The Pulitzer Prize Archive. Volume 16 Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners 1917 - 2000: Journalists, writers and composers on their way to the coveted awards 9783110955743, 9783598301865

Table of contents :
PREFACE
Abbreviations
Dedication
A George F. Abbott – William A. Auth
B Milton B. Babbit – Robert O. Butler
C Herbert E. Caen – Harvey W. Cushing
D Virginius Dabney – Jack W. Dykinga
E William J. Eaton – Erik H. Erikson
F Horst Faas – Jack W. Fuller
G William C. Gaines – Mary A. Gwinn
H Albert Hackett – Thomas J. Hylton
I William M. Inge – Charles E. Ives
J Harold Jackson – Donald R. Justice
K Michiko Kakutani – Tony Kushner
L Louis La Coss – Jeffrey R. Lyon
M Carleton Mabee – James P. Murray
N Yasushi Nagao – Russell B. Nye
O Frank M. O'Brien – John W. Owens
P Fred L. Packer – Ernest T. Pyle
Q Anna Quindlen
R Howell H. Raines – Morrie Ryskind
S Howard Sackler – Paul M.Szep
T Harold M. Talburt – Anne Tyler
U Alfred Uhry – Huynh C. Ut
V Edmund S. Valtman – Paula Vogel
W Melinda Wagner – Audrey M. Wurdemann
Y Taro M. Yamasaki – Robert York
Z Marya A. Zaturenska – Ellen Taffee Zwilich
Appendix: Prize Winners by Award Categories

Citation preview

THE PULITZER PRIZE ARCHIVE A History and Anthology of Award-winning Materials in Journalism, Letters, and Arts Series Editor: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Ruhr University, Bochum Federal Republic of Germany

PART F: DOCUMENTATION

Volume 16

K · G · Säur München 2002

Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners 1917 -2000 Journalists, Writers and Composers on their Ways to the Coveted Awards

by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K · G · Säur München 2002

Gefördert durch Mittel der Stiftung Presse-Haus NRZ Essen

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of award winning materials in journalism, letters and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München : Säur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 Vol. 16 : Pt. F, Dokumentation. Complete biographical encyclopedia of Pulitzer prize winners 1917 - 2000 : journalists, writers and composers on their ways to the coveted awards / by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer and Erika J. Fischer. - 2002 ISBN 3-598-30186-3

Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rigths Strictly Reserved K.G. Säur Verlag GmbH , München 2002 Printed in Germany by Strauss Offsetdruck, Mörlenbach Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link , München ISBN 3-598-30186-3 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

v

PREFACE The history of the Pulitzer Prizes is also the personal success story of those journalists, writers and composers who won this coveted award. In many cases, the honor of winning advanced their professional careers. In other cases, personal tragedy resulted from the fact that someone was repeatedly nominated for the Prize or applied for it, but never won. Some of those who never were awarded the Prize did, however, belong to the finalists selected by the jurors: For a number of years, the names of the finalists have been published alongside the names of the actual winners at the annual awards announcements. This volume portrays the careers of those prizewinners who were individually named on the official lists by the Pulitzer Prize Board. This includes individuals who contributed to collective works and thus were named on the lists of winners. Two names often mentioned in connection with the Pulitzer Prize are, however, missing in this book: Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward. Although they played a central role in the coverage of the Watergate affair, the 1973 Prize was not awarded to them, but to the Washington Post\ The biographies of the 1.118 Pulitzer-Prize winners portrayed in this work are largely based upon brief biographical sketches which were included in the application material. Additionally, general biographical works of reference as well as biographies and autobiographies were consulted. Large-scale correspondence with prizewinners or their descendants was used for retrieving additional information. In more recent times, the internet was also employed to locate missing facts and data from a number of sources. Each biography contained in this book follows the life of a prizewinner up to the point of his or her winning the award. Due to the varying quality of the sources used, the different biographies must naturally be of slightly varying informational value. Despite all efforts, in a small number of cases it was not possible to retrieve the date and/or place of birth of the laureates. This book contains a complete list of award winners from 1917 to 2000. The Pulitzer Prize Collection at Columbia University, New York, was particulary helpful in collecting important data. The impressive archives of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., also proved an important source, as did other libraries and archives in the U.S. and Europe. Professor Seymor Topping and Mr. Edward M. Kliment of the Pulitzer Prize Office as well as Mr. Bernard R. Crystal of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Columbia University did everything in their power to aid our research. At the Ruhr-University Bochum Mrs. Britta Duddeck, Mrs. Tanja Schepers and Mr. Sebastian Susteck helped in the final stages of the creation of the manuscript, while Mrs. Ingrid Dickhut created the layout of the book and compiled the Appendix. Additionally, the following people were directly or indirectly involved in the creation of this volume: Tony Abraham (New York), Daniel Boehnk (Paris), Anita Clesle

VI (Düsseldorf), Joseph Elbert (Washington, D.C.), Charles Ferguson (Boston), Larry Heinzerling (New York), Andrea A. Palmer (New York) and John Pennine (New York). Special thanks to Dipl.-Kfm. Heinrich Meyer, publisher of the NRZ - Neue Rhein/Ruhr Zeitung and general manager of the Stiftung Presse-Haus NRZ (Essen). Bochum, FRG July, 2002

E.J.F./H.-D.F.

VII

CONTENTS

PREFACE

V

Abbreviations Dedication

VIII Χ

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 0 P Q R S T U V W Υ Ζ

1 11 35 51 63 67 79 93 113 115 120 135 149 175 179 182 194 195 208 238 248 250 253 271 273

George F. Abbott - William A. Auth Milton B. Babbit - Robert O. Butler Herbert E. Caen - Harvey W. Gushing Virginius Dabney - Jack W. Dykinga William J. Eaton - Erik H. Erikson Horst Faas - Jack W. Fuller William C. Gaines - Mary A. Gwinn Albert Hackett - Thomas J. Hylton William M. Inge - Charles E. Ives Harold Jackson - Donald R. Justice Michiko Kakutani - Tony Kushner Louis La Coss -Jeffrey R. Lyon Carleton Mabee - James P. Murray Yasushi Nagao - Russell B. Nye Frank M. O'Brien -John W.Owens Fred L Packer - Ernest T. Pyle Anna Quindlen Howell H. Raines - Morrie Ryskind Howard Sackler- Paul M. Szep Harold M. Talburt - Anne Tyler Alfred Uhry - Huynh C. Ut Edmund S. Valtman - Paula Vogel Melinda Wagner - Audrey M. Wurdemann Taro M. Yamasaki - Robert York Marya A. Zaturenska - Ellen Taffee Zwilich

Appendix: Prize Winners by Award Categories

275

VIII

Abbreviations A.B. ABC A.E.F. AIDS

Bachelor of Arts American Broadcasting Company American Expedionary Force Acquired Immune Defiency Syndrome Ak. Alaska Al. Alabama A.M. Master of Arts AP Associated Press Ar. Arkansas Az. Arizona B.A. Bachelor of Arts B.L. Bachelor of Laws B.Litt. Bachelor of Letters B.S. Bachelor of Science Ca. California CBS Columbia Broadcasting System CIA Central Intelligence Agency Co. Colorado / Company Co-PPW Co-Pulitzer Prize Winner Ct. Connecticut D.C. District of Columbia De. Delaware Dr. rer. nat. Doctor of Science e.g. for exemple FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FCC Federal Communications Commission Fl. Florida Ft. Fort Ga. Georgia Hi. Hawaii la. Iowa II. Illinois In. Indiana Inc. Incorporated INS International News Service IRS International Revenue Service J.D. Doctor of Laws Jr. Junior Ks. Kansas Ky. Kentucky La. Louisiana LL.B. Bachelor of Laws LL.D. Doctor of Laws M.A. Master of Arts Ma. Massachusetts

M.B.A. Md. Me. M.F.A. MGM Mi. M.I.T.

Master of Business Administration Maryland Maine Master of Fine Arts Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Michigan Massachusetts Institute of Technology M.L. Master of Literature Mn. Minnesota Mo. Missouri Ms. Mississippi M.S. Master of Surgery M.Sc. Master of Science Mt. Mount N.A.A.C.P. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Nb. Nebraska NBA National Basketball Association NBC National Broadcasting Company N.C. North Carolina North Dakota N.D. ΝΕΑ National Education Association NFL National Football League N.H. New Hampshire N.J. New Jersey New Mexico N.M. New York State N.Y. Nv. Nevada Oh. Ohio Oklahoma Ok. Or. Oregon Office of Strategic Services O.S.S. Pennsylvania Pa. PBS Public Broadcasting Service PEN International Association of Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, and Novelists Bachelor of Philosophy Ph.B. Doctor of Philosophy Ph.D. Master of Philosophy Ph.M. Pulitzer Prize PP Pulitzer Prize Winner PPW Public Records Office P.R.O. Rhode Island R.I.

IX

Abbreviations S.C. S.D. St. Tn. TV Tx. U.N. UP UPI

South Carolina South Dakota Saint Tennessee Television Texas United Nations United Press United Press International

U.S.A. Ut. Va. Vt. Wa. Wi. WPA W.V. Wy.

United States of America Utah Virginia Vermont Washington Wisconsin Work Projects Administration West Virginia Wyoming

This volume is dedicated to the late Professor Dr. Dietrich Oppenberg (1917-2000) on his 85th birthday. He was born in the year when the Pulitzer Prizes were established. For many years he served on the Board of the Theodor-Wolff-Preis, the German equivalent to the Pulitzer Prizes.

Abbott, George Francis, bom on June 25, 1889, in Forestville, N.Y., grew up in Salamanca, N.Y., Cheyenne, Wy., and Hamburg, N.Y. At Hamburg High School he was the most prominent actor in school theatricals. Abbott entered the University of Rochester on a scholarship with the intention of becoming a journalist. In his junior year he began to turn his attention from journalism to playwriting. He received his B.A. degree from Rochester University in 1911. During the Academic year 1911-12 Abbott studied playwriting at Harvard University. During his year at Harvard, Abbott entered a one-act play contests and won the first prize. The play was successfully produced in Boston, and the operator of the theater hired Abbott as her assistant in 1912. With writing still his long-range aim, Abbott left Boston in August 1913 to seek work as an actor in New York. He made his debut on Broadway in November of that year. During the following decades he played twelve roles on Broadway. Meanwhile, from 1918, he was developing as a writer and director. From 1928 to 1930, George Abbott directed several movies for the Paramount Corporation and for Twentieth Century. Then he began producing plays on his own. In the late 1930's and early 1940's he collaborated on musicals by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. In the early 1950's Abbott was also for a short period the master of ceremonies and director of a television variety show. The longest running production directed by Abbott was "Damn Yankees" in 1955, a musical comedy staged on Broadway. George F. Abbott was Co-PPW in 1960 in the "Drama" category for the musical Fiorello! Acheson, Dean Gooderham, born on April 11, 1893, in Middletown, Ct., entered Yale University at the age of eighteen and earned his Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1915. Thereafter, he enrolled at the Harvard University Law School, but his studies were interrupted, when he served with the United States Navy during World War I. He completed his law course in 1918 and was granted his LL.B. degree. From 1919 to 1921 he worked as private secretary to Associate Justice Louis D. Brandeis. From this post he went to the Washington law firm of Covington, Burling and Rublee, where he practiced corporate and international law from

1921 to 1933. President Roosevelt appointed Acheson Under Secretary of the Treasury on May 19, 1933, but Acheson was replaced in late 1933, after having criticized the President's program for raising prices. In 1934 he returned to his law firm, now called Covington, Burling, Rublee, Acheson and Schorb. It was in 1941, that Roosevelt requested him to return to Government service as Assistant Secretary of State. Acheson became Under Secretary of State in 1945. After six and a half years in the State Department, he resigned in 1947 to return to private practice. At that time President Truman bestowed on him the Medal of Merit for his services. Acheson returned to the State Department in 1949, when he was the fiftieth American to be appointed Secretary of State. He remained in this position until 1953 and returned then again to private practice. Dean G. Acheson won the 1970 PP in the category "History" for the book Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. Acohido, Byron, born on July 3, 1955, in Wahiawa, Hi., studied at the University of Oregon's School of Journalism at Eugene, Or., from 1973 to 1977. He obtained a B.S. in journalism, and from 1977 to 1985 worked as a reporter for The Herald in Everett, Wa., covering business news and the criminal justice system. In 1985 he joined the Dallas Times Herald in Dallas, Tx., where he was reporter and business editor. In 1987 he took up a position as investigative reporter with the Seattle Times in Seattle, Wa. He quickly specialized in questions of aviation safety, and for almost ten years covered severe problems with the Boeing 737 rudder controls. In 1990 he began to regularly conduct workshops on beat and investigative reporting. His series of groundbreaking reports on the Boeing 737 and aviation safety won him eleven journalism prizes, e.g. the 1993 Aviation Space Writers Association Premier Award, the Associated Press Managing Editors Award for Public Science, the Society of Professional Journalists Award for Public Service, the Edgar A. Poe Award for National Reporting, and the Seiden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting. In 1997 he became Atwood Distinguished Professor of Journalism at the University of Alaska at Anchorage. The same year, Byron Acohido was

Adams - Agar PPW for "Beat Reporting" for articles on jetengine problems and aviation safety. Adams, Edward Thomas, born on June 12, 1933, in New Kensington, Pa., started his career as a staff photographer at the New Kensington Daily Dispatch in 1950. While doing this job Adams graduated from the New Kensington High School in 1951 and then served in the United States Marine Corps as a combat photographer until 1954. In 1958 Adams switched to the Battle Creek Enquirer & News in Michigan. In the same year he started to work for the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin. He joined the Associated Press in New York in 1962. Adams was honored as Photographer of the Year by the New York Photographers Association in 1966 and 1967. Edward T. Adams earned the 1969 PP in the category "Spot News Photography" for a picture with the caption "Saigon Execution." Adams, Henry Brooks, bom on February 16, 1838, in Boston, Ma., was great-grandson of President John Adams, grandson of President John Quincy Adams and son of the politician Charles F. Adams. He graduated from Harvard University. Subsequently, in 1858, he enrolled at the University of Berlin, Germany, to study civil law. After two years he returned to the U.S. and went to Washington as his father's secretary during the session of Congress in the winter of 1860-61. On the outbreak of the Civil War he intended to enlist in one of Massachusetts' regiments, but instead he fulfilled his father's wishes and set out for London as his secretary. During the next seven years he stayed in England, meanwhile occasionally writing articles for newspapers. Back in the U.S. in 1868, Adams decided to pursue a career in journalism and contributed from now on articles about political and historical items to various journals. During the 1870s Adams taught as an assistant professor medieval history at Harvard University, where, at the same time, he conducted the North American Review. After seven years he gave up his post at Harvard and returned to Washington in order to put his entire time into the writing of history. Documents Relating to New England Federalism, 1800-1815; History of the United States (nine volumes) and Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres number among his works. The Education of Henry Adams was first privately printed, before it was published after Adams' death in 1918. In 1919 this book made Henry B. Adams the PPW in the category "Biography or Autobiography." Adams, James Truslow, bom on October 18, 1878, in Brooklyn, N.Y., was graduated from the Polytechnical Institute of Brooklyn in

1898. Two years later, he earned the Master's degree at Yale University. After his examinations he entered a New York Stock Exchange firm, where he worked for the following twelve years. From early in the First World War on, he prepared data with the Colonel House Commission for the Peace conference in Paris in 1919. There, he assumed detailed special duty. Before, Adams had become captain of the Military Intelligence Division. James T. Adams was member of quite a number of highstanding academic institutions, e.g. the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the National Institute of Arts and Letters and the American Historical Association. He was also a very productive writer; among his works are Memorials of Old Bndgehampton and History of Town of Southampton. In 1922 James T. Adams won the PP in the category "History" for the book The Founding of New England. Adams, Lorraine, born on October 1, 1959, in Coaldale, Pa., graduated with B.A. and M.A. degrees from Princeton University. She won a Ward Mathis award for Creative Writing in 1980 and a Francis Lemoyne Page award for Creative Writing in 1981. From 1983 to 1984 she worked as a staff writer for the Concord Monitor in New Hampshire, and in 1984 she became a reporter with the Dallas Morning News. Together with a colleague she spent two years on an investigation of civil rights violations by law enforcement officials in Texas. The findings of this investigation were published in the Morning News throughout 1991. In 1992 Lorraine Adams was the Co-PPW in the category "Investigative Reporting" for disclosures that charged Texas police with abuses of power. Agar, Herbert Sebastian, bom on September 29, 1897, in New Rochelle, N. Υ., was graduated from Columbia University in 1919 and earned his Master's degree at Princeton University one year later. There, he received also his doctorate in 1922. From 1929 to 1934 he worked as London correspondent for the Louisville Courier-Journal and Louisville Times. Furthermore, Agar assumed the position of a literary editor for The English Review in London, England, during the period from 1930 to 1934. In New York, he was member of the National Arts Club and the Century Club, whereas in Washington, Agar joined the National Press Club. Throughout his career he was a very prolific author: Together with his second wife Eleanor Carroll Chilton and Willis Fisher he wrote Fire and Sleet and Candlelight. Eleanor Carroll Chilton was also his cowriter on The Garment of Praise. Other works of his are Milton and Plato; Bread and Cir-

Agee - Albee cuses and The Defeat of Baudelaire. Herbert S. Agar was the 1934 PPW in the category "History" for the book The People's Choice. Agee, James, born on November 27, 1909, in Knoxville, Tn., studied at Phillips Exeter Academy. He then attended Harvard University, from which he was graduated in 1932. During his college years he edited the Advocate, Harvard's literary magazine, and won the Poetry prize. In 1936 James Agee and the photographer Walker Evans accepted a commission from Fortune magazine to write a series of articles on the condition of poor whites in the rural South. They spent about six weeks in Alabama, mostly with three families, Agee making notes and Evans taking pictures. The articles and photographs they produced were rejected by Fortune, but the material was eventually published in book form, under the title Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. In 1939 Agee joined the staff of Time magazine and in 1943 he became a film critic with The Nation, a position in which he remained for the following five years. He was the author of Permit Me Voyage, a collection of poems, and the book The Morning Watch. He also wrote the scripts for the screenplays The Quiet One, The African Queen and Mr. Lincoln. James Agee died on May 16, 1955, in New York City. His work A Death in the Family was posthumously published and made him the 1958 PPW in the category "Fiction." Aiken, Conrad Potter, born on August 5, 1889, in Savannah, Ga., entered Harvard University in 1907. He wrote for college publications, including the Harvard Advocate, and obtained the B .A. degree in 1912. After his graduation and travel to Europe, Aiken settled in Cambridge, Ma., to devote himself to freelancing in prose and verse. His first collection of poems appeared in 1914 under the title Earth Triumphant and Other Tales in Verse. In 1916 he brought out Turns and Movies and Tales in Verse, a collection of psychological sketches of vaudevillians, and The Jig of Forslin: A Symphony. More symphonies, in which Aiken experimented with adapting musical structures to poetry, followed: The Charnel Rose; Senlin: A Biography; The House of Dust: A Symphony, and The Pilgrimage of Festus. Already in 1915 he had begun reviewing books for magazines. Among the publications in which his reviews appeared were the New Republic, Poetry, and the Chicago Daily News. Aiken also was a contributing editor of the Dial in 1917-18. Many of his reviews and literary essays were collected in Skepticisms, published in 1919. During the 1920's Aiken also turned to short story writing:

his first collection, Bring! Bring! and Other Stories, appeared in 1925. The semiautobiographical novel Blue Voyage came out two years later. Two volumes of poetry, the dramatized sketches Punch: The Immortal Liar and Priapus and the Pool, along with Aiken's symphonies, contributed to the 1929 volume Selected Poems. For this book Conrad P. Aiken won the 1930 PP in the "Poetry" category. Akins, Zoe, born on October 30, 1886, in Humansville, Mo., became interested in the stage after seeing productions of touring companies at various St. Louis theatres. She wrote her first play at the age of twelve, and her early poetry was published in William Marion Reedy's St. Louis Mirror, a journal that had earlier recognized other talents. Her first professional work for the stage was a three-act comedy titled Papa. It was followed by The Magical City, which was her first play to be produced in New York. A one-act melodrama in verse, it was performed by the Washington Square Players at the Bandbox Theatre during their 1915-1916 season. It was Declassee that gained Akins the critical and public acclaim she desired. The play, an English society drama, opened at the Empire Theatre in New York in 1919. Akins followed Declassee with a number of plays, including Daddy's Gone AHunting; The Varying Shore, and The MoonFlower. As early as 1924 various movie producers began purchasing the screen rights to Akins' plays. During the following years several of her works have been filmed. In 1928 Akins moved to California for her health. Less than two years later she was under contract to Paramount, writing the books for six films during 1930 and 1931, and contributing original stories or plays for three others. The playwright also worked on scripts for other studios such as Goldwyn, RKO-Radio, and M-G-M. In addition to her work for the film Akins continued writing for the stage. Zoe Akins reached the pinnacle of her stage career with the production of her play The Old Maid, an adaptation of a novella by Edith Wharton, for which she became the 1935 PPW in the category "Drama." Albee, Edward Franklin, bom on March 12, 1928, in Washington, D.C., wrote his first play at the age of twelve. Seven years later he had one of his poems published in Kaleidoscope, a Texas magazine. In 1946 he became student at Trinity College in Hartford, Ct., but left it only one year later. He spent several months in Italy during 1952 writing a novel which however has never been published. In 1958 Albee finished his one-act play The Zoo Story, which had its first performance in Germany in 1959. The following year the play was shown in New York

4 and made Albee the recipient of the Vernon Rice Award for outstanding achievement in an off-Broadway production. Like The Zoo Story, his The Death of Bessie Smith was first presented in Germany before it reached off-Broadway in 1961, having been chosen to fill out a twin bill with the playwright's The American Dream. Both were chosen as the best plays of the 1960-61 season by the Foreign Press Association in New York, and in June 1961 Albee won the Lola D'Annunzio Award for sustained accomplishments in original playwriting. The following year Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? was performed. It won the Tony Award, the fifth annual ANTA Award, The Drama Critics Circle Award, the Outer Circle Award, and a special award sponsored by the Village Voice. In 1967 Edward F. Albee was the PPW in the "Drama" category for his play A Delicate Balance. His play Seascape brought to him his second PP for "Drama" in 1975. In 1994 he earned his third PP for "Drama," based on his play Three Tall Women. Albert, Stephen Joel, born on February 6, 1941, in New York City, took private composition lessons from Elie Siegmeister from 1956 to 1958, when he enrolled at the Eastman School of Music to study with Bernard Rogers. He went to Stockholm in 1960 to receive further private lessons from Karl-Birger Blomdahl, and finally became a student of the Philadelphia Musical Academy the same year, where he took courses with Joseph Castaldo, and obtained a Bachelor's degree in music in 1962. In 1963 he worked with George Rochberg at the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1964-65 he was awarded a fellowship from the MacDowell Foundation. He then became a fellow of the Huntington Hartford Foundation and, from 1965 to 1967, a fellow of the American Academy in Rome. In 1968 the MacDowell Foundation awarded him a second fellowship. Albert worked as lecturer of music at Stanford University in 1970-71, before receiving a third fellowship from the MacDowell Foundation. From 1974 to 1976 he was a member of the faculty of the department of music at Smith College in Northampton, Ma. In 1985 Stephen J. Albert was the PPW in the "Music" category for his Symphony, RiverRun. Allen, Henry, bom on May 23, 1941, in Summit, N.J., graduated from Hamilton College, where he won the American Academy of Poets prize. He worked for the New York News and covered the White House and Capitol Hill, until he joined the Washington Post's style section in 1970. In 1975-76 he was a National Endowment fellow at the University of Michigan. He published several books, e.g. a novel, Fool's

Albert - Anderson Mercy, a collection of essays, Going Too Far Enough, and a poetry chapbook, The Museum of Lost Air. A winner of a Distinguished-Commentary prize by the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Henry Allen earned the 2000 PP in the category of "Criticism" for writing on photography. Allen, Laurence Edmund, bom on October 19, 1908, in Mt. Savage, Md., began his journalistic career as a staff member of the Baltimore News in 1926. He subsequently worked for the Herald in Washington, D.C., and the Evening Herald in Huntington, W.V. In 1927 he joined the Daily Mail in Charleston, where he became a reporter as well as a telegraph editor. In 1933 he was hired by the Associated Press, and worked in its Charleston bureau as a reporter and state editor. He transfered to AP's Washington bureau two years later, and after another two years became AP's foreign cables deskman in New York. In 1938 he was sent to Europe as a war correspondent. Three years later he received the first National Headliners Club award ever given. In 1942 Laurence E. Allen was awarded the PP in the category of "Telegraphic Reporting (International)" for his correspondence from the British Mediterranean Fleet. Anderson, David Poole, born on May 6, 1929, in Troy, N.Y., grew up in the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn. Shortly after graduation from Holy Cross College in 1951, he began his career as a sports journalist with the Brooklyn Eagle. When that paper disappeared in 1955, Anderson joined the sports staff of the New York Journal-American and remained there for eleven years until it, too, suspended publication. He came to the New York Times in 1966 as a general assignment reporter in the sports department. The year before he had won a Dutton Award for the best magazine sports story. In 1972 he received a Page One Award for his story on the return of a heavy-weight champion to his hometown in South Carolina. That story also won another E. P. Dutton Award for the best sports feature story of the year. In 1973 Dave Anderson won the grand prize of the Pro Football Writers contest for his story on the mysterious death of a former National Football League player. In 1974 he received the Nat Fleischer Award for excellence in boxing journalism. Anderson concentrated on professional football and boxing as a beat reporter, he also had major assignments in baseball, basketball, hockey, golf and tennis. In his four-times-a-week column of the New York Times he ranged over the whole world of sports. David P. Anderson won the 1981 PP in the category "Commentary" for articles about aspects of professional sports.

Dean Acheson

Edward Albee

Peter Arnett

Brooks Atkinson

Anderson - Anderson Anderson, Jackson Northman, born on October 19, 1922, in Long Beach, Ca., grew up in Cottonwood, a small town outside Salt Lake City, Ut. From his early childhood he was interested in newspaper work, and at the age of twelve he edited the Boy Scout page of the Deseret News, a paper owned by the Mormon church. He soon advanced to a $-seven-a-week job with the Eagle in Murray, Utah. Anderson was president of the student body in high school, working in his spare time as a reporter. By the time he was eighteen he joined the staff of the Tribune in Salt Lake City. He attended the University of Utah for a brief period, from 1940-41. In 1943 Anderson finished his ministry and enrolled at the Merchant Marine Officers' training school as a cadet midshipman. After about seven months of service he managed to persuade the Deseret News to accredit him as a foreign correspondent in China. After World War II, he served with the Quartermaster Corps until 1947, working on military newspapers and Armed Forces Radio. After his discharge from the army, he traveled to Washington where he started working for the columnist Drew Pearson. For about a decade Anderson was seldom credited in Pearson's column, 'Washington Merry-Go-Round,' for more than routine reportorial contributions. Anderson continued the column after Drew Pearson's death in 1969. Early in 1972 several of his articles on the U.S. policy during the Indian-Pakistani war made headlines around the world. In 1972 Jackson N. Anderson was the PPW in the category "National Reporting" for articles about American policy decisionmaking in Washington, D.C. Anderson, Maxwell, born on December 15, 1888, in Atlantic, Pa., attended the University of North Dakota. While still in college he saw a stage play for the first time. Although he did join the college dramatic society, wrote and acted in the senior class play, he wanted at that time only to write poetry. After graduating in 1911, he went to California and taught English while earning his M.A. degree at Stanford University. For three years he was an instructor in English in the Polytechnic High School in San Francisco. The urge to write became stronger, and he decided on newspaper work for his career. He worked first on the Herald in Grand Forks, North Dakota, then as editorial writer on the San Francisco Bulletin, and later on the San Francisco Chronicle. In 1918 Anderson went east, at the invitation of Alvin Johnson, of the New Republic staff who had liked one of his poems, "Sic Semper". He continued to write poems and articles and occasionally dramatic criticisms for the New Republic, then

went to the New York Evening Globe as an editorial writer, and finally joined the editorial staff of the New York World. On the World, Anderson met Lawrence Stallings, a book reviewer, to whom he showed his first play, The White Desert. Stallings liked it and helped to find a producer for it. Despite a discouraging reception of the play, Anderson intended to go right on writing plays. In 1925, the year a collection of his poems, You Who Have Dreams, was published, Anderson resigned from the World to concentrate on his work as a playwright. Among the plays he wrote alone or in collaboration with other writers were What Price Glory?; Elizabeth the Queen and Mary of Scotland. For his play Both Your Houses Maxwell Anderson became the PPW of 1933 in the "Drama" category. Anderson, Paul Yewell, bom on August 29, 1893, in Knoxville, Tn., attended public schools in his home town before he was hired as a reporter by the Knoxville Journal in 1911. The following year he joined the St. Louis Times, and in 1913 he switched to the St. Louis Star. Anderson became a reporter with the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1914. He attended a special course at Washington University in 1920, and was promoted to editorial writer by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1921. In addition to this job he worked on a freelance basis for the Omaha World-Herald from Nebraska and was a staff member of the Raleigh News and Observer from North Carolina. In 1923 the St. Louis Post-Dispatch made him its Washington correspondent. In 1929 Paul Y. Anderson was the PPW in the "Reporting" category for coverage of a Liberty Bonds scandal. Anderson, Ross, born on November 11,1947, in San Francisco, Ca., studied at Whitworth College in Spokane, Wa. He spent the academic year of 1967-68 at the University of Edingburgh in Scotland, before returning to Spokane, where he obtained a B.A. degree in journalism and political science in 1969. In 1971 he joined the Seattle Times, where his early assignments included police, city hall, courts, and state legislature. In 1977 he was promoted to political writer. The following year he won a National Endowment for the Humanities professional journalism fellowship, which enabled him to attend Stanford University in 1978-79. In 1983 the Seattle Times promoted him to national correspondent, and sent him to Washington, D.C. After working as national correspondent for two years, Anderson briefly was an assistant city editor. In 1990 Ross Anderson was the Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for a series on the Exxon Valdez oil disaster.

Andrews - Aregood Andrews, Bert, born on June 2, 1901, in Colorado Springs, Co., attended Leland Stanford University from 1921 to 1924. He started his journalistic career as a club reporter for the Sacramento Star in 1924, but switched to the San Diego Sun the following year, where he worked as reporter, city editor, and columnist. In 1927 he moved to the Mid-West, where he first was hired by the Chicago Herald Examiner, but soon joined the Detroit Times. The following year Andrews worked for the Paris edition of the New York Herald-Tribune. In 1930 he got the post of a reporter and rewrite man at the New York American. Seven years later he joined the staff of the New York Herald-Tribune, where he worked as a reporter and rewrite man until 1941. Andrews then became Washington bureau chief of his paper. During World War II he traveled as a correspondent to England and the Pacific area. Andrews gained numerous prizes, e.g. the 1945 National Headliners Club Award, the 1946 Raymond Clapper Memorial Award, and the 1947 Sigma Delta Chi Award. Bert Andrews became the 1948 Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for articles on a State Department security case. Andrews, Charles McLean, bom on February 22, 1863, in Wethersfield, Ct., attended Trinity College in Hartford, Ct., and earned his Master of Arts-degree there in 1890. Already one year earlier, he had received his doctorate of philosophy at Johns Hopkins University. Until 1907 he assumed first the position of associate professor of history, later that of professor of history at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. Then he received a professorship at Johns Hopkins University. During the years of 1910 to 1931 Andrews held the Farnam professorship of American history at Yale University. There, he was also responsible of the Yale Historical Publications. He delivered lectures at the University of Helsingfors, Finland. Andrews was also invited by other institutions of higher education, among them the universities of Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan and Chicago. He retired in 1933. The list of his works is extensive, the following are among others part of it: The River Towns of Connecticut; Contemporary Europe, Asia and Africa, 1871-1901; A Bibliography of History; A Short History of England; The Colonial Period of American History and The Colonial Background of the American Revolution. In 1935 Charles M. Andrews earned the PP in the category "History" for the book The Colonial Period of American History. Angier, Natalie Marie, bom on February 16, 1958, in New York City, grew up in the Bronx

and in New Buffalo, Mi. After studying English, physics, and astronomy at the University of Michigan from 1976 to 1978, she transferred to Barnard College in New York, where she received her B.A. with high honors in 1978. From 1980 to 1983 she was a member of the founding staff of Discover magazine, where she specialized in writing on biology. From 1983 to 1984 she was an editor of the women's business magazine Savvy, before working as senior science writer for Time magazine from 1984 to 1986. The following year, Angier accepted the position of adjunct professor at the New York University's Graduate Program in Science and Environmental Reporting. While teaching at NYU she published a book on cancer research (Natural Obsessions) in 1988. In 1990 she left NYU and joined the New York Times, where she covered genetics, evolutionary biology, medicine and other subjects. In 1991 Natalie M. Angier was the PPW in the category "Beat Reporting" for a series of feature articles on a wide array of scientific topics. Anonymous stands for an unnamed photographer from United Press International of whom neither the name nor the birthplace as well as the professional career is known. For the first and only time in the history of the Pulitzer Prize system an award was granted to an unnamed person. The unknown photographer had published a secretly taken picture showing an Iranian firing squad. His name was kept secret for reasons of protecting the photographer from possible reprisals. This UP! Anonymous was the 1980 PPW in the "Spot News Photography" category. Aregood, Richard Llyod, born on December 31, 1942, in Camden, N.J., was graduated from Rutgers University, where he taught writing for some time after his graduation. He also was president of Local ten of the Newspaper Guild. Aregood started his journalism career as a reporter for the Herald in Mount Holly, N.J. Then he moved to the Burlington County Times in Willingboro-Burlington, N.J. In 1966 he moved to Pennsylvania to become a reporter for the Philadelphia Daily News. In the following years Richard Aregood was feature editor, deputy sports editor, news editor, and day city editor before becoming an editorial writer of the Daily News in 1974. Five years later he was appointed to editor of the editorial page of that paper. In 1985 Richard Aregood was awarded the American Society of Newspaper Editor Distinguished Service Award. Richard L. Aregood was the 1985 PPW in the category "Editoral Writing" for discussing a wide range of subjects.

8 Argento, Dominick, born on October 27, 1927, in York, Pa., served in the U.S. Army as a cryptographer for two years, after having graduated from high school in 1945. After this time of military service, he entered the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore for piano studies. In 1951 Argento received his B.A. degree and went to Florence, Italy, on a Fulbright Fellowship, where he studied at the Conservatorio Cherubini. He then returned to the Peabody Conservatory from which he graduated with an M.A. degree in 1954. Argento then joined the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester to study, teach theory, and serve as opera coach. He obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree from Eastman in 1957 and went back to Florence on a Guggenheim fellowship to work on his compositions. The following year Argento became professor of music at the University of Minnesota, where he taught composition and the history of opera. Dominick Argento won the 1975 PP in the category "Music" for a song cycle entitled From the Diary of Virginia Woolf. Arnett, Peter Gregg, bom on November 13, 1934, in Riverton, New Zealand, started his journalistic career in 1951 with the Southland Times in Invercargill, New Zealand. Between 1952 and 1954 Amett served with the New Zealand Army. He then continued his journalistic activities with The Standard in Wellington, New Zealand, from 1955-1956, and with The Sun in Sydney, Australia, during 1957. From 1958 on Arnett functioned as associate editor of the Bangkok World in the Thailand capital, and from 1961 he was editor of the Vientiane World in the Laotian Metropole. In the same year, he started to work as a correspondent for the Associated Press in Jakarta, Indonesia. Peter G. Amett was assigned to Vietnam in 1962 and he won the 1966 PP in the "International Reporting" category for articles from Saigon. Ashbery, John Lawrence, born July 28, 1927, in Rochester, N.Y., attended Harvard College, where he joined the editorial board of the university's undergraduate literary magazine, the Harvard Advocate. In 1949 Harvard College granted him the B.A. degree in English. After his graduation Ashbery attended Columbia University, where he studied contemporary literature and obtained his M.A. degree in English in 1951. The same year Ashbery started to work as a copywriter for Oxford University Press and McGraw-Hill. That position, which he held until 1955, forced him to confine his poetry writing to weekends. In 1952 Ashbery shared the YMHA Discovery Prize with two other young poets, and in 1953 had

Argento - Ashmore his first volume, a chapbook, published under the title Turandot and Other Poems. In 1955 the poet won a Fulbright fellowship to France, to translate and edit an anthology of contemporary French poetry. He was based for the first year at Montpellier, but later transferred to Paris when his Fulbright was renewed for a second year. Ashbery also taught American studies at Rennes. In 1957 the poet returned to the United States to work briefly towards a doctorate at New York University but went to Paris again the following year to remain there for ten years. While living in France, Ashbery was contributor to the New Republic and Art International and served as editor of two other magazines. Both, in France and back home in the USA, Ashbery continued work on his poetry. The year 1976 was one of special recognition for the poet. For his volume SelfPortrait in a Convex Mirror, which had been published the year before, he won the National Book Critics Circle prize and the National Book Award for poetry. In the same year John L. Ashbery was the PPW in the category "Poetry" for his volume Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror. Ashmore, Harry Scott, bom on July 28, 1916, in Greenville, S.C., graduated from Clemson Agricultural College in Clemson, S.C., with the B.S. degree in 1937. After his graduation he joined the Piedmont in Greenville, S.C., where he covered the local courthouse news and subsequently toured through several states of the North. In 1939 Ashmore transferred to the Greenville News, and for this paper and the News of Charlotte, N.C., he covered South Carolina state politics and legislative proceedings for two years. In 1941 he studied at Harvard University as a Nieman Fellow in Journalism. Enlisting in the Army in 1942 for World War II service, Ashmore in 1945 participated in the northern France, Rhineland and central Europe campaigns. Following demobilization, he returned to the newspaper job and was named associate editor of the Charlotte News. In April 1947 Ashmore became editor of the paper and concentrated on editorial writing. The owner and editor of the Arkansas Gazette of Little Rock persuaded Ashmore to become editor of the Gazette's editorial page in September 1947. In the following year he was advanced to executive editor. He became a fighter for biracial education and expressed this views in numerous editorials. When extremists in December 1957 threatened a boycott against retail advertisers in the Arkansas Gazette, the publisher of the paper backed Ashmore. In 1958 Harry S. Ashmore won the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for expressing his opinions

Ashworth - Auth during the school integration conflict in Little Rock. Ashworth, Mary Wells Knight, bom on May 28, 1903, in Plant City, Fl., attended Rollins College in Virginia, where she earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1924. Later on she was a member of staff and history associate of Douglas S. Freeman, and she wrote also the prefatory note to the sixth volume of Freeman's George Washington. Mary W. K. Ashworth became the Co-PPW of 1958 in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for her work on the seventh volume of Freeman's George Washington. Atkinson, Justin Brooks, born on November 28, 1894, in Melrose, Ma., was eight years old when he printed in rubber type a newspaper called The Watchout. About four years later, after he had joined the National Amateur Press Association, he printed The Puritan in lead type. While a student at Harvard College, he wrote articles about George Bernard Shaw for the Boston Herald. Upon receiving his B.A. degree in 1917, he accepted an appointment to the faculty of Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H., as an instructor in English. After having served for several months in the United States Army during World War I he worked on a newspaper, the Boston Transcript, and from 1920 to 1922 held the additional position of associate editor of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin. Joining the staff of the New York Times in 1922 as a book reviewer, Atkinson edited this section of his paper for two years before devoting himself entirely to theater in 1925. During the following years, in addition to contributing reviews to his paper, Atkinson wrote a number of books. He always regarded himself as a newspaperman in the full sense of the term, not just a drama critic. Sharing this view, the New York Times sent him in 1942 as a war correspondent to Chungking, China. For two years he used that base, then during ten months in 1945-46 he was a news correspondent for his newspaper in Moscow. After he had returned to New York in July 1946 he wrote a series of articles for the Times about what he saw in the Soviet Union. In 1947 J. Brooks Atkinson was the PPW in the category "Correspondence" for a series of articles on Russia. Atkinson, Rick, bom on November 16, 1952, in Munich, Germany, as the son of an army officer who lived in Salzburg, Austria, Georgia, Idaho, Philadelphia, Honolulu, Kansas, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco. He first got in touch with journalism as a reporter for the Morning Sun in Pittsburg, Ks., where he worked for fifteen months before moving to the Kansas City Times. At this newspaper he started as a

suburban reporter, later on became a general assignment city desk reporter and, finally, a national reporter. The newspaper's readers benefitted enormously from Atkinson's great capacity as a national writer. Rick Atkinson earned the 1982 PP in the "National Reporting" category for stories from different parts of the country. Auden, Wystan Hugh, bom on February 21, 1907, in York, England, was educated in boarding schools. In 1925 he entered Christ Church College, Oxford, where he helped to edit two volumes of Oxford Poetry and also wrote poetry of his own. In 1928 one of his friends printed thirty copies of twenty-six of Auden's poems on his handpress. The first volume of his verses published in 1930 was Poems. From 1930 to 1935 the poet made his living as a schoolmaster, teaching first in Scotland and later on in England. During that time he wrote The Orators and An English Study, which both express his public and social concern. In 1937 Auden traveled to Spain, where he got involved in the civil war. The poem Spain 1937 reflects his attitude towards the experiences he made during that time. The same year the author received one of the King's Gold Medal for poetry. A trip to China in 1938, at the time of the Sino-Japanese War, produced the prose record Journey to a War. His next departure from England, in 1939, led to his taking up permanent residence in the United States and becoming an American citizen in 1946. Though it was by lecturing and teaching at colleges and universities that Auden earned the greater part of his living he continued work on his poetry, beginning with his collection of lyrics and topical poems, Another Time, which appeared in 1940. Other works such as New Year Letter; For the Time Being, and The Sea and the Mirrow followed. In 1947 The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue appeared. The following year this book made Wystan H. Auden the PPW in the "Poetry" category. Auth Jr., William Anthony (Tony), born on May 7, 1942, in Akron, Oh., graduated from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1965. He worked as a chief medical illustrator at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital in Downey, Ca., from 1964 to 1970. Besides his work he started drawing cartoons for the Los Angeles anti-war underground weekly Open City in 1967. One year later he drew three cartoons a week for the student newspaper Daily Bruin at the University of California. His drawings were also published in several other college papers. Auth got the post of an editorial cartoonist at the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1971. His work also was syndicated by the Washing-

10 ton Post. He was made the recipient of numerous prizes like the 1975 Overseas Press Club award for the best cartoon on foreign affairs. Tony Auth was named the 1976 PPW

in the category "Editorial Cartooning" for his work from the previous year, illustrated by the drawing "O beautiful for spacious skies, For amber waves of grain."

Babbitt, Milton Byron, born on May 10, 1916, in Philadelphia, Pa., graduated from New York University with a B.A. degree in 1935. In 1938 he joined the music faculty of Princeton University where he worked as an instructor and received a Master of Fine Arts-degree in 1942. He wrote several compositions during the following years, e.g. Three Compositions for Piano (1947), Compositions for Four Instruments (1948), and Compositions for Twelve Instruments (1948). Babbitt joined the faculty of the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies in 1952, became member of the Princeton Seminar in Advanced Musical Studies in 1959, and was made director of the Electronic Music Center of Columbia-Princeton Universities the same year. In 1961 he received a Guggenheim fellowship. Three years later he was named William Shubael Conant professor of music at Princeton University. In addition to his professorship, he earned numerous honorary degrees, e.g. from New York University, New England Conservatory, and the University of Glasgow. In 1973 Babbitt became instructor at the Juilliard School of Music in New York. His compositions for multiple combinations of instruments and voice along with his pioneering achievements in synthesized sound exemplified by All Set and Composition for Synthesizer made Milton B. Babbitt the 1982 PP Special Citation recipient of the "Music" category for his life's work as a seminal American composer. Bacon, Leonard, bom on May 26, 1887, in Solvay, N.Y., got in contact with poetry long before he could even read because of his mother's tutelage. After leaving boarding school in 1905 he went to Yale University and was immediately active on the Yale Literary Magazine, of which he became a co-editor later on. He graduated in 1909 and enrolled at Yale for graduate work the same year. At that time the poet published his first volume of verses called The Scrannel Pipe. After suffering a nervous breakdown Bacon gave up studies and went to work on a cattle ranch in Montana where he stayed until the spring of 1910. In July of that year, the poet settled down for thirteen years of teaching English at the University of California. Within that time he kept on writing poems himself and begun to teach the University's first course in verse composi-

tion. In 1917 he left literature and poetry for two years in order to enlist in the United States Air Service. Finally, in 1923, he gave up teaching forever and concentrated on his poetry. By 1926 Bacon was established poet enough to deliver the Phi Beta Kappa poem at Harvard University. The following year he sailed for Europe to stay there for the next three years. During that time The Legend ofQuincibald and The Last Buffalo, and Other Poems were published. Back home in the United States Bacon continued to write poetry: Dream and Action', The Voyage of Autoleon, and The Goose on the Capitol, a collection of satirical verses chiefly on contemporary political and social problems, appeared. In 1941 he won the PP in the category "Poetry" for the verse collection Sunderland Capture. Bailyn, Bernard, bom on September 10, 1922, in Hartford, Ct., served from 1943 to 1946 with the United States Army. At the same time he enrolled at Williams College, where he received his Bachelor's degree in 1945. For graduate study he came to Harvard University and earned there his M.A. degree two years later. In 1953 he was granted his doctorate of philosophy and in the same year he joined the staff of Harvard as an instructor. He stayed at Harvard University and was advanced to full professor of history in 1961. The following year Bailyn became editor-in-chief of the John Harvard Library and in 1966 Winthrop professor of history. In 1981 Bailyn accepted the Adams University professorship at Harvard and served as president of the American Historical Association. In 1983 he became director of the Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History. The historian received honorary degrees from numerous Universities, e.g. Lawrence, Yale, Rutgers, Clark and Bard College. He is the author of several book publications, including The New England Merchants in the 17tn Century; Massachusetts Shipping, 1697-1714', Education in the Forming of American Society, Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750-1776', The Origins of American Politics; The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson and The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction. His book The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution earned Bernard Bailyn the 1968 PP for the best book in the

12 "History" category. About two decades later, in 1987, he received his second PP in "History" for the work Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution. Baker, Leonard, bom on January 24, 1931, in Pittsburgh, Pa., attended the University of Pittsburgh, where the B.A. degree was conferred on him in 1952. For graduate studies he enrolled at Columbia University and earned his Master of Science degree three years later. Baker then joined the staff of the Globe-Democrat in St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter. In 1956 he moved to Long Island, N.Y., to work for Newsday. Baker became the newspaper's Washington correspondent, a position, in which he remained until 1965. That year he decided to start working as a free-lance writer. Baker, a contributor of articles to national magazines, specialized on political and legal subjects as well as on biographies. His book publications include: The Johnson Eclipse: A President's Vice Presidency; Back to Back: The Duel Between FDR and the Supreme Court', The Guaranteed Society; Roosevelt and Pearl Harbor and John Marshall. He became the 1979 PPW in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for the book Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo Baeck and the Berlin Jews. Baker, Ray Stannard, born on April 17, 1870, in Lansing, Mi., attended Michigan State College, where he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in 1889. From 1892 to 1897 he worked as a reporter and sub-editor for the Chicago Record. Subsequently he became managing editor of the McClure's Syndicate and in 1899 associate editor of the McClure's Magazine. Baker worked as one of the editors of the American Magazine during the years of 1906 to 1915. After having earned his LL.D. degree in 1917, he served as special commander of the Department of State in Great Britain, France and Italy during World War I. In 1919 he was sent to Paris as director of the Press Bureau of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace. On his return to the U.S. Baker pursued law courses and studied literature at the University of Michigan. In 1925 the Doctor of Letters degree was conferred on him by Amherst College. Baker, who was director of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation of New York City, wrote books like What Wilson Did at Paris and Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement, a History of the Peace Conference (three volumes). He was co-editor of The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (six volumes). Baker wrote also under the pseudonym of "David Grayson": Adventures in Contentment; The Friendly Road and Adventures in Understanding count among

Baker - Baldwin these works. From 1927 to 1939 the eight volumes of the authorized biography Woodrow Wilson - Life and Letters were published. The seventh and eighth volume of this work made Ray S. Baker winner of the 1940 PP for "Biography or Autobiography." Baker, Russell Wayne, bom on August 14, 1925, in Loudoun County, Va., enrolled at Johns Hopkins University in 1942 but left a year later to enlist in the United States Navy. At the end of World War II, he returned to Johns Hopkins and completed work on a B.A. degree. Following his graduation in 1947, he got a job as a reporter with the Baltimore Sun. In 1952 he was assigned London bureau chief for the Sun. Two years later he moved to Washington, D.C., in order to take the post as the Sun's White House correspondent. Being bored with this assignment, he accepted a few months later a job offer by the New York Times and joined its Washington bureau staff, covering the events on Capitol Hill. Early in 1962 Baker was offered a thrice-weekly "Observer" column in the Times and accepted. For this column he wrote ironic essays on politicians and government bureaucrats, and dealt with subjects such as contemporary life, children, progress and everyday urban living. Beside his journalistic work Baker has also published several books including An American in Washington; Our Next President: The Incredible Story of What Happened in the 1968 Elections; the children's book The Upside-Down Man; the musical comedy Home Again and collections of his "Observer" articles, e.g. No Cause For Panic; Baker's Dozen; All Things Considered; So This Is Depravity: And Other Observations. Having won the PP for "Commentary" in 1979, Russell W. Baker earned his second PP only four years later: In 1983 he was PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for his memoirs called Growing Up. Baldwin, Hanson Weightman, bom on March 22, 1903, in Baltimore, Md., attended Boys' Latin School in his native city. After graduation he entered the U.S. Naval Academy to prepare himself for a naval career. He was graduated in 1924, and during the next three years he saw service aboard battleships and a destroyer on the East Coast, in the Caribbean, and in the European squadron, as an ensign and as a lieutenant, junior grade. Seven years of naval experience, however, were not enough to outweigh his family's journalistic tradition, and in 1927 Baldwin resigned from the Navy to write, travel and eventually settle down as a reporter. He joined the staff of the Baltimore Sun as a 'cub' in 1928. Then he took a year out from reporting to go to South America, and two days

13

Russell Baker

Samuel Barber

Saul Bellow

Meyer Berger

14 before the stock market crash in 1929 he joined the staff of the New York Times as a general assignment reporter. In 1937, he became the military editor of that newspaper being kept busy on that post. He covered fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean, Hawaii, the Pacific, and Atlantic areas, and he made a four months' survey trip through Europe, studying defense systems of various countries. Baldwin foresaw World War II, although he did not believe that it would come as early as 1939. In numerous articles and several books Baldwin described and analyzed World War II right after it had started. He became the 1943 PPW in the category "Correspondence" for his reports of a wartime tour of the Southwest Pacific. Balmaseda, Elizabeth R., bom on January 17, 1959, in Puerto Padre, Cuba, came to the United States at the age of ten months. She received an B.A. degree from Miami-Dade Community College and a Bachelor of Sciencedegree from Florida International University. From 1979 to 1980 she worked for WINZ news radio. She then became an intern with the Miami Herald, and was hired by the Herald as a staff reporter in 1981. A few years later she was promoted to general assignment reporter. In 1985 she became Central America Bureau Chief of Newsweek, but she soon changed her position to become field producer for NBCnews in Honduras. In 1987 she returned to the Miami Herald, where, after a brief interval with the Miami Herald Sunday Magazine in 1990-91, she was given her own column in 1991. She won the National Association of Hispanic Journalists award. In 1993 she earned the PP in the "Commentary" category for her writing from Haiti and for her columns on the lives of Cuban Americans in Miami. Banaszynski, Jacqueline Marie, born on April 17, 1952, in Pulaski, Wi., graduated from Marquette University in Milwaukee with a B.A. degree in journalism in 1974. The same year she received a Pulliam Fellowship at the Indianapolis Star. She then was reporter with the Janesville Gazette, switched to the Duluth News-Tribune, joined the Eugene RegisterGuard and eventually worked for the Minneapolis Star and Tribune. In 1984 Banaszynski got the post of labor and workplace beat reporter for the St. Paul Pioneer Press Dispatch. The following year she was promoted to special projects reporter and feature writer. She was named Reporter of the Year by St. Paul Pioneer Press and Dispatch Executive Editor's Awards in 1985, and won the 1986 Gene O'Brien Award of the Minnesota Press Club. Jacqueline M. Banaszynski won the 1988 PP in the "Feature Writing" category for a series

Balmaseda - Barber about the life and death of an AIDS victim in a rural farm community. Baquet, Dean, born on September 21, 1956, in New Orleans, La., was graduated from St. Augustine High School in New Orleans and then attended Columbia University in New York City. He served as a reporter in New Orleans for the Times-Picayune/The StatesItem from 1978 to 1984. Dean Baquet joined the metropolitan staff of the Chicago Tribune as an investigative reporter at the end of 1984, and he was promoted to associate metro editor/ chief investigative reporter in 1987. In 1988 he was Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for coverage of the Chicago City Council. Barber, Samuel, bom on March 9, 1910, in West Chester, Pa., was accepted as a charter student at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia in 1923, while still attending the West Chester High School from which he graduated in 1926. At the Curtis Institute he took courses in composition, singing, piano, and conducting. His Violin Sonata made him the recipient of the 1928 Beams Prize of Columbia University, the first of numerous awards that enabled him to travel to Europe. Barber received a Bachelor of Music degree in 1934 and was awarded the Prix de Rome of the American Academy the following year. While studying in Rome he wrote his First Symphony, which was premiered at the Salzburg Festival in 1937, and made him the first American composer whose works were performed there. From 1939 to 1942 Barber taught orchestration at the Curtis Institute. The following year he served in the U.S. Army. Here, he composed his Symphony Dedicated to the Army Air Forces. In 1945 he obtained the title of Doctor of Music, and returned to Europe on a Guggenheim Fellowship. His opera Vanessa made Samuel Barber the recipient of the 1958 PP in the "Music" category. For his Piano Concerto No. I he won his second PP in 1963. Barber, Wilfred Courtenay, bom on September 15, 1903, in New York City, attended Mount Vernon High School, Storm King School at Comwall-on-Hudson and Columbia University in New York. After being in business with his father as a junior partner in a firm, he found the attractiveness of newspaper work so strong that he became an associate editor of the CitizenBulletin of Tuckahoe, Westchester County, N.Y. In 1927, after having recovered from a grave illness, Barber set out on a world tour and arrived in Paris on July 13, the eve of Bastille day. He mingled with the crowds in the streets and mailed a news special to Boston the following morning which a daily of that

Barlett - Bartley city featured as a fine example of reportorial work. In Paris, Barber came to the staff of the New York Herald-Tribune and stayed there for about three years. Then he joined the staff of the Paris edition of the Chicago Tribune to do reportorial and editorial work, sometimes under signature. When publication of the Tribune's Paris edition was suspended, Barber was transfered to the newspaper's London bureau in 1934. On a few hours' notice from his editor in Chicago, Barber started on June 9, 1935, for the Ethiopian capital where he arrived on June 23 as the first American correspondent to reach that city for covering the Italian-Ethiopian War. In September, Barber went on a ten day desert trip to the Ogaden front, being the only U.S. correspondent permitted to do so. Soon after his return to Addis Ababa a tropical disease sent him to hospital where he died of malaria on October 6, 1935. Posthumously he won the PP for "Correspondence" in 1936 for his reports of the war in Ethiopia. Barlett, Donald Leon, bom on July 17, 1936, in DuBois, Pa., grew up in Johnstown, Pa. He attended Pennsylvania State University and served as a special agent with the U.S. Army Counter Intelligence Corps for three years. Afterwards Barlett worked as an investigative reporter for the Chicago Daily News and the Cleveland Plain Dealer, and as a general assignment reporter for the Akron Beacon Journal and the Times in Reading, Pa. In September, 1970, Barlett joined the staff of the Philadelphia Inquirer as an investigative reporter. He became the 1975 Co-PPW in the category "National Reporting" for a series about the Federal tax laws. Donald L. Barlett was named another Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category in 1989 for articles on "rifle shot" provisions in the Tax Reform Act. Barnes, Margaret Ayer, bom on April 8, 1886, in Chicago, II., studied at Bryn Mawr College which awarded her the Bachelor of Arts degree in 1907. Active in theater and in various social efforts, in 1920 Margaret Barnes was elected alumnae director of Bryn Mawr and served three years. In this capacity she helped to establish the new Working Woman's College, a two-months summer program to educate industrial workers. On many occasions, she acted as a platform speaker in urging the causes of higher education for women. In an automobile accident she suffered multiple injuries in 1925. During her convalescence she wrote her first short story, which was immediately accepted by the Pictorial Review. The playwright Edward Sheldon encouraged Barnes to dramatize Edith Wharton's novel The Age of Innocence. Following the play's 1928

15 New York production, which ran for more than two hundred performances, she collaborated with Sheldon in Jenny, a comedy, and in Dishonored Lady, a melodrama. In 1928 Barnes collected in Prevailing Winds her eight stories originally published in the Pictorial Review, Harper's, and Red Book. Her book Years of Grace brought to her the 1931 PP in the category "Novel." Barry, David M., bom on July 3, 1947, in Armonk, N.Y., graduated from Haverford College in Pennsylvania. From 1971 to 1975 he worked as a reporter and editor at the Daily Local News of West Chester, Pa. After a brief stint as a reporter with the Associated Press, he joined a consulting firm, teaching effective business writing. Barry began writing a national syndicated humor column in 1980. He was hired in 1983 by the Miami Herald which distributed his column nationally to more than one hundred newspapers in the country. In 1986, Dave Barry won the American Society of Newspaper Editors distinguished writing award for commentary. He was the 1988 PPW in the category "Commentary" for his use of humor for presenting insights into serious concerns. Bartlett, Charles Leffingwell, born on August 14, 1921, in Chicago, II., was educated at St. Mark's School in Southboro, Ma., from 19341939 and at Yale University where he received a B.A. degree in 1943. Recruited upon graduation from Yale into naval intelligence, he served for three years on advanced bases in the Pacific Ocean as a member of the intercept unit which was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. Bartlett retired in 1946 as a lieutenant senior grade and joined the staff of the Chattanooga Times, working on general assignment there until he went to Washington as a correspondent for the Times in 1948. As a writer and lecturer, he reported and commentated from the Nation's capital since that time. In 1956 he earned the PP in "National Reporting" for his coverage of the political scene in Washington, D.C. Bartley, Robert LeRoy, bom on October 12, 1937, in Marshall, Mn., was a graduate of public schools in Ames, la. He received a B.S. degree in journalism from Iowa State University and an M.S. in political science from the University of Wisconsin. In his undergraduate years he was editor-in-chief of Iowa State Daily. Bartley joined the Wall Street Journal in 1962 and served as a staff reporter in the Chicago and Philadelphia bureaus before becoming member of the editorial page staff in New York during 1964. In 1971 he wrote editorials and commentary articles from the Journal's Washington, D.C., bureau. He was ap-

16 pointed associate editor in January 1972 and editor of the editorial page in November of the same year. In 1974 Time magazine chose him as one of the handful of journalists among its two hundred rising American leaders. In 1977 Robert L. Hartley received a citation for Excellence from the Overseas Press Club of America, and in 1979 he earned the Gerald Loeb Award for editorials from the Graduate School of Business Management of the University of Southern California. In the same year Bartley assumed the title of editor of the Wall Street Journal, and in the following year he was the recipient of the PP for "Editorial Writing" for opinions on a wide variety of subjects. Bassett, Leslie Raymond, born on January 22, 1923, in Hanford, Ca., attended Fresno State College from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in Music in 1947. He continued his studies at the University of Michigan and received a Master degree two years later. From 1950 to 1951 Bassett was a student of the Ecole Normale de Musique in Paris, France. The following year he taught music at Fresno public schools. In 1952 he became a member of the staff of the University of Michigan, where he was one of the founders of the university's electronic studio and director of the Contemporary Directions Performance Project. The composer gained numerous prizes, among them the Prix de Rome of the American Academy in Rome in 1961 and 1963 and two years later he became professor of music. In 1966 Leslie R. Bassett was awarded the PP in "Music" for his Variations for Orchestra. Batchelor, Clarence Daniel, born on April 1, 1888, in Osage City, Ks., was educated at Osage City Public school and at Salina High School in the time between 1894 and 1907. While still in high school Batchelor got art training at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. After finishing high school he attended the Chicago Art Institute until 1910. The following year he became staff artist for the Kansas City Star. After a brief period on the Star, Batchelor first got a job on the railroad and, on the side, sold a few drawings to the humor magazines Life, Judge and Puck and then free-lanced for a while. In 1912 Batchelor was awarded a prize for the six best cartoons on public health by the American Medical Association. Following a job with the New York Journal for four years and another time of free-lancing Batchelor worked as a cartoonist for the Ledger Syndicate and the New York Post in the years between 1923 and 1931. Then he also became editorial cartoonist with the New York Daily News. He became the 1937 PPW in the category "Editorial Cartooning" for the drawing

Bassett - Baxter "Come on in, I'll treat you right. I used to know your Daddy." Bate, Walter Jackson, born on May 23, 1918, in Mankato, Mi., attended Harvard University, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1939. The following year the M.A. degree was conferred on him by the same institution of higher education. Bate started to work on his doctoral dissertation and in 1942 received his Doctor of Philosophy degree. He joined the English faculty of Harvard University in 1946. During the academic year of 1955-56 he was chairman of the department of history and literature, then, in 1956, became chairman of the English department, a post he was to hold until 1963 and again from 1966 to 1968. It was also in 1956, that Bate was promoted to full professor of English. Six years later he became the holder of the Abbott Lawrence Lowell professorship of the humanities. Bate, a member of the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was the author of the following book publications: Negative Capability; The Stylistic Development of Keats', From Classic to Romantic; Criticism: the Major Texts; The Achievement of Samuel Johnson; Prefaces to Criticism; Writings of Edmund Burke; Coleridge and The Burden of the Past and the English Poet. In 1964 Walter J. Bate was PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book John Keats. Bate was awarded his second PP in the same prize category in 1978, this time for the work Samuel Johnson. Baughman, J. Ross, born on May 7, 1953, in Dearborn, Mi., graduated from Kent State University with a B.A. degree in 1975. He started his career as a staff photographer and writer at the Lorain Journal in Ohio. The photographer published two books of photos, Graven Images: a thematic portfolio, 1976, and Forbidden Images: a secret portfolio, 1977. Baughman joined the Associated Press in Africa and the Middle East in 1977. He got the post of a contract photographer and writer. J. Ross Baughman was awarded the 1978 PP in the "Feature Photography" category for pictures from guerrilla areas in Rhodesia. Baxter III, James Phinney, born on February 15, 1893, in Portland, Me., attended Williams College, majoring in history and was graduated in 1914. Afterwards, he worked for a year for the Industrial Finance Corporation in New York. But in the course of an illness, which lasted from 1915 to 1921, Baxter decided to make a career of history and, accordingly, joined the Colorado College faculty as an instructor in history in 1921. After further study at Harvard University he received his Master's

Beall - Bellow degree in 1923. During the following two years he held a John Harvard Traveling Fellowship and earned his doctorate in 1926. The next year he became assistant professor at Harvard and in 1931 he was advanced to associate professor of history. Since 1932 Baxter lectured at the Naval War College at Newport, R.I. He became full professor at Harvard in 1936, and the same year he also lectured at Cambridge University, England. Forty-four-years-old, Baxter became president of Williams College. During World War II he was first deputy on a parttime basis in the Office of Strategic Services and then became historian of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, with which he remained until June 1946. In 1947 he became PPW in the category "History" for the book Science in World War II. Beall, William Charles, born on February 6, 1911, in Washington, D.C., attended public schools in his home town. In 1927 he started to work as a photographic printer for Underwood & Underwood, a news photographic agency and portrait studio. The following year Beall was promoted to be head printer. In 1933 he joined the Washington Post and switched to the Washington Daily News two years later. Since 1940 he held the post of a chief photographer. After having done this job for five years Beall had to interrupt his work for to serve with the U.S. Marine Corps for two years. He covered action at Okinawa as a combat photographer and was decorated with the Air Medal in 1945. He than returned to the Washington Daily News. William C. Beall was awarded the 1958 PP in the "Photography" category for a picture with the caption "Faith and Confidence." Becker, Ernest, bom on September 27, 1924, in Springfield, Ma., studied at Syracuse University. Subsequently he served as an administrative officer and occasional intelligence liaison with the United States Embassy in Paris, France. At the age of thirty-two, he returned as a graduate student in anthropology to Syracuse University and earned his Ph.D. degree four years later. Becker then joined the department of psychiatry at Upstate Medical Center as instructor in anthropology. In 1965 he was appointed visiting lecturer at the University of California at Berkeley, teaching first sociology and later anthropology. In the fall of 1967 Becker became professor of social psychology at San Francisco State University. Another two years later he moved to Simon Fräser University in Vancouver, Canada, as professor in the combined department of sociology, anthropology and political science. He was the author of Zen: A Rational Critique; The Birth and Death of Meaning: A Perspective in Psychiatry and

17 Anthropology; The Revolution in Psychiatry: The New Understanding of Man; Beyond Alienation; The Structure of Evil: An Essay on the Unification of the Science of Man; Angel in Armor: A Post-Freudian Perspective on the Nature of Man and The Lost Science of Man. Emest Becker died in March, 1974. Two months later he was posthumously awarded the 1974 PP for "General Non-Fiction" for his book The Denial of Death. Beech, Keyes, born on August 13, 1913, in Pulaski, Tn., began his journalistic career as a copoyboy with the St. Petersburg Evening Independent in Florida in 1930. Six years later he was promoted to reporter, but in 1937 he moved to Ohio, where he joined the Beacon Journal in Akron. He enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps in 1943, and served as a combat correspondent in the Pacific until the end of World War II. From 1945 to 1947 he was Washington correspondent of the Honolulu based Star-Bulletin. In 1946 he, together with others, published his war experiences in a book titled Uncommon Valor: Marine Divisions in Action. Beech was hired by the Chicago Daily News in 1947. He became Far East correspondent and was sent to Tokyo. During the Korean War he, again, covered combat, and was often at the front line during the fighting. He reported on the operations of the Marines in North Korea and on the American prisoners of war who had been brainwashed. In 1951 Keyes Beech was Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for his reporting on the Korean War. Bell, Dennis Philip, bom on August 29, 1948, in Muskegon, Mi., attended the University of Michigan and Hofstra University in addition to the summer program for minority journalists at the Institute for Journalism Education at the University of California, Berkeley. Bell joined Newsday in 1972 as a pressroom reporter and held several other positions thereafter until he also had foreign assignments. Dennis P. Bell became a 1985 Co-PPW in the category "International Reporting" for a series on the plight of the hungry in Africa. Bellow, Saul, bom on June 10, 1915, in Lachine, Quebec, entered the University of Chicago in 1933. Two years later he transferred to Northwestern University, and in 1937 he graduated with a B.S. degree. Following his graduation he worked briefly for the federal WPA Writers' Project. Then, after teaching from 1938 to 1942 at Pestalozzi-Froebel Teachers College in Chicago, he became a member of the editorial department of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. While serving with the merchant marine during World War II, Bellow completed his first novel,

18 Dangling Man. He followed it with another novel, The Victim. From 1946 to 1949 Bellow taught English at the University of Minnesota, and he was also awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, which enabled him to travel to Europe. From 1950 to 1952 he was a visiting lecturer at New York University, and he also taught at Princeton University and at Bard College. Since 1954 - when he won the National Book Award for the novel The Adventures of Augie March - to 1959 he taught at the University of Minnesota. The same year he published the novel Henderson the Rain King. In 1961 Bellow was a visiting professor of English at the University of Puerto Rico. He subsequently moved to Chicago and became a professor on the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago. The novel Herzog appeared in 1964 and won Bellow another National Book Award and the Prix International de Litterature. After release of Mosby's Memoirs and Other Stories, in 1970 he published his seventh novel, Mr. Sammler's Planet. In 1976 he was PPW in the "Fiction" category for his book Humboldt's Gift. The same year he earned the Nobel Prize for Literature. Bemis, Samuel Flagg, born on October 20, 1891, in Worcester, Ma., studied at Clark University, where he received the Master's degree in 1913. Bemis added Harvard's Master of Arts degree to that of Clark University in 1915 and earned a doctorate in philosophy after a year of study in England and France on a fellowship. He began his teaching career as an instructor in history at Colorado College and in 1918 he was advanced to associate professor. Two years later Bemis was appointed professor of history at Whitman College. After one year as a research associate with the Carnegie Institution of Washington during 1923-24, he became professor of history at George Washington University. In 1924 the editorship of the tenvolume work The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy was taken over by Bemis. In 1927 he was named director of the European mission of the Library of Congress, a two-year appointment. It was in 1935 that Bemis became a member of the faculty of Yale University, first as Farnam professor of diplomatic history, later as Sterling professor of diplomatic history and inter-American relations. Some of his books were: Jay's Treaty, The Hussey-Cumberland Mission and American independence', A Guide to the Diplomatic History of the United States, 1775-1921; A Diplomatic History of the United States and The Latin American Policy of the United States. Samuel F. Bemis won the PP for "History" in 1927 for his Pinckney's Treaty. In 1950 he earned his

Bemis - Benet second PP, this time in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy. Benet, Stephen Vincent, bom on July 22, 1898, in Bethlehem, Pa., won his first poetry prize from St. Nicholas Magazine at the age of thirteen, sold his first poem to New Republic shortly before his seventeenth birthday, and had his first volume of poetry, Five Men and Pompey, published in winter 1915. He entered Yale University in September 1915 and became a contributor to and an editor of the Yale Literary Magazine. He also contributed to the humor magazine, the Yale Record, and served as one of its editors in 1918. Having found work with the State Department in Washington, D.C., Ben6t published his third volume, Young Adventure: A Book of Poems, in October 1918. He was awarded his Β .A. degree by Yale in 1919. After three months of working for a New York advertising agency, Benit returned to Yale for graduate study in English, earning an M.A. degree in 1920. Instead of a thesis he submitted a group of poems that was published as Heavens and Earth. In 1920-21 a Yale traveling fellowship enabled Benet to make a trip to Paris, where he worked on poetry and fiction and finished his first novel, The Beginning of Wisdom. Benet next published The Ballad of William Sycamore. It was followed by King David, a two-hundred-line ballad in six parts, published in the Nation in 1923. In 1925 Ben6t returned to Paris, where, supported by a Guggenheim fellowship, he completed a 15,000-line panorama of the Civil War: John Brown's Body. This book brought to him the 1929 PP in the "Poetry" category. The subsequent time Benet continued work on his poetry and branched out into a number of other areas. In 1933 he accepted the editorship of the Yale Series of Younger Poets; he also lectured widely and appeared at writers' conferences, wrote book reviews for the New York HeraldTribune and the Saturday Review of Literature, was active in both the National Institute of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Arts and Letters. With the outbreak of World War II he worked for the Council for Democracy, wrote speeches, radio scripts and much else in similar veins. In 1944 Stephen V. Benet won his second PP for "Poetry" for his narrative poem Western Star. Benet, William Rose, bom on February 2, 1886, at Fort Hamilton, N.Y., showed some inclination to follow his father, who was a career army officer, into the military He attended Albany Academy, a military school, graduating in 1904, and was awaiting appointment to West

Bennett - Berger Point, when he finally decided to enroll in the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University. He graduated from Yale in 1907, having served as editor of the Yale Record. In 1911 he took a job with Century Magazine, beginning as an office boy and working his way up to assistant editor, a position he held from 1914 to 1918. During this period he published the first of his many volumes of poetry: Merchants from Cathay; The Falconer of God and Other Poems, and The Burglar of the Zodiac and Other Poems. In 1918 the poet volunteered for service in World War I and was commissioned a second lieutenant. After the war he occupied himself briefly with writing advertising copy in New York City and working for the Nation's Business, a chamber of commerce journal in Washington, D.C. 1919 saw the appearance of the volume Perpetual Light. The following year Benet founded - together with three collaborators - the Literary Review, a supplement to the New York Evening Post. Four years later the same group moved on to launch the Saturday Review of Literature, with which Benet remained connected as an editor for the rest of his life. In 1927 he published the collection Man Possessed. Other works such as Rip Tide and Starry Harness followed. He became the 1942 PPW in the "Poetry" category for the volume The Dust which Is God. Bennett, Michael, born on April 8, 1943, in Buffalo, N.Y., attended Hutchison Central High School for Boys in Buffalo. During that time he choreographed and directed a number of student productions, appeared in community theatre presentations, and invariably spent his summer vacations serving as an apprentice in a touring stock company. Only a few months before his high school graduation Bennett dropped out of school to accept a role in West Side Story in a professional company that was preparing an upcoming European tour. On his return to New York City after twelve months abroad, Bennett danced in the choruses of the musical comedies Subways Are for Sleeping, Here's Love, and Bajour, and acted as a kind of unofficial assistant to the choreographer for How Now, Dow Jones, Your Own Thing, and By Jupiter. His first solo effort as a choreographer was A Joyful Noise. In addition to working on Broadway, Bennett also appeared on and choreographed several television programs, and he staged the musical numbers for the comedy film What's So Bad About Feeling Good? Henry, Sweet Henry, which opened in 1967, was Bennett's next Broadway offering. It was followed by Promises, Promises; Coco, Company and Follies, which won Bennett his first Tony award for choreography and addi-

19 tionally a second one for best direction of a musical. After founding Plum Productions Bennett coproduced and directed the comedy Twigs, which turned out to be an impressive directorial debut for him. In spite of his success Bennett began to feel unsatisfied with his career. Reflexions about his work resulted in the idea for a musical about the theatre business. The result was A Chorus Line which made Michael Bennett a 1976 Co-PPW in the category "Drama." Benson, Stephen Reed, born on January 2, 1954, in Sacramento, Ca., attended Art Instruction Schools in Minneapolis until 1973. He then went to Brigham Young University from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in political sciences in 1979. In 1980 he started his career as an cartoonist at the Arizona Republic. His work was first syndicated by the Washington Post Writer's Group, from 1981 to 1984, and subsequently by the Tribune Media Services. From 1990 to 1991 Benson worked for the Morning News Tribune of Tacoma, Wa., but then turned back to the Arizona Republic in 1991. The cartoonist won numerous recognitions, among them the first prize of the Arizona Press Club in 1980, 1981, 1984, and 1985 and the Headliner award in 1984. Stephen R. Benson was granted the 1993 PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category for his work, as exemplified by the drawing "I hope I can get this turned around..." Berg, A. Scott, bom on December 4, 1949, in Norwalk, Ct., graduated with a B.A. degree in English from Princeton University in 1971. He won the Charles William Kennedy Prize for best senior thesis in his department, and decided to expand his thesis into a book. Entitled Max Perkins: Editor of Genius, it was published in 1978, became a national bestseller and won Berg the National Book Award. Berg received a Guggenheim fellowship for his next project, a book on the life story of film mogul Samuel Goldwyn. Goldwyn: A Biography, published in 1989, became a bestseller in America and abroad, and was translated into Japanese, Spanish, French and Italian. In 1990 Berg, again, began to work on a new biography. This time he wrote about the aviator Charles A. Lindbergh. In the course of his research he managed to convince Lindbergh's widow, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, to grant him free access to her complete personal archives. Lindbergh was published in 1998 and became the third bestseller by A. Scott Berg. It won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize as well as the 1999 PP for "Biography or Autobiography." Berger, Meyer, born on September 1, 1898, in New York City, was reared in poverty in

20 Brooklyn and so his formal education was cut short. He sold newspapers along Broadway and attended elementary school and two terms at the Eastern District High School until he was twelve. Then he left school for a full-time job running messages for the Brooklyn office of the New York World. In this job he ran advertising and editorial copy from the Brooklyn office to the main building on Park Row. At the World Berger rose from messenger boy to night telephone operator and then to head office boy. After the United States entered World War I he saw service with the 106th Infantry of the American Expeditionary Forces. After the war he became police reporter for the World. From there he moved to the Standard News Association, where he worked as both reporter and rewrite man. In March 1928 Meyer Berger became a reporter for the New York Times. In the summer of 1942 he was sent abroad and for two months he was on the London staff of the Times. After returning to New York he concentrated on covering the war on the home front. In 1945, toward the end of the war, Berger managed to tour North Africa, Europe, and other war areas. After the war he came back to his interest in covering regional and city stories. In 1950 he received the PP for "Local Reporting" for the coverage of mass killings in New Jersey. Bernheimer, Martin, bom on September 28, 1936, in Munich, Germany, came to the U.S. in 1940 and was naturalized in 1946. He earned a B.A. degree with honors in music from Brown University in 1958. The following year he attended the Munich Conservatory. After returning to the United States he was both a student and a part-time lecturer at New York University where he received an M.A. degree in music in 1961. By that time he had already been a member of the music staff of the New York HeraldTribune for two years. In 1961 Bernheimer was appointed temporary music critic of the New York Post, and in the same year he started as contributing editor for the Musical Courier. From 1962 to 1965 he was assistant to the music editor of the Saturday Review and managing editor of the Philharmonic Hall Program Magazine. In 1965 Martin Bernheimer became music editor and chief critic of the Los Angeles Times. From that time on, he was also member in several music-related educational programs, starting as a faculty member of the Rockefeller program for the training of music critics at the University of Southern California in 1966. Since 1969 he belonged to the music faculty of the University of California at Los Angeles. In 1974 and 1978 he was the recipient of the Deems Taylor Award from the American

Bernheimer - Berry m an Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers for outstanding service to music and journalism. In 1982 he became honorary member of a chapter of Pi Kappa Lambda, the national music honor society. Martin Bernheimer received the 1982 PP in the "Criticism" category for classical music criticism. Berry, Steve, born on May 2, 1948, in Ft. Jackson, S.C., graduated from the University of Montevallo, ΑΙ., with a B.A. degree in Political Science in 1970. He started his journalistic career as a general assignment reporter with his hometown newspaper Dothan Eagle. In 1971 he joined the Greensboro News and Record, where he worked as a beat reporter. In addition to his newspaper job he earned an M.A. degree in American History from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro in 1984. The following year he won the Benjamin Fine Award for education reporting and the Associated Press Spot News Award. After seventeen years with the Greensboro News and Record, Berry became investigative reporter with the Orlando Sentinel in 1989. His first major work included an examination of race relations in a rural Central Florida county. Two years later, Berry and a fellow reporter began investigating how deputies of the Volusia County sheriffs department seized cash from motorists along Interstate 95. The series of articles entitled "Tainted Money" was published throughout 1992. It made Steve Berry a 1993 Co-PPW for "Investigative Reporting" for exposing details about a sheriffs drug squad. Berryman, Clifford Kennedy, bom on April 2, 1869, in Versailles, Ky., showed a special aptitude for drafting already in his early boyhood. Following his graduation at Henry's School for Boys in Versailles, Kentucky, in 1886 he received an appointment as draftsman in the U.S. Patent Office in Washington, D.C. While holding that position he began to contribute occasional sketches to the Washington Post and in 1891 was made understudy to the Post cartoonist. He succeeded the latter in that capacity in 1896. One of his most celebrated drawings was published on November 16, 1902, in the Washington Post, and created the famous Teddy Bear as a symbolic figure for President Theodore Roosevelt. Berryman remained with the Post until 1907 when he became cartoonist for the Washington Evening Star and Sunday Star. Since his work was done at the seat of the national government it dealt for the most part with politics and politicians and he became one of the nation's foremost political cartoonist. Clifford K. Berryman won the 1944 PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his drawing "But Where Is the Boat Going?"

Berryman - Beveridge Berryman, James Thomas, bom on June 8, 1902, in Washington, D.C., attended Central High School in his hometown, where he worked on student publications. At George Washington University, which he entered in 1920, he majored in journalism, was active on undergraduate publications and became a member of the student council. During 1921 and 1922 he studied at the Corcoran School of Art. After two and a half years at the university, Berryman left in 1923 for Albuquerque, New Mexico, where he worked shortly as a reporter for the New Mexico State Tribune before he started to work as a cartoonist. He joined the Washington Evening Star in 1924 as a staff artist, for which he worked during the following decades. By 1931 he had become an editorial illustrator, and three years later he was sports cartoonist for the Evening Star and the Sporting News. During 1936 Berryman added magazine illustrations to his other work, and in the period 1937-38 taught graphic arts at Southeastern University of Washington, D.C. In 1941 Berry man's signature began to appear on political cartoons on the editorial page of the Star. In addition to his work for the Washington newspaper, Berryman also became cartoonist for King Features. For his drawing "All Set for a Super-Secret Session in Washington," published in the Evening Star, James T. Berryman was awarded the 1950 PP for "Editorial Cartooning." Berryman, John, born October 25, 1914, in McAlester, Ok., spent his early years in Oklahoma and Florida. Upon completing his preparation for college at South Kent School in Connecticut, Berryman enrolled in Columbia University, where he began to write poetry. His first published poems appeared in magazines in the mid-1930's, one of the earliest being "Note on E. A. Robinson" in the Nation for July 1935. The following year the poet graduated from Columbia with a B.A. degree and a Phi Beta Kappa key. Under a two-year Kellet fellowship from Columbia he went to England to study at Clare College, Cambridge University, where he was named Oldham Shakespeare Scholar for 1937. He obtained his B.A. degree in 1938. When he returned to the United States he began a teaching career, becoming an instructor in English at Wayne University in Detroit in 1939 and moving on the following year to Harvard University. During that time his poetry appeared in several periodicals such as the Accent, the New Yorker, and Poetry. He had his first collection, Poems, published in 1942. One year after its appearance Berryman left Harvard to join the faculty of Princeton University, where he was a fellow and lecturer

21 in creative writing intermittently until 1949. He taught at the University of Cincinnati in 195152 as Elliston Lecturer in Poetry and in 1955 began his long association with the University of Minnesota. Meanwhile he continued work on his poetry. Berryman was the recipient of numerous awards. Among these were the Shelley Memorial Award, the Levinson Prize in poetry, and the Harriet Monroe Poetry Award. In 1965 John Berryman won the PP for "Poetry" for the volume 77 Dream Songs. Bersia, John C., born on November 23, 1956, in Orlando, Fl., studied political science and French, and graduated from the University of Central Florida in 1977. He went on to earn M.A. degrees from the London School of Economics (international relations and political economy), Georgetown University (government) and American University (public information administration). He subsequently worked as an analyst for the U.S. government, an international consultant and editor of Global Perspectives, a journal of foreign affairs. In 1985 he joined the Orlando Sentinel, where he wrote on international relations, national affairs, and business and economic issues. In 2000 John C. Bersia was awarded the PP for "Editorial Writing" for a passionate editorial campaign in Florida. Beveridge, Albert Jeremiah, born on October 6, 1862, in Highland County, Oh., had to work as a railroad hand and as a plowboy in his early youth. Before he was sixteen, however, he managed to enter a highschool. A loan from a friend enabled him in 1881 to enter Asbury College at Greencastle, In. During his college course in law he won the inter-state oratorical honors and prizes sufficient to provide for two of his college years. He graduated in 1885 and two years later was admitted to the bar. For the following twelve years he practised law in Indianapolis. Meanwhile Beveridge had become known in his state as a political orator. Subsequently, in 1899, he was elected to the United States Senate as a representative of the Republican party. In 1905 he was re-elected, but in 1911, chiefly because of party schism, was defeated for a third term. In 1912 Beveridge went together with Roosevelt into the Progressive party. During the same year he was nominated by the Progressives of Indiana as its candidate for governor, but was defeated by his Democratic opponent. In 1914 he lost again an election, when the Indiana Progressive party nominated him as their candidate for the U.S. Senate. Two years later he rejoined the Republicans. Beveridge was also a historical writer: e.g. The Russian Advance; The Young Man and the World; The Bible as Good Reading and

22 Americans of Today and Tomorrow. The first two volumes of his work The Life of John Marshall appeared in 1916, the second two in 1919. For all four volumes of The Life of John Marshall he earned the 1920 PP for "Biography or Autobiography." Beveridge Jr., George David, born on January 5, 1922, in Washington, D.C., attended night classes at George Washington University. In 1940, when he was eighteen years old, he got a job as a copy boy on the Evening Star in Washington, D.C. Nineteen months after he joined the staff of this newspaper he was put on the reportorial staff. Soon after George Beveridge was inducted into the Army and rose to first lieutenant. On his return from the Army after World War II he was put on general assignment at the Evening Star, and later he covered medical news and national affairs. Then he was assigned to cover metropolitan planning and development. In 1957 George D. Beveridge Jr. earned the PP in the "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" category for a series called "Metro, City of Tommorow." Biddle, Daniel R., bom on July 19, 1953, in Hyannis, Ma., graduated from the University of Michigan. After his graduation in 1976, Biddle worked as a reporter for the Plain Dealer in Cleveland, Oh., until 1979. In August, 1979, he joined the staff of the Philadelphia Inquirer. He was assigned to the Inquirer's City Hall Bureau. Starting in December 1980, he covered the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Biddle won several honors including the National Headliners Award. He was Co-PPW in 1987 in the "Investigative Reporting" category for a series entitled "Disorder in the Court." Bigart, Homer William, born on October 2, 1907, in Hawley, Pa., learned the profession the hard way, like many other newspapermen of his time. As a graduate from Carnegie Institute of Technology and New York University, he joined the New York Herald-Tribune in 1929 as a copy boy. It was not until 1933 that he was promoted to reporter. In the ten years that followed, his writing consisted of reporting church news, fires, and murders. Finally, in 1943, Bigart was sent to London to report on war time affairs. For a time he covered the Eighth Air Force and then the fighting in North Africa. He covered the Seventh Army's invasion of Sicily and marched with the liberating Fifth Army into Rome. After the victories in Europe, Bigart moved to the Pacific war theatre where he reported the invasion of Leyte, the campaign on Iwo Jima and Okinawa, the B-29 missions over the Japanese homeland, and the occupation. At the war's end he was on a bombing run over Kumagaya from which he

Beveridge - Bishop returned to file what was perhaps the final eyewitness story of World War II. His stories from the Pacific war theatre earned him the 1946 PP in the category "Telegraphic Reporting (International)." Half a decade later, in 1951, he was a Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for coverage of the Korean War. Birchall, Frederick T., born in 1871 in Warrington, England, was educated in Lancashire schools and then sent to college. He made a quick decision to leave when he learned that his father - a banker - intended him to enter the ministry. His first job was a volunteer reporter on a local newspaper. Working on the staffs of various English newspapers he received his most valuable training, especially under the editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. Birchall came to the United States in 1893, and his first American venture was an editor of a small weekly newspaper in Philadelphia. After a few weeks he came to New York where he covered police headquarters for a news bureau for two years. Then he moved to the New York Tribune as a copyreader. Two years later, he worked on the copy desk of the Morning Sun, and in 1905 he joined the staff of the New York Times as night city editor. During World War I he interrupted his service on the Times to go back to London and work for the British Government. After returning to his newspaper in 1920 Birchall took over the duties of acting managing editor until the end of 1931. In 1932 he took charge of the paper's entire European news service. He worked in Kracow as well as Dublin, Paris, Geneva, and Berlin, where he observed the rise of the Third Reich. In 1934 Frederick T. Birchall won the PP in the "Correspondence" category for his reports from Europe. Bishop, Elizabeth, born on February 8, 1911, in Worcester, Ma., attended Vassar College, where she joined three other students in starting a literary magazine. That magazine at first challenged but later merged with the Vassar Review, to which she then became a regular contributer. Soon after her graduation from Vassar in 1934 with a B.A. degree in English literature she set out on travels throughout Europe and North Africa. Florida was mainly her home from 1938 to 1943, when she moved on to Mexico for a stay of nearly a year. In 1945, along with some eight-hundred other contestants, Bishop entered the Houghton Mifflin poetry competition, submitting a selection of thirty poems, most of them written during the 1930's and published in the Partisan Review. Her poems won the competition and were published in 1946 under the title North & South. For several years after the publication of

Bissinger - Bliss that collection Bishop remained for the most part in the United States, working during 19491950 in Washington, D.C., as a consultant in poetry at the Library of Congress. The recipient of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in 1950 and of the first Lucy Martin Donnelly Fellowship from Bryn Mawr in 1951, Elizabeth Bishop planned to use her prize money to travel around South America. But when illness required her to spend several months in Brazil, she became so delighted with the country that she decided to stay on indefinitely. In 1955 a second collection of her poems was published which mainly based on her book printed a decade ago, enlarged by eighteen new poems. The volume was entitled Poems: North and South - A Cold Spring and brought to Elizabeth Bishop, among other rewards, the 1956 PP for "Poetry." Bissinger III, Henry Gerald, born on November 1, 1954, in New York City, was graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Ma., in 1972 and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1976. After graduation, he worked for the Ledger-Star in Norfolk, Va., and the Pioneer Press in St. Paul, Mn. Bissinger joined the Philadelphia Inquirer in the fall of 1981. In 1982 he was winner of the Livingston Award for national reporting and in the following year won the public service award from the Pennsylvania Associated Press Managing Editors. In 1987 Henry G. Bissinger III was Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for a series entitled "Disorder in the Court." Blair, John Howe, bom on December 9, 1946, in Winchester, In., graduated from Indiana University with a Bachelor of Science in Business Economics and from Bali State in Muncie with a Master in Journalism. He started to work on free-lance basis for United Press International in 1971. Three years later he began instructing Journalism at the University of Evansville through 1976. Blair candidated for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1976. He was made the recipient of various prizes in the Indiana Newsphoto Association. He became the 1978 PPW in the category "Spot News Photography" for a UP! picture of an Indianapolis broker being held hostage at gunpoint. Blais, Madelaine Helena, born on August 25, 1947, in Holyoke, Ma., graduated from the College of New Rochelle with a B.A. degree in 1969. The following year she received a Master of Science degree from the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University. She then was a free-lance suburban reporter with the Boston Globe. Afterwards Blais joined the Boston bureau of Women's Wear Daily. From 1974 to 1976 she worked for the Trenton

23 Times, before freelancing for the Miami Herald. In 1979 she got the post of staff writer for the Miami Herald Tropic Magazine. Madelaine H. Blais was awarded the 1980 PP for "Feature Writing" for an article about a World War I veteran. Blakeslee, Howard Walter, born on March 21, 1880, in New Dungeness, Wa., attended the University of Michigan from 1900 to 1905. He worked as a feature writer for the Detroit Journal in addition to his studies. In 1903 he became a special sports writer for Chicago and Detroit newspapers. Three years later Blakeslee was hired by the Associated Press and got the post of bureau chief in New Orleans, Atlanta, and Dallas. In 1916 the journalist became news editor in Chicago. A decade later Blakeslee moved to the New York bureau and got the post of AP's news editor. After having worked in this profession for the following two years the Associated Press gave him the job of a science editor and photo service editor. Howard W. Blakeslee was the 1937 "Reporting" Co-PPW for coverage of the tercentenary celebration at Harvard University. Blessen, Karen Alyce, born on December 19, 1951, in Columbus, Nb., earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree at the University of Nebraska in 1973, where she majored in painting and sculpture. The same year she started to work as an illustrator on a freelance basis. In addition to her work, she, for three semesters, taught drawing classes at the University of Nebraska. Her first book, The Soozabadootch, was published in 1979. In 1986 she got the post of a designer at the Dallas Morning News, where she developed graphics and illustrations for newspaper stories. When colleagues did an investigation of the National Transportation Safety Board, and examined an aviation disaster, Blessen coordinated graphics for the newspaper's four-part series which was published in 1988. The series, called "Anatomy of an Air Crash," made Karen A. Blessen a 1989 CoPPW for "Explanatory Journalism." Bliss, George William, born on July 21, 1918, in Denver, Co., studied at Northwestern University since 1938 and worked already as a reporter for the Chicago Evening American. In 1942 he joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune and stayed at the newspaper except for service in the U.S. Navy during World War II. At the Chicago Tribune he was a reporter on police, investigative and general assignments, and in 1953 he became labor editor. Early in his career, through the work of his father, a longtime labor editor of the old Chicago Herald & Examiner, he had learned much in what was to become his special field. By management and

24 labor alike, George Bliss was considered an expert on all labor topics. In 1957 he won the Chicago Newspaper Guild award for spot news reporting, and in 1958 he received two Illinois Associated Press awards. Four years later, in 1962, George W. Bliss received the PP for "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" for coverage of a Chicago Sanitary District scandal. Block, Herbert Lawrence (Herblock), bom on October 13, 1909, in Chicago, II., was graduated from high school in 1927 and entered Lake Forest College in suburban Chicago, where he remained for two years. He applied for a summer job in 1929 with the Chicago Daily News, and the editor engaged Block to fill a staff vacancy. At his father's suggestion, he adopted "Herblock" as a pen name. His twocolumn-wide, humorous cartoons appeared daily on the editorial page of the Daily News for four years. The Herblock drawings attracted the attention of the Newspaper Enterprise Association, and in 1933 Block went to their Cleveland office, where he worked for ten years. Herblock earned the 1942 PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category for a drawing called "British Plane." He joined the army in 1943 and after basic training in Arkansas, spent the rest of his military duty in Florida and New York drawing cartoons for the Information and Education Division. Block was a sergeant when discharged in 1946. While on terminal leave, he applied for a job as a cartoonist with the Washington Post. He got the position, which gave Block the independence he wanted and the opportunity to visit the Capitol frequently and follow national events firsthand. In the following years Herblock earned numerous awards, citations, and honorable mentions. In 1954 he received his second PP for a cartoon after Stalin's death, saying "You Were Always A Great Friend of Mine, Joseph." Twenty-five years later, in 1979, a third PP came to Herbert L. Block in the "Editorial Cartooning" category, this time for the body of his work. Blum, Deborah Leigh, bom on October 19, 1954, in Urbana, II., attended the University of Georgia from 1972 to 1976, and obtained a Bachelor of Arts-degree in journalism. After graduation she joined The Times in Gainesville, Ga., where she worked as a general assignment reporter until 1977, when she was hired by The Macon Telegraph. In 1979 she transfered to the St. Petersburg Times in St. Petersburg, Fl., where she worked as a general assignment reporter until 1981. Between 1976 and 1979 she won several UPI-awards in the categories of feature writing, news writing, and photography. Blum studied at the University of Wisconsin throughout the academic year of

Block - Bok 1981-82, and eventually obtained a Masters of Arts-degree in journalism. She then moved to California and accepted a job as a science writer with the Fresno Bee. In 1984 she became science writer for The Sacramento Bee, while also working as a part-time instructor for journalism at California State University at Fresno. Between 1982 and 1989 Blum's achievements as a reporter won her a dozen awards, including a National Reporting award from the Livingston Foundation in 1987. Deborah L. Blum was honored with the 1992 PP for "Beat Reporting" for coverage of ethical and moral questions surrounding primate research. Bock, Jerrold L., born on November 23, 1928, in New Haven, Ct., attended the University of Wisconsin, which he left in 1949 to work as a songwriter for different TV shows. Between 1953 and 1954 he was on the writing staff for the Kate Smith Hour. Additionally, he composed the music for several Broadway shows. In 1960 he became Co-PPW in the "Drama" category as collaborator on the musical Fiorello! Bogdanich, Walt, born on October 10, 1950, in Chicago, II., graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a B.S. degree in political science in 1975, and from Ohio State University with an M.A. degree in journalism in 1976. He worked as a reporter for the Hammond Compass from 1974 to 1975, while studying, and was promoted to managing editor in 1975. Two years later he joined the Dayton Daily News as a reporter, but switched to the Cleveland Press the same year. In 1979 he became a reporter with the Cleveland Plain Dealer. He won the Long Island University's George Polk Memorial Award in 1980 and the Overseas Press Club Award in 1983. In 1984 he moved to New York to work as a reporter for the Wall Street Journal. In 1988 he was PPW in the "Specialized Reporting" category for coverage of faulty testing by American medical laboratories. Bok, Edward William, born on October 9, 1863, in den Helder, Netherlands, came to the United States when he was six years old. In New York Bok entered public school without knowing a word of English. At the age of ten, he had to obtain his first job. Thirteen years old, he quit school to be an office boy. About this time he proposed a new writing project, which was the preparation of one-hundredword biographies of famous Americans to appear on the back of souvenir cards. He promptly received his first commission, which was followed by a second and third one. While continuing his job as an office boy, Bok spent his evenings writing theatrical news for the Brooklyn Eagle, publishing theatre programs and editing the Philomathean Review for

25

Herbert Block

Louis Bromfleld

Arthur Buchwald

Pearl S. Buck

26 Brooklyn's Plymouth Church. When he became stenographer in 1882, he continued to edit this church publication, which in 1884 became the Brooklyn Magazine. Only little later Bok and the publisher sold the magazine and launched a newspaper syndicate, which in 1886 became the Bok Syndicate Press. In order to interest also women in newspaper reading, he designed a page of women's features for his syndicate, the so called "Bok page." In 1889 Bok became the editor of the Ladies' Home Journal. He was in charge of this magazine until its thirtieth anniversary. The journalist was also a book author. The Young Man in Business and Why I Believe in Poverty count among his works. He became the 1921 PPW in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for the book The Americanization of Edward Bok - The autobiography of a Dutch Boy fifty Years after. Bolcom, William Eiden, born on May 26, 1938, in Seattle, Wa., took his first lessons in composition privately from John Verrall. In 1949 he enrolled as a special student at the University of Washington, where he continued his training with Verrall and took piano lessons from Berthe Poncy Jacobson. Six years later he became a full-time student and in 1958 he received his B.A. He continued his studies at Mills College, where he was instructed by Darius Milhaud. Between 1959 and 1961 he studied at the Paris Conservatoire de Musique, as well, before earning his M.A. at Mills College in 1961. He became Doctor of Music at Stanford University in 1964. Bolcom then returned to the Paris Conservatoire, where he studied for one year, before working for the University of Washington in 1965 and 1966. From 1966 to 1968 he was assistant professor of music at Queens College in Flushing, N.Y. He then accepted the post of visiting critic for music and theater at the Drama School of Yale University, where he taught from 1968 to 1969. From 1969 to 1971 he was composer-in-residence of the Theater Arts Program of New York University. In 1973 he became assistant professor at the School of Music of the University of Michigan, where he was promoted to associate professor and professor. He won a number of fellowships and awards. In 1988 William E. Bolcom received the PP in "Music" for 12 New Etudes for Piano. Bonsai, Stephen, born on March 29, 1865, in Baltimore, Md., was educated at the St. Paul's School in Concord, N.H., and studied also in Heidelberg and Bonn, Germany, as well as in Vienna, Austria. In 1885 he became special correspondent of the New York Herald. In this function he gave on-the-spot reports from all

Bolcom - Boorstin over the world, e.g. about the BulgarianServian War, the Macedonian uprising in 1890, about the Chinese-Japanese War in 1895 and the Spanish-American War. During these years, he was also in the United States diplomatic service as secretary of legation and chargo d'affaires in Peking, Madrid, Tokio and Korea. Upon the outbreak of the RussoJapanese War in 1904, he traveled for the New York Herald for six months in the Balkans, to Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro. Moreover, he was in Russia during the Revolutionary troubles of 1907 and visited all the West Indies and parts of South America. During the First World War Bonsai was major in the National Army. With the American Expeditionary Forces he went to France in 1918 and represented the United States in the Congress of Oppressed Nationalities. Also, as lieutenant colonel in the infantry, he was attached to the American mission to the Peace Conference after the armistice. In addition to this, Bonsai was the author of several book publications: e.g. Morocco as It is; The Real Condition of Cuba; The American Mediterranean. He won the 1945 PP in the category "History" for the book Unfinished Business. Boone Sr., James Buford, bom on January 8, 1909, in Coweta County, Ga., graduated from Mercer University in Macon, Ga., with an A.B. degree in journalism in 1929. Right upon his graduation from college, Buford Boone started his newspaper career. He joined the staff of the Telegraph and News in Macon and stayed at the paper in various positions until 1941. In 1942 he left his newspaperwork temporarily and became a Special Agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. After World War II Boone returned to journalism, and in 1946 he became editor of the Macon Telegraph. In 1947 he left Georgia and moved to Tuscaloosa in Alabama, where he became publisher of the News. Seven years later, Buford Boone was appointed president of the Tuscaloosa Newspapers, Inc., a firm organized by himself to publish the News. An engaged editorial writer of his newspaper Boone received from the Freedoms Foundation a George Washington Medal for editorial writing. In 1957 he was awarded the PP for "Editorial Writing" for an article called "What a Price for Peace." Boorstin, Daniel Joseph, bom on October 1, 1914, in Atlanta, Ga., entered Harvard University at the age of fifteen, majoring in history and English literature. Being awarded his B.A. degree in 1934, he enrolled as a Rhodes scholar in Balliol College, Oxford University, where he studied law and earned two degrees, a B.A. in jurisprudence in 1936 and a Bachelor

Borgman - Bragg of Civil Laws in 1937. Still inclined toward a legal career, he returned to the United States and started studying at the Yale University Law School under a Sterling fellowship. Boorstin obtained his Doctor of Juridical Science degree in 1940 and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1942. Meanwhile he had begun to teach American history and literature at Harvard. Afterwards he became assistant professor of history at Swarthmore College, but after two years moved on to the University of Chicago. Boorstin remained there for twenty-five years, rising through the academic ranks from assistant professor of history to the endowed chair of Preston and Sterling Morton Distinguished Service Professor of American History. He also spent considerable time abroad as a visiting lecturer at the Universities of Rome, Puerto Rico, Kyoto, Paris and Cambridge. In 1969 he left Chicago to become director of the National Museum of History and Technology of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Boorstin brought out a number of books, including The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson and The Genius of American Politics. He was the 1974 PPW in the category "History" for the book The Americans: The Democratic Experience. Borgman, James Mark, born on February 24, 1954, in Cincinnati, Oh., attended Kenyon College where he worked for the Kenyon Collegian and graduated from college in 1976. He started his career for the Cincinnati Enquirer as an editorial cartoonist under the name Jim Borgman in 1976. His cartoons reached wide popularity because of their distribution to more than two hundred newspapers through the King Features Syndicate since 1980. Bergman's work was exhibited at the International Salon of Cartoons at Haslem Gallery and at Art Pac Shows. The cartoonist published several books over the years. The numerous prizes Borgman gained in the course of his career included the 1978 Sigma Delta Chi award for editorial cartooning and the award for the Best Editorial Cartoonist from the National Cartoonists Society in 1987,1988, and 1989. James M. Borgman was made the recipient of the PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category in 1991 for his work as exemplified by the drawing "Domino Theory." Boyd, Robert S., born on January 11, 1928, in Chicago, II., was educated at Andover Academy and at Harvard University where he received a B.A. degree in history in 1949. After three years with the U.S. State Department, he started his journalism career and joined the Daily Advertiser in Lafayette, La., as a reporter in 1953. He was state editor of the NewsPalladium in Bentor Harbor, Mi., from 1954

27 until 1957. Boyd joined the Detroit Free Press, and then worked as a reporter for the Knight Newspaper group in 1957. He was assigned to the Washington bureau of that group in 1960 and became bureau chief in 1967. In 1970 Boyd spent two weeks in North Vietnam, and in 1972 he accompanied President Nixon on his mission to China. Robert S. Boyd became the 1973 Co-PPW in the category "National Reporting" for disclosure of an U. S. Senator's history of psychiatric therapy. Boyle, Harold Vincent, born on February 21, 1911, in Kansas City, Mo., directed his studies toward a teaching career in high school, but was attracted to newspaper work after graduation. For the first time he worked as night office boy in the Kansas City bureau of the Associated Press. After a brief period of work he went to college. Boyle attended the University of Missouri where he received his B.A. degree in journalism in 1932. Having been awarded a scholarship by the university, he spent the following year doing graduate work in English since he had long wanted to write. He returned to his former employer, the Associated Press, where he advanced rapidly. He first worked as reporter in the college town of Columbia, Mo., writing sports and college news for about a year and a half. Then he served successively in the AP's Kansas City office and in the St. Louis Office, being night editor for a year. His next position was with the New York bureau, where he was night editor at the time of his assignment to the American Expeditionary Force in 1942. Boyle's career as a war correspondent now began. He reported from North Africa, and in 1943 he was with the invasion forces on Sicily. He accompanied the troops on the beaches of Salerno and afterwards through Italy. Later on in the war, Boyle covered the landing in the Normandy as well as the sweep across France and Germany. Harold V. Boyle earned the 1945 PP for "Correspondence" for reports from the European war theatre. Bragg, Ricky Edward, bom on July 26, 1959, in Piedmont, ΑΙ., attended Jacksonville State University from 1978 to 1980. In addition to his studies he started a journalistic career with the Anniston Star in Alabama. In 1985 he switched to the Birmingham News, where he worked as a reporter for four years. Afterwards Bragg became the Miami bureau chief of the Si. Petersburg Times. Bragg was made Nieman Fellow at Harvard University from 1992 to 1993. The same year he joined the Los Angeles Times to work for the magazine section and as a metropolitan reporter. In 1994 he moved to the East Coast and accepted the post of a metropolitan reporter with the New York Times. A few

28 months later Bragg was appointed to the post of domestic correspondent of the Times at its Atlanta office. The journalist was made recipient of the Casey Medal of the University of Maryland in 1995. Ricky E. Bragg earned the 1996 PP in the "Feature Writing" category for stories about contemporary America. Branch, Taylor, born on January 14, 1947, in Atlanta, Ga., attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and was granted his Bachelor of Arts degree there in 1968. Afterwards he enrolled at Princeton University for graduate study, which he pursued from 1968 to 1970. Having chosen a career in journalism, he joined the staff of the Washington Monthly in Washington, D.C. In 1973 he became member of the staff of Harper's in New York and in 1975 he moved to Esquire. There he was a staff member for about a year. Afterwards he was a freelance writer. Second Wind: The Memoirs of an Opinionated Man; The Empire Blues and Labyrinth number among his book publications. Six years of research went into the writing of the more than one thousand pages volume Parting the Waters: America in the King years, 1954-1963. For this book Taylor Branch became a 1989 Co-PPW in the "History" category. Brazil, Jeff, bom on September 21, 1962, in Honolulu, Hi., studied at Santa Clara University in California. He worked for the California newspaper Palo Alto Peninsula Times Tribune in 1989, and was a general assignment reporter at the Lake County Bureau of the Orlando Sentinel in Florida from 1989 to 1991, when he transfered to the Sentinels's Volusia County Bureau. Together with a colleague, he reported on the illegal activities of the Volusia County sheriff. Their articles provoked a major investigation. In 1993 Brazil's courageous reporting won him the National Headliners Club award. The same year Jeff Brazil also was a Co-PPW in the category "Investigative Reporting" for exposing details about a sheriffs drug squad. Breathed, Guy Berke, born on June 21, 1957, in Encino, Ca., started his career as a photographer and columnist for the university paper Daily Texan in 1976 while studying at the University of Texas at Austin. In 1979 he graduated from it. Breathed created the comic strip "Bloom County" which was syndicated by the Washington Post Writer's Group since 1980. For this cartoon he was made the recipient of the Disability Awareness Award from Paralyzed Vets of America in 1982. The cartoonist published two collections of his comics in 1983 and 1984. Berke Breathed was granted the 1987 PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" cat-

Branch - Breslin egory, as exemplified by his drawing "Good Morning, Madam." Breen, Stephen P., born on April 26, 1970, in Los Angeles, Ca., attended the University of California at Riverside. He drew cartoons for the student newspaper The Highlander and won the 1991 John Locher Memorial Award for editorial cartooning. The same year he was granted the Charles M. Schulz Award for strip cartooning. In 1992 Breen graduated with a B.A. degree in political science. The cartoonist received a U.S. History teaching credential two years later. He got the post of a paginator of the Neptune Asbury Park Press, where he was allowed to draw one editorial cartoon a week. In 1996 he became a full-time editorial cartoonist. His cartoons were syndicated by Copley News Service and printed in hundreds of newspapers and national magazines. Steve Breen won the 1998 PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for a portfolio of twenty cartoons from the previous year. Breslin, James, born on October 17, 1930, in Jamaica, N.Y., attended a parochial elementary school and a public high school. Then he enrolled in Long Island University in 1948 while already working for a newspaper, the Long Island Press. In the 1950's Breslin moved from newspaper to newspaper, including the Boston Globe, ending up on the New York JournalAmerican. In 1963 he became a regular columnist for the New York Herald-Tribune. Breslin's column appeared in the Herald-Tribune until 1965, when the paper was merged with the World-Telegram and Sun and the JournalAmerican to become the New York World-Journal-Tribune. His column was carried by this newspaper until the World-Journal-Tribune deceased in 1967. Beginning in 1968, Breslin wrote longer pieces for the New York magazine which he helped launch as an independent weekly. He also wrote a column briefly, until February 1969, for the New York Post, and he did some work for a New York television station as well. In 1971 Breslin resigned as contributing editor of New York magazine, and early in 1973 he became a regular news commentator for WNBC-TV in New York. He joined the New York Daily News in 1976, continuing his career as a columnist. His syndicated commentaries appeared three-times per week not only in the Daily News but also in quite a number of other papers around the country. Breslin earned several journalism honors, including Columbia University's Meyer Berger Award. In 1986 James Breslin was PPW in the category "Commentary" for columns which dealt with ordinary citizens.

