The Roman Milestones of Britain: their Petrography and probable Origin 9780904531206, 9781407318097

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
1. THE PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION
2. THE MILESTONES, THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN SPACE AND TIME
3. THE METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
4. THE RESULTS OF TEE SURVEY
5. SUMMARY
APPENDIX - CATALOGUE OF MILESTONES
ABBREVIATIONS
NOTES

Citation preview

The Roman Milestones of Britain: their Petrography and probable Origin

Jeffrey P. Sedgley

British Archaeological Reports I 8 1 975

British Archaeological Reports 122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England GENERAL EDITORS

A.C.C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y.M. Hands

A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D .Phil. D.R. Walker, B.A. ADVISORY EDITORS

Neil Cossons, M.A., F.S.A., F.M.A. C.B. Burgess, M.A. Professor B.W. Cunliffe, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. Sonia Chadwick Hawkes, B.A., M.A., F. S.A. Professor G.D.B. Jones, M.A., D.Phil., F.S.A. Frances Lynch, M.A., F.S.A. P.A. Mellars, M.A., Ph.D. P.A. Rahtz, M.A. , F. S.A.

B.A.R. 18, 1975, "The Roman Milestones of Britain". © Jeffrey P. Sedgley, 1975. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531206 paperback ISBN 9781407318097 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531206 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

THE M ILESTONES OF RO MAN BRITA IN

LIST OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

F IGURES 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

The d istribution of Roman milestones Britain

i n

Lincolnshire l imestone a nd Northampton sand outcrops i n relation to the Roman geography a nd milestones North Wales: the milestones rock outcrops Hadrian's Wall rock outcrops,

3

9

a nd relevant

area: milestones, a nd Roman quarries

Southern Britain: the milestones, origins and c ivitas boundaries

1 0 relevant 1 3 their 1 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T his a rticle i s based o n a t hesis s ubmitted f or t he d egree o f M .Sc. a t t he University o f K eele, 1 969. I would l ike t o thank Professor F .W. C ope f or making f unds a vailable f or t his r esearch a nd f or u seful d iscussion w ith h im a nd o ther members o f t he Department o f G eology. A lso I a m g rateful t o t he various museums, o rganisations a nd i ndividuals who a llowed me t o t ake s amples f rom t heir m ilestones, without s uch c o-operation t his s urvey would n ot h ave been possible. Professor S .S. F rere k indly made u seful c riticisms o f a n earlier d raft o f t his paper. F inally I would l ike t o t hank Professor A .L.F. R ivet, whose i dea t his r esearch was, f or much h elpful g uidance, d iscussion a nd e ncouragement o n many points.

CONTENTS Page L ist

o f

I llustrations

Acknowledgements 1 .

The Purpose o f t he

2 .

The M ilestones;

3 .

The M ethod o f

4 .

The R esults o f

I nvestigation

t heir D istribution i n S pace a nd T ime

I nvestigation

S ummary Appendix:

2 4

t he S urvey

S outhern Area S outh-West C entral A rea S outh W ales N orth W ales Northern A rea 5 .

1

5 6 7 8 8 1 1 1 5

C atalogue o f M ilestones

1 7

Abbreviations

5 1

Notes

5 2

1 .

THE PURPOSE OF T HE

I NVESTIGATION

The purpose o f t his survey was t o d etermine s o f ar a s was possible t he o riginal quarry s ources o f t he Roman m ilestones o f Britain. T here was r eason t o s uppose t hat s ome c onsiderable t rouble was t aken t o s ecure g ood s tone f or m ilestones: f or e xample, a s tone o f Constantine f rom B ourg-St.-Pierre o n t he G reat S t. Bernard Passl may have b een q uarried a s f ar a way a s t he Jura, 7 5 m iles t o t he north 2 , while p reliminary s tudies i n Britain s uggested t hat t he Hadrianic s tone f rom R hiwiau-uchaf, Caernarvonshire 3 ( 51)' a nd p robably o thers may n ot have been l ocal. However, i t s eems t hat by t he t hird c entury, i n B ritain a t l east, a lmost a ny l ocal s tone was u tilised, provided t hat i t c ould be i nscribed. A

B efore t he e nd o f t he l ast c entury Mommsen 5 published h is d iscussion o f t he milestones o f North A frica. These m ilestones g enerally have f airly f ull i nscriptions which u sually include a m ileage f igure a nd o ften a lso name t he a uthority r esponsible f or building a nd maintaining t he r oads a nd f or t he e rection o f milestones. I n a ddition M ommsen was a ble t o make u se o f t he c ase e ndings o f t he i nscriptions. He was a ble t o point o ut t hat i n c ivil a reas o f t he empire r oads were basically o f two t ypes; public r oads o f the R oman p eople, a nd t he r oads o f t he c oloniae a nd municipia a nd o ther c ivitates. The f ormer were mostly built b y m ilitary l abour a t t he e xpense o f t he a erarium a nd n umbered t heir m iles f rom t he capital o f t he province t o i ts b oundaries; t he l atter were l aid t hrough i ndividual t erritories a t t he e xpense o f t he c ites a nd n umbered t heir miles f rom t he i ndividual t owns t o t he boundaries o f t heir t erritories. Mommsen t hought i t probable, h owever, t hat i n t he third a nd f ourth c enturies t his s ystem was breaking d own a nd even t he p ublic r oads were r epaired a t t he e xpense o f t he municipia, o r t erritory by t erritory, r ather t han a t t he p ublic e xpense o f t he R oman people. M ommsen was well a ware t hat t his r ule, o f t he t wo t ypes o f r oad, c ould n ot b e f ollowed r igidly f or a ll a reas o f t he e mpire a nd t he milestones o f R oman Britain a re poor i ndeed b y c omparison with t hose o f North A frica. Nevertheless, Mr. C .E. S tevens has s hown h ow their e vidence can be used t o e lucidate s ome o f t he p robj .ems o f t he c ivitates, t heir s tatus a nd t erritorial e xtent'. I f, then, M ommsen's a nalysis i s s ubstantially c orrect o ne m ight e xpect d ifferent patterns o f q uarry s ources t o a pply t o milestones o n r oads whose maintenance was a c entral r esponsibility, a nd t hose f or which upkeep devolved o n t he l ocal a uthority ( civitas). I n t he l atter case, bearing i n m ind t he l ocal a vailability o f s tone, o ne w ould e xpect t he quarries t o be within t he a rea o f t he c ivitas i n q uestion. I t was, t herefore, h oped t hat besides t hrowing s ome l ight o n t he variation o f practice i n d ifferent p laces a nd d ifferent periods i n Roman Britain, t he s urvey might add s omething t o t he knowledge o f t he boundaries between the c ivitates.

1

2 .

THE M ILESTONES,

THEIR D ISTRIBUTION

I N SPACE AND T IME

There a re 1 10 milestones a nd probable milestones k nown f rom Britain. Twenty-five a re n oted i n l iterature but have s ince been l ost. O f t he e xtant s tones, 1 01 i nscribed e xamples a re l isted i n R .I.B. a nd J . R.S. N ine u ninscribed milestones a re f ound i n a variety o f s ources. The Hadrianic s tone f rom T hurmaston, Leicester ( 32) i s t ypical o f t he s econd c entury R omano-British milestones, r ecording t he emperor's t itle a nd d ates, c aput v iae ( place f rom which r oad measurements were made) a nd mileage f igure. During t he t hird c entury t he milestones o ften s eem t o have become l ittle more t han vehicles o f political p ropaganda, e .g. t he s ix i nscribed d uring the e ight months o f C onstantine's c aesarship. They s eldom have a t own o r a mileage f igure i nscised upon t hem, t hough i t i s p ossible t hat t he mileage was painted o n a t t he e nd o f t he i nscription. Only one milestone ( 90) has been f ound which had t he f ourth o r f ifth c entury h onorific i nscription ' B.R. P. N.'. M ilestones a re f ound widespread t hroughout t he province, f rom Helston i n C ornwall t o I ngliston near Edinburgh. ( See F ig. 1 ). There a re more r emaining i n t he n orth a nd west o f t he c ountry, f or i n t he s outh a nd east, where building s tone i s l ess e asy t o o btain, t hey have been more vulnerable t o r e-use. The s even recorded s tones f rom Bitterne, f or e xample, were u tilised i n t he l ate R oman t own wal1 7 . O nly i n t he r egion o f Hadrian's Wall , c an t he c oncentration o f milestones be s aid t o be h igh. Much o f t he main r oad s ystem o f Roman Britain must undoubtedly have had i ts f oundations i n t he early y ears o f t he i nvasion, y et t he e arliest known milestones a re t hree o f Hadrian, f rom L eicester ( 32), N orth Wales ( 51) a nd Lancaster ( 61). The reason f or this c ould be t hat before Hadrian's t ime, i n most parts o f t he province a t l east, t he r oads were n ot properly e quipped with milestones, t he c orrection o f t his c ould have b een o ne o f t he " many r eforms" which Hadrian i s s aid t o have i nstituted i n B ritain 8 . Except f or t wo s tones o f A ntoninus Pius f rom S cotland ( 108 a nd 1 09) t here a re n o f urther milestones r ecorded u ntil t he f irst 2 5 years o f t he t hird c entury when t here a re f our. Why t he a bsence o f milestones i n England a nd Wales f or s uch a l ong t ime? S urely t his c an only be because f ew, i f a ny, milestones were e rected during this p eriod, l ittle r oad building o r r epair being necessary. A fter S eptimius S everus had d efeated A lbinus he s trengthene d a nd r eorganised the military a reas o f t he country. C oncomitant with t his would p robably h ave been r oad r ebuilding i n t he c ivil a reas o f t he p rovince a nd t his s eems t o be t estified by a milestone f rom B itterne ( 12) which proc laims t hat t he e mperor " in t he e ighteenth year o f h is t ribunician power r estored t he r oads which had f allen i nto

2

0 •

I D • T R IMONT IVM

C o lon iae C iv itas

C ap i ta ls

L eg iona ry F o r tr esses F or t u sed a s aC apu t V iae

2

M i lestones , e x tan t

A

M il e s tones , l ost R oads ( Road s ystem s imp l i f ied)

C ORSTOP I T vM

L VGVVA LI V M A' /

,

A A

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I SVR IVM 4/ E BVPÄCVM P ETVAR IÄ

A NOV IVM

1 4 1 0 L INDVM

1 :/D EVA

V ENTA

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e RA T A E

V IROCON I VM

D VROBR IVAE

C AMVLODVNVM MOR ID VNVM C OR I NI VM

I S CA

V ERVLAM IVM L OND IN IVM

C A-LEVA

L IND IN IS

l l _ ? VROBR IVAE D VROVERNVM

V ENTA

D VRNÖVAR IA

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I SCA

50

F IG .

I

The distribution o f Roman milestones Britain. ( Drawn by G . Barber)

i n

r uin t hrough a ge..." I t i s n ot until a fter the r eign o f Gordian I II that the number o f milestones begins t o i ncrease a nd t hereafter hardly a r eign i s l eft u nrecorded, t he milestones a veraging nearly o ne per y ear, u ntil that o f Crispus which f orms t he l ast o f t he s eries. T he shape o f some s tones a nd t he l ay-out o f t heir i nscriptions s uggests t hat t hey have been c ut d own from l arger s tones. The C onstantinian s tone f rom Cambridge ( 22) may o nce have been c ylindrical f or, t hough i t is n ow r oughly q uadrangular, i t has more o r l ess s traight sides but r ounded e dges. O ther s tones were turned round ( 44) o r up-ended ( 85) a nd re-used. Not i nfrequently, i n a reas where s tone i s p lentiful, a new milestone would b e erected with t he o ld o ne remaining on t he s pot ( e.g. 5 9 a nd 6 0); while a t C rindledykes on t he S tanegate a s many a s seven s tones were f ound a t o ne s pot ( 92-8), though duplication o f s ome dates s uggests t hat t hey might have been brought t here f rom two o riginal s ites. M ilestones have been put t o a variety of s econdary u ses, t he most o bvious being a s building s tone. A s tone o f Decius ( 13) was f ound face d own being used a s a s tep i n a v illa, probably e ven before i t c ould be e rected on a r oad. This was perhaps c onsidered f itting treatment f or Decius a s a nother o f h is s tones was up-ended a nd r ei nscribed ( 64). Another use i s a s a gatepost ( 20) or e ven a s part o f a s tile ( 18). One milestone ( 44) i s reput ed t o have h ad a t rip r ound a bay a s ballast i n a pilot boat. S ome o f the Welsh milestones have been l ater used a s Christian memorial s tones ( 43 a nd 5 3) 9 .

3 .

THE METHOD OF

I NVESTIGATION

T here had been no detailed petrographic w ork o f t his t ype c arried o ut o n milestones, but most o f t he e ntries i n R .I. B. have been g iven a g eological d escription such a s " sandstone", " granite" o r " oolite l imestone". W hile t hese p rovide a beginning i n s ome i nstances, o ften they were d escribed a s " gritstone", a t erm t oo vague to be o f much u se, a nd o ccasionally a s tone was g iven a c ompletely wrong i dentification ( e.g. 4 2). T he milestones were sampled b y taking a c ore, 2 cm i n d iameter a nd a bout 5 c m l ong, with a d iamond bit d rill. On most museum s pecimens t he b it was a ttached to a t wo-speed, h eavy d uty, e lectric hand-drill, water being applied t o t he b it a t i ntervals. For o utdoor s tones a nd when e lectricity was n ot a vailable, a t wo-stroke d rill was used which had i ts own p ressure water s upply. O n f ree s tanding s tones i t was o ften possible t o t ake t he sample f rom the base but a ll t oo f requently s tones were f ixed s o t hat t he sample had t o be taken f rom t he t op, back o r s ide. On one occasion t he f ace o f a museum s tone had t o be d rilled because o f the way i t was f ixed i n i ts c ase. I n e ach i nstance the r esulting

4

hole was f illed a nd s uitably d isguised. I nitially i t was intended to p lug t he hole with t he outer part o f t he c ore set i n polyfilla, l eaving o nly a t hin a nnulus t o be painted. I t was s oon f ound, however, that t he h ole c ould be rendered more nearly i nvisible by f illing i t a lmost completely with p olyfilla a nd t hen a dding a f inal l ayer o f a mixture of paint, polyfilla a nd r ock c hippings. S ome o f the o utdoor s tones w ere l ater r efilled with c ement a nd r ock chippings when the p olyfilla was f ound t o have c ontracted and w eathered away. T he c ore o btained was e xamined i n hand s pecimen a nd thin s ection. Where more than o ne e xample o f a particular sandstone occurred, a s with t he Carboniferous Y oredale sandstones a nd t he S t. Bees S andstone, more d etailed analysis was carried o ut. A modal a nalysis was d erived by p oint c ounting: t his i nvolves n oting t he minerals present i n a thin s ection a t a n umber o f points d etermined by the p osition o f a r andomly p laced g rid. A bout 1 700 points were c ounted f or e ach s ection, e nough t o g ive s tatistically accurate results 10 . T he r esults were c ompared w ith s pecimens from known Roman a nd o ther q uarries, e specially f rom the Wall area . One q uarry, h owever, would o ften provide s uch a variety o f r ock t hat i t was i mpossible t o s ay f or s ure, simply on thin s ection a nalysis, j ust which Y oredale sandstone o r which S t. Bees Sandstone q uarry a s pecimen had come f rom. Generally, using published petrographic r ock descriptions and c arrying out f ieldwork i n s elected a reas, each s pecimen was a ssigned a s c losely a s possible t o a s tratigraphic horizon a nd t he p rovenance d etermined.

4 .

T HE RESULTS OF TEE S URVEY

Southern Area: Only one milestone ( 1) s urvives f rom t he t erritory o f the C antiaci. I t was f ound n ear Watling S treet west o f Rochester a nd i s a n undressed s arsen, possibly pillaged by the R omans f rom a megalithic s ite. I n the t erritory o f t he Regni a s tone o f C onstantine was d iscovered a mong v illa r emains a t West Worthing ( 2). I t was probably o riginally e rected o n t he r oad r unning e ast from C hichester. T he s tone i s f rom t he t op o f t he L ower Greensand i n the Washington-Hassocks a rea. R ivet n otes that " in the e ast o f t he Regnenses' t erritory t he l arge cemetery a t Hassocks s hould i ndicate a c entre o f s ome k ind . and i t may b e t hat t he s tone was q uarried t here.

•

F ive milestones a re e xtant i n the t erritory o f t he Belgae. O f these, f our ( 5,9,13 a nd 1 4) a re Chilmark S tone from t he Vale o f Wardour, while t he f ifth ( 8) i s o f Bembridge L imestone f rom the I sle o f W ight. J urassic oolites f rom the west o f t he t erritory a nd s arsens f rom the c halk uplands a re a lso s uitable f or i nscribing, a s might

5

ne •

1

1

be s ome o f t he Lower Chalk h orizons. Hence the u se of C hilmark S tone f or milestones a t R ockbourne, C lanville a nd B itterne suggests s ome degree o f c ontrol f rom Venta Belgarum , a t l east until t owards t he e nd o f the t hird c entury. Certainly we may a ssume t hat the Chilmark quarri es a nd Rockbourne were i n t he c ivitas o f t he Belgae f or i t i s unlikely t hat s tone would h ave been a cquired from without when there was a mple s upply within the t erritory ". I n t he t erritory o f t he A trebates, t he Impstone ( 4) f rom west o f S ilchester a nd t he uninscribed s tone f rom Bannisters t o the east ( 3), a re o f Bath S tone f rom the G reat O olite S eries a f ew miles n orth-east or s outh-east o f Bath. The q uarries f or t his s tone, which was a lso used i n buildings a t S ilchester 13 , would h ave l ain within Belgic t erritory but t here i s n o g ood s tone f or i nscribing within t he A trebatic a rea, a lthough s tone f rom s ome o f t he Lower C halk h orizons c ould perhaps have b een i nscribed. A s e xpected, the milestone f rom Venn Bridge o n the Fosse Way ( 16) i s o f Ham Hill S tone, q uarried by t he Romans l ess t han t wo miles f rom i ts f ind s pot. L indinis ( probably I lchester) s eems t o have r eached t he s tatus of a s econd c ivitas within t he a rea o f t he Durotriges 14 . The quarry i s o nly a bout f our miles f rom t he t own a nd t he milestone may h ave o riginally been i ntended a s a c olumn i n one o f the t own buildings. S outh-West: Among t he Dumnonii milestones p resent a rchaeological a s well a s g eological problems. A p robable t runk r oute through C ornwall i s s hown o n t he 0 . S . Map o f Roman Britain ( 3rd e dn., 1 956), a lthough i t i s n ot r ecognised by Margary 15 . A lthough t he t in o re was probably r emoved by s ea, the G ordian m ilestone f rom Gwennap, near Redruth ( 19), i s l ocal in o rigin a nd may well date t he r econstruction o f t his r oad a t the b eginning o f t he d evelopment o f R oman t in-mining. The B reage a nd S t. H ilary milestones ( 20 a nd 2 1) a re a lso l ocal i n o rigin a nd probably once s tood o n r elatively minor roads c onnecting t he t in-mining a reas a round Camborne a nd a t Penwith with a probable port a t Porthleven 16 . T he milestones f rom n ear T intagel ( 17 a nd 1 8) present a g reater p roblem . The Tintagel e xample i s o f l ocal s late, but the T rethevy s tone i s o f g ranite f rom B odmin M oor, a t l east s even miles s outh-south-east. I t would be odd i f t he Romans h ad c arried t he T intagel s tone f rom t he s late a rea t o the t runk route a cross t he g ranite uplands o f t he B odmin Moor, b ut i t s eems e ven more i mprobable t hat a s ubsequent people would have r emoved the milestones s o f ar merely t o r e-use t hem as g atep osts. There must s urely have been a c oast r oad by Tintagel a nd a m ile o r s o i nland t he g round i s s uitable, f orming a n u ndulating e scarpment f or s everal m iles. But q uite where t he r oad began a nd where i t c ould h ave b een h eading a re by n o means o bvious.

6

Central

Area:

The milestones f rom Durobrivae ( Water Newton) ( 24 a nd 25), t hose f ound a t G irton, Cambridge ( 22 a nd 2 3), a nd a s tone of unknown f ind s pot ( 26) a re a ll o f Barnack F reestone which, with t he better known B arnack Rag, i s e xposed a t s everal p laces a long t he L incolnshire L imestone o utcrop. ( See F ig. 2 ). None i s more than 1 2 miles f rom Durobrivae and t he Hills a nd H oles a t Barnack a re only s ix miles d istant. Closer a t hand t o Cambridge, C lunch, t he name g iven to t he l ocal harder parts o f t he L ower Chalk, was q uarried in R oman t imes f or building purposes a nd, t hough b y n o means as g ood a s Barnack F reestone, i t would have t aken a n inscription a nd weathered r easonably wel1 17 . I f we a ccept S tevens' a rgument 18 t hat Durobrivae was g ranted the s tatus of a c ivitas c apital within Catuvellaunian t erritory i t may be t hat Cambridge ( Durolipons) was i ncluded within i ts a rea. T he two milestones f rom L incoln a re both o olites f rom the L incolnshire L imestone, but a pparently f rom d ifferent quarries. The s tone f rom S ibthorpe S t. o r H igh S t. ( 28) can b e matched l ocally, but t he Bailgate s tone ( 29) i s l ikely to have o riginated i n t he Ancaster a rea, 1 5 o r 2 0 miles to t he s outh. I f t his l atter s tone was q uarried within t he a rea o f t he c olonia, a s we would e xpect, we would be justified i n e xtending t he t erritorium t o a r adius o f n early twenty miles a nd p erhaps i ncluding Ancaster a s well a s Segelocum which i s mentioned i n t he i nscription. The miles tone f ound a t Ancaster ( 27) i s o f l ocal f reestone. Two milestones f ound on t he F osse Way n ear L eicester were b oth q uarried f rom t he Upper Keuper S andstone a t Dane Hills, just s outh-west o f t he t own. This f ormation was quarried h ere f or a l arge Hadrianic building a t Ratae 19 . Indeed, the Hadrianic s tone f rom Thurmaston ( 32) may have been o riginally i ntended f or a c olumn o f t he building because i t h as a c ircular d epression i n t he t op perhaps intended f or a mortice, but i t i s d oubtful i f i t e ver found employment a s s uch. T he S ix H ills s tone ( 33) f rom 1 1 m iles n orth-east o f Ratae was p robably i nscribed i n the s ame c ivitas workshop. Unfortunately t he i nscription has b een a lmost c ompletely r emoved a nd c annot be d ated. O ther milestones f rom t he same a rea h ave d ifferent origins. T he f ragment f rom W all ( 34) i s o f l ocal Keuper Sandstone a nd i s s imilar t o t he l ocal building s tone used a t L etocetum. I t s eems t o be i nscribed t o C laudius I I, 268-70, and by t his date a l ocal o rigin i s n ot unexpected. The m ilestone o f C onstantine f rom Cave's I nn ( Tripontium) ( 31) i s f rom t he Northampton S and outcrop. I t must have been q uarried s everal miles t o t he s outh o r e ast o f Cave's I nn a nd probable c ame f rom the Roman i ron-working c entre a t Duston, 1 8 miles s outh-east. I n t his c ase T ripontium may have l ain within t he a rea o f t he Catuvellauni a nd n ot t he Coritani - unless T ripontium was a n ew c ivitas c apital a s recent evidence might s uggest 20 .

