 6 1 ( u / s )

2 50 ( u /s ) 2 52

B )

0

F ig 2 .44

G urness:

2

CMS

I ron knife b lades,

o bjects

1 18

2 58 ( u / s )

s hield b osses a nd m iscellaneous

F ig 2 .45

G urness:

I ron n ecklet,

knife a nd

1 19

s ickle

2 76

27 1

( B /PB)

( u /s )

OE M 2 68 ( u / s )

A IM 2 66

( u /s )

2 83

2 69 ( u / s )

2 67 ( u / s )

2 70 ( u / s )

( B )

OW 2 84

( PB )

0 1 4 1.

4 1 1 1,

1 1 1M f t .

3 02 ( u / s )

3 03 ( u /s )

3 04 ( u / s )

2 75 ( 8 /P 13 )

0

F ig 2 .46

G urness:

2

CMS

S tone s pindle w horls a nd g aming e quipment

1 20

0

F ig 2 .47

2

CMS

G urness:

P erforated s tone d isc l oom-weights

1 21

s l i l2Tam—mooT r f 0 O D

r i )

r.

u p r )

I

1 22

p alviojaad

:s sau1n9

1 23

G urness: P erforated

l oom-weights

3 0 1 ( P s )

0

2

,

F ig 2 .50

G urness:

P erforated p ebble l oom—weights

1 24

CMS

0

2

5 cms

MGP52T 5 0M9

F ig 2 .51

ȟrness:

P ictish s ymbol

s tone

1 25

3 06 ( P B )

04

F ig 2 .52

8

CMS

G urness:

S tone

s lab w ith c rude i ncised c ross

1 26

0

2

CMS

3 1 1( u i s )

F ig 2 .53

G urness: A f lat p iece o f s andstone w ith i ncised p arallel l ines a nd a p ebble p olisher

1 27

3 1 5( B )

0 2 1 . c n . 15 2 52 f l l

F ig 2 .54

G urness:

L arge

s tone v essel

1 28

0

2

Fig 2 .55

CMS

G urness:

F inely m anufactured s teatite v essel

1 29

3 2 1( B )

0

F ig 2 .56

G urness:

2

M iscellaneous

CM S

s tone v essel

1 30

0 2 c ms 1 22 2 . 1iM 5 i2 2e 1

F ig 2 .57

G urness:

M iscellaneous

s tone v essel

1 31

0

F ig 2 .58

2

CMS

G urness:

S tone

l amps

1 32

3 24 ( B iPB )

3 30 ( B /PB )

0

F ig 2 .59

G urness:

S tone

l amps

1 33

2

C MS

3 26

0

F ig 2 .60

G urness:

( B )

2

S tone l amp

1 34

CMS

3 27 ( u / s )

0

F ig 2 .61

2

CMS

G urness:

S tone

l amp

1 35

3 35 ( u / s )

32 ( u /s )

0

5

F ig 2 .62

1 0

1 5 cm s

G urness:

' Anvil s tones'

1 36

1

I

3 34 ( B /PB )

3 33 ( u is )

0

5

F ig 2 .63

1 0

1 5 cms

G urness:

' Anvil

s tones'

1 37

3 40 ( B )

.

0 2 4

CMS

,

F ig 2 .64

G urness:

P ivot s tone

1 38

2

0 l a

F ig 2 .65

G urness:

P ivot

M I

I

M I

IM

CMS MI M I

s tone

1 39

MI

MI.

3 72

3 75

( B )

ß

3 7 4 ( B )

U

( B )

( PB )

( B )

0

2

CM S

3 77

3 73

( B /PB )

( B )

G urness:

3 79

3 85

3 86

F ig 2 .66

3 7P 5a ( B / )

' W hetstones

1 40

3 80 ( PB )

391 ( B /PB )

3 84

( B IPB )

3 90 ( B )

3 78

( u /s )

O

3 83 m

0

2

F ig 2 .67

C MS

G urness:

Whetstones

1 41

4 15 W e

1 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11.

05 10

F ig 2 .68

cms

G urness:

f i l i

R otary quernstones

1 42

f l i M I I I I I H M

4 08 ( u /s )

I _ 1 1111 1 1

0510

F ig 2 .69

A ll

e j

cms

G urness:

R otary quernstones

1 43

M \.

MI MU ;M IA I

It AM ib

Ila la iiK

-

•1 1 1 1f t. 05 10

F ig 2 .70

cms

G urness:

R otary quernstones

1 44

4 18

( u /s )

d i llE Am 4 13 ( u /s )

4 2 1

( u /s )

0 51 0 M INN

F ig 2 .71

G urness:

R otary quernstones

1 45

CMS MO M

1 M »

4 39 ( u i s )

4 1( u / s ) 4 4 03 ( B )

d i sui 1 1 1 1 1 1k1 A 1 1 1 1 1 ». 05 10

F ig 2 .72

cms

G urness: w ith p ecked

R otary quernstones, h ollows

a nd

a m ortar

1 46

s addle querns,

s addle querns

4 47 (u is )

02

4

Fig 2 .73

CMS

G urness:

T rough quernstones

1 47

1 48

G urness:

T rough q uernstone

4 6 1( s )

4 500 3 )

6 1w 6

2

F ig 2 .75

CMS

G urness:

S tone g rinders

a nd a m iscellaneous

1 49

s triking t ool

6 500 3 )

5 3 9B

0

F ig 2 .76

2

G urness:

CMS

S tone p estle a nd a g rinder

1 50

2

F ig 2 .77

G urness:

S tone

p ounders

1 51

CMS

8 50 ( P EO

4 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11

M I lion

2

F ig 2 .78

G urness:

S tone p ot

l ids,

quartzite s trike a l ights

1 52

a m iscellaneous

s tone r oundel a nd

• •

c o 0

$ . 4 C .D

1 53

0 5 1 0

F ig 2 .80

CMS

G urness:

N otched a nd p erforated p ieces

1 54

o f f lagstone

F ig 2 .81

G urness:

M iscellaneous s tone o bjects

1 55

8 1 1 ( u 1s )

0

F ig 2 .82

2

G urness:

CMS

C rucibles

1 56

8 15 ( B )

8 13 ( B )

0 Ma

F ig 2 .83

G urness:

B aked c lay m oulds

1 57

2 MI

MN

MIM I

CMS

Fig 2 .84

G urness:

B aked

c lay m oulds

1 58

8 24 ( P e )

8 22

( P B)

8 23

8 25 ( P s )

0

F ig 2 .85

2

G urness:

cms

B aked

c lay m oulds

1 59

( P

8

)

8 37m s ) 8 39

B )

8 37 ( . / s ) 8 37 (u / s )

8 37 ( . / s ) 8 38 ( u i s 8 38 (u / s )

1 41 . 1

\b,

8 37 (u / s )

8 37 ( . / s )

8 29 (B )

8 37 ( u / s ) 8 3 1(u / s ) C

0

D

• 2

F ig 2 .86

G urness: c hert

1 60

8 30 (B )

C MS

G lass b eads a nd g lobules,

f lakes a nd i mplements

8 32u / s )

a mber b eads a nd f lint o r

8 62

( B /PB

0

F ig 2 .87

G urness:

G lass

8 57

I

2

( B /PB )

C MS

l inen s moother,

g round d own c lam s hell

1 61

NE W

a s tone w ith a dhesions a nd a

8 72 ( u / s )

0 2 c ms M 252 529

F ig 2 .88

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

1 62

R im 1

9 67 ( B )

(

9 60 ( u /s )

9 62

WM

0 2 cms I ' M iT iM ! 2 1 9 6 1 , ( Ws )

F ig 2 .89

G urness:

P ottery — F abric A ,

1 63

R im 2

1 0 12 ( u /s )

98 6 ( u /s )

0 2 c ms 9 .0 0 . 1 t629

1 001 ( B /PB )

F ig 2 .90

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

1 64

R im 3

( PS )

1 030

( 1 3 /P8 )

1 033

1 026 ( u /s )

( u /s )

5

0 2 c ms 1 5 15 1 5

F ig 2 .91

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

1 65

R ims 4 a nd 5

01-1

n e , 2

. . . . .

F ig 2 .92

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

1 66

R im 6

1 42 ( we

/

( B )

172 ' ( L i ' s )

6 7

F ig 2 .93

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

1 67

R ims 6 a nd 7

0 2 cms 6 1 2 5 6 2 A l eGR Ie l

( u /s )

0 2 c ms M 2 WJ I A2P9

F ig

2 .94

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

1 68

R im 7

1 255 ( B )

0 2 c ms M i 5 eGl ie l

F ig 2 .95

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

1 69

R im 8

1 263

( B /PB )

2 cms I l i

F ig 2 .96

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

1 70

U nique r ims

M P

M M I

1 284

( B /PB )

( B )

0 1 2 57 ( B /PB )

F ig 2 .97

G urness:

P ottery — F abric A ,

1 71

U nique r ims

2 c ms

MO6MM 2•

1 259

( u ls )

( B )

1 2 • E7 ( B )

( B )

1 298 ( u ls )

1 296 ( i d s )

( PB )

( B )

1 303 m tm

1 286 ( B )

0 2 c ms M O I G M A IM.O . E

F ig 2 .98

G urness:

P ottery — F abric A ,

1 72

U nique r ims

1 266

( B /PB )

( B )

1 265 ( u m )

1 268 ( Pm

( Ws )

1 28 1 ‚ P e

1 258 c e )

1 31 ( u p s )

1 272 ( B i PB )

1 295 c u i e

1 302 ( u ls )

1 289 ( B /PB )

1 396 ( B )

R IMS B ASES

1 340 ( u / s )

F ig 2 .99

G urness:

P ottery -F abric A ,

1 73

0 2 a ms Mf le f l i ae l

U nique r ims a nd b ases

1 7 33 ( ue )

1 7 28 ( B /PB )

1

1

6

u n ique

( B )

F ig 2 .100 G urness:

0 2 c ms N 2 9 i2 9 129

P ottery -F abric B , R ims 1 , 6a nd U nique

1 783 ( PB )

1 7 88/

1 7 87

( B )

( PB )

( B )

1 794 ( L a s )

7 8

F ig 2 .101 G urness:

P ottery -F abric C ,

1 74

0 2 c ms 1 ! ! 6 15 « !

R ims 1 , 7 , 8 a nd U nique

0 2 c ms MAAMW O MA I

F ig 2 .102 G urness:

P ottery -F abric D ,

U nique r ims

1 8 17 ( u t s )

R IM B ASE

1 820 ( u /s )

F ig 2 .103 G urness:

P ottery -F abric E ,

1 75

0 2 c ms mo m iemaem .

R im 1 a nd a b ase

( B /PB )

( B /PB )

1 833 F AS ISC F 4

( B /PB )

Iu n ime

1 843 ( u ls )

b ody

0

F i e 4 3 F6C

2 cms

u n ique I b o c l i

F ig 2 .104 G urness: P ottery -F abric F , R ims 4 a nd U nique a nd a b ody s herd. F abric G , U nique r im a nd a b ody s herd

1 76

1 845 ( u/s )

( WPM

1 858 ( u /s )

( u /s )

1 /2 4 6

a 7

0 2 c ms 629 509 .

( u /s )

F ig 2 .105 G urness:

P ottery -O ther F abrics,

a nd 8

1 77

R ims

1 ,

1 /2,

4 ,

6 ,

7

1 860 ( s )

F ig 2 .106 G urness:

P ottery -Other F abrics,

1 78

0 2 c ms P 9 15i 5 ie 1 i

U nique r im ( amphora)

1 864 ( u t s ) ( u ls )

1 867 ( W M

( u ls )

1 86 1 1 872

( 1 3 /PB )

( u ls )

( u ls ) ( u /s )

R IMS GOD Y SHERDS

1 886 ( 3 )

1 889 c um

F ig 2 .107 G urness:

0 2c ms

M29 909629 .

P ottery — O ther F abrics,

s herds

1 79

U nique

r ims a nd b ody

0

F ig 2 .108 G urness:

S tone

l amp

1 80

2

4 cms

C HAPTER 2 .4 T HE E NVIRONMENTAL R EMAINS

T hough

l ittle

i s known o f

t he p ast e nvironment o f

G urness

s ome

i ndication i s g iven b y i ts p resent s etting. T he p redominant g eology i s b oulder c lay o ver f lagstone b ut i t i s l ikely t hat t he s urrounding l and w as a lways o f h igh quality d ue t o i ts g entle s lope a nd w indblown s and c ontent, b oth o f w hich w ould h ave h elped t o p revent p odsolisation, b lanket p eat f ormation, a nd a cidity. T he s econd p rincipal r esource i s t he s ea, t he s ite l ying o ff t he l ow c liffs o f t he E ynhallow S ound, a nd h aving t o i ts w est t he b each a nd s hallow b ay c onnected w ith t he S ands o f E vie. L ight h as b een t hrown o n c ertain a spects o f t he e xploitation o f t he e nvironment i n t he f oregoing t ext -q uarried s andstone f or b uilding a nd a rtefacts; b each s tones f or g rinders a nd p ounders; c lay a nd d yke r odk f or p ots; p eat a nd t wigs f or f uel, e tc -a nd f urther i nformation i s g iven b y t he f aunal a nd m acrofloral r emains r ecovered. I t i s w orth r eiterating t hat c ollection o f t hese w as b oth s pasmodic a nd s elective a nd t hat v ery f ew o f e ven t he r emains t hat h ave s urvived t o b e c atalogued c an b e r elated t o e ither t he B roch P eriod o r t he P ictish. T he f ollowing i dentifications C olley 2 .2).