Brier - Bromfield Brier, Royce, born on April 18, 1894, in River Falls, Wi., attended the University of Washing ton. From 1920 onward he earned his money as a short story writer and novelist. In 1925 he embarked on a journey around the world. The following year he began to work as a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle. In addition to his work at the newspaper he continued to write. A first major work, Crusade, was published in 1931. Royce Brier was made recipient of the 1934 PP for "Reporting" for his account of the lynching of two kidnapers. Brinkley, Joel Graham, bom on July 22, 1952, in Washington, D.C., where he was reared and educated through high school. After graduation from high school, he enrolled at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; there he earned a bachelor's degree in journalism. After leaving university he started his journalistic career by writing briefly for the Associated Press in Charlotte, North Carolina. Afterwards Brinkley worked for about three years as a state desk reporter for the News-Leader in Richmond, Virginia. In 1978 he moved to the Courier-Journal of Louisville, Kentucky, where he got the position of a reporter. In this function he also had the chance to report from foreign countries. One of his foreign assignments brought him to Southeast Asia, - together with a photographer. In 1980 Joel G. Brinkley was CoPPW for "International Reporting" for stories from Cambodia. Brislin, John Harold, born on July 8, 1911, in Wilkes-Barre, Pa., came to Scranton at the age of two, when his father accepted the sports editor post on the Scranton Republican. He attended public schools in Dunmore, St. Thomas and Dunmore High Schools before studying at the University of Scranton. Brislin also pursued special courses at Pennsylvania State University. Except for teenage experiences as a brokerage office board boy and after school work in a service station, Brislin's career was spent to the newsroom - first as a copyboy and reporter for the Scranton Times and later on as staff writer for the Scranton Tribune and the Scrantonian. His journalism by choice - was restricted to reporting, with frequent concentration on investigative writing in varied fields. Brislin was a charter member of the American Newspaper Guild's Scranton Local chapter, and he was affiliated with America's first union of newsmen. He was a president of the Scranton Guild and served six consecutive years as president of the Middle Atlantic Districts Council of the American Newspaper Guild. John H. Brislin repeatedly was selected for top awards by the Pennsylvania Publishers Association and units of the

29 American Newspaper Guild. In 1959 he won the PP in the "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" category for his effective campaign to halt labor violence. Broder, David Salzer, born on September 11, 1929, in Chicago Heights, II., received his M.A. degree in political science at the University of Chicago in 1951. Afterwards he served for two years at the U.S. Army and began his newspaper career in 1953 at the Pantograph of Bloomington, II. In 1955 Broder moved to the Congressional Quarterly where he worked for five years. Then, for the period of another five years, he was a staff member of the Washington Star. From 1965-66 Broder covered national politics for the New York Times. In 1966 he joined the staff of the Washington Post as a political correspondent and columnist. Broder was the recipient of a Harvard University Institute of Politics Fellowship in 1969. In 1972 he was the author of a book entitled The Party's Over, and he co-authored another book called The Republican Establishment. One of the most impressive judgments on David Broder's work was rendered early in 1973 by his colleagues in journalism. He was chosen in a poll of political correspondents - columnists and commentators - as the most respected political writer in the United States. Broder, who also was a frequent contributor to magazines and participant on radio and TV panel and interview programs. David S. Broder became the 1973 PPW for "Commentary" for articles about Campaign Figures. Bromfield, Louis, bom on December 27, 1896, in Mansfield, Oh., entered Cornell University in 1914 to study agriculture. Two years later, however, he transferred to Columbia University, where he majored in journalism. In 1917 he enlisted in the U.S. Army Ambulance Service and went overseas to support the French army. During the war Bromfield was awarded the Croix de Guerre by the French government. He took his discharge in France, remaining there until late 1919. Returning to New York, where he received a wartime B.A. from Columbia, he took a series of journalism jobs and began to write fiction. He wrote and destroyed four novels before he eventually published The Green Bay Tree. It was the first in a series of his so-called "panel" novels, stories that were to be interrelated in time, subject matter, characters, setting, and theme. Of the six projected, Bromfield was to complete four before changing focus in succeeding works. After Bromfield had moved to France in 1925, the second of the panels appeared under the title Possession. He became the 1927 PPW in the category "Novel" for his book Early Autumn.

30 Brooks, Gwendolyn, bom on June 7, 1917, in Topeka, Ks., had her first poem published in the children's magazine American Childhood when she was only thirteen. After graduating from Englewood High School in 1934, she completed her formal education at Wilson Junior College, where she majored in English literature. She was a regular contributer to Lights and Shadows, a column of miscellany in the Chicago Defender, the city's black daily newspaper. In the late 1930's Brooks joined the NAACP Youth Council and soon became its publicity director. In 1941 Brooks signed up for a poetry workshop at the South Side Community Art Center in Chicago. At the workshop, under the direction of Inez Cunningham Stark, an editor of Poetry magazine, she learned to master the techniques of modern poetry. In 1943 the young poet earned the Poetry Workshop Award at the summer Midwestern Writers' Conference at Northwestern University; the following year she won the top prize at the annual Writers' Conference in Chicago. In the mid 1940's several magazines, such as Harper's, Saturday Review of Literature, Yale Review, and Poetry began to publish the author's poems. Her first collection of poems, A Street in Bronzeville, appeared in 1945. Brooks received a Guggenheim Fellowship for creative writing in 1946 and 1947 and a grant in literature from the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1946. Three years later Gwendolyn Brooks' second volume of verse, Annie Allen, was published. It earned her the Eunice Tietjens Memorial Prize from Poetry magazine in 1949 and the 1950 PP for "Poetry." Brooks, Milton E., bom on August 29, 1901, in St. Louis, Mo., started his career as a photographer at the Chicago Herald-Examiner. Then he was engaged by the Chicago Daily News. Afterwards Brooks worked for the Paramount News Reel and the New York Daily News. In 1928 the photographer joined the staff of the Detroit News. In 1942 Milton E. Brooks earned the PP for "Photography" for his picture "Ford Strikers Riot." Brooks, Van Wyck, born on February 16, 1886, in Plainfield, N.J., entered Harvard University in 1904, where he became one of the editors of the Harvard Advocate. Although a member of the class of 1908, he took his Bachelor's degree one year earlier and went soon afterwards to London, England. There, he was mainly employed as a journalist. He returned to the United States in 1909 and started working on the Standard Dictionary and Collier's Encyclopedia. In 1911 Brooks moved to California and taught English for the next two years at Leland Stanford University. In 1913 he revisited

Brooks - Browne England, where he taught a class for the Workers' Educational Association at South Norwood. A few months after the outbreak of the First World War, Brooks went back to New York, entered the Century Company and began to translate French literature. He was also associate editor of The Seven Arts during the year of its existence 1917-18, and in 1920 he accepted the position of a literary editor of The Freeman for a four-year period. During the 1920's he became an influential critic. Due to mental illness he was unable to do much work from 1926 to 1931, but then resumed his work as a writer. The following titles number among his publications: John Addington Symonds; Ordeal of Mark Twain; Days of the Phoenix and Life of Emerson. Brooks became the 1937 PPW in the category "History" for the book The Flowering of New England, 1815-1865. Brown, Caro, born in 1908 in Cleveland, Tx., studied at the College of Industrial Arts, Tx. She worked as a proofreader at the Texan Alice Daily Echo, where eventually she became a columnist, the paper's society editor from 1954 to 1955, and its courthouse reporter. In 1955 she won an award from the Austin chapter of Theta Sigma Phi. In her courthouse articles she exposed forty years of corruption in Duval County, Tx. She earned the 1955 PP in the category "Local Reporting, Edition Time" for her coverage of the downfall of a South Texas politician. Browne, Malcolm Wilde, bom on April 17, 1931, in New York City, attended Swarthmore College and New York University, majoring in chemistry. From 1951 to 1956 he was associated with a New York firm of consulting chemists and engineers, preparing scientific reports and articles. For a time this work took him to Europe where he reported on European industrial chemistry. Afterwards, Browne was a correspondent for the Pacific edition of Stars and Stripes during his service in the U.S. Army from 1956 to 1958 - a post that took him to Korea, Japan and Taiwan. After his service as an Army correspondent, Browne set his sights on returning to Asia as a civilian correspondent. He worked on the Middletown Records, N.Y., as a reporter and copy desk editor from 1958 to 1960. The Record sent him on a special newsgathering mission to Cuba in 1959 after Fidel Castro's takeover. Browne joined the Associated Press at Baltimore in July, 1960, making known his desire to return to Asia. After a year and a half in Baltimore he was transferred for a brief period to the AP's foreign news desk in New York. He began his assignment in Saigon, Vietnam, in November, 1961. He became a 1964 Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for coverage of the Vietnam War.

Bruce - Buck Bruce, Robert Vance, bom on December 19, 1923, in Maiden, Ma., attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology before he served with the United States Army in World War II. In 1945 he graduated from the University of New Hampshire with a degree in mechanical engineering and enrolled at Boston University for his M.A. degree. In 1947 he started working as an instructor at the University of Bridgeport, Ct. The following year he became master at Lawrence Academy, in Groton, Ma. After having received his Ph.D. degree in 1953, he became an research assistant in Washington. In 1955 he joined the staff of the University of Boston, where he was advanced to associate professor of history in 1960 and to full professor in 1966; in 1984 he became Professor Emeritus. Having been a Guggenheim fellow in 1957-58 and a Huntington fellow in 1966, Bruce was the author of several books, including Lincoln and the Tools of War, 1877: Year of Violence and Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude. Robert V. Bruce became the 1988 PPW in the category "History" for the book The Launching of Modem American Science, 1846-1876. Bruce, William Cabell, born on March 12, 1860, in Staunton Hill, Va., attended Norwood Highschool and College from 1875 to 1878. He enrolled at the University of Virginia in 1879, where he studied for the following two years. Subsequently he earned his Bachelor of Law degree at the University of Maryland, a degree to which he later added a doctorate in law. In 1887 he entered a law firm in Baltimore. Bruce was elected member of the Maryland Senate in 1894. In 1903 he became head of the Baltimore Law Department. He resigned from this post five years later in order to go back to his law firm. In 1910 he became a member of the Baltimore Charter Commission and general counsel with the Public Service Commission of Maryland. His first book, entitled Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed, was published in 1917. It made William C. Bruce the 1918 PPW for "Biography or Autobiography." Bruzelius, Nils Johan Axel, born on February 27, 1947, in Stockholm, Sweden, graduated from Amherst College in 1968 with a B.A. in history and shortly afterwards started as a reporter for the South Middlesex News. He joined the Associated Press in Boston in 1970 and went to the Boston Globe in 1973. In 1980 he became a Co-PPW for "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for articles on Boston's transit system. Buchanan, Edna, bom on March 16, 1938, in Paterson, N.J., studied at Montclair State Teachers College, N.J. She worked for the

31 Western Electric Company in New Jersey until she became a society reporter with the Miami Beach Sun in 1965, where later she was promoted to general assignment reporter. She then joined the Miami Herald, where she was a news and court reporter from 1970 to 1973 and a police reporter from 1973 onward. In 19791980 she was awarded the Paul Hansell award for Distinguished Journalism by the Florida Society of Newspaper Editors. In 1986 Edna Buchanan won the PP in the category "General News Reporting" for her police beat reporting. Buchwald, Art(hur), bom on October 20, 1925, in Mount Vernon, N.Y., raised in the Queens borough of New York City and spent his childhood in a variety of foster homes. He quit high school at the age of sixteen and joined the U.S. Marines in 1942. Following the war, he studied for a time liberal arts at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, where he was managing editor of the campus humor magazine. In 1948 Buchwald traveled to Paris, where he started working for Variety magazine. When his funds ran low, he submitted a trial column to the New York Herald-Tribune, and in 1949 he got a job with the International Herald-Tribune as nightlife correspondent in Paris. Buchwald's talent for gathering offbeat information quickly made his column, "Paris After Dark," the newspaper's most popular feature. Though Paris was his beat, he also traveled widely to gather material for his articles. He marched in a May Day parade in East Berlin, herded goats in Yugoslavia, and made a three-week tour of the Soviet Union. Another column for the Herald-Tribune, "Europe's Lighter Side," provided a showcase for his work and exposure to readers on both sides of the Atlantic. As early as 1956, Time magazine reported Buchwald's column had achieved "an institutional quality." Inspired by the Kennedy era, Buchwald returned to the United States in 1962. The American capital provided seemingly endless topics for the satirist. His column for the Los Angeles Times Syndicate was distributed worldwide to some 550 newspapers. In 1982 Art Buchwald was awarded the PP for "Commentary" for articles on a wide range of topics. Buck, Paul Herman, bom on August 25, 1899, in Columbus, Oh., attended Ohio State University in Columbus for the Bachelor's degree, which was conferred to him in 1921. He received his Master of Arts degree from Ohio State one year later. That same year, his first book was published: Evolution of the National Parks System. He undertook further graduate study in history at Harvard University and was granted the Master's degree from Harvard in

32 1924. Under a Sheldon traveling fellowship he spent a year from 1926 to 1927 studying in France and Great Britain. In 1926 he also joined the staff of Harvard as an instructor in history. Buck earned his Ph.D. degree in 1935 and was advanced to assistant professor of American history the following year. While teaching at Harvard, Paul H. Buck carried on extensive research at the university library and other libraries in the East and Southeast, which resulted in his study of Reconstruction years in the South. In 1938 he became PPW in the category "History" for the book The Road to Reunion, 1865-1900. Buck, Pearl Sydenstricker, bom on June 26, 1892, in Hillsboro, W.V., was reared and educated in China. At the age of seventeen she came to the United States to enter RandolphMacon College in Virginia. After graduation in 1914, she was invited to teach psychology at the college. She remained there for one semester, and then returned to China, where she resumed her teaching career. In 1917 she went to live in a small town in North China. After five years she moved to Nanking, where Pearl Buck taught English literature at the local university. In 1925 she came to the United States and enrolled at Cornell University to work for a Master's degree in English. She received the diploma in 1926, along with the Laura Messenger Prize in history for her essay on the subject "China and the West." On her return to China she began to teach English literature at Southeastern University and at Chung Yang University in Nanking. Having already completed a biography of her mother, Pearl Buck now started to work on a novel. But in 1927 Buck was forced to leave Nanking when it was invaded by Communist revolutionary soldiers. After a year spent in Japan she returned to China. Pearl S. Buck completed her novel East Wind: West Wind in 1929. Her book The Good Earth earned her the 1932 PP in the "Novel" category. Six years later she won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Buley, R. Carlyle, born on July 8, 1893, in Georgetown, In., was graduated from Indiana University in 1914 and earned his Master of Arts degree there two years later. At the same time, he joined the staff of a high school as a history teacher. After having served as a private advancing to the rank of sergeant with the United States Army during World War I, he became head of department and assistant principal of Springfield High School in Illinois, as well as principal of the Knights of Columbus evening schools in 1919. Four years later, Buley started working as an assistant instructor at the University of Wisconsin, where he also

Buck - Burck earned his Ph.D. degree in 1925. Thereafter, he came as an instructor to Indiana University, being promoted to professor of American history in the course of the years. In addition to this, he was member of the American Mississippi Valley historical association and the Ohio historical society. Buley was the editor of The Indiana Home. The Political Balance in the Old Northwest and The American Life Convention - A Study in the History of Life Insurance, a work in two volumes, number among his publications. Moreover, he worked as co-author on The Midwest Pioneer - His Ills, Cures and Doctors. R. Carlyle Buley became the 1951 PPW in the category "History" for the book The Old Northwest, Pioneer Period 1815-1840. Bullard, Frederic Lauriston, born on May 13, 1866, in Wauseon, Oh., was educated at the College of Wooster, Oh., where he graduated in 1891 with a B.A. degree. Three years later he earned an M.A. degree from the same college, followed by a doctorate from Yale University in 1903. After serving as a minister for Presbyterian and Congregational churches for several years, Lauriston Bullard moved to journalism in 1907 and joined the staff of the Boston Herald. After some time he went to the Boston Journal to start as a reporter. Later on, he moved up to a special writer and an editorial writer for the Sunday editions of the paper. After one year Bullard returned to the Herald and stayed on the paper during his entire journalism career. In 1914 Bullard published a book on Famous War Correspondents, and in 1915 he became Sunday editor of the newspaper. From 1919 on Bullard was the chief editorial writer of the Boston Herald covering a wide range of topics. In 1927 he earned the PP for "Editorial Writing" for an article called "We Submit." Bunker, Earle L., bom on September 4, 1912, was already engaged by the Omaha Bee-News in Nebraska at the age of seventeen. He stayed there until 1937. In this year the photographer switched to the Omaha World-Herald. In 1944 he was a Co-PPW in the "Photography" category for his picture "Homecoming." Burck, Jacob, bom on January 10, 1904, in Bialystok, Poland, came to the United States in 1914. In Cleveland, Ohio, he went to public school and high school. He also attended the Cleveland School of Art and the Art Students' League of New York. In 1924 he also began studying portrait painting in New York. The same year an exhibition of his work took place at the Cleveland Museum of Art. Burck wanted to be a portrait painter, but also was interested in other forms of art. He liked cartooning, and made drawings now and then for the New

Burns - Burrows Masses. These cartoons came to the attention of the veteran managing editor of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and Burck was offered a post with that paper. He accepted and stayed there until the summer of 1938, when he left to join the staff of the Chicago Times. In 1941 Jacob Burck was awarded the PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his drawing "If I Should Die before I Wake..." Burns, James MacGregor, bom on August 3, 1918, in Melrose, Ma., entered Williams College in Williamstown, Ma., in 1935, majoring in political science. He was graduated in 1939, receiving his B.A. degree. The following year, Bums studied at the National Institute of Public Affairs. He returned to Williams College in 1941 as an instructor in political science. After the United States entered World War II, however, he became the executive secretary of the nonferrous metals commission of the National War Labor Board. In 1943 he joined the Army and during the next two years he served as combat historian with the 1st Information and Historical Service and eventually advanced to master sergeant. At the end of the war, Bums studied at Harvard University, which in 1947 awarded him both the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. In 1949 he took further graduate courses at the London School of Economics. Meanwhile he had resumed teaching at Williams College, as an assistant professor in political science. He was promoted to associate professor in 1950 and to full professor in 1953. Burns worked as a local and county leader of the Democratic party. He was a member of the Berkshire County delegation to the Massachusetts state convention in 1954 and a member of the Massachusetts delegation to the Democratic National Convention in 1952, 1956, 1960 and 1964. Bums was the author of quite a number of books, including Guam: Operations of the 77th Infantry Division; Congress on Trial; Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox; John Kennedy: A Political Profile and Presidential Government: The Crucible of Leadership. In 1971 he earned the PP in the category "History" for the book Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom. Burns, John Fisher, bom on October 4, 1944, in Nottingham, England, came to Canada during his childhood. Burns attended Stowe School and McGill University in Montreal. He started his career as a journalist at the Toronto Globe and Mail where he did the job of a local and parliamentary reporter. In 1979 Bums went to Beijing to report on the life and politics of mainland China for the Toronto Globe and Mail. He switched to the New York Times in 1975 and was sent to Johannisburg, South Africa, the following year. The correspondent

33 studied Russian at Harvard University from 1980 to 1981. Burns then worked as the New York Times bureau chief in Moscow. In 1984 he learned Chinese at Cambridge University to become later on chief of the Beijing bureau of his newspaper. He stayed there for three years. Afterwards he switched to the New York Times bureau in Toronto until 1991. Bums was also sent to Europe to report from Belgrade and Sarajevo. In 1993 John F. Bums was made the recipient of the PP in the "International Reporting" category for his coverage of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The following year he moved to the New Delhi bureau of the New York Times, For his reports on the Taliban regime in Afghanistan he was awarded his second PP for "International Reporting" in 1997. Burrows, Abe, born on December 18, 1910, in New York City, first attended the College of the City of New York and then New York University's School of Finance. After his graduation in 1931 he worked at different jobs. In 1938 he started to provide material for both CBS and NBC shows. In 1946 he began to work for Paramount Pictures as writer and producer. The first of his own radio programs, "Holiday and Co.," went on air in 1946. The following years Burrows continued to work as a writer, producer and performer for a number of programs, three of which were his own shows. He also made personal appearances in theatres and night clubs, and began to write and direct plays and musicals. Among these were Guys and Dolls. In 1962 he became CoPPW in the category "Drama" for the play How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. Burrows, Edwin G., born on May 15, 1943, in Detroit, Mi., graduated from the University of Michigan with a B.A. degree in 1964, and was granted a Woodrow Wilson fellowship in 1965. In 1966 he became Gilder fellow at Columbia University, where he also received a Master of Arts-degree the same year. In 1970 he got the post of an instructor in history at Marymount College at Tarrytown, and in 1971 he was hired as an adjunt lecturer at Lehman College, of the City University of New York. Burrows became instructor and assistant professor of history at Brooklyn College in 1972. Two years later he obtained a Doctor of Philosophy-degree from Columbia University for his dissertation Albert Gallatin and the Political Economy of Republicanism 1761 -1800, which was published for a wider circle of readers in 1986. After having worked as an associate professor of history for years, Burrows was named professor of history at Brooklyn College in 1986. In 1992-1993 he received a Wolfe fellowship. Five years later he published his book Gotham: A History of

34 New York City to 1898, which was named Best Book of the Year by the New York Society Library. This book also won Edwin G. Burrows the PP in "History" in 1999. Butler, Robert Neil, born on January 21, 1927, in New York City, attended Columbia University and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1949, to which he added an M.D. degree in 1953. That same year he became an intern at St. Luke's Hospital in New York City. From 1954 to 1955 he was a resident in psychiatry at the Langley Porter Clinic of the University of California. Subsequently, he obtained a position as research psychiatrist with the National Institute of Mental Health, for which he founded the geriatric unit Chestnut Lodge. In 1962 he accepted an appointment as clinical professor of psychiatry at George Washington University Medical School. Starting in 1967, he worked simultaneously as a consultant for the National Institute of Mental Health. Butler became a member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Aging in 1971. He was also a member of the Washington, D.C., Advisory Committee on Aging and of the board of directors of the National Council on Aging. Butler, one of the editors of the Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Aging and Human Development, has co-authored a book entitled Human Aging and Aging and Mental Health. In 1975 Robert N. Butler published the volume Why Survive? Being Old in America, which earned him the PP for "General Non-Fiction" in the following year.

Butler - Butler Butler Jr., Robert Olen, born on January 20, 1945, in Granite City, II., majored in theater at Northwestern University, which awarded him the Bachelor's degree in 1967. He subsequently enrolled for graduate study at the University of Iowa and, two years later, earned there his M.A. degree in playwrighting. Butler enlisted in the army and was sent to a language school in Washington, D.C., where he studied Vietnamese for a full year. He then went to Vietnam and served as an interpreter for the U.S. adviser to the mayor of Saigon. Upon his discharge from military service he joined the staff of Electronic News as an editor and reporter. In 1975 he accepted a position as editor-in-chief with the Energy User News in New York City. Butler's first novel, which was written during the author's daily commutes to work on a train, was published in 1981: The Alleys of Eden. This work was followed by Sun Dogs. Butler's succeeding novel, Countrymen of Bones, appeared in 1983 and was followed by another novel carrying the title On Distant Ground. The books Wabash and The Deuce came out in 1987 and 1989. The teacher of fiction writing at McNeese State University in Lake Charles, La., also contributed short stories to periodicals such as Cosmopolitan, Redbook, the Hudson Review, the Sewanee Review and the Virginia Quarterly. A collection of such short stories, A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain, earned Robert O. Butler the 1993 PP in the "Fiction" category.

Caen, Herbert Eugene, born on April 3, 1916, in Sacramento, Ca., began his journalistic career with the Sacramento Union, for which he covered sports and the police beat. In 1936 he was hired by the San Francisco Chronicle, where he worked as radio columnist until 1938, when he began to write daily columns on San Francisco life. In 1942 he joined the Army Air Corps, where eventually he became an aerial photo reconnaissance analyst and was promoted captain. After his discharge from the armed forces in 1945, he resumed his work for the Chronicle, again writing a daily report on ongoings in San Francisco. He also published a first book about San Francisco, The San Francisco Book (1948). In 1949 he was decorated with the Medaille de la Liberation France. In 1950 he joined the San Francisco Examiner to increase his salary, while continuing to publish books, e.g. Baghdad (1950, 1951), Don't Call It Frisco (1953), Herb Caen's Guide to San Francisco (1957). In 1958 the Chronicle managed to hire him, once more. He wrote another six books, five of which dealt with San Francisco, between 1960 and 1996. In 1996 Herb Caen received a PP "Special Award" in the journalism section for his contribution as a voice and conscience of San Francisco. Cahn, Robert, born on March 9, 1918, in Seattle, Wa., was graduated from the University of Washington in 1939, where he majored in journalism. During World War II, he served in the army tank corps, graduated from Armored Force Officer Candidate School and spent the last eighteen months of the war in public relations work with the Twelveth U.S. Army Group and the First U.S. Army in France and Germany. For his duties as Deputy P.R.O. and later Acting Public Relations Officer of the First Army, he was awarded the Bronze Star medal. After the war he was affiliated with the Seattle Star in the state of Washington and the Califomian paper Pasadena Star-News. From 1948 to 1951 Cahn worked as a correspondent in Life magazine's Los Angeles bureau, and from 1951 to 1956 as an associate editor and later senior editor with Collier's magazine, serving the last two years as head of its Los Angeles office. In four years of freelance writing, 1957-1960, he contributed articles to the Saturday Evening Post and to the Reader's

Digest. Robert Cahn joined the staff of the Saturday Evening Post as the Midwestern Editor at the Chicago bureau in 1961 and 1962. Early in 1963 he entered government service as a White House reporter for the United States Information Agency wire service. In February, 1965, Cahn joined the Washington bureau of the Christian Science Monitor. Robert Cahn became the 1969 PPW in the category "National Reporting" for articles from Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado. Caldwell, Nathan Green, born on July 16, 1912, in St. Charles, Mo., began his newspaper career in 1931 as a reporter for the Herald Democrat in Trenton, Tn. He joined the staff of the Nashville Tennessean in 1934 and became a successive general assignment, political, labor relations and regional economics reporter. In 1940 Caldwell spent a year at Harvard University studying in the fields of labor relations, utility organization and civic management. In 1946 he was the recipient of a Rosenwald Fellowship for a study of migration of Negroes out of the South. Three years later, Caldwell spent several months in the Middle East studying the application of the multi-purpose regional development concepts employed by the Tennessee Valley Authority to Israel and the Arab Nations. Nathan G. Caldwell was a 1962 Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for the disclosure of cooperation between the coal industry and unions. Caldwell, William Anthony, bom on December 5, 1906, in Butler, Pa., had just completed his sophomore year at Hasbrouck Heights High School when his father died. He became editor of the Hasbrouck Heights Newsletter, a weekly, within a year, and meanwhile pumped the organ and later played it at the local Episcopal Church. When he left high school in 1924 he had already worked for the Associated Press and the Hudson Dispatch of Union City, N.J., part-time, and he had begun working on space rates as a sportswriter for the Record of Hackensack, N.J. Caldwell became a member of the salaried Record staff in 1926. In 1930 he was brought into the office as a copy-reader, editorial writer, and columnist. Since 1950 William A. Caldwell was in charge of the Records editorial page. He served on several advisory boards studying public affairs, and he

36 also was active for years in the Bergen County Grand Jurors Association and the American Cancer Society. Caldwell was awarded an LL.D. degree by Rutgers University in June, 1970, and he also served as a member of the board of trustees of Paterson State College. William A. Caldwell became the 1971 PPW in the "Commentary" category for his daily column. Callvert, Ronald Glenn, born on September 24, 1873, in Adel, la., attended high schools in Des Moines and Sheldon, la. He started his newspaper career as a printer of the Reveille in Bellingham, Wa., in 1900 and later became reporter and editor of the paper. From 1901-05 Callvert worked as a secretary of the Board of State Land Commissioners in Olympia, Wa. Then he returned to newspaper work, and in the period from 1906-07 he was a reporter and later city editor of the Los Angeles Record. He left California in 1902 and was, for the next two years, newspaper correspondent in Olympia. In 1909 Ronald G. Callvert moved to Portland, Or., to join the staff of the Oregonian. In January 1913 he was promoted to assistant managing editor, and in July 1926 he became managing editor of the paper. Seven years later Callvert climbed to the post of the associate editor which was the peak of his journalism career. Callvert's duties on the paper also included the writing of editorials. In 1939 he was the PPW for "Editorial Writing" for the article entitled "My Country Tis of Thee." Camp, John Roswell, bom on February 23, 1944, in Cedar Rapids, la., obtained a B.A. degree from the State University of Iowa in Iowa City. In 1966 he joined the U.S. Army, and was sent to Korea, where he worked for a military newspaper. Upon his return to the U.S. and his discharge in 1968 he obtained an M.A. in journalism from the State University of Iowa, and from 1968 to 1969 was a general assignment reporter for the Southeast Missourian in Cape Girardeau, Mo. He then moved to Florida and in 1971 joined the Miami Herald, for whom he worked until 1978. After another move to Minnesota he joined the Pioneer Press in St. Paul, and worked as a feature writer from 1978 to 1980, when he was promoted to columnist and general reporter. In 1986 he won the Distinguished Writing award from the American Society of Newspaper Editors. The same year John R. Camp was also a Co-PPW in "Feature Writing" for a series on the life of an American farm family. Campbell, Robert, bom on March 31, 1937, in Buffalo, N.Y., studied architecture at Harvard University and graduated with a bachelordegree in 1958. He obtained an M.S. from the

Callvert - Carey Columbia Graduate School of Journalism in 1960, and from 1960 to 1963 was editor of Parade Magazine. In 1966 he joined Earl R. Flansburgh and Associates, where he worked as designer. In 1967 he earned a Master of Architecture-degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where he also won a Julia Amory Appleton traveling fellowship. Campbell became architecture critic for the Boston Globe in 1973. He went into private practice as an architect in 1975, while continuing to write for the Globe. He subsequently was architectural advisor for a number of nonprofit organizations. He won a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship in 1975, the American Institute of Architect's medal for criticism in 1980, and a grant from the Graham Foundation in 1991. In 1993 he became Sam Gibbons Eminent Scholar in Architecture and Urban Planning at the University of South Florida. A fellow of the American Institute of Architects and a published poet and photographer, Robert Campbell won the 1996 PP for "Criticism" for his work writing on architecture. Capers, Robert S., born on July 15, 1949, in Boston, Ma., graduated from Colby College and received a degree from the University of Connecticut. In 1978 he began to work as a reporter for the Meriden Morning Record. He left the newspaper to join the staff of the Hartford Courant. There he got the post of a writer and editor. In 1991 Capers and a colleague covered the debacle of the Hubble Space Telescope. It made Robert S. Capers a Co-PPW of 1992 in the "Explanatory Journalism" category. Cardoza, Norman F., born on September 3, 1930, in Yreka, California, was educated in local schools in Fort Jones, Ca., at Shasta Junior College of Redding, Ca., and the University of California at Berkeley. He started his newspaper career in 1957 as advertising salesman for the Yreka Siskiyou Daily News. In 1958 he moved to the Redding Record-Searchlight as general assignment reporter, and he held the same position from 1959-61 at the Klamath Falls Herald and News. Cardoza joined the Reno Evening Gazette and Nevada State Journal in 1961 as general assignment and beat reporter, state capital correspondent, and editorial page editor. In 1977 Norman F. Cardoza was a Co-PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles challeging the power of a local brothel keeper. Carey, Peter Kevin, bom on April 2, 1940, in San Francisco, Ca., raised in Berkeley, Ca., earned a degree in economics from the University of California at Berkeley and was a 198384 Professional Journalism Fellow at Stanford

Caro - Carter University. Before joining the San Jose Mercury News in 1967 he was editor of the Livermore Independent, Livermore, Ca., and worked as a reporter for the San Francisco Examiner. At the San Jose Mercury News he served as an aerospace writer, special assignment writer and as an investigative reporter. Together with two colleagues he also had several foreign assignments. In 1986 he was a Co-PPW in the category "International Reporting" for a series on the wealth of the Marcos family outside the Philippines. Caro, Robert A., born on October 30, 1936, in New York City, started his writing career at a school newspaper. He was managing editor of the campus newspaper at Princeton University, where he majored in English and earned his B.A. degree in 1957. Afterwards he worked as a reporter for the New Brunswick Home News in New Jersey. He also wrote political speeches for local Democratic candidates. In 1959, Caro joined the staff of Newsday in Garden City, N.Y., where he worked as an investigative reporter. As a result, Caro received numerous awards and prizes for investigative journalism. The term of 1965-66 he spent as a Nieman fellow at Harvard University. Caro quit Newsday in 1966 and began research for a book on Robert Moses at Columbia University, supported by a one year Carnegie-Foundation fellowship. He exhaustively researched city, state and other records. Between 1967 and 1972, Caro conducted more than five-hundred interviews for his proposed book. The finished product - after seven years of preparation and writing - was The Power Broker - Robert Moses and the Fall of New York, published in 1974. In the following year, this book earned Robert A. Caro the PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. Carollo, Russell, born on March 16, 1955, in Lacombe, La., graduated from Southeastern Louisiana University with a B.A. degree in history in 1980. Two years later he received a B.A. degree in journalism from Louisiana State University. In 1986 he joined the Spokane Spokesman-Review, where he worked as a general assignment reporter and covered military projects. He was a journalism fellow of the University of Michigan from 1989 to 1990 and studied media law, poetry, and creative writing. He then joined the Dayton Daily News to report on special projects. In 1993 Carollo switched to the Tacoma News Tribune, where he got the post of a military and projects reporter. The following year, the journalist returned to the Dayton Daily News. In addition to his special projects assignments in the U.S., Carollo reported on the refugee crisis in Zaire

37 in 1994, and traveled to Bosnia in 1995 to cover the American troop deployment. In the course of his career he gained numerous prizes, among them the White House Correspondents' Association Edgar A. Poe award in 1995 and the Harvard University's Goldsmith award in 1996. He also received a fellowship from the International Center for Journalism in Japan in 1997. Russell Carollo was the 1998 Co-PPW in "National Reporting" for disclosing flaws and mismanagement in the military health care system. Carpenter, Teresa Suzanne, born on August 1, 1948, in Independence, Mo., received a B.A. degree from Graceland College in Iowa, and an M.A. degree from the University of Missouri. In 1975-76 she was a Fairchild Fellow of the University of Missouri. From 1976 to 1979 she worked as a senior editor for the New Jersey Monthly in Princeton. For three years she published articles as a freelance journalist in New York, and in 1981 she became a staff writer with the Village Voice. In 1981 she won a Page One award by the New York Newspaper Guild and a Front Page award by the New York Newspaperwomen's Club. The same year Teresa S. Carpenter was awarded a PP in the "Feature Writing" category for an article on three murders. Carroll, John Alexander, born in the Midwest, was graduated from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in 1950. In 1956 he earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree in American history at Georgetown University. Carroll taught as professor of history at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Tx. In 1958 John A. Carroll was a Co-PPW in "Biography or Autobiography" for the book George Washington, Volume VII. Carter Jr., Elliott Cook, born on December 11, 1908, in New York City, graduated from Horace Mann High School in 1926. He enrolled at Harvard University with English literature as his major the same year, and also began to study piano at Longy School in Cambridge, Ma. In 1930 Carter received a B.A. degree from Harvard. Taking on graduate work in music, he obtained his M.A. degree two years later. He moved to Paris, France, where he studied composition and counterpoint with Nadia Boulanger and conducted a chorus of his own. In 1935 he returned to Cambridge and moved to New York the following year, where he wrote articles for the journal Modern Music. From 1937 to 1939 he was music director of the Ballet Caravan. Subsequently he taught Greek and mathematics at St. John's College at Annapolis, Md., and supervised various musical activities at the college until

38 1942. From 1943 to 1945 Carter held the post of a music consultant at the Office of War Information. The following two years he was a teacher for music theory and composition at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore. From 1948 to 1950 he worked at Columbia University. In 1958 he taught American studies at the Salzburg Seminars in Austria. Carter won the 1960 "Music" PP for his Second String Quartet. In the same year he was appointed professor for musical composition at Yale University. In 1973 Elliott C. Carter Jr. was awarded his second PP for "Music" for his String Quartet No. 3. Carter, Kevin, born on September 13, 1960, in Johannesburg, South Africa, began working as a sports and news photographer for the Sunday Express in 1983. The following year he switched to the South Africa Star, the country's largest daily newspaper. In 1988 Carter worked for one year as a stringer for the Associated Press in South Africa. Afterwards he became chief photographer at the Johannesburg bureau of the Sunday Tribune. In 1990 he joined the Rand South Africa Daily Mail and headed the photographic department. Three years later the paper turned to a weekly format and was renamed Rand South Africa Weekly Mail. Carter stayed there for another year as a photo editor. He then switched to the Mail and Guardian and worked on freelance basis for Reuters. In 1994 Kevin Carter, by that time also a contributing photographer to the New York Times, won the "Feature Photography" PP for a picture of a collapsed small Sudanese girl. Carter, Ovie, born on March 11, 1946, in Indianola, Ms., attended Forest Park Community College in Illinois and served with the United States Air Force from 1966-67, before he studied at the Ray Vogue School of Photography in Chicago where he became graduated in 1969. Carter joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune in the same year. For nearly three months in the summer and fall of 1974, photographer Ovie Carter together with a reporter traveled for more than 10,000 miles across Africa and India to report on famine that threatened the lives of almost half a billion people. In 1975 he became Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for coverage of famine in Africa and Asia. Carter Jr., William Hodding, born on February 3, 1907, in Hammond, La., received his early schooling in his hometown. At the age of sixteen he went to the North to study, and he was graduated from Bowdoin College in Maine in 1927 with a B.A. degree. Then he entered Columbia University in New York to study journalism for a year. When Columbia awarded

Carter - Gather him the B.Litt. degree in 1928, he also won a teaching fellowship to Tulane University in New Orleans, La., for the 1928-29 academic year. In 1929 Carter became a reporter for the New Orleans Item-Tribune, and in 1930, at the age of twenty-three, the night bureau manager for the United Press in New Orleans. His next job took him to Jackson, Ms., where he was bureau manager of the Associated Press. In 1932 Hodding Carter and his wife launched an own newspaper, the Daily Courier, in Hammond. They sold the paper four years later and then moved to Greenville in Mississippi where they established the Delta Star. Two years later Carter bought out his local newspaper competitor and merged the two papers, becoming editor-publisher of the daily Delta Democrat-Times. In 1939 he received a Nieman fellowship at Harvard University and joined the staff of the newspaper PM before he went into the Army in November 1940. In mid1945 he returned to the Delta Democrat-Times and started writing editorials on racial, religious, and economic intolerance. William H. Carter Jr. won the 1946 PP for "Editorial Writing" for an article called "Go For Broke." Casey, Ronald Bruce, bom on August 21, 1951, in Birmingham, ΑΙ., received a B.A. degree from the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa in 1973. He joined the Birmingham News the same year, and, after working as a reporter, was promoted to assistant city editor in 1977, editorial writer in 1979, and editor of the editorial page in 1990. For more than twenty years he wrote editorials that dealt with problems of Alabama and called for tax and constitutional reform. In 1991 he was awarded the National Headliners Club award. The same year Ronald B. Casey became Co-PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles analyzing inequities in Alabama's tax system. Gather, Willa Sibert, born on December 7, 1873, in Back Creek Valley, Va., attended the University of Nebraska. Beginning in her junior year, she supported herself as a reviewer and columnist for the Nebraska State Journal. She obtained her Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Nebraska in 1895. After her graduation she continued working as a magazine editor and newspaper writer in Pittsburgh. Afterwards she worked as a high school teacher of Latin and English. During these years she published her first book, April Twilights, a collection of verse. In 1905 it was followed by Gather's first collection of stories, The Troll Garden. The next year she became associate editor with McClure's Magazine, advancing to the position of managing editor during the following five years. She left McClure's

Catton - Channing in 1911 in order to concentrate entirely on her fiction writing. The following year the magazine serialized her novel, Alexander's Bridge, and in 1913 Gather brought out O Pioneers! Her next novel was The Song of the Lark which appeared in 1915. It was followed by another Nebraska novel, My Antonio. Gather next published a collection of her stories under the title Youth and the Bright Medusa. In 1923 Willa S. Gather earned the "Novel" PP for the book One of Ours. Catton, Charles Bruce, bom on October 9, 1899, in Petoskey, Mi., attended Benzonia Academy and entered Oberlin College in 1916. He left college during World War I to enlist in the Navy. After two years' service he returned to Oberlin, but at the end of his junior year he left to become a professional newspaper man. From 1920 to 1926 he reported for the Cleveland News, the Boston American and the Cleveland Plain Dealer. In 1926 he joined the Newspaper Enterprise Association service writing editorials and book reviews, running a Sunday section or acting as a Washington correspondent. Catton became a government man in 1942, serving as director of information for the War Productive Board and holding similar posts after the war with the Department of Commerce and the Department of the Interior. Since 1952 he devoted his entire time to the production of his literary works such as U.S. Grant and the American Military Tradition and The War Lords of Washington. Charles B. Catton became the 1954 PPW in the category "History" for the book A Stillness at Appomattox. Chambers, Lenoir, bom on December 26, 1891, in Charlotte, N.C., had his early schooling in Charlotte and at Woodberry Forest School in Orange, N.J. Then he attended the University of North Carolina, where he was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity and graduated in 1914. He continued studies at Columbia University in New York and taught English at Woodberry College. Upon leaving his teaching position in 1916, he joined the New Republic news service in Washington but soon retired from the job to enter the Army at the outbreak of World War I. Lenoir Chambers was a first lieutenant of infantry with the 52nd Infantry of the 6th Division, later with division headquarters in the American Expeditionary Forces in France and Germany, 1917-19. After the armistice Chambers directed the University of North Carolina News Bureau until 1921, when he joined the Daily News in Greensboro, N.C. He was successively a reporter, city editor, and associate editor. In 1929 he joined the Norfolk Virginian-Pilot as associate editor, and he was

39 appointed editor of the Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch in 1944. Six years later Lenoir Chambers became editor of the Virginian-Pilot. Throughout his career Chambers was a writing as well as a supervising editor, he was a member of the American Society of Newspaper Editors and of the National Conference of Editorial Writers. Lenoir Chambers became the 1960 PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for a series of articles on the school integration problem in Virginia. Chandler Jr., Alfred Dupont, born on September 15, 1918, in Guyencourt, De., was graduated from Harvard University in 1947. From 1950 to 1951 he worked as a research associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Then, Chandler became instructor at Johns Hopkins University, where he stayed until 1971, having been advanced to full professor of history in 1963. In addition to this, he was director of the Center for Study of Recent American History from 1964 to 1971 and chairman of the history department at Johns Hopkins from 1966 to 1970. In 1971 he got the Straus professorship of business history at Harvard Business School. As visiting professor he lectured at All Souls College of Oxford University, England. Chandler received an honorary doctorate from the University of Leuven, Belgium, in 1976. Being the editor of Papers ofDwight D. Eisenhower, Chandler has written the following books: Henry Varnum Poor, Strategy and Structure; Giant Enterprise and The Railroads. He became the 1978 PPW in the category "History" for the book The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Channing, Edward, born on June 15, 1856, in Dorchester, Ma., was graduated from Harvard University in 1880 and earned a doctorate in philosophy the same year. He first worked as instructor from 1883 to 1887, before he became assistant professor. In 1897 he was promoted to the rank of professor of history at Harvard University. From 1913 on Channing held the McLean professorship of ancient and modem history. He received honorary doctorates from the University of Michigan and from Columbia University in 1921 and 1926. In addition to this, he was member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Edward Channing was a prolific author of book publications, among which count the following: Town and County Government in the English Colonies of North America; The Narragansett Planters; The Navigation Laws; English History for American Readers, which he wrote together with Thomas Wentworth Higginson; The United States of America, 1765-1865; Students'

40 History of the United States and First Lessons in United States History. In 1926 Edward Channing was PPW in the category "History" for the book A History of the United States. Chase, Edwin Percy, bom on November 2, 1879, in Anita, la., was the son of a publisher in his hometown. The Chase family eventually moved to Atlantic, fourteen miles west of Anita, where Percy's father bought a newspaper. In 1911 Percy and his father became partners in the paper that later got the name Atlantic News-Telegraph. The partnership lasted until the father's death in 1927. At that time E. Percy Chase became the sole owner and editor of the newspaper, a position he held until he retired. As the only newspaper in Atlantic and under Chase's able leadership the Atlantic News-Telegraph flourished. During his reign as owner-editor of the paper the Atlantic News-Telegraph had a circulation of 4,000 in a town of 6,000 inhabitants. There were two editorial staff members plus Chase and twenty correspondents. He concentrated much of his work on writing editorials which reveal that he had diverse and vivid opinions. In 1934 Edwin P. Chase won the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for the article "Where is Our Money?" Chase, Mary Coyle, bom on February 25, 1907, in Denver, Co., became interested in the theater at the age of eleven. At that period she would play truant from school in order to attend a matinee at a Denver theater. In 1922 she graduated from the West Denver High School and entered the University of Denver, where she remained two and a half years before she went to Boulder to attend the University of Colorado. During summer vacation she served her apprenticeship as a reporter on the Rocky Mountain News, without getting payed. At the end of a year at Colorado the young playwright, who had completed a major in the classics in two years, gave up her formal schooling to accept a reporter's job on the News, this time with salary. On her job she met Robert L. Chase, also a reporter on the News staff. After the couple's marriage, Mary Chase departed from the paper, which provided her with the time for a number of various activities. She aided in forming a chapter of the American Newspaper Guild, handled publicity for a Government project of the depression period, and fought for the rights of the SpanishAmericans in Denver. In addition she spent a lot of time on her special interest - writing plays. Her first play, Me Third, was a comedy concerned with a Western politician. Among the plays that Chase wrote after that political satire were The Banshee and Harvey. The latter

Chase - Childs made Mary C. Chase the recipient of the PP for "Drama" in 1945. Cheever, John, born on May 27, 1912, in Quincy, Ma., was educated at Thayer Academy, a prep school in South Braintree, Ma. During the 1930's Cheever, who had begun writing at the age of ten, lived mostly in New York City, publishing stories in the New Republic, Collier's, Story, the Atlantic and, above all, in the New Yorker. In addition he taught advanced composition at Barnard College. Cheever's first collection of stories, The Way Some People Live, appeared in 1943, while he was completing a four-year stint of army duty during World War II. Upon his discharge he wrote television scripts, but his primary interest continued to be the writing of short stories. In 1951 he received a Guggenheim Fellowship and two years later he published fourteen of his New Yorker pieces in the book The Enormous Radio and Other Stories. The year after, Cheever received the Benjamin Franklin Short Story Award and in 1956 he was honored with the O'Henry Award. In the latter year he also won a National Institute of Arts and Letters Award. In 1957 Cheever published his first novel, The Wapshot Chronicle, the sequel of which appeared under the title The Wapshot Scandal. In 1958 the author brought out his third collection of stories, The Housebreaker of Shady Hill. He next wrote Some People, Places and Things That Will Not Appear in My Next Novel, a collection of eight stories and an essay. It was followed by another short story collection, The Brigadier and the Golf Widow, and Cheever's third novel, Bullet Park. In the 1970's he published The World of Apples; Falconer; and The Stories of John Cheever. The latter work made John Cheever the 1979 PPW for "Fiction." Childs, Marquis William, born on March 17, 1901, in Clinton, la., graduated from the University of Wisconsin School of Journalism in 1923 and went to work for United Press in Chicago that year. The next year he became a graduate student and teacher of English at the University of Iowa, receiving his M.A. degree in 1925. He returned to United Press and worked in New York until 1926, when he was employed by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Childs earned an award of Sigma Delta Chi, a professional journalism fraternity, for the best Washington correspondent in 1944. In that year he took over a column for United Feature Syndicate, and he returned to the Post-Dispatch Washington Bureau in February, 1954. His first assignment was the Big Four conference of foreign ministers in Berlin, followed by a tour of France, Italy and North Africa. In

41

Mary Chase

Marquis Childs

Paul Conrad

Aaron Copland

42 1955 he spent four months in Britain and eight European countries, and in 1956, Childs picked up some of the pieces left scattered by the ill-fated invasion of Suez by the British and French. He became head of the Washington Bureau of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1962, and he directed the affairs of the bureau and wrote prolifically as Chief Washington Correspondent of his newspaper. Childs flew to England in 1965 to cover the funeral of Winston Churchill and he accompanied President Johnson to South Vietnam and other Asian countries in early 1966. Marquis W. Childs was named Contributing Editor of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in January, 1969. In 1970 he earned the PP in the "Commentary" category for reflections on various domestic and foreign subjects. Choe, Sang-Hun, bom in 1964 in UIjoo, South Korea, graduated from Seoul's Hankuk University. He served in the South Korean Army, before becoming a political reporter for the English-language Korea Herald. In 1994 he joined the Associated Press bureau in Seoul. He covered stories which ranged from natural disasters and North-South-Korean confrontations to the Asian financial crisis of 1997-98. For his work on No Gun Ri he was honored with a special award from the Journalists Association of Korea. In 2000 Sang-Hun Choe was a Co-PPW in the category "Investigative Reporting" for revealing a decades-old secret on misdeeds of American soldiers during the Korean War. Christian, Shirley Ann, born on January 16, 1938, in Kansas City, Ks. She earned a B.A. from Kansas State College and an M.A. from Ohio State University, where she specialized in Latin American Studies. In 1968 she joined the Associated Press, and since 1970, she was an AP correspondent at the United Nations for three years. During her U.N. assignment she covered China's admission to the world body, Security Council debates on the India-Pakistan war and Yasser Arafat's appearance in 1974. Until 1977, Shirley Christian was an editor on AP's foreign and world desk. Then she became bureau chief of the Associated Press for Chile and Bolivia, with headquarters in Santiago. After twelve years with AP, she joined the Latin America staff of the Miami Herald in 1980. There she concentrated her writing and reporting especially on Central American topics and received the 1981 PP for "International Reporting" for her dispatches from that area. Church, Foster, born on April 19, 1942, in McGill, Nv., attended local schools in Henderson, Nv., the University of San Francisco, and

Choe - Coburn the University of California at Berkeley. Church joined the Reno Evening Gazette and Nevada State Journal in November 1970 as county government reporter, court house reporter, entertainment editor and editorial page editor. He became a 1977 Co-PPW in the category "Editorial Writing" for articles on the power of a local brothel keeper. Clapp, Margaret Antoinette, born on April 11, 1910, in East Orange, N.J., attended Wellesley College, majoring in economics, and earned there her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1930. She obtained a position as teacher of English and history with the Todhunter School in New York, with which she remained until 1939, in the meantime receiving her M.A. degree from Columbia University. Margaret Clapp went on to another New York school, the Dalton School, in the capacity of teacher of English. With the outbreak of World War II, she joined the staff of the British Broadcasting Corporation's New York office, working there in 194243 as a researcher. Subsequently she spent some time with the Red Cross before accepting an invitation to teach history at the New Jersey College for Women in New Brunswick during the 1945-46 session. Her next position was with Columbia University, where she held the rank of instructor in 1946. For the 1947-48 term she taught at Brooklyn College, having been promoted to an assistant professorship. Already in 1946 a doctorate had been conferred on her by Columbia. At the suggestion of Allan Nevins, she had written her doctoral dissertation on the life of John Bigelow. In 1948 Margaret A. Clapp was PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow. Cobb, Frank Irving, born on August 6, 1869, in Shawnee County, Ks., started his career as a reporter for the Grand Rapids Herald in 1891. Two years later he got the post of political correspondent and city editor at the Grand Rapids Daily Eagle. In 1894 Cobb joined the Detroit Evening News as a political correspondent. He was promoted to editorial writer in 1896. Four years later he switched to the Detroit Free Press. In 1904 he joined the New York World to become confidential adviser to Joseph Pulitzer. The journalist soon was in charge of the editorial page and became editor-in-chief after Pulitzer's death in 1911 and later moved to the Boston Herald. Frank I. Cobb died in December 1923. In 1924 he, posthumously, was awarded the PP for "Editorial Writing" for an article entitled "Who Made Coolidge?" Coburn, Donald Lee, bom on August 4, 1938, in Baltimore, Md., attended public schools in Baltimore. Between 1958 and 1960 he served

Coffin - Coles with the USNR. In 1961 he took a job as an advertising salesman for the Baltimore Sun, where he stayed for one year. After having worked as a radio time salesman in Baltimore for four years Coburn became owner of Don Cobum & Associates, which he kept until 1970. That year he got a post with Stanford Agency in Dallas. At that time he had already started writing short stories, but not for publication, just for himself. In 1973 Coburn again became proprietor of his own firm, Donald Lee Cobum Corporation Consulting. After having seen his first plays, Diary of a Madman, at the Dallas Theater Center Cobum started to work as an independent playwright. But it took him several years to finish his first play: The Gin Game. In 1978 the play made Donald L. Cobum the recipient of the PP in "Drama." Coffin, Robert Peter Tristram, born on March 18, 1892, in Brunswick, Me., entered Bowdoin College in 1911 and was graduated in 1915. On a graduate scholarship he attended Princeton University, which granted him the M.A. degree in English in 1916. He went on to Trinity College in Oxford, but his years there were interrupted by service as an American artillery officer in World War I. He returned to Oxford, however, and was awarded a B.A. degree in 1920 and a B.Litt. in 1921. He joined the faculty of Wells College in upstate New York the same year, introduced Oxford's teaching style to that school, and was named to an endowed chair there in 1928. Four years ago he had published his first poetry book under the title Chrisichurch. It was followed by the volumes Dew and Bronze in 1927 and Golden Falcon in 1929. After a sabbatical year in Oxford, he became chairman of Wells's English department. In 1930 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin College, to which he was to return as Pierce Professor of English in 1934. Three years before Coffin had published the biography of his father as Portrait of an American. The book won him an honorary life membership in the National Arts Club. The following year the poet brought out The Yoke of Thunder and with the 1933 publication of Ballads of Square-toed Americans he established his choice of the Border Ballad as his own narrative verse form. In 1935 he was named Outstanding Poet of the Nation at the Ninth Annual Poetry Week observances. Robert P. T. Coffin became the 1936 PPW in the "Poetry" category for his verse collection Strange Holiness. Conn, Gary, bom on March 9, 1952, in Brooklyn, N.Y., studied at the State University of New York at Buffalo, where he obtained a B.A. in psychology and political science in

43 1974. He subsequently studied at the Law School of the University of California at Berkeley, and, after completing his first year, worked as investigator for the Southern Regional Council in 1975, and as reporter for the nationally syndicated "Jack Anderson's Column" from 1975 to 1980. In 1980 he became reporter with the Lexington Herald, and specialized in investigative reporting. In 1984 he joined the Wall Street Journal, where he reported on the airline industry, drug trafficking, and money-laundering operations. From 1986 to 1993 he was reporter with the Philadelphia Inquirer, and in 1993 he joined the Baltimore Sun, where he wrote spectacular reports on the conditions under which old ships were dismantled in the U.S. and abroad. Cohn's work won him more than thirty prizes in journalism. Gary Cohn became a 1998 Co-PPW for "Investigative Reporting" for a series on the international shipbreaking industry. Coit, Margaret Louise, born on May 30, 1919, in Norwich, Ct., was reared and educated in Greensboro, N.C., where, early in life, she became aware of the importance of southern history and politics. At the Woman's College of the University of North Carolina in Greensboro, she elected English as a major and history as a minor subject. She was awarded the Weil scholarship for excellence in English, and took her B.A. degree in 1941. She had gained first experience in writing as book-review editor of the college newspaper The Carolinian, editor of the college literary quarterly The Coraddi, and contributor of book reviews and feature articles to the Greensboro Daily News. Upon graduation from college Margaret L. Coit went to live in Massachusetts, where she became newspaper correspondent for the Lawrence Daily Eagle in 1941, reporter and feature writer for the Haverhill Gazette in 1945, and feature writer and city-desk assistant for the Newburyport Daily News in 1946. She also wrote feature articles for the Boston Sunday Globe and taught English and history for half a year at the Pines Junior College at Norton. In 1948 she was a fellow at the Breadloaf Writers' Conference. Coit also contributed reviews to the American Historical Review, the North American Review, and William and Mary Quarterly. In 1951 she earned the PP in "Biography or Autobiography" for her first book, John C. Calhoun: American Portrait. Coles, Robert, born on October 12, 1929, in Boston, Ma., graduated from Harvard College with a B.A. degree in 1950 and received his M.D. degree from Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons. From 1955 to 1957 Coles was first in psychiatric residency at

44 Massachusetts General Hospital and then at McLean Hospital. During 1957-58 he was in child psychiatric residency at the Judge Baker Guidance Center-Children's Hospital. From 1955 to 1958 Coles was also a teaching fellow at Harvard Medical School. In 1958 he joined the United States Air Force and served for two years as chief of neuropsychiatric services at Keesler Hospital in Biloxi, Ms. On his discharge, Coles returned to the Judge Baker Guidance Center-Children's Hospital as a fellow in child psychiatry. The following year he was appointed psychiatric consultant to the Lancaster Industrial School for Girls. At that time he also became a clinical assistant in psychiatry at the Harvard University Medical School and a member of the psychiatric staff of the Massachusetts General Hospital. He joined the Harvard University Health Services as a research psychiatrist in 1963 and became a lecturer on general education at Harvard University in 1966. A specialist on anxiety problems among black children in segregated schools and the effects of integration on them, he was the author of the following book publications: e.g. Children of Crisis: A Study of Courage and Fear (vol. 1); Dead End School; The Grass Pipe and Still Hungry in America. In 1973 Robert Coles was a Co-PPW in the "General Non-Fiction" category for the second and third volumes of his work Children of Crisis. Colgrass, Michael Charles, bom on April 22, 1932, in Chicago, II., began his career as an acclaimed composer as early as 1950. He served in the Army of the United States from 1954 to 1956, before obtaining a Bachelor of Music degree from the University of Illinois the same year. He then worked as a freelance solo percussionist with major music organizations in New York, while engaging in further studies and compositional activity. In 1964-65 he earned a Guggenheim fellowship, and in 1966 he received a commission from the Fromm Foundation. Between 1967 and 1969 he was Rockefeller grantee, and in 1968-69 he, once more, was Guggenheim fellow. He worked as Narrator for the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1969 and the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1970. In 1972 he became Ford Founda( tion grantee. Three years later he was appointed director of the Nightingale Opera Incorporation at the Contemporary Music Festival of the University of Illinois. He composed Concertmaster in 1976. While his early pieces were written mainly for percussion, Colgrass later composed a number of atonal chamber works. He also wrote songs, theatrical concert works, and operas to his own texts. In 1978 Michael C.

Colgrass - Connelly Colgrass was awarded the "Music" PP for Deja Vufor Percussion Quartet and Orchestra. Coll, Stephen Wilson, bom on October 8, 1958, in Washington, D.C., graduated with a Bachelor of Arts-degree from Occidental College in 1980. In 1982-83 he worked as staff reporter for KCET-TV in Los Angeles. In 1983 he became contributing editor at California Magazine, and in 1985 he joined the Washington Post as a feature writer in the style section. He also worked as a freelance journalist, publishing a book on the phone industry in 1986 and another on the oil industry the following year. In 1987 Coll became the Washington Post's financial correspondent in New York, where, among other things, he covered the stock market crash of 1987. In 1989 he moved to New Delhi, India, to become the Washington Post's South Asia correspondent. He reported from India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. In 1990 he won the Gerald Loeb award from the University of California at Los Angeles. Also in 1990, Stephen W. Coll became a Co-PPW in the "Explanatory Journalism" category for stories about the Securities and Exchange Commission. Connelly, Marcus C., bom on December 13, 1890, in McKeesport, Pa., developed his love for the theatre very early as his home - a hotel his parents owned - was patronized by touring theatrical companies, circus troupes, and vaudeville performers. After his father died of pneumonia in 1902, Connelly was sent to Trinity Hall, a boarding school in Washington, Pa., where he remained until 1907. Because of the bankruptcy of his family's hotel he gave up plans for Harvard University and moved with his mother to Pittsburgh, where they lived with relatives for a time. Connelly landed his first job with the Pittsburgh Press, moved on to the Pittsburgh office of the Associated Press, and finally became a reporter for the Pittsburgh Gazette Times, where his duties included serving as second-string drama critic and writing a Sunday humor column. After hours he was a director-stage manager of the monthly entertainments of the Pittsburgh Athletic Association and created several of their skits. In 1917 he got a job as a reporter for the New York Morning Telegraph, but he kept his interest in theatre, which led to the acquaintance of a reporter for the drama section of the New York Times who shared Connelly's passion for the theatre. Their collaboration resulted in many plays. Among these were Dulcy; To the Ladies; Merton of the Movies, and The '49ers. After a stint in Hollywood writing the screen play for Exit Smiling, Connelly made his Broadway directing debut in 1926 with The Wisdom

Conniff - Copland Tooth. In 1930 he became PPW in the "Drama" category for his play The Green Pastures. Conniff, Frank, bom on April 24, 1914, in Danbury, Ct., studied at the University of Virginia. He began his journalistic career as a copyboy of the News Times in Danbury, Ct., where he was soon promoted to sports writer. Throughout World War II and in the postwar years he worked as a correspondent of the International News Service. In 1944 and 1947 he won George R. Holmes Memorial awards for his reports from overseas. In 1956 he was a Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for interviews with leaders of the Soviet Union. Conrad, Paul Francis, born on June 27, 1924, in Cedar Rapids, la., attended the University of Iowa, from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1950. The same year he started to work for the Denver Post, where he held the post of an editorial cartoonist for the following fourteen years. During his first year with that paper Conrad also taught at the Denver Art Museum. For his work as a distinguished cartoonist throughout the previous year Conrad was made the recipient of the 1964 PP for "Editorial Cartooning." The same year Conrad moved to the Los Angeles Times. In 1971 he was granted his second PP in the cartoon category for his work done in the year before. Two years later he began to draw cartoons for the Los Angeles Times Syndicate. Apart from his work as a cartoonist Conrad dedicated himself to writing. His first book, titled The King and Us, appeared in 1974. In the time between 1977 and 1978 the cartoonist as well held the Richard Milhous Nixon chair at Whittier College. The following year not only saw the publication of his second book, Pro and Conrad, but also the opening of an exhibition of his sculpture and cartoons at the Los Angeles County Museum. In addition to his two earlier Pulitzer Prizes Conrad was granted a number of other awards, among these from the Sigma Delta Chi fraternity, the Journalism award from the University of Southern California and two Overseas Press Club awards. In 1984 Paul F. Conrad was granted his third PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category. Cony, Edward Roger, born on March 15, 1923, in Augusta, Me., attended Colby College from 1940 to 1942 and served with the U.S. army in the United States, France, Luxembourg and Germany from 1943 to 1946. After his discharge he continued his studies at Reed College in Portland, Or., graduating from there in 1948 with a B.A. degree in political science. He went on to earn an M.A. degree in journalism from Stanford University in 1951. For the

45 next six months he worked as a reporter on the Oregonian in Portland, Or. After leaving that paper he wrote magazine articles as a freelance writer until 1953 when he joined the Wall Street Journal as a member of the San Francisco bureau. Two years later he was made manager of the paper's Los Angeles bureau, and in 1957 took over as head of the Wall Street Journal's office at Jacksonville, Fl. Edward Cony was sent to New York in 1959 and named a news editor the following year. In addition to covering business and industrial news throughout the southeast, he wrote many articles on school integration in the South. He also was in the scene in Cuba when the Castro forces overthrew the Batista regime. Edward R. Cony earned the 1961 PP for "National Reporting" for his analysis of a timber transaction. Cooper, Kenneth Joseph, born on December 11, 1955, in Denver, Co., received a B.A. degree in English from Washington University in St. Louis, Mo., in 1977. He worked for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the Rocky Mountain News in Denver, Co., before coming to the Boston Globe in 1980. In 1984 he was a CoPPW in the category "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for a series on race relations in Boston. Cooper, Richard Lee, born on December 8, 1946, in Grand Rapids, Mi., attended Grand Rapids Junior College from 1965 to 1967 and subsequently studied at Michigan State University, from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1969. The same year he started his journalistic career with the Rochester TimesUnion, where he worked as a general assignment reporter. In 1972 he won the Spot News Award from the New York State Associated Press. Also in 1972, Richard L. Cooper was made a Co-PPW in the category of "Local General Spot News Reporting" for coverage of a prison riot in Attica, N.Y. Copland, Aaron, bom on November 14, 1900, in Brooklyn, N.Y., took lessons in harmony, counterpoint and composition from Rubin Goldmark while attending Boys' High School. In 1921 he entered the Conservatoire Americain at Fontainebleau, France. He got to know Nadia Boulanger and moved to Paris, where he became her student for the following three years, before returning to the U.S. His Symphony for Organ and Orchestra was given its premiere by the New York Symphony in 1925. He decided to introduce jazz elements into his compositions, e.g. into Music for the Theater. Copland was the first composer to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1925 and 1926. In 1927 he started to work as a lecturer on modem music at the New School of Social

46 Research. During the following years he became promoter of modem music, co-founded the Copland-Sessions Concerts from 19281931, and was the director of the Festivals of Contemporary American Music at Yaddo, Saratoga Springs, N.Y. His subsequent compositions were inspired by American folk sources in order to achieve a "homespun musical idiom." He also published two books, What to Listen for in Music, in 1939, and Our New Music, in 1941. Aaron Copland won the 1945 PP in the "Music" category for his composition Appalachian Spring. Cortes, Ron, born on March 29, 1945, in San Antonio, Tx., received a degree in mathematics from the University of Texas in 1966. For one decade he worked as a teacher in Texas, California, and Teheran, Iran. In 1978 he returned to the University of Texas for postgraduate work in communications. In 1981 he joined the staff of the Wilmington News-Journal as a photographer. Six years later he switched to the Philadelphia Inquirer, working on projects all over the world, e.g. in Cuba, Bosnia, and Ethiopia. In 1997 Ron Cortes was a Co-PPW in "Explanatory Journalism" for a series on critically-ill patients. Cortesi, Arnaldo, born on September 21, 1897, in Rome, Italy, was a member of a distinguished journalistic family. He attended schools in England and earned an engineering degree from the University of Manchester. Afterwards he worked for some time at a Westinghouse Electric plant near that city before turning to journalism, too. His mother was an American from Boston who worked as the first New York Times correspondent in Rome. At her death in 1916, she was succeeded in that post by her elder daughter, Elizabeth, who resigned upon marrying in 1922. Now Arnaldo Cortesi was appointed her successor by the publisher of the Times, who had met the young man during a visit to Italy. Since that time, he covered the Italian capital for many years. In his dispatches from Rome he reported on the rise of Mussolini as Italy's dictator and the consolidation of the Fascist regime. Moreover he was among the first observers to see that Mussolini would join forces with Hitler. Seventeen years after he had become the New York Times correspondent in Rome, Mussolini gave the order that Italian citizens were not allowed to represent foreign news organizations in Italy. So the Times transferred Cortesi to Geneva and Mexico City for short stints and sent him to Buenos Aires in 1941. In this city he was able to observe the upcoming Peron regime towards the end of World War II. When the first of his articles on this topic was pub-

Cortes - Cramer lished early in June, 1945, in the New York Times, Cortesi was picked up and taken to police headquarters hours before the U.S. embassy was able to obtain his release. In 1946 Arnaldo Cortesi earned the PP for "Correspondence" for reports from Argentina. Cox, Robert Vernon, bom on March 28, 1927, in Chambersburg, Pa., enlisted in the U.S. Air Force in 1945. He was stationed in Iceland as a control tower operator in 1946. After his discharge in 1947, he worked in several jobs, e.g. as a gas serviceman and car salesman. In 1958 he got the post of a newscaster and news director for a local radio station in his hometown. The following year he became sports and general assignment reporter with the Public Opinion, a local Chambersburg newspaper. Cox was promoted to city editor in 1966. The same year the journalist reported on the kidnapping of a high school girl in Shape Gap, Pa. This coverage made Robert V. Cox recipient of the 1967 PP in the category of "Local General Spot News Reporting." Cozzens, James Gould, born on August 19, 1903, in Chicago, II., entered Harvard College in 1922. While he was a sophomore there, his first novel, Confusion, was published. Obtaining a leave of absence in his junior year to write Michael Scarlett, he spent a year in Cuba's Santa Clara province, where he taught in a sugar company's school for the children of American engineers. Cozzens did not return to college. In the summer of 1926 he departed for Europe, to remain there for a year. His next book, The Cock Pit, appeared in 1928. It was followed by The Sons of Perdition in 1929 and 5. S. San Pedro in 1931. Two years later Cozzens became the owner of a farm in Lambertville, N.J., where he continued his writing except for a short period in the thirties, when he served as temporary guest editor on the staff of Fortune. His books The Last Adam, which was adapted for a motion picture, and The Castaway appeared in 1933 and 1934. Men and Brethren, Cozzens' account of two days in the life and work of an Episcopal minister in New York City, came out in 1936. In the early 1940's he wrote the two novels Ask Me Tomorrow and The Just and the Unjust. Cozzens, who volunteered for the Army Air Forces in 1942 and was discharged as a major at the end of 1945, began the writing of his eleventh novel a few days after his release. The result was the book Guard of Honor, for which James G. Cozzens earned the 1949 PP for "Fiction." Cramer, Richard Ben, born on June 12, 1950, in Rochester, N.Y., attended Brighton High School. He was graduated from the Johns Hopkins University with a B.A. in liberal arts

Cremin - Crider in 1971, and in 1972 was awarded an M.S. degree in journalism by Columbia University. From 1972 to 1976 he was a reporter for the Sun in Baltimore, Md. In October, 1976, Cramer joined the Philadelphia Inquirer as a transportation writer, a post he held until being assigned to the New York bureau of his newspaper in July, 1977. He was sent to Cairo for the Christmas Day 1977 negotiations between Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin, and remained as the Philadelphia Inquirer's Middle East correspondent. When most reporters were willing to wait in Israel for the military authorities to provide escorted tours of the front lines where Israeli soldiers had invaded southern Lebanon, Richard Ben Cramer could be found at the front line, alone. When the invasion began in the spring of 1978, Cramer immediately and instinctively set out from Tel Aviv for the front in a hired taxi, but the Israeli army blocked the way. Cramer ordered the taxi to Tel Aviv's airport, caught the first available flight to Athens, changed planes for Beirut and hit the Lebanese ground running for a taxi. It took him another day of dogged effort until he alighted from the taxi and walked, in suit and tie, the two miles across no-man's land. At the last Fatah commando checkpoint he was warned that the Israeli were very near. He walked all by himself between the two sides. Richard B. Cramer's series of articles from both sides of the front earned him the 1979 PP for "International Reporting." Cremin, Lawrence Arthur, born on October 31, 1925, in New York City, earned his Master of Arts degree at Columbia University in 1947 after having received a Bachelor's degree in Social Sciences one year earlier. He joined the staff of the Columbia Teachers' College in 1948 and the following year the Ph.D. degree was conferred on him. Having been a Guggenheim fellow from 1957 to 1958, he advanced to Frederick A. P. Barnard professor of education in 1961. Twice, from 1964 to 1965 and from 1971 to 1972, Cremin held a fellowship of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences. In 1974 he became president of the Columbia Teachers' College. A prolific writer, Cremin was the author of the following book publications: The American Common School; The Transformation of the School; The Genius of American Education; The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley; American Education: The Colonial Experience; Richard Hofsladter (1916-1970); Public Education and Traditions of American Education. His book American Education: The National Experience, 1783-1876, earned him the 1981PP for "History."

47 Crewdson, John Mark, born on December 15, 1954, in San Francisco, Ca., went to high school in Albany, Ca., and then majored in economics at the University of California at Berkeley. Crewdson was awarded a B.A. degree in 1970, having won the undergraduate prize in economics. He joined the New York Times as a copy boy in New York in June, 1970, soon after his graduation from Berkeley, where he had been the part-time correspondent for the newspaper. Three months after joining the New York Times Crewdson moved to the Washington bureau as a copy boy and was promoted to a news clerk. In 1971 and 1972 John Crewdson did graduate studies in politics at Queen's College in Oxford, England. In June, 1972, he became a news assistant and writing intern. In his first year as a staff reporter, 1973, John Crewdson shared a Sigma Delta Chi award for Washington correspondence together with four other New York Times reporters for their account of how Spiro Agnew left the Vice Presidency. In 1976 Crewdson won a James Wright Brown Award from the New York Deadline Club. In 1977 he received a special achievement award from the New York Press Club and a Page One Award from the Newspaper Guild of New York. Since January, 1977, Crewdson worked as a national correspondent for the New York Times, based in Houston, Texas. He took on that assignment after four years as a reporter in the newspaper's Washington bureau, where he covered the Justice Department and the law. John M. Crewdson was awarded the 1981 PP for "National Reporting" for coverage of illegal aliens and immigration. Crider, John Henshaw, bom on February 26, 1906, in Mt. Vemon, N.Y., obtained part of his education at the Fishburne Military School in Waynesboro, Va. From 1924-26 he attended the Virginia Military Institute and contributed to the institute's weekly paper, the Cadet. In 1926 Crider enrolled in the School of Journalism at Columbia University from which he obtained his Bachelor of Literature degree in 1928. Afterwards he attended graduate classes at Columbia. During his senior year he got in contact with the New York Times. Assigned in 1929 to White Plains as Westchester correspondent for about eight years, from 1937-40 he was with the Washington bureau of the Times. After an interruption as a Nieman fellow at Harvard University, in 1941 Crider again was a Washington correspondent for a couple of years. In December 1946 he became editor of the Boston Herald. John H. Crider became Co-PPW of 1949 in the category "Editorial Writing."

48 Crisostomo, Manny, bom on November 28, 1958, in Sinajana, Guam, attended the University of Guam and the University of Missouri. He entered newspaper work as a staff member of the Columbia Missourian, joined the Jackson Citizen Patriot and the Detroit Free Press where he was promoted to be staff photographer. In 1986 Crisostomo was co-author of a book entitled Main Street: A Portrait of Small-Town Michigan, and the following year the photographer edited Moving Pictures: A Look at Detroit from High Atop the People Mover. He was named Michigan Photographer of the Year by the Michigan Press Photographers' Association twice, in 1987 and 1988. In 1989 he became PPW in the category "Feature Photography" for pictures depicting student life at a Detroit high school. Cristofer, Michael, bom on January 22, 1946, in White Horse, N.J., studied at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., from 1962 before dropping out in 1965 to start an acting career. After living in a commune in San Francisco and working on translations in Mexico, Cristofer continued his search for acting opportunities. Between 1967 and 1968 he performed with the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., the ACT in Seattle, and the Theatre of Living Arts in Philadelphia. In 1968 his first play, The Mandala, was performed by the Theatre of Living Arts Workshop, but it received little notice. In 1968 and 1969 Cristofer was in the Beirut Repertory Company in Lebanon and supplemented his income by teaching English. During the 1970-1971 season, he appeared at the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut. His play Americomedia, a revolutionary street theatre production, toured the East Coast during the 1972 presidential campaign. Since 1972 Cristofer was associated chiefly with the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, where he acted in major roles in a number of productions. His acting talent won him the Los Angeles Drama Critics Award for Acting in 1973 and the Theatre World Award for Performance four years later. His first major work as a writer, The Shadow Box, premiered in 1975 in Los Angeles before it came to Broadway. In 1977 the play captured both the Tony Award and the PP in the "Drama" category. Crosby, Jacqueline Garton, bom on May 13, 1961, in Jacksonville, Fl., graduated from the University of Georgia in 1983 with a journalism degree. Her journalistic experiences included work as a news production assistant at a Jacksonville television station and as a news anchor at the university's campus radio station. She also was a basketball correspondent for

Crisostomo - Crumb United Press International and a sports editor for the campus newspaper, Red and Black. Jackie Crosby held two newspaper internships in sports journalism, at the Times-Union of Jacksonville and the Alabama paper Birmingham News. She began full-time work as a sports writer at the Macon Telegraph and News in Georgia immediately after graduation. In 1985 Jacqueline G. Crosby became Co-PPW in the category "Specialized Reporting" for a series on academics and athletics in two Georgia colleges. Crouch, Bill, born in 1915, in Canon City, Co., entered newspaper work in 1935 when he joined the Associated Press in Denver as a wirephoto station operator. Two years later he transferred to the AP bureau in Seattle. In 1941 Crouch switched to the Oakland Tribune in California where he took over the wirephoto station. Since 1944 he worked as a staff photographer for the Tribune except for a year of wartime duty with the Marine Corps. In 1950 Bill Crouch became PPW in the category "Photography" for a picture entitled "Near Collision at Air Show." Crouse, Rüssel, bom on February 20, 1893, in Findlay, Oh., was educated in public schools. In 1910 he started to work as a reporter for the Cincinnati Commercial-Tribune, but switched to the Kansas City Star the following year, where he worked as a reporter and sports columnist during the next five years. In 1917 he accepted a post as a political reporter on the Cincinnati Post. During World War I Crouse served with the United States Navy. He also worked as a reporter for the New York Globe, the New York Evening Mail, and the New York Evening Post, where he was also columnist between 1925 and 1931. In addition Rüssel Crouse wrote several books, notably Mr. Currier and Mr. Ives, before he teamed for the production of a number of successful plays. He became a 1946 PPW in the category "Drama" for the comedy State of the Union. Crumb, George Henry, bom on October 24, 1929, in Charleston, W.V., attended Mason College, a conservatory of music in Charleston, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Music degree in 1950. Two years later Crumb received his Master of Music degree at the University of Illinois. He then joined the faculty of the University of Michigan, while working towards his doctorate. In the summer of 1955 the postgraduate studied at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood, Ma. Subsequently he went to Germany under a Fulbright fellowship, where he attended the Hochschule für Musik in Berlin. In 1958 Crumb became an instructor of music theory at

Cunningham - Gushing Hollins College. In 1959 he graduated from the University of Michigan with a Doctor of Music. He then transferred to the University of Colorado to work as an assistant professor of composition and piano. In 1965 he began to teach composition at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. His work Echoes of Time and the River made George H. Crumb the recipient of the 1968 PP in the category "Music." Cunningham, Michael, born on November 6, 1952, in Cincinnati, Oh., grew up in Pasadena, Ca. He obtained a B.A. in English literature from Stanford University in 1975 and a Master of Fine Arts-degree in creative writing from the University of Iowa in 1980. He subsequently was a fellow of the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown in 1980-81, and holder of the James Michener Fellowship of the Iowa Writers' Workshop in 1981-82. In that period he published several short stories in the Atlantic Monthly, Redbook, and the Paris Review, and in 1984 his first novel, Golden States, appeared. Three years later he won a fellowship of the National Endowment for the Arts. In 1991 his novel A Home at the End of the World was published to wide acclaim. It was translated into French, Dutch, German, Italian, Japanese, Spanish, and several other languages. The same year Cunningham became a faculty member of the Santa Monica College Writers' Conference. He won a fellowship of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 1993, and published a third novel, Flesh and Blood, in 1995. After holding several teaching positions, he became a professor of fiction-writing at Columbia University in 1996. Michael Cunningham's fourth novel, The Hours, earned him the 1999 PP in the "Fiction" category. Curti, Merle Eugene, born on September 15, 1897, in Papillion, Nb., received his Bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1920. The following year, he earned his Master's degree and became instructor in history at Beloit College. From 1924 to 1925 he pursued further studies at the Sorbonne in Paris, France. On his return to the United States he joined the staff of Smith College as assistant professor and received his doctorate in 1927. The same year, Curti was promoted to associate professor and in 1929 to full professor. During the years of 1936-37 he held the Dwight Morrow professorship. Afterwards he became professor of history at the Teachers College of Columbia University. Since 1942 he was professor at the University of Wisconsin. Curti was a prolific writer, the following were some of his works: Austria and the U.S., 1848-1852; American Peace Crusade; Bryan and World Peace;

49 Social Ideas of American Educators; The Learned Blacksmith: Letters and Journals of Elihu Burritt. In 1944 Merle E. Curti became PPW in the "History" category for his book The Growth of American Thought. Curtin, David Stephen, born on December 18, 1955, in Kansas City, Mo., worked as a parttime sportswriter and city reporter for the Littleton Independent from 1976 to 1977, while studying journalism at the University of Colorado. He received his B.S. degree in 1978, when he also switched to the Boulder Daily Camera. In 1979 Curtin became a police reporter and photographer at the Greeley Tribune. After having worked in this profession for five years, he joined the Durango Herald as a general assignment reporter and photographer. In 1986 he was awarded the Inland Daily Press Association Award. From 1987 on he was a police and assignment reporter with the Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph. Curtin worked as a journalism instructor at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, as well. David S. Curtin became PPW for "Feature Writing" in 1990 for reporting of a family tragedy. Gushing, Francis W., born on August 10, 1915, was engaged by the Boston Traveler in 1932. His stay was merely interrupted by World War II where he served in the U.S. Army Air Corps as an Aerial Photographer. After his return he joined the Boston Traveler again where he first worked as a messenger but soon was promoted to be staff photographer. Francis W. Gushing became the 1948 PPW in the category "Photography" for a picture entitled "Boy Gunman and Hostage." Gushing, Harvey Williams, bom on April 8, 1869, in Cleveland, Oh., attended Yale College, where he received his B.A. degree. In 1891 he entered the Harvard Medical School and was graduated M.D. in 1895. After a year's internship at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Gushing joined the staff of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore as an assistant resident in surgery. On the recommendation of the hospital's director Gushing spent during 1900-01 a year abroad. In Italy he obtained the replica of a blood-pressure apparatus, which he brought to the United States, thereby introducing blood-pressure determinations into American operating rooms. Upon his return to Baltimore, Gushing began a general surgical practice and received a minor appointment in surgery at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In the meanwhile he gradually specialized on neurological surgery. In 1912 he accepted an appointment as surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston.

50 That same year Gushing became professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School. During World War I he volunteered to work in military hospitals - first in France, later with the British and the American forces. His teaching spe-

Gushing ciality was the brain. Five years of work went into the two volumes of the book The Life of Sir William Osier, for which Harvey W. Gushing won the 1926 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category.

Dabney, Virginias, born on February 8, 1901, in Charlottesville, Va., grew up near the campus of the University of Virginia, where his father was professor of history. He was taught at home until he was sent, at the age of thirteen, to the Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Va. There he became an editor of the school paper. After graduation he studied at the University of Virginia, earned a B.A. degree in 1920 and his M.A. in the following year. It was after his father asked him if he had considered journalism as a career that Dabney became a cub reporter on the Richmond News Leader in July 1922. He left the News Leader in 1928 to join the editorial staff of the Richmond TimesDispatch and was made its chief editorial writer in 1934. In the same year he received a grant from a foundation which gave him six months of travel and study in Central Europe. In 1936 Virginius Dabney became editor of the Times-Dispatch, and in the following years he received several awards for outstanding editorial writings. In 1948 he was awarded the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles about foreign affairs. Daley, Arthur John, born on July 31, 1904, in New York City, grew up in his hometown. Enrolling at Fordham Preparatory, he participated in both basketball and baseball and was graduated in 1922. He entered Fordham University in New York City in the same year. Daley had no idea of becoming a writer until his junior year at Fordham, when he became assistant sports editor of the Fordham Ram. In his senior year he was sports columnist of the undergraduate weekly. Arthur J. Daley received the B.A. degree in 1926. After his graduation he was hired by the New York Times as a sports reporter, specializing in track and field, basketball and professional football. In 1927 he covered the second fight between Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney. Sent to Los Angeles in 1932, he reported on the Olympic games and four years later he covered the Olympics in Berlin. While still in his apprenticeship at the New York Times he spent a semester at both New York University and at Columbia University taking post graduate writing courses. During the 1930's he contributed many articles to national periodicals such as Reader's Digest, Collier's, and Literary

Digest. In 1942 Daley became columnist of the New York Times. Arthur J. Daley earned the 1956 PP in the "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" category for commentary on the world of sport. Dangerfield, George Bubb, bom on October 28, 1904, in Newbury, Berkshire, England, entered Hertford College at Oxford University in 1923. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature in June 1927. Beginning his career as a poet, Dangerfield taught at the English Institute in Prague, Czechoslovakia, and subsequently at the English College in Hamburg, Germany. In 1930 he settled in the United States and served as a reader and editor for a New York publishing house during the following two years. From 1933 to 1935 he held the post of literary editor of Vanity Fair magazine. During World War II Dangerfield served with the 102nd Infantry Division of the United States Army and while stationed at Paris, Texas, in April 1943, he became an American citizen. Dangerfield lectured widely throughout the United States and contributed numerous book reviews and articles to various periodicals. He was the author of the following books: Bengal Mutiny: The Story of the Sepoy Rebellion; The Strange Death of Liberal England; Victoria's Heir: The Education of a Prince. After the Second World War George B. Dangerfield wrote his first book dealing with American history. In 1953 he became PPW in "History" for his volume The Era of Good Feelings. Dante, Nicholas, born on November 22, 1941, in New York City, attended public schools in his hometown. He appeared in a number of plays. Trying his hands on playwriting he collaborated on the musical A Chorus Line, which made him a Co-PPW in 1976 in the "Drama" category. Dapping, William Osborne, bom on June 21, 1880, in New York City, studied at Harvard University with the help of Thomas Mott Osborne, the founder of the newspaper Ausburn Citizen. After graduation Dapping joined the Ausburn Citizen as a reporter in its inaugural year of 1905. To show his closeness to the Osborne family, Dapping took Osborne as his middle name, although he was never formally adopted. He later became an editorial

52 writer for the Citizen. Dapping was highly respected throughout the state of New York for his writing and his blunt opinions. William Osborne Dapping won a PP in the Journalism "Special Awards and Citations" group for his reportorial work on a prison outbreak. Darcy, Thomas Francis, born on December 19, 1932, in Brooklyn, N.Y., attended the Terry Art Institute in Florida from 1953 to 1954 and passed the School of Visual Arts in New York City in 1956. He started to work as a political cartoonist for Newsday, N.Y., in 1958. Darcy switched to the Phoenix Gazette in 1959 but left it the following year for working as an art director for an advertising concern. In 1965 he joined the Houston Post where he stayed for two years. He then switched to the Philadelphia Bulletin. In 1968 Darcy got the post of an editorial cartoonist at Newsday. In the same year Newsday Specials started to syndicate his cartoons. Thomas F. Darcy became the 1970 PPW in the category "Editorial Cartooning" for the drawing "Good news, we've turned the comer in Vietnam!" Darling, Jay Norwood (Ding), bom on October 21, 1876, in Norwood, Mi., attended Yankton College in South Dakota between 1894 and 1895. In 1899 he worked as a reporter for the Sioux City Tribune in Iowa. The following year, in which Beloit College in Wisconsin granted Darling his Bachelor of Philosophy, he started to work for the Sioux City Journal, first as a reporter and then as a cartoonist. In 1906 he switched to the Des Moines Register, where he stayed until 1911. In that year he was offered a position in New York with the syndicate connected with the New York Globe, and he accepted. But after only two years he returned to Des Moines to work for the Register again. He called himself "Ding" and was hired in 1917 he was hired as editorial cartoonist for the New York Tribune and its syndicate, but Darling remained in Des Moines and continued to work for the Register, too. For his drawing "In Good Old U.S.A." he earned the 1924 PP for "Editorial Cartooning." In 1943 Jay N. Darling won his second PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category for his drawing "What a Place For a Waste Paper Salvage Campaign." Darnton, John Townsend, born on November 20, 1941, in New York City, attended schools in Westport, Ct., and Washington, D.C., before returning to New York in 1956. From then until 1960, he attended Phillips Andover Academy and then spent a year studying at the Alliance Fran9aise and the Sorbonne in France. From 1961 to 1965 Darnton attended the University of Wisconsin at Madison and received a bachelor's degree in English and psychology.

Darcy - Davidovsky John Darnton, whose father was a New York Times war correspondent who had lost his life in New Guinea in 1942, joined the same newspaper in September, 1966, and was a news clerk and news assistant until December, 1968, when he was promoted to the reporting staff. In June, 1971, he joined the night rewrite bank of the New York Times and returned to reporting on the metropolitan staff in October, 1972. He was at one time a member of the Times's City Hall bureau in New York. In February, 1976, Darnton began his first foreign reporting assignment for the Times. The place was Lagos, and the Nigerian Government was to let him stay only thirteen months before deporting him, apparently for a way of reporting it thought of as offensive. Darnton was jailed for a short time, and then flown to Kenya. There he worked for three years before going to Poland where he covered Eastern Europe from his base in Warsaw. In 1979, he won the George Polk Memorial Award for foreign reporting. He won the award again in 1982 when he also earned the PP in the "International Reporting" category for his dispatches from Poland. Dash Jr., Leon DeCosta, born on March 16, 1944, in New Bedford, Ma., began his journalistic career with the Washington Post in 1966. He worked as a reporter while studying at Howard University from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1968. He served for the Peace Corps in Kenya and came back to the Washington Post in 1971. Five years later he got the post of foreign correspondent. In 1978 Dash became visiting professor of political science at the University of California at San Diego for one year. The reporter moved to Africa in 1979 to become foreign correspondent in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Five years later he came back to join the Investigative and Special Project staff of the Washington Post. During this time he wrote a series on teenage pregnancy which was the basis for his book When Children Want Children, published in 1989. In the course of his career Dash gained numerous prizes, among them the Overseas Press Club award in 1974, the Africare International Reporting award in 1984, and the Investigative Reporters and Editors award in 1987. Leon D. Dash Jr. became a 1995 Co-PPW in the "Explanatory Journalism" category for coverage of poverty, illiteracy, crime and drug abuse in the District of Columbia. Davidovsky, Mario, born on March 4, 1934, in Medanos, Buenos Aires, Argentina, studied composition, theory and history in his home town, before coming to the United States in 1960. In 1961-62 and 1962-63 he was awarded

Davis - Davis two Guggenheim fellowships. Subsequently he got the post of associate director of the Electronic Music Center at Columbia-Princeton University. In 1964 Davidovsky was visiting lecturer at the School of Music of the University of Michigan. In 1965 he received a Rockefeller fellowship and was guest professor at the Institute di Telia in Buenos Aires. Mario Davidovsky won the 1971 PP in "Music" for his Synchronisms No. 6 for Piano and Electronic Sound. Davis, David Brion, born on February 16, 1927, in Denver, Co., served with the United States Army from 1945 to 1946. Subsequently he attended Dartmouth College, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1950. Having worked as a scheduler for the Cessna Aircraft Corporation during 1950-51, he enrolled for graduate studies at Harvard University and obtained his Master's degree in 1953. That same year he joined the staff of Dartmouth College as an instructor in history and Fund for the Advancement of Education intern. In 1955 he became assistant professor at Cornell University. In the meantime he completed his doctoral dissertation and received the Ph.D. degree from Harvard in 1956. Davis was promoted to associate professor in 1958 and to Ernest I. White Professor of History in 1963. A contributor to professional journals and other periodicals including New York Times Book Review, Times Literary Supplement and New Republic, he has also furnished articles for publications such as The Stature of Theodore Dreiser; Twelve Original Essays on Great American Novels and The Antislavery Vanguard. Davis was the author of Homicide in American Fiction, 1798-1860: A Study in Social Values and The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. The latter earned David B. Davis the PP of 1967 for the best work in the "General Non-Fiction" category. Davis, Harold Lenoir, born on October 18, 1894, in Rone's Mill, Or., graduated from high school in 1912, and for the next few years he worked as deputy county assessor and for a General Land Office survey crew. He was drafted into the army in 1918, and for three months served as a clerk at Fort McDowell, Ca. His first poems were published in the April 1919 issue of the Poetry magazine. After his discharge from the army, Davis returned to his hometown, where for the next nine years he worked at various jobs, from bank clerk to laborer on a railroad track gang. By 1928 Davis was turning to fiction. Two stories, "Occidental's Prodigal" and "Oleman Hattie," appeared in Adventure magazine. During the next years more short stories and sketches fol-

53 lowed, most of which were published in the American Mercury, Collier's, and Saturday Evening Post. In 1932 Davis received a Guggenheim exchange fellowship to go to Mexico and work on a long epic poem. Instead, once in Mexico, he worked on more short stories. His first book, Honey in the Horn, brought to Harold L. Davis the 1936 PP for "Novel." Davis Jr., Horance Gibbs, born on July 14, 1924, in Manchester, Ga., attended the University of Florida at Gainesville, where he received his B.A. degree in 1948. For a short period he worked for the Bradford County Telegraph in Florida, before, immediately after graduation, he became the capital correspondent for the Jacksonville Florida Times-Union in Tallahassee, Fl. During the time as state capital correspondent Davis received his M.A. degree from the University of Florida in 1952. After five years at the Florida Times-Union, in 1954, he joined the journalism faculty at the University of Florida. Since that time, beside of his teaching position, Horance G. Davis Jr. continued working for newspapers. In the period 1955-56 he had short stints as reporter on the Bradford County Telegraph, and since that time he earned several state level journalism awards. From 1959-60 he contributed to the Atlanta Constitution, the following year he was a free-lancer for the Miami Herald, and since 1962 he became an editorial writer for the Gainesville Sun on a near daily basis. In 1963 Davis won the Sigma Delta Chi Distinguished Society Award for editorial writing for a series of Sun editorials. In 1965 and 1967 he received University of Florida awards for teaching excellence, and in 1971 the University named him Distinguished Alumnus. In the same year Horance G. Davis Jr. was awarded the PP for "Editorial Writing" for articles of the peaceful desegregation of Florida's schools. Davis, Owen, born on January 29, 1874, in Portland, Me., wrote his first melodrama, Diamond Cut Diamond: or, The Rival Detectives at the age of nine. After studying at the University of Tennessee between 1888 and 1889 Davis went to Harvard University in 1890, where he stayed three years. He assisted the Society of Arts, which presented plays at the Hollis Theatre in Boston with a company headed by Maurice Barrymore. For a short time Davis tried his hand at acting but gave it up very soon again. Thereafter the author coached the football team of a New York preparatory school. Seeing a successful melodrama of the period, The Great Train Robbery, he studied it intensively and evolved a pattern which served him in the writing of his own dramas. He commenced his

54 career as a dramatic author with Through the Breakers, which ran five years in the United States, England, and Australia. Other plays were Under Two Flags; Nellie; The Beautiful Cloak Model, and The World We Live In. Thereafter Owen Davis wrote Icebound which made the author the recipient of the PP in the "Drama" category in 1923. Day, Price, bom on November 4, 1907, in Plainview, Tx., received his B.A. degree from Princeton University in 1929. Between 1929 and 1935 he worked as a cartoonist and occasional free lance writer on various periodicals and then especially as a science fiction writer for the Saturday Evening Post, Collier's, and other journals between 1935 and 1941. In 1942, Day moved to Florida where he worked for the Fort Lauderdale Times as a city editor. One year later he was sent to the Mediterranean battle areas as a war correspondent by the Baltimore Sun, where he performed his job from 1943 to 1945. He distinguished himself as a war correspondent of his paper by covering the 8th Air force, the Allied campaign in Italy including the Anzio beachhead and the liberation of Rome, the American invasion of southern France in the late summer of 1944, and the breaking of the German winter line in the Vosges Mountains. His postwar assignments included the Potsdam conference, the Nuremberg trials, and developments in Czechoslovakia, France and Germany and the Caribbean, culminating in his assignment to the leading role in the Sun's world-wide study of the British Commonwealth and Empire and the impact of its changes upon the life of the postwar period. In 1949 Price Day won the PP in the "international Reporting" category for his dispatches from India. De Carvalho, George, bom on March 10, 1921, in Hong Kong, was educated at Gonzaga College in Shanghai and the Sorbonne in Paris. For two years he lived in India before he came to San Francisco where he joined the staff of the San Francisco Chronicle in July, 1938, as a copyboy, and in April, 1939, he moved up as a rewrite man. During World War II he served in a Parachute Infantry Regiment for three years, two of them on European battlefields. He served overseas with the 82nd Airborne Division as a staff sergeant, made two combat jumps, was wounded four times and came out with U.S., French and Belgian citations. After the war George De Carvalho returned to the San Francisco Chronicle, and in 1946 he traveled to the countries of Western Europe for his newspaper, including the four zones of occupation of Germany and Berlin. In 1950 he became the city reporter for the San Francisco

Day - Degler Chronicle, but in February, 1951, he left his cityroom desk for the fighting zone in Korea to portray the drama of the American soldiers. In 1952 he received the McQuade Award, the Catholic Newsman Award and the Heywood Brown Award. George De Carvalho earned the 1952 PP for "Local Reporting" for stories about money-transfer by Chinese from the United States for relations held in China. Dedman, Bill, born on October 14, 1960, in Chattanooga, Tn., started his journalistic career at the Chattanooga Free Press while still in high school. He studied at Washington University in St. Louis for two years, but in 1981 he dropped out and devoted his life to reporting. He worked for the Warrensburg Daily Star Journal, a small daily newspaper in rural Missouri, in 1981, but transfered to the Blue Springs Examiner the same year. In 1983 he returned to Chattanooga, and worked, again, for the Chattanooga Free Press until 1984, and the Chattanooga Free Times from 1984-1986. He covered local government and development. From 1986 to 1987 he was a staff writer for the Knoxville News-Sentinel, where he wrote features and reported on the business of health care. In late 1987 he joined the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, traveled for the national desk on spot news and features, and worked on local enterprise stories. In 1988 he won the Southern Journalism award. Bill Dedman became the 1989 PPW in the category "Investigative Reporting" for articles of racial discrimination practises in Atlanta. Degler, Carl Neumann, born on February 6, 1921, in Orange, N.J., earned his Bachelor's degree from Upsala College, N.J., in 1942. Thereafter he served with the United States Army in World War II. In 1945 he enrolled at Columbia University for graduate study and received his M.A. degree there in 1947. That same year he joined the staff of Hunter College as an instructor. During the following years he also taught at New York University, at Adelphi College and at the College of the City of New York. In 1952 the Ph.D. degree was conferred upon him by Columbia University and Degler became member of the faculty of history at Vassar College. He was promoted to full professor of history in 1962 and, in 1966, he became chairman of the department. Meanwhile Degler taught as visiting professor at Columbia Graduate School in 1963-64 as well as in Stanford during the summer term of 1964. In 1968 he accepted a professorship of American history at Stanford University. The historian published a large number of books including Age of Economic Revolution', Affluence and Anxiety and Out of Our Past. Degler was the

De Gramont - Del Tredici editor of Pivotal Interpretations of American History, Women and Economics and The New Deal. In 1972 Carl N. Degler earned the PP in the category "History" for the book Neither Black Nor White. De Gramont, Sanche, born on March 31, 1932, in Geneva, Switzerland, studied at Sorbonne University in Paris, France, and received a B.A. degree from Yale University, and a Master of Science-degree from Columbia University. From 1955 to 1956 he worked with the Telegram in Worchester, Ma. In 1956-57 he served in the French Army, and from 1958 to 1959 he was a reporter for the Associated Press in New York. He briefly wrote for the French Press Agency, before joining the New York HeraldTribune in 1959, which sent him to France as its Paris correspondent. Sanche De Gramont won the 1961 PP in the category of "Local Reporting, Edition Time," for his story on the sudden death of baritone Leonard Warren on the stage of the New York Metropolitan Opera House. De Grazia, Sebastian, born on August 11, 1917, in Chicago, II., attended the University of Chicago and earned there his Bachelor of Artsdegree in 1939. During World War II he served first with the Federal Communications Commission and then with the Office of Strategic Services. In 1945 he joined the faculty of the University of Chicago and remained there until 1950, in the meantime fulfilling the requirements for his Ph.D. degree, which was conferred on him in 1947. That same year he also started to work as a consultant to business firms and state and U.S. Government. From 1950 to 1952 he taught as visiting professor at the University of Florence, Italy. From 1957 to 1961 De Grazia worked as director for the Twentieth Century Fund. Subsequently, he accepted a professorship of political philosophy at Rutgers University. Princeton University, the University of Madrid, John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton count among the institutions of higher education, where De Grazia taught as visiting professor. A grantee of the American Philosophical Society and a member of the Social Science Research Council, he was also the author of the following book publications: The Political Community; Errors of Psychotherapy; Of Time, Work and Leisure and Masters of Chinese Political Thought. His work Machiavelli in Hell made Sebastian De Grazia the 1990 winner of the PP for "Biography or Autobiography." Delaplane, Stanton Hill, born on October 12, 1907, in Chicago, II., was editor of The Young Democrat from 1933 to 1934, and editor of the

55 Apertif Magazine from 1933 to 1936. In 1936 he joined the San Francisco Chronicle, where he worked as a reporter and a rewriteman, and wrote a wry and humoros column. In 1942 he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps. The same year Stanton H. Delaplane won the PP in the "Reporting" category for articles on a group of four northern California counties and one Oregon county that wished to secede and become a separate U.S. state. Dello Joio, Norman, bom on January 24, 1913, in New York City, became organist and choir director at the Star of the Sea Church on City Island at the age of fourteen, while studying at the All Hallows Institute. From 1932 to 1934 he attended the College of the City of New York. In 1936 he entered the Institute of Musical Art. A fellowship enabled him to study composition at the Juilliard Graduate School of Music from 1939 to 1941. He then followed Paul Hindemith to the Yale School of Music in New Haven. From 1941 to 1943 Dello Joio was musical director of the ballet company "The Dance Players." The following two years he was able to concentrate on his compositions because of a Guggenheim fellowship. In 1945 Dello Joio began to teach composition at Sarah Lawrence College. Together with Samuel Barber and Aaron Copland he presented a series of concerts in Poland two years later. Dello Joio wrote a variety of musical works for ballet, opera, symphony, and choral groups. Major works were Tre Ricercari and the opera The Ruby. In 1957 Norman Dello Joio was awarded the PP for "Music" for his composition Meditations on Ecclesiastes. Del Tredici, David, bom on March 16, 1937, in Cloverdale, Ca., began his musical career as pianist. Taking lessons from Bernhard Abramowitsch between 1954 and 1960, he performed as guest soloist with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, the Boston Pops, and other orchestras. In 1955 he enrolled at the University of California on the Catherine Aicher Memorial scholarship. In his senior year he concentrated his efforts on composition. In 1959 he earned his Bachelor's degree. He was chosen Woodrow Wilson Fellow and attended Princeton University, where he took classes with Earl Kim and Roger Sessions. Del Tredici graduated from Princeton University with a Master of Fine Arts degree in music composition in 1964. He became composer-inresidence at the Tanglewood Music Festival in 1964-65 and the Marlboro Music Festival in 1966-67. In 1968 he became faculty member at Harvard University, where he worked until 1972. He then taught composition at the State University of New York at Buffalo, before

56 becoming adjunct professor at Boston University. While teaching at Boston University, he was also named composer-in-residence of the 1975 Aspen Music Festival. In 1980 David Del Tredici received the "Music" PP for his composition In Memory of a Summer Day. De Luce, Daniel, born on June 8, 1911, in Yuma, Az., graduated from Los Angeles High School. He then attended the University of California and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. De Luce worked as a reporter for the Los Angeles Examiner and the Associated Press of Los Angeles before traveling abroad. At the onset of the war in Poland, De Luce left his station in Budapest to cover the end of the first short-lived campaign. He then covered the Italian assault against Albania and the Greek assault against the Italians. He also worked in Tunesia, and then, with the British First Army, sped across the neck of Cap Bon to the German battle lines of North Africa. He covered the invasion of Sicily with the American forces and the invasion of Italy with the British Eighth Army. In 1944 Daniel De Luce earned the PP in the "Telegraphic Reporting (International)" category for war correspondence from the Balkans. Delugach, Albert Lawrence, born on October 27, 1925, in Memphis, Tn., received a Bachelor of Journalism degree from the University of Missouri School of Journalism in June, 1951. Following graduation he was a reporter for the Kansas City Star, specializing in labor news and investigative reporting. In November, 1960, Delugach joined the Si. Louis Globe-Democrat, where he worked as a rewrite man, feature writer and investigative reporter. Albert L. Delugach become Co-PPW of 1969 in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for a campaign against fraud and abuse within a local union. Dennett, Tyler Wilbur, bom on June 13, 1883, in Spencer, Wi., studied first at Bates College in Maine, before he attended Williams College, where he earned his A.B. degree in 1904. Following graduation he attended Union Theological Seminary in New York, taking his B.D. degree in 1908. After a brief period as a Congregational minister, Dennett turned to social settlement work, to which he devoted six years. From 1914 to 1916 he was associate editor of the World Outlook, a Methodist magazine, and then until 1918 director of publicity for the Methodist Centenary. The next year Dennett worked as editorial secretary of the Interchurch World Movement. He was lecturer in American history at Johns Hopkins University in 1923-24, and at Columbia University in 192728, taking time from his post as chief of the Di-

De Luce - DeVoto vision of Publications and editor at the U.S. Department of State from 1924-29. He was engaged as historical adviser with the Department of State from 1929-31 and accepted then a professorship of international relations at Princeton University. Dennett was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as well as a member of the American Historical Association and the American Society of International Law. Having contributed articles to scientific and popular periodicals, his book publications included: The Democratic Movement in Asia', Americans in Eastern Asia and Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War. Tyler W. Dennett was awarded the 1934 PP for "Biography or Autobiography" for a book entitled John Hay: From Poetry to Politics. DeSantis, Ann, born on August 27, 1946, in Schenectady, N.Y., became graduated from St. Lawrence University in Canton, N.Y., where she majored in French. After her graduation in 1968 she joined the staff of the Gaiette in Schenectady, N.Y. In June, 1970, she came to Boston to enroll in the summer courses at Harvard University and soon joined the staff of the Boston Globe. In 1972 Ann DeSantis became a Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for exposure of widespread corruption in a Massachusetts town. Desfor, Max, bom on November 8, 1913, in New York City, was a student of Brooklyn College in New York. He started his career at the Associated Press in 1933 where he first worked as a darkroom assistant in New York. Five years later he moved to the AP bureau in Baltimore where he got the post of a staff photographer. In 1939 Desfor joined the Associated Press staff in Washington and was promoted to photo editor in 1942. Two years later the photographer became war correspondent, attached to the Navy, and landed in Yokosuka, Japan, in August 1945 where he was able to report on the Japan surrender. Desfor also covered the War Crimes Trials in Manila and disturbances in India. In 1949 the AP photographer moved to Rome but only one year later he went to Asia for reporting on the Korean War. He was named the 1951 PPW in the "Photography" category for a picture entitled "Flight of Refugees Across Wrecked Bridge in Korea." DeVoto, Bernard Augustine, born on January 11, 1897, in Ogden, Ut., served at the age of twenty as lieutenant in the United States Army during the First World War. Thereafter, he enrolled at Harvard University, where the Bachelor's degree was conferred upon him in 1920. As an instructor and assistant professor of English he was member of the staff of

Diamond - Dillon Northwestern University from 1922 to 1927. Two years later, he returned to Harvard to work there as an instructor and tutor. He was promoted to lecturer in 1934. DeVoto contributed stories, articles, historical essays and reviews to various magazines. During the 1930's he was first the editor of Americana Deserta and Harvard Graduates' Magazine, then of The Easy Chair and since 1935 of Harper's Magazine. From three institutions of higher education he received honorary doctorates: Middlebury College, Kenyon College and the University of Colorado. The following book titles count among his publications: The Crooked Mile; The House of Sun-Goes-Down; Mark Twain's America; We Accept with Pleasure; Minority Report; Mark Twain at Work; The Year of Decision: 1846; Mountain Time. In 1948 Bernard A. DeVoto earned the PP in "History" for the book Across the Wide Missouri. Diamond, Jared Mason, bom on September 10, 1937, in Boston, Ma., obtained B.A. and M.A. degrees from Harvard University, and completed a doctorate at Cambridge University in England in 1961. From 1962 to 1965 he was junior fellow of the Society of Fellows of Harvard University, while working as associate in biophysics at Harvard's Medical School. He left Harvard in 1966, when he accepted the position of associate professor of physiology at the Medical Center at the University of California in Los Angeles. In 1968 he was promoted to professor. Diamond worked as consultant in conservation and natural park planning for the governments of Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Indonesia, published numerous articles in Discover, Natural History, Nature, and Geo magazines, and several books, e.g. Avifauna in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea, and Ecology and Evolution of Communities. He won the Distinguished Achievement Award of the American Gastroenterological Association in 1975, the Bowditch Prize of the American Physiological Society in 1976, and the Burr Medal of the National Geographic Society in 1979. He also won a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship. In 1998, Jared M. Diamond received the PP in the category of "General Non-Fiction" for his book Guns, Germs, and Steel - The Fates of Human Societies. Dickman, James Bruce, born on March 25, 1949, in St. Louis, Mo., studied at the University of Texas at Arlington from 1967 to 1969. Afterwards he joined the McKinney Job Corporations of Texas as a photographer. He began working for the Dallas Times Herald in 1970. Dickman became the 1983 PPW in the

57 category "Feature Photography" for his pictures of life and death in El Salvador. Dietrich, William Alan, born on September 29, 1951, in Tacoma, Wa., graduated with a Bachelor of Arts-degree from Western Washington University in 1973. He began his journalistic career as a political reporter with the Herald in Bellingham, Wa., the same year. From 1976 to 1978 he worked for the Gannett News Service, and in 1978 he became a reporter and columnist with the Vancouver Columbian. In 1982 he joined the Seattle Times as a science reporter. He won the Paul Tobenkin award from Columbia University in 1986, and was a Nieman fellow of Harvard University in 1987-88. In 1990 William A. Dietrich was a Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for coverage of an oil disaster and its aftermath. Dietz, David Henry, bom on October 6, 1897, in Cleveland, Oh., obtained a B.A. degree from Western Reserve University in Ohio. In 1915 he joined the editorial staff of the Cleveland Press, and in 1921 he, additionally, became science editor for Scripps-Howard newspapers. Two years later he, again additionally, accepted the job of science and medicine columnist for Scripps-Howard, and in 1927 he also became lecturer at Western Reserve University. In 1931 he published his book The Story of Science. In 1933 he added the post of science correspondent for United Press International to his long list of obligations. His book Medical Magic appeared in 1937. The same year David H. Dietz became a Co-PPW for "Reporting" for articles on the tercentenary celebration of Harvard University. Dillard, Annie Doak, bom on April 30, 1945, in Pittsburgh, Pa., attended Hollins College in Roanoke, Va. A major in English and creative writing, she also studied theology. She obtained her Bachelor's degree in 1967 and her Master's degree the following year. She remained after her graduation in the community of Hollins College, where she gave lectures, worked for the antipoverty program, and wrote stories and poetry. Her poems began to appear in the American Scholar, the Atlantic, Southern Poetry Review, and other magazines. In 1974 twenty-one of Annie Dillard's poems were collected in Tickets for a Prayer Wheel. Annie D. Dillard won the 1975 PP for "General Non-Fiction" for her book Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. Dillon, George, bom on November 12, 1906, in Jacksonville, Fl., went to school in several places in Kentucky, in Cincinnati, Oh., and in Webster Groves, Mo., as his family moved frequently. Being an only child and often finding himself in a strange place, he read a lot, and

58 this led to an interest in writing. After his graduation from high school in 1923 he worked for several months for his father's company helping to make layouts for electrical installations. The same year he entered the University of Chicago, where his interest in versewriting was stimulated by contact with the Poetry Club. Together with two other club members Dillon inaugurated a series of poets' readings and published a literary magazine under the title The Forge. During his last two years as an undergraduate Dillon also worked part time at the office of the Poetry magazine, whose associate editor he was. Having already published some of his poems in periodicals, Dillon completed his first collection of poetry, Boy in the Wind, in 1927. After his graduation he wrote advertising copy until 1930, when the agency he worked for disbanded. His second volume of verses, The Flowering Stone, brought to George Dillon the 1932 PP for "Poetry." Dirda, Michael, bom on November 6, 1948, in Lorain, Oh., studied English at Oberlin College and graduated with a B.A. in 1970. In 1971 he taught English in Marseille, France, on a Fulbright grant. He also attended Cornell University to study comparative literature and received an M.A. degree three years later. In 1977 Dirda earned a Doctor of Philosophydegree. He taught world literature at American University and George Mason University, and worked as a freelance writer, translator and editor. In 1978 he joined the Washington Post Book World, where he worked as an editor. His essays, profiles and reviews appeared in a variety of publications, e.g. Smithsonian Magazine, Civilization, Encarta, Collier's Encyclopedia Yearbook, and The Review of Contemporary Fiction. He also published a book entitled Caring for Your Books. In 1993 Michael Dirda was awarded the PP in the "Criticism" category for his book reviews on a variety of subjects. Dohrman, George, bom on February 14, 1973, in Stockton, Ca., attended the University of Notre Dame and graduated with a B.A. degree in American studies in 1995. He worked as an intern and a clerk at the Los Angeles Times, where he was paid out of the paper's freelance budget, while covering college basketball and assisting on investigative projects until 1997. He then joined the St. Paul Pioneer Press in Minnesota as a staff writer in the sports section, where he reported on football and basketball. In March 1999 the Pioneer Press published a frontpage story by Dohrman, which described how basketball players on the University of Minnesota's men's basketball team had cheated their way through homeworks and assignments. The story, which prompted a

Dirda - Donald major scandal, won George Dohrman the 2000 PP in the category of "Beat Reporting." Dolan, Anthony Rossi, born on July 7, 1948, in Norwalk, Ct., grew up in Fairfield, Ct., where he attended High School. After graduation he studied at Yale University and became graduated in 1970. During his years at Yale, Dolan had his early journalism experiences as a columnist and board member of the Yale Daily News. It also was while Dolan was at Yale that he met a syndicated columnist who got him interested in newswriting as a career. But Dolan also got in contact with politics early: during his time as an U.S. Army Reserves from 1970, he worked as a press consultant for U.S. Senate and gubernatorial campaigns until 1973. In April, 1974, Dolan joined the staff of the Advocate in Stamford, Ct., as an investigative reporter. From his early days on at the Advocate, he worked to expose corruption. After receiving the 1976 National Headliners Award, Anthony R. Dolan in 1978 became the winner of the PP for "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for a series on municipal corruption. Dold, Robert Bruce, born on March 9, 1955, in Newark, N.J., studied at Northwestern University and obtained Bachelor of Science and Master of Science-degrees in Journalism in 1977 and 1978. He joined the Chicago Tribune as a reporter, and covered the presidential campaigns of 1984 and, after his promotion to political writer, of 1988. The same year he was awarded the Peter Lisago Award for public service by the Chicago Headline Club. In 1990 he was appointed to the Chicago Tribune's editorial board. In addition to his job at the Tribune, he appeared on national television and radio programs. He also worked as a jazz critic for Downbeat Magazine and wrote columns for the Chicago Enterprise since 1991. In 1993 the Chicago Tribune published a ten-part series by Dold which dealt with the death of a threeyear-old boy and the failure of the juvenile court and child welfare system to save the child. His writing helped to push the state legislature into action and made Robert B. Dold the winner of the 1994 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category. Donald, David Herbert, bom on October 1, 1920, in Goodman, Ms., studied at Holmes Junior College and at Millsaps College, where he received his B.A. degree in 1941. On a graduate scholarship he pursued his studies at the University of Illinois and received his M.A. degree one year later. While preparing his doctoral dissertation, Donald was a teaching fellow at the University of North Carolina and a research assistant at the University of Illinois.

