The Roman Cult of Salus 9780860545965, 9781407347516

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Bibliography and Abbreviations
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE: THE ANCIENT LITERARY EVIDENCE
CHAPTER TWO: THE EVIDENCE OF THE COINAGE
CHAPTER THREE: THE EVIDENCE OF THE ACTS OF THE ARVAL BROTHERS
CHAPTER FOUR: THE EVIDENCE OF THE CALENDARS,THE ‘MENOLCXIA RUSTICA' AND THE ‘FERIALE DURANUM'
CHAPTER FIVE: THE MILITARY DEDICATIONS, I: THE DEDICATIONS OF THE 'EQUITES SINGULARES AUGUSTI’
CHAPTER SIX: THE MILITARY DEDICATIONS, II: DEDICATIONS OTHER THAN THOSE OF THE 'EQUITES SINGULARES AUGUSTI’
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE EPIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR THE CIVILIAN CULT EXCLUDING THAT OF THE ARVAL BROTHERS AND THAT OF THE CALENDARS
CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION
ADDENDUM: THE MAINZ JUPITER COLUMN

Citation preview

The Roman Cult of Salus

Martin A. Marwood

BAR International Series 465

1988

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Ha nds, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Wa lker, M.A.

BA:r: -S4-U:', . .L988: 'The Roman Cult of Salus' © Marti ri A. Marwood, 1988-

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860545965 paperback ISBN 9781407347516 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860545965 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

P age

B ibliography a nd A bbreviations

I ntroduction

C hapter One:

T he A ncient L iterary E vidence

C hapter ' I , io :

T he E vidence o f t he C oinage

C hapter T hree:

T he E vidence o f t he A cts o f t he A rval B rothers

C hapter F our:

T he E vidence o f t he C alendars , t he n ologia R ustica a nd t he F eriale D uranum

5 3

T he M ilitary D edications, I : T he D edications o f t he E ) giites S inqulares A uqusti

6 2

C hapter F ive :

C hapter S ix :

C hapter S even :

T he M ilitary D edications, I I: D edications o ther t han t hose o f t he E quites S inqulares A uqusti

7 1

T he E pigraphic E vidence f or t he C ivilian C ult e xcluding t hat o f t he A rval B rothers a nd t hat o f t he C alendars

8 5

C hapter E ight :

C onclusion

1 47

A dd endum :

T he M ainz J upiter C olumn

1 57

i

B IBLIOG RAP HY A ND A BBREVIATIONS

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L 'ann e e piqraph ique, f or 1 988 f f.,

P aris.

ABA

W . H enzen , A cta F ratrum A rvalium Q uae S upersunt , 1 874.

ANRW

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i ii

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N ote o n C itation

o rder

A bbreviations s uch a s p . a nd n r. a re u sed o nly w here n ecessary i n t o a void p ossible a mbiguity; f or i nstance, where t he n ormal

m ethod o f c itation f ra n a p articular w ork i s d eparted f ran ( for e xample w here p ages a re c ited i n 01 ).

i x

I NTRODUCTI ON T his s tudy ai ms t o p resent a nd d iscuss t he e vidence f or t he c ult o f o ne o f t he m ost i mportant o f t he d eified ' virtues' w orshipped b y t he R omans. S alus w as i mportant b oth a s a n o b ject o f p iety, b oth p ublic a nd p ersonal, a nd a s ap olitical a nd s ocial c oncept: both c ult a nd c oncept c afe t o b e o f g reat s ignificance i n i mperial i deology a nd p ropaganda. T he f ullest o verall s u r r i na y h as h itherto b een t hat o f G . W iss o wa i n R oscher 's L exikon ( 1909). E ven b riefer w as t he t reatment b y C . T hulin i n R E ( 1920). W issowa, a gain , a nd , m ore r ecently , K . L att ( 1960) h ave p rovided o utlines w ithin g eneral w orks o n R oman r eligion . I n works o n t he d eified ' virtues' a s ab ody , t here a re t he s ection i n H .L . A x ell 's m onograph a nd t he re ma rks p assim i n J .R . F ears ' sem inal a rticle. E specially v aluable a mong t reatments o f p articular a spects o f t he c ult a re: t hat b y F ears on t he i nfluence o f G reek p ractices a nd c oncepts o n t he e arly c ult; t hat b y S . W einstock o n t he d evelopments t owards t he e stablishment o f a c ult o f S alus C aesaris a nd o n t he e stablishmen t o f t he c ults o f S alus A ugusta a nd S alus A ugusti; a nd t hat b y S chwarte o n t he d evelopment o f i mperial i deology w ith r espect t o t he c oncept o f t he i mperial s alus u nder E nitian a nd T ra jan , a s m anifested i n t he A rval r ecords, i n t hg P aneqyricus a nd l etters o f t he y ounger P liny a nd i n t he c oin-issues. O n t he e arly c ult t here i s t he s ection i n G . R adke 's, D ie G 8tter A ltitaliens. 7 T he p urp os e o f t his s tudy i s t o i ndicate , p resent o r s iarize, a s a ppropriate a s well t o d iscuss, t he e vidence, t o d ate, e xplicitly r elating t o t he R oman c ult o f S alus. T hus, i t h as b een n ecessary t o r estrict t he e ssential s cope o f t he s tudy t o t he e vidence f or S alus w here t he d eity i s n amed a s s uch. T o h ave i ncluded a ll t he e vidence f or H ygieia w ould h ave e nlarged t he s tudy u nduly ( and i mpracticably) b eyond i ts e nvisaged s cope. E vidence r elating t o S alus w here s he i s p erceived o r d epicted a s H ygieia b ut w here s he i s n amed a s S alus h as, o f c ourse , b een i ncluded. 8 N early a ll t he e pigraphic e vidence i s p resented v erbatim ( Chapters T hree t o S even). T he e vidence o f t he A rval r ecords ( Chapter T hree), t hough i ndicated i n i ts e ntirety, i s s ometimes p resented v erbatim , s ometimes i n r eported f orm . I n C hapter O ne t he l iterary e vidence i s i ndicated a nd d iscussed ( though n ot c ited v erbatim ) u nder h eadings w hich r efer t o a spects o f t he c ult o r t o a spects o f t he d evelopment o f s alus a s a s ocial a nd p olitical c oncept. T he e vidence o f t he c oini ssues i s n ecessarily p resented ( in c hronological o rder) i n s ummary f orm ( Chapter T wo). C ross-references i ndicate t o a c ertain e xtent w here a p articular a spect o f t he c ult i s m anifested i n t he d ifferent c ategories o f e vidence, a nd C hapter E ight p resents t he c hief c onclusions d eriving f ra u t he e vidence a s aw hole. I t i s i ntended t hat t he n ature a nd s cope o f t he e vidence w ill b e r eadily d iscernible w hatever i nterpretation i s h ere p laced u pon i t. T he c ritical s igns e mployed i p resenting t he e pigraphic t exts a re e ssentially t hose u sed i n R IB , t hough d eliberate e rasures a re i ndicated a s s uch v erbally a fter t he t ext . Def ective l etters w hich

x

a re, h owever , r estorable w ith c ertainty a re n ot i ndicated a s s uch. D oubtful l ettters a re i ndicated b y s ubscript d ots. A bbreviations a re o nly e xpanded w here r equired t o m ake c lear t he s ignificance o f t he t ext f or t he c ult o f S alus o r where t heir e xpansion i s n ot o bvious. T his s tudy o riginated a s a t hesis s ubmitted t o t he U niversity o f M anchester f ollowing r esearch c arried o ut w hilst t he a uthor w as a s tudent i n t he D epartment o f A rchaeology . Ia m m ost g rateful t o m y f ormer s upervisor D r . J .P . W ild f or h is i nvaluable g uidance a nd e ncouragement, w ithout w hich t he o riginal t hesis w ould n ot h ave b een c om pl eted. Io we a g reat d ebt o f g ratitude t o b oth P rofessor G .D .B . J ones a nd P rofessor A .R . B irley f or t heir e ncouragement , t heir u nderstanding a nd m any k indnesses. D r. A .K . J ackson h as b een a g reat s ource o f e ncouragement . D r. G .P . B urton g enerously a ssisted i n t he t ranslation o f t he G abii i nscription , a nd D r. P .A . H older h as g iven m e g enerous a ssistance o n m any p oints o f i nformation a nd i nterpretation f or w hich I a m m ost g rateful. I n t he p rocess o f m odify ing t he o riginal work I h ave i ncurred f urther s ubstantial d ebts w hich i t i s a p leasure t o a cknowledge. Ia m e normously g rateful t o D r . V .A . M axfield o f t he D epartment o f H istory a nd A rchaeology a t t he U niversity o f E xeter f or h er m ost g enerous a nd d etailed s crutiny o f t he o riginal w ork a nd f or h er m any i nvaluable s uggestions a nd p oints o f i nformation. P rofessor B irley h as a gain s upplied m ost v alued a dvice a nd d rawn a ttention t o s everal e rrors. D r. G .A . W ebster h as p rovided i nspirational e ncouragement . Ia m m ost g rateful t o t he e ditor o f t his s eries, D r. A .R . H ands, f or h is g reatly a ppreciated a nd p atient e fforts i n b ringing t his v olume t o f ruition . M rs. B . A therton a nd M s. J . G oodwin h ave h elped e normously b y -t he s peed a nd e fficiency w ith which t hey h ave u ndertaken t he t yping . T he o pinions e xpressed b elow t ogether w ith a ny r emaining e rrors a nd i nadequacies a re e ntirely m y o wn r esponsibility. I am m ost g rateful t o t he D epartment o f E ducation a nd S cience f or t he a ward o f a s tate s tudentship f or 1 975 t o 1 976 a nd t o t he U niversity o f M anchester f or t he a ward o f au niversity r esearch s cholarship f or 1 976 t o 1 977.

M anchester, A pril 1 988

M .A .M .

X i

N OTES 1 .

T he p rincipal o rdinary m eanings o f s alus were t hose o f ' welfare ', ' safety ' ( incolumitas), ' salvation ' ( personal and u niversal), ' deliverance ' a nd ' health ' ( valetudo): f or t he m eanings o f ' Salus ' a s d eity , b elow, 1 -2, 6 -8, 1 214, 2 1-25, 3 0, 8 7, 1 47149, 1 52.

2 .

W iss cia,

3 .

T hulin , 2 057-2059. C f. a lso L . D eubner , ( 'Personifikationen a bstrakter B egriffe ').

4 .

W isscwa, R K , 1 31133, 3 06-309; L atte , 5 1, 2 34, 3 00, 3 22. S cullard, 1 70 an d H . M attingly , OC E )', 9 48 ( 'Salus ').

5 .

Axtell, 1 315; F ears, p assim a nd e specially 8 59-862, 8 82-883, 8 88 ( note .284), 9 15, 9 17, 9 19, 9 29-930, 9 34, 9 37.

8 87-

6 .

F ears, 8 59-862; W einstock , 1 63174; I nstinsky, 1 963, 2 1-39.

a lso

7 .

M t inster , 1 965, 2 77-278. C f. a lso N orden, 2 12-2 16 a nd L . P reller , R 8mische Mythologie , I I, 3 rd e d . ( H . J ordan), B erlin , 1 883, 2 342 37.

8 .

T hus, I h ave n ot s ystematically c onsidered t he e ngraved g ems. T hese, o f c ourse , c an b e u nderstood a s e vidence f or c ult a nd m ay i mply t hat i ndividuals, i n w earing t hem , w ere p utting t hemselves u nder t he p rotection o f t he d eity d epicted, b ut w here S alus m ay b e c onsidered t o b e d epicted o n g ems i t i s a lways a s Hygieia : e .g., M . H e i lig , A C orpus o f R oman E ngraved G emstones f rom B ritish S ites, B ritish A rchaeological R eports, 8( ia nd i i), O xford, 1 974, i , 9 1 a nd i i, n os. 2 85, 2 86; G .M .A . R ichter , T he E ngraved G ems o f t he G reeks a nd R omans, L ondon , 1 968 ( I) a nd 1 97 1 ( II), n os . 1 28, 1 29; E . Z wierlein-Diehl, D ie a ntiken G emmen d es k unsthistorischen M useums i n W ien , 4 tchen , 1 973 ( I) a nd 1 979 ( II), I , n r . 2 07 a nd I I, n os. 1 200, 1 5731576.

9 .

R IB , p p . x v , x xxiv .

[ ex ,

2 95-30 1.

x ii

L ex ,

I II.i,

S chwarte , 2 25-246;

2 16 1

C f. a ls o

c f.

C E TAP IER O NE :

A .

T HE A NCIENT L ITERAR Y E VIDENCE

I ntroduction

T he c hief p urpose o f t his c hapter i s t o p resent a nd d iscuss t he e vidence o f a ncient a uthors c oncerning t he c ult o f S alus. T he r eferences w ill b e a rranged u nder h eadings w hich , i t i s h oped , w ill p rovide a u seful f ramew ork w hilst a t t he s ame t ime a llow t he n ature o f t he e vidence t o b e r eadily d iscernible. I t i s a ppropriate t o i nclude h ere sane d iscussion o f l iterary a nd o ther e vidence w hich h as s eemed n ecessary t o a n u nderstanding o f c ertain a spects o f t he c ult o f b ut w hich i tself i s n ot d irectly r elated t o a c ult.

S alus

T his l atter p urpose w ill i nvolve : e vidence f or t he s wearing o f o aths , p rivate a nd p ublic, b y t he s alus o f J ulius C aesar a nd b y t hat o f t he emperors; a r eview o f t he l iterary m anifestations o f t he t endency, b eginning, a mong c ertain g roups i n R oman s ociety, a round t he s econd c entury B C , t o c onflate, i n ah itherto u nprecedented w ay, welfare o f t he s tate w ith t hat o f o utstanding i ndividuals; f inally, i n c onnection w ith t his l atter t endency , ab rief t rea tmen t o f

l ate t he a nd t he

i nfluence o f i deas a nd p ractices d eriving f rom t he H ellenistic e ast whereby R man S alus c ame t o a ssume t he a ssociations o f t he G reek i dea o f s oter. a I n m uch o f t his I s hall d epend u pon r ecent a nd d etailed t reatments o f t hese i ssues w hich r ender a d etailed r ehearsal o f t he r elevant e vidence, a nd o f t he m inutiae o f t he a rguments, a lready i nappropriate i n t he p resent c ontext , u nnecessary. S ome o f t he i ssues r aised b y t he l iterary e vidence a re n ot d iscussed f ully o r , i n s ome c ases a t a ll, i n t his c hapter, b ut, r ather, r eference i s m ade t o t he a ppropriate s ections i n s ucceeding c hapters w here i t h as b een t hought m ore a ppropriate t o l ocate t he r elevant d iscussion . T he d irect a nd i ndirect l iterary e vidence s eems t o i ndicate f our a spects t o t he n ature o f R oman S alus a nd a n i nitial s tatement o f t hese a t t he o utset w ill a ssist i n a f uller a ppreciation o f b oth t he s ignificance o f t he e vidence a nd i ts p resentation h ere . F irstly, t here i s t he a spect o f S alus a s a s tate d eity w ith a m a jor t emple o n t he Q uirinal H ill a nd w ho i s l ater c alled S alus P ublica. S econdly, b ut p erhaps o f am ore a ncient o rigin, t here i s ap ersonal S alus. T hirdly , t here i s S alus a s t he Ra nanized H ygieia . T his S alus s eems t o h ave h ad a L atin e quivalent b oth a s a s imple c ondition a nd , t hough r arely f ound , a s a d eity i n v aletudo .1 F inally, t here i s t he a spect, r eflected c hiefly i n t he l iterary e vidence , w hich w as n ot a t f irst e xpressed a s a c ult , t hat o f s alus a s t he e quivalent o f t he G reek s oter. T his a spect i s m anifested i n c ult f orm a t t he e arliest d uring t he d icatatorship o f J ulius C aesar , t hough t his c onclusion r elies u pon c ircumstantial e vidence, a nd canes t o b e o f p aramount i mportance i n i mperial i deology

1

a nd p ropaganda a s S alus A ugusti. T hese d ifferent a spects a re, o f c ourse, i nterrelated i n t he e vidence, a nd i t s eems l ikely t hat e lements o f m ore t han o ne o f t hese a spects o f S alus t he d eity a nd s alus t he c ondition m ay, o n o ccasion , b e p resent i n t he m inds o f t he a uthors r eferred t o b elow . P erhaps o nly i n t he m inds o f t hose i n o fficial c ircles, m otivated n ot b y r eligious c onviction b ut b y ad esire t o f orm p ublic o pinion a nd t o d isseminate p ropaganda, w ould t here h ave b een a c lear i dea o f w hat m essage i t w as i ntended t o c onvey i n t he p ublic c ult-acts a nd o f t he r ange o f c onnotations a ttaching t o t he v arious a spects o f S alus a t a ny p articular t ime. T he p assages r eferring t o t he c ult o f S alus w ill b e c onsecutively t hroughout t he c hapter r egardless o f h eadings.

B .

n umbered

S alus a nd t he Q uirinal T emple

1a nd 2 : L ivy ,

I X .43.25 a nd X .1 . 9 ( reign o f A ugustus)

T he f irst p assage r ecords t he b eginning o f t he b uilding o f t he t emple i n 3 06 B C b y C . J unius B ubulcus, t hen c ensor . I t r efers t o h is v , a s c onsul i n 3 13 B C , d uring t he l ast p hase o f t he S econd S amnite W ar, t o b uild t he t emple. T he s econd p assage r ecords t hat B ubulcus, t his t ime a s d ictator , d edicated t he t emple ( thus f ulfilling t he v ow ) i n 3 02 B C . T he c ircumstances o f t he v owi ng o f t he t emple b ecome f amiliar f rom a s tudy o f t he e stablishment o f t he c ults o f ' virtues ' a t R ome : m ost o f t hose t hus c elebrated i n t he r epublican p eriod w ere s o a s a r esult o f v ota m ade d uring wars . T he p eriod o f a nd a fter t he S econd S amnite W ar m arked t he b eginning o f ap eriod o f j ust o ver a c entury ( in p olitical t erms u ntil t he d efeat o f A ntiochus I II i n 1 88 B C ) w hich s aw t he e stablishment o f c ults o f m any o f t he i mportant ' virtues ', partly a s t he r esponse, i n t he s phere o f s tate r eligion , t o t he s ocial a nd p olit,c al d emands i mp ose d b y w ars, i n I taly , w it h C arthage a nd i n t he e ast.' A s r equires n o f urther e mphasis h ere , t he v otive o ffering 4 b ot h pu bl ic a nd p rivate , i s "t he t ouchsto ne o f p iety i n a ntiquity", 3 a nd t his m ust h ave b een a n i mportant s tage i n t he d evelopme nt o f t he c ult o f S alus: t he b eginning o f t he t emple i n 3 06 B C i mplies t hat S alus w as d eemed t o h ave f ulfilled h er p art o f t he b argain i mplicit i n t he v otive p rocess a nd t hus t o h ave p reserved t he w elfare o f t he s tate . H encef orth, S alus w as d efinitely a s tate-cult, t hough t hat s he m ay h ave b een p revio 9ly i s n ot e xcluded b y t he f act o f t he vo wi ng o f t his t emple i n 3 13 B C . H ere o ught t o b e m entioned a c entral p roblem w ith r egard t o o ur u nderstanding o f t he e stablishment o f t he c ults o f ' virtues' a t R ome i n t his p eriod : t he q uestion o f t o w hat e xtent t hey w ere i nnovations b rought a bout t hrough t he i nfluence o f G reek p olitical a nd r eligious p ractices a nd i deas a n i nfluence l ikely t o h ave b een g reatly i ncreased i n t he c ourse o f a nd s ubsequent t o t he S annite W ars which b rought Pa i ie i nto i ncreased c ontact w ith t he G reek c ities o f s outhern I taly a s o pposed t o t heir b eing p rimarily a n ative R oman o r I talic -

-

2

d evelopment. T his p roblem , t hough a r elevant c onsideration w ith r egard t o t he e stablishment o f t he c ult o f S alus, c annot b e m ore t han s ummarily a ddressed i n t he p resent c ontext , p artly f or r easons o f s pace , b ut m ore s o b ecause i t p roperly w ould r equire a ccount t o b e t aken o f t he r elevant e vidence f or t he ' virtues' a s a w hole, a nd f urther, b ecause a f ull r eview o f t he q uestion i s i ncluded i n J .R . F ears ' l engthy a nd r ecent a rticle. 5 I n a ny c ase, w hatever c onclusion m ight t entatively b e r eached i n t his r espect, i t i s d ifficult t o d o more t han m ake v ague s uggestions c oncern ing a p ossible p rimitive I talic n ature f or S alus. ( The t ypes o f s ome i mperial c oin-issues m ay h int a t a n o lder c onception o f S alus. 6 ) A s i n t he c ase o f o ther d eified ' virtues' a s w ell a s o f t he a nthropomorphic d eities, e ven where , i n t he c ase o f t he l atter , w e a re s ure o f ap rimitive I talic o rigin , t he t ransformation w rought u nder G reek i nfluences a lmost c ompletely o bscures a ny p rimitive a spects w hich h ad s urvived u ntil t he t ime o f o ur e arliest s ources. I n t he c ase o f S alus t he e vidence o f L ivy p rovides o ur e arliest c ertain k nowledge o f t he c ult. T he c ontemporary l iterary e vidence b egins w ith t hat o f P lautus i n t he e arly s econd c entury B C ( see b elow ), w hilst n one o f t he s carce e arly e pigraphic e vidence definitely b elongs t o t he f ourth c entury ( and q nly t ha t fra n H orta m ay ). T he e arliest c oin i s sue is t ha t o f 9 1 BC. '

3 : C icero , P ro P ublio S estio , 1 3 1 ( 56 B C ); 4 : C icero , E pistulae a d A tticum , I V .2.4 ( 57 B C )

F rom t he e vidence of t he c alendars w e k now t hat t he a nniversary o r n atalis o f t he Q uirinal t emple f ell o n A ugust 5 . I n b oth o f t hese p assages C icero r emarks o n t he c oincidence o f t he b irthday o f h is daughter w ith t hat o f t he c olony o f B ru ix lisi im t a nd t hat o f t he t emple o f S alus o n A ugust 5 , t he d ay o f h is a rrival a t B rundisium i n 5 7 B C .

5 : P liny t he E lder , N aturalis H istoria , X XXV .19 ( AD 7 7); 6 : V alerius M aximus, V III.14.6 ( reign o f T iberius)

B oth p assages i nform u s t hat a c lan o f t he F abii r eceived t he c ogna ren ' Pictor ' b ecause t he f irst h older o f t he n ame, C . F abius P ictor , e arned i t b y h is p ainting t he t emple o f S alus. P liny p rovides a d ate o f 3 04 B C ( thus d uring t he b uilding o f t he t emple) a nd i nforms u s t hat b oth p ainting a nd t emple w ere d estroyed b y f ire i n t he r eign o f C laudius. 7 a nd 8 : T hcitus, A nnales, X V .53.2 a nd X V .74.1 AD )

( early s econd

c entury

T hough t he f irst d oes n ot a nd t he s econd m ay n ot r efer t o t he Q uirinal t emple, i t i s a ppropriate t o d eal w ith t hese p assages h ere. T acitus, r eferring t o A D 6 5, r ecords t hat t he S enate v oted t he b uilding o f at emple t o S alus i n g ratitude f or N ero 's s afe d eliverance f rom t he P isonian c onspiracy . T he p lace s pecified f or t he t emple ( nr. 8 ) w as t hat a t w hich S caevinus h ad k ept t he d agger. T he f irst p assage t ells u s t hat t his w as ( depending u pon t he s ource), e ither i n a n e xisting

3

t emple o f S alus ' in E truria ', o r i n a t emple o f F ortuna a t F erentinum ( itself E truria). ' In E truria ' i s a l ate a ddition t o t he m anuscript : h owe ver, f or F erentinum t here i s e pigraphic e vidence f or t he e xistence o f a t emple. 9 I t h as b een s uggested t hat t here a re w ords m issing f rom t he m anuscript o f t he s econd p assage w hich m ay h ay c r ecorded t he b uilding o f a s econd t emple t o S alus, t his t ime a t R ome . I t i s n oteworthy t hen , t hat , a ccording t ç P liny, t he Q uirinal te mp le h ad b een d estroye d i n t he p revious r eign . i1 T he g old a nd s ilver c oins o f N ero w ith a p e a nd l egend o f S alus a re t hought t o c elebrate t he s ame d eliverance.

9 :

V arro, D e L ingua L atina, V .52 ( c.43 B C );

1 0: P aulus D iaconus ( c. A D 7 25 tnpei d e V erborum S ign ificatu , 1 965)

-

c . A D 7 99), E xerpta P auli e x L ibrorum 4 37 ( ed . W . L indsay , H ildesheim ,

p .

T hese t wo p assages, w idely s eparated i n t ime, i nform u s t hat t he p resence o f t he a edem S alutis h ad g iven r ise t o t he a pplicati o n o f t he e pithet ' Salutaris' t o t he C ollis S alutaris ( Varro) a nd t o t he n rby S alutaris P orta ( Paulus). V arro i s a ctually q uoting v erbatim f rom a r eligious d ocument e ntitled t he S acra A rgeorum w hich c omprised a l ist o f s acraria o r s hrines v isited i n t he a rchaic ' Procession o f t he A rgives' t hrough t he f our S ervian r egions o f t he c ity . F rom t his p assage i t a ppears t hat t he f ourth s hrine w as o pposite t he t emple o f A pollo a nd n ear a n a edem S alutis. V arro i s de mo nstrating t hat, b efore t he n ame ' Quirinalis' b ecame m ore w idely a pplied, t here h ad b een s eparate h illn ames, a mong t hem C ollis S alutaris. T he d etails a nd m eaning, t o t he e xtent t hat t his i s u nderstood, t he t wo a nnual c eremonies o f t he A rgei d o n ot c oncern u s a s s uch . H owever , t he r eference i n t he d ocument r eferred t o b y V arro t o t he C ollis S alutaris a nd i ndeed t o a t emple o f S alus h as b een t aken t o i ndicate a c onsiderable a ntiquity f or t he s ite , a s a c entre f or a c ult o f S alus, a nd , i ndeed , f or t he c ult g enerally . T hus i t h as b een s uggested t hat a l ess p reten ous s hrine o r f anum p receded B ubulcus ' o bviously i mposing b uilding. C orroborative e vidence h as b een c ited i n t he i nscriptions f rom P isaurum a nd P raeneste a nd i n t he d ipinto fr om H orta. H owever , n one o f t hese n eeds t o b e o lder t han t he t hird c entury, t hough t he d ipinto m ay b elong t o t he f ourth . T he P raeneste p illar, h owever , ( first h alf o f s econd c entury o r e arlier) i s i nteresti ng i n t his r espect a s i t r efers t o a n o bviously o ld a nd r evered ' altar o f S alus ', t he c anon g overning t he c ult o f w hich , h ad a lready g ained e nough r espect t o b e a dopted a s am odel f or o ther c ults .1 5 T he c eremonies o f t he A rgei t hemselves a re n ow t hought t o b e u ndoubtedly o f g reater a ntiquity t han t he t hird c entury B C , p ossibly e ven d ating fr om t he s ixth c entury , b ut t he r elevant c onsideration h ere i s t hat o f t he d ate o f t he d ocument r eferred t o b y V arro , a nd c oncerning t his t here c an o nly b e s upposition . A f urther c orroboration f or t he a rgument i n f avour o f a n a rchaic c ult-site o f S alus o n t he Q uirinal h as b een t he a ssociation o f S alus w ith S e r ro S ancus D ius F idius w hose c ult h ad a c entre o n t he n eighbouring C ollis M ucialis a nd f rom w hose n ame m ay b e d erived t hat o f t he P orta S anqualis w hich i s t he g ate i n t he c ity w all

4

n ext t o t he P orta S alutaris.1 6 T he e vidence i s i nconclusive c oncerning t his a spect , a nd, s ince J .R . F rs' s tudy, i t c an n o l onger b e a ssumed t hat S alus, a s w ell a s s ome o ther d eified ' virtues ', h ad a p rimitive R oman o r I talic, p ossibly p re-urban , o rigin . T his i s s till a p ossibility b ut i t i s a lso a t l east p ossible t hat t he c ult o f S alus o wes i ts e stablishment t o t he v ow o f B ubulcus m ade i n aw ar-time c risis . T his w as p recisely t he k ind o f r aison d 'etre o f o ther s uch c ults : a d ivine f orce , b eing f irst r ecognised a s o p ating, i s t hen p lacated a nd w on o ver f or t he g ood o f t he R oman s tate.

1

:

O rosius ( c. A D 3 80 c . A D 4 20), H istoriae A dversum P aganos, I V .4 .1; 1 2 : L ivy, X XVIII.11.4-5 ( reign o f A ugustus); 1 315: Obsequens ( probably f ourth c entury A D), P rodigiorum L iber, 1 2 [ 71]; 3 8 [ 981; 4 3[1031 (o d . 0 . R ossbach, 1 9 10, L eipzig) -

T he p assages r ecord o r p urport t o r ecord o mens i nvolving t he t emple : L ivy, O rosius a nd O bsequens ( r ir. 1 3) t ell o f l ightning s triking t he t emple i n , r espectively, 2 75 B C , 2 06 B C , a nd 1 66 B C , t he l angm ge u sed b eing n otably s imilar . T he s econd O bsequens p assage ( his w ork i s i n j ustification o f p aganism a nd b ased o n a n e pitomized L ivian t radition ) i s i nteresting : a n ' ara S alutis' i s d estroyed ( again d e c aelo t acta) i n 13 B C . W e m ay n ote t he s uggestion t hat i t w as t his a lt ar w hose c anon w as u sed a s a m odel f or t he c ult o f H ercules a t P raeneste i n t he t hird o r e arly s econd c entury B C . 1 8 T he t hird p assage o f O bsequens r ecords t he s ettling o f a s warm o f b ees i n f ront o f t he t emple i n 1 04 B C , w hich , i f r eliable, would i ndicate a t l east t he t emple 's e xistence a t t hat t ime. ' Io r emaining p assages which c ertainly r elate t o t he Q uirinal t emple a re t reated a s p art o f t he n ext s ection ( nos. 1 6 a nd 1 7).

C .

T he C ult o f S alus C aesaris:

' Soter ' a nd ' Soteria '

1 6 : P lutarch, V itae P arallelae, C ato M aior, X IX .4 ( c. A D 1 00120); 1 7 : C icero , E pistulae a d A tticum , X II.45.3 ( May, 4 5 B C )

P lutarch t ells u s t hat -a s tatue o f C ato w as e rected b y t he p eople ( at a n u nspecified d ate ") i n t he t emple o f S alus ( YyLECaç) i n c ommemoration o f h is c ensorship ( of 1 84 B C ). T he d edication a s t ranslated b y P lutarch r ecorded t he f act " that w hen t he R oman s tate w as t ottering t o i ts f a , h e w as m ade c ensor, a nd b y h elpful g uidance r estored i t a gain". S . W einstock a rgues f irmly a gainst t he n otion t hat t his h onour c an b e r egarded a s a p recedent f or t he l ater h onour a pparently p roposed f or J ulius C aesar ; C ato h aving n o s re i n t he c ult i n c ontrast t o t he s ituation w ith r espect t o C aesar. 2 1

5

C icero , a ddressing A tticus, r efers t o C aesar a s ' your n eighbour ': t his a lludes t o t he f act t hat A tticus ' h ouse w as o n t he Q uirinal H ill a nd t hat a s tatue o f C aesar w as t o b e , o r h ad r ecently b een, e rected i n t he te mp le o f Q uirinus, b earing t he de di cation D eo I nvicto .' 2 C icero 's s tatement t hat h e w ould r ather s ee C aesar s haring t he t emple o f Q uirinus r ather t han t hat o f S alus ( eum Ov xo ' , Q uin n! m alo q uam S alutis) c ould i mply t hat t here h ad b een a n o riginal i ntention t o e rect t he s tatue i n t he t emple o f S alus . W einstock s uggests t hat t he i ntention w as c hanged b ecause o f t he f ortuitous c oincidence o f t he f estival o f t he P arilia i n A pril ( 45 B C ) w hen a dvantage was t aken o f t he f act t o f urth er e nhance t he i mage , a lready c ultivated, o f C ae ' r a s t he n ew R omulus. ‚ I f C aesar 's s tatue w as t o h ave b een e rected i n t he t emple o f S alus, t hen i t would h ave b een a n u nprecedented h onour . F or t hough , a s i n t he c ase o f C ato , s tatues o f o utstanding m en h ad p reviously b een e rected i n s tat54 t emples a t R ome, n one c an b e s hown t o h ave h ad a c ultic s ignificance. T here m ay t hen h ave b een a n i ntention t o i nstitute a c ult o f S alus C aesaris, p arallels f or which y b e s een i n t he c ults o f C lementia C ae ris a nd V ictoria C aesaris . W einstock a rgues t hat t he r elevant p recedents f or C aesar 's h onour a re t he H ellenistic p ractices w hereby s tatues o f k ings a nd g enerals ( including R oman g enerals) c ould b e e rected i n t emples, t he i ndividual t hus b ecoming a o O w : xo 8 60 c z 6 W e k now f rom D io 's e xplicit s tatement, r eferring t o 4 4 B C , t hat a mon g t he h onours d ecreed f or C aesar w as t he i nstitution o f a n o fficial o ath b y h is h ealth (y €L CW ). T his t hen i s t he p recedent f or t he l ater o aths b y t he s alus A uqusti. W einstock a rgues f or t he e xistence o f a n u nofficial f ore-runner o f t his o ath i n u qq a mong C aesar 's f ollowers a s e arly a s t he b eginning o f t he C ivil W ar . I n t his c onnection h e n otes t he p ossibility t hat Salus, a s S alus S enonia , h ad a n a ncient f unction i n o verseeing o aths. 8 '

A s d iscussed b elow, a p rivate c ult o f S alus i s a t l east a s o ld a s t he c omedies o f P lautus ( early s econd c entury B C ), a nd , i n a r evealing d evelopment o f t his c ult , i ndividuals c ame t o a ddress e ach o ther a s ' mea s alus'. F urthermore , f or c omic e ffect a n i ndividual c ould p ose a s a nother 's S alus i n t he d ivine s ense . 9 T his a spect o f S alus, w hich W einstock s uggests w ould h ave b een m uch o lder t han t he p ublic S alus, i nstitutionaliz ed i n 3 02 B C , b ecame t he f irst R oman e quivalent o f t he G reek ' soter ' .' I t i s c lear , e ven i n ac omic c ontext , t hat t his S alus i s a d eity o f g eneral welfare a nd s o i s q uite d istinct f rom c onception o f S alus, w ell r ecognised b y 1 80 B C , a s t he Raman H ygieia. J .R . F ears a rgues t hat i t m ay h ave b een p artly d ue t o t he i nfluence o f c ontemporary H ellenistic " religio-political" c oncepts a cting u pon a n i nherently R oman i nstinct t o d eify a bstract i d s , when t he n eed w as p erceived , t hat S alus r eceived h er p ublic c ult , a nd I s hall d iscuss b riefly b elow t he p ossible i nfluence o f G reek p ractices u pon t he d evelopment o f t he p rivate c ult o f S alus, a d evelopment which s eems t o l ead t o S alus C aes ar is a nd S alus A ugusti. H owever , a n i nherently R oman t endency i s a lso r ecognisable i n t he p rocesses l eading t owards t he p robable i nstitution o f ac ult o f S alus C aesaris: t his m ay b e s een i n t he p ractice o f a warding t he c orona

6

c ivica . B y t he b eginning o f t he f irst c entury B C , b ut , W einstock a rgues, n ot l ong b efore t his, a c hange i n a ttitude i s a pparent a mong t he r uling c lass a t R ome w hereby, h enceforth, a m an c ould b e c onsidered e ligible f or t he a ward f or a g eneral a ct o f s alvation b enefitting t he c itizen b ody a s aw hole , a nd n ot n ecessarily i nvolving p ersonal b ravery i n b attle. T hus i t w as th at C aesar r eceived t he c orona c ivica i n t he s ignificant y ear o f 4 5 B C . Des pite t he c omic p lay m ade o f t he p rivate c ult o f S alus a nd t ql u se o f s alus a s a t erm o f e ndearment i n t he c omedies o f P lautus, t here w as a s erious d evelopment i n t he c oncept o f p ersonal s alus, c hiefly m anifested i n t he w ritings o f C icero , whereby a n i ndividual c ould, a s a n e xpression o f g reat g ratitude o r h ope, c all u pon a nother a s h is s alus. T hus, i n 5 7 B C C icero s poke o f t he m an w ho a rranged h is r eturn f rom e xile a s, "p erens, d eus, s alus n ostrae v itae, f ortunae, r enoriae nan in is . : )S I n 7 0 B C i n h is a ttack u pon V erres h e r ecalled t hat h e h imself w as s alus t o aw oman w hq e s on h ad b een m urdered b y V erres : " ita m a s uam s alutem a ppel1ans". ° I n t he p ublic s phere a lso t here i s e vidence t hat o utstanding f igures w ere 3 7 r egarded b y t heir f ollowers a s s aviours a nd h ailed a s t heir ' salus' C icero p rovides m any i nstances o f h is r egarding o utstanding f igures a s i ndividuals u pon w hom t he s alus o f t he s tate r ested: h imself, S cipio t ° Y ounger , P ompey , M arius a nd, f inally, a nd i nsistently, C aesar. ( It i s i nteresting t o n ote h is s tatement , i n a d ifferent vein , o f t he o pposite, p erhaps m ore t raditional v iew : "a nnes a nnium o rdinu i n ha n ge s i n s al ute r ei p ublicae s alutem s uam r epositam e sse a rbitrabantur". ) T his a ttitude o nly b ecomes s ignificant , w ith r espect t o t he c ult o f S alus, w ith t he a ctions t aken b y C ae s ar a nd b y h is s upporters. I n a ddition t o t he o ath b y t he h ealth o f C ae r a nd t he p lanned s tatue i n t he t emple o f S alus, w e k now f rom C assius D io t hat i n 4 4 B C a nnual p ublic v ota w ere i nstituted o n h is b ehalf, p erhaps i n t he f orm ' pro s alute r ei p ublicae e t C aec ris' a nd t hus e choing t he v ota m ade e ach y ear b y t he i ncoming c onsuls o n J uary 1 a nd f ores hadowing t he v ota f or t he cfety o f t he e mperors. T here

h ad

b een e xtraordinary i nstances o f s imilar v ows

f or

t he

r ecovery f rom i llness o f o utsta ing i ndividuals, i n 9 1 B C f or L ivius D rusus a nd i n 5 0 B C f or P ompey .4 1 H owever, t hese , t hough p ublic, d id not t ake p lace a t R ome . F urthermore, C aesar 's v ota w ere t o b e a nnual s tate e vents. W e m ay n ote , f inally, i n c onnection w ith t his a rgument f or a c ult o f S alus C aesaris, W einstock 's s uggestion t hat t he c ults tatue i ntended f or t he t emple o f S alus w as t o h ave b een a t empora m easure a nd t hat t he u ltimate a im w as f or a t emple o f S alus C aesaris. T he f oregoing d iscussion i s i mportant b ecause , e ven t hough t he e stablishment o f a c ult o f S alus C aesaris c annot b e r egarded a s c ertain, t he d evelopments to wa rd t hat e nd p rovide t he c ontext f or t he c ults o f S alus A ugusta a nd S alus A ugusti e stablished e arly i n t he P rincipate i f n ot u nder A ugustus. T he i nfluence o f c ontemporary H ellenistic ' religio-political ' c oncepts a nd p ractices w as o f g reat s ignificance f or t hese d evelopm ents: f irstly, t his i nfluence p rovided t he i nspiration a nd m odel f or t he t ransformation o f t he n ative c ult o f S alus i nto t he p ublic c ult o f 3 02 B C ( if i t d oes n ot e ntirely a ccount f or i t);

7

s econdly, t his i nfluence m ay a lso h ave t ransformed t he p rivate c ult o f S alus a nd, p erhaps, m ay a lso h ave e ncouraged t he i dea o f t he s tate 's d ependence u pon o utstanding i ndividuals . A s ignificant p iece o f e vidence f or t he e ffect o f t his i nfluence i s t he s tatement b y C icero i n h is s peech a gainst V erres i n 7 0 B C , " is hows s alus t o b e t he e st n imirum s oter q ui s alutem d edit", w hich 43s e arliest r endering o f t he G reek t itle s oter. B esides t he t itle s oter t here w ere G reek f estivals c alled s oteria h eld i n h onour o f p articular g ods, a nd i n A chaea t here i s a ttested t he c ult o f ap ersonification i n h er o wn r ight, S oteria ( E cot p tc i). O ur e vidence f or t hese c oncepts, c onsiderable i n s cope, i s c hiefly o f t he H ellenistic p eriod a nd c hiefly r elates t o t he f estivals a nd t o t he a ssumption o f t he t itle b y H ellenistic r ulers . D eities w ere c alled t heoi s oteres w ho h ad d emonstrated t heir a bility t o s ave i ndividuals a nd c ommunities f rom b oth n atural a nd m an-made d angers . T he s oteria c elebrated e ither t he f act o f s alvation o r t he e xpectation o f i t, a nd i ndividual o ccurrences a re a ttested, i n 41 onour o f t he s aving g ods c oncerned, i n G reece i n t he f ifth c entury . T he r liest a ttested a nnual s oteria d ates f ra n 2 97 B C . J .R . F p rs s ees a R oman p arallel t o t he G reek p ractice o f c omm em orating a n a ct o f s alvation i n t he v ery f oundation o f S alus a s a s tate c ult a t Ra t te i n t hat t his c ommemorated a s pecific i nstance 2 f d ivine s alvation o f t he s tate d uring t he S econd S amnite W ar .4 T he s ignificant d ifference i s t hat a t Rate, h enceforth d efinitely, t here w as, a s p art o f s tate r eligion , t he c ult o f ad eity w hose s ole c oncern w as t he w elfare o f t he s tate. H owever , i t i s j ust p ossible t hat t he p ersonified S oteria a lready h ad a c ult a t M etapontu i t i n G reek s outhern I taly i n t he l ate f ourth c entury w hich c ould h ave p rovided t he m odel a nd d irect i nspiration f or t he R oman a ct a nd w hich c ould h ave b een b rought t o R oman a ttention i n t he c ontext o f t he S a x nnite W ars. A n a lternative e xplanation i s t hat t he R omans t hemselves p ersonified t he c oncept o f s alvation i nherent i n t he G reek s oteria f estivals . A c oins eries o f M etapontum , a n A chaean c olony , b ears t he le gend E QTHPIA a nd c ould e ither c ommemorate t he e irliest re gu lar f estival h eld i n h onour o f t he f emale d eity w hose h ead i s d epicted , o r c elebrate S oteria, t he d ivine p ersonification , a p ossibility e nhanced b y t he f act 9 f t he 4 0 c ity 's c onnection w ith A chaea w here t here w as a c ult o f S oteria. ,

t o

T he t itle s oter i s a t l east a s o ld a s t he f ifth c entury a nd c ane b e a pplied t o b oth g ods a nd m ortals. I n t he H ellenistic p eriod i t

b ecame a f re qu ent e pithet o f r ulers a nd o thers a nd w as b estowed b y t hose e n joying m aterial b enefits o r s alvation f rom p olitical o ppression o r f rom t he t hreat o f b arbarian i nvasion . I t c ould i mply k ind o f d eification , b ut n ot n ecessarily t he e xistence o f a c ult: 4 a n a spect o f t he t radition o f t he r uler-cult i n t he G reek e ast which c ontinued i nto t he p eriod o f t he C hristian e i r ire. ° F ears s uggests t hat a gain t he " latter p art o f t he S econd S a i nnite W ar p rovides a s uitable h istorical c ontext f or t he i ntroduction t o Rate o f t he p olitical i magery i nherent i n t he G reek t itle S oter". T he p ractice h ad l ong b een k nown i n t he G reek c ities o f s outhern I taly , a nd F ears s uggests t hat " it m ay h ave b een h er G reek a llies w ho i ntroduced R ome t o t he c oncept o f s oter, c elebrating t he Ranans a s s aviours

8

9 a gainst t he b arbarous S amnites" 4 .

W hether o r n ot t his l ast s uggestion i s c orrect , i n l ater p eriods t his p ractice o f t he G reek e ast m ust h ave e xtended a c onsiderable i nfluence u pon R oman p olitical a nd r eligious t hought a nd p ractice. A mong R oman g enerals t hus h onoured b y t he G reeks w as T . Q uinctius F lamininus w hose p roclamation o f t he f edan o f G reece a t C orinth i n 1 96 B C l ed t o h is b eing c alled s oter . I n 1 67 B C K ing P rusias o f B ithynia g reeted R oman s en ors a s t heol s oteres .5 1 A mong s everal s imilar i nscriptions a t R ome e rected o n b ehalf o f c ities o f t he G reek e ast , t here i s ab ilingual d edication f rom t he Q uirinal H ill r ecording i n L atin and G reek t he g ratitude o f t he p eople o f L aodicea a d L ycum t o t he ç opulum Ra t ianum , q uei s ibei s alutei f uit , b enefici e rgo , q uae i bei b enigne f ecit (PW WV [c wTl L] GwT? PC I } ( Ct E 1 )6P Tf l\ ) ) • 5 it i s t hought t o r elate t o t he e nd o f t he f irst w ar w ith M ithridates, a round 8 6 t o 8 4 B C , when t he G reek c ities o f A sia M inor , h aving i nitially w elcomed t he k ing a s a l iberator ( from t he R omans), w ere p W s eeking, o r g iving t hanks f or, s alvation f rom t he k ing 's o ppression. 04 A nother d edication f rom t he Q uirinal e choes t he s entiment o n b ehalf o f t he p eople o f E phesus. W hilst a t E phesus i tself an i nscribed d ecree o f 8 7 o r 8 6 B C , d ecl ing w ar o n M ithridates, r efers t o t he " Romans, t he saviours o f a ll 1 .D C aesar te e w as h ailed, o n i nscription ° a s s oter b y s everal c ities and e xplicitly a s a g od a t E phesus .

D .

G reek

T he L i ipjrtance o f t he I mperial S alus

T he c ircumstantial e vidence f or a c ult o f S alus A ugusti o r o f S alus A ugusta u nder A ugustus i s c ompelling .5 W e k now f rom t he n umismati a nd e pigraphic e vidence o f a c ult o f S alu s Au gu s ta u n de r T iberius. 8 T he e arliest c ertain m anifestation o f S alus A ugusti i s o n t he 3' i ns o f G a ]±a, a lthough t he O stia d edi ca t ion may be ear l i er t han 7

t his. H ere I i ntend t o i ndicate b riefly t he c ircumstantial e vidence f or t he developing s ignificance o f t he s alus o f t he e mperor a nd t hus p rovide t he o ntext f or a n understanding o f t he ear ly d evelopm ent o f these c ults. 6 T he I nstitutes o f J ustinian ( AD 5 33) p rovide e vidence o f a n o fficial o ath b y t he s alus o f A ugustus, a nd t he C odex T heodosianus ( AD 3 95) a ttests t hat a n o ath b y t he s alutem p rincipum ( Arcadius a nd H onorius) w as s till i n u se i n t he ‚ ate f ourth c entury : t he l atter c ertainly d id n ot r efer t o ad eity .6 T wo s tatements o f T ertullian ( c. A D 1 97) p rovide c lear e vidence t hat C hristians r egarded t he o ath b y t he e mperor 's s alus a s a cceptable ( in c ontrast t o t hat b y h is e n! , b ecause n o d eity w as i nvolved , n d t hat t hey w ere h appy t o p ray ( to t he C hristian g od) f or ss alus. 6 I ndeed t his b ecame a d uty a fter t he E dict o f T oleration . T he o ath o f a llegiance t o a n ew f ormalized a nnual e vent, b ecame a n p eramountcy o f t he e mperor 's s alus. s tone , o f A D 3 7, i s t he o ath o f t he L usitania a ffirming t heir a llegiance

9

w hich l ater b ecame a f or p roclaiming t he A n e arly e xample, r ecorded i n c itizens o f A ritium V etus i n o n t he a ccession o f G aius: i t emperor,

occasion

a sserts t hat t he s wear ers w ill b e t he e nemies o f a ny w ho b ring d anger t o G aius o r h is s alus a nd t hat t hey w ill h old n ei t he - t hemselves n or t heir c hildren d e rer t han h is s alus ( 'eius s aluti' • I n h is P aneqyricus P liny s tates t hat N erva 'sa doption o f T ra jan w as t he f oundation f or t he s tate's l ibertas, s alus a nd s ecuritas a nd t hat a t T rajan 'sa ccession p eople p rayed f or h is s alus a nd t hereby e nsured t heir o wn . L ater h e a pproves t he b argain s truck b y t he s tate w ith t he g ods, w hereby t he g ods w ill p reserve T ra jan w hile h e d oes t he s ame f or e veryone e lse, a nd h e a sserts t hat v ows o ff e re f or t he s alus o f t he e mperor w ill e nsure t he e ternity o f t he e mpire. H e f inishes b y a ddressing a p rayer t o J upiter i n w hich h e d oes n ot b urden t he g od w ith v ows n or a sks f or p ax , c oncordia , s ecuritas, o ps o r h onores, 6 ut s implex c unctaque i sta c c m plexum c t nnium v otum e st , s alus p rincipis. T he m essage i s, s ignificantly t hough l ess e xtravagantly , c onveyed i n h is l etters t o T ra jan w hile g overnor q f B it hyn ia-Pontus ( c. A D 12). I n o ne , T raj a n' s s alus i s s anctissima .6' I n t he l etter r eporting t he v ows a nd o ath o f a llegiance o n t he o ccasion o f P ra jan 's d ies i mperii h e s ays , p recati d eos u t t e g en en h umano , c uius t utela e t s ecuritas s aluti t uae i nnisa e st , i ncolumen f lorenten x ue p raestarent. 68 V ows p ro s alute i mperatoris, t aken b y t he p riesthoci ds o n b ehalf o f t he R oman p eople, h ad b ecome a nnual e nts, f ixed e ventually o n J anuary 3 , a t s ome t ime b etween A D 1 4 a nd 3 8. K .H . S chwarte h as s hown t hat t he l etters o f P liny a ttest c hanges u nder T ra jan c oncerning t he v ota o f J anuary 3 a nd , p robably a lso , t he v ota a nd o ath o f a llegiance o n t he d ies i mperii: t here i s a c ontinuation b ut a lso a d evelopment o f t itianic p olicy . T he l ittle , b ut p resumably d eliberate, a mbiguity w hich r emained f ollowing c hanges c ulminat i ng i n t he f orm o f t he v ota o f J anuary 3 , A D 9 1, r egarding tç i ndependent a nd d irect op er atio n o f S alus P ublica h as d isappeare d: ' i n t erms o f i mperial i deology, t he welfare o f t he e mpire, c itizens a nd o thers, n ow d epends e ntirely u pon t hat o f t he e mperor w ho i s t he m edium t hrough w hich s alvation i s e ffected. B y, i f n ot i n , t he r eign o f T ra jan , t he c elebration o f t he d ies i mperii h ad b ecome a f ormalized a nnual e vent i ncluding both v ota a nd o aths o f a llegiance, a nd , m oreover a nd i mportantly , i f t hey h ad n ot b een s o p reviously, n ow t he n on-citizen p rovincials w ere i nvolved i n t he c eremonies. A f urther d evelopment u nder T ra jan , which a ppears t o h ave t aken p lace i n a bout A D 12, w as, s ignificantly, t he i nvolvement o f t he p rovincials i n t he J anuary 3 v ota . T hus, a ccording t o S chwarte , T rajan b rought a bout a c hange a lready s ignalled a s i nevitable b y t he d evelopments u nder Dam itian : t he v ota o f J anuary 3 , o nce a c oncern o nly o f -the R oman p eople, a re n ow p erformed b y a ll t he p eople o f t he e mpire. 2 T hese c hanges c an b e s een a s c omplementary t o t he i deological c hanges, m anifested i n t he A rval r ecords a nd i n t he r eports o f P liny , w hereby u pon t he s afety o f t he e mperor d epended n ot o nly t hat o f t he R oman p eople b ut t hat o f t he w hole w orld . T hus, a p hrase i n t he l etters o f P liny r eporting t he d ies i mperii c orresponds a lmost e xactly w ith t he l egend o f t he a ureus c ommemorating T ra ja n' s t enth d ies i mperii ( AD 1 08) w hich p roclaims t he S ALUS G ENERIS H UMANI. 7

1 0

E .

A ugustus a nd S alus a nd P ax

P ublica :

T he

A ssociation o f S alus,

C oncordia

1 8 : S uetonius, D ivus A ugustus, L VII . .1 ( c. P D 1 20); 1 9 : C assius D io , L IV .35.2 (C. A D 2 20); 2 0 : O vid, Fsti, 1 11 .88 1-2 ( c. A D 1 7)

S uetonius t ells u s t hat p eople " of a ll s orts", e ach y ear , i n f ulfilment o f v ows " pro s alute e ius", t hrew c oins i nto t he L acus C urtius a nd o n J anuary 1 b rought g ifts t o t he C apitol f or A ugustus. W ith t hese g ifts h e d edicated s tatues t o c ertain g ods. F rom D io w e l earn t hat t he c itizens w ere f requently m aking t hese c ollections a nd b ringing t hem t o h im o n J anuary 1 a nd t hat o n o ne o ccasion ( in 1 B C ) t he S enate a nd p eople h ad c ontributed m oney m eant f or s tatues o f A ugustus. I nstead h e e rected s tatues t o S alus P ublica (y c ö ö npoaC c ), C oncordia a nd P ax . T he l ines o f O vid, w ritten m uch n earer t o t he t ime , m ay r efer t o t he s ame a ct . H e g ives M arch 3 0 a s ad ate f or worshipping J anus, C oncordia, " Ra r iana S alus" a nd a n " altar o f P ax". J .G . F razer s uggested t hat t he t hree d eities h ad a c ombined c u3 i n a t emple, d edicated o n M arch 3 0, i n w hich s tood a n a ltar o f P ax. T he a ssociation o f C oncordia a nd S alus f inds a rticulation e lsewhere i n a w ay w hich m ay s uggest a s pecial r elationship . T he f ormula s alutis c oncordia o c rs o n a n a ureus a ssociated w ith t he r evolt o f C ivilis ( AD 6 9-70). H owever , t he s ame t wo ' virtues ' w ith t he s ame d ifference o f c ase o ccur o n t he l ocal a es c oins o f t he R oman c olony o f B uthrotum i n E pirus p erhaps d ating f ran t he y ears 1 0 t o 1B C . M . G rant h as s uggest W t hat t he l egends a re l ikely t o r ef er t o A ugustus' a ct o f 1 B C . T hey m ay i mply a l ocal c ult o f S alus. 77 C oncordia a nd S alus o ccur t oge t h " utilitates" a nd i n t hat o f A rnobius. t he d ivin p rincipis.

F .

b enefits

l isted

b y

i n C icero 's l ist o f d eified C oncordia a nd p ax a re a mong

P liny a s s ubsumed

u nder

t he

s alus

S alus S euonia

2 1 : F estus ( late s econd c entury , e pitomizing V errius F laccus o f t he A ugustan p eriod), D e S iqnificatu V erborum , p . 4 04 ( ed . W . L indsay , H ildesheim , 1 965); 2 2 : 2 3 :

M acrobius, S aturnalia , 1 .16.8 ( c. A D 4 00); V arro , D e L ingua L atina , V .74 ( c. 4 3 B C )

M acrobius r efers t o S alus w ith t his e pithet a nd t he f ragmentary t ext o f F estus i mplies a r elationship w ith ' Senonia '. V arro h ere l ists S alus w ith P ales, V esta, F ortuna, F ons a nd F ides a s d eities w hose c ults w ere , h e b elieves, S abine i n o rigin . S alus S e r ronia, t he q uestion o f h er p ossible r elationship w ith a d eity o f o ath , S e no S ancus D ius F idius, a nd t hat o f a S abine o rigin f or S alus a re d iscussed i n t he

1 1

c ontext o f t he R ome i nscription n aming S alus S emonia. 80

G .

S alus a s T he D eity o f P ersonal A ssociation o f S alus a nd F ortuna

S alvation

a nd

W elfare:

T he

2 4 : C icero, O ratio p ro M . F onteio , X .21 ( 69 B C ); 2 5 : C icero , A ctio i n V errem , I I.iii.13 1 ( 70 B C ); 2 6-34 : P lautus: A sinaria , 7 12; 7 27; Cap tivi, 5 29; 8 63; Csina, 8 0 1; C istellaria, 6 44; 7 42; r &ste11ar1a, 3 5 1; P oenulus, 1 28 ( 205-190 BC); 3 5 : P seudacronis, S cholia i n H oratium V etustiora, E xpositio i n H oratium C arm ir ia, 1 1.17.3 1 ( fifth c entury A D ); 3 6 : T hrentius, Ad elph oe , 7 61 ( 160 B C )

T hese p assages a ll i ndicate m ore o r l ess u nambiguously S alus a s a p ersonal d eity o f g eneral w elfare. I n s ome o f t he P lautus p assages t here a re i ndividuals w ho r efer t o t hemselves o r o thers a s s alus f or r hetorical e ffect , b ut a lways i n s uch a w ay t hat t he i ndirect a llusion i s c learly t o t he d eity . D espite t he c omic c ontexts t he P lautus p assages a re s ignificant n ot l east b ecause o f t heir e arly d ate ( late t hird t o e arly s econd c enturies I s hall n ote b elow t he a ssociation w ith S s i n M ostellaria. T he p assages f rom t he P seudacron , f rom A sinaria ( 712) a nd f rom C aptivi ( 863) r efer t o c ult a cts. T he P seudacron ( fifth c entury A D , b ut p erhaps w ith A crqn m aterial o f t he s econd c entury ) i n c ommenting o n H orace ( Carmina , I I.xvii . .3 1) r efers t o t he f ulfilment o f a v ow t o S alus i n w hich a n a edem h as b een p romised i n r eturn f or e scape f rom a n i mplied d anger o r p redicament. D espite t he c omic h yperbole , t hese t wo P lautus p assages p erhaps r eflect a n o bserved c ommon place i n t he c ontemporary H ellenistic world : s i q uidem m ihi s tatuam e t a ra in s tatuis a tque u t d eo m i h ic imolas b ovem : n am e go t ibi S alus s um , ( Asinaria, 7 12). T he t hought ' t b peaks t he v ery f oundation o f t he r uler-cult i n t he G reco-Roman world". A dd itionally , w e m ust s i m ply n ote t he a ssociation o f F ortuna, i n C aptivi, 8 63, a nd A sinaria , 7 27, w hich s ignificance i n t he l ight o f t he a sso0" i ssues a nd i n t he e pigraphic e vidence.

H .

S alus a nd m ay h ave a t i o n m a n i f e s t e d i n s o m e c oin-

' Salus' u sed a s aT erm o f E ndearment o r o f aP ersonal H uman S aviour: T he A ssociation w ith S pes

3 7 : C icero , A ctio i n V errem ,

I I.v.129 ( 70 B C );

3 8-42 : P lautus: C asina, 8 0 1; P oenulus, 4 2 1; B acchides, 7 09; M ercator, 8 67 ( 205-190 B C )

8 79; P seudole ,

A ll t hese a re i nstances o f s omeone c alling a nother h is b ecause o f a c apacity t o a ct a s a v iour . T he C icero p assage , l ater i n d ate, i s m entioned a bove. 8

1 2

s alus much

T he P seudole a nd M ercator p assages a nd t hat f rom ' kstellaria ( above, n r. 3 3) s eem t o i ndicate m ore t han a c asual r elationship b etween S alus a nd S pes : a n a ssociation a ttested e pigraphically , i n t h i mperial p eriod a s aj oint c ult a t G abii, a nd i n s ome c oin i ssues ( )i t he b asis o f t he M ercator l ine F ears s uggests a " beneficient t riad" w ith V ictoria f orming a t hird e lement a nd t hat t he " hellenizing c ontext o f P lautine g 9m edy w ill s uggest t he s ource b y which t his f ormula e ntered P a ne". L ater , V elleius P aterculus c ombines s alus a nd s pes i n h is d escription o f t he d ay o n w hich T ibe ps w as a dopt e d b y A ugustus: c erta s pes o mnibus r ominibus s alutis. . . .

I .