7

Unfortunately t he Buxton milestone ( 35) cannot be dated, t hough the use o f t hree l igatures i n s o s hort a t ext s uggests t hird c entury. I t s eems t o b e l ocal i n o rigin; a t l east i t i s i mprobable that i t was q uarried i n t he v icinity o f t he f ort a t B rough on Noe, whence the d istance was measured. Three milestones f rom t he l ands o f t he Dobunni have d ifferent o rigins. The o ldest i s t he s tone o f Numerian f rom K enchester ( Magnis) ( 40). I f t he e nd o f this i nscript ion i s c orrectly i nterpreted a s r (es)p(ublica) c (iuitatis) D (obunnorum), t hen i t was s et up u nder t he a uthority of Corinium. The s tone, h owever, i s o f l ocal O ld Red S andstone f rom nearby D inmore o r Garnons Hills. Two s tones o f Constantine a re both J urassic l imestones. The A lcester milestone ( 38) i s f rom t he Pea G rit S eries which c rops o ut a long t he C otswold Edge i n the S tanway-Saintbury a rea. I t i s l ikely t o have o riginated f rom n ear S aintbury w here t he r oad s outh f rom A lcester t o B ourton o n t he Water c limbs t he s carp. The s tone f rom Kempsey was p robably quarried a t B redon H ill a nd may h ave been t ransported a long a n e xtension o f t he t rackway n orth f rom C irencester t o Hales A bbey. S outh Wales: I n S outh Wales f ive milestones f rom the c oast r oad f all i nto t wo r ock g roups; t hree ( 41, 4 2 a nd 4 4) a re c oarse g rained q uartzite ( Millstone G rit) o f Namurian a ge, and t wo ( 43 a nd 4 5) s eem t o be s andstone f rom the Upper C oal Measures. The a ctual q uarry h as n ot b een f ound f or either t ype but t hough b oth c ould h ave c ome f rom s ome d istance, i t i s more l ikely that t hey were q uarried l ocally 21 . The B recon milestone i s o f l ocal s andstone, p robably f rom the S enni Beds o f t he O ld Red S andstone. N orth W ales: A s would be e xpected f rom t he preliminary s urvey, t he Hadrianic m ilestone f rom Rhiwiau-uchaf ( 51 - " from Kanovium, 8 m iles") a nd t he o ne i nscribed t o S everus, Caracalla a nd G eta ( 52) f ound c lose b y, a re o f M illstone Grit. The c oarse s andstone w ith q uartzite pebbles c annot b e matched by a ny o utcrop c loser t han t he C efn-y-Fedw S andstone which crops o ut n orthwards f rom L langollen, t hrough M inera and b y Mold t o Holywell. ( See F ig. 3 ). The pebble s ize i ndicates that t he s tone must have c ome f rom t he s outhern part o f t he outcrop, p robably w ithin a f ew miles o f L langollen. The e arlier s tone i s a g ood c ylinder which has p robably b een turned; both h ave n eat i nscriptions. There i s e qually g ood, i f n ot b etter, r ock c loser t o Kanovium t han t he C efn-y-Fedw Sandstone , r ock which w ould t ake a n e qually n eat i nscription and, being without t he pebbles, would l ook b etter. S o a lthough the Hadrianic s tone r ecords t he d istance f rom Kanovium, i t w ould s eem t hat, a s might b e e xpected f rom Mommsen' s a nalysis, t here was s ome c entral c ontrol o ver r oad maintenance and milestone e rection t hroughout t he North W ales peninsula b y t he l egionary f ortress a t Chester. The milestones may h ave 8

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been c ompleted a t t he q uarry and t ransported a long s ome unknown road t o t he North Wales c oast r oad. More probably the c rude milestones would have been t ransported t o Chester, perhaps a long t he R iver Dee, where t hey were i nscribed before being taken by r oad o r s ea t o Caerhun. O f the o ther m ilestones f rom North Wales, t hat o f Severus Alexander f rom Gwaenysgor ( 49) i s a medium-grained dolerite. There i s n o known l ocal source o f d olerite which could have s upplied t his s tone a nd i t must have c ome f rom further west i n t he S nowdon a rea o r perhaps f rom Anglesey. I t i s not a g ood s tone f or i nscribing a nd y et t he l ettering i s q uite n eat, s uggesting t hat i t was p roduced by c ompetent masons. I t i s possible that i t f ound i ts way e ast t o Chester i n a boat b ringing c opper o re f rom Parys Mountain and was utilised s imply because o f i ts c onvenient s hape; but i t i s more l ikely t hat i t was i nscribed a t S egontium and b rought e ast d uring r oad reconstruction. The u se o f t his poorer q uality s tone may f oreshadow a change in t he o rganization o f r oad r epair i n North Wales. During the e arly y ears o f t he t hird c entury t he l egionary bases a t Caerleon a nd Chester were r enovated a nd r epaired as p art of a p lan t o s trengthen the W elsh f rontier. A t t he same t ime c ertain o utlying f orts, e specially Caernarvon ( Segontium) a nd Caersws, s eem t o h ave g rown i n i mportance relative t o t he c ivil administration o f t he l ocal t ribal areas 22 a nd r oad maintenance c ould well have become o ne o f their responsibilities. The r emaining milestones o f North Wales a re a ll l ocal in o rigin. The s tone f rom L lys Dinorwic ( 55) i s a l ocal rhyolite. The s tone o f Postumus f rom Aber ( 53) i s a g reen s chist f rom Anglesey. I t may have been q uarried a s a miles tone but more p robably i t f ound i ts way a cross the Menai S traits a s ballast i n a boat a nd was u tilised because o f i ts s hape. The s tone o f Constantine f rom Bwlch-y-Ddeufan ( 50) i s a very h ard, f ine-grained i gneous r ock, s o hard t hat the mason must h ave had a very d ifficult j ob i n i ncising even the very s hallow i nscription t hat i t c arries. The s tone i s a natural f ragment a nd must have been used o nly because i t was r ight on t he s pot: t here i s better s tone f or i nscribing but a mile o r two d istant. Northern Area: The r emaining Hadrianic milestone ( 61), f rom Caton n ear Lancaster, i s more d ifficult t han t he o ther two t o p lace, both as regards i ts o rigin a nd the a uthority r esponsible f or i ts e rection. I n t his a rea a military a uthority based on a fort, rather t han a c ivil a uthority based o n a t own, would have had r esponsibility f or r oad maintenance. T he s tone i s o f M illstone G rit. I ts o rigin c ould be a lmost a nywhere i n the L ancaster Fells a nd Forest o f Bowland a rea; perhaps the s tone was f rom very c lose a t hand, but i t c ould h ave c ome f rom a s f ar away a s Longridge, f our o r f ive miles n orth o f Ribchester, where a r easonable match has been f ound. The

1 1

s tone i s believed to measure t he though t he r eading i s d oubtful.

d istance

f rom L ancaster,

S tones o f Philip a nd Decius ( 59 a nd 6 0) were f ound c lose t o e ach o ther t hree miles s outh o f Lancaster. The f ormer i s o f Bunter S andstone f rom s ome m iles f urther s outh, t owards t he R iver R ibble. The l atter i s p robably o f l ocal M illstone G rit a nd may well have been a l oose weathered r ock which was c rudely a nd c arelessly i nscribed a fter Decius's a scendancy. The f ragmentary s tone f rom R ibchester, i nscribed t o Decius ( 57), was probably quarried a mile o r two north o n L ongridge F ell, though i t i s o f d ifferent material f rom t he Hadrianic milestone. The o ther s tones f rom t he Lancaster a rea, a t O vertown Farm ( 62) n ear Burrow i n Lonsdale a nd a t M iddleton ( 63), a re Carboniferous s andstones w ith probably l ocal o rigins f rom t he Y oredale f acies. Carlisle possessed a n e arly f ort a nd l ater s eems t o have become the c entre o f a new c ivitas i n what w as f ormerly B rigantian t erritory 23 . I t i s r easonable to e xpect, t hough, t hat s ome o ther f ort was made r esponsible f or maintaining c ommunications i n a d istant part o f t he t erritory, a s s eems t o be t he c ase with t he I ngliston ( 108) a nd Buxton ( 35) milestones. I n t he s outhern part o f t he n ew c ivitas i t i s n ot c lear whether t his r esponsibility f ell on B urrow i n L onsdale ( Galacum), Lancaster o r R ibchester ( Bremetennacum). The milestones f rom the a rea o f I surium Brigantum a re a ll d ated t o t he r eign o f Decius o r l ater. The s tones o f Decius f rom Duel C ross ( 66) a nd A ldborough ( 67 a nd 6 8) a re o f K euper S andstone, probably f rom t he q uarries a t Aldborough which a lso f urnished building s tone f or t he Roman town. M ilestones f rom S tainmore ( 74, 7 5 a nd 7 6) a nd G reta Bridge ( 73) a re o f Carboniferous s andstone, p robably f rom the Namurian, o r perhaps f rom t he L ower C oal Measures ( Westphalian), a nd a re a lso l ocal i n o rigin. T he town o r f ort t o which t he S tainmore s tones belong i s not c ertain but g eographically t hey r elate t o I surium or Eboracum r ather t han t o Corstopitum o r Luguvalium. T he Piercebridge miles tone ( 69) i s a q uartzite r ock, most l ikely l ocal, though n o r easonable match has been f ound. Further s outh, t he Castleford milestones, a lthough e ach i s o f a d ifferent r ock, a re f airly l ocal i n o rigin. T hat f rom Beancroft R oad ( 64) i s o f a q uartzite s imilar t o t he Piercebridge milestone, a nd the s tone f rom Carlton S treet i s c ut f rom a s ofter, f elspathic s andstone, p robably f rom the U pper Namurian a round Huddersfield a nd Halifax. I n t he v icinity o f Carlisle t he milestones f all g eologically i nto t hree g roups. M ilestones f rom Brougham ( 80 a nd 8 1) a nd Temple S owerby ( 79) a re o f l ocal Penrith S andstone, p robably q uarried i n t he h ills near B rougham . Both t he S calesceugh s tone ( 84) a nd t he s tone f rom the M ilitary Way a t O ld Wall ( 87) a re c omposed of S t. Bees S andstone. They a re both well matched by the S t. Bees S andstone f rom t he Roman q uarry a t W ethera1 24 , b ut they

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c ould have c ome f rom o ther p laces w ithin t he outcrop. ( See F ig. 4 ). The Aurelian milestone f rom the S tanegate a t Fell End, n ear Carvoran ( 89), i s a lso o f the s ame S t. Bees Sandstone. The r emaining m ilestones, f rom H angings haw, near Appleby ( 78) a nd a t Harraby Bridge ( 85), are o f s imilar q uartzite, s eemingly o f Carboniferous a ge. The o rigin o f t hese milestones i s b y n o means c ertain a nd t he s ignificance o f t wo s imilar s tones being f ound s o f ar a part i s f ar f rom c lear. With t he e xception o f t he O ld Wall a nd Fell E nd miles tones, a ll t he s tones f rom t he Wall a rea a re o f l ocal Carboniferous s andstone f rom t he Y oredale f acies. The various s andstones have been e xtensively q uarried i n t he past, n ot l east by t he R omans f or building Hadrian's Wall. Because e ach s andstone i s v ery much l ike a nother a nd because e ach h orizon may vary t o s ome e xtent i n c omposition a nd i n a r egular fashion f rom c oarse t o f ine grain, i t i s n ot u sually possible t o be c ertain f rom which h orizon, a nd s till l ess f rom which q uarry, a s pecimen has come. There a re t wo milestones i nscribed t o S everus A lexand er i n t he a rea, o ne f rom t he S tanegate a t Crindledykes ( 92) a nd t he o ther f rom t he M ilitary Way a t Cawfields ( 102). T hough t he C rindledykes s tone has weathered to a d eeper y ellow t han t he o ther, a s f ar a s g rain s ize a nd c omposition a re c oncerned t hey c ould well have c ome f rom t he same q uarry. I f we n ote a lso t hat t he i nscriptions have very n early t he s ame s tyle o f l ettering a nd that b oth s tones a re o f n early t he s ame d imensions a nd both r ecord d istances f rom C orstopitum, i t s eems s afe t o conclude t hat t hey c ame f rom the same q uarry a nd both were i nscribed by t he s ame workshop. Of t he o ther s tones, i t i s p ossible t hat t he milestone o f Numerian f rom Cawfields ( 103) a nd perhaps a lso that o f Maximinus f rom Crindledykes ( 94) c ould be c omposed o f t he same s tone a s the S everus milestones. The worn m ilestone o f C onstantine f rom C rindledykes ( 96) a nd that o f Maximinus f rom Corbridge ( 100) may s hare t he s ame o rigin, a s a lso may t he C rindledykes s tones o f Probus ( 93) a nd Constantine a s Caesar ( 95). I t i s n ot possible t o s ay more than t his. Samples o f s tone f rom t he Roman q uarries a t Haltwhistle B urn a nd Bruton both p rovide possible m atches f or the m ilestones o f S everus a nd perhaps a lso f or t he o ther milestones, b ut o ther e xposures would a lso match. The Antonine milestone f rom I ngliston ( 108) i s i nc omplete a nd t he d istance has been l ost f rom the i nscription but t he c aput v iae, Trimontium, r emains. I t i s l ikely t hat t he s tone o riginated f rom t he Upper O ld R ed Sandstone o f Lauderdale o r nearby, i n which c ase t he milestone must h ave been q uarried a nd e rected u nder t he military a uthority a t T rimontium ( Newstead). R ichmond 25 h as n oted t hat Newstead was c learly the d ominant f ort i n t his part o f t he S cottish L owlands a nd t hat i t was r econstructed i n t he e arly part o f t he Antonine period t o take a d etachment o f the T wentieth

1 4

Legion based a t C hester. I t i s n ot s urprising, t hen, t o find t he f ort t aking r esponsibility f or r oad-works, a t least i n t he e astern L owlands, a nd p erhaps a lso f or t he Antonine Wall a rea. There a re n o o ther milestones f rom this a rea, but t he l ower portion o f a s imilar s tone, a lso measuring t he d istance f rom a f ort, was f ound a t Buxton ( 35 a nd p .8).

5 .

S UMMARY

Decentralisation o f a uthority. There i s o nly o ne e arly milestone f rom t he c ivil a rea - t he Thurmaston s tone quarried a nd f ound c lose t o Ratae ( p. 7 ) - a nd here t here a re n o later milestones f or c omparison. I n t he military a rea, i f t he Gwaenysgor milestone i n North Wales was i n fact p roduced a t S egontium a nd c arried e ast ( p.11 ) t o be placed on t he c oast r oad t hen t hat f ort may, by t he middle of t he third c entury, have become r esponsible f or t he maintenance o f r oads i n North Wales a s f ar e ast a s Prestatyn. We may b e s eeing, though, n o more t han t he u se, f or p urely e conomic r easons, o f a c onvenient a nd i nferior quality s tone. B ut i f t he e vidence o f t he I ngliston milestone ( p. 1 4) i s c orrectly i nterpreted i t might a dd weight to t he i dea o f l ate s econd o r e arly t hird c entury decentralisation. T hough we a re n ot h elped t o d istinguish between t he d ifferent t ypes o f r oad t hat M ommsen n oted i n North A frica ( p. 1 ) , t his e vidence f or d ecentralisation i s i n l ine with h is o bservations. I n the period f rom t he e arly t hird c entury o nwards we s till f ind t hat, a t t imes, c are was t aken t o p roduce g ood milestones. I n t he n orth, t he S tainmore milestones, t hough o f l ocal material, w ere c arefully p repared a nd must have been p roduced by c ompetent masons. F urther s outh, i n t he territory o f t he B elgae, g ood s tone was s till being q uarried a t, a nd carried s ome d istance f rom, t he q uarries a t Chilmark. But b y this t ime, i n most a reas, l ocal a nd o ften poor s tone was b eing i ncised m ore o r l ess o n t he s pot. Civitas boundaries. A t o ne o r t wo p oints t he milestones c an be u sed t o d elimit t he c ivitas boundaries ( see F ig. 5 ). I n the s outh t he Chilmark q uarries a nd R ockbourne v illa s eem t o be i ncluded i n B elgic t erritory ( p. 6 ) . F urther n orth, Cave 's I nn i s l ikely t o have been i n t he t erritory o f t he Catuvellauni, u nless i t d id i tself become a c ivitas c apital ( p. 7 ) . I f Durobrivae ( Water Newton) was e levated t o t he s tatus o f c ivitas c apital, i t i s possible t hat Durolipons was i ncluded i n i ts territory ( p. 7 ) . A lso t here i s r eason t o s uppose t hat t he a rea o f t he c olonia a t L incoln s hould be e xtended t o n early t wenty miles r adius ( p. 7 ) . Only two milestones, t he I mpstone a nd Bannisters m ilestone, s eem d efinitely t o have c ome f rom outside t he c ivitas t erritory t o w hich t hey b elonged ( p. 6 ) , a nd t he l ack o f o ther s uitable s tone e xplains t his.

1 5

APPENDIX

CATALOGUE OF M ILESTONES T he milestones a re l isted below more o r l ess i n t he order g iven i n R .I.B., i , with a ppropriate modifications t o s uit the n eeds o f political g eography a nd c onsistency, and w ith a dditions w here t here a re uninscribed milestones a nd m ilestones f ound s ince 1 955. Full r eferences a re not given with i nscribed s tones. M ilestones which a re now l ost h ave been i ncluded f or t he sake o f c ompleteness. W here p ossible e ach milestone i s g iven a s ix f igure National G rid r eference f or i ts f ind s pot; where f easible a nd a ppropriate a n e ight f igure r eference i s g iven. Where s tones h ave b een f ound on o r c lose by a Roman r oad, t he Margary r oad n umber i s g iven 26 .

1 7

1 S HORNE

R .I.B.

TQ 6 95712

I rregular:

2 219

FLAVIUS S EVERUS DAIA: 3 05-6 1 17x56x30.5

& MAXIMINUS

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F ound 1 907 n ear The Warren, S horne, a bout 3 m iles west of R ochester a nd 1 1 miles n orth o f Watling S treet ( road l c); now i n Maidstone Museum. Lettering r easonaoly n eat, t hough s hallow; s ome l etters n early worn a way. A modern i nscription, THE WARREN/ S HORNE, has been c arved o ver l ines 4 a nd 5 . A well s orted o rthoquartzite, hard a nd f linty o n t he outside a nd weathered o rangy-red. An o riginal s arsen which has n ot been c ut d own o r t rimmed i n a ny way. S arsens, o r " grey-wethers", o ften o ccur i n t he c halk a reas o f t he s outh a nd i n t he a ssociated P leistocene a nd R ecent d eposits. I t i s most probable t hat t his s tone c ame f rom n ear Chatham a nd m ore particularly f rom between C hatham a nd Bredhurst where, i n t he P leistocene c lay-with-flints, t hey a re o ften i ron s tained 27 . I t i s unusual t hat t his milestone i s n ot d ressed i n a ny way, a nd i t would be a l ittle o dd i f t he R omans had t roubled t o carry i t e ight o r t en miles o nly t o l eave i t u ndressed. Jessup r ecords t hat a t Battle S treet, a hamlet o f Cobham, a bout h alf a m ile s outh o f Watling S treet a nd a bout t wo m iles f rom T he W arren, t here i s t he s ite o f a megalithic s tone c ircle known a s t he Druid's Temple o r Warrior' s G rave 28 . The s tones have, i n more r ecent t imes, been r emoved t o f orm s teps or boundary s tones i n t he n eighbourh ood, a nd we may r easonably c onjecture t hat a t l east one o f the s tones f ound l ater e mployment a s a R oman milestone o n Watling S treet. 2 9

R .I.B.

2 WORTHING TQ 1 33028 Rectangular:

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3 07-37

cm

F ound 1 901 i n r emains o f a Roman v illa a t H erschel L odge, W orthing, a mile o r s o s outh o f t he r oad ( 153) e ast f rom C hichester; n ow i n Worthing M useum . L ettering a l ittle def aced but o therwise moderately n eat. L ower p ortion o f a s tone broken i nto t hree p ieces. A l ithic, g lauconitic g reywacke, poorly s orted with occasiona l p lagioclase g rains. A variety o f i ron o res a re p resent, mainly g lauconite, occurring a s primary d etrital a nd s econdary g rains. S tone a g rey-yellow, but with o rangy-red a nd g reyish s treaks. A g reensand a nd p robably f rom t he t op o f t he L ower G reensand, t he F olkestone Beds, which p rovides a g ood match a f ew miles n orth o f W orthing i n t he Washington-Hassocks a rea n.

3 BANNISTERS S U 7 82639

V . C.H.

Berks.,

i ( 1906),

2 07 31

UNINSCRIBED

R ough Cylinder Found, r eputedly i n 1 841, i n a f ield called S ix A cres on W ebbs Farm, F inchampstead, Berks.; n ow a t Bannisters, F inchampstead. Originally o n r oad ( 4a) f rom London t o S ilchester. Badly weathered b ut may o nce have h ad a n i nscription. A l ight buff, s helly oolite; s ome s hell f ragments q uite l arge. There i s a p artly o bscured t erebratulid o f ? Bathonian a ge. Ooliths a re r egular, n early 1 mm i n s ize. F ragments, o oliths a nd micrite matrix a re partly recrystallised t o f ine g rained s parry c alcite. S ome s iderite p resent.

1 8

T he rock i s c oarser a nd more shelly t han t he I mpstone ( 4) but i s otherwise similar, e . g. i n a mount o f micrite matrix a nd e xtent o f r ecrystallisation. I t i s B ath S tone f rom t he Bath a rea where t he G reat Oolite f orms g ood, pale b uff, well c emented f reestones a nd s helly oolites 32 . I t h as been f requently q uarried i n t he past a nd was u sed i n s ome o f t he buildings a t C alleva 3 J . There i s n o l ocal s tone which i s suitable for i nscribing a s a milestone, t hough t here a re o utcrops o f t he Upper G reensand west f rom B urbage t o Devizes which may h ave provided suitable material.

4 I MPSTONE

R .I.B.

SU 6 0966247

2 221

UNDATED

Roughly rectangular:

3 0.5 c m a bove g round x 46x28

c m

R ecorded b y S tukely i n 1 776 a nd by t he Ordnance S urvey i n 1 838, miles d ue west o f t he w est gate o f S ilchester, o n t he n orth s ide o f t he modern r oad; s till a t t his s pot. Re-used a s a parish a nd c ounty boundary s tone a nd with a bench mark on i t. W right s uggests t hat " it i s quite p ossible t hat i t was o nce a R oman milestone. I f s o i t must h ave been moved mile f rom t he l ine o f t he Roman r oad which r uns west-north' westwards t owards Thatcham" ( Road 4 1a). However t he r oad o n which i t n ow s tands i s s traight f or 3 i miles before t urning n orth-west i n a s traight a lignment towards t he T hatcham r oad. As t his r oad a lso f orms t he parish a nd c ounty boundaries, i t may a lso be t he l ine o f a R oman r oad, possibly an early one. A l ight buff, s helly o olite. Ooliths, t hough v ariable i n s ize, d o not u sually e xceed 1 mm ; s hell f ragments may be 3 .5 mm o r more. S ome recrystallisation o f t he o oliths, f ragments a nd partly micritic matrix. Traces o f s iderite present. V ery s imilar t o t he B annisters milestone ( 3) a nd a lso Bath S tone a nd n ot G reensand a s s tated i n R .I. B. I t i s p ossible t hat t hey h ave both c ome f rom the same quarry, t hough t hey would be f rom d ifferent h orizons.

5 CLANVILLE

R .I. B.

SU 3 1454898 Rectangular:

9 8

CARINUS: 3 3x35. 5x28

2 82-3

c m

F ound 1 897 1 0 yards s outh o f t he v illa a t C lanville, W eyhill, Hants.; now i n W inchester Museum. The r esemblance o f t his s tone t o a milestone has l ong been r ecognised but i n t he past, because o f i ts provenance f rom a v illa 3 miles f rom t he n earest R oman r oad ( 43 a nd 4b), i t has usually b een c onsidered t o be a n h onorific i nscription. Since t he discovery o f t he milestones a t R ockbourne, n early 5 m iles f rom t he nearest Roman r oad, t here i s b etter c ase f or r ecognising t he Clanville s tone a lso a s a m ilestone. I nscription neat b ut s hallow. There i s a s mall g ap between t he third l ine of t he i nscription a nd t he base where t he s tone has b een c ut across i n re-use. A lthough t here i s n o t race o f a f ourth l ine t here could well have been more i nscription o n t he l ower portion o f t he s tone. The f ront corners a re s lightly r ounded a nd t he i nscribed f ace s lightly hollowed suggesting t hat t his might be a s econd i nscription. A pale, buff-grey, f ine-grained, s andy l imestone with r ecrystallised, a braded s hell f ragments a nd well r ounded s and g rains. S ome g reen glauconite present, s ometimes o xidised t o l imonite. I t i s Chilmark S tone f rom t he Upper Portland B eds o f t he Vale o f Wardour which h as been e xploited i n many q uarries a round T isbury, Wardour a nd Chicksgrove, a s well a s a t Chilmark 34 . There a re t wo main s tone h orizons which vary a l ittle i n c omposition but a re e ssentially s imilar. The l ower horizon, which has been widely used f or building purposes, is f urther s ubdivided i nto t he Pinney, Trough a nd G reen Beds. Obviously there w ill b e s ome variation i n s tone which i s t ermed Chilmark S tone, a s there i s variation f rom bed t o bed a nd f rom q uarry to q uarry. This milestone i s probably f rom t he G reen Bed, t hough i t c ould b e f rom t he Pinney B ed.