Donovan - Dowd In 1946 he received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Illinois and remained there as a research associate. The following year he joined the Columbia University faculty as an instructor in history. He was advanced to assistant professor in 1951, to associate professor in 1952, and to full professor in 1957. During the term of 1959-60 Donald filled the Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Chair of American History at Oxford University. In the fall of 1960 he joined the staff of Princeton University as a professor of history. From 1962 to 1973 he taught at Johns Hopkins University, where he became director of the Institute of Southern History in 1966. Subsequently, he joined the faculty of Harvard University as Charles Warren professor of American history and professor of American civilization. Donald's book publications include Lincoln's Herndon - Essays on the Civil War Era; Lincoln Reconsidered; Why the North Won the Civil War, The Divided Union; The Nation in Crisis, 1861-1877; Gone for a Soldier and Liberty and Union. David H. Donald earned the 1961 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for his book Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War. In 1988 he received his second PP in the same award category, this time for the work Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe. Donovan, Brian R., born on March 11, 1941, in Syracuse, N.Y., graduated from the School of Journalism at Syracuse University with a B.A. degree in Journalism and English in 1963. The following year he became a reporter for the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. In 1966 he won his first national prize, Columbia University's Paul Tobenkin Award. He then joined the investigative team of Newsday. He was the lead reporter and writer in numerous Newsday investigative projects, which dealt e.g. with political corruption in the South Bronx, oil-industry complicity in national fuel shortages, CIA abuses in Central America, and waste and fraud in the federal synthetic fuels program. Brian R. Donovan was made the 1995 Co-PPW for "Investigative Reporting" for stories that revealed disability pension abuses by local police. Dorvillier, William Joseph, bom on April 24, 1908, in North Adams, Ma., attended various Massachusetts schools and New York University. His first newspaper job was on the North Adams Transcript. Afterwards he became night editor on the South American desk of the Associated Press in New York. He also was a correspondent at different times for the Associated Press and United Press. In 1939 William J. Dorvillier arrived in Puerto Rico. From 1940-

59 45 he was the editor of the Puerto Rico World Journal until the paper closed after World War II. So from 1945-53, he had the function of the Washington Bureau chief of the San Juan newspaper El Mundo. In 1953 he was the founder of the Dorvillier News Agency and editor of the Dorvillier Newsletter, a weekly business publication. He also made a ninemonth attempt in 1956-57 to revive the Puerto Rico World Journal. In 1959 William J. Dorvillier convinced the publisher of Look magazine to finance an English-language newspaper in Puerto Rico. Under the founding editorship of Dorvillier the San Juan Star was born in November, 1959. Dorvillier himself concentrated on writing editorials, and already in the second year of his newspaper he published a series of editorials concerning clerical interference by the Roman Catholic bishops of Puerto Rico in the 1960 gubernatorial campaign and general election. For this work William J. Dorvillier received the 1961 PP for "Editorial Writing." Dove, Rita Frances, born on August 28, 1952, in Akron, Oh., was invited to the White House as a "Presidential Scholar" shortly before her eighteenth birthday in 1970, indicating that she had ranked among the top one hundred highschool seniors in the nation for that year. She earned a bachelor's degree from Miami University at Oxford, Oh., where she enrolled as a National Achievement Scholar. In 1973 she graduated and during the year that followed, she studied at West Germany's Tübingen University on a Fulbright scholarship. This led to graduate studies at the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop. She went on from there to begin publishing her verses and short stories. In 1974 Dove's poems began to appear in major periodicals including Agni Review, Anteus, Georgia Review, Nation, and Poetry. After two early chapbooks, entitled Ten Poems and The Only Dark Spot in the Sky, the author's first full-length book of poems, The Yellow House on the Corner, was published in 1980. The following year Dove started to teach as assistant professor of creative writing at Arizona State University, Tempe. She held this post until 1984, when she became associate professor at that University. The author was member of the Academy of American Poets, Poetry Society of American, Poets and Writers, Phi Beta Kappa, and Phi Kappa Phi. In 1986 her third collection of poems appeared. The volume, entitled Thomas and Beulah, made Rita F. Dove the winner of the 1987 PP in the category "Poetry." Dowd, Maureen, born on January 14, 1952, in Washington, D.C., graduated from the Catholic

60 University of her home town with a B.A. degree in English literature in 1973. The following year she got a job as an editorial assistant with the Washington Star. She wrote obituaries and weather reports before being promoted to the position of reporter in 1976. Five years later the Washington Star folded and Dowd had to look for a new job. She joined Time magazine, where she worked as a correspondent, first in Washington and then in New York. In 1983 the New York Times hired her for its metropolitan staff. Dowd served as a correspondent in the Washington bureau since 1986. She covered two Presidential campaigns and reported on the White House. She also won the Breakthrough Award from Women, Men and Media at Columbia University in 1991, and the 1994 Matrix Award from New York Women in Communications. In 1995 she was promoted to op-ed columnist of the New York Times. Maureen Dowd was made recipient of the 1999 PP in the "Commentary" category for her columns on the affair of President Bill Clinton with Monica Lewinsky. Dower, John W., born on June 21, 1938, in Providence, R.I., graduated from Amherst College with a B.A. degree in American Studies in 1959. He joined the History Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1971, and received a Ph.D. in History and Far Eastern Languages from Harvard University the following year. Dower worked on the linkages and discontinuities between prewar and postwar Japan, on modem Japanese history and U.S.-Japan relations. In 1979 his book Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1874-1954, was published, and became a bestseller. In 1986 Dower was named Joseph Naiman Professor of History and Japanese Studies at the University of California at San Diego. The same year Dower's book War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War was published and won several prizes in the U.S. and Japan, such as the National Book Critics Circle Award for Non-Fiction, and the Ohira Masayoshi Memorial Prize. In 1991 Dower became a member of the history faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Three years later his book Japan in War and Peace appeared. John W. Dower then became Elting E. Morrison Professor of History at the M.I.T. In 2000 he earned the PP for "General Non-Fiction" for his book Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. Druckman, Jacob Raphael, born on June 26, 1928, in Philadelphia, Pa., played the violin in string quartets and the trumpet in jazz ensembles during the 1940s. After having

Dower - Dubos played the violin in the Boston Symphony Orchestra at the Berkshire Music Festival in 1948, he decided to study composition at the Juilliard School of Music. Druckman graduated with a B.S. degree in 1952, and earned his M.S. degree two years later. He subsequently enrolled at the Ecole Normale de Musique in Paris for one year. He then returned to the U.S. in 1955 and joined the faculty of Juilliard in 1956, where he taught courses in the literature and materials of music. Druckman also held a part-time job at Bard College at Annandale-onHudson from 1961 to 1967. Experimenting with Twelve-tone music, he worked at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center from 1965 onward. He was winner of two Guggenheim fellowships in 1957 and 1968, and director of the Electronic Music Studio at the Yale University School of Music from 1971 to 1972. Jacob R. Druckman was honored with the 1972 PP in the "Music" category for the single-movement orchestral piece Windows. Drury, Allen Stuart, born on September 2,1918, in Houston, Tx., attended Stanford University, which awarded him the Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1939. Upon his graduation he became editor with the Tulare Bee in California. In 1941 he joined the staff of the Bakersfield Californian as county editor. During 1942-43 Drury served with the United States Army. He subsequently became a member of the Senate staff of United Press in Washington, D.C. In 1946 he worked as a free-lance correspondent, before the Pathfinder magazine hired him as nation editor the following year. He remained in this position until 1953, when he joined the national staff of the Washington Evening Star. From 1954 to 1959 Drury was on the Congressional staff of the New York Times. He then was engaged by the Reader's Digest as its Washington correspondent. Allen S. Drury's first book, Advise and Consent, made him the winner of the 1960 PP for "Fiction." Dubos, Κβηέ Jules, born on February 20, 1901, in Saint Brice, France, studied at the Institut National Agronomique in Paris and was granted his B.S. degree in 1921. The following year he went to Italy to take the position of assistant editor on the staff at the International Institute of Agriculture in Rome. In 1924 Dubos came to the United States to attend Rutgers University. While employed as an instructor in bacteriology and research assistant in soil microbiology, he studied for his Ph.D. degree, which he received in 1927. Subsequently Dubos became associated with the Department of Pathology and Bacteriology of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research

Du Cille - Durant in New York City, where he held the successive positions of fellow, assistant, associate, and associate member. In 1941 he became a regular member and remained in this position with the exception of two years during which he taught as George Fabyan Professor of Comparative Pathology and Professor of Tropical Medicine at the Harvard Medical School. Dubos accepted a professorship at Rockefeller University in 1957. He received the John Phillips Memorial Award of the American College of Physicians for the discovery of tyrothricin, a drug which is effective in the destruction of certain types of bacteria causing pneumonia. For his discovery of a new technique for the cultivation of the tuberculosis bacillus he was awarded the Trudeau Medal of the National Tuberculosis Association. Ren6 J. Dubos became the 1969 Co-PPW in the category "General Non-Fiction" for the book So Human an Animal. Du Cille, Michelangelo E., born on January 24, 1956, in Kingston, Jamaica, graduated from Indiana University with a Bachelor's degree in journalism in 1981. He was made the recipient of several student and national awards and won the Ross Hazeltine travel grant, with which he could travel to his native country for doing a photographic coverage of Jamaica. He then joined the Miami Herald. In 1986 Michelangelo E. Du Cille was Co-PPW in the "Spot News Photography" category for pictures of the devastation after a Columbian volcano eruption. His second PP, this time in the "Feature Photography" category, went to him in 1988 for pictures portraying the decay and subsequent rehabilitation of a housing project overrun by the drug crack. Duffy, Edmund, born on March 1, 1899, in Jersey City, N.J., skipped high school entirely and entered the Art Students' League in New York at the age of fifteen. He broke into the newspaper field with a page of sketches on the Armistice Day celebration for the Sunday magazine section of the New York Tribune. Duffy took a number of assignments like this and stored up some money doing straight news and sports drawings. He then went to Europe and worked for the London Evening News for a while. After leaving London Duffy moved to Paris, where he spent a number of years. In 1922 he returned to the USA and began to work for the Brooklyn Eagle and the New York Leader. Two years later Duffy switched to the Baltimore Sun, where he stayed the following years working as a political cartoonist. In 1931 Edmund Duffy was awarded the PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category for his drawing "An Old Struggle Still Going On." In 1934

61 he did receive another PP for cartoons for the drawing "California Points with Pride-!!" A third PP in the cartoon category was granted to Edmund Duffy in 1940 for his drawing "The Outstretched Hand." Dugan, Alan, bom on February 12, 1923, in New York City, grew up in Brooklyn and Jamaica, Queens, attending elementary and high school in both boroughs. He joined the staff of the school newspaper and began writing. His first efforts were prose works. In 1941 he began his university work at Queens College, where he won the college's poetry prize two years later. The same year he was drafted into the army, where he served for three and a half years as an aircraft-engine mechanic in the Air Force. When he got out of the army, Dugan spent some time traveling around. During that time he continued work on his poetry. In 1946 he received an award from Poetry magazine, which had published several of his verses. Before long, he returned to college, this time attending Olivet College in Michigan for a time, and then transferring to Mexico City College, Mexico, where he received his B.A. degree in history in 1949. He continued his formal education with one year of graduate study at the latter institution. During the next ten years Dugan spent most of his time in New York City, writing poetry while surviving at a variety of jobs, none with literary or academic connections. He worked for a time at an advertising agency and then for the New York Enquirer. He then ran his own business, producing greeting cards. His last job before he retired to making a living out of poetry was as a maker of plastic botanical and biological models. In 1961 his first verse collection, titled Poems, appeared. The following year the volume won Alan Dugan two major awards the National Book Award, the Prix de Rome from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Alan Dugan also earned the 1962 PP in the "Poetry" category for his book Poems. Durant, Ariel, bom on May 10, 1898, in Proskurov, Russia, emigrated with her family to the United States in 1900. She attended the Ferrer Modern School in New York, where she met Will Durant who was then her teacher. They were married in 1913. The same year she became a naturalized American citizen. Right from the beginning she collaborated with her husband on the The Story of Civilization book series. While her work on the early volumes consisted mainly in gathering data, organizing material and proofreading, by 1961 Ariel Durant became co-author of the seventh and the following four volumes. In 1965 she was named Woman of the Year in Literature by the

62 Los Angeles Times. Ariel Durant became the 1968 Co-PPW in the "General Non-Fiction" category for the book The Story of Civilization, Part X: Rousseau and Revolution. Durant, William James, born on November 5, 1885, in North Adams, Ma., attended St. Peter's College in Jersey City obtaining his B.A. and M.A. degrees in 1907 and 1908. Subsequently he entered Seton Hall seminary in South Orange, N.J., where he also served as professor of Latin and French. He left the seminary in 1911 and moved to New York to teach at the experimental Ferrer Modem School. In 1914 Durant became director of the Labor Temple School, an adult education center. Meanwhile he continued his graduate studies at Columbia University earning the Ph.D. degree in 1917. In the same year he also served there as instructor of philosophy. In 1926 Durant published his best-selling work The Story of Philosophy, and decided to devote his entire time to writing. The first volume of the series The Story of Civilization was published in 1935. The tenth volume, Rousseau and Revolution, appeared thirty-two years later. It made William J. Durant the 1968 Co-PPW in the category "General Non-Fiction." Duranty, Walter, bom on May 25, 1884, in Liverpool, England, received a public-school education, attending Harrow and Bedford College, at each of which he carried off classical scholarships. At Emmanuel College, Cambridge, he majored in Greek and received a degree in Classics. In December, 1913, Duranty joined the European service of the New York Times, and in this function he accompanied the French armies during the final phase of World War I. In October, 1919, the American Government had just appointed a high commissioner to the Baltic States, and the Times assigned Duranty to accompany him. Although Duranty did not actually enter Soviet territory during that trip, he was confronted with the effects of the Russian Revolution. At the beginning of March, 1920, he left the Baltic and returned to Paris, taking the place of the head of the Paris bureau of the New York Times. Duranty stayed in Paris until April, 1922, when he was appointed permanent foreign correspondent to Moscow, covering news stories from the Soviet Union for more than a dozen years. In

Durant - Dykinga 1932 Walter Duranty became the Co-PPW in the "Correspondence" category for his dispatches on Russia. Dwyer, James, bom on March 4, 1957, in New York City, obtained a Bachelor of Sciencedegree from Fordham College in 1979, and a Master of Science-degree from Columbia University in 1980. From 1980 to 1982 he worked as a reporter for the Hudson Dispatch in Union City, N.J. In 1982 he transferred to The Daily Journal in Elizabeth, and in 1983 he joined the Hackensack Record in New Jersey. The following year he accepted a job as reporter and columnist from Newsday in New York City. Dwyer was adjunct instructor at the Graduate School of Journalism of Columbia University in 1984 and 1986. In 1987 and 1988 he won Outstanding Column awards from the National Headliners Society. In 1988 he was awarded the Meyer Berger Prize of Columbia University, and in 1991 he won the Writing award of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Also in 1991 he published his first book, Subway Lives. Three Years later his book Two Seconds under the World appeared, which dealt with terrorism in the U.S. In 1995 James Dwyer transferred to the New York Daily News. The same year he won the PP in the "Commentary" category for his columns on New York City. Dykinga, Jack William, born on January 2, 1943, in Chicago, II., started his career with Metro News Photos Company in 1962. While studying at Procopius College in Lisle, II., from 1964 to 1965 he was engaged by the Chicago Tribune. The same year he attended Elmhurst College and switched to the Chicago Sun-Times where he took the post of an editorial photographer. His work was exhibited by the National Press Photographers Association nationwide as a part of the annual Pictures of the Year. Dykinga also gained numerous awards among them the first place in three categories of the Chicago Press Photographers Association in 1969 and the 1970 annual sweepstakes trophy of the Inland Daily Press Association. Jack W. Dykinga earned the 1971 PP in the category "Feature Photography" for his pictures from the previous year at the Lincoln and Dixon State Schools for the Retarded in Illinois.

Eaton, William James, bom on December 9, 1930, in Chicago, II., was graduated from Lane Technical High School in 1947. As a student at Northwestern University, he began his journalism career as a part-time reporter for the Review in Evanston, II. He graduated from Northwestern in 1951 with a B.S. degree in journalism and the following year received a master's degree in journalism from the same university. After four months with the City News Bureau in Chicago, Eaton entered the U.S. Army in January, 1953. He served in Heidelberg, Germany, in the public information office. Eaton joined the Washington bureau staff of United Press International in January, 1955. In the U.S. capital he covered national political conventions and presidential campaigns since 1960. In 1962 Eaton was named a Nieman Fellow and studied at Harvard University for one year. He became a member of the National Press Club, the White House Correspondents' Association and the Congressional Press Gallery. Eaton joined the Washington bureau staff of the Chicago Daily News in 1966 as an experienced reporter specializing in national economics and labor issues. William J. Eaton became the 1970 PPW in the category "National Reporting" for disclosures about the background of a judge at the time of his nomination for the United States Supreme Court. Eberhart, Richard Ghormley, born on April 5, 1904, in Austin, Mn., attended Austin High School, graduating in 1921. After studying at the University of Minnesota from 1922 to 1923, he entered Dartmouth College, where he majored in English. After his graduation with a B.A. degree in 1926, he worked for a few months in Chicago as a floorwalker and as an advertising copywriter. In 1927 he sailed around the world as a deck boy on tramp steamers until he reached England. Enrolling at St. John's College of Cambridge University, Eberhart contributed verse to the magazines Experiment and Venture. After having taken a B.A. degree from Cambridge University in 1929, he returned to America and served as a tutor in Washington, D.C. and at Purchase, N.Y., for one year. He did postgraduate work at the graduate school of arts and sciences of Harvard University between 1932 and 1933, and received his M.A. degree from Cambridge

University in 1933. From 1933 to 1941 the poet was master in English at St. Mark's School at Southborough, Ma. He then taught English for one year at the Cambridge School in Kendal Green, Ma. Between 1942 and 1946 Eberhart served in the United States Naval Reserve. He then helped to run his wife's family business for a couple of years. Between 1959 and 1961 he also served as consultant in poetry in English at the Library of Congress. Since his days as a student Eberhart continued work on his poetry, which resulted in several books. Among these were Song and Idea; Undercliff: Poems, 1946-53; Great Praises, and The Quarry. In 1965 the volume Selected Poems 1930-1965 appeared. It won Richard G. Eberhart the 1966 PP in the "Poetry" category. Ebert, Roger Joseph, born on June 18, 1942, in Urbana, II., studied at the University of Illinois and was, as a senior, editor of the Daily lllini student newspaper and president of the U.S. Student Press Association in 1963-64. He received a B.S. degree from the University of Illinois in 1964, and a couple of years later the University of Illinois Press published his centennial study of undergraduate life on the campus, An lllini Century. Ebert spent 1965 at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, doing graduate work on a Rotary Fellowship and then spent a year working toward his Ph.D. at the University of Chicago. Starting in the late fiftees Ebert was a staff writer for the News-Gazette of Champaign-Urbana, II., until 1966. The following year he joined the staff of the Chicago Sun-Times as film critic. Ebert was a lecturer in the University of Chicago's Fine Arts program since 1969. He was one of two American judges at the 1972 Venice Film Festival, and he served in similar functions in the greater Chicago area in Film Festivals. In 1973 Ebert was awarded the Stick-o'-Type Award of the Chicago Newspaper Guild. During the 1973-74 season, he was the host and co-producer of "The World of Ingmar Bergman," a weekly WTTW series. In 1975 Roger J. Ebert won the PP for "Criticism" for his articles on film. Edel, Joseph Leon, born on September 9, 1907, in Pittsburgh, Pa., attended McGill University in Montreal, Canada, where he became the founder of the McGill Fortnightly Review. He

64 earned his B.A. degree in 1927 and his M.A. degree one year later. On a scholarship he went to France, where he studied at the Sorbonne in Paris and earned his doctorate. Back in the United States he obtained various jobs in tutoring, news broadcasting, news agency work, and free-lance assignments. He also wrote for New York newspapers and the Montreal Daily Star. In 1943 he entered the U.S. Army, in which he served until 1947, rising in rank from private to first lieutenant. From 1950 to 1952 Edel taught as visiting professor at New York University. At that time he had already published the biography James Joyce: The Last Journey. Having been granted priority of access to Henry James' papers, Edel published his edition of The Ghostly Tales of Henry James and The Complete Plays of Henry James. In 1954 he became associate professor of English and the following year he was promoted to full professor at New York University. Meanwhile, he lectured at Harvard University and at Princeton. Edel published many editions of Henry James' writings, and he was the author of a Henry James biography, of which three volumes were published in the period from 1953 to 1962: Henry James: The Untried Years, 1843-1870; Henry James: The Conquest of London, 1870-1881 and Henry James: The Middle Years, 18821895. The second and third volume of this work earned J. Leon Edel the 1963 PP in the "Biography and Autobiography" category. Eder, Richard Gray, bom on August 16, 1932, in Washington, D.C., attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Ma., and Harvard University, where he earned a B.A. degree in 1954. The same year he joined the staff of the New York Times, having various positions over the years: he started as a news clerk and copy boy, then he moved up to police reporter, general assignment writer and rewriter. In 1962 Eder got an appointment as South America and Caribbean correspondent of the New York Times. Then, in 1965, he became Washington bureau correspondent of his paper, covering the State Department for the next two years. Afterwards Eder had another foreign assignment: since 1965 he was the Times' Eastern Europe correspondent based in Belgrade. In 1968 his paper sent him to Madrid to serve as correspondent from Spain, Portugal and other parts of the Mediterranean. From 1972 on, he worked as the London correspondent of the New York Times, covering Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Portuguese Revolution and other European assignments. Eder also worked as a deputy film critic from 1975-77, as a drama critic from 1977-79 and as a cultural correspondent in the period 1979-80. His last

Eder - Ellington appointment at the New York Times was the position of Paris bureau chief from 1980-82. Then he moved to the Los Angeles Times to become New York arts critic of the paper, who, later on, specialized in book criticism. In 1987 Richard G. Eder received the PP for "Criticism" for his book reviews. Edmonds, Ronald Allen, born on June 16, 1946, in Richmond, Ca., started to work as a photographer on free-lanced basis. In 1972 he got a job as a staff photographer at the Honolulu Star-Bulletin where in 1977 he was promoted to chief photographer. In 1978 Edmonds transferred to Sacramento where he took the post of a bureau chief of United Press International Newspictures. The photographer switched to the Associated Press of Washington, D.C., in 1981. Ronald A. Edmonds won the 1982 PP in the category "Spot News Photography" for his coverage of the Reagan assassination attempt in the year before. Edson, Margaret, born on July 4, 1961, in Washington, D.C., obtained a B.A. degree in history from Smith College in 1983. From 1984 to 1986 she worked as unit clerk on the cancer and AIDS inpatient unit of a research hospital in Washington, D.C. Subsequently, she enrolled at Georgetown University, where she received an M.A. degree in English in 1992. She began to teach English as a Second Language in public schools in the District of Columbia, the same year, and worked on her first play, Wit, which became a finalist of the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize in 1994. When Wit was premiered in Costa Mesa, Ca., the following year, it immediately won Edson six Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards, including Best World Premiere. In 1997 Edson gave up her job as schoolteacher. The following year she moved to Atlanta, where she accepted a position as kindergarten teacher. At the same time, her play was performed in productions throughout the U.S. It won Edson three Connecticut Drama Critics Circle Awards, and the Berrilla Kerr Foundation Playwrights Award in 1998. In 1999, when Wit performed in New York, she also received the Fellowship of Southern Writers Drama Award. That year, Margaret Edson was also awarded the PP in the "Drama" category for her play Wir. Ellington, Edward Kennedy ("Duke"), born on April 28, 1899, in Washington, D.C., attended the Armstrong Manual Training School, but dropped out before graduation to devote his life to a career as a professional pianist. In late 1917 he founded his first band, the Duke's Serenaders, which were later renamed the Washingtonians. In 1922, Ellington moved from Washington to New York, where he

Elliott - Englund briefly played with Wilbur Sweatman's band, while continuing his work with the Washingtonians, who had now settled in Manhattan, and composing various pieces of music. Ellington earned national reputation, when, from 1927 to 1932, the concerts of his band were broadcast on the CBS radio network. In the 1930s he began to write longer compositions, and in 1943 he conducted the premiere of his Black, Brown, and Beige Suite at Carnegie Hall. Ellington received the N.A.A.C.P.'s Spingarn Medal, the Presidential Medal of Honor, and the French Legion of Honor. In 1970, he was elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Four years later, he passed away. In 1999 Edward K. Ellington posthumously won a PP "Special Citation" in the "Music" section. Elliott, Maud Howe, born on November 9, 1854, in Boston, Ma., was educated in private schools in the United States and Europe. In 1887 she got married to John Elliott. She lectured in Boston, Chicago and Newport and was vice-president of the Newport County Woman's Republican Club. Elliott wrote several books, e.g. A Newport Aquarelle; Mammon; Roma Beata; Two in Italy; Sicily in Shadow and in Sun and The Eleventh Hour in the Life of Julia Ward Howe. In 1917 she became a Co-PPW in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for the book Julia Ward Howe. Ellison, Katherine, bom on August 19, 1957, in Minneapolis, Mn., grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area and she received a bachelor's degree in international relations from Stanford University. Afterwards she served internships with Foreign Policy magazine, the Center for Investigative Reporting, the Los Angeles Times and the Washington Post. In 1980 Katherine Ellison joined the San Jose Mercury News staff, and since 1983 she worked in the San Francisco bureau of that paper. She undertook a number of local, national and international assignments, ranging from work on an investigative series on the San Francisco police department to features from rebel-held Eritrea in Ethiopia. In 1986 Katherine Ellison was a CoPPW in the "International Reporting" category for a series on massive money transfer by the family of President Marcos from the Philippines to the U.S. Elliston, Herbert Berridge, born on November 15, 1895, in Wakefield, England, started his newspaper career as a reporter on the Midland Daily Telegraph at Coventry. He later worked for the Portsmouth Evening News and then became a foreign correspondent for the Manchester Guardian and the New York Herald. He was an editorial writer on the Boston Herald in 1922-23, when he became financial adviser to

65 the Chinese Government. In 1930 he joined the Christian Science Monitor as financial editor and columnist and remained until 1940, when he became a member of the Washington Post staff. In 1946 he was promoted to editor of the newspaper. Herbert B. Elliston became the CoPPW of 1949 in the "Editorial Writing" category for distinguished work from the previous year. Ellmann, Richard, born on March 15, 1918, in Highland Park, Mi., studied at Yale University and Dublin's Trinity College. In 1942 he started to teach as an instructor at Harvard University. After having served during World War II with the U.S. Naval Reserve in the Office of Strategic Services, he returned to Harvard and was advanced to Briggs-Copeland assistant Professor of English Composition. In 1958 he joined the faculty of Northwestern University as professor of English and in 1964 was promoted to Franklin Bliss Snyder Professor, a position, in which he remained until 1968. Subsequently, he taught for two years at Yale University before he accepted the Goldsmiths' professorship of English literature at Oxford University, England. In 1983 he became Woodruff Professor of English at Emory University. Ellmann received honorary doctorates from several institutions of higher education including the National University of Ireland, Boston College, the University of Rochester, Emory University, and Northwestern University. Yeats: the Man and the Masks; The Identity of Yeats; James Joyce: A Biography; Eminent Domain; Ulysses on the Liffey; Golden Codgers; The Consciousness of Joyce and Four Dubliners: Wilde, Yeats, Joyce and Beckett count among his publications. In 1988 Richard Ellmann published his book Oscar Wilde, which earned him the PP for "Biography or Autobiography" of the following year. Englund, Will, born on March 30, 1953, in Pleasantville, N.Y., studied at Harvard University and Columbia University and received a Master of Science-degree from Columbia. He began his journalistic career with the County Record in Bergen, N.J., in 1976. In 1977 he became a copy editor with the Baltimore Sun in Maryland. He moved to Scotland to work for the Glasgow Herald on a Fulbright fellowship in 1988, but returned to the Sun, where he worked as a city hall reporter, education reporter, and Moscow correspondent from 1991 to 1995 and, again, from 1997 onward. In 1998 he won the George Polk Memorial award from Long Island University, a Seiden Ring award by the University of Southern California, and a award by the Society of Professional Journalists. The same year Will Englund was made the

66 Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for a series on the international shipbreaking industry. Erikson, Erik Homburger, born on June 15, 1902, in Frankfurt, Germany, studied under Sigmund and Anna Freud at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute, specializing in child analysis and earning a certification as a Montessori teacher. In 1933 he migrated to the United States and established a private practice as child analyst in Boston. In 1936 he accepted a research position at the Yale University Institute of Human Relations, in the meantime teaching at the Yale Medical School, first as an instructor, later as a professor. The publication of his "Observations on Sioux Education" in the Journal of Psychology in 1939 marked the beginning of his lifelong effort to demonstrate how the universal events of childhood are affected and molded by a particular society. The

Erikson same year Erikson moved to San Francisco to resume private practice and to do training analysis for the San Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute. At the same time, he participated in a long-term study of normal children at the University of California's Institute of Child Welfare at Berkeley. Erikson left the University of California in 1950 and became a senior staff member of the Austin Riggs Center, a treatment center for severely disturbed young people. In 1960 Erikson, while remaining consultant to the Austin Riggs Center, joined the Harvard faculty as professor of human development and lecturer in psychiatry. Observations on the Yurok: Childhood and World Image', Childhood and Society and Young Man Luther count among his book publications. In 1970 Erik H. Erikson earned the PP in the "General Non-Fiction" category for the book Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence.

Faas, Horst, born on April 28, 1933, in Berlin, Germany, studied at Munich University. He worked for the Keystone Photo Agency at Frankfurt, Berlin, and Duesseldorf from 1951 to 1955. In 1956 he switched to the Associated Press at Bonn where he stayed for five years. In 1960 the photographer transferred to Congo, two years later to Algeria, and subsequently to South East Asia. Since 1962 Faas did his job in South Vietnam. He was cited by the Overseas Press Club twice for his work in 1963 and 1964. The photographer was made the recipient of the Overseas Press Club's Robert Capa Prize in 1965. Three days after having received this honor Horst Faas was the winner of the 1965 PP in the "Photography" category for his pictures from Vietnam. During the following years he gained numerous other prizes, among them the National Headliners award for photography in 1967 and 1971. In 1972 he became the CoPPW in the category "Spot News Photography" for pictures of tortures and executions in Bangladesh entitled "Death in Dacca". Fackenthal, Frank Diehl, bom on February 22, 1883, in Hellertown, Pa., received an A.B. degree from Columbia University in 1906. He worked as chief clerk of Columbia University from 1906 to 1910, and was secretary of Columbia University since 1910. In 1914 he also became a member of the University Committee on Student Organizations, and in 1925 he began to serve as secretary of the University Council. In 1937 he was named provost. In 1945 he gave up all his other offices to become acting president of Columbia University, a position he held until 1948. Fackenthal received honorary degrees from Columbia University, Franklin and Marshall College in Pennsylvania, Princeton University, Rutgers University, Syracuse University, New York University, and Union College in New York. From 1945 to 1948 he was also a member of the Pulitzer Prize Board. In 1948 Frank D. Fackenthal earned a PP "Special Award" in the Journalism section for his interest and service. Faludi, Susan C., born on April 18, 1959, in New York City, attended Harvard University on an Elks scholarship. She graduated in 1981 and joined the New York Times as a news and copy clerk, while at the same time writing freelance stories for the national, metro, living,

and business sections of the paper. In 1982 she left the Times, and in 1983 she accepted a job with the Miami Herald, where she worked for the suburban bureau. The following year, she became a reporter for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and eventually was offered a position in the staff of the newspaper's Sunday magazine section. In 1985 she won the Georgia Associated Press's first prize for news reporting and feature reporting. From 1985 to 1988, Faludi worked as staff writer for the Sunday magazine of the Sun Jose Mercury News. She also published articles in Mother Jones, Ms., and California Business, and was honored with various awards and citations, e.g. a Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Journalism Award citation. In January 1990, Faludi joined the staff of the San Francisco bureau of the Wall Street Journal. One year later, she won a John Hancock Award for Excellence in Business and Financial Journalism. Also in 1991, Faludi received the PP in the category of "Explanatory Journalism" for a report on the leveraged buy-out of Safeway Stores, Inc. Faulkner, William, bom on September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Ms., enrolled at the University of Mississippi, but withdrew after a year without taking a degree. In 1924 Faulkner brought out his first book of poems, The Marble Faun, and his first novel, Soldiers' Pay, was published two years later. It was followed by Sartons and The Sound and the Fury, the first two of a series of interconnected novels and short stories dealing with the life and people of the fictional Mississippi county of Yaknapatawpha. In the early 1930's Faulkner published the novels As I Lay Dying, Sanctuary, Light in August, and Pylon, the collection of short stories, These Thirteen, and A Green Bough, another book of poems. In 1932 Faulkner went to Hollywood for the first time to adapt one of his short stories for the film, Today We Live. On later visits he helped write the screenplay The Road to Glory and made the adaptations for Slave Ship, To Have and Have Not, and The Big Sleep. With the publication of the novels Absalom, Absalom! and The Unvanquished in 1936 and 1938 he returned to the Yaknapatawpha cycle. The Hamlet; Go Down Moses, and Other Stories', and Intruder in the Dust count among the books

68 he has written during the 1940's. Faulkner was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for 1949. He also received twice the O. Henry Memorial Short Story Award as well as the National Book Award of 1951. The volumes Big Woods and The Mansion were published in 1955 and 1959. William Faulkner's novel A Fable earned him the PP for "Fiction" of 1955. In 1963 he got his second PP in the "Fiction" category for his book The Reivers - A Reminiscence. Fehrenbacher, Don Edward, bom on August 21, 1920, in Sterling, II., served with the United States Army Air Force during World War II and was decorated with the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air medal with three oak leaf clusters. He earned his Bachelor degree at Cornell College in 1946, to which he added a Master of Arts-degree at the University of Chicago in 1948. The following year he became assistant professor at Coe College in Cedar Rapids, la. After having received his doctorate in 1951, he joined the staff of Stanford University as an assistant professor advancing to full professor during the next twenty years. In 1966 he became William R. Coe professor of American history. Meanwhile he had held guest lectures at several other Universities including Oxford, the College of William and Mary, Rutgers, Northwestern and Harvard. In 1978 he taught as Commonwealth Fund lecturer at the University of London. Fehrenbacher, a contributor of many articles for professional journals, was the editor of History and American Society: Essays of David M. Potter and Freedom and Its Limitations in American Life. He is the author of Chicago Giant: A Biography of Long John Wentworth, Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s, and The Era of Expansion. In 1977 he was the Co-PPW in "History" for the volume The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861. Don E. Fehrenbacher was awarded his second PP in 1979 in the "History" category for his book The Dred Scott Case. Feiffer, Jules Ralph, born on January 26, 1929, in New York City, attended the Art Student League in his hometown until 1946. In the same year he started his cartooning career as an assistant of a syndicated cartoonist. While doing this job Feiffer visited Pratt Institute from 1947 to 1951. After working in numerous art jobs Feiffer got the post of an contributing cartoonist at the Village Voice, New York, in 1956. The cartoonist published various books. His first volume of cartoons, Sick, Sick, Sick, came out in 1958. Since that time his editorial cartoons were also published weekly in the London Observer and since 1959 monthly in Playboy magazine. In the same year the nation-

Fehrenbacher - Feis al syndication of Feiffer's cartoons started. His work for the theater and the film began in 1961. Feiffer's first novel, Harry, the Rat With Women, was published in 1963. In 1979 the author and cartoonist created his first cartoon novel entitled Tantrum. He gained numerous prizes in the course of his career including the Academy Award for animated cartoons in 1961 and the Outer Circle Drama Critics award in 1969 and 1970. Jules R. Feiffer was made the recipient of the 1986 PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his work in the previous year. Fein, Nathaniel, bom on August 7, 1914, in New York City, attended public schools in his hometown. He worked as an advertising copy retoucher for the New York Journal-American. In 1933 the New York Herald-Tribune employed him as a copyboy. After having done the job of a photofile clerk, Fein got the post of a news photographer in 1939. He served in the United States Army Air Forces from 1943 to 1946. In 1949 Nathaniel Fein became the PPW in the category "Photography" for a picture with the caption "Babe Ruth Bows Out." Feis, Herbert, born on June 7, 1893, in New York City, graduated from Harvard University with the B.A. degree in 1916. After having served in World War I as a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy, he returned to Harvard for graduate study. During 1920-21 Feis was an instructor in economics at Harvard as well as a student. He received his doctorate in economics in 1921. From 1922 to 1925 he taught as an associate professor economics at the University of Kansas. He held a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1926 and for the next three years was head of the department of economics at the University of Cincinnati. Meanwhile, during various periods until 1927, he also served as adviser on American industrial relations at the International Labor Office of the League of Nations in Geneva. In 1931 Feis accepted an appointment as economic adviser in the Department of State in Washington, D.C. He remained with the department for twelve years, holding from 1937 to 1943 the position of adviser on international economic affairs. Then, he moved as a special consultant to the War Department and in 1946 was a member of an observation group in the Far East. Beginning in 1948, Feis was intermittently over a period of more than ten years a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He was the author of many book publications, e.g. Europe, the World's Banker, 1870-1914; Sinews of Peace; The Road to Pearl Harbor and The China Tangle. In 1961 Herbert Feis became the PPW in the category "History" for the book Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference.

Ferber - FitzGerald Ferber, Edna, born on August 15, 1885, in Kalamazoo, Mi., became a cub reporter for the Appleton Daily Crescent at the age of seventeen. Being impressed by Ferber's coverage of the Wisconsin Federation of Women's Clubs convention, the Milwaukee Journal offered her a post, which she held for three years. Due to overwork she suffered a nervous breakdown in 1909 and returned home, where she began to write fiction. Edna Ferber sold her first story to Everybody's Magazine in 1910, and the following year she brought out her first novel, Dawn O'Hara. In the period from 1911 to 1915 Buttered Side Down; Roast Beef Medium; Personality Plus; and Emma McChesney and Company, all collections of short stories, were published. Her second novel, Fanny Herself, was later made into a Hollywood motion picture under the title No Woman Knows. Ferber's next novel, The Girls, appeared in 1921. It was followed by Gigolo, another collection of her short stories, published in 1922. Her book So Big won Edna Ferber the 1925 PP in the "Novel" category. Fetterman, John Davis, born on February 25, 1920, in Danville, Ky., graduated with a Bachelor of Science-degree from Murray State University, and enrolled as a postgraduate at the University of Kentucky. From 1942 to 1945 he served with the Seabees in the U.S. Navy. In 1946 and 1947 he was editor of the Murray Ledger and Times in Kentucky, and from 1948 to 1950 he taught at public schools in Illinois. He subsequently worked for the Nashville Tennessean from 1950 to 1957, and for the Louisville Courier-Journal from 1957 to 1969, as a writer and photographer. He also published books like Five Score Years Ago and Stinking Creek. In 1969 John D. Fetterman won a PP in the category of "Local General Spot News Reporting" for the story of an American soldier whose body was returned from Vietnam to his native town. Filan, Francis Xavier (Frank), born in 1905 in Brooklyn, N.Y., began photographing at the Los Angeles Times. In 1929 he entered the military service at Los Angeles. Filan did his duty as a war cameraman for three years. He covered World War II in the Pacific. Francis X. Filan became the 1944 Co-PPW in the category "Photography" for his picture "Tarawa Island," the previous year. Filo, John Paul, born on August 21, 1948, in Natrona Heights, Pa., graduated from Harrison Township public school system. He then began working as a summer intern photographer at the Valley Daily News & Daily Dispatch in Tarentum, Pa. The journalism student John P. Filo was awarded the 1971 PP in the "Spot

69 News Photography" category for his pictorial coverage of the Kent State University tragedy in the preceding year. Finney, Nathaniel Solon, bom on October 10, 1903, in Stewartsville, Mn., received a B.A. degree from the University of Minnesota in 1927. Already in 1925 he had started his newspaper career as a cub reporter for the Minneapolis Star. From 1929 to 1930 he worked for the book publishing house of Harcourt, Brace & Co, and then went back to the Minneapolis Star becoming city editor of the paper while subsequently being feature and picture editor of the Minneapolis Star Journal. Finney joined the Washington bureau of the Minneapolis Star and Tribune in the summer of 1941. In the 1944 presidential election, Finney's prediction of the number of electoral votes for Franklin D. Roosevelt was the only correct one from the entire Washington press corps. Finney covered the 1946 Bikini atomic bomb tests and, in 1947, did a series of articles from England on that country's postwar problems. In 1947, Finney received the Raymond Clapper Memorial Award. Nathaniel S. Finney was the 1948 CoPPW in the "National Reporting" category for stories on the Truman administration. Fischetti, John R., bom on September 27, 1916, in Brooklyn, N.Y., was a student of the Pratt Institute from 1937 to 1940 where he majored in art. He worked on animated films for the Disney Studios in Los Angeles for nine months. He then free-lanced for the Chicago Sun where his first editorial cartoons were published. He also drew illustrations for Coronet, Esquire, Saturday Evening Post, Collier's, and the New York Times. Fischetti joined the Army for three years during World War II and became cartoonist on the Stars & Stripes. His first postwar employment was with the New York Herald-Tribune for two years. In 1950 Fischetti became syndicated cartoonist of the Newspaper Enterprise Association and his work went out to approximately five hundred newspapers. He returned to the New York Herald-Tribune as a staff cartoonist in 1962, and then moved to the Chicago Daily News. The numerous prizes the cartoonist gained in the course of his career included the Sigma Delta Chi award. The 1969 PP for "Editorial Cartooning" was given to John R. Fischetti for his work, exemplified by the drawing "Speaking from a position of strength..." FitzGerald, Frances, bom on October 21, 1940, in New York City, studied Middle Eastern history at Radcliffe College and took her B.A. degree in 1962. Subsequently she went to Paris, France, where she found employment with the Congress for Cultural Freedom, pub-

70 lishing magazine articles. After returning to New York City in 1964, Frances FitzGerald accepted an assignment to write profiles for the New York Herald-Tribune's Sunday magazine and remained there until the paper folded in 1966. Soon she was contributing regularly to Vogue and the Village Voice, and later she became a contributor to the New York Review of Books and the New York Times Magazine, among other publications. In 1966 she went to South Vietnam as a free-lance journalist, publishing articles on politics in Saigon. The following year she received the Overseas Press Club award for interpretative reporting. Returning to America, Frances FitzGerald spent the next five years writing the book Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. This volume made Frances FitzGerald the 1973 Co-PPW in the "General Non-Fiction" category. FitzGerald, Joan, born 1949, studied at Bennington College in Vermont and at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, where she earned an M.A. degree. She worked as a reporter and researcher for Forbes magazine, and in 1980 joined the Boston Globe as a member of the staff in the financial department. Joan FitzGerald became a 1984 Co-PPW in the category "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for a series on race relations in Boston. Fitzpatrick, Daniel Robert, born on March 5, 1891, in Superior, Wi., attended Superior High School until the age of sixteen. He then dropped out in order to pursue his interest in art. For a while he studied at the Chicago Art Institute. In 1911, he got his first job, doing comic-page drawings for the Chicago Daily News. This lasted less than a year, for when the editorial cartoonist became ill, Fitzpatrick took his place, and before he was twenty-one he was doing front-page cartoons. His work was highly appreciated and got him the position of editorial cartoonist on the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1913. In 1924 Fitzpatrick became the winner of the John Frederick Lewis Prize of the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts. In 1926 Daniel R. Fitzpatrick won the PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category for the drawing "The Laws of Moses and the Laws of Today." He earned his second PP for cartoons in 1955, this time for the drawing "How Would Another Mistake Help?" Fitzpatrick, Thomas, born on February 2, 1928, in New York City, graduated with a B.A. degree from Washington University, Mo. In World War II he served in the U.S. Army as a paratrooper. He subsequently embarked on a journalistic career in Ohio, where he wrote for the Kent Courier-Tribune, the Toledo Blade,

FitzGerald - Flavin and the Cleveland Plain Dealer. In 1961 he moved to Illinois and joined the Chicago Tribune as a reporter and columnist. In 1963 he won the Beck award by the Chicago Tribune. Three years later he transfered to the Chicago Daily News, where he was a sports columnist. In 1968 he was hired by the Chicago Sun-Times as a reporter and columnist. In 1970 Thomas Fitzpatrick won the PP for "Local General Spot News Reporting" for his articles about the violence of youthful radicals in Chicago. Fitzpatrick, William Harry, born on May 23, 1908, in New Orleans, La., received his primary school education at Jesuits and Rugby Academy in New Orleans and spent two years at Tulane University. He entered newspaper work as a sports reporter and later covered general assignments and the Louisiana Legislature before being named city editor of the New Orleans States in 1940. In 1942 he was commissioned a lieutenant in the naval reserve and went on active duty in October of that year. Fitzpatrick served aboard the carriers Enterprise, Intrepid, and Hancock to attacks on Wake Island, Tarawa Island, Truk, and Japan, and in assaults and capture of the Gilberts and the Marshalls Islands and Okinawa. He received a commendation letter from the commander in chief of the Pacific fleet, for courage under fire in November 1943. While in the service he was named the editor of the States in 1945 and returned to assume his new position. He became a member of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Sigma Delta Chi, and the National Conference of Editorial Writers. In 1951 William H. Fitzpatrick received the PP for "Editorial Writing" for a series called "Government by Treaty." Flaherty, Mary Pat, born on May 7, 1955, in Pittsburgh, Pa., graduated with a B.S.-degree from Northwestern University, II. She worked as an intern with the Pittsburgh Press in 1975, and became a reporter and editor with the Press two years later. In the decades that followed she specialized in human interest and in-depth features. Mary P. Flaherty became the 1986 Co-PPW in "Specialized Reporting" for investigation of violations and failures in the American organ transplantation system. Flavin, Martin Archer, born on November 2, 1883, in San Francisco, Ca., studied at the University of Chicago from 1903 to 1905. He then tried writing short stories while working nights for the Chicago Tribune before becoming an office boy for a wallpaper company in 1906. During the following twenty years he remained in this business and advanced to vice-president of one wallpaper firm and president of another. It was not until 1918 that Flavin returned to

Fleming - Flexner writing. With Children of the Moon he had his first Broadway production in 1923. In 1929 he had three plays on Broadway at once: Broken Dishes', Cross Roads; and The Criminal Code. The last mentioned play won the New York Theatre Club Medal as the best play of its season. Subsequently, Flavin worked briefly in Hollywood, where he wrote in collaboration with other authors the two screenplays The Big House and Passion Flower. At about the same time he also taught playwrighting at Stanford University. In 1940 Flavin published Mr. Littlejohn, a novel. Flavin's next book was an ironic story dealing with the horrors of war and misguided loyalties. Under the title Corporal Cat: The Story of a German Parachute Soldier it appeared in 1941. His book Journey in the Dark made Martin A. Flavin the recipient of the 1944 PP in the category "Novel." Fleming, Dewey Lee, bom on July 19, 1898, in Whitmer, W.V., grew up in Sutton, W.V., where he went to public schools and then studied at Davis and Elkins College at Elkins, W.V. Fleming got his start as a reporter while he was a college student with the Elkins InterMountain. In 1918 he received his B.A. degree, and in 1922, after a year at Columbia University, went to the staff of the Baltimore American where he worked for a year. Then Fleming moved to the city staff of the Baltimore Sun where his work brought him assignments to cover news events outside the city. He also came to the SUM'S Washington Bureau in 192627, serving as the chief of the newspaper's New York Bureau during 1927-28 and the Chicago Bureau in 1928-29. From Chicago Fleming went to the Sun's London Bureau in 1929 which he headed for two years. In 1931, Fleming left London to become again a member of the Sun's Washington Bureau, a permanent assignment at that time. He helped to cover the 1936 and 1940 political conventions and was appointed chief of the Washington Bureau in November, 1940. In the spring of 1943 Fleming was one of nine newspaper correspondents who accompanied President Roosevelt on a trip in wartime secrecy, and in August, 1943, he reported from Quebec on the conference between Roosevelt and Churchill. In 1944 Dewey L. Fleming earned the PP in the "Telegraphic Reporting (National)" category. Fletcher, John Gould, born on January 3, 1886, in Little Rock, Ar., became early an avid reader and entering Harvard University in 1903 he began writing poetry himself. He quitted Harvard just before final exams in 1907 and sailed for Europe the following year when he inherited an income. Though London became his new home for about a quarter-century he

71 often visited Paris, and when World War I broke out the poet set off for a two-years-trip to America. The impressions and experiences he gathered on this trip are recorded in three series of poems: The Ghosts of an old House; Japanese Prints and The Tree of Life. In 1916, shortly after returning to England, Fletcher experienced the beginning of a fallow period in his career, which was marked by the rejection of four collections of his poems he wanted to publish. Though he was contributing regularly to several magazines, Fletcher was apparantly writing very little himself. He would publish no more new verse until 1925 apart from the colletion of poems based on his travels in America. In 1925 Parables appeared, the first of four publications which were all expressions of a religious phase in Fletcher's life concluded with the appearance of the book XXIV Elegies in 1935. Returning to Little Rock in 1933, Fletcher was given an honary doctorate by the University of Arkansas, and though the poet began devoting himself to fostering cultural events in the state, he continued work on his poetry. In 1937 his autobiography, Life is My Song, appeared. John G. Fletcher became the 1939 PPW in the "Poetry" category for the volume Selected Poems. Flexner, James Thomas, bom on January 13, 1908, in New York City, obtained a degree from Teachers College of Columbia University in 1925, and graduated with a B.S.-degree from Harvard University in 1929. He subsequently worked as reporter for the New York HeraldTribune until 1931. He then became secretary of the Noise Abatement Commission of the Department of Health of New York City, a position he held until 1932. In 1937 he published his book Doctors on Horseback: Pioneers of American Medicine, which was followed by numerous other books and television plays. In 1945 he received the Library of Congress grant-in-aid for studies in the history of American civilization. In 1946 he won the Life in America Prize, in 1953 he was Guggenheim fellow, and in 1954-55 he was president of PEN. Flexner also won the Parkman Prize for his 1962 book That Wilder Image: The Painting of America's Native School from Thomas Cole to Winslow Homer. From 1963 to 1966 he was honorary vicepresident of PEN. He continued to publish books on a variety of subjects, e.g. on the life of George Washington. His series of four books on Washington won him the National Book Award for Biography. The work George Washington, I-IV brought to James T. Flexner a 1973 PP "Special Citation" in the Letters section.

72 Flournoy, John Craig, born on June 26, 1951, in Shreveport, La., attended public schools in his hometown and graduated in 1975 from the University of New Orleans with a B.A.-degree in history. After writing freelance articles for a New Orleans weekly newspaper, the Courier, Flournoy went to work for the Houma Daily Courier in July, 1976. During his six months there Flournoy wrote articles on a prescription drug ring within a county prison and on the brutalization of a prisoner which later won him the Louisiana Press Association's first and second place awards in investigative reporting. Flournoy moved to work for the Shreveport Journal in January, 1977, where he covered the city hall, wrote a weekly political column and put together several investigative stories. In November, 1978, Flournoy started as an investigative reporter for the Dallas Morning News. His work included a variety of local and regional stories that won him a first place award for investigative reporting in the 1981 Dallas Press Club competition. In 1986 John C. Flournoy became a Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for investigation into subsidized housing in East Texas. Foley, Bill, bom in 1955 in Indianapolis, In., graduated from Indiana University in 1977 where he had majored in telecommunications. After having worked for the Louisville Courier Journal in Kentucky Foley joined the Associated Press in Cairo as a photographer in 1978. He covered regions of the Middle East, e.g. Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Lebanon. Bill Foley earned the 1983 PP in the category "Spot News Photography" for his pictures of massacres in the Sabra Refugee Camp of West Beirut. Folliard, Edward Thomas, born on May 14, 1899, in Washington, D.C., lived for the greater part of his boyhood near the Potomac River, where he attended public and parochial schools in the district. Shortly after the United States had entered World War I, the eighteenyear-old youth enlisted in the navy in June, 1917. Before Folliard was mustered out of the navy in September, 1919, he had also served for a time as a correspondent for the Stars and Stripes magazine. For a time, too, he continued some of his studies, and in 1922 obtained his first reportorial position on the Washington Herald. He joined the staff of the Washington Post in the following year, where he remained, exept of an interval of about two years. In the succeeding years Folliard was to experience all phases of journalism from police reporting and writing obituaries to covering events of general assignments, Congress and White House. From the beginning of World War II, Folliard was confident of Hitler's eventual defeat. In 1943

Flournoy - Forbes he had his own radio program on Station WTOP, on which he discussed his views of world events. Folliard served as a war correspondent from Europe from 1944-45, sending dispatches to his paper from the fighting fronts in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany. In 1947 Edward T. Folliard won the PP in the "National Reporting" category for a series of articles on the Columbians, Inc. Foote, Horton, bom on May 14, 1916, in Wharton, Tx., started his theatrical career working as an actor as well as studying at the Pasadena Playhouse from 1933 to 1935 and the Tamara Daykarhanova Theatre School in New York from 1937 to 1939. Between 1939 and 1942 he acted in several Broadway plays. He began writing plays as a charter member of the American Actors Theatre, which staged, among others, his plays Out of My House and Only the Heart. In 1944 Foote moved to Washington, D.C., where he established a theatre workshop at the King-Smith School of the Creative Arts. Foote began his television career writing for Kraft Playhouse in 1947 and later wrote scripts for Playhouse 90 and other series. His teles included adaptations of his own stage plays and of works by other authors. The playwright's first Hollywood credit was the screenplay for Storm Fear, which was produced in 1956. Six years later he won his first Academy Award for To Kill a Mockingbird. In the late 1960s Foote withdrew into semi-retirement for about a decade, but in the late 1970s he began writing a cycle of nine plays he called The Orphan's Home. Further successful plays and television contributions followed during the next two decades. In 1983 he gained a second "Oscar" for Tender Mercies. His stage play The Young Man from Atlanta won Horton Foote the 1995 PP for "Drama." Forbes, Esther, bom on June 28, 1891, in Westborough, Ma., was graduated from Bradford Academy, Ma., in 1912. Thereafter, she continued her studies at the University of Wisconsin during the period from 1916 to 1918. Two years later Esther Forbes joined the staff of the Houghton Mifflin Company and stayed there until 1926. Her first historical novel, 0 Genteel Lady, was published in 1926. For Johnny Tremain: A Novel for Young and Old she received the John Newberry Medal, one of the most prestigious awards given for children's books. The book was later made into a television show as well as a movie by Walt Disney. The Running of the Tide, a historical novel, won the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer novel award and also became a movie. The Boston Book, which she wrote in cooperation with Arthur Griffin, Paradise; The General's Lady,

73

Edward (Duke) Ellington

William Faulkner

Robert Frost

74 A Mirror for Witches and Rainbow on the Road count also among her book publications. Esther Forbes was member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Society of American Historians and the first woman member of the American Antiquarian Society. In the early 1940s she received honorary doctorates in literature from Clark University and the University of Maine. She became the 1943 PPW in the "History" category for the book Paul Revere and the World He Lived In. Ford, Richard, born on February 16, 1944, in Jackson, Ms., attended Michigan State University from 1962 to 1966, and graduated with a B.A. degree in English. In 1967 Ford enrolled at Washington University Law School in St. Louis, Mo. The following year he left the university to move to New York, where he landed a position as an assistant science editor of the American Druggist magazine. Ford then moved to Irvine, Ca., to study writing and literature at the University of California. He earned his Master of Fine Arts-degree in 1970. From 1971 to 1974 Ford received a stipend as a member of the University of Michigan Society of Fellows. The following two years he worked as lecturer at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. His first novel, A Piece of My Heart, was published in 1976. A second book, The Ultimate Good Luck, followed five years later. Between the two publications Ford received awards from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. He taught at Princeton University and at Williams College in Williamstown, Ma. In 1986 his third novel, The Sportswriter, was published, and won him a PEN/Faulkner citation for fiction. The following year the short-story collection Rock Springs appeared. His novel Independence Day made Richard Ford the 1996 PPW for "Fiction." Forman, Stanley Joseph, born on July 10, 1945, in Winthrop, Ma., graduated from Revere High School and studied photography at Franklin Institute in Boston from 1965 to 1966. He then started his career as a cameraman for a politician who campaigned victoriously for a seat in the U.S. Senate. In the same year Forman joined the Boston Herald-American as a photo lab technician and later got the post of a staff photographer. In the course of his career he was made the recipient of citations from United Press International and the Boston Press Photographers and was named Regional Photographer of the Year by the National Press Photographers Association in 1973. Stanley J. Forman became the 1976 PPW in the category "Spot News Photography" for his sequence of pictures of a fire in Boston. In 1977 he became the Co-PPW in the "Spot News Photography"

Ford - Frankel category for his picture of a youth using the flag as a lance in street disorders. Fox, Sylvan, born on June 2, 1928, in Brooklyn, N.Y., graduated with a B.A. degree from Brooklyn College in 1951. In 1952 he obtained an M.A. from the University of California at Berkeley. Two years later he became reporter for the Evening Times in Little Falls, N.Y. He left the paper after only a few months and joined the union Star in Schenectady, N.Y., where he worked until 1955. From 1955 to 1959 he wrote for the Buffalo Evening News. In 1959 he became rewriteman of New York World-Telegram and Sun in New York, where he was promoted to assistant city editor and eventually to city editor. In 1963 Sylvan Fox was a Co-PPW in the category of "Local Reporting, Edition Time" for coverage of an airplane crash. Frank, Elizabeth, born on September 14, 1945, in Los Angeles, Ca., attended Bennington College from 1963 to 1965, before she enrolled at the University of California in Berkeley. There she earned her B.A. degree in 1967 and her M.A. degree in 1969. From 1971 to 1973 she taught English literature at various institutions, including Mills College. A doctorate was conferred on her by the University of California and she started teaching at Williams College, where she remained until 1975, when she joined the faculty of the University of California in Irvine. During the term of 1976-77 she taught at Temple University. Subsequently, she became a story editor for Connaught Films. In 1982 she accepted a job as a teacher at Bard College. Elizabeth Frank was also a contributor to periodicals such as Art in America, Nation, New York Times Book Review, and Artnews. Her first book, entitled Jackson Pollock, was published in 1984. It was followed by the biography Louise Bogan: A Portrait. This work earned Elizabeth Frank the 1986 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. Frankel, Glenn Charles, born on October 2, 1949, in New York City, graduated from Columbia University with a bachelor's degree in 1971. Frankel started his journalism career as a reporter for the Record in Bergen County, N.J., before he moved as a reporter to the Richmond Mercury. He joined the Washington Post in 1979 as chief of the newspaper's Richmond bureau. Frankel was a journalism fellow of Stanford University during the academic year 1982-83. By that time he became the Post's assistant foreign editor, and since the summer of 1983 Frankel was the newspaper's southern Africa correspondent, based in Harare. In August, 1986, he was appointed the Jerusalem bureau chief of the Washington Post. Glenn C.

Franke! - Freed man Frankel became the 1989 Co-PPW for "International Reporting" for reports from Israel and the Middle East. Frankel, Max, born on April 3, 1930, in Gera, Germany, was eight years old when the Nazis deported him and his family to Poland. Two years later, after much travel, they reached the United States. Max Frankel was educated in New York City and in 1948 became a citizen of the U.S. By the time he entered Columbia College, he had his sights set on a newspaper career. While in college he acquired experience on the student newspaper and as Columbia correspondent for the New York Times. Frankel received his B.A. degree in 1952, and in June of that year was hired as a full-time reporter for the Times. He covered general assignments for a year, received his M.A. degree at Columbia and entered the Army in 1953. After two years of duty at the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., Frankel returned to the New York Times. In November, 1956, he was sent to Europe to help cover stories arising out of the Polish and Hungarian rebellions. From the spring of 1957 to the summer of 1960, Max Frankel was assigned to the Moscow bureau of his newspaper and traveled extensively throughout the Soviet Union. After returning to New York, he covered United Nations headquarters and a number of assignments in Cuba before moving to Washington as chief correspondent and head of the New York Times bureau there. In 1972 Max Frankel belonged to the group of journalists who accompanied President Nixon on his visit to China. His dispatches and background stories from Peking brought Max Frankel the 1973 PP for "International Reporting." Franklin, Jon Daniel, bom on January 13, 1942, in Enid, Ok., served in the U.S. Navy as a journalist from 1959 to 1967. He worked as an editor and a reporter for the Hyattsville Prince Georges Post from 1967 to 1970, while also studying at the University of Maryland. He graduated with a B.S. degree in 1970, and joined the Baltimore Evening Sun the same year. Hired as a rewriteman, he became the paper's science writer in 1972. He was awarded the James T. Grady Medal in 1975. His first book, The Chesapeake: Still at Bay?, was published in 1977. In 1979 he won the PP in the category of "Feature Writing" for an account of brain surgery. In 1981 Franklin received an honorary Doctor of Humane-Letters degree from the University of Maryland. In 1982 he also earned an honorary degree from the College of Notre Dame. He wrote numerous books on scientific topics, including Shocktrauma, Not Quite a Miracle, and Guinea Pig Doctors. In 1985 Jon D. Franklin was granted his

75 second PP, this time in the "Explanatory Journalism" category, for a series about the science of molecular psychiatry. Franks, Lucinda Laura, born on July 16, 1946, in Chicago, II., grew up in Wellesley, Ma. She joined United Press International in London in August, 1968, following her graduation from Vassar College where she majored in English literature and where she also studied music. As a member of the London UP I staff she specialized in the coverage of young people and reported scores of rallies, speeches and demonstrations in Europe dealing with various aspects of the youth movement. She returned to the U.S. in the summer of 1970 on special temporary assignment. Lucinda L. Franks was a Co-PPW in 1971 in the "National Reporting" category for a documentary called "The Making of a Terrorist." Frasca, John Anthony, born on May 25, 1916, in Lynn, Ma., graduated from Lynn Classical High School in 1935 and started as an crane operator at the General Electric Co. in Lynn the following year. After his graduation from Mississippi College in Clinton, Ms., Frasca entered his newspaper career as a reporter on the American in Hattiesburg, Ms., from 1940-1942. The following three years he served with the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II and was discharged as 1 st Lieutenant. After the war Frasca returned to the news business: from 1945-1948 he worked for United Press in Texas, first as a capital correspondent in Austin and later on as a night bureau manager in Dallas. From 19481953 he was a rewrite man for the Boston American in Boston, Ma., and the following three years he worked as a special feature writer for the Philadelphia Daily News. Since 1957 Frasca was a free-lance public relations director in various campaigns before he joined the Tampa Tribune in 1964. He won several journalism awards before becoming the 1966 PPW for "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for his investigation that resulted in the freeing of an innocent man. Freedman, Alix M., born on November 25, 1957, in New York City, obtained B.A. and M.A. degrees from Harvard University. From 1979 to 1982 she worked as a news assistant for the New York Times. In 1983 she became a staff reporter with Business Week magazine, and in 1984 she joined the Philadelphia bureau of the Wall Street Journal, where she worked as a reporter until 1987. She then transfered to the Journal's New York bureau, where in 1991 she was promoted to Senior Special Writer. In 1993 Freedman won the Gerald Loeb Award as well as the Front Page Award. In 1996 Alix M. Freedman earned the PP in "National Reporting" for coverage of the tobacco industry.

76 Freedman, Eric, born on November 6, 1949, in Brookline, Ma., obtained an B.A. degree from Cornell University in 1971, and a Juris Doctor from the New York University Law School in 1975. From 1971 to 1976 he was a legislative and press aide of an U.S. Representative in Washington, D.C., and New York. He then joined the Knickerbocker News in Albany, N.Y., where he worked as a reporter, and covered the courts, City Hall, and the State Capitol until 1984, while also writing for the New York Law Journal. In 1984 he joined the Detroit News's State Capitol Bureau in Lansing, Mi. Here he covered, among other things, legal issues, the state government, and questions of environmental preservation. Through the years Freedman, additionally, placed freelance articles in a number of U.S., Canadian, and overseas newspapers and magazines. In 1992 and 1993 he published three non-fiction books. In 1994 he won the O'Leary award from the University of Michigan's Department of Communication Studies. Also in 1994, Eric Freedman became the Co-PPW in the category of "Beat Reporting" for an investigation of the Michigan House Fiscal Agency. Freedman, Jonathan, bom on April 11, 1950, in Rochester, Mn., graduated from George Washington High School of Denver, Co., in 1968. Then he went to Columbia College in New York City, where he received his A.B. degree in literature in 1972 and earned a writing fellowship which enabled him to travel through Central and South America the following year. Freedman started his journalism career as a reporter for the Associated Press in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during 1974-75. Then he moved to fiction writing in Washington, D.C., from 1976-79, followed by the publication of his book The Man Who'd Bounce the World in 1979. In 1980 he started freelance column writing in San Francisco and published pieces in op-ed pages of the New York Times, the Chicago Tribune, the San Francisco Examiner, the Oakland Tribune, etc. Then, in 1981 he became employed by the Tribune in San Diego, Ca., as an editorial writer. From 1983 on Jonathan Freedman received several journalism awards, e.g. the San Diego Chapter of Sigma Delta Chi Award, the Copley Ring of Truth Award, and the Distinguished Writing Award of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. In 1985 he received a special Citation from the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University. While having an editorial writing fellowship, Jonathan Freedman earned the 1987 PP for "Editorial Writing" for articles on a major immigration reform act.

Freedman - Friedman Freeman, Douglas Southall, born on May 16, 1886, in Lynchburg, Va., attended Richmond College for his Bachelor of Arts-degree, which he obtained in 1904. He received a fellowship and completed his doctoral dissertation at Johns Hopkins University in 1908. Freeman became editor of the Virginia newspaper Richmond News Leader in 1915. In 1934 he joined the staff of Columbia University as visiting professor of journalism and the same year he also accepted a post as rector and president of the board of trustees at the University of Richmond. Freeman, who received several honorary degrees from different institutions of higher education, was member of the National Academy of Arts and Letters, president of the Southern Historical Society as well as first president of the Society of American Historians. He was the editor of the Calendar of Confederate Papers and Lee's Dispatches. Reports on Virginia Taxation; Virginia - A Gentle Dominian and The Last Parade number among the works he wrote himself. Douglas S. Freeman won the 1935 PP in "Biography or Autobiography" for his book R. E. Lee. In 1958 he earned his second PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category posthumously for the work George Washington, Volumes I-Vl. French, Thomas, born on January 3, 1958, in Columbus, Oh., studied journalism at Indiana University and was editor-in-chief of the college paper Indiana Daily Student. After his graduation he joined the St. Petersburg Times as a night police reporter in 1981. The following year he started to work as a courts reporter. From 1984 to 1988 he held the position of a general assignment reporter at the Si. Petersburg Times. Afterwards the paper employed him as a narrative projects reporter. His booklength narratives were published one chapter at a time. Two of his projects were later published as books, Unanswered Cries: A True Story of Friends, Neighbors, and Murder in a Small Town in 1991 and South of Heaven: Welcome to High School at the End of the Twentieth Century in 1993. Thomas French became the 1998 PPW in the "Feature Writing" category for his portrait of a mother and two daughters slain on a Florida vacation. Friedman, Joshua M., born on November 22, 1941, grew up in Roosevelt, N.J. and received a B.A. in history from Rutgers University in 1964 and an M.S. in 1968 from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism where he won the Inter-American Press Association Traveling Fellowship. He continued his studies in history in the graduate school at the University of Chicago before becoming the editor-inchief of the Sohos News in New York City.

Friedman - Fritz Then he worked as investigative reporter at the Philadelphia Inquirer. Later on Friedman became the Albany bureau chief of the New York Post. He joined Newsday in 1982 and had both domestic and foreign reporting assignments since then. He covered local and state government politics in Nassau County, New York City and from Newsday's Albany bureau. During one of his foreign assignments, he traveled to Cuba to report about the Grenada invasion. He was in Beirut in early 1984 to cover the collapse of the central government's authority in Lebanon. In 1985 he was made a Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for a series on the plight of the hungry in Africa. Friedman, Thomas Loren, born on July 20, 1953, in Minneapolis, Mn. He graduated from Brandeis University in 1975, and received a master's degree in Middle Eastern studies from Oxford University in 1978. He also attended the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London, the American University of Cairo and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and was the recipient of a Marshall Scholarship. Friedman worked for United Press International as staff correspondent in London in 1978-79 and as Middle East UPI correspondent in Beirut from mid-1979 until 1981. He received UPFs award for outstanding news coverage for his articles on the Persian Gulf after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Thomas L. Friedman joined the New York Times in June 1981 as a reporter for Business Day, and was named bureau chief of the Times in Beirut early in 1982. In 1983 he became the Co-PPW for "International Reporting" for his coverage of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. The following year Friedman became the bureau chief of the New York Times in Jerusalem. He earned his second PP for "International Reporting" in 1988 for his coverage of Israel. Friendly, Alfred, born on December 30, 1911, in Salt Lake City, Ut., graduated from Amherst College, Ma., in 1933. He worked for the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce from 1933-34 and the Office of the Secretary of Commerce in the period 1934-35. In 1936 he became a reporter for the Washington Daily News, and in 1939 he changed to the Washington Post. At that newspaper Friendly at first served as a reporter, then as assistant managing editor, and for ten years as managing editor from 1955 to 1965. He returned to writing in 1965 and soon became the paper's London based roving European, Middle East and North African reporter. Friendly who had guided the Washington Post's transition from a basically local newspaper to one of much larger scope, also served as a vice president and associate

77 editor of his paper while he worked as a foreign correspondent. Shortly after stepping down as managing editor, he covered the 1967 war in the Mideast, sending back to Washington numerous exclusive dispatches that showed the deeper background of the conflict. In 1968 Alfred Friendly became the PPW in the "International Reporting" category for his coverage of the Middle East War of the preceding year. Frings, Kathryn H. (Ketti), born in Columbus, Oh., discovered her interest in acting and writing very early. At twelve she won her first literary prize for an essay, published in a Dayton, Oh., newspaper. The following year she earned a silver medal in a scholastic competition for her recitation, with gestures, of Lochinvar. After visiting the Lake School for Girls in Milwaukee, she entered a high school in St. Louis called The Principia, from which she graduated in 1926. Mrs. Frings then studied at Principia College, which was located in St. Louis as well, but left after one year. Starting her professional writing career as an advertising copy writer for a department store, Frings went on to work as publicist, columnist, radio script writer, and movie magazine ghost writer. On the basis of her experiences during a two-year stay in Mexico she wrote both her first novel, published in 1940 under the title Hold Back the Dawn, and her first screen story, which was released by Paramount Pictures in 1941 under the same title. The following year Ketti Frings's first Broadway play, Mr. Sycamore, was produced. Two years later she wrote her second novel, God's Front Porch. During the next few years Ketti Frings worked in Hollywood, turning out a steady stream of screen plays. These included Guest in the House; The Accused, and File on Thelma Jordan. In 1952 Paramount released two films with screen plays by Ketti Frings, Because of You and Come Back, Little Sheba. The writer scored another success in 1955 with her scenario for the play The Shrike. While working on her screen adaptations, Ketti Frings was also planning the stage adaptation of Thomas Wolfe's Look Homeward, Angel. The play earned Kathryn H. Frings the 1958 PP in the "Drama" category. Fritz, Mark, born on May 5, 1956, in East Chicago, In., started to work as a general assignment reporter for the Kalamazoo Gazette, Mi., in 1978. Afterwards Fritz was engaged by the Associated Press in Detroit in 1984. The next stage of his career was his work as a correspondent in Grand Rapids, Mi., and afterwards he moved to New York City from where he was able to report on international affairs. In 1990 Fritz transferred to East Berlin to cover the Ger-

78 man reunification and the fall of communism. Later on, the journalist worked in the capital of the Ivory Coast, Abidjan, West Africa, as a correspondent from 1993 to 1994. For his reports he had to travel widely, e.g. to the U.S. mission in Somalia and to Rwanda. Mark Fritz became the PPW in the "International Reporting" category in 1995 for his dispatches on the ethnic violence and slaughter in Rwanda. Frost, Robert Lee, born on March 26, 1874, in San Francisco, Ca., published his first professional poem, "My Butterfly," in the New York Independent of 1894. Together with four other poems it also was privately printed in a twocopy edition, named Twilight. Frost briefly worked as a reporter for the Lawrence Daily American and the Sentinel in Massachusetts, and then became a teacher. In 1906 he accepted a position at Pinkerton Academy, an appointment he kept until 1911, when he began teaching in the Plymouth Normal School in New Hampshire. In August 1912 Frost and his family left America for England, where Frost's first two collections of poetry, A Boy's Will and North of Boston, were published. Following the outbreak of World War I, the family returned to the U.S., and Robert Frost was hired as a professor by Amherst College and brought out his third volume of poetry under the title Mountain Interval. In 1921 the poet accepted a post at the University of Michigan. Frost returned to the faculty of Amherst in 1923 and remained there for the following years with the exception of the academic year 1925-26, when he taught at the University of Michigan, and the year 1936, when he was appointed Charles Eliot Norton Professor at Harvard. Meanwhile he continued publishing his poetry: e.g. Selected Poems; Several Short Poems; WestRunning Brook; The Lone Striker; Three Poems, and From Snow to Snow. His verse book New Hampshire - A Poem with Notes and Grace Notes brought to him the 1924 PP in the "Poetry" category. Frost's Collected Poems earned him his second PP in "Poetry" in 1931. Six years later, in 1937, Frost was recipient of his third PP in the "Poetry" category, this time for he volume A Further Range. Robert L. Frost received his fourth PP in 1943 on the basis of his book A Witness Tree. Fuller Jr., Charles H., born on March 5, 1939, in Philadelphia, Pa., entered Villanova University in 1956, after his graduation from high school. Although he was also interested at that time in astronomy, music, and law, he decided

Frost - Fuller to major in English. But in 1959 he dropped out of Villanova and joined the United States Army. Stationed at bases in Virginia, Japan, and South Korea, he spent the next three years working in military laboratories. His work left him with a lot of leisure time to read and write, and his years in the service, together with the stories his father had told him about working for the navy during World War II, provided Fuller with material for his plays. On his discharge from the service in 1962, Fuller returned to Philadelphia, where he worked as a loan-collection officer for a bank, as a counselor for minority students at Temple University, and as a housing inspector. In his spare time he attended night classes at LaSalle College and wrote short stories. In the mid-1960s he began writing sketches for a local theatre company that eventually became known as the AfroAmerican Theatre of Philadelphia. The company staged several plays written by Fuller including The Sunflowers and The Rise. In 1968 the management of the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, N.J., commissioned Fuller to write The Village: A Party, a drama about a Utopian community of five interracial couples. In 1969 Fuller moved to New York to become a playwright. There, he wrote a number of plays such as In My Many Names and Days; The Candidate; and Zooman and the Sign. His piece A Soldier's Play made Charles H. Fuller Jr. the PPW of 1982 in the "Drama" category. Fuller, Jack William, born on October 12, 1946, in Chicago, II., attended Homewood-Flossmoor High School in south suburban Flossmoor, and was graduated from the School of Journalism of Northwestern University in 1968. He served as an enlisted man in the U.S. Army in 1969 and 1970 at the Army's training center in Fort Bragg, N.C., and on the Pacific edition of Stars and Stripes in Vietnam. In 1973 Fuller obtained a law degree at Yale University. From 1973-74 Fuller worked as a reporter assigned to the city desk of the Chicago Tribune. He served as a special assistant U.S. Attorney General in 1975 and 1976. A member of the Illinois Bar, he taught at Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism. In 1977 Jack Fuller returned to the Chicago Tribune as a Washington correspondent. Two years later, in the fall of 1978, he was appointed an editorial page writer for the Tribune, and in 1983 he became editorial page editor of the newspaper. In 1986 Jack Fuller received the PP in the category of "Editorial Writing" for articles on constitutional issues.

Gaines, William Chester, born on November 1, 1933, in Indianapolis, In., got his first job as a newscaster for the radio station WCTW in New Castle, In., while attending Butler University, where he was graduated with a degree in radio broadcasting. Then he spent fifteen months with the U.S. Army in Germany. From 1958, after his discharge from military service, until 1963, he worked in the news departments of radio and television stations in Michigan and Indiana, and from 1960 to 1963 he was also the Northern Indiana correspondent for the Chicago Daily News before he joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune as an investigative reporter. In 1988 William C. Gaines became a Co-PPW for "Investigative Reporting" for stories on Chicago's City Council. Gale, Zona, bom on August 26, 1874, in Portage, Wi., began writing at the age of seven. She attended the public school of Portage, from which she went on to the University of Wisconsin. Her first publication was in The Aegis, the literary magazine of the University of Wisconsin. In her senior year she wrote her first novel, a romantic work which was never published, and sold her first story to the Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin. She was graduated with the B.L. degree in 1895, having majored in journalism, and took an ML. in 1899. Soon after her graduation she went to work as a reporter for the Evening Wisconsin, and after a year and a half moved to the Milwaukee Journal. In 1901 she joined the staff of the New York Evening World as a general reporter and feature writer, but since this work kept her too busy for creative writing, she resigned after eighteen months to free-lance. Her first magazine story was sold in 1903 to Success, and her first novel, Romance Island, followed three years later. By 1905 she was contributing romantic stories to the leading magazines of her time. Many of these stories were subsequently collected under the title of The Loves of Pelleas and Etarre. Soon afterwards she began to write a series of stories of small-town life. The first collection of these, Friendship Village, which appeared in 1908, was followed by Friendship Village Love Stories', Neighborhood Stories, and Peace in Friendship Village. In 1911 the author won the first prize for her story The Ancient Dawn in a short story

contest. In 1918 she published the novel Birth. It was followed by her short novel Miss Lulu Bett, of which her dramatic version opened late in 1920. This play earned Zona Gale the 1921 PP in the "Drama" category. Gallagher, William M., born on February 26, 1923, in Hiawatha, Ks., attended schools in Lake Charles and New Orleans, La., Topeka, Ks., Dallas and Houston, Tx. In 1936 he moved to Flint, Mi., and studied at St. Matthew's High School from which he graduated in 1943. In the same year Gallagher enlisted in the United States Army where he first joined the medical corps in Walla Walla, Wa., then transferred to the signal corps and worked as a photographer in Redmond, Or. Afterwards he did his duty with the air corps in North Africa and Asia. In 1946 Gallagher joined the staff of the weekly newspaper Sporting Digest in Flint, Mi. The following year he switched to the Flint Journal where he worked as a wirephoto operator and part-time news photographer. Three months later he got the post of a staff photographer. William M. Gallagher became the 1953 PPW in the category "Photography" for a picture of ex-Governor Adlai E. Stevenson with a hole in his shoe during the Presidential campaign of the previous year. Gapp, Paul John, born on June 26, 1928, in Cleveland, Oh., earned an B.S. degree from Ohio University in 1950. Then he worked for newspapers in Ohio, and until 1956 he was a reporter and editor for the Dispatch of Columbus, Oh. Then Gapp moved to Chicago to become reporter, editorial page writer and feature editor of the Chicago Daily News from 1956-66. Afterwards he became an executive director of the Chicago Chapter and Illinois Council of the American Institute of Architects. Later Gapp was an account executive for a Chicago public relations firm. From 1969-72 he served as a coordinator of the Urban Fellowship Program of the University of Chicago. In 1972 Gapp joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune, starting as assistant city editor for urban affairs. In 1976 he was appointed architecture critic of the Chicago Tribune. Gapp became a two-time winner of the Illinois Associated Press award for best spot news reporting. Other functions were an honorary member of the Architects Club of Chicago, and a mem-

80 ber of the board of directors of the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. He also worked as contributing editor to Inland Architect magazine; and contributed numerous articles to several U.S. and foreign newspapers and magazines. In 1979 Paul J. Gapp became the PPW in the category "Criticism" for articles about architecture. Garland, Hamlin, born on September 14, I860, in Green's Coulee, Wi., attended the Cedar Valley Seminary in Osage, la. In the early 1880s he tramped the roads of Wisconsin in search of work, but then decided to become a teacher. Subsequently, in the winter of 1882-83 he taught in Illinois. In 1884 he went to Boston and worked there as a lecturer at the Boston School of Oratory. When he returned to Iowa and Dakota on a trip in 1887, he decided to become a story-teller, hoping to embody in fiction some part of the Mid-Western life. Back in Boston he started writing a series of short stories, which were published in a collection entitled Main-Travelled Roads in 1891. Meanwhile Garland had been working on three novels pointing out the need for political and economic reform. They were published in 1892: A Member of the Third House; Jason Edwards and A Spoil of Office. In 1893 he came to Chicago to create with some other men a "Chicago School" of artists - a project without success. The following year another collection of critical essays was published: Crumbling Idols. When the first surge toward agrarian reform seemed to him over by 1894, Garland lost interest in his earlier subjects and turned to the writing of romances of the forests, mountains and Indian Country. In 1917 his autobiography A Son of the Middle Border was published. His book A Daughter of the Middle Border brought to Hamlin Garland the 1922 PP for "Biography or Autobiography." Garrett, Laurie, born on September 8, in Los Angeles, Ca., graduated from the University of California at Santa Cruz and advanced to a doctoral candidacy in immunology at the University of California at Berkeley before starting her journalistic career at the California radio station KPFA in 1979. Garrett was also freelance reporter for American Broadcasting Company, British Broadcasting Company, and reporter for Canadian Broadcasting Company. She joined the National Public Radio in 1980 and reported on scientific items. In 1988 Garrett began working for Newsday. She traveled to Africa to report on AIDS and to India where she covered an outbreak of the plague. During the Persian Gulf war she reported on refugees in Jordan. Her coverage of the outbreak of the Ebola virus in Zaire

Garland - Gartner made Laurie Garrett the recipient of the 1996 PP for "Explanatory Journalism." Garrow, David Jeffries, bom on May 11, 1953, in New Bedford, Ma., earned his Bachelor of Arts-degree from Wesley an University in 1975. For graduate studies he enrolled at Duke University, where he earned his M.A. degree in 1978. That same year he joined the staff of Duke University as an instructor in political science. The term of 1979-80 he spent as a visiting member at the School of Social Science at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton. Subsequently he accepted an appointment as assistant professor of political science at the University of North Carolina. Having received a Ph.D. degree from Duke University in 1981, Garrow became associate professor at the City College of New York in 1984. That same year he also worked as a visiting fellow at the Joint Center of Political Studies in Washington, D.C. Afterwards he took on a job as senior advisor for the PBS television documentary broadcast "Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years." In 1987 he was advanced to full professor of political science. The contributor of articles to various publications and professional journals was the editor of The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir ofJoAnn Gibson Robinson', Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and The FBI and Martin Luther King Jr.: From "Solo " to Memphis count among the books that he wrote. David J. Garrow earned the 1987 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book Bearing the Cross - Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Gartner, Michael Gay, bom on October 25, 1938, in Des Moines, la., graduated from Carleton College with a B.A. degree in 1960. He joined the Wall Street Journal in New York City the same year. While working as a copy editor and rewrite person, Gartner obtained a Juris Doctor from the New York University School of Law in 1968. The Wall Street Journal promoted him to page one editor in 1970. Four years later Gartner switched to the Des Moines Register and Tribune, where he first got the post of an executive editor. In the course of his career Gartner was made editorial chairman, vice president, executive vice president, and eventually, in 1978, president and chief operating officer of a parent company. He left the Des Moines Register and Tribune in 1985 for the position of general news executive for Gannett Co. and USA Today. In 1986 Gartner became editor of the Courier-Journal and Louisville-Times. In 1987 he, additionally, accepted the post of part-time editor for the

Gaudiosi - Genauer Daily Tribune in Ames, la. From 1988 to 1993 he was president of NBC News. In 1993 he was named editor and co-owner of the Daily Tribune. In 1997 Michael G. Gartner received the PP for "Editorial Writing" for articles on local issues. Gaudiosi, Albert V., bom in 1923 in Philadelphia, Pa., was graduated from St. Thomas More High School where he won a four-year scholarship to St. Joseph's College. After serving three years with the Seabees during World War II, he finished his studies at the University of Pennsylvania when St. Joseph's College discontinued its journalism courses. In 1947 he joined the Philadelphia Inquirer as a copy boy, later becoming a full-time reporter. In 1963 Gaudiosi moved to the Philadelphia Bulletin on its suburban desk. In 1964 Albert V. Gaudiosi was a Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for exposure of numbers racket with police collusion in South Philadelphia. Gaul, Gilbert Martin, bom on May 18, 1951, in Jersey City, N.J., was graduated from Saint Benedict's Preparatory School in Newark, N.J., in 1969, and from Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, N.J., in 1973 with a degree in the humanities. He worked as a teacher before turning to a career in journalism in 1976. Gaul began at the Times-News in Lehighton, Pa., reporting on inadequacies in the state welfare system and abuses in the county purchasing system. Gilbert M. Gaul started work at the Pottsville Republican in January, 1978. He became the Co-PPW of 1979 in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for stories on the destruction of the Blue Coal Company. Gaunt Jr., John L., bom on June 4, 1924, in Syracuse, N.Y., attended Compton Junior College, Ca., and the University of Southern California. He served in the U.S. Air Force during World War II. Gaunt entered newspaper work when he joined the staff of the Redondo Beach South Bay Daily Breeze, Ca. The photographer switched to the Los Angeles Times in 1950. He earned the 1955 PP in the "Photography" category for his picture "Tragedy by the Sea." Gay, Gerald Harry, bom on October 30, 1946, in Seattle, Wa., graduated from Brooks Institute of Photography at Santa Barbara with a certificate in 1968. In the same year he started to work as a photographer for the Everett Herald. Two years later he was named photo department manager. In 1972 Gay left the Everett Herald and got the post of a photographic director at the Seattle Times. He won the Sweepstake Award of the WashingtonOregon Associated Press in 1974. Gerald H.

81 Gay became the 1975 PPW in the category "Spot News Photography" for a picture of four exhausted firemen entitled "Lull in the Battle." Geiger, Ken, born on February 18, 1957, in Bremerton, Wa., grew up in Singapore where he was the high school yearbook editor. After he had graduated his family returned to the United States. He decided to study photography at Rochester Institute of Technology, where he received an internship with the Baltimore Sun. Geiger was named photo editor of the institute's weekly newspaper and graduated in 1980. Afterwards the photographer started to work for the Austin American-Statesman where he stayed for three years. Then he switched to the Dallas Morning News where he got the post of a general assignment photographer. Geiger was granted numerous prizes among them the 1986 Sports Action Award of the Atlanta Photojournalism Seminar, the National Headliners Club Award, and the Associated Press Managing Editors Award. In 1993 Ken Geiger became the Co-PPW in "Spot News Photography" for coverage of the Barcelona Olympic Games. Geisel, Theodor Seuss, bom on March 2, 1904, in Springfield, Ma., attended Dartmouth College, where he drew cartoons for the humor magazine Jack-O-Lantern. He graduated in 1925, and subsequently went to Europe to study literature at Oxford University in England. He then moved to Paris where he mingled with Lost Generation writers such as Ernest Hemingway and James Joyce. In 1927, Geisel returned to the U.S., and began working on a freelance basis for the humor magazines Judge and Life. Geisel's first children's book And To Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street was published in 1937. Twenty years later he wrote and illustrated his book The Cat in the Hat, which revolved the field of reading primers. The same year How the Grinch Stole Christmas was published, a book that was turned into a television version which became an awardwinning holiday perennial and was viewed by millions. In The Lorax (1971) Seuss tried to support the environmental movement. The cartoonist published 47 children's books under the pen name of Dr. Seuss. In 1984 Theodor S. Geisel received a PP "Special Citation" in the Letters section for his lifetime contribution to the education of America's children. Genauer, Emily, bom on July 19, 1911, in New York City, went first to Hunter College and became graduated with a B.Lit. degree in 1930 from the School of Journalism at Columbia University. Afterwards she started a career as a reporter and art feature writer for the New York World from 1929-31. Then she moved to the

82 New York World-Telegram where she worked as an art critic and editor for seventeen years. Thereafter Emily Genauer served as the chief art critic and editor of the New York HeraldTribune from 1949 to 1966. With the merger of the Herald-Tribune with the Journal-American and World Telegram & Sun in New York 1966, she became chief art critic of the ill-fated New York World-Journal-Tribune until its demise in 1967. Since that time she was not only working for Newsday Syndicate but also as an art commentator for the education television system of New York City. Her syndicated columns were distributed nationally, and in New York City it was the Post which printed her art reviews on a regular basis. From time to time Emily Genauer also served as an art commentator for NBC as well as for ABC networks. She also was a member of the National Council on the Humanities from 1966 to 1970. She won several times the annual award of the New York Newspaper Women's Club for the year's outstanding column of criticism, and she published several books on arts and artists. In 1974 Emily Genauer earned the PP for "Criticism" for her critical writing about art and artists. Gershwin, George, born on September 26, 1898, in Brooklyn, N.Y., quit high school at the age of fifteen to play the piano on a professional basis. He was hired by the music publisher Remick's, where he worked as a pianist and "song plugger." When he was nineteen, he earned fame with the composition of the 1917 hit song Swanee. In the early 1920s he teamed up with his older brother Ira. Together they became the most popular Broadway songwriters, and composed twenty-two musical comedies, such as Lady Be Good!, Oh Kay!, and Strike Up the Band. In addition to compositions for the Broadway musical theatre and for films, George Gershwin wanted to compose "serious music." His extended concert works included Rhapsody in Blue, Preludes for Piano, and An American in Paris, Although he was also the composer of the musical Of Thee I Sing, the 1932 PP for "Drama" went to his brother and two other artists. He wrote the "folk opera" Porgy and Bess, which was premiered in Boston in September, 1935. Gershwin died at the age of thirty-eight, when he was at the height of his success. In 1998 George Gershwin posthumously was awarded a PP "Special Citation" in the Music section, commemorating the centennial year of his birth. Gershwin, Ira, born on December 6, 1896, in New York City, spent a great deal of his time as a youth reading, and he edited the weekly journal at Townsend Harris Hall, where he was a student from 1910 to 1914. Later at the College

Gershwin - Gigot of the City of New York he contributed to the college's periodicals. His interest in writing led him to submit a contribution to Smart Set. Finding advancement slow in the literary field, he joined a traveling carnival as business manager. Later he was employed as a photographer's assistant, a shipping clerk, and a reviewer for a theatrical trade journal called Clipper. By then, his brother George Gershwin was beginning to be known in the musical world and Ira, who for some time had been thinking about a career in lyric writing, decided to enter his newly chosen profession under the name of Arthur Francis because he did not want his work to be judged by his brother's reputation. Under his pseudonym he wrote the lyrics for the musical A Dangerous Maid and for Two Little Girls in Blue, a show that ran for a year on Broadway in 1921. During the next few years he also collaborated with other composers. For the most part, however, Ira Gershwin's lyrics were set to his brother's music and about eighteen of the twenty-eight stage productions on which George worked from 1919 to 1933 had lyrics by Ira. Together with two other writers, the two brothers also worked on the comedy Of Thee I Sing, which opened in 1931. This musical made Ira Gershwin a 1932 Co-PPW in the "Drama" category. Geyelin, Philip Laussat, born on February 27, 1923, in Devon, Pa., was educated at Episcopal Academy and Yale University, where he received his B.A. degree in 1943. The following three years Geyelin was in the Military Service and active in the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II. His journalism career started in 1947 when he joined the staff of the Wall Street Journal. He worked at the paper for two decades and covered - among other topics - the Dewey Campaign, the White House, and the Eisenhower and Stevenson Campaigns. From 1956-60 Philip L. Geyelin served as Chief European Correspondent of the Wall Street Journal. Later, as a diplomatic correspondent in Washington, he traveled to Vietnam, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and again to Europe. In 1966 he received an Overseas Press Club Citation, and in the same year he brought out a book entitled Lyndon B. Johnson and the World. The following year Geyelin moved from the Wall Street Journal to the Washington Post to become the editor of the editorial page. Philip L. Geyelin earned the 1970 PP for "Editorial Writing" for his opinions on Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency. Gigot, Paul A., bom on May 24, 1955, in San Antonio, Tx., graduated from Dartmouth College, where he was chairman of the daily student newspaper. In 1980 he joined the Wall

83

Theodor Geisel

George Gershwin

Paul Goldberger

Katharine Graham

84 Street Journal as a reporter in Chicago, and two years later he became the Journal's Asia correspondent in Hong Kong. In 1984 he was named the first editorial page editor of the Asian Wall Street Journal. The same year, he also won the Overseas Press Club award for his reporting on the Philippines. In 1986 he took a year's leave of absence to serve as a White House fellow. Upon his return to the Journal he worked as a columnist and a member of the editorial board. In 2000 Paul A. Gigot won the PP in the "Commentary" category for his columns on politics and governments. Gilmore, Eddy Lanier King, born on May 28, 1907, in Selma, ΑΙ., attended the local elementary school of his home town. In 1923, he enrolled at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Va. Later on he continued his studies at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pa., where he became graduated in 1928. After graduation he offered his services, gratis, to the Atlanta Journal in Georgia in order to gain experience as a newspaperman. In 1932 he moved to the Washington Daily News where he worked for three years before joining the Associated Press in December, 1935, reporting mainly for the Washington bureau of the news agency. In April, 1942, AP sent him to its Moscow bureau. He was thus able to cover the fighting on the Rostov, Stalingrad, and other fronts, and in 1945 Gilmore became head of the Moscow AP bureau. One of his 'scoops' in the following time was his interview-by-mail with Stalin in 1945 on the eve of the first meeting of the United Nations held in the U.S. For his work he was awarded the National Headliners Club Medal in March, 1947. Eddy L. K. Gilmore was made the 1947 PPW in the "Telegraphic Reporting (International)" category for his correspondence from Moscow. Gilroy, Frank D., born on October 13, 1925, in New York City, attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, from which he graduated in February 1943. Drafted into the United States Army in December of that year, Gilroy soon was sent to Europe, where he wrote two stories for the divisional paper. After his dischargement in May 1946, he enrolled in Dartmouth College. Although he had been writing poems and stories for some time, a play writing course he took in his junior year made him realize that drama was his proper genre. At Dartmouth, Gilroy wrote several plays that were produced at the college, and he won the Frost Playwriting Award in the junior and senior years. He also served as editor of the college newspaper. Gilroy graduated with an B.A. degree in 1950. From Dartmouth, the

Gilmore - Gipson writer went to the School of Drama at Yale University on a one-year scholarship, but he had to drop out and get a job before the end of the year. He then held a succession of odd jobs. Meanwhile he continued to write plays and stories and finally began to work as a scriptwriter for television dramas. Soon he was able to quit his odd jobs and devote himself entirely to television and film writing. His steady income from that occupation enabled Gilroy to take off some time for his main interest, writing plays, by 1956. One result ofthat work was the three-act play Who'll Save the Plowboy?, which was presented Off-Broadway in 1962 and which received the Obie Award for the best American play for the season. His second play, The Subject Was Roses, won Frank D. Gilroy the Outer Circle Award, the Drama Critics Circle Award, the New York Theatre Club Award and the Tony Award. This play also brought to Frank D. Gilroy the 1965 PP for "Drama." Gipson, Lawrence Henry, born on December 7, 1880, in Greeley, Co., received the A.B. degree in 1903 from the University of Idaho. In the following year he successfully competed for the first Rhodes scholarship to be granted in Idaho. In 1907 he was awarded the B.A. degree from Oxford University, England. On his return to the United States, Gipson worked as a professor of history for three years at the College of Idaho. He continued his studies at Yale University as a Farnham fellow in history in 1910-11. At Wabash College in Crawfordsville, In., Gipson became professor and head of the department of history and political science in 1911. In 1918 he received his doctorate from Yale University. It was in 1924 that he became the head of the department of history and government at Lehigh University. A grant from the Social Science Research Council, that Gipson received in 1929, enabled him to visit Ireland, Scotland, England and France. Transferred in 1946 to the Lehigh Institute of Research, Gipson became a research professor in history. The historian occupied the Vyvyan Harmsworth Chair in American History at Oxford University in 1951 and 1952. Also in 1952, he was given emeritus status at Lehigh University. Since the late twenties he worked on an eightvolume work entitled The British Empire Before the American Revolution. Others of his works were: Studies in Colonial Connecticut Taxation; Lewis Evans and The Moravian Indian Mission on White River. Lawrence H. Gipson became the 1962 PPW in the category "History" for the book The Triumphant Empire: Thunder-Clouds gather in the West, 17631766.