4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8

S alus a s t he G oddess o f H ealth ( Hygieia)

: : : : : :

Ap ileius, M etamor oseon , X .25 ( c. A D 1 60-180); A ugustine, D e C ivitate D ei C ontra P aganos, 1 11.25 ( AD 4 13-426); M acrobius, S aturnalia , 1 .20 1 ( c. A D 4 00); V itruvius, D e A rchitectura , 1 .2.7 ( c. 2 7-13 B C ); L ivy , ) L .37.2-3 ( reign o f A ugustus); T erentius, H ecyra, 3 38 ( 16 5 BC )

T he c ontexts o f t hese p assages m ake i t p lain t hat S alus Ra tan e quivalent o f H ygieia i s i ntended.

a s

t he

T he p assage f rom A puleius ' n ovel t ells o f ad octor w ho p repares a p oison s acred t o P roserpina a s o pposed t o a h ealthy d rink s acra S aluti. A ugustine, i n t he p rocess o f r idiculing a t heory p ostulated b y L abeo ( Cornelius L abeo, a w riter, p erf t s o f t he l ater t hird c entury A D , o n Ra nano-Etruscan r eligious l ore ) concerning the deification o f o pposites, r efers t o L abeo 's o bservation a t Pa ne o f a t emple t o F ebris ( nu in en o f F ever) a s w ell a s o ne t o S alus ( Rc i nae e tiam F ehri s icut S aluti t emplum c onstitutum). T he L ivy p assage p rovides a t erminus a nte q uem o f 1 80 B C f or t he e stablishment a t Pane o f h e " divine m inistry o f p ublic h ealth a s i t f unctioned i n p j 8 T he s nake, t he m anifestation o f A sklepios, h ad b een b rought, i n 2 92 B C , fr om E pidaurus t o Ra ne where a t emple o n t he I nsula T iberina w as d edicated i n 2 9 1 B C . T his w as t he r esult o f a c onsultation o f t he S ibylline B ooks i p 2 93 B C a t t he h eight o f a n e pidemic d uring t he , T hird S a i r m ite W ar . L ivy t ells u s t hat a mong t he m easures d ecreed t o a vert t he e pidemic o f 1 80 B C w as a nother c onsultation o f t he b ooks b y t he d ecemviri s acris f aciundis a nd t he v owing o f g ifts a nd t he g i ng o f g ilde d st at ues t o A pollo , A esculapiu s an d S alus b y t he c onsul .' ° T his i s t he e arliest a ttestation a ssimilation o f H ygieia, t he a ssociate o f A sklepios, t o S alus.

o f

t he

How ever , f ifteen y ears l ater , t he p assage f rom T erence ' s H ecyra ( first p ublished i n 1 65 B C ) p rovides a f urther c ontemporary m anifestation . V itruvius ( writing c . 2 7-13 B C ) p rovides p ractical a dvice f or t he s iting o f t emples a nd i n p articular f or t hose o f A esculapius a nd S alus, u t e orum d eorum , q uorum p lurimi r edicinis a egri c urari v identur. W a lso e mphasizes t he i mportance o f t he p resence o f s uitable s prings. T hus, h e s ays, " the d ivinity f rom t he n ature o f

1 3

t he s ite w ill g ain a g reater

. . .

r eputation a nd a uthority". 92

M acrobius' e xplanation o f t he a ssociation o f t he s nake w ith s tatues o f A esculapius a nd S alus i nvolves h is e quation , o f t he f ormer w ith t he s un a nd o f t he l atter w ith t he n oon , w hich r eflects h is p articular n otions o f s ol s yncretism a nd t he " common s olar t heology o f t he l ate p agan w orld". M acrobius ' t heory c oncerning t he s nake t hat i t s ymbolizes r ejuvenation a nd t he s hedding o f i nfirmity b y a nalogy w ith i ts o wn s kin-shedding i s o ne o f s everal a ncient t heories s eeking t o a ccount f or t he s nake's a ssociation w ith A skiepios . T his p roblem i s ad ifficult o ne: w hat m atters f or u s i s t hat b y t he t ime o f t he g od 's t ransplantation t o R ome , t he s nake w as u niversally k in a s t he g od 's a ttribute , c ompanion a nd i ndeed a s h is i ncarnation . T he e vidence o f t he c oinage a ply s hows t hat t he s nake a ls o b ecam e t he p rimary a ttribute o f S alus.' 3 '

-

-

A n i vory r elief-tondo f rom P ompeii d epicts A pollo f acing a f emale f igure, p resumably S alus-Hygieia, w ho h old a p atera a nd a s nake which c oi ls t owards t he go d' s o utst re tche d h a in. 6

J .

A S toic D efinition a nd C hristian R idicule o f D eified

' Virtues'

4 9 : C icero , D e D eorum N atura , 1 1.60-62 ( 45 B C ); 5 0 : A rnobius, A dversus N ationes, I V .1 ( c. A D 2 97) I n h is i maginary d ialogue s et i n 7 7 o r 7 6 B C C icero p rovides a n e xplicit d efinition o f t he p henomenon o f t he d eification o f q ualities o r c onditions i n t he c ontext o f a n e xposition o f S toic t heology : c ertain b enefits a re s o i mportant a s, o f n ecessity, t o b e o f d ivin e o rigin , a nd t hese ' utilitates' t hemselves p rovide t he d eities' n ames. 9 7 A rnobius' l ate t hird c entury C hristian v iew r everses t his l ogic b y s uggesting t hat s uch d eities a re s o r egarded s imply b ecause w e d esire t he i mplied b enefits s o m uch . H e s eems t o b e a ssuming a n i nherent s cepticism o n t he p art o f h is p agan r eaders i n h is r hetorical q uestion i mplying t hat t heir g ods a re b rought i nto d isrepute b y t he i nclusion a mongst t hem o f n ullius s ubstantiae nanina. H e n otes t hat t hey r eceive a ras . .c um m agnificis e xaedificatatas d elubris. .

C oncordia a nd S alus a re t he o nly d eities c ommon t o both l ists. 98

K . 5 1

' Romana S alus' : C laudian, Crmina M inora, X XX .189 ( c. A D 3 95-404)

C laudian, p agan p oet a t t he C hristian c ourt o f H onorius a nd S tilicho , i s a ddressing t he l atter 's w ife: " for y ou R oman S alus l ights t he t orches a nd y our m arriage b rings g reat g arlands". A lthough h e w as t he c ourt p oet o f ! bnorius, C laudian h imself r emained p agan . T he c ontemporary c oinage s hows S alus ( 'Reipublicae ') a s i ncorporated i nto t he e ology o f t he C hristian e mpire . T he s ame e pithet i s u sed b y O vid.

1 4

L .

S alus'

P lace i n t he Z odiac

5 2: M artianus Cap ella, D e N uptiis P hilologiae e t M ercurii, 4 10-439)

1 .45

(D

I n h is d escription o f t he s un inoning o f t he m a jor d eities t o a c ouncil o f t he g ods, C apella g ives a c atalogue o f t he d ivine i nhabitants o f e ach o f t he s ixteen r egions o f t he Z odiac. S alus, i n t he f irst r egion , i s l isted a fter J upiter , t he D ii C onsentes a nd t he P enates, a nd b efore t he L ares, l anus a nd t he F avores o pertanei N octurnasque . T he i dea i s t hought t o d erive f rom E truscan l ore w ith C ornelius L abeo ( 5haps o f t he l ater t hird c entury A D ) o r V arro b eing C apella 's s ource. O ne o f t he f ew o ccurrences o f t he D ii Cp entes o n de di cations i s w it h S alus o n t he S armitzegetusa de di catic '' F avor a nd t he P enates o ccur w ith S alus o n t he A pulum d edication .

1 5

l a .

" Saviour", b elow, 6 , 8 -9.

1 .

C ato ' censorius ', D e A qri c ultura , C XLI.3; b elow, 2 2.

2 .

F e rs, 8 34, 8 46, 8 48-850, 8 66; W einstock , 1 67.

3 .

A .D . N ock , C AH X ( 1934),

4 .

F ears, 8 47, n ote 7 6.

5 .

I bid., 8 49-869.

6 .

H . M attingly, 2 (1 12 , 9 48 2 3, 2 7.

7 .

E pigraphic:

8 .

H . F urneaux , T he A nnals o f T acitus, t o l ine 2 .

9 .

B elow, 11.

L atte, 2 27,

n ote

3 ;

4 8 1.

( 'Salus '); b ut c f . S chwarte ,

b elow, 8 6-90; c oin :

2 44-5; b elow ,

b elow , 2 1. O xford,

1 907,

I I, 3 88,

n ote

1 0.

F urneaux, o p .cit . ( note 8 ), 4 14, n ote t o l ine 3 ; c f. K oestermann , V ol. I , L eipzig , 1 965, 3 74, n ote t o l ine 2 8.

1.

A bove, n r. 5 .

1 2.

B elag , 2 2. T he c olumn d edicated t o J upiter 0 . M . f or t he w elfare o f N ero b y t he i nhabitants o f t he c anabae a t M oguntiacu i n ( Mainz), which m ay i nclude S alus a mong i ts r elief d epictions o f R oman s tate d eities, m ay a lso b e a m anifestation o f a g eneral t hanksgiving f ollowing t he p assing o f t his c risis: I nstinsky , 1 959, 1 31-139; b elow, 1 57 f f.

1 3.

S cullard, P arke,

1 4.

W issoqa, L ex, 2 96; W issowa , R K ,

1 5.

B elow, 8 9-90.

1 6.

B elow, 9 1-92; ( IT 1 , V I, 9 75 ( AD 1 36) a ttests a V icus S alutaris i n b oth R egio X ( Palatium ) a nd R egio X IV ( Trans T iberim). T here i s n o r eason t o d educe t he e xistence o f c ult-centres i n t hese v ici; t he e pithet m ust b e i n t he g enetive f orm , i ndicating p ersons o f t hat n ame: W issowa, L ex , 2 97.

1 7.

F ears, 8 28-869.

1 8.

B elow, 8 9.

9 0-9 1, 1 20-121; 1 04 ( 'Argei').

D um zil ,

1 6

4 49-450;

H .J .

Ros e ,

e d.

E .

H .W .

1 32; T hulin, 2 057.

1 9.

P erhaps i n 1 84 B C o r a fter h is d eath i n 1 49 B C ;

W einstock , 1 87.

2 0.

B . P errin , P lutarch 's L ives ( Loeb), L ondon a nd N ew Y ork , 1 9 14, 3 59.

2 1.

W einstock , 1 7 1, n ote 3 ; 1 87.

2 2.

I bid., 1 86, 1 69.

2 3.

I bid., 1 69, 1 7 1, 1 84186.

2 4.

I bid., 1 7 1, 1 86188, 3 09.

2 5.

I bid ., 11, 1 7 1, 2 4 1.

2 6.

I bid., 1 86, 1 87.

2 7.

C assius D io , X LIV .50.1; W einstock, 1 68, 1 72, 1 74, 2 12, 2 17.

2 8.

B el

2 9.

B elow , 1 2.

3 0.

W einstock, 1 67; F ears, 8 61.

3 1.

B elow, 1 3.

3 2.

F ears, 8 60-86 1.

3 3.

W einstock , 1 63167. P erhaps a f orerunner o f t his c hange i n a ttitude w ith r egard t o t he c orona c ivica i s t he a ward o f t he c orona o bsidionalis, t he s iege c ro wn , t o Q . F abius M aximu s b y t he s enate a nd p eople o f R ome i n r ecognition o f h is h aving s aved Rome a nd I taly f rom t he t hreat o f Hannibal d uring t he S econd P unic W ar; V .A . M axfield , T he M ilitary D ecorations o f t he R oman A rmy , L ondon , 1 98 1, 6 8; P liny , N at . H ist ., X XII.10.

3 4 .

A bove , 6 ; b elow, 1 2.

3 5.

C icero , O ratio p ost R editum a d Q uirites, 1.

3 6.

C icero , A ctio i n V errem ,

3 7.

S ilius I talicus, P unica , V II.734 a nd c f. 7 47, p erhaps a nachronistically : " Fabiu r r ue s alutem c ertatim" ( Q . F abius M aximus, 2 17 B C ). L ucan, D e B ello C ivili, 1 1.22 1: " salus r erum" ( Sulla, c . 8 0 B C ). F or C aesar, W einstock, 1 68, 2 12.

3 8.

W einstock , 1 66, 1 67, 1 69, 1 72; I nstinsky, 1 963, 3 1.

3 9.

C icero , O ratio p ro R abirio P erduellonis R eo a d Q uitites, W einstock, 1 69, n ote 1 .

4 0.

C assius D io , X LIV .6.1; X LIV .50.1; W einstock , 2 26-229; b elow , 3 8-42.

I I,

, 9 1.

I I.v.129; b elow, 8 .

1 7

2 17-2 19;

2 0;

S chwarte ,

4 1.

W einstock, 2 19; b elow , 2 1-22.

4 2.

W einstock, 1 7 1.

4 3.

C icero, A ctio i n V erre r n , I I.ii.154; W einstock, 1 62; c f. I nstinsky, 1 963, 2 8 a nd 7 1, n ote 1.

4 4.

F rs, 8 59-860;

4 5.

F ears, 8 60.

Firs,

8 6 1;

4 6.

I bid ., 8 60.

4 7.

I bid., 8 60-86 1; H .J . R ose , O C r?, 1 005 ( 'Soter '); A .D . N ock , X , ( 1934), 4 8 1-482; I nstinsky , 1 963, 2 5.

(H ,

4 8.

C f. t he i nscribed " supplication a nd p etition" t o " the d ivine e mperors, t he s aviours o f t he e ntire h uman r ace", Arycanda, L ycia/ P amphy f la , A D 3 11/3 12; R C , I I, 6 00-60 1.

4 9.

F ears , 8 60.

5 0.

W einstock, 1 43, 1 64.

5 1.

I bid ., 1 64; F ears, 8 6 1.

5 2.

I LLRP , 1 7418 1

5 3.

I LLRP ,

5 4.

I LLRP , p p . 19120, n otes t o 1 76 a nd 1 77.

5 5.

I LLRP , 1 76; R C ,

5 6.

W einstock, 1 66.

5 7.

W einstock , 1 7 1173; c ircumstantial e vidence : t he s pecial vow s o f 3 0 a nd 1 6 B C ; A ugustus ' r eception o f t he c orona c ivica " a q enere h umano" ( Pliny, N at. H ist., X VI . 8); O vid 'sa ddress: " patriae c ura s alusque t uae" (T histia e x P onto , 1 1.574); t he p ossibility o f a n o fficial o ath b y h is s alus ( below); t he A labanda i nscription ( Caria) i n G reek a ttesting a m unicipal c ult a nd p riest o f t he " Hygieia a nd S oteria o f t he E mperor C aec r" ( AE , 1 934, 4 6). W einstock a lso e xamines t he i ndications f or a c ult o f S alus A ugusti u nder t he s ubsequent J ulio-Claudians; i bid .

5 8.

B elow , 2 2, 1 00-10 1; c f. V alerius M aximus, I . P raef., " certissima s alus patriae".

5 9.

B elow, 2 3, 1 02.

6 0.

O n t he q uestion o f t he d istinction , i f a ny, i ntended o r p erceived, b etween t he g enetival a nd a d jectival f orms o f t he e pithet , g enerally a nd r egarding S alus: F ears , 8 86-888; Weinstock, 11, 1 74; S chwarte, 2 40-246; b elow , 2 3, 2 4.

o c r? ,

a nd

1 005

p p .

( 'Soteria ')(unattributed).

14117.

1 77; C IL , V I, 3 74; W einstock, 1 64, 1 67; F ears, 8 53, 8 6 1.

I , 2 01.

1 8

t o

T iberius,

6 1.

I nstitutes, 2 .23.1; C odex T heodosianus, 2 .9.3.

6 2.

T ertullian , A pologeticus, 3 2.2; 3 0.1.

6 3.

L actantius,

6 4.

C IL ,

6 5.

P liny, P anegyricus, 8 .1; 2 3.5; 6 7.3-5.

6 6.

I bid., 9 4.2.

6 7.

P liny, E pistulae, X .83.

6 8.

I bid ., X .52.

6 9.

S ee t he e vidence o f t he A rvals, b elow , 3 8; S chwarte , 2 26-228; C assius D io , L IX .3.4 ( AD 3 7).

7 0.

T he A rval e vidence, b elow, 4 0-4 1.

7 1.

S chwarte , 2 33-238.

7 2.

C f: t he P tolemais i nscription f or a p ossible e arlier i ndication , b elow, 10-111; A cta S . S ci f litanoru in , 3 a nd T ertullian , A pologeticus, 2 8, 1 ( late 2 nd c .) f or c ompulsion t o s acrifice p ro s alute i mperatoris.

7 3.

B elow, 2 4; P liny, E pistulae, X .52 ( above, 1 0); X .102; c f. E lder P liny, N at. H ist., X VI.8 ( above, n ote 5 7); c f. M artial , E pigrammaton L ibri, 1 1.9 1.1-2, t o Da nitian: " rerum c erta s alus, t errarum g loria, C aec r, s ospite q uo m agnos c redimus e sse d eos".

7 4.

J .G . F razer , T he F asti o f O vid , L ondon 1 929, I II ,

7 5.

B M ,

7 6.

G rant , 2 7 1-272, 2 8 1. C f. t he o ccurrence o f S alus l egends o n c oins o f c ities i n S pain , p erhaps i mitating T iberius' A UGUSTA c oins o f A D 2 2/23, b elow , 2 2.

7 7.

W einstock, 1 72, n ote 5 .

7 8.

B elow, 1 4.

7 9.

A bove, 1 0.

8 0.

B elow, 9 0-92; a lso 1 47.

8 1.

B elow, 1 3.

8 2.

F ears, 8 6 1

8 3.

B elow, 2 2-27, 7 1, 7 3-74, 9 8,

8 4.

A bove, 7 .

D e

M ortibus P ersecutorum , 3 4.5 ( c. P D 3 18).

I I, 1 72; c f. t he l anguage o f C assius D io , L IX .9.2

I ,

p .

( AD 3 8).

c f.

1 58-159.

3 08; o br. S ALUTIS w ith b ist , r ev . ( «X )RDIA w ith t ype.

( quotation), 8 62. 12-113.

1 9

l ocal S ALUS

8 5.

B elow , 2 4-25, 2 8-30, 1 05; c f. a lso 5 5.

8 6.

F ears, 8 62.

8 7.

V ell . .Pat., 1 1.103.5.

8 7a. G . W issc,a, BE , I V .1 ( 1900), 1 35 11355 ( 'Cornelius, 1 68 ). P erhaps a lso a s ource f or M artianus C apella ( below, n r . 5 2). 8 8.

D um zil, 4 44.

8 9.

L ivy , X .47.7; X I . P eriocha; t X im zil, 4 43.

9 0.

W issowa , t ion .

9 1.

B elow , 7 7-78, 9 3, 9 5-96, 1 05-106, 16-122, f or e pigraphic i ndicat ions o f t he c ult 's a ssociation w ith w ater .

9 2.

E delstein, I , 3 70, n r. 7 07.

9 3.

I bid .,

9 4.

E delstein ,

9 5.

B elow, 2 2-29; b elow, 1 02-103, f or G labrio 's s tatue a t O stia p robably p ortraying S alus h olding a s nake . T he g oddess a ccompanying M ercury i n o ne o f t he r elief p anels o f t he M ainz

L ex, 3 00, a ssumes t he a cts r esulted f rom t he

I I, 1 06; F erguson,

c onsulta-

2 18.

I I, 2 26-23 1.

J upiter c olumn , d ating f rom t he r eign o f N ero , m ay b e a n e arly r epresentation o f S alus, t he s tate d eity ( implied b y t he c ontext), w ith h er s nake ( coiled a round w hat m ay b e a n a ltar); I nstinsky, 1 959, 1 39; B auchhenss , 1 984a, 4 , 1 4, 1 6 a nd T hf. 4 ; b elow , 1 57 f f. 9 6.

H . v on H esberg , A NRW ,

9 7.

F ears, 8 28, 8 32-833.

9 8.

A bove, 1.

9 9.

A bove, n r. 2 0.

1 1.17.2

( 198 1), 156-1157, n r. 4 6B .

1 00.

M . G rant , G reek a nd L atin A uthors, 8 00 B C A D 1 000, N ew Y ork , 1 980, 2 75; W iss o wa , L ex, 2 97. F or L abeo a s r idiculed b y A ugustine, a bove, n r. 4 4.

1 0 1.

B elow, 12-113.

1 02.

B elow , 7 3-74.

-

2 0

C HAPTER T WO :

A .

T HE E VIDENCE O F T HE ( DINAGE

I ntroduction

T he a im o f t his c hapter i s t o p rovide a s ummary o f t he e vidence r elating t o t he c ult o f S alus p rovided i n R oman s tate c oin-issues. T here a re m ore t han s even h undred a nd f ifty i ssues b earing a S alus l egend , a t ype o f S alus o r b oth . T hus, w hat f ollows i s a s elective t reatment, i ncluding w hat s eems, o r s eems a s i f i t m ight b e, s ignificant. • I t i s i mportant t o n ote t hat i n m ost i nstances t he f ootnotes p rovide e xamples f or t he p oints b eing m ade a nd n ot e xhaustive l ists. T he h eadings l ist t he p ersons i n w hose n ames t he c oins d iscussed b elow t he h eadings w ere s truck . T he d ates c ontained i n t he h eadings, t hough u sually c orresponding t o r eigns, r efer s pecifically t o t he p eriods t o w hich p articular g roups o f i ssues b elong . T hus, f or y ears n ot c overed i n t he h eadings, n o e vidence f or i ssues c elebrating S alus h as b een d iscovered . D ates g iven i n t he t ext , s imilarly , a lways r efer t o p articular i ssues o r g roups o f i ssues . A fter t he a ureus o f C ivilis ( AD 6 9_70), 1a a ll t ypes a nd l egends r elating t o S alus a re b orne o n t he r everses, a nd, w ith t he e xception o f s ix i ssues o f P robus, 2a t he o bverse a lways b ears a t l east t he i mage a nd n ame o f t he p erson i n w hose n ame i t w as s truck. T he g oddess i s a lways d raped .

B .

T he R epublican C oinage

T he C oins o f t he M oneyer D . J unius S ilanus L F ., .

9 1 B C .1

T he d iademei h ead o f S alus o ccurs o n t he o bverse o f s ix d enarii, a ll b ut o ne o f w hich b ear S ALUS a s t he a ccompanying l egend . R C t 4A i s p art o f t he l egend o n t wo o f t he r everses, a nd o n a ll o f t he r everses t he t ype i s t hat o f V ictoria i n a c hariot . I t h as l ong b een c onsidered l ikely t hat t hese i ssues r epresent t he m oneyer 's c elebration o f h is descent f rom C . J unius B ubulcus B rutus w ho w as r espo sible f or t he f oundation o f t he t emple o f S alus o n t he Q uirinal H ill. I ssued a t t he b eginning o f t he S ocial W ar , t hese c oins c ombine i n i magery a nd l egend t he t hemes o f S alus , V ictoria a nd R oma, a nd w e m ay n ote J .R . F ears ' o bservation t hat , i n t he c ontext o f t he t ransformation t hen t aking p lace i n t he f unction o f t he ' virtues' i n R oman p olitical l ife , " the p reservation o f t he c orporate b ody o f t he R oman p eople, p ersonified i n t he f igure o f R oma, w as s till t he c ontext i n w hich m en c ommemorated S alus".

W e s hall s imply n ote t he p ossibility t hat t hese i ssues

2 1

w ere

c onnected w ith t he v ota p erformed f or t he h ealth o f M . L ivius D rusus. 4 T he C oins o f t he M oneyer M n . A cilius G l t hrio ,

4 9 B C

T he o bverse o f t hese d enarii b ears t he l egend S PJIY PIS a ccompanying t he l aureate h ead o f S alus, w hile t he r everse d epicts a s tanding g oddess l eanipg o n a c olumn , h olding a s nake a nd i dentified b y V ALEIU i n t he l egend. T hus, S alus a pp ears t o b e e quated w ith V aletudo .6 T he r oneyer i s u sually i dentified a s t he p artisan o f J ulius C aesar. H owever , F ears r egards t his i ssue a s c elebrating P c inpey 's r eturn t o h ealth , w hich w as c elebrated i n a ll m unici ia, v ows f or h is r ecovery h aving b een m ade t hroughout I taly ( 50 B C ):' " now t he p reservation o f t he g reat m an p rovided t he c onj ext i n w hich m en d edicated t he c oinage t o t he d ivine f igure o f S alus." ° . . .

C .

T he I mperial C oinage

T iberius:

A D 2 2 o r 2 3

S alus f irst a ppears o n ad upondius o f T iberius: t he l egend S A WS P I UGUSTA a ccompanies t he t ype o f a b est t hought t o r epresent t he d eity w ith t he f eatures o f L ivia w hose rcovery f rom i llness i n A D 2 2 t he i ssue i s t hought t o c ommemorate. V ows h ad b een made f or h er re co ve ry . R ather t han r eferring t o a ny s ignificance w ith r espect t o S alus o n t he p art o f T iberius, t he e pithet a nd p ortrait a re p erhaps t o b e i nterpreted r ather, e ither a s a r eference t o f s m enbership o f t he h ouse o f A ugustus, o r a s a c ompliment t o L ivia . T his c oin w as a pparently t he s timulus f or c ontemporary i n s ome S panish c olonies. S ome a es i ssues o f f l nerita a re p ortray L ivia 's l ikeness ( as m ay a lso a n i ssue o f T hriaso) t he l egend S A WS A UGUST an d S AL A UG i s c ombined w it h t he a ltar o n c oins o f I lici.

N ero :

A D 6 5

c oin-issues t hought t o a long w ith t ype o f a n

6 8

-

A t ype o f t he g oddess, e nthroned a nd h olding a p atera, a ccompanies t he s imple l egend S ALUS o n t hree g old a nd s ilver i ssues . T heir s triking i s t hought t o h ave b een a n r qg th e a cts c elebrating Ne ro 's e scape f rom t he s onia n c onspiracy . ' A t l east o ne t emple o f S alus w as a lso d ecreed. '

G alba :

A D 6 8

-

6 9

T hese i ssues a re i mportant, a s t he S alus l egends o n t hem w ere t o r emain d ecisive f or o ver a c entury . S ALUS G ENERIS H 11 4AN1 f irst a pp ears o n t he u nattri b eted i ssues, u sually w ith a t ype o f V ictoria, a nd c ontinues o n t he a ttributed i ssues w ith a t ype t hought t o b e o f F ortuna ( goddess, s tanding s acrificing w ith p atera, f oot o n g lobe, a nd h olding

2 2

r udder). T he g lobe i s t he cau t ion f eature o f t he t wo t ypes. T hus, i n a n u nprecedented w ay , i s t he 1 e stiny o f t he R oman p eople a ssociated w ith t hat o f t he p rovinces. A n u nattributed d enarius o f G alba c ombines, a s o bverse a nd r everse l egends, S ALUS P UBLIC (A ) ( with l aureate b ust p f S alus) a nd R OMA V ICf lUX , p erhaps i n d eference t o t he R oman p eople S ALUS A UGUSTA r eappears, b ut y 5w w ith a S alus t ype: g oddess, e nthroned, h olding p atera a nd s ceptre. S A WS A UGUSTI a ppears f or t he f irst t ime, w ith a t ype r ecalling t hat o f G labrio 's i ssues: g dess, s tanding , l eaning o n a c olumn a nd h olding a nd f eeding a s nake. B oth t hese i ssues a re a ssociated w ith G alba 's t itles a nd p ortrait o n t he o bverses, b ut t he t ypes s eem t o c learly d ifferentiate t he t wo c onceptions o f t he d eity. S alus A ugusti a ppears t o b e d epicted R oman H ygieia a nd s o p erhaps r epresents t he ' H ealth t he E i iperor '. " S A WS G ENE RIS H UMANI e choes t he w ords r eported a s u sed b y V index i n h is l etter a ppe ing t o G aiha a nd i n h is s peech t o t he G auls l aunching h is r evolt. ' I re i s a lso o ne d edication t o S alus G eneris H umani w hich i s f rom G aul. V espasian , T itus, Danitian , J ulia:

A D 6 9

-

9 1

S ALUS A UGUSTA c ontinues w ith t he a me t ype o n t he s estertii o f V espasian a nd T itus C aesar u ntil A D 7 8. 2 S ALUS A 9 US ' I 'i w ith h er t ype c ontinues u ntil A D 7 1 o n t he a sses o f V espasian . T he a bbreviated S ALUS A UG n ow a ppears ( AD 7 3) o n t he d enarii o f V espasian a nd T itus C aesar w ith a t ype s imilar t o t hat o f S alus A ugusta b ut l acking t he s ceptre: t his c ontinues C ae r a nd J ulia A ugusta.

d er T itus o n h is c oins a nd t hose o f Initian

I ) mitian 's d enarli u nder V espasian a nd T itus, a dvertising h is t itle P RINCEPS I UV EN ' IUTIS , a re a ccompanied b y a t ype o f S alus A ugusti, b ut , i nterestingly , f rom 7 9 t he t ype, n ow a lso o n a n a ureus, i ncludes f or t he f irst t ime t he p atera, a n a ttribute o f S alus A ugusta, o ut o f w hich t he s nake i s f ed • 25 U nder T itus ( AD 8 0-8 1) a s estertius b earing S ALUTI A UG ( JSTI, a ccompanying a t ype o f a n a l i- r i n t he f orm o f a t emple , m ay c ommemorate t he d ed gation o f a n a ltar t o S alus b y t he S enate d uring a n i llness o f T itus. R emarkably, t hough , t he t ype i s c ontinued b y Danitian ( A L ) 8 4-9 1), w ith t he s ane l egend w ith t he d ative o f d edication ( once as S AL t . Tf l A UGUST ), a nd a lmost e xclusively o f a ny o ther S alus c oins. 2 T he o nly o ther S alus i ssue o f Danitian i s ad enarius h earing S ALUS A UGUST a ccompanying a t ype UJ ce t hat o f S A WS A UG ( above ) b ut w ith t he p atera r eplaced b y c orn-e rs. T his n ew a ttribute m ay r p c 'all a n o lder c onception o f S alus, b ut K .H . S chwarte s uggests a r eference Danitian 's c oncern f or I talian a griculture o r f or R ome 's c orn-supply. N erva :

AD 9 6

-

9 7

A ll o f N erva's S alus i ssues rrry t his t ype e nt oned 9 h olding c orn-ears a lways a ccompanied b y S ALUS P UBLICA .2 -

-

2 3

g oddess

P rajan :

AD 9 8

-

17

N ow t he t ypes o f S alus A ugusta ( without s ceptre) a nd S alus A ugusti a re c ompletely f used, a nd a n a ltar i s a dded a round w hich t he s nake c oils w hilst b eing f ed f rom a patera b y t he e nthroned g oddess . T he t ype p redominates t hroughout t he r eign : u p t o A30 15 o r 16 w ith n o S alus l egend ( usually w ith S PQR OPTIMJ P RINCIPI), a nd f rom t hen w ith t he a mbiguous S ALUS A UG ( as p art o f t he r everse l egend) ' .

T he o nly o ther S alus c oins a re t he a urei, p robably c c i ime n rating T ha ja n 's d ecennalia o f A D 1 08, w ith t heir l egend S ALUS G ENE RIS H UMANI a ssociated w ith a s tanding d eity ( perhaps F ortuna), f oot o n g lobe , s acrificing w ith a p at " o ver a n a ltir a nd h olding a r udder , t hus r ecalling G alba 's c oins.

H adrian a nd L . A elius C aesar :

A D 18

-

1 38

T here a pp rs n ow t o b e a f urther d evelopment w ith t he c ombined S alus-type, i nherited f rom T ha ia n , b eing a ssociated w ith u nambiguous S ALUS A UGUS 'ri ( a v ariation h as S alus s tanding a nd a ddition h olding a s ceptre ). T hus, s uggests S chwarte , i s b eneficial p ower o f . h e e mperor u nambiguously a ssociated w ith h ealth o f t he e mperor. 3

n ew t he i n t he t he

S ALUS P UBLICA r eappears o n a d upondius o f 19128 c ombined , p erhaps s ignificantly, w ith a t ype s imilar t o t hat o f .T ra ja n 's d ecennalia S ALUS G E ERIS H UMANI i ssue b ut w ithout t he a ltar. M ost o f H adrian 's i ssues b ear S ALUS A UG c ombined w ith o ne o f a r ange o f v ariations. W hen s tanding , S alus i s e ither f eeding h er s nake ( sometimes c oiled r ound a n a l t-a r , s ometimes h eld), o r s acrificing w ith t he patera a nd h olding a s ceptre . W hen t he s nake i s n ot h eld , h e f ree a rm s ometimes b ears e ither a s ceptre o r a r udder o n a g lobe .3 W hen e nthroned, S alus i s u sually f eeding t he s nake c oiled r ound t he a ltar o nce s he h olds a r udder q p ag lobe a s w ell, an d o nce s he s imply s ac rifices w it h t he p atera. 3° T he s nake i s n ow a lmost i nvariably f ed f rom t he p atera. -

S A WS a lso o ccurs a nd f eeding t he s nake A elius C aesar ( 137138) s tatuette o f S pes ( pe r o n w hich S alus l eans. t ype o f S alus ( combined

w ithout e pithet w ith t t ype o f h er e nthroned c oiled r ound a n a ltar . A s estertius o f L . o f t his k ind h as t he i nteresting a ddition o f a ps t he h ope v ested i n t he d esignated s uccessor) T here a re a t l east t i ssues b earing o nly a w ith i mperial t itles). 3'

A ntoninus P ius, F austina I a nd I I, M arcus C aesar :

A D 1 38

-

1 6 1

N ow f or t he f irst t ime t he c ombined t ype i ntroduced u nder T ha ja n , a nd m uch u sed u nder H adrian, i s a ssociated w ith t he l egend S A WS P UBLICA , o n s estertii o f 1 40-144 . T hus, a ccording t o S chwarte, a re c ombined t he d ifferent c onnotations o f S alus A ugusti, S alus A ugusta a nd S alus P ublica ( the h ealth o f t he e mperor , t he w elfare-bringing p ower o f t he e mperor a nd t he g eneral w elfare w hich i s ar esult o f t hese t wo). H e s uggests t hat t he d elay i n o vertly s tating t his a ssociation i n t he

2 4

c oinage i s i ndicative o f t he e xceptional p osition o t he S alus P ublica d eriving f rom t he r epublican t radition ." 'J

c oncept

o f

O therwise t here i s a c onsiderable v ariety o f t ypes b ut o nly a s r egards d etails: a ll d epict S alus, e nthroned o r s tanding , w ith p atera f eeding t he s nake w hatever e lse t hey h ave. O ne e xception i s a d upondius o f F austina I ( 138-14 1) d epicting S alus h olding t he s nake a nd l ea r4ig a gainst a t ree . I t i s o ne o f s everal i ssues b earing S ALUTI AUG . T he d atlyp a lso o ccurs a s S ALUT E A UGUST E o n a n i ssue o f F austina deified .' T he t ree r ecurs o n o n o f t he f ew i ssues w ith s imple S ALUS w here t he s nake c o s r ound i t . T he r udde r o n t he g lobe o ften r eplaces S alus ' s ceptre. 44 O f t hose i ssues haring a l egend a s well a s t ype, S ALUS A UG a gain p redominates. T w' o i ssues h ave S A WS A UG JSTI. 4 A bout h alf o f t he S alus c oins h ave n o S alus l egend.

M arcus A urelius, L ucius V erus, F austina I I, L ucilla a nd Ca rnodus: A D 1 61 1 80 -

I n t his p eriod t he n ominative S A WS o nly o ccurs i n t he a bsence o f a q ualifying a d ctive o r g enetive a nd t hen o nly o n t he i ssues o f t he i r nperia wanen. U ntil 1 64 S ALUTI A L J WS ' IOR i s t he p red a ni na x l egend. F rom 1 68 t o 1 7 1 s everal i ssues o f M arcus c arry S AL t JTI A UG . s ome i ssues o f F austina I I ( 161-176) b ear t he a mbiguous S ALUTI AUGUSTAE . 49 H owever, a s estertius o f M arcus ( 170-17 1) ‚ ] . so h as t his l egend w hich , i n t his c ase , m ust b e t he a d jectival f orm . W hereas, b efore 1 76 v ery f ew t ypes a re u naccompanied b y a l egend, a fter 1 76 n one o f t he i ssues ( and t hus n one o f t hose o f C c t rnodus a s c oe mperor) b ear l egends. M ost o f t he t ypes o f t his p eriod ( 176180), o f b oth M arcus a nd Ca r r rcdus, e xhibit o ne o f t wo n ew v ariations o n t he t raditional t heme : t hat o f S alus, e nthroned, u sually h olding a b ranch o ver ti e s nake w hich i s c oiling u p e ither f rom t he g round o r fr om a n a ltar . B efore 1 76 v ariations o f t he e stablished t ype , o ften w ith a s ceptre b ut n ever w ith a r ud de r a nd g lobe, o ccur w ith a ll t he l egends. At ype o f J uno a pp ears w ith S A WS o n a n a ureus o f F austina 1 1. 52

Ca r inodus a nd C rispina :

A D 1 80

-

1 92

T he l egends a re n ow S A WS A UG , S A WS a nd S AL ( US) G EN ( E RIS) H UM (ANI). A gain , t ypes w ithout l egends a ccount f or a bout h alf o f t he S alus i ssues. T he n ew v ariations o f t he p revious r eign d o n ot c ontinue: b ut t here a re i nnovations. T he t ypes a lop an d t ho se a ccompanying S AL A UG a re v ar iations o n t raditional f orms. 3 ' I Wo o f f ive i ssues h earing JA WS a re t he o nly c oins ( 182-183) i n t he n ame o f C rispina g u ta 5 t he o ther t hree ( 183-186) d epict S alus e nthroned a nd f eeding t he s nake b ut i n a ssociat ion w ith t he f igure o f S j s a s w ell a s w ith a m ass o f s ymbolic d ail i ncluding, v ariously , a s tatue o f B acchus, a g riffin a nd a st hinx.

2 5

'Ihe three issues bearing SAL( US) GEN (ERIS ) HUM(ANI) (c. 191 ) all depict the startling g�gss holding a snake-wreathed sceptre and raising a kneelmg figure. 'Ihe Civil Wars:

Pescennius Niger and Clcxlius Albinus:

AD 193 - 197

All of Niger's five denarii (193-194; fran Antioc:h) employ the dative fonn, all with the imperial epithet abbreviated, except for the one issue with SALUTI AUGUSTI. On four of the denarii Salus is standing, holding and feeding the snak;° the fifth bears a type of a goddess holding scales and cornucopiae. 1 Albinus' two denarii (195-97) carry SAI1JTI AUG accanpanying traditional types.58 Septimius Severus

and

Caracalla:

AD 197 - 212

The legerrls are nCM SALUIT AUGG, SALUIT AUG and SAL(US) GEN(ERIS) HUM(ANI), w;g11 the first certainly representing the genetival fonn of the epithet.

Among those bearing only a type, four exhibit a new variatiog­ the snake coils up to be fed out of the lap of the enthroned goddess.() One of Severg,'' eastern issues has SAI1JTI AUG with the type of a lighted altar. A denarius of Caracalla (211-212), the latest com of these rei� has a traditional type but with Salus also holdmg a cornucopiae. � A fEM issues of Caracalla (199-201 ) proclaim SAL(US) GEN(ERIS) HUM(ANI) accanpanymg the type associated with this legerrl under O::mncrlusl Salus raising a kneeling figure and holding a snake­ wreathed staff. 3 Macrinus:

AD 217 - 218

'!his short reign prcrluced a relatively large number celebrating Salus, and there is a distinct change of policy: legends are always SALUS RJBLICA (usually unabbreviated). are traditional, with a variation: Salus, always enthroned, snake coiled rourrl an altar� either holds a sceptre or hand to touch the snake's head. Elagabalus:

of issues the Salus 'Ihe types feerls the extends a

AD 218 - 222

All but two of these issues proclaim the personalized SALUS ANTONINI AUG accanpanymg a type of Salus standing and golding the snake which she feeds with a cake (or out of a vessel). 6 The one instance of SAWS AUGUST! accompanies a traditional type but with the gcrldess, for the first time since reign of Antoninus Pius, resting an ann upon a rudder set on a globe.

tgi

26

S everus A lexander:

A D 2 22

-

2 35

T he l egends e mployed a re S ALUS P UBLIC ( seven i ssues), S A WS A UGUST! a nd S AL tJ I A UGUST! ( one i ssue e ach). T his l ast, n otably, w ith t he d ative o f d edication, o ccurs o n ab ronze me da llion ( undated) a x9 d epicts, i n a ddition t o S alus, t he e mperor i n m ilitary d ress. O therwise t he t ypes , i ncluding t hose u sed w ithout a S alus l egend , a re t raditional a s p rior t o E lagabalus S alus, e nthroned , a part f rom t he S ALUS A UGUSTI i ssue, a nd f eeding t he s nake f rom p atera , n ot w ith c ake. 6 8 -

M aximinus:

A D 2 35

-

2 38

T he i ssues a ll b ear t he l egend S ALUS A UGUSTI i n a ssociation w ith o ne t raditional t ype : S alus t hroned f eeds h er s nake, w hich i s c oiled r ound a n a ltar, f rom a p atera

G ordian I II:

A D 2 38

-

2 4 1

A ll e ight i ssues b eer a l egend , e ithe a ccompanying o ne o f t wo t raditional t ypes.' °

F iilippus I a nd O tacilia S evera:

A D 2 44

r S A L U S A UGUSTI o r S A WS A UG ,

2 49

-

T he i ssues a ll - r a l egend , e ither S ALUS A UGG ( after t he e levation o f P hilip 's s on i n 2 47) o r S A WS A UG . T ypes a re t raditional, a nd S alus i s a lways s tanding , a nd o n t hose where t he s nake i s c oiling r ound n a lt ar (t hu s f reeing o ne h and ), s he h olds a r udder ( wit hout g lobe). '1

H ostilian ( Reign o f T haj a n D ecius), T hebonianus G allus a nd V olusianus: A D 2 5 1 2 53 -

A gain , a ll t he i ssues b eer a l egend , u sually S A WS A UGG , s ometimes S ALUS A UGUS . T he t ypes c ontinue a s i n t he p revious r eign b ut w ith t he s cept r eplacing t he r ud der a s ah eld a ttribute w he n t he s nake i s n ot h eld.

V alerian , G allienus a nd S alonina :

A D 2 54

-

2 68

U nder t he j oint r eign ( to 2 60) t he t ypes, a lways a ccompanied b y a l egend , c ontinue a s i n t he p revious r eign , w ith t he e xception o f t he o ne i ssue b earing S A WS I L w hich h as S alus o ffering f ruits t o t he e mperor w ho h olds a sp ear. 73 O therwise , t he l egend i s u sually S A WS A UGG , b ut t her a re t wo i nstances e ach o f S ALUS F & JBLICA ( 257) a nd S ALUS A UG ( 258-259).' T here i s G allienus . T he t he e nthroned p redominantly S

b oth c ontinuity a nd i nnovation u nder t he r eign o f t ypes o f S alus h erself a re t raditional, t hough n ow w ith g oddess r eintroduced o n s ome s sues . T he l egend i s A WS A UG ( once S A WS A UGUSTI) I n a ddition t here a re .

2 7

a sses b earing O B C SERVATIONH4 S AL I J 'f lS ( somet imes w ith A UGG ); t here i s a s ilver med allion w ith t he s ame ( no A UGG ) a nd o ne w ith O B a Ns 1 TIONF4 P ATRIAE ; a nd t here i s a n a ureus b earing O B a JNS J VAT S ALUT . A n a ureus a nd t hree i ssues o f a ntoniniani h ave S A WS A UG a ccompanied b y a t ype o f A esculapius, a nd a n a ntoninianus w ith t his l egend h as a t ype o f A pollo , t hus c ompleting " the d ivine m inistry o f p ublic h ealth". " A s ilver m edallion o f S alonina h as t he l egend P UDICITIAE A UGUSTAE a ccompanying a t ype d epicting P udicitia , F elicitas a nd S alus. 78 C laudius I I:

AD 2 68

-

2 70

A ll t he i ssues h ave S ALUS A UG w ith o ne i nteresing e xceptio t his h as S PES H JBLICA w ith a t ype d epicting S alus a nd A esculapius . T he S alus t ypes a re t raditional ( and s he i s a lways s tanding), b ut m ost o f t he i ssues h ave n on-Salus t ypes, i nclu di ng t ho se o f I sis , Ap ol lo , A pollo a nd D iana, an d A esculapius. °°

T he G allic E pire :

V ictorinus a nd t he T etrici:

P ostumus,

A D 2 59

-

2 74

U nder P ostumus ( 259-269) m ore n ew t ypes a re a ched , t hese no w p redominating o ver t he t raditional A mong t he l atter , t he r udder a pp ears o nce. 8 1 T ypes o f A esculapius p redominate , a ccompanying m ost o f t he S ALUS A UG l egends, t he o ne S ALUS A UGUS 'ri a nd b oth S ALUS E XERCITI l egends. T wo a ntoniniani a nd a n a ureus p roclaiming t he S ALU S a ccompany t ypes d epicting t he p ersonified R iver R hine.

P ROVINCIARUM

O ne o f t he S A WS A UG s estertii d epicts S alus h olding a p alm , a nd t he p ersonalized S ALUS 1 05 ' IUMI A UG o ccurs o n a n a ntonig anus a nd a n a ureus , t he l atter d epicting b oth S alus a nd A esculapius. U nder V ictorinus ( 268-270) o rthodoxy r eturns, w ith t raditional t ypes a ccompanying S ALUS A UG , w ith o ne e xceptiog P AX A UG o ccurs o n a n i rregular c oin d epict i ng S alus h olding a s pear! P AX A UGG o ccurs u nder t he T etrici, 86 b ut, o therwise, a ll t he i ssues ( 270-273/4) h ave S alus l egends S A WS A UGG , S A WS A UG a nd , o nce, S ALUS E XERCITI. A ll e xcept s ix h ave S alus t ypes , t hough m ost o f t hese, w hilst b asically o f t raditional c onception, a re m odi fi ed b y t he a ddition o f n ew a ttributes ( scept re an d r udder a re a ls o p rese nt ) b ranch, a nchor a nd w reat h. T he n on-Salus t ype i nclude: A esculapius, V ictoria, p ontifical i mplements a nd a s oldier. 98 -

-

T acitus a nd F lorian :

A D 2 75

-

2 76

W hen t he s triking o f S alus i ssues r esumes , a fter a h iatus u nder A urelian , t he t ypes a re a ll t raditional o nes ( Salus, s tanding , e xcept f or o ne i ssue, f eeds h er s nake w hich i s e ither h eld o r c oiling u p f ran a n a ltar), a nd a re c ombined w ith e ither S ALUS A UG o r S ALUS P UBLICA

2 8

(JBLICA b eing s ometimes a bbreviated) . 89

P robus:

AD 2 76

-

2 82

A s imilar s ituation o btain u nder P robus, t hough S A WS A UG now p redominates o ver S A WS P UBLIC7. 90 T he o ne e xceptional s ue c arries t he l egend S ALUS M ILITUM , t hough w ith a t raditional t ype.

C arus, ( ' rjnus, N unerianus a nd M agn ia U rbica :

AD 2 82

2 85

-

T he s ituation r emains t he s ame i n t hese r eigns e xcept f or t he a ppearance o f S A WS A UGG u nder C arinus a nd N umeri 9us, t he o ne i ssue b earing S ALUS P UB tICA b eing t hat o f M agnia U rbica.

D iocletian , M aximian , C onstantius, S everus C aec'r, L icinius:

A D 2 85

-

3 11 T he t ypes r emain s trictly t raditional. L egends a lways a cc o mpany t hem , and, w ith o ne e xception , t hese p roclaim e ither S ALUS A UGG o r S ALUS 9 3 AUGG E T C AFSS N M: L icinius ' o ne i ssue h as S A WS A UGG N M ( 3083 11).

T he B ritish E mpire:

( ' arausius a nd A llectus:

A D 2 86

2 96

-

W hilst t here a re m any i diosyncrasies i n t he S alus c oinage o f ( ' arausius ( 286-293), e specially i n t erms o f a ttributes a nd a ssociations, b asically t raditional ( in t erms o f c entral i mperial c oinage) f orms p redominate. O f t he l arge n umber o f i ssues, l eaving a side t he b lundered o r o therwise n ot r eadily c omprehensible , t he l egend i s, w ith t hree e xceptions, S A WS A UG o r S A WS A UGGG ( referring t o D iocle an a nd M aximian): S ALUS A UGG o ccurs o nce , a nd S ALUS R JBLICA t wice. A t ype o f A e gulapius o ccurs t wice , a nd t here i s a p ronounced a ssociation w it P ax . O n s everal i ssues S alus holds a c ornucopiae : o n o ne, a g lobe. 6 O n s even o r more i ssues s be s acrifices a t a n a ltar : a t ype n ot s truck s ince t he r eign o f H adrian . T ypes o f S alus a re a ssociated w ith t he l egends L (A )1 T1TIA A UG a nd V IC TORIA A UG . S ALUS A UG i s o nce associat i 8w it h a t ype o f t wo d rape d f igures holding wreat hs a nd c laspi ng h an ds . U nder A llectus o rthodoxy r eturns 1 4t h a ll s ix b earing SALUS A UG a nd t raditional t ypes.

C onstantine I , F austa a nd C onstantius C aesar :

A D 3 15

i ssues

-

( 293-296)

3 35

A p rofound a nd p ermanent c hange n ow o ccurs i n t he i ssues c elebrating S alus, a s i n t he c oinage g enerally, r eflecting w ider c hanges i n t he n ature o f t he e mpire . F rom n ow o nwards, e xcept i n t he i ssues o f M agnentius, l us i s a ssociated l ess e xplicitly w ith t he p erson o f t he e mperor. 1 T ypes w hich m ay d epict S alus only o ccur o n t he f olles ( 324-327) o f F austa, a ccompanying t he l egend S ALUS

2 9

R EIPUBLICAE , w here p erhaps t here i s a llowed t o o ccur a c on fusion a s t o w hether t he d raped a nd v eiled f emale f igure h olding t wo c hildren i s t hat o f S alus o r t hat o f t he e mpress ( and t h 4 i n t he l atter c ase , d esigne d t o e mphasize t he d ynastic p rinciple). I

S alus R eipublicae i s c elebrated i n t he n ame o f C onstantine ( and o nce i n t hat o f C onstantius C aesar) o nly o n m edallions ( gold, s ilver a nd a es), a nd t hen , w ith t wo e xceptions, i n t he c ombination S ALUS E T S PES R EIP T JBLICAE . T he a ssociated t ypes g lorify C onstantine , s ome b latantly, i n t erms o f h is m ilitary v ictories, a nd s ome c elebrate h is e stablishment o f an ew i mperia' y nasty i n t heir p ortrayal o f h is s ons, i n m ilitary d ress, a round h im . 0 T he g old m edallion o f 3 30 s truck a t C onstantinople m ay c elebrate C onstantine 's v ictory a t C hrysopolis ( 324) a nd h is s ubsequent r estoration o f B yzantium ( the e mperor , b eing c s n e d b y V ictoria, r eceives v ictory o n a g le be f rom a t urreted fe ma le). A s ilver m edallion ( with S ALUS R EIP t JBLICAE o nly), t hought t o h ave b een f or c irculation a mong s enior a rmy o fficers, d epicts t he c hi-rho m onogram o n C onstantine 'sh elmet . A t t his d ate ( 315) t his i s l ess l ikely t o b e t he t hris n s ign i t w as t o b ecome , t han a p ersonally a dopted s ymbol o f p ower.

C onstantius I I, C onstans, 3 53

M agnentius a nd D ecentius C aesar :

A D 3 37

-

T he o ne g old i ssue e ach o f C onstantius I I a nd C onstans ( at T hessalonica, 3 37-340) c ontinue t he t ypology o f t he p revious r eign w ith S A WS E T S PES R EI R JBLICAE a ccompanying a t y o f t he t hree e mperors ( including C onstantine I I) i n m ilitary d ress. A t h is f our G allic m ints, M agnen tius a nd h is C aesar Icentius s truck s everal b ase b illon a nd b ronze i ssues w ith t he l egend S ALUS D D N N A UG E T C AFS a c panying a t ype o f t he c hi-rho f lanked b y a lpha a nd o mega ( 35 1-353). T he l egend i s a n a ppeal f or r ecognition f ra n C onstantius: t he t ype i s t hought t o b n a ppeal, b y t he p agan M agnentius, f or s upport a mong C hristians. 0 T here a re a lso s everal p roblematic i ssues s truck i n 3 52 i n t he n ame o f C onstantius a t T rier , w hich i s t hought t o h ave b een t hen u nder t he c ontrol o f M agnentius : t heir l egend, t he u nique S A WS A UG I DS ' IRI, i s c ombined w ith t he M agnentian t ype o f t he c hi-rho f lanked b y a l ma a nd a r ga. 8

V alentinian I a nd V alens:

A D 3 64

-

3 67

B etween 3 52 a nd 3 78, S alus R eipublicae a ppears o nly o n t hese t en i ssues: s ix o f g old w ith t he a bbreviated S A WS R EIP a ccompanying a t ype o f t he e mpero i ctorious a nd h olding t he l abarum , s tandard o f t he C hristian e mperor; 0 a nd f our s ilver a ssociating S A WS R EIPUBLIC E w ith a t ype o f f our sta ndards. 1

T heodosius I , F laccilla, V alentinian I I, A rcadius, H onorius ( : A D 3 79 4 08) a nd A fter

-

T he S A WS R EI JBLICAE ( always i n f ull) c arried b y t he i ssues o f t hese r eigns i s p art o f t he i deology o f t he C hristian e mpire a nd o f t he

3 0

p olicy o f c ombining p agan c oncepts a nd i magery w ith C hristian s ymbolism . H owever , i n t he c ase o f S alus, t he i magery h as d isappeared, n o t ypes o f h er h aving s urvived b eyo nd t he r eign o f C onstantine I , i f t o t hat. T here c an b e l ittle d oubt t hat S alus h as c eased t o h ave a ny p agan c ultic s ignificance . S he i s n ow a lways ' Salus o f t he S tate ', p erhaps b ecause t he i ntimate a ssociation o f a f ormerly p agan c oncept w ith , a nd d ependent u pon , t he p erson o f t he e mperor w as n ow t hought u nsuitable f or a C hristian a udience . T he c hanged e mphasis o f t he m essage c onveyed b y t he i mperial c oinage i s t hat t he w elfare o f t he t e i s d ependent u pon t he g lorious a nd c onstant v ictories o f t he a rmy. O n most o f t he S alus i ssues t he l egend i s c ombined w ith t ypes d isplaying t he d ramatic i magery o f V ictoria ( usually c ombined w ith t he c hi-rho), t he r etention o f w hich p rovides a s tark e xample o f t he p ragmatic 1 t hptat i .on o f pow erful p agan i magery b y t he C hristian e mperors .

I ssues ( mainly a es) o f t he e mpress F laccilla ( 379-388) c ombine 1 j h l egend w ith t ypes o f V ictoria i nscribing t he 4-rho up on a s hield. 1 ( A l esse r n umber c arry a t ype o f t he e mpress. ' *) T he t M a nd l egend c ontinue o n t he c oins o f e mpresses o f t he f ifth c entury. T he i ssues ( all a es) o f T heodosius I , V alentinan I I , A rcadius a nd H onorius ( 383-408) b ear a t ype o f V ictoria w hich , m ore d ramatically a nd s avagely t han t he V ictoria t ypes o f F laccilla, b oasts o f t he m ilitary t riumphs, p ortraying V ictoria c arrying a t rophy a nd d ragging b y t he h air kneeling c aptive, t he c hi-rho b eing s ometimes p resent i n t he f ield. 1 6 A o f t w c ross. s econd

s olidus o f T heodosius I I ( 425) c ombines t he l egend w ith a t ype t ogate ( unusually) e mperors e ach h olding a g lobe b earing a 1 7 C oins b earing S A WS R EIPUBLIC TE c ontinue a t l east i nto t he h alf o f t he f ifth c entury: a t ype b orne on t he s olidus i ssues

o f A nthemius ( 467-472) d epicts t wo e i b etween t hem , a g lobe b earing a c ross.

rors i n m ilitary

d ress

w ith ,

C oins o f O lybrius ( 472) p ro cl ai m t he S A WS M UNDI a nd d epict s imply a c ross. 1

3 1

1a. Aoove, 11. 2a. RIC, V, ii, 71, 500-501; oblr. VIRIUS PIDBI AUG. 1. Crawford, 337-339, 337, 2a - f. 2. WisSCMa, Lex, 296; latte, 234, note 1; above, 2. 3. Fears, 882; cf. Cicero's traditional view, above, 7. 4. Fears, 883, note 255; section.

above 7;

cf. tie coins of Glabrio,

next

5. Bela..., 102-103, for the supposed connection of the gens Acilia with the introduction of Greek rre:iicine to Rare, and the statue of Salus at. Ostia dedicated by a descendant of the triumvir rronetalis; Crawford, 461, 442, la and lb. 6•

Ph:Jve, 1 •

7. Ph:Jve, 7. 8. Fears, 882 section. 9.

EM,

(quoted),

883; cf. the coins of Silanus,

previous

I, 131, 81-84; Weinstock, 172; Fears 891.

10. Tacitus, Annales, III.64; 71.1. 11. Schwarte, 238-239; Grant, 271. 12. M. Grant, Aspects of the Principate of Titerius: Historical Carmmts on the Colonial Coinage Issued Outside Spain, New York, 1950, 114, note 169; C.H.V. Sutherland, JRS, XXIV (1934), 36. 13. BM, I, 212-213, 87-100; Fears, 895; Weinstock, 173. 14 •

Ph:Jve, 3-4; and bela..., 157, for the Mainz Jupiter colurrn dedi­ cated, perhaps IlCM, pro salute Neronis, arrl perhaps depicting Salus.

15. BM, I, 297-298, 30-36; RIC, I, pp. 185-187, 38; BM, I, 350, 230-231; Schwarte, 239.

nos. 12, 13, 26, 29,

16. RIC, I, 183, 20. 17. BM, I, 328, 119. 18. BM, I, 361, 265. 19. Schwarte, 240-241; Weinstock, 174; cf. Fears, 887, 888, note 284, who doubts the distinction. 32

2 0.

D io, L XIII.22.6; S uetonius, G alba , 9 .2; a bove , 1 9, n ote 7 3, f or e choes o f t he p hrase i n P liny ts r eports t o T ha ja n a nd i n e arlier l iterature .

2 1.

B elow, 1 22123.

2 2.

P 2 4 ,

2 3.

R IC ,

2 4.

P M , I I, 1 6, 8 7-89; 2 64, 1 96; 2 47, 1 39; RIC , 2 3 1, 6 .

2 5.

R IC ,

I I ,

2 6.

R IC ,

I I, 1 28, 1 05 ; S chwarte, 2 42; W einstock, 1 74.

2 7.

E M ,

2 8 .

R IC , 2 44.

2 9.

E M ,

I I ,

3 0.

E M ,

I II, 1 98, 9 34.

3 1.

H C ,

I I ,

3 2.

E M , 2 0.

I II , 8 7, 4 10;

3 3.

E M ,

I II , 4 18, 1 2 15; 4 40, 1 348; S chwarte , 2 43.

3 4 .

E M ,

I II, 4 2 1, 1 237; S chwarte, 2 45.

3 5.

E M ,

I II , 2 79, 3 13; 4 40, 7 87; 4 76, 1 5551558.

3 6.

B M ,

I II, 2 79, 3 20; 3 3 1, 7 28; 4 77, n ote t o 4 77.

3 7.

H C ,

I I ,

3 8.

E M ,

I II, 5 45, n ote t o 1 926.

3 9.

E M ,

I II, 2 65, 2 07.

4 0.

E M ,

I V , 2 09, 1 3 10; S chwarte, 2 44, 2 46.

4 1.

R IC ,

I II ,

4 2.

R IC ,

I II, 1 69, 1 200.

4 3.

E M ,

I V , 8 55, a dd , t o

4 4 .

E M ,

I V , 2 09, 1 308.

4 5.

E M ,

I V , 2 16, 1 352; 2 20, 1 368.

I I ,

1 24, 5 74-575; 1 37, 6 24; 2 07, 8 27; R IC , I I ,

1 06, 7 74.

I I, 6 3, 3 92; 7 4, n ote t o 4 99.

I I ,

4 2, 2 39; 2 4 ,

I I,

I ,

2 37, 8 4; S chwarte , 2 4 1.

3 6 1, 2 9 1-293; R IC ,

I I,

I I, 1 38, 1 7 1; H C ,

I I, 2 03, 3 96.

1 58, 4 1; H . M attingly , 2CD2 , 9 48

( 'Salus ');

S chwarte,

3 , 1 9-2 1; S chwarte , 2 44-245.

3 5, 2 11. F ears, 9 22;

on

t he e pithet , a bove , 2 3 a nd

1 55, 5 57.

1 60, 1 095; E M ,

p .

1 V , 1 47, 9 87-992.

1 69.

3 3

n ote

4 6.

E M ,

I V ,

4 04, 1 47; H C ,

4 7.

E M ,

I V ,

4 11, 1 98; 4 13,

4 8.

E M ,

I V ,

4 55, 4 94-495.

4 9.

H C ,

I I, 3 59,

5 0.

H IC ,

5 1.

EM ,

I V ,

4 87,

6 96; H C ,

5 2.

E M ,

I V ,

4 04,

1 46.

5 3.

E M ,

I V , 7 04, 9 4-95; R IC ,

5 4.

EM ,

I V , 7 67,

5 5.

E M , I V , 7 99, 5 56; H IC , I II , w ith S pes, a bove, 1 213.

5 6.

E M ,

5 7.

EM , V , 8 0,

5 8.

H IC ,

5 9.

EM , V , 6 1, 2 55-256.

6 0.

E M , V1 3 57, 6 -9.

6 1.

H IC ,

6 2.

E M , V1 4 38, 4 5-46.

6 3.

EM , V1 1 87,

6 4.

EM , V1 5 07, 7 5-76; 5 13, 9 9.

6 5.

EM , V , 5 47,

6 6.

P 1 4 , V ,

6 7.

EM , V I,

1 93, 7 83.

6 8.

E M , V I,

1 60, 4 79; 18119,

6 9.

EM , V I, 2 37, 1 75180.

7 0.

H IC ,

7 1.

I bid., 7 3,

7 2.

I bid ., 1 50, 2 24; 1 72, 1 23;

I II ,

I V ,

3 92, 3 2-34.

2 08.

6 7-69.

2 93, 1 0 11.

I V , 7 55,

1 V ,

I I,

I II,

4 12, 3 96; E M ,

I V , 7 76,

3 58; 8 34,

4 16, 4 39; 4 2 1,

6 82; H IC ,

I II,

4 73;

4 35, 6 06.

3 12a-3 13. 3 9-40.

1 63, 5 30.

1 69-170.

14116; 5 92, 3 6 1.

5 53, 1 62163.

I V ,

4 74.

4 23.

1 , 4 9-50,

1 ,

I I, 3 99, 1 3.

i ii, 2 8, 1 29a; 4 7; 8 5, 1 4 1;

3 2-41; 2 14, 1 0 1410 17.

4 4, 2 61. 9 1,

1 88. 1 76, 1 52.

3 4

f or

a ssociation

7 3 .

R IC , V1 i , 9 9, 4 00.

7 4 .

I bid ., p . 5 7, n os . 2 50-25 1, 2 55; 9 9, 3 97-399; 14, 6 0.

7 5 .

I bid., 1 55, 2 76.

7 6.

I bid ., 1 35, 5 9; 1 42, 1 43-144; 1 68, 4 23.

7 7.

I bid., 1 36, 6 6; 1 76, 5 11-5 11b; 1 85, 6 10; a bove, 1 314.

7 8.

I bid ., 11, 2 5.

7 9 .

I bid., 2 30, 2 22.

8 0.

1 bid ., 2 18, 9 8-99; 2 24, 1 65167; 2 29, 2 16-218; 2 30, 2 19-220.

8 1.

R IC , V , i i,

8 2.

I bid ., 3 5 1, 1 65; 3 63, 3 26-327; 3 68,

8 3 .

I bid., 3 40,

8 4 .