1 9

6 B ITTERNE

1

R .I. B.

2 222

GORDIAN I II: Rectangular:

7 1

2 38-44

cm h igh

Found 1 804 o r l ost. I nscription i ts e rection - t he

1 805 i n t he t own walls o f B itterne a pparently mentioned t he a uthority c ivitas o f t he B elgae 35 .

7 B ITTERNE 2

R .I. B.

( Clausentum); n ow r esponsible f or

2 223

GALLUS A ND VOLUSIAN: Roughly r ectangular:

s tone

8 4x38

Found 1 804 o r 1 805 i n t apered t o a g able.

8 B ITTERNE 3

c m t he

t own walls o f B itterne;

R .I. B.

SU 4 35134

1 09x46x28

n ow

l ost.

The

2 224

i GORDIAN I II: i i T ETRICUS:

Roughly o val:

251-3

2 38-44 2 70-3

c m

F ound s hortly before 1 845 i n t he t own walls a t B itterne; n ow i n God's H ouse T ower Museum, S outhampton. Apparently i nscribed t wice, t he more c omplete s econd i nscription n ow p icked o ut i n r ed. Back a nd r ight s ide partly c ut d own i n r e-use a nd t races o f mortar on t he b ack. F ine g rained, l ight g rey o r c reamy l imestone c omposed entirely of m icrite e xcept f or f ine patches o f s parry c alcite i n o r a round r ecrysta llised f ossil f ragments. S tone p itted where f ossils h ave weathered o ut but t races o f s mall gastropods c an s till b e s een. Bembridge L imestone f rom t he O ligocene o f t he I sle o f Wight a nd probably f rom t he B instead L imestone, a variety q uarried a t Binstead, e specially d uring t he M iddle Ages, a nd n ow w orked out 36 . From B instead i t c ould e asily h ave been s hipped t o C lausentum , or e ven f urther i nland. ( It i s g eologically unlikely t hat t he s tone c ould have c ome f rom t he s mall o utlier o f Bembridge L imestone a t C reechbarrow, 2 miles west o f Castle C orfe, Dorset).

9 B ITTERNE 4

R .I.B.

S U 4 35134

2 225

TETRICUS:

Rectangular:

7 4x35.5x20

2 70-3

c m

Found 1 841, o r j ust before, a t B itterne, i n t he g arden o f t he manor; n ow i n God's H ouse Tower Museum, S outhampton. L ettering s hallow b ut n eat. Back r ough h ewn with t races o f mortar f rom s econdary use; t rimmed d own a t t he e dges. Sandy, g lauconitic l imestone which a ppears pale buff-grey. S hell f ragments a braded a nd r ecrystallised: q uartz g rains moderately a ngular. G lauconite o ften a ltered t o l imonite; s ome s iderite. C hilmark S tone f rom t he Upper Portlands B eds o f t he Vale o f Probably f rom t he G reen Bed. ( See 5 , a bove, f or d etails).

1 0 B ITTERNE

5

R .I. B.

2 226

TETRICUS : S quared s tone:

n eat

F ound s tone

3 8x38

W ardour.

2 70-3

c m

1 804 o r 1 805 i n t he t own walls c ut d own f rom a m ilestone.

2 0

o f B itterne;

n ow

l ost.

Square,

1 1

B ITTERNE 6

R .I. B.

2 227

AURELIAN: Squared s tone: F ound

2 73-5

4 6x30.5 c m

1 799

a t

B itterne;

n ow l ost.

1 2 B ITTERNE 7

Perhaps

R .I.B .

a m ilestone.

2 228

UNDATED Cylindrical:

9 2x46

c m d iam .

F ound 1 804 o r 1 805 i n t he t own walls a t B itterne; n ow l ost. The l ower p art o f a milestone f rom which t he e mperor's name had been l ost. The i nscription ran " ...in t he e ighteenth y ear q f h is t ribunician p ower restored the r oads which h ad f allen i nto r uin t hrough a ge..." H averfield ( E.E . i x) has s uggested t hat i t may perhaps r efer t o S everus, 2 10, o r Caracalla, 2 15, f or i t d oes n ot r esemble t he i nscriptions o f t he f ourth century emperors who h eld t ribunician power f or t he e ighteenth t ime. Birley 37 has o bserved t hat by c omparison with t he s tone f rom R hiwiauuchaf ( 52) S everus would a lso have h is s ons mentioned o n t he s tone, a nd s o p refers the d ate o f 2 15. E ither date f its a dequately t he k nown period o f r oad building a nd r enovating a t t he beginning o f t he t hird c entury.

1 3 R OCKBOURNE 1

J .R.S.,

l vi

S U 1 17170

DECIUS:

2 49-51

Rectangular:

( 1966),

2 19

5 1x28x20 c m

F ound 1 965 i n t he f oundations o f r oom V I o f W est Park V illa, Rockbourne, Hants.; n ow i n t he s ite museum. This i s n early 5 miles f rom t he n earest k nown Roman r oad ( 4c). Lettering s hallow b ut very n eat w ith the m ason' s g uide l ines s till v isible s o t hat t he s tone c an h ardly h ave been e xposed t o t he weather. T he back i s worn s mooth w here t he s tone has b een secondarily u sed a s a s tep a nd i t i s l ikely t hat i t was n ever used f or i ts i ntended p urpose, a lmost c ertainly b ecause Decius was o verthrown before i t c ould b e e rected. Top i rregular but o riginal; base broken. B uff, sandy l imestone. Quartz g rains f airly a ngular; c alcite o ften occurs a s c lastic g rains. S ome g reenish g lauconite o ccasionally a ltered to l imonite. C hilmark S tone, p robably f rom t he Pinney Bed o f Beds i n the Vale o f Wardour. ( For d etails s ee 5 ).

1 4 R OCKBOURNE 2

J . R.S.,

S U 1 17170 Rectangular:

l ii

TETRICUS:

t he Upper P ortland

( 1962),

1 95 38

2 70-3

9 4x38x23 c m

F ound 1 961 i n t he f ootings o f a f lint wall on t he n orth s ide o f room X IV a t t he west e nd o f t he Roman v illa a t West Park, R ockbourne, Hants .; now i n t he s ite m useum. I nscription t o T etricus o r both Tetrici; neat b ut s hallow. B roken a t t op; damaged a t back a nd a l ittle a t s ides. A b uff, s lightly g lauconitic, sandy l imestone. Calcite occurs a s abraded shell f ragments, o oliths a nd micrite matrix, a ll partly r ecrystallised. Q uartz g rains f airly a ngular. G lauconite s ometimes a ltered to l imonite. C hilmark S tone f rom t he Upper Portland B eds o f probably from t he G reen B ed. ( See 5 f or d etails).

2 1

t he Vale o f Wardour,

1 5

S TINSFORD

Pope, O ld s tone ( 1906), 1 7739

S Y 7 0899130

UNINSCRIBED

Rough c ylinder:

1 80 cm a bove ground x 3 8

c rosses

o f D orset,

cm d iam.

F irst n oted b y Pope a t S tinsford, Dorset, o n l ine o f Roman r oad ( 4e) f rom Dorchester ( Durnovaria) t o Badbury ( Vindocladia); moved a t l east twice d uring r oad r econstruction but probably n ot more t han a f ew f eet f rom i ts o riginal s pot. I t t apers s lightly t owards t he t op. I t has s igns o f wear f rom a c hain which h as l ed t o t he b elief t hat i t was the s tone known l ocally a s t he " bull-baiting s tone". I t may h ave been s o used, o r a s a r ubbing s tone, but whether o r not s uch a f unction was p rimary o r o nly s econdary, i t i s n ot possible t o say. I ts s hape a nd l ocation a re b oth c onsistent with i ts p rimary f unction a s a R oman m ilestone. This s tone has n ot b een sampled but i t i s a g rey o r g rey-buff, s lightly o olitic l imestone, p robably o f f airly l ocal o rigin.

R .I. B.

1 6 VENN BRIDGE ST 4 78188 C ylindrical:

2 229

FLAVIUS S EVERUS: 1 23x29

shelly,

3 05-6

cm d iam .

Found 1 930 o n s outh bank o f s tream a t V enn B ridge, S toke s ub H amdon, 5 miles s outh-west o f I lchester on t he F osse W ay ( 5a); n ow i n T aunton Museum. L ettering r ough, f airly deeply c ut. I t has a moulded b ase, 33 cm d iam . Apparently primarily i ntended f or u se a s a c olonnade o r s tatue base. I t has a n atural vertical f racture f rom f ront t o back a nd i t i s q uite possible t hat t his d eveloped during p reparation o f t he s tone a s a c olumn, causing i t t o be u sed a s a milestone i nstead. Back s till s mooth but i nscribed face a nd s ides c hiselled d own a nd r ough: p resent i nscription a lmost c ertainly a s econd one. A buff-orange s andy l imestone: s parsely o olitic b ut containing many c omm uted a nd a braded s hell f ragments a rranged r oughly a long the b edding. I was n ot a ble t o s ample t he s tone f or m icroscopic a nalysis b ut i t s eems t o be Ham H ill S tone f rom t he Yeovil S and, Upper L ias. T his s tone was q uarried i n R oman t imes a t Ham Hill, l ittle more t han a mile f rom t he f ind s pot 40 .

1 7

TRETHEVY

R .I. B .

SX 0 76891

GALLUS & VOLUSIAN:

Rectangular p illar:

1 35x35.5x28

2 230 2 51-3

cm

Found 1 919 r e-used a s a gatepost o n t he s ite o f t he reputed monastery o f S t. Piran, l miles east o f Tintagel; n ow r esting i n a paving, l eaning a gainst a wall o f t he h ouse , " St. Pirans", n ear where i t was f ound. I nscription badly weathered a nd a lmost u nreadable . A moderately c oarse, b iotite g ranite, w ith f eldspar phenocrysts up t o 2 cm l ong. Q uartz f airly f resh but f eldspars, mainly orthoclase, o ften s ericitised. M ica i s mainly b iotite b ut t here i s s ome muscovite. S ome t ourmaline p resent. This i s o ne o f t he S outh-West g ranites w hich a re a ll essentially s imilar i n c omposition 41 . The relatively s mall s ize o f t he feldspar phenocrysts f avours t he B odmin Moor or Carnmenellis bodies while t he r elative p roportions o f t he d ifferent f eldspars i ndicates the B odmin Moor o r Dartmoor masses 42 . S ince t he B odmin Moor g ranite c rops out a t i ts n earest p oint o nly 7 miles o r s o t o t he s outh-south-east o f the f ind s pot, i t i s r easonable t o c onclude t hat i t h as c ome f rom that m ass .

R .I. B.

1 8 T INTAGEL

L ICINIUS :

SX 0 51884 Rectangular p illar:

2 231

1 50x30.5x20

3 08-24

cm

F ound 1 889 built i nto a s tile a t t he e ast e nd o f t he churchyard a t Tintagel Church; n ow c emented a gainst t he w all o f the s outh t ransept i n 2 2

the c hurch. I nscription r easonably neat but s hallow a nd weathered. The top i s now worn t o a point where i t has been used f or s harpening tools i n later t imes. A dark, b lue-grey s iltstone with a s light t endency t o be s laty. Quartz g rains have t heir l ong a xes o riented s ub-parallel; muscovite also t end to l ie parallel. Quartz g rains have moderate r ounding a nd sphericity.

f lakes

T his i s a lmost c ertainly f rom t he l ocal Upper Devonian beds which i n this a rea a re n ormally b lue-grey i n c olour a nd vary f rom v ery l ow g rade phyllites, e ssentially s iltstones and mudstones, t hrough t o l ow g rade schists 43 .

1 9 G WENNAP

R .I. B.

S W 7 20419 Rectangular

GORDIAN p illar:

1 10x35.5x20

2 234 I II:

2 38-44

cm

F ound 1 940 while p loughing a t Mynheer Farm, i n a f ield 3 00 y ards east of G wennap Pit a nd l i m iles d ue e ast o f Redruth; n ow r e-erected i n t he garden o f Mynheer Farm . I nscription r easonably n eat but badly weathered. Broken a t s ides a nd back. A coarse, b rown-stained g ranite with s lightly pink f eldspar phenocrysts 2 -3 cm i n l ength . Feldspar i s mainly o rthoclase. M icas a re present and t here i s a l ittle t ourmaline. T his r ock i s t ypical o f t he outer portions o f t he S outh-West granites; there i s n othing s ufficiently d istinctive t o i ndicate f rom which i t has o riginated. I t i s q uite possible, t herefore, t hat i t was quarried very l ocally f rom t he small Cam nMarth outcrop, o r j ust t wo , . miles o r so t o t he s outh-west f rom the main Carnmenellis body 41 4 2

20 B REAGE

R .I. B .

S W 6 18285

2 232

POSTUMUS:

Rectangular p illar:

2 58-68

1 70x41x25 cm

F irst noted 1 920 r e-used a s a gatepost a bout 1 00 y ards f rom B reage Church, near H elston; n ow r esting a gainst a wall i n t he c hurch. L ower portion of i nscription r emoved; l ettering c rude a nd badly worn. I t h as rounded edges s uggesting t hat t he present i nscription may b e s econdary. A medium t o c oarse g rained biotite g ranite w ith f eldspar phenocrysts up t o 3 cm i n l ength. F eldspar i s mainly potash f eldspar. G reen a nd brown varieties o f b iotite a re present a nd a re more a bundant t han muscovite. T ourmaline i s a c ommon a ccessory mineral. T he origin o f this s tone c annot be s tated w ith c ertainty f or i t could h ave c ome f rom a ny o f t he S outh-West g ranites. C lose a t h and t o the f ind spot a re t he masses o f the Godolphin a nd T regonning H ills j ust to t he west a nd, a mile o r two t o t he n orth-east, t he l arge Carnmenellis mass. The relatively s mall s ize o f t he f eldspar p henocrysts, t he quantity of t ourmaline a nd t he o ther modal p roportions a re a ll c onsistent with t he s tone having c ome f rom e ither o f t hese two masses 41 , 4 2.

2 1

S T.

HILARY

R .I. B.

S W 5 50313 Rectangular:

2 233

CONSTANTINE 1 27

cm a bove f loor x 5 8x30.5

I :

3 06-7

c m

F ound 1 854 built i nto t he f ourteenth c entury f oundations o f t he chancel of S t. H ilary's C hurch, Cornwall; n ow r e-erected i n t he s outh a isle with i ts base c emented i nto t he f loor c oncealing t he p resumably uninscribed portion o f t he f ace. Lettering moderately n eat b ut weathered. A f ine-medium g rained g ranite. S ome f eldspar phenocrysts a bout 2 cm i n l ength. Q uartz f airly f resh, occasionally w ith t iny i nclusions of t opaz and t ourmaline. Feldspars o ften s ericitised. Micas a re muscovite and b iotite.

2 3

This s tone may h ave c ome f rom o ne o f t he f iner g ranites which o ccur w ithin t he main masses. The n earest l ocalities a re a t C rowan Beacon, 6 miles n orth-east o n t he Carnmenellis mass, o r a t Castle a n Dinas, b y Chysauster, a bout 3 miles n orth-west i n t he L and's End g ranite. T here are a lso f iner g rained parts i n t he Godolphin-Tregonning H ill mass, 3 o r 4 miles t o t he e ast. I t i s n ot possible t o s ay which o f t hese three s upplied t his s tone but a ll a re f airly l ocal 4 1 , 4 2.

2 2 G IRTON

R .I. B.

1

2 237

CONSTANTINE

TL 4 09620 R oughly r ectangular:

7 9x35.5

I :

3 05-6

c m h igh

Found 1 812 with 2 3 a t Girton, n early 3 m iles north-west of C ambridge, b y t he r oad ( 24) t o Godmanchester; n ow i n t he M useum o f Archaeology and E thnology, Cambridge. The s tone has a b lack e ncrustation; lettering b adly weathered. I t s eems t o h ave been i nscribed twice w ith the s ame i nscription 44 . P robably o riginally c ylindrical, n ow r oughly rectangular with r ounded e dges, e specially on t he r ight s ide where s ome of t he l ettering e xtends f rom t he f ace t o t he s ide. I t i s l ikely, therefore, to h ave b een a n e arlier s tone r e-cut during C onstantine's caesarship. A l ight buff, f airly f ossiliferous, o olitic l imestone. Ooliths generally f airly well r ounded, a bout 0 .8 mm d iam. Abundant recrystallised s hell f ragments o f s parry c alcite up t o 5 mm l ong. S ome micrite m atrix a nd t races o f s iderite a nd l imonite. A medium g rained s parry c alcite c ement. A t ypical J urassic o olite f rom the I nferior o r G reat Oolite. T he n earest a nd most l ikely f ormation f rom which i t h as c ome i s the L incolns hire L imestone, I nferior Oolite, which c rops o ut f rom K ettering, n orthe ast t o t he S tamford a rea, a nd t hence n orth t hrough L incoln, t o d ie out t owards t he H umber 45 . I t varies b oth vertically a nd l aterally, f rom eveng rained oolitic f reestones, a s a t Ketton, t o very s helly, hard, r aggy bands, a s a t B arnack, w ith many g rades o f s helly o olites i n between. At many p laces a long i ts outcrop i t has been q uarried f or building p urposes, t he f reestones u sually providing t he best s tone t hough t he rag h orizons have n ot been n eglected. I ndeed, a t t he well k nown B arnack quarries, near S tamford, i t was t he r ag which f ormed t he main o utput. The rag w as q uarried a s e arly a s Roman t imes a nd a lthough t he f reestone, here a s helly o olite, was s till a vailable when the r ag r an o ut i n t he f ifteenth c entury, t he q uarries were c losed 46 . A s pecimen o f s helly o olite f rom the H ills a nd Holes a t Barnack h as a f ew g rains o f s ilt-grade q uartz but o therwise p rovides a g ood match f or t his s tone f rom G irton. I t i s to be e xpected t hat the f reestone rather t han t he rag was u sed f or t he milestone s ince i t would t ake a better i nscription. S helly o olites a nd f reestones o ccur b oth a bove a nd below t he r ag at B arnack a nd can b e t raced w ith t he r ag s outh-west t o Weldon where i t has b een quarried a t l east s ince t he Middle A ges , a nd n orth t o the C lipsham a rea 47 . S pecimens f rom t hese p laces, t hough s imilar, d o not provide such a g ood match a s t he Barnack S tone but t hey c annot be e ntirely r uled out. However, t he p roximity o f t he Car Dyke t o Barnack a nd a g ood means o f t ransport perhaps f avour t his o rigin.

R .I. B .

2 3 G IRTON 2

2 236

UNDATED

TL 4 09620 Roughly r ectangular:

8 4x35.5x18

cm

Found 1 812 a t G irton, Cambridge, with 2 2; n ow i n t he Museum o f A rchaeology a nd E thnology, Cambridge. As w ith 2 2, t he i nscription i s a palimpsest but, a s t he s tone has l ost i ts t op p ortion, n either r ecords a n emperor' s n ame. Lettering badly weathered; t he s tone has a b lack e ncrustation. P robably o riginally c ylindrical, n ow roughly rectangular w ith r ounded e dges. A l ight buff,

s helly o olite.

Ooliths

2 4

s mall

a nd

e qual

in

s ize,

about

0 .aum d iam. S hell f ragments l argely r ecrystallised, up t o 5 mm i n l ength. Some m icrite matrix a nd a h igh proportion o f s parry c alcite c ement. S ame stone a s 2 2 a nd w ell matched by south-east o f S tamford:

24 DUROBRIVAE

1

R .I.B.

TL 1 1979718 Rectangular:

8 6x46

t he Barnack S tone

2 238

V ICTORINUS: cm a t

t op x 38

f rom Barnack,

2 68-70

cm

F ound 1 913 o n t he s outh-west s ide o f t he Roman r oad ( 2b) i n a f ield called T he Castles, a bout 1 10 yards f rom t he n orth-west a ngle o f t he Roman t own; n ow i n Peterborough Museum. Approximately r ectangular t apering s lightly t oward base. L ettering g oes r ound s ides o f s tone a nd i s picked o ut i n modern r ed. A f airly s helly, pale buff, o olitic l imestone. Ooliths f airly well rounded, 1 mm d iam., a nd c omposed o f micrite a nd a l ittle s iderite. A large n umber o f a braded, r ecrystallised s hell f ragments, mainly l amellibranch a nd brachiopod r emains. S parite c ement a nd a bout 5 % a ngular s iltgrade q uartz. A s might be expected, t his milestone matches well t he Barnack Freestone, t he quarries being l ess t han 7 miles f rom Durobrivae. S pecimens from t he Lincolnshire L imestone f rom t he q uarries a t Yarwell a nd Wansford w ere generally l ess s helly a nd with a g reater i ron c ontent t han both t he milestone a nd t he Barnack S tone p roper. I t i s most l ikely, t hen, that t he s tone was q uarried a t Barnack.

R .I.B.

25 DUROBRIVAE 2 TL 1 19972 Roughly rectangular:

2 235

FLORIAN:

2 76

9 4x41x25 c m

F ound 1 785 i n a f ield c alled Bridge C lose i n a d itch west o f t he north g ate of t he Roman t own; n ow i n t he Museum o f A rchaeology a nd Ethnology, Cambridg e48 . I t would h ave s tood o riginally o n Ermine S treet ( 2c) a nd the s tone s urely measures t he d istance f rom t he t own (Durobrivae) o n E rmine S treet a nd n ot t o t he s ettlement a t Castor t o the n orth-east, a s Wright s uggests a nd wrongly t erms Durobrivae. T he f ind spot i s mile s outh-west o f Castor ( not 1 mile a s h e s uggests) a nd t he milestone must i n a ny c ase h ave been moved 49 . A pale buff o r buff-grey, s helly o olite. Ooliths n ot t oo well rounded but fairly even i n s ize, n early 1 mm d iam. a nd c omposed mainly of m icrite; a f ew a re s tructureless. A variety o f r ecrystallised s hell fragments present a nd a f ew i ntraclasts o f s imilar r ock. S parite c ement. V ery Limestone

similar t o 2 4 a t Barnack.

a nd will

a lso

26 UNKNOWN

have c ome

R .I.B.

2 239

CRISPUS: Roughly rectangular:

1 14x23x18

f rom t he L incolnshire

3 17-26

cm

O rigin unknown; n ow i n M useum o f Archaeology a nd E thnology, Cambridge 48 . H orsley s aw i t before 1 732 i n t he C otton Collection a t Connington, Hunts., a nd t hought i t came f rom t he Carlisle a rea but on geological evidence i t i s p robably l ocal. S plit d own t he a xis. A pale buff, s helly o olite. Ooliths o f micrite, variable i n s ize, 0 .7-1.3 mm. S hell f ragments a bundant a nd various, s ometimes more t han 1 mm i n l ength. T here a re i ntraclasts o f s imilar r ock. S parite c ement; traces o f siderite. V ery similar, g eologically, t o t he s tones f rom Durobrivae ( Water Newton) and G irton a nd i t i s most p robable t hat i t h ad t he s ame o rigin from t he horizon o f t he B arnack Rag, L incolnshire L imestone, a t Barnack. I t i s q uite l ikely t hat i t o riginally s tood o n E rmine S treet o r perhaps King S treet.

2 5

R .I.B.