( fish

s ummary -w hich h as t o b e c ursory -is b ased o n m ade b y L in B arnetson ( animal a nd b ird b one); S arah b one);

a nd C amilla D ickson ( macrofloral

r emains)

( app

T HE B ROCH P ERIOD T he

t hree c ommon d omestic a nimals a re w ell

r epresented

-c attle,

o vicaprids a nd p igs; a h orse j aw w as a lso r eported, t hough i t h as n ot b een t raced. R ed d eer w ere c ertainly e xploited b ut m ost o f t he e vidence f or t hem c onsists o f a ntler -k ept b y o riginal o ccupants a nd l ater e xcavators, r espectively, a s a u seful a nd a n u nusual m aterial a nd i t m ay b e t hat t heir i mportance i s e xaggerated. W hales t oo w ere u sed a s a s ource o f r aw m aterial -if n ot f or o ther p urposes -a nd t he b eaks o f a g annet a nd o f a c ormorant h int f urther a t t he a dvantages o f a c oastal l ocation. T hough n ot t raced, a l arge f ish v ertebra i s m entioned f rom a B roch P eriod c ontext a nd t here a re s everal p assing r eferences t o s ea s hells, m ostly l impets b ut a lso c ockles, r azor s hells a nd w helks. S ome i ndication o f v egetation i s g iven b y s everal f inds o f w illow c harcoal a nd a lso s ome o f r owan a nd h eather. E lm c harcoal h as b een i dentified a nd p ieces o f s pruce w ood w ere f ound b elow t he s tair o f t he b roch w ell; b oth t hese s pecies m ay h ave c ome t o O rkney a s d riftwood.

1 81

T HE P ICTISH P ERIOD P ictish

r emains

a re

f ew a nd p rovide

o vicaprid a nd p ig b ones a re p resent o f

c attle.

h orse

R ed d eer a re

b one.

s hells

o f

A s eal

a nd s ome

l ittle

i nformation.

B oth

f inds

a re m ade f rom

t hose

a gain r epresented b y a ntlers

a nd t here i s o ne

t ooth i s m entioned a s h aving b een f ound,

a s a re t he

l impets a nd w helks.

U NS TRAT I FIED T he d ogs,

u nstratified

r abbits,

b ones

a dditionally i nclude s ome

O rkney v oles,

a nd f rom s uch b irds

a s

f rom

o wls,

o tters,

b lackbirds

a nd s eagulls. T he h orses i nvolved a ppear t o h ave b een s mall p onies a nd d omestic a nimals, g enerally, s eem t o h ave m ostly b een k illed w hen s till i mmature. S eal a nd r azor s hells a re r epresented a nd f ish b ones h ave b een

i dentified

a s

c oming

f rom c onger e el

a nd

l arge

c od.

I t

i s

p articularly f rustrating t hat t he b est s ample o f c arbonised v egetation f rom t he s ite i s u nstratified -t hough i t i s known t o h ave c ome f rom a f loor. b ut

T he

t here

s pearwort, c onsist o f o f

r ushes,

l itter,

o r

p rincipal i nclusion i s a re

a lso

p arts

o f

f lorets a nd g rains

c orn s purrey,

f rom b lack

r agged r obin,

a nd

o at

l esser

a ll o f w hich a re a rable w eeds. O ther p arts o f t he s ample c harcoal o f b irch, h azel, a spen a nd w illow a nd t he r emains s edges

a nd

s traw m ay h ave b een c onnected

t hatch.

1 82

w ith

b edding,

C HAPTER 2 .5 DATING

T he m ain

c ontinuity

o ccupation

G urness

f ound

a mong

t he c ommon a rtefact

p eriods n otwithstanding

w hich a re d atable

t ypes

o f

t he

t here a re s everal f inds w ith

t he

f rom t he f irst f loor w ithin

t he

T wo g lass o bjects w ere r ecovered i n s ieving m aterial f rom which h ad s ubsided i nto t he h ole e xcavated f or t he w ell.

t he T he

c hronology

o f

t he

i n t heir o wn r ight

a nd w hich h elp

t wo f rom

s ite.

THE B ROCH P ERIOD T he t ower. l evels

e arliest

d atable f inds

c ome

o ne i s a n i mperforate l ight b lue g lobule w ith t wisted s tripes o f d arker b lue a nd w hite i nlet i nto i ts s urface ( 83 0. T his h as s imilarities t o b oth

a rmlets

s ome

c onfidence

( Stevenson

a nd b eads t o

1 956;

f ound o n S cottish s ites

b elong

G uido

t o

1 978).

R oman g lass h ad b een r eused a nd, p utatively T his f rom

a

t oggle -is

i mpression o f b eneath t he

t he

f irst

P art o f

s econd

S tevenson's

c ertainly,

t he d istinct

a nd c an b e

o r

s aid

w ith

c enturies

t hesis w as

t he s econd o bject

l ight g reen o f

R oman

d ate a nd c ultural c ontacts i s c onfirmed f inal f loor l evel i n t he n orth w est o f

A D t hat

( 829)

-

b ottles. b y s herds t he b roch

i nterior ( 1860). T hese -a nd a nother f rom a l ess w ell s tratified c ontext a mong t he o utbuildings ( 1883) w ere i dentified b y W illiams ( app 2 .5)

a s

h aving

s outhern

S pain

a nd

w hich

A l ).

T he

b eautifully m ade h andled s teatite b owl

c enturies

c ome f rom a t ype

o f R oman a mphora w hich o riginated f rom

w as m ade

i n t he

f irst

a nd

e arly

g atehouse m ight a lso p erhaps b e m entioned i n t his c ontext; i t t o a ssume t hat i t i s V iking b ut b oth i ts f ine f inish a nd i ts s uggest

t hat

i t m ay b e a s keuomorph o f

s econd

f rom

t he

i s e asy c ontext

a R oman p atera.

T here w ere a lso f ine o bjects o f n ative m anufacture i n t he B roch P eriod, t heir h ome p roduction b eing e mphasized b y t he f act t hat m ost o f o ur

e vidence

m idden

a t

i s

f rom m oulds.

t he b ase

o f

T he m oulds

w ith s ome p art o f t he u se o f t his d efence, b ecame c hoked w ith r ubble f rom t he d ecaying S ome o f i ng

t he m oulds w ere f or s pear b utts

r ing

c ontexts b ronzes i tems

h eaded

p ins

i n question c ame

t he G reat D itch a nd w ere

( 816-8);

t herefore

b elong

t o

t he e arly

( 812-5)

a nd o thers

t wo a ctual p ins

1 83

f or p roject-

c ame f rom l ess

s ecure

o f n ative S cottish i s c lear t hat t hese

c enturies A D a nd J oanna ( app 2 .3).

t he

p redating t he t ime w hen i t o utbuildings a nd r amparts.

( 235-6). T hough t he e xact c hronology i s a p erennial p roblem ( Clarke 1 971) i t

a rgued f or a 3 rd-4th c entury d ate

f rom

c ontemporary

C lose-Brooks

h as

T HE P ICTISH P ERIOD T wo o f t he d atable P ictish i tems w ere a ssociated w ith t he S hamrock Annexe. J oanna C lose-Brooks h as s hown o ne o f t he m ould f ragments f rom t he m ost r ecent f loor t o b elong t o a h and p in ( 819; a pp 2 .3) a lthough t he c hronology o f t hese i s u ncertain s he h as s uggested a

a nd d ate

i n t he 7 th o r 8 th c enturies. T he P ictish s ymbol s tone ( 305) h as b een s tudied a nd i ndependently p ublished b y G raham R itchie ( 1967 57 A known m otif -t he ' circular d isc a nd r ectangle w ith s quare i ndentation -is f lanked

b y

t wo l ess

f amiliar o nes.

R itchie s uggests a d ate b etween t he

l ate 5 th a nd t he 8 th c entury -t hough C lass I s tones a re m ore u sually a scribed s olely t o t he 7 th ( Ritchie G a nd R itchie A 1 981, 1 63) -a nd t hinks t he T he

t hat

t he

s tone m ay b e a t rial p iece o f a ccount

s implicity a nd p ossibly u nfinished n ature o f knife w ith t he o gam i nscribed h andle ( 252)

v icinity o f a lphabet N orthern

t he S hamrock

u p t o I sles

( Laing 1 974, N o

A nnexe.

o f

i ts

s ize

a nd

t he i ncised o rnament. a lso c ame f rom t he

T he P icts m ay h ave a cquired t he o gam

t wo h undred y ears e arlier b ut i nscriptions f rom t he a re g enerally c onsidered t o b elong t o t he 8 th c entury

7 4,

8 3).

p arallels

h ave

b een n oted f or t he

t refoil-shaped b ronze o bject

f ound i n t he b uilding t o t he n orth e ast b ut t here a re s tray f inds o f p art o f a m ould f or t he b arrel-headed p in o f a p enannular b rooch ( 827) a nd

t wo a ctual b rooches

l arger

( 218,

b rooch -w hich h as

2 19).

B oth t he m ould f ragment a nd

z oomorphic

c lass f or w hich C lose-Brooks 7 th c entury ( app 2 .3).

t erminals -b elong

s uggests a d ate i n t he

t he

t o F owler s

l ater 5 th,

6 th

F 2 o r

THE VIKING P ERIOD I f t he V iking g raves a t G urness a re b roadly c ontemporary t hen t hey m ust b elong t o a p eriod b etween t he l ate 9 th a nd t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 0th c entury. T he o val b rooches f ound w ith t he i nhumation o utside t he g atehouse ( 220) a re t he m ost c ommon o f a ll M iddle V iking P eriod t ypes, s ome t housand h aving c ome f rom e very c orner o f N orse i nfluence ( GrahamC ampbell 1 980, 2 7-8, n os 1 09, 1 17, 1 18). T he i ron n ecklet ( 264) f rom t he

s ame

g rave

B ritain -b ut

i s m uch l ess

p arallels

c ommon -perhaps

a re known,

t he

f or e xample,

o nly

e xample

f rom

f rom B irka w here

t he

h ook a nd e ye c onnection i s c lear a nd t he a ttached t ri n kets c an b e s een t o t ake t he f orm o f T hor's h ammers ( Arbman 1 943, 2 -4, a bb 2 ). T he b ronze

p in w ith t he a rticulating

D itch i s

a lso a t ype o f

r ing h ead w hich c ame f rom t he

t he M iddle V iking P eriod

M iddle

( Graham-Campbell

1 980,

5 7, n o 2 01) a nd t he a mber b ead f ound w ith i t i s p aralleled b y o ne i n a 8 g rave o n S anday o f l ike d ate ( Grieg 1 940, 8, f ig 5 0). A gain, t he s hield

b osses

f rom t he

c haracteristic o f

i nfill

o f

C ampbell 1 980, 7 4) c ould h ave b een o f

T he

o f

t he l ow d omed

( Rygh 1 888,

a nd i t s hould b e n oted t hat t he s ame p eriod ( Rygh 1 888,

a lso o ccur i n n on V iking c ontexts. f ound

t he b roch a re

t he M iddle V iking P eriod

n o 5 62;

t ype

G raham-

t he p lough-sock r eported n o 3 83), t hough t hey d o

b eam b alance a nd

s uperficially i n t he n orth w est e xtremity o f

l inen s moother

t he G reat D itch

a re

b oth t ypical V iking a rtefacts b ut w ere u sed f rom t he l ate 8 th c entury t hrough t o m ediaeval t imes ( Graham-Campbell 1 980, 8 8, 8 9; P etersen 1 951;

R ygh 1 888,

n os 4 76,

4 46;

H edges,

1 84

J W 1 980,

1 78).

O ther i tems w hich m ight b e m entioned a s b eing t ypes o f a rtefact known f rom V iking s ites a re t he u nstratified s ocketed a dze, a xe, o r h oe ( 259) ( Rygh 1 888, n os 4 01, 4 02; P etersen 1 951, 9 3-97; G raham-Campbell 1 980, 1 1 n o 5 ); t he u nstratified p ebble w ith a g roove p eeked i n t hree p lanes ( 794), w hich m ay h ave b een a w eight o r a f ishing s inker ( Rygh 1 888, n o 4 77; P etersen 1 951, 1 43); a nd t he c ross-incised s lab f rom t he t op o f t he b roch, t wo v ery s imilar o nes h aving b een f ound i n a M iddle V iking P eriod g rave m ound a t K iloran B ay, C olonsay ( Grieg 1 940, 5 9, f ig 3 3).

1 85

A PPENDIX 2 .1 CATALOGUE O F EXTANT R ECORDS ( Items l isted h ere a s w ith HU I a re i n p rocess o f b eing t ransferred t o NKR) W RITTEN S OURCES C urrent 1

F inds B ooks a

1 930-13

RSM(Q)

C ontaining b

o ne

s equence

n umbers

t or

t hat

p eriod. t i BM

1 935-9.

a s equence T o

t his

f or

h as

t hat e ither h ad n o

1 934 s tarting

b een a dded

a t o ne a nd a nother

a t hird

n umber o r h ave

l ost

( 1977) i t

a re

i n w hich

f or

f inds

c atalogued.

D ay B ooks a

1 930-33

k SM(()

b

1 935-38

H EM

T he d ay 3

o f

1 934-39 C ontains

2

b ook

o r b ooks

f or

1 934 a nd

1 939 h ave

n ot

b een

t raced.