R IC , V ,

8 5 .

I bid., 3 93, 6 5-70;

8 6.

I bid ., 4 09, 1 07108.

8 7.

I bid ., 4 10, 1 2 1124 a nd 1 26-129; 4 12, 1 58; 4 23, 2 66-267.

8 8 .

I bid.,

8 9 .

I bid ., 3 3 1, 5 6 a nd 5 8; 3 58, 9 2.

9 0.

I bid., 7 6-77,

9 1.

I bid., 2 8, 9 8.

9 2 .

I bid ., 1 36, 1 6; 1 85, 3 49; 1 66, 2 16-2 17; 1 94, 4 04.

9 3 .

R IC , 2 04,

9 4 .

R IC , V ,

9 5 .

I bid., 4 75, 1 36; 4 77, 1 60; 4 78, 1 63; 5 38, 9 29-933; a nd 9 99.

9 6 .

I bid., 4 77, 1 58; 5 20, 6 62-663 a nd 6 65-666.

9 7.

I bid., 5 2 1, 6 7 1.

9 8.

I bid ., 5 32, 8 31; 5 42, 1 000; 5 44, 1 026.

9 9 .

I bid., 5 62,

3 44, 8 5.

3 8; 3 44, 8 7; H C ,

3 83.

I V , 9 0, 3 9-40.

i i, 2 5 1, 1 64; 3 60, 2 8 1; 3 63, 3 28.

4 23,

3 98, 1 29.

2 65; 4 25, 2 88 a nd 2 9 1.

5 60-562 a nd 5 66-569.

V , i i, 2 29, 8 5-90; 2 68-269, 4 17-423; 2 98, 6 42-643; R IC , 6 28-629; 4 78 , 1 94.

V I,

i i, 4 78, 1 65166; 4 98, 4 04-405; 5 52, 1 314; 5 44, 3 2.

4 2-44.

3 5

5 42,

9 96-997

1 00.

R IC , V II,

p p .

1 0 1.

R IC , V II,

p .

1 02.

I bid ., 3 28, 2 80; 3 31, 2 98; 5 27, 2 04; 5 55, 9 9; 5 77, 4 4; 5 83, 8 .

1 03.

I bid., p p . 5 4-55; 5 76, 4 3.

1 04.

I bid .,

1 05.

R IC ., V III,

1 06.

I bid ., 1 23, 3 4-35; 1 63164, 3 18-327a; 1 88189, 1 53176; 2 17, 2 02.

1 07.

I bid .,

1 08.

R IC , V III, 1 65, 3 32-337.

1 09.

R IC ,

10.

I bid., 4 3, 3 a-b; 6 2, 3 a-b.

11.

M attingly, 2 44.

12.

I bid., 2 41-242.

13.

R IC , I X , 1 53, 3 4-35; 1 84, 4 6-47; 1 97, 2 3; 2 25, 4 8; 2 57, 2 8; 2 84, 4 3; r eminiscent, p erhaps, o f t he V ictoria i nscribing ' V1 o n a s hield o n t he e arly S AL t JS G ENERIS H UMANI i ssues o f G alba.

14.

I bid., 1 97, 2 5; 2 33, 8 2; 2 45, 2 4.

15.

H C , V , 4 79, 1 -4; 4 87, 4 .

16.

R IC , I X , 1 33134, 6 4a-e; 1 88,

17.

H C , V , 4 82, 1 0.

18.

I bid., 4 62, 1 -2.

19.

M attingly, 2 40 a nd p late L XIII ,

5 3; 16, 3 00; 6 2 1, 1 30;

5 7 1, 1 2; 6 90, 7 6.

6 2-64; 3 64, 3 6.

p p .

p .

4 6-56; M attingly, 2 29-244.

p p.

3 9-40; 4 03, 2 0-2 1. 1 88-

1 2; M attingly, 2 31, n ote 1 , a nd 2 39.

I X , 1 45, l a-b ; 1 73174, 1 a nd 3 a-b.

3 6

6 5a-c;

1 2.

1 95, 7 0a-c.

C HAPTER T HREE :

A .

T HE E VIDENCE O F T HE ACTS O F T HE A RVAL B ROTHERS

I ntroduction

T he F ratres A rvales w ere a n a rchaic p riestly c ollege d edicated t o t he c ult o f a n a gricultural d eity , t he D ea D ia . T hey w ere r evived a nd e nhanced i n i mportance a s p art o f t he r evival a nd r eorganisation b y A ugustus o f r eligious p ractices a nd p riesthoods. H enceforth , a s i n t he c ase o f t he o ther m a jor p riesthoods a t R ome , t heir p rime f unction w as t he p etitioning a nd t hanking o f t he g ods ( with v ows a nd s acrifices) o n b ehalf o f t he i mperial f amily. T heir mem bership o f t welve, s elected b y c o-optation , w as r estricted t o s mall g roup w ithin t he r uling c lass a nd a lways i ncluded t he e mperor. O ur k nowledge o f t hem d erives a lmost e ntirely f r o n t he r ecords o f t heir m tings a nd c ult-acts. T hese r ecords , i nscribed o n m arble t ablets, a h ave s urvived i n r emarkable q uantity a nd h ave b een f ound i n s everal p laces i n R ome, b ut c hiefly o utside R ome a t t he B rothers ' s acred g rove a t t he f ifth m ilestone o n t he V ia C ampana, a nd h ere , m ost n otably, d uring t he e xcavations o f 1 867187 1. T he r ecords c over t he p eriod f r o n 2 1 B C t o ' P D 2 4 1, t hough u nevenly, a s i s a lso t he c ase w ith r egard t o t he f ragments a ttesting t he v ows a nd s acrifices d irected t o S alus w hich d ate f ran t he p eriod A D 3 8 t o 2 3 1. T he c ult-acts a ddressed t o S alus t ook p lace i n s everal l ocations b ut c hiefly ' in C apitolio ', which must r efer t o o ne o f t he s uccessive t emples o f t he C apitoline T riad o n t he C apitoline H ill. I nterestingly , S alus i s n ever h onoured i n h er o wn p restigious t emple o n t he Q uirinal H ill, a f act w hich l ed W . H en zen t o s uggest t hat t he Q uirinal t emple , b urnt d own i n t he r eign o f C laudius, w as n ever r ebuilt. W e a lready k now t hat p ublic c ult-acts w ere p erformed i n t he p rovinces o n o ccasions s uch a s t hose c ommemorated i n t he r ecords o f t he Arvals , c ertainly o n a nnual o ccasions s uch a s t he v ota o J anuary 3 a nd t he d ies i mperii, b ut p erhaps a lso o n s pecial o ccasions . F ragments o f i nscriptions f ound a t C yrene a nd P tolemais i n C yrenaica, a nd a t S armizegetusa i n D acia, no w s eem t o i ndicate t hat t hese a cts m ay h ave been r emarkably s imilar t o t hose o f t he A rvals i n t erms o f t he 4 f ormulae u sed a nd i n t he r ecords m ade ( and p ublicly d isplayed ) o f t hem . T he e vidence i s d escribed i n c ategories d etermined b y t he t ype o ccasion b eing c elebrated: w ithin t hese t he a rrangement c hronological.

3 7

o f i s

B .

T he A nnual V ows f or t he W elfare o f t he f l uperor o n J anuary 3

1 . A D 3 8 T his i s t he e arliest e vidence f or t he etablishment o f a nnual v ota f or t he w elfare o f t he e mperor o n J anuary 3 . T he words o f t he a ctual v ow , w hich w ould h ave b een a ddressed i n f ull t o J upiter , do n ot s urvive, b ut i t i s a pparent f ran t he w ords u sed i n a f urther p romise o f g old a nd s ilver t o h im , t hat h e h ad b een p rc i nised a h as a uratus . U sing t he a ctual w ords o f a dlress, which a re a n a bbreviated version o f, a nd r efer t o , t he i nvocation t o J upiter O ptir nus M aximus, a b os a urata i s t hen v owed i n t urn t o b oth J uno R egina a nd M inerva: ( for e xample) -

l uno R egina, q uae i n v erba b y! 0 M . b ove a urato v ovi e sse f uturum , q uad h oc d ie v ovi, a st t u e a i ta f axis, t ur n t ibi c olle[gii] f ratrum A rvalium nanine b ove a urata v oveo e sse f uturu [ ur n1 . F inally, t he r ecord c hanges t o i ndirect r eport ing : i n e adem v erba v ovit d eae D iae , S alut!, D ivo A ugusto ( the s ub ject b eing t he p ranagister o f t he c ollege ) • 6

2 . A D 5 8 F ragments r ecord t he m aking o f v ows p ro s alute o f N ero a nd O ctavia a nd t he s acrifices i n f ulfilment o f t he p revious y r 's v ows. T hey i ndicate t hat t his y ear t wo v ictims w ere p romised: t o t he C apitoline T riad, S aluti P ubli [i cae...], a nd t o t he t hree d lvi, A ugustus, L ivi a nd C laudius . T he D ea D ia i s a n o bvious omission f rom t he l ist o f 3 8.

3 . A D 5 9 T he

o nly

n otable

c hange, e vident f ran t he

r ecords,

w hich

a re

a lmost c omplete, f or t his o ccasion , c ompared w ith t he v ota o f t he p revious y ear, i s t hat , w hereas t he C apitoline T riad a nd S alus P ublica r eceive t he v ows i n C apitolio , t he d lvi r eceive t heir i nvocations i n t he n ew t emple o f A ugustus. T he m agister o f t he C ollege p rona inges t he w ords o f t he v ow a t t he d ictation o f a nother b rother ( a c onsul).

4 . A D 6 0 A part f rom m inor c hanges i n t he w ording a nd a s r egards t he p ersons p articipating , t he f ulfilment a nd r en al o f t he vows f or t h s alus o f N ero a nd O ctavia a re r ecorded i dentically t o t hose o f A D 5 9.

5 . A D 6 9 ( Galba) T he

f ragments

r eferring t o t his y ear 's v ota

i ndicate

o nly

t wo

sm all c hanges c ompared w ith t heir p erformance i n 5 9 a nd 6 0: n ow çly s ingle v ictims a re v owed a nd S alus s eems t o b e w ithout her e pithet.'

3 8

6 . A D 7 7 T he r emaining f ragmen t s hows t hat t he s acrifices i n f ulfilmen t o f t he p revious ye ar 's v ota a re o f t wo v ictims e ach t o t he m embers o f t he C apitolin T riad a nd S alus P ublica, t he d lvi n o l onger b eing h onoured. 1

7 . A D 7 8 T he c omplete r ecord f or t his y ear s hows t hat , a fter t he f ulfilment o f t he v ota u ndertaken i n 7 7, s ingle v ictims w ere p romised f or t he f ollowing y ear . T he C apitoline t emple i s t he o ne l ocation i n t he a bsence o f v ows t o , o r s acrifices f or , t he d ivi ( as i n 7 7). J upiter ( Optimus M aximus) a nd JU f lD ( Regina) n ow r eceive t heir e pithets, t hough S alus does n ot . T he l ist o f r ecipients a nd v ictims i s r epeated p ro T (ito )...Caesare.

8 . A D 8 1 T he r ecord, t hough n ow f ragmentary, w as a pparently f uller t han i n p revious y ears, w here t he r ecords f or t he v ota s urvive . A fter t he v ows o f t he p revious y ear w ere f ulfilled ( in t he C apitoline t emple) w ith t wo v ictims e ach f or t he m embers o f t he C apitoline T riad a nd S alus P ublica, v ows were u ndertaken f or t he caning y ear a n b ehalf o f t he e mperor, o f tm ttian C aesar, a nd o f J ulia A ugusta a nd h er c hildren. T he m agister p ronounced t he n ew vota i n t erms d ictated b y b rother. F or t his y ear t he a ddress t o t he d eities, i n d irect i s r ecorded w ith m ost o f t hat t o J upiter s urviving :

a nother s peech ,

l uppiter 0 .M ., S i i n ip (e rator)... e t C aesar Da nitianus v ivent danusque e orum i ncolumis e rit a . d . I II n on . I an ., q uae p roximae p (opulo ) R . Q (ulritium ) r ei p (ublicae) p . R . Q . [ erunt , f uer] i nt , e t e um e osque s alvos s ervaveris e x j ricu1is, [ tunc t ibi n a n line c ollegi f ratrum A rvalium b ubus a u [ratis I I v ovemus e sse f uturu ]m . 13 . . .

. . .

T he g eneral f orm o f t he s hortened a ddress t o t he o ther d eities, r eferring t o t he a ddress t o J upiter, i s i ndicated i n t he r ecords f or t he v ota o f A D 3 8 ( where t he f ull a ddress t o J upiter d oes n ot s urvive )

9 . A D 8 6 T he v ota f or 8 6 ( the n ex t : s urviving a fter 8 1), t hough f ragmentary , a re e ssentially s imilar t o t hose p receding. H owever , t he s acrifices f ulfilling t he v ows o f 8 5 a re o f g ilded o xen , a nd t hose p romised f or 8 7 ( again f or t nitian a nd t he A ugustae) a re g ilded a nd white o xen . T he a ddress t o S alus c an b e r estored f rom t he s urviving f ragment a nd w ith r eference t o t hose t o J uno a nd M inerva : -

3 9

[ Salus P ub llica p opuli R omani Qu iritium , q uae i n v erba I unoni R egin (a e ) [ bove fnina a u ]r at h vovi e sse f uturum , q uod h odie v ovi, a st t u e a i ta f ax ( i s), [ tur n t ibi i n e adem v erl b a na nine c ollegi f ratrum A rval m b ove f m in (a ) [ alba a urata voveo e sse f luturum . T he a ddress t o J uno ,

i n t urn , r efers t o t hat t o J upiter .1 6

1 0. AD 8 7 T his y ear 's r ecorded a nd a s

r eport i s b y f ar t he f ullest , b oth e xtant, w ith r espect t o b oth d etail

a s o riginally a nd l anguage .

T here i s a lso a s ignificant d evelopment . F irstly ,

t here

i s

a

s tatement

t hat ,

b ecause

t he

g ods

h ave

r esponded f avourably t o t he p revious v ota , t he c ollege h as d ecreed t he f ulfilment a nd . renewal o f v ows p ro s alute e t i ncolumitate o f D a nitian , o f t he t wo A uqustae a nd o f t he w hole i mperial h ouse , t o t he C apitoline T riad a nd S alus P ublica P opuli R c inani Q uiritium . T here i s a rem arkable d eparture, h owever, i n t hat i n t he p reamble t he v ows a re c alled t he v ota o' i s t erra[ruml. T he l ocation i s i n C apitolio i n p ro [nao l ovis].

T here f ollows a d etailed d escription o f t he p erformance o f t he s acrifices, a nnounced a bove , b y t he a cting m agister : t ure e t v ino i n i gne i n f oculo f ecit i nmlavitq (u e ) v ino , m ç a c ultroque l ovi ( list o f d eities) e xta a ulicocta r eddidit . T he v ictims a re d escribed si mp ly a s o xen ( of a ppropriat s ex ) w hereas i n f act w hite a nd g ilded o nes h ad a ctually b een p romised . ‚ 9 L astly, t he r enewal o f t he v ota i s d escribed w ith t he a ddress r eproduced i n d irect s peech a nd e nding w ith t hat t o S alus P ublica P opuli R omani Q uiritium ( her n a r re i n f ull a nd u nabbreviated) w hich i s e ssentially t hat o f A D 8 6 ( referring t o t he v ow o f J uno , w hich i s s hortened , i n t urn , b y i ts r efe r c e t o t he v ow t o J upiter ). T he v ictims v owed a re a ll g ilded o xen .

1. A D 9 1

T he r ecord o f t his o ccasion , f or w hich o nly p arts o he n ew v ows f -t a ddressed t o t he d eities s urvive , c ontains a nother rem arkable i nnovation . T he a ddress t o S alus i s c omplete a nd , e ssentially , i s t he s ame a s t hat o f 8 7 ( except t hat t he r eference i s m ade d irectly t o t he a ddress t o J upiter). H owe ver, s he i s h ere, n 9 quely, c alled S alus A ugusta P (ublica ) p (opuli) R (c i tani) Q (uiritium).

T he c hange i n p erception o f t he w ell-being o f t he s tate i mplied b y t he c hange a pparent i n t he v ota o f 9 1 s eems t o b e m anifested e lsewhere i n t he r ecords o f t he A rvals i n t he i nstitution , i n 8 6, o f n ew a nnual v ota o n J anuary 2 2 a ddressed o nly t o J upiter . I n v arying d egrees o f f ullness t hey s urvive f or 8 6, 8 7, 8 9 a nd 9 0, a nd t here s eems t o b e n o o ther c ause f or t hese v ota2Q ther t han p ro s alute ( et i ncolumitate i n 8 7) o f t he e mperor a lone

4 0

I n t he v i ( reported i n f ull f or 8 6, 8 7 a nd 9 0, a nd f ully e xtant f or 8 6), which i s s imilar t o t hat o f J anuary 3 Ii idtian i s r eferred t o a s e x c uius i ncolu rnitate a nniu r n s alus c onstat . T he p ractice m ay h ave c eased a fter 9 0, t he y ear b efore t he e xceptional v ota o f J anuary 3 , 9 1. K .H . S chwarte s uggests t hat t he n ew v ota o f J anuary 2 2 i ndicate t hat a r einterpretation o f t he r elationship b e geen t he p ublic w ellb eing a nd t hat o f t he e mperor h ad t aken p lace . T hus, i n t hese n ew vota t he w elfare o f a ll i s s tated e xplicitly t o d epend u pon t he p erson o f t he e mperor . T his, t hen , m ay i ndicate h e s ignificance o f t he p hrase vota o rbis t errarum o f J anuary 3 , 8 7. 2 S chwarte s uggests t hat t his d escription a nd t hat o f D znitian i n t he n ew v ota a re t he i ndications o f a p olicy d esigned t o b roaden t he s ignificance o f t he s alus o f t he e mperor b y t he d esignation o f t he e mperor a s t he m ediator o f t he welfare, n ot o nly o f t he R oman p eople, b ut o f a ll t he i nhabitants o f t he e mpire. T his p rocess w as c arried f urther i n t he r eign o f T ra ja n , w ith r egard t o b oth t he v ota o f J anuary 3 a nd t he o ath o f a llegiance o n t he d ies i mperii, a nd i s p erhaps r lected i n t he i mperial c oinage o f T ra ja n , H adrian a nd A ntoninus P ius. T he s ignificance o f t he d evelopment o f J anuary 3 , 9 1, i s t hat n ow, i n a n u nprecedented w ay, S alus P ublica h erself i s e xplicitly a ssociated with t he p erson o f t he e mperor ( by t he e pithet A ugusta): p reviously, t he e mper or ' s welfare h ad b een s ought f rom , a mong o ther d eities, S alus P ublica P opuli R omani , t he a utonomou s p rotector o f t he w elfare o f t he whole R oman s tate . N ow , t he i mplication s eems t o b e t hat t he e mperor i s t he m ediator t hrough w hich S alus P ublica m ust a ct . 1 2. A D 1 69 t o 1 77 S alus i s a ttested o nly o nce o n t he f ew f ragments b elonging t o t he r eign o f M arcus A urelius, a nd t hen n o ne o f t hos e t hr ee w hich p robably r elate t o t he v ota o n J anuary 3 •2 F rom a c omposite r econstruction b ased o n t hese t hree f ragements, i t s eems l ikely t hat i n t his p eriod t he v ota h ave u ndergone a c hange i n f orm . I n t he a ddress t o J upiter, t he e mperor 's s afety i s s ought b ut a fter t hat o f t he r es p ublica i mperium Ranan , e xercitus, s ocii, n ationes q uae s ub d icione p opu1i R omani Q . s unt . T he f ragment , f ated b etween 1 69 a nd 1 77, a ttests t he i nclusion o f S alus P [ublical : t he n ames o f J uno a nd M inerva h ave t o b e c ompletely r estored o n a ll t he f ragments a s d o t he v ictims, t hough i t i s c lear t hat t hese a re g ilded a nd p lural.

1 3. A D 1 83 F rom t he f ragment o f t he r eport, i t i s c lear t hat , i n c ontrast t o t he s ituation u nder M arcus, t he s afeguarding o f t he e mperor 's s alus i s t he p rime, i ndeed t he o nly, o b jective: v otorum s olutorum e t n o [vorum ] ( or n u [ncupandoru in ]) c ausa p ro s alute i mp . ( in Cpito1io). S ingle o xen ( of a ppropriate s ex ) w ere s acrificed t o t he mem bers o f 3 2 t he C apitoline T riad a nd [ Sal l uti P ublicae p( opili) R( a nani).

4 1

1 4. A D 2 3 1 F or t he f irst t ime t he l c ation f or t he v ota i s s pecified a s i n C apitolio a nte c ellam I unonis R eginae . T he f ragment t ells u s t hat t he w elfare o f J ulia M anmaea t otiusque dar ius d ivinae e oru [r n j was s ought i n a ddition t o t hat o f t he e mperor . T he r ecipients o f t he s acrifices, p erformed i n f ulfilment , a re t he Cap itoline T riad a nd S alus P ublica P (opuli) R (c ani), t he v ictims b eing s ingle a nd g ilded. 3 3

C .

S acrifices i n C elebration o f t he ' Dies I mperii'

3 4

1 . A D 6 9, c . J anuary 1 6 ( Otho ) T he r ecord f or t his o ccasion i s v ery f ragmentary. Following t he C apitoline T riad ( restored), t he l ist o f r ecipients ( promised s ingle v ictims) i ncludes V i toria, S alus ( perhaps w ithout e pithet) a nd t he G enius I psius ( Otho) .

2 . A D 6 9, M ay 1 ( Vitellius) T his, m uch f uller, r ecord t ells u s t hat V itellius' d ies i mperii, t hough c elebrated n ow, w as a ctually A pril 1 9. S acrifices were p erforme d,i n o r i n f ront o f t he C apitoline t emple, f or t he m embers o f t he C apitoline T riad, J upiter V ictor , S alus ( no e pithets), F elicitas a nd t he G enius P opuli a ni, a nd i n t he F orum A ugus t ur n f or M ars U ltor a nd t he G enius I psius.

3 . A D 8 1, S eptember 1 4 ( Dc initian ) D c initian 's d ies i mperii i s c elebrated i n C apitolio w ith s ingle s acri 3ces t o J upiter 0 . M ., J uno R egina, M inerva, S alus, F elicitas a nd M ars.

D .

' Vota ' f or t he W elfare o f t he N ew E mperor

1 . A D 6 9, J anuary 3 0 ( Otho ) T hese a re t he f irst v ota, f or w hich t he r ecord s urvives, m ade a fter t he a ccession o f an ew e mperor a nd d istinct f rom t hose o f J anuary 3 ( Otho b ecame e mperor o n J anuary 1 5). O tho h imself i s m agister o f t he c ollege. C elebratory s acrifices ( not i n f ulfilment o f v ows) a re p erformed , a nd t he u sual ( appropriate t o J anuary 3 ), a nd s ingle, v ictims a re v owed, i n o r i n f ront o f t he C apitoline t emple, f or t he f ollowing J anuary 3 ( the e mperor b eing s afe u p t o t hat d ate, b eing t he u nderstood c ondition i n t he r eported l anguage o f t he r ecord), t o t he C apitoline T riad , S alus P( u blic P( o puli) R( c t nani), a nd t he t hree d lvi ( Augustus , L ivia a nd C laudius).

4 2

2 . A D 8 1, O ctober 1 ( Dc i nitian ) S imilarly , s acrifices a re n ow p erformed i n C apitolio , o b v otoru r n c [o] r imendandorum c ausa p ro s alute e t i ncolumitate C aesaris: s ingle v ictims t o t he m embers o f t he C apitoline T riad, S alus a nd t he G enius I psius . T he v ota t hemselves, a gain i n C apitolio , i n a nnum p roximum ... pro s alute i mp (e ratoris) ( with n o d ate e n, p romise t he s ame v ictims t o a ll b ut t he G enius I psius; t he s ame r ecipien a re l isted i n t urn p ro s alute o f D itia A ugusta a nd J ulia A ugusta.

E .

E xtraordinary V ows o r S acrifices f or t he I mperial H ealth o r S afety

1 . A D 5 0 5 4, J une 2 8 : N ero C aesar -

V ows ( only)

f or t he

R estoration t o H ealth o f

I n t he C apitoline t emple t he C apitoline T riad a nd S alus a re t he r ecipients o f v ota p romising a b os a uratus t o J upiter O .M . a nd a b os a urata t o e ach o f t he g oddesses . N otably, d espite h er b eing i nvoked l ast , S alus a s w ell a s J upiter, r eceives t he v ow i n f ull: [ Sa]lus P ublica p opuli R omani Q [uiritium , t e q uaesumus p recam ]urque, u ti t u N eronem C lau[dium , s] alvc i r t i ncolumemqie c on [s erves e t i n r eli g uan malae v ]aletudinis p rino q uo g ue [ tempore p raestes expertem ; q uae s i i ta s unt e lruntve, a stu e a i ta f acxsis, t um [ nos b ove a urata t ibi v ovemus e sse f uturum ]. T his i s e xceptional a nd i s p resumably b ecause o f t he o ccasion . 40

2 . A D 5 9, April 5 :

' Pro S alute N eronis'

S acrifices o nly w ere p erformed a s a r esult o f a d ecree o f t he S enate f or s upplicationes . . . p ro s alute N eronis, t he o ccasion b eing Nero 's ' deliverance ' f rom t he a lleged p lot o f A grippina . A fter t he C apitoline T riad a nd S al ( 'Publica ' h as t o b e r estored), t he r ecipients w ere P rovidentia (2c ow), t he G enius o f N ero ( a b ull) a nd t he D ivus A ugustus ( a m ale o x). I n c ontrast t o t he e arlier v ota f or Nero ' s health , t he C apitoline T riad r eceive t heir m ore u sual v ictims: a m ale o x f or J upiter a nd c ows f or t he g oddesses.

3 . A D 1 83

( after M ay ) a nd 1 86 ( date u nknown ):

' Pro S alute I mperatoris '

F ragments p rovide e vidence o f t wo, p robably i dentical, i n C apitolio , when s acrifices o nly w ere o ffered s imply

o ccasions, p ro s alute

i mp (e ratoris), p erhaps c elebrating Ca i inodus ' s alvation f rom c onspiracies . S alus ( without e pithet) i s a ttested f or b oth o ccasions, r eceiving a b ove in f eminam i n 1 83 a nd a c ow i n 1 86. I n 1 83 S aluti f ollows t he C apitoline T riad a nd p recedes P rovidentia D eorum a nd a deity whose n ame i s r estored a s t hat o f t he G enius o f t he f l i nperor o n t he b asis o f t he s urvival o f t aurum a s t he l ast s acrifice o ffered i n 1 86. A part f rom t his i ndication , t ogether w ith [ Sal l uti v acca in a nd t he s urvival o f b ovem m ere n i a s t he f irst v ict im , t he d eity a nd v ictim l ist

4 3

f or 1 86 h as t o b e r estored. 43

F .

F or I mrerial B irthdays

1 . A D 5 5, D ecember 1 5:

N ero

O n t his o c sion t he Cap itoline T riad , S alus a nd t he G enius o f N ero r eceived s acrifices i n C apitolio . T his r ecord w as p reserved i n a m anuscript w hich , f or t he l ast l ine o f t he e ntry , r ead S aluti e ius b .m . G enio e ius v accam . T his H enzen would n ot a ccept a nd , r ightly, a lso o b jected t o t he i nappropriate v t i ins: t hus h e p ublished S aluti P ublicae v accam G enio e ius t aurum . S . W einstock f inds s upport f or t he i dea o f a S alus E ius ( i.e. S alus A ugusti) i n t he p ossibility o f s uch a c ult u nder G aius: this m ay b e i ndicated b y t he a llegation i n C assi 9 D io t hat G aius s wore o aths b y t he t yche a nd s oteria o f h is h orse. F or t he s tory t o h ave b een p lausible, t here w ould h ave t o h ave b een a c ult o f t he S alus o f G aius. W einstock s uggests t hat t he i mplied r e-establishment o f t he c ult u nder N ero m et w ith o pposition which r esulted i n i ts r eplacement, i n t he a cts o f t he A rvals o n s ucceeding b irthdays, b y S alus P ub l ica.

2 . AD 5 7, N ovember 6 :

A grippina A ugusta

O n t his o ccasion t he m agister c ollegi f ratrum Arvalium nanine s acrificed i n C apitolio , t o t he C apitoline T ri ad ( Jupiter a nd J uno w ithout e pithets), S alus P ublica a nd C oncordia.

3 . A D 5 8, N ovember 6 :

' Ob N atalem Agrippinae A ug (usti) Matris '

T he o nly n otab19 c hange i n t hi s o ccas ion i s t hat C oncordia i s q ualifie d b y i psius.' 7

4 . A D 5 8, D ecember 1 5:

n ow

N ero

T his y ear S alus P ublica 4 8 ( following t he C apitoline T riad ) r eceives a c . I n a ddition , a nd f ollowing S alus, C oncordia Hon oris A grippinae A ug ( tae) r eceives a c ow . T he G enius o f N ero r emains a nd r eceives a b ull.

5 . A D 5 9, D ecember 1 5:

N ero

T his y ear t he 3 1 c rif i ces a nd v enue ( the C apitoline t emple) a re t he s ame , b ut F elicitas r eplaces C oncordia I onoris A grippinae A ug (u stae), A grippina h aving b een m urdered i n M arch .5

4 4

G .

S acrifices

to b

A doptionem N eronis':

A D 5 9, F ebruary 2 5 52

T he s acrifices , m ade i n C apitollo , w ere f or t he me mb ers o f C apitoline T riad a nd S alus P ublica, a ll r eceiving s ingle v ictims. T he a doption w as t hat b y C laudius, p robably i n A D 5 0.

H .

T he E lection o f t he E mperor t o t he T ribunician P ower

1 . A D 6 9, F ebruary 2 8 ( Otho ) S ingle v ictims a re s acrificed i n t he C apitoline m embers o f t he C apitoline T riad , S alus ( without e pit t he G enius P opuli Rmani a nd t he G enius I psius ( Otho).

t emple t o t he ts), V ictoria ,

2 . A D 6 9, April 3 0 ( Vitellius) F or V itellius, t he s ituation c hanges o nly i n t he o miss i on V ictoria aW t he G enius o f t he R oman P eople f rom t he l ist r ecipients.

I .

o f o f

F or t he W elfare a nd R eturn o f t he f l nperor

1 . A D 5 9, J une 2 3:

S acrifices f or t he R eturn o f N ero

S acrifices w ere p erformed a t t hree p laces p ro s alute e t r editu Nero . T he m embers o f t he C apitoline T riad , S alus P ublica , F elicitas a nd a nother g oddess w hose n ame d oes n ot s urvive, a ll r eceive s ingle v ictims, p robably i n C apitolio. I n t he n ew t emple o f A ugustus , a ppropriate v icti m s a re o ffered t o t he d lvi ( Augustus, L ivia a nd C laudius), t hough s ame r estoration o f t he r ecord i s n ecessary. I n t he Forum A ugustum , M ars U ltor a nd t he G enius o f N ero b oth r eceive a b ull. 57

2 . A D 5 9, S eptember 1:

S acrifices f or t he W elfare a nd R eturn o f N ero

I n t he C apitoline t emple t he u sual, s ingle, v ictims a re o ffered t o t he m embers o f t he C apitoline T riad pro ( salute e t r ieditu N eronis. S alus a nd t he G enius I psius r eceive t heir s acrifices i n t he F orum Augustum , n d t he D ii P enates r eceive a c ow i n f ront o f t he D mus Ex nitiana. 5

3 . A D 6 9, M arch 1 4:

V ows f or t he W elfare a nd R eturn o f O tho

A s b efi ed t he o ccasion ( Otho 's d eparture t o con front t he f orces o f V itellius " ' )v ota w ere u ndertaken p ro s [al]ute e t r e itu , p romising s ingle v ictims t o t he m embers o f t he C apitoline T riad , S alus P (ublica) P (opuli) R (o r nani) a nd t he t hree d ivi. T he l ocation i s n ot m entioned, p erhaps because n o s acrifices w ere p erformed . T he n ame o f O tho w as s hortly t o b e r g laced b y t hat o f V itellius w hich i tself w as t o b e p artially e rased.

4 5

4 . A D 8 9, J an ii ary 2 9: R eturn o f D c itian

V ows F ulfilled a nd

R enewed f or t he W elfare a nd

T here i s a s tartling c ontrast b etween t he t erseness 6 1 o f t he r ecord o f t hese a cts, p erformed a t t he h eight o f t he w ar a gainst t he M arcomappi a nd Q uadi, c ompared w ith t he r ecord o f t he vota o f J anuary 3 , 8 7. ° ' E ven t he e mperor 's t itles a re k ept t o a m inimum . T he r ecipients, i n C ' apitolio a d v ota s olvenda e t n uncupanda p ro s alute e t r e[ditu], a re s imply l isted , a ll b ut o ne w ithout e pithets, a nd without e ven t he p erfoL l lei o r p romised s acrifices b eing s pecified : 1 0v!, l unoni, M inervae, M arti, S aluti, Fortunae, V ictor i e Reduci, [ Genlo 1 x )]puli R c z nani; S alus b eing no w m oved t o f ift h p lace. °3

J .

F or t he W elfare a nd A rrival i n Ra re o f t he f l i iperor

1 . A D 6 3 ( date u ncertain ):

S acrifices f or t he A rrival o f N ero

T hree d ays b efore t he i des o f M arch, A pril o r M ay o f A D 6 3, S alus P ublica p robably r eceived a n o ffering ( in t he Cap itoline t emple) f or t he arrival b ack i n R ome o f N ero, P oppaea a nd C laudia: I . .. p u] blicae v accam i s e xtant a fter t he n ames o f t he Cap itoline T riad . A ccording t o t he f ragment, t he l ist o f r ecipients c ontinued w ith a nother deity ( whose n ame d oes n ot s urv.ye), S pes, t he G enius o f N ero , P oppaea A ugusta a nd C laudia A ugust a .°

2 . A D 6 9 ( date u nknown ): A rrival o f V itellius

S acrifices

o r

V ows

f or

t he

W elfare

a nd

P resumably i n a bout J uly, t he B rothers e ither p erformed s acrifices o r u ndertook v ows [ pro ] s alute e t a [dventu ] i nto R ome o f V itellius . [spite t he f ragmentary s tate o f t he r ecord , t he p erformances, a ctual o r p romised , s eem i dentical t o t hose p erformed o n t he d ies i mperii o f V itellius, a part f rom t he omission, p resumably i n error , o f t he v ictims. O nly t he f irst t hree l etters 9 f S aluti s urvive a nd n othing o f t he n ames o f t he f ollowing t wo d eities.

3 . A D 18 ( two o ccasions o n u nknown d ates): o f H adrian

S acrifices f or t he A rrival

F ragments i ndicate t hat o n t wo o cr s ions a t u nknown d ates i n 18 s acrifices w ere p erformed o b a dventum o f t he e mperor ( perhaps f rom S yria a nd f t iesia r espectively). T he t wo p erformances s can l ikely t o h ave b een i dentical , f r o m w hat l ittle r emains : S alus i s c ertainly h onoured o nce , a fter t he Cap itoline W ad a nd b efore M ars U ltor a nd V ictoria ( all w ith s ingle v ictims), a nd m ay h ave been s imilarly h onoured t he o ther , s omewhat P arlier, e vent which t ook p lace i n c pitolio .

4 6

K .

F or t he W elfare , R eturn a nd V ictory o f t he E mperor

1 . A D 6 9, M arch 1 :

S acrifices

' Ob L auram P ositam '

( Otho )

T he r ecipients o f ( single) s acrifices ( performed i n t he Cap itoline t emple) i n c elebration o f a n u nnamed v ictory ( perhaps t hat a gainst t he R oxolani i n ' besia) w ere: t he m embers o f t he Cap itoline T riad, S alus ( no e pit 1 t ), M ars, a nd t he G enius I psius. O tho h imself w as n ow m agister. °

2 . A D 1 01, M arch 2 5: T ha ia n

V ows f or

t he

W elfare,

R eturn

a nd

V ictory o f

T he o ccasion f or t he l engthiest s urviving r eport i s t he o pening o f T ra jan 's f irst rc i an c ampaign , a nd v ows o nly a re u ndertaken ( in C pitolio ) p ro s alute e t r editu e t v ictoria o f t he e mperor . T he v ow , p romising a g ilded o x t o J upiter O ptinus M aximus, i s a n e xtended a nd modified v ersion t he f orm o f v ow k nown t o u s f rom t he J anuary 3 v ota o f 9 1 a nd b efore . A fter i t cane t he i ndividual, a nd a lmost i dentical ( ap ert f rom t he victims ), i nvocations t o t he o ther d eities, s hortened b y t heir r eference t o t he i nvocation t o J upiter . S alus, a ddressed, u niquely , a s S alus R ei P ub (licae) P (opuli) R (c t nani) Q uiritium , ca nes f ifth a fter t he Cap itoline T riad a nd J ove V ictor, a nd b efore M ars P ater , M ars V ictor , V i oria , F ortuna R edux , V esta Mater , N eptune P ater a nd H ercules V ictor.

3 . A D 2 13, Oct ober 6 : a nd J ulia Dauna

F or t he W elfare a nd G erman

V ictory o f C aracalla

A s ubstantially e xtant r ecord a ttests s acrifices i n C apitolio a nte c ellam l unonis R eg (ir iae) o b s alute j u ] v ictoriamque G ermanicam o f C aracalla a nd J ulia ( D cn ina ) A ugusta . S alus P ublica, f ollowing t he C apitoline T riad, r eceives ( as d o a ll t he g oddesses) a b (ovem ) f( e i ninam ) a( u ratam). S he i s f ollowed b y M ars U ltor , J upit, V ictor , V ictoria, t he L ares M ilitares ( receiving a w hite b ull), F ortuna R edux, t he G enius i mp . A ntonini A ug . n( o stri) ( a white b ull), a nd J uno J uliae P iae ( with t he r est o f D onna 's t itles).

L . F or T he E ntry o f T he E ap ror (aracalla) i nto W inter Q n rters: 2 14 ( late i n t he y( ; ;r , a t N icanedia, i n t he c ourse o f C aracalla 's P arthian War) T his f ragment a ttests a r emarkable d evelopment. S acrifices c ertainly , a nd p erhaps v ows, a re p erformed [ quad dani]nus n , i mp . s alv [us. . ] .. . felicissine a d [ h]iberna N icanediae i ng[ressus s it]. A fter t he C apitoline T riad, w hose n ames h ave t o b e r estored, ca n es S aluti i mp . Antonini ( who r eceives a b (o vem ) f( eminam ) a( u ratam )) a fter whom c ome F ortuna u x a nd a d eity w hose n ame i s m issing, t hen p erhaps t he [ T.iri V ]iali 7 ( a g ilded b ull), f ollowed b y t he G enius Antonini Aug . ( a g ilded b ull) a nd J uno J uliae A ug ( u stae). .

4 7

T he o nly p ossible p recedent i n t he A rval r ecords f or S alus N gusti o r i ts e quivalent i s t he d oubtful S alus E ius , r eferring t o N ero . W e m ay n ote, t hough , t he r ecord ( of M ay 2 0, 2 13) o f t he r itual m eal f orming p ert o f t he a nnual f estival o f t he D ea D ia. T he r ecord i ncludes, i n d irect s peech, t he w ords o f a n o therwise u nique ( in t he P rval r ecords) a cclamation o f t he e mperor : . te s alvo e t v ictore f elicissi r re ! o n os f elices q ui t e i mp . v idemus! .. t e l vo s alvi e t s ecuri s umus! d (i) t (e) s ervant i n p erpetuo! ( etc.). ° . .

. . . ‚

F urthermore , i n t he r ecord o f am eeting o n A u9 i st 1, C aracalla i s r eferred t o a s daninus n (oster) i mp . s anctissimus. T he p ersonalized f orm o f S alus A ugusti a p e rs o nly o nce o n t he c entral i mperial c oin i ssues, a w y e rs l ater , a s t he S PLUS A If lONINI A UG o f t he i ssues o f E lag t h lus.

C oncluding R ema ' iks T he i ncidence o f i nvocations t o S alus s eems b r c dly t o c orrespond t o t he v arying d egree o f s urvival o f t he A rval r ecords a s a w hole . T he r ecords m anifest n o d istinction i n t erms o f c ult-practice b etween S alus ( and t he o ther ' virtues') a nd d eities s uch a s J uno a nd M inerva. F or t he A rvals s he i s ad ivine f orce o f g reat i mportance, i nvoked a lways w ith , a nd u sually i mmediately a fter , t he C apitoline T riad, a nd s ometimes a lone w ith t he T riad. S he i s i nvoked o n t he m ost s ignificant i mperial o ccasions ( indeed, o f t he ' virtues', s he i s t he m ost f requently i nvoked). ' I h ave n oted H enzen 'se xpl ation o f t he c urious a bsence o f c ult-acts i n S alus' o wn s tate t emple. U sually s he i s ' Salus P ublica ' o r o ne o f t he more e xpansive v ersions o f t he s ane i dea; s ometimes s he i s s imply ' Salus'. Once , u nder N ero , s he m ay b e ' Salus E ius', a nd u nder rnitian s he b ecomes ' Salus A ugusta P ublica P opuli R omani u iritiu r n ', t he i mplications o f w hich d evelopment I h ave d iscussed .8 Under C ar acalla s he i s o nce ' Salus I mperatoris A ntonini', b ut i n 2 3 1, i n t he l atest r ecord r elating t o S alus, s he i s S alus P ublica. T he r ecords c onvey t he i mpression i n t heir w ide v ariations i n t he d egree o f e nthusiasm a nd f ullness s hown t hat t hey m ay s ometimes r eflect t he c hanging a ttitudes o f t he B rothers, a nd t herefore p erhaps o f s ections w ithin t he s enatorial c lass, t owards t he r eigning e mperor . C onversely , a nd p erhaps m ore s ignificantly , t here s eems g ood r eason t o s uppose t hat a t o ther t ines t he f orm o f t he r ecords, a nd t herefore p erhaps t hat o f t he a cts t hey r epresent , m ay r eflect t he p revailing i deology o f t he e mperor's c ircle a s e xpressed i n p ublic r eligious p ractice . T his c ertainly s eems t o b e s trongly i ndicated b y d evelopments u nder Danitian .

4 8

l a.

E g . G ordon, p 1 . 6 9a : p hotograph o f s queeze o f C TC , t ab . 1 , l ines 3 4-52 ( March 2 5, A D 1 01: b elow K .2).

V I,

2 074,

1 .

H . B loch, 0 (1 )2 , 4 47 ( 'Fratres A rvales '); L iebeschuetz, 6 2-63; S cullard, 3 0. A t p resent i t i s u ncertain h ow t he worship o f d eities o ther t han t he t .a D ia c ame t o b e i ncluded i n t he r ituals o f t he A rvals. T here i s a n a lmost t otal d earth o f e vidence f rom t he p eriod b efore 2 1 BC ; 0 lshausen, 8 22-823, 8 27-828.

2 .

A FA ,

3 .

A bove, 9 10 ;c f. m ilitary p ractice a ttested i n D uranum , b elow , 5 6-58 a nd r eferences.

4 .

B elow, 10111.

5 .

T he a ntecedents o f t hese v ota w ere t hose m ade u nder t he R epublic f or t he welfare . o f t he s tate o n J an. 1 o n t he C apitol b y t he i ncoming c onsuls ; S chwarte , 2 26-228; W einstock, 2 17.

6 .

A FA , X r .I-X EII, 1 15. A ll t he f ragments a ttesting S alus a re a lso p ublished i n A . P asoli, A cta F ratrum A rvalium Q uae p ost A nnum M DCCCLXXIV R eç rta S unt , B ologna, 1 950, 1 0917 1, b ut r eference i s m ade t o A FA w i t h i ts p referable p resentation ; c f. a lso C IL , V I, 2 028-2108, 3 2352, 3 2363.

7 .

A FA ,

8 .

I bid., L XX-LXXI, 3 5-47.

9 .

I bid ., L XX V II, 2 3-30.

P .

9 4. t he

F eriale

L XVI-LXVII, 1 3-20.

1 0.

I bid., X C ,

7 16.

1.

I bid ., C ,

1 2.

I bid., C I,

1 3.

I bid ., C VII, 3 5-55; r econstructed w ith r eference t o p revious s ucceeding v ota; c f. i bid., P . 1 00.

1 4.

A bove, 3 8, n r. 1 .

1 5.

A FA ,

1 6.

C f.

1 7.

A FA ,

1 8.

I bid ., C XVI,

1 -7. 1 15.

C XIII-CXIV , 1 -25. t he v ota o f 3 8, a bove, 3 8, n r. 1 . C XVI,

1 17. 1 8-2 1.

4 9

a nd

1 9.

A bove, n r.

1 0.

2 0.

A FA ,

2 1.

S ee

2 2.

A FA ,

2 3.

I bid ., 3 5-43.

2 4.

I bid ., 0 (1V ,

2 5.

S chwarte ,

2 6.

I bid ., 2 31; a bove, n r . 1 0.

2 7.

S chwarte;

2 8.

S chwarte , 2 38-246; a bove, 2 4-25.

2 9.

A FA ., ( 1XXVIII-C t .XXX , ( 1 )00 (111.

3 0.

I bid .,

3 1.

I bid., (1 )00 (IX , 1 2.

3 2.

I bid ., ( 1XXXV ,

3 3.

I bid.,

3 4.

F or t he d ies i mperii a nd t he o ath o f a llegiance, e specially d eveloped u nder T haj a n , a bove, 1 0, a nd S chwarte, 2 32-238 .

3 5.

A FA , X CI, 3 5-39.

3 6.

I bid., X CIV , 8 4-88.

3 7.

I bid ., O X , 2 7-32.

3 8.

I bid., X CII, 4 6-54; p p . 1 05106.

3 9.

I bid ., 0 (-OXI, 3 9-50;

4 0.

I bid., LVII-LVIII, 1 -29.

4 1.

I bid ., L XXIV , 1 016. T his i s o ne o f t he t wo m ost l ikely o ccasions f or t he d edication o f t he M ainz J upiter c olumn, p ro s alute N eronis, b y, o r o n b ehalf o f, t he i nhabitants o f t he c anabae a t M oguntiacum , a nd p erhaps d epicting S alus a mon g i ts

C (VI-CXVIII, 2 2-50; c f. a bove, f l og 8 a nd 9 . ' vota o rbis t errarum ' c xxiX-cxxX ,

c x iv -cx v ,

p .

i n n r.

1 0.

1 -23. 3 5-47; C XVIII, 7 0-cXIX , 1 2; 00 (11,

2 6-30; C XXVI,

3 9-40.

2 29-230.

2 29-238; a bove, 1 0.

1 03.

C CXI,

1 -7 a nd n ote 1 .

1 -7.

p .

a s

1 05.

r eliefs ( the o ther m ost l ikely o ccasion b eing t hat o f t he t hanksg iving f ollowing t he f ailure o f t he P isonian c onspiracy i n A D 6 5); I nstinsky, 1 959, 1 3 1139; b elo w,1 57 f f.

5 0

4 2.

F or S alus P ublica a nd P rovidentia A ug., c f. t he C orinth d edication, b elow, 1 09110; f or S alus A ugusta a nd P rovidentia A ugusti, c f. t he I ntera r rna d edication , b elow, 1 00101.

4 3.

A FA , C LXXXVIII, 1 418; a bove, n ote 4 2.

4 4.

A FA , L XI-LXII, 6 14; c f. C IL , V I, 2 057.

4 5.

W einstock,

1 72173, 2 13;

4 6.

A FA ,

6 -13.

4 7.

I bid., L XX ,

4 8.

A FA , L XX ,

4 9.

A FA ,

5 0.

C f., b elow,

1 .1

5 1.

A FA ,

8 14.

5 2.

I bid ., L XXI,

5 3.

A FA ., L XVII, 2 9 h as S alus P ublica r eceiving a s acrifice o n t his o ccasion i n A D 5 8, b ut t he r eference t o S alus a ctually h as t o b e c ompletely r estored, c f. C IL , V I, 2 040, 2 9.

5 4.

A FA ,

5 5.

I bid ., X CIV ,

5 6.

F or S alus a nd F elicitas, c f. b elow, 6 3-67.

5 7.

A FA ,

5 8.

I bid., LXXV , 3 3-40.

5 9.

T acitus, H istoriae,

6 0.

A FA ,

6 1.

P erhaps a s ympton o f g row ing s enatorial r esentment; c f. f ulsome i nvocations d uring T ha ja n ' s I cian w ar, b elow, K .2.

6 2.

A bove, B .11.

6 3.

A FA ,

6 4.

A FA , L XXIX ,

6 5.

I bid., X CIV , 1 -5;

6 6.

I bid ., C LIV-cLV , 5 2-58.

L XIV ,

C xc ii ,

i i,

1 -5;

p p .

12113; Fa's ,

9 30;

C assius D io , L IX .14.7.

1 518.

2 9-34.

C f. n r. F .1.

LX , 2 9-34.

L XXVI,

X CII,

a nd n ote 5 6.

5 7-62.

5 8-62.

L XXIV-T

8 1-84;

7 3.

p .

t he e quites s ingulares

d edications,

M , 2 4-32.

1 .80.

X CIII, 7 6-80; p . 1 2 1.

c xxii,

4 0-45. 1 15. p .

15.

5 1

t he

6 7.

I bid ., C LIII, 2 2-29.

6 8.

I bid., X CIII, 6 3-67.

6 9.

A bove, 1 3 .9-12.

7 0.

A FA , C x r-CxLIII, 2 3-72; c f. t he d edication o f S plitska ( Dal matia), i n h onour o f av ictory o f Cracalla, which h onours a r emarkably s imilar l ist o f d eities d own t o F ortuna R edux; b elow , 12.

7 1.

A FA , O (CVII-C CCVIII,

7 2.

F or t heir a ssociation w ith S alus o n t he A pulum d edication , b elow , 7 3-74.

7 3.

A FA ,

7 4.

F or a nother a ssocation w ith S alus, o n b elow , 7 3-74.

7 5.

A bove , F .1.

7 6.

A FA , c D (CVII,

7 7.

I bid., C CCVII, 2 0.

7 8.

A bove , 2 6; c f. t he SLUS R )S ' IUMI A UG o n e mpire , a bove, 2 8.

7 9.

A bove, 3 7.

8 0.

A bove, u nder B . 1.

c r — cm ,

2 2-29;

p .

8 1.

B .1-9; c f. t he c omments o f W .F . t he

S nyder, P D , 1 5 1. Ap ilum

d edication ,

1 6-19.

5 2

i ssues

o f

t he

G allic

C HAPTE R F C X JR : T HE E VIDENCE O F T HE C ALENDARS, T HE •M ENOLC XIA R USTICA ' A ND T HE ' I 1 RIALE D URANUM '

A .

T he Cal endars ( 'Fasti')

S ix c alendars n ote t he f estival o f S alus o n t he n ones o f A ugust. F our o f t hese a re a mong t he f orty-one s urviving i nscribed c alendars ( some o f which a re v ery f ragmentary; f orty f rom I taly , o ne f rom S icily) a nd d ate v ariously f rom t he l ater f irst c entury B C a nd f ran t he f irst h alf o f t he f irst c entury A D . T he p ainted F asti A ntiates M aiores i s t he o ldest s urviving c alendar a nd t he o nly o ne t o p re-date C aesar 's r eform o f 4 6 BC . T he m anuscript c alendar o f F il cxalus d ates f rom A D 3 54. E xcept f or t he F asti F urii F ilocali, t he n ames o f t he i ndividual f asti a re t hose g iven b y m odern s cholars. T he e ntries e xtracted a re, i n e ach c ase , t hose f or A ugust 5 .

1 .

' Fasti Antiates M aiores '

E1 N CN S ALU[TI] T his f asti w as f ound i n 1 9 15 i n t he L atin t own o f A ntium , p ainted i n r ed a nd b lack o nto t he w hite w all-plaster o f a r oan o f t he s o-called c rypta N eroniana. I t d ates f rom t he p eriod 8 4 t o 4 6 B C ( thus, t he month s till h as i ts r epublican n ame , S extilis). I ts n ature a nd s ituation i mply t hat i ts c ommission Is d ue t o p rivate i nitiative , p erhaps f or a p artly d ecorative p lLf xi s e.

2 .

' Fasti L ateranensis'

A NO [N (AE) I S A [ WI I N

a XL E ]

T hree f ragments o f t his c alendar i nscribed o n ' Lunensian ' m arble were f ound i n t he c ourse o f e xcavations u nder a p avement i n t he L ateran B asilica, i n R ome i n 1 933. T he l etters w ere o riginally p icked o u t i n c olour . T he s parse c ontents i ndicate a d ate i n t he s econd h alf o f t he f irst c e n t u r y B C . T he f ragments b ear n o i ndi c a ions a s t o t he c alendar 's f unction d omestic , c ollegiate o r p ublic. -

3 .

' Fasti V allenses'

A N CTAE SALU I 'I I N C X J ILE Q UIRINALE S ACRIFICIUM P UBLI WM T he s urviving f ragment o f m arble t ablet w as d iscovered p rivate v illa i n R ome i n t he l ate f ifteenth c e n t u r y, i ts

5 3

i n a e xact

p rovenance b eing u nknown . I mperial f estivals i nstituted a fter i ts o riginal i nscription , a t s ome t ime a fter A D 7 , h ad b een a dde. T here i s a f irm i ndication t hat i t w as t he c alendar o f a c ollegium .

4 . A N

' Fasti Antiates M inistrorum Danus A uqustae ' ( AE ) N P5 S ALUTI I N ( XLLE

T he t hree m arble f ragments w ere d iscovered i n 1 712 o n t he s hore a t A ntium i n w hat a pp rs t o h ave b een a r oan i n a n i mperial v illa. T he c ontents e nable i ts i nscription t o b e d ated t o t he p eriod A D 2 3 t o 3 7, a nd t he p refixed F asti M agistrorum i ndicates t hat i w as t he c alendar o f a c ollegium o f m embers o f t he i mperial h ousehold.

5 .

' Fasti A miternini'

A N ON ( AE ) F (ASTuS)

7

S ALUTI I N O JLLE

T he s econd h alf o f t his c alendar, i nscribed o n m arble t ablets, w as f ound b efore 1 575 i n t he c hurch a t S an V ittorino , t he S abine t own o f A miternium . I ts a ppearance a nd c ontents s trongly s uggest a n o fficial d ocument o n p ublic d isplay . I ts i nscription m ust h ave been l ater t nag A D 2 0 b ut w as p erhaps p rior t o 3 7. T he r elevant f ragment i s n ow l ost .

6 .

' Fasti F urii F ilocali'

( The C alendar o f 3 54/'Fasti P hilocaliani'/The Chronoqra

i y

o f 3 54)9

DGA N (ATALIS) S ALUTIS C (IRC ENSES) M (ISSUS ) X XIIII T his i llustrated m anuscript c alendar w ith r elated e lements, o riginally a c odex, s urvives i n n ine, m ore o r l ess p artial, y rsions d ating v ariously f rom t he n int h t o t he s eventeent h c enturies. ‚'' T he f asti a nd t he i llustrations r elating t o i t r epresent o ne c omponent o f a m uch l arger work c omprising b oth r eligious ( pagan a nd C hristian) a nd s ecular e lements. T he c alendar a nd r elated e lements are e ss Wtially p agan w ith c onsiderable a strological a nd a stronomical e lements. I t i s d emonstrable fr om t he f asti, a nd f rom t he s ecular a nd C hristian a nnexes, t hat t he work w as c ompleted i n o r f or t he year 3 54. T he d edication w as t o a c ertain V alentinus, a nd t he work m ay h ave b een p resented t o h im o n J anuary 1 , 3 54, p erhaps a s a p resent f rom c reator , D ionysius F urius F ilocalus, a m aster c alligrapher o f Ran I t h as b een s uggested t hat c opies m ay h ave b een p ut o n p ublic s ale. W hile

i t i s a ssumed t hat F ilocalus h imself w as a

c ertainly V alentinus i s c ommended t o t he C hristian i tself c ontains n o C hr istian e lements.

C hristian, g od,

t he

a nd f asti

T he f ormulae e xpressing t he c ult o bservances d iffer f rom those o f t he e arlier i nscribed a nd p ainted c alendars d ue t o t he n ow p r a ninant p lace o f l udi a nd c ircus-races i n p ublic r eligious e xpression . I t i s t hought t hat t he c alendar i s a n e xample o f ag enre c ommon i n Rome a t

5 4

t his t ime. 15 W e a lready k now f rom C icero t hat A ugust 5 w as k nown 1p c entury BC a s t he f oundation d ate o f t he Q uirinal t emple.

t he

f irst

T wenty-fo ur i s b y f ar t he ca t i ronest n umber ( of c ircus-races) i n t he c alendar f or f estivals c elebrated i n t his w ay: t welve , t hirty-six, t hirty a nd f orty-eight a re t he o ther s pecified n umbers. M ost o f t he f eriae , a nd a ll o f t he g reat s tate o nes, h ave l udi o r c ircenses m issus d esignated f or t hem , o r , where t he f estival l asts f or s everal d ays, b oth . A t i ts m ost e xtreme , p revious o pinion h as a sserted t hat t he f estivals o f t he c alendar w ere s imple d iversions b ereft o f r eligious s ignificance, c eremonies n either p agan n or C hristian , o ne c ould c elebrate w ithout p erforming s acrifices o r g oing i nto t emples .17 i n c ontrast , t he a nalysis o f H . S tern h as s ought t o s how t hat t he c alendar r epresents a ctual p agan p ractice a t Ra re u nder C onstantius I I , t hat t he c eremonies a ssociated w ith t he n amed f estivals w ere t hen b eing p erformed a nd t hat t he c agn dar i s t estimony t o t he v igour o f t he t raditional c ults a t Ra t te. T he c ircus-races a nd l ud!, h e a rgues, were t he m ost o fficial a nd s olemn f orm a pu blic f estival c ould t hen t ake , a nd, o n t he b asis o f t he e vidence o f C hristian w riters, h e m aintains t hat t heir r eligious e lements, i ncluding t he e ssential p c iny g f rom t he C apitol t o t he C ircus M aximus, w ere s till i mportant i n 3 54. S tern c ites c onsiderable e pigraphic a nd l iterary e vidence which s uggests t hat t he l aws p assed f rom 3 4 1 o nwards i ntended t o r epress p aganism w ere b eing i gnored, a t l east a t Rate . I ndeed C onstantius h imself m ay h ave r espected t he p agan r eligion d uring h is v isit t o t he c ity o f 3 57 w hen t he p rivileges o f t he p riesthoods w ere l eft i ntact. T he s ituation i s p erhaps p artly a r eflection o f a c onciliatory a tt i tu de 2 0 t owards t he p agan p arty f ollowing t he d efeat o f M agnentius i n 3 53.

B .

T he

'M anologia R ustica '

r ensis A ugust (us) s acrum Sp a!, S aluti, D eanae, V olcanalia ( Menologium C olotianum ) . . .

( sic) n es(is) A uq (ustus) ( Menologium V allense)

. . .

s acrum S pei, S aluti, D eanae, V olcano

T hese t wo d ocuments, c alled r enologia b y m odern s cholars, w ere f ound i n R ome . T he f ormer ( found n ear t he P alatine i n t he s eventeenth c entury ) i s i nscribed o n t he f our s ides o f am arble b lock ( 0.664 m i n h eight). T he l atter w as p erhaps o riginally o f t he s ame f orm , b ut s urvived a s a s ixteenth c entury m anuscript c opy. T hey a re a lmost i dentical i n a rrangement a nd i n t he i nformati o n t hey p rovide . T heir c ontents e nable t hem t o b e d ated t o t he p eriod A D 3 6 t o 1 2 1. T hey p urport t o b e a gricultural a lmanacks, b ut m ay h ave b een p rimarily ornamental. A ll t he m a jor f estivals o f t he o fficial c alendar o f t hat p eriod a re a lluded t o a nd t here i s n o i ndication h ere o f a ny p articularly a gricultural f unction f or S alus. A par 1 f ran S pes, F ors F ortuna i s t he o nly o ther o f t he ' virtues' f eatured .

5 5

C .