2 7 ANCASTER S K 9 86445 R ectangular:

2 242

CONSTANTINE 7 1x30.5x16.5

I :

3 07-37

cm

F ound 1 838 o n west s ide o f Roman r oad ( 2c) a bout m ile north o f Ancaster a nd a l ittle d istance f rom t he n orthern e ntrance t o t he s tation; n ow i n G rantham Museum. Lettering f airly n eat a nd unweathered. S tone broken o r c ut a t base a nd r ough a t back. A g ood, pale buff, o olite f reestone. O oliths micritic and v ariable i n s ize, u p t o 1 mm ; o ccasionally d istorted. S ome p isoliths. A f ew i ntraclasts a nd s hell f ragments. S parite c ement. F rom t he Castle Bytham-Clipsham a rea, n orthwards t owards L incoln, t he main building s tone of t he L incolnshire L imestone i s the Ancaster Frees tone. This i s t he e qui a lent o f t he K etton F reestone o f further s outh, below t he Barnack Rag, a nd h ere i t t ends t o b e a l ittle s helly45, 5 0. S pecimens f rom t he Castle Quarry, Ancaster a nd N ew Quarry, Clipsham, were both very s imilar t o t he milestone. The A ncaster F reestone does n ot e xtend a s f ar n orth a s L incoln, s o i t i s most l ikely t hat this s tone was h ewn a t one o f t he s everal quarries l ocal t o A ncaster.

2 8 L INCOLN

R .I.B.

1

S K 9 73704 Rectangular:

2 240

VALERIAN: 7 1x35.5x20

2 53-9

c m

Found i n e xcavations i n S ibthorpe S treet o r H igh S treet, L incoln, and built i nto a window r ecess i n S t. Mary's Guild H all; r ediscovered a nd r emoved i n 1 910; n ow i n L incoln Museum. The i nscription, which i s not very n eat, e nds R (es)p(ublica) L (indensis). S tone r ough a t back f rom reu se. I t p robable marked t he f irst mile f rom L incoln s outh-west a long the Fosse Way ( 5f). A buff o olite. Ooliths well r ounded a nd variable i n s ize, o ften r eaching 1 .75mm d im . t hey a re l argely micritic with only occasional s hell f ragments. F ine g rained s parry c alcite c ement. A ngular s ilt g rade q uartz, a bout 2 0% by mode. S ome l imonite. I n t he L incoln a rea t he best s tone i s f ound i n t he S ilver B ed o f the L ower L incolnshire L imestone 51 . This bed i n t he Dean a nd Chapter Q uarry, just n orth o f L incoln, has n ot been e xamined b ut s pecimens f rom t he e xtensive s ection a t G reetwell Hollow, e ast o f t he c ity, p rovide a r easona ble match, t hough t hey t end t o have l ess q uartz t han t he milestone.

2 9

L INCOLN 2

R .I.B.

SK 9 76718

V ICTORINUS:

S quared p illar:

2 23x41x41

2 241 2 68-70

c m

F ound 1 897 opposite L ion a nd S nake I nn, B ailgate, L incoln, a t t he i ntersection o f t he main s treets o f t he Roman t own; n ow i n Lincoln M useum. The i nscription, which i s poor, e nds a L (indo) S (egelocum) m (ilia) / p (assuum) X IIII. The e xpansion o f t he S i n t he penultimate l ine, a s S egelocum, r elies o n t he d istance t o L ittleborough, which i s i dentified with S egelocum on t he e vidence o f t he Antonine I tinery ( Iters I a nd I I). A n e arlier t ext h as been c hiselled o ff but t races c an s till be s een a t t he t op a nd below t he l ast l ine o f t he s econdary text. A l ight buff, oolitic l imestone. Ooliths l argely micritic, u p to 1 .2 mm d iam. S ome p isoliths, usually f ormed a round s hell f ragments. Together with o ther s hell f ragments t hey f orm a bout 6 0% by mode, t he r emainder being microcrystalline calcite a nd o ccasional s ilty q uartz. The L incolnshire L imestone e xamined n ear L incoln d oes not match this milestone. The H ibaldstow Beds ( Ancaster F reestone e quivalent) h ere and f urther n orth a re o ften f issile a nd t he o oliths f requently aggregate t ogether, s o t hat t hey h ave s eldom been u sed f or building purposes 45 . would s uggest t hat f rom t he L incolnshire L imestone e xamined, the m iles tone i s most l ikely t o h ave been q uarried f rom t he Ancaster Freestone i n t he v icinity o f Ancaster.

2 6

30 OWMBY

0 .S. Map o f R oman B ritain 1 956)

SK 9 71870

( 3rd e d.,

UNINSCRIBED

U ninscribed R oman milestone s een b efore 1 956 by s ome f arm buildings a t Owmby, L incolnshire, o n t he e ast s ide o f t he E rmine S treet ( 2d). I was u na ble t o l ocate t his s tone o n a brief e xamination o f t he a rea but i t may s till b e t here.

3 1

CAVE'S

J .R.S.,

I NN

CONSTANTINE

SP 5 35794 Rectangular:

l iv

( 1964) , 1 79 I :

3 07-37

1 17x25.5x20 c m

F ound i n 1 963 i n a well a " score o f y ards f rom t he R oman r oad Watling S treet", ( 1f) a t Cave's I nn ( Tripontium), S hawell, L eicestershire; n ow a t Rugby F ire S tation. Lettering a l ittle weathered but n eat. S tone i n three p arts, the t op b eing d owell j ointed t o t he middle, s mallest portion which i s b roken f rom t he b ase. A r ed, f erruginous, c alcareous s andstone. s ilt t o m edium s and g rade, a bout 4 0% by mode. and c ement, a bout 3 0%. I ron o res a bout 2 0%.

Q uartz g rains vary f rom Calcite, d etrital g rains

T his s tone i s f rom t he Northampton S and ( Inferior O olite) which c rops out t hrough Northamptonshire a nd R utland. A ccording t o W oodward 52 " this ferruginous a nd c alcareous s andstone h as been q uarried i n many p laces f or building s tone... I t h as b een e xtensively u sed i n N orthamptonshire a nd Rutlandshire...at Heledon, Thorpe Mandeville, n ear B yfield, Eydon, Duston, Harleston, Desborough", e tc. Duston, a bout 1 8 miles s outh-east f rom C ave's I nn, was a n i ron-working c entre i n R oman B ritain 53 a nd i t i s reasonable t o c onjecture t hat t his milestone was q uarried t here.

R .I.B.

3 2 THURMASTON

HADRIAN:

SK 6 02076 Cylindrical:

2 244

9 6.5x53

1 19-20

cm d iam.

F ound 1 771 o n west s ide o f Fosse Way ( 5f) n ear Thurmaston a nd a bout two m odern miles f rom L eicester; n ow i n t he J ewry Wall Museum, L eicester. I t i s l ikely t hat t he s tone was f ound i n s itu, t he f ind s pot e xceeding b y 4 10 y ards t he d istance o f t wo Roman m iles f rom t he e ast g ate o f R atae. Since t he i nscription e nds " A RATIS / M I I", i t i s u nlikely t hat t he distance was measured f rom L incoln, a s s uggested by W right i n R .I.B.: rather i t was measured f rom a p oint 4 10 yards o utside t he t own b oundary. I t may b e that t he p omerium r an 4 10 y ards o utside t he walls o n t he n orth side o f t he t own, having b een e stablished before t he t own was b uilt 54 . The s tone and l ettering a re badly weathered b ut t he l ettering has b een picked o ut i n modern r ed p aint. A s oft, poorly c emented, buff-orange o rthoquartzite. A l ittle c layey matrix a nd rare l imonite g rains.

S orting g ood.

A T riassic s andstone. There i s l ittle s tone i n t he i mmediate neighbourhood o f L eicester which c an be used f or building o r i nscribing but a t D ane Hills the Upper K euper S andstone i s s ufficiently well cemented t o have been q uarried a s a p oor building s tone 55 . I ndeed, i t was q uarried f or buildings i n R oman L eicester 56 .

3 3

S IX H ILLS

R .I.B.

SK 6 44208

UNDATED

Cylindrical:

2 245

5 6x38 c m d iam .

F ound 1851 b eside F osse Way ( 5f), n ear S ix H ills, 1 1 miles n ortheast o f L eicester; n ow i n t he Jewry Wall Museum. Upper part o f a m iles tone, n ow badly weathered a nd r ough. I nscription a lmost c ompletely erased. A s oft,

o range-red p rotoquartzite.

2 7

S orting g ood.

Very s imilar t o t he Thurmaston s tone t hough t here c layey, i ron-rich matrix. A lso Upper K euper S andstone

3 4

W ALL

R .I.B.

SK 0 97066

? CLAUDIUS

F ragment

o f

c ylinder:

3 3x25.5

i s a l ittle more f rom t he D ane Hills.

2 246 I I:

2 68-70

c m

Found 1 912 i n e xcavations a t W all ( Letocetum), by Watling S treet ( lg-h); n ow i n Wall M useum. L ettering badly weathered a nd p icked out modern r ed paint.

i n

A buff o r r usty-red, f ine t o medium g rained, f erruginous s andstone ( lithic g reywacke). S orting o f q uartz i s p oor; s phericity a nd r ounding moderate. C lay minerals p resent a re l argely s econdary, being a ltered f eldspars. I ron o res a re h aematite a nd magnetite. C lay/silt matrix n early 2 0% b y mode. A s ample o f t he n ormal building s tone f rom L etocetum was e xamined a nd i t i s e ssentially s imilar t o t he milestone. B oth a re Keuper S ands tone which c rops o ut l ocally i n t he Wall-Lichfield a rea.

3 5 B UXTON

R .I.B.

SK 0 6087330 Cylindrical:

2 243

UNDATED

6 1x33

c m d iam.

Found 1 862 a t S ilverlands, Hardwicke S quare, n ear t he goods s tation i n B uxton; n ow i n B uxton Museum a nd L ibrary. L ower p ortion o f a roughly c ylindrical s tone f rom which t he e mperor's n ame h as b een l ost b ut which measured t he d istance, " M P X I", ( along r oad 7 10a) f rom the f ort a t B rough-on-Noe ( Nauio). L ettering r easonably n eat t hough the s tone bears s igns o f r e-use. A s lightly buff, c oarse, f eldspathic q uartzite. Q uartz v ariable i n s ize, moderate s phericity, 8 5% by mode. Feldspar, 6% b y mode, i s generally f airly f resh microcline. There a re c lay minerals, s ome i ron o re a nd s econdary s ilica c ement. An Upper Namurian s andstone ( Millstone G rit) f rom n orth-east S taffordshire o r North Derbyshire. There a re t wo or t hree f eldspathic s andstones f rom which t his m ilestone may c ome, most l ikely f rom t he outc rops j ust west a nd s outh-west o f B uxton. G eologically i t i s a lso possible t hat t his s tone c ame f rom t he Bakewell-Eyam a rea to t he e ast, but t his s eems u nlikely o n t he a rchaeological e vidence. I t i s u nlikely, g eologically, t o h ave c ome f rom t he Castleton-Brough a rea 57 .

3 6 MOSTON POOL I

R .I.B.

S J 5 55275

2 247

UNDATED

Q uadrangular,

o n base:

a bout

1 40

cm h igh

F ound, w ith 3 7, i n 1 812, while d raining M oston Pool, S tanton upon H ine Heath, S alop.; n ow l ost. F ound o n a g ravel bank beside t he old r oad ( 6a) f rom W roxeter t o C hester a nd p robably marked t he 1 2th R oman mile f rom V iroconium .

3 7 MOSTON POOL 2 S J

R .I.B.

5 55275

UNDATED

Q uadrangular, F ound,

o n base:

w ith 3 6,

a bout

i n 1 812;

1 40 n ow

c m h igh l ost.

2 8

2 248

J .R .S.

3 8 A LCESTER

( 1966),

CONSTANTINE

S P 0 87578 Rectangular:

l vi

I :

2 20

3 07-37

7 4x34x20 c m

F ound a t B irch A bbey, A lcester, Warks., i n 1 965, i ncorporated i nto f oundations o f a l ate R oman building; n ow i n W arwick Museum. I t would have o riginally s tood o n the r oad ( 18b) which g oes n orth, e ventually t o Letocetum. B roken a t t op a nd bottom. A warm, buff-orange-brown, s lightly o olitic, s helly l imestone; a f air n umber o f a braded s hell f ragments a nd patches o f p laty c alcite. " Ooliths" a re o ften r ounded i ntraclasts o oliths, p isoliths, s hell f ragments a nd micrite-siderite mud. A bout 2 0% by mode o f s ilt a nd s and g rade q uartz. Describing the Pea G rit S eries, I nferior Oolite, o f t he C leeve Hill-Broadway a rea, L . R ichardson writes t hat t he p isolitic s tructure i s u sually a bsent i n t he main h ill-mass; " in t his r egion t he S eries i s generally mainly r eplaced by t he n rm b rown ( orange o f t he c ommercial c ircles) ' Yellow G uiting S tone'." aö I t c rops o ut f rom Temple G uiting, t hrough S tanway, a nd by F ish H ill t o S aintbury H ill. The best match o btained i s f rom S tanway but i t i s possible t hat t he s tone was q uarried n earer t o S aintbury where t he R oman r oad ( 18a) f rom B ourton o n t he Water, on the F osse Way, l eaves t he Cotswold Edge a nd h eads t owards A lcester.

R .I.B.

3 9 K EMPSEY

CONSTANTINE I :

S O 8 48493 Rectangular:

2 249 3 07-37

9 1x48x15 c m

F ound s hortly b efore 1 818 i n t he g arden o f Parsonage Farm, n ow Court House, Kempsey, 4 miles s outh o f W orcester, a pparently i n t he f oundations o f ab uilding; n ow i n t he Victoria I nstitute, W orcester. I t w ould have originally s tood o n t he r oad ( 180) f rom G loucester t o W orcester. I nscription b adly weathered a nd p icked o ut i n modern r ed. B roken a t t op a nd b ottom a nd s plit a cross f ace. A very s helly, pale buff o olite. " Ooliths" a re o ften r ecrystallise d m icrite, s ometimes m icrite pellets o r r ounded c alcite f ragments. A wide v ariety o f s hell f ragments. T he nearest J urassic oolites t o K empsey occur i n t he I nferior Oolite c ropping out o n B redon H ill, a bout 1 0 m iles t o t he s outh-east 59 . The L ower F reestone, which h as b een q uarried a bout o ne mile n orth-east o f Conderton, i s a whitish, o olitic f reestone c ontaining s hell f ragments a nd i t provides a f airly g ood match w ith t his m ilestone. I f the R oman r oad ( 55) o r t rackway f rom C irencester ( Corinium) t o Hales were c ontinued n orthwards t o W orcester o r Droitwich, i t would c ertainly c ross or pass v ery n ear t o B redon H ill. I ndeed, R oman buildi ngs a nd o ther r emains h ave been f ound i n t he v icinity, The o rigin o f this m ilestone f rom B redon H ill i s, t herefore, q uite l ikely. I t must be r emembered, t hough, t hat g eologically a match c ould p robably a lso be f ound f rom t he oolites o f t he main Cotswold H ill-mass.

R .I.B.

4 0 K ENCHESTER S O 4 41429 Roughly rectangular:

2 250

NUMERIAN :

2 83-4

6 6x46x15 c m

F ound 1 796 o n s ite o f n orth wall o f K enchester ( Magnis), 4 i miles west o f Hereford; n ow i n Hereford C ity Museum. Lettering f airly c rude, n ow p icked out i n r ed. I nscription e nds " R P C D ", i ndicating e rection by t he c ivitas Dobunni. Top i s r ounded; t op l eft h and c orner a nd l ower part b roken. A medium g rained l ithic s andstone o r s ubgreywacke; weathered a dull r ed but a f resh s urface i s l ight g rey w ith d rak, r ed-brown, i ron s tained patches. Quartz, sorting a nd s phericity moderate; more t han 7 0% b y mode. R ock f ragments a re mudstones a nd s iltstones, s ometimes micaceous; n early 2 0% . I ron o res l argely i n d ruses o r patches; mainly s econdary. Up t o 2% g arnet. 2 9

T his r ock i s f rom t he O ld Red S andstone a nd t he a mount o f g arnet c ontained s uggests t hat i t i s o f D owntonian A ge ", p ossibly the H oldgate Sandstones G roup 61 . B oth Downtonian a nd D ittonian r ocks c rop o ut c lose t o K enchester, f or e xample o n D inmore a nd Garnons H ills, where t hey h ave b een q uarried i n t he p ast f or b uilding p urposes 62 . The q uarries a re a ll n ow o vergrown b ut i t i s q uite p robable t hat s ome o f t he s andstones w ere worked i n Roman t imes. Two a ltars f rom K enchester, n ow i n Hereford Museum, a re a lso, a pparently, o f t he s ame s tone.

4 1

PYLE

R .I. B.

S S 8 27822

V ICTORINUS:

Rectangular:

1 17

c m

h igh,

3 5.5 w ide

2 251 2 68-70

t apering t o 2 0

c m

a t

t op

F ound 1 845 i n a wall opposite P yle C ottage, P yle, G lamorgan, o n t he r oad ( 60c) f rom Cardiff t o N eath ( Nidum); n ow i n t he R oyal I nstitution Museum, S wansea. L ettering c rude. A c reamy o r l ight g rey, medium g rained q uartzite. f airly well r ounded w ith g ood s phericity; n early 9 0%. a patite c ommon. S econdary c lays a nd m icas p resent a nd s ilicification.

Q uartz u sually I nclusions o f s ome secondary

This s tone i s f rom t he M illstone G rit ( Namurian) w hich c rops o ut on t he s outhern o utcrop o f t he S outh Wales C oalfield, f rom P encoed, t hrough Aberkenfig t owards Pyle. T he N amurian h ere i s o ften s haly b ut i t c ontains h ard, q uartzitic b ands which a re o ften c onglomeratic 63 . M uch f urther e ast, t owards Caerphilly a nd R isca, t he n arrow N amurian o utcrop i s s imilar ", but f urther west, a cross t he G ower P eninsula, t he q uartzitic bands a re a bsent 65 . I t i s l ikely, t herefore, t hat t he m ilestone h as a l ocal o rigin. I t i s a lso p ossible t hat t he s tone was q uarried o n t he n orthern o utcrop o f t he c oalfield b etween K idwelly a nd Merthyr T ydfil, b ut t his s eems u nlikely.

R .I. B.

4 2 MARGAM

POSTUMUS:

S S 8 1628487 R oughly

2 255

r ectangular:

6 3.5x25.5x23

2 58-68

cm

F ound 1 926 i n Coal B rook, 3 20 y ards s outh-south-east o f East L odge, Margam; n ow i n t he National M useum o f W ales, C ardiff. O riginally o n r oad ( 60c) f rom C ardiff t o N eath. E xcept f or t he f ace, i t i s v ery r ough, p erhaps f rom r e-use. Q uartzite; weathered s urface r eddish-brown b ut a f resh s urface i s l ight g rey o r c reamy. Q uartz s orting, r ounding a nd s phericity f airly g ood; s ome r ecrystallisation a long g rain c ontacts. S ome g rains h ave r hyolitic i nclusions. S iltstone f ragments w ith i ron o res; about 5 %. Matrix o f c lay, q uartz mud a nd i ron o res; a bout 5 %.

i s

S ame s tone a s t he m ilestones l ocal M illstone G rit.

4 3

PORT TALBOT

R .I. B.

S S 7 83873

M AXIMINUS D AIA:

R ectangular:

1 52

f rom P yle

c m a bove g round x 51x30.5

( 41)

a nd A beravon

( 44),

a nd

2 254

cm a t

t op

3 09-13

t apering

t o b ase

F ound 1 839 o n c ourse o f R oman r oad ( 60c) o n e astern outskirts o f Port Talbot; n ow i n M argam A bbey M useum. A p ost-Roman i nscription i s o n t he back. I t h as r ounded e dges; may o nce h ave b een c ylindrical. U pper r ight h and portion o f s tone l ost s ince i ts d iscovery. A f ine-medium g rained, o range-red s ubgreywacke w ith f ine mottled a ppearance. Quartz s orting, s phericity a nd r ounding p oor t o moderate; 7 0-75% . S ome r ecrystallisation a long g rain c ontacts. S iltstone f ragments p resent. Matrix o f f ine g rained q uartz, c lay m inerals a nd m ica; a bout 1 5%. S ome i ron o re. This s tone i s n ot a Rhaetic s andstone a s s uggested i n R .I. B. b ut i s Upper Carboniferous, Pennant S andstone. A s pecimen o f t his l atter, f rom n ear Margam, was e xamined. I t was o f o range-brown c olour; the q uartz was a l ittle c oarser t han t hat i n t his m ilestone a nd c lays, i ron o res

3 0

and matrix a l ittle more a bundant. However, specimens of Rhaetic sands tone f rom Pyle Church a nd t he n orth s ide o f S tormy Down were more mature and o f f iner g rain s ize. T hey c ontained a s imilar proportion o f s iltstone f ragments as this milestone but t he c lays, i ron ores a nd amount o f matrix were s ignificantly l ess. T he milestone probably came f rom t he h ills s omewhere b etween Port Talbot, Margam a nd Maesteg, where t he Pennant S ands tones c rop out.

4 4

ABERAVON

R .I. B.

SS 7 589

i GORDIAN I II: 2 38-44 i i D IOCLETIAN & MAXIMIAN: i ii L ICINIUS: 3 08-24

Rectangular:

2 251,

2 256,

2 252

2 86-305

1 40x38x25.5 c m

F ound i n o r before 1 847 o n west s ide o f t he c hannel called New Cut a t Aberavon, Port Talbot; n ow i n t he possession o f Mr. J . B lundell, Nottage C ourt, Porthcawl. S tone probably l ocal a nd t here i s n o r eason t o believe t he tradition t hat i t was imported a s ballast f rom a broad. I t would o riginally h ave s tood o n t he Roman r oad ( 60c) f rom Cardiff t o Neath. Primary i nscription f airly n eat but a ll t hree i nscriptions a re badly weathered, only t he f irst b eing d istinguishable w ith a ny ease. L ines 5 and 6 o f the secondary i nscription, " ET MARI / . VRE" s eem t o have been recut f rom "ET MAXI / M IANO". I t i s possible t hat " MARI / D VRE(NSIS)" was i ntended, t he mason h aving c ut Maridurum f or Maridunum, s ince t his latter i s s imilar i n meaning. I n t his c ase i t i s p ossible t hat r eference to Carmarthen was i ntended, but K . Jackson maj a tains t hat the c orrect form f or t he name o f Carmarthen was Moridunum ". I t must be r emembered, though, t hat t he date o f t his r e-cutting cannot be e stablished a nd the possibility that i t i s p ost-Roman must n ot be overlooked. A l ight grey o r c reamy, medium g rained mature q uartzite with occasional pebbles a bout 4 c m l ong. Q uartz s phericity a nd r ounding good, sorting f air. S ome s econdary s ilica c ement a nd recrystallisation a long grain c ontacts. Apatite a nd t opaz occur a s i nclusions, r utile a s a detrital mineral. S ome c lay m inerals a nd t races o f i ron ores. V irtually t he same a s 4 1 a nd w ill have t he s ame o rigin Millstone Grit o f t he Pyle-Aberkenfig-Pencoed a rea.

R .I. B.

45 MELIN CRYTHAN

I rregular:

2 257

D IOCLETIAN:

SY 7 43962 86x20 cm wide a t

f rom the

2 84-305

t op

F ound i n o r before 1 892 b y t he railway a t Melin C rythan, l miles south o f Neath a nd by t he r oad ( 60c) f rom Cardiff. I t h as been r e-cut many t imes and i s n ow a s mall s tone p illar b roken a t t he t op a nd partly cut a way a t the l eft s ide. A medium-light g rey, m edium g rained s ubgreywacke; a f ine mottled appearance on a f resh s urface. Quartz s orting, r ounding a nd s phericity poor t o moderate. F ragments o f s iltstone present, o ften w ith c lay minerals and i ron o res. S econdary mica o ccurs with c lay minerals; a little i ron ore. S ame material a s 4 3, f rom t he l ocal Pennant S andstone, Upper Coal Measures, Carboniferous, f rom s omewhere between Port Talbot, Margam and M aesteg.

R .I. B.

46 LLANHAMLACH

2 259

i CONSTANTINIUS CHLORUS: i i CONSTANTINE I I: 3 71-37 3 37-40

S O 0 85271 Squared s tone:

2 258,

2 1.5x28x29 c m

2 93-306 o r

F ound 1936, re-used i n s teps o f the g ranary a t Millbrook Farm, Llanhamlach, 2 i miles s outh-east o f B recon; n ow i n B recon Museum. I t would h ave s tood on t he r oad ( 62a) f rom Abergavenny. Top, l eft s ide and b ase chiselled where i t was c ut f rom a r ectangular milestone. A f ine g rained, g rey, calcareous s andstone weathered purplish-red for t he outer 2 c m or s o. Quartz s phericity a nd r ounding poor t o moderate. A f ew c hert g rains p resent. Calcite occurs a s detrital g rains 3 1

a nd a s c ement. Calcareous s iltstone a nd c lay minerals a lso p resent.

f ragments a bundant.