C orrespondence 1 930-39 e tc

4

H BM

R ough f ield notes a nd k etches a

1 930-33

b

B ook

c

B ook

R SM(Q)

e ntitled

s ketches

5

L ocation

' Doors

a nd h earths

p robably m ade

e ntitled

i n O utbuildings

c ontaining

H IM

i n 1 939

' Aumbries -

P ublished sources a

C raw ( 1934)

b

R ichardson

.-e

(194 0

ntry

f or

t he s ite

i n

R oyal

C ommission

I nventory. c b

7

R ichardson

( 1948)

-M oPBW

p amphlet.

Summary R eports b y Excavators a

C raw ( 1930,

b

R ichardson

3 1,

3 2) M inimally u pdated y early.

R SM(Q)

( 1935)

f i BM

P ost e xcavation r ecords a

A b ook e ntitled ' Finds' c ontaining sketches f rom R ichardson's e xcavations

b

A

b ook

p ottery

e ntitled

' Pottery -

f rom R ichardson's

c ontaining

a nd m easurements

profiles

o f

s tuck

H BM

H BM

e xcavations

D RAWINGS 1

b roch interior p artially excavated 1 930 S hows i n

t he

s upposedly t hickness

s econdary o f

b i bM

o ccupation a ppearing

t he w all o n t he

e ast

e ntrance).

1 86

a nd the

s ide

c hamber

( above

t he

2

W all h ead o f b roch

H BM

A lthough u ncovered i n 1 930 , 3 4

S econdary o ccupation i n b roch i nterior 1 930

H BM

S econdary o ccupation i n b roch i nterior 1 930

H BM

B ad 5

t racing o f

a bove with s ome a dditional

f eatures.

S econdary o ccupation i n b roch i nterior 1 932 O riginal s ome

b

t he d rawing m ade a t a l ater d ate.

p en

e xternal

d rawing o f

a n e ntirely n ew

H BM

p lan of

a bove

s howing

f eatures.

S econdary o ccupation o f b roch i nterior 1 932 T racing o f p lan 5 w ith t he i ntramural p assage m ore d efinitely

H BM

m arked i n. 7 8

S ite p lan 1 933

H BM

S ite p lan 1 933

H BM

M ost o f 8 i s t aken f rom 7 a s w ell a s a dding to i t. i s b etter o n t he p oints t hey h ave i n c ommon. 9

1 0

I I

1 2

B oundary p lan 1 931 c S hows o ld a nd new f ence

l atter

H BM l ine.

S ite p lan 1 933 a F ield p lan

[I BM

b c

M aster C opy w ith s tructures o utside c urtain gate s ketched i n

d

C opy w ith S hamrock

e

C opy w ith s pot h eights m arked.

s ketched o n

S ite p lan 1 934 a M aster ( two p arts) b F ield p lan o f 1 934 e xcavations

H BM ( two p arts)

c d

C opy w ith d itches s ketched a nd s ome a nnotation C opy w ith b uildings p hased i n c olour a nd t he e xtension t o t he S hamrock s ketched o n.

e

C opy w ith b uildings p hased i n c olour a nd d itches m arked. F ormer d ifferent f rom l id

T raced p lan a nd c rude s ection o f i nner d itch 1 934 C opy o f s ection.

1 3

T he

i nner d itch p lan f or 4 3-34/5 a ccompanied by F or M r Tulloch's u se i n l ocating f inds.

H BM a

s ketch

S ite p lan 1 935 a b

M aster F ield s ketch o f w estern

c

S W

H BM p art o f

i nner d itch

p ortion o f a p hoto s haded i n to s how

s econdary.

1 4

P hotographk ey d iagrams ( masonry t o b e r emoved 2 5a-15c) 1 935 a

H BM

1 5

S urvey o f l ong c hamber f or r emoval t o n ew s ite 1 935 a P lan a nd e xtended e levation b P ortion o f s outh w all t o b e r emoved c P ortion o f n orth w all o f l ong c hamber

H BM

d e

P ortion o f n orth w all o f P ortion o f n orth w all o f

l ong c hamber ( joins c ) l ong c hamber.

l b

P ortions o f s tonework t o b e r emoved s quares 2 5a-15c 1 935

H BM

1 7

P lans o f s mall c hamber s quares 1 5 c -d,

H BM

1 8

W all t o b e d emolished o n E s ide o f b roch ( Sq 3 2)

1 9

S q 2 5a L evels o f s tonework t o b e r emoved 1 935

2 4 a -b 1 935

1 87

1 935

H BM H BM

2 0

a b c 2 1

S howing l ine o f w all t o e ast S ame w ith j ust S hamrock w ith l evels a dded S tones n umbered.

L owest c ourse o f s tonework o f a S eeming f ield p lan b

S howing l ine o f w ith

2 2

H BM

S urface c ourses o f s tonework o f S hamrock b uilding 1935

t he

l ong

H BM

S hamrock b uilding 1 935

i nterior o f

b uilding a t g round l evel together

c hamber. H BM

S urface c ourse o f s tonework o f b uilding E o f S hamrock 1 935 a

D rawing

w ith

b

i n O utline t racing o f a bove w ith f loor b oxes b elow s hown a nd d ifferentiated b y c olour.

2 3

L owest c ourse o f

2 4

B uilding E o f a b

A ppears A nother

t he

s urface

s tones m arked i n a nd

t he

b ase

a nd

l ined

b uildings

s tonework o f b uilding E o f S hamrock 1 935

H BM

S hamrock i n r elation t o l atter 1936

H BM

t o h ave a c olour c oded p hasing t raced o ff 1 939 m aster.

2 5

B uilding t o E o f S hamrock 1 936 R evised v ersion of p revious p lans o n m oving b uilding.

H BM

2 6

S ite p lan 1 936

H BM

a b

M aster p lan P lan o f S E c orner s howing

c d

P lan o f P lan o f

S W c orner v ariants S W c orner v ariants

e f

P lan o f P lan o f

S W c orner v ariants N E c orner

• h

P lan o f S E c orner P hoto o f A w ith w alls b locked

s lightly m ore d etail t han a

i n.

2 7

C olour c oded t racing o f s ite p lan ( rough) o utlining s econdary d etails

H BM

2 8

V arious d iagrams o f s econdary p ieces t o b e r emoved 1 935 a nd 1 936 a

H BM

2 9

c

O riginal of b

d e

3 2 4 1 1 76

w ith m ore d etail

3 3 4 2 3 3C

V arious d iagrams of s econdary f eatures t o b e r emoved 1 935-1936w hich h ave a s pecific r elation t o S hamrock a nd l ong b uilding a 3 2 3 3 4 1 4 2 b 4 0 4 1 c 4 0 4 9 d •

H BM

4 1 5 0 3 9

3 0

P lan s howing p osition o f w hale h oe t o b e r emoved 1 935

H BM

3 1

Master o f 1 935 w ith 1 936 w ork m arked o n i t 1 936

H BM

3 2

' Paved' c hamber t o b e r emoved.

L ocation u nknown 1 936

H BM

3 3

M aster 1 937

H BM

3 4

D itches 1 937

H BM

a b

M aster S ite o riginal o f

c

A ppears

t o

a

b e a n u nimportant

s ketch o f

t he

' rockery'

at

a

h igh l evel d Sketch o f 3 5

r ockery a t l ower l evel

S ite p lan 1 938? a M aster ( two

t han c ,

a dding t o a . H BM

p arts)

b c

A nnotated c opy A nnotated c opy

d

1 937

p lan 3 4 a w ith d etails o f

i nner d itch m arked o n

1 88

3 6

3 7

3 8

4 0

M aster S ketches o f

o uter d itch ( 3 p arts) H BM

V iking g rave 1 939 a b

F ield d rawings ( 6 p arts) M ounted d rawing ( original)

c

M ounted d rawing ( annotated). [ I BM

E xtension o f a rea 1 935 a b

3 9

H EM

S ite p lan 1 939 a b

A nnotated r ough s ket e l D rawn u p a s l ocation. H BM

D efinition o f C rown p roperty a nd S oc A ntiq S cot 1 937

H BM

S econdary o ccupation of b roch i nterior a nd g allery l evel a nd wall s ection F iled a fter 6

4 1

S ections

1 , 3 6

H BM

a b

A -A B -B ( 2 p arts)

c

C -C ( 2 p arts)

d

D -D

4 2

S ection a cross d itches a nd b roch 1 938

[ I BM

4 3

S ection a cross d itches a nd u p t o b roch 1 935

H BM

4 4

V arious s ections a cross d itches 1 935

H EM

a b

s ite o riginal d rawn u p

4 5

S ections a cross w ell 1 932

H EM

4 6

R ough p lans s howing p ositions o f r elics 1 934-

R BK .

P HOTOGRAPHS 1

K irkwall

Ton K ent C ollection 3 865-3863

L ibrary E arly

v iews

s howing t he b roch i nterior e xcavated a nd i n p rocess

o f c onsolidation w hile t he o utside, w here v isible, h as n ot y et b een c ommenced o n. T he p hotographs w ere t aken o n a t l east t wo o ccasions, o ne i n l ate 1 930 o r e arly 1 931. 2

a

V arious o f p ieces o f S hamrock a nd S L onghouse r emoval a nd b eing r econstructed

b c d

P hotographs o f t he 1 929 e xcavations A n t a erial o f t he s ite 1 935 P ostcard o f i nside o f b roch

e

V arious b anding S ome o ut

f 3

H BM

I n f ile S C 2 1932/28 M isc p hotos o f d ifferent d ates

o f o f

e arly

p rior

r econstruction w ork i n c ement

f ocus p rints o f

t o

a nd steel

t he f irst y ear's w ork.

A AE/AIK-1/799/1-31

H BM

M isc p hotos o f d ifferent d ates a 1 929 e xcavation b c 4

P hoto o f R ichardson's plan o f V iking g rave, 1 939 P hotos o f H ewart C raw e xcavations i n progress. H BM

A AE/AIK-1/8001-24 M isc p hotos E xcavations S hamrock

o f d ifferent d ates i n 1 935 a nd 1 936. M ostly

1 89

t o d o w ith r ecording

t he

5

A AE/AIK-1/2036/1-21 P hotographic

6

8

p hotos

o f

H BM

b c

T wo p hotos

o f a m ontage

H BM i ncluding 2 w ide o nes t aken a t a

i n 1 939

p lan

0 /1188-0/1212

R (Q) p hotographs o f h earths N ot t ied i n o r n umbered

t aken q uite a i n a ny w ay

v iews

v iews

H BM

i n 1 958

A AELAIK-L/2037/1-21

H BM M ost o f

t he

b uildings

A AE/AIK-1/2244/1-26 p hotos

o f,

H BM

1 967

A WAIK-1/2976/1-12

H BM

G eneral v iews t aken i n 1 971 s howing r econstruction i nside b roch a nd r une 1 4

p hoto

A M/A M-1/466/1-32

F inds , 1 3

a fter

H BM

t aken i n 1 957 a nd a erial

P hotographic s urvey o f s ite i n 1 966. o utside t he b roch a re s till u nturfed 1 2

t ime

A AK/AIK-1/164/1-29

G eneral 1 1

1 936

e xcavation o f M iddle D itch

f airly l ate s tage 1 939? E xcavation o f V iking g rave

G eneral 1 0

s ite i n

A AE/A1K-1/801/1-29 M isc p hotos o f d ifferent d ates a P hotos o f i nside a nd o utside

A s eries o f e xcavations. 9

H BM o f

A AE/AIK-1/805/1-46 M isc

7

s urvey

t urfed o uter b uildings i nscribed s tone

A AR/A M-1/2866/1-3 1 971 g eneral c olour

a nd

H BM p hotographs

1 90

A PPENDIX 2 .2 C ATALOGUE O F FINDS AND S AMPLES

I NTRODUCE I DN D uring

t he

e xcavation

o f

t he

s ite a c atalogue o f

f inds w as k ept u nder

t he

t itle

o f

' Record o f R elics'. T wo b ooks w ere u sed; C raw's n otebook ( 1930-33) i s c urrently w ith t he f inds i n t he R oyal M useum o f S cotland ( Queen S treet p remises) ( RSM(Q)) w hile t he r ecord r elating t o t he e xcavations u nder R ichardson's s upervision ( 1934-39) i s w ith t he o ther d ocum ents p ertaining t o t he s ite i n t he H istoric B uildings a nd M onuments D irectorate ( HBM). I n b oth i nstances f inds w ere a llocated c onsecutive n umbers a nd w ere d escribed b riefly w ith t heir c ontexts. T he

f irst c atalogue

h as o ne

s eries o f n umbers f or

t he f our

s easons i nvolved.