Glasgow - Goetzmann Glasgow, Ellen Anderson Gholson, born on April 22, 1874, in Richmond, Va., received a private education. She published her first book, The Descendant, at the age of twenty-three. In 1930 she was awarded a Doctor of Letters degree by the University of North Carolina and in 1938-39 three LL.D. degrees were conferred on her by the University of Richmond, by Duke University, and by the College of William and Mary. The authoress also won the quinquennial Howells medal awarded by the American Academy of Arts and Letters. She moreover was the recipient of the Saturday Review of Literature's special award for distinguished service to American literature in 1940 and of the Southern Authors prize in 1941. Ellen Glasgow was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the National Institute of Arts and Letters, the Society of Authors, Playwrights and Composers, and the Modem Language Association. Among her book publications were works like Phases of an Inferior Planet; The Voice of the People; The Freeman and Other Poems; The Battleground; The Deliverance; The Wheel of Life; Ancient Law; The Romance of a Plain Man; The Miller of Old Church; Virginia; Life and Gabriella; The Builders; One Man in His Time; The Shadowy Third; Barren Ground; The Romantic Comedians; They Stooped to Folly; The Sheltered Life; and Vein of Iron. Ellen A. G. Glasgow won the 1942 PP for "Novel" for her book In This Our Life. Glaspell, Susan K., bom on July 1, 1876, in Davenport, la., was educated in the Davenport public schools and at Drake University in nearby Des Moines. While still a college student she began submitting stories to magazines. Upon her graduation in 1899, Glaspell joined the Des Moines News as a reporter. Encouraged by the acceptance of her short stories by such magazines as Harper's Monthly and the American Magazine, Glaspell gave up her job in 1901 to spend all of her time on her own writing. In 1912, only three years after the publication of her first novel, The Glory of the Conquered, she was successful enough to warrant the publication of Lifted Masks, a collection of short stories. The following year the author married a playwright, and the couple's first joint effort resulted in the one-act play Suppressed Desires. The following years Susan Glaspell contributed a number of plays to the Wharf Theatre in Provincetown, Ma. Among these were Tickless Time; Inheritors, and The Verge. After her husband's death Glaspell wrote two more plays, which have been produced: The Comic Artist and Alison's

85 House. The latter won Susan K. Glaspell the 1931PP for "Drama." Glück, Louise Elisabeth, born on April 22, 1943, in New York City, attended Sarah Lawrence College in 1962 and Columbia University from 1963 to 1965. In 1968 her first collection of poetry, entitled Firstborn, appeared. Two years later the poet started her teaching career, when she accepted the post at the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown, Ma. The following year she became artist-in-residence at Goddard College, where she stayed for a year. Glück was visiting lecturer at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro in 1973 and at the University of Virginia in 1975. The same year The House on Marshland, her second volume of poetry, was published. Between 1976 and 1977 the poet worked in the University of Iowa's creative writing program. In 1978 she served as Elusion Professor of Poetry at the University of Cincinnati. The following years the author taught at a number of other schools such as Columbia University, Warren Wilson College in Swannanoa, N.C., and the Berkeley and the Los Angeles campuses of the University of California. The poet was recipient of a number of awards and honors. Among these were the Columbia University's Academy of American Poets Prize, a Rockefeller Foundation grant, a National Endowment for the Arts Grant, and the Eunice Tietjens Memorial Prize of Poetry magazine. In 1993 Louise E. Glück was granted the PP in the "Poetry" category for the verse collection The Wild Iris. Goetzmann, William Harry, born on July 20, 1930, in Washington, D.C., enrolled at Yale University and earned his Bachelor of Artsdegree there in 1952. In 1955 he joined the staff of Yale as an assistant in instruction, was promoted to instructor and finally assumed the position of associate professor. During his time at Yale University he also earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree. In 1964 Goetzmann became member of the faculty of the University of Texas, where he held the Stiles professorship of American studies since 1967. In addition to this, he was professor of history and director of the department of American Studies at the University of Texas. A recipient of the John Addison Porter Prize, Goetzmann was awarded an honorary doctorate from St. Edwards University in Austin, Tx. Army Exploration in the American West and When the Eagle Screamed: The Romantic Horizon in American Diplomacy count among his works. William H. Goetzmann became the 1967 PPW in the category "History" for the book Exploration and Empire: The Ex-

86 plorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West. Goldberg, Reuben Lucius, born on July 4, 1883, in San Francisco, Ca., attended the University of California, where he majored in engineering and contributed drawings to the college newspaper. He received his Bachelor of Sciencedegree in 1904, and set out on an engineering career in the department of the city engineer. But after six months he resigned his position and turned to cartoon drawing. Goldberg held his earliest newspaper jobs in San Francisco, as sports cartoonist with the Chronicle between 1905 and 1906, and as illustrator and writer for the Bulletin for another year, 1906-1907. He then left for New York to work for Hearst's Evening Journal, and for the Evening Mail, remaining with the latter for the next two decades. From 1926 until 1935 Goldberg's cartoons were handled by the New York Journal, and for the next two years he worked for the Des Meines Register and Tribune Syndicate. In 1938 the New York Sun engaged Goldberg as its first political cartoonist in eighteen years. One of Goldberg's 1945 cartoons won the award of Sigma Delta Chi, the national professional journalistic fraternity. In 1947 the fraternity presented him also with a medal and plaque. One of his 1946 editorial cartoons was selected for reprinting in the "Encyclopedia Britannica" 1947 Book of the year. For his drawing "Peace Today," Reuben L. Goldberg was honored with the 1948 PP for "Editorial Cartooning." Goldberger, Paul Jesse, born on December 4, 1950, in Nutley, N.J., was educated at Yale University, where he received a B.A. degree in art history in 1972. The same year he joined the New York Times as a member of the Sunday magazine staff. In late 1973 Goldberger was appointed daily architecture critic of the New York Times. He also contributed free-lance articles to a variety of publications including Art in America, Art News, New York Review of Books, Esquire, Architectural Record, Progressive Architecture and Connaissance des Arts. Goldberger also was active as a book author: The City Observed-New York: An Architectural Guide to Manhattan came out in 1979; in 1981 The Skyscraper was published. In that year he became the New York Times' senior architecture critic. Also in 1981, Paul Goldberger was awarded the medal of the American Institute of Architects. Two years later, he brought out another book, entitled On the Rise - Architecture and Design in a Post-Modern Age. In 1984 he was a Visiting Lecturer at Yale University, and he also lectured widely on architecture and design at other institutions. In the same year he also was recipient of the President's Medal of

Goldberg - Goodman the Municipal Art Society of New York City. In 1984 Paul Goldberger earned the PP for "Criticism" for writing on architecture. Goldstein, Alvin H., bom in 1902, in Chattanooga, Tn., studied at the University of Chicago until 1923. In 1924 he joined the Chicago Daily News as a club reporter. Just one year out of college, he, together with a colleague, wrote several spectacular reports on kidnapping. This work made Alvin H. Goldstein a 1925 Co-PPW in the "Reporting" category for service towards the solution of a murder case and helping to free an innocent man. Goltz, Eugene Francis, born on April 30, 1930, in Marquette, la., graduated valedictorian of his high school class and was editor of the high school newspaper in 1947. After spending three years in the U.S. Air Force as a musician, two of them in the South Pacific, he won a scholarship to the University of Kansas. He spent two years there, then moved to St. Louis, Mo. He attended night school at St. Louis University while working for an automobile manufacturer. Afterwards, Goltz attended a semester of journalism classes at the University of Missouri in Columbia and took his first newspaper job as a reporter for the weekly News Herald in Tama, la. He then worked for the Journal in Decorah, la., the Dispatch in Douglas, Az., the Phoenix Republic and the Arizona Daily Journal before joining the Houston Post in 1962. In his capacity as a general assignment reporter, Goltz undertook an eighteen months investigation on government corruption in Pasadena, Tx. As Goltz uncovered scandal after scandal, he and his wife were threatened many times, both directly and indirectly. Many doors at city hall were closed to the probing reporter. In 1965 Eugene F. Goltz won the PP for "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for his expose of government corruption. Good, Jeffrey, bom on January 19, 1959, in St. Louis, Mo., graduated from St. Michael's College in Winooski, Vt. He started his journalistic career as an intern with the Burlington Free Press, became associate editor of the Burlington Vermont Vanguard Press, and got the post of editor of the Public Citizen Magazine in Washington, D.C. In 1983 Good started to work as a writer for the St. Petersburg Times. A decade later he joined the paper's editorial board. Jeffrey Good earned the 1995 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for his campaign urging reform of Florida's system for settling estates. Goodman, Ellen Holtz, bom on April 11, 1941, in Boston, Ma., attended Radcliffe College and was graduated there in 1963. Afterwards she

Goodrich - Gordone worked as a reporter and researcher for Newsweek magazine from 1963-1965. Then she moved to the Detroit Free Press to serve as a general assignment reporter until 1967. That year she joined the staff of the Boston Globe. In 1968 she was awarded the New England Women's Press Association's Woman of the Year Award, followed by the Catherine L. O'Brien Award in 1971, and the Commission on the Status of Women Media Award in 1973. The same year she received a Nieman Fellowship and studied the dynamics of social change in America, and in 1974 she was Columnist of the Year. After returning to the Boston Globe she was appointed as a full-time columnist. In 1976 her work was syndicated through the Washington Post Writers Group. Since that time her writing appeared in more than two hundred major papers throughout the country, including the Chicago Sun-Times, Los Angeles Times and Miami Herald. Ellen Goodman also free-lanced for many magazines, and she was the author of several books. Ellen H. Goodman won the 1980 PP in the "Commentary" category for keen observations on social issues. Goodrich, Frances, born in Belleville, N.J., attended private schools and became interested in dramatics while at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. After graduating with the B.A. degree in 1912 she studied for a time at the New York School of Social Service, but left to become an actress in Henry Miller's productions. In 1924 she appeared in George Kelly's plays, The Show Off. Three years later she worked with a summer stock company at Elitch's Gardens in Denver, Co., where she met Albert Hackett. Goodrich showed him a script she had written, entitled Such A Lady, and they rewrote it together. This was the beginning of their collaboration. The first play the couple wrote together, titled Western Union, was produced in 1930. It was followed by Up Pops the Devil, Bridal Wise and others. In 1956 their play The Diary of Anne Frank was named as the best new American play of the season by the New York Drama Critics Circle. In the same year this play also made Frances Goodrich the Co-PPW in the "Drama" category. Goodwin, Doris Kearns, born on January 4, 1943, in Rockville Centre, N.Y., attended Colby College in Waterville, Me., where she graduated with a B.A. degree in 1964. She won a full scholarship to the School of Government at Harvard University, and in 1968 completed a doctorate. In the year before she was selected to be a White House fellow. After having worked for the Labor Department for some time, she became a special assistant to President Lyndon B. Johnson, and held this position until his res-

87 ignation in 1968. For the next four years Goodwin, while teaching government courses at Harvard, worked with Johnson on his memoirs. In 1972 she became associate professor of government at Harvard University, while also working as a hostess for television companies in Boston. Her book Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream eventually appeared in 1976. In 1977 Goodwin began to work on a biography of President John F. Kennedy, which turned into an account of the history of Kennedy's family. Titled The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga, the book was published in 1987, and quickly turned into an ABC mini-series. Seven years later, Goodwin published a third major historical work, No Ordinary Time; Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home From in World War II. This volume earned Doris K. Goodwin the 1995 PP in the "History" category. Goodwin, George Evans, bom on June 20, 1917, in Atlanta, Ga., was educated in the Atlanta public schools. In 1939 he was graduated from Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va., with an A.B. degree and a certificate in journalism. During World War II he served as a naval officer for three years, twenty months of these were spent overseas as intelligence officer for motor torpedo boat squadrons. Afterwards he started his career as a journalist and worked as a reporter and feature writer on the Atlanta Georgian, the News and Courier of Charleston, S.C., the Washington TimesHerald, and the Miami Daily News. Goodwin joined the Atlanta Journal staff in December, 1945. He became a member of Delta Tau Delta social fraternity and of Sigma Delta Chi, a professional journalism fraternity. At the Atlanta Journal Goodwin's special fields were investigative reporting and political writing, particularly on municipal government. George E. Goodwin was named the 1948 PPW in the "Local Reporting" category for his story about a Telfair County vote fraud. Gordone, Charles, born on October 12, 1925, in Cleveland, Oh., grew up in Elkhart, In. After a semester at the University of California at Los Angeles and a tour of duty in the air force, Gordone studied music at Los Angeles City College and drama at Los Angeles State College, supporting himself with a diversity of jobs ranging from calypso singer to detective. He earned a B.A. degree from Los Angeles State College in 1952. The same year he went to New York to become an actor and was quickly hired to play in Moss Hart's Climate of Eden. The following years he took part in a number of other plays. Meanwhile, during the 1950s Gordone founded Vantage, his own theatre, in

Corner - Graham Queens, where he tried his hands at directing. In 1961 he also directed three plays at Equity Library Theatre and performed in a National Educational Television "Play of the Week" production. He was associate producer for the movie Nothing But a Man. From 1961 to 1963 Gordone acted in The Blacks, a play by the French playwright Jean Genet. He also took a role in John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men, which won him a 1964 Obie Award for best performance. At the same time he was working on the script for No Place To Be Somebody. After a number of rewritings, refusals by several directors, and an unsuccessful tryout performance in Greenwich Village, the play opened at the New York Shakespeare Festival in 1969. The following year it made Charles Gordone the recipient of the New York Drama Critics Circle Award and the Vernon Rice Award. In 1970 No Place To Be Somebody also brought to Charles Gordone the PP for "Drama." Corner, Peter, bom on August 4,1942, in Chicago, II., studied at Northwestern University, II., and at the University of South Carolina. He worked as a staff member of the Chicago Tribune, and co-authored books like Divorce, Chicago Style and Altered Fates. Together with a colleague he authored a 50,000-word series on the evolving medical technology and the possibility of gene therapy. The series ran for seven days in March and April 1986. These articles made Peter Corner the 1987 Co-PPW in the category "Explanatory Journalism." Gould, Morton, bom on December 10, 1913, in Richmond Hill, N.Y., began to compose and to play the piano at the age of four. He attended public schools and concertized extensively as composer-pianist. When he was seventeen he became staff pianist at the Radio City Music Hall. At age eighteen he wrote Chorale and Fugue in Jazz, which was performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra three years later. In 1935 he became conductor, pianist and composer with Mutual Network's New York radio station WOR, where he arranged and presented programs for the following nine years. During the 1960s he wrote scores for a number of television documentaries such as CBS's World War I series. He also hosted the weekly program The World of Music for National Educational Television in 1965. In 1966 he received a Grammy award for the best classical record. Working for the NBC, he composed the score for the miniseries Holocaust in 1978. Gould was guest conductor with major symphony orchestras in the U.S. and abroad. In 1983 he won the American Symphony Orchestra League's Gold Baton award. He became presi-

dent of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in 1986 and received the Kennedy Center Honors Award in 1994, Morton Gould became the 1995 PPW in the category "Music" for his Stringmusic. Graham, Gene Swann, born on August 26, 1924, in Murray, Ky., started his newspaper career with the Nashville Tennessean immediately following his graduation from Murray Staten College. Since that time he covered all government beats during his career with the newspaper, and in his function as an editorial and interpretative writer he frequently illustrated his own articles and those of others with cartoons and graphic combinations of art and photographs. Graham, who had been a Navy pilot during World War II, in 1955 made a study of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization while traveling to European bases in several countries. He also reported on Hawaiian statehood in 1959 and numerous other topics. In 1962 Gene S. Graham was the Co-PPW in the category "National Reporting" for articles on the undercover operation between the coal industry and the United Mine workers. Graham, Jorie, bom on May 9, 1950, in New York City, grew up in southern France and Italy. She attended a French school in Rome and studied at the Sorbonne in Paris without earning a degree until 1969. She then enrolled at New York University, where she obtained a Bachelor of Fine Arts-degree, and at the University of Iowa, where she earned a Master-ofFine-Arts-degree in 1978. For the academic year of 1978-79 she worked as an assistant professor at Murray State University in Kentucky. She then transfered to Humboldt State University in California, where she taught for three years. In 1980 she published her first book, Hybrids of Plants and Ghosts. In 1982 she returned to New York to teach at Columbia University, the Radcliffe Institute, and the Writers' Community of New York City. The following year she joined the staff of the University of Iowa, and published her second book, Erosion. Graham earned numerous prizes and fellowships, e.g. a Guggenheim Foundation grant in 1983, a National Endowment for the Arts grant in 1984, and a Mac Arthur fellowship in 1990. She also continued to publish, and new books by her appeared were The End of Beauty, Region of Unlikeness, and Materialism. In 1995 she published a volume of selected works. Jorie Graham's book The Dream of the Unified Field brought to her the 1996 PP for "Poetry." Graham, Katharine, bom on June 16, 1917, in New York City, studied at Vassar College from 1934 to 1936, and obtained an A.B. degree from

Gralish - Green the University of Chicago in 1938. From 1938 to 1939 she was a reporter with the San Francisco News. In 1939 she joined the editorial staff of the Washington Post, where she worked in the editorial and the circulation departments. In 1940 she married the publisher of the Washington Post, Philip L. Graham, who died in 1963. Katharine Graham subsequently served as president of the Washington Post Company from 1963 to 1973. From 1969 to 1979 she was also publisher of the Post, and in 1973 she was appointed chairman of the board as well as chief executive officer of the company. She held both positions until 1993, when she was named chairman of the company's executive committee. A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Katharine Graham was awarded the 1998 PP in the category of "Biography or Autobiography" for her memoirs entitled Personal History. Gralish, Tom, bom on July 12, 1956, in Mount Clemmens, Mi., lived in England, Japan and the Philippines and in several of the United States during his childhood. He was engaged by the Las Vegas Valley Times as a photographer. His pictures were distributed by the United Press International bureaus of Dallas, Tx., Detroit, Mi., Minneapolis, Mn., and Kansas City, Mo. In 1983 he joined the staff of the Philadelphia Inquirer. In 1986 Tom Gralish won the PP in the category "Feature Photography" for a series of pictures of Philadelphia's homeless. Grau, Shirley Ann, born on July 8, 1929, in New Orleans, La., studied at Newcomb College in New Orleans. After receiving her B.A. degree in 1950 in English, she spent a year in graduate work at Tulane University of Louisiana, doing research in English literature of the Renaissance and seventeenth century. In 1955 she published her first book, The Black Prince and other Stories. Only three of the stories had previously appeared in print: one in New World Writing, another in the New Mexico Quarterly, and the other in the New Yorker. Her first novel, The Hard Blue Sky, was published in 1958. The book was followed by The House on Coliseum Street in 1961 and The Keepers of the House. The latter work won Shirley A. Grau the 1965 PP in the "Fiction" category. Green, Constance Winsor McLaughlin, born on August 21, 1897, in Ann Arbor, Mi., earned her Bachelor's degree at Smith College in 1919. In 1921 she enrolled at Mount Holyoke College, where she obtained her M.A. degree in history in 1925. From 1925 to 1932 she taught part-time as an instructor at Mount

89 Holyoke. In 1937 she received her Ph.D. degree in history from Yale University. The following year she returned to Smith College as an instructor in the history department and in 1939 became head of the Smith College Council of Industrial Relations. During the Second World War she joined the U.S. Army Ordnance Department as historian at the Springfield Armory, where she remained until 1945. The next year she became consulting historian for the American National Red Cross and in 1948 chief historian of the Army Ordnance Department. It was in 1952 that she became historian at the research and development board, Office of the Secretary of Defense. She was the author of several book publications, including Eli Whitney and the Birth of American Technology and American Cities in the Growth of the Nation. In 1954, under a sixyear grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, Constance W. M. Green was named head of the Washington history project, an undertaking that culminated in the publication of her book Washington, Village and Capital, 1800-1878. It was this work that earned her the PP of 1963 in the category "History." Green, Paul, born on March 17, 1894, in Hamett County, N.C., attended Buies Creek Academy, from which he graduated in 1914. He then served as principal of a small country school at Olive Branch in Harnett County, where he taught for two years in order to save enough money to attend college. In the fall of 1916 he entered the University of North Carolina where he stayed one year, long enough to see his first play, Surrender to the Enemy, win a prize in a play writing contest. In July 1917 he enlisted in the army, serving in World War I. As a second lieutenant, he saw action at the front in France and Belgium. Before he went overseas, he compiled a collection of some of his poems and had a few dozen copies of Trifles of Thought printed by a Greenville, S.C., printer. This early collection contained lyrics on the theme he was to come back to again and again - praise for and understanding of the people who work the land. In fall 1919 he returned to the University of North Carolina where he signed up for a playwriting class and began writing one-act plays which were produced by the Carolina Playmakers. After graduate study at Cornell University, Green returned to the University of North Carolina in June 1923. Meanwhile, his plays were being published in Drama magazine and Poet Lore. Green became a teacher at the university, serving in the department of philosophy from 1923 on. Among the numerous plays he published in the course of his career were The Last of the

90 Lowries; White Dresses, and The No 'Count Boy. Paul Green was named PPW in 1927 in the "Drama" category for his play In Abraham's Bosom. Greenberg, Paul, born on January 21, 1937, in Shreveport, La., graduated from Shreveport Byrd High School in 1954 and attended Centenary College of Louisiana in Shreveport from 1954-56. Two years later Greenberg received his Bachelor of Journalism-degree from the University of Missouri at Columbia, and in 1959 he earned his Master of Art in history from the same college. He served in the U.S. Army artillery before he got the position of lecturer in history at Hunter College in New York City. In 1962 Paul Greenberg switched to journalism and came to the Commercial in Pine Bluff, Ar. He stayed at the paper except for periods as history editor with a book publishing company in New York City and as an editorial writer with the Chicago Daily News. In 1964 he won First Place in the Grenville Clark competition for best editorial on the subject of world peace through world law. Greenberg earned another First Place in 1967 in the Best Editorial competition of the National Newspaper Association. In 1969 Paul Greenberg was awarded the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Greenfield, Meg, born on December 27, 1930, in Seattle, Wa., was educated at Helen Bush School in Seattle. Then she attended Smith College, where she received in 1952 her B.A. degree. In the period 1952-53 she was a Fulbright Scholar at Cambridge University in Cambridge, England. After various other activities, in 1957 she became employed at the Reporter Magazine. From 1957-61 she worked as a researcher for the periodical, the next four years she served as the Washington Correspondent of the magazine, and from 1965-68 Meg Greenfield was the Washington Editor of the Reporter Magazine. In 1968 she moved to the Washington Post where she got the position of the Deputy Editor of the editorial page. Since 1974 Meg Greenfield also worked as a regular columnist for Newsweek magazine. As one of the few female top editorial writers she was soon well-known across the country. For a group of editorials on a wide range of subjects including civil rights, the press, and international affairs, published in the Washington Post, Meg Greenfield was awarded the 1978 PP for "Editorial Writing." Greenhouse, Linda Joyce, born on January 9, 1947, in New York City, grew up in Hamden, Ct. In 1968 she obtained a Bachelor of Artsdegree from Radcliffe College. The same year

Greenberg - Grimes she joined the New York Times as a newsclerk. In 1969 she was promoted to general assignment reporter, and in 1970 she became Westehester County correspondent. In 1974 she transfered to the Times's bureau in Albany, N.Y., where she covered the New York State legislature and state government, and where eventually she became bureau chief in 1976. Greenhouse studied at the Yale Law School on a Ford foundation fellowship in 1977-78. She obtained a master of studies in law-degree. Subsequently she joined the Washington staff of the New York Times, and became Supreme Court correspondent in 1978, a position she held, except for a brief interruption in 1986-87, when she covered Congress. In 1990 she was named senior writer of the New York Times. Greenhouse won the John Peter Zenger Special Media award from the New York State Bar Association in 1993, and earned honorary degrees from Brown University, Colgate University, the City University of New York, and Northeastern University. In 1998 Linda J. Greenhouse won the PP in the category "Beat Reporting" for her coverage of the U.S. Supreme Court. Griffin Jr., Oscar O'Neal, born on April 28, 1933, in Daisetta, Tx., served with the U.S. Army from 1953-1955 before attending the University of Texas, where he earned a B.A. degree in Journalism in 1958. From 1959-1960 he worked as the editor for the News in Canyon, Tx. Then he moved to the Independent in Pecos, Tx., where he stayed from 19601962 before he went to the Houston Chronicle. As a member of Sigma Delta Chi he earned the 1962 Distinguished Service in Journalism Award of the Fort Worth chapter and the 1963 Courage in Journalism award of the Des Moines chapter. In 1963 he also received the Southwest Journalism Forum award. Oscar O. Griffin Jr. was awarded the 1963 PP in the category "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" for the exposure of the Billie Sol Estes scandal. Grimes, William Henry, bom on March 7, 1892, in Bellevue, Oh., was graduated from High School of Sandusky, Oh., in 1910. After graduation he spent three years in Cleveland, Oh., as a student at Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. Grimes began his newspaper career on the Register of Sandusky in 1913. During the next seven years he worked for the Cleveland Leaders, the Cleveland Press, the Scripps newspapers in Ohio, and the United Press. In 1920 Grimes was chosen to manage the UP Washington bureau and in the next year to manage the New York office. He was back in the capital by 1923 to head the Wall Street Journal's Washington

Grossfeld - Guzy staff, and remained there for eleven years. Then, in 1934, he got a call from New York to become the newspaper's managing editor. Promoted to editor in 1941, Grimes headed the staff through World War II. In 1947 William H. Grimes earned the PP for "Editorial Writing" for articles about economical topics. Grossfeld, Stan, born on December 20, 1951, in New York City, graduated from the Rochester Institute of Technology with a Bachelor of Science-degree in Professional Photography in 1973. He then started to work as a staff photographer at the Newark Star-Ledger. Two years later he switched to the Boston Globe. While working as a photographer Grossfeld graduated from Boston University with a Master of Journalism-degree in 1980. He published the book Nantucket: The Other Season in 1982. The following year he was promoted to be chief photographer of the Boston Globe. Stan Grossfeld became the 1984 PPW in the category "Spot News Photography" for his series of pictures on the people of Lebanon. In 1985 he was the Co-PPW in the category "Feature Photography" for his pictures of the starvation in Ethiopia and of illegal aliens on the Mexican border. Guthman, Edwin Otto, born on August 11, 1919, in Seattle, Wa., was the only boy in a family of German origin. Guthman began dreaming about being a newspaperman when he was ten. Following his bent, Guthman enrolled at the University of Washington in Seattle to major in journalism. He became the editor of the university's daily and a member of the Sigma Delta Chi journalism honorary fraternity. His professional journalistic experience began in 1940-41 with the work as a parttime sports reporter in the Seattle Star while he was still a student at Washington University. Directly upon his graduation from the university with a B.A. degree in journalism in 1941, Guthman was drafted into the army. When he was discharged from the armed services in November 1945, Guthman had served for four years and four months and had achieved the rank of a captain. The year 1946 found him working again as a general assignment reporter for the Seattle Star. He became the assistant city editor of the Star in 1947, but in August of the same year he was engaged as a general assignment and State Legislature reporter by the Seattle Times. Edwin O. Guthman earned the 1950 PP for "National Reporting" for the clearing of Communist charges of a University of Washington professor. Guthrie Jr., Alfred Bertram, bom on January 13, 1901, in Bedford, In., studied at the University of Washington, before he transferred to

91 Montana State University, where he majored in journalism. While at college he contributed articles to a regional magazine, The Frontier. Graduated in 1923, Guthrie subsequently worked in several jobs: in an electric plant, as a clerk in a chain grocery and in the advertising and selling department of a flour and feed mill. In 1926 the editor of the Lexington Leader engaged him as a reporter, and three years later he was advanced to the post of city editor. In the course of the twenty-one years he was with the Leader he became an editorial writer and finally its executive editor. In 1939 the newspaperman made his first attempt at writing fiction. The first book was published in 1943 under the title Murders at Moon Dance. On leave from the Lexington paper in 1944-45, Guthrie attended Harvard University on a Nieman fellowship. At that time he also began writing his novel The Big Sky. From Harvard Guthrie returned to the Kentucky newspaper, where he remained until February 1947. The next book by Alfred B. Guthrie Jr. was The Way West, which made him the PPW of 1950 in the "Fiction" category. Gutman, Roy William, born on March 5, 1944, in New York City, graduated from Haverford College with a B.A. degree in history in 1966. The following year he received his Master of Science-degree in international relations from the London School of Economics. In 1968 Gutman joined United Press International in Washington, D.C., and was sent to Frankfurt, Germany, as a reporter until 1970. He then switched to Reuters news agency in England and worked as a correspondent in London, Bonn, Belgrade, and Washington, D.C. In 1982 Gutman was employed by Newsday in Washington, D.C., as a national security correspondent. In addition to his work the journalist in 1988 published the book Banana Diplomacy: The Making of American Policy in Nicaragua. He went back to Europe in 1990 where Newsday promoted him to be chief correspondent with a bureau in Bonn. Roy W. Gutman became the 1993 PPW in the "International Reporting" category for dispatches from Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Guzy, Carol, bom on March 7, 1956, in Bethlehem, Pa., graduated from the Northampton County Area Community College in her home town with an associate's degree in nursing in 1978. Two years later she received an associate's degree in applied science from the Art Institute of Fort Lauderdale. After having served an internship at the Miami Heralds Broward Bureau she was engaged by the Miami Herald as a staff photographer. She won numerous regional prizes, among them the best portfolio

92 and feature photography awards from the Atlanta Press Photographers Association in 1982. She became the 1986 Co-PPW in the category "Spot News Photography" for pictures of the devastation caused by the eruption of Colombia's volcano Nevado del Ruiz. In 1995 Carol Guzy won her second PP in the "Spot News Photography" category for pictures from Haiti. She became a Co-PPW for "Feature Photography" in 2000 and earned her third award for pictures of the plight of the Kosovo refugees. Gwinn, Mary Ann, born on December 29, 1951, in Forrest City, Ar., graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Hendrix College in Conway, Ar.,

Gwinn in 1973. She obtained an M.A. degree in Education from Georgia State University in 1975, and another Masters-degree in Journalism from the University of Missouri four years later. From 1973 to 1978 she worked as a special education teacher. In 1978-79 she was a teaching assistant at the news-editorial department of the University of Missouri. She joined the Daily Tribune in Columbia, Mo., in 1979, where she worked as a reporter until 1983. She then transferred to the Seattle Times. In 1989 she won the C. B. Blethen award. In 1990 Mary A. Gwinn became a Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for coverage of an oil spill and its aftermath.

Hackett, Albert, born on February 16, 1900, in New York City, made his stage debut when six years of age. He attended the Professional Children's School, acted for three years with the Lubin Stock Company in Philadelphia and also appeared in two Broadway shows. After his marriage to Frances Goodrich in 1931, they both moved to Hollywood, where they began to write for the movies. Among the numerous screen adaptation they made were The Secret of Madame Blanche', The Hitler Gang', It's a Wonderful Life, and Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. Though the writers worked mostly for the movies, they kept their interest in the theater. In 1956 their play The Diary of Anne Frank was named as the best new American play of the season by the New York Drama Critics Circle. In that year Albert Hackett also became the Co-PPW in the "Drama" category for the same play. Hagler, Erwin Harrison, born on August 7, 1947, in Fort Worth, Tx., attended Eastern Hills High School in his home town and graduated from the University of Texas in Austin with a Bachelor of Architecture-degree in 1971. In the same year he joined the Waco News Tribune as a staff photographer but switched to the Fort Worth Star-Telegram the following year. Since 1974 Hagler then was engaged by the Dallas Times Herald. In the course of his career he gained numerous prizes among them the National Press Photographers Association Regional Photographer of the Year award in 1972, 1974 and 1975, and the Associated Press Photo Sweepstakes award of Texas also in 1975. In 1980 Erwin H. Hagler was named the PPW in the category "Feature Photography" for a picture series on the Western cowboy. Halberstam, David, born on April 10, 1934, in New York City, traveled with his parents from one post to another throughout the country: El Paso, Tx.; Rochester, Mn.; Winstead, Ct., etc. After World War II and the return of his father from Europe, David and his family moved to Westchester County in New York. As a student at Roosevelt High School in Yonkers David Halberstam was a member of the track team and worked on the school newspaper. When he graduated in 1951, he entered Harvard University, where he later became editor of the Har-

vard Crimson and was employed as an occasional reporter by the Boston Globe. In 1955 David Halberstam obtained his B.A. degree. Having enjoyed his job as a reporter, he went to work for the Daily Times Leader at West Point, Ms. Simultaneously, he wrote several articles for the Reporter magazine, and in April, 1956, he took a job on the Nashville Tennessean, where he remained for more than four years. In the fall of 1960 Halberstam joined the Washington bureau of the New York Times, for which he helped to report the inauguration of John F. Kennedy as President of the U.S. in January, 1961. Later that year he was assigned by his newspaper to the Congo, and in September, 1962, the New York Times sent him to South Vietnam. In 1964 he became the CoPPW in the "International Reporting" category for dispatches on the Vietnam War. Haley, Alexander Murray Palmer, born on August 11, 1921, in Ithaca, N.Y., grew up in Henning, Τη. He studied at Elizabeth City Teachers College in North Carolina for two years, before joining the U.S. Coast Guard as a messboy in 1939. During World War II he was a ship's cook in the Southwest Pacific. In order to fight off his boredom, he began to write stories, which he soon sought to publish. In 1952 he was named Coast Guard Journalist, a title that had actually been invented for him. Seven years later, he left the Coast Guard to become a fulltime writer. He published stories in Playboy and Reader's Digest, and in 1964 he signed a contract with Doubleday & Company to write a book about Black Americans in the 1950s. In 1965 he became co-author of The Autobiography of Malcolm X, a book which was influential in the Black Power movement. Supported by Playboy and Doubleday & Company, Haley subsequently began to research the genealogy of his mother's family. After having spent $ 80,000, and traveled more than half a million miles researching, he published the account of his family's history in 1976. Called Roots, the book was quickly turned into a TV-minseries by the ABC. Hundreds of American colleges began making plans to build courses around it, and Haley won the 1977 N.A.A.C.P.'s Spingarn medal for it. The same year Alexander M. P. Haley earned a PP "Special Award" in the Letters section for his book Roots.

94 Hall, Florence Marion Howe, born on August 25, 1845, in Boston, Ma., studied music at Boston. She was first chairman of correspondence for New Jersey with the General Federation of Women's Clubs. Later she assumed the position of vice president, director and chairman of the department of education with the New Jersey State Federation of Women's Clubs. In 1914 she became the leader of the Woman Suffrage Party in Manhattan. Florence M. H. Hall became a 1917 Co-PPW in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for the book The Woman Suffrage Movement. Julia Ward Howe. Hall, Grover Cleveland, born on January 11, 1888, on a farm of Henry County, ΑΙ., went to school in Haieburg, AI, He left the farm while still a plowboy and became a printer's devil with the Daily Sifiings of Dothan, ΑΙ., a paper edited by his older brother. Then he moved on to edit the Ledger in Enterprise, ΑΙ., but returned to Dothan in 1908. In the following year Grover C. Hall became editor of the Times in Selma, Al. During the early part of 1910 he was editorial writer for the Journal in Pensacola, Fl. Moving to Montgomery, ΑΙ., in 1910, he became editor of the Advertiser. When he moved up to the editor's chair of that paper in 1926, Alabama was dominated by the Ku Klux Klan. Grover C. Hall was made the 1928 PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles against the Klan, gangism, flogging, and racial and religious intolerance. Hallas, Clark Howard, born on May 14, 1935, in Washington, D.C., grew up in Michigan and attended Michigan State University and Wayne State University. He worked for the Detroit News as city-hall bureau chief, political reporter, investigative reporter, and business and financial writer from 1968 to 1978. Some of his most important assignments included a 1976 investigation into Jimmy Carter's laundering of money to finance deceptive political advertising campaigns while running for governor of Georgia. In December, 1978, Hallas joined the Arizona Daily Star as an investigative reporter. Clark H. Hallas was named the 1981 Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for articles about the University of Arizona Athletic Department. Hallinan, Joseph Thomas, bom on September 3, 1960, in Barberton, Oh., studied at the College of Charleston, S.C., and graduated with a Bachelor of Science-degree from Boston University in 1984. From 1984 to 1991 he worked for the Indianapolis Star as a reporter, police and federal courts reporter, and general assignment reporter. Together with a colleague, he investigated cases of medical malpractice in Indiana. This series made Joseph T. Hallinan the 1991

Hall - Hamlisch Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category. Hamlin, Talbot Faulkner, born on June 16, 1889, in New York City, attended Amherst College, where he earned the A.B. degree in 1910. He went to Columbia University the following year and received the Bachelor of Architecture-degree in 1914. The same year he joined the firm of Murphy & Dana in New York as a draftsman. In 1916 Hamlin started his career at the Columbia School of Architecture as a lecturer in extension courses. He was made a partner of the architect's office and the firm became Murphy, McGill & Hamlin in 1920. In 1930 he went into business for himself. From 1934 to 1945 he was also librarian of the Avery Library in the School of Architecture, and from 1935 to 1945, of the Fine Arts Library. In 1947 he was advanced to full professor. Hamlin, who retired from teaching in 1954, was the author of The Enjoyment of Architecture; The American Spirit in Architecture', Some European Architectural Libraries', Architecture Through the Ages; Greek Revival Architecture in America and Architecture, An Art for All Men. He contributed articles to the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Dictionary of American Biography; he was the editor of the four-volume work Forms and Functions of Twentieth-Century Architecture. Talbot F. Hamlin won the 1956 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book Benjamin Henry Latrobe. Hamlisch, Marvin Frederick, born on June 2, 1944, in New York City, discovered his interest in music at an very early age. At five he was reproducing on the piano music he heard on the radio and one year later he began taking piano lessons. At seven he became the youngest student ever admitted to the Juilliard School of Music. Before he reached his teens, Hamlisch was giving recitals in Town Hall and elsewhere in and around New York City, but he soon gave up the idea of following a career as a concert pianist because of his nervousness. Meanwhile he was constantly writing music. The first compositions by Hamlisch to be performed before audiences were those he wrote for shows at a girls' camp in Lake Geneva, N.Y., where he worked as music counselor while he was studying at Juilliard. In 1964 Hamlisch worked as an assistant on the Broadway musical productions Funny Girl and Fade Out-Fade In. Three years later, just after graduating from Queens College, he arranged the dance music for the Broadway musical Henry, Sweet Henry, and the following year he did the dance music arrangements for another Broadway show, Golden Rainbow. Hired by a movie producer

95

David Halberstam

Alex Haley

Oscar Hammerstein

William Hearst Jr.

96 Hamlisch moved to Hollywood, where he wrote and supervised the music for a great number of productions. His title song for the movie The Way We Were, written in collaboration with two others, won him and his collaborators Oscars for the best original song, and Hamlisch won an additional Academy Award for the best original score. At the 1975 Grammy Awards presentation the composer was also granted four awards. Marvin F. Hamlisch was made a 1976 Co-PPW in the "Drama" category for the musical A Chorus Line. Hammerstein II, Oscar, born on July 12, 1895, in New York City, received his preparatory education at the Hamilton Institute of his hometown between 1904 and 1912. In 1916 he obtained his A.B. from Columbia University. Drury College granted the playwright an LL.D. in 1949. Hammerstein wrote in collaboration with other authors book and lyrics of many musical plays including Wildflower, New Moon, Sweet Adeline, and Music in the Air. For his work the playwright was granted many honors and awards. In 1944 the musical Oklahoma! brought to Oscar Hammerstein II the Donaldson Award and also named him Co-PPW of a "Special Award" in the Letters section. The musical South Pacific made him another CoPPW in 1950 in the "Drama" category. Hammond, Bray, bom on November 20, 1886, in Springfield, Mo., started at the age of twentywon a career as assistant cashier at the State Bank in New Sharon, la. There, he worked until 1909 and then enrolled at Stanford, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1912. For the following three years Hammond held an assistant professorship at the State College in Pullman, Wa. During the First World War he served in the United States Army advancing from second lieutenant to captain. After his discharge from the Army, he invested his entire time into writing, research and private business. It was in 1930 that he joined the Federal Reserve Board, where he assumed the position of assistant secretary from 1944 to 1950. That same year, as well as in 1955, he received a Guggenheim grant. Bray Hammond, who contributed several articles on historical subjects to different periodicals, was also the author of Sovereignty and an Empty Purse. In 1958 he earned the PP in the "History" category for the book Banks and Politics in America. Handelsman, Walt, born on December 3, 1956, in Baltimore, Md., attended the University of Cincinnati in Ohio. He started his cartooning career at a chain of thirteen suburban Baltimore and Washington weeklies in 1982. Three years later, in 1985, Handelsman began working for the Scranton Times, Pa., where he stayed for

Hammerstein - Hanley four years. He then switched to the TimesPicayune in New Orleans where he received the post of an editorial cartoonist. His cartoons were distributed to more than one hundred papers and were frequently published in the New York Times, Newsweek, Time and USA Today. Handelsman won numerous awards, among them the 1992 Sigma Delta Chi award and the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism award in 1996. Afterwards Walt Handelsman was granted the 1997 PP for "Editorial Cartooning," based on his work in the year before, as exemplified by the drawing "...I lied, I cheated..." Handlin, Oscar, born on September 29, 1915, in Brooklyn, N.Y., attended Brooklyn College, where he majored in history. He completed the undergraduate course in three years, taking his B.A. degree in 1934 and winning the Union League Award for history. The following year he received his Master of Arts-degree in history at Harvard University, A Frederick Sheldon Traveling Fellowship enabled him to devote a year to research in England, France, Italy and Ireland. On his return to the United States, he taught history at Brooklyn College before, in 1939, he returned to Harvard as an instructor in the History Department and as candidate for the Ph.D. degree. He received the doctorate the following year. In 1941 Handlin published his first book, Boston's Immigrants, 1790-1865, which won for him the J. H. Dunning Prize of the American Historical Association. He was also the recipient of the 1942 Brooklyn College Alumni Award of Honor. Handlin held an assistant professorship of history at Harvard and was later transferred to the newly formed Department of Social Science. In 1948 he returned to the History Department as an associate professor. Handlin, who frequently contributed articles to scholarly and general periodicals, was also the compiler and editor of This was America, and he co-authored the book Commonwealth. Oscar Handlin became the 1952 PP in "History" for the volume The Uprooted. Hanley, Charles J., born in 1948 in Brooklyn, N.Y., graduated at St. Bonaventure University. In 1968 he joined the Associated Press in Albany, N.Y., and from 1969 to 1970 he served as a U.S. Army journalist in South Carolina and Vietnam. Later he became a political correspondent and a bureau news editor with AP, where he also worked as assistant managing editor and deputy managing editor from 1987 to 1992. In 1992 he was designated an AP special correspondent. For more than two decades Hanley was a roving correspondent who was assigned to AP's International Desk in New York and who reported from more than seventy countries. Along with two colleagues Charles

Hanners - Harbison J. Hanley was a 2000 Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for disclosure of decades-old secrets about killings of civilians in the Korean War. Hanners, David, born on June 23, 1955, in Terre Haute, In., obtained a B.S. degree in journalism from Indiana State University in Terre Haute in 1977, and began his journalistic career as a reporter with the Amarillo-Globe News the same year. From 1980 to 1982 he worked for the Brownsville Herald, and in 1982 he joined the Dallas Morning News, where he became a general assignment reporter and special projects writer on the state desk. In 1983-84 and 1987 he won Katie awards by the Dallas Press Club. He also received a 1984 Individual Achievement award from the Headliners Club, a 1986 H. M. Baggerly award from the Texas Farmers Union, and a 1988 Gavel award from the State Bar of Texas. In 1988 Hanners, together with two colleagues, published a four-part series on a twenty-two-months investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board into an airplane crash. The series of articles won him the 1988 Headliners Club in Austin Medallion, and the 1989 award of Excellence by the National Space Writers Association. It also made David Hanners a Co-PPW in 1989 in the category of "Explanatory Journalism." Hansen, Marcus Lee, bom on December 8, 1892, in Neenah, Wi., obtained his Bachelor's and Master's degrees at the State University of Iowa in 1916 and 1917. He then went on for graduate study at Harvard University, where he started his investigations on the migrations of people across the Atlantic. Hansen began persistent research in Europe in 1922, and served for two years as assistant professor at Smith College. In 1924 he received his doctorate and he earned a major fellowship. From 1925 to 1927 he was fellow of the Social Science Research Council in Europe. As research associate in Washington of the American Council of Learned Societies, during the following two years, he compiled data relative to the origins of the white American stock for the restrictive immigration quotas. His teaching career culminated at the University of Illinois, where he became associate professor in 1928 and full professor in 1930. He was historian for a committee on a linguistic atlas of the United States and Canada. In 1935 he delivered the Commonwealth Fund Lectures at the University of London. Marcus L. Hansen died on May 11, 1938, in Redlands, Ca. After his death three of his books were published: The Immigration in American History, The Mingling of the Canadian and American Peoples and The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860. The latter work in 1941

97 earned Marcus L. Hansen posthumously the PP in the category "History." Hanson, Howard Harold, born on October 28, 1896, in Wahoo, Nb., attended Luther College in his hometown. He also studied at the University of Nebraska in the academic year of 191213, before entering the Institute of Musical Art in New York City. Hanson completed his academic studies at Northwestern University in Evanston, II., where he received a Bachelor of Music-degree in 1916. He joined the faculty of the College of the Pacific in San Jose, Ca., that same year, and taught theory and composition at the college's Conservatory of Fine Arts. Only three years later he became the conservatory's dean. Hanson was fellow of the American Academy of Rome from 1921 to 1924, years in which he wrote his Symphony No. 1, Nordic, and the symphonic poems North and West and Lux Aeterna. He returned to the United States and became the head of the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester. In this function he organized the American Music Festival twice a year and founded the EastmanRochester Symphony Orchestra. In 1938 he received a fellowship from the Royal Academy of Music in Sweden. Howard H. Hanson was chosen recipient of the 1944 PP in the "Music" category for his Symphony No. 4. Harbison, John, born on December 20, 1938, in Orange, N.J., grew up in Princeton, N.J. Taking high school courses in viola, piano, voice, tuba and music theory, he proved a versatile musician early on. In 1956 he enrolled at Harvard University, where he studied composition until his graduation in 1960. In the academic year 1960-61 he was granted a Paine Traveler Fellowship. He went to Germany to study composition with Boris Blacher at the Hochschule für Musik in West Berlin. Upon returning to the United States he enrolled at Princeton University, and received compositional training from Roger Sessions and Earl Kim. He left Princeton with a Master of Fine Arts-degree in 1963. After engaging in a variety of activities as composer, teacher and performer, he accepted an appointment as composer-in-residence at Reed College in Portland, Or., in 1968. He joined the music faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, the following year, where he became the first permanent holder of the Class of 1949 Professorship. Additionally, he worked as guest conductor with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Symphony Chamber Players and was music director of the Boston Cantata Singers from 1969 to 1973 and from 1980 to 1982. In 1987 John Harbison won the PP in the category "Music" for The Flight Into Egypt.

98 Harding, Nelson, born on October 31, 1879, in New York City, was educated at Greenwich Academy in Connecticut. For his art training, he attended the Art Students' League in New York City, the Chase School, and the New York School of Art. Before he had a chance to get started in his profession, the Spanish-American War broke out. During that war Harding did service with the U.S. Volunteers. Between 1898 and 1908 he was a member of the New York National Guard. In 1908 Harding joined the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and, during the next two decades that he worked on the paper, became one of the most reprinted cartoonists in the country. In addition to his drawing he wrote short humerous paragraphs under the heading "Here and Now," which were printed on the front page of the Eagle. Nelson Harding earned the 1927 PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his drawing "Toppling the Idol." In 1928 he received his second PP in the same award category, this time for the drawing "May His Shadow Never Grow Less." Hardy, Arnold, born in Shreveport, La., attended Centenary College in La. He served in the U.S. Army Air Corps from 1943 to 1945. Hardy was a student at Georgia School of Technology when he took a dramatic photo of a girl plunging to death in a hotel fire in Atlanta. It was purchased and distributed by the Associated Press. For this picture Arnold Hardy, an amateur photographer, became PPW in "Photography" in 1947. Harkey Jr., Ira Brown, born on January 15, 1918, in New Orleans, La., attended New Mexico Military Institute at Roswell and Tulane University. While being a student at Tulane he got his first newspaper experiences: during 1940 he began as a cub reporter and then worked in the city room of the New Orleans Times-Picayune. After receiving his B.A. degree at Tulane in 1941, Harkey continued his education at the University of Florida College of Law. A member of fraternities like Phi Beta Kappa, Kappa Tau Alpha and Sigma Delta Chi, he had to leave college for his military service during World War II. From 1942-46 he served in the U.S. Navy, first as ground school instructor, then as an air combat intelligence officer. For sixteen months Ira B. Harkey was a mobile correspondent in the Pacific region. During and after the war he contributed to publications like Air Power, Pagent, Christian Herald and Negro Digest. In 1949 Ira B. Harkey bought the Chronicle in Pascagoula, Ms., a weekly newspaper. Eight years later the paper was converted to a semi-weekly publication, and in May 1962 Harkey again changed it to an evening paper which was published daily

Harding - Harris except on Sundays. In his capacity as editor and publisher of the Chronicle Ira B. Harkey was the main editorial writer of the paper. In 1963 he earned the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for the articles during the integration crisis in Mississippi. Harlan, Louis Rudolph, born on July 13, 1922, in West Point, Ms., attended Emory University and earned his B.A. degree in 1943. After having served with the United States Navy in World War II, advancing to lieutenant, junior grade, he enrolled for graduate studies at Vanderbilt University and completed work for his M.A. degree, which was conferred on him in 1948. Two years later he joined the staff of the East Texas State College in Commerce as assistant professor advancing to associate professor. In the meantime he wrote his doctoral dissertation and received his Ph.D. degree from Johns Hopkins University in 1955. Harlan accepted an associate professorship at the University of Cincinnati in 1959 advancing to full professor during the following seven years, that he remained there. Subsequently, he accepted an appointment as professor of history at the University of Maryland, where he was promoted to distinguished professor of history in 1984. Harlan was the editor of the thirteenvolume series Booker T. Washington Papers and the author of Separate and Unequal. The first volume of his Booker T. Washington biography was published in 1972 and earned him a Bancroft award. Louis R. Harlan published the second volume of this work under the subtitle The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901-1915 in 1983. This book brought to him the 1984 PP for "Biography or Autobiography." Harnick, Sheldon M., born on April 30, 1924, in Chicago, II., attended Northwestern University, which granted him his Bachelor of Musicdegree in 1949. After his graduation Harnick wrote a great number of songs for Broadway and off-Broadway shows, among these was Fiorello! For this work Sheldon M. Harnick became a Co-PPW in the category "Drama." Harris, Edward Arnold, born on October 20, 1910, in St. Louis, Mo., started studying at Washington University in St. Louis, Mo., where he served as a campus correspondent for the St. Louis Star-Times from 1931-1933. After receiving his B.A. degree in 1933, he worked as a rewrite and general assignment reporter for the Star-Times where he became a columnist later on. In 1940 Harris moved to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch as a city hall reporter. During the next three years he worked as a rewrite specialist, reporter and local political writer for this newspaper. From 1936-1943, Harris also served as a St. Louis correspondent

Harrison - Healy of Fortune, Life and Time magazines. In 1943 Harris became the Washington correspondent of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Edward A. Harris won the 1946 PP for "Telegraphic Reporting (National)" for articles about an proposed Undersecretary of the Navy. Harrison, John Raymond, born on June 8, 1933, in Des Moines, la., graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, N.H., in 1951. He continued his studies at Harvard University, where he graduated in 1955. Afterwards he attended the Harvard Business School from 195556. Later on John R. Harrison became a staff member and then president of the News-Tribune in Fort Pierce, Fl. In 1962 he became publisher of the Sun of Gainesville, Fl., when the newspaper was purchased by the Cowles Magazines and Broadcasting, Inc. At the Gainesville Sun John R. Harrison was also busy as an editorial writer. During 1964 he took part in an onemonth campaign in Gainesville to obtain municipal action on minimum housing code for the city with a population of around 36,000 at that time; the city's leaders had been seeking the reform for ten years. In 1965 John R. Harrison earned the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for his campaign for better housing in his city. Hart, Moss, bom on October 24, 1904, in New York City, attended Bronx public schools but left school soon after obtaining his first summer job at the age of thirteen, and became a fulltime employee. After working for two-anda-half years in a storage vault, he became an office boy for an theatrical producer. After he lost this job, for the next six years Hart spent his winter evenings as a director of little theater groups in New York and New Jersey and his summers as a social director at adult resort camps in the Catskills. During his first season with the Labor Temple theater group, he staged three successful one-act plays and a production of Ibsen's Ghosts. The following summer, after holding temporary jobs as a floorwalker at Macy's Department Store and as an advertisement classifier with the New York Times, Hart served his apprenticeship as a social director at Camp Utopia. Meanwhile he kept his interest in writing plays. Each fall, after returning to New York, he wrote a full-length serious play. Although he completed six manuscripts, he did not succeed in selling a single one. Undiscouraged, in September 1929 Hart began a new play, it was his first comedy. A rewritten version of Once in a Lifetime ran in New York for two years and won the Roi Cooper McGrue prize. Further plays were Merrily We Roll Along and You Can't Take it With You. The latter made Moss Hart the 1937 Co-PPW in the category "Drama."

99 Haskell, Henry Joseph, born on March 8, 1874, in Huntington, Oh., received an B.A. degree from Oberlin College in 1896. He was early interested in foreign affairs since he spent a part of his boyhood in a missionary family in Bulgaria. In 1898 Haskell began his newspaper career on the staff of the Kansas City Star, and he stayed with that newspaper during his entire professional life. Thirty years after his start at the Kansas dry Star, Haskell became the editor of the newspaper in 1928. In later years he also advanced to the director of the Kansas City Star Company. In 1930 the Missouri Valley College awarded to him an honorary LL.D. degree. In 1933 Haskell's newspaper won the PP for "Editorial Writing" for articles mainly written by himself. In 1935 he received a second LL.D. honorary degree from the University of Missouri, and a third one was awarded to him from Marietta College in 1937. In 1939 Haskell, who also was interested in Ancient history, published a book on The New Deal in Old Rome, followed by This Was Cicero in 1942. In 1943 Henry J. Haskell received a Citation from the American Classical League, and in 1944 he was awarded a second PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on a wide range of subjects including Social Security. Hawes Jr., Alexander Boyd, bom on July 5, 1947, in Washington, D.C., attended the University of Denver where he majored in political science. In 1970 he joined the Berkshire Eagle of Pittsfield, Ma., and after two years moved to the Sun in Colorado Springs. In 1976 Hawes joined the Boston Globe. Alexander B. Hawes Jr. became a 1980 Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for articles on Boston's transit system. Headden, Susan Margaret, born on June 27, 1955, in Mountain Lakes, N.J., graduated with a B.A. degree from Ohio Wesleyan University. In 1979 she joined the Indianapolis Star in Indiana, where she worked as a reporter and business reporter, and covered the general assembly and the federal court system. She won numerous awards throughout her career. With an colleague, she began to investigate cases of medical malpractice in Indiana. The research resulted in a series which made Susan M. Headden the Co-PPW 1991 in the "Investigative Reporting" category. Healy, Jane Elizabeth, born on May 9, 1949, in Washington, D.C., was graduated of BethesdaChevy Chase High School of 1967 and received an B.S. degree from the University of Maryland in 1971. Right upon leaving university education, she began her journalism career as copy girl at the Washington bureau of the

100 New York Daily News. In 1973 Jane Healy moved to Florida to become metro reporter of the Orlando Sentinel. In 1981 she moved up to regional co-ordinator of that paper, and in the following year she was appointed editorial writer of the Sentinel. She climbed to chief editorial writer of the newspaper in 1983, and in the same year Jane Healy earned the first place for editorial writing in the Greater Orlando Press Club contest. Also in 1983 she received a third place for editorial writing from the Florida Press Club and got the first place in the same contest of 1984. In 1985 Jane Healy became associate editor of the Orlando Sentinel, where she was in charge of the editorial page, the op-ed page, and the Sunday Insight section. In 1985 and 1986 she was awarded first places for editorial writing by the Sigma Delta Chi Southeast, and in 1986 she also received a first place for editorial writing from the Florida Society of Newspaper editors. Jane E. Healy became the 1988 PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles protesting overdevelopment of Florida's Orange County. Hearst Jr., William Randolph, born on January 27, 1908, in New York City, was educated at Collegiate School, St. John's Manlius Military Academy, Syracuse, N.Y., Berkeley High School, Berkeley, Ca., Hitchcock Military Academy, San Rafael, Ca., and the University of California. He began his newspaper career on the New York American in 1928 as a reporter. He first served as police reporter, then covered general news assignments. Later he worked in the advertising and business departments of that newspaper and became its publisher in 1936. The New York American was merged with the New York Journal in the following year and Hearst became publisher of the combined New York Journal-American. During World War II he served as a war correspondent for the Hearst Newspapers, writing stories from England, Africa, Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. In October, 1955, Hearst relinquished his duties as publisher of the New York Journal-American in order to devote all of his time to the work of Editor-in-Chief of all the Hearst Newspapers. Together with two members of his staff William R. Hearst Jr. traveled to Moscow in 1955 to report about the Soviet Union and to make interviews with political leaders. For this work he was named Co-PPW in 1956 in the "International Reporting" category. Heath, S. Burton, born on December 20, 1898, in West Lynn, Ma., studied at the University of Vermont, and graduated with a Bachelor of Philosophy-degree. In 1913 he worked as an apprentice printer for the Bradford Opinion. He served in the U.S. Army's Expeditionary

Hearst - Hedrick Force in World War I, but in 1917 returned to Vermont to become editor of the Groton Times, a paper he also owned from 1920 to 1921. In 1926 Heath was assistant campaign manager of an U.S. senator, and from 1926 to 1928 he worked for the Associated Press in New Haven, Ct. He was hired by the New York Telegram as a reporter in 1928, and in 1930 he accepted the job of secretary of the St. Lawrence Power Development Community. In 1932 he returned to the New York Telegram. He published books like Burial Insurance and Yankee Reporter. S. Burton Heath was awarded the 1940 PP for "Reporting" for his exposo of the frauds by a Federal Judge. Hecht, Anthony Evan, born on January 16,1923, in New York City, took his Bachelor's degree at Bard College in 1944. After his graduation he was inducted into the United States Army as an infantry rifleman and served his tour of duty in Western Europe and Japan. Returning to the United States after the war, Hecht applied to Kenyon College in Ohio, not as a degree candidate but as a special student. At Kenyon he was taught by the editor of the Kenyon Review, a literary quarterly, in which Hecht's first poems appeared. In 1950 the poet was granted a Master's degree from Columbia University. By that time his work had also appeared in the Hudson Review and the New Yorker. He won the Prix de Rome bestowed by the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the first such award ever to be given to a poet. In the course of his Italian sojourn, Hecht translated some poems by Rainer Maria Rilke. The author's first book of poetry, A Summoning of Stones, was published in 1954. From 1956 to 1959 he taught at Smith College, in Northampton, and in 1961 moved on to Bard College at Annandale-on-Hudson, where he stayed until 1967. The poet was recipient of many awards and honors. Among these were a Hudson Review fellowship, two Ford Foundation fellowships, and a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship. In 1968 Anthony E. Hecht was granted the PP in the "Poetry" category for his collection of verses entitled The Hard Hours. Hedrick, Joan Doran, bom on May 1, 1944, in Baltimore, Md., graduated with an A.B. degree from Vassar College, N.Y., in 1966. She engaged in postgraduate studies on scholarships from Vassar College, the National Defense Education Act, and the Radcliffe Institute until 1972, when she became instructor of English at Wesleyan University in Connecticut. Two years later she obtained a Ph.D. degree in American Civilization from Brown University in Rhode Island, and subsequently got a job as assistant professor of English at Wesleyan. In

Heinzerling - Henahan 1980-81 she was visiting lecturer at Wesleyan as well as visiting assistant professor at Trinity College. She subsequently taught as a visiting scholar at different departments of Trinity. In 1983-84 she also held a Rockefeller fellowship, and in 1985 she received a research grant from the Ford Foundation for an academic project which she had designed with Women's Studies directors of Colgate, Princeton, and Yale Universities. In 1987 she was appointed director of Women's Studies at Trinity College, while also receiving a National Endowment for the Humanities fellowship. Seven years later, while still working as director of Women's studies, she was also named professor of History. In 1994 Joan D. Hedrick published her book Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life, which won her the 1995 PP in "Biography or Autobiography." Heinzerling, Lynn Louis, born on October 23, 1906, in Birmingham, Oh., attended Akron University in 1924-25 and Ohio Wesleyan University from 1925-27. He joined the Cleveland Plain-Dealer in 1928 and stayed at this newspaper until 1933. In December, 1933, Heinzerling entered the service of the Associated Press at Cleveland, and in 1938 he transferred to the foreign news desk of AP in New York prior to transfer abroad. From 1938 to 1945 Heinzerling's byline stories came from virtually every important European news center, including Berlin, Helsinki, Copenhagen, Paris, Madrid, Lisbon, London, Rome, and Vienna. He was in Poland in 1939 when World War II began. Heinzerling also helped to cover the early phases of the German occupation of Denmark and the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands; later he was with the British Eighth Army and the U.S. Fifth Army in Italy. Heinzerling was the Vienna AP Bureau Chief in 1945-46. He was assigned to Germany before his appointment in 1948 as chief of the AP's Geneva bureau. In January 1957, Heinzerling was named chief of the Johannesburg bureau of his news agency and in that post he traveled widely over the African continent. Twice in 1960 African events changed the course of AP's orderly plans for Heinzerling. Early in the year he was to exchange posts with another AP correspondent to become chief of the bureau in Vienna, when heavy rioting broke out in South Africa and he had to stay there. Then, in late spring, Heinzerling was moved to London to be coordinator there for all news from Africa, when the Congo erupted. So Heinzerling, as AP's top African specialist, was sent again to Africa to head up the staff there. He remained in the Congo until November, 1960. Lynn L. Heinzerling earned the 1961 PP in the "International

101 Reporting" category for covering the early stages of the Congo crisis. Hemingway, Ernest Miller, born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, II., graduated from Oak Park High School in 1917 and was given a junior position on the Kansas City Star. In 1918 he volunteered for war duty with the Red Cross ambulance corps in Italy, but, shortly after, was wounded. Hemingway joined the staff of the Toronto Star in 1920 and the year after he went to Europe as one of the paper's correspondents. There he published in 1924 a book which was enlarged and re-published in 1925 as In Our Time. It was followed by The Torrents of Spring. Hemingway next wrote a novel based on his years in Europe after the war: The Sun Also Rises. In A Farewell to Arms, published in 1929, he recreated the dramatic birth of his first son. During the 1930's he turned out a collection of stories, Winner Take Nothing; Green Hills of Africa, an account of his safari adventures, and the novel To Have and Have Not. Hemingway also covered the Spanish Civil War as a reporter for the North American Newspaper Alliance. In Spain he helped to raise money for medical supplies and ambulances. Out of this experience he wrote a play, The Fifth Column, which was published in 1938 along with The First Forty-nine Stories, and For Whom the Bell Tolls. In 1944 Hemingway went to England as a correspondent for Collier's, and attached himself to Allied Forces in France, serving as scout, interrogator and journalist. Ernest M. Hemingway won the 1953 PP in the "Fiction" category for his novel The Old Man and the Sea. The following year he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. Henahan, Donal Joseph, born on February 28, 1921, in Cleveland, Oh., attended Kent State University and Ohio University until World War II intervened. He served from 1942 to 1945 in the Air Force. As a fighter pilot in Europe he earned the Air Medal with four oakleaf clusters. After the war, Donal Henahan returned to college, earning a bachelor's degree from Northwestern University in 1948. The year before he also joined the news staff of the Chicago Daily News, becoming the chief music critic there ten years later. Donal Henahan did postgraduate work at the University of Chicago in 1949, and he studied at the Chicago School of Music from 1951-58. His musical education included training as a pianist, a singer and a classical guitarist. He won two Page One Awards from the Chicago Newspaper Guild, and he also wrote for periodicals including the Saturday Review, Musical Quarterly, American Choral Review, Holiday, High Fidelity, Stereo Review, Harper's Bazaar, Sat-

102 urday Evening Post, Parnassus and Esquire. Donal Henahan joined the New York Times in September 1967 as a music critic. In July 1980 he was appointed to chief music critic of that paper. In 1986 Donal J. Henahan became the PPW in the "Criticism" category for his music criticism. Henderson, Angelo B., bom on October 14, 1962, graduated with a bachelor's degree from the University of Kentucky at Lexington. While studying he had internships in the Cleveland bureau of the Wall Street Journal, at WHAS-TV in Louisville, at the Lexington Herald-Leader and at the Detroit Free Press. He began working as a reporter in 1985, when he joined the St. Petersburg Times, where he was soon promoted to business writer. In 1986 he joined the Courier-Journal in Louisville as a business writer, and in 1989 he switched to the Detroit News, where he first got the post of a reporter and later became a business writer and columnist. In 1992 he was granted the National Association of Black Journalists Award for outstanding coverage of the Black condition. Henderson joined the Wall Street Journal as a reporter in Detroit in 1995, and was named deputy bureau chief two years later. In 1998 the journalist became a senior special writer for the paper. In this position he reported from Detroit to the paper's page-one desk in New York. Angelo B. Henderson was awarded the 1999 PP in the category of "Feature Writing" for his portrait of a druggist driven to violence by encounters with armed robbers. Henderson III, Paul, born on January 13, 1939, in Washington, D.C., graduated from high school at Wentworth Military Academy in Lexington, Mo., and attended junior college there. He served in the Army in Korea from 1959 to 1962, and was a correspondent for the First Cavalry Division newspaper and for Stars and Stripes. Discharged from the Army, Henderson was hired for the newspaper Nonpareil in Council Bluffs, la. While working there and at the World-Herald in Omaha, Nb., he majored in journalism at the University of Nebraska at Omaha and at Creighton University in Omaha. Henderson came to the Seattle Times in 1967 where he worked in a variety of reporting positions, specializing in crime reporting, features, and investigations. In 1982 Paul Henderson III earned the PP in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for articles that proved the innocence of a man convicted of rape. Hendrick, Burton Jesse, born on December 8, 1870, in New Haven, Ct., became editor of the New Haven Morning Post in 1896. Three years later hejoined the staff of the New YorkEvening

Henderson - Henley Post. From 1905 to 1913 he worked on the staff of McClure's Magazine, then he became associated editor of World's Work. Moreover, Hendrick was member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. He was also the author of several book publications, among them The Story of Life Insurance; The Age of Big Business and the biography Life and Letters of Watter H. Page, American Ambassador to Great Britain, 1913-1918. In 1921 Burton J. Hendrick was the Co-PPW in the category "History" for the book The Victory at Sea. He received his second PP in 1923, this time in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for the work The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page. Hendrick earned another PP for "Biography or Autobiography" in 1929. The winning book was entitled The Training of an American. The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page. Hendrix, Harold Victor (Hal), born on February 14,1922, in Kansas City, Mo. In 1941 he began his studies at the Rockhurst College before he went to the Kansas City Star in 1944. He stayed with this newspaper until 1957, treating LatinAmerican questions as a columnist from 1947 on. When he changed to the Miami News afterwards, Hendrix covered this special political field intensively. He took advantage of his membership in the leading journalistic organization for North- and South-America, the InterAmerican Press Association, to the board of directors of which he belonged for a while. His various connections rendered it possible for Hal Hendrix to find out from Miami in the second half of 1962 that Cuba was shipping military weapons to other Latin American states. Some months later he was the first American journalist to report that Soviet jets had arrived in Cuba. In 1963 Harold V. Hendrix won the PP for "International Reporting" for coverage of the fact that the Soviet Union was installing missile launching pads in Cuba. Henley, Beth, born on May 8, 1952, in Jackson, Ms., became interested in theatre through her mother, who acted in amateur productions. During her senior year in high school she attended an acting workshop at the New Stage Theater, an experience that influenced her decision to study dramatic arts at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Tx. Her first play, Am I Blue, which was produced at the university during her senior year, resulted from an assignment in a writing course she took during her sophomore year. After receiving her Bachelor Of Fine Artsdegree from Southern Methodist in 1974, she acted with the Dallas Minority Repertory Theatre and earned her living working as a waitress, a file clerk, and a photographer of children at a department store. Having obtained

Henry - Hersh a teaching scholarship, she studied drama during the school year of 1975-76 in the graduate program of the performing arts at the University of Illinois and taught beginners' classes in acting. During the summer of 1976 she performed in the Lincoln plays of the Great American People Show, a historical pageant presented at New Salem State Park. Hoping to break into films as an actress, Henley went to Los Angeles in late 1976 but found it almost impossible even to get an audition. With lots of time on her hands, she turned to writing a screenplay, but no one at the studios would read it because she did not have an agent. So she decided to write a stage play hoping that it would at least get performed in a small theater somewhere. Her play Crimes of the Heart brought to Beth Henley the 1981 PP in the category "Drama." Henry III, William Alfred, bom on January 24, 1950, in South Orange, N.J., graduated from Yale University in 1971 and thereafter did postgraduate studies in history at Boston University. Already in 1971, he had started his journalism career as an Education writer for the Boston Globe, and from 1972-74 he served as an art critic for the same paper. In 1974, William A. Henry III became a state house political reporter for the Boston Globe, before he continued his career at the Globe in the function of an editorial writer, lasting from 1975 to 1977. In 1977 Henry was appointed television critic of the Boston Globe, and his columns were syndicated by the Field News Service. Henry published numerous articles in his fields of interest, he worked as lecturer at Tufts University, and he also belonged to the founding group of the TV Critics Association in 1978. He brought out several books, and he also worked in the board of directors of various organizations, including the Cambridge Ensemble and the Leukemia Society of Greater Boston. He earned several journalistic prizes and recognitions, among them AP and UP! writing awards. He continued to lecture, appeared frequently on television and radio, and wrote for the Washington Post and the New Republic among other publications. William A. Henry III became the recipient of the 1980 PP in the "Criticism" category for critical writing about television. Henson, Glenda Maria, bom on June 17, 1960, in Marion, N.C., obtained a B.A. degree in English from Wake Forest University in 1982. For two years she worked for the Arkansas Democrat in Little Rock, Ar. In 1984 she moved to Florida to join the Tampa Tribune in Crystal River, but returned to Little Rock before the end of the year to become a statehouse reporter with the Arkansas Gazette. In

103 1987 she was promoted to the Gazette's Washington D.C. bureau chief. She was hired in 1989 by the Lexington Herald-Leader in Kentucky, where she worked as an editorial writer. The following year she began a sixteenmonth investigation in spouse abuse and the treatment of the abused by the law. After publishing her findings in 1991, she was named the 1992 Woman of the Year by Wake Forest University, and won awards by the Kentucky Press Association and the Scripps-Howard foundation. Glenda M. Henson won the 1992 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for her articles about battered women in Kentucky. Hersey, John Richard, born on June 17, 1914, in Tientsin, China, was a son of American missionaries. He was brought up and educated in China until he was ten years old. Deciding early that he wanted to be a journalist, he studied at Hotchkiss Preparatory School, then at Yale University, and after his graduation from Yale in 1936, he went to Clare College in Cambridge, England, for postgraduate work. In the summer of 1937 he became private secretary to Sinclair Lewis and in the fall of the same year he joined the staff of Time. In 1939 Hersey was sent to the Orient by Time to report on the Far Eastern situation. The experiences and information he gathered during this assignment went into his first book, Men on Bataan, published in 1942. In July of the same year he was sent to the Pacific area as correspondent for Time and again a book resulted from the impressions he had gained; it was brought out under the title Into the Valley. From May to September 1943 Hersey reported from the Mediterranean, where he accompanied the American invasion forces from Africa to Italy. Upon his return to the United States he began work on a novel. Entitled A Bell for Adano, the book was published in early 1944. That same year it was made into a motion picture and a Broadway play. John R. Hersey was made the 1945 PPW in the "Novel" category for the book A Bell for Adano. Hersh, Seymour Myron, born on April 8, 1937, in Chicago, II., graduated from the University of Chicago with a B.A. degree in history in 1958. From 1959 to 1960 he worked as a police reporter for the City News bureau of Chicago and continued his journalistic work as a correspondent for United Press International in Pierre, S.D. Afterwards, Hersh served as a correspondent for Associated Press from 1963 to 1967 in Chicago and Washington, D.C. While working for AP in the nation's capital, Hersh got his first insight into military affairs as a Pentagon correspondent. In the middle of 1967, he quit under protest AP after one of his inves-

104 tigative reports on biological warfare had been cut. Thereafter, he turned up in New Hampshire in 1968 as press secretary for an U.S. Senator. One of his contacts called him around October, 1969, when he was working on a book, informing him that in Benning a former lieutenant was being held on charge of having murdered Vietnamese civilians. Hersh covered the story of the My Lai massacre and decided to distribute his investigations through a few months old news agency, called Dispatch News Service, which was run by a friend of him. He sold the story in November, 1969, to some thirty-five newspapers across the country, including the Chicago Sun-Times, the Milwaukee Journal and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. In 1970 Seymour M. Hersh received the PP in the "International Reporting" category for his exclusive disclosure of the slaughter of civilians in Vietnam. Hertzberg, Daniel, bom on February 3, 1946, in New York City, graduated with an A.B. degree from the University of Chicago. From 1968 to 1971 he worked as a reporter with the Buffalo Evening News in New York. He then transferred to the Garden City Newsday, and in 1977 joined the Wall Street Journal, where he was promoted to deputy news editor in 1987. The same year he won the Gerald Loeb award by the University of California at Los Angeles. In 1988 he was awarded another Gerald Loeb award as well as a George Polk Memorial award by Long Island University. Daniel Hertzberg also became the 1988 Co-PPW in the "Explanatory Journalism" category for stories about an investment banker charged with insider trading. Higgins, Jack, born on August 19, 1954, in Chicago, II., attended the Holy Cross College, a Jesuit institution, from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in Economics in 1976. The following year Higgins worked for the Jesuit Volunteer Corps in Washington. In 1978 he started his career as an editorial cartoonist at the Daily Northwestern of Evanston, II. In 1980 he switched to the Chicago Sun-Times where he first worked on free-lanced basis and then got the post of an editorial cartoonist in 1984. He was made the recipient of the Peter Lisagor award in 1984 and 1987 and won the first prize at the Salon of Cartoons in Montreal, Canada. Jack Higgins was granted the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for "Editorial Cartooning," as exemplified by the drawing "...All Congressmen..." Higgins, Marguerite, born on September 3,1920, in Hong Kong, received her early education in France and England. She returned to the United States with her family and was graduated in 1941 from the University of California. During the summer she was a cub reporter on the staff of the

Hertzberg - Hijuelos Vallejo Times-Herald in California. The following semester she entered the School of Journalism at New York's Columbia University to work for an M.A. degree in that field, which she received in 1942. As a student she held a job as a campus correspondent for the New York HeraldTribune, which employed her as a member of its city staff upon her graduation. In 1944 she was sent to the Tribune's London bureau. From London Marguerite Higgins was transferred to the Paris office of the newspaper because of her fluency in French. In those last days of World War II she accompanied the Seventh Army deep into Austria, and in 1945, at the age of twentyfour, she became chief of the Berlin bureau of the New York Herald-Tribune. For her stories on Buchenwald, Dachau, and the occupation of Munich, she received the New York Newspaper Women's Club award as the best foreign correspondent in 1945. Later on she covered numerous international conferences and other events before she became the paper's Tokyo correspondent in 1947. From there she was one of the first reporters to get to Korea when the war started. Marguerite Higgins became a 1951 CoPPW in the "International Reporting" category for her dispatches on the Korean War. Hightower, John Murmann, bom on September 17, 1908, in Coal Creek, Tn., attended public schools in Knoxville and then studied at the University of Tennessee for two years from 1927-28 prior to becoming a reporter for the Knoxville News-Sentinel. Not long after joining the Associated Press in Nashville in 1933, he was advanced to the position of Tennessee State editor of the AP, and in 1936 he was transferred to the Washington bureau of his news agency. As a news analyst for the AP in the nation's capital, Hightower was assigned first to the Navy Department and then, in 1943, to the State Department. Here he covered many of the most important diplomatic events of the time including the Roosevelt-Churchill meeting in Quebec, the chartering of the United Nations at San Francisco, the early U. N. meetings in New York and London, the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Pact. In the course of his years at the State Department, Hightower reported the activities of five successive Secretaries of State. John M. Hightower earned the 1952 PP for "International Reporting" for his coverage of the conflict between General MacArthur and the Truman Administration re the Korean War. Hijuelos, Oscar, born on August 24, 1951, in New York City, attended the City College of the City University of New York. In 1975 the son of Cuban parents was awarded his B.A. degree, to which he added a Master's degree the

105 a—-

Ernest Hemingway

Seymour Hersh

Marguerite Higgins

John Hohenberg

106 following year. He subsequently joint the staff of an advertising media traffic manager. In 1978 Hijuelos received a citation from Pushcart Press as an "outstanding writer" for the story "Columbus Discovering America," and, that same year, also an Oscar Cintas fiction writing grant. It was followed by fiction writing grants from the Creative Artists Programs Service in 1982 and from the Ingram Merrill Foundation in the following year. Oscar Hijuelos' first novel was published in 1983 entitled Our House in the Last World. The book won Hijuelos a fellowship for Creative Writers award from the National Endowment for the Arts, and an American Academy in Rome Fellowship in Literature from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1984 Hijuelos decided to become a full-time fiction writer and quit his former job. His next work appeared in 1989 under the title The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love. This book earned Oscar Hijuelos the 1990 PP in the category "Fiction." Hills, Lee, bom on May 28, 1906, in Egg Creek Township near Granville, N.D., attended Brigham Young University in 1924 and the University of Missouri from 1927 to 1929. He worked for the Oklahoma News while continuing his studies at Oklahoma City University from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Law-degree in 1934. Hills then wrote for the Cleveland Press and the Indianapolis Times, before he returned to the Oklahoma News. In 1939 he became associate editor of the Memphis Press-Scimitar, then went back to the Cleveland Press, where he got the post of editor in 1940. Three years later Hills joined the Miami Herald, where he was soon promoted to managing editor. In 1951 the newspaper won the PP for "Meritorious Public Service" for an investigation into organized crime, directed by Hills. The same year he was also put in charge of the news and business coverage of the Detroit Free Press, thus becoming executive editor or publisher of two newspapers. Lee Hills won the 1956 PP in the category of "Local Reporting, Edition Time" for a series on contract negotiations between the auto manufacturers and the United Automobile Workers. Hillyer, Robert Silliman, bom on June 3, 1895, in East Orange, N.J., attended Harvard University. In 1916 he won the Garrison Prize for poetry and, the next year, he published, together with several others, Eight Harvard Poets. In 1917 Hillyer earned his Bachelor's degree and he published his first own collection of poetry, Sonnets and Other Lyrics. After his graduation Hillyer joined the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Service and embarked for France. Awarded the Verdun Medal by the French government, he

Hills - Hoagland transferred to the American army after the United States entered World War I and served as a courier during the peace conference. He was discharged as a first lieutenant in 1919 and returned to the U.S. to begin teaching English at Harvard. In 1920 he published two books of verse: The Five Books of Youth and Alchemy: A Symphonic Poem. Hillyer spent the time 192021 as an American-Scandinavian foundation fellow in Copenhagen. His studies resulted in A Book of Danish Verse, a collection of translations. Hillyer's next work, The Hills Give Promise, A Volume of Lyrics. Together with Carmus: A Symphonic Poem appeared in 1923. Two years later, The Halt in the Garden was published in England. In 1926 Hillyer accepted a position as an assistant professor at Trinity College, which awarded him an honorary M.A. degree in 1928. The following fall he returned to Harvard as an associate professor. Meanwhile he published two more volumes of poetry, The Seventh Hill and The Gates of the Compass, and his first novel Riverhead. Robert S. Hillyer became the 1934 PPW in the category "Poetry" for his book Collected Verse. Hiltzik, Michael A., born on November 9, 1952, in New York City, graduated with a Bachelor of Arts-degree from Colgate University in Hamilton, N.Y., in 1973, and a Master of Sciencedegree in Journalism from the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University in 1974. In 1982 he joined the business section of the Los Angeles Times, where eventually he became New York financial writer in 1982. In 1984 he was co-winner of a Public Service award for Distinguished Reporting. Four years later he was named Nairobi bureau chief, and in 1989 he was honored with an Overseas Press Club Citation for coverage of East Africa. In 1993 he became the Times' Moscow correspondent. He returned to the United States in 1994 to work as a staff writer in the Times' business section. Michael A. Hiltzik became the 1999 Co-PPW in the category "Beat Reporting" for stories on corruption in the entertainment industry. Hoagland, Jimmie Lee (Jim), born on January 22, 1940, in Rock Hill, S.C., was educated at Rock Hill High School and then studied at the School of Journalism of the University of South Carolina, where he was graduated in 1961. During his time as a student, Hoagland worked as a part-time summer reporter for the Evening Herald of Rock Hill, S.C. During 1961-62 he studied French, political science and literature at the University of Aix-en-Provence in France. He then served two years with Air Force Intelligence in Germany, followed by another two years as copy editor and occasional jazz columnist for the international edition of the New

Hoelterhoff - Hohenberg York Times in Paris. Hoagland joined the metropolitan news staff of the Washington Post in 1966 and covered urban affairs and the courts until 1968, when he was awarded a Ford Foundation fellowship to participate in Columbia University's Advanced International Reporting Program. He specialized in international economics there during the 1968-69 academic year and was assigned to Africa shortly after his return to the Washington Post. From July 1969 on, he was based in Nairobi, Kenia. From there he visited South Africa in April and May 1970. Jimmie L. Hoagland was awarded the 1971 PP for "International Reporting" for his coverage of the struggle against apartheid in the Republic of South Africa. In 1991 he earned his second PP, this time in the "Commentary" category, for his columns of the events leading up to the Gulf War and on the political problems of Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Hoelterhoff, Manuela Vali, born on April 6, 1949, in Hamburg, Germany, came to the U.S. in 1957. She graduated B.A. from Hofstra University in 1971 and from the Institute of Fine Arts of New York University with an M.A. degree in 1973. Two years later, she joined the editorial page staff of the Wall Street Journal as the art and music critic of the paper. After some time in this function she became associate editor at Portfolio magazine. From 1977 on Manuela Hoelterhoff served as an associate editor for the Arete Publishing Company at Princeton, N.J., where she was in charge of arts-related articles for the 'Academic Encyclopedia.' In the period 1979-81 she held the position of editor-in-chief of the An & Auction magazine. In 1981 Manuela Hoelterhoff was named arts editor of the Wall Street Journal. Her critical articles on art also were published in Artforum, Arts Magazine, Artnews, Horizon and Dial magazine. In 1982 and again in the following year, she was cited by the American Society of Newspaper Editors for distinguished commentary writing. Manuela V. Hoelterhoff became the 1983 PPW in the category "Criticism" for her wide-ranging critical articles on the arts and other subjects. Hofstadter, Douglas Richard, born on February 15, 1945, in New York City, attended Stanford University earning his Bachelor of Sciencedegree in 1965. Subsequently he enrolled for graduate studies at the University of Oregon, which awarded him his Master of Sciencedegree in 1972 and a Ph.D. degree in physics in 1975. Two years later he joined the faculty of Indiana University in Bloomington as assistant professor of computer science. In 1980 he was promoted to associate professor. At the same time he received a Guggenheim fellow-

107 ship at Stanford University for a study of computer perception of style in letter forms. Douglas R. Hofstadter's first book, Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, was published in 1979. It brought to him the 1980 PP in the category "General Non-Fiction." Hofstadter, Richard, bom on August 6, 1916, in Buffalo, N.Y., studied at the University of Buffalo, majoring in history and philosophy. He received his Bachelor's degree in 1937 and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Hofstadter enrolled for graduate study at Columbia University, where he earned his M.A. degree in history in 1938. Thereafter, while writing his doctoral dissertation, he began his teaching career as an instructor in history at Brooklyn College. In 1941 he held an instructorship at the College of the City of New York. Columbia University awarded him the William Bayard Cutting Travelling Fellowship for 1941-42; during this time he completed his requirements for the Ph.D. degree which he received in 1942. That same year Hofstadter became assistant professor of history at the University of Maryland. Two years later his doctoral dissertation, entitled Social Darwinism in American Thought, 18601915 won the Albert J. Beveridge Memorial Prize. In 1946 he returned as assistant professor of history to Columbia University. He rose to the rank of associate professor in 1950 and in 1952 attained a full professorship. In 1952 Richard Hofstadter was invited to the University of Chicago to give the Charles R. Walgreen Foundation Lectures. It was out of these lectures that the book The Age of Reform developed. Published in 1955, it was chosen the following year the PPW in the category "History." In 1964 Richard Hofstadter was awarded another PP, this time in the "General Non-Fiction" category. The winning work was entitled Antiintellectualism in American Life. Hohenberg, John, born on February 17, 1906, in New York City, began his career as a reporter with the Seattle Star in 1923. He studied at Columbia University, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Letters-degree four years later. In 1928 he enrolled as postgraduate at the University of Vienna. He also worked as a foreign correspondent for the New York Evening Post in Vienna and Paris. In 1933 he began to write on national politics for the New York Journal-American. Hohenberg served in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1945. Afterwards he became U.N., Washington and foreign correspondent for the New York Post. He also worked as part-time instructor at Columbia University from 1948 onward. In 1950 he was appointed professor of journalism. He wrote several books during his years at the university,

108 among them The Professional Journalist, The New Front Page and Foreign Correspondence. From 1954 to 1976 Hohenberg held the post of administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes and secretary of the Pulitzer Prize Board at Columbia University. John Hohenberg was awarded a PP "Special Citation" in the Journalism section for his achievements as teacher and journalist. Hölldobler, Berthold Karl, born on June 25, 1936, in Erling-Andechs, Germany, attended the University of Würzburg, Germany, and was graduated Dr. rer. nat. in 1965. He subsequently joined the faculty of the University of Frankfurt, Germany, as assistant professor of zoology. In 1969 he moved to the United States and worked there as a research associate in zoology at Harvard University. On his return to Germany, Hölldobler became full professor of zoology at the University of Frankfurt. In 1973 he obtained a professorship of biology at Harvard University and in 1982 he accepted the Alexander Agassiz professorship of zoology, a position in which he remained until 1990. Already one year earlier he had become professor of zoology and director of the Institute of Behavioral Physiology at the University of Wiirzburg, Germany. Berthold K. Hölldobler became a Co-PPW in 1991 in the "General Non-Fiction" category for the book The Ants. Hollo way, Rufus Emory, bom on March 16, 1885, in Marshall, Mo., received his Bachelor of Arts-degree from Hendrix College in 1906 and taught high school in Amity, Ar., for two years. Subsequently he chaired the English department at Scarritt-Morrisville College. After receiving his M.A. degree from the University of Texas in 1912, he remained there as an instructor in English until 1913. While studying at Columbia University in 1913-1914 he started to take an interest in the poet Walt Whitman and wrote his first Whitman contribution for The Cambridge History of American Literature. Holloway became an instructor at Adelphi College in Garden City, N.Y., in 1914, and was advanced to assistant professor in 1916. During World War I he was a transportation secretary with the American Expeditionary Forces in France and taught at the A.E.F. University at Beaune for one year. On his return to Adelphi in 1919, Holloway obtained a full professorship of English. The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman; Leaves of Grass: Inclusive Edition and Leaves of Grass: Abridged Edition with Prose Selections number among the books that he has edited. In 1927 Rufus E. Holloway was awarded the PP in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for his book Whitman - An Interpretation in Narrative.

Hölldobler - Horsey Hood, Robin Lee, born on September 22, 1944, in Chattanooga, Tn., attended local public schools and studied art at the University of Tennessee in his home town from 1962 to 1966. The following year he enlisted in the U.S. Army where he served as second lieutenant since 1969. He advanced to first lieutenant the following year. From 1970 to 1971 Hood served as an information officer with the First Air Cavalry Division in Vietnam where he had to photograph military activities and escort news media through operating areas. For his stay in Vietnam he was decorated the Combat Air Medal and Bronze Star. The photographer joined the Chattanooga News-Free Press in 1971. Robin L. Hood won the 1977 PP in the category "Feature Photography" for a picture of a disabled Vietnam veteran and his child at an Armed Forces Day parade. Horgan, Paul, born on August 1, 1903, in Buffalo, N.Y., attended the New Mexico Military Institute at Roswell, N.M., where he edited the school literary journal and where he already demonstrated a great interest in dramatics, music and art. After his father's death in 1922 the family moved back East and for three years Paul Horgan studied at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, N.Y. There, he also worked at the school's theatre. In 1926 Horgan returned to the New Mexico Military Institute as the institute's librarian, a job compatible with writing and historical research. When the U.S. entered World War II, Horgan became chief of Army Information with the Department of War in Washington, D.C., a post in which he reached the rank of lieutenant colonel and received the Legion of Merit. On his discharge from the Army, he received the first of two Guggenheim grants. After lecturing for a semester in the Graduate School of Arts and Letters of the University of Iowa, he returned to Roswell to resume his research and writing. His first historical book, Men of Arms, which was illustrated by himself, was published in 1931. His first Southwestern novel, No Quarter Given, was followed by a whole lot of fictional works e.g. Main Line West; A Lamp on the Plains; The Return of the Weed and The Habit of Empire, as well as the play Yours, A. Lincoln and the libretto to the folk opera A Tree on the Plains. In 1955 Paul Horgan became the PPW in the category "History" for the book Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History. He was awarded another PP in the same award category in 1976, based on his work Lamy of Santa Fe. Horsey, David, born on September 13, 1951, in Evansville, In., published a first volume of cartoons, Politics and Other Perversions, in 1974. In 1976 he graduated with a B.A. degree in

Horwitz - Howard communications from the University of Washington in Seattle, where he had been editor of the student newspaper. After a three-year stint as a state capital reporter and a political columnist, he joined the staff of the Seattle-based PostIntelligencer in 1979. Two years later he published his second volume of cartoons, Horsey's Rude Awakenings. In 1986 he was named Rotary Foundation scholar and obtained an M.A. in international relations from the University of Kent at Canterbury, England. In 1989 and 1994 two further volumes of cartoons appeared, Horsey's Greatest Hits of the 80's and The Fall of Man. Up to 1997, David Horsey won twelve regional awards for cartooning, governmental reporting and spot news reporting by the Society of Professional Journalists as well as numerous other awards. David Horsey won the 1999 PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his outstanding work from the previous year. Horwitz, Anthony Lander (Tony), born on June 9, 1958, in Washington, D.C., graduated with a B.A. degree in history from Brown University in 1981. Two years later he obtained a Master of Science-degree in journalism from Columbia University. From 1982 to 1983 he worked as a labor organizer for the United Woodcutters Association, and from 1983 to 1984 he was a reporter with The News Sentinel, a newspaper based in Fort Wayne, In. In 1985 he moved to Sydney, Australia, where he was a general assignment reporter with the Morning Herald. He became a freelance journalist in Cairo, Egypt, two years later, and contributed mainly to the Wall Street Journal. In 1987 he published his first book, One for the Road, and in 1990 he joined the staff of the Wall Street Journal's London bureau, where he continued to report on the Middle East. He published another book in 1991, Baghdad without a Map, the year he also won the Hal Boyle award for best foreign overseas reporting from the Overseas Press Club. In 1993 he was assigned to the Pittsburgh bureau of the Wall Street Journal and returned to the U.S.A. where he earned several journalism awards. Anthony L. Horwitz became the winner of the 1995 PP in the category "National Reporting" for stories about working conditions in low-wage America. Hough, Henry Beetle, born on November 8, 1896, in New Bedford, Ma., was co-author of the book History of Services Rendered by the American Press During the Year 1917, while studying at Columbia University's School of Journalism. The book was published in 1917. One year later, when Hough obtained his Bachelor of Letters-award from Columbia, it also made him the Co-PPW of 1918 in the category "Newspaper History Award."

109 Hough, Hugh Frederick, born on April 15,1924, in Sandwich, II., served in the U.S. Army Air Force from 1943 to 1945. After his discharge he enrolled at the University of Illinois, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science-degree in 1951. From 1951 to 1952 he worked as a sports editor with the Dixon Evening Telegraph. In 1952 he became a rewriteman and a reporter with the Chicago Sun-Times. He won Stick-oType awards by the Chicago Newspaper Guild in 1960, 1965 and 1966 as well as an award by the John Howard Association in 1961, a Marshall Field award in 1969 and a Newswriting award by the Illinois Association Press in 1974. Together with Arthur M. Petacque, he wrote a 1973 series of articles about the murder of Valerie Percy, the daughter of former United States Senator Charles Percy. This series made Hugh F. Hough the 1974 Co-PPW in the "Local General Spot News Reporting" category for uncovering the evidence that led to reopening of efforts to solve the murder of a girl. House, Karen Elliott, born on December 7, 1947, in Matador, Tx., studied at the University of Texas at Austin. While at College, she was a stringer for the Newsweek magazine and managing editor of the student newspaper Daily Texan. She also spent the summer of 1969 as an intern at the Houston Chronicle under a program sponsored by the Dow Jones Newspaper Fund. After graduation in journalism in 1970, Karen E. House was education reporter for the Dallas News and then political reporter in its Washington, D.C., bureau. She joined the Wall Street Journal at its Washington bureau in April, 1974. From then until 1978 she covered regulatory agencies, energy environment and agriculture and from 1978 to 1983 foreign affairs as the Journafs diplomatic correspondent. During the fall term of 1982, Karen E. House was a fellow at the Institute of Politics at Harvard University where she conducted a seminar on the formulation of American foreign policy. In the same year, she won the Edwin M. Hood Award for Excellence in Diplomatic Reporting for a series on Saudi Arabia. In 1983, she moved to New York to become assistant foreign editor of the Wall Street Journal and reported extensively from the Middle East in that function. In 1984 Karen E. House became the PPW in the "International Reporting" category for a series of interviews with King Hussein of Jordan. Howard, Bart B., born on May 13, 1871, in North Brookfield, Ma., went to Phillips' Exeter Academy and thence to Williams College, where his talents as a second baseman outshone even his scholastic ability. When he left college, he went into professional baseball and in

110 the depression of the mid-nineties he was earning up to $200 a month, a salary which enabled him to afford the luxury of going to work as a cub reporter at $6 a week on the Gazette of Schenectady, N.Y. After Howard was graduated from cub reporting there was a brief period in South America. Then he moved to Joplin, Mo., to become editor of both the New Herald and the Globe. Next Bart Howard went to Ohio as managing editor of the Sun in Columbia until it suspended publication two years later. Then the Republic of St. Louis, Mo., took him on as feature writer and sports expert. After that and after three years's experience as editorial writer with the Daily Oklahoman in Oklahoma City, he joined the St. Louis PostDispatch staff in May 1919 where he later on specialized in editorial writing. In 1940 Bart B. Howard earned the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for his comments on Hitler's rape of Europe and other topics. Howard, Richard, bom on October 13, 1929, in Cleveland, Oh., showed an early interest in books and writing. After graduating from Shaker Heights High School, he attended Columbia University where he received a B.A.degree in 1951 and an M.A. in 1952. While a senior at Columbia he edited the Columbia Review. His interest in French literature prompted his decision to go to the Sorbonne on a fellowship in 1952-1953, where he studied French Symbolism and literary modernism. Returning to the United States in 1954, he worked for two years as a lexicographer for the World Publishing Company in Cleveland and for two more years in New York. His devotion to French literature and his work in lexicography made translation a natural means of support. Since 1958 he established himself as a translator of contemporary French literature. Howard also served as director of the Braziller Poetry Series and as poetry editor for the American Review. Meanwhile he kept his interest in writing poems. Before being published in book form, virtually all of his poetry appeared in journals, including the New Yorker, Poetry, the Hudson Review, and the Nation. His first book of verse, entitled Quantities, was published in 1962. It was followed by two other volumes: The Damages, and Unfilled Subjects. The latter brought to Richard Howard the 1970 PP in the category "Poetry." Howard, Sidney C., born on June 26, 1891, in Oakland, Ca., made several journeys to Europe as a child and in 1911 took up residence in a Swiss sanatorium where he recovered from a bout with tuberculosis. Later that year he entered the University of California at Berkeley, where he served as editor of a literary periodi-

Howard - Howe cal, the Occident, during his sophomore year. At Berkeley he dabbled in acting and wrote his first play, The Sons of Spain, which was rewritten and produced as a pageant in 1914 for the artists' colony at Carmel. Upon graduation in 1915 Howard enrolled at Harvard University, where he eventually completed a master's thesis. In 1917 he enlisted in the U. S. Army and finally achieved the rank of captain. After the war Howard embarked on his literary career in New York as a member of the editorial staff of Life, where he advanced to the post of literary editor by 1922. During the next several years he became a successful independent journalist for such publications as Collier's, New Republic, and Hearst's International. In addition to that work Howard continued writing plays. His comedy They Knew What They Wanted was turned down by sixteen theatrical producers before the Theatre Guild agreed to present the play in 1924. The following year this play gained Sidney C. Howard the PP in "Drama." Howe IV, Arthur W., born on August 8, 1949, in Cleveland, Oh., obtained an M.A. degree from Boston University and an M.B.A. degree from the University of Pennsylvania. From 1975 to 1980 he worked as a reporter for the News Journal in Wilmington, De., before he returned to Pennsylvania to become a staff member of the Philadelphia Inquirer. In 1982 he was named head of the inquirer's Wall Street bureau. He subsequently was promoted to circulation marketing director and finance director. Arthur W. Howe investigated how the Internal Revenue Service processed income tax returns. His articles led to reforms in the processing procedures and of IRS and made Arthur W. Howe IV a 1986 Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category. Howe, Mark Antony DeWolfe, bom on August 28, 1864, in Bristol, R.I., attended Lehigh University and received there a Bachelor of Artsdegree in 1886. He went to Harvard University and was again graduated B.A. in 1887, before the Master of Arts-degree was conferred on him in 1888. From 1888 to 1893 and again from 1899 to 1913 he was associate editor of the Youth's Companion. In the meantime, starting in 1893, he was also associate editor of the Atlantic Monthly. After having become a trustee of the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1908, Howe obtained the position of vice-president of the Atlantic Monthly Company in 1911. He edited the Harvard Alumni Bulletin from 1913 to 1919 and the Harvard Graduates' Magazine during 1917-18. Howe was the author of the following book publications: Shadows; American Bookmen', Phillips Brooks; Boston: The Place and the People; Life and Letters of

Howes - Hughes George Bancroft', Harmonies', Boston Common', Life and Labors of Bishop Hare; Letters of Charles Eliot Norton, which he wrote in collaboration with Sara Norton; The Boston Symphony Orchestra; The Atlantic Monthly and Its Makers; George von Lengerke Meyer - His Life and Public Services and five volumes of Memoirs of the Harvard Dead in the War Against Germany, written in collaboration with others, as well as Memories of a Hostess. In 1925 M. A. DeWolfe Howe received the PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book Barrett Wendell and His Letters. Howes, Royce Bucknam, born on January 3, 1901, in Minneapolis, Mn., attended grade and high schools in his hometown and then studied for a short period at the University of Minnesota. As a youth he worked in such varied capacities as bank messenger, Atlantic cattle shiphand, farm laborer, railway signal maintainer and wholesale paper house stock clerk. In 1924 Royce B. Howes joined the business office of the Detroit News, writing and researching for advertising department publications. Then he went from the newspaper to the Detroit Steel Products Company as the editor of its house organ. Incidental writings, begun while a house organ editor, included a considerable volume of fiction writing, an appearance in the old American Mercury and in the Saturday Evening Post. Howes joined the staff of the Detroit Free Press in November 1927 as a rewrite man. His assignments over the years also included general and beat reporting, copyreader, assistant city editor, assistant news editor, night city editor, two tours of duty as city editor, columnist specializing in military affairs and editorial writer. From 1931 to 1941 he also worked as a part-time teacher of journalism at Wayne State University. Howes took his military leave from the Press in 1943 and returned from service in March 1946. He now concentrated on editorial writing and became associate editor of the editorial page in 1955. The same year Royce B. Howes earned the National Headliner Award and the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for an article on the cause of a strike at the Chrysler Corporation. Hoyt, Clark, bom on November 20, 1942, in Providence, R.I., was graduated from Hill School in Pottstown, Pa., and took a B.A. degree in English literature from Columbia University in 1962. For two and a half years he was a congressional assistant and a press secretary. Then he worked as a reporter for the Ledger in Lakeland, Fl., before joining the Detroit Free Press as a politics writer in 1968. Hoyt moved to the Knight Newspapers' Washington bureau

111 in 1970 for the Miami Herald, specializing in the coverage of government affairs and environmental problems. In 1973 he became the national correspondent of the Knight-Ridder newspapers in Washington, D.C. The same year Clark Hoyt was made the Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for disclosures of an U.S. Senator's history of psychiatric therapy. Hughes, Hatcher, bom on February 12, 1881, in Polkville, N.C., graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1907 with the degree of B.A., obtaining his master's degree in 1909, when he resigned his instructorship in English at the university and went north to Columbia University for two years of graduate study. There he organized a playwriting course in 1912 and lectured in the English department in the time between 1912 and 1917. During World War I Hughes was also captain in the U.S. Army for two years. In the early 1920's he spent several vacation months tramping over the Carolina mountains. Two plays resulted from the experiences made on this trip: Ruint, and H ell-Bent Per Heaven. The latter won Hatcher Hughes the 1924 PP in the "Drama" category. Hughes, Robert John, born on April 28, 1930, in Neath, South Wales, was educated in England. In 1946 he was graduated from the Stationers' and Newspapermakers' School in London. In the same year Hughes became a reporter in South Africa and in 1950 he returned to Britain where he worked as a reporter on the London Daily Mirror, as an editor for Reuters, and as a news editor of London news agencies. In 1954 he came to the United States to work for the Christian Science Monitor and was assigned to Africa in 1955 from where he reported for the next six years, interviewing every important political leader. After a year in the United States in 1961 as aNieman Fellow at Harvard University Hughes returned to the Christian Science Monitor, and in the fall of 1962 went to Moscow on a special assignment from which emerged a series of articles on the Soviet Union. In 1963 he was appointed Assistant Overseas News Editor and then became the Monitor's East Asia correspondent. From 1964 on he worked as the Far East correspondent stationed in Hong Kong, and covered Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand and many other points in that region. Hughes became a citizen of the United States in 1965, and the following year he was an eyewitness of the attempted communist coup in Indonesia. For two weeks he was the only American correspondent inside a nation that was being ripped apart by civil strife. His dispatches from Djakarta earned Robert J. Hughes the 1967 PP for "International Reporting."

112 Humes, Edward, bom on April 27, 1957, in Philadelphia, Pa., graduated from Hampshire College with a Master of Arts-degree. He began his journalistic career with the Observer in Austin, Tx. From 1980 to 1981 he worked for the Commercial in Pine Bluff, Ar., and from 1981 to 1985 he was a reporter with the Citizen in Tucson, Az. The same year he moved to California and joined the Orange County Register as a general assignment reporter. In 1986 he won a Beat Reporting award by the Orange County Press Club, a win he was able to repeat three years later. In 1989 he won an Investigative Reporting award by the Orange County Press Club. The same year Edward Humes won the PP in the category "Specialized Reporting" for coverage of the military establishment in Southern California. Husa, Karel, born on August 7, 1921, in Prague, Czechoslovakia, studied composition and conducting at the Conservatory and Academy of Music at Prague from which he graduated in 1945. Husa then held the post of conductor of the Prague Orchestra for one year, while also working as guest conductor for numerous European orchestras, e.g. in Hamburg, Brussels, Paris, Zurich, London, and Stockholm. In 1946 a scholarship of the French Government enabled him to study with Nadia Boulanger in Paris. He obtained a license for conducting the Ecole Normale de Paris in 1947 and graduated from the Conservatoire de Paris in 1948. In 1954 he came to the U.S. to become a member of the faculty of the music department of Cornell University, where he held the post of a professor of composition and conducting. In 1956 Husa also became the director of the university's symphony and chamber orchestra. Three years later he was naturalized. The composer was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 1964. In 1969 his String Quartet No. 3 made Karel Husa the recipient of the PP in the category "Music." Huston, Margo, bom on February 12, 1943, in Waukesha, Wi., studied at the University of Wisconsin from 1961 to 1963, and graduated with an A.B. degree from Marquette University in 1965. From 1966 to 1967 she worked as a reporter with the Waukesha Freeman. She then became a feature writer, music and television critic with the Milwaukee Journal from 1967 to 1970. After a two-year period of working as a journalism instructor at the University of Wisconsin she was hired in 1972, again, by the Milwaukee Journal, and wrote for different sections of the paper. In 1975 she won a Penney-Missouri award, which was followed by another four awards in 1977. In 1977 Margo Huston was also awarded the PP in the category

Humes - Hylton "Local General Spot News Reporting" for articles on the elderly and the process of aging. Huxtable, Ada Louise, born on March 14, 1921, in New York City, was educated at a Manhattan high school of music and art, where she was editor of a student newspaper. Then she enrolled at Hunter College majoring in the fine arts and earning a B.A. degree. For graduate work she chose New York University's Institute of Fine Arts, where she concentrated on art and architectural history. When her proposed subject for a master's thesis was rejected she left the University without taking an M.A. degree. In 1946 she became assistant curator of the department of architecture and design of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. In 1950, she left the museum work to accept a Fulbright Scholarship, again awarded in 1952, for advanced research in architecture and design in Italy. By that time she started as a free-lance writer in magazines like Art Digest, and from 1952 on for more than ten years she served as contributing editor of Progressive Architecture. She also worked forArt in America, Interiors, Arts, and Architectural Review and for several nonprofessional magazines, including Consumer Reports and Saturday Review. Since the late 1950's Ada L. Huxtable contributed articles about Manhattan architecture to the New York Times Magazine, which was soon publishing her pieces with increased frequency. When, in 1963, the post of an architecture critic was created for the New York Times, she got the position and so became a full-time staff member of the paper. In 1970 Ada L. Huxtable earned the PP in the "Criticism" category for her articles on architecture. Hylton, Thomas James, born on December 20, 1948, in Reading, Pa., received a B.A. degree in history from Kutztown University in Kutztown, Pa., in 1970. He became a reporter with the Pottstown Mercury the following year. In 1977 he was promoted to local news editor. He became strongly involved in the local community service and in 1983 founded Trees Inc., a nonprofit organization that, in the course of four years, raised $ 480,000 to plant trees in Pottstown. In 1986 he became editorial writer. He won American Planning Association awards in 1988 and 1990, Education Writers Association awards in 1989 and 1990, a J. Richard Dew award from the Pennsylvania Newspapers Publishers Association in 1989, and several other prizes. In 1990 Thomas J. Hylton, who concentrated on local issues, received the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for a series which advocated the preservation of farmland and other open space in Southeastern Pennsylvania.

Inge, William M., bom on May 3, 1913, in Independence, Ks., attended Montgomery County High School in his native town, and participated in the dramatic activities there. At the University of Kansas, Inge majored in drama and acted in a number of plays. He also became a member of the National Collegiate Players and acted in tent shows during the depression. After receiving his B.A. degree in 1935, Inge won a scholarship at George Peabody College for Teachers at Nashville, Tn., where he received his master of Arts-degree in 1938. Hereafter Inge began to teach English and dramatics in the high school at Columbus, Ks. Then, after a year, he went to Stephens College, Columbia, Mo., to teach English Composition, and later dramatics, until 1943. That year he obtained a job as drama editor of the St. Louis Star-Times, where he edited the entertainment and culture page, wrote criticism of drama, movies, music, art and books. He held this position until 1946 when the regular critic returned from the war. At that time Inge also tried his hand at play writing. His first drama, Farther Off From Heaven, was produced in 1947. After leaving the StarTimes, Inge for the next three years was an instructor in English at Washington University, in St. Louis. His continued work as a playwright resulted in two other plays: Come Back, Little Sheba and Picnic. The latter won William M. Inge the Drama Critics Circle Award and the 1953 PP in the "Drama" category. Ingrassia, Paul Joseph, born on August 18, 1950, in Laurel, Ms., was editor-in-chief of the college paper Daily Illinois at the University of Illinois, where he obtained a B.S. degree in 1972. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin with an M.A. degree in 1973, and began working as an editorial writer for the Decatur Lindsay-Schaub Newspaper. In 1977 he joined the Chicago bureau of the Wall Street Journal, where he became a staff reporter. Three years later he was promoted to news editor. In 1981 he switched to the paper's Cleveland bureau, and after 1985 he worked as the Journal's Detroit bureau chief. In 1993 Paul J. Ingrassia became the Co-PPW in the "Beat Reporting" category for coverage of General Motors' management turmoil.

Isaac, Rhys Llywelyn, bom on November 20, 1937, in South Africa, attended Rondebosch B. High School and then started studying at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, where he earned his B.A. and M.A. degrees. A Rhodes Scholarship enabled him to study at Oxford University, England, and to graduate there in 1962. The following year he moved to Australia in order to join the faculty of the University of Melbourne as a lecturer in history. Isaac became senior lecturer at La Trobe University in 1970 and in 1978 he became reader in history. Already in 1975 he held guest lectures as visiting professor at Johns Hopkins University. In 1983 Rhys L. Isaac won the PP in the "History" category for the book The Transformation of Virginia. 1740-1790. Ison, Christopher John (Chris), bom on August 20,1957, in Crandon, Wi., received his B.A. degree from the University of Minnesota, where he held the post of a managing editor and editor-in-chief of the college paper Minnesota Daily. In 1983 he joined the staff of the Duluth News Tribune as a city hall and state politics reporter. Three years later he switched to the Minneapolis-St. Paul Star-Tribune, where he worked as a city government and investigative projects reporter. Christopher J. Ison became the 1990 Co-PPW in the category "Investigative Reporting" for coverage of the St. Paul fire department and fires of suspicious origin. Ives, Charles Edward, bom on October 20, 1874, in Danbury, Ct., got his first employment as an organist at the age of thirteen at the West Street Congregational Church. He attended Yale University to study composition and the organ, while working as an organist for St. Thomas Church and Centre Church. After having graduated with a B.A. degree in 1898, Ives took on a job as a clerk for the Mutual Life Insurance Company in New York City to be independent and able to express himself freely through his music. Until 1902 he held part-time jobs as organist and choirmaster for several churches. In 1906 Ives founded the firm of Ives and Company, agents for the Washington Life Insurance Company in New York City. Three years later he established the firm of Ives & Myrick with Julian S. Myrick. They worked as

114 managers for the Mutual Life Insurance Company. In 1930 Ives retired from business because of his poor health. It was not until 1939 that the pianist John Kirkpatrick gave a first

concert of a complete work by Ives in New York City. Charles E. Ives won the 1947 PP in the "Music" category for his composition Symphony No. 3.