Chlorite,

mica

The s tone i s f rom t he S enni Beds, ( Lower O ld Red S andstone) which a re usually purplish o r g reen, micaceous, s ometimes f laggy s andstones 67 . They c rop o ut e xtensively a long t he s outh s ide o f t he U sk Valley f rom T recastle to B recon, f rom where t he o utcrop b roadens e astward t o i nclude m ost of t he B lack M ountains. C ornstones ( calcareous beds) 68 o ccur a t many p laces a nd, though t his s tone i s n ot a c ornstone, t he p resence o f t he calcite s uggests t hat i t may have been a ssociated with o ne. S uch a c ornstone c rops out a mile o r t wo e ast o f L lanhamlach.

4 7

TRECASTLE H ILL

R .I.B.

2 260,

2 261

SN 8 14312

I POSTUMUS: 2 58-68 i i V ICTORINUS: 2 68-70

Roughly r ectangular Found 1 769, t op o f T recastle Originally s tood ( ? A labum); n ow

2 f eet below g round l evel n ear t he s ite of a n o ld i nn o n H ill, Carmarthen. For more d etails, s ee R .I.B . o n r oad ( 62b) f rom Y G aer ( ? C icutio) t o L landovery l ost. Probably damaged a t s ides a nd t op.

A ccording t o R .I. B . i t was o f l imestone. I f s o, i t may w ell have been q uarried f rom t he Wenlock o f Ludlow S eries ( Silurian) which c rop o ut i n t he i mmediate v icinity.

4 8 DYNEVOR

R .I.B .

SN 6 15225

2 262

TACITUS:

2 75-6

S een i n 1 697 r e-used a s a c orner s tone i n a s mall f armhouse a t Dynevor ( or Dinefwr), L landeilo, Carmarthen; n ow l ost. Original position n ot known b ut i t p resumably b elonged t o t he r oad ( 623) f rom L landovery t o Carmarthen.

4 9

GWAENYSGOR

J . R.S.,

S J

S EVERUS ALEXANDER:

0 75810

I rregular:

1 19x30.5x29

x lvii

( 1957),

2 30

2 31-5

c m

F ound 1 956 o n t he d emolition o f c ottages n ear t he c hurch a t G waenysg or, 1 m ile s outh-east o f Prestatyn, n ow ( 1968) i n t he p ossession o f Mr. T . Pennant-Williams, F forddlas, Prestatyn. T he n earest Roman r oad ( 67a) i s 4 m iles t o t he s outh a nd i t was p resumably r emoved f rom there. Lettering s hallow b ut r easonably n eat. P robably o riginally r ectangular but t he r ight s ide h as been c hamfered a way; b roken a t t op and b ottom. A f ine g rained, g reenish d olerite. Augite phenocrysts, s lightly weathered a nd with s econdary i lmenite, s et i n a g round mass o f m ainly p lagioclase f eldspar l aths a nd c rystals. D r. Neaverson s tates t hat " the n earest p lace i t c ould have c ome f rom would b e t he C onway Valley o r S hropshire" 69 , a nd c ertainly t here i s no l ocal d olerite 70 . S hropshire s eems a n u nlikely s ource a rea bearing in mind t he Romano-British g eography. The d olerites o f t he Conway V alley a re usually c oarser t han t his milestone w hereas t he d olerites f rom f urther west, t owards Bangor, a re usually o f t his f iner g rained t ype. The most l ikely o rigin, t herefore, i s west o f C aerhun, t hough i t c ould h ave c ome f rom t he C onway Valley.

R .I.B .

5 0 BWLCH-Y-DDEUFAN

CONSTANTINE

S H 7 271 Roughly r ectangular:

2 267

5 6x25.5x9

I :

3 07-37

cm max.

F ound 1 954 a bout 4 miles west o f Caerhun F ort o n n orth s ide o f Roman r oad ( 67c) f rom R o-wen t o L lanfairfechan, n ear Bwlch-y-Ddeufan; n ow i n the National Museum o f Wales, Cardiff. L ettering v ery s hallow ; p icked o ut r ecently i n r ed paint. B roken a t t op; f ace back a nd s ides a re c leavage p lanes o r n atural j oints; t apers s lightly i n width a nd d epth.

3 2

A f ine g rained, c ompact, dark b lue-grey i gneous r ock. A g round mass o f m ainly p lagioclase f eldspar b ut w ith s ome q uartz, a ugite, b iotite a nd t races o f o ther minerals. The a ugite f orms o ccasional phenocrysts which may s how s imple twinning . A n a ndesite o r a ndesite-rhyolite. L ocally t o t he f ind s pot t here a re m any outcrops o f i gneous r ocks, t uffs a nd l ava f lows o f O rdovician a ge a nd o f variable c omposition i n t he a ndesite-rhyolite r ange. The milestone a ppears t o b e a n atural f ragment a nd i s s o h ard t hat t he i nscription i s v ery s hallow . I n t his case i t w ould s eem r easonable t o a ssume that t he s tone i s q uite l ocal i n o rigin f rom o ne o f t he n earby outcrops.

R .I. B.

5 1 R HIWIAU-UCHAF 1

HADRIAN:

S H 6 7917275 Cylindrical:

2 265 1 20-1

2 00x48 cm d iam .

F ound 1 883 i n a f ield c alled Caegwag on R hiwiau-uchaf Farm, 2 miles s outh o f L lanfairfechan, Caern., a nd n early 7 miles west o f Caerhun Fort ( Canovium). I t marked t he 8 th Roman m ile o n t he r oad ( 67c) f rom Caerhun to C aernarvon ( Segontium), " A KANOVIO / M P V III". Now i n t he B ritish Museum . Lettering s hallow a nd n eat. A g ood c ylindrical s tone: a s light i ndentation, a bout 1 .25 c m a cross, i n t he c entre o f t he t op o f t he s tone a nd a s uggestion o f c riss-cross s triations, i ndicate t hat i t was probably turned . A c oarse, g rey, p ebbly q uartzite. Q uartz pebbles, r eaching 4 c m i n l ength, occur i n bands, t hough q uartz g rains d o n ot n ormally e xceed 2 mm . S orting p oor, s phericity a nd r ounding variable. S light s econdary s ilicification. E xcept f or a l ittle mud o r s ilt g rade q uartz a nd r are l imonite g rains, t here i s n o matrix. T here s eems t o b e n o o utcrop t o match t his s tone c loser t han t he Cefn-y-Fedw S andstone ( Millstone G rit), which c rops o ut f rom L langollen a nd M inera, n orth t o H ope Mountain a nd Halkyn Mountain 71 . This i s a c oarse, pebbly, q uartzose s andstone. T he pebbles, 3 cm o r more i n l ength on the s outh part o f t he outcrop, d ecrease i n s ize n orthwards a nd d ie o ut a round Mould. I t i s p ossible t hat t he q uarry s ite was a s f ar n orth a s Hope M ountain, n ear F frith, b ut i t i s more l ikely t hat t he s tone came f rom s outh o f M inera. I t i s most u nlikely t hat a n o utcrop o f M illstone G rit o n A nglesey c ould have p rovided t he s tone f or t here " the r ock i s r emarkably uniform, a nd i s thick b edded, r ather c oarse a nd s oft s andstone... Pebbles a re v ery r are e xcept a t B odorgan, where t here i s a c oarse c onglomeratic base" 72 . The Denbigh G rits, which c rop out o n t he e ast s ide o f t he R iver C onway, a re g enerally n ot c oarse e nough t o be t he o rigin o f t his s tone a nd a re a lso f eldspathic ".

5 2 R HIWIAU-UCHAF 2

R .I. B.

S H 6 7917275

Oval s ection:

2 266

S EPTIMIUS S EVERUS & CARACALLA: 1 98-209 6 1

c m h igh,

3 8

c m maximum d iam.

F ound 1 883 a t R hiwiau-uchaf w ithin 1 0 y ards o f milestone 5 1; n ow i n the B ritish Museum. L ettering s hallow a nd r easonably n eat. Damaged a t t op a nd broken a t base. May o nce h ave been c ylindrical a nd have h ad e arlier inscription r emoved. A coarse, g rey, pebbly q uartzite, s imilar t o 5 1, t hough t he pebbles d o n ot exceed 2 .5 c m i n l ength a nd t here i s s ome matrix o f f ine q uartz g rains with s ome i ron o res a nd c lay minerals. T hough t here a re d ifferences i n c omposition a nd t exture between t his m ilestone a nd 5 1, t hey a re c ertainly f rom t he same s tratigraphic horizon a nd p erhaps f rom t he same q uarry. This milestone a lso o riginated f rom t he Cefn-y-Fedw S andstone o f t he L langollen-Minera a rea.

3 3

J . R.S.,

5 3 ABER S H 6 6887338 I rregular p illar:

1 ( 1960),

POSTUMUS: 1 17

cm h igh,

3 3

2 38 74

2 61-2

cm maximum w idth

Found 1 959, 5 00 yards s outh-east b y e ast o f Madryn Farm, Aber, Caerns., a nd p resumably marked t he n ext Roman mile f rom R hiwiauuchaf a long t he r oad ( 67c) f rom Canovium t o S egontium; n ow i n t he Museum o f Welsh Antiquities, Bangor. I t h as a n i nverted i nscription, i nterpreted a s a t ri-partite Celtic n ame, on t he l eft f ace. Lettering poor a nd s hallow. B roken a t t op w ith t wo i nscribed f lat f aces a djoining; back r ounded; t apers t owards base. A c oarsely l aminated s tone; a g reenish, f inely g rained chloritemica s chist. F lakes o f white mica ( muscovite) a re s een o n l aminated s urfaces a nd t here a re q uartz v eins. M ica and c hlorite a re usually s econdary o n f eldspar. S chist o f t his k ind c an be f ound c ropping o ut o n Anglesey, i n t he r ocks o f t he Mona C omplex. There a re two o r t hree d ifferent green s chists within t he Mona Complex but t he Gwna G reen S chist i s t he most l ikely 7 5 . This c rops o ut i n s everal a reas o n Anglesey, i ncluding c lose to P arys Mountain where c opper was mined i n Roman t imes, a nd o n t he Menai s hore opposite Bangor.

5 4 TY COCH

R .I. B.

SH 5 83696 Column:

1 22

2 264

CARACALLA:

2 12-7

cm h igh

Probable milestone f ound a bout 1 806 n ear T y C och, Pentir, a bout 2 miles s outh o f B angor a nd 7 miles n orth-east o f t he f ort a t Caernarvon; n ow l ost. Originally s tood on r oad ( 67c) f rom C anovium t o S egontium. The s tone, " about 4 f eet i n l ength", s eems t o h ave been b roken f rom a portion l eft underground. According t o R .I. B . t he f inal l ine o f t he i nscription i s " IX" but R .C. A. M . Caern. I I, l xiii, r ejects this l ine on the g rounds t hat, t hough t his w ould a gree w ith t he d istance f rom Caernarvon, t he c haracters were not r ecorded u ntil 4 0 y ears a fter t he d isappearance o f t he s tone.

5 5 LLYS D INORWIC

R .I.B.

S H 5 6656357

DECIUS:

Roughly r ectangular:

1 40x33x20

2 263 2 49-51

c m

Found i n o r before 1 795 a mong h ut r emains a t Cae'r-bythod, n ear L lys Dinorwic, Caerns.; n ow i n t he S egontium M useum. O riginally o n r oad ( 67c) f rom Caerhun t o S egontium. L ettering s hallow but f airly n eat. Back a nd r ight s ide r ough a nd s lightly r ounded . A very f ine g rained, l ight g reen-grey r hyolite, weathering a lmost white, with r eddish-brown phenocrysts usually 1 -2 mm i n l ength. T hin s ection s hows t hese t o be r ounded phenocrysts o f b oth q uartz and o rthoc lase f eldspar s et i n a v ery f ine g rained q uartz-feldspar g round m ass which has a t endency t o f orm f low s tructures a round t he phenocrysts . G reenly d escribes t he Arvonian r ocks o f A rvon i ncluding a g ranite a nd a quartz r hyolite, both o f which might be t he o rigin o f this s tone ". The f ormer, perhaps t he more l ikely, i s e ssentially a n a ggregate o f q uartz, r ed o rthoclase a nd c olourless a lbite, f ining e astwards a nd becoming a r hyolite a t Port Dinorwic. The l atter, t he q uartz-rhyolite, c rops out i n two l ong o val t racts a round L lyn Padarn a nd s outh-west f rom Bangor. Both t hese rock t ypes occur w ithin a f airly s mall a rea a nd c ould be described a s l ocal t o t he f ind s pot.

5 6 R IBCHESTER 1

R .I. B.

S D 6 535

2 269

? GORDIAN

I II:

2 38-44

Cylindrical Found before

1 732 when Horsley saw i t

3 4

i n a g arden

a t

t he west

e nd

o f

the t own a t R ibchester. H e r ecords s ome l etters a t t he l ower e nd which would p robably h ave belonged t o a t ext r ead i n t he r everse d irection when the s tone was i n s econdary u se ( cf. 6 4 a nd 8 5). I t i s possible t hat t his was t he t ext r ecorded by D odsworthe a nd t his i s t he same milestone a s 5 8.

5 7

R IBCHESTER 2

R .I.B.

S D 6 535

DECIUS:

Fragment o f

5 98 77 2 49-51

c ylinder

F ound 1 899 i n o ne o f t he g ranaries i n R ibchester F ort; n ow i n R ibc hester M useum. Though i t h as but 2 5.5 cm o f c ircumference r emaining a nd i s o nly 1 8 cm h igh, t he p ortion o f i nscription l eft i s v ery s imilar t o o ther D ecius s tones ( see e specially 1 3 a nd 5 8). A b uff or buff-orange, i ron r ich s ub-arkose with dark r ed-brown s treaks a nd l ines where t he i ron c ontent i s h igh. S orting poor; s phericity a nd r ounding poor t o moderate. Feldspar mainly s odic p lagioclase but m icrocline a nd a ltered orthoclase a lso present. F ibrous c lay minerals a nd white mica occur. I ron o re i s a lmost e ntirely l imonite. A N amurian s andstone ( Millstone Grit). These s andstones c rop o ut f rom Longridge Fell, a f ew miles n orth o f R ibchester, s outhwards t o B lackburn a nd b eyond, and a lso f urther n orth i n t he F orest o f B owland-Lancaster F ells a rea . H owever, f rom t he o ld q uarries v isited i n t he R ibchester a rea, q uite a g ood m atch was o btained f rom L ongridge Fell, a bout f our miles t o t he north. I t i s q uite possible t hat t his m ilestone was q uarried t here.

5 8 R IBCHESTER 3

R .I.B.

S D 6 535

DECIUS:

2 268 2 49-51

Cylindrical F ound

i n

1 612

a t R ibchester;

n ow l ost.

5 9 A SHTON 1

R .I.B. PHILIP:

S D 4 73580 I rregular:

( See a lso 5 6).

2 270 2 44-9

1 60x48x30.5 c m

F ound 1 811, while p loughing " in t he t ownship o f A shton", 3 m iles s outh o f Lancaster; n ow i n Lancaster M useum. I t o riginally belonged t o t he R oman road ( 70d) f rom W igan t o L ancaster. L ettering s mall a nd c rude; picked o ut i n r ecent t imes i n r ed paint. L ine 4 o f i nscription i nterpreted b y Wright a s N (ostro) Watkin r ead i t a s MP I II R ough s hape, approximately c ylindrical a t e dges a nd l ower back; upper part a nd f ront squared s uggesting i t may h ave been c ut d own. T op r ough a nd u ndressed. A n o range-red, medium-coarse g rained p rotoquartzite. S ome a uthigenic s ilica . A f ew, f airly f resh f eldspar g rains, both m icrocline a nd s odic plagioclase. C lay minerals a nd i ron o res o ccur, t hese l atter s ometimes a round q uartz g rains. P robably B unter S andstone f rom f urther s outh t han t he f ind s pot. According to Whitehead a nd P rice 78 , t he B unter S andstone o f t he P reston d istrict " may b e well bedded o r massive, i s f ine t o medium-grained a nd varies i n c olour f rom white, g rey o r y ellow t o brown, r ed o r p urple;... Pebbles a re rare". The K euper S andstone, h owever, i s " almost i nvariably c oarser t han a nd more a ngular i n g rain t han t he u nderlying Bunter S ands tone . I n colour i t varies f rom g rey t o d ull r ed, r arely being o f s uch a bright c olour a s t hat c haracteristic o f t he B unter". A nother possibility would be t he m ore l ocal M illstone G rit, which i s o ccasiona lly s tained r ed, but t his i s u sually d escribed a s a f eldspathic s ands tone 79 . T he Bunter S andstone c rops o ut i n a f airly b road t ract b etween P reston, Garstang a nd t he s outhern e nd o f Morecambe Bay. Exposure i s n ot g ood but a R oman q uarry s omewhere i n t he a rea i s q uite p robable.

3 5

6 0 A STON

2

R .I. B.

S D 4 73580

DECIUS:

R oughly q uadrangular:

1 58

cm h igh,

1 6

2 271 2 49-51

c m wide

Found 1 834 i n t he same f ield a s 5 9, a t A shton, 3 m iles s outh o f Lancaster; now i n Lancaster Museum. I nscription s hallow but r easonably n eat; r ecently p icked out i n r ed paint. A v ery " lumpy" s tone w ith only t he f ace d ressed f lat f or i nscribing; probably a n o riginal l oose r ock. A l ight g rey, f eldspathic o rthoquartzite w ith buff-orange s tains. Quartz poorly s orted; s phericity a nd r ounding v ariable. Feldspar i s e qually p lagioclase a nd a lkali t ypes; o ften a ltered a nd replaced b y c lay minerals a nd s econdary mica o r i llite. I ron o res, mainly haematite and magnetite, o ccur patchily. Millstone G rit, probably f rom t he Lower S andstone, which c rops out l ocally where n ot c overed by d rift. There i s n othing s ufficiently d ist inctive a bout t he r ock t o s uggest where i t h as c ome f rom but, a s n oted a bove, t he s tone s eems t o be a n aturally weathered b lock, i n which c ase i s probably very l ocal i n o rigin.

6 1

CATON

R .I.B.

SD 5 34646

HADRIAN:

Cylindrical; 2 40 r ectangular base,

cm a bove ground 4 3x43x46 cm

a nd

3 8

i t

2 272

cm s et

1 19-38 i n

g round,

46

c m d iam.;

Found 1 803 i n bed o f A rtle B eck, n ear C aton, 4 miles east-north-east o f Lancaster, by t he r oad t o Burrow i n L onsdale ( 705); n ow i n L ancaster Museum. I nscription r easonably n eat: marks a t t he beginning o f t he last l ine have been variously i nterpreted a s part o f a n a nsate f rame o r an "L" making t he r eading " L MP I III" - " from L ancaster, 4 miles". Whichever i s c orrect, i t i s q uite p ossible t hat l ine 5 , t he l ast l ine, o r a t l east t he f rame, was a dded l ater a s i t c uts v ery c lose t o t he bottom o f l ine 4 . T he milestone r esembles 5 1, Rhiwiau-uchaf 1 , b ut i s n ot q uite s uch a neat c ylinder. The t allest Roman milestone e xtant. A c oarse, g rey, f eldspathic q uartzite. Q uartz g rains often l arge c omposite g rains o f i gneous o rigin. S orting p oor; s phericity a nd r oundi ng variable. Feldspar i s mainly a lkali f eldspar; o rthoclase a nd microc line. Secondary c lays f airly c ommon. I ron o re p rincipally h aematite. M illstone Grit f rom o ne o f t he Namurian S andstones, probably f rom o ne o f t he h igher h orizons, t hough a g ood match h as n ot been f ound . The s andstones c rop o ut i n many p laces i n t he F orest o f B owland a nd a s f ar n orth a s t he L une Valley 79 . The o rigin, t herefore, c ould be q uite l ocal. S imilar sandstones a lso c rop o ut f urther s outh a t Longridge, a f ew miles n orth o f R ibchester, a nd a possible match h as b een f ound there.

6 2 OVERTOWN S D 6 3017610 R oughly c ylindrical:

UNINSCRIBED 6 0

cm a bove g round,

a pprox.

45

c m d iam.

A milestone o n l ine o f R oman r oad ( 7c) f rom R ibchester t o L ow B orrow B ridge, 1 50 yards s outh-east o f Overtown Farm a nd mile east o f t he Roman Fort a t B urrow i n Lonsdale. S till i n p lace a nd marks t he 60th m ile from Carlisle ( Luguvalium) a nd s o i s t he s eventh s outh f rom t he Middleton Miles tone ( 63). May o nce have been c ylindrical b ut i s n ow s omewhat f lattened o n one s ide s uggesting t hat i t c ould o nce h ave b een i nscribed. R e-used a s a b oundary s tone a nd bears t he modern l ettering B / B / B a nd L ECK. A buff-yellow, f ine-medium g rained p rotoquartzite. S orting f air; s phericity a nd r ounding variable but g enerally p oor. F eldspars r are but c lay minerals, kaolinite a nd i llite, r elatively a bundant as s econdary products f rom f eldspars. Heavy m inerals i nclude pyroxene and a patite. A s andstone f rom t he Carboniferous Y oredale s uccession. O ne s uch s andstone i s v ery l ike a nother a nd t here i s n othing t o s uggest w hich h orizon t his s tone c ame f rom, o r t hat i t i s n ot f rom t he l ocal o utcrops. Yoredales a re e xposed a t p laces west o f t he R iver Lune, i n t he v icinity o f K irkby L onsdale a nd B urrow i n L onsdale. E xposure i s better, h owever,

3 6

on Great Whernside north-east ".

6 3

a nd t he h ills behind

M IDDLETON

R .I.B.

S D 6 22858

UNDATED

Cylindrical:

1 63

c m a bove g round,

I ngleton,

a m ile o r t wo

t o t he

2 283

4 0 c m d iam.

F ound 1 836 i n g rounds o f Hawking Hall, M iddleton, 4 m iles n orth o f Kirkby L onsdale a nd r e-erected a bout 2 00 y ards f rom t he f ind s pot. I t s tood o n t he r oad ( 70c) f rom L ow Borrow Bridge t o Burrow i n L onsdale. Apparently never i nscribed w ith a n e mperor's name but b ears o nly a d istance, "M P L III"; measured f rom Carlisle v ia Penrith a nd S edburgh. The s tone a lso h as a n i nscription which c ommemorates i ts r e-erection. A f airly t ypical Y oredale s andstone; a p rotoquartzite. Quartz sorting p oor; s phericity a nd r ounding p oor t o m oderate. Feldspars r are but s econdary c lays p resent. I ron o res a re l imonite a nd h aematite. Heavy m inerals i nclude p yroxene. A s w ith the O vertown m ilestone, 6 2, t here i s n othing t o s uggest t hat t his i s n ot f rom o ne o f t he l ocal Yoredale s andstones, f rom west o f t he River L une near B urrow i n L onsdale o r probably f rom t he h ills t o t he n orth-east of I ngleton.

6 4

CASTLEFORD 1

R .I.B.

S E 4 26251

i DECIUS & DECIUS: 2 50-1 i i G ALLUS & VOLUSIAN: 2 51-3

Roughly c ylindrical:

1 73x27

2 273,

2 274

c m d iam.

F ound a bout 1 840 i n B eancroft R oad, Castleford ( Lagentium), o n t he r oad ( 28b) f rom Tadcaster ( Calcaria) t o Doncaster ( Danum); n ow i n Leeds M useum. T he s econd i nscription was c ut a t t he o ther e nd o f t he i nverted milestone a nd e nds " EB / MP XXII", ( from Y ork, 2 2 miles). B oth i nscriptions picked o ut i n r ecent t imes i n white paint. A d owel h ole i s i n t he c entre o f t he Decius e nd a nd a broken metal p in a t t he o ther. A f ine-medium g rained, pale g rey o rthoquartzite, w ith s light i ron s taining. S orting f air; s ome r ecrystallisation a long g rain c ontacts. Feldspars rare; s ome c lay m inerals r eplacing f eldspars. A l ittle l imonite a nd magnetite. O rigin uncertain but i t s eems t o b e a Carboniferous s andstone. There a re n o good petrographic d escriptions o f t he l ocal C arboniferous sediments but, t hough t his i s d ifferent f rom t he o ther Castleford milestone, the l iterature a vailable s uggests t hat t he s tone i s e ither a Coal M easures s andstone ( Westphalian) a nd p robably q uite l ocal 81 , o r perhaps a Namurian s andstone f rom s everal miles t o t he west o r n orthwest 8 Z . W hat c an be s tated with c ertainty i s t hat t his i s n ot a T ria ssic s andstone a nd t herefore d id n ot o riginate c lose t o Y ork or A ldborough.