T he

' Feriale D uranum '

T he F eriale D uranum w as f ound, a mong o ther a rchives o f t he c ohors X X P almyrenorum , i n a r oan ( W .13; s erving a s t he u nit 's o ffice ) o f t he T emple o f A zzanathkona, i n t he c ourse o f t he 1 93 1-1932 s eason o f e xcavations a t r ) ura-Europos. 2 T he p apyrus ( 23 a n i n h eight a nd , p erhaps o riginally, 1 20 a n i n l ength ) o nce b ore f our c olumns ( of which m uch o f t he f irst t wo a nd a p ert o f t he t hird r emain ) c omprising a l ist o f f estivals w ritten i n L atin i n r ustic c apitals. I t h ad b een c onsiderably w orn i n u se a nd r epaired. T he

d ocument 's c ontents e nable i t t o b e d ated w ith

c ertainty

t o

t he r eign o f S everus A le nder a nd t o b e t entatively c onfined f urther t o t he y ears 2 25 t o 2 27. I t i s a pparent , f rom t he c ontents o f t he d ocument a nd i ts f ind-circumstances, t hat i t i s a n o fficial m ilitary d ocument, t hat i t i s a c opy o f t he f eriale a pplicable t o a ll t he a rmies o f t he e mpire a nd t hat i t i s b ased u pon t he t raditional R oman c alendar o f r eligious o bservances. I t i s p ossible t hat t he o riginal d ecision t o p rovide ¶ch a l ist f or t he a rmy w as t aken d uring t he r eign o f A ugustus. T he l ist c hiefly c omprises f estivals f rom t he o fficial c ivil c alendar . C ults n ot o f R oman o rigin , e ven i f a ccepted i nto t he o fficial p antheon , a re e xcluded. T he p ast a chievements o f Ram an a rmies a re c elebrated . A n i mportant c ategory o f o bservances c oncerns t he a nniversaries o f t he p resent r uling h ouse a nd t he c ult o f t he d ivi a nd d lvae . A nother c oncerns t he d eities u pon w hich t he s urvival o f t he s tate d epended S alus, V esta a nd U rbs R a na. T here a re f estivals, s uch a s t he Q uinquatrus a nd t he S aturnalia , t hought t o b e i ncluded c hiefly b ause t hey w ere i mportant p eriods o f m errymaking i n c ivilian l ife. -

T he l ast c ategory p erhaps i ndicates o ne o f t he c hief p urposes f or t he m ilitary f eriale: t he n eed t o p rovide a n o fficial l ist o f d ays when , t he c ontigencies o f m ilitary l ife p ermitting, o ldiers c ould e n joy r elaxation a nd a bstention f rom n ormal a ctivities T he e vidence o f t he d ocument i tself a nd a wareness o f t he g eneral r eligious a nd c ivil p olicy o f A ugustus p rompts t he c onclusion t hat i t w as A ugustus, a s cam iander-in-chief o f t he a rmy , w ho i ssued t he f irst d irective p roviding t he m ilitary f eriale w hich , e ssentially , r emained t he b asis o f t hat i n u se i n t he t hird c entury . ( This i s n ot t o a ssume t hat t he o riginal r easons f or i ts i nstitution w ere t he s ame a s t hose f or i ts r etention u ntil t he t hird c entury .) A part f rom a f ew a dditions t he o nly r egular c hanges n ecessary w ould b e t hose r elating t o i mperial a nniversaries a nd t o t he o bservances c onnected w ith t he d lvi a nd d ivae . H owever, t hese r egular c hanges would h ave m eant r egular r eview o f t he d ocument , w hich i n t urn i mplies t hat , f ar f rom b eing p urely a s urvival i n a rmy p ractice m aintained f or t radition 's s ake, t here was a c onstantly r eaffirmed p olicy d ecision t o k eep t he e riale i n t he f orm e ssentially a s e stablished , p robably , b y A ugustus. 2 T he m ost p roblematic a spect o f t d ocument c oncerns i ts p ossible f unction a s am edium o f Ra nanization , e specially a s r egards t he a rmy i tself. I t s eems u nlikely t hat t here would h ave b een a ny o bligation u pon t he o rdinary s oldier t o i nvolve h imself i n t he a ctual o bservances. R ather, i t m ay h ave b een t he c ase , t hat, a part f rom

5 6

p roviding h im w ith h olidays, t he f eriae l isted i n t he F eriale ( selected a s a ppropriate f or t he a rmy ) g ave h im t he o pportunity t o p articipate i n t he f estivals a s a ny R oman c itizen w ould h ave h ad i n c ivilian l ife, b ut t his w ould h ave b een a s a p rivate , e ven i f c orporate , c ult-observance: f or i t s eems u nlikely t hat t here w as a ny r eligious n ecessity f or t he a rmy t o d uplicate t he c u -observances o f t he o fficial s tate c alendar which t ook p lace a t R ome. O nce i t h ad b een d ecided t o r egularize , b y a p ermanent d irective f or t he w hole a rmy , t hat w hich d uring t he R epublic m ust h ave b een p rovided f or a d h oc b y c ommanders, t hen c ertain o ther p urposes o f c entral g overnment c ould b e s erved: t he e ncouragement o f a n u nderstanding a nd a cceptance o f R oman c ulture a nd a tti t ud es a nd t he upholding a nd i nculcation o f t raditional R oman r eligion.

C olumn I ,

l ines 7 -9: [ VII • idus] I anu [arias q uad d etur e meritis h onesta m issio c um p rivi]leqio [rum ] v el n u ne[re)n [tjur [ militibus s tipendia I (ovi) O ptino ) M (aximo ), b (o vem ) m( a rem ), l unoni b( o vem ) f( e minan t ), M inervae] b (o vem ) f( e i ninam ), ( Salu I t i b( o vem ) f (e inam ), M arti P a t [aurun t --- --- ---

T he r eading a nd r estoration , t hough p lausible, a re u ncertain .3 0 T he e ntry m ust h ave b een a n i mportant o ne, a s i t w as o ne o f t he t hree l ongest i n t he F eriale . I t i s a pparent f rom t he d iplanata a nd o ther evidence t hat J anuary 7 ( or 6 ) i s a l ikely d ate f or t he g ranting o f t he honourable d ischarge t o t ime-expired s oldiers. I t a lso s eems l ikely t hat , e ven b efore t he o ccurrence o f t he h onesta r n issio b ecame r egularized o n J anuary 7 , p erhaps u nder S ept i mius S everus, t he d ate a lready h ad s ignificance f or t he s oldiers i n t hat t he f irst o f t he f our y early p ayments, s tipendia, w as m ade t o t hem a nd, f or t hose n ot e ligible f or d ischarge , i n t hat t he o ccasion m arked t he r ecording o f another y ear 's s ervice . J anuary 7 w as, i n a ny c ase, a lso t he a nniversary o f A ugustus' a ssumption o f t he i mperium a nd, w hether f or t his o r f or o ther r easons, t he e vidence s ugge s t hat t his d ate h eld a f urther p articular s ignificance f or t he a rmy . S alus' p osition h ere, f ollowing t he Cap itoline T riad, i s e xactly a nalogous t o h er a lmost i nvariable p osition i n t he a cts o f t he A rvals with M ars, w here h e i s i ncluded, u sually f ollowing . T he s acrifice t oo i s a u sual o ne . T he A rval e vidence a nd S alus' c ommemoration i n t he F eriale o n A ugu st 5 ( below ) l eaves n o d oubt t hat S alus P ublica w as i ntended here . T here a re s ufficient g aps i n t he e ntries f or J anuary 3 , o n t he o ccasion o f t he v ota " for t he w elfare o f t he e mperor a nd t he e ternity o f t he e mpire o f t he R oman p eople", a nd f or M arch 1 3, A lexander 's dies imperii, t o a llow t he r estoration o f S alus ' n ame o n t hese o ccasions. 3

5 7

C olumn I I,

l ine 2 5:[ nonis A ugustis] o [b c ircenses b (ovem ) ]f (emir iam

S allutares

S alut [i

T o s upport t he r estoration, t here i s, i n 1 1.9, o b c ircenses M a[ rtiales ] . T h d ate , t he a nniversary o f t he f oundation o f t he i rinal t emple, 4 a s w ell a s t he c haracter o f t he Fç ale g enerally , s trongly i ndicate t hat S alus P ublica i s i ntended h ere » I t i s u nlikely t hat t he c ircus-races w ould h ave t aken p lace a t D ura, b ut r ather t he e ntry r efers t o r aces h eld a t R ome i n t he C ircus Maximus. T hus, c ircenses S alutares m ay h ave cane t o i ndicate t he f estival i tself a nd n ot , e xcept i n Ra re, p rimarily , t he m ode o f i ts c elebration . T he r aces i n h onour o f S alus a re o therwise o nly m entioned i n t he c alendar o f F ilocalus . T he w ord c ircenses m ay h ave can e t o b e u sed, r ather t han l ud!, i n o rder t o i ndicate t he i mportance o f t he c elebration , l udi c ircenses h aving b y n ow ca ne t o b e r arded a s m uch g reater o ccasions t han t he m ore n umerous l ud! s caenici . T he a ppearance o f S alus ( Publica) i s c onsistent w ith t he i mpression , g ained fr om t he r est o f t he e xtant F eriale , o f ar estrained a nd r estraining a ttitude o n b ehalf o f t he c entral a uthority t owards t he i mperial c ult a s p ractised b y t he a rmy . T he t one i s t hat o f t he P rincipate a nd o f A ugustus ' s upposed o riginal d irective w ith t he e mphasis s till u pon h e e ternity o f t he e mpire, a nd a way fr om t he p erson o f t he e mperor .

D .

C onclusion

T he f asti a nd t he F eriale D uranum c onfirm t he t estimony o f C icero t hat A ugust 5 w as t he f oundation d ate o f t he Q uirinal t emple . T he f ive e arly f asti, a nd p articularly t he Fsti V allenses ( with t he r enologia r ustica p roviding l ess s pecific , b ut p ossibly l ater , c onfirmation ), t ell u s t hat, c ertainly a t s ome t ime p reviously, a nd p erhaps c ontemporaneously w ith t he c alendars, a nnual p ublic s acrifices t ook p lace i n S alus ' t emple o n t he Q uirinal H ill ( assuming, f or t he p eriod a fter Cl audius, t hat t he t emple , t ur nt d own i n t hi s r eign , h ad b een r ebuilt , 5 0 ) . Only the F ästi A miternini ( with t he r elevant f ragment n ow m issing) s eems t o h ave b oon a n o fficial p ublic c alendar: t he o thers b eing c alendars f or, r espectively, c ollegiate a nd p rivate u se. T he r ecords o f t he A rvals a nd t he F eriale D uranum , h owever , provide c onfirmation o f t he i mportance o f t he s tate c ult o f S alus, t he l atter s pecifically f or t he f estival o n A ugust 5 . F rom t he f ormer we k now t hat s acrifices t o S alus P ublica w ere s till t aking p lace i n 2 3 1 ( on J anuary 3 ), w hilst t he F eriale, d ating fr om e xactly t his t ime ( though p robably b ased u pon a n A ugustan o riginal), s hows t hat f or t he a rmy t oo , S alus P ublica w as i mportant s he b eing honoured , a fter t he C apitoline T riad, o n t he s ignificant d ate o f J anuary 7 . T he F eriale a lso s hows t hat t he f estival o f t he n atalis o f S alus w as b y n ow , a nd p erhaps t hat i t h ad b een f or s ome t ime ( as i s p erhaps i ndicated b y t he f act o f t he c ircenses S alutares a pp arently h aving b ecome s ynonymous w ith t he f estival i tself), c elebrated b y l ud! c ircenses. T he F eriale a lso c onfirms t he i mpression , c onveyed b y t he A rval r ecords, t hat S alus w as h onoured i n e xactly t he s ame w ay a s t he o ther s tate d eities : i n t he -

5 8

F eriale s he r eceives a b ovem f eminam , 39 a s d o J uno a nd M inerva, a nd, l ike M ars P ater U ltor , l udi c ircenses a re h eld i n h er h onour ( at R ome). T he q uestion o f a Rananizing f unction f or t he F eriale , w hich m ight i nclude t he i nculcation o f a n a wareness o f t he r eligious r eq i re r rents f or t he s tate 's s urvival, h as b een t he s ub ject o f m uch d hate. T he f asti o f F ilocalus, t hough n ot i tself a n o fficial p ublication , may i ndicate t he c ontinued o bservance, i n sane f orm , o f t he c ult o f S alus t o t he m iddle o f t he f ourth c entury , a t l east a t R ome. H owever , t he l egislation o f C onstantius I I i ntended t o s uppress p agan r ites m ust m ake t he r eality b ehind t he c alendar o f 3 54 u ncertain . H owever , e ven i f t he c ircus-races w ere t aking p lace a t t hat t ime , i t i s u ncertain t hat t heir f or m er r eligious a spects w ould h ave b een r etained. o n t he o ther h and , t he a rguments o f H . S tern a nd t he c ircumstantial e vidence h e c ites t o t he c ontrary a re c ompelling .

5 9

1 .

T he n undinal l etter ( referring t o t he R oman e ight d ay w eek a nd o f u ncertain s ignificance) i s Ao n t he o ther f ive f asti.

2 .

I I, X III,

i i,

p p .

3 .

I I, X III,

i i,

p .

4 .

I bid .,

5 .

T he F asti Mdternini a nd F asti M affeiani g ive t he r eligious c haracter a s F . T iberius m ay h ave c hanged t he c haracter o f t he d ay : o n t he o ther h and t he n egligent e xecution o f t his c alendar s uggests a s tone-cutter 's m istake; i bid ., p p. 2 11, 4 92; M ichels, 1 77-178.

6 .

I I, X III,

7 .

A bove, n ote 5 .

8 .

I I, X III,

9 .

S tern , p assim ; I I, X III,

p p .

1 -28 a nd t ab . 1 01

1 -Ill; M ichels ,

i x a nd 2 3-26.

a nd t ab . X XX .

1 46-152 a nd t ab . L -LI.

i i,

2 01-2 12 a nd t ab . L XIV-LXVI.

p p .

i i, p p . 1 85-200, 4 92 a nd t ab . L XI-LXIII. i i,

p p .

2 37-262.

1 0.

S tern ,

1 4-4 1.

1.

I I, X III, i i, p . 2 37; S tern, 3 56-357. T he t hree c olumns o f l etters t o t he l eft o f t he l ist o f c l ays r efer, f rom r ight t o l eft , t o t he n undinae, t he p lanetary w eek a nd t he l unary c ycle; S tern, 5 5-57; M ichels, 8 9 1 67, 1 92.

1 2.

I I, X III,

1 3.

A .S. H oey , E D , 3 6.

1 4.

S tern , 9 1; f or a s tage i n t he p rocess b y w hich t his c ame c f. t he F eriale D uranum , b elow, a nd A .S . H oey , E D , 2 0 1.

1 5.

I I, X III,

1 6.

A bove, 3 .

1 7.

C ited b y S tern , 8 , 9 4-96.

1 8.

S tern, 1 0, 9 1, 9 6, 9 8, 1 06-107, 1 09, 3 55: " les f astes d u c alendrier n e s ont n i u n i eux s ouvenir n i u n d ocument rev ise s ur Vordre d es e i npereurs c hretiens. I ls r entionnent b ien d es f ates ree lles e t r eprésentent 1' actualité d u c ulte p a en ra tain a u m ilieu d u i v. s iecle" ( 109); c f. I I, X III, i i, p . 2 37.

1 9.

S tern , 9 0-92.

i i,

i i,

p .

p .

2 37; S tern , 3 57.

a bout ,

2 37.

6 0

2 0.

I bid., 1 03-104, 11-113; c f. L iebeschuetz, 2 99-301: " continuous a nd s ystematic g overnment-suppo rted s uppression o f p agani sm o nly c ame i n t he l ast d ecade o f t he f ourth c entury . U ntil t hen , t he i mperial a dministration w as, m ost o f t he t ime , o ver m ost o f t he e mpire, n eutral b etween t he o ld a nd n ew r eligion" ( 300).

2 1.

I I,

2 2.

D ur a V , ( P. D ura , 5 4), 1 9 1; R .O . F ink , P D , 1 a nd p lates I a nd I I; R .O . F ink , Ra ten M ilitary R ecords o n P apyrus, P hilological M onograph s o f t he A merican P hilological A ssociation, 2 6, Cas e W estern R eserve U niversity , 1 97 1, 4 22-429, n r. 17.

2 3.

D ura V ,

2 4.

I bid., 1 92-196.

2 5.

I bid., 1 93-197.

2 6.

I bid.,

2 7.

F or a s ummary o f v iews w ith r eferences, i bid ., 1 93-197.

2 8.

I bid.,

2 9.

I bid ., 1 95-197.

3 0.

I bid ., 1 97-199, 2 02-205; R .O . F ink , P D ., 4 0-41, 6 6-73.

3 1.

D ura V , 2 03-205.

3 2.

C hap.

3 3.

D ura V ., 1 97, 2 02, 2 07; c f. R .O . F ink , F D , 5 6, 5 8-59.

3 4.

A bove, 3 , 5 3-54.

3 5.

D ura V , 2 10; W .F . S nyder , P D , S . P ublica i n 2 3 1; a bove, 4 2.

3 6.

D ura V , 2 08; A .S . 1 bey , E D , 1 27; W .F . S nyder, P D , a bove, 5 5.

3 7.

D ura V , 2 10; A .S . H oey, E D , 1 77-179; t he o ne i tem i n c ontrast t his g eneral t one i s daninus f oster i n 1 1.16.

3 8.

A bove, 3 , 3 7.

3 9.

I n a ccordance w ith h er s ex ; i n t he A rval a cts s he r eceives t his ( sometimes g ilded o r w hite) o r av accam ( cf. A rnobius, A dversus N ationes, V II . 19); C hap . 3 , . p assim ; a nd c f. t he d edication o f P inquentum , b elow , 1 06; f or t he r ite, a bove, 4 0.

4 0.

S ee note 2 7.

i i, p p . 2 84-298 a nd t ab .

L XXXI-LXXXVI.

1 9 1.

1 94-195.

1 93,

1 95-196.

3 , p assim , e specially 4 6-47.

6 1

1 50-152; t he A rvals s acrificed

1 50, n ote

t o

6 78;

t o

C HAP TER F IVE : I :

A .

T HE M ILITARY D EDICATIONS,

T HE D EDICATIONS O F T HE ' E WIT ES S INGU LARES AU WS ['

I ntroduction

Ad istinctive g roup o f m ilitary d edications w as e rected b y members o f a d istinctive u nit w ithin t he a rmy a nd c alls f or a c ollective t reatment . T he e quites s ingulares A uqusti, t he i mperial mounted b odyguard , w as p robably f ormed i n t he l ast y ears o f tnitian . I n p eace t ime i t w as s tationed i n ap ermanent b arracks w ithin t he c ity. I ts m embers, m ost o f t hem o riginating f rom t he D anubian a nd R hineland p rovinces, w ere m ostly s elected f ra n t he a lae , a nd i ncluded b oth t hose a lready çssessing c itizenship a nd t hose w ho were t o g ain i t o n d ischarge. S alus i s a mong t he t wenty d eities h onoured r egularly i n t he d edications o f t hese m en f ound, f or t he m ost p art, o n o r n ear t he s ite o f t heir p re-Severan b arracks o n t he C aelian H ill. W ithin t his r emark le b ody o f d edications, d ating o verall f rom t he p eriod AD 18 t o 2 50, t here i s a s trikingly f ormalized g rouQ , e ssentially n umbering f ourteen , d ating f rom t he y ears A D 18 t o 1 43, a ll o f w hich a re a ltars c elebrating t he r eceipt o f te h onourable d ischarge a nd, a part f rom t hree o f a d istinctive t ypg, r epresent t he f ulfilment o f v ows. O f t hese a ltars a ll e xcept o ne a re c orporate d edications b y s everal o r m any m en , a nd a ll b ut t he d istinctive t hree a re d edicated t o n ot l ess t han n ine s pecifically n amed d eities ( whether s ingular o r p lural n ames); S al s i s h onoured o n a ll o f t his g roup o f ( eleven ) multiple 0

S alus i s a lso i ncluded i n t wo o ther d edications, o n m arble c ippi, w hich s hare s ome o f t he e ssential c haracteristics o f t he e leven : h owever, t hey r epresent t he f ulfilment o f v ows o f i ndividuals a nd d o n ot c elebrate t he h onourable d ischarge .

A ll 1 885 t o H ill. 8

t he S alus d edications w ere f ound , w ith o thers, i n t he years 1 892 i n t he c ourse o f e xtensive r ebuilding on t he C aelian

T hey a nd o thers c an b e a ssigned, w ith v arying d egrees o f c ertainty , t o t he c amp o f t he e quites s inqulares, w hich w as i tself p artially u ncovered n ear S t J ohn 's i n L ateran, t hough i ts i dentity w as n ot t f irst a pparent . T his w as t he u nit 's f irst a nd p re-Severan c amp .' T he r emains o f t he b arracks c onsisted p rincipally o f a l arge r ectangular c ourt i n t he w alls o f w hich w ere n iches a nd, i n f ront o f t hese, i nscribed p edestals . A ccording t o A .E . G ordon f our o f t he d edicatious i ncluding S alus w ere f ound i n s itu i n t he r uins o f t he T hus, i t s eems q uite p ossible t hat t he w hole s eries w as b arracks. o riginally e rected w ithin t he b arracks . 'u

6 2

B .

T he ' Honesta

M issi o

'

A ltars

A ll o f t he h onesta m issio a ltars w hich i nclude S alus b oar c onsular dates, a nd t hose o f A D 1 28, 1 37, 1 38 a nd 1 4 1 a lso h ear a c alendar d ate which i s J anuary 6 e xcept t hat o f 1 4 1 which i s J anuary 5 . T he d edications a re a ll o f d ifferent y ears a nd, w ith t h e xceptia i o f t he f irst , a re c losely g roup ed t ogether i n t ime: 3 1128, 1 A D 18; 3 1139, A D 1 28; 3 1140, A D 1 32; 3 114 1, A D 1 33; 3 1142, A D 1 34; 3 1143, A D 1 35; 3 1144, A D 1 36; 3 1145, A D 1 37; 3 1146, A D 1 38; 3 1148, A D 1 40; a nd 3 1149, AD 1 4 1. A ll b ut o ne ( 31139) o f t hese a re c orporate d edications, b ut t he f irst n ame t he m en .

a nd

a ll

T he i nscriptions b orne b y t hese m arble a ltars a re e ither f inely o r very f inely e xecuted a nd, i n m ost c ases, s ymmetrically a rranged: t he a ltar s ' h eights r ange f ran 7 0 t o 12 c entimetres; t heir w idths ( as ] ma n) f rom 3 2 t o 5c entimetres; a nd t heir d epths ( as k nown) f rom 2 4 t o 4 5 c enti metre s.

1 .

ç,

v i, 3 1139

O n t he f ront :-

( sic) ( Jan . 6 ) ( AD 1 28)

voto s uscepto s acr. l ovi O ptimo M ax . S oli D ivino M arti Mercur . H erculi A pollin . S ilvan . e t d is o mnibus e t G enio i mp . H adriani A ug . e t G enio s inqulariu r n M . U lpius T ertius c ives T hibocus C l. A ra m issus h onest. m ission . e x n umer. eq . s ing . A ug . V III I d . l anuar. A sprenate I I e t L ibone c os. v ot. s olvit l ibens t r erito O n t he f ront a re c arved a e wer, a b ucranium a nd a p atera .

O n t he b ack :-

( sic)

voto s uscepto s acr . l un . V ictoriae F ortun . F elicitati M inervae C a i npestrib . F atis S alut . e t o mnibus d eabus e t G enio i mp . H adriani A ug . e t G enio s ingular. M . U lpius T ertius c ives T hibocus C l. A ra r n issus h onest . m ission . e x n u r rero e q . s ing . A ug . V III i d . I an . A sprenate I I e t L ibone c os. v otum s olvit l ibens m ar .

O n t he l eft s ide o f t he a ltar i s c arved a f igure o f J upiter holding a sp ear a nd t hunderbolt : o n t he r ight i s c arved a f igure o f M ars a rmed w ith a s pear a nd r ound s hield. B oth t exts s tate t he m an 's c itizenship o f t he P ribocii o f G ermania S uperior, whereas h is o riqo i s t he C olonia C laudia A ra A ugusta A grippinensium (Colo gne) , p erhaps i ndicating h is R oman c itizenship p rior t o e nlistment . I t i s p ossible t hat J anuary 6 o r 7w a lready t he e stablished d ate f or t he d ischarge m en n f rom t he u nit . '

T his d edication , t he o nly o ne o f t he e leven b y a n i ndividual, i s e xceptional i n a rrange me nt a nd c omposition . N otably , i t i s d ivided

6 3

i nto t wo p ertly c omplementary , p artly p arallel, h alves, f or t he p urpose o f l isting t he m ale a nd f emale d eities s eparately. H owever, b oth l ists a re c ompleted b y t he G enius o f t he e mperor a nd t hat o f t he u nit. i nclusion o f t he f ormer i s u nique a mong t he d edications i n q uestion. A mong t he h ighly f orm lized h onesta m issio d edications, S ol D ivinus o nly o ccurs h ere . ' 5 T he e xceptional p osition o f t he C ampestres, b efore, i nstead o f a fter , t he F ata a nd S alus 4 6 m ay r eflect t he k nown i mportance o f t hese d eities t o m en o f t he u nit.

2 .

C IL , V I, 3 1138

( AD 18)

l ovi O ptimo M aximo l unoni M inervae H erculi F ortunae F elicitati S aluti F atis G en io s ing . A ug . e meriti e x n umero e od . H (4C m issi h onesta m issione a b i mp . T raiano H adriano A ug . i pso I I c os. 1 . 1 . m . v . s .

A bove t he d edication a re c arved a s ecespita a nd a l ituus. O n t he l eft s ide o f t he a ltar i s c arved a e r : o n t he r ight a p atera. I n m y t hird l ine , H O r eplaces a n e rasure , p resumably a s a c orrection. H . D essau t hought t hat H CMC r eplaced e m , w hich w ould 9anp1ete e odem which i s n ever a bbreviated i n t he r est o f t he e r 1 C . H ( llsen ( CIL ) a ccepts o nly } f l a s b eing i n t he l itura a nd e xpands a s ha r t (i nes) c( entum ); M .P . S peidel, b y i mplication , a ccepts t his.

3 .

Cu , , V I, 3 1140-3 1146, 3 1148, 3 1149

T he n ine d edications, t hough n ot u niform i n c ontent o r a rrangement , a re s o s imilar a s t o b e t reatable c ollectively. T hey b ear c onsecutive d ates f rom A D 1 32 t o 1 4 1 w ith t he e xception o f A D 1 39. 3 1146 h as a ll t he p ossible c omponents, s o i t i s u seful t o t ake t his a s a m ode l w ith w hich t o c ompare t he o thers : -

( sic)

( AD 1 38) ( AD 11)

1 . 0 . M . l unoni M inervae M art! V ictoriae H erculi F ortunae M ercurio F elicitati F atis S aluti C ampestribus S ilvano A pollini D ianae E phonae M atribus S ulevis e t G enio s ingularium A ugusti c eterisque d is i nuortalibus v eterani r n issi h onesta m issione e x e ode in n unero ab i mp . T haiano H adriano A ug . p . p . C a n erino e t N igro c os. i dus l anuarias q ui m ilitate c oeperunt P isone e t B olano c os. 1. 1 . m . V . S .

O n t he r ight s ide o f t he a ltar a re i nscribed t he n ames o f s ix v eterans, f our o f w hich a re a ccompanied b y ar ank , a nd a ll o f w hich a re a ccompanied b y o ne o f t wo o rigines: t wo a re f rom C olonia U lpia O escus ( Lower M jesia), a nd f our a re f rom C olonia F lavia S innium ( Lower P annonia). T hough t he n ineteen d eities o r d eity-groups d o n ot i nclude a ll t hose h onoured b y t he u nit , t hese a re a ll t hose n amed o n t he h onesta m issione m onuments u nder d iscussion. F our o thers h ave t he f ull c omplement , t he f our t hat d o n ot b eing t hose o f t he y ears A D 1 33-136,

6 4

r espectively. 19 F rom t hese H ercules a nd F ortuna a re m issing , w hilst t he l ast t wo a re a lso w ithout t he M atres a nd S uleviae. H ercules, t hough , w as c learly p op ur w ith t he u nit, b ut p erhaps e specially f rom t he l ate s econd c entury. M .P . S peidel r egards h im r e a s o ne o f t he R oman s tate d eities r epresented i n t hese d edications, a long w ith t he Cap itoline T riad , M ars, V ictq la, F ortuna, F elicitas, S alus, a nd, p robably , M ercury a nd t he F ata / T he o rder o f t he d eities i s f lexible o nly t o a v ery l imited e xtent . Mars a lways f ollow s t he C apitoline T riad , a nd V ictoria a lways f ollows M ars. H ercules, when p resent, a lways f oll s V ictori Fortuna i s a lways p resent w ith H ercules a nd f ollo ws h i m .' M ercury , a lways p resent , f ollows V ictoria e xcept o n t he f our o ccasions w hen H ercules a nd F ortuna i ntervene . A ft er M ercury t here a lways c o mes t he i nseparable t riad F elici i- i s , S alus a nd t he F ata: i n t his o rder, a part f rom t he t wo o ccasions w hen t he Fat a p recede S alus. T he i dentity o f t he F ata i s p roblematic h ere . T hey a re e ither t he l ast o f R oman s tate d eities o r t hey m ark , a s S peidel s uggests, t he watershed b etween t hese a nd t he r est b oth t hose s pecial t o t he u nit a nd t hose d eriving f rom t he r ecruiting a reas. I t i s p ossible t hat t he g a rea i nflue nc e , t he ir F ata t oo o we t heir p resence t o a r ecruit ' °p vene ration b ei ng a tteste d i n t he R hi ne lan d. -

I n a ll n ine d edications F èlicitas, S alus a nd t he Fta a re f ollowed by t he C ampestres, S ilvanus, A pollo , D iana a nd E pona, a lways i n t his o rder , a nd, e xcept f or i n 3 1143 a nd 3 1144 (A r ) 1 35, 1 36), t hese a re f ollowed b y t he M atres a nd t he S uleviae . E pona a nd t he C ampestres, C eltic i n o rigin , n ow " naturalised" R oman d eities, h ad a s pecial s ignificance f or t he e quites s inqulares a s mo un ted t roops . O f t he n early f orty d edications h onouring t he C ampestres ( who p res ide d o ver t he c ampus), e ighteen w ere e re cte d b y m embers o f t hi s u nit . E na p resided o ver t he w elfare o f h orses a nd w as a dopted w idely b y h orsemen a nd oiers i n t he a rmy , f rom B ritain a nd S pain t o t he D anube a nd Dac ia. A . v on Dinasz ski's i dentification o f S ilvanus, A polla a nd D iana a s n ative d eities o f t he u nit 's r ecruiting a reas i n R oman g uise i s a ccepted b y S peidel, w ith S ilvanus r epresenting t he n ative d eity o f I llyricum , a nd A pollo a nd D iana a s d eities % t he w est T hracians a nd t he n eighbouring p eople o f M oesia a nd Dac ia. T he M atres a nd S uleviae a re n ow t aken h ere t o r epresent d istinct d eity-groups, b oth C eltic a nd b oth c ommon i n t he u nit 's R hineland r ecruiting a rea: t he M atres ( or M atronae), o ften w ith i stinguishing epithets, were worshipped i n Lo we r G ermany a nd B ritain, 3 w hilst t he S uleviae o ccur, a gain w ith a v a ety o f f orms o f a ddress, i n B ritain, S witzerland, a nd b oth G ermanies. T he l ist o f n amed d eities i n G enius n qularium A ugusti, i n , h onc . ' A d evelopment i n t he 14 1 ) ' i s t he f inal a ddition o f p erhaps t he e t d c i r n xi t h s.. e t d edication o f 1 28. .

a ll n ine d edications c loses w ith t he a ccording t o M . D urry , t he p lace o f l ast f our ( of A D 1 37, 1 38, 1 40 a nd c eterisque d is imnortalibus, e choing o mnibus d eabus o f U lpius T ertius '

6 5

I n a ll t he d edications t here o urs a fter t he d eity-list v eterani m issi h onesta m issione e x e odem n t unero , w hich i s f ollowe d b y a b a nd t he n ame o f t he e mperor, t hat e ither o f Had rian o r o f A ntoninus P ius. A ll t he a lters e xcept o ne b ear a l ist o f n ames o f t he m issi o n o ne o r b oth s ides: 3 1148 h as o nly t hrçç n am es i nclude d i n t he t ext . O riqines r arely a ccompany t he n am es , ' b ut t here a re i ndications o f r ank ( all b elow t hat o f d ecurion) a ccompanying sane o f t he n ames o n t he a ltars f rom 3 114 1 ( AD 1 33) o nwards. A ll t he d edications e xcept o ne e mploy t he a bbreviated f ormula l (aeti) l (ibentes) m (erito ) v (ota) s (olverunt ), e ither b efore o r a fter t he d ate o f d ischarge: 3 1148 h as i nstead v oto s olverunt a rt h io l ibenti. A ll p rovi ° t he d ate o f d ischarge w hilst f cxr g ive a c alenda r d ate f or t his a lso. T he d ate o r d ates d esignating t he g roups o f m issi b y t heir y ear o f e nlistment a re g iven e ither i n t he t exts o r w ith t he l ists o f n ames. F r a n A D 1 35 ( 31143) t he f ormula q ui m ilitare c oeperunt i s a lways u sed, a nd a fter t his y ear t here i s o nly o ne d ischa e-group a nnually , w hereas t here h ad b oon t wo i n A D 1 32, 1 33, a nd 1 35.

C .

T he D edications o f M . U lpius F estus a nd P . A elius Lucius

T hese t wo d edications, i nscribed o n m arble c ippi , a re i n s everal r espects s imilar t o t he e leven a lready d iscussed, b ut t hey do n ot c elebrate t he h onesta m issio . B oth a re b y s enior o fficers a nd f ulfil vans o f a n u nspecified n ature .

1 .

C I I

V I, 3 1174 I . 0 . M . l unoni M inervae M arti V ictoriae H ercul. M ercurio F elicitati S alut! F atis Cmpestribus S ilvano

( sic)

A pollini D eanae E ponae M atri b es S ulevis e t G enlo s ing . A uq . M . U lpius F estus s . d ec. p rin . e q . s ing . Aug . V. S. 1 . m .

A e wer i s c arved o n o ne s ide o f t he a ltar a nd a P atera on t he o ther. I n c ontrast t o t he s ituation w ith r egard t o t he p revious g roup o f d edications, F ortuna i s m issing b ut H ercules i s n ot . O therwise t he d eity-list i s i dentical t o t hat o f t he p revious g roup p rior t o t he i ntroduction o f c eterisque d is i m r rortalib s i n A D 1 37 ( 3 1145). M . U lpius F estus, d ec(urio ) p rin (ceps), h as b een t entatively i dentified w ith U lpius F estus, o ne o f t he e ight d ecurions o f t he equites s ingulares A ugusti w ho e rected a n g scrip t !on a t G erasa, p robably i n t he w inter o f e ither 1 32 o r 1 33. T he a nalogy o f A elius Lucius ' d edication p erhaps i ndicates t hat h ere t oo a v c» i i s b eing f ulfilled o n r eceipt o f p romotion .

6 6

2 .

C EL, V I, 3 1175

( sic)

I . 0 . M . l unoni M inervae Marti V ictoriae H erculi F ortunae M ercurio F elicitati S alutis F atis C a r npestribus S ilvano Ap3llini D ianae E ponae M atri lx ts S ulevis c eterisque d is i r rm rtalibus G enio n umeri e q . s ing . A ug . P . A elius Lucius ( centurio ) l eg . V II G eminae v . s . 1 . 1 . m .

T he s e nding S alutis h as b een e rased. T he d eity-list i ncludes a ll t hose r epresented i n t he g roup o f n ine, i n t he e stablished o rder , e xcept t hat c eterisque d is i n r rorta f lbus n ow p recedes t he G enius o f t he u nit w ho h ere , u niquely , h as n u i reri i n h is t itle . P . A elius L ucius i s p resuma y c elebrating h is p romot ion t o t he c enturionate o f l egio V II G emina . T he d edication i s p resumably o f a s imilar d ate t o t hat o f t he n ine.

D .

C onclusion

T he d eities h onoured i n t he d edications, d iscussed a bove, e rected b y m embers o f t his u nique u nit o f t he a rmy c an b e u sef ly d ivided , o n t he s uggestion o f S peidel, i nto t hree c ategories: 4 u R oman s tate d eities, d eities s pecial t o t he u nit a s m ounted m en a nd n ative d eities d eriving s ome i n R oman g uise f rom t he r ecruitment a reas o f t he u nit . S alus, a s m anifestly b elonging t o t he f irst c ate ry, i s, a s h as b een o bserved , h ere t o b e i nterpreted a s S alus P ublica. -

-

S alus a nd t he o ther s tate d eities a re r eadily u nderstandable h ere a s am anifestation o f l oyalty a nd p erhaps a lso o f ad esire, o therwise w idely a ttested o n t he p art o f s oldiers, t o p lacate t he c hief d eities o f t he l oc lity . T he e ffect o f a p rocess o f Rananization m ay a lso b e i ndicated. T hree o f t he d edications a re b y i ndividuals, o ne h ighly i diosyncratic , c elebrating t he h onesta m issio , t he o ther t wo p erhaps c elebrating p romotions. T he r emaining t en a re t he r esult o f v ows f ulfilled b y m en o n t he p oint o f d ischarge fr om t he u nit . T heir v otive c haracter, t he f act o f t heir n ot b eing o n b ehalf o f t he u nit a s ab ody , t he a bsence o f a ny i nvolvement b y c ommanding o fficers , t he s election o f d eities i nvolved a nd t he a mbivalence o f t he p rovenance ( the b arracks) a ll i ndicate p ersonal, e ven i f c oij rate, a cts o f p iety . H owever , t he n otably f ormalized n ature o f t he d edications, t heir i ncreasing s ophistication , s ize, f ineness o f e xecution a nd t he r egularity ( after A D 1 32) o f t heir e rection ( all g iving t he i mpression o f a d eveloping i nstitution) ca rbine w ith t heir p robable s iting i nside t he b arracks, t o i mply a m easure o f o fficial c ognizance a nd a r r ptance.

6 7

1 .

S peidel, 1 965, 1 6-2 1, 6 4-67, 8 8-89, 9 1.

2 .

S peidel, 1 965, 9 8105.

3 .

C IL , V I, 3 1138-3115 1.

4 .

I bid ., 3 1147, 3 1150, 3 115 1;

5 .

C IL , V I, 3 1139.

6 .

T hus: C IL, V I, 3 1138-3 1146, 3 1148, 3 1149. S ee , f or e xample, G ordon, P l. 8 3b : p hotogr aph o f s queeze o f C IL , V I, 3 1140.

7 .

I bid ., 3 1 .174, 3 1175.

8 .

I bid ., 3 1178-3 1187; i n a nd b etween t he V ia 1sso a nd t he V ia Eanuele F il iberto , j ust n orth-west o f t he S cala S anta ; P latnerA shby, 4 06; C . . Hllsen, C IL , V I, P . 3 057 ( 1902); R . L anciani, T he R uins a nd E xcavations o f A ncient R ome, L ondon 1 897, 3 38.

9 .

F or t he S everan c astra n ova , L anciani, o p . c it., 3 38.

S peidel, 1 965, 1 011, 7 8.

S peidel,

1 965,

1 415,

1 0.

G ordon , 1 88190, 1 92.

1.

H enceforth, t he u naccompanied n umbers r efer t o CU, V I.

1 2.

C IL , V I,

1 3.

A bove , 5 7; D ura V , 2 03-205.

1 4.

C f. t he p robably o fficial h onesta m isslo ded ications, 3 1147, 3 1150, 3 115 1; S peidel, 1 011, 7 8.

1 5.

O therwise :

1 6.

B elow, 6 5.

1 7.

I LS , 2 180.

1 8.

S peidel, 1 965, 7 .

1 9.

C IL , V I, 3 114 1-3 1146.

2 0.

B irley , 1 953, 3 1162, 3 117 1.

3 1138-3 1146, 3 1148, 3 1149; G ordon,

C IL , V I,

3 117 1

( Sol); 7 15; 3 118 1

9 8; C IL , V I, 2 24, 2 26, 2 27,

6 8

8 8-89,

1 88-190, 1 92.

C it e ,

V I,

( Sol I nvictus).

2 73,

3 1150,

3 1158,

2 1.

I ) z inaszewski, 4 6-50, i dentified Her cules w ith t he G ermanic Dnar a nd r egarded h im a s t he s pecial d eity o f t he u nit , h is a bsence w ith t hat o f F ortuna , a nd t wice w ith h er a nd t he d efinitely G ermanic S uleviae, b eing , b e t hought , s ignificant ; c f. S peidel, 1 965, 7 0, n ote. 4 22; B irley, 1 978, 1 527-1528.

2 2.

F or t he i nclusion h ere o f M ars, V ictoria, H ercules, F ortuna a nd S alus, p urely a s s tate d eities, S peidel m akes a t elling c omparison w ith t he d eities h onoured b y t he A rvals a nd t hose i ncluded i n t he F eriale D uranu rn ; S peidel, 1 965, 6 9-70; a bove, 4 7; D ura V , 1 97-20 1; c f. t he S plitska d edication , b elow, 12.

2 3.

S ee n ote 2 1.

2 4.

M ercury i s n ot n ow t hought l ikely t o b e t he G ermanic W odan a s s uggested b y Di iaszewski, 4 7; S peidel, 1 965, 7 0, n ote 4 23; B irley , 1 978, 1 5271528.

2 5.

F or S alus . w ith F elicitas i n t he A rval a cts, a bove, 4 2, 4 4-45.

2 6.

S peidel, 1 965, 7 1; o n t he F ata , F atae a nd P arcae , P almer,

9 0-9 1,

1 08-114, 1 64-165, 1 68-169, 1 71. 2 7.

B irley , 1 978, 1 529; S peidel, 1 965, 5 5-57, 7 2.

2 8.

S peidel,

2 9.

Di naszewski, 5 3; S peidel, 7 2-73; B irley, 1 978, f or S ilvanus, c f. M 6csy, 2 50-2, w ho d isagrees.

3 0.

S peidel,

1 965, 7 3-74. 1 527-1528;

b ut,

1 965, 7 2; B irley , 1 978, 1 526-1527; B irley, Dei ties,

4 9-

5 1. 3 1.

S peidel, 1 965, 7 1-72; B irley, 1 978, 1 528; B irley , c f. D Dmaszewski, 4 7-48.

Dei ties,

5 3;

3 2.

M . D urry ,

3 3.

C IL , V I, 3 1145, 3 1146, 3 1148, 3 1149.

3 4.

I bid ., 3 1139, w here i t p recedes t he q enius.

3 5.

A part f rom t hose o f C IL , V I, 3 1139 a nd 3 1146, a bove, 6 3-64, 3 1140 h as t he n ames 'o f f our f rom t he t erritory o f t he C olonia T haiana B aetasiorum i n L ower G ermany a nd o ne f rom C ol . F lavia S irmium i n L ower P annonia ; 3 144 h as M . U lpius S aturninus ' Raetus '; whilst a mong i ndications i n t he c oqna nina P . A elius V angio o f 3 1149 i ndicates t he V angiones o f U pper G ermany. F or t he u nit a s a whole, S peidel, 1 965, 1 6-2 1.

3 6.

C IL, V I,

3 7.

C IL , V I, 3 1140, 3 114 1, 3 1143; S peidel, 1 965, 7 .

3 8.

G .L . t hee uan , J RS, I V ( 1914),

[ es c ohortes p r&toriennes, P aris, 1 938, 3 0.

3 1139, 3 1145, 3 1146, 3 1149; a bove, 6 3-64.

6 9

1 5-16; S peidel,

1 965, 3 6, 1 02.

3 9.

F or s imilar p ranotions, S peidel, n ote 2 4; 1 530.

4 0.

S peidel, 1 965, 7 5.

4 1.

S peidel, 1 965, 6 9; A .S. H oey , P D , 1 5 1-152; c f . E k : inaszewski, 4 3, 4 7, w ho s uggested , o n t he b asis o f t hese d edications, t hat S alus a nd F elicitas w ere e xclusively w orshipped i n t he a rmy by t he p eregrine t roops o f t he a uxilia, f or w hom t hey t ook t he p lace o f H onos a nd V irtus a s w orshipped b y t he c itizen-troops o f t he l egions. S ome o f t he e quites w ere R oman c itizens before e nrolment; S pei del, 1 965, 6 4-67.

4 2.

P erhaps, i n p articular , a s a r esult o f t he observances t he m ilitary f eriale; D ura V , 1 93197; a bove , 5 6-57.

7 0

1 965, 4 8; B irley,

1 978,

l ist

1 5 13,

ed

i n

I I:

A .

C HAPTER S IX : T HE M ILITARY D EDICATIONS, DEDICATIO NS O THER T HAN T HOSE O F T HE ' E JITE S S INGULARE

A U WS ' ! '!'

I ntroduction I n

t his a nd t he n ext c hapter t he d etails p rovided c oncerning

t he

f ind-circumstances, f orm , d imen si ons a nd s tate o f p reservation o f e ach i nscription w ill n ot b e e ntirely u niform . B eyond c ertain b asic i nformation ( where k nown ), t his w ill c hiefly r eflect a s election o f what appears t o b e, o r p otentially t o b e , s ignificant . S ometimes, t hough , t his w ill r eflect i nadequate i nformation c oncerning t he i nscriptions d ue e ither t o i ts c omplete u navailability o r , i n a f ew c ases, because e ither t he o riginal o r a d efinitive p ublication h as n ot been o btainable ( this w ill b e o bvious f rom t he r eferences). W ith r egard t o t he d iscussion o f c ontent , t his w ill, n ecessarily , r eflect a considerable d egree o f s election w ith r egard t o t he i ssues a nd a ssociations i nvolved . U nless i t i s s tated o therwise , i nscriptions m ay b e a ssumed n ot h ave b oon f ound, o r k nown t o h ave b een f ound, i n s itu.

t o

T hough n ot d irect e vidence f or c ult-practice , t he e vidence f or t he s hip o r s hips c alled ' Salus' i n t he i mperial n avy i s i ncluded h ere ( Section H ). T he d edication o f t he t emple o f A esculapius a nd S alus a t L ambaesis, b uilt b y l egio I II A ugusta , i s i ncluded i n C hapter S even .

B .

S alus a s E quivalent t o H ygieia S alus-Hygieia i s i mplied i n t hese d edications b r v irtue o f,

a mong

o ther i ndications, h er a ssociation w ith A esculapius. I . Ded ications b y ' Medici' 1 .

O bernburg , W est G ermany ; N E 1 ' IANINGA , G ERMANIA S UPERIOR I . 0 . M . I A pollini e t A es I c ulapio S alut! s acr. p ro s alute L . P e t roni F lorentini 1 111 Aq . e q . c . H . M . R u b rius Z osimus danu O stia c oh (ortis) s (upra) s (cripta ) V . S. 1 . 1 . m .

F ortunae p raef. c oh. m adicus

I

A n i mposing , t hough now d amaged, s andstone a ltar w ith c arefully e xecuted l ettering w as f ound i n o r b efore 1 776 n ear t he f ort . I n t he f irst l ine I . 0 . M . i s h alf-sized a nd t hought t o b e a l ater a ddition . On t he r ight s ide o f t he a ltar i s a r elief o f N eptune: o n t he l eft s ide i s, among o ther t hings, a b ust t hought t o r epresent F ortuna. T he

c ircumstantial e vidence o f t he k nown h istory o f t he f ort a nd o f c ohort p rovides o nly a b road i ndication o f d ate, c . P D 8 5 t o C. ( though t he c ohort i s s ecurely a ttested t here i n A D 1 62) • 2 b elow.) 2 .

t he 2 50

R ome A sclepio e t ISaluti Icatinilitonum ISex. Titus ( sic) A lexander m edicus c ho . V P r(aetoria) Id onum d edit i [ imp . D nitiano ] A ug . V III T . F lavius S abino c os. ( A 82)

T he p urpose o f t his p rivate d edication , o f u nrecorded f orm , b y t he m edical o fficer ( see b elow ) o f c ohors V P raetoria i s p erhaps i mplicit i n S alus' u nique t itle, ' of f ellow s oldiers'. T he s pel ing o f A sclepio r einforces t he i mpression t hat t he d edicant i s aG reek . W e k now a lso o f M . N aevius H a imodius, n edicus o f c ohors X P raetoria a nd o f a n A rtem idorus, d octor o f h e t hird P raetorian c ohort , b oth , u ltimately a t l east , o f G reek o rigin . ( See b elow.)

3 .

B inchester , E ngland ; V INOVIA , B RITANNIA [ Aesc]ulapio I[ et ] S aluti l [ pro s alu lte a lae V et I [ tonum ] c (ivium ) R (c z na ixrum ) M . A ure l [ lius I o canas m e [ dicus v . s .] 1 . m .

A s andstone d edication-slab , n ow d amaged , b ears a r elief d epicting S alus a nd A esculapius s tanding j oin ing h ands, t he l atter h olding a s nake-wreathed s taff. I t r epresents t he f ulfilment o f a vow f or t he s alus o f t he unit, which was p roha ly t he g arrison o f t he f or t i n t he l ate s econd o r e arly t hird c entury. ' Medici' I t

s eems c ertain t hat M . R ubrius Z osimus, S ex .

T itius

A lexander

a nd M . A urelius [ . .. ] oca ias w ere t he s enior med ical o ff icer o f t heir r espective u nits i n c harge o f m edical s taff a nd o rderlies. Z osimus a nd A lexander a re , d espite t he f on n er 'sh ome a t O stia, p robably G reeks , a nd c ertainly o f G reek o rigin . T he e vidence f or t he r edici c ohortium s uggests t hat t hey w ere f ully-trained d octors b efore e nlistment , u sually G reeks, a nd t hat t hey j oined t he a rmy f or s hort-service c ommissions a ttracted b y t he p rivileges t hey e n joyed, o fficer s tatus (p erhaps t hat o f a n e questrian o fficer) a nd t he u nparalleled e xperience t o b e g ained . T hey w ould r eturn t o i mportant p ositions i n c ivilian l ife . T hey w ere p robably g rant,d R oman c itizenship o n enlistment, i f t hey d id n ot a lready p ossess i t. A ll t hree d edications r espresent p rivate a cts, O bernb rg a nd B inchester b eing i n f ulfilment o f v ows, a nd t he f ormer b eing p resumabl e rected f ollowing t he r ecovery f ra n i llness o f t he c ohort caw nander. I ts o riginal r ecip ent d eities i ncluding, a t l east, t he whole " divine m inistry o f h ealth" ( Apollo , A esculapius a nd S alus-Hygieia) a s well a s F ortuna .

7 2

A mong c omparable d edications i s t hat o f U lpius J ulianus, I T ediCus o f c ohors I II A quitanorum , f or t he s alus o f t hat u nit , a t O sterburken ( AD 1 98) lu M artius Marcellus a t A quincum , m edicus, p erh s o f l eqio I I A diutrix , m ade a d edication t o A esculapius a nd H ygieia. M . U lpius H onoratus, a d ecurion o f t he e quites s ingulares A uqusti, f ulfilled a v ow b y s etting u p a n a ltar " to A esculapius a nd H ygieia f or t he s alus o f h imself, h is i n ily, a nd o f L . J ulius H elix, r edicus, who h as l ooked a fter m e". Am etrical G reek d edication o f t he l ate s econd c entury fL xI1 t he l egionary p raetorium a t C hester b y A ntiochus, a d octor , p erhaps a ttached t o l egio X X , a nd o bviously w ell-educated, h onoured " the s aviours o f m en, p re-eminent , a mong t he i mmortals, A sciepios o f h ealing h and , H ygieia, P anaceia". .

. . .

I I. T he A ni n n a nd A pulum D edications 1 . A 1 T U T kn , J ordan ; P HILADR r ,PHEIA ( RABBATAMANA , e tc), A RABIA [ Salu . ]ti e t A escul lEapijo s anctissimis [ d ]eis T erentius H eraclitus b (eneficiarius) C laudi c a.ito uni . o i n& l umitate d o m [us] d ivinae R E .. .. I S [ .. ] SSOIE... ..]SOQVEBE .. ... v otum s ol v it .

P arts o f t he d edication a re b orne o n b oth t he c apital a nd b ase a s well q § o n t he d ie o f t his l imestone a ltar f ound i n 1 904 s outh o f t he b aths. 1 ' k T he r estoration o f [ Salu lti c annot b e e ntirely c ertain, b ut i t i s p erhaps p referable t o t hat o f [ Caeleslti. T he d edication w ould b e u nique i n t wo r espects: i n t he e pitigt s anctissima d ea a nd i n t he p recedence o f S alus o ver A esculapius. A n fm ay b e c onflated w ith b i n t he f ourth l ine. C laudius ( pitolinus h as n ow b ee j 1 i dentifie d a s l eqatus A uqusti p ro p raetore o f A rabia i n A D 2 45-246. 16 T erentius H eraclitus, w ho a s o ne o f h is b eneficiarii w ould h ave b een a l egionary p rincipalis o n s econdment t o h is s taff, i s f ulfilling a v ow f or t he i mperial i ncolumitas.

2 .

c etate, R omania

( sic)

A PUL I JM , D ACIA A PULENSIS

D is P enatibus L ari I hi s Mf litari Ius L ari IV iali N eptuno S a [l u It i F ortunae R educi F sculapio D ianae Ao1lini H erculi S pei F a(v )ori P . C atius IS abinus t nib . m il . l eg . X III G . V . 1 . S .

A n 3 ternative r est or ation w ou ld p rovide a n , S a[ I to f or N eptune.' T he r emarkable s election o f d eities c ontained i n t his d edication s et u p b y a l egionary t rib unus l aticlavius ( see b elow) i n f ulfilment o f av ow s trongly s uggests t hat a j ourney h as b een s afely c ompleted. A esculapius' p resence s uggests S alus-Hygieia, b ut o nly i n

7 3

t he a lso r estored A nm n d edication 1d oes S alus, a s t he c ompanion o f A esculapius, o therwise p recede h im . I n a nother m ultiple d edication f rom D acia , t hat b y t he p rocurator a t S armizegetusa ( c . A D 2 50), S alus a gain o ccurs p receding A esculapius ( and n ext t o F ortuna R edux ) b ut c ertainly t" r e A esculapius.

n ot a s H ygieia w ho o ccurs a s s uch

i mmed iately

a fter

I f P . C atius S abinus i s c orrectly i dentified a s t he m an w ho c onsul f or t he s econd t ime i n A D 2 16, t hen h e s hould h ave h eld m ilitary t ribunate p ot l ong p rior t o 2 00 w hen l egio X III G emina 2 0 s tationed a t A pulum .

w as t he w as

T he I ares M ilitares a nd F ortuna R edux a re a ssociated w ith S alus i n t he A rval s acrifices c elebrating t he v ictory o f C aracalla i n A D 2 13, a nd t he L ar V ialis a nd F ortuna R edux a re c ombined w ith S alus i n t hose o f t he f oll ow ing y ear m arking t he a rrival o f C aracalla a nd t he a rmy a t N icc inedia. 2 1 T here a re a n otable n umber o f c oincidences , a lso , w ith t he d escription b y M artianus C apella o f t he f irst r egion o f t he h eavens , w here, a mong o thers, r eside l us, t he P enates , a nd L ares a nd t he F avores o pertanei N octurnasque.

C .

S alus R egina

C aerleon , W ales; I SCA S IL [ JRUM , B RITANNIA S aluti R eI g inae P . S al I l ienus P . f . IM aecia ( tribu ) T ha[la l m us H ad [ria]I p r (a )ef (ectus) l eg (ion is) I I A [ug (ustae)] c um f ili(i)s s uis Ampeiano e t L u c iliano d (ono ) d (edit )

T he n ow d amaged o olite a ltar w as f ound i n 1 845 i n t he p rincipia o f t he l egionary f ortress: h owever, t he p hrase d ono d edit a Ud t he m entioning o f t he p refect 's s ons i mply a n u nofficial a ct . T he a ltar 's r estoration a nd d ate, c . A D 1 98 t o 2 09, a re e stablished b y r eference t o a nother d edication b y t he s ame o fficer , f rom o utside t he f ortress 2 4 T he d edication i s e specially i nteresting i n t he l ight o f t he i t edici d edications, b ecause o f t he d uties a ttaching t o t he p ost o f p raefectus l eqionis. T he t itle p raefectus l egionis ( originally a s hortened f orm o f p raefectus c astrorum l eqionis) h ad, b y t he t ime o f S eptimius S everus, r eplaced t hat o f p raefectus c astrorum a s t he t itle o f t he t hird i n c ommand a nd s enior p rofessional o fficer o f t he l egion , w ho , a ccording t o V egetius, " was r esponsible f or t he s ick s oldiers a nd t he i t edic b y w hom t hey w ere l ooked a fter a nd a lso t he e xpenses i nvolved" T he t itle R egina i s u nique i n d edications t o S alus a nd i s m ore u sually a t itle o f J uno a nd D iana. I t h ad g reat s ignificance i n J uno 's c ult : p er h s h e r e i t i s s i m p l y a n i n d i c a t i o n o f T h a l a m us' e stea u i f or t he d eity. T halamus i s f rom t he n orth-eastern I talian t own o f H adria.

7 4

D .

S alus A ugusti

Bonn

-

B euel, W est G ermany ; B C T NA , G ERMANIA I NFERIOR

( sic )

( AD 2 3 1)

[ I]ov[i] IP ropugnatori I{ Victo ]riae S aluti i mp . [ Seve]ri A lexandri A ug . e t [ lul. M ]ameae A ug . ver] i m atri e ius I [et e ]xercitus M . A ureli S e E [ inv ]icti A uqusti t otiu[s] I A lexandri P ii F elicis q ue] da t ius d ivin (a )e e ius [ le 1 g . IM l( inervia) . ] f . S everiana A le [ xa]nd[ria]na c um a uxilii[s] L [ si]gna r ebus p eractis [ c]umq [uel T itio R ufin [o ] I [ c. I v . l eg . [ l]egionis e iu[s]I[delm a g [en]te s ub F lav [io] I[ Tit]ian [o l egato A ugusti p ro p rae t hre c ]o (n )s(ulari) n (ostro ) po l[n lenda [ cur]avit 3 / I k al I ... P c iupeia]no e t Pa[e] [ ligniano] c os. 2

F ragments o f t his v olcanic s tone m onument , n ow b adly d amaged , i n t he f orm o f ap illar s urmounted b y a n o rnate c apital, w ere f ound d uring build ing o perations i n 1 898 o n t he e ast b ank o f t he R hine, o pposite t he l egionary f ortress, t he s ite p reviously f orm ing a n i sland . T hough t hen i n a n overturned s tate , i t w as t hought t o h ave b een i n s itu a nd n ot e nclosed i n a s hrine o r b uilding . T he r estoration o f t he f irst l ine d epends u pon t he l ocation t here o f a s eparate f ragment . I n t he t welfth l ine [ pu]qna i s a n a lternative r estoration w hich m akes u se o f a nother f ragment t o p rovide t he f inal r n f or p onendam which t he s ense w ould r equire . O f t he t wo p ossible c ons t 4 ar 2 29.

d ates, t hat p rovided i s t he o ne n ow p referred t o t hat f or

A D

T he c alendar d ate i s o ne s ix d ays b efore t he k alends o f a m onth whose n ame d oes n ot s urvive: a mong o thers J une 2 6, t he a nniversary o f A lexander 's a ssumption o f t he t oga v irilis ( and p erhaps o f h is designation a s C aes ) a nd A pril 2 6, t he b irth day o f M arcus A urelius, h ave b een s ug ge sted. T he monument, a pparently c ommemorating a v ictory o n t he p art o f t he a rmy o f L ower G ermany , m anifestly r epresents a n o fficial a ct; t he l egionary l egate i s a cting u nder t he a uthority o f t he g overnor o f t he p rovince i n t he n ame o f l egio I M inervia a nd i ts a ssociated a uxiliary r egiments. A fter J upiter P ropugnator ( or, a lternatively, I .O .M . a nd M ars P ropugnator) a nd V ictoria ca ms, e ssentially , S alus A ugusti, p onderously e xpressed a s " Salus o f t he e mperor , h is m other, t he a rmy o f t he i nvincible e mperor a nd o f a ll h is da i rus d ivina". T he u sage would s eem t o b e i nconsistent w ith b oth m ilitary a nd c ivil o fficial r eligious p ractice a s a ttested f or A lexander's r eign i n t he F eriale D uranum a nd i n t he A rval r ecords, -6t h S alus P ublica i mplicit i n t he f ormer a nd s pecified i n t he l atter.

7 5

E .

S alus C ombined w ith J upiter D olichenus

1 . R usovce ( /Oroszvar/Karlburg ), C zechoslovakia; G ERULATA ( ?)‚ P ANNG IA S UPERICR [ I. 0 . ] M . D ollicheno ]! S al(uti) A ug .! ..] a lãe ( I) [ nnanef(atium ) i . . . ] d ec(urii) d upli[carii

T he f ragment , b roken o n a ll s ides, w as f ound i n s itu b ut r e-used , i n t he c ourse o f e xcavations i n 1 967 o n o r n ear t he s upposed s ite o f t he f ort. I t i s b y i nference f rom i t t hat t he a ltar f ound i n t he s ame p lace, a nd t hought W b e d edicated t o t he s ame t wo d eities by t wo f reedmen , i s r estored. T he k nown a nd p robable m ovements o f t he a la I C annanefatium a nd t he h istory o f t he c ult o f J upiter D olichenus i n P annonia c ombine t o s uggest a d ate duripg t he l ater se con d c entury o r i n t he f irst t hi rd o f t he t hi rd c entury. 2 T he r estoration i n f avour o f S alus h as t o b e u ncertain a s t he n ame i s o therwise v ery r arely a bbreviated a nd o nly o nce i n t his w ay . 33 T he c ivilian d edication i s e ven l ess c ertain i n r espect o f t he d edication t o S alus, t hough c ertainly t hat d edicatiq i i s t hat o f a n a edes t o D olichenus f or t he s alus o f a t hird p erson. T he p reviously s uggested i nterpretation, d ec ( urio) d upli [ c J rius] i s p roblematic a s t hese w ords a re m ore l ikely t o r efer t o m ore t han o ne o fficer ; a m ore l ikely i nterpretation m ight i nvolve o ne o r m ore d ecuriones a nd d uplicarii p erhaps c ombining t o m ake a d edication. 35

2 .