I n

1 934

t he n ew c atalogue s tarted a gain a t n umber o ne. I n 1 935 n umbering a gain s tarted a t o ne b ut s ubsequently n umbers c ontinued c onsecutively t hrough t o 1 939. O riginally, t hen, t here w ere t hree s eries o f n umbers. T o t hese h as b een a dded, f or r easons g iven b elow, a f ourth s eries w hich a re i tems w hich h ad t o b e c atalogued b y t he a uthor. T his c atalogue s tarts a t n umber o ne i ncludes f inds c urrently i n t he p ossession o f t he R 1(Q) a nd t he H BM a nd h as b een w ritten i n t he b ack o f R ichardson's ' Record o f R elics' ( and i s t herefore w ith t he l atter b ody). Those l atter i tems h ave b een c oded w ith t he y ear o f t he c atalogue's c ommencement ( 1977). T he H BM m aterial w as d ealt w ith f irst; A ikerness), i s , b y a n u nfortunate c oincidence, T he f inally e volved c ode

t he c hosen c ode f or t he s ite, G A ( Gurness, t hat u sed b y t he R& 4(Q) f or b rochs i n g eneral.

i s u nique f or e ach f ind:

i t c ontains

f igures o f t he y ear, a nd t hen t he n umber o f t he f ind i n t he s equences m ay t herefore b e s ummarised a s f ollows: G A 3 0.1

t he l etters G A, a ppropriate

t he l ast

c atalogue.

t wo T he

- G A 3 0.165

G A 3 1.166 - G A 3 1.293 G A 3 2.294 - G A 3 2.392 G A 3 3.393 - G A 3 3.467 G A 3 4.1 -G A 3 4.150 G A 3 5.1 - G A 3 5.371 G A 3 6.372 - G A 3 6.485 G A 3 7.486 - G A 3 7.602 G A 3 8.603 - G A 3 8.745 G A 3 9.746 - G A 3 9.763 G A 7 7.1

- G A 7 7.576 ( as o f

t his c atalogue)

I n t he c ase o f t he p ottery a f urther s ubdivision h as f requently b een m ade i n o rder t o e nable o ne s herd t o b e d istinguished f rom a nother when t his i s n ecessary. This s ubdivision h as b een a chieved b y u sing l etters o f t he R oman a lphabet a fter t he m ain c ode, c ontinuing a nd e xtending t he m ethod o riginally u sed o n s ite, w here i ndividual i tems i n b atches o f l ike f inds w ere

p articularised b y l etter. I t h as a lready b een n oted i n c hapter 2 .1

t hat

t he f inds w ere

p oorly

s tored.

T he m atch-

i ng o f r egister e ntries t o f inds w as a m ajor t ask i n i ts o wn r ight r ather t han j ust a n tep t owards t he c ompiling o f a c atalogue. T he m ethod a dopted w as t o t ransfer t he i ncidental .s r egister e ntries -in t heir e ntirety -to a c ard i ndex s ystem s o t hat t here w as o ne c ard p er e ntry. E ntries t hat r eferred t o m ore t han o ne t ype o f f ind w ere s ubdivided a nd g iven 1 977 n umbers a nd c ards : t hose t han c ontained m ore t han o ne f ind o f t he s ame t ype w ere n ot n ecessarily s ubdivided. T his c ard i ndex w as t hen r ecorded, a s f ar a s w as p ossible, b y m aterial a nd t ype o f a rtefact. T he f inds w ere s imilarly s orted o ut a nd t hen a n a ttempt w as m ade t o m atch t he c ards o f a c ategory w ith t he f inds. T his m ethod d id n ot r esult i n a q uick a nd c omplete r esolution o f t he p roblem -the f act t hat t he m ajor c ollections w ere i n t wo s eparate l ocations w as a g reat h indrance. W hen a c ard a nd f ind m atched -taken i n t he c ontext o f t he whole c ategory -a c atalogue d escription w as w ritten o n t he c ard a nd t he f ind w as m arked (H EM c ollection i n i nk; R1(Q) c ollection i n o il p aint). W hen i t w as c ertain t hat t here w ere n o m ore f inds a nywhere i n t he R oyal M useum o f S cotland o r t he H istoric B uildings a nd M onuments D irectorate s tore t he c ard i ndex w as t aken t o T ankerness H ouse M useum a nd t he S ite M useum i n O rkney. A lthough t he f ormer c ontained o nly a . f ew d isplay i tems, t his w as n ot t he c ase w ith t he S ite M useum. A part f rom t he d isplay t here w as a l arge n umber o f o bjects a round t he m onument ( some p ossibly i n s itu); i n a ddition t here w ere a g reat m any i n t he a ttic . where w hich t heir

t hey h ad b een l eft b efore t he w ar. c ould n ot b e m atched w ith a c ard, n umber;

n umbers.

T here w as s till a c onsiderable r esidue o f o bjects a nd h ence a r egister e ntry, b ecause t hey h ad l ost

a nd w ere n ot d istinctive e nough f or i dentification.

T here a lso r emained a l arge n umber o f

1 91

T here w ere

g iven

1 977

c ards f or w hich n o o bjects c ould b e l ocated;

t he

n umbers

o f

t hese a re

l isted a s

t hat m ost

' not

o f

l ocated' i n t he a ppropriate

t he

' unlocated

c ould f ound,

n ot a nd

b e m atched o ne .f or o ne; c ertain f inds m ay h ave b een l ost, o r m ay r emain t o b e s ome o f t he f inds m ay n ever h ave b een r egistered. D efinitely u nregistered a re

a n a nnotated

P hasing

o f

' 1977'

c atalogue.

b e n o d oubt

R elics' a s

a re i n t he

i n t he

c an

t ive r ings ( 222-225) which a re m entioned o nly m oulds f rom a n i mportant s tratigraphic c ontext

f inds

p lace

T here

o nes

b ut

t hey

i n t he g uide b ook w hile a w hole c ollection ( 819-826, 8 28) a ppears o nly i n t he " Record

o f o f

d rawing.

t he o bjects

p resented a p roblem.

T here w as

n o d ifficulty w ith

t hose

f or

w hich a ll i nformation h ad b een l ost; t hey w ere e ffectively u nstratified. T here r emained, h owever, a l arge p roportion w here s ome i nformation c oncerning c ontext h ad s urvived. T he d ecision t aken w as t o p hase o f e xcavation r ather t han o f b etween w ere,

o bjects

o f

t he B roch P eriod

( b)

p articularly

e arly

r espectively,

o bjects

i s

s hown i n t he

c ontext f or t he i n c hapter 2 .2.

t hese -w here p ossible -a ccording t o t he s tandards o f t he t ime t he t ime o f w riting. T he m ain o bjective h ere w as t o d istinguish a nd

t hose w hich w ere P ost

o r

c atalogue a ccording

B roch P eriod;

+ a l ate P ost

p articularly t o

t he

l ate.

f ollowing

B roch o ne.

B roch T he

s cheme.

T he c ontexts

( Pb),

p hase

t hough

a nd

s ome

c ontext

* i ndicates a n a re m ore

o f

e arly

f ully d iscussed

B roch Period B (1)*

B roch

8 (2)*

B roch i nterior;

s econd f looring f inal f looring a nd g eneral

i nterior;

B (3)*

B roch

B (4)*

O utbuildings;

8 (5)*

O utbuildings;

8 (6)*

b uilding 1 O utbuildings;

h (7)*

O utbuildings;

f irst

i nterior;

f looring a nd w ell

b elow s econd f loor o f f ound

t he S a partment

i n t he c ourse o f

r evealing

o f O utbuilding 6

n atural

c lay

b elow s econd f loor i n a nd a round e ntrance o f i n

t he

p assage

f oundation s carcement O utbuildings; w ithin a nd

r ound

t he b roch,

i n t he f abric o f

O utbuildings; g eneral o ccupation O utworks; G reat D itch, l owest p art,

i n t he S E

o f

O ut-

t han

t he

O utbuilding 9

a t a l ower

l evel

t he g atehouse

s ometimes

i n m idden

O utworks; O utworks;

b etween quarried s ide o f G reat D itch a nd i nserted c urtain wall r ampart b etween M iddle a nd O uter D itches

O utworks;

o utside e ntrance

t hrough o utbuildings

u nder

' late' p avement

B roch Period/Post B roch B /P8(1)

B roch:

5 /Pß(2) 8 /P8(3)

O utbuildings; O utbuildings;

g alleries,

g uard c ells,

i ntramural s tair a nd

i nterior

g eneral o ccupation C raw's c hamber 5 9 ( pottery o nly)

5 /Pb(4)

O utworks;

o utside g atehouse

B /PB(5)

O utworks;

u pper f ill o f G reat D itch

B /PB(6).

O utworks;

M iddle D itch

B /PB(7)

O utworks;

O uter D itch

Post B roch P B(1)

;Broch w all

t op a nd u pper f ill,

c hambers

o ver e ntrance

P B(2) P B(3)

S hamrock, Annexe, S L onghouse

P B(4) P S(S)

A rea N E o f S L onghouse N orth e astern b uildings

P 5(b)

W estern

P B(7) P 5(b)

R e-used e ntrance F eatures

' D'

l evel

P B(9)

b eyond b roch P eriod c urtain wall,

t o E .

P 8(10)+

V iking

P B(11)+

t o t he B roch P eriod g atehouse P robable V iking b urial i n N W e xtreme o f G reat D itch

P B(12)+

P robable V iking

F or p ottery,

b uilding(s) p assage

t hrough

b roch

t o S a nd S E -C raw's

b urial

c onvenience a nd

a nd a rea

t he

i nserted

b urial

f inds

h ave

o utbuildings

a nd

p art

o f

1 92

r e-used

b roch

t he e xternal

p assage

l eaving

t he M iddle D itch

b een d ealt w ith a s

t he s amples.

i n

p aving

i n n orthern w all o r k erb o f

i n S W

c ontexts

t hree g roups -t he s mall

f inds,

t he

The s mall f inds

T his

d escription e ncompasses

T he

c atalogue

t hose

f or

t he

r ecommended T he w ithin

b y

i n t his

w hich a re

o ther

t han p ottery.

s ection w ere w ritten b y

b y o r J C lose-Brooks.

T he

t he a uthor w ith f ormat

o f

t he

t he e ntries

e xception f ollows

o f t hat

D r C lose-Brooks.

d ivision

i t.

e ntries

m oulds

a ll a rtefacts

T he

p art

o f

t he

f unctional a spect

o f

t his

o f

a rtefacts

c atalogue i s

b y m aterial

i s e mphasized a s

a nd

f ar a s

t he

t ype

o f

a rtefact

p ossible.

B one I mplements P erforated m ounts P egs f rom m ounts P egs U nperforated

( some w ith a ssociated

p egs)

1 - 23 - 34

i 7

3 5 - 38 7 3 9 - 74

p lates

L ong-handled c ombs S ocketed h andles

4 4

N eedles P ins

7 9 - 94 9 5 - 1 18

a nd

b odkins

- 58

-

P in h eads

1 19

P ointed

1 23 -146

i mplements

R ubbing a nd V essels a nd

p olishing i mplements l ids m ade f rom c etacean v ertebrae

-122

1 47

-166

Q uern h andles

1 77

-182

S pindle w horls B obbins

1 83 -187 1 88 -190

G aming e quipment

1 91 -195

M iscellaneous

1 96 -217

T 7 67 7 -7 7

B ronze 2 18 - 2 20 2 21 - 2 29 2 30 -232

B rooches k ings C hains N eedles

a nd p ins

2 33 -239

M iscellaneous

2 40 -248

Knife

2 49 -255

I ron b lades

S hield b osses M iscellaneous

2 56 -2 57 2 58 -264

S tone S pindle w horls

2 65 -287

P erforated s tone d isc l oom-weights P erforated p ebble l oom-weights

2 88 -2 99 3 06 -301

G aming e quipment S tones w ith i ncised m arks P ebble p olishers

3 02 -3 04 a nd d esigns

3 0 . 5 7 -310

T I T -T g.

V essels

3 15 :. -322

L amps

3 2S - 3 31

Anvil

s tones

3 31 - 3 36

P ivot

s tones

737- -36J

S tones, w ith s mall r ough p ecked h ollows W hetstones

3 6j -371 3 71 -3 92

R otary q uerns

3 91 -428

S addle querns

4 2

S addle q uerns M ortar

-437

4 38 - 4 40 4 41

w ith p ecked h ollows

T rough querns

4 41 - 4 47

G rinders P ounders

4 48 - 5 50

. 5 1

G rinders/pounders P estles

6 26 -646 ( 77 - 6 60

O ther s triking

6 61

P ot

t ools

l ids

N otched a nd

-' 7 27

- 6 63

6 64 - 7 75 p erforated p ieces

o f

f lagstone

1 93

7 76 -786

M iscellaneous

7 87

-803

-811

O ther a rtefacts C rucibles

8 ( 14

M oulds G lass

8 11 -628 8 29- -

eads A mber b F lint a nd q uartz P umice

r k 37

S trike a l ights H aematite S tones w ith a dhesions

8 56 -852 8 53 -856 8 59

u r -

G eneral m iscellaneous

8 66 -862

8 35» -836 -843 8 44 - -849

T he p ottery ( 863-1893) i F l iM

T he

i dentified, t ask h e h ad

p ottery

( both t hat i n E dinburgh a nd

t hat o riginally i n t he S ite

t hen s orted o ut f rom t he n on-feature o nes. T he R SM(Q) p ottery w as s imilarly k ind c ollaboration o f t heir C onservation D epartment a nd D r J C lose-Brooks. T he

M useum)

w as

c leaned, n umbered a nd c hecked o ver f or f its b y t he p resent a uthor. I n t he l atter t he k ind a ssistance o f M r T B orthwidk a nd M rs K A ntonio. T he f eature s herds w ere

c ataloguing

o f

t he p ottery,

t hus p repared,

t reated w ith t he

w as u ndertaken b y M r S U racknell

a nd

e dited b y t he a uthor. C lassification w as p rimarily b y v isually i dentified f abric t ype a nd t his d ivides t he c atalogue i nto e ight p arts ( app 2 .4). W ithin t hese e ight f abric c ategories t he p ot s herds h ave b een g rouped i nto r ims, b ases a nd b ody s herds. O f t hese, m easurements a re g iven o nly f or t he r ims w hich w ere s ubdivided i nto e ight f orms a nd a r esidual c ategory ( ibid). S ample s herds ( indicated b y t he l etter P ) w ere s ubsequently t hin-sectioned b y D avid W illiams ( app 2 .5). P ottery b earing e vidence o f b otanical r emains i s d istinguished b y t he l etter B .