6 5 CASTLEFORD 2

R .I.B.

SE 4 28257 Rough c ylinder:

2 275

FLORIAN:

2 76

1 04x33 c m d iam.

F ound about 1 880 while d rain l aying i n Carlton S treet, Castleford, c lose t o t he l ine o f t he R oman r oad ( 28b) t o Tadcaster; n ow i n t he Yorkshire Museum, York. I t has a b lack e ncrustation; l ettering d eep, c rude a nd weathered. A c oarse, f airly s oft, f eldspathic q uartzite. Basically a medium g rey c olour though i ndividual g rains vary f rom a lmost white t o dark g rey, s ometimes with a d ull r ed t inge. S orting poor; s phericity a nd r ounding variable . Feldspar, 5 %, mainly a lkali f eldspar a nd o ften r eplaced by c lay m inerals, 4 % . I ron o res a re l imonite, haematite a nd r are magnetite. A C arboniferous s andstone o r g rit, probably e ither Upper Namurian ( Millstone Grit) o r Lower W estphalian ( Lower C oal Measures). T he most l ikely i s t he Rough Rock which, s outh-west o f Halifax ( in t he v icinity o f

3 7

S lack ( ? Camulodunum)), i s n ormally " coarse-grained a nd massive, though o ften c rumbly where e xposed owing t o t he d ecomposition of the l arge amount o f f eldspar i t c ontains" 83 . I t may, however, be f rom t he Huddersfield White R ock o r o ther h orizons. We may r easonably c onclude, t hough, that t his milestone was q uarried s ome miles t o t he west or n orth-west of Castleford.

R .I. B.

6 6 DUEL CROSS S E

DECIUS:

4 2706327

Rough c ylinder:

1 22x38

2 276 2 49-51

c m d iam.

F ound 1 776 a t Duel C ross, 3 miles s outh o f A ldborough ( Isurium) o n t he r oad ( 8a) f rom York; n ow i n t he Lawson M useum, A ldborough. Lettering f airly n eat t hough t he s tone a ppears t o have b een i nscribed t wice. Line 8 , "XXG", a ll t hat r emains o f t he p rimary t ext, has been i nterpreted a s a mason's e rror f or " XX", t he d istance f rom Y ork, but a s the f ind s pot i s 3 miles s outh o f A ldborough a nd n ot 3 miles n orth, a s g iven i n R .I. B., t his cannot be s o. A c oarse, poorly c emented, f eldspathic q uartzite; weathered orangyr ed but patchy, buff o range i nside. S orting p oor; s phericity a nd rounding variable but g enerally f air. 1 3% o f q uartz g rains a re c omposite; some r ecrystallisation a long g rain c ontacts. F eldspar, n early 5% . i s mainly o rthoclase, but m icrocline a nd p lagioclase a lso o ccur. There a re some c lay minerals. I ron o re, mainly haematite, i s o ften a ssociated w ith f eldspars a nd c lays. Red a nd o range Triassic sands a nd s andstones c rop out e ast o f the Pennines i n a s trip, a veraging a bout 1 0 miles i n width, f rom N ottingham i n t he s outh, t hrough Y ork, t o Darlington a nd M iddlesborough i n t he n orth. The p ebbles, c haracteristic o f t he Bunter i n t he M idlands, d ie o ut northwards a nd i n Y orkshire t here i s n o d ifference between t he underlying Bunter a nd t he K euper 84 . The outcrop i s o ften d rift c overed a nd n ot f requently e xposed but i n f ormer t imes ( earlier t his c entury) t he sands tones were e xposed i n a small q uarry j ust b y A ldborough. The T riassic sandstone was u sed i n t he Roman t own a nd t he m ilestone would c ertainly have had a l ocal o rigin.

R .I.B.

6 7 ALDBOROUGH 1

DECIUS:

S E 4 06666 R oughly oval:

4 1

cm h igh x 33x23

2 277 2 49-51

cm

Found 1 924 i n e xcavations 1 60 f eet s outh o f t he n orth gate o f Aldborough; n ow i n t he L awson Museum, A ldborough. L ettering very s hallow but r easonably n eat. I t may o nce have been c ylindrical but n ow r oughly o val where f ace, a nd t o a l esser e xtent s ides, have been f lattened. Broken a t base a nd partly a t back. A c oarse, f airly s oft, f eldspathic q uartzite with occasional small q uartz pebbles. Red o n o utside but more patchy i nside. Quartz p oorly s orted; s phericity a nd r ounding g ood. S ome g rains a re c omposite; r ecrystallisation a long g rain c ontacts. Feldspar, 3 .25%, i s o rthoclase a nd microcline with rare p lagioclase. C lays, 6 .6%, a re p laty a nd f ibrous t ypes. I ron o re, mainly h aematite, o ften a ssociated with c lays a nd f eldspars. A l ocal Triassic s andstone,

R .I.B.

6 8 ALDBOROUGH 2

DECIUS:

S E 4 06664 R ough

c ylinder:

s imilar

6 9x35.5

i n o rigin

t o

6 6.

2 278 2 49-51

c m d iam.

F ound i n o r before 1 852, n ear A ldborough, n ow i n t he Lawson Museum . Lettering a nd s tone badly weathered. Upper part o f m ilestone. A c oarse, s oft, r ed, f eldspathic q uartzite with o ccasional s mall q uartz pebbles. Q uartz v ariable i n s ize; s phericity a nd rounding average f air; s ome c omposite g rains. Feldspar, 5 .2%, a re orthoclase, m icrocline a nd p lagioclase. C lay minerals o ccur. I ron o re mainly haematite, associ-

3 8

ated w ith

c lay minerals a nd

A l ocal

6 9

T riassic

f eldspars.

s andstone

s imilar

i n origin t o

P IERCEBRIDGE

R .I. B.

N Z 2 07161

GALERIUS:

Rough c ylinder:

1 40x40.5

6 6

a nd 6 7.

2 293 3 05-11

c m

F ound 1 953 while g ravel q uarrying, 5 50 yards west o f Dere S treet ( 8c), near P iercebridge Fort ( Magnis); n ow i n Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. I nscription s hallow a nd partly e rased; f lattened s ides a nd t op. L ower half o f s tone more square t han upper half a nd r ough w ith ? c hisel marks: i t m ay well once have been t he t op, having h ad i ts i nscription r emoved. A f ine g rained, l ight g rey orthoquartzite; weathers buff or buffred o n t he s urface. Quartz f ine t o medium s and g rade; s phericity a nd rounding fairly g ood; a l ittle r ecrystallisation a nd s econdary s ilicifica tion. Feldspars rare but c lay minerals more a bundant ( 3%). T races o f haematite throughout. R ounded a ugite g rains a re c onspicuous amongst heavy m inerals. P robably a Coal M easures s andstone ( Westphalian) or perhaps Namurian sandstone; s imilar t o Castleford 1 milestone ( 64) but most probably o f different origin. I t s eems unlikely t o have c ome f rom west o f Piercebridge i n t he C otherstone s yncline a rea but r ocks o f s imilar a ge crop o ut extensively t o t he n orth o f Piercebridge, t owards B inchester ( Vinovia). I ts o rigin, t herefore, i s probably l ocal. ( Cf. milestones 73,74,75 a nd 7 6).

70 W ILLINGTON 1

R .I.B.

N Z 1 94354 38

c m h igh

GORDIAN

x 3 8

2 294 I II:

2 38-44

c m wide

F ound 1 910 o n l ine o f Roman r oad ( 83) t o t he n orth-east o f W illington, on t he e ast s ide o f W illington B urn. Re-discovered i n 1 941 a t Laurel H ouse, Willington; n ow a Cherry T ree House, W olsingham 85 . I was unable t o s ee and s ample the s tone. Part o f a c ylindrical s tone; i nscribed f ace rounded but l ower a nd upper parts c ut a nd back broken o ff. A ccording t o R .I. B . be o f l ocal o rigin.

7 1

i t

i s o f M illstone G rit.

W ILLINGTON 2 N Z 1 89340

Hutchinson,

I f

Durham,

s o,

i ii

i t

c ould well

( 1794),

3 18 86

? UNINSCRIBED

F ound mile west o f W illington s hortly before Hutchinson's v isit. He r eports i t was " squared d own a nd defaced, t o make t he p illar o f a s hed for c attle", s o i t i s unlikely i t c an be i dentified w ith W illington 1 . Whether i t belonged t o Dere S treet ( 8d) or t o t he s ide r oad ( 83) n ortheast f rom Willington, a s d id 7 0, i s n ot c lear.

72

LANCHESTER

R .I.B.

N Z 1 60470

GORDIAN

2 295 I II:

2 38-44

Cylindrical F irst seen 1 783 u sed a s a g ate post on north s ide o f modern r oad f rom Lanchester to Lanchester F ort ( Longovicium), Durham; l ater s een a t Greenwell Ford; n ow l ost. Originally belonged t o Dere S treet ( 8d).

7 3

GRETA BRIDGE

R .I.B.

NZ 0 8441328

GALLUS & VOLUSIAN:

Cylindrical: F ound Bridge, 2 0

2 00

2 279 2 51-3

cm x 3 8 c m d iam.

in o r before 1 727 by t he n orth-west a ngle o f t he f ort a t G reta yards s outh o f R oman r oad ( 82) f rom S cotch Corner t o Carlisle;

n ow a t R okeby H ouse. I nscription r easonably n eat. a t back a nd t op; f racture below l ine 5 .

S tone

somewhat broken

A medium g rained, o rangy-yellow, f erruginous q uartzite. S orting fair; s phericity a nd r ounding moderate; t races o f r ecrystallisation a long some g rain c ontacts. Feldspars rare but a variety o f c lay m inerals p resent. I ron o re, 1 1. 5%, s eems t o be a lmost e xclusively i nterstitial l imonite. More i ron r ich t han the S tainmore milestones but o therwise t he material i s q uite s imilar. Specimens o btained f rom t he l ocal N amurian s andstones p rovide a r easonable match a nd i t s eems s afe t o conclude that t his s tone o riginated l ocally i n t he Tees or G reta valleys.

7 4

S TAINMORE

1

R .I. B .

NY 9 49128

2 280

i FLORIAN: i i PROBUS:

G ood c ylinder:

8 1x35.5

2 76 2 76-82

c m d iam.

Found 1 924 i n d itch beside t he r oad ( 82) o n S tainmore near S pittal, a bout 1 00 yards west o f Vale House a nd 2 i miles west o f B owes ( Lavatrae); n ow i n t he County Hall, Northallerton. I nscription a palimpsest, t he s econd i nscription using many l etters o f t he f irst. A medium g rained, buff-grey, f eldspathic s andstone. Quartz 8 0. 5%; s orting moderate, s phericity a nd r ounding variable but a verage m oderate. S ome q uartz g rains c omposite; a l ittle a uthigenic s ilica. Feldspar, 4 .2% , mainly o rthoclase a nd o ften a ltered t o c lay m inerals o f various t ypes; 1 0.8% . I ron o re mainly l imonite. A Carboniferous s andstone, a nd probably Upper Namurian s ince t he L ower Coal Measures s andstones f rom n ear B arnard Castle c ontain c arbonac eous matter. T he Upper Namurian ( Millstone G rit) f rom t he Cotherstone s yncline a rea 87 a nd Teesdale j ust north o f S tainmore i s v ariable i n nature a nd t here c ould well be s everal l ocalities which provide a good m atch. T he milestone, t herefore, i s probably l ocal, t hough matching sandstones could perhaps a lso be f ound e lsewhere, f or e xample, w ithin a f ew miles s outhwest o f Catterick.

7 5 S TAINMORE

2

NY 9 49128 Good c ylinder:

6 6x30.5

R .I. B.

2 281

CARUS :

2 82-3

cm d iam.

F ound 1 924 with 7 4 o n S tainmore; n ow i n t he County Hall, N orthallert on. No " P" o r numeral f ollows t he " M" o f t he f inal l ine of t he i nscription, s o t he m ilestone might have been c entrally i nscribed, t he number t o be a dded, b y c utting o r painting, on t he s ite. I t h as a d owel hole i n the middle o f the t op a nd may o riginally h ave been i ntended a s a c olumn. A medium g rained, buff-grey, f eldspathic s andstone. Quartz s orting moderate; s phericity a nd r ounding f airly g ood. S ome r ecrystallisation a long g rain c ontacts. Feldspars, 2%, o ften a ltered t o c lay minerals, 6 .8%. I ron o re mainly l imonite. Though l ess f eldspathic a nd c layey t han S tainmore 1 , h ave t he same q uarry s ource f rom t he l ocal U pper Namurian G rit).

7 6

S TAINMORE

NY 9 49128

3

i t c ould well ( Millstone

Ormerod, Leeds Phil. i ( 1926-8), 259 88

S oc.

P rocs.,

UNINSCRIBED

C ylindrical F ound 1 927 within 1 00 y ards o f t he s pot where 7 4 on S tainmore; n ow i n t he County Hall, Northallerton. a l ittle b igger t han 7 4.

a nd 75 were f ound A crude c ylinder,

A medium g rained, buff-grey, s lightly f eldspathic s andstone. Quartz s orting moderate; s phericity a nd r ounding v ariable. S light r ecrystallisat ion a long g rain c ontacts; a l ittle a uthigenic s ilical present. Felds-

par, 0 .5% , a ltered t o various c lay minerals, l imonite a nd rare d etrital magnetite.

8 .75%.

I ron o re,

2 .9%,

i s

Less f eldspathic t han 7 4 a nd 7 5 but o therwise very s imilar a nd i s a lso l ocal Upper Namurian s andstone ( Millstone Grit). I t probably o riginated f rom t he s ame q uarry, t hough perhaps f rom a d ifferent h orizon.

7 7

TURNPIKE HOUSE: NY

S TAINMORE

9 06122

R .I.B.

2 282

CARUS:

2 82-3

Cylindrical

t he n ow

7 8

Recorded i n 1 760 b y B ishop Pococke a nd i n 1 776 b y H utchinson a t turnpike house, 5 miles west o f B owes o n t he r oad ( 82) t o C arlisle; l ost.

HANGINGSHAW

R .I.B.

NY

TWO PHILIPS:

6 82217

Roughly r ectangular:

6 1x33x30.5

2 284 2 44-6

c m

F ound 1 694 beside Roman r oad ( 82) f rom S cotch C orner t o Carlisle a t Hangingshaw, Long Marton, n ear Appleby; n ow i n Tullie H ouse Museum, Carlisle. Probably s tood a t t he t wenty-eighth mile f rom Carlisle. L ettering moderately neat t hough s everal l ines c ontinue o nto t he r ight s ide. I t h as t he a ppearance o f h aving b een c ut d own f rom a l arger s tone f or though i t i s r oughly r ectangular, i t h as s lightly r ounded s ides. B roken a t base. A v ery s lightly f eldspathic q uartzite, f ine-medium g rained a nd l ight g rey i n c olour, weathering t o buff o n outside. Q uartz s orting moderate t o g ood; s phericity a nd r ounding moderate o r f air. S ome r ecrystallisation a long g rain contacts. Feldspar, 0 .8%, i s o rthoclase a nd a lbite. Various c lay minerals occur, 5 %. I ron o re, 0 .3%, mainly l imonite. This s tone i s n ot f rom the l ocal Penrith o r S t. B ees S andstones t hough i ts actual o rigin i s n ot c lear. I t i s s imilar t o t he Castleford 1 and P iercebridge milestones a nd a lthough i t will undoubtedly have a d ifferent s ource f rom t hese, i t i s probably a lso Carboniferous. I t i s n ot a typical Yoredale s andstone b ut a match c ould p robably b e f ound s omewhere i n the Carboniferous t o t he e ast o f t he f ind s pot, p erhaps f rom t he Namurian o r Westphalian w hich i s e xposed on t he west s ide o f S tainmore 89 . Descriptions of t he o lder r ocks f rom t he C ross Fell I nlier d o n ot match ". S tone u sed for walling i n t he Hangingshaw a rea i s a s imilar q uartzite.

7 9

TEMPLE SOWERBY

B ruce,

NY 6 1962645

UNINSCRIBED

Roughly c ylindrical:

1 37

c m h igh,

a bout

3 0

L . S .,

7 47 91

c m d iam.

S tanding a pparently i n i ts o riginal s pot, a bout mile s outh-east o f Temple S owerby, by t he s ide o f t he modern r oad a nd on t he l ine o f t he Roman r oad ( 82) f rom K irkby Thore t o B rougham. Perhaps o nce i nscribed but n ow bears no t race o f l ettering. I rregular pillar, b roken a t t op a nd tapering t o base. A m edium-coarse g rained, fairly well c emented protoquartzite. Quartz s orting f air; s phericity a nd r ounding g ood. S ome g rains a re c ompound, perhaps o f metamorphic o rigin. S econdary q uartz c ommon, 1 5%, a cting a s a cement a nd f orming o vergrowths o n many g rains. I ron o re i s mainly haematite which occasionally o ccurs a s d ense patches b ut o ften f orms a thin s kin o f cement on q uartz g rains. I t s eems t o have f ormed i n two s tages, o ne before a nd o ne a fter t he d eposition o f t he c ement. Rare, a ltered f eldspars present. Penrith Sandstone: t he f ormation c rops o ut i n a s trip usually 3 o r 4 miles w ide, f rom K irkby S tephen, n orth-west t o Penrith a nd t hen n orthn orth-west to within a f ew miles o f Carlisle. A t t he e xtremes o f i ts outcrop i t is s oft a nd p oorly c emented but i n t he c entre, f rom n ear K irkby T hore t o j ust n orth o f Penrith, the e xtent o f t he s ilicification has ensured a f airly durable building s tone 92 . I t i s most probable t hat

4 1

t his milestone, a nd t hose f rom B rougham, c ame f rom t he h ills j ust north o r s outh o f B rougham. There d oes n ot s eem t o b e a ny r ecorded R oman quarry i n the P enrith S andstone, t hat a t Crowdundle B eck ( R.I. B. 9 98) b eing i n S t. B ees S andstone.

8 0 BROUGHAM 1 NY

J . R.S.,

5 38293

Rectangular:

l v

POSTUMUS: 7 6x51x30.5

( 1965),

2 24

2 58-68

c m

F ound 1 964 while p loughing a t F renchfield, on n orth s ide o f River Eamont a t B rougham, beside t he Roman r oad ( 82); n ow a t Brougham Castle The l etters h ave been punched o r pecked w itn a r ound c hisel a nd not c ut smooth. I nscription e nds " R P C / CAR" - R (es)p(ublica) C (ivitatis) / Car(vetiorum). P robably marked t he twentieth mile f rom Carlisle. Face a nd back d ressed f lat, s ides r ough. A medium-coarse g rained, well c emented, r ed protoquartzite. Quartz well s orted; s phericity a nd r ounding g ood. S ome q uartz grains composite. Much s ilica c ement, 1 8.1% . Rare f eldspars a nd c lay minerals o ccur. I ron o re mainly s econdary haematite having b een d eposited on the o riginal q uartz g rains a nd a fter t he f ormation o f t he s ilica c ement.

miles

8 1

Penrith S andstone q uarried f airly n orth o r s outh-east o f B rougham .

l ocally, probably within 3 or ( See 7 9).

BROUGHAM 2

R .I.B.

NY 5 36292

CONSTANTINE

Rectangular:

5 1

cm h igh,

4

2 285 I :

3 07-37

2 0 cm w ide

Found 1 602 n ear t he f ort a t B rougham, n ear t he c onfluence o f Rivers Lowther a nd Eamont; n ow i n B rougham Castle. Probably originally on t he r oad ( 82) f rom S cotch Corner t o Carlisle, b ut may have belonged t o one o f t he o ther r oads r eaching Brougham. L ettering s mall but reasonably neat. A medium g rained, f airly well c emented, r ed protoquartzite. Sorting o f q uartz moderate; s phericity a nd r ounding f airly g ood. S econdary s ilica c ements t he g rains, s ometimes h aving f ormed a fter a d eposit of h aematite, t hough most haematite, t he principle i ron o re, 3 .6% , f ormed a fter t he c ement. A l ittle f eldspar, 1 %, mainly o rthoclase. S ome c lay minerals, 1 .9%. Penrith S andstone q uarried f airly miles n orth o r s outh-east o f B rougham.

l ocally, probably within 3 or ( See 7 9).

8 2 OLD PENRITH

R .I.B.

2 287

V ICTORINUS:

NY 4 94385

4

2 68-70

Roughly c ylindrical Found i n o r before 1 701 beside Roman r oad ( 7e) t o Carlisle, O ld Penrith ( Voreda); n ow l ost. Apparently b roken a t base.

R .I.B.

8 3 HESKET

6 6

cm h igh,

S een

8 4

2 288

CONSTANTINE

NY 4 646 3 6

I :

3 07-37

cm w ide

Found 1 766 i n Hesket o n Roman r oad ( 7e) f rom Penrith i n 1 768 a t A rmathwaite by Gough; n ow l ost.

S CALESCEUGH

R .I.B.

NY 4 48496

GORDIAN

Roughly c ylindrical: Found

1 915

near

6 9

n orth o f

c m x 4 1

to C arlisle.

2 284 I II:

2 38-44

c m d iam.

f arm buildings a t

4 2

S calesceugh,

near C arlton H ill,

5 m iles south-east o f Carlisle on r oad ( 7e) t o B rougham; n ow i n Tullie House Museum, Carlisle. B roken a t t op a nd bottom a nd l eft s ide f lattened. Close e xamination o f t he s tone s hows t hat t his l eft s ide i s parallel t o t he bedding. As t he f ace o f a s tone i s normally d ressed parallel t o t he bedding, i t i s l ikely that the l eft s ide o f t his s tone was once i nscribed. A chocolate brown, f ine g rained s ubgreywacke. Dark l ines parallel t o the b edding a re p robably c oncentrations o f magnetite. S orting o f q uartz, 40% , f air; s phericity a nd r ounding poor t o moderate. S ome g rains o f compound quartz. A h igh p roportion, 2 7% , o f f erruginous s hale a nd s ilts tone f ragments. Feldspar, 0 .5%, i s mainly p lagioclase: various c lay minerals occur, 1 .4%. S mall f lakes o f white m ica, muscovite, 0 .9% . I ron ore, 9 .9%, mainly haematite a nd magnetite. Augite i s a c ommon h eavy mineral. Matrix, 9 .2% , r ich i n i ron a nd c lay m inerals. A typical S t. Bees S andstone 93 . The f ormation c rops o ut i n a generally widening s trip f rom Appleby, t owards Carlisle, where i t broadens to i nclude W igton, Carlisle a nd B rampton. The best building s tone h as b een o btained i n t he Eden a nd I rthing valleys, e ast o f Carlisle, t hough t he f ormation has been q uarried t hroughout i ts o utcrop. I ndeed, t he R omans quarried S t. Bees S andstone a t C rowdundle B eck ( R.I. B. 9 98-1000) a nd s outhwest o f Shawk ( R.I. B. 1 001-2) a s well a s a t W etheral ( R.I. B. 1 004-6) a nd a long the River Gelt a t B rampton ( R .I. B. 1 007-15). The S t. B ees S andstone i s f airly uniform o ver much o f i ts outcrop a nd s o i t i s n ot possible t o say w ith certainty where t his milestone was q uarried. However, o f t he s pecimens collected f rom t he Roman q uarry s ites, t he best match was o btained f rom Wetheral, 4 miles e ast-south-east o f Carlisle, where t he s tone i s deeper i n c olour, c urrent bedded a nd, a t l ower h orizons, s hows t he d ark bands s een o n t his a nd o ther s imilar milestone s pecimens.

8 5 H ARRABY BRIDGE

R .I.B.