C orbridqe, E ngland ; ( 3 JRS 'IOPI ' IUM , B RITANNIA l ovi A eterno IDolicheno Iet Caelesti B rigantiae e t S aluti C . l ulius A p o linaris ( centurio) l eg (ionis) V I i uss(u) d ei

T he l ast t hree l ines a re w ithin a p revious e rasure. T he l eft s ide o f t he a ltar b ears t he r elief o f ag enius w earing a m ural c ro wn a nd p ouring a l ibation: t he r ight s ide h as a c upid h olding a b unch o f g rapes a nd a s ickle . T he a ltar, b uff s andstone , w as f ound r e-used i n a r oad s urface i nside t he b ase. T he s everal f actors h ring u pon t he d e o f t he a ltar c ombine i ndicate a d ate i n t he erly t hird c entury. 5 1

t o

N . J olliffe h as s uggested t hat a n o fficially Rananized c ult o f B rigantia i s t o b e c onnected w ith t he r eorganisation o f t he p rovince, a nd i n p articular o f t he B rigantian r egion , u ring t he r eign o f S eptimius S everus a nd h is s ons a nd a fter A D 1 97. I t h as f urther b een s uggested t hat t here w as a " deliberate i dentification Q f B rigantia w ith t he p erson o f t he e mpress", J ulia Einna, a s C aelestis. I f B rigantia h ad b een a dopted a s t he g uardian d eity o f t he n ew c olony a t Y ork , t hen

7 6

this w ould h ave b een a l ikely p lace f or a c enturion o f l eqio V I t o h ave encountered h er c ult : h ence, p erhaps, t he m ural c ro wn worn b y t he genius. T he v ied t hat t he a ssimilation o f C aelestis-Brigantia i nto t he Dolichene c ult m ay h ave b een a c alculated a ttempt b y t he p ri 9 s t o attract m an o f l egio V I h as n ow b een c hallenged b y M .P . S peidel. C aelestis m ay r epresent J uno C aelestis, t he R c inan i nterpretation o f t he t ut ary d eity o f C arthage ( whose P unic o r L ibyan i dentity i s uncertain), o r s he m ay b e t he ta S yria C aelestis ( Atargatis) w ho w as a lso e quat le w ith J uno R egina D olichena, t he c onsort o f J upiter Dolichenus. a I .A . R ichmond s uggested t hat a n a ffinity b etween J uno C aelestis, equatable w ith t he D ea S yria a nd w ith J ulia D z znna, a nd B rigantia w as encouraged " in l oyal canpliment t t he A fro-Syrian d ynasty o f S everus a nd i n p articular t o J ulia D cnna". 2 T hough D onna w as i dentified w ith C aelestis i n d edications, i dea o f i mperial p atronage o f t he c ults o f J upiter D olic nus C aelestis ( before E lagahalus) h as n ow b oon f irmly c hallenged.

t he a nd

? polinaris ' c ognomen , t hough i t m ay i ndicate h is m embership o f t he Dolichene p riesthood, d oes n ot n eed t o i ndicate a G raek oriental o rigin ( as h as b een s upposed), a s i t i s a g enuine L atin f orm . 44 1 polinaris ' p erception o f S alus i s p roblematic . T he D olichene f ormula i ussu d ei r ny i ndicate a n i ncubatio w hich m ay i mply t hat D olichenus w as b eing i nvoked h ere a s ah ealing d eity . 45 I n w hich c ase i t i s r elevant t o n ote a f unction 9 f B rigantia a s aw ater-goddess a nd t herefore a s a g oddess o f h ealing . W e s hall n otice b elc l b . 1 a m ilar a ssociation o f S alus w ith w at r i n s everal p laces i n t he e mpire, a nd n otably i n p arts o f S pain . P erhaps J ulius A polinaris ' d ed ation i s a ddressed p rimarily t o t he h ealing a spects o f t hese d eities.

F .

S alus A ssociated w ith a B ath-House

Bu-Ngem ( Tripolitania), L ibya ; G HOLPJA , AFRICA P RO (X SULARIS

5

Q uaesii m ultum q uot m enoriae t radere

I nveni t andem na ren e t n umen d eae

Aqens p rae c unctos i n h as c astra r n ilites

V otis ç erennem q uem d ir re i n h oc boo

V otum ca nmu rr n p ro q ue r editu e xercitus

1 5

I nter p riores e t f u t uros r eddere D om q uaero m ecum d ig n a d ivc i i t na nina

S alutis i gitur q uan d ium c ultores s ient Q ua p otui s anxi na ien e t c unctis d ed i

2 0

7 7

V eras S alutis l ymphas t antis i gnibus

I n i stis s emper h a r enacis c oilibus

2 5

3 0

A estuantis a ni rn ae f ucilari s piritum

N utantis A ustri s oils f lan i nas f ervidas

N oli p igere l audem v oce r eddere

T ranquille u t n ando d elenirent c or p ora

V eram g ui v oluit e sse t e s anum t ib[i]

I ta t u q ul s entis m ag n a r n f acti g ratiam

3 5

S et p rotestare v el S alutis g ratia

A s tele " of h ard g rey l imestone o f m arble-like q uality" w as f ound b y s oldiers i n 1 927 i n t h b aths i n t he f ort, w ith t he i nscription s et w ithin a m oulded p anel. T he t hird c entury l apidary c apitals a re c onsist en t w ith t he p eriod f ran t he d ate o f t he f ort 's e stablishment i n AD 2 0 1 ' t o t hat o f t he e rasure i n 2 38 o f t he n ame o f l egio I II Augusta f rom t he i nscription b orne b y t he m atching s tele gr i d i n t he s ane p lace : c enturio [ leg . I II A ug .] f aciendum c uravit. T he p oem s eems t o b e c ommem orating t he e stablishment o f S alus r elated t o t he b aths. T he a crostic u tilizing l etters o f t he o dd-numbered l ines p rovides t he n ame o f t he A vidius Q uintianus, w ho i s p resumably t he c enturion o f t he a s i s c onfirmed b y t he f irst f our l ines o f t he p oem .

o f a s hrine t he i nitial d edicant Q . o ther s tele ,

T he f irst s ix l ines r efer t o Q uintianus' o fficial r eligious a ctivities " in t his c amp". L ines e leven t o t wenty-one d escribe t he e st ab lishment o f a c ult o f S alus w ho i s s aid t o b e ad eity w orthy t o b e a ddressed i n v ota a nd t o b e c alled e ternal ( perennem ). T he p lace i s d escribed a s " of S alus" ( lines 1 4 t o 1 5), w hich i s p erhaps a r eference t o t he v ital p resence o f aw ater-supply . H ow h e " made t he n ame s acred" i s u nspecified ( line 1 7). T he " veras S alutis l ymphas" w hich Q uintianus " gave t o s o m any" p resumably r efers t o t he b ath-house o r t o i ts w ater-supply . L ines t wenty-one to t wenty-six r efer t o t he r elief t o b e a nticipated i n t he b ath-house5 fra n t he r igours o f t he desert. F rom l ine t wenty-seven o nwards t he a ddress i s t o t he u ser o f t he baths. T he c onfused m essage s eems t o b e t hat t he b eneficiaries a re u rged t o p roclaim t heir g ratitude t o S alus. T he p oor L atin , m any m istakes a nd t ortured s tyle r ender s everal l ines i ntractable ( especially: 7 , 8 , 2 9, 3 0). T he i mplication i s c learly t hat o f S alus a s ah ealth-goddess. E qually c lea i s t he a ssociation , a ttested e lsewhere , o f S alus w ith w ater-sources.

G .

S alus a nd a G enius ( ?)

T heilenhofen , B avaria, W est G ermany ; I CINIA WM ( ? )‚ RAEI 'IA S a[luti pr E...

T wo

.. .

Iet

G e[nio

.. .

Is i g [ . . . i

s [...

f ragn its o f a l imestone b ase o r a ltar w ere f c * ird i n 1 893

7 8

i n

t he c ourse o f e xcavations i n t he s outh w ing o f t he f ort 's p rincipia ( and t hus n ear t he a edes p rincipiorum ). F or t he f irst l ine s a[ncto l o r s a[crum ] a re a lternative r estorations. T he t hird l ine c ould c ontain s ig [( noru r n ) ] . A t p resent t he p eriod ra n H adrian t o c . A D 2 60 h as t o b e a llowed for t he f ort 's o ccupation .5

H .

E pitaphs o f S ailors o f t he M isene F leet

F ive epitaphs o f s ailors o f t he c lassis M isenensis a ttest a s hip , o r s uccessive s hips, c alled ' Salus'. O ne e xample w ill s uffice:- 56 D . M . IL . T hrentio S abin[o ] II II S alute m il(es) c l(assis) praet (oriae) M isen (ensis) n at (ione) P annonio A elius R omanus h (eres) b (ene) m (erenti) f (ecit)

I II S alute s tands f or t riere S alute, t hus: " belonging t o t he t rireme ' Salus ". I n t his c ase t he q entilicium , A elius, m ay i ndicate a d ate d uring o r a fter t he r eign o f H adrian. O therwise t he s tones b ear n o i ntrinsic i ndication o f d ate , t hough a ll m ust p ostda , t he f ormation o f t he M isene f leet b y A ugustus s hortly a fter 2 7 B C . I t s eems l ikely, t hough , t hat s hips' n ames w ould b e p erpetuated a s i ndividual s hips w ent o ut o f s ervice . O f t he e ighty-five, a t l east , a ttested s hips ' n ames, i n Lat in ( of b oth p raetorian f leets), a bout h alf a re t hose o f d eities, i ncluding m ost o t he g reat s tate d eities. T he d eified ' virtues ' a re w ell r epresented.0 98the d eity a fter w hich a s hip w as n amed m ight o r m ight n ot b e s ame a s h e s hip 's t utelary d eity , whose i mage w as d isplayed o n 5 9 p oop-deck.

I .

t he te

C onclusion

A s t he a ssociate o f A esculapius, S alus i s a d eity o f h ealth , c ertainly i n t he d edications o f t he m edical o fficers ( see d iscussion a bove ) a nd p erhaps i n b oth t hat o f t he b eneficiarius a t k r i nan a nd t r emarkable m ultiple d edication o f t he l egionary t ribune a t A pulum . " S he i s ad eity a ssociated w ith h ealth a nd w ater i n t he c enturion 's p oem a t . i -Nge r n , a nd t here i s t he p ossibility o f a c onnection w ith h ealth a t b oth C aerleon a nd C orbridge. S alus A ugusti i s h onoured o n t he o fficial v ictory m onument s et u p by t he a rmy o f L ower G ermany i n A D 2 3 1. S alus A ug., i n a ssociation w ith J upiter D olichenus, m ay b e t he o b ject o f t he R usovce d edication. T he p rovenance o f t he u ncertain T he i lenhofe n d edication m ay i ndicate a n o fficial n ature. T h

T he m otive f or t he m i n a ltar i s t he i ncolumitas o f t he i mperial h ousehold, w hereas t he s tated o r i mplicit m otives f or t he o ther u nofficial d edications a re mor e p arochial: t he h ealth o r w elfare o f t he d edicant ( Apulum a nd C orbridge), t hat o f h is f amily ( Caerleon), o f h is u nit ( Binchester, Ra re), a nd o f h is canmanding-officer ( Obernburg ). T he d edicants o f t hese a re a ll o fficers o r N .C .0 . ' s, t he l owest r anking b eing t he b eneficiarius a t A nuai n a nd t he d uplicarii ( ?) a t R usovce. T he d ates, where u sefully k nown ( in n ine c ases) a nd a part f rom t hat o f t he Ra re d edication (M ) 8 2), a re o f e ither t he l ate s econd o r t he f irst h alf o f t he t hird c entury . A long w ith m ost o f t he g reat s tate d eities, S alus h ad a t l east o ne s hip o f t he i mperial f leet n amed a ft-P r h er.

8 0

1 .

Above, 1 314.

2 .

C IL, X III, 6 62 1; I TS, 2 602; A E , 1 903, 3 82; A .D . C onrady, C RLR , Abteil. B , I II, H eide lberg , 1 9 14, n r. 3 5, 2 4, 2 7 a nd T af. I V , F ig . 8 a-c; J . v on E lbe, Ra nan G ermany , A G uide t o t he S ites a nd Museums, M ainz, 1 977, 2 4, 2 97-298; E . E sp randieu , R ecueil q n ral d es b as-reliefs s tatues e t b ustes d e l a G ermanie r omaine, P aris a nd B russels, 1 93 1, 2 00, n r. 3 23; L . H efner , i n F ahrer z u vor- u nd f r ( ihgeschichtlichen D en 1 cm lern , V III, M ainz, 1 967, 1 491 55; S peidel, 1 978, 4 2, n ote 1 34; D avies, 1 969, 8 6; D avies, 1 972, 3 .

3 .

C IL, V I,

4 .

D avies,

5 .

R IB, 1 028; D avies, 1 969, 8 6; D avies, 1 970, 1 02; T he R oman A rmy i n B ritain , L ondon, 1 982, 10.

6 .

B elow, 7 4, f or t he r esponsibilities o f t he p raefectus c astrorum .

7 .

D avies, 1 969, 8 5-87, 9 1, 9 3; D avies, 1 970, 8 7-88, 1 972, 2 -7, 9 10.

1 02;

8 .

B irley , 1 953, 9 9; E lbe, o p . c it. 8 6; D avies, 1 972, 3 .

D avies ,

9 .

Above , 1 3.

2 0;

1 15,

2 092; D avies ,

1 969, 8 5-86.

1 972, 2 .

( note 2 ),

2 98;

P .A .

H older ,

D avies,

1 969,

1 0.

C IL ,

X III,

1767.

1.

C IL,

X III,

3 4 13.

1 2.

C IL , V I, 1 9.

1 3.

i RS, t , IX ( 1969), 2 35, n r. 3 ( cf. R IB , 4 6 1 f rom t he s ame p lace); D avies, 1 972, 2 -4; D avies s uggests t hat m adici o f t he k ind u nder d iscussion m ay h ave h ad q uarters i n t he p raetorium o f t he f ort o r f ortress, w here t hey m ay h ave b een p ermitted t o s et u p s uch unofficial d edications. M . }nig h as s uggested t hat t he e ngraved H ellenistic s ignet g em ( of m ottled c halcedony s et i n a b ronze r ing ) f ound a t C hester a nd d epicting H ygieia ( enthroned a nd holding h er s nake ) m ay h ave b elonged t o a m adicus; M . H enig, A C orpus o f R oman E ngraved G emstones f ran B ritish S ites, B rit . A rch . R eports, 8 , Oxford, 1 974, i . 9 1, a nd i i. 4 2, n r. 2 85.

1 4.

R . S auvignac , R evue b iblique i nternationale, n ouvelle srie, ( 1905), 9 3 ( with f ig .); A E , 1 905, 2 11; I LS, 9 258.

1 5.

T hough c f. A pulum , b elow, w here t he t wo a re s eparated.

8 1

I I

1 6.

P I ER2 , I I, 1 40.

1 7.

A E ,

1 8.

A bove, 7 3.

1 9.

B elow, 12-113. A pollo i s e xplicable e nough i n c on junction w ith A esculapius, b ut , a s i n t he d edications o f t he e quites s ingulares A uq ., A pollo a nd D iana m ay r epresent n ative d eities o f w est T hrace a nd p arts o f M oesia a nd D acia . D aszewski t hought t his e specially l ikely i n c ases w here D iana p receded A pollo ; a bove, 6 5; f l iaszewski, 5 2-53; B irley , 1 978, 1 527, 1 535, n os. 4 8 a nd 4 9

p p .

1 956, 2 04;

1 88-189:

C .286; H .G .

P flaum , S yria,

) 0 (XIV

( 1957),

1 .1. R ussu i n P R , 6 1.

( by a nother l egionary t ribune). 2 0.

p ] 2,

I I,

2 1.

A bove, 4 7.

2 2.

A bove, 1 5.

2 3.

R IB , 3 24; G .C . B oon, I sca , T he L egionary F ortress a t Cerleon , M onmouthshire , C ardiff, 1 972, 4 9.

2 4.

R IB , 3 26; B oon, o p . c it ., 4 9.

2 5.

V egetius, E pitana R ei M ilitaris, I I , 1 0; W ebster, 17, 2 5 1; D avies, 1 969, 8 ; D avies, 1 972, 5 -6; D avies, 1 970, 8 6; B . D obson , ' The S ignificance o f t he C enturion a nd t he P rimipilaris i n t he Ra man A rmy a nd A dministration ', A NRW , 1 1.1 ( 1974), 4 13-414; B . Dob son, D ie P rimipilares, B eihefte d er b onner J ahrbUcher, 3 7,

p p .

1 3013 1: C . 5 7 1.

K 81n, 1 978, 3 1, 3 2, 6 8-7 1. 2 6.

P almer, 2 1-29 ( Juno); R IB ,

126; B irley , 1 978, 1 527, n r. 3 3.

2 7.

C IL , X III, 8 0 17; A E , 1 899, 7 ; H . N issen , B onner J ahrbücher, 1 03 ( 1898), 10-114; P . H ertz, U ntersuchunqen z um F estkalender d er r& t iischen K aiserzeit n ach d atierten W ei n- u nd E hreninschriften , ( Dissertation ) M ainz, 1 975, 2 32. M y t ext i s e ssentially t hat o f ( I lL a s m odified b y W .F . S nyder , F D , 1 4 1, n ote 6 18, a nd H ertz ( as c ited); c f. a lso G . A lf8ldy, E S,

2 8.

H ertz, o p . c it .

I II , K 81n, 1 967, 5 6-57, n r. 7 2.

( note 2 7), 2 32; A lf8ldy , o p . c it .

( note 2 7),

5 6-

( note 2 7), 2 32;

( note 2 7),

1 4 1,

5 7. 2 9.

H ertz, o p . c it .

S nyder , o p . c it.

n ote 6 18. 3 0.

A bove , 5 7-58, 4 2.

3 1.

R . H o ek, A cta o f t he F ifth I nternational C ongress o f G reek a nd L atin E pigraph y , C ambridge, 1 967, O xford, 1 97 1, 3 08-309 a nd P l. 3 1; A E , 1 972, 4 46; b elow, 1 08.

8 2

3 2.

J . F itz, K P , I I ( 1967), 7 75 ( 'Gerulata '); J . F itz, R E , S uppl. I X ( 1962), 7 3 ( 'Gerulata '); C IL , I II, 4 39 1; A E , 1 972, 4 42-444; A . L engyel, G .T .B . R adan ( ed.), T he A rchaeology o f Ra nan P annonia , L exington ( Kentucky ) a nd B udapest , 19 80, 2 21-222; ? 4 6csy, 2 55-259; S peidel, 1 978, 1 0.

3 3.

A t M archer ia, H isp . B aetica; b elow,

3 4.

B elow , 1 08.

3 5.

P .A . H older, S tudies i n t he A uxilia o f t he R oman A rmy f rom A ugustus t o T rajan , B rit . A rch . R eports , I nternational S er., 7 0, O xford , 1 980, 9 1-93, 1 05 a nd i nscriptions l isted i n t able 7 .4.

3 6.

R IB, 13 1; J olliffe, 4 2-43 a nd p 1. I I, f acing 3 7; M erlat, 2 662 67; R ichmond , 1 94-197; H arris, 5 6-57; B irley , Dei ties, 8 2 a nd n ote 4 26; S peidel, 1 978, 3 5-36; M arwood, 3 16-328; P hillips, 1 71 8, n r . 5 1.

3 7.

F or f ull d iscussion, M arwood, 3 18-323, 3 25-327.

3 8.

J olliffe, 3 9-4 1, 6 0-6 1; a lso A .F . N orman , i n R .M . B utler ( ed.), S oldier a nd C ivilian i n Ra i ian Y orkshire, L eicester, 1 971, 1 461 47; H enig, 8 3, 1 20, 1 35, 2 10, 2 13, 2 53; c f . P hillips, 1 8.

3 9.

N orman , o p . c it . ( note 3 8), 2 13; c f. P hillips, 1 8.

4 0.

S peidel, M erlat,

1 95

a nd

4 1.

S un i t ioned t o Rane i n 1 46 BC ; P almer, 2 8, 4 6-49; M arwood, 3 21, 3 26; c f. P hillips, 1 7.

3 24-

4 1a.

M arwood, 3 25-326.

4 2.

R ichmond , 1 94-195; a lso H enig, 2 10; c f. P hillips, 1 8.

4 3.

S peidel, 1 978, 1 0, 6 4-7 1; M undle, 2 28-237; c f. t hough 1 20, 2 10.

4 4.

S peidel, 1 978, 2 2, 4 6-54; K a janto , 2 0, 5 3-55, 1 07; M arwood , a nd n ote 2 2.

4 5.

J olliffe, 4 8-49.

4 6.

I bid., 5 8-59; M arwood, 3 28.

4 7.

F g. a t & i-Ngem a nd B rigetio; b elow, 7 7-78 a nd 9 5-96.

4 8.

M arwood,

17.

1 46; s ee a lso H enig, 7 9,

1 978, 3 5-36; a lso P hillips, 1 8; c f. R ichmond, 2 66-267.

3 22, 3 28.

8 3

1 20,

2 10,

H enig, 7 9,

3 22

4 9.

J .M . R eynolds, J .B . W ard P erkins ( ed.), T he I nscriptions o f R oman T hipolitania , L ondon a nd Pa ne, 1 952, nr. 9 18; R .G . G oodchild, L ibyan S tudies, S elect P apers o f t he L ate R .G . G odchild ( ed . J .M . R eynolds), L ondon , 1 976, 4 8. I am m ost g rateful t o D r. J .P . W ild f or h is h elp i n t ranslating t his p oem .

5 0.

R eynolds 9 13-9 16.

5 1.

I bid ., n r.

5 2.

I bid ., n r. 9 13, f ound i n t he b aths, r ecords t heir 2 0 1-202 b y a v exillation o f l egio I II A ugusta.

5 3.

A bove , 1 3-14 a nd n ote 9 1.

5 4.

C IL , I II, 1 3545; D r. E idam , O RLR , 1 9 14, n r. 7 1a, 1 5, w ith p hotograph .

5 5.

I bid ., 5 1; H .

5 6.

C IL , X , 3 639; t he ,o thers, a ll r eferring t o t riremes, a re : X , 3 402, 8 119; C IL , V I, 3 134, 3 147.

5 7.

C .G . S tarr, T he Ra nan I mperial N avy , 3 1 BC t o AD 3 24 S tudies i n C lassical P hilology , X XVI), N ew Y ork , 1 94 1.

5 8.

F . M iltner , R E , S uppl. V ( 1931),

5 9.

S tarr , o p . c it .

6 0.

S ee t he L ambaesis d edication , b elow 9 3, which could a lso b e c onsidered a s a m ilitary d edication ; a lso , p otentially , t hat fr om T imacum M inus; b elow , 9 9.

a nd W ard P erkins, o p . c it .

( note 4 9),

p .

2 25

a nd

n os.

9 19.

A bteil.B ,

e rection

V II,

H eidelberg ,

1 1-12; H .J . K ellner , D ie Ri rer i n B ayern , M t inchen, S ch8nberger , J RS , L IX ( 1969), 1 70, 1 76-177.

( note 5 7), 5 4,

84

i n

1 97 1,

C IL ,

(Q rnell

9 52-956 ( 'Seewesen ').

5 9, 8 6.

C HAP TER S EVEN : T HE E PIGRAPHIC E VIDENCE IUR T HE C IVILIAN C ULT E XCLUDING T HAT O F T HE A RVAL B R (Y I 'HERS A ND T HAT O F T HE C ALENDARS

A .

I ntroduction

T he g eneral r emarks i n t he i ntroduction t o t he p revious c hapter , r egarding t he d iscussion o f i ndividual i tem s a nd t he i nclusion o f d etails o f t he f orm a nd f ind-circumstances o f i nscriptions, a lso a pply h ere . T he m aterial h ere inc ludes a ll t he k nown e pigraphic e vidence n ot c overed i n t he p receding c hapters, i ncluding b oth t hat o f a d efinitely c ivilian n ature a nd t hat c oncerning w hich t here i s e ither u ncertainty o r a mbiguity. T he g eographical i nformation c ontained i n t he h eadings i ndicates ( where i t i s t hought u seful a nd w here i t i s k nown ), f irstly t he m ode rn n ame o f t he t own o r v illage i n o r n eir w hich t he i nscription w as f ound , f ollowed b y , i n m ost c ases, t he p resent n ame o f t he c ountry . A fter t he s emi-colon, a nd i n h igher-case, t here i s g iven t he a ncient n ame b y which t he s ite i s u sually k nown ( where o ne i s k nown ), f ollowed b y t he p rovincial n ame , w hich i s e ither, t hat b y w hich t he a rea w as k nown f or m ost o f t he R c inan p eriod , o r t hat o btaining a t t he d ate o f t he i nscription w here t his i s k nown . W here t hought u seful , r egional n ames, b oth m odern a nd a ncient , a re a dded . I n p articular , i n S pain a nd P ortugal, w here a r elatively l arge n umber o f d edications i s i nvolved, i t w as t hought u seful t o i ndicate t he c onventus. A s r egards t he e stablishment a nd p resentation o f t he t exts, t he e xtent o f d iscussion o f d oubtful r eadings a nd a lternative i nterpretat ions a nd r estorations i s d etermined b y , o n t he o ne h and i ts r elevance t o t he c ult o f S alus , a nd , o n t he o ther h and, i ts u sefulness . A bbreviations a re o nly s paringly a nd s electively e xpanded, e ither t o r emove a mbiguity o r t o i ndicate m y a ssumption o f t heir l ikely m eaning ( or , w here a ppropriate , m y p referred a lternative). T he e ighty-four i tems a re a rranged u nder t he f ollowing h eadings: B

T he E arliest I talian E vidence

C

S alus S enonia

D

S alus a s t he E quivalent o f H ygieia

E

S alus a s Q ualified b y t he I mperial E pithet

8 5

-

F

S alus P ublica o r h er E quivalent

G

T he

H

T he P rivate C ults o f S alus

I

I nscriptions A ttesting C ults o f a n U ncertain N ature

J

S eals a nd a G raf f ito ( or S tamp )

B .

T he E arliest I talian E vidence

' Auguriu r n S alutis '

I n

t he

a bsence o f a f irm i ndication o f d ate ,

t he

T arracina

a nd

H erculaneum a ltars a re i ncluded h ere b ecause o f t heir s imilarity i n wording t o t he P ompeii d edication a nd , i n t he l ight o f this, b ecause o f t he g eographical p roximity o f t he t hree t owns . N o u seful d ates h ave b een a ssigned t o t he a ltars o r t o t he Po mpeii d iptinti, t hough K . Latte r egarded t he P ompeii d edication ( 2B , b elow ) a s c omparable i n d ate t o t he P raeneste s tatue b ase ' ( of t he m id-second c entury BC o r ( , rlier ), t hough f or n o s pecified r eason. O n t he g rounds o f g eneral p robability t he a ltars o f H erculaneum a nd T arracina c an p erhaps b e t entatively r egarded a s o f l ate r epublican o r e arly i mperial d ate ( no l ater , o f c ourse , t han AD 7 9 f or t he H erculaneum s tone ).

1 .

E rcolano ; H ERCULANEUM , C ANPP 1NIA S aluti T he

s m ll

m arble

a ltar

Is acrum w as f ound i n

1 872

i n

t he

c ourse

o f

e xcavations.

2 .

P cMPEII,

C PMP NIA A .

S alutis

B .

S alutei

Is acrum

T he d ipinti were d iscovered i n t he c ourse o f t he e xcavations o f 1 886 t o 1 888 o n t he w all o f a p assage-way n ext t o B uilding 8 o f I nsula 7 i n R egio I X . T he f irst w as w ritten " negligently a nd a l rw st i n c ursive s cript" i n v iolet i nk o n w hite p laster. I t w as b elow t he d epiction o f aw reath a nd a bove t hat o f t wo c ornucopiae . A ll w ere s ituated i n a n iche, w hich a lso c ontained, b elow t he p aintings, a n a ltar p artly e mbedded i n t he w all. T he s uccessive l ayers o f p laster i ndicate a t l east t hat t he w reath a nd d ipinto d o n ot b elong t o t he f inal p eriod o f P omp eii. T he s econd d ipinto , i n v iolet i nk a nd w ith f ine l etters o f s mall b ut i rregular s ize, w as a t h e u pper e dge o f t he p ainted w reath but o n a n o lder p laster s urface. T he e vidence h ere p erhaps i ndicates a s treet s hrine d edicated t o S alus. W e m ay n ote t he a rchaic f orm o f t he d ative i n S alutei a nd t he

8 6

r ecurrence o f t he p ainted w reath o n t he H orta p atera ( below). W e m ay a lso n ote t he c ornucopiae i n t he l ight o f K . L atte 's s uggestion t hat t he c ult o f S alus , i n t he f orm o f S alus S e r nonia ( se b elow), h ad o riginally b een c onnecte d w it h a c ult o f c rop-f ertility.

3 .

T erracina ; T ARRACINA , L ATIUM S aluti s acr(um )

T he a ltar, f irst r ecorded i n t he e ighteenth c entury , w as f ound " between t he i nner a nd o uter I ag G ate". I t b ears r elief c arvings o f a p atera,

4 .

a n u rceus a nd a l ituus.

P esaro ; P IS It JRUM , I J MBRIA S alute

T he l imestone c ippus, i n t he f orm o f ap yramid t runcated a t t he t op , w as f irst r ecorded i n 1 738 g ith t welve o ther s imilar d edications i n ag rove j ust o utside t he t own. T he

c ippus

i s o ne o f f ourteen s imilar c ippi,

t hirt 'e n

o f

w hich

were f ound c lose t oge ther i n t he g rove o utside P isaurum . A f urther s even o f t hese s imilarly b ear o nly t he n ame o f ad eity u sing a n a rchaic f orm o f t he d ative , S alute b eing t he e quivalent h ere o f S alutei. A ll o f t he dedications d isplay a g reater o r l esser n umber o f a rchaic c haracteristics i n t heir o rthogr aphy a nd l etter-forms. T he s election o f d eities h onoured a lso s uggests a n e arly d ate; a ll a re I talic d eities e xcept f or A pollo , t he e arliest o f t he G reek d eities i ntroduced a t R c ine . T he l ist i ncludes M ater M atuta, Fronia, [a M arica a nd t he D ii N ovemsedes. F urthermore , t he f act t hat n one o f t he m inimum o f f our f emale d edic nts h as a p raena ren , i s t aken b y T . Mx rnsen t o i ndicate a n e arly d ate . G iven t he a rchaic c haracteristics, a n o bvious p ossible d ate f or t he e stablishment o f t he s acred a rea would b e a t , o r j ust a ft r , t he f oundation o f t he R oman c itizen c olony a t P isaurum i n 1 84 BC . H owever, t hose c ippi b earing t he n ames o f t he d eities a lone, which a re r egarded a s b eing t he p roducts o f t he s ame s tone-cutter , a re t hought t o d isplay sa rewhat e arlier c haracteristics t han t he o ther s ix. M oreover, i t h as b een s uggested t hat t here m ay h ave b een a n e arlier s ettlement , a c oncilia t ulum c ivium Ra nanorum , a t P isaurum , p rior t o 1 84 B C a nd s ubsequent t o t he s ub 1gation o f t he S enones i n 2 83 B C ( p rha p e i n t he p eriod 2 32 t o 1 84 B C ).

w ar

T hus, a d ate a round t he t ime o f, o r p revious t o , t he H a iibalic h as b een s uggested f or t he r lier g roup o f d edications . T he

a rchaic l etter-forms w ere i n u se o ver a l ong p eriod a nd s o a re n ot,

i n

t hemselves, i ndicative o f a n e xact d ate. T wo o f t he d edications w ere b y i ndividual m atronae, o ne b eing n amed , t he o ther c alling h erself m atrona P isaure( se(s) ( though a lternatively r estorable a s m atronae P isaure ( n )s e(s)). T his f act a nd b oth t he f act t hat t he f emale d eities h onoured g reatly o utnumber t he m ale a nd, l ikewise , t hat t he c ertainly f emale d edicants p redominate

8 7

o ver t he m aximum ( depending o n t he r estorations) o f t wo m ale d edicants, p rompted Ti t nnsen t o s uggest t hat h ere h ad b een t he c rarium m atronarum P isaurensium : a n i dea n ot e ndorsed b y A . D egrassi. '

5 .

O rte; H ORTA ,

r RURIA S alutes p ocolc t n

T he words, w ithin t hree c oncentric c ircles a nd a n o live-wreath b order, a re p ainted , a long w ith t he f igure o f ac upid , i n t he s tyle o f ' Gnathia W are ' o n ab owl o r P atera o f b lack g lazed f abric o f f air q uality . 14 B oth t he l etter-forms a nd t he s pelling o f t he words d isplay a rchaic c haracteristics, i n p articular t he f o rms o f t he 1 ett s A , L a nd P . S alutes i s a n a rchaic f orm o f t he g enetive S alutis . Moreo ver, t he f abric o f t he p ottery a nd t he s tyle o f i ts d ecoration c ombine t o i ndicate a d ate i n t he t hird c entury B C , w hich i s v ariously e stimated a s e arly, m iddle a nd l ate . T he m ore r ecent a ssessments f avour a n e arly d ate . H owe ver , f or a nother P atera o f t he a i re t ype A . D egrassi a llows t he p ossibility o f a f ourth c entury d ate. 1 ‚3

T he f abric a nd d ecoration o f t he P atera a s w ell a s i ts i nscription p lace i t w ithin a c eramic g roup o f b owls a nd o ther v essels ( twenty-one v essels i n a ll) o f a s imilar o r i dentical f abric a nd d ecoration , o f w hich s ixtoen b ear a p ainted i nscription c omprising t he n n o f a d eity i n t he g enetive ( with o r e xception ) f ollowed b y p ocolo ( m). T he f ind-locations o f t hese s ixteen , w here k nown ( all e xcept t wo), a re, w ith o ne e xception , i n c entral I taly w ith e leven i n E truria. A nother t wo , i ncluding t hat f rom R ome , a re f rom L atium . T hree a re f rom H orta. O ur s pecimen i s m ost c losely p aralleled i n dgoration b y t he Pane P atera d edicated e ither [ nervai I o r [ rcuri I . T he s imilarity i n t he f abric o f t he g roup a nd t he uniform n ature o f t he i nscriptions a re t aken t o i ndicate a s ingle c entre o f p roduction : E truria, L atium , C a ania, T arentu r n a nd Ra r e h ave a ll b een s uggested a s p ossible c entres. ' Qathia W are ', t o w hich, i n b oth f abric a nd o rnament , t he g roup i s r elated , w hilst o riginally a p roduct o f A pulia , h ad p roduction c entres i n m any p arts o f I taly b y t he m iddle o f t he t hird c entury ." ' T he i nspiration f or t he p ocula may w ell h ave b een p rovided b y G reek a ntecedants, i n t he s ame ware a nd i nscribed w ith t he n ames o f G reek d eities, w hich w ere m anufactured i n s ou ", I taly a nd w ere p robably f amiliar t o t he p otters o f c entral I taly . T he L atin i nscriptions a nd t he s election o f d eities h onoured h ave b een t aken t o i ndicate m anufacture i n R owe, a nd c ircumstantial a nd o ther i ndirect e vidence w ould f avour a Ra nan p ottery a t l east a s c onvincingly a s a c entre e lsewhere . J .D . B eazley c onsiders t hen t o b e d efi tely o f L atin m anufacture , " but q uite p ossibly b y T arentine s ettlers" .

T he o ther n ames i nscribed o n t he v essels a re: C c s ra a nd L avernai, a t H orta ; A ecetiai, J unonenes a nd K en , a t V ulci; 4 enervai, V eneres a nd V olcani, a t T arquinii; A isclapi, a t C lusium ; V estai, a t L anuvium ; V enere [ S], a t C aere ; F ortunai, a t sa r 9 ere i n C alabria; a nd B elolai a nd S aeturni , a t u nknown p rovenances . A fter m aking a llowances f or

8 8

t he i diosyncratic a nd a rchaic s pellings, o nly t hree o f t hese d eities a re n ot known i n R oman r eligion o f t he t hird c entury : ' Coera ' ( perhaps t o b e c onstrued a s C ura), ' Aeceti ' (p erhaps a s A equitia o r A equitas) a nd ' Ke r ns ' ( perhaps a s C erus). A lthough s even o f t he s ixteen v essels a re r ecorded a s h aving t he d epiction o f a f igure a s p art o f t heir d ecoration , t his i s u sually C upid , a nd o n n one o f t hem i s 2 h e f igure t ho ught t o r epresent th e d eity c oncerne d i n t he i nscription • T he i ntended p urpose o f t he rccula i s n ot c ertain , b oth a f unereal r u1 se a nd o ne r elating t o s hrines ( the L anuvium e xample w as f ound n ear a te mp le) h ave b een s uggested. G .C . P icard h as s uggested u se a t b anquets where t he n amed d eities w ould h ave b een t hose

6 .

P alestrina , I taly ; P RA E ES T h , L AT tUM L . G e r renlo (5) L . f . P elt[.] IH ercole d ono Id at l ub (ens) r er (i)to p ro s ed s ue (is)q (ue) e (is)de(m ) l eigibus a ra ( e) S alutus

T he d edication i s o ne o f t hree t ufa c ippi f ound i n 1 882 " under P raeneste, o n t he R oman s ide, b etween t he V ia P raenestina a nd t he t urning t o L abici". T he c ippus i s i n t he f orm o f at runcated a nd e longated p yramid w ith t he i nscription c onfined t o t he u ppermost t hird o f o ne o f t he s ides ; t he u pper s urface i ndicates t hat i t o nce b ore a s tatue. 27 I n t he f ourth l ine i dem h as b een a lternatively c onstrued f or e de, a nd i n t he f ifth l ine o n t he o ne h and a ra S alutus, a nd o n t he o ther h and ( dedicata e st/ & t ] it) a ra (m ) S alutus, a re a lternative i nterpretat ions. I dem w ould r efer t o G e r nenios a nd, w ith t his c onstruction , w ould r equire d edit o r a s imilar v erb t o g overn a ra ( m ), b ut, a s R .E .A . P almer h as n oted , t his w 0u198 i mply a n u nexpectedly c lose a ssociation b etween S alus a nd H ercules. T he g enitive a ra (e) w ould b e c onsistent w ith l eigibus, b ut i f t he a blative, a ra , i s p referred t hen i t c ould b e d ependent o n e (is)de (m ), t hus m eaning " with t he s ame r ules a s a t t he a lter o f S alus" i nshad o f " with t he s ame r ules a s o f t he a ltar o f S alus". P almer r e jects t he i nterpretation m eaning t hat t he " same p erson" g ave, o r d edicated , a n a ltar m erely " according t o t he rules". T here a re p erallels f or t he g enitival f orm i n us a s i n S alutus. ' A lthough s ome o f t he f orms i n t he d edication m ay r epresent d ialectical t raits ç r r eflect t he i nfluence o f s poken L atin , s ome a re g enuinely a rchaic . 3' ' E . P uigram r efers t o t he s tone a s o f m id-second c entury 3 3 C d ate, w hile A . Egrassi h as a ssigned i t t o t he t hird c entury. T he t ext a ttests a b ody o f s acral l aw w hich g overned t he p ractice o f ac ult o f S alus a t a n u nspecified p lace. F urthermore , t he c ult w as t hus w ell-enough k nown a nd r espected f or i ts c anon t o b e a dopted f or t he c ults o f o ther a nd u nrelated d eities, m oreover w ithout e ven a d esignation a s t o p lace . I t h ad b een a ssumed t hat a l ocal c ult a nd a ltar o f S alus w ere i mplied: h owever , P al mer h as s uggested t hat t he a ltar e fe rred t o m ay h ave b een t hat o f t he Q uirinal t emple o f S alus a t R ome. 3

8 9

T he c anon o f S alus m entioned i n t he d edication w ould, d espite t he u ncertainties a s t o i ts p recise d ate, b e t he erliest a ttested s uch c anon w ith t he p ossible e xception o f t he ' Alban l ex ' a dopted f or a c ult 3 3 a t B ovillae.

C .

S alus S emonia

R ome

( AD 1

M ercurio IA e terno d eo l Eovi] I[ Ijunoni R eqin (ae) M in [ervae] [ So lli L unae A pol[lini ] [ Dia]nae F oi-t una[e M atri?] [ Maq?]nae Opi I si P i[eta i ?] L [ q . iod b o ]nãm [ faustum ] [ Mart?]i F atiis D [ivinis ' [ feli]xgue [ siet] i mp (eratori) cesâri A ugus[to T htel ? F e ius s enati p op . ili[que Ro ma ni] Ie t i ntr unte f elic E iter] g entibus n ono [ anno?] L . L ucretii s L . l (ibertus) C . C aesare L . P au[llo c os.] S a l u s S e m onia p osuit Z ethus i ussu I ôvis a ram A ugustam p o uli V ictoria

T he m arble t ablet , n ow i ncomplete a nd i n t hree f ragments, w as f ound i 418 90 o n t he l eft b ank o f t he T iber n ear t o t he V ia d e M onte B rianzo. M ercurio , i n t he f irst l ine , a nd S alus S emonia a nd p opuli V ictoria , i n t he l ast l ine, a re b y ad ifferent b and o r b y t wo d ifferent h ands a nd w ere c learly a dded a t a l ater d ate o r d ates. M ercurius, i mportant i n t he A ugustan p antheon , m ay h ave b een a dded b efore t he d eath o f A ugustus. H owever, p alaeographically, t he a dditions n e e d b e c lose i n t ime n either t o t he o riginal d edication n or t o e ach o ther. 35 I t h as b een s uggested t hat t he f reedman , L . L ucretius Z ethus, who w as r esponsible f or t he o riginal d edication o f t his ' Augustan a ltar ', m ay h ave b een o ne o f t he v ic a nag tri a mong w hose r esponsibilities w as t he p reservation o f l ocal c ults. I t m ay b e t hat t he a dditions r epresent a f urther t hree d eities w hom a t s ome s tage i t w as d esired t o a dd t o t he d eity-list o f t he d edication , t hough S alus S emonia a nd pop ili V ictoria a re i n t he n ominative c ase . T he i nclusion h ere o f S alus r epresents t he e arliest e vidence , a nd t he o nly e pigraphic e vidence , a ttesting t his e pithet f or h er . L ater, t he e pithet i s a ttested , t hough o stensibly w ith r eference t o a n e irlier p eriod, i n M acrobius ( c. A D 4 00. A pud v eteres q uoque q ui n c * r tinasset S alutem S enoniam S eiam S egetiam T htilinam f erias o bservabat .), a nd a n a ssociation i s i mplied i n F estus ( late s econd c entury , e pitomizing V errius F laccus o f t he A ugustan p eriod). 37 T he c onnection , t hough , m ay i ndeed b e a n a ncient o ne, a nd i t m ay i ndicate t wo a ncient f unctions o f S alus: o ne b eing c onnected w it t he o verseeing o f so wing ( "granting w elfare i n t he s phere o f s owing" 8 ), t he o ther a s ad eity i n w hose n ame o aths w ere t aken . M odern s cholars h ave g enerally a ccepted t hat b oth S emonia i n t his c ontext a nd t he d eities c alled t he S emunis ( plural) i n t he a rchaic

9 0

' Hymn o f t he A rvals '3 9 ( for w hich n ame t here m ay b e a p arallel i n a n i nscription o f t he f irst c e ury B C f ran C orfin .ium i n t he P aelignian d ialect : s acaracrix S enunu ) a re c onnected w ith t he f uncti o n o f s awi ng ( Seia, S egeti an d T utilina p reside o ver ot he r a spects l ife o f t he s emina.). 1

o f

t he

I ndeed K . L atte h as s uggested t hat t he Ia D ia, t he p atron d ei o f t he A rvals, m ay r epresent a p ersonalization o f o ne o f t he S encnes. A nother s uch p ersonalization m ay b e r epresented i n S eno S ancus w ho e merges i n h istorical t i nes w ith t he c ertain f unction o f g uaranteeing o aths a nd p erhaps t reaties a nd i s u sually c onflated w ith D ius F idius w ho w as c ertainly a lso a g od o f o aths . A fter m uch d ebate t here r emains u ncertainty a s t o t he o riginal s ignificance a nd d evelopment o f t he c ult , o r c ults, o f S e no S ancus D ius F idius a nd, i n p articu r, a s t o whether o r n ot t here w ere o riginally t wo s eparate e ntities. T hus, t he e pithet S emon m ay i ndicate a n a rchaic r elationship b etween S alus a nd S enD S ancus, a nd i t m ay t hen b e t hat S alus d erived f ra n t his c onnection a f unction o f o verseeing o aths. S . W einstock h as s peculated t hat t here m ay h ave b een a n e arly o ath i n t he f orm pr t uam s alutem ( which m ay n ot a t f irst h ave i plie3 t he g oddess) b y a nalogy w ith t he a ttested o ath p er t uam f idem . 43 A s w e h ave a lready n oticed, w e k now f rom C assius D io t hat 4 4 B C ap ublic o ath w as i ntroduced b y t he h ygieia o f J ulius C aesar. W einstock a lso s uggested t hat S alus S enonia m ay h ave o riginated i n a rchaic t ines a s a f emale v ersion o f S e r ro S ancus i n 1d evelopment a nalogous t o t hat p ostulated o f F ides o ut o f D ius F idius. 4 C ircumstantial i ndications o f t his p ostulated r elationship b etween S e r to S ancus a nd S alus h ave b een s een i n t he g eographical p roximity o f t heir r espective t emples o n t he Q ui nal H ill: o n t he C ollis M ucialis a nd C ollis S alut'ris, r espectively. W hatever i ts o rigin , t he w ord s ancus a ppears t o b e c onnected

w ith

t he L atin s ancire , a nd , m oreover, n ear t o t he t emple o f Se r ro S ancus D ius F idius w as t he P orta S anqualis ( which n ame e r nbodi t he w ord s ancus) which w as o ne g ate a long fran t he P orta S alutaris. A S abine o rigin f or t he d eity, a nd i n p articular f or t he n ame S ancus i s i ndicated b y t he e vidence o f t he a ncient a uthors. T hough t hat o f V arro m ay b e s uspect a s h e h ad a n i nterest v ested i n t his t heory o f a S abine o rig in , a s h e b elieved t he Q uirinal t o h ave b een t he s ite o f a S abine s ettlement i n p re-historical t imegA H ence , p erhaps, d erives h is a ssertion o f a S abine o rigin f or S alus. P ropertius ' a ssertion o f a n i dentification o f S e no S ancus D ius F idius with H ercules m ay b e i ncorrect, b ut a n a ssociation w ith J upiter , a nd i n w ith p articular i n r espect o f J upiter 's f unction i n o verseeing t he t aking o f o aths, s eems c ertain ( this s eems t o a pply p articularly t o D ius F idius), t hough i t i s n ot y et c lear w hether t his w as a s a n e ntity a bsorbed y J upiter o r a s a s pecialized a spect o f h im which b ecame s eparate. 5 I t h as a lso b een s uggeste a s ap ossibility t hat a d eity o f s awing h ad b een a bsorbed b y J upiter. 2

9 1

T he n ame D ius F idius r esembles t hat o f t he a rchaic U mbrian p atrond eity o f I guvium ( 'Fisius S ansios', ' Fisouios S ansios', o r ' Fisovius S ancius ') a s a ttested i n t he b ronze t ablets fo und t here d escribing t he P rocedure o f t he p urification o f t he t own .5 T he Q uirinal t emple o f S eno S ancus D ius F idius, t hough o nly o fficially d edicated i n 4 66 B C , w as, t raditionally, f ounded b y t he l ast T hrquinius, a nd i t c ame t o h ouse s everal i mportant i tems f rom R ome 's p ast i ncluding t he a ncient t reaty w ith G abii a nd a d eposit o f t alismanic b ronze r ings i n w hich h as b een r ecognized a p ossible p arallel t o t he s ing o r d isk h eld b y t he o fficiating p riest i n t he r itual a t I guvium .5 I t

i s

a lso f rom t he

Q uirinal H ill t hat o p

o f

t he

f ive

k nown

d edications t o S eno S ancus D ius F idius d erives. T his a nd t wo o ther d edications, o ne f rom a n u ncertain f ind-spot i n R ome, t he o ther f rom , a nd a ttesting a c ult-centre o n , t he T iber I sland , a re a ll o n O phalf o f a p riesthood c alled t he d ecuria s acerdotum b identalium . T he b identales w ere p riests w hose f unction w as t he c arrying o ut o f t he a ppropriate s acrifice ( of a t wo y ear s o ld s heep ) a t t he p laces ( bidentales) w here a l ightning-bolt h ad s truck t he g round. H erein l ies a f urther c onnection w ith J upiter , f or t h is c ollege o f p riests w as, e vidently, c losely a ssociated w ith t he c ult o f S em S ancus D ius F idius, a nd, a mong t he a ttributes w hich a t l east t he D ius F idius a spect o f t he d eity s hared w ith J upiter w as t he a bility t o h url l ightning-bolts.57 F inally, w e m ay n ote H .H . S cullard 's r emark t hat t he c ult o f S e n " thus l ong c ontinued i n Ra te a nd m ay h av ip . ,b een m ore i mportant i n pub li c l ife t han i ts m inor c haracter s uggests". JO A s C . W issowa w rote , t hough a n a ncient c ult-connection b etween S alus a nd S eno S ancus D ius F idius s eems c ertain, t he e vidence i s t oo s parse t o a llow u s t o p erceive w ith c ertainty t he m eaning o f t his c onnection. 5

D .

S alus a s t he E quivalent o f H ygieia

I n n ine o f t hese i nscriptions S alus i s t he c ompanion o f A esculapius. A t B rigetlo S alus a s H ygieia i s f irmly i ndicated d espite t he a bsence o f A esculapius . T he i dentity o f S alus i n t he s econd t ext fr om P erga i nu r n , a ttesting a p riesthood o f Ra na a nd S alus, r emains u ncertain . H er i dentity a s S alus-Hygieia i n t he T ibur monument t o M ens B ona a nd S alus s eems l ikely. K . L atte a ssumed t hat t he m inistra S alu s a ttested a t P returo ( Section I , n r. 2 ) r elated t o S alus-Hygieia . G . W issowa r egarded S alus a s H ygieia w here S alus i s a ddressed, t hough a lone, a s ad eity o f h ealth a s s he s gi ns t o h ave b een i n p arts o f S pain a nd p robably a t B aden b ei W ien. H owever , i t s eems m ore u seful t o i nclude t hese d edications i n t he s ection c oncerned w ith t he p rivate c ults o f S alus ( Section H : I , n r. 4 a nd I I, n os. 1 19; c ompare a lso S ection E : I , n r . 2 a nd I II, n os. 9 a nd 1 0.). T he i mperial d edication o f t he L ambaesis t emple o f A esculapius o f S alus ( below ) c ould b e r egarded a s e ssentially m ilitary , a nd t he d edication a t T i rn acum M inus i s q uite l ikely t o h ave b een t hat o f a s oldier o r a n e x-soldier.

9 2

1a nd 2 . 1 .

L amb se, A lgeria; LN 4BPE IS, N t JMIDIA I avi V alenti IA esculapio e t S aluti S ilvano Ii mp . C aes. M . A urelius A ntoninus A ug . p ont . m ax . e t i mp . C aes. L . Au re lius V erus A ugustus Ih as a edes p er l eq . I II A uq . f ecerunt

T he t hree l arge i nscribed b locks, f orming p art o f a c urving f rieze, w ere f ixn id b efore o r i n 1 847 i n a nd n ear t he t hree p rincipal s anctuaries o f t he t emple o f A esculapius, n ear t he C apitol i n t he c ivilian q uarter o f L ambaesis. T ogether w ith t wo s upplementary d edications t hey f orm t he u nified d edication o f t he p rincipal s anctuary ( of A esculapius a nd S alus) a nd o f t he t wo a djacent s anc t h° i es, o f J upiter V alens a nd S ilvanus ( Pegasianus) r espectively. T he s tones e vidently f ormed p art o f a n e levated f rieze c arried b y a c olonnade a bove t he e ntrances t o t he o riginal t hree s anctuaries t o w hich t hey r elate . T he c urving c olonnade f ramed a n e longated p aved c ourt a t i ts w estern e nd . E arly e xcavations i n t he p rincipal s anctuary r eveal am osaic f loor a nd t he c ult-statues o f A esculapius a nd S alus-Hygieia. T he d ate o f t he d edication b y t he e mp er ors M arcus A urelius a nd L ucius V erus i s m ore p recisely i ndicated b y t he a ncillary d edications o f t he s anctuaries o f J upiter V alens a nd S ilvanus P egasianus w hich n ame t he d ed icant a s D . F onteius F rontinianus L . S tertinus R uf i nus l eg . A uqustor . p r . p r. c os. d esig . T his m an w as d esignated f or t he c onsulship i n A L ) 1 62 o r 1 63. 64 A s l egate o f N umidia h e w as a lso t he c o mander o f l egio I II A ugusta w hich , a s w e k now f ran o ur d edication , b uilt t he s anctuaries. T he t emple o f A esculapius b ecame o ne o f t he t own 's m ost s plendid b uildings. T he canplex f or i v t he t emple, t he f orum ( with i ts t emple o f t he C apitoline T riad) an d t he V ia S eptimiana e vidently b ecame a n i mportant r eligious c entre f or b oth t he m ilitary a nd c ivilian ca rn iunities o f t he L ambaesis a rea. I n i ts f inal f orm t he t emple p recinct i ncluded a f urther e ight a ncillary s anctuaries, a dded o n t he n orthern s ide o f t he e longated c ourt a nd a l arge b ath-house a dded o n t he s outhern s ide, d oubtless t Q f acilitate t he w ater-therapy p ractised 6 5 a t t he s hrines o f A esculapius. A part f rom t hat o f A urelius D ecimus ( below ) t he o ther d edications t o t he a ssociate o f A esculapius f ound i n a nd a round t he t emple e mpl ( in L atin) h er G reek n a r re H ygieia, t he l atest b eing o ne o f A D 3 20. ( See f urther b elow , p . 9 4.)

2 .

d iis b onis n umi I n ibus p raesenti I b us A esculapio I e t S aluti s acrum A urel(ius) D ecimus Iv (ir ) p (erfectissimus) p (raeses) p (rovinciae) N umidiae l ex p rincipe p e r egrinorum Iv otum s olvit

T his l imestone b ase , f ound i n 1 959 t o t he n orth-east o f t he C apitol , d ates f rom t he y ears A D 2 83 t o 2 85 w hich r epresent t he m aximum

9 3

p ossible p eriod i p raeses o f N umidia.

o ffice f or M . A urelius D ecimus a s

t he

e questrian

7

F our o ther d edications o f t his m an a ttest h is a pplication o f t he e pithet p r s ens t o d escribe h is ' Deus P atrius P raesens N umen J upiter B azosenus'. H e e mploys t he e pi et d ii b ot h i n h is d edication t o M ars G ravidus a nd V ictoria S ancta. P raesens i s u sed e lsewhere o nly r arely a s a d ivine e pithet : i t i s k nown t 90 h ave been a pplied t o C aelestis, S ilvanus a nd F ortuna , a ll a t R ome . T he o ffice o f p rinceps p ereg norum w as t hat o f c ommander o f t he c astra p eregrinorum i n R ome. ( See f urther b elow .) °

3 .

D ougga , T unisia; T HUGGA , A FRICA P RO (I' TSULARIS d is A u .( ustis) s acr(um ) G enlo T hus ( . ae) A escula[ . io] S aluti V ictoriae T i. C laudius A bascantus s uo e t s odalium na ni n a S . P . f .

T h a ltar w as f ound i n o r j ust b efore 1 9 13 " to t he s outh f orum" i 2

o f

t he

I n t he c ontext o f s uo o f t he f ifth l ine t he f inal f ormula i s p erhaps t o b e e xpanded a s s( u o ) p (e cunia) f( e cit). T he o pening d edicat ion m ay s uggest t hat t he u nnamed s odalitas, o n b ehalf o f w hich A bascantus i s p artly a cting, w as o ne o f t hose d evoted, n ominally a t l east , t o t he i mperial c ult; t he o pening b ears s ome r e9 nblance t o t hat o f t he Ra t te d edication b y t he c olleqium s alutare . G .C . P icard r egarded e a pp earance o f V ictoria h ere a s i ndicative o f a m ilitary i nfluence . T he d edicant 's g entilicium m ay i ndicate a d ate a fter o r w ithin t he p eriod o f t he r eigns o f T iberius a nd C laudius. A esculapius, a s w orshiped i n t he n orthern p arts o f P roconsularis a nd i n N umidia, h ad b ecome s yncretistically c onflated w ith t he P unic E shn un o f S idon , ap rocess w ch h ad b egun i n t he P hoenician h omeland u nder H ellenistic i nfluence. I t h as b een t hought , t hough , t hat t he c ult a t L a i nbaesis w as o f a p urely m ilitary c haracter w ith n o c onnection w ith t he n ative A frican-Punic d eity. H owever, i n t he v iew o f P icar d, t hough t he c onception o f A esculapius i n t he m inds o f t hose d edicating t he t emple ( the e mperors a nd l egate) w ould h ave b een p urely t hat o f t he R oman g od o f m edicine, t he a rrangement o f t he tem ple i ndicates t hat " the s yncretism h ad a lready o pera a t t he t ute t hat t he l egionary l egate p resided a t t he d edication". T hus, h e a rgued, f or t he m ass o f d evotees v isiting t he t emple, t here w ould b e n o d istinction b etween t heir d eus p atrius, A esculapius-Eshnoun , a nd t he Ratan A esculapius. I t m ay b e t hat t he p riesthood s erving t he n ew t emple w ould h ave o bserved t he v ows o f t he o ld P unic p riesthoa5s a s t hey a pparently d id a t T huburbo M alus. 1 T here i s a mple e vidence a ttesting b oth t he i mportance o f t he p riesthoods o f A esculapius, f rom a t l east a s e arly a s A D 4 2 a nd c ontinuing i nto t he t hird c entury , i n t he m unicipal l ife o f q man A frica a nd t he ir c los e r elationship w it h t he i mperial c ul t, ° a r elationship w hich i s p erhaps i ndicated i n t he T hugga d edication .

9 4

4 .

Ra re

( sic) ( sic)

N umini da tus A ug . s acrum I A esculapio e t S alut! A ug . c ollegium s alutar(e) l oco a dsignato a b p roc(uratore ) p atr(i r ronii) ce(saris) n (ostri) a s olo f ecerunt F elix v er(na) A spergus R egianus V index v er (r ia) v ilici p rediorum G albanorum e t p leps i r r r a (unes) A ctalis l anuarius U lpius S extianus C luturius S ecundus

T here f ollow f ive c olumns r ecording f ifty-three n ames, o f b oth m en a nd wa ten , s ome o f w hich i ndicate s ervile s tatus i n t he i mperial h ousehold. T he m arble t ablet i n f ragments w as f ound i n 1 885 d uring r oad-works t estaccio)

er t he s ite o f t he a ncient M ans T estaceum ( the

P rati

d i

.

T his c ollegium s alutare i s p resumably a f uneral a nd s ocial c lub , i n t his c ase f or t he f reed m en a nd s laves, o f b oth x es, e mployed o n p ert o f t he i mperial e states, t he p raedia G albana . T he t hird l ine i ndicates t hat t he s ite f or a n ew ( a s olo ) b uilding, w hich w as p resumably a s hrine o r m eeting p lace d edicated t o A esculapius a nd S alus, h ad b een a ssigned b y t he p rocurator o f t he i mperial p atri m nonium . J .P . W altzing c onsiders t he d edication t o b e o f H adrianic d ate o n t he g rounds o f t he l ettering, t he q entil ia o f t he f reedmen a nd t he p resence o f t he f oru r nula C aesaris n ostri. T he c ult o f A esculapius a nd S alus i s f irmly a ssociated w ith t he i mperial c ult i n t he A ug . e pit t a s w ell a s i n t he o pening d edication t o t he N unen Da r ius A ug ( u stae). W e k ncM o f a t l east a f urther e ighteen c ollegia w hich a re e ither c alled s alutaris o r a re d edicated t o a d eity w ith t his e pithet . 83 N one o f t hese a re k nown t o h ave b eeg d edicated t o S alus, t hough a t A quincum t here w as a c ollegium S alutis.

5 .

O -Sz8ny , H ungary ; B RIGETIO , P ANNONIA S UPERIOR

A lthough A esculapius i s n ot i ncluded i n t his d edication , t he d edication t o A pollo a nd H ygieia a nd t he a ssociation w ith a w aters ource s uggests t hat i t i s S alus H ygieia w ho i s i mplied i n t he ' fans S alutis' ( lines 4 t o 5 ).

( AD 2 17)

A pollini e t H yqiae IQ . U lpius F elix A ug (ustalis) m (unicipii) IB rig (etionis) p orticum a p ortis I I a d f on t er n S alutis a j s olo i npendi(i)s s uis f ecit e t a d e pulas p rivileg (io ) c olleg (ii) c enton (ariorum ) h aberi i ussit praef(ecto ) I ul(io ) S abine Iq (uin )q (uennale) P r(a)esente e t E ctric(ato ) c o (n )s(ulibus) n oni(s) N o (vembnib is)

T he l imestone t ablet, d ecorated w ith a n e laborate " baroque-motif" f lanking t he e pigraphic f ield, w as f ound r e-used i n t he l ate R oman

9 5

ce met ery n P . ir t he l egionary f ortress i n 1 912. A n a lternati r estoration o f t he l ast l ine w ould p ru . luce a c alendar d ate o f J une 5 . F rom h is m embership o f ac ollege o f s erviri A uqustales a t B rigetio i t i s e vident t hat F elix w as a f reedman . T he t wo p ortae o f t he f ourth l ine a re t aken t o r efer t o t he d ouble g ates o f t he p orta d ecumana o f t he f ortress . A t emple o f A pollo G rannus i s k nown t o h ave s tood a t t he c onfluence o f t wo w ater-supply c hannels s ome t wo h undred m etres s outh o f t he f ortress g ates, a nd t his d edication i s u nderstood t o r ecord t he a ddition t o t his t emple o f a p ortico . T he p ortico , p aid f or b y F elix , i s d escribed a s a d f ontem S alutis, w hich c ould m ean " near t he f ountain o f S alus". A lternatively, i t h as b een t aken t o r efer t o a s hrine o f F ons S alutis, i n which c ase i ts p osition w ould h ave b een r emark ably a nalogous t o t he s hrine o f F ons a t R ome e xtra P orta i n F ontinalem . I n t he e ighth a nd n inth l ines w e a re t old t hat t he p ortico i s t o b e u sed f or t he b anquets o f a c ollegium c entonariorum ( workers a nd d ealers i n c loth), o f w hich F elix w as p robably a m ember . E lsewhere c entonaril w ere c ombined i n j oint c ollegia w ith t he f abri a nd d endro t hori, a nd a c3legium o f t he l atter d edicated a s chola t o S alus A ug . a t H ediernheim . T he p raefectus J ulius S abinus q uinquennalis ( lines 9 t o a lmost c ertainly t he c ollege's p resident o r a cting-president .

6

a nd 7 . 6 .

1 0)

i s

P ERGAMUM , A SIA [ N jum r nius P t-l i nus I l ictor p roxum [us] I[ S ]ex . N on . inctilian [i] p ro c os, A sclepio e f S aluti V . S . 1 . M .

T he s mall v otive a ltar o f w hite m arble w as f ound i n 1 931 d ebris i n t he l ibrary o f t he t emple o f A sclepius.

a mongst

S ex. N onius Q uinctilianus, t he p roconsul o f A sia, w hose s enior l ictor P rimus i s, i s i dentifiable a s e ither t he c onsul d esignate o f A D 8o r t he s uffect c onsul o f A D 3 8. p eriod. 68

7 .