T he s amples ( 1894-2104) T his a ctivity

e mbraces s amples o f a ll t ypes a nd i ncludes p ieces o f b ut n ot t o t he e xtent o f b eing c lassifiable a s a rtefacts.

s amples w ere s ubmitted

t o C amilla D ickson,

t he b one,

b one m odified T he c harcoal

b y h uman a nd w ood

a ntler a nd o ther f aunal r emains

t o L in

B arnetson, a nd t he i ron o re, s lag, f urnace p arts e tc t o E lizabeth S later. T he r elevant c atalogue e ntries a re a s w ritten b y t he s pecialists e xcept f or s mall e mendations n ecessary t o b ring

t heir s tyle i nto

l ine w ith t hat o f

t he w hole.

A s mall r esidual g roup o f m iscellaneous

s amples w as n ot s ubmitted t o a ny s pecialist f or i dentification a nd a nalysis; i t w as f elt t hat t he g roup w as a ltogether t oo u npromising a nd h eterogeneous. T he d ivisions o f t his p art o f t he c atalogue c an b e s ummarised a s

f ollows:

C harcoal W ood

1 894 -1906 1 907 -1908

B one, a ntler a nd o ther f aunal r emains I ron o re, s lag, f urnace p arts e tc

1 909 -2067 77 77 (7 3 - 7 23.

M iscellaneous

2 093 -2104

I n

a ddition

t o t he t hree c ategories o f ' finds

w hich s hoüld n ever h ave b een k ept. 2 114) a nd t hey s hould b e d iscarded, d isposable.

g iven a bove t here w ere

a lso

T he l atter w ere d efinitely n ot ' finds' i n a ny a rchaeological s ense o f

T HE CATALOGUE

B one i mplements P erforated m ounts, ( some w ith a ssociated p egs) T hin r ectangular o r s ub-rectangular p lates o f a ntler, a nimal o r c etacean b one v ariously p erforated a t t he e nds a nd s ometimes a long t heir l ength w ith s urvive i n s itu.

a

n umber

S ome o f t hese a re o n d isplay i n t he S ite M useum ( 2105 a s w ere a n umber o f s imilar i tems w hich w ere m ore e asily

h oles d esigned t o t ake p ointed p egs,

1 94

s ome o f w hich

t he w ord.

I

R ectangular, o ne

a t

m arks. 2

1 14mm,

R ectangular,

M L

O ne

p erforated a s

o ut

o f

9 mm,

a nd

a b roken

o gam-like

e nd

i ncised

( fig 2 .17)

( RSM(Q))

w ith a p erforation a t e ach e nd. ( fig 2 .18)

M L 8 8mm,

p erforations

is

8 (2)

cetacean b one, w ith t hree h oles a t e ach e nd ( one t wo m ore a long m ain a xis. A p iece a ppears t o b e

8(3)

M T 6 mm.

o f

a t e ach e nd

( GA 3 5.214)

a r ectangular

b een w ith

t his.

( fig 2 .18)

( one with ( SM)

c etacean b one m ount;

L P res

1 09mm,

a

M W 4 7mm,

p eg

M T

7 mm.

( RSM(Q))

s ide.

M L 2 99mm,

M W 6 0mm,

M T 9 mm.

( GA 3 0.72)

( RSM(Q))

C igar-shaped,

c etacean

( with p eg i n p lace) P res 1 55mm, M U 2 9mm, 8

F ragment, ( RSM(Q)

9

3 3.460) 1 0

W P res 4 9mm,

w ith a p erforation a t

t he c omplete

w ith a p erforation i n i t. M T ö mm.

( GA 3 1.271)

M L

B /PB(1)

e nd

8 (2)

b roken o ne. L ( fig 2 .19) ( RSM(Q)) L P res

( fig 2 .18)

( fig 2 .19)

8(9)

( RSM(Q))

r ectangular, c etacean b one, w ith a p erforation a t o ne e nd a nd o ne a t t he o ther. L P res 9 1mm, MW 2 8mm, M T 6 mm. (GA

( fig 2 .18)

R ectangular, o ne a t

b one,

a nd t races of a nother a t t he o ther M T 6 mm, M L ( peg) 3 4mm. ( GA 3 2.349)

c etacean b one,

9 Umm,

D amaged, t races o f

B (3)

( RSM(Q))

S ub-rectangular, c etacean b one, w ith f our h oles a long e ach side. 1 72mm, M W 5 6mm , M T 6 mm. ( GA 3 2.306) ( fig 2 .17) ( RSM(Q)) 7

B/PB(1)

8 (9)

( fig 2 .18)

o ne

( GA 3 0.39)

o f

p eg

e nd

h aving

( fig 2 .17)

M T

p late a re a s eries

w ith t hree

M W 2 7mm,

L arge, r ectangular, w ith p eg i n i t) a nd c ut

w ith a p erforation a t o ne

t he

( GA 3 0.105)

a ntler,

( GA 3 2.351) 5

M W 3 3mm,

7 mm.

1 02mm,

r ecorded

A long

c etacean b one,

M T

R ectangular, i n).

4

o ther.

M L

M W 3 2mm, 3

c etacean b one,

t he

t he

( RSM(Q))

c etacean b one, w ith a p erforation a t o ne e nd a nd a b roken

o ther.

M L

1 36mm ,

M W 3 5mm,

M T 7 mm.

( GA 3 0.69)

8(3)

( fig 2 .19)

( kSM( 0) 1 1

I rregular, m iddle.

1 2

1 3

though c omplete,

M L d 6mm,

1 5

a ntler,

w ith a h ole a t ( GA 7 7.550)

M T 5 mm.

e ach e nd a nd i n t he

( fig 2 .18)

( SM)

O ne e nd of a r ectangular m ount w ith t hree p erforations. 1 0ömm , M W 4 Umm , M T l Omm. ( GA 3 5.285) ( fig 2 .18) ( SM) P erforated

f ragment

P res 3 5mm ,W 1 4

MW 3 7mm,

P res

i n p oor c ondition.

1 4mm ,

( GA 7 7.143)

p robably

t he s ame

T wo

p erforated e nds

o f

P res

1 41mm ,

M T 6 mm.

F ragmentary

M W 3 1mm, large

M ay n ot

M T 5 mm.

b e part

o f

L

P res

a m ount.

B /PB(2)

L

( HBM)

r ectangular a ntler mount.

r ectangular c etacean bone m ount.

ne e nd ( three w ith b roken p egs i n) t he a xis a t o ther. M L 2 80mm, M W 6 4mm, M T 8 mm. l east t wo a t o

L

B /PB(2)

1 ( 18M)

( GA 3 6.374 a nd 3 75)

F our h oles

a long

8(9)

a nd i ndications o f a t ( GA 35.361) ( fig 2 .17)

( h84) 1 6

R ectangular, a ntler, p erforated a t e ach e nd. 1 5mm. ( GA 3 3.449) ( fig 2 .18) ( RSM(Q))

1 7

R ectangular, c etacean b one, w ith a t he m iddle w ith a s mall p eg i n i t. 3 0.86)

1 6

( fig 2 .19)

C alcined, ( fig 2 .17)

1 9

T hree

3 0.85)

M T

8 (9)

p erforation a t e ach e nd a nd o ne i n M L 1 60mm, M W 2 7mm, M T 3 mm. ( GA

8(3)

o ne

a t

a ntler,

o ther.

w ith r emains of M L

1 13mm,

p erforations

M W 2 6mm,

M T 3 mm.

a t o ne e nd ( GA 7 7.476)

( RSM( 0)

f ragments

p erforations, f orming o nly t wo

M W 3 4mm,

( RSM(Q))

r ectangular,

a nd n o s ign o f

M L 9 9mm,

o ne

o f

a l ong

c etacean b one m ount w ith a

c ontaining

a b roken p eg.

t otal

O riginally

o f

r ecorded

s ix a s

a c omplete o bject n ine a nd a h alf i nches ( 242mm) l ong b ut n ow l engths. ( L P res 1 39mm a nd 1 U9mm, M t . ; 3 9mm, M T 6 mm. ( GA

( fig 2 .19)

( RSM(Q))

1 95

8(3)

2 0

P erforated, 9 3mm ,

2 1

2 2

c igar-shaped,

M W 2 7mm ,

M T 6 mm ,

b one

2 4mm.

m ount

( GA 3 2.35UA)

R ectangular

c etacean

p erforation o ff i n i t. ( RSM(Q))

a nd t wo p artially d estroyed o nes, L P res 1 13mm, M W 2 6mm, M T 4 mm.

b roken

a t

b oth

( fig 2 .19) e nds;

( GA 7 7.145)

5 mm.

R ectangular, d amaged. N ot

P ossible p art

8 (2)

o ne

i ntact

8 (2)

L P res

a

3 5mm ,

p erforation M W 1 5mm ,

M T

( 88M)

c etacean b one,

L P res

o f a m ount.

L P res ( RSM(Q))

o ne w ith a p eg s napped ( GA 3 2.3508) ( fig 2 .19)

F ragment o f a d ouble c hamfer a long o ne s ide a nd s igns o f o n t he o ther.

2 3

c etacean b one e nd w ith p eg i n s itu.

M L ( peg)

1 12mm ,

w ith a p erforation a t e ach e nd.

M W 3 9mm ,

M T

1 2mm.

( GA 3 5.284)

O ne e nd

( fig 2 .18)

8 /P8(2)

( SM)

l ocated

G A 6 0.68 8 (3) G A 3 0.131 8 (3) G A 3 1.267 8 (9) P egs f rom m ounts P ointed p egs

w hittled f rom a ntler,

a nimal o r

c etacean b one w hich a re

i dentical t o t hose f ound i n s itu t hrough s ome p erforated m ounts. D istinctive f eatures a re t heir u nfinished s hanks a nd t heir h eads s imply f ormed

w here t he p eg h as

b een c ut o ff

f lush w ith t he s urface

o f t he

m ount. 2 4

M L 3 7mm,

M D 6 mm.

( GA 3 2.358)

( fig 2 .18)

( RSM (Q))

8 (2)

2 5

M L 3 3mm ,

M D 4 mm .

( GA 3 3.417)

( fig 2 .18)

( RSM(Q))

8 /P8(2)

2 6

M L 3 1mm,

M D 7 mm.

( GA 3 3.418)

( fig 2 .18)

( RSM(Q))

B /PB(2)

2 7

M L 3 4mm ,

M D 6 mm .

( GA 3 3.421)

( fig 2 .18)

( RSM(Q))

B /P8(2)

2 8

B urnt a nd s lightly w aisted n ear h ead. ( fig 2 .18) ( RSM(Q))

2 9

M L 4 9mm,

M D 6 mm.

( GA 3 3.4298)

3 0

M L 5 3mm ,

M D 7 mm.

( GA 3 3.441)

( fig 2 .18)

( RSM(Q))

P 8(7)

3 1 —

M L 4 3mm,

M D 7 mm.

( GA 3 3.462)

( fig 2 .18)

( RSM(Q))

B (9)

3 2 _

M L 2 7mm ,

M D 5 mm.

( GA 3 8.650)

( fig 2 .18)

( H8M)

B /PB(2)

3 3 —

M L 3 3mm,

M D 8 mm.

( GA 3 9.763)

( fig 2 .18)

( H E IM)

3 4 —

M L 3 8mm ,

M D b mm .

( GA 7 7.192)

( fig 2 .18)

( RSM(Q))

L engths

o f

M L 3 4mm,

( fig 2 .18)

M D 6 mm.