N Y 4 1325469

Roughly

rectangular:

i i i 1 88 cm h igh,

4 6

2 290,

2 291,

2 292

CARAUSIUS: 2 86-93 CONSTANTINE I : 3 06-7

c m w ide

F ound 1 894 i n bed o f R iver Petterill a t Harraby B ridge, a bout 1 mile south o f Carlisle ( Luguvalium) o n t he r oad t o B rougham ( 7e); n ow i n Tullie House Museum. According t o R .I.B. i t h as t hree i nscriptions; a c entral text, p resumed p rimary, c hiselled a way f rom t he c entre o f t he s tone; a second t ext a t t he Carausius, i nverted, b roader e nd on t he s tone; a nd t he f inal i nscription t o C onstantine a t t he n arrower e nd. I t would be u nusual, t hough, i f t he p rimary t ext were i n t he middle o f the s tone a nd i t i s more l ikely that t his t ext was a c ontinuation o f t he Constantine i nscription o r e ven a s ub- o r post-Roman a ddition t o t he s tone. Carausius a nd C onstantine i nscriptions p icked o ut i n white paint. Face d ressed f lat; back r ough. A l ight g rey, medium g rained, s lightly f eldspathic q uartzite, weathers to a b uff c olour. S orting o f q uartz f air; s phericity a nd r ounding moderate. S econdary s ilica, 4 %, f orms o vergrowths o n many g rains. Feldspar, 2 .3%, i s mainly a ltered o rthoclase. C lay minerals, 4 .2% , various. T races o f l imonite. T he origin o f t his m ilestone i s n ot c ertain. The r elatively l ow rounding and s phericity, a nd t he s mall a mount o f s econdary s ilica a nd i ron o re make i t c ertain that t his i s n ot Penrith S andstone. As w ith t he Hangingshaw milestone ( 78) i t s eems t o be Carboniferous i n o rigin, t hough t he t wo most p robably had d ifferent q uarry s ources. Lower Carboniferous r ocks c rop o ut 1 0 miles t o t he e ast but t his milestone i s n ot l ike t he normal Yoredale s andstones t hat would be f ound t here. Middle a nd Upper Carboniferous r ocks a re e xposed a bout t he s ame d istance t o t he s outhwest o f Carlisle a nd i t may be t hat t his milestone was q uarried t here.

R .I. B.

8 6 OLD CARLISLE

2 286

TWO PHILIPS:

N Y 2 60465

2 47

Octagonal F ound i n o r before 1 564 b eside Roman r oad ( 75), n ear O ld Carlisle, nearly 1 1 miles s outh-west o f Carlisle. Removed t o Rokeby, North R iding, where i t was l ast s een b y Gough i n 1 763.

4 3

R .I. B.

8 7 OLD WALL

D IOCLETIAN:

NY 4 80616 Rectangular:

2 311

7 1

cm h igh,

F ound i n o r before ( 86c) a bout 5 5 /8 miles Carlisle ( Luguvalium); f ound but l ower portion

4 1

3 05-6

cm wide

1 816 a t O ld Wall, I rthington, o n t he Military f rom S tanwix ( Petriana), or 6 3 /8 miles f rom n ow i n Tullie H ouse M useum . 1 32 cm high w hen r emoved.

Way

A f ine g rained, c hocolate c oloured, s lightly micaceous subgreywacke. F ine b lack l ines, which may be c oncentrations o f magnetite, show s mall s cale c urrent b edding. S orting o f q uartz i s m oderate; s phericity a nd r ounding g enerally poor; s ome g rains c ompound. A h igh p roportion, 2 9. 7%, o f s hale a nd s iltstone f ragments. Rare f eldspars a nd s ome c lay m inerals. Muscovite p resent. I ron o re, 4 .5%, i s haematite a nd magnetite. A ugite occurs. S t. Bees S andstone. I t i s n ot possible t o s ay with c ertainty where i t was q uarried, but t he n earest matching s pecimen o btained f rom a k nown Roman q uarry came f rom W etheral ( R.I.B. 1 004-6), 4 miles east-south-east o f Carlisle. ( See 8 4).

8 8 CARVORAN NY

R .I.B.

?

Rectangular:

2 310

CONSTANTINE: 4 1x28x23

3 06-7

cm

F ound before 1 716 n ear Carvoran ( ? Magna). Exact f ind spot n ot clear; Heubner ( C.I. L., v ii, 1 188) describes i t a s f rom " near Thirlwall C astle", whereas B ruce ( L . S., 3 26) writes t hat i t was " found n ear B lenkinsop, which i s t o t he s outh o f Magna, C arvoran". I n t he f ormer c ase i t would h ave belonged t o t he Military Way ( 86b-c) o r t o t he S tanegate ( 85a-b); i n the l atter c ase i t would have c ome f rom t he Maiden Way ( 84), a s Haverfield s uggests. Now i n t he Chapter L ibrary, Durham . L ettering moderately neat; p icked out i n b lack. B roken a t base; s plit vertically f rom f ront t o back a nd r ejoined. A f ine g rained, pale g rey, m icaceous p rotoquartzite. S orting moderate; sphericity a nd r ounding f airly g ood. A f ew q uartz g rains a re c omposite and there i s rare s econdary s ilica. F eldspars a re s parse, 0 .8%, but c lay minerals a bundant, 1 3.3%. M uscovite present, 1 .5%, a nd t he main i ron ore, 5 .7%, i s l imonite. S andstone f rom t he Yoredale f ad es ( Carboniferous). I t i s w ell matched by s pecimens f rom t he R oman q uarries a t C oombe C rag ( or C omb Crag) ( R .I.B. 1 946-52), 4 miles west o f Carvoran. T he s andstone here i s o f the B irdoswald L imestone Group which c rops out a long t he I rthing valley to G ilsland a nd beyond. S o t hough i t i s possible t hat i t was quarried a t Coombe C rag, i t c ould a lso h ave been o btained f rom c loser t o Carvoran. I n a ny e vent, t here i s n o r eason t o s uppose t hat i t was brought more t han a f ew miles.

8 9 FELL END

R .I.B.

AURELIAN:

NY 6 7466536 Rectangular:

6 6x33x20

2 309 2 73-5

c m

Found 1 932 r e-used i n a c ulvert on t he Newcastle-Carlisle r oad n ear Fell End Farm, more t han mile e ast o f Carvoran; o ne o f the series o f milestones f rom t he S tanegate ( 85a); n ow i n t he Museum o f Antiquities, University o f N ewcastle. O riginally probably r ectangular; left s ide very r ough a nd broken a way; t op a nd r ight s ide b ear t ool marks f rom w hen i t was built i nto t he c ulvert. A f ine g rained, c hocolate c oloured s ubgreywacke. F ine dark b edding l ines n oticeable o n t he s pecimen a re probably c oncentrations o f magnetite. Quartz s orting, s phericity a nd r ounding a re moderate; s ome quartz g rains c ompound. F ragments o f f erruginous s hale a nd s iltstone f airly common, 20%. Feldspars rather rare, 1 %; various c lay minerals a l ittle more c ommon, 2 .4% . M uscovite r are, 0 .3%. I ron o re, 1 .5%, mainly h aematite but magnetite o ccurs. Augite i s a n oticeable h eavy m ineral.

Ad

S t. Bees S andstone. I t i s n ot possible t o s ay w ith c ertainty where i t was q uarried but t he c losest match o btained f rom known Roman q uarries came f rom Wetheral, 4 miles east-south-east o f Carlisle. ( See 8 4).

90

SMITH 'S

SHIELD

R .I. B .

NY 7 5676625 Cylindrical:

2 308

UNDATED

now 6 1x48

c m d iam.,

on base

2 8

c m h igh x 48x48

cm

S een in or before 1 725 s tanding on n orth s ide o f S tanegate ( 85a) a t Smith's S hield, Henshaw, a lmost o ne R oman mile west o f Chesterholm F ort ( Vindolanda). Base r emains i n position; upper parts o f s haft r e-used a s gate p osts 1 60 y ards t o t he west, with n o t race o f t he l ettering. The part w hich i n 1 944 was b eing re-used a s t he n orth gate post ( R.I. B. half t he c olumn s tanding 1 27 cm a bove g round a nd 4 8 cm d iam.) n ow s eems to have d isappeared; t he o ther part ( 168 cm l ong but o nly 3 0.5 cm d iam.) s till, i n 1 968, l ies d is used near t he gate. I t had t he r emains o f a primary t ext a nd t he s econdary, h onorary i nscription BON(0) / REI / PUBLIC A E / NATO . This s econd f ormula was u sed mainly f or emperors o f the f ourth and f ifth c enturies 94 . A m edium g rained, b uff protoquartzite. Quartz s orting s phericity and r ounding f air; a f ew c ompound g rains o f q uartz p resent. A l ittle recrystallisation a long g rain c ontacts. Feldspar rare, 0 .6%, but c lay minerals more a bundant, 5 .4%. I ron o res, 2 .3%, l imonite a nd magnetite. Heavy m inerals i nclude pyroxene a nd e pidote. S andstone f rom the Y oredale f acies a nd n ot milestones which a re o f Y oredale s andstone. I t as these o thers a nd p robably l ocal. ( See 9 2).

9 1

unlike t he o ther l ocal c ould have t he same o rigin

CHESTERHOLM

B ruce,

NY 7 7186649

UNINSCRIBED

Cylindrical:

a bout

1 60

cm hign,

x55

L .S.,

2 61

9 5

c m d iam .

S till s tanding i n i ts original s pot o n S tanegate ( 85a) a bout 1 10 yards east o f Chesterholm Fort ( Vindolanda) a nd one R oman mile east o f t he miles tone a t Smith's S hield. N o i nscription a nd hardly weathered e nough t o h ave had a c omplete i nscription removed; a l ittle damaged a t t op. A s lightly f eldspathic q uartzite, f ine-medium g rained a nd buff-orange in c olour. Quartz s orting moderate; s phericity a nd r ounding p oor t o moderate; some q uartz g rains c ompound. R ecrystallisation a long s ome g rain contacts. Feldspars, 2 %, o ften weathered a nd a ltered t o a variety o f c lay minerals, 2 . 3% . Main i ron ore, 0 .9%, i s l imonite. A s andstone f rom t he Y oredale f acies a nd probably l ocal. I t i s n ot a s coarse a s 94 a nd 9 6 but i n c omposition i t i s much t he s ame a s t hese a nd may well s hare a c ommon o rigin. ( See 9 2).

92

CRINDLEDYKES

1

R .I. B .

NY 7 8636697 Rough c ylinder:

2 299

S EVERUS ALEXANDER: 1 12

c m h igh,

5 1

2 22-3

c m d iam.

F ound 1 885 a t Crindledykes Farm, o n n orth s ide o f S tanegate ( 85a), one Roman m ile east o f t he m ilestone a t Chesterholm Fort ( 91); n ow i n Chesters Museum . Found with f our o ther milestones a nd t wo f ragments ( 93-8). Inscription reasonably n eat but s hallow a nd weathered; i t e nds " MP X IIII", but r ecords no c aput v iae. A l ight c reamy-buff, f ine-medium g rained protoquartzite. Quartz sorting moderate; sphericity a nd r ounding poor t o moderate; s ome g rains, 5 . 6% , c ompound. S ome r ecrystallisation. Feldspars rather r are, 0 .9%, but s econdary c lay minerals a bundant, 1 0.7% . I ron o re, 1 .8%, mainly l imonite. A s andstone f rom t he l ocal Y oredale f acies ( Carboniferous). S andstones occur a t different horizons i n a s uccession which i ncludes many r epetitions of t he basic l imestone-shale-sandstone-coal unit. S lightly more t han k mile south-west o f t he f ind s pot, t he sandstone a bove t he L ittle L imestone

( Namurian) 96 was q uarried by t he R omans 97 . S pecimens o btained h ere provide a r easonable match w ith this milestone, but a b etter match was o btained f rom t he Roman q uarry a t Haltwhistle Burn 98 . T his l atter i s n ow l argely o vergrown but s pecimens were o btained which s how that t he s tone q uarried h ere, t he sandstone a bove t he Three Yard L imestone ( Visean) 96 , i s q uite variable i n c omposition a nd c ould have s upplied t his milestone. T he Roman q uarry a t B ruton 97 , a m ile west o f C hesters, i s a t a h igher horizon, p robably t he s andstone a bove t he L ittle L imestone, a nd a lso provided a r easonable match. C learly t hen, i t i s i mpossible t o say w ith c ertainty where t his and o ther m ilestones o f Y oredale s andstone were q uarried. The best t hat can be s aid i s t hat i n e ach c ase s imilar s tone c ould be o btained l ocally, but i t i s a lso possible t hat a m ilestone was q 4arried s ome d istance f rom i ts f ind s pot.

9 3 CRINDLEDYKES

2

R .I. B .

NY 7 8636697 Rectangular:

PROBUS:

7 1x41x23

c m,

width t apers

2 300 2 76-82

s lightly t o

Found 1 885 a t C rindledykes Farm o n S tanegate n ow i n Chesters Museum.

t op ( 85a)

w ith

9 2 a nd others;

A medium g rained, c reamy-yellow s andstone. I t i s n ow mounted h igh a nd was i naccessible w ith t he d rill. O n macroscopic e xamination i t s eems to b e v ery s imilar t o o r t he s ame a s 9 5. A s andstone f rom t he Yoredale f acies, p robably l ocal i n o rigin. ( See 9 2).

9 4

CRINDLEDYKES 3

R .I. B .

NY 7 8636697

i i i i ii i v

R ough c ylinder:

1 60

cm h igh,

4 6

c m d iam.

a t

2 301

CONSTANTIUS: 2 95-305 C ONSTANTINE: 3 06-7 MAXIMIANUS : 3 05-11 M AXIMINUS DATA: 3 09-13 base

t apering to

3 6 c m a t

top

Found 1 885 a t C rindledykes Farm o n S tanegate ( 85a) with 9 2 a nd others; n ow i n C hesters Museum. Apparently i nscribed f our t imes, t he e arlier i nscriptions h aving been i ncorporated i n t he f ourth: i nterpretation of f irst a nd s econd t exts a nd dates must, t herefore, be c onjectural. A l ight, buff-grey, medium-coarse g rained f eldspathic quartzite. Q uartz s orting s phericity a nd r ounding poor; s ome c ompound g rains present. A l ittle r ecrystallisation o f t he q uartz g rains. Feldspar, 2 .4% , mainly o rthoclase. Various c lay minerals, 4 .4% . T he main i ron ore i s l imonite. A s andstone f rom t he Y oredale f acies a nd p robably l ocal o rigin. Coarser a nd more q uartzitic t han 9 2 a nd n o v ery g ood match was o btained t he l ocal p roven R oman quarries. H owever t he variation b etween t his and i s p robably within t he range o btainable i n s ome Y oredale sandstones and t hey might h ave t he same q uarry s ource.

R .I. B .

9 5 CRINDLEDYKES 4

Cylindrical:

9 4

2 303

CONSTANTINE:

NY 7 8636697 c m h igh x 3 0.5

f rom 9 2

3 06-7

c m d iam.

Found 1 885 a t C rindledykes Farm o n S tanegate ( 85a) with 9 2 a nd others; n ow i n Chesters Museum . I nscription f airly n eat, o n a r ectangular panel 5 3 c m l ong a nd 3 5.5 c m wide. A f ine g rained p rotoquartzite, l ight buff i n c olour. Quartz s orting f air; s phericity a nd r ounding moderate. Rare f eldspar, 0 . 5%, a nd f ew c lay minerals, 1 .5%, mainly kaolinite. I ron o re mainly l imonite. A s andstone f rom t he Y oredale f acies a nd p robably l ocal o rigin. More q uartzitic t han 9 2, a nd f ewer c lay m inerals, but t his variation i s quite p ossible within o ne q uarry a nd t hey may h ave t he same s ource.

4 6

96

CRINDLEDYKES 5

R .I.B.

NY 7 8636697

CONSTANTINE

Rough c ylinder:

1 17

cm h igh,

2 5

2 302 I :

3 07-37

c m d iam.

F ound 1 885 a t Crindledykes Farm on S tanegate ( 85a) with 9 2 a nd o thers; now i n C hesters Museum . The d imensions o f t his s tone a re c onsiderably less t han many o thers o f t he C rindledykes g roup a nd i t may well have been re-inscribed on s everal o ccasions: f ace f lattened.

poor; 0 . 2%, 1 .1%,

A l ight buff, medium-coarse g rained protoquartzite. Q uartz s orting s phericity a nd r ounding f air; s ome c ompound g rains. Rare f eldspar, i s orthoclase; c lay minerals, 3 .5%, mainly kaolinite. I ron ore, i s l imonite a nd magnetite.

A s andstone f rom t he Y oredale f acies a nd p robably l ocal origin. Very s imilar t o 9 4 but l ess f eldspathic. N oticeably c oarser a nd more q uartzitic than 9 2, but t he sandstones o ften have c oarser h orizons i n a g enerally f ine, more m assive s andstone a nd i t i s possible t hey have t he same q uarry s ource.

9 7

C RINDLEDYKES 6

R .I. B.

NY 7 8636697

UNDATED

Cylindrical:

2 8 cm h igh,

4 1

2 304

cm d iam .

F ragment f ound 1 885 a t C rindledykes Farm o n S tanegate ( 85a) with 9 2 and o thers; o nce i n t he S ummer House a t Chesters, n ow l ost. Top part o f s tone o n which o nly t he b eginning o f t he i nscription, " IMP", r emained.

98

CRINDLEDYKES 7

R .I. B.

NY 7 8636697

UNDATED

Cylinder on

square base:

3 5.5 cm h igh,

3 5.5

2 305

cm wide

L ower portion o f s tone f ound 1 885 a t C rindledykes Farm o n S tanegate ( 85a) w ith 92 a nd o thers; o nce i n t he S ummer House a t Chesters, n ow l ost. I nscription "L I " o n one f ace o f base has been variously i nterpreted but Wright's suggestion ( R .I.B.), t hat perhaps t he l etters " represent a builder' s i nstruction f or s etting t he s tone", i s t he most p lausible.

99

CORBRIDGE

1

R .I.B.

NY 9 82648

2 296

V ICTORINUS:

2 68-70

F ound i n o r before 1 760 a t Corbridge ( Corstopitum), where B ishop Pococke s aw i t i n t he p ossession o f t he Rev. J ohn Walton; n ow l ost.

1 00 CORBRIDGE

2

R .I.B.

NY 9 81648 Originally

roughly c ylindrical:

2 297

MAXIMINUS DAIA: 1 12

cm h igh,

3 09-13

3 6 c m d iam.

F ound 1 867 o n west s ide o f t he R oman t own a t C orbridge. I t i s n ot c lear w hether i t belonged t o Dere S treet ( 8d-e) o r S tanegate ( 85a). Was a t A lnwick Castle, n ow i n t he Museum o f Antiquities, University o f Newcastle. I nscribed t wice b ut only t races o f t he primary i nscription remain b eneath l ettering o n t he s econdary t ext. Back n ow t rimmed f lat or s plit a long a bedding p lane. The f ace a lso f lattened, p robably when the p rimary text was e rased. A b uff-grey, medium-coarse g rained, very s lightly f eldspathic quartzite. Quartz s orting poor; s phericity a nd r ounding moderate. Feldspar, 1 .7%, mainly o rthoclase, o ften a ltered t o kaolinite a nd o ther c lay m inerals, 4 .23%. I ron o re, 2 .9%, mainly l imonite. A l ittle pyroxene present. S andstone f rom t he Y oredale f acies a nd probably l ocal o rigin. i s s imilar to 9 6 a nd i t i s p ossible t hat t hey have t he s ame q uarry source. ( See 9 2).

4 7

I t

1 01

G ood

COCKMOUNT H ILL WOOD

J .C. B ruce, Handbook t o t he Roman Wall, 1 2th e d. by I . A. R ichmond, ( 1966), 1 49

NY 6 9466690

UNINSCRIBED

c ylinder:

a bout

1 40

c m a bove g round,

4 5 c m d iam.

S tone r emoved f rom M ilitary Way ( 86b) a nd n ow f orming the w est post o f a gate a t t he west e nd o f C ockmount H ill W ood, o n t he l ine of t he Wall. May well h ave been t urned but n o t race o f l ettering. I t i s broken a t t he t op a nd i t i s j ust possible t hat a n i nscribed p ortion h as been l ost off t he t op, t hough t he proportions would hardly a llow f or s o much t o h ave been b roken o ff. A c oarse g rained, o range-buff f eldspathic s andstone. Quartz s orting poor; s phericity a nd r ounding variable, but g enerally p oor; g rains often c ompound. S ome r ecrystallisation. F eldspar, 4 .1%, l argely a lkali feldspar ( microcline). C lay m inerals mainly kaolinite, 7 .9% . I ron ore, 0 .6%, l imonite. Sandstone f rom t he Y oredale f acies. Noticeably c oarser t han a ny o ther milestone but modal a nalysis e ssentially s imilar. No s pecimen a s c oarse a s t his was o btained f rom t he k nown R oman q uarries b ut t here i s o ften c onsiderable variation l aterally a nd v ertically w ithin t he sandstones, s o t his milestone

1 02 CAWFIELDS

i s probably

f airly

l ocal.

1

R .I. B.

NY 7 1776662 R ough c ylinder:

( See 9 2).

2 306

S EVERUS ALEXANDER: 1 15

cm h igh,

4 6

2 22-3

cm d iam.

Found 1 882 l ying o n s outh s ide o f M ilitary W ay ( 86b) near m ilecastle 4 2, Cawfields, with 1 03 a nd 1 04; n ow i n Chesters Museum. Lettering s hallow a nd worn b ut r easonably n eat. I nscription e nds " MP XVIII" and i t s eems t o measure t he d istance f rom Corstopitum a long t he Military Way, t he l ink r oad f rom Housesteads a nd t he S tanegate. A l ight g rey-buff, medium g rained, v ery s lightly f eldspathic q uartzite. Q uartz s orting, s phericity a nd r ounding moderate; s ome g rains a re compound; s ome r ecrystallisation o f q uartz. Feldspar, 0 .8%, o ften a ltered t o c lay minerals, 1 4%, p rincipally kaolinite. I ron o re, 0 .7%, mainly l imonite. S ome pyroxene occurs.

g rain

A s andstone f rom t he Y oredale f acies a nd p robably l ocal s ize a nd modal a nalysis i t i s q uite s imilar t o 9 2.

1 03 CAWFIELDS 2

R .I. B.

NY 7 1776662 R ough c ylinder:

c m h igh,

4 6

I n

2 307

NUMERIAN : 1 32

o rigin.

2 82-3

c m d iam.

Found 1 882 a t Cawfields w ith 1 02, beside t he M ilitary Way ( 86b); i n Chesters M useum . T he s tone i s r ough a nd t he l ettering a lmost worn I t i s p ossible t hat t here was a n e arlier t ext.

n ow a way.

A l ight g rey-buff, medium-coarse g rained, s lightly f eldspathic quartz ite. Q uartz s orting moderate; s phericity a nd r ounding fair; a number o f c ompound q uartz g rains. S ome r ecrystallisation a long g rain c ontacts. F eldspar, 1 .7%, mainly a lkali f eldspar i ncluding m icrocline. C lay minerals, 3 .4%, v arious. I ron o re, 0 .4%, i s mainly l imonite. Pyroxene a nd sphene o ccur. A s andstone f rom t he Y oredale f acies a nd p robably l ocal o rigin. Modal a nalysis more n early l ike 9 4 a nd 9 8 t han 9 2 a nd 1 02, t hough t he p resence o f pyroxene m ight s uggest a c ommon o rigin w ith t hese l atter. However, i t i s n ot i mpossible t hat t hey a ll c ame f rom t he s ame q uarry s ource.

4 8

1 04

C AWFIELDS 3

J .C. B ruce, Handbook t o t he R oman Wall, 1 2th e d., by I .A. R ichmond ( 1966), 1 39-40 99

N Y 7 1776662

UNINSCRIBED

Rough c ylinder:

about

1 20 c m h igh,

4 0

c m d iam .