T he l etter-forms c onfirm t he g eneral

T hilia M . f . IV iva f ecit s ibi e t s uis IM . T ullio M . f . C or ( nelia t ribus) a tippo f ratri s uo s acerdoti R omae e t S alutis T . A ufidio T . f . A ni(ensis t ribus) B albo f . s uo It r(ibuno ) m il(itu r n ) A lexandr. a d A eqypt . l eg . X XII a nn . V ilil T . A ufidio T . f . A ni(ensis t ribus) S pinteri v iro s uo t r(ibuno ) m il(itum ) i n H ispania Il eg . 1 111 a n . V

T he t ext , n ow l ost , w as f ound i n 1 446 a mongst r uins i n t he c ity a nd i s d escribe a s i nscribed o n a n a ltar ( which s eems i nappropriate) o f w hite m arble.

9 6

M . T ullius C ratippus i s a s acerdos o f t he j oint c ult o f R oma a nd S alus . A . O 'Brien M oore, o n t he b asis o f t he m ovements o f t he l egions m entioned a nd o n t hat o f t he d ate o f d ocuments t hought t o r elate t o A ufidius B albus, h as a ssigned C ratippis' t enure o f t his p riesthood t o t he 3 0s o r 2 0s B C . H owever , i t i s t hought u nlikely t hat t he p riesthood would h ave c ontinued i n t his f orm a fter 2 9 B C i n w hich y r p ermission w as g ranted f or t he e stablishment a t P ergamum o f a c ult o f A ugustus a nd R oma , w hich w ould h ave d isplaced t hat o f Rana a nd S alus. G . s sowa s uggested t hat S alus c ould b e u nderstood h ere a s S alus Augusti. H owever, t he e xistence a t P ergamum o f o ne o f A esclepius ' most p restigious t emples a nd t he l ong-established v eneration o f H ygieia a t P ergamum m akes a n i dentification w it h H ygieia l ikely . T he a ltar o f P rimus c onfirms t hat H ygieia c ould b e wo rshipped h ere u nder h er R oman n ame. H owever , a s trict d istinction b etween S alus A ugusti a nd S alus-Hygieia m ay n ot a lways b e n ecessary . W e h ave a lready n oted t he G reek d edication a t A labanda, i n C arla, a ttesting a p riesthood o f t he Hygieia an d S oteria A& rO 3ç t hOpOç K c t (X Xpo ' which p robably r efers t o 9 3 N ow t here i s ad edication f rom A phrodisias i n ( aria, ' Yy i av K c x t x . [pL E 1c L ]oT L, w hich m ay r efer t o A ugustus' i llness o f 2 3 B C . 94 H owever , i n t he l ight o f t he p ractice o f G reek c ities, o f a warding t o b enefactors, whether o utstanding i ndividuals o r R ome h erself, t he t rappings o f c ult , a nd t o i ndividuals t he t itle o f s oter, p erhaps i t i s p ossible t o r egard t he g oddess h er a s R oman S alus, p erhaps e quivalent t o S oteria r ather t han t o H ygieia.

8 .

P ozzuoli, I taly ; P UT E X LI, C AMPANIA A sclepio e t S aluti s acrum e x v oto C allistus d .

T his v otive o ffering, w hich m ay cane f rom P uteoli a nd h as b een k nown s ince t he e ighteenth c entury , i s i n t h f o r m o f a b ronze s nake with t he t ext i nscribed i n l igatured l etters. 6 A nother d edication b t his m an, t o A sclepius a nd H ygieia, i nforms u s t hat h e i s a m e icus. Cl1istus, ahm t c ertainly a G reek o r o f G reek o rigin , m ay b e a s lave o r a f reedman o r , m ost l ikely , a f ree G reek w ho i mmigrated t o P uteoli, i tself a G reek f oundation , t o p ractice m edicine.

9 .

Lon , ( sic) ( sic)

T h

S pain ; L EXIO , H ISPANIA T ARRA CXIENSIS [ Ae]scu1 pio IS aluti IS erapi I sidi IL . C assius P aullus IA ugustanius A lpinus B ellicius S ollers e t M . C assius A grippa S anctus P aullinus Auqustanius A lp ( i) n [us] I ...

T he d edicants, p robably e ither b rothers o r c ousins, a re t hought t o b e o f s enatorial r ank , p robably c onnected , a s i s i c ated b y t he c oincidence o f n ames, w ith a f amily o f C isalpine G aul . A . C arcia y B ellido h as s uggested t hat t he d edication i s a ctually t o o ne d ivine p air , A esculapius a nd S alus, a nd t h S erapis a nd I sis, r espectively , h ave b een a ssimilated t o t hem .1 U B oth S erapis a nd I sis h ad s ignificant h ealing a ttributes, a nd t heir s eparate c ults w ere w ell e stablished i n t he S panish p rovinc b y t he l ate s econd c entury A D , t he s uggested d ate f or t he d edication. p 2 ' '

1 0.

C hester, E ngland ; D EVA , B RITANNIA F ortunae R educi I[ A ]esculap (io ) e t S aluti e iusl 1 i I rt(i) e t f amilia [ T .] P [o]mpon i T . f . G al(eria t ribu) M amilian [i ] R ufi A nEisti.ni F unisulan[i I I V etton [i]ani l eq (ati) A ug (usti) d (ederunt) d( e dicaverunt)

T his i mpressive, t hough n ow s lightly d amaged a ltar, w as f ound i n 1 779 d uring t he d igging o f f oundations o n t he n orth s ide o f W atergate S treet n ear i ts j unction w ith W alls R oad. I t w as f ound among t he r uins o f t wo o r m ore h ypocausted r oa ns w hich a re a ssumed t o h e b el onge d t o a b athhouse s ituate d o utside t he l egionary f ortress. 1 T he a ltar i s d ecorated w ith e laborate m ouldings, a nd t here a re r eliefs o n t he s ides d epicting i nter a lia F ortuna 's r udder a nd t he s nake-wreathed s taff o f A escul us. I n a ddition s acrificial u tensils a re d epicted o n b oth s ides. S alus i s h ere ' Salus E ius ', which f orm i s u nique i n d edications, a nd w hich , a s s uggested b r0 W issc i va , m ay r efer t o p ersonal h ealth o f t he l egatus A ugusti. .

t he t he

T he d edicants a re t he l egate 's s lave h ousehold a nd f reedmen. T he f orm o f S alus t ogether w ith t he i nclusion o f F ortuna R edux p erhaps s upports t he s uggestion t hat t he l te h ad b een i ll, h ad g one a way a nd h ad r eturned w ith h ealth r estored. T he B ritish e vidence l e s n o d oubt t hat F ortuna h ad a s pecial a ssociation w ith b ath-houses. T he e xtra-mural b ath-house a t C hester m ay h ave b een r eserved f or t he t roops a nd f or t he l ess p rivileged m embers o f t he c ommunity, w hilst t hat n ow i dentified i nside t he 0 8 f ortress would , a ccording t o t his v iew , h ave b een f or t he o fficers. 1 P c inponius M a i nilianus l eg . A ug . i s c ertainly t o b e r egarded a s t he l egate o f l eqio X X . H e h as b een i dentified, w ith a lmost c omplete c ertainty, a s t he s uffect c onsul o f A D 1 00 ( in p reference t o t he s uffect c onsul o f1

1 ).H owe T h ve us r , h t e hew ould t er h i an vg e o h f eld o ur h is d ed l ic egi at oi na or nyh a c s omm b a ee nd n i t h e e a r l y 9 0 s .

r egarded a s o f s econd c entury d ate.

9 8

1.

R avna, Y ugoslavia ; T IMA CI IM M INUS, M O ESIA S UPERIOR A esculapio e t IS aluti T . F l. A di l

. . .

l tus[...

T he d edication , i nscribed o n t he u pper p art o f a n a ltar, w as p resumably f y�n d i n o r n ear t he s ite o f t he R oman f ort o r i ts c ivilian s ettlement. I t i s l ikely , b ecause o f t he n ature o f t he c ivilian s ettlement h ere , t hat t he d edicant ( male a nd a R oman c itizen), i f b e w as n ot a s erving meq 4 r o f t he f ort 's g arrison , w ould h ave b een a v eteran o r a d escendant. H is g entilicium , i f i ndeed F l(avius), i ndicates a d ate o f, o r l ater t han , t he F lavian p eriod when b e o r a n a ncestor p robably r eceived t he c itizenship . T he f ort w as e stablished i n b efore t he F lavian p eriod a nd w as o ccupied i nto t he t hird c entury . 1'

1 2.

T ivoli , I taly ; A .

B .

T IBUR , L ATIUM

M anti B onae S aluti I Q . C aecilius Q . 1 . P hiladel t hus I P . A quillius P . 1 . D acus m ag (istri) q uinq (uennales) e x p ec ( unia ) c oni ( egii) f( a ciendum ) c( u raverunt ) i d nque s ignum dc i ic arunt [ con ]leg (ium ) t eibeic (inum ) R o[m (anorum )] B onae S alut!

IManti

I nscription A , f irst r ecorded i n a bout 1 585, i s a which r epresentatives o f l ictors a re c arved i n r elief. 1

r ble t ablet o n

I nscription B , f ound i n a bout 1 930 i n d ebris n ext t o t he c hurch o f S anta M aria M ajor, i s af ragment o f am arble b ase, b roken o n a l s ides a nd s imilarly o rnamented w ith t he f igures o f l ictors i n r elief.. 1 5 A c ollegium t eibeicinum Ra nanorum i s a lso a ttested a t R ome i n a nother d ication b y m agistri q uinquennales w hich l ists t en f reedmen. 1 ( The f lute-players w e employed t o p lay d uring s acrifices t o o bscure i ll-a tened n oises '' 7 ) P hiladeiphus ' n ame m ay i ndicate a G reet 1g rigin , D acus i s t hought t o i ndicate a D acian o rigin . T he d iscovery o f Bm akes t he g iven e xpansion c onl(ata) i n t he f ourth l ine o f A .

w hile

m ore

t hat

l ikely

o f

t han

O f t he o ther t en k nown c ertain d edications t o M ans, o nly t wo a re n ot f rom c entral I taly , a nd o nly t hat f r L ugdunum w as d efinitely n ot e rected b y s laves, o r f reedmen , o r b oth . S even o ut o f t he t otal ' e leven a re c ertainly t he d edications o f s laves o r f reedmen o r b oth, 1 a nd f our o f t hese a nd o ne o ther i ndicate t he a ctivity o f c ollegia. 121 F urthermore, t hat f rom C ales i ndicates t hat t he c ollegium 's p rimary o stensible f unction w as t he w orship o f M ans B ona. A t ? uileia t he d edication B onai M enti w as f ound i n t he

9 9

p roximity

o f a n a ltar t o B or n V aletudo, a nd i t h as b een s uggested t hat t he t wo w ere a ssociated o n t he g rounds o f i ndication 4n t he l iterary e vidence o f a n a ssociation b etween t he t wo d eities . W e h ave a lrea s een t hat V aletudo c ould b e r egarded a s 1 5 4e quivalent o f Hygieia, a nd t he l atter w as v enerated a t A quileia . K . L atte h as doubted t hat t he f reedmen 's a nd s laves' c ult o f n a M en s w ould h ave h ad much i n ca i t non w ith t he s tate c ult o f M ens. 1 P erhaps t hen, i n t he l ight o f t he a ss c ation w ith M ens, a nd t aking i nto a ccount P hiladel us ' p robable G reek o rigin, w e m ay b e j ustified i n s uggesting t hat S alus-Hygieia i s i ndicated i n t he T t h ir i nscriptions. L atte r egards t he c entral I talian d edications t o M ens a s b elonging t o t he i mperial p eriod. T he L agdunum d edication d ates gr cm t he S everan p eriod , a nd i ts d o dicant i s a l egionary l egate. 12

E .

S alus a s Q ualified b y t he I mperial E pithet

T his s ection i s d ivided i nto t hree p arts : I c ontains t he t wo d edications t o S alus A ugusta ; I I c ontains t he f our d edications t o S alus A ugusti o r i ts e quivalent ; a nd I II i ncludes t he t hirteen i nscriptions w hich e ither d efinitely o r p ossibly a ttest t he a mbiguous S alus A ug . a s w ell a s t hose where t he i mperial e pithet i s p resent b ut i s i nsufficiently extant t o d istinguish i ts i ntended f orm . T he L ambaesis d edication i s q uite p ossibly m ilitary i n o rigin ( II, 2 ).

I .

S alus A ugusta

1 .

T erni, I taly ; I NTERANNA N AHARS P ublicae

I

G enlo m unicipi a nno p ost II ntera im ia i n c onditam l D (XIIII a d C r i . D c i nitium A henobarbum [ M . F urium ] ( AD 3 2) [ millum S cribonianu in ] c os.

I

A .

S aluti P erpetuae A ugustae populi R omani

ILibertatique

B .

C .

T his

P rovidentiae T i. c aesaris A ugusti n ati a d a eternitatem R omani nam inis s ublato hoste p erniciosissi rn o p (opuli) R (a iani) F austus T itius L iberalis V lvir A ug . i ter p (ecunia ) s (ua ) f (aciundum ) c (uravit)

i mpressive

m arble

t alet,

i nscribed

i n

l arge

a nd

l ettering , i s t he e arliest da N 25p igraphic a ttestation o f q ualified b y a n i mperial e pithet. T he d edication i s e vidently a m unicipal c ommemoration d own fall o f S e ia nus i n A D 3 1 ( line C .2). T he e stablishment p riesthood o f P r cvidentia A ug .1 d S alus P ublica a t C orinth c onnected w ith t he s ame e pisode. I t

i s n otable t hat w hereas S alus i s q ualified, a s s he i s

1 00

f ine

S alus

a s

o f t he o f t he m ay b e

o n

t he

d upondius o f A D 2 2 o r 2 3, 129 b y A ugusta , P rovidentia i s t he g enetival f orm a nd L ibertas i s s till P ublica.

f ollowed

b y

T he d edicant , F austus, i s a lmost c ertainly a f reedman i n t hat h e i s am ember o f a l ocal c ollege o f s eviri A ugustales, a nd , t hough h e i s p aying f or t he t ablet h imself ( line C .4), h e i s p erhaps a cting i n a n o fficial c apacity a s am ember o f t he c ollege . A ccording t o C assius D io , i n a ddition t o t he s etting u p o f a s tatue t o L ibertas i n t he f orum a t R ome, t he S enate h ad d ecreed t hat t he o ccasion s hould b e o c in renorated b y a nnual h orse-races a nd w ild-beast h unts t o b e h eld u nder t he d irection o f t he f our p rincipal s tate p riesthoods a nd t he S odales A ugustales. T his d edication b y a s evir A uqustalis c an13 j hen p erhaps b e s een a s am unicipal c ounterpart t o t hese c elebrations •

2 .

E steppa , S pain ; O STIPPO , ( 3 ]1V . A STIGr . L N t JS, H . B AFrICA S aluti I A ugustae IL . S empronius L . f . t ribi ) A tticus d . s . d .

IGa1(eria

T he d edication , b y aR ç j x n c itizen, i s w ell-inscribed u pon a m arble b ase ( found i n 1 730). T he f inal a bbreviation i s p erhaps t o b e e xpanded a s d (e) s (uo ) d (edicavit) ( or d (edit)), t hus m aking t he dedication t o b e o n b ehalf o f A tticus ' f amily . T he d edication , o ne o f t hree s imilar S panish d edications m anifesting a n i mperial e pithet f or S alus, i s c ertainly t o b e u nderstood a s a f urther e xample o f t he s ixteen , a t l east , o ther d edications f rom B aeti c a a nd L usitania 32 a ttesting a p articular l ocal i nterpretation o f t he d eity .1

I I.

S alus A ugusti a nd i ts Equ ivalents

1 .

H enchir B 'l aiet , T unisia; O PPIDUM ' 1 ELT ENSE , AFRICA P RO CX SULARIS S aluti d . d .

IAuqu

s to lrum

P . P .

Icivitas

ITepeltenisis

T he d edi ion , o f u nknown f orm , w as f ound i n t he u rban c entre o f t he c ivitas. I n t he s ixth l ine , d . d . c an b e c onfidently e xpanded t o d (ecreto ) d (ecurionum ), w hilst i n t he l ast l ine p (ecunia) p (ublica) i s o ne o f s everal e xpansions w hich w ould b e c onsistent w ith t he p ub lic n ature o f t he d edication . T he p lural e pithet A uqustorum i ndicates a d ate d uring o ne o f t he j oint r eigns, A D 1 6 1 t o 1 69, 1 77 t o 1 80, o r 1 98 t o 2 12. A ll a re p ossible, a s � Jj c ommunity w as c ivitas s tatus i n t he r eign o f G ordian I II. 2 .

L an ib se , A lgeria ; LN v IBA

IS, N t JMIDIA

S aluti d ( anini) n (ostri) Ii mp . C aes. M . A u lreli S everi A lexandri A ugusti e t l ul i ae M ar ne I ae A u g ustae m atr i (s) A ug . n . c astror . e t e xercitus l

1 01

s till

o f

i n

T he s tone, p resumably a n a ltar, a nd d amaged a t i ts b ase , w as f ound 1 933 r e-used i n aw all o ne h undred m etres n orth o f t he n orthern

a ngle 1 32 f s ide.

t he

c ourt o f t he t emple b ordering t he c apitol o n i ts

e astern

L ines t hree t o s even h ave b een e rased, p resumably o n t he a ccession o f M aximinus i n 2 35, a nd t hen r e-carved , t hough l ess r egularly , a t s ome t ime a fter 2 38. N ormally w e w ould e xpect t he t itles o f J ulia M amaea t o c ontinue w ith e t s enatus e t p atriae. H owever, h ere t he t itles h ave b een r egarded a s c omplete o n t he g rounds o f t he a bsence o f e t b etween m atri(s) A ug (usti) n (ostri) a nd c astror(um ) a nd i ts p resence b efore e xercitus. I t h as b een s uggested t hat t his a rrangement r eflects a n i ntention o n t he p art o f t he d edicant t o d istinguish b etween , o n t he o ne h and, t he t roops a nd o rganisation o f t he f ortress ( castrorum), a nd , o n t he o ther h and , t roops p e d e lsewhere i n t he ca r ! nand-area o f l egio I II A ugusta ( exercitus). T he e laborately e xpressed t itle o f S alus i s s trikingly s imilar t hat e mployed f or h er i n t he B onn d edication , a lso o f1 3 h e r eign S everus A lexander, s et u p b y t he a rmy o f L ower G ermany .

3 .

t o o f

O STIA S aluti C ae ris A uqust (i) I G l hrio p atronus c oloniae d (ono ) d (edit) f (aciendum ) c (uravit )

T his i mpressive s tatue-base , c omprising a b lock o f m arble on o f t wo s teps i n T ravertine s tone, w as f ound i n s itu d uring e xcavations o f 1 907 t o 1 9 10 a t t he s ide o f t he V ia O stiensis ( the

t op t he

r oad ) a nd j ust o utside t he P orta R omana ( the m ain g ate o f t he t own). T he d edication m ust p ost-date 2 7 B C when Oct avian b ecame I mperator C aesar A ugustus. O n a rchaeological g rounds i t i s c ertain t hat t he m onument m ust p ree t he r ebuilding o f t he P orta Ba nana u nder n itian o r T hajan. T he l ettering h as n ot p roved s usceptible t o a c loser d ating t han t his, t hough t he t itle C aesaris August (i) would i mply t he r eign o f A ugustus, T iberius, C laudius o r N ero. T he d edicant i s o ne o f t he M anii A c i G labriones who m aintained a l ong a ssociation w ith t he c olony . A mong s everal p ossible i dentifications, t hat w ith M . A cilius M emmius G labrio , who w as u rator o f t he T iber u nder T iberius, i s n ow t hought t he m ost l ikely .1 4 Be t itle p atronus w as t he h ighest h onour t hat t he c olony c ould c onfer. 1 T he o ccasion f or t he s tatue 's e rection i s t hought l ikely t o h ave b een a n i mperial v isit. I ts f orm m ay h ave b een t hat o f S alus-Hygieia a s d epicted u pon k i e r everses o f t he f our d enarius i ssues o f t he n v jneyer a ncester. 14 T he c oin-issues r efer t o a t radition m aintained b y t he q ens A cilia t hat t he f amily a ssisted i n t he e stablishment a t Ra t te o f t he f irst p rofessional m edical p ractice , t hat o f A rchogathus who, h aving e migrated f rom t he P eloponnese i n 2 19 B C , w as g ranted R oman c itizenship a nd e stablished b y p ublic f unds i n c c t i tpito A cilio . I t h as b een s uggested t hat t he p ose o f t he g oddess a s d epicted o n

1 02

G labrio 's d enarii m ay h ave b een c opied f rom t he f amous s tatue o f H ygieia b y N icertus ( accompanying h is s tatue o f A sclepius) w hich w as s till anding i n t he tem ple o f C oncordia i n t he t ime o f t he e lder P liny .1 T hus G labrio p atronus, i n t he f orm o f h is g ift t o t he c olony , m ay h ave b een r ecalling h is f amily 's p urported a ssociation w ith t he i ntroduction o f G reek m edicine t o R ome .

4 .

R ome S aluti danus A [ugusta / u gusti] Ic ollegium t hurarior [ u n i e t] u nquentarior ( um ) c ura a[ g ente] N ovio S uccesso q uaes[tore]

I

T his p art o f am arble t ablet w as f ound i n 1 911 " in b etween t he c ontinuation ç t he V ia G iovanni B ranca, t he V ia 0

F rankli n a nd t he T iber".'

' 4

t he a rea B en j amino

S alus' t itle i s u nique, t hough i n a n a bbreviated w ay i t e xpresses s a me c onception a s t hat n tained i n t he B onn d edication : S aluti da i ius d ivin (a)e e ius. 1 t he

. . .

T he c ollege, o f p urveyors o f f rankinsense ( for r eligious r ituals) ( thurarii) a nd m akers a nd s ellers o f p erfumes a nd p erfu m ed o live-oil ( unguentarii) w as , p resumably, o stensibly a b urial c lub b ut p robably h ad o ther s ocial f unctions a s w ell . S ussessus i s p robably a f reedman a nd , i f n ot a R oman c itizen, t hen i s p erhaps o f J unian L atin s tatus. H is o ffice o 4o u aestor i s c ommon a mong c ollegia: p erhaps h e m anaged t he f inances.

I II . 1 .

S alus A ug . Ra e

T he d edication a bove ( D.4).

2 .

t o A usculapius a nd S alus A ug. h as

b een

i ncluded

H enchir e d -Durn es , T unisia; UCHI M AlUS, A FRICA P R CXX S t JLARIS S aluti Aug . s acrum IC . P acuvius C . f . F elix s uo e t i T ulliae P rimulae u xoris s uae [ nan Jine s (ua ) p (ecunia) f ecit i temq . d (onum /o no) d (edit) d edic(avit )

T he d edication , o f u nspecified f orm , w as f ound i n 1 891 i ncorporated f 2t o t he t own-walls f ifty m etres n orth o f t he m osque o f S idi s saud. I t i s t he p rivate d edication o f aR oman c itizen o n h is o wn b ehalf a nd t hat o f t his w ife . F ru i t t he s ame t own t here i s a f ragmentary d edication , A esculapio A uqusto s a[crum ...] s ua p ecunia f ecit , which m ay i ndicate a n i dentific at ion o f S alus w it h H ygieia i n o ur de di cation. ' A t L a i nbaesis t he p eople o f G emellae , a t s ome t ime d uring o r a fter t he r eign o f Ca i r t r jdus, m ade a d edication . . .

1 03

H ygiae A ug . s ac., a nd h ere A esculapius e t S alus A ug.1 1

3 .

i s

t he

d edication

a t

R ome

t o

D ie r nhla , A iqeria; a jl cl iL , N UMIDIA S aluti

IAug.

I[ . ..

T he d edication i s t hat o f a n a lter 1 52 a nd i s a mong m any i ndicating a d iligent o bservance o f t he i mperial c ult a t t his c olon ia ( founded u nder N erva) i nto t he s econd h alf o f t he f ourth c entury . T he p resence a mong t hem o f t hose t o V ictoria a nd C oncordia, b oth a t t imes q ualified R oman h ere b y A uqustorum , p erhaps i ndicates a m ore t radition c on ception o f S alus r at he r t han o ne o f h er a s S alus-Hygieia.

4 .

I

H eddernheim , W est G ermany ; N IDA , G ERMANIA S UPERIOR c onsistentes S alu[ti] A ug . Id endrophori A ug (ustales) d e s uo f ecerunt i t (em )q (ue) N idae s colam l oc(o) a dsig (nato) a v ic(anis) N ide(nsibus)

T he d edication , w ith l etters w ell c arved a nd o riginally p icked o ut i n r ed , i s i n t he f orm o f am arble p laque. P art o f t he U o f S aluti i s t raceable o n a s eparate f ragment . T races o f r ust a ttest t he f ormer p resence o f m etal f ittings . T he e ditors d ate t he s tone c . A D 1 50 o r e arlier o n t he b asis ' o f t he l etter-forms a nd l igatures. 1 T he p laque, o verturned a nd b roken i nto p ieces, was d iscovered d uring e xcavations t o t he n orth-west o f t he v icus o f N ida i n 1 96 1 i n a s mall c ellar a ssumed t o b e t hat o f t he s chola . T he c oins a nd p ottery e nabled t he c ellar 's f ill t o b e d ated t o t he t hird c entury a nd p rovided a t erminus p ost q uem f or t he d estruction r epresented b y t he f ill. T he c olleqia d endrophoru in p erhaps o riginated a s, a nd c ertainly c ame t o h ave t he c haracteristics o f, t rade g uilds, t hat i s b urial a nd s ocial c lubs, i n t his c ase f or w oodworkers . A t s ome s tage , h owever , t hey h ad b ecome i nvolved w ith t he C ybele-Magna M ater c ult . T hese c ollegia d endrophoru i n M atris M aqnae I daeae e t A ttis w ere r egulated b y a d ecree o f t he S enate , p robably u nder A ntoninus P ius, b ut p erhaps ear lier , t heir c ult a ctivities b eing h enceforth u nder t he o verall s upervision o f t he q uindecemviri s acris f aciundis. T he e pigraphic e vidence a ttests t heir o fficial c haracter a nd a ssociation w ith t he i mperial c ult i n various w ays. T his p laque i s o ne o f a t l east f our w hich r efer t o t he m embers a s d endrophori A ugustales. A part f rom t heir a ctivities a ssociated w ith t he M agna M ater c ult, w e k now o f t he m embers' g athering t o h onour t he d ead w ith r emembrance m eals a n s acrifices, f or a dministrative p urposes, a nd t o a rrange b ur T heir s cholae c ould b e l uxuriously e quipped. T hat a t N ida w as u sed b y t he d endrophori o f t hat v icus a nd a lso b y t hose fr om a n earby p lace w hose n ame b egan w ith M ad ( line 3 ). T he l and f or t he s chola h ad b een d esignated f or t he p urpose b y t he i nhabitants o f N ida ( line 6 ).

1 04

'lhe editors suggest that Salus is here concealing Sirena, a Celtic deity of healing springs, � identification which would imply a perception of Salus as Hygieia. Sb 5 - 8. 5.

Italy

GABII, LATIDM i et Salutis statuam s

(sic) '!he marble statue-base was fourrl in 1792 next to the Via Praenestina. An urceus and a p:itera are carved, respectively, to the left and right of the text.151 'lhe statue is that of the priestess of a joint municipal cult of Spes and Salus Aug. :i;n recognition of past and present benefactions. 'Ihe cult is the clearest evidence for the association of Spes and Salus �hich 58 implied in the literary evidence and in a rrumber of coin1ssues.

+

'lhe ludi camerorated here coold have been one of the regular festivals of the municipal calendar which essentially would corresporrl to the µ.iblic calendar of religious observances at Rare. 'lhey could, on the other harrl, represent a spontaneous event pranpted by � imperial occasion or by an occasion in the life of the priestess. 1 '!hough in lines eleven and twelve there may be an indication of a fixed f estival by the apparent implication of fulfilled religious obligation (religioni ••• satis fecerit). Whilst the ludi need not have been connected with cult of Spes and Salus, it is notable that the dedica­ tion of the ludi, pro salute principis Antonini Aug. Pii (lines 7 to 9), goes on to specificat�O include the .imperial children (in whan the Spes Augusta was vested ) • 'lhe annual p.lblic festivals of Spes and Salus were within five days of each other (August 1 and 5). 'Ihe priestess had also refurbished the portico of Spes (lines 5 and 6) which would perhaps have been joined to a temple of Salus. Line thirteen records the distribution of sane kind of clothing, and, though distributions of other kinds (of corn, rrnney and oil) were ooom:m on the part of the holders of municipal 9�fices, this particular form of ccmnunal gift seems to be unparalleled. Notably, here again there is a potential association of Salus with water: there were natural springs at Gabii, and these presumably 1 05

supplied the baths which were farrous in the early imperial perioa.162 Pinguente, Provincia di Pola; PIN�, HISTRIA

6.

(sic) Saluti Au. ro incolu mitate Pi ent inorum) L. Ventinaris Lucwro adiect(a) iunic(e) v. 1. 1. s. The limestone tablet was first ecorded in 1689 re-used in the church of st. Thanas in Goricizza. 63 T. M'.:mnsen regarded the name Lucwro as indigenous to Hi.stria and thus as indicating Celtic or Illyrian orig� lut it IlON seems that both Ventinaris and Lucurro are Etruscan names. li 'Ihe dedicatioo "for the safety of the inhabitants of Pi(n)quentum" is in fulfilment of a VON follONing the aversion of scree unnamed danger and is unique arrong dedications to Salus in specifying a sacrifice, that of a calf (adiect(a) iunic(e)). C.B. Pascal assurres that the goddess is here �rceived as Hygieia as the cult of Aesculapius am. Hygieia was particularly !X)pular in Cisalpine Gaul, and he suggests that the ailt derives directly fran Greece. 0n gedications at Aquileia both these deities receive the epithet Aug.16 Urbisaglia;

7.

URBS SALVIA,

PICENUM

A. Vitelliae C. f. Rufillae (sic) flarnini Salutis Au. matri Vitellianus vivos B.

M(arci) Att(i) Fabati

C. Salvi Liberalis cos. o tumae C. Salvius

Salutis Aug. Salvien(sis)

The first text is inscribed u!X)n a gravestone or other �rn.11oont The was found in or before 1524 in the church of St. Lawrence. 1 second is the stamp u!X)n at least forty roof-tiles, roost of which were 1979, of the "cryptoporticus enclosing fourrl in the excavations, up the sacred area of a temple"· and

r�7

'Ihe apparent agreercent in case of flamini (A.4) with Vitelliae ••• Rufillae and with matri optumae requires us to interpret the word as flamini(ea) which may indicate that the wanan was the wife of a flazoon (who would be C. Salvius Liberalis) of the local cult of Salus Au g. (Salviensis) and who would thus have assisted in the cult. In B the genitive Salutis Aug. Salviensis implicitly depenjs U!X)Il the building, presumably a temple, fran which the tiles derive. 'Ihe consulship of c. Salvius Liberalis (Nonius Bassus) , during or after which the dedication to his wife was set up, is known to have been held in the years AD 81 to 85. He ma.y ha.ve had an equestrian military career before he entered the Senate in AD 73 or 74, after which he enjoyed a successful senatorial career including roornbership of the Arval priesthood. He was also chief magistrate (guinguennalis) of 106

his hClte ta,,m, Urbs Salvia, possibly for fifteen years or more, depending u?Jn the tgterpretation of the inscription fran Urbs Salvia bearing his cursus.1 Liberalis' son, c. Salvius Vitellianus, who is res�nsible gor the oonument to his rnother, may also have held this magistracy. 16 A lcx::al epf7&et for Salus is attesterl in two other inscriptions, both fran Spain. 8.

San

Vittore; (Ranan name

unknown)

PICENUM

[Salu]ti Au�[••• l ...]ssicus[ • ••• ••• inm]unitas[...

[ex test]aIDe1;[to••• l

'lhe stone, broken on the left and right sides, was four'rl in the sarre place as two other �fly fragmentary inscriptions which may belcng to the same rromnnent. 9 and 10. HISPANIA BAEI'ICA, a::NV. HISPALENSIS 9.

Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, S@in; SERIA / FAMA JULIA Saluti

10.

I

Aug.

I

Livius

Matanegra, Badajoz, Spain;

I

Secundus

(Ronan

name, if any,

unknown)

Saluti Aug. L. Petronius L. lib(ertus) Number 9 is a marble base,;� in 1840, in the chapel of Santa Number 1O, is the offering of a Lucia ouH�de the nmern ta,,m.1 freedman. 'lhese derlications belong to a gra.ip of at least seventeen dedications foorrl in Iilsitania am Baetica which manifest a particular local significance for the cult of Salus. One other, fran Esteppa in southern Baetica, ha;; an imperial epithet rut, in this case, the unal:i)reviated Augusta. 74 11 - 13.

PANNCNIA

11. Stein am Anger / Szanbathely, Hungary; SAVARIA, PANNCNIA SUPERIOR Salut[i.•• ! August[••• ! sac[•••

'lhe fonn of this ��ication, fourrl in the bishop's castle lost, is oot recorderl.

am

n™

Savaria was, at least prior to the diy�gioo of Pannonia in AD 106, an important centre for the imperial cult. 1 07

12.

Rusovce, Czechoslovakia; GERULTA(?), PANNCNIA SUPERIOR Dolicheno [Sa]l(uti) o salu[te] [. ]aroni A than [eli] [m(unici ii)] A elii) d(ecuriones) G(e)r(ulatenses) l(ocum) d(ederunt) l(audius) mul(ieris) l(ibertus) [M]aronius 1 ...� 1( ibertus) p(ecunia) s(ua) [f (ecit)]

The lirrestone altar, broken in two places and with damaged sides, fourrl in 1967, in situ rut re-used, in the same circumstances as the military dedication which is thought to be honouring the sane two deities is assigned to the later second or first third of the third century.

was

sff7

'!he restoration of lines seven to nine is essentially that of R. Hosek and is . extremely tenuous as is the restoration in favour of Sal(uti), the plausibility of which depends greatly on the slightly rrore certain interpretation of the military dedication. '!hat an aedes with. its equiprent and a portico has been dedicated seems certain as it is that this dedication is for the salus of a man, the beginning and end of whose name has to be restored (line 6) • Line eight contains the name of another man in the naninative case who has the same naren and who, presumably, cxmnissioned the work "with his CMl1. rroney". If, as Hosek suggests, line seven states that the tCMn councillors of the municipium of Gerulata have designated the land for the aedes, then the situation is reminiscent of that at Nida in Gennania Superf9g where the vicani assigned land for a schola dedicated to Salus Aug. '!he last name of the dedicating freedman, which, in full, is suggest� to be Claudius [M]aronius Legus, may indicate a D::tlmatian origin. '!he [M]aronius Agathang[elus] for whose salus the temple is dedicated would then, presumably, be a close relative. 13.

Budapest, Hungary; ACU!Na.JM, PANNCNIA INFERIOR Salutis Au[ lX)SUerunt]

••••• ]

Approximately two-thirds of a gravestone, elaborately ornamented in bas-relief and broken on the right hand side, was found in 1931 during the excavation of a late Ronan caretery in a suburb of 6buda and the near the site of the legionary fortress. '!hough found in stone, with three others, had been re-used to form a coffin.1

B�'

Vepintania may be the Celtic native name of the deceased. '!he meaning of the first two lines containing the naroo of the deceased and protably indicating his or her freed status is not clear. '!he 108

deceasa:1, though, is clearly a Ranan citizen (fran the citation of tribe) and is perhaps indicated as a citizen of Aquincum. It may be that the contribution of the Agrippinenses Transalpini tCMards the burial is explicable by the fact that the freedman's patron, whose narre does not survive, was a citizen of O:>lonia Agrippinensis (O:>logne) arrl thus a member of this guild of Rhinelarrl .irrmigrants. The cives Agrippinenses Transalpini are attesterl as functioning at Aquincum fran at least as early as the reign of Trajan. 181 'lhe deceasa:l's origin arrl tribe indicate that he was a citizen of the municipium Aelium Aguincum (two kilanetres north of the fortress and its associaterl settleroont) which received its �cipal charter 'lhus, as the fran Hadrian and was assigned to the Sergian tribe. 1 stone has already been assigned on stylistic arrl other grounds to the early second century ffi then perhaps it actually dates fran shortly after Hadrian's grant. j

'lhe third and fourth lines are problematic, but, if the restoratirn is correct, then the deceaserl is a member (collegiatus) of a collegium Salutis Aug. Whether or not this is to be taken as synonym:,us with the guild of the cives Agrippinenses Transalpini is not clear, but an indication to the contrary may be that the two other attSiting inscriptions this guild do not mention the '!his collegium may simply be a burial arrl carrnon collegitnn Salutis. interest club, mainly or exclusively canprising freedrren whose chosen patron deity was Salus Aug. On the other hand, perhaps its function was rrore closely relaterl to the abserv� gf the imperial cult like that of the colleges of severi Augustales. 8 Salus Publica or Her F.guivalent

F.

'lhis section is divided into two parts: inscriptions definitely attesting cult-acts in or, as in one case, Salus Populi Ranani; and inscriptions in which Salus as Salus Publica last of the three being the rronument to the auctor Salutis Publicae.

Inscriptions Definitely Attesting Salus Publica

I.

1

I canprises the five honour of Salus Publica II canprises the three is finnly implied, the emperor carus as the

and

2.

O:>rinth, Gf'eece

1.

Callicrateae Philesi fil(iae) .,..,,,.,....,..,,,.t(uum) Providentiae Au •

sacerdotl in et Salutis Publicae

2.

Callicrateae Philesi f(iliae) sacerdoti in """"'"...--.-.t(uum) Providentiae Au • et Salutis Publicae trirules trib(us) Claudiae bene maritae

Both dedications are inscribed up:n linestone bases and were fourrl in the coorse of excavations. 'Ihe first was fourrl in 1901 near the 1 09

c hurch o f S t . J ohn 's T heologos. 186 T he s econd w as f ound n r Is thmia i n 1 969 r e-used i n a p avement i n t he n orth-east Q f t he ' Fortress o f J ustinian ' w hich i s a ttached t o t he I sthmian W all.' N either c allicratea , w ho i s p riestess f or l ife, n or her f ather a re R oman c itizens. T he deiicants a re t he mo t hers o f, r espectively , t he t ribus A grippia a nd t he t ribus C laudia , t wo o f t he t welve k nown C orinthian v oting t ribes whose e xi ' n ce d erived f rom t he r eorganisation o f t he c ity u nder A ugustus. T he e stablishment o f aj oint c ult o f P rovidentia A ug. a nd S alus P ublica a pp ears t o b e am anifestation o f t he m unicipal t hanksgiving f ollowing t he d ownfall o f S e ia nus i n A D 3 1 w hich i s a lso a ttested i n t he d edication a t I nteramna o f A D 3 2 t o S alus P erp tua A ugusta, L ibertas P ublica, t he G enius o f t he m unicipium a nd P rovidentia A ugusti. I n a ny c ase t he e mphasis g iven t o t he c ult o f1 e i mperial P rovidentia u nder T iberius s uggests a d ate i n t his r eign .

3 .

T olmeita, L ibya ; P TOLE ! 4AIS, C YRENAIC ? E l ' Q El 'A

. .]oq [

. .]aq ua e [ ...[..]fu t ur um [. . I. .I m

v erba b [ .. ... ] quae in v [ .. I m v erba b [... P ublic[a...

I . . Ib lica

.. f ut]urum q uo [ d...j

po

i li [ . ..

I ... S al] u s

T he f ragment o f am arble p anel w as f ound i n 1 955 " during p loughing a n u nexcavat& 1 a rea i n t he n orth-east p art 8 f t he s ite". T he l etters tyles m ay i ndicate a s econd c entury d ate. T he t ext h as b een r estored w itb r eference t o t he f ormulae u sed i n t he r ecords o f t he A rval b rothers. 1 1 T hus l ine e ight w ould h ave b een [ Salus P u ]blica p opu1i [ Romani q uae i n v erba I (ovi) O (ptinK) M (aximo ) 1 , t hus c ompleting t he p rayer t o S alus P ublica. L ine n ine w ould t hen b e a s tone-cutter 's e rror i n r epeating t he p revious l ine . The a nomalous p osition o f o q o n t he f irst l ine l ed t he e ditor t o s uggest e ither a l ocal v ariant o f t he f arm o f t he v ows t aken o n J anuary 3 f or t he w elfare o f t he e mperor , o r t hat t he f ragment i nstead r ecords v ota e xtraordinaria w hich m ight a ccount f or e xceptional w ording. T he t ext m ay t entatively b e t aken t o i ndicate n ot o nly t hat v ows f or t he e mperor's w elfare w ere t ak 1 9 t hroughout t he e mpire, a f act f or which w e a lready h ave e vidence, b ut f urther t hat t he f orm o f t he v ows, t heir f ulfilment , r ecording a nd p ublic d isplay was , i n t he p rovinces ( including t he G reek-speaking p rovinces), t he s ame a s o r s imilar t o t hat p ertaining t o t he a cts o f t he A rval B rothers a t R ome . Two f urther f ragments o f s imilar r ecords h ave been f ound a t P tolemais, o ne p ossibly d ating f rom r eign o f V espasian, t he o ther p erhaps f rai h at o f M arcus A urelius. A s imilar f rag me nt w as f ound a t C yre ne , ‚ a nd a t S armizegetusa a f ragment f ound t here a ppears t o r ecord v ota e xtraordinaria, p erhaps c onnected w ith a m ilitary c risis.

1 10

'!he editors of the Dacian fragment accept the suggestion of J.M. Reynolds that the missing fourth deity would have been Salus Publica P. R. Q. '!hey suggest that the fragment records the activities of the provincial conc�lilllfg�II Daciannn perhaps under or later than the reign of Marcus Aurelius. '!he likely assumption is tha.t the Cyrene and Ftolernais records refer to civic activity. However, the possibility has to be allowed that the fragments record military religious activity.1964.

Tiaret, Algeria; (Ranan name Saluti populi Ranani sua p. p. d. g.

I

unknown}

MAUREI'ANIA CAFSARIENSIS

Victorinus aedilis po[n] jderarium

'!he details ol � find-circumstances and form of this dedication are not available. 9 Victorinus, apparently not a Ranan citizen, is presumably a municit:al aedile, though ponderarium (in:iicating his responsibility for the.�1t weights office} seems to be an inappropriate form to qualify aedilis. 98 In the last line sua invites the expansion, for the first .E., of p(ecunia} which would suggest a private dedication despite the p..lblic nature of Salus. 'lhus; for the final letters p(osuit} d(edicavit}que or a similar expression seans the rrost likely interpretation. 'll1e dedication must at least post-date the constitution of the Mauretanian provinces under Claudius. 5.

Ferentino, Italy;

FERENI'INUM, LATIUM

[S]aluti Publicae [s]acrum Qrintius c. f. [P]alatina Cestianus Duceniu[s] Procul[us]

'Ihe form of the dedication, kncMn since '!he restored letters were ooce clearly visible.

1g§5,

is not recorded.

E. Groa.g has identified� man as the C. Ducenius Proculus who was suffect consul in AD 87. In any case he is probably a near relative of a man who held a legionary legateship under Tra�ffil and saoo of whose names certainly derive fran those of the dedicant. I have discussed above the inference possible fran Ta.citus that a temple of Salus was fourrled a �erentirrum following the failure of the Pisonian conspiracy in AD 65. O

1

111

I I

S alus P ublica I mplied

1 .

S pf ltska , ( island o f) B RAT IIA , D ALMATIA

( AD 2 11, M arch 1 )

B ras , Y ugoslavia;

( Roman n ame u nknown )

[ daninis n ostris M . A urelio A ntonino e t P . S eptimlo G et l ae e t I u [liae [ nnae A uqus] I [ tale m atri A ugg . [e t c astrorum ] [ lo lvi O pti i ro M ax . Iu[noni R eq . M inervae ] [ Sa]luti M ar. P atri [ Mar. V ictori] I[ Vic]toriae A ugq F [ortun . R ed . d evic] [ tis] h ost . v oto s ol[uto d ed icavit] H ermes G ent[iano e t B asso ] c o[s...] c al(endis) M [artis]

I

T he d edication , o f u nknown f orm , w as f ound i n 1 884 o n t he n orth c oast 2 u çi t he i slan d. M [aiis ] i s a n a lternative r estoration o f t he l ast

H ermes, p resumably a G reek , m ust b e e ither a s lave o r a f reedman . A s lave o f t he s ame n ame, a nd b elonging t o a p raefectus v ehiculorum c onductor p ublici p ortorii, i s a ttested a t V ratnik o n t he m ainia ix i. 2 I f a n i dentification i s p ossible, t hen p erhaps H ermes A s o n a n o fficial v isit t o t he i mportant m arble q uarries o n B rattia. T he d edication, i n f ulfilment o f av ow a nd i n h onour o f ( ' aracalla, G eta a nd J ulia Enna, i s a ssumed t o r efer t o t he v ictories w on i n B ritain i n A D 2 11. T he c hoice o f d eities , t heir o rder a nd e pithets ( apart f rom V ictoria 's i mperial e pithet), a re s trikingly r eminiscent o f t hose i ncluded i n t he , r ecords o f t he A rval B rothers. T he d eity l ist i s p articularly s imilar i n t hese r espects t o t hat r ecorded f or t he A rval s acri es i n c elebration o f t he r eturn o f T rajan f rom Dac ia ( AD 1 0 1).

2 .

V rhely i n S iebenb ( lrgen , R omania; S ARMIZEX E IUSA , D ACIA A PULENSIS [ 1.1 0 . M . Il unoni [ M ]inervae ID ils [ C ]onsentibus S aluti F ortunae [ R ]educi A pollin i . D ianae V [ict]rici N e rnesi M e[rc]urio H erculi S oli i nvicto f A esculapio H ygiae t his d eabisq . i n i tortalib . P . A elius H an i itnius [ I]un . p roc(urator) A ug .

T he d edication, a m arble a ltar , w as f ound b y c hance H ani nonius J unior i s a lmost c ertainly t he s on o f P . A elius

i n 1 930. 207 n inonius, w ho

a fter h olding s everal e questrian m ilitary c ommands i n t he D annh a rea w as p rocurator o f L ower &esia a nd i s i dentified a s t he r ecipient o f a n i mperial r escript o f A D 2 40. H ence, o ur d edicant w ill h ave b een t he proc tor o f Dac ia A pulensis a t s ome t ime i n t he p eriod A D 2 44 t o 2 60.

l ocally a nd r egionally i mportant d eities. S ar r nizeg i mportant r eligious a s w ell a s a n a dministrative c entre .

sa

w as

a n

W e h ave already n oted t he p ossibility t hat A pollo a nd D iana m ay r epresent r egional n ative d eities i n R oman g uise w ith r egard t o t he d edication qt A pulum ( c. A D 2 00) b y a nother i mperial ( though m ilitary )

T hus, l ocal i mportance m ay a ccount f or t he i nclusion h ere , a mong o thers , o f A esculapius a nd H ygieia w hose c ult w as w ell e stablished i n Dac ia a s aw hole, a s w ell a s a t S annizegetusa w here a " c oloniae m ade a dedication t o " Perga r rene A esculapius a nd H ygieia". T hey ca ne a t t he e nd o f t he l ist , a nd a fter A pollo , D iana V ictrix, N emesis, M er cury, H ercules a nd S ol I nvictus, w ho m ay p erhaps b e i ncluded p rimarily b y v irtue o f t heir l ocal o r r egional s ignificance . S alus' p osition ( as w ell a s h er a ppearance i n a dd ition t o H ygieia), i n f ifth p lace , a fter t he C apitoline T riad ( and o nly s ep er ated f ram t hem b y t he a rchaistic D ii C onsentes) a nd f ollowed b y F ortuna R edux , s eems t o f irmly i mply h er p resence h ere a s o ne o f t he g roup o f d eities i ncluded h ere b y v irtue o f t heir i mportance t o t he s tate a nd t herefore a s S alus P ublica .

3 .

P ozzuoli, I taly ; PU I 'E Y JLI, C AMPP 1NIA a uctori S alutis IP ublic(a)e s enitori • m d . I D ivo [ carol R utilius C rispinus v (ir) c (larissimus)J c urato i p( u blicae) P uteolanor ( u m ) -

T he m arble t ablet w as f ound i n a bout 1 960 i n t he c ourse o f e xcavations a t t he c rossing o f t he V ia V ecchia S . G ennaro b y t he V ia V igna . T he n ame o f C arus h as b oon d eliberately e rased ( 9 er t he d efeat o f ( ' arinus b y D iocletian i n 2 85) b ut i s s till l egible. T he d edication i s t o t he d eified e mperor C arus ( AD 2 82-283) who i s a ddressed a s " the a uctor o f S alus P ublica": t hus i t i s u ncertain w hether o r n ot t he d eity i s r eferred t o . T he i nscription h as t o d ate fr om t he p eriod b etween C arus' a potheosis a nd t he d eath o f N umerianus, w han t he p hrase g enitori p rincipum ( lines 2 -3) t ells u s i s s till a live , i n N ovember 2 84. R utilius C rispinus, o f s enatorial r ank a nd h ere a cting i n h is c apacity a s i mperial c urator o f P uteoli, i s p erhaps t he g randson o f R utilius P udens C rispinus w ho w as c onsul i n a bout t he y ears A D 2 35 t o 2 37. H e m ay b e � jTi tifiable a s t he p raeses o f S yria-Phoenicia i n t he y ears 2 92 t o 2 93. T he t ablet i s p erhaps t o b e s een a s ad emonstration o f a llegiance , o n t he p art o f t he m unicipal a uthorities o f P uteoli, t o t he d ynasty o f C arus f ollowing r eceipt o f t he n ews o f C arus ' d eath a nd d eification . I t h as b een s uggested t hat t he d edication w ould h ave b een a ccompanied b y t wo o thers h onouring C arinus 91 N unerianus a nd t hat i t w ould h ave s tood i n t he f or u m o f t he c olonia.

1 13

G .

T he ' Auqurium S alutis'

Ra re

( AD 3 ) ( AD 1 7) ( AD 1 ) ( AD 2 ) ( AD 8 ) ( AD 1 2) ( AD 1 7)

a uquria m aximum q uo s alus p( o puli) R( a nani) p etitur q uod a ctu in e st L . A elio L an t La M . S ervilio c os. L . Pa nponio F lacco C . C aelio c os. q uae a cta s unt [ C . C aesa]re L . A emilio P aullo c os . [ P . V inijcio P . A lfenio V aro c os. [ M . F urlio Cam illo S ex . N on io Q uinctiliano c os. [ Germ lanico C uesare C . F onteio C pitone c os. [ C . C uel]io L . Panç x nio F lacco c os .

T he m arble c ipp . is, f ound i n t he V ia M nrforio o n t he C apitol i n 1 9 10, m ay o nce h ave s upported a b ronze s tatue . T he t ext i s i nscribed o n t he s ide: t hat o nce i nscribed o n t he f ront h as b een wor n a way. T he i nscription s ee i n t o h ave b een c ompleted o n o ne o ccasion a nd t hat p erhaps i n A D 1 7. 1 6 I t s eems c ain t hat t his a ugural c eremony d id n ot i nvolve t he c ult o f S alus. T he t ext r efers t o t he a uqurium s alutis i n i ts r evived a nd p robably m odified f orm f ollowi ng A ugustus' reX al o f i t i n 2 9 B C , when , a s w e a re t old , i t w as i n a s tate o f d isuse. ° T he o nly o bservance p rior t o t his, o f w hich w e k no i s t hat o f 6 3 B C , w hen i t t ook p lace a f 1 r a " very l ong i nterval". ‚ 9 I t t ook t he f orm o f a n a nnual a ugural i nqu iry o f J upiter a s t o w hether o r n ot i t was a f as t o s eek t he s alus o f t he R oman p eople. I t c ould o nly t ake p lace a t a t ime w hen n o m ilitary c ampaigns w ere e ither u nder w ay o r i mminent . T his m ay h ave b een a d ebased f orm o f t he c eremony w hich m ay o riginally h ave t aken p lace e arly i n t he y ear, j ust a fter t he c onsuls o rdinarii h ad a ssumed o ffice, a nd w as p erhaps a nalogo 12 o a uquria c oncerned w ith a ctivities s uch a s s owing a nd h arvesting . A ccording t o T acitus i t w as r evived a gain i n A D 4 9 a fter a n i nte rval o f t wenty-five ( depending u pon a m anuscript e mendation) y rs. A mong t he p roblems o f i nterpretation p osed b y t he t ext i s t hat o f t he d ivision o f t he a uguria ( also a pparent i n F estus) i nto g reater o nes ( the f irst i wo) a nd t hose w hich, b y i mplication , w ere i n s ome w ay i ncanplete. 22

H .

T he P rivate C ults o f S alus

T hese i nscriptions a re n ot a ll o f t hose i ndicating p rivate o r n ono fficial c ult-acts . T he o thers a re i ncluded a s a ppropriate i n t he s ections a bove i n t hose c ases w here a p articular p erception o f S alus b y t he d edicant i s i ndicated . T he d edications f rom A riminum , C ivitella a nd N apoca i n t he n ext s ection m ay b e e ssentially o r e ntirely a cts o f p rivate p iety . T hree o ther d edications f rom H ispania B aetica , t hose f rom E steppa, J erez d e l os Cab alleros a nd M atanegra , d iffer i n k ind f rom t hose i ncluded u nder I I b elow o nly i n t hat S alus i s q ualified b y t he i mperial e pithet.

1 14

I n most c ases t he i nscriptions h ere i ndicate t heir p rivate n ature i n t he t erms o f t he d edication , b ut s ome a re i ncluded s imply i n v iew o f t heir b revity. T he d edicants, w here r ecorded, a re a ll a cting o nly a s p rivate i ndividuals. T he s ection i s d ivided i nto t hree p arts: I c omprises t he d edications f rom A sseria, L ugdunum , A sculum P icenum a nd B aden b ei W ien ( Aquae ); I I c omprises t he t wenty-one i nscriptions f rom S pain a nd P ortugal n ot a ll o f w hich c ertainly r elate t o S alus; a nd I II i s t he u nique d edication t o S alus G eneris H umani.

I .

T he D edications f ro m A sseria , L uqdunum , A sculum P icenum a nd B aden b ei W ien ( Aquae)

1 .

P odgrad je ( near B enkovac), Y ugoslavia; A SSERIA , D ALMATIA R ubria

T he f rag 1 960 a nd 1 970.

ICeuni t

f( i lia ) P ola

ISaluti I

v.

s.

[ 1. m .]

o f l imestone a ltar w as f ound a t s ome

t ime

b etween

T he f orm o f h er n ame s hould m ean t hat R ubria P ola i s a Rat en c itizen . T he R ubrii w ere a n a ristocratic f amily o f t he n ative L t hirni, a n I llyrian p eople, a nd i ts m embers w ere a mo ng t hose h olding i mportant p ositions t he m unicipium f ounded a t A sseria i n o r a fter t he r eign o f C laudius. 2 T he n ame o f R ubj , 's f ather, C eunus, i s p eculiarly I llyrian a nd i s p erhaps C eltic. ' T here a r l ocal p arallels f or t he u nusual word-order o f h er v otive-dedication. 6

2 .

L yon , F rance; L UQ)UNUM , G ALLIA L UQ) t JNE SIS

I [ S] e verus IE u] t i v overat ( aram ) d edicavit

IM arcella

Is ua I S alutis

I

T he a ltar, b roken a t t he t op , w as f ound i n 1 849 i n t he g arden o f t he H o s p i c e o f t he A nt 9 ailles". I n t he l ast l ine c ausa w ould b e a n a lternative e xpansion . Am an w hose n ame i s o r e nds i n S everus i s f ulfilling a v ow e ither i n t he c ompany o f ( c u m) o r o n b ehalf o f ( p r o) h is w ife M arcella. "

3 .

A scoli P iceno , I taly ; A SO JLUM P IC EM JM F irminae Ib ono r eddito d ea ISalutis IA (uli) l (ibertus) A cer h (a)ec d ona d edit

c o n i u gi s

F r o n ti ni u s

I t ibi

The f ragment o f T r a v e r t i n e s t o n e, t hought t o b e o f a n a ltar, w as f ound i n o r j u 8b efore 1 972 b uilt i nto t he f oundations o f t he c hurch o f S an V enanzo.

1 15

T he m eaning i s r endered a mbiguous b y t he i ncorrect c ase-endings . A s i t s tands t here s eems t o b e n othing , u nderstood o r i n t he t ext, f or b ono r eddito t o q ualify . A t entative t ranslation m ight b e:" For t he h appy r eturn o f h is w ife , F irmina , F rontinius A cer , f reedmen o f A ulus, g ave t hese g ifts t o y ou, 0 g oddess ( of) S alus ." I t s cans p ossible t hat h ere t he f reedman , who c ould b e o f e ither R oman c itizen o r J unian L atin s tatus, h as , u nus ly , a dapte d f or h is qentilicium (Frontinius) h is patron's cogn anen.'

4 .

B aden b ei W ien , Austria; AQUAE , P NNC IA S UPERIOR S aluti

f ound

IP . G emini

I [ u s ]

T he d edication , o f u ncerta jq f orm b ut a pparently c omplete, i n o r s hortly b ef ore 1 906. 3 90 I ts b revity a nd d iscovery a t

s ite o f a h ealing s pring i mply S alus' a ssociaticr i a s ituation which f inds -a nalogy i n p arts o f S pa in.

I I.

a healing

w as t he c ult ,

I nscriptions f rom t he S panish P rovinces

T hree d edications f rom B aetica o f t he s ane t ype a s most o f t hose b elow ar i ncluded a bove, a s i n t hem S alus i s qua lifi e d b y t he imper ia l

1 1 .

-

4 .

H ISPANIA B AE TCA (r npi f lo d e A renas, S pain ; C L !V . ( X )R I1 JBENSIS

M [ JNICIPIUM F LORENT [NUM ] IIBERRITANUM ,

L . V aleri L aeti IM . V aleri V etust i . Il i b er t u s v e r n a l M . V aleri V etusti P r im a v e r na e u x (o r ) Iv . s . 1 . m . ( March 1 , S aluti p osita k . M art. C h . C ornelio G aetulic [ o ] I A D 2 6) C . C alvisio Sabino c [o ]s.

T he s mall b ase w as f ound i n 1 822 n ea t he 3 r eputedly , i s t he s ite o f a s alutiferous s pring . 3

v illage

which ,

T he r elationships m anifested i n t his v otive d edication a re n ot c ompletely c l (Ar . T he d edicants a re a f reedman , w hose n ame i s n ot o bvious a nd w ho s till d esignates h imself a s s ervile, a nd h is w ife P rima w ho i s s till t he s lave ( vernae apparently i n t he w r o ng c a s e ) of M . V alerius V etustus . A s i t s tands t he f irst t wo n ames c ould b e t hose o f t he p atrons o f t he f reedman.

1 16

2 .

( aria d el R io, S pain ; Ct JRA , O] V . H ISPAL E SIS S aluti IS ecunda Ip ro s aI l ute E E JV S everia I n i e x v otu I a( n i r ro ) l ib ( ens) a ram p osuit

T his v otive d edication f or t he s alus o f S everianus b y S ecunda, p erhaps h is w ife, i s o f a s mall m arble a ltar. I f, i n t he f ourth E s hould b e P , t hen P . L u( . ..) would b e a p ossible i nterpretation .

3 .

M archena , S pain ;

( Roman n ame u ncertain ) O] V . A STIGITANUS

a ra S al(utis)

Ipro

r edit(u )

IL.

N . P .

Icelsus

f .

T he f orm a nd f ind-circumstances a re n ot r ecorded. L . N . P . p resumably r epresents t he p erson w hose r eturn ( notably ) i s b eing e ither a sked f 9 o r c ommemorated . T he f inal f c ould b e e ither f (ilius) o r f (ecit).

4 .

Z afra, S pain ; S aluti

( Roman n ame u nknown ) ( X V . H ISPALE SIS

Is .

e x v (oto )

IM.

M arius

ICesianus

T his v otive d edication i s t hat o f a s mall a ltar w ith a p atera a nd p raefericulum c arved i n r elief o n t he s ides. F or S i n s econd

a

l ine , s (acrum ) o r s (olvit) a re t he m ost p robable e xpansions. 5 5 .

-

8 .

( I VEN IUS P AC ENSIS, H ISPANIA L USITANIA

Lou1 , P ortugal ( Roman n ame u nknown ) d (eae) S (aluti) s (acrum ) F onteius e x v o t u a nim [o ] l ibens I p osuit

IP h ila n u lsus

T his v otive c ippus w as f ound b allt i nto t he t ower o f t he c hurch o f S an C lemente . T he l ett5 7 forms h ave b een a ssigned t o t he l ate s econd o r e arly t hird c entury. T he e x v ot h a nino l ibens p osuit i s, a part f r o n a bbreviation a nd a ram b efore p osuit , t he s ame f ormula w hich e nds S ecunda 's d edication a t C oria d el R io ( above).

6 .

S an Ranao d o S ado , P ortugal ( Roman n ame u nknown ;

n ear C olonia P ax

Julia ) S aluti I p ro G . A tilio IC ordo N . CatI tulus v otum s (olvit) a (nl n o ) l (ibe r is)

f irst

s er (vus)

I

( AE a ssigns t he i nscription t o P is es i n B e ja r egion , e nds l ine a fter p ro , h as n o tb eginning t he f ourth l ine a nd

1 17

t he h as

s erv (us). .) T he s mall v otive a ltar o f t he s lave C attulus w as f ound i n a v illa. I n t he t hird l ine , N c ould r epresent C attulus' f irst n ame o r p erhaps N (epote) a s a s econd c ognomen f or G . A tilius C ordus, t he b enefi ry o f t he v otum , w ho i s t hought t o b e t he o wner o f t he v illa.

7 .

S erros A ltos, P ortugal ( Roman n ame u nknown ) S (aluti) s (anctae) d (eae) P eculiaris

T his v ot

Iv otum

Iposuit Iaramj

d edication i s d escribed a s " a s nail c ippus i n t he f orm

o f a n

8 .

V illa

P ortugal ( Roman n ame u nknown )

V iSosa,

S aluti I r o s alu lte A cili R u lfini c anie lius a . 1 . Iv . s .

m.

T he ab orevia v (otum ) s (olvit).

ns m ight b e e xpandable a s m (erito ) a (nino ) i (ibens) T he v otive d edication d isplays a n otable

s imilarity t o t hat b orne b y t he a ltar o f t he s lave R omao d o S ado ( above).