Jackson, Harold, born on August 14, 1953, in Birmingham, ΑΙ., attended Baker University in Kansas, from which he graduated with a B.S. degree in journalism and political sciences in 1975. After graduation he began his journalistic career as a reporter with the Birmingham Post-Herald. Five years later Jackson became correspondent of United Press International. He was promoted to 1!ΡΓ$ Alabama news editor, but left the news agency in 1985 to become an assistant national editor for the Philadelphia Inquirer. The following year he returned to his hometown, where he was made assistant city editor of the Birmingham News. In 1987 Jackson was promoted to editorial writer and columnist. Two years later he was granted the Green Eyeshade award for his outstanding work. In 1991 Harold Jackson became a CoPPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for a campaign analyzing inequities in Alabama's tax system. Jackson, Robert Hill, born on April 8, 1934, in Dallas, Tx., graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1956. He served with the U.S. Army from 1958 to 1959. Afterwards he worked as an official photographer for the Sports Car Club of America in the Texan Region. In 1960 Jackson joined the Dallas Times Herald as a staff photographer. For his picture of the murder of Lee Oswald by Jack Ruby the photographer gained numerous prizes, e.g. the Texas Headliners Club award and the Sigma Delta Chi honor for the Best News Picture of the Year. This picture also made Robert H. Jackson the 1964 winner of the PP in the "Photography" category. Jaffe, Louis Isaac, born on February 22, 1888, in Detroit, Mi., came to the South at the age of twelve. He graduated from High School in Durham, N.C., in 1907 and four years later he completed his work to receive an A.B. degree from Trinity College. He had worked his way through college as a correspondent for North Carolina and Virginia newspapers. A short association with the Durham Sun was his first real newspaper opportunity. He began in the circulation department but shifted to the news department. After six weeks Louis Jaffe accepted a position as a reporter for the Richmond Times-Dispatch. When World War I began, he was the paper's assistant city editor. At the age

of twenty-nine, he resigned and entered a first officers training camp in 1917. During the latter phase of the war Jaffe served with the American Expeditionary Forces in France, where, in March 1919, he received his discharge from the Army. Returning to the U.S. he did not resume his work in Richmond but came to Norfolk in November, 1919, as the editor of the Virginian-Pilot. While his editorials treated of many phases of the local, state, regional, national, and international picture, he achieved his greatest success and recognition for his impressive writings concerning race relations. For an article of that kind, entitled "An Unspeakable Act of Savagery," Louis I. Jaffe won the 1929 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category. James, Henry, bom on May 18, 1879, in Boston, Ma., attended Harvard University, where he earned his A.B. degree in 1899, to which he added his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1904. Before entering law school he had served for two years in the forestry division of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Admitted to the bar in 1904, he practiced law in Boston until 1912, during the last four years as a partner in the firm of Warren, Hogue, James & Bigelow. Subsequently he became business manager for the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York. Having been a member of the War Relief Commission of the Rockefeller Foundation during World War I, James did civil and military service in Washington, with the American Expeditionary Forces in France, and later at the Peace Conference in Paris. In 1922 he became an overseer at Harvard and in 1929 a trustee of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, a position he already assumed with the Carnegie Corporation and the New York Public Library. Henry James, who was always engaged in literary work, wrote Richard Olney and edited the letters of his father, the philosopher and psychologist, as The Letters of William James. Henry James earned the 1931 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for his book Charles W. Eliot - President of Harvard University 1869-1909. James jr., Howard Anthony, born on May 28, 1935, in Iowa City, la., obtained a B.A. degree and the title of Doctor of Laws from Michigan State University. He worked as a radio and

116 television news reporter in Michigan, and in 1964 became correspondent for the Christian Science Monitor. He was based in the Monitor's Midwestern bureau in Chicago, where he was promoted to bureau chief in 1965. In 1967 James published a series of thirteen articles on the nation's court system which he had researched for more than half a year. Titled "Crisis in the Courts," the series uncovered numerous weaknesses in the system as well as miscarriages of justice. In 1968, James' findings were also published as a book. The same year, his reporting won him the Sidney Hillman Foundation award, the Public Service award from the American Trial Lawyers' Association, and the Silver Gavel award from the American Bar Association. Also in 1968 Howard A. James Jr. became the Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for his series on crisis in the courts. James, Marquis, bom on August 29, 1891, in Springfield, Mo., was educated in the public schools of Enid, Ok. At the age of eighteen he started a career as a reporter. During the years of 1909 to 1913 he worked in succession for the Enid Eagle, the Kansas City (Mo.) Journal, the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, the Chicago Inter Ocean, the St. Louis Republic and the New Orleans Item. Subsequently, he became copy reader of the Chicago Tribune and in 1915 he joined the staff of the Chicago Daily Journal as an assistant city editor. The following year he moved to New York, where he started to work as a rewrite man with the New York Tribune. During World War I James served as 1st lieutenant in the infantry and was later advanced to captain. For nineteen months he stayed with the American Expeditionary Forces in France. From 1919 to 1923 he assumed the position of national director of publicity with the American Legion. Having started to work for the American Legion Monthly in 1923, he became in addition to this a member of the editorial staff of the New Yorker in 1925. James, who was a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and the Society of American Historians, was the author of A History of the American Legion and The Raven - A Biography of Sam Houston. The latter earned Marquis James the 1930 PP in the category "Biography or Autobiography." His book Andrew Jackson - Portrait of a President made him the Co-PPW in the same award category in 1938. James, Sheryl Teresa, born on October 7, 1951, in Detroit, Mi., graduated from Eastern Michigan University with a B.S. degree in English in 1973. She began her journalistic career at the City Magazine in Lansing, where she worked

James - Jefferson as a staff writer and editor from 1979 to 1982. She then switched to the Greensboro News and Record, where she became a feature writer. In 1985 James was made recipient of the PenneyMissouri Award of the University of Missouri. The following year she joined the St. Petersburg Times. In addition to her job as a feature writer, she worked as a consultant for Poynter Institute and high school newspapers in St. Petersburg, Fl., since 1989. Sheryl T. James won the 1991 PP in the category of "Feature Writing" for a series about a mother who abandoned her newborn child and how it affected her life and those of others. Jamieson, Francis Anthony, born on November 8,1904, in Trenton, N.J., worked as a legislative correspondent for the Kelly News Bureau from 1922 to 1928. He was also a correspondent of the Jersey Observer in Hoboken, N.J., between 1924 and 1928. In 1929 he joined the Associated Press as a reporter, and worked both in Trenton, N.J., and New York City. Francis A. Jamieson was awarded the 1933 PP for "Reporting" for his coverage of the kidnaping of the Lindbergh baby and the recovery of the child's body. Jaspin, Elliot Gary, born on May 27, 1946, in Mineola, N.Y., attended the Baldwin Public Schools and was graduated with a B.A. in Economics from Colby College in Waterville, Me., in 1969. He left college between his Sophomore and Junior year to work for a year as a 'Vista' volunteer in Albuquerque, N.M., as a community organizer. Following graduation from college, Jaspin briefly worked on a magazine in New York's mid-Hudson Valley and then returned to Maine to work as a reporter on the Kennebec Journal in Augusta. In 1972 he moved to Pennsylvania to work on the Pottsville Republican and in 1974 he became wire editor for the Times-News in Lehighton, Pa. Jaspin returned to the Pottsville Republican in 1976 as the newspaper's investigative reporter. Elliot G. Jaspin became the 1979 Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for stories about the destruction of the Blue Coal Company. Jefferson, Margo L., bom on October 17, 1947, in Chicago, II., studied at Brandeis University in Waltham, Ma., from which she graduated with a B.A. degree in 1968. She was granted a master's degree by Columbia University in New York City in 1971. Afterwards she pursued dual careers in teaching and freelance journalism. Jefferson joined Newsweek in 1973, where she got the post of an associate editor. She left this position to teach courses in journalism at New York University from 1979 to 1983, and eventually became contributing editor with Vogue and 7 Days. In 1989 she, again, got the post of

Jenkins - Johnston an assistant professor of journalism at New York University. Her children's book Roots of Time: A Portrait of African Life and Culture, which she had co-authored, was published in 1990. The following year Jefferson got a fulltime teaching post as a lecturer in American literature, performing arts, and criticism at Columbia University. In 1993 the New York Times offered her the job of cultural critic, which she accepted. In 1995 Margo L. Jefferson was named PPW in the "Criticism" category for her book reviews and other cultural topics. Jenkins, Loren B., bom on October 26, 1938, in New Orleans, La., earned his B.A. degree at the University of Colorado in Boulder and did graduate work at Columbia University in New York. He came to the Washington Post from Newsweek magazine in July 1980 where he was head of the Rome bureau. Jenkins had previously been Newsweek bureau chief in Beirut, Hong Kong and Saigon. He had also reported for both Newsweek and the Washington Post from Madrid, Spain. Jenkins had worked, too, for the United Press International wire service in New York, London and Madrid, and he had served in the U.S. Peace Corps in Sierra Leone and Puerto Rico. During the early eighties, Jenkins was one of two roving correspondents assigned to the foreign desk of the Washington Post. He was based in Rome, Italy, and alternated every six months with a collegue, the Post's other world correspondent, in providing the newspaper with both crisis and in-depth coverage of foreign affairs whenever and where ever it was necessary. Loren B. Jenkins became the 1983 Co-PPW in the category "International Reporting" for coverage of the Israeli invasion of Beirut and its aftermath. Johnson, Haynes Bonner, bom on July 9, 1931, in New York City, studied at the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin, receiving a Master's degree in American history in 1956. Then he became a reporter on the Wilmington News-Journal in Delaware. Haynes Johnson joined the staff of the Washington Star in August, 1957, as a general assignment reporter, and thereafter served his newspaper in a number of capacities: city reporter, national desk rewriteman, copy reader, assistant city editor, and night editor. As a reporter he covered everything from an earthquake in Chile to the lead story of President John F. Kennedy's inauguration. A series about the blacks in Washington, written for the Washington Star, led to a book on the same subject. In 1963 Johnson worked on his second book, The Bay of Pigs, published in 1964. Since his return to the Star in January 1964, Haynes Johnson worked on special projects. His assignments

117 took him to the Alaskan earthquake, to the violent Florida East Coast Railroad strike, into impoverished Appalachia, on a political grass roots tour of the nation, a crisis in Santo Domingo, war on the subcontinent of Asia. In 1966 he earned the PP in the "National Reporting" category for coverage of the civil rights conflict centered about Selma, Al. Johnson, Josephine Winslow, born on June 20, 1910, in Kirkwood, Mo., attended private and public schools in her hometown. She studied at Washington University in St. Louis, specializing in English and taking art training. While in university she began publishing short stories and poetry in magazines. She also painted murals in two children's schools in St. Louis and exhibited water color paintings. After several trips throughout the United States and Europe, she left college without taking a degree and started writing and painting. In 1934 Josephine W. Johnson published her first novel under the title Now in November. The following year the book brought to her the PP in the "Novel" category. Johnson, Malcolm Malone, born on September 27, 1904, in Claremont, Ga., attended High School near-by Gainesville, where his commencement took place in 1922. Afterwards he went to, but did not graduate from, Mercer University, a Baptist school in Macon, Ga. As a journalism major, he was editor in chief of the college newspaper. In his sophomore year Johnson had begun his work as a reporter on the Macon Telegraph. For four years, 1924-1928, he worked for that newspaper before he went to New York, where he joined the staff of the Sun in September, 1928. Thereafter he covered most of the important events in New York and adjacent areas. Shortly before World War II Johnson took over a new beat as night-club columnist for the New York Sun for a time; with the outbreak of the war he moved to general reporting. In February, 1945, Johnson was assigned to the Pacific area as a war correspondent, accredited to the U.S. Navy. He subsequently covered the surrender of the Japanese aboard the 'Missouri' in Tokyo Bay, and he returned to the Pacific in 1946, to report on the Bikini atomic bomb tests. Malcolm M. Johnson was awarded the 1949 PP in the "Local Reporting" category for a series entitled "Crime on the Waterfront." Johnston, Alva, born on August 1, 1888, in Sacramento, Ca., began his reporting career with the Sacramento Bee in 1906. In 1912 he became a staff member of the New York Times. In 1923 he won the PP in the "Reporting" category for his dispatches from the convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Cambridge, Ma.

118 Jones, Alex S., born on November 19, 1946, in Greeneville, Tn., received his B.A. degree from Washington and Lee University in 1968. He subsequently served in the United States Naval Reserve. From 1974 to 1978 he was managing editor of the Daily Post-Athenian. He then switched to the Greeneville Sun, where he became editor. In addition to his job, he enrolled at Harvard University on a Nieman fellowship in 1981-1982. The following year he became a business reporter with the New York Times. Alex S. Jones won the 1987 PP in the "Specialized Reporting" category for his reports on the Bingham newspaper family. Jones, Howard Mumford, born on April 16, 1892, in Saginaw, Mi., earned a Bachelor of Arts-degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1914, to which he added a Master's degree from the University of Chicago the following year. In 1919 he joined the staff of the University of Texas as associate professor of comparative literature. Advancing from associate professor to full professor, Jones taught English from 1925 to 1930 at the University of North Carolina. Subsequently he worked at the University of Michigan, before he accepted a professorship at the English faculty of Harvard University in 1936. During 1943-44 he served there as dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Jones worked as an educational consultant in the Provost Marshal General's Office in 1945. From 1955 to 1959 he presided the American Council of Learned Societies as chairman. He was promoted to Lawrence Lowell Professor of the Humanities in 1960. Two years later Howard Jones retired. The list of his book publications included: A Little Book of Local Verse; The Shadow; America and French Culture, 17501848; The Life of Moses Coit Tyler; Ideas in America; The Frontier in American Fiction; The Pursuit of Happiness; Reflections on Learning and History and the Contemporary. Moreover he edited, among others, The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe and Letters of Sherwood Anderson. Howard M. Jones earned the 1965 PP in the category "General Non-Fiction" for the book Ο Strange New World. American Culture: the Formative Years, Jones, Russell, bom on January 5, 1918, in Minneapolis, Mn., went to school in his hometown and was graduated from high school in Stillwater, Mn., in 1935. Almost immediately he began his newspaper career as a reporter for the Post Messenger, Stillwater, Mn. Two years later he joined the St. Paul Dispatch and remained there until 1941, when he entered the U.S. army. He was assigned to Europe, thus beginning what was to be a stint of fifteen years on that continent. Jones served a year in

Jones - Joplin the infantry, then became one of the founders of the European edition of Stars and Stripes. Subsequently he worked as a combat correspondent in England, North Africa, France, Belgium, and Germany. Jones was discharged from the Army in 1945 with the rank of technical sergeant. The following year he became a reporter for the Stars and Stripes, assigned to cover news in both New York and Europe. He accepted a post as editor of the Weekend Magazine, a European publication, in 1948, and this took him to Paris and Frankfurt. In 1949 Russell Jones became a United Press correspondent and was assigned to London. Shortly after, he was named UP bureau manager in Prague, and was in that post when an Associated Press correspondent was jailed in 1951 on acharge of spying. The State Department warned that it would be only a matter of time before Jones, too, was arrested, but the correspondent begged to be allowed to stay. Finally United Press ordered him to Frankfurt for a "conference," and he was not permitted to return to Czechoslovakia. Later, working as the chief Eastern European correspondent for the United Press, Russell Jones did not even have a visa when he drove into battered Budapest in the final days of October, 1956, to cover the Hungarian revolt. For his coverage of this crisis he won the 1957 PP for "International Reporting." Jones, William Hugh, bom on May 23, 1939, in Marinette, Wi., earned a B.S. degree from the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and a master's degree from Northwestern University. Then he spent three years in the U.S. Marine Corps. Afterwards he worked as a part-time local government reporter for the Lerner Newspapers in Chicago. Jones joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune's south and Indiana neighborhood sections in August, 1965. In June, 1966, he was transferred to the newspaper's city desk as a reporter and rewrite man. While covering the criminal courts beat, Jones was one of the Chicago Tribune's reporters who described a murder case. In August, 1967, Jones won an Associated Press News award, and in 1969 he received the Theta Sigma Phi Jacob Scher award for disclosures in the top administration of the Chicago building department. He also was a cowinner of the Associated Press News award in 1970 for coverage of circumstances surrounding the Kennedy-Kopechne tragedy. In 1971 William H. Jones earned the PP in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for exposing collusion between police and some of Chicago's largest private ambulance companies. Joplin, Scott, born on November 24, 1868, in Texarkana, Tx., was a self-taught musician, who played piano for his subsistence. He performed

Jusserand - Justice throughout the Midwest, and lived for a time in Chicago and St. Louis. In 1896 he came to Sedalia, Mo., where he attended the George R. Smith College and wrote music. Three years later he composed the Maple Leaf Rag for the Maple Leaf Club in Sedalia, where a group of black performers were playing. Ragtime took the nation by storm and became the popular music of its days. In addition to his numerous songs, e.g. The Ragtime Dance, A Guest of Honor, and Chrysanthemum, Joplin also wrote an opera, entitled Treemonisha. In 1917 he composed Reflection Rag, his last work. Scott Joplin died on April 1, 1917. In 1976 a Special PP in the Music section was awarded to him posthumously for his contributions to American music. Jusserand, Jean Adrien Antoine Jules, born on February 18, 1855, in Lyon, France, entered the diplomatic service of France at the end of the nineteenth century. From 1898 to 1902 he was the French minister to Denmark, afterwards he represented France as the ambassador to the United States. He stayed in this position for many years, and he made friends with several Presidents of the U.S. Jean Jusserand became member of the Grand Cross Legion of Honor, and he received honorary doctorates from quite a number of American institutions of higher education, among them the University of Chicago, Columbia University, Harvard University, New York University, Temple University, Princeton University, New York State University, Yale University, George Washington University, St. John University and Washington University of St. Louis, Mo. From his early years on, Jusserand was the author of several book publications, e.g. English Wayfaring Life; English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare; Piers Plowman; Les sports et jeux d'exercise

119 dans I'ancienne France; A Literary History of the English People. In 1917 Jean A. A. J. Jusserand became the PPW in the "History" category for the book With Americans of Past and Present Days. Justice, Donald Rodney, bom on August 12, 1925, in Miami, Fl., attended schools in his hometown before entering the University of Miami, which granted him the B.A. degree in 1945. Two years later he took an M.A. degree in English from the University of North Carolina. From 1948 to 1949 Justice studied at Stanford University. In 1954 he received a Ph.D. from the Writers Workshop at the University of Iowa, where he studied on a Rockefeller grant. The following year the poet took on a teaching career. He first was visiting assistant professor at the University of Missouri, but then switched to Hamline University in St. Paul, Mn. In the course of his career Justice taught at several other Universities as well. Among these were the University of Iowa, Syracuse University in New York and the University of California. He was contributor to numerous magazines such as Poetry, the Paris Review, the New Yorker, and Harper's. Justice's work as a poet received many forms of recognition. His first book, The Summer Anniversaries, was the Lament Poetry Selection for 1959. Poetry magazine granted him the Inez Boulton Prize in 1960 and the Harriet Monroe Poetry Award in 1965. Two years later his second book, Night Light, was published. It was followed by three other volumes: Sixteen Poems; From a Notebook, and Depatures. The author received awards from the Rockefeller and Guggenheim foundation, as well as from the National Endowment for the Arts. In 1980 Donald R. Justice received the PP in the "Poetry" category for his volume Selected Poems.

Kakutani, Michiko, born on January 9, 1955, in New Haven, Ct., graduated with a B.A. degree from Yale University in 1976. She worked as a reporter with The Washington Post until 1977, when she was given a chance to join Time magazine as a staff writer. In 1979 she was hired by the New York Times to cover cultural events. Four years later she became a book critic in the Times' cultural news department. Kakutani published a book in 1988. Titled New Haven Blues, it offered portraits of writers, filmmakers, and other artists. In 1998 Michiko Kakutani won the PP in the "Criticism" category for her writing on books and contemporary literature. Kamin, Blair, born on August 6, 1957, in Red Bank, N.J., graduated from Amherst College with a B.A. degree in 1979. Five years later he earned a Master of Environmental Designdegree from the Yale University School of Architecture. After graduation he started his journalistic career with the Des Meines Register, where he worked as a reporter and architecture writer. In 1987 he joined the Chicago Tribune as a culture and suburban reporter. Five years later he got the post of an architecture critic at the Chicago Tribune. He wrote about the full range of the built environment, from skyscrapers to museums to parks to public housing. He also appeared on numerous radio and television programs about architecture, e.g. the History Channel and ABC's Nightiine. Kamin was granted numerous awards, among them the George Polk Award for criticism, the American Institute of Architects' Institute Honor for Collaborative Achievement and the Peter Lisagor Award for Exemplary Journalism, which he won eight times. In 1999 Blair Kamin became the PPW in the "Criticism" category for his coverage of city architecture. Kamm, Henry, born on June 3, 1925, in Breslau, Germany, came to the United States in 1941 and attended George Washington High School in New York City until 1943, when he joined the Army. Kamm served with the infantry in Europe until the end of World War II, and afterwards was an interrogator and interpreter on a war crime investigating team until his discharge in 1946. He returned to New York and in 1949 received a B.A. degree from New York University, where he was elected to Phi Beta

Kappa. Henry Kamm joined the New York Times as a copy boy in July, 1949, then he moved up to member of the editorial index department and then copy editor before being named assistant news editor of the New York Times' international edition in Paris in August, 1960. Four years later he became a foreign correspondent for the New York Times, based in Paris. He reported from Eastern Europe, based in Warsaw, from 1966 until August, 1967, when he became chief of the Moscow bureau of his newspaper. In 1968 Henry Kamm received a Sigma Delta Chi Distinguished Service Award for outstanding foreign correspondence, and in 1969 he got the George Polk Memorial Award for foreign reporting. In August of that year he went to Bangkok for the first time, and, when the bureau there was closed in early 1971, he became a roving correspondent in Asia. Early in 1971, Henry Kamm returned to Paris where he was based until 1977. Then he moved to Japan as Tokyo bureau chief until taking over the post of chief Asian diplomatic correspondent for the New York Times based in Bangkok, Thailand. In 1978 Henry Kamm won the PP in the "International Reporting" category for stories on the refugees from Indochina. Kämmen, Michael Gedaliah, born on October 25, 1936, in Rochester, N.Y., was graduated from George Washington University and elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1958. During the following year he attended Harvard University, where he earned his Master of Arts-degree. Thereafter, he started working on his doctoral dissertation and in 1964 he received the Ph.D. degree. That same year he joined the staff of Harvard as an instructor. Since 1965 he taught history at Cornell University, where he became full professor of American history in 1969. Kämmen, who became member of the board of editors of Cornell University Press in 1971, was the author of the following book publications: A Rope of Sand: The Colonial Agents, British Politics and the American Revolution; Politics and Society in Colonial America: Democracy or Deference', Deputyes and Libertyes: The Origins of Representative Government in Colonial America and Empire and Interest: The American Colonies and the Politics of Mercantilism. Michael G. Kämmen became the

Kann - Karmin 1973 PPW in the "History" category for the book People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization. Kann, Peter Robert, bom on December 13, 1942, in New York City, graduated from Harvard University in 1964 with a B.A. in political science. While attending Harvard, he was a member of the editorial board and political editor of the Harvard Crimson. Kann joined the staff of the Wall Street Journal in 1964 and spent his first year in the newspaper's bureau at Pittsburgh, Pa., reporting on business and labor news. After a two year assignment in the Los Angeles bureau of this paper, where he covered the gambling industry in Nevada and the film industry in Hollywood, he was sent to Vietnam by the Journal. He was stationed there from July, 1967, to November, 1968. After that time Kann was assigned to the Hong Kong bureau as the Wall Street Journal's Asia correspondent. During 1971, Peter R. Kann covered the Indo-Pakistan War. This series earned Peter R. Kann the 1972 PP in the category "International Reporting." Kantor, MacKinlay, born on February 4, 1904, in Webster City, la., graduated from Webster City High School in 1923. Already two years earlier he had started to report for the Webster City Daily News. In 1925 he went to Chicago, where he found a job on a city surveying crew. In 1928 he published his first novel, entitled Diversey, it treats with the gang warfare prevalent in Chicago during the 1920's. Following a return to Iowa, where he worked as a columnist for the Cedar Rapids Republican and the Des Meines Tribune, Kantor published two more novels: El Goes South and The Jaybird. Throughout 1933 he worked on his first historical novel, Long Remember, based on the battle of Gettysburg. It was followed by the short novel The Voice of Bugle Ann. Between 1936 and 1940 Kantor wrote six more novels: Arouse and Beware; The Romance of Rosy Ridge; The Noise of Their Wings; Here Lies Holly Springs; Valedictory; and Cuba Libre. After trying his hand at a western setting in Gentle Annie, Kantor served as a war correspondent with the British Royal Air Force. During this period he published two books about the war: Happy Land and Glory for Me. The latter book was made into the motion picture The Best Years of Our Lives, which won thirteen Academy Awards. Also at this time Kantor wrote the autobiography of his childhood, But Look, the Mom. From 1949 to 1954 the author brought out eleven books including Wicked Water; The Good Family; One Wild Oat; Lee and Grant at Appomaltox, and God and My Country. The novel Andersonville

121 won MacKinlay Kantor the 1956 PP in the "Fiction" category. Kaplan, John, born on August 21, 1959, in Wilmington, De., studied at Ohio University from which he graduated with a journalism degree in 1982. The following year Kaplan was engaged by the Spokane Review/Chronicle, Wa., where he stayed for one year. The photojournalist then switched to the Pittsburgh Press, Pa. In addition to his job he was visiting lecturer at Bradley University, II., in 1989. The following year Kaplan left the Pittsburgh Press to join the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and became the founder and director of the broad-based journalism consulting group Media Alliance as well. In 1990 he won the Nikon Documentary Sabbatical Award and was named National Photographer of the Year in the annual Pictures of the Year competition. John Kaplan, then working as a special correspondent for Block Newspapers, was based in Monterey, Ca., for the chain. He became the 1992 PPW in the "Feature Photography" category for pictures on the diverse lifestyles of young people across the United States. Kaplan, Justin, born on September 5, 1925, in New York City, studied at Harvard University's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, where he earned his Bachelor of Sciencedegree in 1945. He enrolled for graduate studies, which he pursued until 1946. Subsequently he became a free-lance writer and editor working for several New York book publishers. In 1954 he joined Simon & Schuster in New York City, eventually becoming a senior editor. During his tenure at Simon & Schuster, he edited works by several prominent authors. In 1959 he decided to become a full-time professional writer. Kaplan, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Society of American Historians, as well as a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, contributed articles e.g. to the New York Times, the New Republic, the American Scholar and Ploughshares. He edited Dialogues of Plato; With Malice Toward Women: A Handbook for Women-Haters; The Pocket Aristotle; Great Short Works of Mark Twain and Mark Twain: A Profile. His work Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain brought to Justin Kaplan the 1967 PP in the category "Biography or Autobiography." Karmin, Monroe William, born on September 2, 1929, in Mineola, N.Y., graduated from the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University and the University of Illinois. In 1953 he became a member of the Wall Street Journal's news staff, mostly in the Washington bureau. In his early years in Washington he

122 covered a wide variety of topics ranging from high finance at the U.S. Treasury to high legal doctrine at the Supreme Court. Later on, Karmin became a special writer concerned with urban affairs and civil rights as well as special investigatory projects. He also became a member of the National Press Club and of Sigma Delta Chi. Monroe W. Karmin became the 1967 Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for the coverage of the connection between American crime and gambling in the Bahamas. Karnow, Stanley, born on February 4, 1925, in New York City, served with the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's degree in 1947 and attended the Sorbonne University of Paris, during 1947-48 and from 1948 to 1949 the Ecole des Sciences Politiques. After his studies, he began his journalistic career in Paris in 1950 as a Time correspondent. After covering Europe, the Middle East and Africa - he was bureau chief in North Africa from 1958 to 1959 - he went to Asia for Time and Life, and subsequently reported from there for the London Observer, the Saturday Evening Post, the Washington Post and NBC News. He was an editor of the New Republic from 1973 to 1975 and a columnist for King Features. Then he became affiliated with the German Marshall Fund. Karnow was the author of Southeast Asia and Mao and China: From Revolution to Revolution. As chief correspondent he worked on the PBS series Vietnam: A Television History, for which he won six Emmy Awards as well as DuPont, Peabody and Polk awards. Stanley Karnow earned the 1990 PP in the "History" category for the book In Our Image - America 's Empire in the Philippines. Kase, Max, born in 1898 in New York City, began his newspaper career when he was sixteen years old as an office boy on the New York Evening Mail. Three years later he joined the staff of Hearst's International News Service, where he was a general reporter and a rewriter until 1924. In that year Kase was named editor and general manager of the Havana Telegram in Cuba. After a year there he returned to the United States, joining the sports copydesk at the New York Evening Journal. With the exception of one year, 1934, spent as sports editor of the Boston American, Max Kase worked since 1925 for the New York Evening Journal, later on called the New York Journal-American. He became sports editor of that paper in 1938. Max Kase earned a 1952 PP "Special" award in the Journalism section for exposure of bribery and other forms of corruption in the American basketball system.

Karnow - Keeler Kaufman, George S., born on November 16, 1889, in Pittsburgh, Pa., wrote his first play, The Failure, at the age of fourteen in collaboration with his friend Irving Pichel. He also acted in plays performed by the dramatic society at Rodeph Shalom Temple, his family's synagogue. After graduating from high school in 1907, Kaufman entered law school at the Western University of Pennsylvania. But he contacted pleurisy during his first semester and withdrew. When recovered, he did not return to school but undertook a series of short-lived jobs, as a member of a surveying team, as a clerk in the Allegheny County Tax Office, and then as stenographer to the controller of the Pittsburgh Coal Company. In 1909 his father found him a post as salesman for the Columbia Ribbon Company, which the elder Kaufman managed. George Kaufman remained in this job for three years. At the same time, however, he had begun his writing career by contributing comic items to columns in the New York Evening Mail. From 1912 to 1913 he wrote and edited the humor column of the Washington Times. At the end of 1913 he moved to New York, where he got ajob as a reporter for the New York Tribune. In 1917 he started on the drama desk of the New York Times and soon became drama editor, a position he retained until 1930. Working on the Times drama desk reawakened Kaufman's interest in playwriting and provided him with contacts in the theatrical business that would eventually enable him to write for the stage. In 1932 George S. Kaufman became a Co-PPW in the category "Drama" for the musical Of Thee I Sing. The comedy You Can't Take It With You made him another Co-PPW in the same award category in 1937. Kaufman, Jonathan, bom on April 18, 1956, in New York City, graduated from Yale University in 1978. He worked for the South China Morning Post in Hong Kong and for the Wall Street Journal in Chicago before joining the Boston Globe in 1982. In 1984 he became a Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for a series on race relations in Boston. Keeler, Robert F. (Bob), bom on February 1944, in Brooklyn, N.Y., studied at Fordham University in his hometown, before he began a journalistic career with the New York HeraldTribune in 1965, where he worked as a copyboy and eventually as editorial assistant. He subsequently served in the U.S. Army, and was sent to Korea as a first lieutenant. Here, he helped to produce a monthly newsletter called Missile Command News. After his discharge and his return to the U.S., he was a reporter for the Waterbury Republican in Connecticut,

Keller - Kennan switched to the Staten Island Advance in New York, and eventually joined Newsday in 1971. He worked as a Brookhaven beat reporter who covered board meetings and local politicians. He then became Albany bureau chief and national correspondent, was made editor of the Newsday Magazine in 1982 and got the post of state news editor of Newsday in 1984. His book Newsday: The Respectable Tabloid, an exhaustive study of the nation's largest suburban newspaper, took three years to complete and was published in 1990. In 1993 he became the paper's religion writer. Robert F. Keeler earned the 1996 PP in the category "Beat Reporting" for a portrait of a progressive Catholic parish and its parishioners. Keller, Bill, bom on January 18, 1949, in Palo Alto, Ca., graduated from Pomona College in 1970, and became a reporter of the Oregonian of Portland, Or., where he worked for nine years. In 1980-82 he was a reporter for the Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report in Washington, D.C., covering lobbyists. He also served as a reporter for the Dallas Times-Herald for two years before joining the New York Times in April 1984 as a domestic correspondent based in the Washington bureau. After having served as a correspondent there since December 1986, Bill Keller became chief of the Moscow bureau of the New York Times in January 1989. The same year Bill Keller became the Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for coverage of events in the Soviet Union. Kelly, George E., bom on January 16, 1887, in Schuylkill Falls, Pa., was educated privately by his parents. At the age of twenty-five Kelly entered the world of the theatre as an actor in a national touring production of The Virginian. Subsequently, he toured with Live Wires and The Common Law. The road to his career as a playwright was paved by his entrance into vaudeville as an actor in Woman Proposes in 1915, for he soon turned to writing his own material. After a year in the army, he created for himself the roles of Eugene Tesh in The Flattering Word and Eugene Aldrid in FindersKeepers, among others, and toured the country between 1918 and 1922 with his own sketches. Kelly's first full-length piece, The Torchbearers, a satire on the little-theater movement, opened on Broadway in 1922. It was followed by The Show-Off and Craig's Wife. The latter made George E. Kelly the recipient of the 1926 PP in the "Drama" category. Kelly III, Thomas Joseph, born on August 8, 1947, in Hackensack, N.J., attended public schools in Woodbury and North Bergen, N.J. He began serving in the U.S. National Guard in 1966. The following year Kelly was engaged

123 by the Philadelphia Electric Company in Plymouth Meeting, Pa., as a maps and records clerk. In addition to his job Kelly started his photographic career as a free-lancer in Norristown, Pa., in 1969. In the same year he got a part-time job at the weekly newspaper Montgomery Post. Two years later he switched to Today's Post in Valley Forge, Pa., where he took the job of a chief photographer. In 1974 Kelly joined the staff of the Mercury in Pottstown, Pa., as a photography supervisor. The photographer gained numerous state, regional and national awards, among them national citations of the Associated Press in 1978 and 1979. The same year Thomas J. Kelly III was made PPW in the "Spot News Photography" category for a picture series called "Tragedy on Sanatoga Road." Kempton, James Murray, bom on December 16, 1917, in Baltimore, Md., graduated from Johns Hopkins University in 1939. He served in the U.S. Air Force in New Guinea and the Philippines during World War II. After the war he started his journalism career. He worked as a columnist for the New York Post, the New York Review of Books, and the New York World-Telegram. Kempton also was a commentator on a CBS program called 'Spectrum.' Among major journalism awards he won were the Sidney Hillman Award in 1954 and the George Polk Award in 1967. Kempton also received a National Book Award in Contemporary Affairs in 1973 and a Citation for Literary Achievement from the National Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters in 1978. The same year he earned the Society of Silurians Award. Murray Kempton also served as an Instructor in Journalism at Hunter College and as an Instructor in Political Journalism at the Eagleton Institute at Rutgers University. He joined the staff of Newsday in March, 1981, as a columnist. J. Murray Kempton earned the 1985 PP in the category "Commentary" for witty and insightful reflections on public issues. Kennan, George Frost, bom on February 16, 1904, in Milwaukee, Wi., attended Princeton University, majoring in history and received his B.A. degree in 1925. The following year he entered the U.S. Foreign Service and subsequently was assigned as vice-consul to Geneva, Hamburg, Berlin and Tallin, Estonia. From 1929 to 1931 Kennan pursued studies on the Russian language and culture under a State Department's program at the University of Berlin. When the United States reopened its embassy in Moscow in 1933, he was called to the Soviet capital. The posts that Kennan filled during the next few years included vice-consul in Vienna, second secretary in Moscow, second secretary

124 and later consul in Prague. At the outbreak of World War II, he was sent as second secretary to Berlin, where he was promoted to first secretary the following year. When the Americans joined the war in 1941, Kennan was interned by the Nazis at Bad Nauheim. After his repatriation, he became counselor of the American delegation to the European Advisory Commission and then returned to Moscow as minister-counselor in 1944. In spring 1947 he was named director of the policy planning staff of the Department of State. Briefly during 1952 he was U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union, but then, in 1953, left the Foreign Service to become member of the Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton, where, at the school of historical studies, he has been professor since 1956. George F. Kennan earned the 1957 PP in the category "History" for the book Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-American Relations, 19171920. In 1968 he won his second PP, this time in the "Biography or Autobiography" category, based on his work Memoirs, 1925-1950. Kennedy, David M., born on July 22, 1941, in Seattle, Wa., graduated from Stanford University in 1963. He received his M.A. degree in 1964 and a doctorate in American Studies in 1968 from Yale University. From 1967 onward he worked at Stanford University, where he taught the history of the twentieth-century United States, American political and social thought, American foreign policy, American literature, and the comparative development of democracy in Europe and America. His first book, Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger, was published in 1970 and won several prizes. Kennedy also received a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship in 1975. In 1980 Over Here: The First World War and American Society appeared. In 1988 Kennedy won the Dean's award for Outstanding Teaching. He was a visiting professor at the University of Florence, Italy, and held the post of Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University, England, from 1995 to 1996. His work about the history of the United States in the two great crises of the Great Depression and World War II, Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945, was published in 1999. This book made David M. Kennedy the 2000 PPW in the category "History." Kennedy Jr., joey David, born on March 28, 1956, in Dayton, Tx., attended Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, La., from 1974 to 1976, while working as a general assignment reporter for the Houma Daily Courier. He subsequently became news director and sports director at the Louisiana radio stations KJ1N-AM

Kennedy - Kennedy and KCIL-FM. In 1977 Kennedy got the post of a general assignment reporter at the Cullman Times. The following year he joined the St. Clair News-Aegis, but soon switched to the Anniston Star to work as an assistant sports editor. He also studied at Jacksonville State University in 1979. Kennedy became a staff member of the Birmingham News in 1981. He worked as a sports copy editor until 1983, was the assistant lifestyle editor of the paper from 1984 to 1985, and worked as a photo editor from 1985 to 1986, when he got the post of Sunday editor. He also obtained a B.A. degree from the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1988. The following year he became editorial writer and columnist for the Birmingham News. He also wrote book reviews for the paper as well as for WVTM-TV. His book What They Won't Tell You about Your Taxes was published in 1990. The following year Joey D. Kennedy Jr. became a Co-PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for a series analyzing inequities in Alabama's tax system. Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Ma., briefly studied at the London School of Economics and in 1936 entered Harvard University, majoring in political science. On a six-month leave of absence from Harvard in 1938, Kennedy served as secretary in his father's office at the London Embassy. After receiving his B.S. degree in 1940, he took a business course at Stanford University. In 1941 Kennedy enlisted in the United States Navy and the following year was assigned to a Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron. On his return from the war Kennedy started working as a newspaperman for the Chicago Herald-American. In 1946 he became a candidate for the Democratic nomination to the House of Representatives from Massachusetts' Eleventh Congressional District. He won the primary and in November 1946 he gained the election to the Eightieth Congress. He was reelected in 1948 and 1950. During the three terms in the House of Representatives Kennedy served on the District of Columbia Committee and the Education and Labor Committee. Kennedy decided in 1952 to run for the United States Senate. He won the election and took his seat in the Senate in the Eighty-third Congress. He was assigned to the Government Operations Committee and the Labor and Public Welfare Committee. In 1954, while recovering from an operation of his back, Kennedy wrote short biographies of American legislators. They went into his book Profiles in Courage, which was published in 1956 and made John F. Kennedy the 1957 PPW in the category "Biography or Autobiography."

Kennedy - Kerr Kennedy, William Joseph, born on January 16, 1928, in Albany, N.Y., studied at Siena College in Loudonville, N.Y. After taking his bachelor's degree in 1949 he went to work as a sportswriter for the Glens Falls Post-Star. Following his term of service in the United States Army he joined the staff of the Albany Times-Union as a general assignment reporter. In 1956 he accepted an offer to go to San Juan as assistant managing editor and columnist for a new English-language newspaper, the Puerto Rico World Journal. Within months, that paper folded and, after a short stint spent in reporting for the Miami Herald, Kennedy became a Puerto Rico correspondent for the Knight newspapers and TimeLife publications. In 1959 he helped found the San Juan Star, of which he became managing editor. Kennedy returned to Albany and from 1963 to 1970 he was a part-time feature writer for the Albany Times-Union. A strike at the Times-Union inspired Kennedy's first novel. The Ink Truck, which was published in 1969. From 1974 to 1982 he was a part-time lecturer at the State University in Albany and then became a professor of English there. Several years of research and writing went into Legs, the fictionalized account of a Prohibition-era gangster, which appeared in 1975. The basis for his next novel, Billy Phelan's Greatest Game, was the kidnaping of John O'Connell Jr. in the early thirties. William J. Kennedy was made PPW in 1984 in the "Fiction" category, based on his novel fronweed. Kennerly, David Hume (Dave), born on March 9, 1947, in Roseburg, Or., studied at Portland State College from 1965 to 1966 while working for the Lake Oswego Review. The photographer then joined the Portland Oregon Journal but switched to the Oregonian in 1967. In the same year Kennerly was engaged by the United Press International where he worked in the Los Angeles bureau from 1967 to 1968, the following year in New York City, and the next station was Washington, D.C. Finally he was assigned to Saigon in 1971. David H. Kennerly earned the 1972 PP in the category "Feature Photography" for his dramatic pictures of the Vietnam War. Kerby, Philip Pearce, bom on December 24, 1911, in Pueblo, Co., was graduated from Centennial High School of Pueblo in 1931. Then he started his journalism career right away as a reporter for the Pueblo Star-Journal-Chieftain. After a couple of years Kerby moved from reporter to editorial writer of the newspaper and stayed in the position until 1942. Then he moved to the Denver Post where he worked at the rewrite desk. After World War II, he left the print media temporarily and moved to the local

125 radio station KGHF in 1947, receiving in the same year the Denver Press Club Award as an outstanding radio journalist. In 1948 Kerby returned to print journalism to become editor of the Rocky Mountain Life, and in the following year he moved to the Frontier Magazine to get the editor position. In the period 1957-58 he had an Adult Education Fellowship from the Ford Foundation to study at Harvard University. In 1967 Philip P. Kerby left the Frontier Magazine and became associate editor of the Nation. He stayed in that post for about four years, and in February 1971 he moved to the Los Angeles Times as Senior Editorial Writer. In 1976 Philip P. Kerby won the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles against government secrecy and judicial censorship. Kernis, Aaron Jay, bom on January 15, 1960, in Philadelphia, Pa., began his musical studies on the violin. At age twelve he began teaching himself piano, and, in the following year, composition. He became a student at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the Manhattan School of Music, and the Yale School of Music. Kernis received early national acclaim for his first orchestral work, Dream of the Morning Sky, that was premiered by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra at the Horizons Festival in 1983. Ten years later he was appointed composer-in-residence with the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, Minnesota Public Radio, and the Minnesota Composers Forum. He was also winner of the Stoeger Prize of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, a Guggenheim fellowship, a Rome Prize, a National Education Association grant and several other awards. Through the years his music found inspiration from a number of sources that included love poems as well as the horrors of the Gulf War. In 1998 Aaron J. Kemis became the PPW in the "Music" category for his String Quartet No. 2. Kerr, Walter Francis, bom on July 8, 1913, in Evanston, II., started his newspaper career at the age of thirteen, when he began reviewing films for the junior section of the weekly Evanston Review. During his high school years he was not only an editor of the school newspaper, but he also worked on a regular basis as a movie critic for the daily News-Index of Evanston. Kerr attended De Paul University in Chicago from 1931 to 1933, and from 1935 on he studied at Northwestern University. Here he was editor of the fine arts page of the Daily Northwestern, and he also was assistant editor of the Drama Magazine. He obtained the B.S. degree in speech in 1937 and the M.A. degree the following year. After leaving Northwestern University, Walter Kerr joined the faculty of Catholic University in Washington, D.C., as an instructor in

126 speech and drama. During those years he also directed many plays, and he also wrote pieces for the theater. His musical Sing Out Sweet Land ran for more than hundred performances during the 1944-45 season, and the revue Touch and Go, which he wrote in collaboration with his wife, was a hit during the 1949-50 Broadway season. In 1951 Kerr became drama critic of the New York Herald-Tribune, staying in that position for more than fifteen years. At the beginning of the 1966-67 season, Kerr moved as a drama critic to the New York Times. In September, 1967, he began writing a roundup column of drama events for the Sunday Arts & Leisure section of his paper. Walter F. Kerr became the 1978 PPW in the "Criticism" category for articles on the theater. Kidder, John Tracy, born on November 12, 1945, in New York City, attended Harvard University and took his B.A. degree in 1967. Subsequently he served for two years with the U.S. military intelligence in the Vietnam War, advancing to first lieutenant. On his return to the United States he enrolled for graduate studies at the University of Iowa, which granted him a Master of Fine Arts-degree in 1974. Having spent three years at the university's Writers' Workshop, Kidder published, that same year, his first work, The Road to Yuba City. For the next years Kidder freelanced articles for the Atlantic Monthly magazine. Out of this journalistic work resulted two awards that he won in 1978: the Sidney Hillman Foundation Prize and Atlantic Monthly's Atlantic First Award. It was an Atlantic editor, who suggested Kidder, in 1979, to write a book about the computer industry. As a result he turned to writing The Soul of a New Machine, which details the eighteen-month-long struggle of engineers at Data General Corporation to create a supermini computer and illustrates at the same time the inner workings of a highly competitive industry. This book brought to John T. Kidder the 1982 PP in the category "General Non-Fiction." Kilzer, Louis Charles (Lou), bom on February 10, 1951, in Cody, Wy., received a B.A. degree in philosophy from Yale University in 1973. After graduation he started his journalistic career with the Fort Collins Triangle Review. From 1977 to 1982 he worked as a reporter for the Rocky Mountain News. He then switched to the Denver Post, where he became investigative editor in 1985. He was granted the George Polk Memorial award for National Reporting in 1986. The following year he joined the Minneapolis-St. Paul Star-Tribune as a special projects reporter. In 1990 Louis C. Kilzer was the Co-PPW in the category "Inves-

Kidder - Kingsbury-Smith tigative Reporting" for coverage of the St. Paul fire department and fires of suspicious origin. Kingsbury, Edward Martin, born on July 16, 1854, in Grafton, Ma., was graduated A.B. at Harvard University in 1875 and later attended Harvard Law School. He was admitted to the Massachusetts state bar in 1878 but never engaged in law practice. In the meantime, while studying law, he had been employed by an encyclopedia publisher in Boston. In 1880 Kingsbury went to New York City, and from August to December 1882 he was editor of Good Literature. Than he joined the staff of the New York Sun, the first of the two newspapers in his career on which he labored for several decades. Edward M. Kingsbury was with the New York Sun for about a third of a century, and he was a prime factor in making that paper's editorial page one of the most distinctive in the country. From 1915 on Kingsbury was with the editorial department of the New York Times. Coming of a generation that was interested primarily in American life, politics and personalities, he found an abundance of topics to engage him without going overseas, writing on New England folklore and customs, American idioms or cooking, the vulnerabilities of political figures, both national and state, and stray literary subjects. Edward M. Kingsbury became the 1926 PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for an article entitled "The House of a Hundred Sorrows." Kingsbury-Smith, Joseph, born on February 20, 1908, in New York City, attended public and private schools in New York and New Jersey and at the University of London. KingsburySmith joined the Hearst company's International News Service in July, 1924, and after a training period in the New York headquarters was assigned to the INS London bureau in 1927. He was transferred to the Washington bureau in 1931 and later became chief INS State Department correspondent. His forecast of developments throughout the period leading to Pearl Harbor won him the George R. Holmes Memorial Award for the best INS reporting in 1941. Kingsbury-Smith received a National Headliners Club Award the same year. In 1944, Kingsbury-Smith returned to London as INS European Manager. From there he directed the INS D-day coverage, and later he was chosen by lot to represent the American press at the Nuremberg execution of the top Nazi war criminals. His coverage of Soviet encroachment in Eastern Europe was highlighted by the last statement made by the late Jan Masaryk of Czechoslovakia only a day before his death. Kingsbury-Smith received several major journalistic

127

George Kennan

John F. Kennedy

John S. Knight

Arthur Krock

128 awards for a doublebarrelled scoop early in 1949. On December 31,1953, Kingsbury-Smith again made journalistic history in a telegraphic interview with the then Soviet Premier Malenkov on prospects of improved relations with the United States. In 1956 Joseph Kingsbury-Smith became a Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for interviews with leaders of the Soviet Union. Kingsley, Sidney, bom as Sidney Kirshner on October 22, 1906, in New York City, first attended public school on the Lower West Side and then Townsend Harris Hall high school, graduating in 1924. While at high school, he began writing one-act plays, directing, and acting. He won a scholarship to Cornell University and went on to earn his B.A. in 1928. Studying at Cornell, he continued to write shortplays and direct them. In 1928 he won an award for the best one-act play written by a student for a work entitled Wonder-Dark Epilogue. After his graduation from Cornell, Kingsley worked for a time as an actor with the Tremont Stock Company in the Bronx. He had a small role in a play called Subway Express, which was produced in 1929. The same year he moved to California and worked as a play reader. Then he became a scenario reader for Columbia Pictures. But he was also struggling with a play of his own. This play was about doctors and their work, and he called it Crisis. It was repeatedly optioned but a production failed to materialize until the Group Theatre joined forces to present it. This play, now bearing the new title, Men in White, made Sidney Kingsley the winner of the 1934 PP in the "Drama" category. Kinnell, Galway, born on February 1, 1927, in Providence, R.I., entered Wilbraham Academy in Massachusetts when he was fifteen and, after graduating, went on to Princeton University. His education was interrupted in 1945 when he was drafted into the United States Navy, but resuming his studies the next year, he was able to graduate in 1948. The following year Kinnell obtained a master's degree from the University of Rochester. When the poet left Rochester he taught at a number of Universities, including the University of Chicago, where he was a correspondence instructor. After leaving the University of Chicago he spent twelve years working at odd jobs. It was at the end of that exploratory period that Kinnell began to be published and to gain recognition. His first book of poetry, titled What a Kingdom It Was, appeared in 1960. While his book was under discussion in the United States, the author traveled to the University of Iran in Teheran as a Fulbright lecturer. After returning to the United States, Kinnell became involved in working for the Congress

Kingsley - Kirchner on Racial Equality, and in the summer of 1963 he traveled to Hammond, La., to help register black voters for the organization. During the following years he continued work on his poetry and published several volumes. After The Book of Nightmares, a collection, which appeared in 1971, the poet did not publish a new book for nine years. In 1980 the volume Mortal Acts, Mortal Words appeared. The book Selected Poems made Galway Kinnell the 1983 PPW in the category "Poetry." Kinney, Dallas, born on January 13, 1937, in Buckeye, la., attended the University of Iowa. He started to work as a writer and photographer for the Washington Evening Journal, la., in 1964. He left the journal two years later and was engaged by the Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, la., and afterwards by the Miami Herald. In 1969 Kinney joined the staff of the Palm Beach Post where he got the post of a staff photographer. Dallas Kinney won the 1970 PP in the category "Feature Photography" for a series of pictures with the caption "Migration to Misery." Kirby, Rollin, born on September 4, 1874, in Galva, II., was educated in public schools. Between 1901 and 1910 he was engaged as an illustrator for a number of magazines such as Collier's, McClure's, Life and Harper's. In 1911 he started to work as a cartoonist for the New York Mail, where he stayed for one year. He then switched to the New York Sun. In 1913 he began his work on a series of social cartoons under the caption of "Sights of the Town" for the New York World. As a political cartoonist Kirby championed such causes as women's suffrage, and also opposed prohibitionists and conservative politicians. Rollin Kirby earned the 1922 PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category for his drawing "On the Road to Moscow." Another PP was granted to Rollin Kirby in 1925 for the drawing "News from the Outside World." Only four years later, in 1929, he won his third PP, this time for the drawing "Tammany." Kirchner, Leon, born on January 24, 1919, in Brooklyn, N.Y., attended the University of California at Los Angeles, where he took a graduate course in composition. In 1938 he transferred to the University of California at Berkeley, from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1940. Two years later he was awarded the George Ladd Traveling Fellowship, the Prix de Paris. From 1943 to 1946 he served in the Army Signal Corps. After World War II he began to teach at the San Francisco Conservatory, while also accepting a teaching assistantship at the University of California. Kirchner received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1948. In 1950 he joined the faculty of the University of Southern California as a lecturer, and eventually became

Kirkwood - Knickerbocker assistant professor four years later. He moved to Oakland, Ca., the same year, where he was appointed Luther Brusie Marchant Professor of Music at Mills College. During the following years he also taught at the Berkshire Music Center and the University of Buffalo. In 1961 he was appointed professor of music at Harvard University, and five years later he became Walter Bigelow Rosen Professor of Music. In 1967 Leon Kirchner was awarded the PP in the "Music" category for his Quartet No. 3. Kirkwood, James, bom on August 22, 1930, in Los Angeles, Ca., appeared as an actor and performer, in numerous plays, films, TV shows and night clubs. In addition he had several radio performances and established himself as an author and playwright. The musical A Chorus Line ranks with the great number of productions he worked on. This production made James Kirkwood a 1976 Co-PPW in the category "Drama." Kizer, Carolyn Ashley, born on December 10, 1925, in Spokane, Wa., took her B.A. degree from Sarah Lawrence College in 1945 and did graduate work at Columbia University between 1945 and 1946 and the University of Washington in Seattle from 1946 until 1947. Her numerous literary activities included founding Poetry Northwest, a journal that she edited from its beginning in 1959 until 1965. During that time she published two books of poetry: The Ungrateful Garden and Knock Upon Silence. She was also contributor to several American and British journals including New Republic, Poetry, and Hudson Review. During 1964-1965 the poet served as a U.S. State Department specialist in Pakistan. In the period from 1966-1970 Kizer directed literary programs for the National Endowment for the Arts. In the course of her career Kizer was participant in many International Poetry Festivals all over the world. In 1971 the author's third volume of poetry, Midnight Was My Cry, appeared. The following year she worked as acting director of the graduate writing program at Columbia University. In addition to these activities and her work as a poet Kizer taught at several universities as well. Among these were Washington University, St. Louis, Barnard College and the University of Maryland. Kizer was also poet-in-residence at the University of North Carolina, Ohio University, and the Centre College in Kentucky. 1984 saw the publication of two further poetry collections: Mermaids in the Basement: Poems for Women, and Yin: New Poems. The latter won Carolyn A. Kizer the 1985 PP in the "Poetry" category. Kleban, Edward Lawrence, bom on April 30, 1939, in New York City, graduated with a B.A. degree from Columbia College in 1960. In 1961 he began to work as a producer for CBS records

129 in Hollywood. He won Gold Records from the Recording Industry Association in 1964 and 1965, when he moved to New York City, where he continued his employment for CBS. In 1966 he also joined the Broadcast Music, Inc., Theater Workshop in 1968. He left CBS and embarked on a career as a freelance composer and lyricist for theater, TV, films and recordings. Major works included The Refrigerators, The Revue, Irene, and The Desert Song. Kleban won a New York Drama Critics award in 1975, an Obie award in 1975-76, and an Antoinette Perry award in 1976. Edward Lawrence Kleban also became a 1976 Co-PPW in the category "Drama" for the musical A Chorus Line. Kluger, Richard, bom on September 18, 1934, in Paterson, N.J., attended Princeton University from which he graduated with a B.A. degree. He started his journalistic career with the Wall Street Journal in 1956. Two years later he switched to the County Citizen, N.Y., where he worked as an editor and publisher. In 1960 Kluger joined the New York Post as a staff writer. He became associate editor at Forbes magazine in 1962. The same year Kluger was hired by the New York Herald-Tribune as a literary editor. After four years he switched to book publishing. Kluger became managing editor at Simon & Schuster, and was promoted to executive editor in 1968. From 1970 to 1971 he was editor-in-chief at Atheneum Publishers. He subsequently held the position of president and publisher at Charterhouse Books. Beside his journalistic and his book publishing career, Kluger also wrote books of social history and novels about himself, e.g. When the Bough Breaks, Members of the Tribe, The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald-Tribune, and The Sheriff of Nottingham. In 1997 Richard Kluger won the PP in the category of "General Non-Fiction" for his book Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris. Knickerbocker, Hubert Renfro, bom on January 31, 1898, in Yoakum, Tx., got his college degree at Southwestern University in Texas in 1917. For a while he drove a milk wagon in Austin, Tx., but sold his route to study psychiatry in New York. When he arrived at Columbia University in 1919, all he could afford was a course in journalism which he took instead. Before that he had spent a few months in the Army as a telegraph operator on the Mexican border. After a year at Columbia University, Knickerbocker got a job at the Morning Ledger in Newark, N.J., and was conspicuous mainly for his success in conducting a vice crusade. Then he spent a short time on the New York

130 Evening Post and another short period on the New York Sun. In 1922, he became head of the department of journalism at Southern Methodist University. Knickerbocker had not really given up his idea of becoming a psychiatrist, however, and in 1923 he went to Germany to study. He enrolled at the University of Munich and took a job as occasional correspondent for the United Press to earn his living. He was in Munich when Hitler gathered his followers together for his first unsuccessful coup. After a year Knickerbocker left Munich for Berlin, where he enrolled in the university and where he became assistant Berlin correspondent for the New York Evening Post and the Philadelphia Public Ledger. In 1925, he got his first job with Hearst's International News Service and spent two years in Moscow. Hubert R. Knickerbocker became the 1931 PPW in the "Correspondence" category for his dispatches from the Soviet Union. Knight, John Shively, born on October 26, 1894, in Bluefield, W.V., got his basic education in Crosby Elementary School in Akron, Oh., Tome School in Port Deposit, Md., and Central High School of Akron, Oh., before entering Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., from 1914-17. During World War I he served in Motor Transport Corps, 113th Infantry and Army Air Corps and the American Expeditionary Forces from 191719. In 1920 he started his newspaper career as a reporter and executive. Then he became managing editor of the Beacon Journal of Akron, Oh., from 1925-33 and editor in 1933. John S. Knight held also other newspaper positions such as president 1933-37 and chairman of the board and publisher of the Miami Herald since October 1937. In 1940 he purchased the Detroit Free Press, and from 1944-59 he was owner, editor, and publisher of the Chicago Daily News. Among other positions he held one should mention his function as president of the Knight Newspapers, Inc. until 1966. Beside of his newspaper management, Knight also was active in writing editorials for papers of his newspaper chain. He earned many honors from the newspaper business and received honorary degrees from several universities. In 1968 John S. Knight was awarded the PP for "Editorial Writing" for articles on U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Knudson, Thomas Jeffrey (Tom), born on July 6, 1953, in Manning, la., grew up in his home town. He was graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School in Council Bluffs, la., in 1971 and from Iowa State University with a B.A. degree in journalism in 1980. While at Iowa State University Knudson won the William Randolph Hearst Foundation General News Writing Award, the Sigma Delta Chi Award for depth reporting, and the Iowa State University Carl

Knight - Komunyakaa Johnson Feature Writing Award. In 1978 Knudson interned with the Des Moines Register and had an internship with the Wall Street Journal in Chicago the following year. Knudson joined the staff of the Des Moines Register in June, 1980, as a full-time journalist. A few years later he became head of the Iowa City news bureau of the Des Moines Register. Thomas J. Knudson earned the 1985 PP in the "National Reporting" category for articles that examined the dangers of farming as an occupation. Kohlmeier Jr., Louis Marvin, born on February 17, 1926, in St. Louis, Mo., received a B.A. degree in Journalism from the University of Missouri in 1950. The following two years, he served with the Army of the United States. Afterwards, from 1952 until 1957, Kohlmeier was a staff writer for the Wall Street Journal in its St. Louis and Chicago offices. In the period of 1958-59 he worked as a staff-writer at the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, and in 1960 started again at the Wall Street Journal, this time serving as a staff writer in the Washington, D.C., office. Kohlmeier received the National Headliners Club award for national reporting in 1959. In 1964, he was awarded the Sigma Delta Chi award for exceptional Washington correspondence. In 1965 Louis M. Kohlmeier Jr. received the PP for "National Reporting" for coverage of the fortune of President Lyndon B. Johnson and his family. Komenich, Kim, born on October 15, 1956, in Laramie, Wy., started his career as a photographer at Forbis Studio in Modesto, Ca., in 1973. He switched to the Manteca Bulletin in 1976 where he worked as a photographer and reporter for one year. Komenich then attended San Jose State University from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Journalism-degree in 1979. In the same year he got the post of a staff photographer at the Contra Costa Times in Walnut Creek, Ca. Komenich switched to the San Francisco Examiner three years later. The photographer also worked on free-lance basis for magazines, just as Time, Stem, Life, U.S. News and Newsweek. He won various prizes including the first-place award of the United Press International in 1982 and 1985, the National Headliner award in 1982, the World Press Photo award in 1983, and the first-place award of the Associated Press in 1985. Kim Komenich became the 1987 PPW in the category "Spot News Photography" for his coverage of the fall of President Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines. Komunyakaa, Yusef, bom on April 29, 1947, in Bogalusa, La., began publishing his poetry during the 1960s. His early verse appeared in such periodicals as Black American Literature Forum, the Beloit Poetry Journal, Chameleon,

Kotulak - Krauthammer Colorado Quaterly, Free Lance, and Poetry Now. The author attended public school in Bogalusa, graduating from Central High School in 1965. Immediately thereafter he entered the U.S. Army, doing a tour in Vietnam, for which he earned the Bronze Star and during which he served as correspondent for and editor of the Southern Cross. Anthologies such Carrying the Darkness and The Morrow Anthology of Younger American Poets include some of the poet's Vietnam verse. After returning to the United States, Komunyakaa entered the University of Colorado, where he earned his B.A. degree in 1975. He then attended Colorado State University and received his M.A. degree in 1979. The same year his first full-length book, Lost in the Bonewheel Factory, was published. In 1980 the University of California at Irvine granted him an degree in creative writing. The poet taught English at the Lakefront Campus of the University of New Orleans, and for a brief period he gave classes in poetry for grades three through six in the public schools of New Orleans. In 1985 he accepted the post of an associate professor at Indiana University in Bloomington, where he taught arts and sciences. During the academic year 1989-1990 he held the Ruth Lilly Professorship, an endowed chair. In 1993 Yusef Komunyakaa published his verse collection Neon Vernacular. It made him the recipient of the 1994 PP in the "Poetry" category. Kotulak, Ronald, bom on July 31, 1935, in Detroit, Mi., studied at Wayne University from 1952 to 1953, and at the University of Michigan from 1956 to 1959. He obtained a B.A. degree in 1959 and joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune as a neighborhood news reporter the month of his graduation. After one and a half years he was promoted to general assignment reporter, and in 1963 he began to write medical and scientific articles for the paper. From the late 1960s on, Kotulak's writing on science and medicine won him numerous awards. He received, e.g., a Howard Blakeslee award by the American Heart Association in 1968 and an award by the American Health Foundation in 1976. Kotulak's articles on the human brain, however, turned out to win him widest acclaim. In 1988 he published a first major series, 'Inside the Brain,' which was honored by two prizes from the American Mental Health Association and several other awards. Ronald Kotulak became the 1994 PPW in the category "Explanatory Journalism" for coverage of developments in neurological science. Kotz, Nathan Kallison (Nick), born on September 16, 1932, in San Antonio, Tx., attended a high school in Washington, D.C. He was graduated in international relations from Dartmouth

131 College, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Kotz later attended the London School of Economics in England for a year on a Reynolds scholarship. He served with the U.S. Marine Corps in Japan and the Philippines from 1956 to 1958. In September, 1958, Nathan K. Kotz joined the Des Meines Register in Iowa, and concentrated most of his reporting efforts on city, county and state governments. In June, 1964, he went to the Washington bureau of the Des Moines Register to cover problems of national importance. In 1966 he won the Raymond Klapper Memorial award for outstanding Washington correspondence and the Sigma Delta Chi award for general reporting. One year later, "Nick" Kotz revealed a hidden U.S. Department of Agriculture report in the Des Moines Register and the Minneapolis Tribune. In 1968 Nathan K. Kotz became the Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for coverage of unsanitary conditions in many meat packing plants. Kramm, Joseph, born on September 30, 1907, in Philadelphia, Pa., attended public schools in his hometown and then visited the University of Philadelphia, where he was active in off-campus little theater groups as an undergraduate. Following his graduation in 1928, he got a job as a copy boy on the Philadelphia Inquirer and soon rose to the rewrite desk of that paper. He also was a rewrite man on the Philadelphia Record. In 1929 Kramm began his career in the theater when he auditioned for the Civic Repertory Theatre. Accepted as an apprentice actor, he had a variety of minor roles in more than thirty plays presented by the group. After the Civic Repertory Theatre was disbanded Kramm appeared on Broadway in a great number of productions. Between acting commitments he did some teaching, worked as a guide on sight-seeing busses, and once did research for a historical project. When the United States entered World War II Kramm studied radio engineering and received a first-class FCC license. He worked during the day as a control-room engineer at radio station WW£WinNew York, while he was in theater at night. Later he entered the army and first saw service as a cryptographer in Europe. Then, after V-Day, he was sent to the Philippines. In the years following the war, Kramm turned his attention to directing. He staged plays for summer theaters as well as for the Experimental Theatre of the American National Theatre and Academy in New York. Additionally, Kramm tried his hand at writing plays himself. The Shrike, his ninth play brought to Joseph Kramm the 1952 PP in the "Drama" category. Krauthammer, Charles, born on March 13, 1950, in New York City, was raised in Montreal, Canada. He was educated at McGill University,

132 majoring in political science and economics, and he continued his studies as a Commonwealth Scholar in Politics at Oxford University. Then he changed the field of interest, switched to medicine, and earned his M.D. degree from Harvard Medical School in 1975. Krauthammer practiced medicine for three years as a resident and then chief resident in psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital. At the end of his tour, he was awarded the Edwin Dunlop Prize, given to the top psychiatric resident. In 1978, he quit medical practice, came to Washington to direct planning in psychiatric research for the Federal administration, and began contributing articles to the New Republic. During the presidential campaign of 1980, Krauthammer served as a speech writer to Vice President Walter Mondale, and after the campaign he joined the New Republic as a writer and editor. He was honored with a Champion Media Award for Economic Understanding and also won the 1984 National Magazine Award. He also served as a contributor to Time magazine, for which he wrote a monthly essay. In January, 1985, Charles Krauthammer began writing a special once-weekly column for the Washington Post which was syndicated by the Washington Post Writers Group four months later. In 1987 Charles Krauthammer was awarded the PP in the "Commentary" category for witty and insightful columns on national issues. Kriegsman, Alan Mortimer, born on February 28, 1928, in Brooklyn, N.Y., started his college education as a physics major at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1948-49. Then he spent two years in the U.S. Army before switching to a music major at Columbia University. At this university he was graduated in 1951 as Bachelor of Science. As an accomplished pianist, Kriegsman got his M.A. degree from Columbia University in 1953. He served as a lecturer in music at Columbia since 1954, later on he held similar teaching positions at Barnard College and Hunter College. As a Fulbright Scholar he attended the University of Vienna during the academic year 1956-57. After that he returned to New York to continue his teaching at Columbia, where he also passed his Ph.D. qualifying examination in musicology. From 1957 to 1960 Kriegsman served as a contributing editor to Musical Courier in New York City. In 1960, he moved to the University of California extension at San Diego to teach in the field of music. In the same year he joined the staff of San Diego Union as a music and drama critic. Kriegsman returned to New York in 1965 to become assistant to the president of the Julliard School of Music. In 1966, Kriegs-

Kriegsman - Krock man accepted an offer of the Washington Post to get the position of the paper's performing arts critic and columnist. His breadth of knowledge and interest in the arts enabled him to be crossmedia critic for the Post although he specialized in the dance field. Alan M. Kriegsman earned the 1976 PP in the "Criticism" category for his articles about dance. Kristof, Nicholas D., born on April 27, 1959, in Chicago, II., graduated from Harvard College in 1981 and went on to study law at Oxford University. He then studied Arabic at the American University in Cairo in 1983 and 1984. Kristof spent two summers as an intern for the Washington Post before he joined the New York Times in 1984 as a financial reporter-trainee and became a reporter the following year, based in Los Angeles. In October 1986 he received the position as a foreign correspondent in Hong Kong, and two years later, after having studied the Chinese language in Taipei, he was appointed Beijing bureau chief of the New York Times. In 1990 Nicholas D. Kristof became the Co-PPW in the category "International Reporting" for dispatches from China on the mass movement for democracy and its subsequent suppression. Krock, Arthur, born on November 16, 1886, in Glasgow, Ky., was educated in public schools of Kentucky and Illinois. He matriculated at Princeton University but was unable to continue his studies because of financial problems. After having left Princeton, Krock made his way back to his native place, Kentucky, and decided that he would like to enter newspaper work. In 1906, he finally got a job as a police reporter on the Louisville Herald. The following year he became assistant to the Kentucky correspondent of the Cincinnati Inquirer while still on the Herald. There he was taken by his boss to the national political conventions at Chicago and Denver. Krock left the Herald in 1908 and joined the Associated Press in Louisville as night editor after a brief experience as chief deputy sheriff of Jefferson County, Ky. In 1909, he became the Washington correspondent for the Louisville Times, and in 1911 for the Louisville Courier-Journal too. After World War I, in 1919, Krock became editor-inchief of the Louisville Times, holding that position until the fall of 1923 when he left for New York. Krock joined the World and remained with that paper until the spring of 1927 when he came to the editorial staff of the New York Times. Since 1932, he worked as the Times's Washington correspondent which made him famous throughout the nation. In 1935, he won the PP in "Correspondence" for his Washington dispatches. Arthur Krock earned his second

Kubik-Kunitz PP in the same award category in 1938, this time for an exclusive interview with U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Kubik, Gail Thompson, bom on September 5, 1914, in South Coffeyville, Ok., graduated from the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester with a Bachelor of Music-degree in 1934. The following year he received a Master of Music-degree at the American Conservatory in Chicago. The postgraduate then enrolled at Harvard University to study composition. From 1940 to 1941 Kubik held the post of a composer and adviser for NBC in New York. Afterwards he switched to the film bureau at the Office of War Information, where he became director of music. In 1943 he began to work as a composerconductor for the U.S. Air Force Motion Picture Unit. He gave up this position in 1946, but continued to compose for radio, television and the cinema. His Symphony Concertante made Gail T. Kubik the recipient of the 1952 PP in the category "Music." Kuekes, Edward Daniel, born on February 2, 1901, in Pittsburgh, Pa., attended public schools in Ohio, and at intervals did art work for their newspapers. Graduated from Berea High School in 1918, he entered Baldwin-Wallace College. After completing his work at the college, he took art courses at the Cleveland School of Art and the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. Kuekes began his career as a newspaper cartoonist in 1922 and handled general art for the Cleveland Plain Dealer, where he was often assigned to illustrate news events. Beginning in 1926, he substituted whenever the newspaper's senior cartoonist was ill or on vacation. Entering the comics field, Kuekes produced together with Olive Ray Scott the features "Alice in Wonderland" and "Knurl the Gnome." For the Plain Dealer, Kuekes composed "Funny Fables" from 1935 to 1937. This group was published as a book in 1938. One of Kuekes' best known characters was "The Kernel." This rabbit caricature became his trademark from 1942 until 1949. A movie page feature, "Closeups," and a weekly editorial cartoon called "All in a Week" brought the artist acclaim in the late 1940's. Another popular feature which was published on the Sunday editorial page of the Plain Dealer was "Cartoonist Looks at the News." Kuekes was appointed the chief editorial cartoonist of the Cleveland Plain Dealer in 1949. In the course of his career the artist received a great number of awards. In 1953, Edward D. Kuekes won the PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his drawing "Aftermath." Kumin, Maxine Winokur, born on June 6, 1925, in Philadelphia, Pa., was educated at Radcliffe College, where she received an A.B. degree in

133 1946. Two years later the same college granted her an M.A. degree. In 1958 Kumin started her teaching career. First she was an instructor in English and lecturer at Tufts University for three years, then, in 1961, a scholar of the Radcliffe Institute for Independent Study. The same year her first collection of poems, entitled Halfway, was published. Between 1967 and 1969 Maxine Kumin worked as a consultant for literature at the Central Atlantic Regional Educational Laboratory. During all these years she continued devoting herself to writing. Among the many books she published in the course of her career were Eggs of Things; The Beach Before Breakfast; The Privilege, and The Nightmare Factory. The poet was also member of the Radcliffe Alumnae Association. Her work was recognized with numerous awards. In addition to the Lowell Mason Palmer Award and a National Endowment for the Arts Grant she received the Poetry Society of America's William Marion Reedy Award and Poetry magazine's Eunice Tietjens Memorial Prize. In 1973 Maxine W. Kumin won the PP in "Poetry" for the verse collection Up Country. Kunitz, Stanley Jasspon, born on July 29, 1905, in Worcester, Ma., graduated from high school in 1922. At Harvard University, to which he won a scholarship, he elected English as his major. Here he began writing poetry and was awarded the Lloyd McKim Garrison Medal for Poetry. He was graduated in 1926 and received the M.A. degree from Harvard the following year. After finishing his studies at Harvard, he became a Sunday feature writer for the Worcester Telegram, a newspaper he had worked for as a student during his summer vacations. In 1927 Kunitz joined the H. W. Wilson Company as an editor and accepted responsibility for the edition of the Wilson Bulletin, a publication for and about the library world. Kunitz' first volume of poetry, Intellectual Things, appeared in 1930. Leaving the H. W. Wilson Company when his career was interrupted by World War II, the writer entered the United States Army. In the service he edited a weekly Army magazine called Ten Minute Break. After his dischargement in 1945, Kunitz was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for creative writing. From 1946 to 1949 he taught English at Bennington College, where he organized a literary workshop. Between 1949 and 1950 he was visiting professor of English at the New York State Teachers College in Potsdam, N.Y. In 1953 he received an Amy Lowell Poetry Traveling Fellowship, and spent the next year in Europe. After returning to the U.S. Kunitz taught as a visiting professor at three different universities. During 1959 Stanley J. Kunitz re-

134 ceived several high honors, among these was a two year Ford Foundation grant and several honorary doctorates. In 1959 Stanley J. Kunitz became the PPW in the "Poetry" category for his volume Selected Poems 1928-1958. Kurkjian, Stephen Anoosh, born on August 28, 1943, in Boston, Ma., was raised in Boston and became graduated from Boston Latin School in 1962. Four years later he graduated from Boston University where he majored in English Literature. In September 1968, he joined the Boston Globe as a reporter. Stephen A. Kurkjian became a 1972 Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for exposure of corruption in a Massacusetts town. In 1980 he was again a Co-PPW in the same award category, this time for articles on Boston's transit system. Kushner, Tony, bom on July 16, 1956, in New York City, attended Columbia University, which granted him his B.A. degree in 1978. In 1984 Kushner earned the M.F.A. degree at New York University. Only one year later did he receive a directing fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts. The same year his juvenile Yes, Yes, No, No was produced. It was

Kurkjian - Kushner followed by Stella, an adaptation from the play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; A Bright Room Called Day; Hydriotaphia, and The Illusion, which was produced in New York in 1988. The following year Kushner became guest artist at the New York University Graduate Theatre Program, at Yale University, and at Princeton University. Between 1990 and 1991 the playwright held the post of the director of literary services for the Theatre Communication Group in New York City. Kushner also worked as an wright-in-residence at the Juilliard School of Drama in New York City, where he stayed until 1992. For his work Kushner received numerous honours and awards. Among these were the Princess Grace Award, a play writing fellowship from the New York State Council for the Arts, the John Whiting Award from the Arts Council of Great Britain, the Kesserling Award from the National Arts Club, and the Will Glickman playwriting Prize. For his play Angels in America Millennium Approaches Tony Kushner was granted the Antoinette Perry Award. This play made Tony Kushner also the 1993 PPW in the category "Drama."

LaCoss, Louis, born on January 8, 1890, in Erie, Pa., typed his first copy for print as a reporter for the Kansan, a publication of the University of Kansas at Lawrence, where he received a Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1912. When in the same year his family visited California, LaCoss began his career as a reporter for the San Diego Sun. Returning to the Midwest the following year, he joined the staff of the Kansas City Star. In 1914 Louis LaCoss moved to the Parsons Sun in Kansas where he stayed for a year. Then he joined the Associated Press for the next eight years, three of them, from 192023, as a correspondent in Mexico. But when it appeared that there were no Midwest assignments for him afterwards, he left the AP for the St. Louis Globe-Democrat in 1923. He traveled extensively as a special writer, and since 1924 he covered most of the national political conventions. In 1936 Louis LaCoss began writing editorials, and in June 1941 he became editor of the editorial page of the Globe-Democrat. Active in his profession and in local civic affairs, he was named member of the board of trustees of the William Allen White Foundation at the school of journalism at the University of Kansas. In 1952 Louis LaCoss received the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for a widely-reprinted article entitled "The Low Estate of Public Morals." LaFarge, Oliver Hazard, born on December 19, 1901, in New York City, entered Harvard University in 1920. During his sophomore year, he went to Arizona as an assistant on an archeological expedition sponsored by the Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology. At Harvard he also was editor of the Lampoon and president of the Advocate, the college literary magazine. In the academic year 1923-24 he again went as an assistant on the Peabody Museum's expedition to Arizona, making the Navajo Indians and their culture his special interest. When he received his B.A. degree from Harvard in 1924, LaFarge remained there as a Hemmenway fellow at the Peabody Museum, taking part in his third expedition to Arizona, this time as the director. In 1925 he went as assistant, in charge of ethnology and linguistics, on a Tulane University anthropological expedition to Guatemala and southern Mexico, where the team discovered three centers of Mayan cul-

ture. Having become an assistant in ethnology at Tulane University in 1926, LaFarge returned to Guatemala the following year, when he participated in his second expedition for Tulane. For five months during the academic year 192728 he worked on a part-time schedule in order to have more opportunity for writing. Earlier in 1927 he had sold a short story about Indians to the Dial. In 1928 LaFarge returned to Harvard to do research on linguistics in the Mayan language and the following year took his M.A. degree. After his graduation Oliver H. LaFarge went back to New Orleans to spend his full time finishing his book, Laughing Boy, for which he received the PP for "Novel" in 1930. Lahiri, Jhumpa, bom on November 7, 1967, in London, England, was raised in Rhode Island. She graduated from Barnard College with a B.A. degree in English literature, and received M.A. degrees in English, creative writing, and comparative studies in literature and the arts from Boston University. She also obtained a Ph.D. in Renaissance Studies. Lahiri worked as an instructor for creative writing at Boston University and the Rhode Island School of Design. Additionally she published fiction in The New Yorker, Agni, Epoch, the Louisville Review, and Story Quarterly. She was granted the Henfield Foundation's Transatlantic Review award in 1993 and a fiction prize from The Louisville Review in 1997. She was also recipient of a fellowship at the Fine Ans Work Center in Provincetown from 1997 to 1998. The following year her first book, Interpreter of Maladies, appeared. This collection of stories made Jhumpa Lahiri winner of the 2000 PP in "Fiction." Lai, Gobind Behari, bom on October 9, 1889, in Delhi, India, graduated with B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Punjab in India. He worked as assistant professor at Punjab University from 1909 to 1912, when he received a research fellowship from the University of California at Berkeley. He moved to the U.S., where eventually he began a journalistic career as an editor of an Indian language newspaper. In 1915 and 1920 he published two books, Joseph Mazzini as a Social Reformer and Science and Policy in India. Five years later he joined the San Francisco Examiner, where he worked until 1930. He subsequently became science editor

136 of the New York American. 1932 saw his third major work, Chemistry of Personality. In 1937 Gobind B. Lai became a Co-PPW in the "Reporting" category for coverage of science at the tercentenary of Harvard University. Lambert, William G., born on February 2, 1920, in Langford, S.D., had his first journalism position as a news editor for the Enterprise Courier at Oregon City, Or., from 1945-1950. Then he moved to the Oregonian in Portland, Or., as a reporter. William G. Lambert became the 1957 Co-PPW in the category "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" for exposure of vice and corruption in Portland. La Montaine, John, born on March 17, 1920, in Chicago, II., enrolled at the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester in 1938 to study composition. He graduated with a B. A. degree in 1942. He then served in the U.S. Naval Reserve for four years, before attending the Juilliard Graduate School of Music, where he took courses. He subsequently became a student at the Conservatoire Americain at Fontainebleau, France. From 1950 to 1954 he was celestist and pianist with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. In 1958 the Ford Foundation commissioned him to compose a work for the National Symphony Orchestra. He wrote most of his works in a quite consonant 12-note style. John La Montaine won the 1959 PP in "Music" for his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra. Lanker, Brian Timothy, born on August 31, 1947, in Detroit, Mi., joined the staff of the Phoenix. Gazette as a photographer in 1966. While working in his job he studied at Phoenix College from which he graduated the following year. In 1969 Lanker switched to the Topeka Capital-Journal. Beside numerous Regional Photographer of the Year awards he was named National Newspaper Photographer of the Year in 1970. Brian T. Lanker earned the 1973 PP in the category "Feature Photography" for his sequence on childbirth entitled "Moment of Life." Lapine, James Elliot, born on January 10, 1949, in Mansfield, Oh., attended Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pa., from which he received his B.A. degree. The California Institute of Arts in Valencia granted him an M.F.A. Lapine's work for the theatre included both writing and directing plays. Among these were Table Settings, produced in 1980, March of the Falsettos, and Twelve Dreams. Together with Stephen J. Sondheim Lapine collaborated Sunday in the Park With George. This play made James E. Lapine the 1985 Co-PPW in the category "Drama." Lardner Jr., George, bom on August 10, 1934, in Brooklyn, N.Y., received an A.B. degree as

Lambert - Larson well as an M.A. degree from Marquette University. He started his journalistic career as a reporter with the Worcester Telegram in 1957, and switched to the Miami Herald two years later. In 1963 he joined the staff of the Washington Post, where he worked as a reporter. Lardner was the Post's columnist from 1964 to 1966, before he became reporter, once again. He won the Byline award in 1967, the Certificate of Merit in 1977, and the Front Page National News award in 1984 and 1986. In 1992 the Washington Post published his series The Stalking of Kristin, which told the haunting story of the murder of his own daughter. It made George Lardner Jr. recipient of the 1993 PP for "Feature Writing." Larkin, Oliver Waterman, born on August 17, 1896, in Medford, Ma., was already as a youth interested in painting, drawing and dramatics. While an undergraduate at Harvard University he won several scholarships and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his senior year. During World War I he served as a private in the Medical Corps of the Infantry of the United States Army. In 1919 he obtained his Master of Arts-degree from Harvard, to which he returned as an assistant in fine arts two years later. At this time, too, he directed plays and designed scenery for Lincoln House, a settlement house in Boston. At the age of twentyeight, he was made assistant professor of art at Smith College, in Northampton, Ma. Promoted to associate professor in 1926, he became full professor in 1931. For a time during 1925 and 1926, he also taught at Iowa State University; and in 1950 he lectured on American Art at the Harvard Student Council's American Seminar Studies for European students in Salzburg, Austria. That same year he became head of the art department at Smith College. Larkin contributed numerous articles and book reviews to various periodicals, including Theatre Arts, Magazine of Art, Saturday Review of Literature and the College Art Journal. Oliver W. Larkin was made the 1950 PPW in the category "History" for the book Art and Life in America. Larson, Edward John, born on September 21, 1953, in Mansfield, Oh., graduated from Williams College with a B.A. degree in 1974, and worked as an analyst for the Wisconsin State Senate at Madison until 1976. He received an M.A. degree in the History of Science from the University of Wisconsin the same year, and a J.D. degree from Harvard Law School three years later. In 1979 he joined the law firm Davis, Wright & Tremaine in Seattle. He also became counsel for the Washington State House of Representatives at Olympia in

Larson - Lash 1981. While serving as associate counsel for the U.S. Congress Committee on Education and Labor from 1983 to 1986, Larson received his doctorate in the history of science from the University of Wisconsin in 1984. His first book, Trial and Error: The American Controversy over Creation and Evolution, was published in 1985. He worked as a counsel for the Office of Educational Research and Improvement of the U.S. Department of Education from 1986 to 1987. He then joined the University of Georgia as Richard B. Russell Professor of History and Professor of Law. The author of Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South also wrote many articles about science, medicine and law. Edward J. Larson won the 1998 PP in the "History" category for his book Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. Larson, Jonathan, bom on February 4, 1961, in White Plains, N.Y., grew up in Westchester County. He attended Adelphi University, where he studied acting and began writing songs for the college cabaret, music for films, and songs for children's television. After his graduation Larson decided to devote his energies to the theater. To support himself while he persued his musical interests by creating material for all media, Larson worked as a waiter at the Moondance Diner in New York City's SoHo district. In 1988 he won the Richard Rodgers Development Award for his rock musical Superbia, which was staged at Playwrights Horizons. The following year Larson received the Stephen Sondheim Award from the American Music Theatre Festival, where he contributed to the musical Sitting on the Edge of the Future. In addition to scoring and song writing for the long-running public television show Sesame Street, he created music for a number of children's book-cassettes, including Steven Spielberg's An American Tale and Land Before Time. Larson also wrote the musical J. P. Morgan Saves the Nation and the rock monologue Tick, Tick... Boom! In 1994 Larson won the Richard Rodgers Studio Production Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters for the workshop version of the musical Rent, for which he had written the book, the music, and the lyrics. In January of 1996, just one day before the musical's opening, Jonathan Larson died of an aortic aneurysm. The same year Rent gained three Antoinette Perry Awards and earned Jonathan Larson posthumously the PP in the category "Drama." Lasch, Robert N., bom on March 26, 1907, in Lincoln, Mb., began his newspaper career as a printer's devil at the age of thirteen. He covered the police beat for the Lincoln Star when attend-

137 ing the University of Nebraska, from which he was graduated in 1928. Then Robert Lasch attended Oxford University, England, as a Rhodes Scholar. After returning to the U.S. he worked in the news department and as an editorial writer for the Omaha World-Herald in Nebraska. Then he became a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University in 1941-42. Lasch won an Atlantic Monthly prize in 1944 for an essay on the American press. Beside of working for the Atlantic Monthly he also contributed to the Reporter, the Progressive, and the New Republic. In later years Robert Lasch joined the staff of the Chicago Sun, and in 1950 he moved to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. He was named editor of the editorial page of that paper in 1957, and from then on he wrote editorials frequently. As recognition for his outstanding editorial writing Robert Lasch and a colleague of his editorial department earned the St. Louis Civil Liberties Award in April 1966. Only one month later Robert N. Lasch received the PP for "Editorial Writing" for opposing the escalation of U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. Lash, Joseph P., born on December 2, 1909, in New York City, graduated from the College of the City of New York with a B.A. degree in 1931, to which he added an M.A. degree from Columbia University. Being without a job, the member of the Socialist party soon was active in the Association of Unemployed College Alumni and Professional People and worked as its chairman. In 1932 he became secretary of the Student League for Industrial Democracy and editor of its periodical. From 1935 to 1939 he served as national secretary of the American Student Union. Lash resigned from the Socialist party in 1937 and three years later he also left the American Student Union. In late 1939 he was called to Washington to testify on charges of Communism in youth groups, along with other representatives of the American Youth Congress. There, Lash met Eleanor Roosevelt, a leading sponsor of the American Youth Congress. Their intellectual affinity led to a friendship. From 1940 to 1942 he served as general secretary of the International Student Service. Subsequently Lash entered the U.S. Army Air Force as a private advancing to second lieutenant. In 1946 he founded together with Eleanor Roosevelt and others the organization "Americans For Democratic Action" and became its New York City director. Lash joined the New York Post in 1950, and during the next ten years he worked as United Nations correspondent. In 1961 he became an editorial writer for the Post, and from 1964 until 1966 he was assistant editor of its editorial page. Dag Hammarskjold: Custodian of the Brushfire Peace

138 and Eleanor Roosevelt: A Friend's Memoir number among Lash's book publications. In 1972 Joseph P. Lash won the PP for "Biography or Autobiography" for his book Eleanor and Franklin. The story of their relationship. Lathan, Robert, born on May 5, 1881, in York, Pa., was educated in public and private schools and attended Erskine College though he did not graduate. He was a public school teacher for one year, when he was eighteen years old, and then became private secretary to the editor of the State in Columbia, S.C. Between 1903 and 1906 he was a court reporter and law student. In 1906 Robert Lathan came to Charleston, S.C., to continue his newspaper career at the News and Courier. First he was the state news editor and then the city editor. In 1910, at the age of twenty-nine, Robert Lathan was appointed to editor of the paper. His editorial policy was keen and aggressive. In 1925 the Charleston News and Courier earned the PP for "Editorial Writing" for an article entitled "The Plight of the South," written by Robert Lathan. Laurence, William Leonard, born on March 7, 1888, in Salantai, Lithuania, came to the United States in 1905, and was naturalized in 1913. He obtained an M.A. degree from Harvard University, and joined the staff of the Boston American in 1914. In 1915 he became an instructor of philosophy at Roxbury Tutoring School, where he worked for two years. He served in the U.S. Army until 1919, and, after his discharge, taught philosophy at Mount Aubum Tutoring School until 1921. He then became a freelance writer and play adapter. In 1926 he was hired as a general reporter by the World in New York City. One year later he was promoted to associate aviation editor. In 1930 he joined the New York Times as a science news reporter. William L. Laurence became a Co-PPW of 1937 in the "Reporting" category for coverage of Harvard University's tercentenary conference. In 1945 he was the only journalist who witnessed the testing of an atomic bomb in Alamogordo, N.M. In the fall of the same year he reported on the bombing of Nagasaki and on the atomic bomb in a series of ten articles. These dispatches earned him the 1946 PP in the same award category. Laurent, Michel, born on July 22, 1946, in Paris, France, joined the staff of the Associated Press in Paris in 1962. First he worked as an office boy, then as a librarian and wirephoto operator. As a photographer Laurent reported on the invasion of the Warsaw Pact armies in Czechoslovakia in 1968 and the revolution in Ceylon for example. In 1971 the photographer covered the India-Pakistan war. During this time he took pictures of tortures and executions in

Lathan - Leech Bangladesh. In 1972 Michel Laurent became the Co-PPW in the "Spot News Photography" category for a picture series entitled "Death in Dacca." Leary Jr., John Joseph, born on February 2, 1874, in Lynn, Ma., joined the staff of the Lynn Press in 1893. He was hired by the Boston Advertiser and Record as a reporter the same year, and in 1894 transferred to the Denver Times in Colorado. In 1895 he became night editor of the Boston Post, and in 1904 night city editor of the Boston Journal. The same year he accepted a job as city editor of the Boston Herald. In 1907 he was hired by the New York Herald, where he worked as associate editor. From 1912 to 1913 he was special European correspondent in Paris, and editorial advisor to James Gordon Bennett. He then became reporter with the New York World in 1913 and labor and economics reporter of the New York Tribune from 1914 to 1919. In 1919 he returned to the World as labor and economics reporter. He published a book, Talks with Theodore Roosevelt, in 1920. Also in 1920, John J. Leary Jr. won the PP for "Reporting" for articles written during the national coal strike in the previous year. Lee, Nelle Harper, born on April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, ΑΙ., attended the University of Alabama for the study of law. After spending a year in England as an exchange student at Oxford University, she returned to the University of Alabama, but left in 1950 before completing the requirements for the law degree. She moved to New York and worked as an airline reservation clerk, first with Eastern Air Lines and later with the British Overseas Airways Corporation. Harper Lee had already begun to develop an interest in writing at the age of seven. After she came to New York, she approached a literary agent with manuscripts of two essays and three short stories. Encouraged by the agent's approval of one of the stories, she followed his suggestion that she expand it into a novel. In order to concentrate on her writing, Harper Lee gave up her position with the airline. In 1957 she submitted the manuscript of her novel to the J. B. Lippincott Company, but was urged to rewrite it. For the next two-and-ahalf years she reworked the manuscript with the help of her editor, and it was not until 1960 that the book To Kill a Mockingbird was finally published. The volume made N. Harper Lee the 1961 PPW in the "Fiction" category. Leech, Margaret Kernochan, bom on November 7, 1893, in Newburgh, N.Y., attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie and in 1915 received her Bachelor's degree. After graduation, she worked first for a publishing company, later she entered an advertising agency. Her publicity

Leland - Levine work in various World War I fund-raising organizations led to her joining the staff of the American Committee for Devastated France. While serving the committee in Europe, she contributed articles to American periodicals. During the 1920's, after she had returned to the United States, Margaret Leech was chiefly occupied with writing novels. In 1924 her first fictional work was published: The Back of the Book. In 1926 and 1928 Tin Wedding and The Feathered Nest followed. On August 1, 1928, Margaret K. Leech was married to Ralph Pulitzer. Being herself an author and the wife of the publisher of the New York World she belonged to a distinguished literary circle that included publishers, playwrights, actors, journalists and other writers. In 1942 Margaret K. Leech earned the PP in the category "History" for the book Reveille in Washington, 18601865. After twelve years of work, her next book, In the Days of McKinley, was published in 1959. The year after, it was this work that made Margaret K. Leech for the second time the winner of the PP in the "History" category. Leland, Timothy, bom on September 24, 1937, in Boston, Ma., prepared at Noble & Greenough School, was graduated from Harvard University in 1960 and was a graduate of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1961. He joined the Boston Globe in 1963 as science editor. In 1972 he became a Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for exposure of widespread corruption in a Massachusetts town. Lelyveld, Joseph Salem, born on April 5, 1937, in Cincinnati, Oh., was awarded his B.A. and M.A. degrees from Harvard University in 1958 and 1959. He earned his M.S. degree at Columbia University in 1960. After his graduation he joined the staff of the New York Times as a writer. In 1965 he became one of the newspaper's foreign correspondents and went to South Africa. His stint there ended the following year when he was expelled for his reports on apartheid. Other countries Lelyveld covered included: the Congo, England, India and Pakistan as well as Hong Kong. From 1978 to 1980 Lelyveld served as the New York Times' deputy foreign editor before he returned to South Africa for a three-year period resuming coverage of the country's repressive racial policies. Back in the United States he worked as a staff writer for the New York Times Magazine. In 1985 he moved to London to become the Times' bureau chief there. Joseph S. Lelyveld became the 1986 Co-PPW in the category "General Non-Fiction" for the book Move Your Shadow: South Africa, Black and White.

139 Lerude, Warren Leslie, bom on October 29, 1937, in Reno, Nv., was educated in Reno schools and at the University of Nevada. From 1961-63 he worked for the Associated Press in the San Diego, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, and Reno bureaus. Lerude joined the Reno Evening Gazette and Nevada State Journal in 1963, starting as a general assignment and beat reporter and he later became city editor, news editor, managing editor and executive editor. In 1977 he was a Co-PPW in the category "Editorial Writing" for articles challenging the power of a local brothel keeper. Leviero, Anthony Harry, bom on November 24, 1905, in Brooklyn, N.Y., started to earn his own living after completing his grade schooling in Brooklyn at the age of fourteen and a half. His chance of occupation occured in 1926 when he joined the New York American as a copy boy. Following a period of a night police reporter for that paper in the Bronx, Leviero became a general reporter for the Bronx Home News in 1928. His connection with the New York Times started in 1929, and for the next twelve years his duties with that paper included coverage of courts and general assignments. At intervals during these early reportorial years he also took courses at Columbia University and the College of the City of New York. Called to active duty in the army in 1941, as a first lieutenant, he was assigned to emergency duty with the War Department in Washington. At the time of his discharge he held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps. Returning to reserve status, Leviero ended his active service in November, 1946. He had rejoined the New York Times in the meanwhile and was then assigned to the Washington bureau. Leviero was the White House correspondent from November, 1947, to March, 1951, when he was given a roving assignment for a year to explore any phase of those Washington affairs that promised to make news. Anthony H. Leviero won the 1952 PP in the "National Reporting" category for disclosing conversations between President Truman and General MacArthur at Wake Island. Levine, Philip, bom on January 10, 1928, in Detroit, Mi., attended Wayne State University. After his graduation in 1950, he worked at a series of jobs and then left Detroit. He lived in North Carolina, Florida, and Iowa, where he received an M.F.A. from the University of Iowa in 1957. The following year he was awarded the Stanford University Fellowship in Poetry and moved to California, becoming a faculty member at Fresno State College. In 1969 he was offered the post of a professor in English at the same institution. Levine also

140 taught at several other universities in the course of his teaching career. Among these were Tufts University, Columbia University, Princeton University, and the University of California at Berkeley. Levine was Elliston lecturer for poetry at the University of Cincinnati and poet-in-residence at Vassar College and the National University in Australia. In addition to teaching the poet was active in other sections of literary life. In 1985 he became chairman of the literature panel of the National Endowment for the Arts. During all these years the author kept on working on his poetry. Among the many volumes he published were On the Edge; The Names of the Lost; 7 Years from Somewhere, and Ashes. His work was honored with many awards and prizes. Levine was recipient of the Joseph Henry Jackson award, the Frank O'Hara Memorial prize, the Goldon Rose award from the New England Poetry Society, and several other awards. In 1995 Philip Levine was granted the PP in the "Poetry" category for the volume The Simple Truth. Levy, Leonard Williams, born on April 9, 1923, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, enrolled at Columbia University after having served with the United States Army during World War II. He earned his Bachelor of Science-degree in 1947 and received his M.A. degree the following year. From 1950 to 1951 he worked as a research assistant at Columbia University. On a University fellowship Levy wrote his doctoral thesis in 1951. That same year, he joined the staff of Brandeis University in Waltham, Ma., as an instructor. There, he assumed successively the position of assistant professor and associate professor, before he was advanced to full professor. In 1957 he became the first incumbent of the Earl Warren chair of constitutional history. From 1958 to 1963 he was dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and became then dean of the faculty of arts and sciences. Being a prolific author, Levy published a large number of books: The Law of the Commonwealth and Chief Justice Shaw; Legacy of Suppression; Freedom of Speech and Press in Early American History; Jefferson and Civil Liberties and The Darker Side. Leonard W. Levy became the winner of the 1969 PP in the category "History" for the book Origins of the Fifth Amendment. Lewinson, Minna, born on June 28, 1897, in New York City, studied at Barnard College and Columbia University. She graduated with a Bachelor of Letters in 1918, the year she became the Co-PPW in the category "Newspaper History" for the book A History of the Service rendered to the Public by the American Press During the Year 1917.

Levy - Lewis Lewis, David Levering, born on May 25, 1936, in Little Rock, Ar., received a B.A. degree from Fisk University and an M.A. degree from Columbia University. He graduated from the London School of Economics with a Ph.D. From 1961 to 1963 he served in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army. The following year he was a lecturer of Modern French History at Howard University, Washington, D.C. In 1965 he became assistant professor at the University of Notre Dame, In. From 1966 to 1970 he worked as an associate professor at Morgan State University. The following four years he spent at the Federal City College. In 1974 he became Professor of History at the University of the District of Columbia. In 1981 the University of California at San Diego hired him as professor. After 1985 Lewis was Martin Luther King Jr. Professor of History at Rutgers University. He wrote numerous books, among them King: A Critical Biography, When Harlem Was in Vogue, and The Civil Rights Movement in America: Essays. In 1994 David L. Lewis became the PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for his book W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race 1868-1919. Lewis, Harry Sinclair, born on February 7, 1885, in Sauk Centre, Mi., earned his Bachelor of Arts-degree from Yale University in 1908. While in university he had already written for the Literary Magazine, the Courant, the New Haven Journal, and the New Haven Courier. Following his graduation he was a newsman in Iowa, New York and California. Until 1916 he successively held the positions of assistant editor or editor with Transatlantic Tales, the Volta Review, the Frederick A. Stokes Company, Adventure, the Publishers' Newspaper Syndicate, and the George H. Doran Company. Having written short stories since 1910, Lewis published his first novel in 1914 under the title Our Mr. Wrenn: The Romantic Adventures of a Gentle Man. It was followed by The Trail of the Hawk. 1915 Lewis earned a living by producing one short story each month. He also worked on his next book: The Job - An American Novel. The Innocents was published in 1917. In 1919 Lewis brought out the novel Free Air, which describes a cross-country excursion to Seattle. Lewis' next book appeared the year after: Main Street. On a trip through Europe, Lewis completed the draft of Babbitt, the story of a discontented, middle-aged businessman. In 1925 the author published Arrowsmith. This volume brought to H. Sinclair Lewis the 1926 PP in the "Novel" category. Four years later he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Lewis, Joseph Anthony, born on March 27, 1927, in New York City, received his early

Lewis - Lindbergh education at New York's Horace Mann School, where he was editor of the school's weekly publication. He entered Harvard College after graduation in 1944 and joined the Signet Society, a literary group. Lewis pursued his interest in journalism by working on the Harvard Crimson, the undergraduate daily, of which he became executive editor and finally managing editor. For a period of about three months during World War II he served as a seaman third class in a radar technician program conducted by the Navy; he was discharged because of an eye ailment. During the summer of 1946 Lewis worked as a copy boy for the New York Times. The following summer he spent traveling in Europe. Anthony Lewis was graduated from Harvard University in 1948. From June of that year until August, 1952, he wrote for the "News of the Week in Review" section of the New York Times. Immediately after terminating his connection with this newspaper, Lewis went to work for the Democratic National Committee. In December, 1952, he was engaged by the Washington Daily News for which the reporter also covered the hearings of the Senate subcommittee headed by Senator Joseph McCarthy in 1953 and became particularly interested in matters affecting internal security. J. Anthony Lewis won the 1955 PP in the category "National Reporting" for articles from Washington, D.C. In 1963 Lewis was awarded a second PP in the "National Reporting" category for coverage of the United States Supreme Court. Lewis Jr., Matthew, born on March 8, 1930, in McDonald, Pa., was educated at Howard University in Washington, D.C., in 1947. The following year he studied at the University of Pittsburgh. Lewis served with the U.S. Navy as a hospital corpsman from 1949 to 1952. He started to work as an instructor at the audiovisual department of Morgan State College in Baltimore in 1957. He did this job for eight years. Afterwards Lewis joined the Washington Post where he worked as news photographer and later on as magazine photographer. Lewis won first prizes in the White House News Photographers Association competitions in 1968 and 1971. Matthew Lewis Jr. became the winner of the 1975 PP in the "Feature Photography" category for pictures from Washington, D.C. Lewis, Richard Warrington Baldwin, born on November 1, 1917, in Chicago, II., earned an A.B. degree from Harvard University in 1939 and his Master's degree from the University of Chicago in 1941. Subsequently, he served with the United States Army in World War II, advancing to major. In 1948 he joined the staff of

141 Bennington College as a teacher, a position which he was to hold until the academic year of 1950-51, when Lewis became dean of the Salzburg Seminar of American Studies. The following year he taught as a visiting lecturer in English at Smith College. Having obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1953, he became associate professor of English at Newark College, Rutgers University, and was later promoted to full professor. In 1959-60 he delivered guest lectures at Yale University, and joined then the permanent staff of Yale as professor of English and American studies. In 1966 Lewis accepted a job with Universal Pictures as literary consultant. The American Adam; The Picaresque Saint and Trials of the World number among Lewis' book publications. He edited Herman Melville; The Presence of Walt Whitman; Malraux: A Collection of Critical Essays and Short Stories of Edith Wharton, 1910-1937. In 1976 Richard W. B. Lewis earned the PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for his book Edith Wharton: A Biography. Lewis, Ross Aubrey, bom on November 9, 1902, in Metamora, Mi., graduated from Milwaukee State College in 1923. He then studied at the Layton School of Art in Milwaukee as well as at the Art Students' League of New York. He was first a commercial artist at a lithographic company before he started to work in the art department of the Milwaukee Journal in 1925. He prepared layouts and drawings for the Journal's civic promotion series which was awarded the Schuman trophy by the Association of Newspaper Advertising Executives in Denver in 1927. Five years later he became the Milwaukee Journal's cartoonist. Ross A. Lewis was the 1935 PPW in the category "Editorial Cartooning" for the drawing "Sure, I'll Work for Both Sides." Lindbergh Jr., Charles Augustus, born on February 4, 1902, in Detroit, Mi., entered the flying school of the Nebraska Aircraft Corporation in 1922. Two years later he enrolled as a flying cadet in the U.S. Air Service Reserve. When his training was completed, he was commissioned a second lieutenant and subsequently became a captain. In 1925 he became a first lieutenant in the Missouri National Guard and later was advanced to a colonel. After several "barnstorming" trips, Lindbergh worked as an Air Mail Service pilot. On May 20, 1927 he started on the first successful flight across the Atlantic in his Ryan monoplane "Spirit of St. Louis," covering the distance to Paris in some thirty-three hours. This pioneer achievement brought the flier the honors of official governmental receptions in Brussels, London and Paris, where he was deco-

142 rated as chevalier of the Legion of Honor. In Washington, D.C., Lindbergh was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and promoted to colonel in the Air Corps Reserve. Lindbergh became associated with the Transcontinental Air Transport Company and also served as technical adviser to Pan American Airways. In the 1930's Lindbergh went to Europe. At the suggestion of the U.S. military attacho in Berlin, Lindbergh made surveys of air power in Germany, France, the U.S.S.R., and England. Having returned to the U.S. in 1939, he served as a civilian technician in World War II. Charles A. Lindbergh Jr., holder of the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, became the 1954 PPW in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for his book The Spirit of St. Louis. Lindsay, Howard, born on March 29, 1889, in Waterford, N.Y., graduated from Boston Latin School in 1907. Thereafter he studied at Harvard University for one year. He began his career with the theatre as an actor in the play Polly of the Circus in 1909. Later on he became stage director and playwright. Among the numerous plays he wrote in the course of his career were Tommy, Your Uncle Dudley, and Oh Promise Me. All these plays were written in collaboration with Bertrand Robinson. Lindsay also collaborated with other authors. Several plays resulted from the collaboration with Rüssel Grouse, such as Anything Goes, Red, Hot and Blue, Hooray for What?, and State of the Union. The latter made Howard Lindsay the 1946 Co-PPW in the "Drama" category. Linscott, Roger Bourne, born on January 22, 1920, in Winchester, Ma., grew up in the Boston suburb of Stoneham. He graduated in 1941 from Harvard University, working during summer vacations for the Cape Cod StandardTimes. Linscott was employed briefly by the Buchanan Advertising Agency in New York before joining the U.S. Navy where he served on a destroyer in the Pacific as a lieutenant senior grade. After his discharge at the end of World War II he was a copywriter for the Franklin Spier Advertising Agency. Then Roger B. Linscott went to the New York Herald-Tribune where he wrote the On the Books' column in the newspaper's weekly book review section. In 1948 he moved to the Berkshire Eagle, where he was first assigned to the City Hall beat and for six years also wrote a weekly column on politics. Linscott became an editorial writer in 1954 and was named chief editorial writer in 1957. He later was promoted to editor of the editorial page of the Eagle. During the seventies he advanced to one of the most respected editorial writers of the northeast putting great weight on the quality of the edi-

Lindsay - Lippmann torial and op-ed page of the Berkshire Eagle. In 1973 Roger B. Linscott earned the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on birth control, judicial nepotism, public transit and other topics. Lipinski, Ann Marie, born on January 1, 1956, in Trenton, Mi., was a graduate of Trenton High School and attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. She worked as a summer intern at the Miami Herald in 1977 and served as a coeditor of the student newspaper Michigan Daily while attending the university. In 1978 she joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune as a full time reporter. In 1988 Ann M. Lipinski became a Co-PPW in the category "Investigative Reporting" for coverage of the self-interest and waste that plagued Chicago's City Council. Lippmann, Walter, born on September 23, 1889, in New York City, enrolled in Dr. Julius Sachs' School for Boys in 1896, a private school on New York's West Side. Here during the next ten years he wrote pieces for student publications, distinguished himself in debating, and won a number of prizes for academic excellence. At Harvard University, which he entered in 1906, he also achieved a brilliant scholastic record and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He completed the requirements for his B.A. degree in three years, but graduated with his class in 1910. Briefly, while still at Harvard in 1910, Lippmann worked as a reporter for the Boston Common, a weekly devoted to social reform. Then for about a year he wrote articles for Everybody's Magazine on corruption in big business, politics, and government. In the summer of 1912, Lippmann went to Maine to set down some ideas in book form, A Preface to Politics, which came out in 1913. Another book was published in 1914. From 1917 on Lippmann served as an assistant to the Secretary of War and later as secretary of a research organization. Upon his return to New York in March, 1919, Lippmann resumed his work on the New Republic, but soon left the magazine to write his famous book Public Opinion, which came out in 1922. From 1921 on he belonged to the staff of the New York World where, from 1923-29, he was in charge of the editorial page. From 1929 until the World ceased publication in February, 1931, he held the title of editor. From September 1931 on he worked as columnist for the New York HeraldTribune, becoming an outstanding interpreter of world affairs. In 1958 Walter Lippmann received a PP "Special Award" in the journalism section for his merits as a syndicated columnist. He earned his second PP in 1962 in the "International Reporting" category, this time for an exclusive interview with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev.

143

Sinclair Lewis

Charles Lindbergh

Walter Lippmann

Louis Lochner

144 Lipton, Eric S., born on August 13, 1965, in Philadelphia, Pa., attended the University of Vermont. He worked as a staff writer for the Lebanon Valley News from 1987 to 1989, when he switched to the Hartford Courant. In 1991 he was granted the Aviation and Space Writers' award. The same year Lipton and a colleague covered the debacle of the Hubble Space Telescope. The four-part series was published in March and April 1991, entitled The Looking Glass: How a Flaw Reflects Cracks in Space Science. This series made Eric S. Lipton the 1992 Co-PPW in the category "Explanatory Journalism." Little, Tom, born on September 27, 1898, near Franklin, Tn., was an art student at Watkins Institute in Nashville between 1912 and 1915. From 1913 until 1916 Little also did private cartooning. In 1916 he started to work as a reporter for the Nashville Tennessean. The following year he entered Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville, where he stayed for one year. After having been on the staff of the Nashville Tennessean for seven years, Little started to work for the New York Herald-Tribune Syndicate in 1923. But the following year he switched back to the Nashville Tennessean, whose city editor he became in 1931, a post he held until 1937. That year Little, who had also started to work for King Features Syndicate in New York City, was named the paper's cartoonist. In 1947 Little became recipient of the National Headliners' award for outstanding editorial cartoons. While still on staff of the Nashville Tennessean Little began to draw cartoon illustrations for the New York Times Magazine in 1951. In addition to the Christopher Award, which he received in 1953, the cartoonist was granted the Freedoms Foundation medal twice, in 1955 and 1956. In 1957 Tom Little earned the PP in the category "Editorial Cartooning" for his drawing "Wonder Why My Parents Didn't Give Me Salk Shots?" Littledale, Harold Aylmer, born in 1885 in Wales, was a rancher in Canada, but moved to the U.S. and began a career in reporting in 1906. He worked on a freelance basis in Chicago, before he joined the Evening Mail in New York City, where he was ship news reporter. In 1913 he became assistant cable editor of the Evening Post, and was soon promoted to staff member. After having served with British tank forces in World War I, Harold A. Littledale published a series of articles which exposed abuses in the New Jersey prison system in the Evening Post in 1917. His articles led to several reforms, and won him the 1918 PP in the "Reporting" category.