( GA 3 3.427)

( RSM(Q))

B /PB(2)

8 /PB(2)

P egs

3 5

a ntler,

a nimal

o r

c etacean b one

s ection a s n ecessary, o ther.

p ointed a t

M L

M D

O ther f eat ures/comments

7 3mm

1 3mm

E nd c onstricted

o ne e nd

m ade r oughly r ound

r oughly t erminated

( GA 7 7.495)

a t

i n t he

( SM)

-

( RSM(Q))

8 /PB(1)

( H8M)

8 (6)

( fig 2 .18) 3 6

7 6mm

1 2mm

( GA 3 0.137) ( fig 2 .18)

3 7 _

7 7mm

1 2mm

( GA 3 5.268) ( fig 2 .18)

1 96

3 8

1 28mm

2 7mm

( GA 7 7.503)

P iece o f

( SM)

a ntler, w hittled a t o ne e nd a nd t rimmed a t t he o ther. U nperforated p lates R oughly o blong f lat p ieces o f a ntler, a nimal o r c etacean b one. M L

M W

M T

O ther f eat ures/comm ents

3 9 _

1 40mm

4 0 _

1 25mm

3 5mm

1 3mm

(GA 7 7.282)

( RSM (Q))

-

(GA 7 7.281) (fig 2 .20)

( RSM(Q))

-

C etacean

( GA 3 0.87)

( RSM(Q))

8 (3)

b one

( fig 2 .20)

( RSM(Q))

B /PB(2)

( SM)

8 (9)

S ub-tria ngular s ect ion

3 8mm

1 7mm

S emi-circ ular s ect ion; o ne e nd b roken

4 1

4 2

1 30mm

4 5mm

1 33mm

5 2mm

8 mm

2 5mm

C etacean b one;

4 3

1 32mm

5 6mm

1 3mm

( GA 3 1.188)

c rude

S emi-cir-

(GA 3 5.368)

c ular s ect ion

L ong-handled c ombs 4 4

R ough, u ndecorated, a ntler, w ith t eeth i n v ery a braded c ondition. S ection c urved a t t eeth. M L 8 7mm , M W 4 6mm , M T 1 5mm. ( GA 7 7.184) ( fig 2 .21) ( RSM(Q))

4 5

U ndecorated, a ntler, f ish-tailed, w ith t eeth b roken a nd b adly r epaired GA 3 6.386) ( fig 2 .21) ( HM I) w ith g lue. M L I 33mm , M W 4 4mm , M T 6 mm. $ (

B /PB(2)

4 6

T ooth

B /PB(2)

a nd p art o f s haft d ecorated w ith i ncised c hevrons a nd t wo

a cross b ase o f t eeth. ( fig 2 .19) ( HBM) 4 7

U ndecorated,

a ntler,

L P res 6 4mm ,

f ish-tailed,

W P res

1 2mm,

d amaged a t d entated e nd.

t eeth m arkedly c urved; a t o ther e nd, o n b ack, i ron p rojects. L P res 1 13mm, M W 6 7mm, M T 2 2mm. ( RBM) 4 8

4 9

l ines

( GA 3 5.338)

S ection a t

3 5.283)

( fig 2 .21)

R ough,

u ndecorated, ( GA 3 5.216)

U ndecorated,

B /PB(2)

a s napped-off p iece o f ( GA 3 5.322) ( fig 2 .21)

H andle o f c etacean b one f ish-tailed l ong-handled c omb w ith t eeth e ither u ncut o r r emoved w ithout t race. M L 7 2mm, M W 4 8mm, M T l Omm. ( GA

6 mm. 5 0

M T 7 mm.

B /PB(2)

( SM) h eavily c alcined,

( fig 2 .21)

c etacean b one,

a ntler.

M L 7 6mm,

M D 4 2mm, M T

B /PB(2)

( HBM) f ish-tailed,

w ith p art o f

t he d entated e nd

8 (9)

b roken a way a nd t he r emainder o nly b earing s tumps. T he f itting p iece w ith c omplete t eeth i s r ecorded. L P res 7 6mm, M W 5 8mm, M T 1 7mm. ( GA 3 3.455) 5 1

b utt

( fig 2 .21)

a nd p art o f

( RSM(o)) t he d entated e nd o f

a n u ndecorated

l ong-handled

o f c etacean b one w hich j oin t o g ive t he c omplete l ength. P res 3 4mm , M T I lmm. ( GA 3 3.436) ( fig 2 .21) ( RSM(Q))

1 97

c omb

M L I 24mm ,

W

P B(7)

5 2

A ntler, o f

f ish-tailed,

t eeth.

3.409) 3 5 3

o f

5 ömm, 5 4

b one,

t eeth

c urved.

d amaged a t d entated e nd.

1 5mm.

U ndecorated,

o n o ne s ide

M L 9 9mm,

( GA 3 3.400) a ntler,

S ection a t

M W 4 8mm ,

M T 5 mm.

C etacean

b one,

U ndecorated, 1 3mm.

5 7

( fig 2 .21)

f ish-tailed,

t eeth m arkedly ( GA 3 2.294)

U entated

e nd

P aired

d amaged a t

c urved a nd

d amaged

d amaged a t

( fig 2 .21)

a t

b ase

1 7mm.

( GA

8 (9)

i ncised

l ines M L

a cross

1 00mm,

1 3 (9)

M W

b oth d entated a nd

s tumps m uch w orn.

b utt

M L 8 0mm,

( RSM(Q))

a t

b oth t eeth a nd

t ooth e nd.

b utt

e nd.

O n

o f t he t eeth. ( RSM( ))

L

P res

L P res

1 23mm,

M W 3 6mm,

M T

8 (9)

1 3 (9)

( RSM(Q))

c etacean b one;

i s a n i ncised c ross.

( fig 2 .21) 5 8

a ntler,

o f

l ine M T

( RSM(Q))

( fig 2 .21)

f ish-tailed,

( GA 3 1.221)

b roken,

a nd

3 9mm,

c onverging a rcs o n b ody.

b oth s ides t here i s a n i ncised l ine a t t he b ase 9 2mm, M W 4 5mm, M T 1 7mm. ( GA 3 1.275) ( fig 2 .21) 5 6

M W

( RSM(Q))

t eeth a nd a p attern o f

M T

e nd.

5 5

( fig 2 .21)

C etacean b ase

w ith a n i ncised c ross

S ection a t

-

a bove

t he

L P res 7 2mm,

t eeth, M W 3 6mm,

t wo M T

o f 5 mm.

w hich

a re

P B(7)

( GA 3 0.56)

( RSM( 0)

B utt m ade o f

a h alved a ntler b urr w hich f its w ith a f ragment c omprising

8 /P8(1)

f our t eeth a ttached t o a s mall p ortion o f t he s haft. T he b ody i s d ecorated w ith a n i ncised c ross a nd t here a re s imilar l ines a t t he b ase o f

t he

t eeth and a cross

3 0.11/1U) N ot

( fig 2 .19)

t he s haft.

M L

1 47mm,

M W 4 9mm,

M T 2 0mm.

( GA

( RSM(Q))

l ocated

GA 3 5.282 8 /Pb(2) G A 3 5.330 8 /P8(2) S odketed handles T hese f all i nto t hree g roups: T hose m ade f rom t he e nd o f a n a ntler t ine t hen s ocketed; s ometimes t he h andle h as d ecorated n ear M L

a nd o ccasionally

t here i s a

which h as b een c ut o ff a nd b een f urther s haped a nd

s ingle o r o pposing r ivet h oles

t he s ocket. M D

M D epth

O ther f eatures/comments

( socket) 5 9 —

1 02mm

1 8mm

5 1mm

( GA 7 7.280)

( RSM(Q))

6 0 —

1 08mm

2 4mm

6 6mm

( GA 7 7.279)

( RSM(Q))

6 1 _

1 23mm

2 2mm

2 0mm

( GA 7 7.278)

( RSM(Q))

6 2 _

1 34+km 3 5mm

4 0mm

( GA 7 7.277)

( RSM( 0)

6 3 . . _ . _

6 6mm

( GA 7 7.179)

( RSM( 0)

B roken a cross

1 8mm

ö +mm

S ocket w hat s tone

6 4

s ocket

a nd b utt

6 1mm

1 6mm

b lo c ked w ith

a ppears

t o

b e a

( fig 2 .22)

t ang

4 4mm

( GA 7 7.178)

( RSM(Q))

( fig 2 .22) 6 5

1 21mm

1 9mm

4 4mm

B roken a cross

s ocket

( GA 7 7.177)

( RSM(Q))

( fig 2 .22) b b

6 7

9 9mm

1 07mm

1 5mm

2 0 m

3 2mm

1 9mm

S moothed

t o a

( GA 3 5.194)

r ectangular s ection

( fig 2 .23)

R ivet

( GA 3 3.395) ( fig 2 .23)

h ole o n o ne

1 98

s ide

( SM)

( RSM(Q))

8 /P8(2)

P B(3)

b ö

I lömm

2 1mm

( GA 3 1.276)

3 2mm

( RSM(Q))

( fig 2 .22) b 9

1 13mm

I bmm

4 5mm

S moothed t o a h exagonal

( GA 3 0.76)

s ection i n t he b ody a nd

( fig 2 .23)

( RSM(Q))

d ecorated w ith a d ense c hevron d esign. O pposing r ivet h oles. 7 U

6 3mm

1 7mm

( GA 3 0.59)

6 mm

( RSM(Q))

( fig 2 .22) 7 1

1 62mm

2 bmm

( GA 3 0.55)

8 Umm

( RSM(Q))

( fig 2 .22) T hose m ade b y c utting

t he b urr e nd

f rom a n a ntler a nd t hen

s ocketing

i t; t his i nvolved t rimming t he b urr t o m ake i t s mooth a nd t he r emoval o f t he s ide t ines a s n ecessary.

7 2

7 3+mm

2 bmm

7 4mm

I n p oor c ond ition;

(GA 7 7.519)

( HBM)

( fig 2 .22)

s ocketed e nd l argely g one. B urr t rimmed d own 7 3

1 49mm

3 9mm

1 22mm

( GA 7 7.275)

( RSM(Q))

T ines

( GA 3 1.191)

( RSM(Q))

t rimmed f rom s ides

( fig 2 .22)

B row t ine c ut o ff a nd u pper e nd s awn a nd s ocket c d

1 13mm

7 4

4 5mm

3 9mm

ß /P8(2)

C ylindrical l engths o f a ntler, a nimal o r c etacean b one w ith a s ocket u sually i n j ust o ne e nd. T his i ncludes b oth c rudely m ade h andles a nd f inely

m anufactured o nes w ith

t apering o r

p arallel s ides a nd o val o r

r ound s ections. 7 2mm

1 8mm

W ith knife

( GA 3 1.277)

b lade -s ee 2 52. S lightly

( figs 2 .22 + 2 .44)

( RSM(Q))

P B(2)

t apering f lattened c ylinder W ith a n , o gam i nscription a long i t 5 7mm

I lmm

W ith k nife b lade -s ee 2 53. T aperi ng c ylinder

7 5

b 9mm

1 5mm

2 9mm

( GA 7 7.141)

( HBM)

( figs 2 .22 + 2 .44)

C ylindrical;

( GA 3 0.46)

t hree

( figs 2 .22

i mpressed d ots o n b utt e nd

1 99

( RSM(Q))

P B(1)

8 (9)

7 6

7 6 =

1 7mm

2 4mm

T apering

( GA 7 7.523)

C ylinder w ith s lightly

( rig , 2 .22)

( HBM)

b roken s ocket. B utt a lso s ocketed M D epth 2 0mm 7 7

1 27mm

5 5mm

ö lmm

S ection o f

( GA 3 3.434)

a ntler s awn a t b oth e nds a nd s ocketed

( tig 2 .22)

( RSM(Q))

P B(9)

a t u pper o ne 7 8

8 1+mm

B roken h ol— l ow c ylinder

2 8mm

( GA 7 7.180)

( RSM(Q))

o f a ntler w hich m ay h ave b een a h andle

N ot

l ocated

G A 3 3.433 B /PB(2) G A 3 5.68 P B(3) G A 3 8.732 B /PB(2)

N eedles a nd b odkins T hese f all i nto t hree g roups: — F lat p lates o f a symmetric, M L

M W

b one s haped l ike e longated,

a nd o ften s lightly

heir a xes d iamonds p erforated a t t he j unction o f -t M T

O ther f ea— t ures/com— m ents

7 9

1 00mm

9 mm

3 mm

8 0

8 8mm

1 6mm

3 mm

8 1

6 8+mm

l Umm

2 mm

S quare p er—

( GA 3 5.357)

f oration

( fig 2 .24)

O ne e nd b roken o ff.

( HBM)

B (9)

( GA 3 8.660) ( fig 2 .24)

( HBM)

B /PB(2)

( GA 3 6.414) ( fig 2 .24)

( HBM)

B /PB(2)

( GA 3 5.210)

( HBM)

B /PB(2)

( GA 3 2.380) ( fig 2 .25)

( RSM(Q))

8 (3)

( GA 3 5.224)

( SM)

8 (9)

( GA 3 3.467)

( RSM(Q))

B /PB(2)

( HBM)

8 (9)

R ectangular p erforation 8 2

6 4mm

7 mm

2 mm

( fig 2 .24) 8 3

8 4 _

8 5

3 1+mm

3 5+mm

7 2mm

8 mm

8 mm

1 0mm

2 mm

1 .5mm

B r o ken a t p erforation; m ay n ot

b e

o f

t ype

t his

b roken a t p erforation; m ay n ot

b e

o f

t ype

t his

2 .5mm

( fig 2 .25) 8 6

3 74 mm

1 2mm

3 mm

O ne e nd b roken o ff

( GA 3 8.694) ( fig 2 .25)

2 00

T hose p erforated n ear o ne w here t here m ay b e a w idening of a ccommodate t his; 6 9mm

8 9

9 0

b mm

s ections

2 mm

t he s haft

t o

t end t o b e o val o r r ound.