C attulus

a t

S an

W e m ay n ote a n a nalogous v otive d edication f rom t he s ame p lace , F ontan9 e t F ontanae p ro s alut (e) A lbi F austi A lbia F acina v . s . a . ‚4 1 w hich m ay i mply t he p resence o f a s alutiferous s pring .

9

-

1 8.

9a nd 1 0. 9 . 1 0.

C t t 'VEN ' IUS E MERITENSIS, H ISPANIA L USITANIA B aios d e ' bntemayor , S pain ( Roman n ame u nknown ) S aluti

IValeria

P rivata

IRufi.

Ilibe(n)s

S alutti]

I1 .

a . v . s .

Iv ot . s !olv . V S I

[ ...

T he t wo v otive a ltars w ere f ound ( in o r b efore 1 894) a t t he " springs o f t % N ymphae C aparensium", t he f or me r i nside t he b at hb uilding t he re . T he s tate o f t he s econd a it r r enders m uch o f t he r eading u ncertain . H owever , t he d edication i s c learly o f a v otive n ature a nd p robably i n h onour o f S alus . T he t wo a it rs a re t hought t o b e l ikely t o d ate f rom t he l ate s econd o r e arly t hird c entury o n t he b asis o f t he d ates a ssigned ( on t he b asis o f t heir l etter-forms) t o m ost o f t he o ther , m ainly v otive, d edications ( of w hich t here a re o ver t wenty ) f ound a t t he s ite o f t he b aths. T he t hs a re f ed b y t he s prings w hich g ave R oman B anos i ts s ignificance .2 I t i s s uggested t hat b oth S alus a ltars, a s w ell a s

1 18

a nother s even o f t he t wenty-one s mall v otive a ltars f ound a t B a i os, were t he ducts o f aw orkshop i n C apera, t wenty-five m iles t o t he s outh-west. T hirteen o ut o f t he t wenty-two, i ncluding t hat V aleria P rivata t o S alus, were f ound i n t he b aths t hemselves. 246 F ifteen o f t he a ltars a re, w ith c ertainty , d edicated t o t he a nd o f t hese e ight i nvoke t he n a s t he N ymphae C aparensium .2 T wo o f t he a ltars f rom t he b ath-house , b oth t hought t o h ave b een p roduced a t t he C apera w orkshop a nd b oth t hought t o d ate f rom t he l ate s econd o r e arly t hird 2 n tury , a re d edicated t o F ontana, t he p ersonification o f t he s prings. F ive o f t he a ltars h ave b een d a , o n t he b asis o f t heir l etterf orms, t o t he l ate s econd c entur y . A nother t wo , a part f rom t he S alus a nd F ont% 2 gd edications, a re d ated t o t he l ate s econd o r P orly third c entury. T wo o thers h ave b e, . , a ssigned t o t he t hird c entury a nd e arly t hird c entury r espectively , F 1 whilst t he r emaining t wo t o which d ates h ave b een a ssigned, a re t hought t o b e o f t he l ate f irst c entury a nd e l ate f irst o r f irst h alf o f t he secon d cen tury r espectively. 2

1.

C oria , S pain : C AURI t JM ( ?) S aluti

A lthough a n a ltar b earing t his d edication i s r ecorded E stremadure) i n 1 944, i t a ppears n either i n RO M n or C PIL .2

1 2.

I bahernando , S pain ( Roman n ame u nknown )

d l .

S (aluti) s (acrum ) a [ram ]I p (ro ) s (e)

a ltar

M .[f .]J

S a m [. .] J is

[ suisque]

T his f ragmentary a nd e quiva -a1 d edication i s b orne b y k nown s ince a t l east 1 904. I ts l etter-forms h ave b een

t o t he l ate s econd c entury . F or t he d edican S am [n ]is a nd S am [mal]is h ave b een s uggested.

1 3.

C oria ( in

a s mall a ssigned

q entilicium ( lines 3 -4)

M adrigalejo , S pain ( Roman n ame u nknown )

i

S aluti

Ip .

m .

O n t his f ragmentary a ltar t here i s a t l east o ne l ine m issing a bove t he e xtant p art o f t h55 q edication . P (osuit) m (erito) i s s uggested a s an e xpansion f or p . i n.

1 19

1 4.

M nt nchez, S pain ( Roman n ame u nknown ) a turo

ISa (luti)

B idie ( n ) I S i v . a . 1 .

IS .

T he d edication , i nscribed o n a s mall a ltar , ng f ound i n o r p rior t o 1 90 1 n ear t he t own a nd e n e i c astillo O laPy g, T he l etter-forms h ave b een a ssigned t o t he l ate s econd c entury . tB idia '

h as

b een

s uggested a s t he n ominative

o f

p lace-name

g iving r ise t o t he l ocally d esignated S alus B idie(n)sis .2 8 T he n ame o f t he d edicant, Cturo , a nd o thers o f t he s ame r oot a re 2 'e guently a tteste d i n S pai n i n ge ne ral an d i n t hsitania i n p articular .

1 5.

O liva d e P lasencia , S pain ( Roman n ame u nknown ) S aluti

T he

IVicinia

d edication ,

Icapere nsis

i nscribed

o n

s tone

b ut

o f

u nrecorded

f orm

( presumably a n a ltar) w as f ound i n t he p alace o f t he C ount o f O liva . I t i s a ssigned, i n C PIL , p uma Jly o n t he b asis o f t he l etter-forms, t o t he e arly t hird c entury . I t i s a ssumed, i n b oth C PIL a nd C IL , t hat t he s tone h ad b een t ransported f rom C apera ( rcdern Cparra: p erhaps, w e m ay a dd , f ra i L t he s ame w orkshop w hich i s t h ight t o h av e p roduced t he v otive a ltars f ound a t B anos d e Mntema or 2 ' ) t o t he f ind-spot s ome t hree m iles t o t he s outh-west a long t he m ain R oman r oad. V icinia C aperensis, t he d edicant o r d edicating b ody , c ould r epresent t he n ame o f a f emale m unicipal s lave o f C apera o r , a lternatively, i t c ould r efer t o t he l ocality o f C apera. I n t he l atter c ase, t n ame c ould b e r eflected i n t he m odern T .s V entas d e cparra. 2 H owever , t he f ormer i nterpretation i s p referred i n C PIL a s i t i s f or t he V icin C lunensium a ttested o n a nother i nscription f rom O liva d e P lasencia. ° 3 V icinia o rs e lsewhere a s b ot h p ersonal n am e an d a s a r eferenc e t o a l ocality .° ' I n C PIL i t i s a ssumed t hat S alus i s h ere t he g enius o f a s alutiferous s pring , p erhaps t hough f or n o o ther r eason t han t hat s he s eems t o f ill t his r ole e lsewhere i n t he r egion .

1 6.

S anta A na , S pain ( Roman n ame u nknown ) L . N orb lanus IT ancinjus Aidajni f (ilii) S (aluti)l a ra b (ene) f (ecit )

T he a ltar,

" with p edestal a nd c ornice",

f ound i n a bout

1 900

a ssigned o n t he b asis o f i ts l etter -f orms t o t he t hird c entury T he d edicant 's cntilicium a nd c ognomen a re a mong t he S pain g enerally a nd i n C onventus f l neritensis i n j orticular.

1 20

AD.

i s 6 5

g nonest i n

1 7.

' I brreorgaz, S pain ( Roman n ame u nknown ) L aneanae

t ext ,

IS (aluti)

i nscribed o n a g ranite a lter , w as f ound i n

o r

b efore

1 965.

1 8.

V alencia d e A lc ntara , S pain S aluti s a( c rum ) I T [ ... ]

If . [

I SOM

T he s mall g ranite a ltar , m uch " i n t he v icinity o f t he F uente B lanca.

ITonqiu E s

.

1

9 " w as f ound i n o r b efore 1 966

' D . io e ditors h ave a ssumed t hat a c omplete l in a fter t he f irst which w ould h j c ompleted s acrum . i s w ell a ttested i n t he a rea.

6

a s t o b e r estored T he n ame T ongius

I t i s a ssumed o n t he b asis o f t he m odern n ame o f t he p lace o f t he a ltar 's d iscovery t S alus i s h ere , a gain , t he g enius o f a s alutiferous s pring . I n C PIL i t i s n oted t hat s ala i s aC eltic w ord mea ning ' river ' a nd t hat n elrby i s t he R io S alor . T hus, i t i s s uggested t hat t his c oincidence m ay a ccount f or t he l ocal c ho o f S alus a s t he R oman e quivalent f or t he n ative d eity o f s prings.

1 9 1 9.

-

2 1.

H ISPANIA T ARRAOJN ENSIS

C aldas d e M ontbuy , S pain ; A TAE C ALIDAE , C DNV . T RRACDNENSIS S (aluti)I

T he

s (acrum )

C .

I roc .

Z oticus I v .

s .

f in -çircumstances a nd f orm o f t his n ow l ost

1 . m .

d edication

a re

n ot r ecorded. T he ancient n ame i mplies t he p resence o f s alutiferous s prings, a nd t he l ikelihood o f a h ealing c ult h ere i s s trengthened b y t he p resence o f t hree d edications t o A pol 9 a nd o ne t o I sis, b oth o f w hom h ad s ignificant h ealing a ttributes.

2 0.

C astro U rdiales , S pain ; F LAVIOBR IGA ( ? )‚ S alus U r reritana

IL .

O JNV . C WNIENSIS

P . C orneliani I II

Al

( sic)

T he f irst l ine i s i nscribed i n " gilded" l etters i nside t he I xMl o f a

s ilver

p atera which w as f ound i n 1 826 a t

1 21

C astro

U rdiales

( thirty

k ilometres n orth-west o f B ilbao ) which i s a s ite i dentified a s p ossibly t hat o f t he c olony o f F laviobriga . e s econd l ine i s p icked o ut i n p oints o n t he o utside o f t he pa tera .2 O ne s urface o f t he p atera i s o rnamented w ith s cenes i n b as-relief: i n t he m iddle o f t he s cenes i s a r ecumbent n ymph b eneath t wo t rees who p ours a l iquid f rom a n u rn; b elow h er a m an i n a t oga w ho i s p ouring f rom a p atera i s v isible a bove a n a ltar ; a y oung m an p ours w ater ( ?) i nto a l arge v essel; a b earded m an a ccompanied b y ab oy i s p erforming a s acrifice ; a l ittle lo we r d own a nother y oung m an i s p ouring w ater f or a s eated m an w ho s eems t o b e i ll; a nd , i n t he l owest s cene, t wo mules d raw a c art i n which i s a v ery l arge w ooden v essel i nto which a young m an p ours w ater f rom a n a mphora . T he i mplication i s t hat a t ap lace w ith a n ame l ike U meri t here w as a h ealing-cult a ssociated w ith a s pring . A s m ay h ave o ccurred i n p arts o f L usitania a nd p erhaps B aetica , an ative d eity a ssociated w ith 76 T a s pring h as ca re t o b e c alled S alus .2 he p atera w as p erhaps t he g ift t o t he d eity o f L .P . C ornelianus w ho w as p erhaps g iving t hanks f or , o r s eeking a c ure .

2 1.

Car tagena , S pain ; N OVA C ?RTHA CX ) , C X )NV . C AR T hAGENSIS ..lt[...JBL S P (. . [ II S [ . . I[ . ..

] I [ . ]S alus [...]I[ . . ]S O

T he s tone, p erhaps a g ravestone, w as f ou r e xcavations f or t he e mbankment o f a n i c astle-wall. A . H lbner r egards

I II.

f l

i n

1 782

d uring

' Salus ' h ere a s l ikely t o b e a p ersonal name.278

' Salus G eneris H umani'

S t . P aulien , F rance : R UE SIUM , G A TLIA A JITANICA O n t he f ront :

-

S aluti G e lneris H u lmani l S ergius m erito

IPrimus Iposuiti

O n t he b ack :S aluti G ene I r is H umani p osuit d eae S [aluti]

IL

S ergius P ri m us m eri lt o

T he d edication, i nscribed n egligently o n i f ound " at a p laced c alled M archadial" i n 1 896. 27

m arble

t ablet ,

w as

A ccording t o Cn t he l etter-forms, d espite t he n egligence o f t heir e xecution , a re a ssignable t o a p eriod w hich w ould b e c onsistent w ith a p utative d ate f or t he t ablet 's e rection s hortly a fter GJ a w hose c oins w ere t he f irst t o b ear t he l egend S ALUS G ENE RIS H UMANI.

1 22

T he l egend b orne b y G alba' s c oins ( both b efore a nd a fter h is a ccession i n J une A D 6 8) m ay r eflect t he w ords o f t he a ppeal o f J ulius V index, b oth t o G alba , a s c onveyed b y l ette a r id t o t he G auls i n h is s peech l aunching t he r ebellion a gainst N ero . o l H owever , t here m ay b e a m ore d irect c onnection b etween t he d edication a nd t he rb llion . V index, who w as o f r oyal A quitanian a ncestry , w as g overnor o f o ne o f t he G allic p ro ces, p robably L ugdunensis, w hen h e r aised h is r evolt i n M arch AD 6 8, a nd R uessium , i n t he f ar e ast o f A quitania a nd o nly s ixty e s s outh-west o f V ienne, w hich c ity h ad d eclared f or V index, m ay w ell h ave b een i n t he d isaffected a rea. L a l egend.

I .

ç ,

c oins o f T ra jan , Ca n r rcdus a nd C aracalla a lso

c arried

t he

I nscriptions A ttesting C ults o f a n U ncertain N ature

N o ca r uwn f eature c haracterizes t hese s ix i nscriptions e xcept t hat i n n one o f t hem i s t he n ature o f S alus o r h er i mplied c ult d iscernible w ith c ertainty . A ll , t hough , e xcept t he g ravestone , h ave a t l east o ne c haracteristic which p otentially m akes t hem mor e t han s imply p rivate a cts o f p iety . T he g ravestone i s t hat o f am inistra S alutis, p erhaps o f a c ult o f S alus-Hygieia. T he f ive o ther i nscriptions a re d edications, t wo b y i mperial p rocurators a nd t hree b y m unicipal o fficials. T he a edile o f A riminu rn a nd t he q uinquennalis o f V enusia a re d edicating a edes , t he l atter b y v irtue o f a d ecree o f t he c ouncil , t he f ormer i n f ulfilment o f - av ow b ut p robably s p ecifying t hat t he a edes ( which h as b een a ssumed t o b e o f S alus A ug .) w as t o b e a dministered a ccord ing t o t he c anon o f t he A ventine t emple o f D iana.

1 1 .

-

4 .

I taly

R imini; A RIMINUM , G A tLIA C ISALPINA S aluti e x v oto Q . P lautius l ustus a edil(is) siae T hretes A rim (inensium ) In (c x nine) s (uo ) e t C as Q . P lauti V erecundi f (ilii) c (oniugis) s (uae) e t s (ui) a edem S(aluti) Mug .) d ed (icavit ) h (aec) a (edes) S (aluti) A (ug .) h (a I t ) l (eges) q (uas) D (ianae) R (c i ' nae ) i n A (ventino )

T he t ablet o f l ocal m arble h as b een k nown s ince t he s eventeenth c entury . 28 T he i nterpretation o f t he l ast l ine , w hich i s a dopted i n C IL a nd a ccepted b y R A . P al m e r , i s pla usible, i n t he l i g h t o f c ircumstantial e vidence . ° H owever , s ome d oubt m ust r emain c oncerning t he a ttribution t o S alus h ere o f t he i mperial e pithet . T he o f t he h owever , a p ublic

d edication o f a n a edes i s i n f ulfilment o f av ow b y a n a edile c olonia o n b ehalf o f h imself a nd h is f amily . T he t emple , p erhaps a s l ustus ' g ift t o t he c olonia , i s, p resumably , t o b e o ne.

1 23

I f t he i nterpretation i s c orrect, t hen t he d edication s tipulates t hat t he n ew a edes a nd i ts c ult a re t o b e a dministered w ith t he s ame l eqes a s t hose a ttaching t o t he t emple o f D iana o n t he A ventine H ill. T hese l eges w ere a c anon o f r eligious l aw r egulating c ult-practice w ith r egard t o " the d onation , c onsecration a nd d edication o f t emples, s culptures a nd u tensils, a nd l ike i nstruments d estined f or a d ivinity". 287 T here ' °° p arallels e lsewhere f or i ts a doption f or t he r egulation o f c ults. T he s ignificance o f t he A ventine c anon ( as o pposed t o o ther c anons) f or c ults a t A riminun a nd e lsewhere m ay , i t h as b een s uggested, d erive u ltimately f rom R om e' s a ttempts t o a chieve h egemony i n t he L atin L eague f ra n t he s ixth c entury B C o nwards, a nd t hus f rom t he s upposed t ransference o f t he c ult c entre o f t he l eague f rom t he s hrine o f D iana a t A ricia t o t he A ventine t emple . T he A ventine c anon, t hen , m ay b e ad evelopment f rom a b ody o f r egulations f ormulated t o g overn t he m eetings a nd f estivals o f t he L a�g c ities b elonging t o a n ewly-foL 1 c 3 a lliance u nder R oman l eadership . T he s acral c anon o f D iana 's A ventine t emple m ay l ater h ave b een e xtended t o r egulate c ults i n t he L atin c olonies . ( one o f w hich w as A riminum ), which m ay h ave h ad D iana a s t heir s pecial p rotectress. T here i s e vidence i ndicating t hat A rimin u n m ay a lso h ave h ad a s pec r elationship d irectly w ith t he o riginal s hrine o f D iana a t A ricia. T here a re a lso f irm i ndications t hat t here w as s pecial r elationship 2 1 b etween t he c olony a nd D iana's A ventine t emple. I t i s, t hus, p erhaps u nderstandable w hy t his c anon w ould h ave b een c hosen f or t he r egulation o f l ustus ' n ew t emple o f S alus i n p reference t o t he l eges a pparently a ttaching t o a n a ra S alutis ( perhaps s ited o n t he Q uirinal H ill) w hich w ere , a s w e k now , a dopted ' t he c ult o f H ercules a t P raeneste , t hough a t am uch e arlier d ate. T he t wo o ther i nscriptions w hich r efer w ith c ertainty t o A ventine c anon d ate f rom t he y ears A D 1 t o 1 3 ( Narbo ) a nd f ran A D ( Salonae , Dal matia) r espectively , a f act w hich m ay r einforce g eneral 29 i mpression g iven b y t he d edication o f a d ate i n p eriod.

2 .

t he

t he 1 37 t he

i mperial

P returo ; AGER A MITERNINUS D is M an . S alutis

Isacrum

IPlaetoriae a nn . X III v ixit X XX

IS ecundae

Iministrae

p 5

T he e pitaph i nscribed u pon a " four-sided c offin" f ound i n 1 874 t hree k ilometres s out hsout hwest o f A miternum . 29 S ecunda w as s eventeen y ears o ld w hen s he b ecame a m inistra i n a l ocal c ult o f S alus ( perhaps a t A miternum ), a n o ffice s he h eld f or t hirteen y e rs . S he i s i dentifiable a s t he w oman o f t he s ame n ame w ho a ppears w ith t wo m en , p erhaps r elatives, C . P laetorius C ni ' a nd C . P laetorius A cratus, ai a n i nscription fr om T rebula M utuesca. T his i nscription a ttests t he f reed s tatus o f t he t hree , a nd t he m en 's n ames i ndicate G reek o rigin w hich i s w hat p erhaps l ed K . L at t o a ssume t hat S ecunda was a m inistra o f a c ul t o f S alus-Hygieia. 6

1 24

3 .

C ivitella ; R ESPUBLIC P A E JI JLORUM S aluti

IFortunatus

[ rei p ubl( i cae ) IIa rcarius

T he f orm o f t he d edication , b roken o n t he r ight h and s ide f ound i n porated i nto t he s teps o f t he p arish c hurch , i s r ecorded.

a nd n ot

T he r espublica , o f w hich F ortunatus i s t he t reasurer , i s p resumably t he r es blica e qiico u r n w hich w as c onstituted a s a m unicipium p robably i n 9 0 o r 8 9 B C . F ortunatus i s p resumably a s lave . T hree d edications f rom t he v icinity ( one d ating f rom A D 1 72) a ttest a nother r ius r eipublicae A equicolorum , o ne A pronianus, w hQ i s a sl ave . F urthermore, F ortunatus i s a cam i i s ervile n ame. °

4 .

V enosa ; V ENUSIA , A PULIA

. .] Iq uinq . a edem s (ententia) d (edit ) T he t hscrip t he e xtant t ext.

ISaluti

d (e)

d (ecurionum )

n , f ound i n ad itch n ear t he c astle ,

i s b roken a bove

T he f irst w ord, w hich i s a lmost c ertainly q uinq (uennalis), m akes t he g iven e xpansion o f d . d . s . d . v ery p robable . i inq (uennales) w ould a lso b e p ossible a s i t i s t hat d uumviri o r d uumvir w ould h ave b een t he l ast word i n t he m issing p ortion . I n a ny c ase t here n eed b e l ittle d oubt t hat t he f irst w ord r efers t o o ne o r b oth o f t he c olonia 's c hief m agistrates a nd , f urthermore , t o t heir t enure o f o ffice i n a q uinquennial o r c ensus y e r. T he p rocedure o f h olding t he p otestas c ensoria i s a ttested a s o ccurring a t V enusia i n 2 9 B C , a nd i t h as b een s uggested t hat t his y r s aw t he e stablishment o f t he p ractice a t V enusia a nd e lse wh ere c oinciding w i A ugustus ' h old i ng o f a c ensus a t Ra re i n t hat o r t he f ollowing y e r. 2 P erhaps t hen t h is d edication o f a n a edes t o S alus, b y d ecree o f t he c olonial c ouncil , t ook p lace a t sa te d ate a fter t his. A t U rbs S alvia, a s w e h ave s een, C . S alvius L iberalis, w ho se em s t o h ave h eld t he o ffice o f q uinquennalis i n f our s eparate c ensus y ears, w as p robably t he f la n q f t he m unicipal c ult o f S alus A ug . i n o r a fter t he y rs A D 8 1 t o 8 5.

5a nd 6 . 5 .

Ded ications o f P rocurators

M artigny , C anton W allis , S witzerland ; A LPES A TREC I 'L iN E E T P OENINAE

F ORUM C LAUDII V ALLENSIUM ,

S aluti s acrum IF oroclaudien ises V allenses Ic um T . P c inponio V ictore p roc ( uratore) [ Augus t h l I ru m

1 25

T he a ltar w as f ound i n t he c ou 5q o f e xcavations i n l arge b uild ing a d jacent t o t he f orum .

1 896

i n

a

T he F oroclaudienses V allenses m ay r efer s imply t o t he i nhabitants o f F orum C laudii w hich , s ince t he f ormation o f t he p rocuratorial p rovince a t s ome t ime b etween t he r eigns o f C laudius a nd M arcus A urelius, h ad b een t he a dministrative c entre f or t he p rovince . V allenses, h owever, w as a lso n ow t he c ommon n ame f or t he i nhabitants o f t he f our p reviously d istinct c ivitates o f t he 1 lis P oenina f or w hom 5 F orum C laudii w as t he p rincipal u rban c entre. 3 0 W hichever c onstituency i s i mplied b y t he n ame, t he F oroclaudienses V allenses, o r t heir o fficials, a re h ere a cting i n c oncert w ith t he p rocurator, t he h ighest i mperial o fficial o f t he p rovince . A ugustorum i ndicates a d ate d uring a j oint r eign a nd t hat o f A D 1 6 1 31 69, r easonably , b ut f or n o c ompelling r eason , h as b een p referred . T he i nscribed r ustic p oem a ddressed b y Panponius V ictor t o S ilvanus ( and a lso a ssigned t o A D 1 6 1-169), f ound a t a nother t ribal c entre a nd p rocuratorial s eat, F orum C laudii C eutronum ( Arme e n T hrantaise), i ndicates t he p rocura ' 5 I talian o rigin a nd o stensibly m anifests a n i ngenuous r eligiosity .

6 .

C lu j, R omania; N APOC I L , D ACIA P OROLISS

SIS

S alu [ti}I M . A ur [e]jlius A pol[l]ina [ris] A ug (usti) c u rw s uis

T he d edication i s d escribed s i rnpl f ound , p resumably , i n o r p rior t o 1 973.

Iproc(urator)

sal imestone b lock

a nd

w as

T he d edicant, a cting o n b ehalf o f h is f amily, i s p resumed t o b e t he p rocurator o f Dac ia P orolissensis, t he a dministrative c entre o f w hich w as N apoca. H e h as b een i dentified a s t he t ribune o f t he p raetorian g uard w ho p articipated i n t he a ssassination o f C racJ a ( AD 2 17). H is p ost m ay h ave b een a r eward f rom M acrinus ( 2 17-218). H is c oqnomeZ n eed n o l onger b e a ssumed t o i ndicate a G raeko-oriental o rigin. 1 0

J .

S eals a nd a G raffito ( or S tamp )

1 .

S eville, S pain :

H ISPALIS, (D W . H ISPALENSIS , H . B AE ICA

S alus T he w ord i s s cratched o r s tamped q n a s mall c lay , w hich n eed n ot b e o f l ocal o rigin.

2 .

v essel

o f

N UMIDIA ( place o f d iscovery u nknown ; n ow i n T imgad m useum ) S alus P esiE...

1 26

white

A l eaf-decoration d ivides t he wor ds w hich a re i nscç e arthenware s eal o r s ta r rp ( eight c entimetres i n l ength) .

3 .

ed

u pon

a n

V olterra, I taly ; V OLTERR E , E RURIA S alus

T he word i s i nscribed u pon a b ronze s eal i n p lanta p edis •3 13

K .

C onclusion

1 .

T he F rly E vidence

T he v iew o f G . W issowa t hat t he P isaurum , H orta a nd P raeneste evidence i ndi es a n e arly d istribution o f t he c ult o f S alus i n c entral I taly m ay n eed s ome q ualification . T he c ult i ndicated b y t he P isaurum c ippus w as p resumably i ntroduced a s a r esult o f t he e stablishment o f t he c itizen c olony i n 1 84 B C o r p erhaps o f t hat o f t he pre-colonial c onciliabulum c ivium Ra nanor ix n a s e arly a s t he l ast t hird o f t he t hird c entury . T he } brta p atera o r p oculum w as p robably m ade i n Latium i f n ot a ctually i n Ra re , t hough p erhaps a s e arly a s t he l ate f ourth c entury . T he i nscribed b ase o f t he s tatue o f Her cules, t hough only t welve m iles d istant f rom Ra re a t P raeneste , m ay i ndicate t hat a cult-centre o f S alus, p robably t hat o f t he Q uirinal H ill a t Ra re , w as, before t he m iddle o f t he s econd c entury a nd p erhaps i n t he t hird century, p restigious e nough, a t l east i n L atium , f or i ts l eges t o b e adopted, w ithout s pecification b eyond " of t he a ltar o f S alus" f or t he r egulation o f a pparently u nrelated c ults. W hilst n oting t he d ifficulty i n d iscerning t he m eaning o f ' Salus' i n t he e arly e vidence , K . L atte s uggested t hat t he a bove e vidence a nd t he e arlier d ipinto d edication a t P ompeii i ndicated a c ult i n r epublican R ome d istinct f rom t hat w hich r esulted f rom t he i dentificat ion , o ccurring a t a bout t he s ame t ime , o f S alus w ith t he G Leek Hygieia. H e s upposed t hat t he e xistence o f S alus Se n nia i ndicated a n o riginal c onnection w ith a c ult o f c rop - rtility f rom w hich t his c ult o f S alus a lone h ad b ecome d etached .3 T hus, a mong t he P ompeii evidence, which s eems t o i ndicate a m odest p ublic s treet s hrine, i t i s i nteresting t o n ote t he d epiction o f t wo c ornucopiae . S alus S e i ronia m ay a lso h ave b een a d eity w ho o versaw t he t aking o f o aths , a lthough t he m eaning o f h er p robable c onnection w ith S e r ro S ancus D ius F idius r emains o bscure . T he S aluti s acrum a ltars o f Her culaneum a nd 1rracina a re o f l ate r epublican d ate .

1 27

p erhaps

2 .

S alus-Hygieia

I n a ddition t o t hose i nscriptions i n w hich S alus-Hygieia i s a sociated w ith A esculapius, s he m ay b e i dentifiable i n o ther i nstances: a s t he d eity a ssociated w ith R oma i n t he j oint c ult a ttested a t P ergamum i n a bout 3 0 B C ; a s t he d eity a ssociated w ith Mens B ona i n t he m onum en t o f t he c ollegium t eibeicinum Ra nanorum a t T ibur; a nd a s t he d eity i mplied i n t he f ons S alutis a t B rigetio , a ssuming, i n t he l ast c ase, t hat S alutis i s n ot s imply a n one-divine e pithet f or F ons. L atte a ssumed S alus-Hygieia t o b e t he d eity o f t he c ult o f w hich t he f reed nan a ttested i n t he P returo e pitaph w as a m inistra S alutis. G . W issowa r egarded S alus a s H ygieia w herever s he a ppeared a lone b ut a s a h ealing d eity, a s i n p arts o f S pain a nd a t A quae ( Baden b ei W ien) i n P annonia, a nd t his v iew m ay b e a t l east p artially c orrect ( see below ). I t m ay a lso b e t hat i n s ome c ases S alus A ug . c an b e e quated w ith H ygieia. I n t he Ra t e d edication o f t he c ollegium s alutare , o f a bout t he t ime o f H adrian, S alus A ug. i s t he c ompanion o f A esculapius. H owever , t here i s c ircumstantial e vidence t o s uggest S alus-Hygieia i n t he o stensibly p rivate d edications t o S alus A ug . a t U chi M alus a nd P inquentum . T he s tatue o utside t he m ain g ate a t O stia o f S alus C aesiris A ugusti m ay w ell h ave d epicted h er i n t he f orm o f H ygieia. I n t he C hester d edication t o F ortuna R edux , A esculapius a nd S alus E ius, o f t he l ate f irst c entury A D , t he p erception o f S alus-Hygieia s eem s t o h ave b een a ltered b y t he p ersonalization o f S alus i n f avour o f t he b eneficiary o f t he d edication . T he d edication , a ssigned t o t he l ate s econd c entury A D , of t wo r elatives, t hought t o b e s enators, a t Lon ( Tarraconensis), m ay m anifest t he a ssimilation o f S erapis a nd I sis, r espectively, b y A esculapius a nd S alus.

3 .

S alus a s aL ocal D eity

I n S pain , i n p articular i n L ositania a nd B aetica , S alus w as t he o b ject o f a s trikingly i ntensive v eneration . T here a re s eventeen c ertain ( and a f urther f ive l ess c ertain ) d edications, a ll o f a m anifestly p ersonal n ature. N otably, n one o f t he d edicants i ndicates h is o r h er t enure o f a ny o ffice, w hether i mperial, m unicipal, c ollegiate o r p riestly . T hough t he p ercepti o n , b y t he i nhabitants, o f S alus a s H ygieia s eem s p robable i n e xplaining t heir f avouring o f S alus, i t s eem s c ertain t hat h ere S alus r epresents a r egional C eltic d eity o f h ealing s prings w ho h as b een g iven t he n ame o f t he R oman d eity p erceived b y t he i nhabitants a s p erforming a n e quivalent f unction. I n t hree o f t hese d edications, a ll f ran B aetica, S alus i s , m oreover , q ualified b y t he i mperial e pithet, o nce i n t he f orm Augusta which o therwise o ccurs o nly o nce , i n t he I nteramna d edication o f A D 3 2. A d edication f rom L ositania ( Mjnt nchez) a nd t he C astro U rdiales patera p rovide S alus w ith a l ocal d esignation : S alus B idiensis a nd S alus U r reritana, r espectively . T he o nly o ne o f t his g roup w hich i s dated , t hat f rom Campo d e A renas i n B aetica o f A D 2 6, i s a lso s omewhat e xceptional i n t hat i t i s n ot e ither v ery b rief o r b rief. O therwise , o n t he b asis o f t heir l etter-forms, t hree h ave b een a ssigned t o t he l ate s econd o r e arly t hird c entury A D , t wo t o t he l ate s econd c entury ,

1 28

o ne to t he e arly t hird c entury a nd o ne s imply t o t he t hird c entury . I n t he c ase o f t he t ablet a t H eddernheim i n U pper G ermany r ecording the d edication ( dating f rom t he m id-second c entury) o f t he s chola o f t he l ocal c ollege o f d endrophori A ugustales t o S alus A ug., h ere t oo S alus m ay h ave b een p erceived a s H ygieia i n t hat s he m ay r epresent a C eltic d eity o f h ealing s prings ( Sirona) i n R oman g uise.

4 .

T he P rivate O ut o f S alus o utside t he S panish P rovinces

P rivate p iety a ccounts f or t he d edication t o A esculapius a nd S alus o f t he p raeses o f N umidia a t L a inbaesis ( AD 2 83-285), f or t hat o f t he p roconsular l ictor a t P ergamum ( first h alf o f t he f irst c entury A D ), f or t hat o f t he G reek n edicus a t P uteoli a nd f or t hat o f t he f reedmen a nd s lave household o f t he l egionary l egate a t C hester ( in t he 9 0s A D ). Ap art f orm t he t hree d edications f rom B aetica, o nly t hree o ther dedications t o . S alus a s q ualified b y t he i mperial e pithet r epresent p rivate acts: t hat a t P inquentum ( pro i ncolumitate P inquentinoru rn ), t hat a t U chi M alus a nd , i f t he r ather s peculative i nterpretation i s a ccepted, t hat o f R usovce ( Pannonia S uperior) w here i t m ay h ave b een a n a edes o f Jupiter 1 )lichenus a nd S alus A ug . w hich w as d edicated f or s alus o f another i ndividual b y a f reedman.

t he

S alus P ubli c a i s a pparently t he o b ject o f p rivate w orship a t T iaret i n M auretania C aesariensis a nd a t F erentinum , t hough , p erhaps s ignificantly , t he f ormer i s t he d edication o f am unicipal a edile a nd t he l atter, o f t he l ate f irst c entury A D , i s t hat o f a s enator . A t Splitska i n D almatia and S armizegetusa i n D acia, S alus P ubli c a i s i mplied i n t he p ersonal d edications o f, i n t he f irst c ase , a s lave o r f reedman c elebrating a v ictory o f C aracalla i n A D 2 11 a nd, i n t he s econd c ase, a n i mperial p rocurator i n t he m iddle o f t he t hird c entury AD. O f t he u nambiguously p rivate d edications t o a S alus o f a n unspecified n ature a t A sseria i n D almatia, L ugdunum , A sculum P icenum and A quae i n P annonia , t he l ast t wo p rovide i ndications o f a f unction a s ah ealing d eity w ith a f reedman g iving t hanks f or t he r estoration o f h is w ife a t A sculu r n P icenum a nd i n t he p lace o f d iscovery o f t he l ast , a t t he s ite o f a h ealing s pring. S alus G eneris H umani i s c ommemorated b y ap rivate i ndividual a t Ruessium i n e astern A quitania p erhaps i n t he c ontext , o r i n t he a ftermath, o f t he r ebellion o f J ulius V index ( AD 6 8). A t A riminum , a n a edes, p resumably r epresenting a g ift t o t he c olonia, i s d edicated e x v oto b y a n a edile t o S alus ( possibly i mplying S alus Aug.). B rief d edications t o a S alus o f a n u nspecified n ature a re r ecorded a t C ivetella by a m unicipal , p erhaps s ervile, a rcarius a nd a t N apoca i n D ad a b y a n i mperial p rocurator a cting c um s ui ts.

1 29

5 .

T he P ublic C ult o f S alus

a .

C bllegia

T he a ltar a t T hugga, d edicated t o t he D ii A ugusti, t he G enius o f T hugga , A esculapius, S alus a nd V ictoria w as s et u p i n t he n ame o f a s odalitas. A t R ome, i n a bout t he t ime o f H adrian, a collegium s alutare, whose mem bers, f reed a nd s ervile, w ere t he workforce o f t he i mperial praedia G albana , d edicated a s hrine o r s chola t o t he N umen Dm is A ug . a nd A esculapius a nd S alus A ug . o n l and a ssigned by t he p rocurator o f t he i mperial patr J i i ioniu i n . A t T ibur, a collegium t eibeicinu in R c t nanorum , p robably o f f reedmen , e rected a monument t o M ens B ona a nd S alus. A t Ra te a c ollegium t hurariorum e t u nguentariorum h onoured t he S alus D c tnus A ug ., a nd a t H eddernheim i n a bout t he m iddle o f t he s econd c entury A D a l ocal c ollege o f d endro jt hori A ugustales d edicated t heir n ew s chola t o S alus Aug . A t Aquincum t here w as a c ollegium S alutis A ug . i n t he e arly s econd c entury A D .

b .

T he M unicipal a nd P rovincial C ult

A t P erga rnum i n t he 3 0s o r e arly 2 0s B C t here w as a j oint c ult o f R oma a nd S alus w hich m ay h ave h ad b oth a m unicipal a nd a p rovincial s ignificance a nd w hich w ould h ave b een s uperseded a fter 2 9 B C by t hat o f A ugustus a nd Rana. I n A D 3 2 a s evir A ugustalis w as r esponsible f or a m onument a t I ntera r nna t o S alus P erpetua A ugusta , L ibertas P ublica , t he G enius o f t he m unicipium a nd P rovidentia A ugusti, p robably i n c elebration o f t he f ailure o f S e ja nus ' conspiracy. I n a j oint r eign t he c ivitas T epeltensis, b y ad ecree o f t he c ouncil, honoured S alus A ugustorum . A t O stia, p ossibly d uring t he r eign o f T iberius, t he p atronus o f t he c olonia, e rected, p erhaps o n t he o ccasion o f a n i mperial v isit, a s a n i mposing g ift t o t he c olony, a s tatue o f S alus o utside t he m ain g ate . A t G abii t here was , i n t he r eign o f A ntoninus P ius, a j oint m unicipal c ult o f S pes a nd S alus A ug ., a nd , a t U rbs S alvia i n t he l ate f irst c entury A D , t here i s a ttested a t emple a nd c ult o f S alus A ug . S alviensis. T he o stensibly p rivate dedication t o S alus A ug . a t P inquentum i s p ro i ncolumitate P inquentinorum . T he u ncertain R usovce d edication m ay r ecord t hat t he c ouncil h ad a ssigned t he l and f or a n a edes o f J upiter D olichenus and S alus Aug . S imilarly , t he v icani o f N ida ( Heddernheim ) a ssigned l and f or t he s chola, o f t he d endrqç I-i ori A ugustales, d edicated t o S alus Aug . A t C orinth, a lmost c ertainly i n t he r eign o f T iberius, t here was a j oint c ult o f S alus P ublica a nd P rovidentia A ug . whose e stablishment m ay b e a f urther m anifestation o f m unicipal r eaction t o t he e vents o f A D 3 1. A t P tole ma is i n C yrenaica e vidence, w hich m ay a lso i ndicate a m uch w ider p henomenon, a ttests p ublic c ult a ctivity i n h onour o f S alus P ublica w hich , i f c ivilian i n n ature, m ay m anifest m unicipal o r e ven p rovincial c ult a ctivity a nalogous t o t hat o f t he Arval B rothers a t R ome . I n A D 2 83 o r 2 84 t he i mperial c urator o f P uteoli s et u p a s tatue g lorifying t he n ow d eified C arus a s t he a uctor S alutis P ublicae . A t A r i jninu i u i t he a edes, w hose l eges were t o b e t hose o f D iana 's A ventine tem ple a t R ome, t hough d edicated b y t he a edile a s a p rivate a ct, m ay b e p resumed t o h ave b een a g ift t o t he c olony , t i nder a joint

1 30

reign , p erhaps t hat o f M arcus a nd V erus, a t F orum C laudium V allensium , the p raesidial p rocurator i n c ooperation w ith t he F oroclaudienses Vallenses s et u p a n a ltar t o a n u nqualified S alus. A t V enusia , probably a fter 2 9 B C , t he c hief m agistrate, b y ad ecree o f t he c ouncil, dedicated a n a edes t o S alus. T he e xtensive t emple c omplex a t L ambaesis, i ts p rincipal s anctuary h aving b een d edicated b y t he emperors M arcus a nd V erus, t o A esculapius, S alus, J upiter V alens a nd S ilvanus, a nd b uilt b y l eqio I II A ugusta i n A D 1 62 o r 1 63, b ecame a n i mportant r eligious c entre f or b oth t he m ilitary cam tunity a nd f or c ivilians i n t he L a r rt haesis r egion .

C .

P riesthoods o f S alus

I n the 3 0s o r e arly 2 0s B C M . T ullius C ratippus w as s acerdos o f t he c ult o f R oma a nd S alus a t P ergamum . A t G abii i n t he r eign o f Antoninus P ius, A gusia P riscilla , aw ealthy l ocal w oman , w as s acerdos o f Sp as and S alus A ug . V itellia R uf i lla, w hose h usband, o f c onsular r ank , was o ne o f t he t own 's c hief m agistrates , i s a ttested a t U rbs S alvia i n t he l ate f irst c entury a s t he f laminica o f t he c ult o f S alus A ug . S alviensis. A quincum f urnishes t he o nly e vidence, p robably o f t he r eign o f H adrian, f or a c ollegium S alutis A ug ., p erhaps e ssentially c omprising f reedmen. A t C orinth, p robably i n t he r eign o f T iberius, a p eregrine w oman , C allicratea, w as s acerdos i n p erpetu u m o f t he c ult o f P rovidentia A ug . a nd S alus P ublica. P laetoria S ecunda, a f reedwo man , p robably o f G reek o rigin, i s a ttested a t P returo n ear A miternum a s h aving s erved a s a r n inistra S alutis f or t hirteen y ears.

6 .

T he A ugurium S alutis

T here i s n o e vidence a t p resent t o c onnect w ith t he c ult o f S alus .

1 31

t his a ugural

i nquiry

1 .

L atte ,

2 .

cl i , X ,

3 .

c m , i2 , 1 626; C IL, I V , 3 774; I LS, 3 822; I LLRP , 2 53; M it t heilungen d es k aiserlich d eutschen a rchaeologischen I nstituts, R& nische A bteilung , I V , 1 2 1122, n r . 1 6.

4 .

L atte , 2 34.

5 .

C IL , X ,

6 .

C IL # i2 1 3 73; p hotograph).

7 .

c i i . , ,

2 34. 8 167.

6 307. I LS ,

2 975;

I LLRP ,

1 8;

I magines,

12 , 3 68-38 1; I LLRP , 1 3-26; I magines, 7 -20, w ith 1, 1 3, 1 5; I LS, 2 970-2983.

1 2

( with

p hotographs

o n p p. 9 , 8 .

T . Maw nsen , C IL ,

9 .

I LLRP ,

p .

I,

p p.

3 2-33.

4 7; E . La T t natzch , C IL ,

1 0.

A s p revious n ote; c f. I . ( 'Pisaurum ').

1.

T . M mnsen , C IL , I, p .

1 2.

c i i ,

1 2,

n r. 2 3.

3 78, 3 79;

i 2, p . 4 06.

Z i c 'iri, R E , S uppi.,

3 3; E . L cm atzch ,

c l i ,

l E SS , n ote 8 o n n r. 2 980;

X I

( 1968),

1 092

12 , 4 07.

I LLRP ,

p .

5 0, n ote o n

1 3.

C IL , i 2, 3 75, 3 77; I LS , 2 977, 2 979 w ith n otes M insen , C IL , I, p . 3 2; I tLRP , p . 4 7.

1 4.

ci ,

1 5.

P uigram , 1 9 1; c f . R yberg , 1 38.

1 6.

R yberg , 1 36; J .D . B eazley , E truscan V ase-Painting , Oxford, 1 947, 2 09-210; W .V . H arris, R ome i n E truria a nd U mbria , Oxford, 1 971, 1 72; I magines, p . 4 0, u nder n r. 5 6.

1 7.

B eazley , o p . c it .

1 8.

C IL ,

1 9.

Ryberg , 1 36140.

2 0.

I bid ., 1 37; B eazley , o p . c it .

2 1.

R yberg , 1 35137; G .c . Picard, Revue arch ologique, ( 1938), 1 06107.

1 2, 4 50; C IL , X I ,

1 2,

6 708

( 10);

U .S, 2 967;

( note 1 6), 2 09-216; R yberg,

4 48; R yberg ,

l EiB? ,

4 ,

5 ,

6 ;

T .

2 54.

1 35140.

1 35-136.

( note 1 6), 2 15.

1 32

S er.

6 ,

X II

2 2.

2 3.

R yberg , 1 37-140; B eazley , o p . c it. ( note 1 6), 1 72. C IL,

4 43,

o p . c it .

( note

1 6),

2 15;

H arris,

12 , 4 42, 4 46, 4 39, 4 44, 4 45, 4 47, 4 5 1, 4 53, 4 40, 4 52, 4 4 1, 4 49, r espectively.

2 495,

2 4.

R yberg , 1 38-139;

I LS, 2 957, 2 960.

2 5.

B eazley , o p . c it.

2 6.

R yberg , 1 36; P icard, o p . c it .

2 7.

c m ,

1 2, 6 2; C IL , X IV , 2 892; I LS, 3 4 19; tgrassi, I magines , 4 84 9, n r. 7 0 ( with photogr aph); P almer, 5 9; I LLRP, 1 32; E . V etter , H andbuch d er i talischen D ialekte, H eidelberg, 1 953, I , 3 55, n r. 5 09.

2 8.

P almer , 5 9.

2 9.

P uigram , 1 9 1.

3 0.

P uigram ,

3 1.

I bid., 1 9 1, 2 0 1; W issowa , R K , 1 32.

3 2.

C IL, X IV , u nder 2 892; P almer , 5 9-60; a bove , 5 , f or a n i n J ulius O bsequens.

3 3.

P almer , 5 9-60, a nd 5 7-58 f or o ther s uch c anons; b elow , 1 23-124, f or D iana 's A ventine c a r i a dopted f or a n a edes o f S alus a t A riminum .

3 4.

G ordon , I , 3 5 a nd

3 5.

G ordon , I ,

3 6.

I bid .,

3 7.

M acrobius, S aturnalia , 1 .16.8; F estus, ( ed . W . L indsay , H ildesheim , 1 965).

3 8.

F ars, 8 67.

3 9.

cm ,

4 0.

Vetter , o p . c it . ( note 2 7), I , P . 1 45, n r. 2 13, D ie G 8tter A ltitaliens, M i ir ister, 1 965, 2 86.

4 1.

Radke , o p . c it . ( note 4 0), 2 85-286, 3 03; D un zil, 2 28, 2 3 1; Fp rs, 8 67; L atte , 5 1, 6 5, 2 34; c f. S cullard , 1 47. T he l ate writers, M artianus C apella ( 11.156) a nd F ulgentius ( 11: e d. R . H elm , S tuttgart , 1 970, P . 15, l ines 5 -10) b oth , b y a m istaken e tymology , c haracterize t he S e n ones a s d em! gods.

4 2.

L atte , 6 5.

( note 1 6), 2 07-2 10. ( note 2 1),

1 05.

1 79180, 1 83, 1 85, 1 89, 2 01.

P .

p .

I magines,

P P .

4 8;

c f.

W isscMa ,

L ex,

2 95-296;

i ndication

4 8-50; p 1. 2 1b ; C IL , V I, 3 0975; I LS, 3 090.

4 9.

4 8. P .

4 04, l ines 1 8

a nd

2 0

i2 , i i, 2 ( p . 3 69), v erse 4 , l ines 3 6-37.

1 33

l ine 5 ; G . R adke,

4 3.

S cullard , 1 46147, 1 70; P almer, 1 52; W einstock , 1 68169; D um zil , 1 80, 1 98-200; G . R adke , K P , V ( 1975), 9 7 ( 'Senones'); L atte, 1 261 28; W isscwa, R K , 1 31-132.

4 4.

R adke , o p . c it . 1 3 1-132.

4 5.

W einstock , 1 68-169.

4 6.

A bove , 6 .

4 7.

W einstock, 1 68; c f. N orden, 2 13.

4 8.

W issowa , R K , 1 3 1.

4 9.

S cullard , 1 47; R adke , o p . c it .

5 0.

P ropertius, I V .9.74; V arro , D e L ingua L atina, V . 6 6 a nd 7 4; O vid , F asti, V I. 2 13-2 18; D ion . H al., 1 1.49.2 a nd I V .58.4.

5 1.

P almer, 1 52; S cullard, 1 47; D u n zil , 1 80, 1 98-200; c f. W issc ,qa , L ex , 2 97; R adke , o p . c it ( note 4 0), 2 79-28 1; o n Varro , a bove, 4 5 .

5 2.

H .J . R ose, 0 c r 2, 9 73 ( 'Seno S ancus D ius F idius ').

5 3.

J .W . Po nitrey , T he B ronze T ables o f I guvium , B altimore a nd O xford, 1 959, e g . pp. 2 52-258, V Ib , 3 16; S cullard, 1 47; D um zil , 1 80.

5 4.

S cullard , 1 47.

5 5.

C IL , V I, 5 68; P almer, 1 52153.

5 6.

C IL , V I, 3 0994 a nd 5 67; c f. 3 0995 a nd C IL , X IV , 2 458.

5 7.

P almer, 1 52-153; S cullard, 1 47.

5 8.

S cullard, 1 47.

5 9.

W iss o wa, L ex, 2 97.

6 0.

L atte, 2 27, n ote 3 .

6 1.

W iss o wa , R K , 3 08, n ote 8 .

6 2.

C IL , V III, 2 579 a -e ( a = m y l ines 2 , 4a nd 5 ; b = l ines 1 a nd 6 ; c = l ines 3 a nd 7 ), 1 8089; I LS, 3 84 1, 3 034, 3 539. l eg . I II i s a d eliberate e rasure b ut i s s till l egible.

( note 4 0), 2 78, 2 86; F ears, 8 67;

1 34

W issowa,

R K ,

( note 4 0), 2 79-282.

6 3.

R . G agnat , L amb se ( Guides e n A lg rie a l 'usage d es t ouristes e t d es a rch.o1ogues) Paris, 1 923, 3 7 ( drawing ), 5 2-56; M . J anon , A ntiquit s a fricaines , V II ( 1973), f iq . 2 5 ( pp . 2 52-253) a nd f iq . 2 ( facing p . 2 02); G .C . P icard , C astellum D i r r inidi, P aris a nd A lgiers, 1 944, 1 32-133; L . L eschi, I t tudes d ' piqraçiie, d ' a rch ologie e t d' histoire a fricaines, P aris, 1 957, 1 5; G . B oissier , R c t nan A frica: A rchaeological W alks i n A lgeria a nd T unis, L ondon, 1 899, 1 26-127.

6 4.

P IR2 ,

6 5.

P icard , o p . c it .

6 6.

O IL,

6 7.

J . Marci f let-Jau j jert , Z eitschrift f Ur P apyrologie u nd E pigraph ik , 1 V ( 1974), 2 49-250 a nd T af . ) C tIIc; A E , 1 973, 6 30; H .G . K olbe , D ie S tatthalter N umidiens v on G allien b is K onstantin ( 268-320), M ünchen , 1 962, 2 1-28.

6 8.

K olbe , o p . c it .

6 9.

I bid., 2 1, n r. 1.

7 0.

L atte , 3 56-357.

7 1.

K olbe, o p . c it .,

7 2.

A E, 1 9 14, 1 66; R . C agnat , A . M erlin, L . t hatelain, I nscriptions ! a -t ines d' Afrique ( Tripolitanie , 1 \ . inisie , M roc), P aris, 1 923, n r. 5 46.

7 3.

B elow , 9 5.

7 4.

P icard , o p . c it .

7 5.

G .C . P icard , L es r eligions d e 1' Afrique a ntique , P aris, 1 954, 5 67 2, 1 09-125.

7 6.

P icard , o p . c it F .R . W alton, O CD, London, 1 969, 14.

7 7.

R aven, o p . c it .

7 8.

H .G . P flaum , A frique re nam e , ( Scripta v aria , ( undated), 2 66-267, 3 03, 3 10, 3 37, 3 40-341.

7 9.

c IL , V I,

8 0.

P la t her-Ashby , 2 61, 4 32.

8 1.

Waltzing ,

8 2.

C f. t he T hugga d edication, a bove , n r. 3 .

P . 1 99: F .

V III,

4 72.

( note 6 3), 1 33.

1 8218, 2 590, 2 589, 2 624; A E ,

1 9 15, 3 0 ( AD 3 20).

( note 6 7), 2 1, n os. 4 , 5 , 6 ,

1 0 ( from L ambaesis).

( note 6 7), 2 4.

( note 6 3), 1 34.

( note 6 3), 1 33-134, 1 46, 1 59; 1 9 ( 'Aesculapius '); S . R aven,

( note 7 6),

F erguson, 2 16; R e ine i n A frica,

14. 1 ) P aris, c .

3 0983; I LS, 3 840; R . L anciani, N S, 1 885, 1 56-157.

I II, 3 14.

1 35

1 980

8 3.

W altzing , I V , 2 02-203.

8 4.

B elow ,

8 5.

R t t J ,

8 6.

S ee u nder R IU , I I, 3 77; K . P 6czy i n L engyel , ( above, 8 3, n ote 3 2), 2 58-259; S cullard, 1 92.

8 7.

J ones, L RE , I I, 8 58-864; 1 3581360, n otes 8 3-95; O liva , 2 11-2 14, 3 28-334 Alf8ldy , 1 89-190; Mcsy , 1 25, 1 6016 1; W ilkes, 2 36; b elow , 1 04.

8 8.

C . H abicht i n E . B ringer ( ed .), A ltert t i r r r v on P rga x ron ( Deu tsches A rchäo logisches I nstitut), V III, 3 , D ie I nschriften d es A sklepieions, B erlin , 1 969, n r . 6 7, c f. n r. 6 8; A E , 1 962, 1 3.

8 9.

C IL ,

9 0.

O 'Brien M oore , o p . c it . ( note 8 9), 2 5-38; D . M agie, i n A sia M inor , P rinceton , 1 950, 1 32 1, n ote 3 4.

9 1.

W iss o wa, L ex , 2 99.

9 2.

O 'Brien M oore, o p . c it .

9 3.

A bove, 1 8, n ote 5 7; A . L aumonier , B C E I , X XXVIII ( 1934), 3 00-303.

9 4.

A E ,

9 5.

A bove, 8 -9.

9 6.

C IL , X ,

9 7.

I bid ., 1 546; a bove, 7 2-73, f or h is m ilitary c ounterparts .

9 8.

S oh n ,

9 9.

A . G arcia y B elhido , L es r eligions o rientales d ar is l 'Espagne r omaine , E PROER , 1 5, L eiden, 1 968, 1 66; J . M aria B lazquez , ANRW , I I. 3 ( 1975), T af. I X , A bb . 1 5 ( between pp. 5 12-513); A E , 1 968, 2 35.

1 08109.

I I,

3 77 a nd

p .

2 80 a nd T af.

L XII; O liva , 3 30-33 1, note 6 9. R adan ,

I II, 3 99; A . O 'Brien M oore, Y CS , V III ( 1942),

( note 8 9),

op . c it.

2 5-38. R oman R ule

3 1.

1 980, 8 69.

1 547.

I I, 6 70-673.

1 00.

A E ,

1 967, u nder 2 23; A E ,

1 977, u nder 8 11.

1 0 1.

A B , 1 968, u nder 2 35.

1 02.

( èrcia y B ehlido, o p . c it .

1 03.

R IB , 4 45; W .T . W atkin , R oman C hester o r a D escription R emains i n t he C ounty o f C hester , L iverpool, 1 886, W ebster, 1 99-200; F .H . T homson , D eva , R c inan C hester, 1 959, 3 4, 3 9, a nd f ig . 1 ( facing p . 5 ) a nd f ig . 8o n p .

1 04.

W atkin , o p . c it .

( note 9 9), 1 06-139.

( note 1 03), f ig. f acing p .

1 36

1 73.

o f R c t nan 1 74-175; C hester, 2 9.

10 5.

W issowa , L ex , 3 00-30 1.

1 06.

W atkin , o p . c it . ( note 1 03), 1 74; c f. A .R . B irley 's e xplanation , t hat " the l egate 's h ousehold m ay h ave b een s uffering f rom t he e ffects o f t heir s tay i n B ritain"; A .R . B irley , 1 979, 1 48; c f. t he O bern t hrg d& lication , a bove, 7 1-72.

1 07.

B irley , 1 978, 1 534-1535.

1 08.

W ebster , 1 99-200.

1 09.

A .R . B irley , 1 98 1, 2 34-235.

1 10.

R IB, u nder 4 45 ; R .G . C ollingwood, J .N .L . M yres, R oman B ritain a nd t he E nglish S ettlemen ts, O xford, 2 nd e d. 1 937, 1 20.

11.

AE ,

1 12.

M5csy , 9 7, 9 8, 1 95, 2 25, 2 3 1, 2 4 1.

13.

I bid., 5 1, 9 7-98, 2 3 1.

14.

I I,

I V ,

15 .

I I,

I V , 1 , 6 33 .

16.

C IL , V I, 3 6756 a nd c f. 3 877.

17.

S cullard, 2 3.

18.

K aj a nto ,

19.

C IL , I X , 3 9 10, 3 911 ( Alba F ucens); C IL , X , 6 5 12, 6 5 13 ( Cora); 4 636 ( Cales), 4 72 ( Paestum), 1 550 ( Puteoli); C IL , X I, 1 327 ( Luna); C IL , X III, 1 673 ( Lugdunum ); A . C alderini, A quileia r c t nana , r icerche d i s toria e di e piqrafia, Ra re, 1 972, 11 (quileia); c f. O IL, X , 6 5 14 ( Cora).

1 20.

C IL , I X , 3 190, 3 9 11; C IL , X , 1 550, 4 636, 6 5 12, 6 5 13; c f. C IL , X , 6 5 14.

1 2 1.

C IL , X , 4 72, 1 550, 4 636, 6 5 12, 6 5 13.

1 22.

C alderini, o p . c it . ( note 6 ), 11; E . M 3rbach , R E , X V , 1 ( 193 1), 9 37 ( 'Mens'); R . P eter, L ex , I I, 2 , 2 800 ( 'Mens'); P etronius, 6 1 a nd 8 8; S eneca, E pistulae , 1 .10.4.

1 23.

A bove ,

1 24.

B elow, 1 06.

1 25.

L atte , 2 40.

1 26.

T hid ., 2 40; C IL , X III, 1 673.

1 934,

1 86.

1 , 6 4; C IL , X IV ;

I LS ,

3 821.

2 03 ( E cus).

1 , 2 2.

1 37

1 27.

C IL, X I ,

4 170; I LS , 1 57.

1 28.

W einstock, 1 72; b elow , 1 09-110.

1 29.

A bove, 2 2.

1 30.

C assius

D io ,

L VIII.12.4-5; R . D uthoy ,

A NRW ,

1 1.16.2

( 1978),

1 266, 1 293, 1 306. 1 3 1.

C IL ,

I I, 1 437; 1 1ER ,

4 68.

1 32.

R . T houvenot , E ssai s ur l a p rovince r omaine d e B tiq j ie , 1 940, 2 88; c f. b elow , 1 07, 16-122.

1 33.

C IL , V III, 1 2247.

1 34.

I bid., 1 2250.

1 35.

L eschi, o p . c it .

1 36.

I bid., 1 7017 1.

1 37.

A bove, 7 5.

1 38.

D .

P aris,

( note 6 3), 1 70.

V aglieri, N S, 1 9 10, 6 0 a nd f iq .

3 ; A E , 1 9 10, 1 89; G EL ,

X IV ,

4 324; M eiggs, 2 06, 4 32, 5 08. 1 39.

M eiggs,

6 6-67,

5 08;

c f .

L .R .

T aylor,

T he c ults o f Ostia ,

P ennsylvania , 1 9 12, 5 0-5 1. 1 40.

M eiggs, 2 06, 5 07-509.

1 4 1.

I bid ., 5 08; L IR2, I , p . 1 3:

1 42.

O n t he f unctions o f ap atronus, M eiggs, 1 79, 2 06.

1 43.

A bove, 2 2.

1 44.

P liny, N at . H ist ., ) XIX .1 2 ; H .A . G rueber, C oins o f t he R oman R epublic i n t he B ritish M useum , I , L o r &r i, 1 9 10, p . 4 97, n ote 3 ; E . B abelon, H istorique e t c hronologique d es n onnaies d e l a r publique ra naine, I , P aris, 1 885, P p . 1 0010 1, 1 05, a nd 1 07,

A .75.

n r. 1. 1 45.

P liny, N at . H ist ., X XXIV .80; G rueber, o p . c it .

1 46.

C IL , V I,

1 47.

A bove, 7 5.

1 48.

G .H . 1 27,

3 6819; A E , 1 9 12, 3 8; G . M ancini, N S, 1 9 11,

4 97.

4 43-445.

S tevenson , 2 CD2 , 2 56 ( 'Clubs, R oman '); c f a bove , 9 4-96, a nd b elow , 1 04, 1 08-109; M .I. F inley , O CD , 5 82 ( 'Latini

i uniani '); W altzing , I V , 1 49.

( note 1 44 ),

4 19-423.

C IL , V III, 1 5448.

1 38

1 50.

I bid.,

1 5446.

1 5 1.

I bid., 1 82 18; a bove,

1 52.

C IL, V III, 8 305.

1 53.

C IL , V III, 2 0156; 8 300, 8 303.

1 54.

A E , 1 962, 2 32; U . F isher , W . S chliermacher, G ermania, X L ( 1962), 7 3-84 w ith T af. 1 6, f acing p . 7 6.

1 55.

F . c unont, R E , V , 1 ( 1903), 2 16-219 ( ' B endrophori'); A . G arzetti, F rom T iF rius t o t he A ntonines, A H istory o f t he R c z nan f l npire , A D 1 4192 , L ondon , 1 974, 1 40, 6 02-603; c f. t he c entonar f l o f t he B rigetio d edication , a bove, 9 5-96.

1 56.

F isher, S chlienuacher, o p . c it . ( note 1 54), 8 3; c f. K eune , R E , I II, A , 1 ( 1927), 3 54-360 ( 'Sirona '). C f. t he s ituation i n S pain; b elow , 16-122. A n a ltar f rom M ainz, d ated s tylistically t o A D 2 00-210, d epicts f our d ivine p airs , t wo o f w hich , i nterpreted a s G rannus a nd S irona, a re i n t he g uise o f A pollo a nd H ygieia ; A . v on Da naszewski, A bhandlungen z ur r&nischen R eligion , L eipzig a nd B erlin, 1 909, 1 30 ( Fig . 2 2, C ), 1 32133, 1 37; B auchhenss, 1 984b, 6 1-63 a nd T af. 1 01.