Lipton - Locher Litwack, Leon Frank, born on December 2, 1929, in Santa Barbara, Ca., received his Master of Arts-degree at the University of California in 1952, after having earned his B.A. one year earlier at the same college. From 1953 to 1955 he served with the United States Army. In 1958 the Doctor of Philosophy-degree was conferred on him and that same year he joined the staff of the University of Wisconsin as an assistant professor of history and, a few years later, was advanced to associate professor. He became member of the faculty of the University of California in 1965. Two years later he received there the Excellence in Teaching award. In 1971 Litwack became a full professor of history. Being the editor of American Labor Movement and the co-editor of Reconstruction he also wrote the book North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860. Leon F. Litwack became the 1980 PPW in the "History" category for his work Been in the Storm So Long. Livingston, Joseph Arnold, bom on February 10, 1905, in New York City, received his A.B. degree from the University of Michigan in 1925. Livingston worked on daily newspapers in New York, before he became a columnist and executive editor of the New York Daily Investment News from 1931-1934. Then he worked for one year as public utilities editor of the Financial World and from 1936-1942 as an economist for Business Week. In May 1942, in the War Production Board, he set up a confidential weekly report, War Progress, which went to top personnel in the Army, Navy and several war agencies. In 1944 he published a Public Affairs Pamphlet entitled "Reconversion - the Job Ahead," after he had joined the staff of the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion. In 1945 Livingston began his column, "Business Outlook," which later on became syndicated throughout the United States and Canada. In 1946 he was appointed financial editor of the Philadelphia Record. After that paper had closed, he joined the Washington Post in 1947 as economic columnist. From 1948 on, Livingston worked as financial editor of the Philadelphia Bulletin. In 1956 he published a special series on "The Soviet Challenge - an Economic Appraisal." In 1964 he wrote another series entitled "The Powerful Pull of the Dollar" which brought to Joseph A. Livingston the 1965 PP in the category "International Reporting" for coverage of the growth of the economic independence among Russia's Eastern European satellites. Locher, Richard Earl, born on June 4, 1929, in Dubuque, la., attended Loras College and the University of Iowa. He graduated from the

Lochner - Longgood Chicago Academy of Fine Arts in 1951 and from the Los Angeles Art Center three years later. Locher was a writer for "Buck Rogers" comic strip from 1954 to 1957. He then worked as an assistant artist and writer for the comic strip "Dick Tracy" from 1958 to 1962. In the same year he got the post of an art director in the sales promotion at Hansen Company in Chicago. He left this position in 1968 and became the owner and the president of the art studio Novamark Corp. Locher got the post of an editorial cartoonist at the Chicago Tribune in 1972. The numerous prizes he gained in the course of his career included the award from the ScrippsHoward Institute in 1975 and the Dragonslayer Award from the National Educational Society in 1976, 1977 and 1978. Richard E. Locher was made the recipient of the 1983 PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category for drawings about unemployment, automation, politics and other topics. Lochner, Louis Paul, born on February 22, 1887, in Springfield, II., took instruction at the Wisconsin Conservatory of Music after graduation from high school. In 1905, he enrolled at the University of Wisconsin. Upon graduation in 1909 Lochner won a university journalism fellowship. In 1913, the American Peace Society appointed him director of its central west department, and in 1915 he was at the International Women's Peace Conference at The Hague. The Federated Press sent Lochner to Germany in 1921 as its European director. After three years of work for the wire service during which he did free lance writing on cultural affairs, Lochnerjoined the staff of the Associated Press Berlin bureau. In 1929, he was promoted to bureau chief, a position which he continued to hold since then. During these years, Lochner became the AP's acknowledged expert on German affairs as he witnessed and reported on many of the most important events during the fall of the Weimar Republic and the rise of the National Socialists. Lochner knew and interviewed many German leaders. His professional career in Germany culminated in his coverage of the Munich crisis in 1938. In 1939 Louis P. Lochner earned the PP in the "Correspondence" category for dispatches from Berlin. Lockman, Norman Alton, bom on July 11, 1938, in West Chester, Pa., attended Pennsylvania State University. Prior to coming to the Boston Globe in late 1975, Lockman was the Washington correspondent of the News-Journal in Wilmington, De. In 1984 he became a CoPPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for a series examining race relations in Boston.

145 Loesser, Frank, born on June 29, 1910, in New York City, was educated in a Manhattan public school and Townsend-Harris High School. After studying at the College of the City of New York he got a job as a newspaper reporter in his hometown. In 1929 he began to work as city editor of small daily publications. The following year he became exploitation representative for Tiffany Pictures, Inc. But his main interest was writing songs. During World War II Loesser served in the United States Army. The war influenced his work as a song writer as he composed a number of war songs. In the course of his career Loesser also tried his hand at writing plays. That effort resulted in his cooperation on the play How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. This work made Frank Loesser the 1962 Co-PPW in the category "Drama." Logan III, Joshua Lockwood, born on October 5, 1908, in Texarkana, Tx., attended Culver Military Academy for five years. In 1927 he entered Princeton University, where he wrote and acted in two Triangle shows, and was president of the club in his senior year. At that time he came into contact with the University Players, an intercollegiate summer stock company which played for about four seasons at West Falmouth, Ma. During his final year at Princeton Logan was awarded a scholarship which enabled him to study at the Moscow Art Theatre. With one of the formers of the University Players he spent eight months under the tutelage of Constantin Stanislavsky. When the two students returned to the U.S.A., they took the University Players to Baltimore for a winter season of repertory, in the course of which Logan directed a revival of the Lysistrata of Aristophanes. In the depression of the 1930's, however, the University Players were forced to disband. Logan, after making his New York debut as an actor in Carry Nation went to London. There he staged two productions, Champagne Supper and The Day I Forgot. Then, back in the United States, he directed a touring revival of Camille. In 1933 he joined Howard Lindsay's comedy She Loves Me Not as an assistant stage manager and understudy. During the following years Logan staged several play scripts, directed theater pieces as well as films, and worked as an author. In 1942 he was drafted for military service, which he left with the rank of captain. After his dischargement he continued his work for the theater. Joshua L. Logan III became a 1950 Co-PPW in the "Drama" category for the musical South Pacific. Longgood, William Frank, bom on September 12, 1917, in St. Louis, Mo., graduated from the University of Missouri School of Journalism in

146 1940. He worked as a writer and salesman for radio stations in Niagara Falls, N.Y., from 1940 to 1942 and Santa Barbara, Ca., from 1942 to 1943. From 1943 to 1946 he served in the U.S. Air Force. Upon his discharge he became a reporter with the Newark Evening News in New York, where he was employed until 1948, when he joined the New York World-Telegram and Sun. In 1954 he won the George Polk Memorial award from Long Island University. During his time at the Telegram he also published several books, e.g. The Suez Story, The Pink Slip, and The Poisons in Your Food. On March 1, 1962, William Frank Longgood, together with two colleagues, covered a major airplane disaster. The coverage made William F. Longgood a 1963 Co-PPW in the category "Local Reporting, Edition Time." Lopez, Andrew, born on May 10, 1910, in Burgos, Spain, came to the U.S.A. at the age of five. He visited public schools in New York City and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1937. The photographer joined the staff of Acme Newspix in 1942. The following year Lopez was sent to Europe and Pacific as a correspondent. He won the Medal of Freedom for his action during the Normandy invasion in 1944. He then covered the capitulation of Japan on the U.S. Ship Missouri and the atom bomb tests at Bikini Island in 1946. More than a decade later, in 1957, the photographer switched to United Press International. Andrew Lopez earned the 1960 PP in the category "Photography" for his pictures illustrating the execution of a corporal, formerly of Cuban Dictator Batista's army, by a Castro firing squad. Lowe, Robert Brian, bom on August 13, 1953, in Pasadena, Ca., attended Pasadena public schools and was student-body president at John Muir High School. He received his college degree in economics from Stanford University in 1975. Lowe worked for the Arizona Republic and Gazette for one year, primarily covering the Arizona legislature. He joined the Arizona Daily Star in 1976 and was the newspaper's Phoenix bureau chief and legislative reporter until 1979, when he moved to Tucson and became the Arizona Daily Star's full-time investigative reporter. In 1981 Robert B. Lowe was made the Co-PPW in the category "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for coverage of the University of Arizona Athletic Department. Lowell, Amy, born on February 9, 1874, in Brookline, Ma., was first tutored at home by governesses and then attended Boston private schools. From her early childhood on she was encouraged to write and in 1887 Dream Drops or Stories from Fairy Land by a Dreamer was privately printed. Having studied verse in the

Lopez - Lucas family's library, she settled into the business of being a poet. Her first professional poem, "Fixed Idea," was published in the August 1910 issue of Atlantic Monthly. A few more of her poems appeared in magazines in 1911 and 1912, and in October 1912 she brought out her first collection, A Dome of Many-Coloured Glass. Being impressed with the imagist movement Amy Lowell went to England twice and met there the poet Ezra Pound. Back in the U.S. she campaigned for public recognition of imagism and edited three anthologies under the title Some Imagist Poets. The poet toured the country giving lectures and poetry readings. Lowell's own volumes of poetry included: Sword Blades and Poppy Seed; Men, Women and Ghosts, and Can Grande's Castle. In addition, she wrote two volumes of critical essays, Six French Poets and Tendencies in Modern American Poetry. Amy Lowell died on May 12, 1925. The following year she was posthumously awarded the PP in the "Poetry" category for the collection What's O'Clock. Lowell Jr., Robert Traill Spence, born on March 1, 1917, in Boston, Ma., went to St. Mark's School in Southboro, Ma. After his graduation he first matriculated at Harvard University, but transferred to Kenyon College in Ohio later on. That college granted him a B.A. degree in 1940. The same year the poet became a convert to the Roman Catholic faith, which had a great influence on his work, as many of his poems contain religious elements. While he was in college, one of his poems appeared in the Kenyon Review. Later his work was published in the Partisan Review, Nation, Common Sense, Commonweal, Poetry, and other publications. In the course of World War II Lowell, on two occasions, tried to enlist in the armed forces; but by the time he was called for service, he had declared himself a conscientious objector. As a result, in October 1943, the poet was sentenced to serve a year and a day in a Federal prison, but was released after about six months. Lowell's first collection of poems, Land of Unlikeness, was published in 1944. His second book, Lord Weary's Castle, published in 1946, made Robert T. S. Lowell Jr. a highly honored poet in the following year. It gained him an appointment as poetry adviser to the Library of Congress, a grant from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, a Guggenheim fellowship and finally the 1947 PP in the "Poetry" category. In 1974 Robert T. S. Lowell Jr. earned his second PP in the same award category, based on his book The Dolphin. Lucas, Jim Griffing, born on June 22, 1914, in Checotah, Ok., received his first journalistic experience as editor of the high school paper in

Luckovich - Lurie that community. After only a year at the University of Missouri in 1932-33, he quit college to work for the newspaper Daily Phoenix, Muskogee, Ok., and for the Times-Democrat of that city. Between 1936 and 1938 he worked as a news broadcaster for the station KBIX at Muskogee. From 1938 to 1942 Jim Lucas was a reporter and feature writer for the Tulsa Tribune, Tulsa, Ok. From 1942 to 1945 he served as a combat correspondent in the Marine Corps. He experienced seven bloody island campaigns and emerged in 1945 as a first lieutenant, winner of the Bronze Star medal and the National Headliners award for a brilliant job of reporting at Tarawa Island. Jim Lucas started working for the Scripps-Howard Newspapers after World War II, specializing in military reporting. He went to Korea immediately after the outbreak of hostilities there and spent twenty-six months of the Korean War reporting from the front lines. Jim Lucas was made an honorary member of the American Seventh Division. In 1954 Jim G. Lucas earned the PP in the "International Reporting" category for his dispatches from Korea. Luckovich, Mike, bom on January 28, 1960, in Seattle, Wa., studied political sciences at the University of Washington from which he graduated in 1982. He started his career at the Greenville News, S.C., as a cartoonist and switched to the New Orleans Times-Picayune in 1984 where he took the post of an editorial cartoonist. In 1989 Luckovich started to work for the Atlanta Constitution. His cartoons were nationally distributed in more than one hundred and fifty newspapers around the nation by Creators Syndicate. In the course of his career Luckovich was granted with numerous prizes including the 1990 Overseas Press Club Award for the best cartoon on foreign affairs in the previous year and the National Headliners Award from the Press Club of Atlantic City in 1991. The 1995 PP for "Editorial Cartooning" was presented to Mike Luckovich for his work published in the year before, as exemplified by the drawing "Pie-eating championship..." Lukas, Jay Anthony, born on April 25, 1933, in New York City, was a 1955 graduate of Harvard College, where he began his career in journalism by writing for the Harvard Crimson and working summers for newspapers in Long Island City, Harrisburg, Pa., and St. Louis, Mo. After graduation he spent a year in Berlin as an Adenauer Scholar at the Free University, and a summer in Salzburg teaching at the Seminar in American Studies. Then he served two years in the Army - first as an instructor in psychological warfare at Fort Bragg, N.C., and later as a broadcaster in Tokyo. After his discharge he

147 joined the Baltimore Sun, and for three and a half years covered the police beat and urban affairs. In 1962 Anthony Lukas came to the New York Times. After brief assignments on the metropolitan, Washington and United Nations staff, he moved to Leopoldsville, the Congo. Although his main beat was the Congo, he traveled frequently to other nations of West Africa in covering news for the Times. Lukas was assigned to New Delhi in May, 1965, and he returned to the New York Times metropolitan staff in May, 1967. In 1968 he was awarded the PP in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for coverage of the story of a young woman being murdered. In 1976 Lukas started to work on Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families, which was published nine years later. The book made J. Anthony Lukas the 1986 CoPPW in the category "General Non-Fiction." Lundstrom, Marjorie Eleanor (Marjie), bom on October 9,1956, in Springfield, Mo., received a B.S. degree from the University of Nebraska. She started her journalistic career as a reporter at the Fort Collins Coloradoan in 1978. The following year she got the post of a managing editor at Denver Monthly magazine. In 1981 Lundstrom joined the staff of the Denver Post as a features columnist and a general assignment reporter. In 1988 the paper made her assistant city editor. In addition to working as a journalist, Lundstrom was a visiting faculty member at the Poynter Institute for Media Studies. She left the Denver Post in 1989 in order to work for the Sacramento Bee as a senior writer. The following year she was a national correspondent of the Gannett News Service. In the course of her career Lundstrom won numerous prizes, e.g. the National Associated Press Citation in 1979, the National Journalist of the Year award by the National Federation of Press Women in 1983, and the Sigma Delta Chi Deadline Reporting award in 1987. In 1991 Marjorie E. Lundstrom became the Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for her coverage of child abuse as a national issue. Lurie, Alison, born on September 3, 1926, in Chicago, II., attended Radcliffe College, where she earned her B.A. degree in 1947. Having written poems, stories, and reviews throughout her youth, she continued to write after her graduation, while filling a full-time position as an editorial assistant for the Oxford University Press branch in New York City. In 1959 she decided to record her memories of a friend, the poet, playwright, and actress. The biography V. R. Lang: A Memoir was privately printed and later appeared as the introduction to V. R. Lang's Poems and Plays. Alison Lurie's first

148 novel was published in 1962 under the title Love and Friendship. Having received Yaddo Foundation fellowships for 1963, 1964, and 1966, Lurie wrote The Nowhere City and imaginary Friends in part at the retreat for writers, artists, and composers in Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Her residences there also inspired her next novel, Real People. In 1969 she began teaching creative writing, folklore and children's literature at Cornell University and became professor of English seven years later. During the 1970's Lurie brought out books like The War Between the Tales and Only Children. She also published three collections of retold stories for children: The Heavenly Zoo: Legends and Tales of the Stars; Clever Gretchen, and Other Forgotten Folktales, and Fabulous Beasts. Alison Lurie earned the 1985 PP in the "Fiction" category for her book Foreign Affairs. Lyman, Lauren Dwight, bom on April 24, 1891, in Easthampton, Ma., studied at Yale University, and, from 1917 to 1918, served in the U.S. Army in World War I. In the course of 1919 he worked as a substitute for the Northampton Daily Hampshire Gazette and Easthampton

Lyman - Lyon News in Massachusetts, became a staff member of Dodge Reports, Inc., and transferred to the New York Times to work as an assistant real estate editor. In 1920 the Times promoted him to general assignment reporter. Ten years later he published The Wonder Book of the Air. In December 1935 Lauren D. Lyman wrote an exclusive story on the Charles Lindbergh family's move to England that won him the 1936 PP in the "Reporting" category. Lyon, Jeffrey R., bom on November 28, 1943, in Chicago, II., received a B.S. degree in journalism at Northwestern University in 1965. During his studies he worked as a reporter for the Miami Herald. In 1966 he switched to Chicago Today, and ten years later he became a columnist with the Chicago Tribune. In 1981 the paper gave him the post of a feature writer. He was honored with the National Headliners Club award in 1984. His first book, Playing God in the Nursery, appeared the following year. With a colleague Jeffrey R. Lyon reported on the evolving medical technology and the possibility of gene therapy. This series made him the 1987 CoPPWin the "Explanatory Journalism" category.

Mabee, Carleton, bom on December 25,1914, in Shanghai, China, was educated at high schools in Harrisonburg, Va., and Lewiston, Me. He attended Bates College, where he earned his A.B. degree in 1936. On a Perkins scholarship he pursued his graduate studies at Columbia University and was graduated M.A. in 1938. In the meantime he had been working as an assistant at the Teachers College of Columbia. Subsequently, Mabee started to work on his doctoral dissertation and in 1942 received his Ph.D. degree in American history from Columbia University. Two years later he joined the staff of Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania as an instructor in history. Carleton Mabee participated in numerous projects for the American Friends Service Committee and worked with the Civilian Public Service in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He was a contributor to professional journals, magazines and encyclopedias. Carleton Mabee won the 1944 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for his book The American Leonardo: The Life of Samuel F. B. Morse. Macauley, Charles Raymond, born on March 29,1871, in Canton, Oh., was educated in public schools in his hometown. He adopted the career as a cartoonist after winning the first prize in a Cleveland Press competition in 1891. He then worked as a political cartoonist for the Cleveland World, the Cleveland Plain Dealer, and the Cleveland Leader until 1894. The same year he moved to New York City, where he contributed to leading metropolitan papers and periodicals until 1899. For the next two years Macauley worked with the Philadelphia Inquirer. Between 1901 and 1904 he was engaged in literary work. Among others he wrote and illustrated "Fantasmaland." In 1904 he became editorial cartoonist on the New York Morning World, where he stayed the following ten years. He then switched to the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. For his drawing "Paying for a Dead Horse" Charles R. Macauley received the 1930 PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category. MacDonald, Alexander Black, bom on May 6, 1861, in New Brunswick, Canada, came to the United States in 1890. He worked as a circus press agent until 1893, when he joined the Kansas City World as a staff reporter. In 1894 he was hired by the Kansas City Star, and in

1896 he became a citizen of the United States. Twenty-four years later he joined the staff of the Country Gentleman and Ladies' Home Journal. He also began to publish books like What Family Religion Does for One Church, Can We Trust the Brewers?, and Hands Up! Stories of the Six-Gun Fighters of the Old Wild West. In 1928 he returned to the Star to work as a staff reporter, and in 1931 Alexander B. MacDonald won the PP in the "Reporting" category for work in connection with a murder in Amarillo, Tx. Machacek, John W., born on February 18, 1940, in Cedar Rapids, la., graduated from Marquette University with an A.B. degree, before he attended the State University of New York. He began his journalistic career as a summer intern at the Kenosha News in 1961 and the Waukesha Daily Freeman in 1962, when he also joined the Milwaukee Sentinel as a reporter. From 1964 to 1965 he worked as a general assignment reporter at the Albany Knickerbocker News. The newspaper then gave him the post of an education reporter. In 1967 he joined the Rochester Times-Union, where he became transportation reporter and, two years later, the newspaper's education reporter. In 1971 Machacek and a colleague uncovered the true cause of death of forty-three hostages and inmates during a rebellion at Attica Prison, N. Y. This story made John W. Machacek the 1972 Co-PPW in the category "Local General Spot News Reporting." Mack, John Edward, bom on October 4, 1929, in New York City, obtained his B.A. degree from Oberlin College, Oh., in 1951, to which he added a Doctor of Medicine degree from Harvard University in 1955. From 1956 to 1959 he worked as a resident in psychiatry at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center in Boston and from 1957 to 1959 as chief resident of day and night hospitals. In the meantime he held first a teaching and later a research fellowship at Harvard University Medical School. Subsequently, he practiced medicine specializing in psychiatry and became then a senior physician at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center advancing to associate director of psychiatry and director of research in the children's unit. From 1967 to 1977 he was head of the department of psychiatry at Cambridge Hospital of Harvard University. In 1972 he became full

150 professor of psychiatry at Harvard University Medical School and the following year also the department's head. The contributor to psychiatric journals was the author of Nightmares and Human Conflict and he edited Borderline States in Psychiatry. In 1977 his book A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence made John E. Mack the PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. MacLeish, Archibald, born on May 7, 1892, in Glencoe, II., attended first the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Ct., before he moved on to Yale University. There he was editor of the literary magazine, and a member of the senior society. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and graduated with the B.A. degree in 1915. MacLeish's first book of verse, written as an undergraduate, Tower of Ivory, was published by Yale University Press in 1917. He subsequently entered Harvard Law School, which granted him his LL.B. degree in 1919. World War I interrupted MacLeish's law training. He served first in a hospital unit overseas, then in the field artillery, and advanced in rank from private to captain. After his discharge MacLeish taught at Harvard University for a year. From 1920 to 1923 he practised law in Boston, with the firm of Charles F. Choate, Jr. Finding that his work interfered with his writing, he gave up the legal profession and in the winter of 1923 went to France. He spent the next six years reading T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and various French poets, and writing poetry himself. He returned to the United States in 1928 and spent part of the following year in Mexico. The result of this trip was the long poem Conquistador, which narrates the conquest of Mexico by Cortes. Conquistador earned Archibald MacLeish the 1933 PP in the "Poetry" category. He earned his second PP in 1953 in the same award category for the volume Collected Poems, 1917-1952. In 1959 he won his third PP, this time in the "Drama" category, for J. B. -A Play in Verse. MacNelly, Jeffrey Kenneth (Jeff), born on September 17, 1947, in New York City, attended the University of North Carolina after his graduation from Phillips Academy in Andover, Ma., in 1965. Four years later, in 1969, he started to work as a staff artist and editorial cartoonist for the Chapel Hill Weekly. In the same year he won the National Newspaper Association award for cartooning. He left the Chapel Hill Weekly in December of 1970 to work as an editorial cartoonist for the Richmond News Leader. Already two years later, Jeffrey K. MacNelly was granted the 1972 PP for his "Editorial Cartooning" for his work from the previous year as exemplified by the drawing "The Economy." In 1978 he earned his second PP in the same

MacLeish - Mailer award category, as exemplified by the drawing "Individual Income Tax Return." In 1981 he returned to editorial cartooning for the Chicago Tribune after he had ended a brief and premature retirement. Jeffrey K. MacNelly was granted his third PP for "Editorial Cartooning" in 1985, as exemplified by the drawing "Okay, Senator Garn..." Magee, James V., bom in 1913 in Philadelphia, Pa., was graduated from Northeast Catholic High School of his hometown and immediately joined the sports department of the Philadelphia Bulletin. He became a news reporter for the paper in 1941, then he served in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war he returned to the Bulletin as a general assignment reporter specializing on crime stories, and in 1952 he won the Philadelphia Press Association Award. In 1964 he became a Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for coverage of numbers racket operations with police collusion in South Philadelphia. Maharidge, Dale Dimitro, born on October 24, 1956, in Cleveland, Oh., studied at Cleveland State University during the academic year of 1974-75. As a free-lance reporter he worked subsequently for various publications in the Cleveland area. In 1977 he joined the staff of the Gazette in Medina, Oh., as a reporter. The following year Maharidge accepted an assignment as free-lance reporter for the Cleveland Plain Dealer. In 1980 he started to write on the Sacramento Bee. Dale D. Maharidge became the 1990 Co-PPW in the "General Non-Fiction" category for the book And Their Children After Them. Mailer, Norman, born on January 31, 1923, in Long Branch, N.J., attended Harvard University, majoring in engineering, and was graduated B.S. in 1943. Subsequently he served as an infantryman with the U.S. Army in the Philippines and later as a member of the U.S. occupation forces in Japan. Discharged from the army in 1946, Mailer resettled in New York City and started to write a novel on his war experience: in fifteen months he finished The Naked and the Dead. It was followed by Barbary Shore, published in 1951, a novel treating on Mailer's disillusionment with Communism. That same year he moved to Greenwich Village in New York City, where he helped to found the weekly newspaper the Village Voice. During the following two years he wrote columns for this paper. Mailer spent four years writing his third published novel, The Deer Park, which later was also made by him into an off-Broadway stage version. His first collection of occasional pieces appeared in 1959 and was entitled Advertisements for Myself. In the early 1960's he

Malamud - Mamet wrote monthly columns for Esquire magazine under the heading "The Big Bite." These articles were collected in The Presidential Papers, Mailer's verse was gathered in Deaths for the Ladies, and Other Disasters and in the book Cannibals and Christians. He also produced three improvised films: Wild 90; Beyond the Law and Maidstone. His other novels were: An American Dream; Why Are We in Vietnam? and Miami and the Siege of Chicago. In 1969 Norman Mailer became a Co-PPW in the category "General Non-Fiction" for the book The Armies of the Night. History as a Novel - the Novel as History. For the novel The Executioner's Song he received another PP in 1980, this time in the category "Fiction." Malamud, Bernard, born on April 26, 1914, in Brooklyn, N.Y., attended the College of the City of New York. After graduating with a B.A. degree in 1936, he worked in various jobs, writing fiction in his spare time. As a graduate student at Columbia University, Malamud began, in 1940, to teach classes in English at Erasmus Hall Evening High School while devoting his days to writing. He was awarded the M.A. degree in 1942. In 1949, after a year as a teacher at Harlem Evening High School, Malamud joined the faculty of Oregon State College as an instructor of English. He remained there until 1961, eventually becoming an associate professor. Meanwhile his first short stories were published in Harper's Bazaar, Commentary, and Partisan Review. Malamud's first novel, The Natural, appeared in 1952. Having obtained a Partisan Review Fiction Fellowship, Malamud took a leave of absence from the college in 1956-57 and spent a year in Europe. About the same time his next novel, The Assistant, was published. Thirteen of Malamud's short stories were collected in 1958 under the title The Magic Barrel. The collection won him the 1959 National Book Award. Malamud subsequently held a two-year fellowship in the Ford Foundation's humanities and arts program. In 1961 Malamud moved to Vermont, where he began teaching in the division of language and literature at Bennington College. That same year he also brought out his third novel, A New Life. It was followed by Idiots First, a collection of eleven short stories. Bernard Malamud's novel The Fixer earned him the 1967 PP in the "Fiction" category. Malone, Dan F., bom on January 22, 1955, in Dallas, Tx., received his Bachelor of Journalism-degree from the University of Texas, where he had been editor-in-chief of the college paper Daily Texan. In 1978 he was granted a Fox fellowship at the National News Council, and from 1978 to 1979 he was an

151 intern at the Austin bureau of Harte Hanks. The same year he joined the Corpus Christi Caller-Times as a staff writer. In 1981 he switched to the Forth Worth Star-Telegram. Four years later he became a reporter at the Dallas Morning News. Along with a colleague, Malone spent two years investigating civil rights abuses in law enforcement departments throughout Texas. Dan F. Malone was made the 1992 Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for coverage of Texas police's abuse of power. Malone, Dumas, bom on January 10, 1892, in Coldwater, Ms., earned two Bachelor's degrees, one from Emory University in 1910 and another one from Yale University in 1916, before he served during the First World War with the United States Marine Corps advancing from private to second lieutenant. After the war he enrolled at Yale for graduate study and received his A.M. degree in 1921, to which he added a doctorate in 1923. Meanwhile he had started to work as an instructor in history. In 1923 he joined the staff of the University of Virginia as an associate professor and was promoted to full professor in 1926. Three years later he became one of the editors of the Dictionary of American Biography and in 1931 editor in chief. From 1936 to 1943 he was director of Harvard University Press. Malone accepted a professorship of history at Columbia University in 1945, a post in which he stayed until 1959. In 1962 he returned to the University of Virginia to assume there the position of a biographer-in-residence. The historian was also the author of many book publications, including The Public Life of Thomas Cooper, Saints in Action; Edwin A. Alderman - A Biography; The Story of the Declaration of Independence and Thomas Jefferson as Political Leader. From 1948 to 1974 the five volumes of his work Jefferson and His Time were published. It brought to Dumas Malone the 1975 PP in the category "History." Mamet, David A., born on November 30, 1947, in Chicago, II., attended Goddard College in Plainfield, Vt. After his graduation in 1969 Mamet shortly worked as an actor before taking a short-term teaching job at Marlboro College, where he produced his one-act play Lakeboat as an exercise for his students. In 1971 he returned to his alma mater as a drama instructor and artist-in-residence. While teaching at Goddard, he wrote several short plays and formed the acting ensemble St. Nicholas Company. In 1972 Mamet returned to Chicago, where local theatres staged several of his plays. During that time he supplemented his income by teaching theatre classes at the University of Chicago and at Pontiac State Prison in Pontiac, II. In 1974

152 Mamet and three young associates resurrected the St. Nicholas Players. Their first production was Mamet's Squirrels. The following year Mamet was introduced in New York with two plays earlier produced in Chicago: Duck Variations and Sexual Perversity in Chicago, which had won the Joseph Jefferson Award in 1974. These were followed, among others, by American Buffalo and A Life in the Theater. The former was voted the best play of 1977 by the New York Drama Critics Circle. The following year the playwright, who had been CBS Creative Writing fellow at Yale University in 1976-77 and Rockefeller grantee in 1977, became associate artistic director of the Goodman Theater. In 1978 Mamet also received the Outer Critics Circle award for his contributions to the American theatre. Meanwhile he continued writing plays. Two very acknowledged ones were Edmond and Glengarry Glen Ross. The latter gained David A. Mamet the New York Drama Critics Circle award and the 1984 PP in the category "Drama." Manning, Reginald West (Reg), bom on April 8, 1905, in Kansas City, Mo., began to study art at the Union High School in Phoenix, where he was art editor of the school paper and a member of the Scholarship Club. After his graduation in 1924, Manning launched himself as a free-lance cartoonist and commercial artist. His work at that time consisted of a variety of assignments. Looking forward, however, to a career on a newspaper, he took samples of his work to the Arizona Republic, a Phoenix daily paper, and was hired in 1926, as a photographer and artist. He was to take news photographs, make layouts, and draw cartoons. By 1931 Manning was drawing cartoons exclusively and had developed a weekly Sunday "Big Parade" cartoon page. In 1934 Manning started drawing an occasional editorial for the Republic, and in 1937 his paper began syndicating his daily editorial cartoon. In the course of about ten years Manning's picture editorial was being carried by twenty-seven other newspapers. Reginald W. Manning's drawing entitled "Hats" won him the 1951 PP for "Editorial Cartooning." Maraniss, David Adair, born on August 9, 1949, in Detroit, Mi., attended the University of Wisconsin. He began his journalistic career at the Madison Capitol Times, where his father held the position of editor. In 1972 he was named Reporter of the Year, while working for the Madison W/ßA-Radio from 1972 to 1975. In 1975 he joined the Trenton Times. In 1976 he won the New Jersey Press Association award, and in 1977 he became a reporter for the Washington Post. Two years later he was named the newspaper's Maryland editor. In 1980 Maraniss

Manning - Marinovich got the post of deputy metro editor. He worked as deputy projects editor and metro editor, before he was made Southwest bureau chief of the Washington Post in 1985. He won the 1989 John Hancock Prize and the 1990 Grand Medal of the National Conference of Christians and Jews. For his articles on the rise of Democratic presidential nominee Bill Clinton, David A. Maraniss was awarded the 1993 PP in the category of "National Reporting." Margulies, Donald, born on December 2, 1954, in Brooklyn, N.Y., became one of the most succesful playwrights of the United States. His plays were premiered at Manhattan Theatre Club, South Coast Repertory, The New York Shakespeare Festival, and the Jewish Repertory Theatre. He received numerous awards for several of his plays and won several grants, e.g. from the National Foundation for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, an the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. He taught playwriting at Yale University's School of Drama. In 1993 he was elected to the council of the Dramatist Guild. The following year his play What's Wrong with this Picture? was produced on Broadway. In 1998 his Dinner with Friends debuted at the Humana Festival. It won Donald Margulies the 2000 PP for "Drama." Marimow, William Kalmon, born on August 4, 1947, in Philadelphia, Pa., received a B.A. degree from Trinity College, Ct., in 1969. From 1969 to 1970 he was assistant editor of the Commercial Car Journal in Chilton, Co., and Bala Cynwyd, Pa. He then became assistant to the economic columnist of the Philadelphia Bulletin in 1970, and two years later joined the Philadelphia Inquirer, where he worked as a staff writer. Between 1970 and 1978 he won three major awards in journalism. He won a Silver Gavel award from the American Bar Association, a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism award and a Public Service award from the Associated Press's Managing Editors of Pennsylvania as well as four other awards the same year. Marimow was city hall bureau chief from 1979 to 1981, while continuing to work for the Inquirer. He kept collecting prizes in journalism, and won another four awards in 1982. Throughout the academic year of 1982-83 he was a Nieman fellow at Harvard Law School, where he studied the first amendment. In 1985 William K. Marimow became the Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for his relevation that city police dogs had attacked numerous people. Marinovich, Gregory Sebastian (Greg), born on December 8, 1962, in Springs, South Africa, was photographer for Newsweek. He then switched to the Associated Press where he

Markel - Martin joined the bureau in Jerusalem. Afterwards he worked on free-lance basis in South Africa covering the increasing unrest for the Associated Press and the Sygma Photo Agency in Paris. In 1991 Gregory S. Marinovich earned the PP in the category "Spot News Photography" for a series of pictures on the brutally murdering of a young man in South Africa. Markel, Lester, born on January 9, 1894, in New York City, enrolled at the College of the City of New York in 1912, and transferred to the School of Journalism of Columbia University the following year. In 1914 he obtained his B.A. degree, while also working for the newspaper Northside News. After graduation he was hired by the New York Tribune, where he was promoted to night editor in 1915, and assistant managing editor in 1919. Four years later he became Sunday editor of the New York Times, where he increased the staff of the magazine section from five to eighty-four, and where he put together not only an expanded version of Times Magazine, but several additional Sunday sections, as well. In World War II, Markel managed to establish a weekly tabloid for the armed forces which soon was available on sixteen war fronts. In 1951 he initiated the founding of the International Press Institute, and in 1952 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from the New School of Social Research. In 1953 Lester Markel earned a "Special" PP in the journalism section for his intelligent commentary writing. Marlette, Douglas Nigel (Doug), bom on December 6, 1949, in Greensboro, N.C., graduated from Florida State University in 1971. He started to work for the Charlotte Observer in 1972 where he got the post of an editorial cartoonist. Marlette published a number of cartoon collections. In later years his work was syndicated by the Tribune Media Services and gained a wider popularity on this way. The cartoons were regularly reprinted in Time, Newsweek, and many other magazines. Marlette was made the recipient of numerous prizes, among them the Sigma Delta Chi award in 1982 and the first place in the John Fischetti Editorial Cartoon Competition in 1986. In April of 1987 he moved from the Charlotte Observer to the Atlanta Constitution so that his cartoons from that year of both newspapers were eligible for the award competitions in the following year. In 1988 Douglas N. Marlette earned the PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his works from the previous year, as exemplified by the drawing "That's right - Jim and Tammy were expelled from paradise and left me in charge!" Marquand, John Phillips, born on November 10, 1893, in Wilmington, De., earned his Bachelor

153 of Arts-degree from Harvard University in 1915. He subsequently joined the staff of the Boston Transcript as assistant magazine editor, a position in which he remained for the following two years. In 1916 he also served with the Massachusetts National Guard at the Mexican border and, the year after, he spent some time as a student in Camp Plattsburg. In 1919 Marquand wrote for the Sunday department of the New York Tribune. Having worked as an advertising copy writer in 1920-21, he eventually decided to become a full-time fiction writer. A contributor of short stories to periodicals he brought out the following book publications: The Unspeakable Gentleman; Four of a Kind; The Black Cargo; Lord Timothy Dexter; Warning Hill; Haven's End; Ming Yellow; No Hero; and Thank You, Mr. Moto. John P. Marquand's book The Late George Apley won the PP of 1938 in the "Novel" category. Marsalis, Wynton, born on October 18, 1961, in New Orleans, La., took trumpet lessons at the New Orleans Center for the Creative Arts while still at high school. As early as 1975 he was featured trumpet soloist with the New Orleans Philharmonic Orchestra. Three years later he enrolled at the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood, Ma., and in 1979 he accepted a full scholarship from the Juilliard School of Music, while turning down a scholarship offer from Yale University at the same time. He was, however, dissatisfied with the contempt for jazz he encountered at Juilliard, and in 1981 he left the school without a degree to found his own jazz band. He toured Japan and the United States and was offered a contract by Columbia records that required him to record both jazz and classical music. Named Jazz Musician of the Year in Downbeat readers' polls in 1982, 1984, 1985 and 1986, best trumpet player in a Downbeat readers' poll in 1984 and best trumpet player in a Downbeat critics' poll in 1985, Marsalis won eight Grammy awards for his jazz and classical records, Japan's Swing Journal Silver Trophy, the Grand Prix Du Disque, the Louis Armstrong Memorial Medal and the Edison award. In 1997 Wynton Marsalis was awarded the PP in the "Music" category for his composition Blood on the Fields. Martin, Douglas DeVeny, born on September 9, 1885, in Benton Harbor, Mi., began his journalistic career with the Detroit News in 1918. He subsequently became a manager with the Masonic News, and in 1930 joined the staff of the Publishers Advertising Agency. After a brief period in advertising he was hired by the Detroit Free Press, where he worked as associate editor. In 1932 Douglas DeVeny Martin became a Co-PPW in the "Reporting" category

154 for coverage of a parade of the American Legion. Martin, Harold Eugene, born on October 4, 1923, inCullmann County, ΑΙ., received a B.A. degree in history from Howard College in Birmingham, ΑΙ., and an M. A. degree in Journalism from Syracuse University. In 1941 he began an apprenticeship as printer in Birmingham, ΑΙ., and from 1942-1945 he served in the Marine Corps, including thirteen months in the South Pacific area. From 1945-1955 Harold Martin worked as printer, reporter and columnist on various newspapers and commercial printing plants. He worked full-time at the Birmingham Post-Herald while attending Howard College. In the 1954-1955 period he was a job foreman and reporter for the City Outlook at Alexander City, Al. After finishing Graduate School of Syracuse University from 1955-1957 Martin became an executive for Newhouse Newspapers and he taught courses in advertising and Law of Mass Communications at Samford University in Birmingham, ΑΙ., from 1962-1963. In 1963 he became First Vice President of Southern Newspapers, Inc., in Montgomery, ΑΙ., and Vice President, Editor and Publisher of the Montgomery Advertiser and Alabama Journal. In 1970 Harold E. Martin was the recipient of the PP for "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for disclosure that Alabama prisoners were used for drug experimentations. Martin, Joseph George, bom on May 9, 1915, in New York City, got into the newspaper business almost by accident. In the depths of the depression he quit high school in Queens and roamed the town looking for laboring jobs in storehouses, factories and on the docks. A columnist was able to place Martin on the New York News as a copyboy in 1933. Within a year he was advanced to reporter until he entered the Army Air Force in 1943 where he stayed until his discharge early in 1946. Martin went back to work for the New York News. In 1959 Joseph G. Martin became the Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for a series about the dictatorship of the Batista regime in Cuba. Martino, Donald James, born on May 16, 1931, in Plainfield, N.J., attended Syracuse University from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Music-degree in 1952. Two years later he received his Master of Fine Arts-degree at Princeton University. Martino then went to Florence, Italy, where he studied on a Fulbright Fellowship from 1954 to 1956. After his return to the U.S. the composer taught at the Third Street Music School Settlement in New York for one year. He then became instructor at Princeton University, where he was a member of the faculty until 1959. Subsequently Martino spent

Martin - Mather one decade at Yale University, where he held the post of an assistant professor. The composer became chairman of the composition department at the New England Conservatory in 1969. Two years later he worked as a visiting lecturer at Harvard University. In 1974 Donald J. Martino was awarded the PP in "Music" for his composition Notturno. Marx, Jeffrey A., born on September 6, 1962, in New York City, was a 1984 graduate of Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism. He first reported on sports while working as a summer assistant with the Baltimore Colts of the National Football League. In 1984 Marx joined the staff of the Herald-Leader in Lexington, Ky., after two sports and news internships at the newspaper. He was the paper's coal writer at the time he was assigned to work on the University of Kentucky basketball series. Jeffrey A. Marx was named the 1986 Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for exposure of cash payoffs to University of Kentucky basketball players in violation of regulations. Massie, Robert Kinloch, born on January 5, 1929, in Lexington, Ky., attended Yale University and earned there his B.A. degree in 1950. Another Bachelor of Arts-degree was conferred on him in 1952 after having studied on a Rhodes scholarship at Oxford University for two years. Massie served in the United States Naval Reserves, advancing to lieutenant, junior grade, before he joined the staff of Collier's magazine as a reporter in 1955. The following year he became writer and correspondent for Newsweek in New York City. In 1962 he first started writing for USA-1 but then decided to work for the Saturday Evening Post as a writer, a position in which he remained for the next three years. Subsequently, he became a free-lance writer. In 1977 Massie accepted the Ferris professorship of journalism at Princeton University and taught there for one year. Massie, a member of the Society of American Historians, was the author of the biography Nicholas and Alexandra. This book on the fall of Czarist Russia was made into a film by Columbia Pictures in 1971. Massie's second book Journey, co-written with his wife, was the story of their struggle to come to terms with their son's hemophilia. Robert K. Massie's next book was entitled Peter the Great: His Life and World. This work earned him the 1981 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. Mather, Jay B., born on April 22, 1946, in Denver, Co. He received the B.A. degree from the University of Colorado and spent two years in the Peace Corps in Malaysia. Afterwards he was a staff photographer for the Sentinel Newspapers in Denver for five years before he became a staff photographer for the Courier-

Mattingly - Maury Journal and the Louisville Times in 1977. In 1980 Jay B. Mather became the Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for pictures from Cambodia. Mattingly, Garrett, born on May 6, 1900, in Washington, D.C., served in the U.S. Army in 1918 and 1919. From 1922 to 1924 he was a Sheldon fellow, and studied and traveled in Europe. In 1923 he received an A.B. degree from Harvard University, and in 1926 he also obtained an A.M. degree from Harvard. From 1926 to 1928 he worked as an instructor at Northwestern University. He then joined the staff of Long Island University. Seven years later he completed a doctorate at Harvard. He was a Guggenheim fellow in 1937-38. In 1942 he gave up his job at Long Island University, and for three years served in the United States National Reserve. In 1946 he was, again, Guggenheim fellow. He also became professor of history and head of the division of social philosophy at Cooper Union. In 1948 he accepted a professorship at the history department of Columbia University. He became known for his publications on the relationships between England and Spain in the sixteenth century. Major works included Catherine of Aragon, Rennaissance Diplomay, and The Armada. In 1960 Garrett Mattingly was honored with a "Special" PP citation in the "Letters" section for his work The Armada. Mauldin, William Henry (Bill), bom on October 29, 1921, in Mountain Park, N. M., took, while still in high school, a correspondence course in cartooning, paying for it by doing drawings, posters, any other work for local industrial, commercial, or individual clients. In 1939 he studied cartooning at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. Moving to Phoenix, Mauldin tried his hand at gag cartoons for national magazines, and some of these were bought by Arizona Highways. In the 1940 Texas gubernatorial campaign he did drawing work for both sides of the political fence, and then, in September, began his service in the United States Army. He started his infantry training at Fort Sill, Ok., where he did cartoons for the Forty-fifth Division News, first in his spare time and finally as a member of the staff. In 1942 Mauldin supplemented his soldier's pay by doing drawings for the Oklahoma City newspaper Oklahoman. In 1943 he went overseas with the division to Sicily, where he joined the Mediterranean edition of Stars and Stripes, the Army's wartime newspaper. Traveling in his own jeep, he covered the fighting in Italy, France and Germany. His cartoons were brought together in several collections. In 1945 William H. Mauldin was granted the PP for "Editorial Cartooning,"

155 exemplified by the drawing "Fresh, spirited American troops..." Released from the Army in June 1945, Mauldin continued drawing cartoons, that the United Feature Syndicate distributed to more than one hundred and eighty newspapers. In 1958 he became editorial cartoonist with the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. In 1959 William H. Mauldin earned his second PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category, this time for a drawing with the caption "I won the Nobel Prize for Literature. What was your crime?" Maurice, John Daniell, bom on October 23, 1913, in Vivian, W. V., was educated at W.V. public schools and entered Marshall University in Huntington, W.V., where he received an B.A. degree in 1935. He entered newspaper business in the same year with the Huntington Herald-Dispatch as a reporter. In 1938 Maurice moved to the Daily Mail of Charleston, W.V. to work as a reporter until 1943. The following three years he served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and separated with the rank of lieutenant. Then he returned to the Charleston Daily Mail as chief editorial writer in 1946, and in 1954 he became editor of the newspaper. Among his various affiliations one may mention his membership of the West Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision as well as of the West Virginia Citizens' Committee on Crime and Delinquency. For his editorial writing he received a prize from the professional journalism fraternity of Sigma Delta Chi. John D. Maurice earned the 1975 PP in the category "Editorial Writing" for articles about Schoolbook disputes. Maury, Reuben, bom on September 2, 1899, in Butte, Mt., followed his father's lead and studied law at the University of Virginia, received his degree and set up a practice in his home state. But later he followed his first love, writing, and he freelanced articles on the side. When Henry L. Mencken slurred Montana and seven other states as literary wastelands, Maury felt compelled to respond. His eloquent challenge appeared in Mencken's American Mercury magazine under a pen name, because he was afraid its publication might somehow hurt his and his father's law practice. The article attracted the attention of the founder and publisher of the New York News. Maury accepted the offer and moved to New York, where he started his journalism career at the News on January 1, 1926. He used to write highly controversial and soon he became the author of the most widely read editorials in American journalism. He also contributed articles for Collier's magazine. Maury loved the proper usage of the English language and he frequently lectured his readers to keep it simple. Reuben Maury won

156 the 1941 PP in the category "Editorial Writing" for articles about growing totalitarianism. May, Edgar, bom on June 27, 1929, in Zurich, Switzerland, became a U.S. citizen and attended the night classes of Columbia University's School of General Studies in New York City from 1948-1951. During that time he worked as a file clerk at the New York Times. From 1951-1952 he was a reporter and editor of the Bellows Falls Times in the state of Vermont. In 1953 he took the job of a reporter for the Sentinel in Fitchburg, Ma. From 19531955 he served in the U.S. Army, and in 19541955 he attended night classes at Northwestern University while in the service. In the period 1955-1956 Edgar May was a part-time reporter for the Chicago Tribune. In 1956 he earned a B.A. degree from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. The same year he moved to Europe where he worked as a free-lance writer. After returning to the United States he joined the staff of the Buffalo Evening News as a reporter. In this capacity Edgar May received the 1961 PP for "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" for articles on New York State's public welfare services. Mays, David John, born on November 22, 1896, in Richmond, Va., was a student at Barton Academy, Mobile Military Institute. In 1914 he enrolled at Randolph-Macon College. After having served with the United States Army in the Mexican Border Service and in France as first lieutenant in the Infantry, he went back to college in 1919. At the University of Richmond he earned his Bachelor of Laws-degree in 1924 and was admitted to the Virginia bar. He started to practice in Richmond and became a member of a legal practice. Starting in 1926 he taught at the University of Richmond as a lecturer in law until 1942. Mays was counsel for the Virginia Bankers Association, the Surety Association of America and others. He was also director of the Dixie Container Corporation, William Byrd Press and the SuperConcrete Corporation. David J. Mays wrote the books Business Law and the two-volume work Edmund Pendleton, 1721-1803. The latter made him the winner of the Award of Merit, granted by the American Association of State and Local History in 1952, and of the 1953 PP in the category "Biography or Autobiography." Me Alary, Michael (Mike), born in New York City, attended Syracuse University in New York. He started his journalistic career as a sportswriter with the Boston Herald-American in 1979. He then covered sports for the Boston Globe, the Rochester Record-American, and the New York Post. In 1985 McAlary became a police reporter with New York Newsday, where

May - McCourt he also was made columnist. He switched to the New York Daily News in 1988. Two years later he joined the staff of the New York Post. Subsequently he moved back and forth between the Post and the Daily News and enjoyed front-page attention. As a crime reporter and columnist McAlary gathered the contents for his nonfiction books Buddy Boys: When Good Cops Turn Bad, Cop Shot: The murder of Edward Byrne, and Good Cop, Bad Cop: Detective Joe Trimboli's Heroic Pursuit. Michael McAlary was made recipient of the 1998 PP in the "Commentary" category for a series of columns about the brutalization of a Haitian immigrant by police officers at a Brooklyn stationhouse. McCormick, Anne Elizabeth O'Hare, bom on May 16, 1880, in Wakefield, Yorkshire, England, was educated at private schools in the United States and abroad and received a B.A. degree from St. Mary's Academy near Columbus, Oh. She became associate editor of the Catholic Universe Bulletin before working for the New York Times. As the wife of an importer from Dayton, Oh., she acquired the background for her journalistic career when she accompanied him on many trips abroad. In 1921, she timidly suggested to the New York Times that she would like to become a free-lance contributor and send back articles from Europe if this would not conflict with regular foreign correspondents. The Times gave her permission, and so she sent back stories from Italy on the rise of Fascism under Mussolini. Since that time she interviewed many European political leaders, covered national conventions in the U.S. and was always busy on the international parkett. In 1936, she became a member of the then eight-man board of the editorial writing staff of the New York Times, and in 1937 she received the PP in the "Correspondence" category for her dispatches and feature articles from Europe. McCourt, Frank, born on August 19, 1930, in New York City, grew up in his hometown and Limerick, Ireland, the town his family moved to when he was four years old. He returned to the U.S. in 1949, at the age of nineteen. McCourt was drafted into the U.S. Army during the Korean War, and served in West Germany. After his discharge, he enrolled at New York University, where he obtained a bachelor's and a master's degree in English. In 1959 he began a career as a teacher at public schools which should last for almost thirty years, fifteen of which he taught English and creative writing at Stuyvesant High School. He also wrote infrequent articles for the New York weekly Village Voice. In 1996 he published his first book, the

157

Norman Mailer

Anne O'Hare McCormick

Gian-Carlo Menotti

James Michener

158 autobiographical novel Angela's Ashes, which quickly became a bestseller and won him numerous prizes. Among them were the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Los Angeles Times book award. Angela's Ashes was named one of the best eight books of 1996 by the New York Times Book Review and the number-one nonfiction book of 1996 by Time magazine. In 1997 Angela's Ashes - A Memoir earned Frank McCourt the PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. McCoy, Alvin Scott, born on July 14, 1903, in Cheney, Ks., received an A.B. degree in 1925 from the University of Kansas at Lawrence, majoring in chemistry. He worked for two years at a Ford agency in Dodge City, Ks., and spent one year traveling around the world in 192829. McCoy got first employed in newspaper work as reporter of the Evening Eagle in Wichita, Ks. He spent eighteen months on this newspaper and on the Wichita Morning Eagle. In November, 1930, he joined the Kansas City Star as a reporter and worked on general assignments. McCoy served as the Star's Pacific War correspondent in 1945. The same year he became Kansas correspondent of the Kansas City Star, covering state politics, legislature, news, features and some editorial writing as well as scientific stories. For some years McCoy served as president of the William Allen White Foundation at the School of Journalism at the University of Kansas. He also was a member of the Kansas University Endowment association and a member of the research committee of the Kansas Association of School Boards. Alvin S. McCoy was named the PPW in 1954 in the "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" category for coverage of the resignation of a Republican National Chairman. McCraw, Thomas Kincaid, bom on September 11, 1940, in Corinth, Ms., earned his B.A. degree at the University of Mississippi in 1962. During the following four years he served as an officer with the United States Navy. In 1966 he enrolled at the University of Wisconsin at Madison to earn there his Master of Arts-degree two years later. That same year he joined the staff of the University of Wisconsin as a teaching assistant. After having received his Ph.D. degree in 1970, McCraw started teaching at the University of Texas as an assistant professor, being advanced to associate professor in 1974. As visiting associate professor he held lectures at the Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration from 1976 to 1978. In 1978 he became full professor. McCraw, who contributed numerous articles and chapters to various publications, was the author of Morgan versus Lilienthal and TV A and the Power Fight,

McCoy - McCutcheon 1933-1939. Regulation in Perspective was one of the works he edited. Over the years he earned several awards. In 1985 Thomas K. McCraw won the PP in the "History" category for the book Prophets of Regulation. McCullough, David, born on July 7, 1933, in Pittsburgh, Pa., graduated with a B.A. degree from Yale University in 1955. From 1956 to 1961 he worked as a writer and editor for Time Incorporated. He then joined the United States Information Agency in Washington, and in 1964 was hired by the American Heritage Publishing Corporation in New York City. Four years later he published his first major book, The Johnstown Flood. In 1970 he left American Heritage to become a freelance author and contributing editor of American Heritage magazine. He wrote books on the building of the Brooklyn Bridge, The Great Bridge, and the creation of the Panama Canal, The Path between the Seas. He also worked as a member of the Bennington College Writers workshop in Vermont in 1978-79, was scholar-in-residence at the University of North Mexico in 1979, and a member of the Wesleyan University writers conference in 1982 and 1983. A book on Theodore Roosevelt, Mornings on Horseback, was published in 1981. McCullough was named Newman visiting professor of American civilization at Cornell University in 1989. In the course of his career he received numerous honorary doctorates and awards. In 1992 he published his book Truman, which had been ten years in the making and described the life of the 33rd President of the United States. The book won David McCullough the 1993 PP in the category "Biography or Autobiography." McCutcheon, John Tinney, bom on May 6, 1870, near South Raub, In., received his B.S. degree in 1889, and in the same year he joined the staff of the Chicago Record. His first political cartoon work appeared in the campaign of 1896. Two years later the cartoonist started a trip around the world on a dispatch boat, and he was on that vessel during the war against Spain and in the battle of Manila Bay in 1898. In 1899 McCutcheon made a tour on special service in India, Burma, Siam and CochinChina, and another tour took him to Northern China, Korea, Japan, and to the Philippines. When he was sent to Transvaal the following April, he joined the Boers in interest of his paper, still the Record. He also furnished political cartoons for that paper during the 1900 campaign. The same year his book Stories of Filipino Warfare was published. It was followed by several collections of his work, such as Cartoons by McCutcheon and The Mysterious Stranger and Other Cartoons. McCutcheon

McDougall - McFeely worked for the Record and its successor, the Record Herald, until 1903, when he became cartoonist for the Chicago Tribune. The following years the cartoonist again went on several trips, so to Africa, Mexico and Europe, where he stayed between 1914 and 1916. In addition to his work for several papers McCutcheon was also engaged in university studies. In 1926 he received his D.H.L. degree, and five years later Notre Dame University granted him the L.L.D. degree. In 1932 John T. McCutcheon received again great recognition when his drawing "A Wise Economist Asks a Question" won him the PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category. McDougall, Walter Allan, born on December 3, 1946, in Washington, D.C., enrolled at Amherst College and earned there his B.A. degree in 1968. During the following two years he served with the United States Army in Vietnam. For graduate study he attended the University of Chicago under a fellowship, and he received his Master of Arts-degree in 1971. To his two academic degrees McDougall added a doctorate in philosophy in 1974. The next year he became assistant professor at the University of California at Berkeley, advancing to associate professor in -1983. In 1981-82 he had been resident fellow of the Smithsonian Institution at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and in 1982 at the National Air and Space Museum. In 1984 he was selected by Esquire as one of the "men and women under 40 who are changing America." The next year McDougall started working on a Harvard/Carnegie Study on the Prevention of Nuclear War. A contributor of a large number of articles to professional and scholarly journals, he was also the author of France 's Rhineland Diplomacy, 19141924: The Last Bid for a Balance of Power in Europe and The Grenada Papers. Walter A. McDougall earned the 1986 PP in the category "History" for the book ... the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age. McDowell, Jack Sherman, bom on February 23, 1914, in Alameda, Ca., studied at San Jose College in San Jose, Ca. He began his journalistic career as an officeboy and a cub reporter with the Times-Star in Alameda, where he worked from 1926 to 1931. In 1932 he was a staff member of the Evening News in San Jose, and from 1933 to 1940 he was both operator and owner of the Daily Journal in Turlock, Ca. In 1939 he won the Best News Photo award from the California Newspapers Publishers Association. He worked as a staff member of the Daily News in Eugene, Or., from 1941 to 1942, when he joined the Call-Bulletin in San Francisco, where he soon became war correspondent. In 1944 he published the book And Pass the Ammunition,

159 which he had written with a second author. The same year Jack S. McDowell flew into the Pacific theatre with a blood donation he had given. He reported on this flight in a five-part series of articles. As a consequence, the number of blood donations in San Francisco increased sharply, and McDowell was awarded the 1945 PP in the "Reporting" category. McFadden, Robert Dennis, born on February 11, 1937, in Milwaukee, Wi., started his career as a reporter for the Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune in 1957. The following year he switched to the Wisconsin State Journal while studying journalism at the University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire from which he graduated with a B.S. degree in 1960. McFadden then joined the Cincinnati Enquirer, but soon became a staff member of the New York Times, where he held the post of a police and general assignment reporter. In 1967 he became a rewrite man. The journalist published two books, No Hiding Place in 1981, and Outrage: The Story Behind the Tawana Brawley Hoax in 1990. The same year he was named senior writer of the New York Times. Robert D. McFadden won the 1996 PP for "Spot News Reporting" for his highly skilled writing on deadline during the previous year. McFeely, William Shield, born on September 25, 1930, in New York City, attended Amherst College and earned there his B.A. degree in 1952, to which he added a Master of Artsdegree, conferred on him by Yale University in 1962. Subsequently, McFeely completed his doctoral dissertation and received his Ph.D. degree in 1966. That same year he joined the staff of Yale University as an assistant professor of history and American studies. From 1967 to 1969 he taught in the Yale-HarvardColumbia intensive summer studies program. Having been advanced to associate professor in 1969, McFeely accepted a position as dean of the faculty at Mount Holyoke College the following year and became full professor of history. During the term of 1978-79 he taught as visiting professor of history at the University College of London and during 1980-81 at Amherst College. From 1980 to 1982 he held the Rodman professorship of history and received then the Andrew W. Mellon professorship in the humanities at Mount Holyoke. McFeely was the author of Yankee Stepfather: Gen. 0. 0. Howard and the Freedmen and coauthor of The Black Man in the Land of Equality as well as of Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. In 1981 William S. McFeely's work Grant: A Biography was published. This book made him the recipient of the PP for "Biography or Autobiograpy" of the following year.

160 McGill, Ralph Emerson, born on February 3, 1898, on a farm near Soddy, Tn., attended the private McCallie School in Chattanooga, Tn., from 1912-16. In the fall of 1917 he entered Vanderbilt University, and while working his way through college he joined the Sigma Delta Chi journalism fraternity. During 1918-19 McGill served in the World War I Marine Corps. Subsequently he returned to Vanderbilt University, but he left college in 1922, shortly before graduation and became a reporter and sports editor of the Banner in Nashville, Tn. By 1929 he moved as sports editor to the Constitution of Atlanta, Ga. In 1937 he received a travel fellowship to visit Europe and arrived in Austria just one day after the occupation of that country by German troops. On his return to the U.S. in 1938 McGill was made executive editor of the Atlanta Constitution, and in 1942 he was named editor of the paper. During World War II he fulfilled many activities inside and outside of the newspaper, and in 1944 he became the chairman of a international committee on world freedom of the press. Many of his articles and editorials were not only published in the Constitution but also in national magazines like Atlantic Monthly, Harper's, New Republic, Saturday Evening Post, Readers Digest, and others. Ralph E. McGill advanced to one of the top editors in the U.S., writing a daily column in the Constitution. In 1959 he was awarded the PP for "Editorial Writing" for work done during the previous year, as exemplified in an article entitled "A Church, A School..." McGinley, Phyllis, born on March 21, 1905, in Ontario, Or., attended Ogden High School and the Sacred Heart Academy in Ogden. She later studied at the University of Utah and the University of Southern California. While she was a student, several of her poems were accepted by magazines. After graduating from the University of Utah she taught for a year at Ogden. In 1928 she came to New York and taught English in a Rochelle, N.Y., high school for fourand-a-half years, while writing poetry in her free time. After her literary efforts met with success she gave up teaching and moved to Manhattan to engage in free-lance writing on a full-time basis. Later she took a job as a copy writer with an advertising agency for five months, and she was poetry editor for Town and Country magazine. Her first book of poetry, On the Contrary, appeared in 1934. It was followed by other collections, such as One More Manhattan; Pocketful of Wry; A Short Walk from the Station, and Merry Christmas, Happy New Year. In addition to her poetry, McGinley wrote several children's books and works in prose. The author was honored by nu-

McGill - Mcllwain merous awards. Among these were Christopher Medal, the Catholic Writers Guild Award, and the Edna St. Vincent Millay Memorial Award of the Poetry Society of America. In 1956, Wheaton College at Norton, Ma., conferred upon her an honorary Litt.D. degree, and in 1958 she received the same honor from St. Mary's College, Notre Dame, In. Two years later her ninth volume of poems appeared. The collection, titled Times Three, made Phyllis McGinley the recipient of the 1961 PP in the "Poetry" category. McGraw, Mike, born on April 26, 1948, in Kansas City, Mo., attended the University of Missouri, from which he graduated with a B.S. degree. He started to work as a journalist at the Kansas City Star, but switched to the Des Moines Register, where he got the post of a business and labor writer. He left the Register in order to work for the Hartford Courant as a labor editor. In 1989 he returned to the Kansas City Star and became its special projects reporter. Along with a colleague, Mike McGraw worked for sixteen months on a seven-part series about the United States Department of Agriculture. These articles made Mike McGraw the 1992 Co-PPW in the category "National Reporting." McGrory, Mary, born on September 22, 1918, in Boston, Ma., graduated from Girls' Latin School in her hometown. Then she wanted to attend Radcliffe College, but she did not get a scholarship, and her family could not afford it. So she went to Emmanuel College, a small women's school. Afterwards she became a secretary and did not even get close to the keyboard of a typewriter as an author until she was made secretary to the book review editor of the Boston-Herald Traveler. Since then she fought to become a book reviewer, and during six years she wrote nothing but reviews. In 1947 Mary McGrory joined the staff of the Washington Evening Star as a reviewer. Although later on her was offered a job at the New York Times, she stayed at her Washington paper. Her debut as a national commentator of the Washington Evening Star came in the spring of 1954. Since her syndication in 1960, she wrote four "Point of View" articles each week for the now Washington Star-News and about fifty subscribing newspapers around the country. Through a quarter-century career in Washington, D.C., she had become one of the nation's foremost political writers. For her articles on public affairs during 1974 Mary McGrory was awarded the PP for "Commentary" in the following year. McDwain, Charles Howard, born on March 15, 1871, in Saltsburg, Pa., earned the Bachelor's degree at Princeton University in 1894. Three

McLaughlin - McPhee years later, he was admitted to bar of Allegheny County, Pa. From 1898 to 1901 he taught Latin and history at the Kiskiminetas School, before he earned the Master's degree at Harvard University in 1903. The same year he became professor of history at Miami University, before he assumed the position of preceptor at Princeton University in 1905. Six years later, he changed to Harvard University and became there assistant professor of history. In 1916 he received a professorship of history and government. In his function as editor, Mcllwain published Wraxall's Abridgement of the New York Indian Records, 1678-1751, and The Political Works of James I. He wrote himself The High Court of Parliament and Its Supremacy. Charles H. Mcllwain earned the 1924 PP in the category "History" for the book The American Revolution -A Constitutional Interpretation. McLaughlin, Andrew Cunningham, born on February 14, 1861, in Beardstown, II., attended the University of Michigan and was graduated in 1885. Still within the same institution, he worked as instructor of Latin during the following t wo years. From 1887 to 1888 he taught history and then, was promoted to assistant professor. McLaughlin became professor of American history in 1891. Since 1898 he was associate editor of the American Historical Review, a position he assumed for sixteen years. He was also director of the Bureau of Historical Research at the Carnegie Institution in Washington from 1903 to 1905. From 1906 on, he taught at the University of Chicago, where he became head of the history department the same year. Six years later, he was awarded a honorary doctorate by the University of Michigan. McLaughlin went into retirement in 1927. Among his book publications count the following: Lewis Cass; History of Higher Education in Michigan; Civil Government in Michigan; The Confederation and the Constitution; America and Britain; Steps in the Development of American Democracy; Foundations of American Institutionalism. In 1936 Andrew C. McLaughlin was named the PPW in the category "History" for the book A Constitutional History of the United States. McMillan, Gary W., bom on August 15,1944, in Bend, Or., started his newspaper career in 1963 at the Observer-Dispatch in Utica, N.Y., and the Times in Spokane, Wa., before joining the Army. In January, 1969, McMillan came to the Boston Globe. Gary W. McMillan became a Co-PPW of 1984 in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for a series examining race relations in Boston. McMurtry, Larry Jeff, bom on June 3, 1936, in Wichita Falls, Tx., enrolled in North Texas State University to major in English. There he wrote

161 verse, stories, and essays for the student literary magazine, Avesta. Having earned his B.A. degree in 1958, he attended Rice University and divided his time between studying English and writing his first two novels: Horseman, Pass By and Leaving Cheyenne. As Hud and Lovin' Molly both books were made into Hollywood movies. In 1960 Rice University granted him an M.A. degree and Stanford University a fellowship in fiction for 1960 and 1961. Following his two years of graduate work in California he pursued an intermittent teaching career at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth in 1961-62 and Rice University in 1963-64 and from 1965 for another four years. He published the book The Last Picture Show in 1966, it was translated into a film. McMurtry since that time worked on scripts, scenarios, and drafts of film stories. After giving a few courses in creative writing at George Mason University in Fairfax, Va., and at American University, in 1971 he abandoned teaching to spend his time on writing and helping to operate a bookstore that he opened in Washington's Georgetown. During the 1970's he published a trilogy of the urban Southwest including Moving On; All My Friends Are Going to Be Strangers, and Terms of Endearment. It was followed by Cadillac Jack; The Desert Rose, and Lonesome Dove. The latter brought to Larry J. McMurtry the 1986 PP in the "Fiction" category. McNamara, Eileen, bom on May 30, 1952, in Cambridge, Ma., graduated from Barnard College in New York, and received a degree from the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University. After having worked for United Press International as a copy writer, she became a secretary with the Boston Globe in 1976. McNamara was soon promoted to reporter, and covered everything from the night police beat to the U.S. Congress. In 1987 Boston Magazine named her Best Reporter in Boston, and Esquire Magazine cited her as One of the Year's Most Promising Young Americans. The following year she received a Nieman Fellowship from Harvard University. McNamara won numerous prizes. Among them were the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism award and the 1993 Sigma Delta Chi award. Her first book, Breakdown: Sex, Suicide, and the Harvard Psychiatrist, was published in 1994. In 1995 McNamara got the post of a columnist with the Boston Globe. She also worked as a journalism lecturer at Brandeis University, where she taught a course on Media and Public Policy. In 1997 Eileen McNamara earned the PP in the "Commentary" category for her columns on Massachusetts people and issues. McPhee, John Angus, bom on March 8, 1931, in Princeton, N.J., graduated with an A.B. degree

162 from Princeton University in 1953. He subsequently enrolled at Magdalene College in Cambridge, England, where he studied throughout the academic year of 1953-54. In 1955-56 he worked as a TV playwright in New York City. One year later he joined Time magazine, where he stayed for seven years and where he was promoted from contributing editor to associate editor. In 1965 he became a staff writer with The New Yorker. At the same time, he worked as a freelance journalist who gained recognition through his numerous books, among them Encounter with the Archdruid and The Curve of Binding Energy. His book Coming into the Country became a bestseller in 1977, the year when McPhee also won the Award in Literature from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Continuing to work for The New Yorker, while at the same time turning out book after book, he also won the Woodrow Wilson Award from Princeton University in 1982, and the John Wesley Powell Award from the U.S. Geological Survey in 1988. A holder of six honorary doctorates, John A. McPhee received the 1999 PP in the "General Non-Fiction" category for his book Annals of the Former World. McPherson, James Alan, bom on September 16, 1943, in Savannah, Ga., received a National Defense Student Loan and was enrolled at Morris Brown College in Atlanta, from 1961 to 1963. After studying during 1963 and 1964 at Morgan State College in Baltimore, he returned to Morris Brown and graduating in 1965 with a B.A. degree. That same year he was recruited by the Harvard Law School, and for his short story "Gold Coast" he was awarded the Atlantic Monthly "Firsts" Award. McPherson earned an LL.B. degree from the Harvard Law School in 1968. Following his graduation he studied and taught in Iowa City. He earned a Master of Fine Arts-degree from the Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa and served as a writing instructor in its Law School. In 1969 McPherson became a contributing editor of the Atlantic Monthly and he published his first collection of short stories under the title Hue and Cry. That same year he also joined the faculty of the University of California at Santa Cruz as assistant professor of literature. He remained in this position until 1976, when he became associate professor of English at the University of Virginia. In 1976 he also published the non-fictional work Railroad: Trains and Train People in American Culture, which was followed by Elbow Room. The collection of twelve stories made James A. McPherson the 1978 PPW in the category "Fiction." McPherson, James Munro, bom on October 11, 1936, in Valley City, N.D., earned his Bach-

McPherson - Mears elor's degree at Gustavus Adolphus College in 1958. Five years later he received his Ph.D. degree at Johns Hopkins University. Already one year earlier he had started to work as an instructor in history at Princeton University. During the following years he advanced from assistant professor of history in 1965 to full professor in 1972. Since 1982 he held the Edwards professorship of American History at Princeton. McPherson, who also contributed articles, reviews, chapters and essays to various journals and books, was also the author of numerous books, including The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction; Blacks in America: Bibliographical Essays and Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. For his work Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, James M. McPherson became the 1989 Co-PPW in the "History" category. McPherson, William Alexander, bom on March 16, 1933, in Sault Ste. Marie, Mi., attended the University of Michigan from 1951-55 when he became graduated. He also attended Michigan State University as well as George Washington University in the following years. William McPherson joined the staff of the Washington Post in 1959 as a staff writer and editor, and in 1963 he was named travel editor of his paper. In 1967 he moved to New York to become a senior editor for William Morrow & Co., Inc., where he was in charge of that publisher's Apollo Editions and worked with well-known authors for the next two years. Then, in 1969, McPherson returned to the Washington Post to become contributing editor of the paper's Book World section. From 1971 on he was a part-time lecturer at American University in Washington, where he was named adjunct professor four years later. In 1972 McPherson moved from contributing editor to editor of the Book World. As a member of the National Book Critics Circle he served as director from 1975 on. In 1977 McPherson became a trustee of the Washington Educational TV Station, and in a similar function he served in the Jenny McKean Moore Fund for Writers. His broad range of literary criticism for the Washington Post made him a favorite for journalism awards. In 1977 William A. McPherson received the PP for "Criticism" for his contributions to his newspaper's Book World during the preceding year. Mears, Walter Robert, bom on January 11, 1935, in Lynn, Ma., was a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Middlebury College at Middlebury, Vt. He joined the Associated Press in Boston in 1956, where he started his journalism career as a correspondent from Montpelier, Vt., transferring the news to Washington, D.C., in 1961.

Mendoza - Merrill Over the years, he became chief of the AP Senate staff, later on chief political writer and assistant chief of the Washington bureau. From December, 1974, until August, 1975, he was the Washington bureau head of the Detroit News, resigning to return to the Associated Press because of his preference for wire service work. In 1976, as a special correspondent for the Associated Press, he covered all the presidential primaries for both morning and afternoon newspapers, wrote the running accounts of the national conventions and wrote the story of James Earl Carter's election to President of the United States. In 1977, Walter R. Mears received the PP in "National Reporting" for his coverage of the Presidential campaign. Mendoza, Martha, born in 1967 in Los Angeles, Ca., graduated from the University of California at Santa Cruz with a degree in journalism and education. She worked for the Modem Tribune, the Bay City news service, and the Santa Cruz County Sentinel. In 1995 she moved from California to New Mexico, where she joined the Associated Press in Albuquerque. From 1997 to 1998 she was a national writer with the AP Special Assignment Team in New York. Later, she became the AP's San Jose, Ca., correspondent. In 2000 Martha Mendoza, as part of a team, became a Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for disclosure of the decades-old secret of how American soldiers early in the Korean War killed numerous civilians. Menotti, Gian-Carlo, born on July 7, 1911, in Cadegliano, Italy, came to the United States at the age of seventeen. He studied composition at the Curtis Institute of Music from which he graduated in 1933. The composer's opera Amelia Goes to the Ball had its premiere at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia in 1937, but was also performed at the Metropolitan Opera House and in various European cities. From 1941 onward Menotti taught at the Curtis Institute of Music, where he also received an honorary Bachelor of Music-degree in 1945. After having written a ballet, Sebastian in 1939, and a Piano Concerto in A minor in 1945 the composer returned to opera, composing The Medium and The Consul. In 1950 Gian-C. Menotti was declared winner of the PP in the "Music" category for his opera The Consul. The following year his one-act television opera Amahl and the Night Visitors was shown on NBC. In 1955 the opera The Saint of Bleecker Street made GianC. Menotti for the second time winner of the PP in the "Music" category. Meredith, William Morris, born on January 9, 1919, in New York City, attended Princeton University, which granted him his B.A. degree in 1940. After his graduation he worked for the

163 New York Times, first as a copy boy and then as a reporter. In 1941 the poet entered the U.S. Army Air Forces. The following year he began his service at the U.S. Navy. After his dismission in 1946 Meredith became instructor in English and a Woodrow Wilson Fellow in writing at Princeton University, where he stayed until 1950. The following year the author spent at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu teaching English as associate professor. In 1952 Meredith was recalled to active duty and served as naval aviator in the Korean War for the next two years. After his return to the U.S. he took the post of an associate professor of English at Connecticut College, New London. Between 1958 and 1962 he was instructor at Bread Loaf School of English. In 1965 the poet returned to Connecticut College, where he stayed until 1983. For two years he also worked as poetry consultant of the Library of Congress. During all these years Meredith kept on working on his poetry. In the course of his career he published numerous collections. Among these were: Love Letter From an Impossible Land', The Open Sea and Other Poems', Winter Verse, and The Cheer. His work was honored by many prizes such as the Yale Series of Younger Poets Award, the Harriet Monroe Memorial Prize, and the Oscar Blumenthal Prize. For the volume Partial Accounts William M. Meredith was granted the 1988 PP in the "Poetry" category. Merrill, James Ingram, born on March 3, 1926, in New York City, grew up in Manhattan's Greenwich Village. He attended Lawrenceville School in New Jersey. While still in school, Merrill privately published a volume entitled Jim's Book: A Collection of Poems and Short Stories. After graduating from Lawrenceville, Merrill enrolled at Amherst College, where his career, although interrupted in 1944-1945 by a year as an infantry private in the United States Army, was successful and promising. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and had poems published by Poetry and the Kenyan Review. In 1946 his volume of verse The Black Swan was published. The following year Merrill graduated from Amherst with a B.A. degree. After Amherst, he returned to New York but left it very soon again to travel to Europe and the Orient. In 1954 he moved to Stonington, Ct., and later to Athens, Greece, in the mid 1960's. In addition to poetry Merrill also worked at prose, writing two plays and a novel. His work earned him several honors in the course of his career. Nights and Days, a volume of verse published in 1966, was selected to receive the 1967 National Book Award. The following year Amherst College awarded Merrill an honorary Litt.D. degree. Following his election in 1971

164 to the National Institute of Arts and Letters, the poet published Braving the Elements. Five years later his next volume, Divine Comedies, appeared, which gained James I. Merrill the 1977 PP in the "Poetry" category. Merwin, William Stanley, born on September 30, 1927, in New York City, was a scholarship student at Princeton University, studying romance languages and medieval literature. After spending a year in the United States Navy Air Corps, Merwin earned a B.A. degree from Princeton in 1947 and remained there for one more year as a graduate student in modern languages. In 1949 he traveled to Europe and worked for a time as a tutor in France and Portugal, and in the following year he lived at the island of Majorca. In 1951 Merwin moved to London, where he earned his living by translating French and Spanish classics for the BBC Third Programme. Having been selected for inclusion in the Yale Series of Younger Poets, Merwin's first book, A Mask for Janus, was published in 1952. His second volume of poetry, titled The Dancing Bears, appeared two years later and won the poet a Kenyon Review fellowship. Following that collection, Merwin turned to writing plays. In 1956 The Darkling Child, a play in verse, was produced at the Arts Theatre in London. That year Merwin received a Rockefeller playwriting fellowship and returned to the United States for the first time in seven years. He became a contributor to the Nation magazine and also served as its poetry editor in 1961. The following year he moved from New York to a farm in France. In 1964 he spent a year as an associate at the Theatre de la Cite in Lyon on a grant from the Ford Foundation. He also continued work on his poetry. In 1971 William S. Merwin was awarded the PP in "Poetry" for his verse collection The Carrier of Ladders. Meyer, Frederick A., born in 1922 in Philadelphia, Pa., was graduated from La Salle College High School in 1939 and attended Villanova University in the evenings. In 1940 he joined the Philadelphia Bulletin as a copy boy. He enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Corps in 1941 and was shut down over Hamburg, Germany, in August 1944. In June, 1945, Meyer returned to Philadelphia. He rejoined the Bulletin in 1946 and the next year became a staff photographer, winning several awards in the following year. In 1964 Frederick A. Meyer became a Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for coverage of numbers racket operations with police collusion in South Philadelphia. Michener, James Albert, born on February 3, 1907, in New York City, studied on a scholar-

Merwin - Miles ship at Swarthmore College. Majoring in English, he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1929. Subsequently, he taught as a master at the Hill School, a preparatory school in Pottstown, Pa. In 1931 he left teaching for study in Europe on a two-year Lippincott traveling grant. Returning to the U.S. Michener resumed teaching English at the George School in Newtown, Pa. In 1936 he enrolled in the Colorado State College of Education at Greeley to obtain his M.A. degree. Having also joined the faculty at Greeley, he taught there as associate professor. During the academic year of 1940-41 he also filled the post of visiting professor of history at Harvard University's School of Education. In 1941 Michener accepted a position as associate editor in the education department of the Macmillan publishing company in New York City. The following year he enlisted in the Navy, advancing to lieutenant commander and becoming chief Naval historical officer for the area from Australia to French Oceania. After his release from the Navy in 1946, he returned to his old job of editing textbooks. During a slack period in his service Michener had withdrawn to a small Pacific island to write fictional sketches based on his wartime experiences and observations. He offered his manuscript to his employer, Macmillan, which published Tales of the South Pacific in early 1947. This work made James A. Michener the 1948 PPW in the "Fiction" category. Miles, Jack, born on July 30, 1942, in Chicago, II., obtained a Bachelor of Letters-degree from Xavier University in Cincinnati in 1964 and a Bachelor of Philosophy from Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Italy, two years later. In 1966-67 he studied at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, before completing a doctorate in Near Eastern Languages at Harvard University in 1971. From 1970 to 1974 he taught as assistant professor at Loyola University in Chicago. In 1974-75 he held the position of assistant director of Scholars Press in Missoula, Mo., and in 1975-76 he was postdoctoral fellow at the University of Chicago. Subsequently, he worked for Doubleday & Co in New York City from 1976-78, was executive editor of the University of California Press in Berkeley between 1978-85, and book editor for the Los Angeles Times from 1985-91. In 1990-91 he was also Guggenheim fellow, and in 1991 he became research fellow at the Gould Center for Humanistic Studies at Claremont McKenna College. From 1990 to 1992 he presided over the National Book Critics Circle. All this time, he also worked as a freelance journalist for a variety of national publications, e.g. The Atlantic Monthly, the Washington Post, and the Boston Globe.

Millay - Miller When he won the 1996 PP in "Biography or Autobiography" for his book God: A Biography, he was a member of the editorial board of the Los Angeles Times. Millay, Edna St. Vincent, born on February 22, 1892, in Rockland, Me., had her first poem published when she was only fourteen. Millay attended Camden High School, where she wrote for and eventually became editor of the school magazine. In 1912 she submitted a long poem in a contest designed to select pieces for an anthology called The Lyric Year. The poem ranked fourth and was published as "Renascence" in November of the same year. After a semester's preparation at Barnard College, Millay entered Vassar College on a scholarship in 1914. She published poems and plays in the Vassar Miscellany, acted in school dramas, and composed lyrics for a 1915 Founder's Day marching song. In 1917, not long after her graduation, Millay's first volume of poetry, Renascence and Other Poems, was published. Trying to make a living through acting, the poet and her sister moved to Greenwich Village. In 1920 Millay met an editor at Vanity Fair. With his influence, she began to have most of her work published in that magazine. The same year she also brought out her second volume of poetry, A Few Figs from Thistles and Aria da Capo, a one-act verse play. The two books were followed by Second April, another poetry collection. Early in 1921, at the beginning of a two-year stay in Europe, Millay finished two other verse plays: The Lamp and the Bell and Two Slatterns and a King. In 1923 Edna St. Vincent Millay won the PP in the category "Poetry" for three different publications: The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver, the second edition of A Few Figs from Thistles, and the anthology Eight Sonnets in American Poetry. Miller, Arthur, bom on October 17, 1915, in Harlem, N.Y., first went to school in Harlem and later attended high schools in Brooklyn. He did not discover his literary aspiration until after his graduation from high school. At that time he made up his mind to study in the Department of Drama at the University of Michigan but he was not able to pay his tuition. For that reason he worked for two years, saving future tuition money out of every paycheck. At first he briefly worked for his father, a clothing manufacturer, and then as a shipping clerk in an automobile parts warehouse. In 1934 Miller finally gained admittance to the University of Michigan, where he concentrated on playwriting. After his savings ran out, he supported himself by washing dishes, serving as night editor of the Michigan Daily, and winning several substantial play writing prizes. In 1938 Miller

165 took his B.A. degree in English and returned to New York as a writer in the Federal Theatre Project. In the early years of World War II the playwright wrote radio dramas for the network programs Columbia Workshop on CBS, and Cavalcade of America on NBC while working part-time as a truck driver and steamfitter in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Miller also gathered material about Army camps, and the best of it was published under the title Situation Normal in 1944. The following year the same publishing house issued the only novel Miller had written, Focus. Miller's first Broadway effort, The Man Who Had All the Luck, was not very fortunate, but his next play, All My Sons, was a success with public and critics and won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award. It was followed by Death of a Salesman, which brought Arthur Miller another New York Drama Critics' Circle Award of 1949 as well as the same year's PP in the category "Drama." Miller, Caroline Pafford, born on August 26, 1903, in Waycross, Ga., graduated from Waycross High School at the age of seventeen and began writing. Her first efforts were short stories, one of which gave birth to her novel Lamb in His Bosom. The book, which Caroline P. Miller wrote in the intervals of her days as housewife and mother and which was inspired by tours through the Georgia countryside, was published in 1933 and won her the PP for "Novel" in the year after. Miller, Frank Andrea, born on March 28, 1925, in Kansas City, Mo., spent three years in Europe during World War II and afterwards he attended the University of Kansas for one year between 1946 and 1947. During the following year he studied at the Kansas City Art Institute. After working as an artist for the Kansas City Star from 1948 until 1950 Miller for two years was in the Army during the Korean War. Afterwards he became artist and cartoonist for the Des Moines Register in 1953. The numerous prizes the cartoonist gained in the course of his career included several Freedom Foundation awards and the 1957 National Headliners award. Frank A. Miller won the 1963 PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category, as exemplified by the drawing "I said - we sure settled that dispute, didn't we!" Miller, Gene Edward, born on September 16, 1928, in Evansville, In., started his journalism career by working for his hometown newspaper, the Evansville Press, as a youth, and graduated from Indiana University in 1950. In 1957 he joined the Miami Herald after a year on the Journal-Gazette in Fort Wayne, In., two years in the Army Counter Intelligence Corps, brief experience on the Wall Street Journal, and four

166 years on the News Leader in Richmond, Va. For the Miami Herald he covered assorted assignments of racial riots in the South, hurricane disasters in Haiti and the Dallas assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In 1967 he won the PP in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for helping to free two persons wrongfully convicted of murder. Gene E. Miller earned his second PP in 1976 in the "Local General Spot News Reporting" category for courageos coverage of the situation of people wrongfully convicted and sentenced to death in Florida. Miller, Jason, born on April 22, 1939, in Long Island, N.Y., attended St. Patrick's High School in Scranton, Pa., where he participated in a production of Laurence Housman's Victoria Regina during his senior year. Tutored by one of his teachers Miller also became an elocution contest champion. He studied theatre and playwriting at Scranton University, from which he received a B.A. degree in 1961. This education was extended to include drama study at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. between 1962 and 1963. While in college, Miller garnered a first-place prize in the Eastern Jesuit Play Contest for a one-act entitled The Winners, his first playwriting attempt. In Washington he performed a short program of Shakespeare for high schools before moving to New York City. The actor received some minor Off-Broadway roles and bit parts in soap operas for television in New York, but got more notable employment in regional companies, including Baltimore Center Stage and the Cincinnati Shakespeare Festival. Miller also sought recognition as a writer during this period. In 1967, three of his one-act plays, Perfect Son', Circus Lady, and Lou Gehrig Did Not Die of Cancer, were given ten performances at the Off-Off-Broadway Triangle Theatre under the title The Circus Theater. In 1968 a small volume of Miller's poetry, Stone Step, also appeared in print. Nobody Hears a Broken Drum, Miller's first full-length play, was produced in 1970. It was followed by That Championship Season. It gained Jason Miller the New York Drama Critics Circle Award and the Tony Award, the Drama Desk Award for Most Promising Playwright of 1972. This play also brought to Jason Miller the 1973 PP in the category "Drama." Miller Jr., Norman Charles, bom on October 2, 1934, in Pittsburgh, Pa., graduated with a B.A. degree from Pennsylvania State University in 1956. He joined the Wall Street Journal in New York City the same year, and worked as a staff member until 1960. Throughout the four years he spent in New York, he served in the United States National Reserve, as well, where

Miller - Millhauser eventually he became lieutenant. In 1960 he transferred to the Journal's San Francisco bureau. After three years in California he returned briefly to New York, where he won the George Polk award for metropolitan reporting from Long Island University. In 1964 he was promoted to the Journal's Detroit bureau chief. The same year Norman C. Miller Jr. became the PPW in the category "Local General Spot News Reporting" for coverage of a multimillion dollar vegetable oil swindle in New Jersey. Miller, Perry Gilbert Eddy, born on February 25, 1905, in Chicago, II., earned his Bachelor of Philosophy-degree at the University of Chicago in 1928. Three years later, he added to this degree his doctorate and joined the staff of Harvard University as an instructor. In 1939 he was promoted to associate professor. During the Second World War Miller served successively as a captain and as a major in the United States Army. Since 1946 he held a full professorship in American literature. In 1952 he came as visiting professor to the seminar in American studies at the University of Tokio, Japan, and in the following year, as well as in 1962-63, he was member of the Institute of Advanced Study. He became Powell M. Cabot professor of American literature in 1960. Miller, who received honorary doctorates from several institutions of higher education, e.g. the Northeastern University and Syracuse University, was also the author of the following book publications: Orthodoxy in Massachusetts; Roger Williams', The New England Mind: From Colony to Province', Consciousness in Concord and The Raven and the Whale. Perry G. E. Miller died on December 9, 1963. Posthumously, the 1966 PP for "History" was awarded to him and his work The Life of the Mind in America, which had been published one year earlier. Miller, William Burke, worked as a reporter for the Louisville Courier-Journal. In 1925 he reported on Floyd Collins, who was trapped in Sand Cave, Ky. Miller was the only one who could reach Collins, because of his small physical stature. He brought him food and electric lights. Collins died after seventeen days, before he was reached by rescuers. William B. Miller's story was published throughout the nation and made him recipient of the 1926 PP in the "Reporting" category. Millhauser, Steven, born on August 3, 1943, in New York City, obtained a Bachelor of Artsdegree in English Literature from Columbia College in 1965. From 1968 to 1971 he engaged in doctoral studies at Brown University, where he concentrated on Medieval and Renaissance

Mitchell - Momaday English literature. He also began to write fiction, and to publish books, stories and novellas. 1972 saw the publication of his first novel, Edwin Mullhouse: The Life and Death of an American Writer. It won Millhauser the 1975 French Prix Medicis Etranger. A second novel, Portrait of a Romantic, appeared in 1977. From 1976 to 1977 Millhauser worked as a teaching assistant at Brown University, while continuing his doctoral studies. He then returned to fiction writing. In the 1980s he published two novels, more than a dozen stories, and two anthologies. He also won a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, and a literary award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. From 1986 to 1988 he taught as visiting associate professor of English at Williams College. He subsequently became associate professor of English at Skidmore College, and was promoted to professor in 1992. Between 1990 and 1997 he published another three books, and ten anthologies. His works were also translated in several foreign languages and won him another three literary awards. In 1997, Steven Millhauser received the PP for "Fiction" for his novel Martin Dressier: The Tale of an American Dreamer. Mitchell, Margaret Munnerlyn, born on November 8, 1900, in Atlanta, Ga., was a student of Washington Seminary in Atlanta from 1914 to 1918. Subsequently, she enrolled at Smith College and studied there for a year until the death of her mother required her to return home to manage the household of her father and older brother. In 1922 she joined the staff of the Atlanta Journal as a feature writer and reporter. In her four years as a newspaperwoman, she wrote 129 signed articles for the Sunday Journal Magazine, ranging from interviews with murderers, heiresses, and Rudolph Valentino to a series on Georgia's Confederate generals. In 1926 she was forced to resign her position with the Journal as a result of an ankle injury, and she began to write Gone With the Wind. For ten years she worked on that novel, though most of it was completed by 1929. Originally entitled "Tomorrow Is Another Day," Mitchell wrote the last chapter first and other sections out of sequence. When Gone With the Wind was eventually published in June 1936, 50,000 copies were sold in one day. A month later Margaret Mitchell signed a contract with David O. Selznick granting him the film rights for the highest fee Hollywood had ever paid to that date for a novel. In 1937 the epic account of the fall of the traditional Southern society won Margaret M. Mitchell the PP in the "Novel" category. Mitzelfeld, Jim, bom on April 26, 1961, in Royal Oak, Mi., studied at Michigan State University and received a doctor of jurisprudence from the

167 University of Michigan. He became a reporter for the Flint Journal in Michigan, the Press in Oakland, Ca., United Press International, and the Associated Press. In 1988 he joined the Detroit News, where he worked as a city desk reporter, until he was promoted to investigative reporter in 1990. He quit his job in 1993 to become a law clerk in Lansing, Mi. The following year, Jim Mitzelfeld became the Co-PPW in the category of "Beat Reporting" for an investigation of the Michigan House Fiscal Agency, which led to several felony convictions. Moehringer, J. R., born on December 7, 1964, in New York City, graduated with a B.A. degree in history from Yale College in 1986. From 1986 to 1990 he worked as a news assistant at the New York Times. In 1990 he transferred to the Rocky Mountain News, where he became a general assignment reporter. Two years later he was named Scripps Howard National Non-Deadline Writer of the Year. In 1994 he joined the Los Angeles Times, where he worked as a reporter for the Orange County edition. After three years with the Los Angeles Times he was appointed Atlanta bureau chief. He won the 1997 Feature Writing award by the Associated Press News Executives Council, the 1997 Literary award by the Pen Center USA West, and the 1997 Livingston award for Young Journalists. In 2000 J. R. Moehringer earned the PP in the "Feature Writing" category for his portrait of an isolated river community in Alabama. Mollenhoff, Clark Raymond, bom on April 16, 1921, in Bumside, la., studied at Webster City Junior College from 1938 to 1941. He then became a reporter with the Des Meines Register and Tribune, where he worked until 1950. He obtained a Bachelor of Laws-degree from Drake University in 1944, and from 1944 to 1946 he served in the United States National Reserve, where he became junior grade lieutenant. From 1949 to 1950 he also was Nieman fellow at Harvard University. In 1950 he joined the Washington bureau of Cowles Publishers. He received National SDX awards from Washington correspondents in 1953 and 1955, Raymond Clapper and Hey wood Broun awards in 1955, and a Public Service award in 1958. Also in 1958, Clark R. Mollenhoff was made the CoPPW for "National Reporting" for articles on the racketeering in labor unions, which resulted in Senate Hearings. Momaday, Navarre Scott, born on February 27, 1934, in Lawton, Ok., attended the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque. As a student he took prizes in public speaking and creative writing and obtained his Bachelor of Arts-degree in political science in 1958. Momaday taught school on the Jicarilla Apache reservation for a

168 year before entering Stanford University as a graduate student in literature. There he won the university's Creative Fellowship in Poetry, the John Hay Whitney Fellowship, and the Stanford Wilson Dissertation Fellowship. He obtained his M.A. degree in 1960, and he received his Ph.D. in 1963. The same year he joined the faculty of the University of California at Santa Barbara as an assistant professor of English. Having held a Guggenheim Fellowship at Harvard University during the 1966-67 academic year, he returned to Santa Barbara and two years later was named professor of English and comparative literature at the University of California at Berkeley. A specialist in nineteenth-century American literature and in Indian folklore, Momaday published The Way to Rainy Mountain, a collection of stories and legends of the Kiowa Indians. His novel House Made of Dawn, which was published in 1968, made N. Scott Momaday in the following year the first American Indian to win the PP in the "Fiction" category. Montgomery, Edward Samuel, bom on December 30, 1910, in Fort Collins, Co., received a B.A. degree in journalism from the University of Nevada in 1934. The same year he joined the staff of the Nevada State Journal as a reporter. In this position he stayed for two years, then he worked in various media. In 1938, Edward S. Montgomery came to the Reno Evening Gazette where he continued until 1942, working as reporter, sports editor and mining editor. From 1942 to the end of World War II he served in the United States Marine Corps. After the war he returned to journalism continuing his career now at the San Francisco Examiner. Since 1945 Montgomery worked for that paper as a staff writer and as an investigative reporter. In 1951 Edward S. Montgomery was the winner of the PP in the "Local Reporting" category for articles on tax frauds. Moore, Acel, bom on October 10, 1940, in Philadelphia, Pa., joined the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1968 and covered virtually every sort of major event in the Delaware Valley. His writings on Philadelphia's gang problems and of the black community at large have brought to him several awards, including the 1970 Pennsylvania Bar Association Scales of Justice Award, and the 1971 Public Service Award of the Sigma Delta Chi Philadelphia Chapter. Moore also was active as a co-producer of Black Perspective on the News, a nationally syndicated news program in more than 140 cities by the Public Broadcasting Service. In 1977 Acel Moore was the CoPPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for coverage of conditions in a

Montgomery - Moore State Hospital for the mentally ill in Pennsylvania. Moore, Douglas Stuart, born on August 10, 1893, in Cutchogue, N.Y., graduated from Yale College with a Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1915. Two years later he received a Bachelor of Music-degree at the Yale School of Music. Moore then enlisted in the U .S. Navy .In 1919 he came to Paris, where he studied the organ and composition. He moved to Cleveland in 1921, where he organized concert series for the Cleveland Museum. After having spent another year in Paris on a Pulitzer Traveling Scholarship, the composer joined Barnard College of Columbia University in 1926. In addition to working here, he was leader of many American composers' organizations. Douglas S. Moore received the 1951 PP in the "Music" category for the opera Giants in the Earth. Moore, Marianne Craig, born on November 15, 1887, in Kirkwood, Mo., entered Bryn Mawr College in 1905, where she specialized in biology and histology. Beginning in her sophomore year at Bryn Mawr, she published poems in Tipyn O'Bob, the campus literary magazine, and after taking her B.A. degree, in 1909, she contributed to the Lantern, the Bryn Mawr alumni magazine. In 1911, after a year of study at the Carlisle Commercial College, the poet joined the faculty of the United States Indian School in Carlisle. At the Indian School she headed the commercial department and taught stenography and other commercial subjects for four years. Moving to New York City in 1918, where she remained for the next eleven years, she taught at a private school and, from 1921 to 1925, worked as an assistant at the Hudson Park branch of the New York Public Library. In Greenwich Village she became a leading figure in a literary circle. Some of the author's poems appeared in the Egoist in 1915. Later the same year Poetry magazine published poems by Marianne Moore as well. In 1924 a collection of her poems, titled Observations, was published. The next year, when this collection won the Dial Award, the poet became acting editor of the Dial, a literary journal, and she edited the magazine until it ceased publication in 1929. Moore received numerous literary awards. She was also given a Guggenheim fellowship in 1945 and a grant from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, in which she was also elected to membership in 1947. The volume Collected Poems, which appeared in 1951, brought Marianne C. Moore three awards: the Bollingen Prize in Poetry, the National Book Award for poetry and the 1952 PP in the category "Poetry."

169

Arthur Miller

Margaret Mitchell

Toni Morrison

Paul S. Mowrer

170 Morabito, Rocco, bom on November 2, 1920, in Port Chester, N.Y., started his career already at the age of ten as a newsboy at the Jacksonville Journal, Fl. In 1939 he was promoted and joined the staff of the paper's circulation department. Four years later he left the newspaper in order to serve in the U.S. Army Air Forces for two years. Then Morabito returned to the staff of the Jacksonville Journal. Since 1949 he wrote the church column and reported on sports events. Three years later he became staff photographer. In 1968 Rocco Morabito earned the PP in the category "Spot News Photography" for his picture "The Kiss of Life." Morgan, Lucy, bom on October 11, 1940, in Memphis, Tn., grew up in Hattiesburg, Ms., and graduated from Pasco-Hernando Community College in Date City, Fl. In 1971 she joined the staff of the St. Petersburg Times and worked at the paper most of her time in Pasco County. Her successful battle in 1973-1976 to overturn a contempt citation for refusing to reveal confidential sources became a landmark case in Florida. In 1985 Lucy Morgan was a Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for a series on cash payoffs to University of Kentucky basketball players in violation of regulations. Morin, Jim, born on January 30, 1953, in Washington, D.C., started to draw cartoons for the student newspaper Daily Orange while attending college at Syracuse University. The cartoonist was first engaged by the Beaumont Enterprise and Journal in Texas and then by the Richmond Times-Dispatch in Virginia. In 1978 Morin switched to the Miami Herald. His work was syndicated by King Features. Morin published several books, including a volume of cartoons. In the course of his career the cartoonist won numerous prizes, among them the Overseas Press Club awards in 1979 and 1990, the 1992 National Cartoonist Society award and the 1996 Berryman award. Jim Morin was also made the recipient of the 1996 PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his work done during the previous year, as exemplified by the drawing "Who cares about Bosnia?" Morin, Relman George, born on September 11, 1907, in Freeport, II., was brought up in Los Angeles, Ca. Graduated in 1925 from Los Angeles High School, he became a schoolsports reporter for the Los Angeles Times. During his undergraduate years at Pomona College at Claremont, Ca., he was the campus correspondent for the same paper as well as a contributor to two college periodicals and editor of the Annual. On graduation from Pomona in 1929 with the B.A. degree he had the chance to go to China to study newspapers and their social effects in the country. He attended both Ling-

Morabito - Morison man University in Canton and Yenching University at Beijing as a special student. Then, in 1930, Morin worked for the Shanghai Evening Post as a general reporter for one year. In 1932 he joined the Los Angeles Record as a movie columnist. Hired by the Associated Press in 1934, he worked out of Los Angeles on general assignments until he was sent to Japan in 1937 as chief of AP's Tokyo bureau. After returning to the U.S. in September, 1942, Morin was assigned as an accredited war correspondent; he reported from London, Algiers, Cairo, New Delhi, Rome and Paris. After World War II, from 1945 until 1947, he was successively chief of the AP's enlarged Paris bureau, of the Washington bureau in 1947-49, and general executive at the AP headquarters in New York City in 1949-50. In July 1950 he left for what was called a temporary assignment at Tokyo but developed into the coverage of the Korean War which made him a Co-PPW in "International Reporting" in 1951. In 1958 Relman G. Morin was the Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for coverage of the school integration crisis in Little Rock, Ar. Morison, Samuel Eliot, bom on July 9, 1887, in Boston, Ma., obtained his B.A. degree from Harvard College to which he added the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard Graduate School. Successively he worked as an instructor in history at the University of California and at Harvard. In 1919 Morison obtained the post of attache to the Russian division of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace. The historian became the first Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professor of American history at Oxford University in 1922. Three years later he returned to Harvard as a professor of history and in 1926 Morison was appointed official historian for the 300th anniversary of Harvard College. In 1941 he accepted the Jonathan Trumbull professorship of American history at Harvard. He was commissioned a lieutenant commander in the Naval Reserve in May 1942 with the title of historian of naval operations. In this position he witnessed many naval operations at first-hand. The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis, Federalist, 1765-1848; The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783-1860; Oxford History of the United States, 1793-1917; the three installments of Tercentennial History of Harvard College and University, 1636-1936; The History of the United States Naval Operations in World War II; By Land and by Sea; Freedom in Contemporary Society and Strategy and Compromise count among Morison's book publications. In 1943 his Columbus biography Admiral of the Ocean Sea earned Samuel E. Morison the PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category,

Morley - Mosel followed by a second PP in 1960 for a biography entitled John Paul Jones. Morley, Felix Muskett, born on January 6, 1894, in Haverford, Pa., was graduated in 1911 at the Friends School in Baltimore, Md., and at Haverford College in the class of 1915. At the beginning of World War I he served in France and Belgium for nearly a year, then returning to the U.S. to start his newspaper career as a reporter on the Philadelphia Public Ledger. Early in 1917 he joined the staff of the United Press. After the armistice he was for nearly a year a Washington correspondent of the Philadelphia North American. In 1922 Morley joined the editorial staff of the Baltimore Sun. In 1928 he worked as a foreign correspondent, and in the fall of 1933 Felix M. Morley became editor and chief editorial writer of the Washington Post. He became the 1936 Co-PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for critical articles of the policies of the Roosevelt administration's New Deal. Morris, Edmund, bom on May 27, 1940, in Nairobi, Kenya, studied music and history at Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa, in 1959-60. In 1964 he moved to London, England, where he wrote advertising copy until 1968. That year he immigrated to the United States, where he became settled in New York City. He started to work as a free-lance writer, being involved in projects such as travel articles, poetry, science fiction, radio scripts, screenplays, advertising copy, and mail-order catalogs. In 1975 he joined the staff of the New York Times as a contributing editor for twelve months. Already one year earlier he had become interested in Theodore Roosevelt. It occured to him that the early years of Roosevelt's life would make a good screenplay. Morris spent the winter of 1974-75 in the Bad Lands of the Dakotas researching and writing his screenplay, which he called "Dude from New York." The screenplay was never produced, but Morris was advised by his agent to write a Roosevelt biography. In June 1975 he obtained a book contract from Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. Another four years of research and preparation went into Morris' first book, before it was published in 1979. In September of that same year Morris became a naturalized American citizen. His book The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, the first volume of a projected trilogy, made Edmund Morris the recipient of the 1980 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. Morrison, Toni, born as Chloe Anthony Wofford on February 18, 1931, in Lorain, Oh., attended Howard University in Washington, D.C., which awarded her a B.A. degree in 1953. She went on

171 to Cornell University for graduate work in English and obtained her Master's degree in 1955. After two years of teaching English at Texas Southern University, she joined the faculty of Howard University as an instructor in English, a post she held until 1964. Morrison subsequently moved to Syracuse, N.Y., where she took a job as a textbook editor for a subsidiary of the Random House publishing firm. As a senior editor she was transferred to Random House's New York headquarters in 1967. Having begun writing fiction in the early 1960's, her first novel was published in 1969: The Bluest Eye. Sula, Morrison's second novel appeared in 1973. In 1976 Toni Morrison became a visiting lecturer at Yale University teaching courses in creative writing and in the works of black women writers. Song of Solomon, the authoress' third novel, received the National Book Critics' Circle Award as the best work of fiction in 1977 and was chosen as a full selection of the Bookof-the-Month Club. Due to the success of this novel, Morrison cut down her editorial work at Random House to spend more time writing. She next brought out Tar Baby, a love story. In 1988 Toni Morrison became the PPW in the category "Fiction" for the book Beloved - A Novel. Five years later she earned the Nobel Prize for Literature. Mosel, Tad, bom as George Ault Mosel Jr. on May 1, 1922, in Steubenville, Oh., was raised in Larchmont and New Rochelle, N.Y. He received his secondary education at Mount Hermon School, Ma., and New Rochelle High School, N.Y. At Amherst College in Massachusetts, Mosel majored in English. In 1943 he received the Bryant prize for acting at the college. The same year he left Amherst to spend three years in the Army Air Forces Weather Service, where he became an editor of a service newspaper. Returning to Amherst, Mosel was president of the Masquers, the campus dramatic group, in 1946-47, and received his B.A. degree in 1947. That year he began postgraduate study at the Yale Drama School, which he left two years later to enter the cast of the Broadway production of the play At War With the Army. But his main interest was a career as a playwright. In addition he became interested in television drama. For his M.A. degree requirement at Columbia, for which he had started to work after almost a year on Broadway, he wrote a three-act plays, The Lion Hunters, which was produced at the Off-Broadway Provincetown Playhouse. In 1953, the year he received his M.A degree, his TV drama The Haven was produced. Among the numerous original plays written by Mosel were Madame Aphrodite; My Lost Saints, and The Five Dollar Bill. In 1958

172 Mosel began to work on a Broadway stage adaptation of the late James Agee's novel A Death in the Family, entitled All the Way Home. It gained Tad Mosel both the New York Drama Critics Circle award and the 1961 PP in the "Drama" category. Mott, Frank Luther, born on April 4, 1886, in Keokuk County, la., attended Simpson College in Indianola, la., from 1903 to 1906 and was graduated from the University of Chicago one year later. After graduation, he started working as a journalist and was first co-editor of the Marengo Republican from 1907 to 1914. Then, he joined the staff of the Grand Junction Globe as editor. In 1918 he became instructor at the Marquand School for Boys in Brooklyn, N.Y. The following year, he earned his Master of Arts-degree at Columbia University and started teaching English as professor at Simpson College. Mott came as an assistant professor of English to the State University of Iowa in 1921, and was promoted to associate professor four years later. Also in 1925 he became joint editor and publisher of The Midland. Since 1927 he held a professorship of journalism and that same year became director of the School of Journalism at the State University of Iowa. Mott earned his doctorate of philosophy the following year. In 1930 he became editor in chief of Journalism Quarterly and from 1934 to 1938 he assumed the position of chairman of the National Council for Research in Journalism. Moreover, Mott was the author of quite a lot of book publications, e.g. Six Prophets Out of the Middle West; The Man with the Good Face; The Literature of Pioneer Life in Iowa. In 1939 Frank L. Mott earned the PP in the "History" category for the book A History of American Magazines. Mowery, Edward Joseph, born on March 8, 1906, in Lancaster, Oh., attended St. Mary's grade school, was graduated from St. Mary's High School in 1923 and went to Ohio State University and Notre Dame University, where he majored in architectural design. In 1932 he started a weekly suburban newspaper, the Eastern News, in Columbus, Oh., and determined his future in the newspaper field. After a job as managing editor of the Catholic Columbian, he became city editor of the Lancaster Daily Eagle, staff writer for the Associated Press, feature writer for the Columbus Sunday Dispatch and later editor of the Lancaster Daily Eagle and Eagle Gazette. In 1937 Mowery went to New York as staff writer for King Feature Syndicate, and shortly thereafter transferred to the Home News of Brunswick, N.J., as editorial writer. Then he became financial editor of the Newark Star-Ledger and staff writer on the New York Post. In 1943 he joined the staff of the New

Mott - Mowrer York World-Telegram & Sun. Since the early 1950's Edward J. Mowery earned several journalism awards. In 1953 he received the PP in the "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" category for coverage of the vindication and freedom to a man. Mowrer, Edgar Ansel, bom on March 8,1892, in Bloomington, II., grew up in Chicago and was educated in public schools. He attended the University of Michigan and the University of Chicago, and later, the Sorbonne in Paris. He worked as a foreign newspaper correspondent in 1918, when he joined the staff of the Chicago Daily News. While covering the battle fronts in France and Belgium during World War I, he was frequently arrested by the French military authorities for entering restricted zones As the war progressed, he was assigned to the Italian front, reporting the Italian retreat after the Caporetto disaster. Mowrer closely followed Mussolini's march on Rome and, in the succeeding months, reported the Fascist conquest of the Italian State. He served as Rome correspondent until January 1924, when he was reassigned to the Berlin Bureau of the Chicago Daily News, a post he held for nine years. In the early 1930's he became president of the Foreign Press Association in Berlin. His work took him to all parts of Europe and gave him first-hand knowledge of the people and their countries. His first book, The Future of Politics was published in 1930. Two years later Mowrer published the volume Germany Turns the Clock Back which was eventually presented to the Pulitzer Prize jury. Edgar A. Mowrer won the 1933 PP in the "Correspondence" category for coverage of German political crises in the year before. Mowrer, Paul Scott, bom on July 14, 1887, in Bloomington, II., grew up in Chicago and attended Hyde Park High School. After his graduation in 1905 he studied at the University of Michigan and gained his first journalistic experience on the Chicago Daily News in the same year. Only five years later he was already appointed Paris foreign correspondent of that newspaper. From 1912 to 1913 he covered the first Balkan War and directed the French Chicago Daily News bureau from 1914 to 1918. From 1917 until the end of World War I he was permanently accredited to the French armies as an official war correspondent. Mowrer also served as director of the Chicago Daily News Peace Conference Bureau from November 11, 1918, through August 31, 1919. In 1918, Mowrer was awarded the "Legion of Honor at the French General Headquarters." Six years later he served again as war correspondent, covering the Moroccan Campaigns in the Riff. Paul S. Mowrer was awarded the 1929 PP in the "Correspond-

Mueller - Murray ence" category for his foreign reporting of international affairs. Mueller, Lisel, born on February 8, 1924, in Hamburg, Germany, came to the United States in 1939, and was naturalized six years later. She earned a B.A. degree in sociology at the University of Evansville, II., and engaged in graduate research projects in the field of comparative literature. She also worked as a visiting writer at the University of Chicago and at Washington University in St. Louis as well as at other institutions. In 1965 she published her first volume of poetry. Titled Dependencies, it won her the 1966 Robert M. Ferguson Memorial Award. From 1969 to 1972 she was instructor of poetry writing at Elmhurst College, and from 1972 to 1977 she participated in the educational campaign Poets in the Schools. In 1977 she joined Goddard College in Vermont, where she taught in the Master of Fine Arts-writing program. Mueller published five new volumes of poetry in the period from 1977-1996. She also translated several works from the German. A recipient of numerous prizes throughout the 1970s and 80s, Lisel Mueller was honored with the 1997 PP in the "Poetry" category for the volume Alive together - New and Selected Poems. Muhammad, Ozier, bom on October 8, 1950, in Chicago, II., was educated at Columbia College, Chicago, and received a B.A. degree in 1972. After teaching as a part-time photo instructor, Muhammad worked as a photographer for Ebony magazine and for the Charlotte Observer in North Carolina. He joined Newsday as a photographer in 1980 and had several foreign assignments at the paper. Ozier Muhammad became a 1985 Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for pictures of the plight of the hungry in Africa. Mullen, William Charles, born on October 9, 1944, in La Crosse, Wi., studied at the University of Wisconsin at La Crosse from 1962 through 1965. After having worked as a reporter for the La Crosse Tribune in 1966 and from 1966 to 1967 for the Wisconsin State Journal at Madison, Mullen received his B.A. degree in journalism from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1967. Then he went to the Chicago Tribune, and as the paper's undercover 'employee' of Chicago's Board of Election Commissioners took his share in the revelation of a fraud that brought the Pulitzer Prize for general local reporting to the newspaper in 1973. In 1975 William C. Mullen was conferred the Jakob Scher award for Investigative Reporting, and he also became the Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for coverage of famine in Africa and India.