P erforation

( GA 3 4.85)

d rilled

( fig 2 .25)

(HBM)

8 (10)

7 2+mm

7 mm

3m m

B roken a cross p erforation

( GA 3 0.125) ( fig 2 .25)

(RSM(Q))

B (3)

4 1mm

4 mm

2 mm

M ay h ave b een r epoint ed

( GA 3 5.598)

(HBM)

B /PB(2)

B roken

( GA 7 7.149)

a cross

( fig 2 .25)

( ) ba ir n

5 mm

3 mm

( fig 2 .25)

(HBM)

p erforation 9 1

7 4mm

7 mm

3 mm

T ip

b roken

( GA 3 4.78)

(HBM)

8 (10)

( fig 2 .25)

M iscellaneous 9 2

S liver

o f

n eedle.

b one w ith a c entral p erforation m aking i t

M L 8 0mm , M W I lmm ,

M T 2 .5mm.

l ook

l ike a

( GA 7 7.516) (fig 2 .24)

c rude

( hBM)

9 3

F inely f inished flat c igar-shaped o bject w ith a n i ncomplete p erforation o ne t hird a long i ts l ength. M L 9 3mm , M W 9 mm , M T 4 mm. ( GA 3 3.438) ( fig 2 .26) ( RSM(Q))

B/PB(2)

9 4

A

PM(1)

l imb b one s haft c ut obliquely a nd p erforated t hrough t he

p roduced. ( fig 2 .25)

B ears v ery ( RSM(Q))

h igh p olish.

L P res 5 2mm,

M D

I lmm.

p rotrusion ( GA 3 0.1)

P ins T hese f all i nto f our g roups. T hose w here n atural a rticulations h ave b een l eft a s h eads w ithout b eing m odified m uch, i f a t a ll. M L

M W

M T

O ther f eat ures/comm ents

9 5

4 7mm

1 2mm

4 mm

I mmature p ig f ibula, d istal e nd

( GA 3 1.195)

( RSM(Q))

( fig 2 .26)

p reserved 9 6

7 0mm

I lmm

3 .5mm

F ibula, d ist al e nd p reserved

( GA 7 7.151) ( fig 2 .24)

9 7

8 2mm

1 4mm

4 mm

D istal e nd

( GA 7 7.150)

p reserved

( fig 2 .24)

9 8

9 9

I OU

3 7mm

7 4mm

b 9mm

7 mm

1 4mm

7 mm

4 mm

4 mm

3 mm

D istal e nd

( GA 3 2.305)

p reserved

.25) ( fig 2

F ibula, d ist al e nd p reserved

( GA 3 7.507)

F ibula,

d is-

( GA 3 4.103)

t al e nd

p re-

( fig 2 .24)

( RSM(Q))

B /PB(1)

B /PB(2)

( fig 2 .24)

s erved; p oss ibly n ot w orked

2 01

( HBM)

8 (10)

1 01

7 9mm

I lmm

4 mm

O vicaprid

( GA 3 3.399)

u lna ,

( fig 2 .26)

d istal

( RSM(Q))

B /PB(2)

e nd p res erved

T hose w here t he h ead i s s imply a s quared-off o r r ounded

t ermination o f

t he s haft. 1 02

5 9+mm

b mm

4 .5mm

1 03

5 9mm

ö mm

1 04

7 8mm

1 05

4 1+mm

P oint m iss ing

( GA 3 2.337) ( fig 2 .26)

( RSM(Q))

8 (1)

5 mm

( GA 3 3.454) ( fig 2 .26)

( RSM(Q))

B (9)

M D

7 mm

( GA 3 5.200) ( fig 2 .24)

( HBM)

B /PB(2)

m l )

5 mm

( GA 3 5.80) ( fig 2 .24)

( HBM)

P B(3)

T hose w ith d ecorative t erminals 1 06

G lobular h eaded p in; f our i ncised d ots a round h ead a nd o ne c entrally o n P B(3) t op. M L 3 9mm , M L ( head) 6 mm , M D ( shaft) 3 mm. ( GA 3 5.59) ( fig 2 .25) ( HBM)

1 07

k ing-headed p in. ( fig 2 .26)

M L 9 6mm,

M W I lmm, M D ( shaft)

5 mm ( GA 3 3.397)

P B(3)

( RSM(Q))

1 08

P in w ith s quarish s ection g oing t o a c hisel p oint; w aisted a nd c ircular n ear h ead. M L 4 3mm , M D 4 mm. ( GA 3 0.154) ( fig 2 .26) ( RSM(Q))

B /PB(1)

1 09

P in w ith d amaged p lain t erminal w hich c ontains i ncised l ine r ound i t. L P res 9 6mm , M D 5 .5mm . ( RSM(Q))

B /PB(1)

t races o f h aving h ad a n ( GA 3 0.141) ( fig 2 .26)

F eatureless p ieces o f s hafts a nd p oints L P res

M D

O ther f eat ures/co w . m ents

1 10

3 3+mm

4 .5mm

P oint

( GA 3 0.34)

( RSM(Q))

B /PB(1)

1 11

5 5+mm

4 mm

P oint

( GA 3 5.250)

( HBM)

B /PB(2)

1 12

2 8+mm

3 mm

P oint

( GA 3 8.680)

( HBM)

8 (13)

1 13

3 1+mm

3 .5mm

( GA 7 7.477)

( HBM)

-

( GA 7 7.218)

( RSM(Q))

-

P oint,

p os-

s ibly o f i vory , 1 14

3 0+mm

b mm

S haft

1 15

5 2+mm

6 .5mm

S haft,

b urnt

( GA 7 7.219)

( RSM(Q))

_

1 16

4 3+mm

8 mm

S haft. V ery t hidk f or a p in

( GA 7 7.480)

( HBM)

-

1 17

3 7+mm

4 mm

P oint

( GA 3 6.379)

( HBM)

B /PB(2)

2 02

18

9 64 -mm

4 mm

P oint? A s lender

( GA 3 5.110)

( H I SM)

b /PB(2)

c urved, p ointed s haft o f b one w ith o ne b roken e nd. P oss ibly n ot w orked

N ot l ocated G A G A G A G A G A

3 1.278 3 2.357 3.432 3 3.463 3 3 5.51

5 (9) 5 (2) B /PB(2) 5 (9) P 5(2)

G A G A G A G A G A

3 5.324 3 6.424 3 6.430 3 7.573 7.22 7

B /PB(2) B /PB(2) B /PB(2) B /PB(2) P B(10)

P in-heads 19 1

S olid

b one

p in-head w ith s emi-circular c ross s ection a nd

i ron p in t hrough i t. ( RSM(Q))

M L 2 0mm , M W 1 2mm , M T 9 mm.

r emains

( GA 3 3.396)

o f

1 20

G lobular c etacean i vory p in-head. O pposite p erforation, a r ecess t o r eceive e nd o f m issing p in. M T 2 2mm, M L 2 3mm , M L 2 3mm , M W 2 6mm. ( GA 3 5.191) ( fig 2 .26) ( L IBM)

1 21

G lobular c etacean i vory p in-head. I ron p in p rotruded o ut a s w ell a s i n w hen f ound, b ut n ow b ro ken f lush w ith s ocket. M T 1 9mm , M L 2 2mm , M W 2 3mm. ( GA 3 1.234) ( fig 2 .26) ( RSM(Q))

1 22

R emains o f h emispherical b one p in-head w ith s tump o f p in o f s ame m aterial i n i t.

N P res 1 3mm, M D 1 5mm.

( GA 3 2.336)

( fig 2 .26)

( RSM(Q))

P ointed i mplements A g roup w ith

t he c ommon f eature o f aw or ked p oint w hich h as b een

a s a t ool; o ut o f t hese o nly o ne d istinct c ommonly r ecurring b e s ingled o ut.

u sed

t ype c an

B ovine a nd c ervid u lnas w ith t heir d istal e nds r educed a nd u sed a s a p oint a nd o ften w ith t heir p roximal e nds m odified t o f orm a h andle.

1 23

M L

M W

M T

15mm

3 5mm

2 3mm

O ther f eat ures/comm ents C ervid?;

( GA 7 7.520)

( HBM)

( RSM(Q))

u nfused p roximal e nd 1 24

1 23mm

3 6mm

2 0mm

b ovine; p roximal e nd m odified a s h andle

( GA 3 3.452) ( fig 2 .27)

1 25

1 92mm

5 8mm

3 5mm

B ovine; u nf used p roximal e nd

(GA 7 7.515) ( fig 2 .27)

2 03

( SM)

P B(3) .

( fig 2 .26)

B (9)

B /PB(2)

5 (1)

1 26

1 42mm

3 9mm

1 6mm

b ovine;

u n-

(GA 7 7.497)

f used p roximal e nd

( SM)

( fig 2 .27)

m odified a s h andle 1 27

15mm 1

4 1mm

1 6mm

B ovine o r c ervid; u n-

( GA 3 3.426) (fig 2 .27)

( RSM(Q))

8 (9)

B ovine;

( GA 3 3.424)

( RSM(Q))

8 (9)

p roximal e nd

( fig 2 .27)

( RSM(Q))

B /PB(1)

f used p roximal e nd m odified a s h andle 1 28

I 72mm

4 1mm

3 1mm

u nfused; d istal w hitt led t o a p oint 1 29

1 55mm

5 1mm

1 8mm

B ovine;

u n-

(GA 3 0.30)

f used p roximal e nd. A long o ne s ide a re

( fig 2 .27)

° ga te -like m arkings 1 30

8 6+mm

4 8mm

2 1mm

(GA 7 7.524)

B ovine; u n-

( 88M)

f used p roximal e nd m odified a s h andle; d ist al e nd b roken o ff b ut p resuma bly o nce p ointed 1 31

8 91 -mm

1 7+mm 9 +mm

B roken o ff

( GA 3 3.443)

' (R SM(Q))

( GA 3 2.381)

( RSM(Q))

P B(7)

d istal e nd o f a n u lna; p ointed a nd w orn i n u se 1 32

2 9+mm

M D

7 mm

B lunt t ip s imilar t o t he u sed d istal e nds o f u lnas

M iscellaneous 1 33

S liver s quare.

1 34

S liver o f b one w ith a p ointed e nd w hich m ay h ave m ade. M L 6 3mm , M W I lmm , M T 6 mm. ( GA 3 5.241) ( HBM)

1 35

S liver m ade.

1 36

o f a ntler, o ne e nd f orming a p oint a nd t he o ther f inished M L 7 4mm , M W 1 5mm , M T 9 mm. ( GA 3 5.296) ( fig 2 .27) ( SM)

o f

b een

i ntentionally

8 (9)

a ntler w ith a p ointed e nd w hich m ay h ave b een

i ntentionally

8 (9)

M L 4 4mm , M W 1 3mm ,

A rticulation

o f

M T 7 mm.

s capula

b lunt, b ut u sed p oint. 2 .28) ( HBM) 1 37

( GA 3 5.252)

w ith v estiges o f M L 9 2mm ,

M W 4 3mm ,

b luntly p ointed s plinter o f

l ong b one;

( GA 7 7.422)

( fig 2 .28)

2 6mm ,

8 (9)

M T 2 0mm.

( HEM)

b lade m ade M T 4 2mm.

i nto

a pparently u sed. ( HBM)

2 04

a

c rude,

( GA 7 7.420)

M L 8 8mm,

( fig

M W

1 38

S plinter

f rom

a

b ovine

t ibia w ith t races

o f

a n

u nfused

p roximal

8 (9)

a rticulation a t o ne e nd a nd a p oint w hich h as b een p olished b y w ear a t t he o ther. M L 1 77mm, M W 4 8mm, M T 2 4mm. ( GA 3 5.245) ( fig 2 .27) ( HBM) 1 39

D istal e nd o f a s heep t ibia ( unfused) w ith s haft c rudely p ointed w orn. M L 8 1mm, M W 1 8mm, M T 1 4mm. ( GA 3 ( 3.60) ( fig 2 .27) ( iBM)

1 40

P iece

o f

s haft o f

t he b utt o f

( GA 3 3.453)

P res 8 mm. 1 41

P art

t o a p oint.

2 .28) 1 42

i s m issing.

( fig 2 .27)

L P res

1 43

1 44

1 45

L

P res

e nd

o f

7 2mm,

a m etapodial

7 7.343)

D istal

end

( fig 2 .28) o f

M W 2 2mm ,

M W 2 2mm,

M T 7 mm.

( GA 3 5.42B)

s plit

b etween t he c ondyles a nd L P res

7 0mm ,

t he

M W 2 3mm ,

o vicaprid m etatarsal w ith s haft s plit a nd M T

( GA 7 7.496)

1 4mm.

U nfused

o vicaprid

s lightly ( HBM)

p olished b y w ear.

S napped

M T

s haft 1 4mm.

u lna

p ointed.

M L

( SM)

d istal e nd m odified t o M L 8 7mm,

M W 1 9mm,

a M T

c hisel—like 1 7mm.

s hape

( GA 7 7.521)

o ff

M L 7 6mm,

M W

I lmm.

( GA 3 4.60)

a ntler t ine w ith s plintered e nd w hittled t o f orm a

n ow b roken.

M L

1 63mm,

M D 2 0mm.