1 57.

C IL, X IV , 2 804; I LS , 6 218. Ia m g rateful t o D r. G .P . B erton w ho a ssisted g reatly i n t he i nterpretation o f t his d edication .

1 58.

A bove , 1 2-13, 2 5, 2 8-30.

1 59.

J .P .V .D . B aisdon , 1 969, 3 29-332.

1 60.

F ears, 8 62, n ote 1 46.

1 61.

A .R . H ands, C harities a nd S ocial A id i n G reece a nd Ra r e , L ondon, 1 968, 8 9-95, 1 00-115.

1 62.

T . A shby , ( 'Gabii').

1 63.

I I, X ,

1 64.

C IL , V ,

1 65.

C .B . P ascal, T he c ults o f C isalpine G aul, B ruxelles, 1 964, 3 8; O IL , V , 7 30, 7 3 1.

1 66.

C IL , I X , 5 534; I LS , 1 0 12.

1 67.

C IL , I X , 5 530 ( = 6 078, 1 ); A E , 1 979, 2 0 1; t he r eference e xcavation r eport i s e rroneous.

1 68.

A .R . B irley , 1 98 1, 2 11-213; C IL , I X , 5 533; c f. t he d edication o f a n a edes t o S alus b y a nother q4n 1ennalis a t V enusia, b elow , 1 25.

9 5.

-

P BSR ,

L ife a nd L eisure i n A ncient Ra re,

1 (1902),

1 8 1182;

i ii, 1 03 a nd p hotograph o n p .

p .

E .T .

2CD2 , 4 5 1

5 1; C IL , V , 4 28; I LS, 3 824.

4 4-45; c f . A . D egrassi, i i , x ,

1 39

S almon ,

L ondon,

i ii,

p .

5 1.

t o

3 6-

a n

1 69.

E . G roag , R E ,

I , A ,2(1920), 2 056 ( 'Salvius ', n r. 2 2).

1 70.

B elow, 1 20-122.

1 7 1.

C IL ,

I X ,

1 72.

c IL ,

I I, 6 338; U ,ER, 4 70.

1 73.

A E ,

1 962,

6 379-6381.

7 4 1;

I LER , 4 69

( find-circumstances

a nd

f orm

n ot

( 'Savaria '); R IU, I ,

3 1,

3 9,

( above , 8 2, n ote 3 1), 3 07-3 10 a nd p 1 .

3 0;

A E ,

g iven). 1 74.

B elow , 16-122; a bove , 1 0 1.

1 75.

R IU , I , 2 4; C . L L , ,

1 76.

N .

V u1i , R E ,

I II, 4 162.

I I, A ,1(1921), 2 49

7 1. 1 77.

H o ek , 1 972,

o p . c it

4 45; a bove, 7 6.

1 78.

A bove , 1 04.

1 79.

H o ek , o p . c it.

1 80.

L . N agy , G ermania , X VI ( 1932), 2 88-290 a nd T af. 1 6,2; A E , 1 933, 11; A E , 1 952, 1 0; O liva , 2 21-222, n ote 2 54; A . s y, D ie B ev81kerunq v on P annonien b is z u d em M arkanannen i criegen , B udapest, 1 959, 2 53, n r . 1 86/25.

1 8 1.

N agy , o p . c it . ( note 1 80), 2 90; L . N agy , G ermania, 2 6 1-264; O liva , 2 21-222; Mcsy, 1 25.

( above, 8 2, n ote 3 1), 3 09.

X V

( 1931),

1 82.

4 6csy, 1 39-143; M Ecsy , o p . c it ( note 1 80), 7 0, n ote 3 79.

1 83.

N agy , o p . c it ( note 1 80), 2 88-290; N agy , o p . c it . 2 64; O liva, 2 2 1-222, n ote 2 54.

1 84.

C II ,

1 85.

O n c ollegia s alutares, a bove, 9 5.

1 86.

A .B . W est , C orinth , V III,2, L atin I nscriptions ( Results o f E xcavations C onducted b y t he A merican S chool o f C lassical S tudies a t A thens), Cam bridge ( Mass.), 1 93 1, n r. 1 10.

1 87.

J .P .

( note

1 8 1),

I II, 1 0548; A E , 1 932, 3 8.

M ichaud , BCH ,

X CIV ( 1970), 9 46, 9 49, 9 5 1

( fig.

1 35);

A E ,

1 974, 6 07; A E , 1 978, 7 78. 1 88.

J . W iseman , A NRW ,

1 1.7.1 ( 1979), 4 97-498.

1 89.

A bove ,

W est , o p . c it .

1 0010 1;

( note 1 86),

1 72. 1 90.

J .M . R eynolds, ESR , X XX ( 1962), 3 4-35.

1 40

9 0-91;

W einstock ,

1 9 1.

I bid ., 3 4.

1 92.

A bove, 1 0.

1 93.

J .M . R eynolds, P BSR , X XXIII,

1 94.

R eynolds, o p . c it .

( note 1 90), 3 3-34.

1 95.

L .

P etolescu, J RS , L XVI

1 96.

Reynolds, o p . c it .

1 97.

AE,

1 98.

P .G .W . G lare , O xford L atin D ictionary , V I, O xford , 1 977,

1 99.

C IL , X , 5 82 1; US, 3 826.

2 00.

P IR2 , I II.

2 01.

P IR2 , I . p p . 2 40-24 1:

2 02.

Above,

2 03.

CU ,

2 04.

Wilkes, 2 29, 4 07-409.

2 05.

I bid ., 2 0 1, n ote 1 ; C IL, I II, 3 096.

2 06.

S peidel,

2 07.

I DR ,

2 08.

p ir 2 , I , pp. 2 0-21: A .135, n r. 3 29, a nd p . 1 066.

2 09.

L atte , 3 34, n ote 4 ; 1 59, n ote 2 .

2 10.

N . V uli , R E , I I, A .1

2 11.

Above , 8 2, n ote 1 9.

2 12.

C IL ,

2 13.

A E , 1 977, 2 03.

2 14.

A .H .M . J ones , J .R . Martindale , J . M orris, T he P rosopogra y o f t he L ater R oman f l T ipire, I , C a r rbridge, 1 97 1, 2 32; C rispinus, 2 .

2 15.

A E ,

2 16.

C IL , V I,

M .rghita .r i , C .C .

1 9 12,

1 965, 5 2-54, n os. 2 a a nd 2 b .

( 1976), 8 3-85.

( note 1 90), 3 5.

1 56.

p .

6 5:

1 400.

D .202. A .1207.

3 -4.

I II,

I II,

I II,

1 0 109 .

I II,

1 3283; c f. t he c enturion i n

C IL ,

1 969, 6 9-70; a bove , 4 7. i i, 2 46; A E ,

1 4 17a;

1 930,

1 35; A E,

1 933,

1 36; P flaum ,

1 3.

crri res,

( 1921), 2 5-26 ( tSarm izege

c f. i bid .,

1 4 17,

t husa

I I, 8 54-855:

* ).

1 427, 7 896-7898.

1 977, u nder 2 03. 3 684 1; I LS , 9 337; A . P asqui, N S ,

1 41

1 910, 1 32-134.

2 17.

K . A bel, K P , I V , 1 523 ( 'Salus'); A .S . P ease, U niversity o f I llinois S tudies i n L anguage a nd L iterature, V I, n r . 3 , p art 2 ( M . T hili C ice onis, D e D ivinatione, I ), 2 88, n ote 3 ; H . M attingly , 9 48 ( 'Salus '); W issowa , R K , 1 33; W issowa, 2 98.

2 18.

C assius D io ,

2 19.

C assius D io , X XXVII.24. c f. C icero , D e L egibus,

2 20.

D un zil, 5 96;

2 21.

T hcitus, A nnales, X II.23.

2 22.

F estus, p . 1 52, l ines 3 0-33 ( ed. W . L indsay , H ildesheim , 1 965); P ease, o p . c it . ( note 2 17), 2 88, n ote 3 ; Latte , 1 40; F . B lumenthal, H ermes , X LIX ( 19 14), 2 46-252.

2 23.

A . a nd J . a el, I nscriptiones L atinae Q uae i n Jugoslavia i nter A nnos M C4CLX e t MQ V ILXX R epertae e t F ili t he S unt, L j ubl ja na , 1 978, n r. 8 68.

2 24.

W ilkes,

2 25.

I bid ., 1 6 1; A . a nd J . ael, I nscriptiones Latines ( iae i n J ugoslavia i nter A nnos MQ V 1cXL e t MQ ' ILX R epertae e t E ditae S unt , L jubljana , 1 963, u nder 2 07; H older, I , 1 002-1003.

2 26.

S vas ve l, o p . c it .

2 27.

C IL , X III, e xtant .

2 28.

P . B onvicini, A tti d ella a ccaden ila n azionale d el L incei a nno C CCLXIX , R endiconti, 8 th s er . X XVII ( 1972), R oma, ( 1973) 1 95 a nd t ay . 1 , f ig . 1 ( facing p . 2 06); A E , 1 975, 3 50.

2 29.

B onvicini, o p . c it . ( note 2 28); c agnat, 8 3; P . G arnsey i n B . L evick ( ed.), T he A ncient H istorian a nd h is M aterial , F arnborough , 1 975, 1 76; c f. C IL X III , 1 902; M .I. Finley , OCD, 5 82 ( 'Latini l uniani').

2 30.

A E ,

2 31.

B elow , 16-122, c f. a lso S alus-Sirona(?), a bove , 1 04105. T his d edication a nd t hat f rom B rigetlo ( to A pollo a nd H ygieia , o f A D 2 17) which m entions a " fountain o f S alus" o r ad eity c alled Fons S alutis ( above, 9 5) p erhaps i mplies a s ituation s imilar t o t hat

L I.20.4;

S uetonius, A ug ., 3 1. 1 -2; C icero , D e D ivinatione , 1 1.21.

L atte, 6 7,

1 40-14 1;

W isscwa , R K ,

X LVII.105;

1 33, 5 25-526.

1 60, 2 14-215.

1 907,

( note 2 23), n r. 8 70; C IL ,

1 782.

I II, 1 3993.

T here m ay n ot h ave b een l ines

b efore

t hose

1 4 1.

o btaining i n p arts o f S pain w here S alus s eems t o h ave b een t he l ocal c hoice a s t he R oman e quivalent ( probably perceived a s H ygieia) o f t he n ative d eity o f s prings. I n t his con text i t h as b een s uggested ( below , 1 21) t hat t his c hoice m ay be a ccounted f or i n t he l ight o f t he s imilarity o f ' Salus' t o t he C eltic word f or r iver ( sala). T he s ituation i n P annonia i s f ar l ess

1 42

i ndicative ( above, 7 6, 1 07109, f or t he o ther P annonian e vidence f or t he c ult o f S alus), b ut i t i s a t l east n oteworthy t hat a r iver f low ing i n t he a rea s outh o f t he D anube a nd w est o f t he p resent L ake B alaton ( thus, a pproximately 1 30 k i n s outh-west o f B rigetlo) w as c alled S ala ( or S alla : t he p resent d ay Z ala , o r S zala ) ( 1 -bider, I I, 1 297). T he H adrianic m unicipium c alled S ala ( or S alla), a ttested i n t he a rea, i s p erhaps t o b e i dentified w ith m odern Z a1al8v8 i n t he Z ala v alley ( MScsy , 1 44; C IL , I II, 4 32 1). 2 32.

A bove, 1 0 1, 1 07 . C IL , I I, 3 38 ( =5230; 1 ER , 9 75, f rom Lusitania) i s n ot i ncluded , a s i t n ow s eem s u nlikely r efers t o S alus .

C ollipo , t hat i t

2 33.

C IL ,

2 34.

T I ER , 4 76; E E , I X , 2 12.

2 35.

C IL , I I,

2 36.

I LER , 5 963; A E , 1 968, 2 08.

2 37.

C IL ,

2 38.

I LER , 6 78 1; A E ,

1 970, 2 13.

2 39 .

1 1ER , 4 77; C IL ,

I I,

2 40.

1 1ER , 5 962.

2 4 1.

cm , I I,

2 42.

C PIL, 6 3, 6 4; 1 ER , 4 74, 4 73; E E , V III, 7 8, 7 9.

2 43.

C IL ,

2 44.

C PIL , u nder 6 3 a nd 6 4.

2 45.

C PIL, 5 7, 5 9, 6 0, 6 2, 6 3, 6 5-7 1, 7 3.

2 46.

C PIL ,

2 47.

C PIL , 5 7-60, 6 2, 7 0, 7 1, 7 3; o n t he e pithet, C IL , I I, p - 10.

2 48.

C PIL ' 6 5, 6 6.

2 49 .

C PIL , 5 7, 5 9, 7 3, 7 4, 7 7.

2 50.

C PIL ,

2 5 1.

C PIL , 6 0, 6 7.

2 52.

C PIL ' 7 0, 7 1.

2 53.

A E , 1 952, 18.

I I, 2 093; 1 ER , 4 72.

I I,

1 39 1; I LER , 4 80.

5 136; I LER ,

4 79.

5 138 ( quoted).

1 50.

I I, p . 10.

5 7-60, 6 2, 6 7-74, 7 8, 7 9.

6 8, 6 9.

1 43

2 54.

C PIL, 2 90; 1 ER ,

2 55.

C IL ,

2 56.

C PIL ,

2 57.

C PIL , u nder 3 36.

2 58.

F E ,

2 59.

1 1ER , p . 6 77

2 60.

C IL ,

2 6 1.

A bove , 18-119.

2 62.

C PIL , u nder 3 57.

2 63.

C PIL ,

2 64.

c li , V III,

2 65.

C PIL ,

2 66.

1 1ER , p p. 7 25, 7 53 ( indices); C PIL, p p .

2 67.

C PIL ,

5 10.

2 68

C PIL ,

5 92; I L R ,

2 69.

1 1ER ,

5 96 1; A E ,

2 70.

C PIL , p . 3 72

2 7 1.

C PIL , u nder 5 92; P E ,

2 72.

C PIL, u nder 5 92.

2 73.

C IL ,

I I ,

4 493; 1 ER ,

2 74.

C IL ,

I I,

4 487-4489,

2 75.

CU , ,

I I, 2 9 17 a nd p .

2 76.

J . M . B lasquez, I magen y m ito : n editerraneas e i bericas, M adrid ,

2 77.

C IL ,

I I,

2 78.

cm ,

I I , p .

2 79.

C IL , X III,

2 80.

A bove, 2 3.

I I,

6 53; C PIL, 3 22.

3 36; T I ER,

I X ,

4 7 1.

6 99; E E ,

I X ,

1 ,

9 9; A E ,

1 902, 2 .

1 , u nder 9 9. ( indices); C PIL, p . 3 65 ( indices ).

I I, 8 06; C PIL ,

3 57; 1 1ER ,

4 75.

3 62. 1 4743; C IL, X III,

3 652; c f . R IB ,

2 .

4 47.

5 96 1; AE ,

1 968,

3 69,

3 7 1

( indices).

2 17 .

1 968, 2 17.

( indices).

3 5 17; c f. 1 09 1

1 968, u nder 2 17.

4 78. 4 49 1. 3 97;

i bid ., S uppi., p . 9 34. e studios s abre r eligiones 1 977, 3 76-377.

3 485.

( indices); c f.

1 589; A E ,

1 896, 9 4.

1 44

' Salut(ius)'

i n C PIL, 4 79 .

2 81.

C assius D io , L XIII.22.6 ( the s peech); S uetonius, G alba, 9 .2 ( the l etter); above, 1 8, n ote 5 7, a nd 1 0, f or s imilar e xpressions i n t he l iterature u sed o f A ugustus, t i idtiar i a nd T rajan; c f. a lso t he l anguage o f t he A rval r ecords u nder Danitian , a bove, 4 0-4 1.

2 82.

C arzetti, o p . c it .

2 83.

T acitus, H istoriae,

2 84.

Above , 2 4, 2 6.

2 85.

C IL , X I,

2 86.

P almer, 5 8, 6 1; c f. G agnat , 4 33.

2 87.

P al m er, 5 8.

2 88.

I bid .,

2 89 .

I bid ., 5 8, 6 2, 7 2, 7 7.

2 90.

I bid .,

2 9 1.

I bid ., 6 2.

2 92.

I bid ., 5 9, 6 1-62; a bove , 8 9-90.

2 93.

P almer, 5 8; C IL ,

2 94.

C .u,

I X ,

4 460;

2 95.

C IL ,

I X ,

4 929.

2 96.

L atte,

2 97.

C IL ,

2 98.

A .J . T oynbee , H annibal 's L egacy , O xford,

2 99.

C IL, I X , 4 109, 4 110, 4 112; c f. C IL , a nd 6 077; C IL , V I, 6 78.

3 00.

K a janto, 1 3, 2 9, 7 2, 2 73.

3 0 1.

C IL ,

3 02.

I bid .,

( note 1 55), 1 86. 1 .65.

3 6 1.

5 8-60.

6 2, 7 6-78.

X II, 4 333; dn a ,

I LS ,

I II, 1 933.

3 828.

2 27, n ote 3 .

I X , 4 111.

I X , p .

1 965,

I ,

14, n ote .

I I, 4 187; C IL ,

I II,

4 27. 4 5; M eiggs, 1 74-175;

I I,

X III,

1 ,

p .

2 54,

l ine 5 6

p . 2 56. 3 03.

1 996

A bove , 1 06-107; CT h I X , 5 533; A .R .

1 45

B irley , 1 98 1,

2 11.

a nd

3 04.

A E , 1 898, 9 8; ] LS, 3 823; E n . E sp randieu, I nscriptiones ! a -t ines d e G aule ( Nar lx )naise), P aris, 1 929, n r. 2 0; G . W alser , R& iische I nschriften i n d er S chweiz, B ern , 1 979, I II, n . 2 7 1 a nd p hotogr aph p . 5 7. H .G . P flaum , L es p rocurateurs eq uestres s ous l e h autempire r omaine, P aris, 1 950, 3 13, r egards t he s tone a s a s tatue-base.

3 05.

P . G oessler, R E , X VII, 2 ( 1937), 1 872-1875 ( 'C ta 1urus'); E . M eyer , K P , I V , 2 34-235 ( 'Octodurus'); A .N . S herwin-White, T he P c * ian C itizenship , 2 nd e d., O xford , 1 973, 3 72-373; G arzetti, o p . c it . ( note 1 55), 5 93-594.

3 06.

P flaum ,

o p . c it ,

( note 3 04),

3 04), P . 9 ; P IR ', 3 04), p . 5 6. 3 07.

P flaum ,

p p . c it .

3 08.

AE ,

3 09.

I bid.,

3 10.

K ajanto ,

3 11.

C IL ,

3 12.

C IL , V III,

3 13.

C IL ,

3 14.

W issowa, L ex ,

3 15.

L atte,

1 974,

I II,

P . 8 1:

( note 3 04),

3 11; E sp randieu,

op . c it .

( note

P . 5 69; W alser,

op . c it .

( note

2 29,

3 10-3 15.

5 44.

C assius D io , LXXIX .5.2; L IR2 , 2 0, 5 3-55,

I I, 6 257

X I,

1 07.

( 17 1).

2 2646.

6 7 12

( 390). 2 95-296.

2 34.

1 46

I , p . 2 95: A .1452.

C HAPTER E IGHT :

C X C WSI (

T his c hapter a ims e specially t o i ndicate t hose s ignificant o r p otentially s ignificant c haracteristics a nd d evelopments o f t he c ult o f S alus which a re m anifested i n more t han o ne o f t he m ain c ategories o f e vidence o r i n m ore t han o ne o f t he p receding c hapters.

A .

T he E arly C ult

T he e arliest e pigraphic e vidence a nd t hat o f V arro h as b een t aken a s i ndicative o f a n a ntiquity f or t he c ult o f S alus a t Ra te g reater t han t hat o f t he Q uirinal t emple, v owed i n t he w ar-tine e mergency o f 3 13 B C , a nd t he p revious e xistence o n t he s ame s ite o f a m ore m odest f anum has b een p ostulated . H owever , n one o f t he e pigraphic e vidence n ecesc rily p re-dates t he Q uirinal t emple, t hough t he H orta p atera m ay d o s o . F urthermore , t he e arly g eographical e xtent o f t he c ult m ay h ave b een q uite r estricted: t he H orta p atera a nd t he c ult a ttested b y t he c ippus, p erhaps o f t he l ate t hird c entury B C , a t P isaurum a re b oth l ikely t o b e o f L atin , i ndeed o f Ra t en , o rigin . T he P raeneste s tatueb ase may i ndicate a s ignificant p restige f or t he Q uirinal c ult-centre i n t he t hird o r a rly s econd c entury B C , a t l east i n L atium . T he i ndications c orroborating V arro ts a ssertion o f a S abine o rigin f or S alus a re c ircumstantial a nd i ndirect. -

T he q uestion o f a n o rigin f or S alus a s ad eity o f c rop-fertility t hough n ot w ithout s ome p ositive i ndications r emains i nconclusive: t here are t he l ater c oin-types d epicting S alus h olding c orn- rs ( of A D 8 1-83 a nd 9 6-97) a nd t hat o f A D 2 58 b earing t he l egend S ALUS I TAL (IAE ) a nd d epicting t he g oddess o ffering f ruits t o t he e mperor ; t here a re t he c ornucopiae d epicted a t t he s treet s hrine a t P ompeii ( perhaps o f t he l ate r epublican p eriod); a nd , m ost s ignificantly, t here i s t he l ater ( after AD 1 ) a ttested e pithet ' Se inonia ' p erhaps i ndicating , a long w ith c ircumstantial e vidence, a n a rchaic c onnection w ith t he, p erhaps a lso o riginally S abine, Se io S ancus D ius F idius. T his c onnection m ay i ndicate a f unction f or S alus a s ad eity o f o aths, a f unction w hich m ay b e i ndicated l ater b y t he o ath b y t he health o f C aesar a nd t hat b y s alus o f t he e mperor (s).

t he

However, i t r emains p ossible t hat t he p ublic c ult o f S alus o wes i ts e stablishment t o a n eed p erceived d uring t he S econd S annite W ar , w ith t he f oundation o f t he t emple ca ning i n f ulfilment o f B ubulcus' v ow a nd t hus c ommemorating t he a ct o f s alvation . T he i nspiration f or t his c ould h ave ca re f rom t he c ontemporary H ellen i stic p ractice o f s oteria, t hough t he Romans t hemselves m ay h ave t aken t he i nitiative o f p ersonifying t he c oncept o f s alvation i nherent i n t hese G reek f estivals. A lternatively , i t i s p ossible, t hough p erhaps l ess l ikely , t hat b oth t he i nspiration a nd a r Kx el f or t he i nnovation , i f s uch i t

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w as, h ad b een p rovided b y a c ult o f S oteria w hich m ay a lready h ave b een e stab lished a t M etapontum i n G reek s outhern I taly i n t he l ate f ourth c entury B C . I n e ither c ase t he i ncreased c ontact b etween R ome a nd t he G reek c ities o f t he s outh, b roug ht a bout b y t he S econd S a i rnite W ar, w ould h ave p rovided a c ontext f or t he i ntroduction t o t he R omans o f G reek c oncepts a nd p ractices s uch a s t hese. T he s ame c ontext m ay a ccount f or t he i ntroduction o f t he r elated G reek c oncept o f s oter. I n a ny c ase t he H ellenistic p ractice o f g ranting t his t itle t o b oth g ods a nd m ortals m ust h ave h ad a n i mpact u pon R oman t hought i n t he s ucceeding p eriod a s Ra ne 's c ontacts w ith t he G reek e ast i ncreased . T hough t he i dea o f s oter w as t o h ave i mportant c onsequences i n t he s phere o f p ublic c ult, i ts i nitial i mpact w as u pon t he p rivate a spect o f t he c ult o f S alus. S . W einstock a ssumed t hat t his a spect o f S alut w ould h ave b een m uch o lder t han t he f oundation o f t he Q uirinal t emple , a lthough , w ith t he p ossible e xception o f t he H orta P atera, t here i s n o d irect i ndication o f t his. I ts e xistence i n t he l ate t hird c entury i s c learly i ndicated i n t he c omedies o f P lautus, w here t he e ffect o f H ellenistic i nfluence u pon t he c oncept o f p ersonal S alus i s a pp er ent . S he i s, t hough , s till c learly h ere a d eity o f g eneral s alvation a nd t hus d istinct f rom H ygieia w hose i ntroduction a t R ome o ccurs, b y i mplication , s hortly a fter 2 93 B C w ith t hat o f t he c ult o f A esculapius. T his t ransformation o f t he p rivate c ult , i n a ssociation w ith t he R oman p ractice o f a warding t he c orona c ivica ( which a lso u nderwent a s ignificant t ransformation ) o ccurring i n t he c ontext o f t he u pheavals o f t he l ast d ecades o f t he R epublic h ad c onse qu ences w hich w ere b rought t o f ruition b y t he a ctions o f t he f ollowe rs o f J ulius C ae r . I ncreasi ngly, t he s alus o f t he s tate w as r egarded a s d ependent u pon o utstandi ng i ndividuals. A t t he s ame t ime t he p ersonal h ealth o f i ndividuals , s uch a s L ivius D rusus, P ompey a nd C aesar , c ame t o b e o f p aramount i mportance f or t he s tate . T he t wo r epublican c oin-issues c an b e i nterpreted a s r eflecting t he c hange i n a ttitude d uring t he p eriod s eparating t hem ( 9 1 t o 4 9 B C ). I f a c ult o f S alus C ae aris w as n ot a ctually e stablished, a nd a lmost c ertainly o ne w as i ntended t o b e, t he d evelopments t owards t hat e nd n evertheless p rovided t he c ontext f or t he e stablishment o f t hose o f S alus A ugusti a nd S alus A ugusta w hich t ook p lace, i f n ot u nder A ugustus, t hen c ertainly u nder h is s uccessor.

B .

S alus A ugusta a nd S alus A ugusti

S alus A ugusta f irst a ppear s i n t he l egend b orne b y t he d upondius o f A D 2 2 o r 2 3, w ith a t ype p robably d epicting t he h ead o f L ivia, a nd t hereafter i n t he m unicipal d edication o f A D 3 2 a t I nteran ina c ommemorating t he f ailure o f S ej a nus ' c onspiracy . S alus A ugusti a lso m ay b e f irst a ttested u nder T iberius, i n t he O stia d edication t o S alus C aesaris A ugusti w here t he a ccompanying s tatue, p erhaps e rected o n t he o ccasion o f a n i mperial v isit, p robably p ortrayed t he g oddess a s H ygieia a s o n G labrio 's c oin o f 4 9 B C . S he i s p ortrayed a s H ygieia w hen s he f irst a ppears i n a s ecurely d ated c ontext, t hat o f G alba 's c oin i ssue o f A D 6 9. T hus s he m ay r epresent ' The H ealth o f t he f l iperor '. N otably, w hen S A WS A UGUSTA r eappears a s a c oin-legend , u nder G alba, i t i s w ith a d istinctive t ype: t he g oddess, e nthroned, h olding

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patera a nd s ceptre. T he t ype , t hough w ithout t he s ceptre, h ad a lready a pp red u nder N ero b ut w ith t he u nqualified S ALUS, p erhaps c ommemorating N ero 's s urvival o f t he P isonian c onspiracy. A p ossible i nterpretation o f t he m eaning o f S alus A ugusta m ight b e t hat o f ' The B eneficial P ow er o f t he f l nperor '. H owever, i f a ny d istinction b etween S alus A ugusti a nd S alus A ugusta w as o riginally i ntended b y t he m inting a uthorities, a nd t his i s p ossible, i t h ad d isappeared b y t he t ime o f T rajan o n whose c oins t he f usion o f t he t ypes i s c omplete , a lthough i t i s o nly u nder H adrian t hat t he f used t ype i s a ssociated w ith t he u nambiguous S ALUS A UGUS1 'I ( as o pposed t o S ALUS A UG u nder T ra jan). T hus, i t h as b een s uggested, i s t he b eneficial p ower o f t he e mperor ( Salus A ugusta) u nambiguously c ombined w ith t he h ealth o f t he e mperor ( Salus A ugusti). O nly i n t he r eign o f A ntoninus P ius, t hough , i s t he f used S alust ype f irst c ombined w ith S ALUS P UBLICP J. I n o ther m edia a rticulating i mperial i deology , h owever, t he c loser i dentification o f t he p erson o f t he e mperor w ith t he p ublic s alus w as m anifested e arlier. U nder Dxm itian, i n t he J anuary 3 v ota o f A D 9 1, t he A rval B rothers h ad h onoured S alus A ugusta P ublica P .R .Q . This a nd o ther i nnovations, m anifested i n t he A rval r ecords f or t he r eign o f f l nitian a nd i n b oth t he P anegyricus o f P liny a nd h is r eports f rom B ithynia-Pontus u nder T rajan , p resumably r eflect a d eliberate i mperial p olicy. T he e mperor i s n ow t he m ediator t hrough w hich t he S alus P ublica o perates a nd u pon w hose h ealth i t d epends. F urthermore, t he e mperor i s n ow p ro jected a s t he g uar antor o f t he s alus o f a ll t he p eople o f t he e mpire , c itizen a nd n on-citizen. T hus, o n T ra ja n 'sa urei, p robably c omme mor ating h is d ecennalia o f A D 1 08, i s p roclaimed t he SA WS G ENE RIS H UMANI. I n A D 2 83 o r 2 84 t he i mperial c urator o f P uteoli e rected a s tatue o f C ar us w ith t he dedication h ailing t he d eified e mperor a s t he a uctor S alutis P ublicae. O f t he s even d edications w here t he i mperial e pithet i s p rovided i n f ull, f ive o f t hese h onour a n e quivalent o f S alus A ugusti. T hese i nclude t hat o f t he p atronus o f O stia ( mentioned a bove ), t hat b y t he c ivitas T epeltensis d uring a j oint r eign , t hat a t R ome o f t he c ollegium t hurariorum e t u nquentariorum t o t he S alus Dx rus A ug . a nd t hat a t B onn o f t he a rmy o f Lower G ermany i n t he r eign o f S everus A lexander. A part fr om t he I ntera m na d edication b y a s evir A uqustalis, mentioned a bove, S alus A ugusta i s a ttested i n o ne o ther d edication , t hat a p rivate o ne a t O stippo i n B aetica. A fter V espasian, S alus A ugusta o ccurs u nambiguously o nly o n a s estertius i ssue o f M arcus ( AD 1 7017 1), i n t he l egend S ALUTI A UG ( JSTAE . S ALUS A UGUSTI a ppears r egularly i n t he c oin-issues u ntil t he t etrarchy, e ither i n f ull o r i mplied i n t he p lural a s S A WS A UQ3 ( or AUG CX). T he a ppearance o f S A WS A UGG i mplies t hat S A WS A UG , w hich i s t he p redominating S alus l egend , r epresents t he g enetival f orm . Approximately a s m any i ssues a s t hose b earing a S alus l egend b ear a t ype o f S alus u naccompanied b y a S alus l egend . I n t he v ast m a jority o f i ssues t he t ypes a re v ariations o n t he t heme e stablished u nder T ra jan : t he g oddess, e nthroned o r s tanding , f eeds f rom a p atera t he s nake w hich i s u sually c oiling a round a n a ltar . S ometimes , a nd w hen a ppropriate, s he h olds e ither a s ceptre o r a r udder. U nder t he t etrarchy t he l egend S ALUS A UG E r C AE S N N a lso a ppears ( AD 2 85-3 11). T hereafter t he

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i mperial e pithet q ualifies S alus o nly o n t he c oins o f M agnentius ( AD 3 5 1-353: i ncluding t hose s truck b y h im i n t he n a me o f C onstantius I I) w hich b ear a t ype d epicting t he c hi-rho f lanked b y a lpha a nd o mega . I n t he s phere o f m unicipal c ult a fem ale s acerdos o f Sp as a nd S alus A ug . i s a ttested a t G abii u nder A ntoninus P ius, a nd a t emple a nd f laminica o f S alus A ug . a re a ttested a t t J rbs S alvia i n t he l ate f irst c entury A D . F urthermore , t he tin-council a t R usovce i n P annonia S uperior m ay h ave a ssigned t he l and f or a n a edes o f S alus A ug . a nd J upiter Dlichenus ( late s econd o r f irst t hird o f t hird c entury A D ). C ertainly t he v icani o f N ida i n G ermania S uperior, i n t he m iddle o f t he s econd c entury, a ssigned l and f or a s chola, o f t he l ocal d endro t hori A ugustales, w hich w as d edicated t o S alus A ug . w ho m ay here c onceal a C eltic d eity i n R oman g uise. A lso i n t he s phere o f c ollegiate c ult , t he c ollegium s alutare a t R ome , p robably u nder H adrian, d edicated a n ew s chola o r s hrine t o t he N umen I ) Dmus A ug ., a nd t o A esculapius a nd S alus ( -Hygieia) A ug . o n l and a ssigned b y t he p rocurator o f t he i mperial p atrimonium , a nd a c ollegium S alutis A ug . i s a ttested a t A quincum , p robably i n t he s ame r eign . I n t wo o f t he p rivate d edications, t hat a t P inquentum ( though h ere t he d edication i s pro i ncolumitate P inquentinorum ) a nd t hat a t U chi M aius, S alus A ug . m ay r epresent H ygieia. S alus A ug . m ay a lso b e t he o b ject o f t he t wo uncertain , b ut p resumably p rivate, d edications a t R usovce b oth t o J upiter D olichenus a nd, p erhaps, S alus A ug .: o ne i s c ertainly t hat o f t wo o r m ore m ilitary o fficers, t he o ther i s t hat o f a f reedman d edicating t he a edes m entioned a bove.

C .

S alus -Hygieia

S alus' i dentification w ith H ygieia m ay b e p resumed t o h ave d eveloped a s a r esult o f t he t ransplantation o f t he c ult o f A esculapius t o Ra t te s hortly a fter 2 93 B C . I t i s m anifested i n t he p ublic c ult-act o f 1 80 B C a s w e k now f rom L ivy a nd i s e stablished i n p opular p erception b y 1 65 B C a s w e k now f rom T erence. F ran t he b eginning s he s eems t o h ave p rovided t he i magery a ssociated w ith S alus A ugusti. W ith A esculapius s he i s h onoured i n a t l east n ine d edications. F our a re t hose o f m edici, w ith t hree o f t hese b eing t hose o f m ilitary m edical o fficers, o ne d ating fr om A D 8 2, a nother fr om t he l ate s econd o r e arly t hird c entury. T he d edication b y t he f reedmen a nd s lave h ousehold o f a l egionary l egate a t C hester d ates f rom s hortly a fter A D 9 0. W e h ave n oted t he d edication o f t he c ollegium s alutare a t R ome , p robably o f t he r eign o f H adrian. O therwise a n u nspecified s odalitas h onoured A esculapius a nd S alus a nd t he D ii A ugusti a t T hugga . T he p rincipal s anctuary o f t he i mportant t emple a t L a i nh aesis , b uilt b y l egio I II A ugusta, w as d edicated b y t he e mperors M arcus a nd V erus i n A D 1 62 o r 1 63. P resumably f ran t hat t emple c ame t he d edication o f t he p raeses o f N umidia d ating f rom A D 2 83 t o 2 85. T he v otive d edication o f t he l egionary t ribune a t A pulum , o f about A D 2 00, a nd t hat o f t he b eneficiarius a t A mman , o f A D 2 45 t o 2 46, m ay a lso h ono ur A esculapius a nd S alus. S alus-Hygieia m ay a lso b e t he d eity h onoured w ith B ona M ens b y t he c ollegium t eibeicinum R a nanorum a t T ibur a nd t hat i mplied i n t he j oint

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c ult

o f Ra na a nd S alus a ttested i n a bout 3 0 B C a t P ergamum .

S he was p robably t he d eity p erceived b y t he i nhabitants o f Lusitania a nd B aetica a s t he n earest R oman e quivalent t o t heir n ative C eltic d eity o f h ealing w ho i s r epresented u nder S alus ' n ame i n s eventeen o r m ore p rivate d edications. I t i s t he c onnection w ith water-sources a nd h ealing-springs w hich i ndicates S alus-Hygieia i n t he B aden b ei W ien ( Aquae ) d edication a nd p erhaps a lso i n t he e arly t hird c entury A D d edicatory p oem o f t he c enturion a t B u-Ngem . S alus m ay a lso h ave b een p erceived i n h er h ealing a spect i n t he c enturion 'sd edication t o J upiter I ) lichenus, C aelestis, B rigantia a nd S alus, p robably o f t he e arly t hird c entury A D , a t o Drbridge a nd, t hough p erhaps l ess p robably, i n t he dedication o f t he p raefectus l egionis, o f A D 1 98 t o 2 09, t o S alus R egina a t C aerleon . T he p rivate d edication b y a f reedman a t A sculum P icenum i s f or t he r estoration o f h is w ife , p erhaps f rom i llness , a nd a t P returo , S alus-Hygieia m ay b e i mplied i n t he e pitaph o f a r n inistra S alutis. S alus ' h ealing a spect m ay b e p erceivable a t H eddernheim i n t he s chola d edication t o S alus A ug . w ho m ay h ere r epresent t he C eltic S irona.

D .

S alus P ublica

S alus P ubli c a i s t he n a r re g iven i n t he i n rial p eriod t o t he d eity o f t he Q uirinal t emple . C assius D io r ecords t hat A ugustus honoured h er w ith a s tatue i n 1 B C . T he f orm S alus P ublica , o r a n e xpanded version o f i t , i s t hat u sed a lmost i nvariably f or t he d eity i n t he r ecords o f t he A rval B rothers ( appearing f or t he f irst t ime i n A D 3 8). H ere s he i nvariably a ccompanies t he C apitoline T riad a nd a lmost i nvariably i s i nvoked i n f ourth p lace a fter t he T riad i n t he o rder o f d eities r eceiving v s o r s acrifices o r b oth . T he B rothers ' a ctivities i nvolving S alus, b oth a nnual a nd e xtraordinary, a re e xclusively t hose p ertaining t o t he a ctivities, w elfare , h ealth a nd o ccasions o f t he emperor and h is f amily . S he i s l ast a ttested i n t he r ecord o f t he v ota o f J anuary 3 , A D 2 3 1. A lthough t he e pithet P ublica i s f irst a ttested i n t he c oinage o n o ne o f t he u nattributed d enarii o f G alba ( AD 6 8) a ccompanying t he t ype o f a l aureate b ust , s he c an u ndoubtedly b e u nderstood a s t he d eity c elebrated a s S ALUS o n t he o bverses o f t he d enarii i ssues o f 9 1 B C ( with t he t ype o f ad iademed h ead) w here s he i s a ccompanied b y a t ype o f V ictoria a nd s ometimes t he l egend R OMA o n t he r everses. S he i s p resumably t he d eity o n t he S alus i ssues o f N ero w here s he i s d epicted a s e nthroned a nd h olding a p atera. P resumably a lso , S alus P ublica w as t he d eity t o b e h onoured w ith o ne o r p oss ibly t wo n ew t emples, b y a d ecree o f t he S enate, i n t hanksgiving f or N ero 's p reservation f rom t he P isonian c onspiracy. A lthough n ot n amed a s s uch , s he i s t he d eity w hose a nniversary , t he n atalis o f t he Q uirinal t emple , i s l isted f or o b servance i n t he c ivilian c alendars a nd t he F eriale D uranum a nd w hich i s a lluded t o i n t he Menologica R ustica. S he m ay b e s ecurely i nferred a s t he d eity i ncluded i n t he t hirteen d edications b y m embers o f t he e q jiites s ingulares A uqusti a nd d ating fr om A D 18 t o 1 4 1.

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S he i s p erhaps t he d eity w ho , i n aj oint c ult w ith R oma, h ad a s acerdos a t P ergamum i n a bout 3 0 B C . C anbined w ith P rovidentia A ug . s he h ad a f emale s acerdos i n p erpetuum a t C orinth , w here t he c ult m ay h ave b een e stablished a s p ert o f t he s ame m unicipa l r eaction t o t he e vents o f A D 3 1 a s i s a ttested a t I nteran ina, t hough t here , a s m entioned a bove , S alus A ugusta w as t he f orm o f t he d eity h onoured. S he i s t he r ecipient o f t he d edication b y a s enator a t F erentinum i n t he l ate f irst c entury A D a nd o f t he p rivate o ffering ( to S alus P opuli R omani) o f a m unicipa l a edile a t T iaret i n M auretania C aes riensis. I t i s p ossible t o i nfer f rom T acitus t hat a t emple h ad been f ounded a t F erentinum , b y d ecree o f t he S enate , f ollowing t he P ison .ian c onspiracy . H er n ext a ppearance i n t he c oinage, a fter G alba , t hat o n a ll t he S alus i ssues o f N erva ( AD 9 6-97) w ith t he t ype o f t he e nthroned g oddess h olding c orn-e rs, m ay r eflect a r eaction t o t he p olicies o f D c initian . U nder H adrian h er a ccompanying t ype, d epicting t he g oddess s tanding , h olding p atera a nd r udder, a nd w ith h er f oot o n a g lobe , i s s till d istinct f rom t hose a ccompanying S A WS A UGUS T a nd S ALUS A UG . Howe ver , a s m entioned a bove, f rom t he r eign o f A ntoninus P ius o nwards, S ALUS P UBLICA i s a ccompanied b y v ariations o f t he f used t ype p reviously o nly a ssociated w ith S ALUS A t JGU TI a nd S ALUS A UG . T his a pparent h esitancy o n t he p art o f t he m inting a uthorities i n o vertly a ssociating S ALUS P UBLICA w ith t he t ype o f t he i mperial S alus i s i nterpreted b y K .H . S chwarte a s r eflecting t he e xceptional p restige a ttaching o t he c oncept o f S alus P ublica d eriving f rom t he r epublican t radition. S he d oes n ot na . . i r eap p ear i n t he c oinage u ntil t he r eign o f M acrinus d uring w hich S ALUS P UBLICA r epresents t he o nly S alus l egend ( AD 2 17-2 18). T hereaf ter, a nd p rior t o C onstantine I , t he l egend a ppears o n s even i ssues o f S everus A lexander, o n o ne i ssue e ach o f V alerian a nd G allienus ( AD 2 57), o n f ive i ssues o f T acitus a nd F lorian ( AD 2 75-276) a nd o n t he o ne i ssue o f M agnia U rbica ( AD 2 83-285) a fter w hom i t a pp ears only o n t wo i ssues o f G arausius ( AD 2 86-293). T he P tolemais f ragment ( possibly o f t he s econd c entury A D) m ay i ndicate a r egular o bservance o f h er c ult o n a m unicipa l o r e ven p rovincial b asis , t he p erformance a nd r ecording o f w hich was a pparently a nalogous t o t hat o f t he a cts o f t he A rval B rothers. A s t he o b ject o f o stensibly p rivate p iety s he i s c lear ly i mplied i n t he d edication a t S plitska ( Dal matia , d ated t o A D 2 11) b y as lave o r f reedman, a nd i n t hat b y t he i mperial p rocurator a t S ar r nizegetusa ( of t he m id-third c entury A D ). W e h ave n oted a bove t he m anifestations i n t he A rval e vidence, i n P liny 's e vidence a nd , t entatively i n t he c oinage, o f a d eveloping i mperial p olicy u nder 1 )initian a nd T hajan o f p ro jecting S alus P ublica a s d ependent u pon t he m ediation a nd h ealth o f t he e mperor . A s a l ater r eflection o f t his c oncept , w e m entioned a bove t he s tatue o f t he d eified C arus, e rected b y t he c urator o f P uteoli i n A D 2 83 o r 2 84, t he d edication o f w hich h ails t he e mperor a s a uctor S alutis P ublicae . I n t he f ourth c entury t he c oins, a part fr om t hose o f M agnentius m entioned a bove, a lways p roclaim S A WS R EIPUBLICAE ( often c ombined w ith

1 52

S PES). T here w as p erhaps n ow a d eliberate d istancing o f t he " Salus o f t he S tate" f rom t he p erson o f t he , n ow C hristian , e mperor. T he f emale f igure w ith t wo c hildren d epicted o n t he f olles o f F austa ( AD 3 24-327) m ay r epresent S alus, b ut c ertainly a fter C onstantine I n o i magery o f S alus r emains. B y t he r eign o f V alentinian I a nd V alens t he c oncept o f S alus i s f irmly p art o f t he i deology o f t he C hristian e mperors ( AD 3 643 78). H owever, t he c alendar o f A D 3 54 m ay, i n v iew o f c ircumstantial evidence, i ndicate t he c ontinued o bservance ( despite t he e xistence o f l aws i ntended t o r epress p aganism ) o f t he f estival o f S alus o n A ugust 5 , a t l east a t Rane, t hough p erhaps w ith i ts r eligious a spect n ow d iminished o r a bsent . T he f estival h ad s ince a t l east a s crly a s t he r eign o f S everus A lexander, a s w e k now f ran t he F eriale D uranum , b een c elebrated, a t l east a t Pane , w ith l udi c ircenses.

E .

S alus G eneris H umani

S alus G eneris H umani a ppears a s a l egend o n t he c oins o f G alba, T ra jan , CQm rcdus a nd Cracal1a a nd a s t he o b ject o f ap rivate d edicat ion . T he l iterary e vidence s uggests t hat i n t he c oinage o f G alba t he l egend may r eflect t he s entiments e xpressed b y J ulius V index t o t he G auls a nd t o G alba w hen r aising h is r evolt i n A D 6 8. S imilarly, t he dedication , w hich i s fr om R uessium i n e astern A quitania, m ay r elate t o t he r evolt o r i ts a ftermath . O n t he a urei o f T ha ja n3 t he l egend i s a ccompanied b y a t ype, w hich may r ecall o ne o f t hose b orne b y t he c oins o f G alba , o f a g oddess, p erhaps F ortuna, w ith f oot o n g lobe, s acrificing w ith a p atera o ver a n a ltar a nd h olding a r udder. T he t ype o n t he i ssues o f C c i rnrx lus a nd C .racalla d epicts t he g oddess h olding a s nake-wreathed s taff a nd r aising a k neeling f igure.

F .

I rregular F orms o f S alus i n t he C oinage

A n a ntoninianus o f G allienus ( AD 2 58) b ears t he l egend S ALUS I TAL (IAE ) a ccompanied b y a t ype o f t he g oddess o ffering f ruits t o t he e mperor w ho i s h olding a sp ear. Among t he i diosyncratic f eatures o f t he S alus c oinage o f t he G allic e mpire ( AD 25 9-274) a re t he l egends S ALUS EXERCITI a nd S A WS P ROVINCIAR T JM . T he f irst a ccompanies a t ype o f A esculapius, a nd t he s econd a ccompanies t ypes d epicting t he p ersonified R iver Rhine . A n a ntoninianus o f P robus b ears t he l egend S ALUS M ILIIUM a ccanpanying a t raditional t ype ( AD 2 76-282).

G .

i s

S alus o f U ncertain N ature T he e pigraphic e vidence i ncludes f ive d edications i n w hich t here n o c l r i ndication o f t he p erceived n ature o f S alus, e ither b y

v irtue o f a n e pithet o r c ircumstantially. T wo o f t hese a re t he d edications o f ap rivate n ature a t A sseria i n Dal matia a nd a t L ugdunum . T he d edication w hich h e s pecified

b y t he a edile a t A riminu i i o f h is w as t o b e a dministered a ccording

1 53

v otive a edes, t o t he c anon

a ttaching t o D iana's A ventine t emple, h as b een i nferred a s i mplying S alus A ug. T here i s t he b rief d edication o f a m unicipal, p erhaps s ervile, a rcarius a t C ivitella, a nd a t V enusia a n a edes w as dedicated b y d ecree o f t he c ouncil, p robably a fter 2 9 B C . A t Forum C laudii t he p rocurator o f t he A lpes A trectianae e t P oeninaru in , p rt hably i n t he r eign o f M arcus a nd V erus, j oined w ith t he i nhabitants o f t he t own , a nd p erhaps o f t he r egion , i n a p ublic d edication . A t N apoca i n Dac ia P orolissensis i n t he e arly t hird c entury a nother i mperial p rocurator d edicated s imply c um s uis.

H .

D ivine A ssociations w ith S alus o f P otential S ignificance ( Apart f rom t hat w ith A esculapius)

1 .

Sp as

T he m ost p ersistent a ssociation , a part f rom t hat w ith A esculapius, i s t hat w ith Sp as . M ost n otably i t o ccurs i n P lautus, i n Velleius P atero ilus ' d escription o f T iberius' a doption , i n t he j oint c ult o f Sp as a nd S alus A ug . a t G abii u nder A ntoninus P ius a nd i n t he c oinage. P erhaps c oincidentally , S alus a nd S pes , a long w ith D iana a nd V ulcan , a re t he d eities w hose a nnivercaries a re s elected f or A ugust i n t he M anologia R ustica ( AD 3 6 1 2 1). T he a nniversary o f S pes w as August 1 . I n t he c oinage t he a ssociation o ccurs i n t he t hree i ssues o f Cannodus ( AD 1 83186) w here S pes a ppears i n t he t ype a long w ith a m ass o f o ther s ymbolic d etail. U nder C laudius I I t he l egend S PES P UBLICA a ccompanies a t ype o f S alus a nd Aesculapius. M edallions o f C onstantine I a nd C onstantius C aec'r a nd a g old i ssue o f e ach o f C onstantius , a s emperor, a nd C onstans p roclaim S A WS E T S PES R EI R JBLICAE . -

2 .

C oncordia a nd P ax

t han

T he l iterary e vidence h ints a t a n a ssociation , which m ay be m ore f ortuitous, b etween S alus, C oncordia a nd P ax . T he l egends b orne

b y t he l ocal c oins o f B uthrotum ( c. 1 01 B C ) a nd t hose b orne b y a n a ureus a ssociated w ith t he r evolt o f C ivilis ( AD 6 9-70) i ndicate a r elationship b etween S alus a nd C oncordia. T he l egend P AX A UG (G ) o ccurs w ith t ypes o f S alus o n t hree i ssues o f t he G allic e mpire ( AD 2 59-274), a nd t here i s a p ronounced a ssociation b etween t he t wo i n t he c oinage o f C arausius ( AD 2 86-293).

3 .

F ortuna

F ortuna i s a ssociated w ith S alus i n t wo r eferences i n P lautus. W hat m ay b e a t ype o f F ortuna a ppears o n s ome o f t he S A WS G ENERIS H UMANI i ssues o f G alba a nd a lso o n t he a urei b ring t he s ame l egend w hich a re t hought t o c cx rnenorate T haj a n 'sd ecennalia ( AD 1 08). T herea fter u ntil t he r eign o f t he P hilippi ( AD 2 44-247) a nd t hen a gain i n i ssues o f t he G allic e mpire, S alus a pp ears i ntermittently w ith t he F ortuna a ttribute o f t he r udder , s ometimes s et o n ag lobe, a s a h eld a ttribute r eplacing t he s ceptre . F ortuna o ccurs a lone w ith A esculapius a nd S alus i n t he C hester d edication b y t he f reed m en a nd s lave household o f t he l egionary l egate o f a bout A D 9 0 a nd w ith Jupiter Opti rm is

1 54

M aximus, A pollo , A esculapius a nd S alus i n t he O bernt rg d edication o f t he m edicus c ohortis. I n t he l egiona ry t ribune 's d edication a t A pulum , o f a bout A D 2 00, a nd i n t hat o f t he p rocurator a t S ar rn . tzegetusa , o f a bout A D 2 50, s he o ccurs a d jacent t o S alus ( who p erhaps r epresents H ygieia i n t he f ormer a nd p robably S alus P ublica i n t he l atter ), t hough , i n b oth c ases, a s o ne i n a l ong l ist o f d eities.

4 .

F elicitas

T he d edications o f t he e qiites s ingulares A uqusti m anifest a , perhaps s uperficial, a ssociation b etween S alus, F elicitas a nd t he F ata. F elicitas r eceives s acrifices a fter S alus o n t hree o ccasions i n t he A rval r ecords, a nd a s ilver me da llion o f S alonina ( AD 2 60-268) b ears a t ype d epicting P udicitia , S alus a nd F elicitas.

5 .

I sis

At ype o f I sis a ccomp anies S A WS A UG o n t wo i ssues o f C laudius I I ( A r ) 2 68-270). I sis, w ho h ad a s ignificant h ealing a ttribute , m ay b e a ssimilated t o S alus i n t he L on d edication , d ating f rom t he l ate s econd c entury, b y t wo s enators t o A esculapius, S alus, S erapis a nd I sis .

1 55

1 .

W issowa, RK ,

2 .

S chwarte ,

3 .

A r id

1 32.

2 44,

2 46.

s ee a bove u nder B .

1 56

A DDEND UM :

T HE M AINZ J UPITER O DL t JMN

T his i mposing p ublic m onument , f ound i n 1 904 a nd 1 905 i n S& rmeringstrasse, M ainz, o riginally c onsisted o f e ight p rincipal p arts: an u pper a nd a l ower p edestal, f ive c olumn-drums, a n o rnate c apital ( with a canthus-leaf c arving ) s urmo un ted b y a s quare, o rnately c arved Its h eight t o t he t op s tatue-base, a nd a b ronze s tatue o f J upiter . ' (

o f t he s tatue-base w as a pproximately 9 .1 m .) A s f ound, sm ashed ( in antiquity) i nto o ver a t housand f ragments, a ll b ut t he s tatue ( of w hich f ive f ragments r emained) h ad s ubstantially s urvived. R econstructed, i t 2 s uffered s ignificant d amage i n t he S econd W orld w ar. T he c olumn-drums a nd b oth p edestals b ear r elief rrvings w hich , a s f ar a s c an b e i nterpreted, e xclusiv 1y , o r a lmost e xclusively , d epict m embers o f t he R oman s tate p antheon . N ot a ll t he t wenty-eight d eities depicted c an b e i dentified w ith c ertainty. A ccording t o t he i nscription ( carried o n t he f ront o f t he u pper p ede st al ),t he c olu mn w as d edicated t o J upiter O ptinus M aximus f or t he f ety o f N ero ( pro s alute N eronis) . I t w as e rected a t s ome t ime b etwen AD 5 9 a nd 6 7 b y o r o n b ehalf o f t he i nhabitants o f t he c anabae a t & )guntiacum . T he a pproval, c o-operation o r p erhaps e ven t he i nitiative o f t he g overnor o f t he p rovince, P . S ulpicius S criboniu P roculus, i s i ndicated b y t he i nclusion o f h is n ame i n t he d edication . T he b road d ating o f t he de di cation ( AD 5 9-67) d erives f r o n b oth t he k nown a nd t he i nferred y ears o f t he g overnorship o f S cribonius P roculus. T he p urpose o f t he monument i s p resumed t o h ave b een t he p ublic e xpression o f l oyalty a nd t hanksgiving f or t he d eliverance o f t he emperor f rom a p articular d anger ( whether a ctual o r s upposed). H .U . I nstinsky h as a rgued t hat t he t wo m ost l ikely o ccasions f or s uch a n e xpression o f p ublic t hanksgiving ( in t he ye ar s A D 5 8 t o 6 7) a re t he s upposed d eliverance o f N ero b rought a bout b y t he a ssassination o A grippina ( in 5 9) a nd t he f ailure o f t he P isonian c onspiracy ( in 6 5). T here a re f ewer d ating p roblems i n a ssociating t he g edication o f t he c olumn w ith t he a ftermath o f t he d eath o f A grippina. A s n oted a bove , f ollowing a n o bsequious d ecree o f t he S enate i n A pril, A D 5 9, t he A rval B rothers g ave t hanks t o t he C apitoline T riad, S alus ( Publica), P roviden ia , t he G enius o f N ero a nd t he D ivus A ugustus f or t he s afety o f N ero. I n A D 6 5, a fter t he f ailure o f t he P isonian c onspiracy, t he S enate d ecreed t he b uilding o f a t emple t o S alus i n g ratitude f or N ero 's c afe d eliverance . T he g old a nd s ilver c oins o f N ero b e ri a t ype a nd l egend o f S alus m ay h ave c elebrated t he s ane d eliverance. I n a B auchhenss

n ew a nd m ajor r epublication o f t he J upiter c olumn , G . e ndorses I nstinsky 's i nterpretation o f t he p olitical

s ignificance o f t his m onument a nd , w ith s ome r eservation , a ccepts e arlier i nterpretations o f t he d eity d epicted ( with M ercury) i n t he r elief-panel o n t he l eft s ide o f t he l ower p edestal a s S alus

1 57

(Publica) •11 'Ihe attributes of the female deity accanpanying Mercury are far fran clear, arrl what can be detected with certainty is not unequivocally irrlicative of Salus; she holds in her right hand a caduceus (winged arrl snake-wreathed, though rather irrlistinct) and in her left hand a roond, winged object (suggestive of the sma.11, winged hat worn by M=rcury), arrl between her arrl M=rcury a snake, coiled ar� an object of uncertain nature (possibly an altar), makes towards her. 'As Bauchhenss observes, according to the coin evf�ence, the iconography of Salus had not yet becane fixed at this date. (Indeed, even after the Hygieia archetype had becare established as the nonn, by the reign of Hadrian, there were always �epartures, roc,re and less idiosyncratic, fran the traditional type.1 ) Only twice in the state coinage is Salus depicted holding a caduceus (or snake-wreathed staff), arrl in all of the issues concerned the aca:rnpa.nying legen:1 is SAL(US) GEN(ERIS) HUM(ANI): the three such issues of Cl:mncrlus (c. AD 191) arrl those of C:rracalla (AD 199-201) depict Salus honing a snake-wreathed staff or sceptre arrl raising a kneeling figure. Salus is, however, frequently depicted in the central state coinage fran the reign of Hadrian on� both as Hygieia arrl (at the sane time) as holding a simple sceptre. 6 Her earliest appearance holding a sceptre is on the coins of Galla, where she is accanpanied by the legerrl SALUS AUGUSTA. Here she is enthrored arrl holds also a i::atera. Other issues of Galla celebrate, for the first time, SALUS AUGUSTI accanpanied by a type clearly indicating a conception of her as Hygieia leaning on a colUITlll arrl holding arrl feeding a snake. 'Ihus, in official contemporary ideology, as represented in the coinage, distinct conceptions are irrlicated respectively for Salus Augusta and Salus Augusti, with Salus Augusti perhaps representing the 'Health of the Emperor' (indicated by her depictioo as Hygieia) • (Salus Augusta rna.y then be the welfare-bringing pc:Mer of the emperor.1 7) 'Ihe legend SALUS PUBLICA ap�s en coins of the sane reign accanpanied by a lauriate rust type. 'As is clear fran Olapter '!wo, Salus Publica arrl Salus Augusti, as 9gpicted on the coins, both cane to assume the imagery of Salus-Hygieia. (Salus Augusta does not appear on the coins after AD 78.) Althoogh Jupiter Optimus Maximus is the only deity mentioned in the dedication, those deities depicted in the reliefs which can be identified with certainty or wi� probability clearly imply that, if Salus is depicted on the colUITlll, then the conceptioo of her which is rrost strongly suggested (leaving aside the imagery employed) rrust be that of Salus Publica and not that of Salus-Hygieia. Salus conceived as Hygieia is rrore likely to be associat� either with Aesculapius, as on the dedicatio� slab fran Binchester, 1 or with �llo, as on the altar fran Mainz 2 arrl the Panpeii relief-torrlo. Although, as Bauchhenss observes, the pairing of Fortuna arrl Minerva in the relief­ panel on the right side of the lower pedestal indicates that we need not assume any close c;ultic connecticn between deities depicted together in the reliefs.24 If Salus is to be recognized in this relief, her depicticn would represent the earliest depiction of Salus Publica in the guise (at 1 58

least partially) of Hygieia. Salus Augusti (thoogh not Salus Augusta) is depicted as Hygieia on the coins of Ga.lba (AD 68-69), with a type which thus recalls for tie first time en an �rial issue the type used on the ooins of Acilius Glabrio (of 49 BC).

159

1.

Ba.uchhenss, 1984a, Taf. 36 (replica).

2.

Ibid. , Vorwort.

3.

Ibid., 2-9, 19.

4.

CIL, XIII, 11806; Ba.uchhenss, 1984a, 5.

5.

Instinsky, 1959, 131, 132, 138

and

6.

Cf. Instinsky, 1959, 132-133:

he allows

7.

Instinsky, 1959, 132-133, 136-139. Ba.uchhenss adds, as a third possibility, Nero's deliverance fran the Vinician conspiracy (in, perhaps, 66); Ba.uchhenss, 1984a, 33.

8.

Instinsky, 1959, 138-139; Ba.uc�ss, 1984a, 33. In addition, Ba.uchhenss prefers the earlier date on stylistic groun:is; ibid., 26-29, 33.

9.

l>JxJve, 43.

note 60. AD

58 to 67.

10.

AlxNe, 3-4, 22.

11.

Ba.uchhenss, 1984a, 4, 11, 14-16; Ba.uchhenss, 1984a, table on p. 12.

12.

Ba.uchhenss, 1984a, 4.

13.

Ibid., 16; above, 22 ff.

14.

AlxNe, 24-29.

15.

l>JxJve, 25, 26.

16.

AlxNe, 24-28.

17.

N:x:Jve, 24.

18.

AlxNe, 23, and 23 ff. for the developn:mt of � Salus types on the coins, with the fusion of the types of Salus Augusta and Salus Augusti being canpleted under Hadrian and this fused type being cx:rnbined with Salus Publica under Pius.

19.

AlxNe, 24-25.

20.

'!he chief alternative possibilities are Felicitas, M:tia (� rrother of �cury), and Rosmerta (the native Celtic equivalent of M:tia); Ba.uchhenss, 1984a, 12 (table), 14-16.

21.

l>JxJve, 72. We nay also note the joint dedications: 73, 92-99. 160

Instinsky,

1959,

139;

above,

cf.

71-

22.

Ph::Ne, 139, note 156; Bauchhenss, 1984b, 62.

23.

Above, 14; cf. also above, 13, 71, 73, 95.

24.

Bauchhenss, 1984a, 16.

25.

Ph::Ne, 22-23: cf., thalgh, the likely form of the Ostia statue (probably depictinJ Salus as Hygieia) dedicated to Salus Caesaris Augusti, perhaps during the reign of Tiberius; al:x:we, 102-103.

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