173 Mullins, Robert David, bom on December 16, 1924, in Scofield, Ut., served in the Army of the United States in World War II, fought in Europe, and was decorated with the Bronze Star. Upon his return to the U.S. he enrolled at the University of Utah, where he obtained a B.A. degree in 1950. In 1951 he became a reporter with the Deseret News-Salt Lake Telegram. In 1962 Robert D. Mullins won the PP in the category of "Local Reporting, Edition Time" for his reports on a murder-kidnaping at Dead-Horse Point, Ut. Mulroy, James W., born in Chicago, II., attended the University of Chicago. He was campus correspondent for the Daily News in Chicago, and in 1924 became a cub reporter with the Chicago Daily. Together with a colleague, Mulroy wrote key-articles in the investigation of the murder of Bobby Franks. The articles, which were published in the Daily News, eventually lead to an arrest, and made James W. Mulroy the 1925 Co-PPW in the "Reporting" category. Murphy, Caryle Marie, born on November 16, 1946, in Hartford, Ct., attended Jean d'Arc Academic High School in Milton, Ma., and graduated from Trinity College in Washington, D.C., with a B.A. degree in 1968. Caryle Murphy then became teacher of English and History at St. Cecilia Teacher Training College in Nyeri, Kenya. In 1972 she was engaged by Brockton Enterprise as a staff reporter. She moved to Angola in 1974 to work as a free-lance correspondent for the Washington Post, Newsweek and other magazines. In 1976 Murphy joined the Washington Post and became a foreign correspondent for South Africa the following year. In 1982 she returned to the U.S.A. and reported from the nation's capital. She became chief of the Washington Post bureau in Alexandria, Va., in 1985. While working in this profession she received a Master's degree in International Public Policy from Johns Hopkins University in 1987. Two years later she became foreign correspondent in the Middle East. Caryle M. Murphy was made the 1991 Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for her dispatches from occupied Kuwait. Murray, Donald Morison (Don), born on September 16, 1924, in Boston, Ma., attended North Quincy High School and Tilton Junior College in New Hampshire before entering the U.S. Army in the spring of 1943. During World War II he served thirty months in the 17th and 82nd Airborne Division, seing action in France and Germany and during the occupation of Berlin. After the war, he entered the University of New Hampshire and graduated in February

174 1948 majoring in English. Immediately after graduation, while doing graduate work at Boston University, Don Murray joined the Boston Herald as an office boy, and after eleven months he became a reporter on the city staff. In December 1951 he moved to the editorial writing staff of the paper. The same year he won the Associated Press Big City News award and a Gold Medal for outstanding public service of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Don Murray also was a frequent contributor to magazines like Saturday Evening Post, and his book reviews appeared on the Sunday Herald book page. Don M. Murray earned the 1954 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for a series of articles entitled "New Look" in National Defense. Murray, James Patrick (Jim), born on December 29,191 9, in Hartford, Ct., was a 1943 graduate of Trinity College at Hartford. While in college, he served as a campus correspondent for the Hartford Times. In the period 1943-44 he started his professional journalism career as a general assignment reporter for the New Haven Register, moving up to the positions of police and federal beat reporter. Then he left Connecti-

Murray cut and went to the West Coast, working as a general assignment reporter and rewrite man on the Los Angeles Examiner from 1944-48. In 1948 Jim Murray switched to Time magazine and worked as Los Angeles correspondent until 1959. A couple of years before he helped to found a West Coast edition of Sports Illustrated, in 1959, he moved to that paper in the position of the West Coast editor. After two years, Murray quit this job and came to the Los Angeles Times as sports columnist. In this capacity Jim Murray earned quite a number of awards. In 1982 he was the first sportswriter to win the Victor Award, and in the same year Murray was the recipient of the Red Smith Award for extended meritorious labor in sportswriting. In 1984 followed the Associated Press Sports Editors Association award for best column writing. The J. G. Taylor Spink Award for meritorious contributions to baseball writing came to Murray in 1987. Fourteen times he was named "America's Best Sportswriter" by the National Association of Sportscasters and Sportswriters. James P. Murray became the winner of the 1990 PP in the "Commentary" category for his sports columns during the previous year.

Nagao, Yasushi, bom on May 20, 1930, in Tokyo, Japan, attended Chiba University in his home country. He worked as a staff photographer for the Tokyo Mainichi newspaper. In 1960 he took a picture of the assassination by sword of a politician which was distributed by United Press International under the title "Tokyo Stabbing" and was printed in many American newspapers. The following year it made Yasushi Nagao the PPW in the "Photography" category. Naifeh, Steven Woodward, bom on June 19, 1952, in Tehran, Iran, studied at Princeton University, where he obtained his A.B. degree in 1974. Three years later the Doctor of Jurisprudence-degree was conferred on him by Harvard University. Already in 1976 he had worked as an associate of the New York law firm Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy. After having earned a Master's degree at Harvard in 1978, he became vice-president of the consulting and public relations firm Sabagh, Naifeh & Associates, Inc., in Washington, D.C. Naifeh also contributed articles to magazines such as Arts, Art International, and African Arts. His works of art were exhibited in solo shows in the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, and Pakistan. Steven W. Naifeh became the 1991 Co-PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book Jackson Pollock - an American Saga. Nalder, Eric Christopher, born on March 2, 1946, in Coulee Dam, Wa., graduated from high school in Beirut, Lebanon, and received a B.A. degree in communications from the University of Washington in 1968. From 1971 to 1972 he worked as a news editor for the Whidbey News-Times. He then switched to the Lynnwood Enterprise, where he got the post of a general assignment writer. In 1973 Nalder became local government, business, cops and fire reporter for the Everett Herald. From 1975 to 1983 he joined the Seattle Post-Intelligencer as an education writer and county government reporter. He was recruited away by the Seattle Times to work as chief investigative reporter. In 1990 he was a Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for coverage of the Exxon Valdez oil spill and its aftermath. In 1997 Eric C. Nalder again was a Co-PPW, this time in the "Investigative Reporting" category, for

coverage of widespread corruption in a federally-sponsored housing program for Native Americans. Neely Jr., Mark Edward, born on November 10, 1944, in Amarillo, Tx., attended Yale University, majoring in American studies and earned his Bachelor of Arts-degree there in 1966. From 1971 to 1972 he taught as visiting instructor in American history at Iowa State University at Ames. In 1972 he became director of the Louis A. Warren Lincoln Library and Museum at Fort Wayne, In. The following year he earned his Doctor of philosophy-degree at Yale and became editor of the monthly Lincoln Lore. Since 1980 he served as a member of the advisory board of the Indiana Historical Bureau. In addition to this, Neely became member of the Abraham Lincoln Association and of the Society of Indiana Archivists. In 1981 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Lincoln College. His book publications were: The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia', The Lincoln Image: Abraham Lincoln and the Popular Print; The Insanity File: The Case of Mary Todd Lincoln and The Confederate Image: Prints of the Lost Cause. Mark E. Neely Jr. contributed a large number of articles to historical journals and newspapers. In 1992 he was the PPW in the category "History" for the book The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties. Nelson, Deborah, born on January 13, 1953, in Libertyville, II., graduated with an Associate in Arts-degree from the College of Lake County, 11. She also studied at Arizona State University, and obtained a B.S. degree from Northern Illinois University as well as a law degree from DePaul University in Chicago. From 1975 to 1976 she worked for the Daily Chronicle in DeKalb, II. After a brief period with Pace Magazine in DuPage, II., in 1976, she became a staff reporter for the Arlington Daily Herald, II., where she worked from 1977 to 1985. In 1983 she won an Investigative Reporters and Editors award. Two years later she was hired as an investigative reporter by the Chicago Sun-Times. She won a National Housing Journalism award in 1990, a Public Service award by the Illinois Associated Press in 1992, and a John Peter and Anna Catherine Zenger award in 1994. In 1994-95 she also worked as a jour-

176 nalism instructor at Columbia College, II., and in 1995 she became an investigative reporter with the Seattle Times. Together with two colleagues, Deborah Nelson was a 1997 Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for coverage of widespread corruption in a federally-sponsored housing program for Native Americans. Nelson, John Howard (Jack), born on October 11, 1929, in Talladega, AL, worked as a reporter for the Daily Herald in Biloxi, Ms., from 1947 to 1951. From 1951 to 1952 he served in the Army of the United States. He then joined the Atlanta Constitution, and in 1953 enrolled at Georgia State College, where, additionally, he studied economics until 1957. In 1960 John H. Nelson won the PP in the category of "Local Reporting, Edition Time" for articles on mental institutions in Georgia. Nemerov, Howard, born on March 1, 1920, in New York City, attended Fieldston School in his hometown, sponsored by the Society for Ethical Culture. He graduated in 1937 and then entered Harvard University, where he was Bowdoin Prize Essayist in 1940. After obtaining his B.A. degree from Harvard in 1941, Nemerov enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force and received pilot training in Canada and England. Discharged with the rank of first lieutenant in 1945, he settled in New York City and completed his first book of poetry, The Image and the Law. Financial circumstances led him to accept an offer of an instructorship in English at Hamilton College in Clinton, N.Y., in 1946, where he remained for two years. Since 1948 Nemerov was a member of the faculty of literature and languages at Bennington College in Vermont. The poet obtained a leave of absence from Bennington College in 1958-59 to serve as visiting lecturer in English at the University of Minnesota. A further leave of absence in 1962 enabled him to take the position of writer-in-residence at Hollins College in Virginia. Nemerov also served on the staff of the Bread Loaf Writers Conference at Bread Loaf, Vermont. The following year the poet became consultant in poetry in English to the Library of Congress. During all these years Nemerov continued work on his poetry publishing several books such as The Salt Garden; Mirrows and Windows, and Gnomes and Occasions. In addition he wrote several novels, short stories, essays and reviews and made many contributions to literary and popular journals. In the course of his career the author gained numerous awards and honors. In 1978 he received the PP for "Poetry" for the book The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov.

Nelson - Nevins Nesmith, Jeff, bom on June 28, 1940, in Hillsborough County, Fl., studied at the University of Florida School of Journalism, and graduated in 1963. For one year he taught 12th graders at the Howey Academy in Florida. In 1964 he moved to Georgia and joined the Atlanta Constitution as an obituary writer. He eventually covered the police, city government and state politics, and became an investigative reporter. He then worked for the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin as an investigative reporter, but returned to the Constitution, where he became Washington, D.C., correspondent and reporter at the Washington bureau. In 1977 he moved to the national staff of the Constitution's parent company, Cox Newspapers. Eventually he was hired by the Dayton Daily News. In 1998 Jeff Nesmith received a George Polk Memorial award by Long Island University, and a National Headliners Club award. The same year he was made the Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for disclosure of problems in the U.S. military health care system. Nevins, Allan, born on May 20, 1890, in Camp Point, II., attended the University of Illinois and obtained his B.A. degree in 1912. He remained there for another year, teaching English while completing the requirements for his Master of Arts-degree, which he received in 1913. Subsequently, Nevins went to New York City and joined the staff of the New York Evening Post as an editorial writer. From 1913 to 1918 he also contributed editorials to the Nation. In 1923 Nevins moved to the New York Sun as literary editor. Having published several works on historical items, he accepted an appointment as professor of history at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., in 1927. At the end of a year there, however, he returned to Manhattan to become assistant editor of the New York World and associate professor of history at Columbia University. He resigned his position with the World in 1931, when Columbia promoted him to the chair of De Witt Clinton Professor of American History. The Life of Robert Rogers; The Evening Post; A Century of Journalism; American Social History as Recorded by British Travelers; The American States During and After the Revolution, 1775-1789; The Emergence of Modern America, 1865-1878 and Fremont, the West's Greatest Adventurer count among his book publications. Allan Nevins won the 1933 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book Grover Cleveland A Study in Courage. In 1937 he earned his second PP in the same award category for the book Hamilton Fish - The Inner History of the Grant Administration.

Newbranch - Norman Newbranch, Harvey Ellsworth, bom on April 11, 1875, near Mt. Pleasant, la., showed a bent for writing even before his teens. Under a nom de plume he wrote letters to the local newspaper which stirred up much talk. After his family moved to Lincoln, Nb., in 1892 Harvey Newbranch entered the University of Nebraska, where he was graduated in 1896. He instantly entered politics as a campaign supporter of a well-known politician. Then he joined the Lincoln staff of the World-Herald in Omaha, Nb. Reporting the legislature, he found out what was going on in circles of legislators and lobbyists. Transferred to Omaha he was for a time police reporter. After a tour of other assignments he was made associate editor of the World-Herald in 1905. Actually, he was in charge of the Editorial Page - at the age of thirty - and wrote almost all the editorials. In 1910 Harvey Newbranch was made editor of the newspaper. In this position he was a fighter, and he had little use for on-the-one-handand-on-the-other-hand editorials. So for year he was one of the best known Nebraskans. In 1920 Harvey E. Newbranch was made PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for an article entitled "Law and the Jungle." Newhouse, Eric, born on March 4, 1945, in Madison, Wi., received a Bachelor of Sciencedegree from Wisconsin University in 1967 and a Master of Arts-degree from the University of Maryland in 1970. From 1967 to 1968 he worked as a police reporter for the Morning Star in Rockford, II., and in 1970 he was a night reporter with the Associated Press in Baltimore. In 1971 he joined the Associated Press in New Orleans. The same year he published a book on international affairs, Disintegrating Parallelism in Middle East Oil. In 1972 he was an International fellow at Columbia University, where he obtained a Master of Science-degree in journalism. Newhouse subsequently worked for the AP in New Orleans, La., Chattanooga, Tn., Pierre, S.D., St. Louis, Mo., and Charleston, W.V. In 1988 he joined the Great Falls Tribune, where he first worked as a news editor, but was promoted to editorial editor in 1991, and projects editor in 1997. Three years later Eric Newhouse won the PP in the "Explanatory Reporting" category for his examination of alcohol abuse in the community. Nichols, Roy Franklin, born on March 3, 1896, in Newark, N.J., was graduated from Rutgers University in 1918 and earned his Master of Arts-degree there the year after. From 1920 to 1921 he was fellow at Columbia University, where he also received his Ph.D. degree in 1923. Already the year before he had joined the staff of Columbia as an instructor in history. In 1925

177 Nichols came to the University of Pennsylvania to assume there the position of assistant professor of history. He was promoted to full professor five years later. In 1944-45 he returned to Columbia University as visiting professor and in 1948-49 he held guest lectures at the University of Cambridge, England. In addition to this, he received several honorary doctorates amongst them one from Rutgers University. Nichols was the author of quite a number of book publications, e.g. The Democratic Machine (1850-54). As joint author he worked on Syllabus for History of Civilization', America Yesterday and Today; Growth of American Democracy; The Republic of the United States: a History and A Short History of American Democracy were published. In 1949 Roy F. Nichols earned the PP in the category "History" for the book The Disruption of American Democracy. Noel, Frank E., born in 1905 in Dalhart, Tx., started his career as a photographer at the Chicago Daily News in 1925. He served in the U.S. Army Air Corps as an Aerial Photography Instructor. Afterwards he was engaged by the Washington Post, the Wichita Eagle, the Kansas City Star and the Oklahoma City News. In 1937 the photographer joined the Associated Press in Buffalo but was transferred to Albany, N.Y., in the same year. Frank E. Noel won the 1943 PP for "Photography" for his picture from the previous year with the caption "Water!" Norman, Marsha, bom on September 21, 1947, in Louisville, Ky., attended Durrett High School and then, following her graduation, enrolled at Agnes Scott College in Georgia, to which she had been awarded a scholarship. Shortly after taking her B.A. degree in 1969, she returned to Louisville. For the next two years, she took graduate courses at the University of Louisville, earning her master's degree in 1971. She then took a job teaching disturbed adolescents at the Kentucky Central State Hospital. In 1973 Marsha Norman joined the staff of the Brown School for gifted children. At the same time she began submitting occasional pieces to local newspapers. She wrote a play, too - a musical for children about Thomas Edison and other American inventors. By 1976 she was writing full-time, contributing articles and book reviews to the Louisville Times, for which she also created the weekend children's supplement The Jelly Bean Journal. In 1977 the playwright's Getting Out was staged as part of the Festival of New Plays at the Actors Theatre of Louisville, from which it emerged as cowinner of the top playwriting prize. The recipient of a playwright-in-residence grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, Marsha Norman spent

178 most of 1978 and 1979 working with the Actors Theatre of Louisville. Her contributions to the company included Third and Oak', The Pool Hall, and Circus Valentine. She also worked with the resident company at the Mark Taper Forum, on a 1979-80 Rockefeller play wright-inresidence grant, writing tele- and screenplays. During the summer of 1981, Marsha Norman wrote 'Night, Mother, a two-character drama, which earned her the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize and the 1983 PP in the "Drama" category. Nye, Russell Blaine, born on February 17, 1913, in Viola, Wi., attended Oberlin College in Ohio, where the B.A. degree was conferred on him in 1934. The next year he enrolled for graduate studies at the University of Wisconsin and earned his Master of Arts-degree. At that time he obtained a position as instructor at Jordan College, where he remained for a year. In 1936 he returned to the University of Wisconsin,

Nye joining the faculty as an assistant instructor. Nye accepted a similar position three years later at Adelphi College in Long Island, a post which he left in 1940, when he accepted an associate professorship at Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science. During much of this period he worked on his doctoral thesis, a study of the life and times of George Bancroft, and in 1940 he received his Doctor of Philosophy-degree from the University of Wisconsin. After having completed his thesis, Nye was still very much interested in his subject and planned to continue his research. The completion of the Bancroft study was made possible, when Nye received the second annual Knopf Fellowship in Biography in 1942.Two years later the volume George Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel was published. For this work Russell B. Nye received the 1945 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category.

O'Brien, Frank Michael, born on March 31, 1875, in Dunkirk, N.Y., was educated at St. Joseph's College in Buffalo, N.Y. He started his newspaper career as a reporter at the Buffalo Courier, where he worked from 1893 on for a year. In the period from 1895-96 O'Brien was a reporter on the Buffalo Express, where he became city editor in 1896, a position he held until 1904. Then he moved to New York City to become reporter for the Sun in the period from 1904-05. The following year he got out of journalism for several years to work as a secretary of the Mayor of New York from 1906-10. Two years later, Frank O'Brien returned to newspaper work when he got an appointment as a special writer for the New York Press, covering the period from 1912-15. Afterwards, from 1916-18, he returned to the New York Sun as an editorial writer. Then O'Brien moved to the New York Herald in 1918, where he held the same function. In the same year he brought out a book on the history of the Sun. Frank M. O'Brien was the winner of the 1922 PP for "Editorial Writing" for his article "The Unknown Soldier." O'Connor, Edwin Greene, born on July 29, 1918, in Providence, R.I., attended the University of Notre Dame, majoring in English literature. Upon his graduation in 1939 he became a radio announcer and worked in Providence, Palm Beach, Buffalo, and Hartford. During World War II, O'Connor was stationed in Boston as an information officer with the United States Coast Guard. Returning to civilian life in 1945, he worked for a year as writer and producer of radio shows for the Yankee Network. Then, relying on an offer to write a daily television column for a Boston newspaper, he decided to become a free-lance author. His first published works were articles about radio and television for the Atlantic Monthly. In 1951 O'Connor published his first novel, The Oracle. It was followed by The Last Hurrah, which won the Atlantic Prize and the Golden Book Award of the Catholic Writers Guild and was chosen by the Book-of-the-Month Club. O'Connor next wrote Benjy: A Ferocious Fairy Tale, and The Edge of Sadness appeared in 1961. The latter brought to Edwin G. O'Connor the 1962 PP in the category "Fiction."

Oliphant, Patrick Bruce, born on July 24, 1935, in Adelaide, Australia, worked as a copyboy for the Adelaide Advertiser since 1953. He passed an artist trainee and got the post of the paper's editorial cartoonist in 1955. Four years later, in 1959, he started a world tour to study cartooning techniques. Oliphant worked for the Adelaide Advertiser until 1964. After moving to the USA, he was engaged as an editorial cartoonist for the Denver Post. Since 1965 his cartoons were syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate and appeared in more than eighty U.S. newspapers. Among his numerous awards with which Oliphant was honored was the Professional Journalism award from the Sigma Delta Chi journalism fraternity in 1966. In 1967 Patrick B. Oliphant was made the recipient of the PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category, exemplified by his drawing "They Won't Get Us To The Conference Table... Will They?" Oliver, Mary, bom on September 10, 1935, in Cleveland, Oh., studied at Ohio State University between 1955 and 1956 and then spent a year at Vassar College. Her first collection of poetry, titled No Voyage and Other Poems, appeared in 1963 and the title poem, No Voyage, won first prize from the Poetry Society of America the same year. The first book was followed by the volume The River Styx, Ohio, and Other Poems, which was published in 1972. Between 1972 and 1973 Oliver was chairman of the writing department of the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown. During the following years the author continued writing poetry. In the course of her career she received numerous awards and honors for her work. Among these were the Devil's Advocate Award from the Poetry Society of America, the Shelley Memorial Award, the Cleveland Arts Prize for Literature, and the Achievement award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The poet also received a National Endowment for the Arts Creative Writing Fellowship and a Guggenheim Fellowship. Oliver was contributor to such publications as the Yale Review, Kenyan Review, Atlantic magazine and Poetry. The poet's first academic post was a Mather Visiting Professorship at Case-Western Reserve University in 1980 and in 1982 again. The following year she published the volume American

180 Primitive. It gained Mary Oliver the 1984 PP in the "Poetry" category. Olshwanger, Ron, born on November 30, 1936, in St. Louis, Mo., attended the University of Missouri and Washington University, Mo. He first worked as a volunteer assistant chief for the Red Cross Disaster Service. The amateur photographer then was made the co-owner of MMI Wholesale Furniture Showroom. In addition to his profession he worked on free-lance basis for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Ron Olshwanger became the 1989 PPW in the category "Spot News Photography" for a picture from the previous year showing a firefighter giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to a child. O'Neill, Eugene G., born on October 16, 1888, in New York City, was educated first in Catholic schools and later at Betts Academy, a nonsectarian preparatory school in Stamford, Ct. In 1906-1907 he attended Princeton University but left it very soon again to work at a few jobs. The following years O'Neill spent traveling around. After a short career as a journalist with the New London Telegraph, he decided to become a writer. He wrote his first play, A Wife for a Life, in the spring of 1913. The next year the author took George Pierce Baker's English course on playwriting at Harvard. Shortly afterwards he moved to Provincetown, Ma., where he became involved with the Provincetown Players, who produced his Bound East for Cardiff, written in 1914. The following years O'Neill continued to write steadily. The plays Beyond the Horizon and Anna Christie, won the author the PP in "Drama" in 1920 and 1922. O'Neill also began to experiment with his plays using new items, such as spoken thoughts in Strange Interlude, which gained him his third PP in the "Drama" category in 1928. The play was followed by numerous others. Among these were Dynamo and Mourning Becomes Electro, a trilogy the playwright wrote while living in France. For the production of the latter he returned to New York in 1931. His play Ah, Wilderness! was produced in 1933. In 1936 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. In 1939 he began one of the most productive phases of his career. During that time he wrote The Iceman Cometh and A Moon for the Misbegotten, which both were produced after the war. In 1953 Eugene O'Neill died. Two and a half years later his play Long Day's Journey Into Night was produced and won him in 1957 another PP in the category "Drama." O'Neill, Gerard Michael, born on September 1, 1942, in Boston, Ma., became graduated from Stonehill College and spent a year at George Washington Law School in Washington, D.C.

Olshwanger - Orr In 1965 he joined the Boston Globe starting as a copy boy. While working at nights, he attended Boston University's Graduate School of Journalism during the day, and graduated in 1970. In 1972 Gerard M. O'Neill became a Co-PPW in the category "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for coverage of widespread corruption in a Massachusetts town. O'Neill, John Joseph, born on June 21, 1889, in New York City, worked as a printer from 1903 to 1904, and as an electrician from 1905 to 1906, when he became a staff member of the Public Library in Astor, N.Y. In 1907 he joined the staff of the New York Herald Library, but after only one year he embarked on a career in journalism. He worked as a freelance reporter until 1915, when he got the job of reporter with the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. He was promoted to feature editor in 1918, to radio editor in 1922, to automobile and aviation editor in 1925, and to science editor in 1926. From 1929 to 1930 he worked as a supervisor of the construction of a new plant of the Eagle. In 1933 he joined the New York Herald-Tribune, where he worked as a science editor. In 1937 John J. O'Neill became a Co-PPW in the category "Reporting" for coverage of the tercentenary celebrations at Harvard University. Oppen, George, born on April 24, 1908, in New Rochelle, N.Υ., grew up in San Francisco and attended in 1926 what later became Oregon State University. He left college before graduation, lived for some time in Dallas and New York and moved to France in 1929. Here, the poet began to publish works of American poetry. After returning to New York in 1933, in the next year his first collection of poems, Discrete Series, was published by the Objectivist Press which the author had helped found. After that press ceased operating in 1936, Oppen abandoned poetry for politics. He joined the Communist Party and worked to organize the unemployed, supporting himself in New York City by working as a tool-and-die maker and mechanic. Then Oppen moved to Detroit, where he worked in a factory until he was drafted in 1942. He spent three years in the army, and after the war he continued his political activities. In 1950 Oppen moved to Mexico City, where he worked as a furniture maker for the next eight years. He began writing poetry again shortly before returning to the United States in 1958. In 1962 he published his second collection, The Materials, followed by This in Which in 1965, and Of Being Numerous. For the latter George Oppen received the 1969 PP in the "Poetry"category. Orr, Carey, bom on January 17, 1890, in Ada, Oh., graduated from the Chicago Academy of

Orsini - Owens Fine Arts. During 1912 he worked for the Chicago Examiner. Orr then became a member on the staff of the Nashville Tennessean and the American. He stayed with these papers until 1917. The cartoonist then began to work for the Chicago Tribune. The following year he was awarded the U.S. Government gold medal. In addition to three Freedoms Foundation awards, which he received in 1950, 1952 and 1953, Carey Orr was granted the 1961 PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his distinguished career as an artist as exemplified by the drawing "The Kindly Tiger." Orsini, Bette Swenson, bom on December 2, 1925, in St. Petersburg, Fl., received a B.A. degree in psychology from the University of Florida. She began her career in journalism with the St. Petersburg Times, later on working with the Arkansas Democrat and the Richmond News-Leader. Bette Orsini received many writing awards during her career, among them were the following: American Political Science Association Public Affairs Reporting Award in 1967; National Headliners Club's Headliner Award for general excellence in feature writing, 1970; Charles Stewart Mott Award Competition first prize for investigative reporting in education in 1978. In 1980 Bette S. Orsini became the Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for investigation of the Church of Scientology. Ottenberg, Miriam, born on October 7, 1914, in Washington, D.C., was graduated from the old Central High School in her hometown and attended Goucher College and Columbia University. She graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1935 with a degree in Journalism and later was honored by the school for distinguished service to journalism. After a brief stint on the Times Press in Akron, Oh., she started her career at the Evening Star in Washington, D.C., in 1937 as a police reporter. Later on she became an investigative reporter of her newspaper, and since that time her investigations led her into many phases of crime and corruption. She covered the Senate investigation of the dope traffic and campaigned successfully for strengthened narcotic laws. She covered and interpreted the findings of the Kefauver Committee in its expose of crime syndicates. Her investigations in the Nation's Capital have led to

181 more law enforcement tools against gamblers, among many other journalistic activities. Miriam Ottenberg was the recipient of several honors. She was presented with a plaque signed by the Attorney General of the United States, Congressional leaders, judges, prosecutors and the chief of the police. Several other certificates were presented to her over the years. In 1960 Miriam Ottenberg earned the PP in the "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" category for articles exposing a used-car racket in Washington, D.C. Owen, Russell D., bom on January 8, 1889, in Chicago, II., began his career as a stenographer in 1904. From 1906 to 1920 he held the job of a Linotype operator and reporter for the New York Sun. After a brief period as reporter in Canandaigua, N.Y., and reporter for the Syracuse Herald, he worked as a staff member of the New York Times from 1921 to 1924, as head of the news bureau of the General Electric company from 1924 to 1926, and, again, as reporter for the New York Times. In 1929 he joined the Byrd expedition to the Antarctic. For one year, he radioed expedition reports to New York which were often published on the front page. In 1930, these reports won Russell D. Owen the PP in the category "Reporting." Owens, John Whitfield, bom on November 2, 1884, on a farm near Owensville, Md., came to Baltimore in 1892 where his father died two years later. At the age of thirteen John Owens left school to take various jobs to secure some income for his family. For many years he worked in a bank, but one day in 1911 he went into the editor's office of the Baltimore Sun presenting several manuscripts and asked for a job. John Owens was accepted and became member of the news staff of the Evening Sun. When, in 1925, the Sun opened its London bureau, it was planned to use it as a sort of training school in foreign affairs for the more promising members of the staff. Owens was the first man for this experience, but he had to return a year later to the U.S. because of a serious illness of his wife. On his return Owens was made associate editor of the Sun, and already in 1927 he became editor of the paper. In 1937 John W. Owens became the PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles about the Presidential campaign in the previous year.

Packer, Fred Little, bom on January 4, 1886, in Los Angeles, Ca., attended Los Angeles public schools. After his graduation he studied at the Los Angeles School of Art and Design in 19021903. In 1904 and 1905 he was a student at the Chicago Art Institute, where he was a member of the theatrical group. When his studies at that school were completed, Packer in 1906 joined the staff of the Los Angeles Examiner as an artist, supplying drawings for the Sunday supplements. In 1907 Packer left the Examiner to work for the San Francisco Call. When the Call was succeeded by the Call-Post, Packer became the art director of that paper, a position he held from 1913 to 1918. The next year Packer left for New York, where he worked until 1931 as a commercial artist, doing book and magazine illustration as well as art work for leading advertisers. The artist returned to newspaper work in 1932 as a cartoonist on the New York Journal and the New York American. The following year Packer began to draw for the New York Daily Mirror, with which he stayed associated the following two decades. From 1942 to 1946 Packer was vice-president of Victory Builders, the organization that prepared colored posters for war industries, intended to spur production. From the Treasury Department and the War Production Board the cartoonist was awarded citations for the cartoons and posters he supplied for their drives during World War II. For his Daily Mirror cartoon "Your Editors Ought to Have More Sense Than to Print What I Say!" Fred L. Packer was awarded the PP for "Editorial Cartooning" in 1952. Page, Clarence Eugene, born on June 2, 1947, in Dayton, Oh., was a 1965 graduate of Middletown High School at Middletown, Oh. He began his journalism career as a free-lance writer and photographer for the Middletown Journal and the Cincinnati Enquirer at the age of seventeen and won the Southeast Ohio High School Journalism Association award for the best feature article of 1965. Clarence Page received his Bachelor of Science-degree in Journalism from Ohio University in 1969. As a free-lance writer, he published articles in Chicago Magazine, the Chicago Reader, Playboy and Washington Monthly. Since 1970, Page worked for the Chicago Tribune where he contributed to several award-winning stories dur-

ing eleven years. He held various positions in the Tribune newsroom, including neighborhood news reporter, general assignment reporter, assistant city editor and Task Force investigative reporter. Then Page changed to WBBM7V, the CBS owned-and-operated television station in Chicago, where he was director of the Community Affairs Department for two years followed by another two years as on-air reporter and planning editor in the News Department. In July, 1984, he returned to print journalism and became member of the editorial board of the Chicago Tribune. As a columnist he wrote twice-a-week for the 'Perspective' Page of his newspaper. For his provocative columns on local and national affairs Clarence E. Page was awarded the 1989 PP in the category of "Commentary." Page, Tim, bom on October 11, 1954, in San Diego, Ca., graduated from Columbia University in New York with a B.A. degree and studied music at the Tanglewood Music Center and the Mannes College of Music. Among many other activities, he helped to found Catalyst, a contemporary music label for BMG Classics, and was a host of New, Old and Unexpected, a daily program on WNYC-FM, where he presented hundreds of radio premieres. Page wrote for the Soho Weekly News and Car Stereo before he got the post of a contributor at the New York Times in 1982. The following year, he was made the recipient of the Deems Taylor Award. In addition to his job he published The Glenn Gould Reader in 1984. Three years later he switched to Newsday and New York Newsday where he worked as chief music critic. During his years at Newsday he wrote several books, among them Selected Letters of Virgil Thomson, a collection of criticism entitled Music from the Road: Views and Reviews 1978-1992, and Dawn Powell at Her Best. In 1995 the Washington Post hired him as chief classical music critic. Tim Page won the 1997 PP in the "Criticism" category for his lucid and illuminating articles on music. Parker, George B., bom on September 10, 1886, in Ithaca, Mi., received a university education and graduation. He started his journalism career in 1910 as a reporter on the News in Oklahoma City, Ok. Over the years Parker successively became copy reader, city editor, managing edi-

Parks - Patrick tor and, finally, editor of the paper. In 1920 he moved to the Press in Cleveland, Oh., where he held the position of editor until 1922. From 1922-24 George Parker was editor-in-chief of the southwestern group of Scripps-Howard Newspapers, and then he became general editorial manager of the total Scripps-Howard chain. George B. Parker was made the 1936 CoPPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for critical articles on the Roosevelt administration. Parks, Michael Christopher, born on November 17, 1943, in Detroit, Mi., served as a reporter for the Detroit News from 1962-65. After earning a B.A. degree in Classics and English from the University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada, in 1965, Parks worked for one year at the TimeLife News Service in New York. In 1966 he moved to the Long Island newspaper Suffolk Sun where he was an assistant city editor during the following two years. Parks joined the staff of the Baltimore Sun in 1968 as a general assignment reporter, before he had his first foreign assignment in 1970, as Saigon correspondent of the paper. In 1975 he became the Sun's Moscow correspondent, and in 1978 he served as Middle East correspondent, based in Cairo. He was appointed Hong Kong bureau chief in 1978 and became head of the Beijing bureau in 1979. The following year Parks moved to the Los Angeles Times as its Beijing bureau chief, and from 1984 on he was the head of the Johannesburg bureau of his paper. Michael C. Parks earned the 1987 PP in the "International Reporting" category for his balanced and comprehensive coverage of South Africa. Parrington, Vernon Louis, born on August 3, 1871, in Aurora, II., first attended Harvard University, later the College of Emporia, a Presbyterian institution, and was graduated in 1895. Already two years earlier, he had started to teach English and French at the College of Emporia. From 1897 to 1898 he was instructor in English and modem languages at the University of Oklahoma and was then promoted to the rank of professor of English. From 1903 to 1904 he spent fourteen months in Europe. There, he studied at the British Museum in London and at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. After having lost his post at the University of Oklahoma in 1908, he became assistant professor of English and in 1912 professor of English at the University of Washington. The historian and philologist was in addition to this the author of several book publications, e.g. The Cambridge History of American Literature, volume 1; The Connecticut Wits and Sinclair Lewis - Our Own Diogenes. Vemon L. Parrington became the 1928 PPW in the category "History" for the book Main Currents in American Thought.

183 Parsons, Geoffrey, bom on September 5, 1879, in Douglaston, N.Υ., received an A.B. degree from Columbia University in New York City in 1899, and in 1903 he earned an LL.B. degree from the same college. Geoffrey Parsons began his newspaper career in 1906, when he became associated with the New York Evening Sun. He stayed in that position until 1913 and then moved to the New York Tribune where he worked for nearly a decade. In 1919 Parsons published his first book entitled The Land of Fair Play. When, in 1924, the New York Herald and the New York Tribune were purchased by a new owner, who merged the two papers to the New York Herald-Tribune, this also meant a change for Geoffrey Parsons. He became member of the staff of the new paper and got the position of the Herald-Tribune's chief editorial writer. In this function Parsons also found time to write another book which came out in 1928, The Stream of History. As events leading to World War II burned hotter in Europe in 1941, when Geoffrey Parsons earned a Litt.D. degree, America still faced domestic disagreements and Parsons discussed them in his editorials. Geoffrey Parsons earned the 1942 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on Roosevelt's foreign policy. Patrick, John, born on May 17, 1906, in Louisville, Ky., spent most of his youth in foster homes and boarding schools. At the age of nineteen he came to San Francisco where he started to work as an announcer for KPO Radio. From 1929 to 1933, Patrick wrote more than eleven hundred scripts for "Cecil and Sally", a series later picked up by NBC. He continued to write for NBC Radio from 1933 to 1936. In 1935 Patrick's first plays, Hell Freezes Over, was produced on Broadway. Despite the bad reviews the play received, the playwright was offered a contract as scriptwriter for Twentieth Century-Fox in Hollywood. From 1936 to 1939, he coauthored nineteen film scripts. In 1940 the author's adaptations of classics were performed on NBC Radio. In the time between 1941 and 1944, Patrick was an ambulance driver in the American Field Service. He served in Egypt, Syria, and for some time with the South-East Asia Command. During that time he wrote his second drama, The Willow and I. It was followed by The Hasty Heart, which was written while Patrick was returning on a transport ship from North Africa to Newport News, Va., and which was produced in 1945. After the production of his last early drama, The Story of Mary Surratt, in 1947, Patrick turned to comedy. The Curious Savage and Lo and Behold! were his first two tries in that category. His Teahouse of the August Moon, a satire on the American

184 military's attempt to bring democracy to Okinawa, opened in 1953. The following year it earned John Patrick a Tony Award for the best play, the Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play, the Theatre Club Award, Billboard magazine's eleventh annual Donaldson Award, the Aegis Award, and the PP in the "Drama" category. Patterson, Eugene Corbett, born on October 15, 1923, in Valdosta, Ga., reared on a farm in Cook County, Ga. He attended Sparks-Adel High School, North Georgia College at Dahlonega and received his A.B. degree at the University of Georgia. During World War II he served in the U.S. Army in Europe and left the service with the rank of captain. In 1947 and 1948 Eugene Patterson worked as a reporter on the Daily Telegram of Temple, Tx., and the Telegraph of Macon, Ga., before joining the Atlanta bureau of United Press International. He became the UPI manager for South Carolina, then in 1949 he was transferred to the New York bureau, where he became night bureau manager. In 1953 he was sent to England as UPFs London bureau manager and chief correspondent for the United Kingdom. Eugene Patterson returned home to Georgia in 1956 and became executive editor of the Atlanta Journal and Constitution. In June 1960 he was named editor of the Constitution. In this position he still covered big news stories and wrote a daily column on the editorial page of the paper. In 1967 Eugene C. Patterson won the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on the integration issue among Georgia's schools and collegiate football teams. Paxson, Frederic Logan, born on February 23, 1877, in Philadelphia, Pa., earned the Bachelor's degree of science at the University of Pennsylvania in 1898. During the following five years he held a Harrison scholarship. At that time, he also worked as instructor in history in several secondary schools. In 1902 he was graduated from Harvard University. The year after, he assumed the position of assistant professor of history at the University of Colorado, and in 1904 Paxson became professor of history within the same institute. Another two years later, he changed to the University of Michigan and from 1910 on, he held a professorship of American history at the University of Wisconsin. In the summer of the same year, he did research in the British archives as an associate member of the Carnegie Institution. At the end of the First World War, he served as a major in the United States Army and was there in charge of the economic mobilization section of the historical branch within the war plans division of the General Staff. In 1924 he became member of

Patterson - Pease the Committee on Management of the Dictionary of American Biography. Furthermore, Frederic L. Paxson published as author quite a number of books, among them The Independence of the South American Republics; The Last American Frontier; The Civil War; The New Nation, and Recent History of the United States. Frederic L. Paxson was named the 1925 PPW in the "History" category for the book A History of the American Frontier. Payne, Eugene Gray, born on January 29, 1919, in Charlotte, N.C., was educated at Public Schools in Charlotte, Fishburne Military Academy and Syracuse University where he majored in fine arts. During the Second World War he spent four years as a pilot in the Air Force and worked afterwards as a commercial artist and portraitist in his hometown for several years. Payne joined Foremost Dairies and was employed in the sales department for ten years. During this time he continued to teach water color classes and do portraits. In 1956 he started his cartooning career at the Charlotte Observer on a free-lance basis. Payne switched to the Birmingham News, ΑΙ., in 1959 but returned to the Charlotte Observer one year later and worked as a staff artist and editorial cartoonist. In 1968 Eugene G. Payne was granted the PP for "Editorial Cartooning" during the pervious year as exemplified by the drawing "Dr. King says, would You please move to the Back of the Bus?" Pease Jr., Lucius Curtis (Lute), born on March 27,1869, in Winnemucca, Nv., attended Franklin Academy in Malone, from which he was graduated in 1887. After he had left the Academy he liked to begin the study of art, but family finances did not permit this. Instead, going West, he went to work as a teamster and general ranch hand in California. The next years saw Pease employed in a wide variety of jobs such as working as a horticultural salesman or as a miner. In the course of those years Pease also entered the newspaper field. From 1895 until 1897 he was a political cartoonist and a reporter on the staff of the Portland Oregonian. In the winter of 1897-1898 Pease joined the Klondike gold rush and in 1901-1902 he was the first resident United States Commissioner in Nome for the Kotzebue Sound-Point Hope district of Alaska. While he was there, Pease sent dispatches to the Seattle Post-intelligencer as an occasional special correspondent for that journal in the Yukon-Nome area. In 1902 he returned to the Portland Oregonian. After about three years there, Pease became editor in chief of the Pacific Monthly, also located in Portland, where he worked from 1905-1912. About 1913 Pease moved East and after free-lancing for a time, in June 1914 he was engaged by the

Regler - Perry Newark Evening News as a political cartoonist, where he remained during the following decades. For his drawing titled "Who, Me?" Lute C. Pease Jr. was awarded the 1949 PP for "Editorial Cartooning." Pegler, James Westbrook, born on August 2, 1894, in Minneapolis, Mn., began his journalistic career at the Chicago bureau of the United Press Service in 1910. He was posted to t/P's London office six years later, and in 1917 and 1918 worked as a war correspondent that was attached to the American Expeditionary Force. From 1918 to 1919 he served in the U.S. Navy. He then became a sports editor with United News in New York. In 1925 he joined the Chicago Tribune, where he was Eastern sports correspondent. His coverage was so successful that he was soon assigned to projects that went beyond sports. He wrote on the Republican national convention in 1928, and engaged in several investigative projects, as well. In 1933 he became a columnist for Scripps-Howard newspapers, where he wrote a column titled 'Fair Enough', which in the following years was continuously distributed to more than a hundred U.S. newspapers. In 1937 and 1940 James W. Pegler received National Headliners Club awards. A member of the National Press Club, he also won the 1941 PP in the "Reporting" category for articles on scandals in the ranks of organized labor. Penn, Stanley William, born on January 12, 1928, in New York City, went to New York Public Schools. He attended Brooklyn College for two years and spent the last two years at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Mo., where he was graduated with a Bachelor of Journalism-degree. Penn joined the Wall Street Journal in 1952. He was a reporter in the Journal's Chicago and Detroit offices before joining the New York staff in 1957. Stanley W. Penn became the 1967 Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for articles on connection between American crime and gambling in the Bahamas. Perkins, Lucian, bom on February 21, 1952, in Ford Worth, Tx., graduated with a B.A. degree in biology from the University of Texas at Austin in 1976. While at college he also studied photography under Garry Winogrand. In 1979 he received an internship at the Washington Post. He was hired full time by the Post the same year, when it turned out that a photo story by him would win the 1980 National Headliners Club award. In 1994 he was named Newspaper Photographer of the Year by the National Press Photographers Association for a portfolio that included projects in Russia and a "behind-thescenes" look at New York fashion shows. To-

185 gether with a colleague he authored a four-year study on the life of a woman and her family in Washington, D.C., who had gone through three generations of poverty. Lucian Perkins became the 1995 Co-PPW in the category "Explanatory Journalism" for pictures of the Struggle of a D.C. family with poverty. He also was a CoPPW in the "Feature Photography" category in 2000 for images depicting the plight of the Kosovo refugees. Perle, George, born on May 6, 1915, in Bayonne, N.J., received a Bachelor's degree in music from DePaul University in 1938 and a Master's degree in music from the American Conservatory of Music in 1942. In 1943 he joined the American Army and served for three years in Europe and the Pacific. He then became a member of the faculty of the University of Louisville, where he taught from 1949 until 1957, when he joined the University of California at Davis. He left Davis in 1961 and was appointed assistent professor at Queens College of the City University of New York. He was promoted to associate professor and professor. He also taught at the Juilliard School of Music in 1963, at Yale University in 1965-66, at the University of Southern California in the summer of 1965, and at Tanglewood in the summers of 1967 and 1980. Additionally, he was visiting professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1971-72, at the University of Pennsylvania in 1976 and 1980 and at Columbia University in 1979 and 1983. In 1985 he became professor emeritus of Queens College. The recipient of numerous fellowships, George Perle was awarded the 1986 PP in the "Music" category for his Wind Quintet IV. Perry, Ralph Barton, born on July 3, 1876, in Poultney, Vt., received his A.B. degree from Princeton University in 1896. Subsequently, he enrolled for graduate study at Harvard University, where the Master of Arts-degree was conferred on him in 1897. Two years later he added to these two degrees a doctorate of philosophy. Perry became instructor in philosophy at Williams College, a position that he also assumed at Smith College from 1900 to 1902 and at Harvard University from 1902 to 1905. Until 1913 he was assistant professor at Harvard and was then promoted to full professor. During the First World War he served as major with the United States Army and was secretary of the War Department Committee on Education and Special Training. During 1921-1922 Perry taught as Hyde lecturer at French universities. In 1936 he was decorated Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in France. Perry, who was a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and of the American Philosophical Society, was also the

186 author of several book publications, including The Approach to Philosophy; The Moral Economy; Present Philosophical Tendencies; The New Realism; The Free Man and the Soldier; Annotated Bibliography of the Writings of William James and The Plattsburg Movement. In 1935 Ralph B. Perry published The Thought and Character of William James, which made him the recipient of the PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category the following year. Pershing, John Joseph, born on September 13, 1860, in Linn County, Mo., was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1886. The same year he started serving in the Cavalry. He served in the Apache Indian campaign in New Mexico and Arizona in 1886, as well as in the Sioux campaign of \ 890-91 in Dakota. During the following four years he worked as military instructor at the University of Nebraska. He joined the staff of the United States Military Academy as instructor in tactics in 1897. Four years later, Pershing became captain of the 1st U.S. Cavalry. From April 1902 to June 1903 he was in charge of military operations in Central Mindanao. Afterwards he served on the General Staff for three years. As military attache he came to Tokio, Japan, in 1905 and fought with Kuroki's army in Manchuria the same year. During the following years he carried out his duty on the Philippine Islands: He was commander of the Department of Mindanao and governor of the Moro Province. After the First World War, he was promoted to the rank of General of Armies of the United States. He retired in 1924. Pershing received many military decorations among them the Distinguished Service Medal and the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor. In 1932 John J. Pershing won the PP in the category "History" for the book My Experiences in the World War. Petacque, Arthur Martin, born on July 20, 1924, in Chicago, II., studied at the University of Illinois from 1940 to 1942, when he joined the Chicago Sun. In 1947 he was hired by the Chicago Sun-Times, where he became investigative reporter in 1957. Between 1949 and 1968 he won seven Page One awards for outstanding journalism from the Chicago Newspaper Guild. He also received several investigative reporting and spot news awards from the Associated Press, and numerous other prizes. In 1970, while continuing to work for the Sun-Times, he became crime editor of the World Book Encyclopedia. Four years later the Sun-Times promoted him to columnist. The same year, Arthur M. Petacque, who had also taught at various universities and civic organizations, became a Co-PPW in the category of "Local General Spot News Reporting" for an investi-

Pershing - Peters gation into the murder of the daughter of a former U.S. Senator. Peterkin, Julia Mood, bom on October 31, 1880, in Laurens County, S.C., earned her Bachelor of Arts-degree from Converse College in 1896. She subsequently enrolled for graduate studies and, the following year, was awarded the M.A. degree, to which she added a doctorate in Letters in 1927. Upon her graduation she accepted a teaching position in the small Low Country town of Fort Motte. Julia Peterkin's first sketches were published in the Reviewer magazine. Her first volume, Green Thursday, a collection of these sketches, was published in 1924. Three years later, Black April, Peterkin's second book appeared. The volume Scarlet Sister Mary made Julia M. Peterkin the winner of the 1929 PP in the "Novel" category. Peters Jr., Frank Lewis, bom on October 19, 1930, in Springfield, Mo., received a B.A. degree in English from Drury College at Springfield in 1951. Following two years in the Army, he did graduate work at Iowa State University from 1953 to 1954, and then he returned to Springfield to write and edit news for the radio stations KGBX and KWTO until 1957. Afterwards Frank Peters moved to the Arkansas Gazette at Little Rock as a copy editor, but returned again to his hometown in 1959 as a feature writer for Springfield Leader & Press. In 1962 he went overseas to become managing editor of the Daily American in Rome, Italy, a position he held until 1964. The same year he moved back to the U.S. and he accepted an appointment at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, starting as a copy editor. Because of his permanent interest in cultural activities, especially music, Frank Peters was named music critic of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in June, 1967. Though he never had seriously intended to become a music critic, he succeeded in his new position and advanced to a recognized expert in this field. In 1972 he earned the PP in the "Criticism" category for his articles on music. Peters, Michael Bartley (Mike), born on October 9, 1943, in St. Louis, Mo., attended Christian Brothers College High School until 1961. He studied at Washington University from which he graduated in 1965. In the same year he started to work as a political cartoonist for the Chicago Daily News. Peters joined the U.S. Army from 1966 to 1968. Afterwards he returned to the Chicago Daily News but then switched to the Dayton Daily News a few months later. His work was distributed by the United Feature Syndicate since 1971 and appeared in more than two hundred-and fifty newspapers and on national television. Peters was made the recipient of the Sigma Delta Chi award for political car-

187

Eugene O'Neill

John Pershing

Joseph Pulitzer Jr.

Ernest Pyle

188 tooning in 1975. His cartoons were also assembled in two books. Michael B. Peters was granted the PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category in 1981, as exemplified by the drawing "Can you guess which one's been banned?" Peterson, David Charles, born on October 22, 1949, in Kansas City, Mo., graduated from Kansas State University with a Bachelor of Science-degree in Art Education in 1971. Two years later he received another Bachelor of Science-degree in Journalism of the University of Kansas. From 1975 to 1977 he worked for the Topeka Capital-Journal as a staff photographer. He then switched to the Des Moines Register. In 1986 he edited a photo essay about the shattered dreams of American farmers for which David C. Peterson was awarded the PP in the "Feature Photography" category the following year. Peterson, Wayne Turner, bom on September 3, 1927, in Albert Lea, Mn., enrolled in 1951 at the University of Minnesota. In 1953-54 he spent a year in London, England, for advanced study at the Royal Academy of Music. He came back to the U.S. to receive his B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. at the University of Minnesota. In 1960 Wayne Peterson became Professor of Music at the San Francisco State University. He taught composition for more than thirty years. Among his recorded works were Free Variations, Phantasmagoria, Capriccio, An Interrupted Serenade, and Sextet. In 1986 Wayne Peterson received a Composer's Award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. He was honored by fellowships and commissions from various foundations. In 1989-90 Wayne Peterson was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. While a Guggenheim Fellow he was also visiting artist at the American Academy in Rome. For his piece The Face of the Night, The Heart of the Dark Wayne T. Peterson was awarded the 1992 PP in the "Music" category. Pett, Joel, born on September 1, 1953, in Bloomington, In., observed life in over twenty-five countries. He published cartoons in hundreds of American newspapers and magazines, e.g. the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, the Boston Globe, and USA Today. In 1984 he became the editorial cartoonist at the Lexington Herald-Leader. He went on to win the Global Media award for cartoons in 1995, and in 1999 he was winner of the Robert F. Kennedy award for outstanding journalistic coverage of the disadvantaged. Joel Pett became the 2000 PPW in the category "Editorial Cartooning" for work done in the previous year. Pett, Saul, born on March 18, 1918, in Passaic, N.J., graduated with a B.A. degree from the

Peterson - Piston University of Missouri. After a brief period as a copyboy with the New York Daily News in 1940, he joined the International News Service the same year and was sent to work in Detroit, Chicago, and New York City. From 1946 to 1964 he worked for the Features Department of the New York bureau of the Associated Press. In 1956 he won an Honor Medal from the University of Missouri, in 1963 he was honored with a General Reporting award, and in 1964 he received the Overseas Press Club award. He was promoted to Special Correspondent by the Associated Press the same year, but stayed in New York. Pett published major books on the death of John F. Kennedy, the six-day war, and the Watergate scandal. In 1981 he won the Top Performance award from the Associated Press Managing Editors. Just one year later, Saul Pett was awarded the PP in the category of "Feature Writing" for an article which analysed the federal bureaucracy. Philips, Chuck, bom on October 15, 1952, in Detroit, Mi., traveled around the world after high school. In the late 1970s he started a silkscreening business. He received his B.A. degree in Journalism from California State University in 1988. The following year he worked on a freelance basis for Cashbox Magazine. In 1990 the Los Angeles Times hired him as a reporter in the Calendar section. Additionally, he was a freelance writer for the Calendar Music Reporter from 1990 to 1991, when he became a contract writer in the Calendar section. From 1993 to 1995 he was a freelancer at Rolling Stone/ Spin Magazine. In 1995 he joined the business section of the Los Angeles Times as a staff writer. He was granted numerous prizes, among them the 1996 George Polk award for cultural reporting for articles on the U.S. music industry, the 1996 National Association of Black Journalists award for investigative business reporting, and the Columbia Journalism Review Laurel award for investigations into the Grammy organization in 1998. In 1999 Chuck Philips became the Co-PPW in the "Beat Reporting" category for exposure of corruption in the entertainment industry. Piston Jr., Walter Hamor, bom on January 20, 1894, in Rockland, Me., studied drawing and painting at the Massachusetts School of Art in Boston from 1912 to 1916. During World War I he was part of the U.S. Navy Band, which was stationed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Piston then decided to study music and enrolled at Harvard University in 1920. Four years later he became an assistant in the music department and graduated with a B.A. degree. The John Knowles Paine fellowship enabled him to study musical composition in Paris,

Plath - Poole France, with Nadia Boulanger. In 1926 the composer returned to the United States. He began to teach music at Harvard University as an assistant professor, writing his first book, Harmonic Analysis, in 1933. Five years later he became associate professor and wrote a second book, Harmony, in 1941. He was promoted to full professor in 1944, and continued his series of publications in 1947 with his book Counterpoint, which soon became a standard text in music theory. Walter H. Piston Jr. won the PP for "Music" for his Symphony No. 3 in 1948. In 1951 he became Walter W. Naumburg Professor of Music, which proved him to be one of the most important teachers of music of his time. His next book, Orchestration, completed his series of major publications. In 1961 Walter H. Piston Jr. received his second PP in "Music" for his Symphony No. 7. Plath, Sylvia, born on October 27, 1932, in Boston, Ma., earned an academic scholarship and entered Smith College in Northampton, Ma., where she started writing prose and poetry that was accepted by the Christian Science Monitor and the Seventeen magazine. While she was in school she continued to publish in Seventeen and served on the editorial board of the Smith Review, a student literary publication. During her time at Smith College the poet also worked as a volunteer art teacher at the People's Institute in Northampton. In 1953 Plath won Mademoiselle magazine's College Board fiction contest, which allowed her to work as a guest editor for one issue of the magazine. The next two years she continued to publish poems in various outlets such as Harper's, Nation, Atlantic and Poetry before suffering acute depression that resulted in her subsequent hospitalization and suicide attempts. In the spring of 1955 Plath graduated from Smith College and attended Cambridge University on a Fulbright scholarship. In 1957 the author was granted an M.A. degree from Cambridge University and returned to the U.S. to teach at Smith College. The same year she gained Poetry magazine's Bess Hokin Award. After two years of teaching English at Smith College Plath left Northampton again to settle in London, England. The following year her first book of poetry, The Colossus, was published. On February 11, 1963 Sylvia Plath committed suicide. Many of the pieces the author had completed during thirty months preceding her death were published thereafter and came out in 1981 as Collected Poems. The following year this volume posthumously gained Sylvia Plath the PP in the "Poetry" category. Polk, James Ray, born on September 12,1937, in Oaktown, In., was a graduate of Indiana University and a political writer with the Herald-

189 Telephone in Bloomington, In. There he received the American Political Science Association award. In 1962 Polk moved to the Associated Press, starting as AP's bureau chief in Madison, Wi., and in 1967 he was transferred to Washington, D.C. Polk then received the Raymond Clapper Memorial Award for his Washington reporting for AP in 1971. He joined the Washington Star-News as an investigative reporter in 1972 after his Associated Press career as a prize-winning member of its investigative team in the nation's capital. In 1974 James R. Polk was the Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for disclosure of alleged irregularities in the financing of the campaign to re-elect President Nixon. Pollak, Lisa K., born on April 28, 1969, in Ann Arbor, Mi., received a bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan and a master's degree in journalism from Northwestern University. She began her journalistic career with the college paper The Michigan Daily, where she wrote from 1987 to 1990. In 1992 she became an intern with the Detroit Free Press. She subsequently worked as a staff member of the Observer in Charlotte, N.C., and the News and Observer in Raleigh, N.C. In 1995 she received an Emie Pyle award for human interest writing. The following year she joined the Baltimore Sun in Maryland as a general assignment features writer. Her portrait of a baseball umpire and his family, who lost one son to a rare neurological disease and had another one with the same ailment, won her the 1997 PP in the category "Feature Writing." Poole, Ernest, bom on January 23, 1880, in Chicago, II., attended Princeton University, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1902. Following his graduation he went to live in New York City at the University Settlement House, where he began writing fiction. After several unsuccessful short stories, however, Poole turned to journalism. His first article, on Chinatown, won him a job with McClure's Magazine. In 1904, he returned to Chicago to cover the stockyard strike as a correspondent for Outlook. Poole acted as press agent for the unions, and thus was able to sit in on the meetings of the strike committee. Some ten years later, he translated this experience into the strike scene of his second novel, The Harbor. Poole's next major assignment for Outlook was to cover the 1905 Russian revolution. The following year he published his first novel, The Voice of the Street, in which he made use of his knowledge of New York's East Side. During the following years Poole wrote about a dozen plays, but only three of them, None So Blind; A Man's Friends; and Take Your Medicine (by

190 Poole and Harriet Ford) were produced. During World War I, he returned to journalism briefly as a correspondent for the Saturday Evening Post, covering the scene from Germany and France. The next book, His Family, appeared in 1917, and it won Ernest Poole the PP for "Novel" in the following year. Pooler, James S., born in 1905 in Sheboygan, Wi., obtained a Bachelor of Science-degree from the University of Detroit. In 1923 he joined the Detroit Free Press, where he worked as an office boy and a reporter. Together with four of his colleagues, James S. Pooler became a 1932 Co-PPW in the "Reporting" category for coverage of a large American Legion Parade in Detroit. Porter IV, Charles H., bom on August 21, 1969, in Anchorage, Ak., attended the University of Central Oklahoma. He worked as a credit officer at a bank and could be designated as an amateur photographer. In 1995 Porter took pictures of the bombing of the Murrah building in Oklahoma City. The photograph of a firefighter cradling a one-year-old baby was distributed worldwide by the Associated Press and made Charles H. Porter IV the recipient of the 1996 PP in the "Spot News Photography" category. Porter, Katherine Anne, born on May 15, 1890, in Indian Creek, Tx., was educated in convents and private schools for girls in Texas and Louisiana. In 1918-19 she worked as a reporter for the Rocky Mountain News in Denver. Having lived for some time in Mexico, she arranged in 1922 for the first exhibition of Mexican-Indian folk art in the United States. Porter's early stories appeared in Century, transition, Second American Caravan, New Masses, and Hound and Horn; they were collected in 1930 in Flowering Judas. In 1931 she received a Guggenheim Fellowship, which enabled her to make her first trip to Europe. For several years she lived in Paris, where she translated French songs, which were published with music and explanatory notes in Katherine Anne Porter'i French Song-Book in 1933. Also in Paris, she wrote a long short story, Hacienda: A Story of Mexico. After her return to the United States, Porter published in 1939 a short novel, Noon Wine. Nine stories were collected in Porter's next book, The Leaning Tower, which was followed by The Days Before, a collection of essays, critical articles, and book reviews. On several occasions she worked as a script writer in Hollywood and during the 1950's she taught at the University of Liege, Belgium, at the University of Virginia and at Washington and Lee University. In 1962 her first full-length novel, Ship of Fools, appeared after twenty years of writing and researching. In 1966 Katherine A.

Pooler - Potter Porter received the PP for "Fiction" for her volume The Collected Stories. Porter, Quincy William, born on February 7, 1897, in New Haven, Ct., attended Yale University from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1919. Two years later he received a Bachelor of Music-degree. In 1922 he joined the de Ribaupierre Quartet as a violist. The following year he became a member of the faculty of the Cleveland Institute of Music, where he taught music theory. The Guggenheim Foundation enabled him to move to Paris, France, in 1928. Staying there for three years, he developed his own personal style and composed the Violin Sonata no. 2 and other important works. After having returned to the United States, Porter got the post of a professor of music at Vassar College in 1932. Six years later he was appointed dean of the faculty of the New England Conservatory in Boston. In 1942 he became its director. Porter returned to Yale in 1946 and worked as a professor of music. The teacher, violist and composer Quincy W. Porter won the 1954 PP in the "Music" category for his Concerto For Two Pianos and Orchestra. Porterfield, Robert Milton, born on October 11, 1945, in Portland, Or., attended South Eugene High School in Eugene, Or., and the University of Oregon. He became a member of the Anchorage Daily News team which won the 1976 PP for "Meritorious Public Service" before he joined the Boston Globe. Robert M. Porterfield became a 1980 Co-PPW in the category "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for articles on Boston's transit system. Potter, David Morris, born on December 6, 1910, in Augusta, Ga., attended Yale University, where he earned his Master of Arts-degree in 1933. From 1936 to 1938 he taught history at the University of Mississippi. Thereafter, he worked for four years at the Rice Institute in Houston, meanwhile writing his doctoral thesis. From 1942 on Potter was on the teaching staff of Yale University. Advancing from assistant professor to full professor, he became Coe Professor of American history in 1950. He visited several other universities as a guest lecturer, amongst them the University of Delaware, the University of Wyoming, Stetson University and the State University of New York. In 1961 he accepted a professorship of American history at Stanford University. He was author or editor of several books, including Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis; Trail to California: The Overland Diary of Vincent Geiger and Wakeman Bryarly and People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character. In 1977 David M. Potter was posthumously

Potter - Powers awarded the PP in "History" for the book The impending Crisis, 1848-1861. Potter, George William, born on September 20, 1899, in Fall River, Ma., attended B.M.C. Durfee High School, and later Brown University. At Brown University, where he won several prizes for highest standing in English literature, he worked as correspondent for the Tribune of Providence, R.I. He also corresponded for the New Dedford Times and the Fall River Herald, and for two years after he was graduated, he plowed a beat for those newspapers. In 1923 the Providence Tribune hired him as an editorial writer. George Potter was then working also as an assistant in the English department at Brown University teaching courses in journalistic writing and style. While at the Tribune, he became associate editor and finally was appointed as editor of the paper. In 1929, when the paper was sold to another owner, Potter moved to the Providence Journal-Bulletin. He was made chief editorial writer in 1939. George W. Potter earned the 1945 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on the subject of freedom of the press. Powell, Mel, born on February 12, 1923, in New York City, studied the piano and became a noted jazz pianist in the late 1930s and early 1940s. In World War II he joined the U.S. Army Air Force, where he played in the Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band. From 1946 to 1948 he studied composition. He then enrolled at Yale University, where he was instructed by Paul Hindemith and where he became Bachelor of Music in 1952. Turning away from jazz, he was a regular member as well as chairman of the faculty of composition at Yale University from 1957 to 1969. In 1969 he became dean of the school of music at the California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, Ca. In 1972 he was appointed provost. That same year, he was also guest composer at the University of Wisconsin at River Falls. In 1976 he gave up his post as provost at the California Institute of the Arts and became Institute Fellow and holder of the Roy E. Disney chair in music composition. In 1989 he won the Creative Arts Medal from Brandeis University. In 1990 Mel Powell was awarded the PP for "Music" for the composition "Duplicates": A Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra. Powell, Sumner Chilton, born on October 2, 1924, in Northampton, Ma., was graduated from Taft School in 1942. During World War II he served for three years as lieutenant in the United States Naval Reserve. Meanwhile he enrolled at Amherst College, where he received his Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1946. From 1953 to 1954 he assumed the position of vice president of the

191 Ewen Knight Electronic Research Corporation in Cambridge, Ma. In 1954 he became instructor in English and history at the Choate School. After having been president of the Powell Associations in New Haven from 1960 to 1962, he joined the staff of the Barnard School for Boys in Riverdale, N.Y., as an instructor in history. Powell was member of the American Historical Association and of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. From Mythical to Mediaeval Man and Venture of Windward counted among his book publications. Sumner C. Powell earned the 1964 PP in the category "History" for the book Puritan Village: The Formation of a New England Town. Powers, Ronald Dean, bom on November 18, 1941, in Hannibal, Mo., grew up in his hometown which also was the early home of Mark Twain. He attended the School of Journalism at the University of Missouri, advanced to its student body president and earned an B.A. degree in 1963. From that year on until 1968 Powers worked for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, mainly in the functions of a sportswriter and as a suburban news reporter. He also did feature articles and wrote a weekly restaurant column for his paper. While in St. Louis, Powers also contributed a column to a local teen-age magazine and wrote a satirical radio show for a local radio station. In 1968 he moved to the Chicago Sun-Times to join the staff of the paper as a general assignment reporter. And in June 1969, less than a year after coming to Chicago, Ron Powers became television and radio critic for the Sun-Times, scouting the world of mass entertainment media for the newspaper. By writing his TV criticism on behalf of the viewer rather than on behalf of the industry he became a respected expert in the eyes of the readers of the Chicago Sun-Times. Ronald D. Powers earned the 1973 PP in the "Criticism" category for his critical writing about TV. Powers, Thomas Moore, bom on December 12, 1940, in New York City, was graduated from Tabor Academy, a naval honor school in Marion, Ma., in 1958, and from Yale University in 1964 with a degree in English. During a year off from college he worked for the JournalCourier in New Haven, Ct., as a general assignment reporter. After his graduation from Yale he considered joining the Air Force as a pilot trainee but finally joined a National Guard unit instead. Prior to joining UPI in New York in November, 1967, he had spent almost two years in Italy working for the Rome Daily American and later several months in London, where he did freelance work for the Observer. Powers was deeply involved in the coverage of young people and the youth revolution since he joined

192 UPI. Thomas M. Powers became the 1971 CoPPW in the category of "National Reporting" for a series of articles entitled "The Making of a Terrorist." Price, Byron, born on March 25,1891, in Topeka, In., obtained a Bachelor of Arts-degree from Wabash College in Indiana, and worked as a newspaper staff member in Crawfordsville and Indianapolis from 1909 to 1912. He joined United Press International as a reporter and editor the same year, and was sent to work in Chicago and Omaha, Ne., before he was hired by the Associated Press. From 1917 to 1919 he served in the U.S. Army, but in 1922 he returned to AP, and became an editor at its Washington, D.C., bureau. He was promoted to bureau chief in 1927, and to executive news editor ten years later. In 1941 President Theodore Roosevelt made him director of the World War II Office of Censorship. Byron Price received a 1944 PP "Special Award" in the journalism section for the creation and administration of the newspaper and radio codes during the war. Price, Larry C., bom on February 23, 1954, in Corpus Christi, Tx., began his career with taking photos for the Corpus Christi Ray High School newspaper. He attended Sam Houston State University in Huntsville before he transferred to the University of Texas in Austin in 1976 where he worked for the student newspaper Daily Texan. The following year he received a Bachelor of Journalism-degree. He then joined the El Paso Times where he stayed for two years. Afterwards he was engaged as a staff photographer by the Fort Worth Star-Telegram in 1979. Price was awarded the 1981 PP in the "Spot News Photography" category for pictures from Liberia. In 1983 he switched to the Philadelphia Inquirer where he got the post of a photojournalist. In the same year he was named visual professor of the University of Texas. Larry C. Price became the Co-PPW in 1985, this time in the "Feature Photography" category, for his picture series from Angola and El Salvador. Pringle, Henry Fowles, born on August 23,1897, in New York City, received his Bachelor of Arts-degree from Cornell University in 1920. The same year he started to work as a reporter, writing for the New York Sun. In 1922 he joined the staff of the New York Globe and another two years later he became engaged to write for the New York World, where he stayed until 1927, the year, he decided to work from now on as a free lance writer. Nevertheless he accepted a job as associate editor of The Outlook in 1929 and remained in this position until 1931. Pringle, who contributed articles to publications such as the Saturday Evening Post and Harpers', was the author of the books Alfred E. Smith, a Criti-

Price - Pulitzer cal Study; Big Frogs and Industrial Explorers. In 1932 Henry F. Pringle received the PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the volume Theodore Roosevelt. Proulx, Edna Annie, born on August 22, 1935, in Norwich, Ct., studied history at the University of Vermont in Burlington and earned her B.A. degree in 1969. She then went on to graduate school in Montreal at Sir George Williams University, took her M.A. degree in 1973 and passed her doctoral orals in 1975. Facing the lack of teaching jobs in her field, she abandoned her doctoral thesis and began working as a freelance journalist. She contributed articles to periodicals like African Arts, Equinox, New York Times, National Wildlife, Country Journal, Outside, Chicago Tribune, Walking, and Horticulture. While raising three sons, Annie Proulx struggled to support her family, and therefore she also wrote several on-assignment books on various subjects, e.g. Plan and Make Your Own Fences and Gates, Walkways, Walls and Drives; and The Fine Art of Salad Gardening. In 1984 she founded the rural Vermont newspaper Behind the Times, which she edited until 1986. Proulx also managed to set aside some time for writing short stories, which appeared in periodicals such as Ploughshares, Esquire, and Harrowsmith. They were later compiled into the volume Heart Songs and Other Stories, which was published in 1988. Each chapter of Proulx's first novel, Postcards, begins with a postcard connected in some way to the family portrayed in that 1992 book. It was followed by the novel The Shipping News which made E. Annie Proulx the winner of the 1994 PP in the "Fiction" category. Pulitzer Jr., Joseph, born on May 13, 1913, in St. Louis, Mo., received his B.A. degree from Harvard University. He started his journalistic career as a reporter for the San Francisco News in 1935. The following year he joined the staff of the Si. Louis Post-Dispatch, the newspaper his grandfather had founded. During World War II Pulitzer Jr. served in the U.S. Naval Reserve. In 1948 the St. Louis Post-Dispatch promoted him to associate editor. The journalist got the post of the paper's editor and publisher in 1955 after his father's death. The same year he became chairman of the Pulitzer Prize Board at Columbia University. His book A Tradition of Conscience, Proposals for Journalism was published in 1965. In 1986 he retired from his job as editor and publisher of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and as chairman of the Pulitzer Prize Board. The following year Joseph Pulitzer Jr. was granted a PP "Special Award" in the journalism section for his service to the American press.

Puller - Pyle Puller Jr., Lewis B., born on August 18, 1945, in Camp Lejeune, N.C., was the son of Lewis "Chesty" Puller, who was the most decorated marine in the history of the Corps. Upon graduation from the College of William and Mary in 1967, he joined the Marine Corps through its Officer Candidate Program and was subsequently commissioned as a second lieutenant. In 1968 Puller served as a combat platoon leader in Vietnam until severe wounds caused after three months his evacuation and subsequent retirement. He was awarded the Silver Star, two Purple Hearts, the Navy Commendation Medal, and the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry. After recuperating, Puller attended Marshall Wythe School of Law at William and Mary and became a member of the Virginia Bar in 1974. That same year he started to work as an attorney with the Veterans Administration. He remained in this position for the next two years with the exception of several months in 1974 when he served on President Ford's clemency board. In 1976 he became national service director of the Paralysed Veterans of America. He left the organization at the end of the following year to run as the Democratic nominee for Congress in Virginia's first congressional district in 1978. Subsequently Puller accepted a post as a senior attorney in the Office of the General Counsel at the Department of Defense. His memoirs Fortunate Son - The Autobiography of Lewis B. Puller Jr. won the 1992 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. Pupin, Michael Idvorsky, bom on October 4, 1858, in Idvor, Banat, Yugoslavia, was educated in Prague. In 1874 he decided to emigrate to the United States. After having been employed in various jobs, a scholarship enabled Pupin to enroll at Columbia University in 1879. He specialized in Greek, mathematics and physical sciences. In 1883 the A.B. degree was conferred on him and, shortly after he received the American citizenship. Two years later he went to Berlin to study at the university. Having completed his doctoral dissertation, Pupin returned to Columbia as a teacher of mathematical physics in the department of electrical engineering in 1889. From 1890 to 1892 he taught as an instructor and was then promoted to adjunct professor of mechanics. Pupin invented the electrical resonator, by means of which the analysis of electrical waves was made possible. After the discovery of X-rays in 1895, Pupin was among the first to construct an X-ray tube and one year after he obtained the first X-ray photograph in America. Pupin also discovered the secondary X-radiation. In 1901 he became full professor of electromechanics. For inventions he received numerous patents. In 1923 Michael I. Pupin pub-

193 lished his memoir From Immigrant to Inventor, which earned him the PP for "Biography or Autobiography" of the following year. Pusey, Merlo John, born on February 3, 1902, in Woodruff, Ut., was graduated from high school in 1922. He obtained work on the Deseret News in Salt Lake City and held there the successive positions of proof-reader, cub reporter, reporter on regular assignments, and, from 1926 to 1928, assistant city editor. In the meanwhile he started to take some courses at the University of Utah, majoring in English. He continued his newspaper work during his years at the University and was awarded the B.A. degree in 1928. That same year he joined the staff of the Washington Post as editorial writer. From 1931 to 1933 he also filled a part-time position with the Senate Finance Committee. Later on, from 1939 to 1942, he taught evening classes in journalism at George Washington University. In 1945 he was promoted to associate editor of the Washington Post. Six years of research went into the two-volume work on the Supreme Court's Chief Justice: the book Charles Evans Hughes was published in 1951 and earned Merlo J. Pusey the PP for "Biography or Autobiography" the following year. Pyle, Ernest Taylor, bom on August 3, 1900, in Dana, In., attended Indiana University for three and a half years, but quit without being graduated. Thereafter he worked for twelve years on various newspapers in Indiana, Washington, D.C., and New York. While working for the Washington Daily News he met Geraldine Siebolds of Minnesota. They married in 1926. Fed up temporarily with the newspaper business, Pyle and his wife started the first of their many trips together around the United States. Ending his first trip in New York, Pyle went to work as a copyreader, then was called back to the Washington Daily News, where he was successively telegraph editor, aviation columnist and managing editor. Since 1935 he traveled around the world, visiting nearly every country of the Western Hemisphere. In November, 1940, "Ernie" Pyle - as he was usually called flew via Lisbon to London from where he cabled the German air bombardement of the British capital. From that time on his main purpose was that of a war correspondent at many frontlines during World War II. His work was not only accepted by the Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance but by numerous American soldiers too. Many of his dispatches from late 1942 and 1943 were collected in a book entitled Here is your war. Ernest T. Pyle was named PPW in the "Correspondence" category in 1944 for his dispatches from North Africa and Sicily.

Quindlen, Anna, born on July 8, 1953, in Philadelphia, Pa., was a 1974 graduate of Barnard College. She then started her journalistic career at the New York Post. In 1977 she moved to the New York Times as a general assignment reporter until 1981. For the next two years Anna Quindlen worked as a Deputy Metropolitan Editor of the Times, and from 1986-88 she worked as the newspaper's columnist for a series called "Life in the 30's." In 1989 she started another column in the New York Times, entitled "Public and Private" which was syndicated in newspapers throughout the country. She also published books like Living Out Loud,

Object Lessons and The Three that Came to Stay. Anna Quindlen earned several honors like the Meyer Berger Award of Columbia University or the Women in Communications Award from the Associated Press and an award from the National Mother's Day Committee. Her journalistic work also appeared in magazines, e.g. McCall's, Women's Day, Family Circle, Ladies Home Journal, Parade, The New York Times Magazine and The New York Times Book Review. Anna Quindlen earned the 1992 PP in the "Commentary" category for her compelling columns on a wide rang of personal and political topics.

Raines, Ho well Hiram, bom on February 5, 1943, in Birmingham, ΑΙ., obtained a B.A. degree from Birmingham Southern College in 1964, and began his journalistic career as a reporter for the Birmingham Post-Herald after his graduation. From 1965 to 1967 he worked for WBRC-TV in Birmingham, and from 1968 to 1969 he was with the Tuscaloosa News. He was hired by the Birmingham News in 1970, but transferred to the Atlanta Constitution in 1971, where he was a political editor. He obtained an M.A. degree from the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa in 1973. Raines worked for the St. Petersburg Times in Florida from 1976 to 1978. In 1977 he published two books, Whiskey Man and My Soul is Rested. In 1978 he joined the Atlanta bureau of the New York Times. He became White House correspondent in 1980, national political correspondent in 1982, Washington department editor in 1985, London bureau chief in 1987, and Washington editor in 1988. In 1991 he published an article on his Alabama youth, his relationship with his family's black housekeeper, and his reunion with her after more than thirty years. The article won Ho well H. Raines the 1992 PP in the category of "Feature Writing." Rakove, Jack N., born on June 4, 1947, in Chicago, II., studied at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, from 1966 to 1967, and at Haverford College, from which he graduated with an A.B. degree in History in 1968. He attended Harvard University and received his Doctor of Philosophy in 1975. The same year Rakove became an instructor at the department of History at Colgate University, where he was made assistant professor in 1976. From 1980 on he was a member of the department of History at Stanford University, where he worked as assistant professor, associate professor and professor. In 1990 his books Interpreting the Constitution: The Debate over Original Intent and James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic were published. In 1996 he was named William Robertson Coe Professor of History and American Studies. The same year Rakove became Professor of Political Science and Professor of Law. His book Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution was published in 1996 and made him the PPW in "History" the next year.

Ramirez, Michael Patrick, born on May 11, 1961, in Tokyo, Japan, started to work for the Sutton News Group in 1979 including the Newport Ensign, the Irvine Today, and the Costa Mesa News. In 1982 he switched to Baker Communications/Pa/05 Verdes Peninsula News, Ca., and graduated from the University of California at Irvine, in 1984, with a B.A. degree in Fine Arts/Studio Painting. Ramirez got the post of an editorial cartoonist at the Daily Sun/Post in San Clemente, Ca., in 1989. The following year he was engaged by the Commercial Appeal in Memphis, Tn. The 1994 PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category went to Michael P. Ramirez for his work, as exemplified by the drawing "As the smoke cleared..." Ran, Shulamit, bom on October 21, 1949, in Tel Aviv, Israel, grew up in her home country, where she took composition lessons. In 1962 she was awarded scholarships from the America-Israel Cultural Foundation and the Mannes School of Music in New York City which enabled her to move to the United States. She enrolled at the Mannes School in 1963. Taking composition classes and piano lessons, Ran studied until 1967. She made concert tours of the U.S. and Europe that culminated in a performance with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in 1967 and a first performance of her Concert Piece with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in 1971. Ran was artist-in-residence at St. Mary's University, Canada, in 1972-73. She then joined the Department of Music of the University of Chicago, where eventually she became professor of music. In 1977 she was named Guggenheim fellow. She was visiting professor at Princeton University in 1987, received an honorary doctorate from Mount Holyoke College in 1988, won the Academy Institute of Arts and Letters award in 1989, and earned a second Guggenheim fellowship in 1990. She was appointed composer-in-residence with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra by Daniel Barenboim the same year. In 1991 Shulamit Ran won the PP for "Music" for her composition Symphony. Rands, Bernard, bom on March 2, 1935, in Sheffield, England, attended the University of Wales at Bangor, where he became Bachelor of Music in 1956 and Master of Music in 1958. In the years that followed he took private lessons

196 in composition in Italy and in Germany. From 1963 to 1967 he taught as a lecturer at the University of Wales. The Commonwealth Fund, N.Y., awarded him a Harkness International Fellowship in 1966, and enabled him to work as visiting fellow at Princeton University in 196768. Rands subsequently became Granada Fellow in Creative Arts at New York University, where he continued to teach as a member of the faculty of music. In 1969-70 he was also composerin-residence at the University of Illinois, and from 1972 to 1973 he was Fellow in Creative Arts at Brasenose College of Oxford University in England. In 1976 he was appointed professor of music at the University of California at San Diego. One year later he also became grantee of the National Endowment of the Arts. Bernard Rands was awarded the 1984 PP in the "Music" category for his composition "Canti del Sole" for Tenor and Orchestra. Raspberry, William James, born on October 12, 1935, in Okolona, Ms., graduated from Indiana Central College with a Bachelor of Science-degree. From 1956 to 1960 he worked for the Indianapolis Recorder as a reporter, photographer, proofreader, editorial writer and associate managing editor. The following two years he was a public information officer in the U.S. Army. In 1962 he joined the Washington Post, where he at first worked as a teletypist, but soon became a reporter. In 1965 he was named the newspaper's assistant city editor. The same year the Capital Press Club declared him Journalist of the Year. From 1966 onward Raspberry worked as a columnist for the Washington Post. In addition to this job, he was a journalism instructor at Howard University from 1971 to 1973, and joined the television branch, where he was a commentator at WTTG-TV from 1973 to 1975 and a discussion panelist at WRC-TV from 1974 to 1975. His first book, Looking Back at Us, was published in 1991. Raspberry won the 1992 Liberty Bell award by the Federal Bar Association and the 1992 Silver Em award by the University of Mississippi as well as numerous honorary degrees. For his compelling articles on social and political subjects William J. Raspberry was awarded the 1994 PP in the "Commentary" category. Rawlings, Marjorie Kinnan, born on August 8, 1896, in Washington, D.C., attended the University of Wisconsin, which awarded her the Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1918. Upon her graduation she joined the Young Women's Christian Association doing war work publicity at the organization's national headquarters. In 1919 she wrote as an assistant service editor for the Home Sector magazine. From 1919 to 1923 Marjorie Rawlings worked as an advertising and news-

Raspberry - Reed paper writer for the Louisville Courier-Journal and the Rochester Journal. She became a syndicated verse writer with United Features in 1925. Two years later Rawlings quit this position and, starting in 1931, she concentrated on her fiction writing. The authoress of several short stories and contributor to Scribner's magazine was elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1938. The books South Moon Under and Golden Apples counted among her publications. Marjorie K. Rawlings earned the 1939 PP in the "Novel" category for her book The Yearling. Rawls Jr., Wendell Lee, bom on August 18, 1941, in Good Lettsville, Tn., was graduated from the Baylor School on Chattanooga and Vanderbilt University. He began his newspaper career as a sports writer for the Nashville Tennessan, later becoming a news reporter. Rawls joined the staff of the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1972 and headed bureaus in Trenton and Pittsburgh. He won a special citation in the Thomas L. Stokes competition and an award in the Pennsylvania Keystone Press Contest. In 1977 Wendell L. Rawls Jr. became the Co-PPW in the category "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" for coverage of conditions in a Pennsylvania State Hospital. Read, Richard, born on September 3, 1957, in St. Andrews, Scotland, grew up in Boston. He studied at Amherst College in Amherst, Ma., and obtained a B.A. degree in English literature in 1980. In 1981 he moved to Portland, Or., where he worked as a general assignment and police reporter for the Oregonian. In 1986 he received a fellowship from the Henry Luce Foundation, which enabled him to travel to Bangkok, Thailand. For one year, he was a staff member of the newspaper the Nation. In 1987 he moved to Tokyo, Japan, where he freelanced for the New York Times, the Christian Science Monitor, and other publications. Two years later he founded the Oregonian's Asia bureau in Tokyo. He became the paper's first foreign correspondent and for five years traveled extensively in the Far East. He also served as secretary, first director, and first vice president of the Foreign Correspondents' Club in Japan. In 1994 he returned to Portland, where he continued to tackle international topics such as the uprising of the Chiapas in Mexico, the handover of Hong Kong to China, and the riots in Indonesia. In 1996 he received a Nieman fellowship from Harvard University, where he studied economics and Asian affairs. In 1999 Richard Read won the PP for "Explanatory Reporting" for a series of articles that explained the Asian economic crisis and its effect on the United States. Reed, Jack Louis, bom on September 28, 1945, in Akron, Oh., was graduated from the Univer-

Reid - Reynolds sity of South Florida. He was a social worker for three years, then earned a master's degree and taught English at the University of Central Florida. Jack Reed got interested in journalism in the mid-seventies when he edited a newsletter for a state agency. He became a reporter for the Democrat in Tallahassee, FL, in 1979. In 1982 Reed joined the St. Petersburg Times in its Pasco bureau, covering courts and the grand jury investigations of a former County Commission Chairman and a county utilities scandal. In 1985 Jack L. Reed became a Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for disclosure of corruption in a Sheriffs office. Reid, Benjamin Lawrence, born on May 3,1918, in Louisville, Ky., enrolled at the University of Louisville and earned there, in 1943, his Bachelor of Arts-degree. He joined the faculty of the Iowa State College in 1946. Two years later he moved to Northampton, Ma., where he became a member of the staff of Smith College. In the meanwhile he started completing work for his A.M. degree, which he earned from Columbia University in 1950. Subsequently he went to Virginia to teach at Sweet Briar College. Having earned his Doctor of Philosophy-degree from the University of Virginia in 1957, Reid became professor of English at Mount Holyoke College. The educator's book publications included Art by Subtraction: A Dissenting Opinion of Gertrude Stein and William Butler Yeats: The Lyric of Tragedy. Reid also wrote essays, short stories and verse. In 1968 his book The Man from New York: John Quinn and His Friends was published. One year later this work made Benjamin L. Reid the winner of the PP for "Biography or Autobiography." Remnick, David, bom on October 29, 1958, in Hackensack, N.J., graduated from Princeton University with an A.B. degree in comparative literature in 1981. The following year he started his journalistic career at the Washington Post as an intern in the "Style" section. Remnick became a reporter for "Style" and then a staff writer for the Washington Post Magazine. In 1988 the journalist went to Moscow as the newspaper's correspondent. He reported on the events leading up to the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union. At the end of 1991 he returned to New York and wrote a book about his experiences in Moscow entitled Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviel Empire. He also accepted an offer of the New Yorker to become its staff writer in 1992. His book Lenin's Tomb was published the following year and made David Remnick the winner of the 1994 PP in the category of "General Non-Fiction." Reston, James Barrett, born on November 3, 1909, in Clydebank, Scotland, attended the Vale

197 of Leven Academy in Alexandria, Scotland, from 1914 until 1920, when his parents moved to the United States. Immediately after his graduation from the University of Illinois in 1932 he got a position as a reporter on the staff of the Daily News in Springfield, Oh. He held the job until 1933. That same year, however, he left the newspaper work and he joined the staff of the Associated Press in New York City as a sportswriter, and later becoming the theatre columnist. In 1937 the Associated Press sent Reston to London, where he had a special assignment of covering major sports events in summer and the Foreign Office in winter. He worked for the AP until 1939, when he became a reporter on the London bureau of the New York Times. In 1941 he left England and returned to the United States to work at the Washington, D.C., bureau of the New York Times. In the summer of 1942 his book Prelude to Victory appeared. Soon after the publication, James Reston was sent to England by the U.S. Government in order to organize the new London bureau of the Office of War Information. He returned to the United States in December 1942 and continued reporting and analysing the national and international political scene. In 1945 James B. Reston won the PP for "Telegraphic Reporting (National)" for articles on the Dumbarton Oaks security conference. He earned his second PP in 1957, this time in the "National Reporting" category, for a series of articles on President Dwight D. Eisenhower's illness. Reynolds, Roger Lee, born on July 18, 1934, in Detroit, Mi., obtained a Bachelor degree in engineering from the University of Michigan in 1957. He became Bachelor of Music in 1960. One year later he received a Master's degree in music. He lived in Germany under a Fulbright grant in 1962-63, where he worked at a Cologne electronic studios. He moved to France and Italy on a Guggenheim fellowship in 196465 and then to Japan, where he worked as a fellow of the Institute of Current World Affairs from 1966 to 1969. In 1969 he was appointed associate professor at the University of California at San Diego. In 1971 he taught as visiting professor at the University of Illinois, as well. That same year he became founding director of the Center for Music Experiment and Related Research of the University of California, a post he held until 1977. He became visiting professor at Yale University in 1981 and was appointed director of the Center for Music Experiment and Related Research at the University of California and Valentine professor at Amherst College, Ma., in 1988. Roger L. Reynolds received the 1989 PP in "Music" for his composition Whispers Out of Time.

198 Rhodes, James Ford, bom on May 1, 1848, in Cleveland, Oh., attended as a special student New York University and the University of Chicago, but he was never graduated. After having spent more than a year in Europe from 1867 to 1868, he returned to the United States in order to follow in his father's footsteps and start a career in the coal and iron business. After a few years' service in another firm, in 1874 he became associated with Rhodes & Company and with his brother Robert. He never got the idea of writing until 1885, when he decided to retire from business. Eight years later, the first two volumes of the History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 were published; five further volumes followed. In 1898 James F. Rhodes was elected president of the American Historical Association. He also became member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Several prizes were awarded to him, among them the Loubat prize of the Berlin Academy of Science. Rhodes, who consorted with the political and literary leaders of his generation, also received several honorary doctorates, e.g. from Western Reserve University, Harvard University, Yale University, the University of Wisconsin, New York University and Princeton University. In 1918 James F. Rhodes won the PP in the category "History" for the book Λ History of the Civil War, 1861-1865. Rhodes, Richard Lee, born on July 4, 1937, in Kansas City, Ks., attended Yale University and was awarded the Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1959. Upon his graduation he joined the staff of Newsweek in New York City as a writer trainee. The following year he became staff assistant with Radio Free Europe. During the academic year of 1960-61 he taught as an instructor in English at Westminster College in Fulton, Mo. Subsequently, Rhodes moved to Kansas City where he worked for Hallmark Cards, Inc., as book editing manager. In 1970 he returned to New York City and obtained an appointment as contributing editor with Harper's magazine, a position in which he remained during the next four years. Concurrently, he worked for one year as writer in residence for the Kansas City Regional Council for Higher Education. In 1974 Rhodes started to work for Playboy magazine in Chicago. The recipient of the 1987 National Book Award in Non-Fiction, published the following books: The Inland Ground; The Ozarks and Ultimate Powers: A History of the Bomb. Rhodes also authored several fictional works, including The Ungodly; Holy Secrets; The Last Safari and Sons of Earth, The Loss of Innocence, The Osage River: Another Kind of Wilderness and A Wild Delight: Emerson on

Rhodes - Richards Nature count among the televison films for which he wrote the scripts. Richard L. Rhodes won the 1988 PP in the category "General Non-Fiction" for the book The Making of the Atomic Bomb. Rial, Martha, bom on September 12, 1961, in Pittsburgh, Pa., attended the Art Institute of Pittsburgh and Ohio University's School of Visual Communication. She started her career as a staff photographer at the Fort Pierce Tribune, Fl. Afterwards she switched to the Alexandria Journal Newspapers, Va., but then went back to her home town where she was engaged by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette in 1994. In December 1996 she visited her sister, a public health nurse at the Mtendeli Refugee Camp in Tanzania. She made use of this situation and took photographs which documented the plight of the refugees. Martha Rial earned the 1998 PP in the category "Spot News Photography" for her pictures showing survivors of the conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi. Rice, Elmer L., bom as Elmer Leopold Reisenstein on September 28,1892, in New York City, was raised in upper Manhattan. At age fourteen, after only two years of high school, his family's financial difficulties forced him to go to work. In 1907 he worked as a claims clerk, and from 1908 to 1914 in his cousin's law firm. During this time he earned a New York State Board of Regents certificate, the equivalent of a highschool diploma, and attended the New York Law School. Only a few weeks after being admitted to the New York bar he gave up his job at the law firm in order to become a playwright. Less than eight months later, in August 1914, his first play, titled On Trial, opened in New York. The following time Rice developed great interest in many political as well as dramatic activities. In 1916 Rice made a trip to North Carolina to investigate child labor, he marched up Fifth Avenue in a parade supporting women's suffrage, and went to Washington in 1917 with a New York group to participate in a national protest against World War I. These political activities gave rise to Rice's serious writing during this period. He went to Paris in the mid-1920s and remained there for several years. Towards the end of the decade, the author began work upon Street Scene. The play, which was completed in 1928, won Elmer L. Rice the next year's PP in the "Drama" category. Richards, Laura Elizabeth, born on February 27, 1850, in Boston, Ma., was the second daughter of Samuel Gridley and Julia Ward Howe. Married to Henry Richards in 1871, she started a career in writing at the age of thirty. Her book publications included: Sketches and Scraps; When I Was Your Age; Jim of Hellas; Snow

199

William Raspberry

James Reston

Richard Rodgers

Abraham Rosenthal

200 White; Five Minute Stories; Letters and Journals of Samuel Gridley Howe; Aboard the Mary Sands; The Pig Brother Play Book and Life of Elizabeth Fry. In 1917 Laura E. Richards became a Co-PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book The Woman Suffrage Movement. Julia Ward Howe. Richards, William C., born in 1885 in Rochester, N.Y., was educated at the University of Michigan. He started his writing career as a reporter for several upstate New York papers. In 1916 he became a reporter with the Detroit Free Press, Mi., where he stayed for almost fifteen years and held positions as columnist and associate editor. In 1930 he won the American Social Work Publicity Council Award. Along with four other staff members of the Detroit Free Press William C. Richards was made a Co-PPW in the category of "Reporting" in 1932 for their coverage of the parade of the American Legion the previous year. Richter, Conrad Michael, bom on October 13, 1890, in Pine Grove, Pa., graduated from high school at the age of fifteen. Thereafter, he was employed in a variety of jobs: in a machine shop, a coal breaker, and a bank, among others. In 1909 he joined the staff of the Johnstown Journal as a reporter and he also edited the Weekly Courier at Patton, Pa. In 1910 he became a reporter on the Pittsburgh Dispatch, and later reported for the Johnstown Leader. In April 1914 Richter's first fiction short story, "Brothers of No Kin," appeared in the Forum. Subsequently, he wrote children's stories for John Martin's Book. During World War I he became the publisher of a children's periodical, Junior Magazine Book. Meanwhile his stories were appearing in periodicals such as Ladies' Home Journal, Outlook, Everybody's Magazine, and American Mercury. In 1924 twelve of these stories were reprinted in book form as Brothers of No Kin, and Other Stories. In 1933 Richter began writing a series of stories on frontier life in the old Southwest, nine of them were collected in the book Early Americana, and Other Stories. The Sea of Grass, Richter's first novel, was initially serialized in the Saturday Evening Post and later made into a motion picture. It was followed by Tacey Cromwell; The Free Men; and Always Young and Fair. The novel The Town was the concluding volume of a trilogy including The Trees and The Fields, which traced pioneer experience on the Ohio frontier. In 1951 The Town won Conrad M. Richter the PP for "Fiction." Rinearson, Peter Mark, born on August 4, 1954, in Seattle, Wa., studied at the University of Washington from 1972 on. From 1975 to 1976 he was also editor of the Sammamish Valley News in Redmond, Wa. In 1976 he joined the

Richards - Roberts Seattle Times, where he worked as a reporter, government and political reporter, and aerospace writer. He won the Special Paul Myhre award by the University of Missouri in 1983 and a Distinguished Writing award by the American Society of Newspaper Editors as well as a Lowell Thomas Travel Writing award by the Society of American Travel Writers Foundation in 1984. The same year Peter M. Rinearson also won the PP in "Feature Writing" for articles on the making of the Boeing 757 aircraft. Risser Jr., James Vaulx, born on May 8, 1938, in Lincoln, Nb., earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Nebraska. After obtaining a J.D. degree from the law school of San Francisco University in 1962 he returned to the University of Nebraska for a professional certificate in journalism. Risser practiced law with a Lincoln firm for two years before joining the staff of the Iowa newspaper Des Moines Register in 1964. In the mid of 1969 he was transferred to the Washington bureau of the Des Moines Register and Tribune. Risser received many honors for his writing, including the Thomas L. Stokes Award for conversation and environmental reporting, the American Political Science Award for reporting of public affairs and an honorable mention for the Raymond Clapper Memorial Award. In 1973 the School of Journalism of the University of Nebraska named Risser the outstanding professional journalist of the year. The same year he was also selected for a one-year professional journalism fellowship at Stanford University, and a dozen years later he became the Director of the John S. Knight Fellowship program in Stanford. His 1975 articles exposing the great grain scandal earned him the PP for "National Reporting" in the following year. Four years later Risser had another beat with a series of articles that for the first time outlined the impact of what America's farmers were doing to the nation's land, air and water and which brought to him his second PP for "National Reporting" in 1979. Roberts, Anthony K., born on May 5, 1938, in Hawaii, attended Pasadena City College and graduated from California State University at Los Angeles, Ca. In addition to his regular job in the script department of North American International Films he worked as a free-lance photographer taking publicity pictures for show business and music people, magazine covers or record albums. Anthony K. Roberts was made the recipient of the 1974 PP in the "Spot News Photography" category for his news pictures entitled "Fatal Hollywood Drama." Roberts Jr., Edwin Albert, born on November 14,1932, in Weehawken, N.J., attended schools in his home state. After his high school gradua-

Roberts - Robinson tion, he studied at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Va. He continued his studies at New York University in New York City. Roberts started his journalism career as a general assignment reporter for the Press in Asbury Park, N.J. He joined Dow Jones & Company in 1957 and served as an editorial writer on the Wall Street Journal for six years. Then Roberts was a Washington correspondent for that paper for one year. Later on he moved to another newspaper of Dow Jones & Company, the National Observer, published in Rockville, Md. At this paper he became a profiled staff writer. Since too often national affairs were reported from Washington, Edwin A. Roberts traveled the country over to report and comment the facts first-hand and place them in truly national perspective. At the Observer he also wrote several Newsbooks, book-length indepth treatments of news topics. Later on, he wrote for the National Observer a regular weekly column of comment and criticism under the title "Mainstreams." For his columns on public affairs during 1973 Edwin A. Roberts Jr. earned the PP for "Commentary" in the following year. Roberts, Kenneth, born on December 8, 1885, in Kennebunk, Me., worked as a staff writer for the Boston Post from 1909 to 1917. He subsequently switched to Life and Puck magazines. From 1918 to 1919 he was a captain of the Intelligence Section of the Siberian Expeditionary Force. In 1919 he joined the Saturday Evening Post as a staff correspondent. In addition to his job in journalism, he began to write historical novels, many of which were serialized in the newspaper. In 1928 he left the Saturday Evening Post. Roberts wrote numerous fictional works, e.g. Europe's Morning After, Arundel: A Chronicle of the Province of Maine and of the Secret Expedition against Quebec, and / Wanted to Write. His novels Captain Caution and Northwest Passage were turned into movies in 1940. He was granted honorary doctorates from Dartmouth College, Colby College, and Middlebury College. Kenneth Roberts received a 1957 PP "Special Award" in the letters section for his historical novels. Robertson, Nan, bom on July 11,1926, in Chicago, II., graduated from Medill School of Journalism of Northwestern University with a B.S. degree in 1948. The same year she joined Stars and Stripes as a reporter and copyreader. In 1950 she became a fashion publicist. From 1951 to 1953 she worked as a Germany correspondent for the Milwaukee Journal. She also wrote features and columns for the New York HeraldTribune from 1952 to 1953. Robertson then went to London and became a reporter and

201 copyreader with the American Daily. In 1954 she joined the London bureau of the New York Times as a fashion correspondent. From 1955 to 1963 she was a member of the Women's News Department of the New York Times. During that time she was made recipient of the 1962 Feature Writing Award of the N.Y. Newspaper Women's Club. She worked for nearly one decade as the New York Times Washington correspondent. From 1972 to 1975 she was the paper's European correspondent and reported from Paris. She then returned to the U.S. to join the Living/Style staff of the Times. Nan Robertson won the 1983 PP for "Feature Writing" for the account of her struggle with the toxic shock syndrome in the previous year. Robinson, Edwin Arlington, born on December 22, 1869, in Head Tide, Me., attended Harvard University from 1891 to 1893. His first poems appeared in the Harvard Advocate. In 1896 Robinson's first collection of poetry, The Torrent and The Night Before, was privately printed. The reviews being generally favorable, Robinson had a second manuscript ready within months of his first publication: A vanity press printed The Children of the Night in 1897. That same year the poet moved to New York, where he met Alfred H. Louis, a pianist, philosopher, and impromptu orator. Louis became the prototype for the title character in Robinson's long poem "Captain Craig," which was published along with fifteen shorter poems in the 1902 collection Captain Craig. The poor critical response to the volume caused a lapse in Robinson's creative efforts and from 1898 to 1905 he held several intermittent jobs. When President Theodore Roosevelt read a copy of The Children of the Night in 1904, he helped Robinson to republish it and also granted him a job in the New York Customs House, a post he held until 1909. The following year he brought out The Town Down the River, a collection of thirty-three poems which he dedicated to his sponsor, Roosevelt. Robinson next tried his hand at drama: the plays Van Zorn and The Porcupine were published in 1914 and 1915. They were followed by more volumes of poetry: The Man Against the Sky, the book-length poem, Merlin, and its sequel, Lancelot; The Three Taverns, and Avon'5 Harvest. In 1921 Edwin A. Robinson published the book Collected Poems, which made him the winner of the PP for "Poetry" of the following year. For The Man Who Died Twice he received another PP in this award category in 1925. The book-length poem Tristram gained Edwin A. Robinson the third PP in the "Poetry" category in 1928. Robinson, John R., bom on June 19, 1907, in Des Moines, la., lived in his hometown and

202 wanted to be a commercial artist when he joined the Register and Tribune in 1927. But an opening occurred in the engraving department, so he took it. In 1928 he moved into the photo darkroom and later became a staff photographer for the newspaper. During World War II he was with the Army Signal corps, spending much of his time with a combat photo team in the South Pacific and Pacific War theater, before returning to his paper. In 1952 John R. Robinson became the Co-PPW in the "Photography" category for a sequence of pictures showing the attack on an outstanding football player. Rodgers, Richard, bom on June 28, 1902, in New York City, attended Columbia College, where he submitted the winning score for the annual varsity show, Fly With Me. Leaving Columbia at the end of his sophomore year, Rodgers worked on a few productions but since work in the theater was difficult to find, he began a two-year study of music at the Institute of Musical Art in 1920. There he was assigned to write the annual show. The employment situation unimproved after two years, he began to put on a number of amateur productions for schools, churches, and synagogues. Besides composing, Rodgers was also interested in other aspects of theater as his commitments as coauthor and coproducer of several productions show. In the early 1940s he began to collaborate with Oscar Hammerstein. Together with his partner Richard Rodgers collaborated on Oklahoma! In 1944 the musical won the Donaldson Award and a PP "Special Award" in the letters section. Richard Rodgers also became the 1950 Co-PPW in the "Drama" category for the musical South Pacific. Rodrigue III, George Pierre, born on May 5, 1956, in Boston, Ma, edited the student daily newspaper at the University of Virginia from which he was graduated in 1978 with a B.A. degree in history. From 1978 to 1981 Rodrigue worked as a county courthouse and city hall reporter for the Atlanta Constitution, thereafter becoming associate editor of D Magazine in Dallas from 1981 to 1983 and then moving as an urban affairs reporter to the Dallas Morning News. George P. Rodrigue III became a 1986 Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for investigation into subsidized housing in East Texas. Roethke, Theodore, bom on May 25, 1908, in Saginaw, Mi., entered the University of Michigan in the fall of 1925, where he concentrated on literature and language. After graduation in 1929, Roethke entered the University of Michigan law school. In February 1930 he withdrew from law school and entered the graduate school to pursue a master's degree in literature. His real

Rodgers - Rohde interest had turned to writing poetry, rather than studying it as a scholar. In June 1930 three of his poems appeared in the Harp magazine. The poet continued his studies at Michigan during the summer of 1930; in the fall, however, he entered Harvard Graduate School. Due to financial problems the author was forced to withdraw from school and find a job. During the following years Roethke held several teaching positions at different colleges throughout the U.S. In that time he continued publishing his poems in such magazines as Poetry, New Republic, and Saturday Review. His first collection of poems, titled Open House, appeared in 1941. It was followed by two other volumes: The Lost Son and Other Poems and Praise to the End! In 1951 the poet received Poetry magazine's Levinson Prize. His collection The Waking earned Theodore Roethke the 1954 PP in the "Poetry" category. Rogers, John T., bom on April 19, 1881, in Louisville, Ky., worked as a telegraph operator in 1896. He started his journalistic career as a reporter with the Louisville Times, but switched to the Louisville Courier-Journal and to the Kansas City Post. He subsequently became a correspondent and contributor at the New York World. During World War I he served in the Tanks Corps of the U.S. Army. In 1916 he returned to journalism and became a reporter at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. He also wrote the book The Murders of Mer Rouge. In 1926 his articles for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch led to the impeachment of a United States District Judge. They won John T. Rogers the 1927 PP in the "Reporting" category. Rohde, David, born on August 7, 1967, in Hartford, Ct., attended Brown University in Providence, R.I., from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in May 1990. He served as a press secretary for presidential and congressional campaigns before he became a production assistant for ABCs Turning Point, News and World News Tonight. He then worked for some time as a freelance reporter in the Baltic Republics, writing for the New York Times and the Associated Press. In 1991, David Rohde became a freelance reporter in Syria for the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. In the following year he reported from Cuba for the Christian Science Monitor. In 1993-94 Rohde was a suburban correspondent for the Philadelphia Inquirer before he became a roving national correspondent of the Christian Science Monitor. This newspaper sent him as Eastern Europe Correspondent to Sarajevo in Bosnia-Herzegovina and to Zagreb in Croatia. In this capacity, David Rohde reported the dramatic events in the Balkans between 1994-96 and was the first reporter to discover mass graves in Srebrenica.