( GA 3 0.27)

c rude

( RSM(Q))

A g roup w ith t he c ommon f eature o f a p olished w orking s urface

w hich i s

g enerally a t o ne e nd o f t he i mplement a nd a t a s mall a ngle f rom t he h orizontal; o ut o f t hese o nly o ne d istinct c ommonly r ecurring t ype c an b e s ingled o ut. O vicaprid m etapodials w ith t heir d istal e nds p reserved a nd t heir s hafts u sed a t a s light a ngle t o t he a nterior—posterior p lane. M W

M T

O ther f ea— t ures/com— m ents

1 47

8 7+mm

2 2mm

1 5mm

S heep m eta—

( GA 3 7.537)

( SM)

P 8(5)

S heep m eta—

( GA 3 0.99)

( RSM(Q))

8 (3)

c arpal,

( fig 2 .29)

t arsal, f used. W orking f ace p artly b roken; l ongitudinal s triations o n i t a nd l ower p arts o f 1 48

1 00mm

2 Umm

1 4mm

s haft

f used. W orking f ace d amaged b ut l ongitudinal a nd d iagonal w ear m arks r emain

2 05

8 (10)

( SM)

R ubbing a nd p olishing i mplements

M L

P B(6)

( fig

B ird l ong b one, p roximal e nd r etained a nd s haft s plintered a nd m ade i nto a v ery f ine p oint. N eedle—like a nd d istinctly d ifferent f rom a ll

p oint,

P B(5)

T

( HBM)

t he o ther p oints l isted. 1 46

e nd;

l Omm,

( HBM)

D istal

8 8mm ,

o ne

W P res

1 ( 1BM)

m ade i nto a p oint w hich i s n ow b roken. ( GA

5 9mm,

ectioned a nd w hittled a long o ther a b one l ike a r ib obliq uely s

o f

e dge

o vicaprid m etacarpal m ade i nto a p oint a t

t he i mplement

a nd

B /PB(1)

1 49

9 2+mm

2 0mm

1 3mm

S heep m eta-

(GA 3 2.352)

( tsm( 0)

8 (2)

( RSM(Q))

B /PB(2)

( GA 3 3.430) ( fig 2 .29)

( RSM(Q))

P 8(5)

O vicaprid

( GA 3 3.442)

( RSM(Q))

8 (9)

m etatarsal, f used. W orking f ace

( fig 2 .29)

t arsal, f used.

( fig 2 .29)

W orking f ace p artly b roken 1 50

1 04mm

2 Umm

1 2mm

S heep m eta-

(GA 3 3.398)

c arpal,

(fig 2 .29)

u n-

f used. W o r king f ace h as d iagonal w ear m arks 1 51

1 08 4 mm 1 8mm

1 2mm

O vicaprid m etatarsal, u nfused. L ongitudinal w ear m arks o n w o r king f ace

1 52

9 0 s -mm

2 Umm

1 3mm

b roken a t t ip b ut l ongitudinal a nd t ransv erse w ear m arts p reserved M iscellaneous 1 53

1 54

S haft o f

o vicaprid

B one

t issue w orn t hin a nd s mooth a t

s liver

S haft

o f

w ith c ancellous

h ave l ongitudinal w ear m arks. ( fig 2 .29) ( RSM(Q))

S plinter o f M T 3 .5mm .

1 56

b one,

S haft o f

M L 1 20mm,

r aised p arts b earing h igh g loss.

( GA 3 5.42A )

B road t here 2 6mm,

1 59

1 60

o vicaprid

M L b 5mm ,

M W l Omm,

L P res

l bOmm,

M W

3 1mm,

M T

I lmm.

S plinter

o f

L P res

( GA 3 5.269)

b one p olished a t o ne e nd b y r ubbing a t ( GA 3 3.465)

b one p olished a long l ength a nd u sed o n b oth s ides

P iece

o f

M W 8 mm ,

r ib w ith o ne e nd w orn b y M T 6 mm.

( GA 3 3.413)

8 /P8(2)

M T

a nd M W

8 /PB(2)

M L

B /PB(2)

( RSM(Q))

M T 3 .5mm.

( GA 3 3.461)

ngle. r ubbing a t 3 0-40 ° a

( fig 2 .29)

L P res

( RSM(Q))

2 06

o f

o ne

B (9)

( fig 2 .29)

M L

1 47mm,

o ther a t

a ngle

P 8(5)

( RSM(Q))

v ery d ense b one b roken a t o ne e nd a nd u sed a t

esulting i n a g loss. o f 2 0-30 ° r 3 2.379)

P 8(6)

7 0mm,

a ngle.

S plinter

M L 9 0mm ,

( fig 1 3)

1 0-15°

M T 8 mm .

L ength o f

8 (3)

( SM)

8 3mm , M W 8 mm , o f

8 (3)

t ibia w ith o ne e nd b r o ken a nd o ther p ossibly u sed a t

s plinter f rom a l ong b one; o ne e nd h as f ractured o bliquely i s s ome s light p olish o n t he r esulting s urface. M L 9 6mm,

M W 2 3mm , 1 62

e nd;

M T 5 mm.

l ong b one s ectioned a t s light a ngle a nd w ith e xposed s urfaces

ngle. e nd a t 1 0-15 ° a ( RSM( 0) 1 61

o ne

M W 2 3mm,

a s light i ncline i n o ne p lane. P iece a braded o verall. M W 1 3mm, M T 9 mm. ( GA 7 7.147) ( HBM) 1 58

t o g ive

L P res 8 9mm,

( HBM)

w orn s mooth. W ear m arks a re t ransverse. 1 6mm. ( GA 3 6.390) ( fig 2 .29) ( H8M) 1 57

p roximal p art r emoved

t he e nd o f w hich i s b roken. ( fig 2 .29) ( RSM(Q))

b oth s ides ( GA 3 0.88) 1 55

t ibia w ith o ne s ide o f

a l ong f lat w orking s urface, M W 1 5mm, M T I lmm. ( GA 3 0.89)

4 7mm ,

M W

1 9mm ,

M T 4 mm.

( GA

8 /P8(1)

1 63

S napped-off w ear.

1 64

S napped-off s urface.

1 65

a ntler

M L 7 0mm ,

A ntler

M D

e nd o f

t ine.

T he t ip has b een b lunted a nd ( GA 7 7.170)

1 9mm.

M T

t ine p artially s awn a nd

S napped-off 7 7.171)

a ntler

( fig 2 .29)

b y

a ntler t ine w hich h as been r ubbed s mooth a long o ne

M L 9 0mm , M W 2 3mm ,

( GA 7 7.196)

1 5mm.

( fig 2 .29)

p artly snapped o ff.

b een w hittled a nd b ears a v ery h igh g loss. 3 1.1926) ( fig 2 .29) ( RSM(g)) 1 66

b evelled

( RSM(Q))

t ine w ith blunted

T he p ointed e nd h as

M L 2 05mm,

t ip.

M L

( RSM(Q))

1 04mm,

M D 2 3mm.

( GA

M D

( GA

2 1mm,

6/Pb(2)

( RSM(Q))

V essels a nd l ids m ade f rom c etacean v ertebrae W ith o ne e xception a ll t he f ragments m ade b y h ollowing o ut w hale v ertebrae;

a re p arts o f v essels o r c askets t he l ids a re s imilarly d etached

w hale v ertebral e piphyses t rimmed a round t he e dges. m uch s maller h ollowed o ut c etacean v ertebra.

T he o dd i tem i s a

L arge v essels o r c askets 1 67

A n

a lmost

c omplete e xample w ith o ne s pine r etained a s a

M 2 3Umm, M 8 7mm , M in T ( wall) ( GA 3 0.19) ( fig 2 .30) ( RSM(Q)) 1 68

T hree

j oining

2 24mm , M T 4 3mm.

5 mm, M in T ( base)

p arts m aking a p rofile, ( GA 3 5.315)

t ogether w ith

( fig 2 .31)

f ragments.

M D

B /PB(I)

6 0mm.

M M

B /PB(2)

( SM)

1 69

W all f ragment.

F t P res 9 7mm,

M T 3 7 m.

( GA 3 5.298)

( SM)

1 70

W all f ragment.

F t P res 8 5mm ,

M T I lmm.

( GA 7 7.344)

( HBM)

1 71

k im f ragment.

F t P res 5 5mm,

h andle.

9 mm , M L ( handle)

M in T 7 mm.

( GA 7 7.187)

B (9)

( fig 2 .32)

( RSM(Q) 1 72

P art w all, ( fig 2 .32)

p art b ase ( RSM (g))

1 73

W all f ragments.

f ragment.

k iP res

1 69mm,

F t P res 5 2mm,

M T 3 6mm.

M in T 1 0mm.

( GA 7 7.518)

( GA 7 7.189)

( SM)

L ids 1 74

F ragment; b ears o gam-like s cratchings. 2 .32) ( RSM(g))

1 75

F ragment.

M in T l Omm.

( Ga 3 0.111)

M in T l Omm.

( fig 2 .33)

( GA 7 7.188)

( fig

( RSM(Q))

B (3)

S mall v essel 1 76

H ollowed o ut c etacean v ertebra, ( GA B 5.192) N ot

( fig 2 .33)

M D

13mm, 1

M 8 8mm. M

D epth o f

c up 4 6mm.

( SM)

l ocated

G A 3 0.41

6 (3)

G A 3 0.90 8 (3) G A 3 0.119 8 (3)

Q uern h andles S uitably s haped p ieces o f a nimal b one -bovine h orn c ores, a ntler a nd a b ovine m etacarpal w hich h ave h ad o ne e nd f orced i nto a h ole o f s maller d iameter. M L

M D

O ther f eat ures/cor nm eats

2 07

B /PB(2)

1 77

1 22+mm 4 1mm

1 78

9 7+mm

3 ömm

1 79

1 24+mm 4 4mm

B ovine h orn

( GA 3 3.456)

c ore. L ower e nd c ons tricted a nd u pper n ow b roken

( fig 2 .34)

b ovine h orn c ore. L ower e nd c ons tricted

( GA 3 4.43) ( fig 2 .34)

b ovine h orn

( GA 3 5.31b)

(UM(Q))

B /PB(2)

( HBM)

B /PB(5)

( SH)

c ore? L ower e na ( fig 2 .34) c onstrictea a nd u pper h acKea o ft l öu

3 5+mm

1 81

8 6+mm

4 5mm

S mall s ection o r ( .A 3 7.52b) b ovine h orn c ore ( fig 2 .34) b roken a t o ne e nd a nd c ut a nd c onstricted a t o ther

4 bmm

S ection o f a ntler b oth e nds o f w hich a re c onstricted

1 82

1 45 $ -mm 4 9mm -

(GA 7 7.526)

( hbh)

8 (9)

(HBM)

( fig 2 .34)

(GA 7 7.181) ( fig 2 .34)

(RSM(Q))

B (1)

F emur h ead.

(GA 3 4.81)

(HBM)

B (10)

P erforation t wice a s w ide a t c ut e nd

( fig 2 .35)

(GA 3 6.384) ( fig 2 .35)

(HBM)

B /PB(2)

(GA 3 5.3)

(HBM)

U /PB(2)

F used d istal e nd o f b ovine m etac arpal; s haft w here b roken h as t he a ppeara nce o f h aving b een t rimmed d own a nd f orced i nto a h ole s maller t han i t

S pindle w horls M T

M D

M in D

O ther f eat ures/comm ents

1 83

1 84

•

2 0mm

1 3mä

4 0mm

6 5mm

b u tm

1 2mm

C rude r oundel o f c ancellous c etacean b one d amaged o ne s ide

1 85

2 0mm

3 7mm

e am

S haped a nd d rilled r oundel o f c etacean b one; p artly b urnt

( fig 2 .35)

2 08

l8t>

lUmm

38mm

lJmm

11mm

Femur head. Perforation half the size again at cut end

(GA 30.49) (fig 'L.35)

(RSM(Q))

t>mm

Roundel cut from pelvis

(GA 32.316) (fig 2.35)

(RSM(Q))

PB(l)

Not located GA 34.70

B(lU)

Bobbins

Sheep metapodials with varying combinations of worn and polished and perforations.

areas

ltHi

Sheep metacarpal, with damaged distal end, perforated centrally from front to back. L Pres 102mm, MW 20mm, MT 14mm. (GA 34.80) (fig 2.34) (SM)

B(lO)

189

Fused sheep metatarsal perforated longitudinally at proximal end and with worn transverse grooving on one side about a third of the length from the distal. ML 118mm, MW 20mm, MT 16mm, Depth of socket 55mm. (GA 31.199) (fig 2.34) (RSM(Q))

B/PB(l)

l9U

i-·used sheep metacarpal perforated centrally on one side and with a corresponding flattened groove on the other. Shaft polished and with transverse wear marks all over; damage on one side near proximal end may be through original use too. ML 114mm, MW 19mm, MT 13mm. (GA 31.198) (fig 2.34) (RSM(Q))

B/PB(l)

Various. l':H

See also stone gaming equipment ML

Parallelepiped bone die with values marked as incised dots. MW 2Umm. (GA 32.384) (fig 2.36) (RSM(Q)) Parallelepiped bone die with values marked as incised dots. MW 21mm. (GA 31.lt>t>) (fig 2.30) (RSM(Q))

42mm,

ML 42mm,

li()) B/Pli(l)

193

Ivory gaming piece shaped like a modern pawn. 77.138) (fig 2.3b) (!:IBM)

194

Small flat ivory gaming piece like a section of a tooth. Rough sawn on bottom, sawn and smoothed on top. (GA 34.113) (fig 2.36) (liliM)

B(lO)

Unfused distal condyle of metapodial. Looks unworked but may have been a gaming piece. Mti 19mm, Ml> 19mm. (GA 34.110) (fig 2.36) (HBM.)

B(lO)

MH 28mm,

MD 14mm.

(GA

Kiacellaneoua

A residual category necessarily including artefacts of all descriptions of use and fineness of manufacture. Arbitrarily divided on the basis of compactness and degree of finish 196

Part of a finely made spatulate object with at least two large perforations. L Pres 65mm, W Pres 17mm, MT 2.5mm. (GA 77.475) (fig 2.35) (HBM.)

197

Part of an antler toggle with square perforation. (hole) 8mm. (GA 32.'L%) (fig 2.37) (l