F ound 1 882 beside t he Military Way s till a t the f ind s pot.

t apering s lightly

( 86b) with 1 02,

n ear Cawfields;

A f ine g rained, buff-brown p rotoquartzite. Q uartz s orting a nd s phericity moderate; r ounding p oor; s ome c ompound g rains. S ome recrystallisation a long g rain c ontacts. F eldspar, 0 .7%, mainly p lagioclase; c lay m inerals, 8 .9%, various. A f ew micaceous f lakes a nd s ome s iltstone fragments, 1 .9%. Tourmaline i s a rare h eavy mineral. A s andstone f rom t he Yoredale f acies a nd p robably l ocal o rigin. Darker colour a nd o f f iner g rain s ize t han o ther milestones o f Y oredale s andstone a nd i t p erhaps h ad a d ifferent q uarry s ource.

R .I.B.

105 W ELTON HALL

2 298

CARACALLA:

N Z 0 6466824

2 13

Cylindrical F ound 1 813 l ying o n i ts f ace c lose a gainst t he Wall, n early opposite Welton H all, e ast o f m ilecastle 1 7. Probably came f rom t he M ilitary Way ( 86a); n ow l ost.

D odds ( ed.), H ist. ( 1940), 7 6 100

1 06 W ATERFALLS

N Y 9 1088082 Roughly c ylindrical:

N orthl.,

x v

UNINSCRIBED a bout

1 50 c m h igh,

3 0 cm d iam .

S een before 1 702 o n l ine o f R oman r oad ( 8e) f rom C orbridge t o Risingham, when t he modern r oad was l owered a t t he s ummit, 1 50 y ards s outh o f t he t welfth modern m ilestone f rom C orbridge. I t marked t he t welfth Roman m ile f rom Corstopitum, where t he r oad c hanges d irection. R e-erected on t he r idge b ehind W aterfalls Farm but i n r ecent y ears i t h as f allen down. B roken a t t op; t he bottom 3 8 c m f orm a r ectangular base. A f ine-medium g rained, buff-orange, v ery s lightly f eldspathic s ands tone . Quartz s orting, s phericity a nd r ounding p oor; a f ew c ompound grains. Some r ecrystallisation a long g rain c ontacts. A lkali f eldspar, 0 .8% . K aolinite i s t he p redominant c lay m ineral, 7 .5% . I ron o re, 5 .8%, i s m ainly l imonite. A s andstone f rom t he Y oredale f acies. I n modal a nalysis i t i s n ot unlike t he milestones f rom t he Wall a rea ( see 9 2) b ut, t hough i t i s n ot impossible that i t s hares a c ommon o rigin w ith s ome o f t hese milestones, i t c an b e matched f airly w ell w ith t he l ocal o utcrops.

J .C.

1 07 H IGH HOUSE N Y 8 96847

B ruce,

L .S.,

3 35101

UNINSCRIBED

A pparently uninscribed, f irst n oted 1 702 o ne mile s outh o f R isingham ( Habitacum), n ear H igh H ouse, C orsenside, o n t he R oman r oad ( 8e) f rom Corbridge. I t was t wo m iles n orth o f t he m ilestone a t Waterfalls Farm. Now l ost. According t o H unter i t was " a p illar o f a bout 8 f eet i n l ength, which h ad s tood by t he wayside, b ut i s n ow f allen".

1 08 I NGLISTON

R .I.B.

? N T 1 23726 Cylindrical:

2 313

1 02

A NTONINUS P IUS: 6 4 c m h igh,

3 8

c m d iam.,

1 40-4

o riginally more t han 1 37

c m h igh

F ound before 1 697 when r ecorded a t I ngliston H ouse, K irkliston, a nd believed to have c ome f rom Round Cairn, N ewbridge. There i s n o a uthentic-

4 9

a ted Roman r oad here but i t i s t hought t hat t here may h ave been o ne c lose by, p erhaps a c ontinuation o f Dere S treet ( 8g) f rom C ra mond t o t he Antoni ne Wall. Measured t he d istance f rom Newstead ( Trimontium) on D ere S treet, t hough t he a ctual f igure i s n ow missing. Now i n t he Museum o f N ational Antiquities, Edinburgh. Text o n a raised panel d efined by an a nsate f rame ( cf. 6 1 Caton, which has a s ort o f f rame, a nd 9 5 Crindledykes 4 , w hich h as i ts t ext o n a panel): t his, w ith mention o f a m ilitary unit, make i t unique i n B ritain, perhaps i n t he e mpire. Whether o r n ot t he panel i s c ontemporary with t he i nscription i s n ot c lear. The i nitial " N" a nd " P" i n l ines 3 a nd 4 a re a l ittle d etached f rom t he main part o f t he i nscription a nd a re on a p ortion o f t he milestone which i s more d eeply weathered t han t he m ain i nscribed part. I f t he dating i s c orrect, Cohors I C ugernorum s hould have b een s tationed a t C ramond d uring t his period. There i s n o d irect e vidence f or t his but we d o know T rimontium was e xtended i n t he Antonine I p eriod t o t ake a det achment o f t he Twentie thlegion f rom Chester 103 . This f ort would p robably h ave h ad c ontrol o ver Cramond a nd t he A ntonine W all a s a c aput v iae i s not unexpected.

a rea so

i ts o ccurrence

A g rey-brown p rotoquartzite. Q uartz s orting good; sphericity and r ounding f air. There a re s iltstone a nd mudstone f ragments which c ontain i ron o res a nd c lay minerals. Various c lay m inerals, a bout 3%; r are white mica. I ron o res a re h aematite a nd l imonite. The o rigin cannot b e s tated w ith c ertainty. Greensmith h as d escribed the Lower Carboniferous o il-shale g roup s andstones which crop o ut l ocally t o I ngliston a nd h ave been q uite e xtensively u sed f or building s tone 104 . These a re f requently calcareous a nd c ontain a h igh proportion o f c lay minerals s o i t i s unlikely t hat t his milestone c ame f rom here. T he Lower Old Red S andstone o f t he P entland H ills i s u sually described a s c oarse a nd pebbly with c onspicuous r emains o f o lder r ocks a nd f eldspars 105 . This s eems t o r ule i t out a s a s ource f or t his m ilestone. The U pper Old Red S andstone h as been q uarried a round A rthur's S eat. Descriptions a re n ot g ood 106 but t hese r ed a nd b rown s andstones w ould be e xpected t o c ontain f ragments o f earlier O ld Red s andstones a nd i gneous r ocks; s o t his again i s perhaps unlikely a s a s ource. MacGreggor a nd Eckford 107 d escribed t he Upper O ld Red Sandstone of Teviotdale a nd Tweedside a s c ontaining a l ittle f airly i nconspicuous muscovite ( white mica), wind r ounded q uartz g rains, only a l ittle f eldspar a nd n o c arbonaceous matter ( as c ompared w ith t he L ower Carboniferous of t he s ame a rea). I t s eems l ikely, t herefore, t hat t his m ilestone c ame f rom t he Upper O ld Red S andstone o f t he valley o f L eader Water or upper Teviotdale but a n origin f rom t he Upper O ld R ed S andstone around A rthur's S eat cannot be e ntirely r uled out.

1 09 BAR H ILL NS

R .I. B .

7 08760

ANTONINUS P IUS:

Upper part o f a Military Way ( 90) o f n ow l ost. Not c lear o thers s uggest, or a

1 10 M ILECASTLE

2 312

6 4,

1 38-61

r ounded p illar with a r ectangular panel, f rom the t he Antonine W all, f ound i n o r before 1 726 a t Bar H ill; whether i t was a m ilestone a s S tukeley, W right and d istance s lab a s H eubner a nd Macdonald believed 108 .

HADRIAN 'S W ALL

J .R. S .

NY 4 18587

l viii

( 1968),

2 09-10

UNDATED

Quadrant c ut f rom a c ylindrical m ilestone, 4 5.7 cm h igh w ith radius 1 7.8 c m a nd a rc 2 5.5 cm : upper a nd l ower portions cemented t ogether. F ound 1 962 on W . s ide o f M ilecastle 6 4 a nd p resumed t o h ave c ome f rom t he M ilitary Way. I nscription MP. Now i n L ibrary o f Army Apprentices College, Hadrian' s Camp, Carlisle. Described a s ' red s andstone' but n ot s ampled.

S choolhouse, S andwick, S hetland

5 0

ABBREVIATIONS

B rit.

- B ritannia

C .I.L.

- C orpus

E .E.

- E phemeris Epigraphica

J .R .S.

- J ournal o f R oman

L .S .

- J .C.

B ruce,

R .I.B.

- R . G.

C ollingwood a nd R .P.

I nscriptionum Latinarum

S tudies

L epidarium S eptentrionale

I nscriptions o f B ritain,

5 1

Wright, i ( 1965)

( 1875)

The R oman

NOTES 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .

8 . 9 .

1 0.

1 1. 1 2.

1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7.

1 8. 1 9. 2 0.

C .I. L., x ii, 5 519. G . Walser, I tinera R omana I , B ern, ( 1967), 2 5. R .I.B. 2 265, d escribed a s Millstone G rit i n R .I. B. Numbers i n brackets r efer t o milestones l isted i n the Appendix. Mommsen i n C .I. L., v iii ( 1881), 8 59-60. C .E. S tevens, English H istorica l Review, l ii ( 1937), 1 93-203. "Late R oman" h ere r efers s pecifically t o t he c ontext o f Roman Britain. R omano-British t owns were g iven walls a t a c omparatively e arly d ate but B itterne i s peculiar i n t hat i ts walls a re a t l east mid-fourth c entury. I n G aul, where t own walls a re mainly post mid-third c entury, many i nscribed s tones w ere used i n t he walls. B itterne i s t he only n otable e xample i n B ritain. S . H. A., Vita Hadriani, I t h as been s uggested t hat m ilestones have b een r e-used a s garden r ollers but, s o f ar a s I a m aware, no Roman milestone h as been s o e mployed. F . Chayes, Petrographic Modal A nalysis ( New Y ork, 1 956); a lso M . S oloman, J ournal o f Petrology, IV ( 1963), 3 67-82. A . L. F. R ivet, T own a nd C ountry i n R oman B ritain ( revised e d. 1 964), 6 4. O ther i nscribed s tones i n W inchester Museum f rom t he Belgic t erritory, o n t he e vidence o f macroscopic e xamination, a re a lso Chilmark S tone. This s uggested b oundary between t he Belgae a nd t he Durotriges west o f Rockbourne a nd Chilmark, i s c onsistent with t he e vidence o f t he l ate I ron Age c oins. A f ew c oins o f the Durotriges n ot unnaturally a ppear i n t he Belgic t erritory but t he main o ccurrences a re just west o f Chilmark, a l ittle n earer t o S haftesbury. ( See D .F . A llen, O .S. Map o f S outhe r n B ritain i n the I ron Age ( 1962), i ntroduction 1 9 f f, e specially 3 0. G . C. B oon, R oman S ilchester ( 1957), 8 4, 9 2, 9 4, e tc. C .E. S tevens, Procs. S omerset A rch. a nd Nat. Hist. S oc., x cvi ( 1952), 1 88-92. I .D. Margary, R oman r oads i n B ritain ( 2nd e d., 1 967). R . G. C ollingwood i n V .C. H. C ornwall, v ( 1925), 2 7-31. For C lunch, s ee A . R. Warnes, B uilding s tones; their properties, decay a nd preservation ( 1926), 5 9-60, a nd D . Purcell, Cambridge S tone ( 1967), 2 4-8. I t weathers poorly i n a s moky a tmosphere but o n a n open R oman r oad t he i nscription would have b een q uite durable. The C orallian C oral Rock was a lso q uarried by t he Romans f or building, a f ew miles north-north-east a t Upware, but i t i s d oubtful i f t his w ould have been s uitable f or i nscribing ( H.J. G reen, The A rch. Newsletter vi, N o. 1 2 ( 1960), 2 76-81). C . E. S tevens, o p. c it. ( 1937). K .M. K enyon, J ewry Wall s ite, L eicester ( 1948), 1 4. J .R.S., l vi ( 1966), 2 23. 5 2

2 1.

2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 7.

2 8. 2 9. 3 0. 3 1.

3 2.

3 3. 3 4.

3 5.

3 6.

3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 0. 4 1.

4 2.

4 3. 4 4. 45.

A lthough the milestone f rom Aberavon ( 44) i s probably l ocal M illstone Grit, i t i s not i mpossible that i t c ame f rom f urther n orth-west where there i s a f airly n arrow o utcrop s triking north-east f rom Kidwelly t owards t he B lack Mountain. I n t his c ase i t might r elate t o Moridunm , the c ivitas c apital o f t he Demetae, a s the s econd i nscription ( R.I.B. 2 256) has s ometimes b een i nterpreted. G . Simpson, B ritons a nd t he Roman Army ( 1964), 2 9. J .R. S., l v ( 1965), 2 24, a nd milestone 8 0. R .I. B. 1 004-6. I . A. Richmond i n R .C. A. H. M. ( Scotland), Roxburghshire, i ( 1956), 2 3-32. I . D. Margary, o p. c it. H .G. Dines, S .C.A. Holmes a nd J .A. Robbie, The g eology o f the c ountry a round Chatham, Mem. G eol. S urv. G .B. ( 1954), 1 04-5, 1 49. R .F. Jessup, K ent, ( County A rchaeological S eries), ( 1930), 8 3. I am g rateful t o A . L.F. R ivet f or t his o bservation. H .J. Osborne White, The g eology o f t he c ountry near B righton a nd W orthing, Mem. G eol. S urv. G . B. ( 1924), 7 . S ee a lso W . L yon, Chronicles o f F inchampstead, 5 -7; K empthorne, The Devil's Highway, Berks. Arch. S oc. ( 1901), 1 2. F or descriptions o f Bath S tone s ee Anon., The Builder, l viii ( 1895), 2 73-8, 2 91-5, a nd f or g eological details, G . W. G reen a nd D .T . Donovan, Bulletin Geol. S urv. G .B., x xx ( 1969), 1 -63. G .C. B oon, o p. c it. C . Reid, The g eology o f t he c ountry a round S alisbury, M em. G eol. S urv. G . B. ( 1903), 8 -15; A . R. Warnes, op. c it., 5 5-6. M .A. Cotton a nd P . W. Gathercole, Excavations a t C lausentum, S outhampton, 1 951-4 ( 1958), l ist t he miles tones f ound a t B itterne i n Appendix I , but t here s eems t o be s ome c onfusion i n t heir r ecord. H .W. B ristow, T he g eology o f t he I sle o f W ight, Mem. G eol. S urv. G .B. ( 2nd e d., 1 889), 1 61, 2 51; F .J. N orth, L imestones ( 1930), 2 59. E . Birley, J .R .S., l vi ( 1966), 2 28-31. S ee a lso J . R.S., l vi ( 1966), 2 19. A lso R .H. Farrar, Procs. Dorset Nat. H ist. & Antiq. F ield C lub, l xxix ( 1957), 1 10-2. H .B. Woodward, The Jurassic R ocks o f Britain, i v ( 1894), 4 75-6. R . M. Barton, A n i ntroduction t o t he g eology o f Cornwall ( 1964), 1 05-13; H . Dewey, B ritish Regional G eology; S outh-West England ( 2nd e d., 1 948), 3 2-3. C .S. Exley a nd M . S tone, Present v iews on s ome a spects o f the g eology o f Devon a nd C ornwall, Royal G eol. S oc. o f Cornwall ( 1964), 1 31-84. R . M. Barton, o p. c it., 9 3 f f. S ee R .G. Collingwood, J . R.S., x ii ( 1922), 2 82 f or a s uggestion why t his i s so. P .E. Kent, T rans. L eicester Philosophical a nd Literary S oc., l x ( 1966), 5 7-69; H . B. Woodward, op. c it., 1 71-4, 2 04 f f.

5 3

4 6. 4 7. 4 8. 4 9.

5 0. 5 1. 5 2. 5 3. 5 4.

5 5. 5 6. 5 7. 5 8. 5 9. 6 0. 6 1. 6 2. 6 3.

6 4.

6 5.

6 6. 6 7.

6 8.

6 9. 7 0. 7 1.

D . Purcell, Cambridge S tone ( 1967), 2 9-34. I bid., 3 5-47. B rit., i i ( 1971), 3 04. For Durobrivae ( Water Newton) a nd Castor s ee O .S. Map o f Roman Britain ( 3rd e d., 1 956), i ndex, 2 2 a nd F ig. 3 ; a nd A .L . F. R ivet, op. c it., 1 46-7. The i nscription i s usually c onsidered t o e nd " M P I ", but M iss J . L iversidge, Britain i n t he R oman Empire ( 1968), 3 8 ( 2), believes i t t o be " M P L " o r " M P L I", suggesting t hat the d istance r ecorded was measured f rom L incoln. D . Purcell, o p. c it., 5 4-8. I bid., 7 0; W .D. Evans, Procs. Geologists A ssoc., l xiii ( 1952), 3 16-35. H .B. Woodward, op. c it., 4 75. V . C. H. Northants., i , 1 97. This s uggestion f inds s upport e lsewhere. R .G. Goodchild, Berytus, i x ( 1949), 1 00, r ecords a d istance measured t o a t own boundary ( pomerium) r ather t han a t own c entre. C . Fox-Strangways, The g eology o f t he country near Leicester, Mem. G eol. S urv. G .B. ( 1903). K . M. K enyon, Jewry Wall s ite, L eicester ( 1948), 1 4. I am g rateful t o Professor F .W. C ope f or t his i dentification. L . R ichardson, The c ountry a round Morton i n Marsh, Mem. G eol. S urv. G .B. ( 1929), 3 7. I bid., 4 5. W . F. F leet, Geological Mag., l xiii ( 1926), 5 05-16. J . R. L . A llen a nd L .B. Tarlo, G eological Mag., c ( 1963), 1 29-55. B .B. C larke, Trans. Woolhope Naturalists F ield C lub, xxxiii ( 1950), 9 7-111; a nd B .B. C larke, i bid., 2 22-37. A . S trahan a nd T .C. Cantrill, T he g eology o f the S outh Wales C oalfield v i, Bridgend, Mem. G eol. S urv. G .B. ( 1904). A . W. Woodland a nd W .B. Evans, The g eology o f the S outh Wales Coalfield i v, Pontypridd a nd Maesteg ( 3rd e d., 1 964). A . S trahan, e t a l, The geology of the South Wales Coalfield v iii, S wansea ( 1907); A .E. Trueman, Procs. G eologists Assoc., xxxiv ( 1924), 2 83-308. K . Jackson, J . R.S., xxxviii ( 1948), 5 3-8. F . J. North, B rycheiniog, i ( 1955), 3 9; J . P ringle a nd T . N. G eorge, B ritish Regional G eology: S outh W ales ( 2nd e d., 1 948), 4 9. F . J. N orth, L imestones ( 1930), 1 13-4.

I n T . Pennant W illiams, F lintshire H ist. S oc. Pubns., xvii ( 1957), 9 0. E . Neaverson, Procs. L iverpool G eol. S oc., x v ( 1930), 1 72-212. G . H. Morton, Procs. L iverpool G eol. S oc., i ii ( 1878), 1 52-205, 2 99-325, 3 71-428; C .B. Wedd a nd W .B. R. K ing, The g eology o f t he c ountry a round F lint, H awarden a nd Caergwle, Mem. G eol. S urv. G .B . ( 1924).

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72. 73.

E . Greenly, T he g eology o f Anglesey, i i ( 1919), 6 60. P . G. H. Boswell, Procs. Geologists Assoc., x lvi ( 1935), 1 52-86. 74. S ee a lso J .R .S., l ii ( 1962), 1 95. 75. E . Greenly, o p. c it., 6 7 f f. 76. E . Greenly, Quarterly Journal G eological S oc., c ( 1944), 2 69-87. 7 7. S ee a lso E . B irley, J .R.S., l vi ( 1966), 2 30. 78. I n D . Price, e t a l., G eology o f t he c ountry a round P reston, Mem. G eol. S urv. G .B. ( 1963), 7 6-7. 79. F . Moseley, Q uarterly J ournal G eological S oc., c ix ( 1953), 4 23-54. 80. K .C. Dunham, e t a l., Procs. Yorkshire Geol. S oc., xxix, p t. 2 ( 1953), 7 7-115. 8 1. G . H. Mitchell, e t a l. G eology o f t he c ountry a round B arnsley, Mem. G eol. S urv. G . B. ( 1947). 82. W . Edwards, G .H. M itchell a nd T .H. W hitehead, G eology o f the d istrict north a nd east o f Leeds, Mem. G eol. S urv. G . B. ( 1950); R .G.S. Hudson, e t a l., Procs. G eologists A ssoc., x lix ( 1938), 2 95-352; D .A. W ray, e t a l., The g eology o f t he c ountry a round Huddersfield a nd Halifax, M em. G eol. S urv. G . B. ( 1930), 1 5-25. 8 3. D . A. W ray, e t a l., op. c it., 2 2. 8 4. W . Edwards a nd F . M. T rotter, British Regional Geology: t he Pennines a nd a djacent a reas ( 1954), 6 4; F . Smithson, P rocs. Geologists Assoc., x lii ( 1931), 1 25-56. 85. B rit., i ( 1970), 3 15. 86. S ee a lso with R .I. B. 2 294. 8 7. H . G. Reading, Q uarterly J ournal Geological S oc., c xiii ( 1957), 2 7-56. 88. S ee a lso with R .I.B. 2 280. 89. T . D. F ord, Geological Mag., x cii ( 1955), 2 18-30. 9 0. F . W. S hotton a nd F .M. T rotter, Procs. Geologists Assoc., x ivii ( 1936), 3 76-87. 9 1. S ee a lso R .C. H .M . Westmorland, 2 26; a nd P . R oss, T rans. Cumbd. a nd W estmd. Ant. a nd Arch. S oc. x viii ( 1918), 2 19-22. 9 2. H . C. Versey, G eology o f the Appleby d istrict, ( 3rd e d., 1 951). 9 3. E . E. L. Dixon, e t a l., The geology o f t he Carlisle, L ongtown a nd S illoth d istrict, . Mem. G eol. S urv. G . B. ( 1926), 2 3. 9 4. F or the use o f t his f ormula s ee, E . B irley, T rans. C umbd. a nd W estmd. Ant. a nd Arch. S oc. ( NS), l viii ( 1958), 9 0. 95. S ee a lso Horsley, B rit. Rom. N orthl., l ix; H odgson, H ist. Northl. I I, i ii, 2 01; Procs. S oc. Antiq . N ewcastle, ( ser. 3 ), v , 1 84. 9 6. G . A. L. J ohnson, Procs. Y orkshire G eol. S oc., x xxii ( 1959), 8 3-130 a nd map. 9 7. 0 . S. Map o f Hadrian's Wall ( 1964). 9 8. R .I. B. 1 680. 99. S ee a lso with R .I.B. 2 306. 100. 0 . S. Map o f R oman B ritain ( 3rd e d., 1 956), i ndex, 4 3. 101. S ee a lso Hunter, Phil. Trans., xxiii ( 29 May 1 702), 2 78, 1 132; H unter, s upra a bridged i n Phil. T rans., i v ( 1809), 6 67; W allis, H ist. Northl., i i, 5 8; Dodds ( ed.), H ist. N orthl., xv ( 1940), 7 6, n 5 .

5 5

1 02.

S ee E . B irley, J . R.S., l vi ( 1966), 2 30, f or the dating o f this s tone a nd B rit., i v ( 1973), 3 36, f or r ecent i nformation c oncerning t he f ind s pot a nd o riginal s ize. 1 03. I .A. R ichmond, R .C. A. H.M. S cotland, R oxburghshire, i ( 1956), 2 3-32. 1 04. J . T. G reensmith, Procs. G eologists A ssoc., l xxii ( 1961), 4 9-71. 1 05. M . MacGreggor a nd A . G. MacGreggor, B ritish R egional Geology: The Midland Valley o f S cotland ( 2nd ed., 1 948), 2 0-1. 1 06. B . N. Peach, e t a l., The g eology o f t he neighbourhood o f Edinburgh, Mem. Geol. S urv. G . B. ( 2nd e d., 1 910), 4 2-6. 1 07. A . G. MacGreggor a nd R .J.A. E ckford, Trans. E din. Geol. S oc., x iv, p t. 2 ( 1948), 2 30-52. 1 08. M . G ichon a nd B . H. I saac have r ecently ( Israel Exploration Journal, xxiv ( 1974), 1 17-23) c ompared t his s tone w ith a F lavian i nscription f rom J erusalem , both o f which they c onsider t o b e c ommemorative p illars r ather t han m ilestones.

5 6