Romulo - Rosenberg For his articles about the civil war in former Yugoslavia he won the 1996 PP for "International Reporting." Romulo, Carlos Pena, bom on January 14, 1901, in Manila, the Philippines, attended Manila High School, and in his senior year won an oratorical contest on the subject "My Faith in America." He later attended the University of the Philippines in Manila from which he was graduated with the B.A. degree in 1918, and afterwards Columbia University in New York, which granted him the M.A. degree in 1921. English was both his major subject in school and journalism was one of his main interests. In 1923, Romulo was appointed assistant professor of English at the University of the Philippines, and in 1924 he became associate professor and acting head of the English Department. He left the University in 1928 to start a new career as journalist. He became editor of the Manila Tribune in 1930 and editor of the Tribune-Vanguardia-Talibapublications in 1931. Then, from 1933 until the Japanese invasion in 1941, he was publisher of a newspaper group including the Philippines Herald for several years. Romulo made an extensive tour of the countries neighboring the Philippines, starting in September 1941. He wanted to find out how the peoples felt about imperialism and democracy. Carlos P. Romulo was awarded the 1942 PP in the "Correspondence" category for articles from the Asian trouble centers from Hong Kong to Batavia. Rondon, Hector, born on November 25, 1933, in Bruzual, Venezuela, was employed in a glass factory in Maracay when he was eighteen years old. He then served in the army for two years in a communications unit as a corporal. After having returned to Maracay Rondon found a job as taxi driver. In 1955 he moved to Los Teques where Hector Rondon started to work as official photographer for the city and state governments. His photo "Aid from the Padre," taken during the Venezuelan insurrection in 1962, was distributed worldwide by the Associated Press and made Hector Rondon the recipient of the PP for "Photography" the following year. Rorem, Ned, born on October 23, 1923, in Richmond, In., attended Northwestern University from 1940 to 1942. In 1943 he studied at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia on a scholarship. He then enrolled at the Juilliard School of Music, where he obtained a B.A. degree in 1946, and an M.A. degree in 1948. The following summer Rorem continued his studies on a scholarship at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood. After a period of composition he went to Paris, France, in 1951, to study orchestration on a Fulbright fellowship. The composer left France in 1957, went to New York

203 and received a Guggenheim fellowship. In 1959 he was appointed professor of composition and composer-in-residence at New York State University at Buffalo, a post he held until 1961. Five years later he was named composer-inresidence and professor of composition at the University of Utah. In 1976 Ned Rorem won the PP in the "Music" category for his Air Music, subtitled Ten Etudes For Orchestra. Rosenberg, Howard, born on June 10, 1942, in Kansas City, Mo., attended Oklahoma University, where he earned a B.A. degree in History in 1964. Afterwards he worked as an editor of the Minnesota paper White Bear Weekly Press from 1965-66, while he did graduate studies at the University of Minnesota, where he received an M.A. degree in Political Science in 1966. For the following two years, from 1966-68, Rosenberg served as a general assignment reporter for the Moline Dispatch of Kansas. In 1968, he moved to the Louisville Times of Kentucky, where he served as a general assignment and political reporter for the following two years. In 1970, Howard Rosenberg was named television critic of the Louisville Times, and he stayed in that position until 1978. He also published articles in publications like American Film, Emmy, Washington Journalism Review and numerous Airline magazines. In 1978 he moved to the Los Angeles Times to become television critic and columnist, and he also became the author of a nationally syndicated column. In 1982, Rosenberg was the winner of the Times Editorial Award for Sustained Excellence, and the following year he won the National Headliner Award for consistently outstanding special column. The same year he was also recipient of the Windwalker Award. Finally, in 1985, Howard Rosenberg became the winner of the PP in the "Criticism" category for his articles on television. Rosenberg, Tina, born on April 14, 1960, in Brooklyn, N.Y., received B.S. and M.S. degrees from Northwestern University in 1981 and 1982. After graduation she became a foreign policy editorial writer for the New York Times. She also worked as a freelance writer for the New York Times Magazine, Atlantic, the New Republic, Foreign Affairs, the Rolling Stone magazine, and the New Yorker. In 1985 she won a prize for best column from the National Association of Association Publications. The same year she moved to Latin America. Three years later she returned to the U.S., and in 1991 she published her Latin American experiences in a book titled Children of Cain: Violence and the Violent in Latin America. She then embarked for the former Soviet Union. It was not until 1994 that she returned, again summing up her

204 experiences in a book. The Haunted Land: Facing Europe's Ghosts After Communism, which described the post-communist development of four societies that had formerly belonged to the U.S.S.R., won Rosenberg a 1995 National Book Award for Non-Fiction. It also made Tina Rosenberg recipient of the 1996 PP in the category of "General Non-Fiction." Rosenthal, Abraham Michael, bom on May 2, 1922, in Sault Sainte Marie, Ontario, Canada, began his newspaper career as a college correspondent for the New York City College and joined the city staff of the New York Times in 1944. Two years later, in March, 1946, he got the first taste of "foreign" correspondence when covering Andrej Gromyko's seven-day walkout from the United Nations Security Council. The following month he joined the United Nations staff of the Times at Lake Success. During the next eight years Rosenthal specialized in coverage of United Nations proceedings. He was a member of the New York Times staff which covered the General Assembly session in Paris in 1948. In 1951, he became a United States citizen, and in 1954 Rosenthal moved overseas for his newspaper. During the next four years he covered India for the Times and traveled extensively in Pakistan, Ceylon and Afghanistan. He also covered specific assignments in Malaya and Netherlands New Guinea. In June, 1958, Rosenthal became the Warsaw correspondent of the New York Times. He remained there until November, 1959, when he was ordered to leave the country. In 1960 Abraham M. Rosenthal earned the PP for "International Reporting" for his articles from Poland. Rosenthal, Jacob (Jack), bom on June 30, 1935, in Tel Aviv, Palestine, grew up in Portland, Or. He was educated at Harvard University, where he received an A.B. degree in history in 1956, and where he was executive editor of the campus newspaper The Crimson. After graduation he became a reporter and editor at the Oregonian in Portland, Or., where he won an American Bar Association Silver Gavel, and at the Portland Reporter. In 1961 he went to Washington where he served as a special assistant to Attorneys General Robert F. Kennedy and Nicholas de B. Katzenbach. The Washington press corps voted him in 1966 the outstanding press officer in the Government. In the same year Jack Rosenthal moved to the Department of State as executive assistant to the Undersecretary. In 1967-68 he was appointed a Fellow at Harvard's Institute of Politics, then he became Life magazine's first urban affairs correspondent. Rosenthal joined the New York Times in 1969 as its chief urban affairs correspondent. In 1973 he was appointed assistant sunday editor,

Rosenthal - Roth and in 1975 he also became editor of the New York Times Magazine. He was promoted to deputy editorial page editor of the Times in 1977. Jacob Rosenthal became the 1982 PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on poverty, obesity, violence and immigration. Rosenthal, Joseph J. (Joe), born on October 9, 1911, in Washington, D.C., attended the University of San Francisco in 1930. In the same year he started to work as an officeboy and photographer for the Newspaper Enterprise Association in San Francisco. Two years later he switched to the San Francisco News where Rosenthal got the post of a photographer and reporter. In 1935 he was engaged by Newspaper Enterprise Association and Acme News Pictures. The following year he went to the New York TYmes-Wideworld Photos where he took the post of the chief photographer and bureau manager. In 1941 Rosenthai started to work as a war photographer for the Associated Press in San Francisco. In 1943 he served as a warrant officer photographer for seven months. Joe Rosenthal was named the 1945 PPW in the "Photography" category for a picture of the flag-raising at Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima. Ross, Charles Griffith, born on November 9, 1885, in Independence, Mo., graduated with an A.B. degree from the University of Missouri, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. From 1904 to 1906 he was a staff member of the Herald in Columbia, Mo. After a brief stint at the Record in Victor, Co., he worked for the Post Dispatch in St. Louis, Mo., and the St. Louis Republic. In 1908 he became a faculty member at the University of Missouri's School of Journalism, where he worked until 1918. From 1916 to 1917, while on sabbatical leave, he was also sub-editor of the Herald in Melbourne, Australia. In 1918 he joined the St. Louis PostDispatch and became chief correspondent in Washington, D.C. In 1932 Charles G. Ross became the Co-PPW in the "Correspondence" category for his article entitled "The Country's Plight - What Can Be Done About it?" Roth, Philip, born on March 19, 1933, in Newark, N.J., studied at Newark College of Rutgers University in 1950-51. He received an A.B. degree from Bucknell University in 1954, and an M.A. from the University of Chicago in 1955. After a brief period in the U.S. Army, he began to teach English at the University of Chicago in 1956, where he worked until 1958. He also began to write short stories, some of which were reprinted in Best American Short Stories in 1956, 1959, and 1960. In 1959 he published his first collection of short stories, Goodbye Columbus, which won him the National Book Award and several other awards. In 1959-1960

Rouse - Ruder he held a Guggenheim fellowship. From 1960 to 1962 he taught as visiting lecturer at the University of Iowa Writers Workshop, and from 1962 to 1964 he worked as writer-in-residence at Princeton University. In 1967 he became adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania, a position he held for ten years. In 1988 he published The Counterlife, an experimental novel, which won him the National Book Critics Circle Award. Four years later, Roth won the same award, again, for his book Patrimony. In 1993 he was honored with the PEN/Faulkner Award for Operation Shylock, and in 1995 he received the National Book Award for Sabbath's Theater. In 1998 Philip Roth won the PP in the "Fiction" category for his book American Pastoral. Rouse III, Christopher Chapman, bom on February 15, 1949, in Baltimore, Md., graduated with a Bachelor of Music-degree from Oberlin Conservatory and obtained a Master of Fine Arts-degree at Cornell University, where he became Doctor of Fine Arts, as well. Additionally, he received an honorary doctorate from Oberlin Conservatory. He was a faculty member at the University of Michigan from 1978 to 1981. In 1981 he began to work at the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester, where he became professor of composition. He taught classical and modern composition as well as courses on the history of rock. From 1986 to 1989 he was composer-inresidence with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, while keeping his position at Eastman. Maintaining a strong interest in popular music, Rouse became known for his orchestral pieces, which were performed by all major orchestras in the United States and by major European Ensembles. He was recipient of numerous awards and fellowships, e.g. of the American Academy Award of Arts and Letters in Music and several Composer Fellowship Grants from the National Education Association. In 1993 Christopher C. Rouse III won the PP in "Music" for his Trombone Concerto. Royko, Michael (Mike), born on September 19, 1932, in Chicago, II., attended his hometown's Wright Junior College, the University of Illinois and Northwestern University. He then served for four years with the U.S. Air Force, including time as a radio-man in the Korean War. Later on he was transferred to O'Hare Field near Chicago, where they did not need radio-men. So Royko moved to editing the base newspaper which was the start of a new career. He spent two and a half years as a night editor for City News Bureau, a traditional training ground for young Chicago reporters. Royko joined the staff of the Chicago Daily News in 1959 as a general

205 assignment reporter. He later became a rewrite man and then, in 1962, was assigned a once-aweek column, "County Beat." In September, 1963, he began his column on a twice-weekly basis, but it soon became a daily piece. In 1966 Royko received his newspaper's Marshall Field Award. In 1968 Royko was named Chicago Communicator of the Year by the Chicago Jaycees and that same year he was given the Service to the Community Award of the Chicago Newspaper Guild. The National Headliner Award for the outstanding general interest column followed in 1971. In the following year Mike Royko earned the PP in the "Commentary" category for articles on various Chicago social and political topics. R oyster, Vermont Connecticut, bom on April 30, 1914, in Raleigh, N.C., attended the Webb School, a preparatory school at Bell Buckle, Tn., and was graduated in 1931. He entered the University of North Carolina, where he majored in English literature, was editor of the university newspaper and contributed to a literary magazine. As he always wanted to be a newspaper or magazine writer, Royster went to New York City after he was graduated in 1935 and began his career as a reporter for the New York City News Bureau. He joined the staff of the Wall Street Journal in 1936 as a correspondent in Washington, D.C. Enlisting in the Navy in 1941, Royster participated in operations in the Palau Islands, the Philippine Sea and Okinawa, and was assigned to escort duty in the Atlantic Ocean. He was discharged in 1945 as a lieutenant commander. Returning to the Wall Street Journal after the war, Royster became chief correspondent in charge of the Washington bureau. In 1948 he was made associate editor, and in 1951 senior associate editor, mainly writing editorials. Vermont C. Royster was named the 1953 PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on U.S. policy. In 1984 he earned his second PP, this time in the "Commentary" category, for articles on nuclear arms, Vietnam and other topics. Ruder, Melvin Harvey, bom on January 19, 1915, in Manning, N.D., graduated from the University of North Dakota with an B.A. degree. He attended Northwestern University as a postgraduate, but returned to the University of North Dakota, where he received his M.A. In 1940 he also became assistant professor of Journalism at the University of North Dakota. The same year he started to work as an industrial relations specialist for Westinghouse Electric Company. From 1942 to 1945 he served in the U.S. Navy. Afterwards he was a public relations member at the American Machine and Foundry Company. In 1946 he founded the weekly news-

206 paper Columbia Falls Hungry Horse News and became the paper's editor. In 1965 Melvin H. Ruder was awarded the PP in the category of "Local General Spot News Reporting" for his coverage of the sudden and extensive flooding of the Columbia Falls area in Montana. Russell, Bruce Alexander, bom on August 4, 1903, in Los Angeles, Ca., studied, while attending Los Angeles Polytechnic High School, art and drew cartoons for the Poly Optimist and the school annual. Before graduation in 1921 he was elected to Ephebian Society, the honorary group of city high school graduates. While studying at the University of California at Los Angeles Russell enlarged and expanded on his cartooning experience by drawing for the university paper for four years and by cartooning for the regular Los Angeles newspapers on the side. He also signed up for correspondence courses with the W. L. Evens school and Art Instruction, Inc., of Minneapolis. Until his graduation his cartoons appeared in student publications regularly for four years, including The Pelican, the University of California comic magazine, published at Berkeley, and he became a member of Hammer and Coffin, a humor magazine fraternity. In 1925 Russell joined the art department of the Los Angeles Evening Herald, where he turned out sport cartoons, editorial cartoons, theater drawings, sketch assignments, photo-retouching, lettering and a daily crossword puzzle. In 1927 Russell became staff artist for the Los Angeles Times. He held that post until 1934 when he started to work as the paper's political cartoonist. During his engagement with the Times he created the "Rollo Rollingstone" comic strip for the Associated Press. His cartoons were syndicated by the TimesMirror Syndicate. In 1946 Bruce A. Russell received the PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his outstanding work, as exemplified by a drawing with the caption "Time to Bridge That Gulch." Russell, Charles Edward, born on September 25, 1860, in Davenport, la., was graduated from St. Johnsbury Academy in 1881. During the following years he worked with various newspapers. From 1894 to 1897 he was city editor of the New York World before he became managing editor of the New York American. He also worked for two years as publisher of the Chicago American. In 1910 he was nominated as Socialist canditate for the governor of New York and in 1913 for mayor of New York City. A nomination for U.S. Senator followed in 1914. Russell, who was also a lecturer and a contributor of articles on sociology and literature, was the author of the following book publications: Such Stuff as Dreams', The Twin Immortalities', The Greatest Trust in the World; The Uprising

Russell - Ryskind of the Many; Thomas Chatterton, the Marvelous Boy; Songs of Democracy; Why I Am a Socialist; The Story of Wendell Phillips; Bolshevism and the United States; The Hero of the Filipinos Jose Rizal and Julia Marlowe - Her Life and Art. Charles E. Russell earned the 1928 PP in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for the book The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas. Ryckman, Charles Silcott, born on July 11, 1898, in Fort Collins, Co., spent his boyhood in his hometown and there he attended the public schools. During his senior year in high school, however, he was seized with a desire to see the world, and he enlisted in the U.S. Navy at Denver. He received his training at San Francisco and San Diego and then, during World War I, was sent to the navy radio school at Harvard University. Completing the course of study, Charles Ryckman was transferred to the U.S.S. Lark, a minesweeper in the North sea, and rose to the rank of petty officer. In December 1919 he was mustered out and returned to his home in Fort Collins. His preliminary training for journalism had been through a correspondence course with the University of California while he was serving in the Navy. On his return from the service Ryckman became a reporter for the Fort Collins Express-Courier, and in May 1920 he went in the same capacity to the Fremont Tribune. He made the regular runs as a reporter for about three weeks, when a change at the telegraph desk placed him in charge there. He served as a telegraph editor for several months, later being promoted to the position of managing editor where he wrote editorials occasionally. In 1923 Ryckman became chief editorial writer of the Tribune who since that time performed this service in conjunction with the telegraph desk as the post of managing editor. In 1931 Charles S. Ryckman was named PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for an article entitled "The Gentleman from Nebraska." Ryskind, Morrie, bom on October 20, 1895, in New York City, began contributing to the New York literary scene while still in high school. He graduated from Townsend Harris High School in 1912. At Columbia University, Ryskind helped as drama editor of the New York Times. During this period Ryskind contributed to several Broadway revues and shows. He also had poems published in a number of magazines. A major break for Ryskind came in 1925, when George Kaufman, who was working on a musical play for the Marx Brothers, hired Ryskind to be his assistant. Their collaboration resulted in the play The Coconuts. In 1928 Ryskind became Kaufman's collaborator on Animal Crackers. Ryskind's first screenwriting opportunity arose

207 when Chico Marx convinced Paramount Pictures to film The Coconuts, and Paramount commissioned Ryskind to fashion a screenplay from the successful and by then often-performed musical. The picture was a tremendous success, the Marxes were established as film personalities, and Ryskind was suddenly a

screenwriter. He was also hired to write the script for Animal Crackers. During the 1930s Ryskind continued to write for the Broadway stage. Together with George Kaufman and Ira Gershwin he worked on a musical titled Of Thee I Sing. It made Morrie Ryskind a 1932 CoPPW in the category "Drama."

Sackler, Howard, born on December 19, 1929, in New York City, attended Brooklyn College, from which he received a B.A. degree in 1950. In the early 1950s he was the recipient of a Rockefeller Foundation grant and a Littauer Foundation grant. Between 1953 and 1954 Sackler directed readings of plays at the New School for Social Research in New York City. He made his first efforts in writing in the sphere of poetry. Not long after college, in 1954, he published a volume of verse entitled Want My Shepherd: Poems. Relying on his knowledge of poetry, Sackler wrote his first play, a long one-act called Uriel Acosta, in verse. The play received the Maxwell Anderson Award for verse drama. Additionally, during his first few years out of college Sackler entered the field of screenwriting. By 1955, he had written screenplays for Desert Padre; Fear and Desire, and Killer's Kiss. Towards the end of the decade and on into the 1960s, however, Sackler once again turned his attention to play writing. He also wrote the screenplay for and directed the English adaptation of the Czechoslovakian film version of A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1961. One year later The Yellow Loves, the second play that Sackler wrote, was produced. It was followed by A Few Enquiries, a collection of four oneacts, The Pastime of Monsieur Roben, and The Great White Hope. The latter gained Howard Sackler the 1969 PP in the "Drama" category. Safire, William L., born on December 17, 1929, in New York City, attended Syracuse University and began his career as a reporter for the New York Herald-Tribune Syndicate from 1949 to 1951. He was correspondent for WNBC-WNBT in Europe and the Middle East through 1951. Safire served as a U.S. Army correspondent since 1952, and the same year he was chief of staff of a Madison Square Garden rally for Dwight D. Eisenhower. From 1954 to 1955 he was a radiotelevision producer for WNBC in New York, and then he went to the public relations business. Safire worked on five political campaigns for Richard M. Nixon and accompanied him on two European trips in addition to the Moscow summit meeting in 1959. He directed advertising for the Republican City Committee in New York in 1961, was deputy campaign manager for a senator the fol-

lowing year and became director of public relations for the New York City Rockefellerfor-Govemor campaign in 1964. In 1968 he got out of a public relations firm to join the presidential campaign. Since 1970 he wrote speeches for Vice President Agnew, and in April, 1973, he found back to journalism and joined the New York Times to write a twice-weekly column from Washington called "Essay." His column appeared on the op-ed pages of the Times and in more than one hundred newspapers around the world. William L. Safire won the 1978 PP in the "Commentary" category for the coverage of the Bert Lance affair. Sagan, Carl Edward, bom on November 9, 1934, in New York City, studied at the University of Chicago obtaining the M.S. degree in physics in 1956. As a predoctoral candidate, Sagan studied at the Yerkes and McDonald Observatories of the University of Chicago and obtained a Ph.D. degree in astronomy and astrophysics in 1960. During postdoctoral study, he spent two years at the Institute for Basic Research in Science at the University of California at Berkeley. In 1963 Sagan started to work as a staff member of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and assistant professor of astronomy at Harvard University. He was appointed director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University's Center for Radiophysics and Space Research in 1968. That same year he became associate professor of astronomy and space sciences at Cornell University, being advanced to full professor two years later. During 1969 to 1971 Sagan worked as one of NASA's consultants to supervise a project exploring the planet Mars. He also briefed the Apollo lunar landing crews. In 1972 he obtained the associate directorship of Cornell's Center for Radiophysics and Space Research and in 1976 he was promoted to David Duncan Professor. A specialist on planetary atmospheres and the origin of life on earth, Sagan wrote several books, including The Atmospheres of Mars and Venus; Intelligent Life in the Universe; Mars and the Mind of Man and Other Worlds. Carl E. Sagan was made the 1978 PPW in the category "General NonFiction" for the book The Dragons of Eden. Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence.

Sakai - Sandburg Sakai, Toshio, born on March 31, 1940, in Tokyo, Japan, graduated from Meiji University in Japan with a B.A. degree. He joined United Press International as a darkroom technician in 1964. Only one year later he already became an UPI staff photographer. Toshio Sakai earned the 1968 PP in the "Feature Photography" category for his picture entitled "Dreams of Better Times." Salisbury, Harrison Evans, born on November 14, 1908, in Minneapolis, Mn., was educated in public schools and went to the University of Minnesota where he was editor of the College newspaper, the Minnesota Daily. Salisbury began his professional career on the Minneapolis Journal. In 1930, he started working for United Press and, before moving to the Washington bureau, went to Chicago to cover the end of the Prohibition-era gang wars for about ten years. In 1940, he switched to the foreign desk, and by early 1943 he was in London as UP bureau manager and director of European coverage. In the fall of 1943 Salisbury reported from the Teheran conference of the Big Four, and in 1944 he was head of UP's Moscow bureau. From 1945 through 1948, he was foreign news editor of UP, covering the founding of the United Nations and the U.N. sessions. Salisbury joined the staff of the New York Times in 1949 as its Moscow correspondent. He remained there until late 1954. In the summer of that year Salisbury returned to New York to accept an assignment on the Times city staff. His series of articles, "Russia ReViewed," was published in the New York Times in September and October, 1954, and was expanded to a book, An American in Russia. Harrison E. Salisbury won the 1955 PP in the category "International Reporting" for coverage of the Soviet Union. Salopek, Paul F., born on February 9, 1962, in Barstow, Ca., received an undergraduate degree in environmental biology from the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1984. The same year he got the post of police reporter at the Roswell Daily Record. He left the newspaper the following year to work as a journalist on a freelance basis. In 1989 the El Paso Times hired him as a reporter on U.S.-Mexican border issues. Salopek left this job to join the staff of the National Geographic Magazine in 1992. Just one year later he was granted the James Aaronson Award. Salopek was the author of the cover story on Africa's mountain gorillas in 1995. The following year, he switched to the metropolitan staff of the Chicago Tribune. Paul F. Salopek was made recipient of the 1998 PP in the "Explanatory Reporting" category for his profile of the Human Genome Diversity Project.

209 Samuels, Ernest, born on May 19, 1903, in Chicago, II., enrolled at the University of Chicago and obtained there his Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1923. The Doctor of Jurisprudence degree was conferred on him in 1926. Subsequently, he was admitted to the Illinois bar. Samuels continued studying at the University of Chicago and in 1931 earned his A.M. degree. He wrote a second doctoral thesis and received this time a Ph.D. degree. In 1942 he joined the staff of Northwestern University advancing during the following years to Franklyn Bliss Snyder professor of English. In 1958-59 he spent one term in Belgium as a Fulbright lecturer of the Inter-University Chair in American Studies. Samuels became chairman of the English department at Northwestern University and joined the editorial board of American Literature in 1964. The three volumes of his Henry Adams biography were published in 1948, 1958 and 1964. Ernest Samuels was made the 1965 PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the books The Young Henry Adams; Henry Adams: The Middle Years and Henry Adams: The Major Phase. Sandburg, Carl August, born on January 6, 1878, in Galesburg, II., enrolled at Lombard College in his native town, but left college in 1902 without graduating. In 1904 and 1905 Sandburg's first two volumes of poems were privately published as In Reckless Ecstasy and The Plaint of a Rose. The following years he shared his time between writing poetry and committing himself to politics, both as a writer and as an active participant. Not only did he contribute articles and poems to the International Socialist Review, the Leader, the Milwaukee Daily News, and other publications but he also became district organizer for the Social Democratic party of Wisconsin in 1907 and served as secretary to Milwaukee's Socialist Mayor later on. In 1916 Sandburg brought out his third collection of poetry under the title Chicago Poems. Having become a reporter for the Chicago Daily News in 1917, the poet published the volume Cornhuskers the next year, which made him the Co-PPW for "Poetry" of 1919. Two other collections, titled Smoke and Steel and Slabs of the Sunburnt West appeared in the early 1920's. During that time Sandburg also worked on a Lincoln biography, of which the first two volumes were published in 1926. The following years saw also the appearance of new volumes of poetry such as Good Morning, America and The People, Yes. His continued research for Lincoln material culminated in the publication in 1939 of Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, for which he won the PP in "History" the next year. From 1941 to 1945 Sandburg

210 wrote for the Chicago Times syndicate and appeared on radio broadcasts for the Office of War Information. In 1951 the collection Complete Poems gained Carl A. Sandburg his third PP in total, the second one in "Poetry." Santora, Philip Joseph, bom on July 29,1911, in New York City, was educated at Syracuse University, New York University and the Sorbonne in Paris. During World War II, he was assigned to Military Intelligence with General Patton's Third Army. Before taking up newspaper work, Santora had a strange career, working as boxing instructor and admitting clerk at a hospital. Then he spent eighteen years on the New York Daily Mirror before going to the News. Philip J. Santora was the 1959 Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for coverage of the Batista government in Cuba. Sargent, Ben, born on November 26, 1948, in Amarillo, Tx., studied journalism at Amarillo College and started his career as a reporter for the Corpus Christi Caller-Times in 1969. While working as a cartoonist for the Long News Service from 1969 to 1971 he graduated from the University of Texas with a bachelor of journalism-degree in 1970. In 1971 Sargent switched to the Austin American-Statesman, where he got the post of a reporter. In 1972 Sargent worked as a reporter for United Press International but soon went back to the Long News Service in the same year and stayed there till 1974. He then got the post of a political cartoonist at the Austin American-Statesman. His work was distributed nationally by the United Feature Syndicate. Sargent also published a book in 1980. In 1982 the PP for "Editorial Cartooning" went to Ben Sargent for his work, as exemplified by the drawing "Defense System." Saroyan, William, born on August 31, 1908, in Fresno, Ca., began selling newspapers at the age of eight and became a telegram messenger boy at fourteen. By that time he had decided to become a writer. For that reason he transferred in 1921 from Longfellow Junior High School to Technical High School to learn typing. At fifteen he dropped out of Fresno High School, so he was free to spend more time at the public library in reading books and magazines. In 1926 Saroyan went to San Francisco, where he soon became manager of a branch office of the Postal Telegraph Company. His literary apprenticeship of several years was rewarded with the publication of one of his stories in 1928 in Overland Monthly and Outwest Magazine. Another story, which he wrote under the name of Sirak Goryan, appeared in Hairenik, an Armenian magazine, in 1933. His first real opportunity to win national attention came in 1934 with the acceptance by Story magazine of The Daring Young Man

Santora - Saunders on the Flying Trapeze, which later in that year was made the title story of his first book, a collection of twenty-six stories. Several other collections of short stories followed his initial success. Among these were Inhale and Exhale; Three Times Three; Little Children, and Peace, It's Wonderful. Saroyan developed his first play, My Heart's in the Highlands, from the story "The Man with the Heart in the Highlands," published in Three Times Three. The play was followed by the five-act play The Time of Your Life. That play earned William Saroyan the 1940 PP in the "Drama" category. Saul, April, born on May 27, 1955, in New York City, received a bachelor's degree in English from Tufts University and a master's degree in journalism from the University of Minnesota. In 1980 she became a staff photographer at the Baltimore Sun in Maryland, and in 1981 she was hired by the Philadelphia Inquirer in Pennsylvania. In 1983 and 1984, she was named Pennsylvania Photographer of the Year by the Pennsylvania Press Photographers Association. She also won a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism award in 1983, the Budapest award in the World Press Photo competition in 1991, a National Headliners Club award, and three Feature Picture Story Awards for Pictures of the Year contests. April Saul became a 1997 Co-PPW in the "Explanatory Journalism" category for a series on critically-ill patients who sought to die with dignity. Saul, Stephanie, bom on January 28, 1954, in St. Louis, Mo., studied at the University of Mississippi, and obtained a B.A. degree in journalism in 1975. After graduation she worked as a reporter for the Clarion-Ledger in Jackson, Ms. In 1980 she won the Silver Gavel award from the American Bar Association. The same year she joined the Plain Dealer in Cleveland, Oh., where for four years she wrote on the police, the FBI, and city hall. In 1984 she was hired by Newsday. She was briefly assigned to the newspaper's Washington bureau, where she reported on Congress and the Justice Department. She then became a national reporter and for five years covered stories throughout the U.S. In 1990 she won the National Press Club award. Stephanie Saul became the 1995 Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for stories that revealed disability pension abuses by local police. Saunders, Carl Maxon, bom on October 26, 1890, in Grand Rapids, Mi., attended Grand Rapids Central High School and served as sports editor on the school paper. Upon his graduation in 1909 he entered newspaperwork. Beginning as a reporter on the Grand Rapids News, Saunders became its sports editor in

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William Safire

Harrison Salisbury

Carl Sandburg

William Saroyan

212 1910. The next year he joined the reportorial staff of the Telegraph-Press in Kalamazoo, Mi., of which he subsequently became managing editor. In 1912 he went to the Detroit Free Press as copy editor and was sports writer for that newspaper until 1915, when he returned to his hometown. There for nineteen years he was reporter, then editorial writer, and, finally, editor of the Grand Rapids Herald. In 1934 Carl Saunders was appointed editor of the CitizenPatriot in Jackson, Mi. Under the pseudonym of Max Sandy, Saunders wrote a number of magazine articles and pamphlets on the subject of conservation. Correspondence sent from Europe by Saunders during the last days of World War II and immediately afterwards was published by a group of Michigan newspapers. Editor Saunders also gained considerable note for instituting new devices in editorial campaigns. In 1950 Carl M. Saunders was awarded the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on a number of items. Savage, Randall Ernest, born on March 3, 1939, in Commerce, Ga., attended public schools in his hometown. During the sixties he served in the military for seven years. While stationed in Europe, he attended night school through the University of Maryland's European Division, earning one year's college credit. After his discharge from the army, Savage attended the University of Georgia at Athens, graduating with a major in journalism in 1972. He worked for the Commerce News in his hometown for three months before joining the Macon Telegraph in October 1972. He covered many city beats and served as bureau chief of his paper in a neighboring region before returning to Macon in 1981 as a political and investigative reporter. He was also a member of several team projects that won important state and regional awards. Randall E. Savage was the 1985 Co-PPW in the category of "Spezialized Reporting" for examination of academics and athletics at two Georgia colleges. Sawada, Kyoichi, born on February 22, 1936, in Aomori, Japan, graduated from Aomori High School in 1954. Seven years later he joined United Press International where he took the post of a staff photographer in the Saigon bureau in 1965. In the same year he won the grand prize of the 10th annual World Press Photo Exhibition. Kyoichi Sawada earned the 1966 PP in the "Photography" category for combat pictures of the war in Vietnam. Scardino, Albert James, born on September 22, 1948, in Baltimore, Md., received a bachelor's degree from Columbia University in New York City in 1970, and a graduate degree in journalism from the University of California at Berke-

Savage - Schau ley in 1976. After his graduation he produced, wrote, and edited documentary films for the Public Broadcasting Service. Then Scardino switched to news agency journalism, serving as a reporter and editor for the Associated Press. Finally, he went to press functions, starting at the Baltimore Evening Sun. Later on, he moved to Georgia to work for the Atlanta Constitution, followed by an appointment at the Morning News in Savannah, Ga. In the same city in 1978 Scardino became a co-founder and editor of the Georgia Gazette. It was a weekly newspaper which used the name of a well-known eighteenth century paper and which concentrated on analytical editorial writing on state and local issues. Albert J. Scardino, who worked as the main editorial writer of the Georgia Gazette, received the 1984 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on a corrupt Georgia state Commissioner of Labor. Schanberg, Sydney Hillel, born on January 17, 1934, in Clinton, Ma., attended local schools and then Harvard University on several scholarships. After graduation from Harvard in 1955 with a B.A. degree, Schanberg worked for a year as administrative assistant at the International Latex Corporation. He joined the New York Times as a copyboy in the editorial department in March, 1959, and started to climb up to the reporter staff. He worked as a clerk and news assistant on the metropolitan, foreign and picture desks before his promotion to reporter in December, 1960. In 1965, he was drafted into the Army, serving for the most part as a writer on a military newspaper in Frankfurt, Germany. After several years as a metropolitan reporter, Schanberg was assigned to Albany where he covered the New York State Legislature until he was transferred to New Delhi in 1969. Since then he reported on the India-Pakistan and the Vietnam Wars, and in April, 1973, he opened a new Times bureau in Singapore. Sydney H. Schanberg also covered the Communist takeover in Cambodia in 1975 from this post which brought to him the PP in the "International Reporting" category in the following year. Scharfenberg, Kirk, bom on January 24, 1944, in Boston, Ma., was employed for the Berkshire Eagle, the Washington Post and the Springfield Union before he came to the Boston Globe in February, 1977. As part of a team of seven journalists he became a Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category in 1984 for examining race relations in Boston. Schau, Virginia, born on February 23, 1915, in North Sacramento, Ca., graduated from the University of the Pacific with a B.A. degree. The amateur photographer covered the rescue of

Schenkkan - Schmitt a man from the cab of his trailer truck which went over the side of a bridge. The picture, taken in 1953, was printed in the Akron Beacon Journal from Ohio and then distributed nationwide by the Associated Press. This image earned Virginia Schau the 1954 PP in the category of "Photography." Schenkkan, Robert F., bom on March 19, 1953, in Chapel Hill, N.C., attended the University of Texas at Austin, from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in Theatre Arts in 1975. Two years later he received his M.F.A. in Acting from Cornell University. Schenkkan did not only work as an actor in theater, film, and television, but also gained success as a wright. For his play Final Passages he was honored with the Creative Artists Public Service Program grant from the state of New York in 1985. Other awards followed. Among these were the Best of the Fringe Award from Edinburgh Festival in 1984 for The Survivalist, the Playwrights Forum Award in 1988 for Tall Tales, and the Julie Harris Playwright Award from Beverly Hills Theatre Guild in 1989 for Heaven on Earth. That play was also selected for the 1989 Eugene O'Neill Playwright's Conference. In 1990 Schenkkan was also grantee of the Fund for New American Plays from the J. F. Kennedy Center, and the following year he was given the California Arts Council grant from California State University. Great appreciation was paid to him for this series of plays The Kentucky Cycle. It made Robert F. Schenkkan not only the receiver of grants from the Arthur Foundation and the Vogelstein Foundation but also won him the 1992 PP in the "Drama" category. Schiff, Stacy, born on October 26, 1960, published her works in several papers such as The New Yorker, The New York Times Book Review, The Washington Post and the Times Literary Supplement. Her book Saint-Exupery was published in seven foreign editions and won prizes in France and Canada. She received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 2000 Stacy Schiff was awarded the PP in the category of "Biography or Autobiography" for her book Vera (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov). Schlesinger Jr., Arthur Meier, born on October 15, 1917, in Columbus, Oh., completed his secondary education at Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, after which it was rounded off by a world tour with his parents and his younger brother. On his return to the United States in 1934, he enrolled at Harvard University, where he specialized in American history and literature. He earned his B.A. degree in 1938. Schlesinger spent a year at Cambridge University on a Henry Fellowship and then returned

213 to Harvard for graduate school. In 1941, after two years of research, Schlesinger delivered a series of lectures on Andrew Jackson and his times at Boston's Lowell Institute. During World War II he spent one year working as a writer in the Office of War Information in Washington, D.C., and another one in the Office of Strategic Services. Schlesinger went overseas in the spring of 1944 and eventually became deputy chief of the O.S.S. reports board in Paris. After the war, he returned to Washington, where he established himself as a freelance writer specializing in political affairs. For about a year he contributed articles to the Atlantic, Fortune, Life and the New Republic and worked intermittently on a projected series of books about Franklin Roosevelt's administration. In 1946 Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. earned the PP in the "History" category for the book The Age of Jackson. In 1966 he was awarded another PP, this time in the "Biography or Autobiography" category, for the book A Thousand Days. John F. Kennedy in the White House. Schmemann, Serge, born on April 12, 1945, in Paris, France, came to the United States of America at the age of six. He graduated from Harvard University with a B.A. degree in 1967. Afterwards he served in the U.S. Army and went to Vietnam until 1970. The following year Schmemann left Columbia University with an M.A. degree and a certificate from the Russian Institute. In 1972 he started his journalistic career as a desk editor at the Associated Press in New York City. Three years later, he began working as a United Nations correspondent. From 1977 to 1979 he reported from Johannesburg, South Africa. Afterwards he moved to Moscow where he got the post of a bureau chief of the New York Times in 1980. The journalist gained the Hal Boyle award of the Overseas Press Club in 1986 and switched to the bureau of the New York Times in Bonn the following year. Serge Schmemann became the 1991 Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for his coverage of the reunification of Germany. Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly, born on May 19, 1886, in Strasburg, Va., received his Bachelor's degree at the age of eighteen from the University of Tennessee. In 1905 he was chosen to go to Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned the Oxonian B.A. three years later. On his return to the United States Schmitt accepted a fellowship in history at the University of Wisconsin from 1908 to 1909. He held an assistantship the next year, and in 1910 he received his Ph.D. degree and accepted an instructorship at Western Reserve University. At that time he did a great deal of lecturing on international politics. In

214 1914 Schmitt was made an assistant professor and in 1917 an associate professor. In 1925 he was appointed to the faculty of the University of Chicago as professor of modern history. At that time, Schmitt did a lot of traveling to Europe, the Balkans and the Far East. On these trips he did not only have the chance to augment his background, but also he met a great number of outstanding personalities of his times. Bernadotte E. Schmitt was the author of the following book publications: England and Germany, 1740-1914; Triple Alliance and Triple Entente and The Annexation of Bosnia, 1908-1909. In 1931 he earned the PP in the "History" category for the book The Coming of the War, 1914. Schneider, Andrew J., bom on November 13, 1942, in New York City, was educated at the University of Maryland, the University of Miami, Fl., the San Antonio College, Tx., and the University of Lowell, Ma. During his service in the U.S. Army from 1960 to 1963 he worked as a writer and photographer. From 1963 to 1967 he was a freelance writer and photographer for United Press International. He then became chief photographer for Sentinel Newspapers in Washington, D.C. In 1971 he joined the Family Magazine as associate editor, where he stayed until 1973. He subsequently worked as a managing editor for journal newspapers for two years. In 1976 he moved to Concord, N.H., to become a special projects reporter for the Associated Press. From 1982 to 1984 he was director of research of the Technology Hazards Research Group at the University of Lowell, Ma. Afterwards he joined the Pittsburgh Press, Pa., as a national correspondent, special projects leader and medical editor. In 1986 Andrew J. Schneider became the CoPPW in the "Specialized Reporting" category for coverage of the American organ transplantation system. Schneider, Donna Jean, born on September 2, 1935, in Vancouver, Wa., was a graduate of Vassar College and became associated with the Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago in 1926. In 1943 she began work as an Assistant in Public Administration at the University under the direction of Leonard D. White. She took copious notes under White's supervision for his major historical work, verified references, checked his preliminary drafts for accuracy of fact and often rephrased portions of the manuscripts. Since White's death in 1958 Jean Schneider managed the office at the University of Chicago and brought out White's last work. In 1959 she was the Co-PPW in the "History" category for the book The Republican Era -1869-1901.

Schneider - Schoofs Schoenstein, Paul, born on June 10, 1902, in New York City, attended the City College and the University of California. His journalistic career began in 1922 as a reporter with the Bronx Home News, N.Y., and was continued at the New York Herald-Tribune in 1923. In 1925 he became a staff member of the Los Angeles Record, Ca. A year later he returned to New York to work for the Bronx Home News, once more. Still in 1926, he left the paper to join the New York Journal-American, where he was promoted to the position of a city editor in 1938. Paul Schoenstein was awarded the PP in the category "Reporting" in 1944 for his efforts in locating penicillin for a sick child. Schonberg, Harold Charles, born on November 29, 1915, in New York City, began piano lessons at the age of three, decided at twelve to become music critic, and started writing paid criticism in 1936, while at Brooklyn College. He graduated from Brooklyn College in 1937 with a B.A. degree and he soon had a monthly column in Musical Advance. Schonberg did graduate work at New York University where he earned an M.A. degree in 1938 in music and English. His professional career as a music critic began in 1939 when he became associate editor of the American Music Lover magazine, a position he held until 1942. From 1946 on he served as contributing editor for Music Digest, and in the same year he became music critic of the New York Sun. For a dozen years, from 1948 on, Schonberg also worked as a columnist for the Gramophone magazine of London. In 1950 he left the Sun and joined the music staff of the New York Times. While writing for the Times, he brought out several books on music and composers. In 1960, Harold C. Schonberg became the chief music critic of the New York Times, and in 1963 he brought out another book, The Great Pianists. In the following year he received an Honorary doctorate from Temple University, and in 1967 Grinell College gave to him another degree. In the same year he published his book The Great Conductors, followed by a volume on The Lives of the Great Composers in 1970. In 1971 Harold C. Schonberg earned the PP for "Criticism" for his articles on music. Schoofs, Mark, bom on November 12, 1962, in Walnut Creek, Ca., where he also was raised. He received a B.A. degree in Philosophy from Yale University. His journalistic career started as editor-in-chief of the Windy City Times, a gay and lesbian publication in Chicago. After 1995 Schoofs covered science and medicine for the Village Voice of New York City. His 1997 series on genetics won the Science Journalism prize from the American Association for the

Schorske - Schuyler Advancement of Science, publishers of Science magazine. Schoofs also garned the Best Reporting award from the Deadline Club and the New York chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists, and he won the Peter Lisagor award which was given by the Headline Club and the Chicago chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists, four times. In addition to his reporting on science, Schoofs wrote cultural essays, art and music reviews, profiles, sports stories, and foreign correspondence from Eastern Europe. His work appeared in the New York Times Magazine, the Washington Post, Esquire, the Advocate, the Paris Courrier International and many other publications. In 1999, Schoofs spent more than six months in African countries to write an eight-part series on AIDS. Mark Schoofs earned the 2000 PP in the "International Reporting" category for this provocative and enlightening series of the AIDS crisis in Africa. Schorske, Carl Emil, born on March 15, 1915, in New York City, studied at Columbia University and obtained his B.A. degree in 1936. One year later Harvard University awarded him a Master of Arts-degree. From 1941 to 1946 he worked as political analyst for the Office of Strategic Services, being on active duty with the United States Naval Reserve from 1943 to 1946. Subsequently he joined the staff of Wesleyan University as assistant professor of history. In 1950 he was advanced to associate professor and in 1955 he obtained a full professorship. In the meantime he had given guest lectures at Harvard University and at Yale University. Schorske moved to the University of California at Berkeley in 1960. Having already worked at the Institute of Advanced Studies of Princeton University in 1967-68, he returned there in 1969 for a three-year term and accepted at the same time the chair of Dayton-Stockton Professor of History. In 1973 he also became director of European cultural studies. Schorske retired in 1980. His writings include: The Problem of Germany, German Social Democracy, 1905-1917', The Historian and the City; The Critical Spirit and The Responsibility of Power. He also wrote the book Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture. The work won Carl E. Schorske the 1981 PP in the "General Non-Fiction" category. Schuller, Günther Alexander, born on November 22, 1925, in New York City, studied composition, flute and horn at the St. Thomas Choir School from 1938 to 1942. In 1943 he became a professional horn player with the Ballet Theater Orchestra. He played with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra from 1943 to 1945 and was principal in the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra from 1945 to 1959. From 1950 to 1963 he taught at the Manhattan School of Music. In

215 1963 he became composition teacher at Tanglewood, Ma. One year later he began to teach composition at the Yale School of Music, as well. In 1965 he was appointed head of contemporary music activities at Tanglewood. Two years later he left the Yale School of Music to become president of the New England Conservatory of Music, a position he held until 1977. From 1969 to 1984 he was artistic co-director at Tanglewood, before accepting a post at the Festival at Sandpoint in 1985. Schuller's music was always strongly influenced by jazz. For his compositions he was awarded the Creative Arts award of Brandeis University, the Deems Taylor award of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers and several other awards. He was Guggenheim grantee and received almost a dozen honorary doctorates. Günther A. Schuller won the 1994 PP in "Music" for his symphonic piece Of Reminiscences and Reflections. Schuman, William Howard, born on August 4, 1910, in New York City, founded the jazz outfit Billy Schuman and his Alamo Society Orchestra at New York's Washington High School. At the age of eighteen he began to write tunes with lyrics by Frank Loesser and Edward C. Marks Jr. He jobbed as a piano player in night bars, a copywriter for an advertising agency, and a salesman for a lithographer. In 1930 Schuman enrolled at the Malkin Conservatory of Music. Three years later he began to study at Teachers College of Columbia University from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Science-degree in 1935. After having spent the summer at the Mozarteum in Salzburg, Austria, he became member of the faculty at Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, N.Y., where he taught music appreciation, harmony, and choral singing, and organized a student chorus. Schuman received a Master of Arts-degree in music from Columbia University in 1937. Three years later he was granted the first Town-Hall-League of Composers Award. In 1943 William H. Schuman won the PP in the "Music" category for his Secular Cantata No. 2 - A Free Song. In addition, he earned a PP "Special Award" in the "Music" section in 1985 for his contribution as an American composer. Schuyler, James Marcus, born on November 9, 1923, in Chicago, II., grew up in Washington, D.C., and New York before attending Bethany College in West Virginia from 1941 to 1943. After spending several years in Italy, where he studied at the University of Florence in 1947-48, he returned to the United States and settled in New York. There he met poets of the New York School. In addition to writing verse Schuyler also worked as a novelist and playwright. His

216 libretto for Paul Bowies' A Picnic Cantata, recorded by Columbia Records in 1955, was followed by a novel, Alfred and Guinevere, which appeared in 1958. From 1955 to 1961 the author was member of staff at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. He was art critic at Art News as well. During his time at the Museum of Modern Art Schuyler published his first collection of poems, Salute. Other major volumes of poetry were: Freely Espousing: Poems', The Crystal Lithium, and Hymn to Life. In the course of his career the poet was granted several awards and honors. He won the Longview Foundation grant in 1961 and Poetry's Frank O'Hara Prize for the volume Freely Espousing: Poems in 1969. In 1971 and in 1972, Schuyler was the recipient of the National Endowment for the Arts grant. He also gained the National Institute of Arts and Letters award in 1976. For his volume The Morning of the Poem, James M. Schuyler was granted the 1981 PP in the "Poetry" category. Schwantner, Joseph, born on March 22, 1943, in Chicago, II., studied music in Chicago. He earned a Bachelor's degree at Conservatory College and in 1966 became Master of Music at Northwestern University. He worked as a teaching fellow at Northwestern from 1966 to 1968 and was a faculty member at Conservatory College from 1967 to 1968. In 1968 he obtained a Doctor of Music-degree at Northwestern University. He then taught as assistant professor at Pacific Lutheran University until 1969, and subsequently held the same position at Ball State University until 1970. In 1970 he took on a job as assistant professor of composition at the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester, where he later was promoted to associate professor and professor. In 1979 Joseph Schwantner was awarded the PP in the category "Music" for his orchestral work Aftertones of Infinity. Schwartz, Lloyd, bom on November 29, 1941, in Brooklyn, N.Y., received his B.A. degree from Queens College in 1962. The following year he graduated with an M.A. degree from Harvard University, where he subsequently worked as a tutor and teaching fellow. In the summers of 1964 and 1965 Schwartz lectured English at Queens College. In 1968 he joined Hellenic College as an assistant professor of English, and three years later he became associate professor at Boston State College. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1976, worked as a music critic for the Boston Herald American from 1975 to 1977, became classical music editor of the Boston Phoenix in 1977, and taught classes at Harvard University Summer School in 1978 and 1979. He also won the Pushcart Press

Schwantner - Semple Outstanding Poet Award in 1979 and 1980. His first book of poems, entitled These People, was published in 1981. The following year Schwartz joined the English department of the University of Massachusetts in Boston and was made director of the university's Creative Writing Program. In 1987 Schwartz became a classical music critic with the National Public Radio Fresh Air, and in 1991 he became the poetry editor of the Boston Phoenix. He published his second book of poems, Goodnight, Grade, the following year. For his skillful and resonant classical music critiques Lloyd Schwartz was granted the 1994 PP for "Criticism." Seaman, William Casper, born on January 19, 1925, in Grand Island, Ne., started to work as a commercial photographer for Leschinsky Studio in his home town. He then was engaged by the Minneapolis Star in 1945. Seaman gained numerous prizes for his outstanding photographs, among them the National Headliner award for the Best Sports Picture of 1956 and the first place in the spot news category of the Inland Daily Press Association's annual photographic competition. William C. Seaman was made the 1959 PPW in the "Photography" category for a picture showing the sudden death of a child in the street. Seibold, Louis, bom on October 10, 1863, in Washington, D.C., started his journalistic career as an officeboy with the Washington Post, where he was promoted to reporter in 1886. He subsequently was a staff member of several Colorado, Missouri, California and Oregon newspapers. From 1894 to 1902 he was a staff member at the New York World. He became New York World correspondent in Albany, N.Y., in 1905, and was head of the paper's Washington, D.C., bureau from 1916 to 1917. In 1918 he published a book, The Loyalty of Wisconsin. In 1921 he went to Japan to work as a correspondent for the New York Herald. The same year Louis Seibold received the PP in the category of "Reporting" for an interview with President Woodrow Wilson. Semple Jr., Robert Baylor, born on August 12, 1936, in St. Louis, Mo., graduated from Phillips Academy in 1954, and received a B.A. degree from Yale University in 1959. He was Carnegie fellow in 1959-60, and Woodrow Wilson fellow in 1960-61, when he also obtained an M.A. degree from the University of California at Berkeley. He worked as a reporter for the National Observer from 1961 to 1963, and joined the New York Times the same year. From 1968 to 1972 he was the Times' White House correspondent. He subsequently became national editor, London bureau chief, foreign editor in New York, op-ed page editor, and associate editor of

Sessions - Shaara the editorial page. A member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Robert B. Semple Jr. won the 1996 PP in the category of "Editorial Writing" for articles on environmental issues. Sessions, Roger Huntington, born on December 28, 1896, in Brooklyn, N.Y., obtained a Bachelor of Arts-degree from Harvard University in 1915 and a Bachelor of Music-degree from the Yale School of Music in 1917. In 1919 he became instructor for music theory at Smith College in Northampton, Ma., while studying composition. During Ernest Bloch's directorship of the Cleveland Institute of Music from 1921 to 1925, Sessions worked as his assistant in the music theory department. In 1925 he went to Europe, where he studied in Rome, Florence and Berlin until 1933. He then taught at the Boston University College of Music from 1933 to 1935; at the New Jersey College for Women from 1935 to 1937; and at the University of California at Berkeley from 1937 to 1965, where he was promoted to associate professor and professor of music. Sessions was a Fulbright fellow in 1951 -52 and a faculty member at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City from 1965. After his retirement the same year, he was appointed Ernest B loch professor of music at the University of California for 1966-67 and Charles Eliot Norton Professor at Harvard University for 1968-69. In 1974 Roger H. Sessions received a PP "Special Award" in the music section for his life work, and in 1982 he was made the PPW in the "Music" category for his Concerto for Orchestra. Sexton, Anne Gray, bom on November 9, 1928, in Newton, Ma., attended the public schools of Wellesley, Ma., from 1934 to 1945, the Rogers Hall preparatory school for girls in Lowell from 1945 to 1947, and Garland Junior College in Boston in 1947 and 1948. Being a school girl she began writing poetry, some of which appeared in the Rogers Hall school yearbook. Having studied modeling on a scholarship provided by the Hart Agency of Boston, she occasionally worked as a model. In 1954 Sexton entered a mental institution after suffering a nervous breakdown. Two years later the first of several suicide attempts took place, but her life took a new course when her psychiatrist encouraged her to begin writing poetry again. In 1957 and 1958 Sexton participated in a poetry workshop at the Boston Center for Adult Education. This tentative beginning led to her attending the 1958 Antioch Writers' Conference. Later that year she took a graduate poetry writing seminar at Boston University, and the following summer she attended the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference on a Robert Frost Fellowship in poetry. After the 1960 publication of

217 her first volume of poetry, To Bedlam and Part Way Back, the years brought increasing professional activity. She taught her craft not only at Harvard, Radcliffe, Oberlin, and Boston University, but also at high schools and mental institutions. She toured Europe and Africa, and read widely in England and in the United States. During all that time she continued work on her own poetry publishing four collections until 1964: All My Pretty Ones; Eggs of Things; More Eggs of Things and Selected Poems. In 1967 Anne G. Sexton received the PP in the "Poetry" category for the verse collection Live or Die. Seymour, Forrest W., born on July 10, 1905, in Arlington, S.D., came to Iowa from Aberdeen, S.D., and joined the Des Moines Tribune as a reporter in 1923. The following year he moved to the Des Moines Register where he started as a copyreader and then, in the period from 192427, became telegraph editor and assistant city editor of the paper. From 1927-29 he served as state editor of the Des Moines Register & Tribune and during that time, in 1928, Forrest Seymour earned an A.B. degree from Drake University. In 1929 he became member of the editorial page staff. Before becoming assistant editor of the editorial pages a couple of years later, he was in charge of the editorial pages whenever the editor was absent. Seymour was named associate editor of the Des Moines Register & Tribune in January 1943. Shortly after this he earned the national American Legion's certificate of honorable mention in that organization's editorial appreciation contest. A couple of months later Forrest W. Seymour was awarded the 1943 PP for "Editorial Writing" for his articles on several topics. Shaara Jr., Michael Joseph, bom on June 23, 1929, in Jersey City, N.J., served with the United States Army as a paratrooper, rising to the rank of sergeant. During 1948-49 he worked as a merchant seaman. Upon his discharge from the army he enrolled in Rutgers University, which awarded him the Bachelor's degree in 1951. As a graduate student he attended Columbia University and the University of Vermont. In 1954 he became a Florida police officer with the St. Petersburg Police Department. From 1961 to 1973 he held the position of associate professor of English at the Florida State University in Tallahassee and taught at several other universities as a guest lecturer. Concurrently, he worked from 1961 to 1965 as a writer, producer, and performer of educational television courses. In 1966 Shaara received the award for excellence in medical journalism by the American Medical Association and, the following year, he won the Coyle Moore Award for classroom excellence. The educator and author

218 also contributed short stories and articles to American and foreign magazines including the Saturday Evening Post, Playboy, Galaxy, Redbook, Cosmopolitan, Dude, Mississippi Review, and McCall's. Shaara's first novel appeared in 1968: The Broken Place. The book The Killer Angels won Michael J. Shaara Jr. the 1975 PP in the "Fiction" category. Shales, Thomas William (Tom), bom on November 3, 1944, in Elgin, II., started his newspaper career as entertainment editor for the Washington Examiner from 1968-71. He joined the staff of the Washington Post in 1972 as a writer for the style section. Parallel to his journalistic profession he studied at American University in Washington, D.C., where he earned a B.A. degree in journalism in 1973. After working as an arts reporter for the Washington Post for a couple of years, Shales was named chief television critic of his paper in July 1977. Since the early seventies he worked as an occasional film critic on radio and television, contributor to national magazines and a part-time instructor of film at the American University, where he became an adjunct professor in 1978. Tom Shales was appointed TV editor of the Washington Post in June, 1979, and in the same year he advanced to syndicated columnist for the Washington Post Writers Group writing a regular column, "On the Air." He also published several books, beginning as co-author of The American Film Heritage in the early seventies, and in 1982 he brought out a volume called On the Air, a collection of his columns. After earning a Distinguished Alumnus Award from American University in the late seventies and the American Society of Newspaper Editors writing award for his appreciations of various film and television luminaries in the early eighties. Tom Shales won the 1988 PP in the "Criticism" category for his articles on television. Shanks, Bruce McKinley, born on January 29, 1908, in Buffalo, N.Y., attended Buffalo State Normal School and Lafayette High School. Having worked as a copy boy, artist and cartoonist for the Buffalo Express and the Buffalo Times he became a staff member of the Buffalo Evening News in 1933. He stayed with that paper for the following more than three decades. In 1951 he became the paper's editorial cartoonist. Among the numerous recognitions with which Shanks was honored were several awards from the Freedoms Foundation, a honorary mention award from the Los Angeles National Editorial Cartoon Competition, a Page One award from the Buffalo Newspaper Guild, and a Christopher award. For his cartoon "The Thinker" Bruce M.

Shales - Shapiro Shanks received the PP in the category "Editorial Cartooning" in 1958. Shannon, Anthony F., born in Pittsfield, Ma., attended the University of Maine. He served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War before he became a staff member with the Bangor Daily News, Me. Additionally he worked for the Providence Journal, R.I. In 1955 he joined the New York World-Telegram as a reporter. Anthony F. Shannon became a Co-PPW in the category of "Local Reporting, Edition Time" in 1963 for stories about an airplane crash that contained eyewitness accounts of the tragedy. Shannon, Fred Albert, bom on February 12, 1893, in Sedalia, Mo., first attended the Indiana State Teachers College and earned the Master of Arts-degree at Indiana University in 1918. After having worked as school teacher, he became professor of history at the Iowa Wesleyan College in 1919. Five years later, he earned his doctorate in philosophy and assumed the post of assistant professor of history at the Iowa State Teachers College. He stayed there until 1926 and changed then to the Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, where he was appointed associate professor of history. Shannon taught in the summer sessions of Cornell College in 1924 and of Ohio State University in 1929. Besides, he was member of the American Historical Association and was on the executive committee of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association. Moreover, he worked as editor and co-editor on several publications and made contributions to professional journals. As a specialist in research in American social and economic history, Civil War and antebellum period he wrote several books relating to these fields. Fred A. Shannon earned the 1929 PP in the category "History" for the book The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861-1865. Shapiro, Karl Jay, bom on November 10, 1913, in Baltimore, Md., spent his early years as a student at high schools in Baltimore, Chicago, and Norfolk, Va. After attending the University of Virginia for some months between 1932 and 1933 he spent his life traveling to Tahiti and as well as working for his father, who was a business man. During that time the poet became attracted both to communism and Catholicism. His poem "The Crucifix in the Filing Cabinet" reflects both his existence as a clerk in his father's firm and his fascination with Catholicism. That fascination was to last through his service in World War II, but was to wane after that. In 1935 Shapiro privately published Poems, a collection that won him a scholarship to Johns Hopkins University, which he attended

Sharpe - Sheaffer from 1937 to 1939. But his formal schooling was to remain incomplete as he left without obtaining a degree. Eventually he studied to be a librarian at the Library School in Baltimore, but a few weeks before his examination in 1941 he was drafted into the army. During his service time he turned out several volumes of poetry. Among these were The Place of Love and Person, Place and Thing. Two years later the poet published V-Letter and Other Poems. This book earned Karl J. Shapiro the 1945 PP for "Poetry." Sharpe, Rochelle Phyllis, born on April 27, 1956, in Gary, In., majored in psychology at Yale University. She had internships at Newsday in 1977 and at the Indianapolis Star in 1978, and graduated from Yale University with a B.A. degree the same year. Sharpe worked for a syndicated columnist, and wrote for the Concord Monitor from 1979 to 1981. She then switched to the Wilmington News Journal to cover the legislature as a statehouse reporter. In 1983 Sharpe was granted a Pulliam Journalism Fellowship by the Hiroshima Cultural Foundation to interview survivors of the atomic bombing in Japan. Two years later she joined the Gannett News Service and worked as a correspondent at its Albany bureau. Sharpe moved to Washington, D.C., in 1986, where she reported on social issues. Rochelle P. Sharpe became the 1991 Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for disclosure that numerous child abuse-related deaths were undetected. Shaw, David Lyle, born on January 4, 1943, in Dayton, Oh., studied at the University of California at Los Angeles, where he earned a B.A. degree in English in 1965. Two years before his graduation he had started his journalistic career at the Huntington Park Signal in Los Angeles County. In 1966 he left that paper to join the staff of the Long Beach Independent as a reporter and feature writer. Then Shaw moved to the Los Angeles Times in 1968 as a reporter. In the following year he earned three of his numerous awards, coming from the American Political Science Association, the Education Writers Association and the Los Angeles Press Club. An American Bar Association Award came to him in 1972, and in 1973 he published his first book entitled WILT - Just Like Any Other 7-Foot, Black Millionaire Who Lives Next Door, and in 1974 another book was published, The Levy Caper. In the same year Shaw changed his position in the Los Angeles Times: from now on he was in charge of media reporting and criticism. David Shaw also worked as a contributor to several national publications, including Esquire, Rolling Stone, Smithsonian, TV Guide, Psy-

219 chology Today, New York, Cosmopolitan, Gentleman's Quarterly and Sport. As a result of his thorough media observation and criticism, in 1977 he brought out the book Journalism Today - A Changing Press for a Changing America, followed by another volume, Press Watch, in 1984. Among his honors was the PEN Center West Annual Literary Award for Journalism in 1990, and in 1991 David L. Shaw earned the PP for "Criticism" for his critiques of the way in which the media reported on specific issues. Shaw, Gaylord D., born on July 22, 1942, in El Reno, Ok., was educated at Cameron College in Lawton, Ok., from 1960 to 1962 and at the University of Oklahoma in Norman from 1962 to 1964. During his college years he started his journalism career as a police reporter for the Constitution-Press in Lawton, Ok. From 1962 on he worked for about four years as a Statehouse correspondent of the Associated Press in Oklahoma City. In 1966 he moved to Washington, D.C., to become a deskman in AP's office, and from 1967 through 1971 he was a member of an AP Special Assignment Team which concentrated mainly on investigative reporting. From 1971 to 1975 Shaw worked as a White House correspondent for the Associated Press. In March, 1975, he moved as a staff writer to the Washington bureau of the Los Angeles Times. Back in 1968 Shaw was a co-winner of the Worth Bingham Award for Distinguished Reporting, and in 1974 he won the Merriman Smith/White House Correspondents Association Award for presidential coverage. Gaylord D. Shaw won the 1978 PP in the "National Reporting" category for a series on unsafe structural conditions at the U.S. major dams. Shaw, Scott Alan, bom on September 17, 1963, in Danville, II., graduated from Southern Illinois University in Carbondale with a degree in Journalism. According to his education Shaw worked for numerous newspapers. He was a staff member of the Danville Commercial News, the college paper Daily Egyptian, and the Carbondale Southern lllinoisan. In 1985 Shaw joined the staff of the Paragould Daily Press, Ar., where he stayed for a year. Then he switched to the Odessa American, Tx. Scott A. Shaw won the 1988 PP in the category "Spot News Photography" for his picture showing a rescued child who had fallen down an abandoned well. Sheaffer, Louis, bom on October 18, 1912, in Louisville, Ky., attended the University of North Carolina during 1930-31. As a reporter he joined the staff of the Brooklyn Eagle in Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1934. After serving in the army during World War II he returned to the

220 Eagle as a columnist. In 1947 he became the paper's film critic, and in 1949 its theater critic. When the Brooklyn Eagle ceased publication in 1955, Sheaffer became the theatrical press agent for the Circle in the Square Theater in New York City; he served in that capacity until 1956. In this period a couple of productions of dramas by Eugene O'Neill appeared on the stage. It was this circumstance which brought Sheaffer to become interested in that playwright. He decided to write an O'Neill biography. Most of his time during the next sixteen years went into the preparation of the two volumes. In the meantime he was awarded three Guggenheim Fellowships in 1959, 1962, and 1969, and two awards from the American Council of Learned Societies, in 1961 and 1962. In 1968 the first part of his book O'Neill: Son and Playwright was published. It earned Sheaffer a George Freedley Award from the Theater Library Association. The second volume, O'Neill: Son and Artist, published five years after the first one, made Louis Sheaffer the winner of the 1974 PP in "Biography or Autobiography." Sheehan, Neil, born on October 27, 1936, in Holyoke, Ma., attended Harvard University and graduated in 1958. From 1959 to 1962 he served in the United States Army, working as a newsman in Korea and Tokyo. After his discharge, Sheehan took a job with United Press International as its Saigon bureau chief. In June 1964 he returned to the United States, where he worked on the New York Times's city staff until he was assigned to Djakarta, Indonesia, in January 1965. Six months later he returned to Saigon to cover the escalating Vietnam War. Transferred to Washington in 1966, Sheehan served successively as Pentagon correspondent, White House correspondent and investigative reporter, covering political and military issues. In 1971 Neil Sheehan obtained the Pentagon Papers, which were subsequently published in the New York Times revealing how the public had been misled about America's involvement in the Vietnam War. Sheehan had already published one book on the Vietnam War, entitled The Amheiter Affair, when he decided to write the biography of the former lieutenant colonel John Vann, who represented to him the personification of America's irrational optimism about the war. In 1989 Neil Sheehan won the PP in the category "General Non-Fiction" for the book A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam. Sheehan, Susan, born on August 24, 1937, in Vienna, Austria, immigrated with her parents to the United States at the age of four and became a naturalized American citizen in

Sheehan - Shepard 1946. She attended Wellesley College, which awarded her a Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1958. The following year she became editorial researcher for the Esquire-Coronet magazines. During 1960-61 she worked as a freelance writer 'in New York City before she joined the staff of the New Yorker magazine as a writer in 1962. She also contributed articles to various other magazines, including New York Times Sunday Magazine, Atlantic, New Republic, Harper's and Boston Globe Sunday Magazine. In 1978 Susan Sheehan became a member of the advisory committee on employment and crime at the Vera Institute of Justice. She also joined the 42nd Street redevelopment project as a consultant for the New York City Department of City Planning. Sheehan's first book, Ten Vietnamese, was published in 1967. It was followed by A Welfare Mother and A Prison and a Prisoner. Her book Is There No Place on Earth for Me? brought to Susan Sheehan the 1983 PP for "General Non-Fiction." Shepard, Odell, born on July 22, 1884, on a farm near Rock Falls, II., studied at Northwestern University and at the Northwestern School of Music from 1900 to 1904. He became city editor of The Index in Evanston, II., and worked as an organist in various churches. While writing as a reporter for several newspapers in Chicago and St.Louis during 1906 to 1909, he received his Ph.B. and Ph.M. degrees at the University of Chicago. After his graduation he became an instructor at Smith Academy in St.Louis. In 1909 he joined the staff of the University of Southern California as professor of English. During 191617 Shepard completed his doctoral dissertation while teaching at Harvard University and at Radcliffe College as an instructor in English. At Trinity College he became Goodwin Professor of English in 1917. During the summer terms he taught as a visiting teacher at several institutions of higher education, including the University of California and Columbia. As a fellow of the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation he was appointed for study abroad in 1927-28; in 1934-35 he was an international research fellow of the Huntington Library. Shakespeare Questions - An Outline for the Study of the Leading Plays; A Lonely Flute (poems); Bliss Carman, A Study of His Poetry; The Harvest of a Quiet Eye; The Joys of Forgetting; The Lore of the Unicorn and Thy Rod and Thy Creel number among his writings. Odell Shepard became the 1938 Co-PPW in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for the book Pedlar's Progress. The Life of Branson Alcott. Shepard, Samuel (Sam), born on November 5, 1943, in Fort Sheridan, II., attended high school in Duarte. After his graduation he studied agri-

Sherman - Shields cultural science for a year at San Antonio Junior College before turning to the theatre. Shepard entered the theatrical world as an actor with a troupe called the Bishop's Company Repertory Players, which toured church communities around the country. In 1963 Shepard left the Bishop's Company to seek his fortune as an actor in New York City. To support himself he took a job as a busboy at the Village Gate, the Greenwich Village cabaret. Shepard, who had been trying his hand at poetry, began to show interest in writing plays. The first to be produced were Cowboys and the Rock Garden. They were followed by several other plays such as Up to Thursday; Dog, and Rocking Chair. Three plays by Shepard produced in the 1965-66 season, Chicago; Icarus's Mother, and Red Cross, won Obie awards. A Rockefeller Foundation grant in 1967 and a Guggenheim grant in 1968 gave Shepard the freedom to write full time. His first two-act plays, La Turista, was given its premiere at the American Place Theatre. Forensic and the Navigators and Melodrama Play earned Shepard another Obie award at the end of the 1967-68 season. In 1971 Shepard moved to England, where he remained for four years and continued writing plays. After returning to the United States, late in 1974, Shepard settled in California and became play wright-in-residence at the Magic Theatre of San Francisco. Shepard's Curse of the Starving Class brought the playwright his seventh Obie award, for Best Play/Best New American Play. In 1978 Sam Shepard's play Buried Child was produced and won him the following year's PP for "Drama." Sherman, William, born on December 9, 1946, in New York City, was a graduate of the Bronx High School of Science and Bard College. He received an M.S. degree from Boston University's School of Public Communication. He worked for the Boston Globe and the Village Voice in New York before joining the New York Daily News. Sherman was first a general assignment reporter and rewrite man, becoming an investigative reporter in 1972. Among his major assignments were the shooting of Governor George Wallace and its aftermath, the investigation which led to disclosure of Representative Mario Biaggi's lies during the 1973 mayoral campaign and portions of the Watergate scandal. The same year he spent nearly three months in Baltimore and Washington covering the investigation of then Vice President Spiro Agnew and, ultimately, his resignation. As an investigative reporter for the New York Daily News William Sherman mainly concentrated on such problems of the metropolitan area as health care and questionable alliances

221 between politicians, judges and businessmen. William Sherman won the 1974 PP in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for coverage of extreme abuse of the New York Medicaid program. Sherwood, Robert Emmet, born on April 4, 1896, in New Rochelle, N.Y., attended Fay School at Southborough, Ma., before he entered Milton Academy in 1909 and began his preparation for Harvard. At Milton he was a constant contributor to the school's monthly magazine, the Milton Orange and Blue, president of the Civics-Literature Club and Dance Committee, and a letter-man in football. After a summer of being tutored, Sherwood entered Harvard in the fall of 1914. There he became editor of the Redbook, a magazine produced by the freshman class. He was an active member of the Hasty Pudding Club, for which he wrote two plays: A White Elephant and Barnum Was Right. In addition he was contributor to the Harvard Lampoon and served as its editor in his senior year. During World War I Sherwood enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force and was sent on active duty to France. After the war he returned to Harvard, from which he graduated in 1918. Thereafter Sherwood accepted a position as motion-picture critic at Vanity Fair magazine. In 1920 he was hired by Life magazine, where he first worked as a motion-picture critic and, additionally, after 1924 as its editor. He served the magazine in both these positions until 1928. Sherwood wrote his first professional play, The Road to Rome, in 1926. It was followed by numerous other plays such as The Love Nest; The Queen's Husband; Reunion in Vienna, and The Petrified Forest. In 1936 Robert E. Sherwood's play Idiot's Delight gained him the PP in the "Drama" category. Another PP in the same award category was granted to him in 1939 for Abe Lincoln in Illinois. His play There Shall Be No Night earned him his third PP in the "Drama" category in 1941. Robert E. Sherwood's book Roosevelt and Hopkins brought to him his fourth PP in 1949, this time in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. Shields, Carol, born on June 2, 1935, in Oak Park, II., attended Hanover College, In., where she received a B.A. degree. She continued her studies at the University of Exeter, England, and the University of Ottawa, Canada, where she graduated with an M.A. degree. From 1972 to 1974 she worked as editorial assistant for the Canadian Slavonic Papers in Ottawa, Ontario. After giving up this job, she became a freelance writer. In 1980 she was appointed professor at the University of Manitoba. Carol Shields was a member of the Writers Guild of Manitoba,

222 the Writers Union of Canada and PEN. Among other works she published Intersect: Poems in 1974, A Fairly Conventional Woman in 1982, A Celibate Season in 1991 and Happenstance: Two Novels in One about a Marriage in Transition in 1994. She also won several awards, e.g. the Fiction Prize by the Canadian Authors Association, the National Magazine award, and the National Book Critics Circle award for Fiction. From the University of Ottawa, Canada, she received an honorary doctorate in 1995, and in the same year she received the PP in the category "Fiction" for her novel The Stone Diaries. Shipler, David Karr, bom on December 3, 1942, in Orange, N.J., attended Dartmouth College and earned his Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1964. After his graduation he served with the United States Naval Reserve before he joined the staff of the New York Times as a news clerk in 1966. He became one of the paper's news summary writers in 1968 and a few months later a reporter on the Times's metropolitan staff, a position in which he remained for the following five years. In 1973 he accepted an assignment as foreign correspondent in the New York Times's Saigon office. After a two-year stay in Vietnam, Shipler moved to Moscow to report from the Russian capital. In 1977 he became chief of the Times's Moscow bureau. Two years later Shipler obtained the post of bureau chief in the Jerusalem office. Upon his return to the United States after twelve years spent overseas, he was assigned Chief Diplomatic Correspondent for the New York Times in Washington, D.C. The recipient of the 1971 award for distinguished public affairs reporting of the American Political Sciences Association and co-winner of the George Polk award in 1982 wrote two books: Russia: Broken Idols, Solemn Dreams and Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land. The latter publication earned David K. Shipler the 1987 PP in the "General Nonfiction" category. Shipp, E. R., born on June 6, 1955, in Conyers, Ga., graduated with a B.A. degree from Georgia State University before she moved north to attend Columbia University. She received M.A., M.S. and J.D. degrees. Her journalistic career started at the Atlanta Journal, Ga., where she was an intern. In 1980 she became a reporter and editor with the New York Times. In 1994 she left the Times to join the New York Daily News as a columnist. She also accepted a position as assistant professor of journalism at Columbia University the same year. Outrage: The Story behind the Tawana Brawley Hoax was the title of a book she published in 1990. In 1996 E. R. Shipp won the PP for "Commentary" for her columns on race, welfare and other social issues.

Shipler - Shribman Shoemaker, Vaughn Richard, born on August 11, 1902, in Chicago, II., was educated at Myra Bradwell grammar school and at Bowen High School in Chicago, which he left in 1920. The same year he began attending the Chicago Academy for Fine Arts, where he stayed until 1921. The following year he started to work at the art department of the Chicago Daily News. For two years his stint consisted of doing tiny drawings for a feature known as "The Batch of Smiles" plus a dozen drawings a week for another feature known as "More Truth Than Poetry." In 1925 he became the paper's chief cartoonist and only two years later he got the post of an instructor at the Chicago Academy for Fine Arts. In 1930 Shoemaker saw, for the first time, his cartoons being telecast by a station in Chicago. The same year his works began to be syndicated and appeared in a number of other newspapers. In addition to drawing cartoons Shoemaker also dedicated himself to painting. In 1935 and 1936 one-man water color exhibitions of his work took place at the Obrien Galleries in Chicago. Another exhibition was organized by the Marshall Field Galleries in 1938. That year Vaughn R. Shoemaker, the multifunctional artist, was granted the PP for "Editorial Cartooning" for his drawing "The Road Back?" That prize was followed by the National Headliner's Award from Atlantic City in 1943 and the Sigma Delta Chi award in 1945. The same year Shoemaker received his Litt.D. degree from Wheaton College in Wheaton, II., and in 1946 he won the National Safety Council Grand Award. The following year Vaughn R. Shoemaker was granted his second PP in the category "Editorial Cartooning" for a drawing entitled "Still Racing His Shadow." Shribman, David M., born on March 2, 1954, in Salem, Ma., graduated from Dartmouth College, N.H., where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He went to England to study at Cambridge University as James Reynolds Scholar. His journalistic career began at the Washington, D.C., bureau of the Buffalo Evening News, N.Y., where he was a city staff member. He subsequently became a national staff member of the Washington Star, before he joined the New York Times as a congress and national political correspondent. He later held the same position with the Wall Street Journal. When he started to work for the Boston Globe, he was assisting managing editor, columnist and Washington, D.C., bureau chief. In 1980 he published his book One Hundred Years of Dartmouth Football. In 1995 David M. Shribman became the PPW in the category "Beat Reporting" for his analytical articles on Washington developments and the national scene.

223

Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.

Sam Shepard

Nell Simon

Upton Sinclair

224 Silverman, Kenneth Eugene, born on February 5, 1936, in New York City, studied at Columbia University, which conferred on him a B.A. degree in 1956 and a Master's degree in 1958. After his graduation he joined the staff of the University of Wyoming as an instructor in English. In 1962 he moved back to New York City to become preceptor in English at Columbia University, in the meanwhile completing his doctoral dissertation, for which he received the Ph.D. degree from Columbia in 1964. That same year Silverman became professor of English and graduate adviser in American civilization at New York University. In 1984 he accepted a job as advisory council at the Institute of Early American History and Culture. Silverman was the editor of Anthology of Colonial American Poetry and the compiler of Selected Letters of Cotton Mather. From 1969 to 1972 and from 1977 to 1980 he was a member of the editorial board of Early American Literature and in 1984 became one of the editors of William and Mary Quarterly. Timothy Dwight and A Cultural History of the American Revolution count among his book publications. Kenneth E. Silverman became the 1985 PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for his book The Life and Times of Cotton Mather. Simic, Charles, born on May 9,1938, in Beograd, Yugoslavia, emigrated to the USA in 1954. After being educated at Oak Park High School in Illinois he matriculated at the University of Chicago in 1956, where he stayed the following three years, before switching to New York University in 1959. Two years later he interrupted his studies in order to serve in the United States Army. In 1963 he returned to New York University, which granted him his B.A. in 1967. In the time between 1966 and 1969 Simic worked as editorial assistant for Aperture, a photography magazine. The following year he became member of the Deparment of English at California State College, Hayward, where he stayed until 1973. The same year he accepted the post of an associate professor of English at the University of New Hampshire, Durham. Apart from his teaching the author also worked on his own poetry. Among the many volumes of poetry he published in the course of his career were What the Grass Says; Somewhere Among us a Stone is Taking Notes, and Return to a Place Lit by a Glass of Milk. Simic also worked as translator and editor and contributed poems to several magazines and anthologies. His various literary activities were acknowledged by a number of prizes and awards such as the PEN International award for translation, the Edgar Allan Poe award and the National Institute of Arts and Letters award. His volume The World Doesn't End,

Silverman - Simpson published in 1989, gained Charles Simic the PP in the "Poetry" category the following year. Simon, Marvin Neil, born on July 4, 1927, in the Bronx, N.Y., graduated from high school in 1944. He then studied engineering at New York University, under the United States Army Air Force Reserve program. While being stationed at Lowry Field, Co., Simon attended the University of Denver and served as sports editor of the Rev-Meter, the base newspaper. Discharged from the army in 1946, Simon soon began, together with his brother, to contribute material to several radio and TV shows. In 1952 and 1953 the two brothers wrote sketches for revues at the summer resort Camp Tamiment in Pennsylvania. After his brother had left the team in 1956, Neil Simon continued to write for several programs, receiving Emmy nominations in 1957 and 1959. During those years he also adapted Broadway shows as television specials. He then began work on his first play, Come Blow Your Horn, which was first performed in 1960. Encouraged by the success, Simon continued his work for the theater over the next three decades. Barefoot in the Park; The Odd Couple, that won Simon his first Tony Award, and Plaza Suite were among the plays written during the 1960s. In the 1970s Simon adapted several of Anton Chekhov's stories for the stage and also worked on his own plays such as Chapter Two, and They're Playing Our Song. For the 1974-75 Broadway season, he received a special Tony Award for his overall contribution to the theatre. During the next decade Simon wrote a semiautobiographical trilogy, Brighton Beach Memoirs, which earned him the New York Drama Circle Prize. M. Neil Simon was made the 1991 PPW in the "Drama" category for his play Lost in Yonkers. Simons, Lewis Martin, bom on January 9, 1939, in Paterson, N.J., raised in New Jersey and began his journalism career in 1964 as a reporter for the Associated Press. Later on, he went to the Washington Post, with which he served as a correspondent in India and Thailand. Since 1982, Simons worked as a correspondent for the San Jose Mercury News based in Tokyo. A veteran reporter in Asia, he reported extensively on Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and the Philippines. In 1986 Lewis M. Simons was a Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for a series on the transfer of wealth abroad by President Marcos of the Philippines. Simpson, Kirke Larue, bom on August 14, 1881, in San Francisco, Ca., was editor for the Tonapah Daily Sun, Nv., from 1906 onward, while also working as a night reporter in San Francisco. In 1908 he went to Washington, D.C., to join the Associated Press. In 1922

Simpson - Sitton Kirke L. Simpson earned the PP in the "Reporting" category for articles on the burial of "The Unknown Soldier." Simpson, Louis Aston Marantz, born on March 27,1923, in Kingston, Jamaica, was brought up in English schools in his home country. In 1940, after completing his studies at Munro College on the island and receiving a Cambridge higher studies certificate, Simpson traveled to New York City, where he enrolled at Columbia University. In 1943 the poet interrupted his studies to volunteer for service in the United States Army. He left the army two years later and continued. The B.S. degree, with a major in English, was granted to him in 1948. The same year he went to Paris, where he studied at the Sorbonne and prepared his first book of poetry, The Arrivistes. In 1950, one year after his return to New York, he earned his M.A. degree in English at Columbia University. That year he became an associate editor with Bobbs-Merrill Publishing Company in New York. He switched to teaching in 1955, starting at the New School for Social Research in New York City and then he joined the faculty of Columbia University, where he also became editor of the Columbia Review. Simpson stayed at Columbia until 1959. While teaching at Columbia, he worked for his doctorate, and in 1959, the year his third volume of poetry, A Dream of Governors, appeared, the university granted him the Ph.D. degree in comparative literature. Shortly after the poet accepted the position of assistant professor offered to him by the University of California at Berkeley. In 1963 the verse collection At the End of the Open Road appeared, which gained Louis A. M. Simpson the 1964 PP in the "Poetry" category. Sims, William Sowden, born on October 15, 1858, in Port Hope, Canada, was appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy and was graduated in 1880. He was naval attache at the American embassies in Paris and St. Petersburg from 1897 to 1900. In the following two years he served on board of several battleships belonging to the Asiatic Fleet, before he started working in the Bureau of Navigation at the Navy Department. From 1907 to 1909 he assumed the additional duty as a naval aide to the President. During World War I he commanded the American naval operations in European waters. In 1919 Sims, who had been promoted through grades to the rank of a rear admiral two years before, became member of the Grand Legion of Honor. In 1921 William S. Sims became the Co-PPW in the category "History" for the book The Victory at Sea. Sinclair Jr., Upton Beall, born on September 20, 1878, in Baltimore, Md., entered the College of the City of New York at the age of fourteen and

225 graduated with a B.A. degree in 1897. Sinclair subsequently moved to Quebec, where he wrote his first novel, Springtime and Harvest. In the next few years Prince Hagen; The Journal of Arthur Stirling; and Manassas followed. Having joined the Socialist party in 1902, Sinclair helped to found the Intercollegiate Socialist Society in 1905, and in the following year he was a Socialist candidate for Congress from New Jersey. Sinclair's next book, The Jungle, was published in 1906. In the same year Sinclair also founded a cooperative community, the Helicon Home Colony, and in 1908 a traveling theater company for social drama. Meanwhile he continued writing: The Industrial Republic; The Metropolis; The Moneychangers; and Love's Pilgrimage number among the publications of this period. During World War I he edited his own journal, called Upton Sinclair's. Books like The Brass Check; The Profits of Religion; Mammonart; and Oil count among his writings of the postwar years. In California Sinclair was a Socialist candidate for Congress in 1920, for the Senate in 1922, and for governor in 1926 and 1930. In 1934 he again ran for governor of California, this time as the candidate of the Democratic party. Sinclair's book publications during the late 1930's included What God Means to Me; The Gnomobile; and Little Steel. In 1942 Dragon's Teeth, the third part in the eleven-volume Lanny Budd series was published. The year after, the work on the rise of Nazism in Germany earned Upton B. Sinclair Jr. the PP in the "Novel" category. Sitton, Claude Fox, born on December 4, 1925, in Atlanta, Ga., was brought up in his home town and in Conyers, Ga. He worked for International News Service in Atlanta, Miami and Birmingham, ΑΙ., from 1949 to 1951. The following four years he was correspondent with United Press in Nashville, Tn., Atlanta and New York. From 1955-1957, Sitton served as United States Information Officer and Press Attache at the U.S. Embassy in Accra, Ghana. He was employed by the New York Times in 1957 and served as the newspaper's chief Southern correspondent for six and a half years. Claude Sitton was named National News Director of the New York Times in 1964. He left that position to join the News and Observer of Raleigh, N.C., 1968. Sitton became the editor of the News and Observer and editorial director and vice president of the News and Observer Publishing Company, publishers of the News and Observer and the Raleigh Times. He also served as a member of the board of directors of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, and of the National Conference of Editorial Writers. Sitton's regular column in the Sunday

226 issues of the News and Observer always spoke out in a strong, progressive voice, unafraid to challenge the major public officials and institutions of North Carolina. Claude F. Sitton earned the 1983 PP in the "Commentary" category for articles on a broad range of national and international subjects. Skube, Michael, born on December 6, 1943, in Springfield, II., grew up reading adventure authors and worked his first newspaper job as a teenager when he was a sports reporter for the Illinois State Journal. He graduated from Louisiana State University with a degree in political science and did graduate work in political philosophy. After two years as a mathematics and science teacher in Louisiana, he joined the U.S. Customs Service in Miami, where he worked for eight years. While with the Customs Service, Skube began writing book reviews for the Miami Herald in 1974. He also contributed book reviews and other articles to the Washingion Post, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New Republic. In 1978, Skube joined the Winston-Salem Journal as Raleigh bureau chief, covering state politics. During that time he also contributed a Sunday column to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. In 1981, he received the Duke University Award for Distinguished Journalism on Higher Education. In 1982, Michael Skube came to the News and Observer of Raleigh, N.C., as an editorial writer, and in January 1986 he was named book editor of that paper. He received a first-place award for columns from the North Carolina Press Association in January 1989, and in the following month he won a Distinguished Writing Award for commentary and column writing presented by the American Society of Newspaper Editors. The same year Michael Skube earned the PP for "Criticism" for writing about books and other literary topics. Sleet Jr., Moneta J., born on February 14, 1926, in Owensboro, Ky., graduated from Kentucky State College with a Bachelor of Sciencedegree, finished School of Modem Photography in New York and received his M.A. degree in Journalism at New York University. From 1944 to 1946 he served with the U.S. Army as a Staff Sergeant in India-Burma. Sleet worked as an Instructor in photography at Maryland State College in Princess Anne from 1948 to 1949. The following year he joined the Amsterdam News of New York as a reporter. One month later Sleet was engaged by Our World Magazine as a staff photographer. In 1955 he switched to Johnson Publishing Company. Moneta J. Sleet Jr. gained the 1957 Overseas Press Club award. He won the 1969 PP in the category "Feature Photography" for his picture

Skube - Smiley of Martin Luther King Jr.'s widow and child taken at Dr. King's funeral. Sloan, John N. W., bom in 1899, received a B.A. degree from Columbia University. He became a staff member of the Detroit Free Press, Mi., in 1926 and worked for the paper as assistant real estate editor until 1930, when he was promoted to real estate editor. In 1932 John N. W. Sloan, along with four colleagues, was made a CoPPW in the category of "Reporting" for his coverage of a parade of the American Legion in Detroit. Sloyan, Patrick Joseph, born on January 11, 1937, in Stamford, Ct., started to work as a reporter at the age of twenty for the Albany Times-Union. In 1958 he switched to the Baltimore News Post and afterwards he joined United Press International in Washington. While working in this profession Sloyan graduated from the University of Maryland in 1963 with a Bachelor of Science-degree in economics. He left United Press International in 1969 to join the Hearst News Service in Washington. In 1974 he began reporting for Newsday. First he covered stories from the nation's capital but in 1981 he moved to London. Five years later he came back and got the post of a Newsday bureau chief. Sloyan was named senior correspondent in 1988. The journalist gained numerous prizes in the course of his career among them the American Society of Newspaper Editors deadline writing award in 1982. A decade later, in 1992, Patrick J. Sloyan won the PP for "International Reporting" for coverage of the Persian Gulf War. Smiley, Jane Graves, born on September 26, 1949, in Los Angeles, Ca., attended Vassar College majoring in English. She was awarded her B.A. degree in 1971. Following her graduation she spent a year in Europe. On her return to the U.S., she began a program of graduate study at the University of Iowa, to earn an M.A. degree in 1975 and a Ph.D. degree three years later. She was also a graduate of the University of Iowa's Writers' Workshop and has an M.F.A. degree, awarded in 1976. In 1980 Jane Smiley published her first novel, Barn Blind. Beginning a career in teaching, she became an assistant professor of English at Iowa State University in 1981. That same year she also published her second novel, At Paradise Gate. It was followed by Duplicate Keys, a mystery-suspense novel. In 1984 Smiley was advanced to associate professor. The Age of Grief, Jane Smiley's collection of five short stories and a novella, came out in 1987. She wrote the story of The Greenlanders, which was published in 1988. In the two complementary novellas Ordinary Love and Good Will, Jane Smiley ventured onto the terrain of modern

Smith - Smith family life. In 1989 she became a full professor at Iowa State University, teaching creative writing and world literature. Jane G. Smiley's novel A Thousand Acres won the PP of 1992 in the "Fiction" category. Smith, A. Merriman, born on February 10,1913, in Savannah, Ga., studied at Oglethorpe University near Atlanta. He joined the United Press in 1936 and covered the Florida and Georgia legislatures before his transfer to UP's Washington bureau in 1941. He was assigned to the White House during the Roosevelt administration, and continued through the terms of Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower into the administration of John F. Kennedy. For his reporting of President Roosevelt's death in 1945, Merriman Smith received the National Headliners award. Smith covered Soviet Premier Khrushchev's visit to Washington in 1959, then accompanied President Eisenhower on his tour of eleven Asian, African and European nations. He also was a member of the UPI staff at the 1960 Democratic and Republican national conventions, and traveled with president Kennedy on all of his trips abroad. In the early sixties, Merriman Smith was UPfs senior White House correspondent and thus a member of the press pool car that was 150 to 200 yards behind the President's car on the day of Kennedy's assassination. A. Merriman Smith was awarded the PP for "National Reporting" in 1964 for his detailed under-pressure report about this event. Smith, Gregory White, born on April 10, 1951, in Ithaca, N.Y., was graduated from Harvard Law School. Culture Making: Money, Success, and the New York Art World; Gene Davis; The Mormon Murders and Moving Up in Style number among the books he had co-written. He coedited the biennial directory The Best Lawyers in America and contributed articles on legal subjects to various newspapers and journals, including The New York Times. Gregory W. Smith became the 1991 Co-PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book Jackson Pollock - an American Saga. Smith, Hazel Brannon, born on February 4, 1914, in Gadsden, ΑΙ., graduated from the local high school in 1930. Too young to enroll in college, she began writing personal items for the Etowah Observer, a small-town weekly newspaper. The editor, impressed by her talent, quickly promoted her to front-page reporting. While on the staff of the Observer, she developed an overwhelming desire to have an own newspaper one day. With that goal in mind, she enrolled at the University of Alabama as a journalism major in 1932. At the university she was managing editor of the campus newspaper. Upon taking her B.A. degree in 1935, she with

227 borrowed money, acquired the failing Durant News, a weekly publication serving Holmes County, Ms. She made the News a truly local paper, and in her editorial column, "Through Hazel's Eyes," she attacked social injustices and promoted unpopular causes. In 1943 she purchased a second newspaper, the Advertiser of Lexington, Ms. With her profits Hazel B. Smith purchased two more Mississippi weeklies, the Banner County Outlook in Flora in 1955 and the Northside Reporter in Jackson in 1956. The most influential enterprise in that empire remained the Lexington Advertiser. Hazel B. Smith's four papers, reasonably successful until she became an editorial partisan of the civil rights movement, steadily lost money. She won the 1964 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for her courageous articles in the face of great pressure and opposition. Smith, Hedrick Laurence, bom on July 9, 1933, in Kilmacolm, Scotland, traveled ever since his birth. After living in Germany, France and England, his family returned to the United States on one of the last two passenger liners to leave Great Britain after the outbreak of World War II. Smith went to Choate School and then to Williams College where he majored in American history and literature, graduating in 1955. A Fulbright Scholarship took him to Oxford in the following year. After a three-years stay in the Air Force as an intelligence officer, Smith joined United Press international in Memphis, Tn., in 1959. He shifted to Nashville in time to cover the nation's first major racial crisis. Later, moving to UPis bureaus in Atlanta and Cape Kennedy, he had a hand in covering the Freedom Rides in 1961 and the orbital flights in 1962. Smith came to the Washington bureau of the New York Times in July, 1962. In Washington, his beat was covering diplomatic news from the Congo to Laos, from Yemen to Indonesia. From 1964 until 1966 he was based in Cairo, then served in Paris, and in August, 1971, Smith was assigned as bureau chief of the New York Times in Moscow. Hedrick L. Smith was named the 1974 PPW in the "International Reporting" category for coverage of the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe. Smith, Justin Harvey, bom on January 13, 1857, in Boscawen, N.H., attended the Union Theological Seminary from 1879 to 1881. But instead of proceeding to the ministry he went into the publishing busines, in which he stayed until 1898. The following year he became professor of modem history at Dartmouth College. Here began his work as a productive scholar with the publication of The Troubadours at Home in 1899. All of his later works lay in the field of American history, e.g. Arnold's March

228 from Cambridge to Quebec; The Historic Booke; Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony: Canada and the American Revolution; The Annexation of Texas. Smith wrote also many articles in historical journals. In 1908 he resigned his professorship to devote his time entirely to historical research. In 1917 he became chairman of the American Historical Association. Justin H. Smith earned the 1920 PP in the category "History" for the book The War with Mexico. Smith, Walter Wellesley (Red), born on September 25, 1905, in Green Bay, Wi., studied at the University of Notre Dame and was graduated there with the class of 1927. His red hair early earned him the nickname 'Brick' and, later, 'Red.' While at Notre Dame, where he majored in journalism, he edited the annual The Dome and first covered baseball for the St. Louis Star. Smith moved to the Milwaukee Sentinel upon graduation and served there as a general assignment reporter for one year. In 1928 he joined the St. Louis Star and worked at the copy desk. Eight years later, he moved to the Philadelphia Record and, in 1945, he joined the staff of the New York Herald-Tribune where, in 1954, he became sports columnist and the most widely syndicated sportswriter. When the Herald-Tribune merged to become part of the World Journal Tribune in 1966, Smith's syndicated columns survived in seventy newspapers across the nation. When he joined the New York Times as sports columnist in November, 1971, his column became part of the daily report of the New York Times Service, with some 350 news outlets in the United States and abroad. Smith earned many journalism awards during his career, and also an honorary doctorate was bestowed upon him by his alma mater Notre Dame. He also was a frequent contributor to national magazines, and he wrote several books, too. Walter W. Smith received the 1976 PP in the category "Commentary" for the articles about sports issues. Snodgrass, William DeWitt, born on January 5, 1926, in Wilkinsburg, Pa., graduated from high school in 1943. The same year he started his studies at local Geneva College, where he stayed until March 1944, when he joined the United States Navy as an apprentice seaman. At the end of three years of service he received his discharge with the rank of yeoman* third class. After returning to Geneva College, he became dissatisfied with its offer of courses in poetry writing and he left for the State University of Iowa. He remained there until 1955, and earned the B.A., M.A., and M.F.A. degrees. While still a graduate student, he began to write some of his important poems. He submitted original poems for both master's degrees. About 1954 his poems

Smith - Snyder began to appear in magazines and literary quarterlies such as the Western Review, the Hudson Review, and the New Yorker. From Iowa State Snodgrass went to Cornell University as an English instructor, but left within two years. He then taught for one year at the University of Rochester. From June 1958 to June 1959, as the Hudson Review Fellow in Poetry, he had the opportunity to study, write, and give poetry readings of his work. Since September 1959 Snodgrass was assistant professor at Wayne State University in Detroit. The poet won several national honors. Among these were the Ingram-Merrill Foundation award, the Longview Literary Award, a grant from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and a special citation from the Poetry Society of America. William D. Snodgrass was made the 1960 PPW in the category "Poetry" for the verse collection Heart's Needle. Snyder, Gary, born on May 8, 1930, in San Francisco, Ca., became acquainted with poetry early. By the age of seven or eight he was writing his own poems. After graduating from Lincoln High School in 1947, Snyder was admitted to Reed College in Portland, where he majored in anthropology and literature. After graduating from Reed with a B.A. degree in 1951, he began graduate studies in linguistics at the University of Indiana. By that time, he had become involved with meditation and after one semester decided that his interests lay, not in persuing an academic career, but in studying Zen Buddhism and developing his poetry. He therefore returned in spring of 1952 to San Francisco and soon after began several years of graduate study in Oriental languages at the Berkeley campus of the University of California. In 1956 he left for Japan, where he spent the greater part of the next decade studying Buddhism in a monastery in Kyoto. He was to live in Kyoto, except for a few interruptions, until 1967. Since the period Snyder began to be widely published in journals, as well as in several volumes such as Riprap; Myths & Texts; Regarding Wave, and The Back Country. Gary Snyder became the 1975 PPW in the category "Poetry" for the verse collection Turtle Island. Snyder, William D., born on July 1, 1959, in Henderson, Ky., began his photography career at the age of fourteen. He attended Boston University for one year and then transferred to the Rochester Institute of Technology, where he sharpened his technical skills and was graduated with a degree in photography. In June, 1981, he started working for the Miami News, covering many of the city's big newsevents including the NFL playoffs and Super Bowl. In 1983, Snyder moved to the Dallas Morning News as a general

Sondheim - Spencer assignment photographer. After joining that newspaper, Snyder covered a variety of news and sports events, including the NCAA basketball playoffs and Final Four, the NBA playoffs and finals, NFL playoffs and Super Bowl, the 1982 and 1988 Winter Olympics, and the 1992 Summer Olympics. In 1989 William D. Snyder was a member of a three-person team that was awarded the PP in "Explanatory Journalism" for coverage of an airline crash. He earned his second PP in the "Feature Photography" category of 1991 for pictures of ill and orphaned children in Romania. In 1993 he became a Co-PPW in the "Spot News Photography" category for coverage of the Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Sondheim, Stephen Joshua, born on March 22, 1930, in New York City, attended Williams College, where he majored in music and was graduated in 1950. He then was awarded the Hutchinson prize, a two-year fellowship to study music and compose. With it he studied under the American composer Milton Babbitt in New York City. Sondheim began his Broadway career as the lyricist for the musical West Side Story, which opened in September 1957. The spectacular success of it assured Sondheim of further Broadway assignments. Among others, he worked on the musicals Gypsy and A Funny Thing Happened On the Way to the Forum. For his contributions to the musicals Company; Follies, and A Little Night Music Sondheim won the Tony award for best composer and lyricist in a row from 1971-1973. Another very successful musical Sondheim contributed to was Sunday in the Park With George. The play, produced in 1984, made Stephen J. Sondheim a Co-PPW in the "Drama" category the following year. Soth, Lauren Kephart, bom on October 2, 1910, in Sibley, la., was educated in four Iowa towns before attending high school in Holstein, la. In high school he was editor of the yearbook, and he began his newspaper career as a printer's devil at the Advance in Holstein. Upon his graduation in 1927 he entered Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, where he was editor of a humor magazine and the college newspaper. Soth received the B.S. degree in journalism in 1932, and in the following year he joined the faculty of Iowa State University as an instructor, teaching and serving as economic publications editor. He became a special agricultural economist for the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1936, and two years later he received the M.S. degree in agricultural economics. In 1942 he joined the U.S. Army and took part in the Okinawa campaign. Later he served in the military government of Korea. After his discharge from the Army, Soth returned to a teaching position for some time. In

229 1947 he joined the Register & Tribune of Des Moines, la. He was named in 1951 assistant editor of the editorial pages and editor in 1954. In the following year he visited the Soviet Union, and later he wrote editorials suggesting to invite Russian farm experts to the U.S. This suggestion finally led to a Russian farm delegation to the United States and earned Lauren K. Soth the 1956 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category. Sowerby, Leo, bom on May 1, 1895, in Grand Rapids, Mi., was instructed by Calvin Lampert and Arthur Olaf Andersen. As early as 1913 his Violin Concerto was played by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. The musician attended the American Conservatory in Chicago from which he graduated with a Master of Musicdegree in 1918. He also served in the U.S. Army and was a bandmaster during World War I. Because he won the American Prix de Rome in 1921, Sowerby was allowed to stay in Italy for three years. He returned to the U.S. in 1924 to teach composition at the American Conservatory in Chicago and became Doctor of Music at the University of Rochester in 1934. Leo Sowerby was awarded the 1946 PP for "Music" for the composition The Canticle of the Sun. Sparks, Fred, born on May 27, 1915, in New York City, worked first as a copyboy. In 1941 he became a rewriteman and reporter with Hearst Newspapers, where he worked until 1943. From 1944 to 1946 he was a contributor to Look magazine, and in 1945 he held a position as editor of Parade magazine. The same year he was appointed journalism instructor at New York University. In 1946 he went to Chicago, II., to become a reporter with the Chicago Daily News. Five years later Fred Sparks became a Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for coverage of the Korean War. Spencer, Frederick Oilman, bom on December 8, 1925, in Philadelphia, Pa., attended Groton School and Swarthmore High School of his hometown. He did not go to college and started his newspaper career as a copyboy on the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1947, after serving as an aviation-radioman in the Navy during World War II. In 1949 Spencer went to the Times of Chester, De., as a photographer and cub sportswriter. Later that year he joined the Mount Holly Herald of New Jersey, a weekly newspaper, where he wrote sports and took pictures. In 1952 he returned to the Chester paper, switched over to news and handled general assignments with emphasis on politics until 1959 when he became editor of the Main Line Times, a weekly paper in Ardmore, Pa. In 1963 Spencer joined the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin as a deskman, and in early 1964 he left to

230 write and present television editorials on WCAU-TV, a CBS station in Philadelphia. On May 1, 1967, he was named editor of the Trentonian, a morning daily newspaper of Trenton, N.J., where he concentrated on editorial writing, F. Oilman Spencer was made the 1974 PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for coverage of scandals in the New Jersey state government. Speyer, Leonora, born on November 7, 1872, in Washington, D.C., was educated in public schools. Later she attended the Brussels Conservatory, where she won the first prize when she was sixteen. She began a career as a concert violinist and gave her debut with the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1890, and also appeared as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic. As a violinist she toured the United States and Europe. Until 1915 she lived abroad, in London and Paris, then she returned to the United States and got settled in New York City. Leonora Speyer also wrote poetry. In 1921 she published her first book of poems, which she titled Canopic Jar. It was followed by another volume, entitled Fiddler's Farewell. The latter volume earned Leonora Speyer the PP for "Poetry" in 1927. Spiegelman, Art, born on February 15, 1948, in Stockholm, Sweden, came to the U.S. in 1951 with his parents, who were survivors of Nazi concentration camps. At the age of fourteen, he already sold his cartoons and illustrations to the Long Island Post. He enrolled at Harpur College to study art and philosophy in 1966. Spiegelman produced several books of comics, including The Complete Mr. Infinity and Zip-a-Tune and more Melodies. From 1974 to 1975 he was instructor at the San Francisco Academy of Arts. He taught classes in the history and aesthetics of comics at the New York School of Visual Arts from 1979 to 1987. Spiegelman won numerous prizes, among them the Playboy Editorial Award for the best comic strip and the Yellow Kid Award. In 1986 his publication Maus: A Survivor's Tale I: My Father Bleeds History was published. The autobiographical work in the form of a comic strip dealt with the experiences of Spiegelman's father as a Jew in Nazioccupied Poland. The first edition was translated into sixteen languages with a circulation of more than 150,000. The second volume Maus: A Survivor's Tale II: And Here My Trouble Began appeared in 1991. Together, the two books earned Art Spiegelman a 1992 PP "Special Award" in the letters section. Spratlan, Lewis, born on September 5, 1940, in Miami, Fl., studied composition at Yale University. In 1966 he became a fellow at Tanglewood, and in 1967 he joined the conducting

Speyer - Stafford faculty. From 1967 to 1970 he taught at the Pennsylvania State University, where he established the electronic studio and founded the Pennsylvania State Improvisation Ensemble. In 1970 he became a member of the faculty of Amherst College. His works were performed in Boston, New York, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Miami, London, Moscow, Montreal, and Toronto. He received fellowships from the ΝΕΑ, the Guggenheim Foundation, the Massachusetts Council of the Arts and Humanities, the Massachusetts Artists Foundation, and the MacDowell Colony. In 1989 Spratlan toured in Russia and Armenia as a guest of the Soviet Composer's Union. His works included Apollo and Daphne Variations, Concertino for violin and chamber ensemble, Psalm 42, Vocalise with Duck, and Sojourner for ten instruments. His opera Life is a Dream made Lewis Spratlan the 2000 Co-PPW in the "Music" category. Sprigle, Martin Raymond, bom on August 14, 1886, in Akron, Oh., was educated at Ohio State University. In 1906 he started his journalistic career as a reporter for the Columbus Sun, Oh. He subsequently worked for several newspapers throughout the country. He was a police reporter with the Pittsburgh Post, Pa., in 1911, assistant city editor and city editor for the Post, worked for the Pittsburgh Press, the Pittsburgh Dispatch and the Chicago Examiner, and finally became a reporter with the Pittsburgh Post Gazette. From 1917 to 1918 he served in the U.S. Army as editor of the Camp Humphreys Newspaper, Va. After World War I he went back to Pittsburgh, Pa., to join the Post as a reporter. In 1927 he became city editor with the Post, but he soon left the paper and joined the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, once more, where he worked as city editor from 1927 to 1932. From 1933 to 1935 he was county director of Allegheny County, before working as a special investigative reporter for the Post-Gazette. In 1938 Martin R. Sprigle received the PP in the category "Reporting" for his exposure of a Supreme Court justice being a one-time member of the Ku Klux Klan. Stafford, Charles, born on October 5, 1923, in Grafton, W.V., attended West Virginia University and graduated with a B.S. degree in journalism in 1949. He was employed from 1949 until 1951 by the Raleigh Register in Beckley, W.V. From 1951 to 1966, Stafford worked for the Associated Press, serving in bureaus in Huntington, W.V., Baltimore, AP newsfeatures in New York, and in Tampa. In 1966, he went with the Tampa Tribune in Washington, D.C., and in 1968 he left that newspaper to join the St. Petersburg Times in its Washington bureau. Charles Stafford was made the 1980 Co-PPW

Stafford - Steele in the "National Reporting" category for investigation of the Church of Scientology. Stafford, Jean, born on July 1, 1915, in Covina, Ca., attended the State Preparatory School at Boulder, and later the University of Colorado. After taking her Master of Arts-degree in 1936 she put in a year's study at Heidelberg University, Germany. Upon her return to the United States, she taught first at Stephens College in Columbia, Mo., and later in Massachusetts. She subsequently spent a year in Louisiana at the Southern Review, one year in New York City, and another year in Tennessee. Stafford's first novel, Boston Adventure, earned for its author the Merit Award for outstanding achievement in 1944, made by the magazine Mademoiselle. Early in the following year Stafford received a Guggenheim Fellowship. Her next book, The Mountain Lion, appeared in 1947. The novels The Catherine Wheel and Children are Bored on Sunday as well as the juvenile books Elephi; The Cat With the High I.Q., and The Lion and the Carpenter also count among her book publications. A fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies of Wesleyan University and an adjunct professor at Columbia University, Jean Stafford also wrote short stories for Harper's Bazaar, Kenyan Review, Partisan Review, the New Yorker, Mademoiselle, Vogue and other magazines. Jean Stafford's volume The Collected Stories received the 1970 PP in the "Fiction" category. Stark, Louis, born on May 1, 1888, in Tibold Daracz, Hungary, came to the United States with his parents at the age of three. The family lived in New York City, where Louis attended the public schools and was graduated from De Witt Clinton High School in 1907. He became a teacher at a Manhattan High School, but soon left this position to enter the publishing business: for the next eighteen months he served as a book agent for a New York publisher. Louis Stark turned to the newspaper field at the end of this time, joining the advertising department of the New York Times in 1911. While writing advertisements for the newspaper, he also began to take assignments for the New York City News association. Offered a full-time job by the association late in 1913, Stark accepted, and thus began his reporting career. During the next few years there was a period of struggle and growth within the labor movement, and he gained his first experience in reporting labor news. Stark left the association in the summer of 1917 to work for the New York Evening Sun. After a few months, on October 1, 1917, he gave up this position to transfer once more to the staff of the New York Times, where he remained ever since. The reporter covered various assignments until

231 1923, when he began to specialize in economic affairs, particularly labor news and view. In 1933 he was sent to Washington, and since then most of his work was done in the Capital. Since the outbreak of World War II, Louis Stark covered almost all of the major industrial issues and in 1942 he received the PP in the "Telegraphic Reporting (National)" category for coverage of important labor stories. Starr, Paul Elliot, born on May 12,1949, in New York City, earned his B.A. degree from Columbia University in 1970. During the next two years he worked as project director for the Center for Study of Responsive Law. Starr enrolled for graduate studies at Harvard University, which awarded him the Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1978. He subsequently joined the staff of Harvard as assistant professor of sociology and was promoted to associate professor in 1983. Up Against the Ivy Wall, Starr's first book publication, which he had written together with others, was published in 1968. He then co-edited the two-volume work The University Crisis Reader. The Discarded Army: Veterans After Vietnam was also co-authored. Starr also contributed articles and reviews to periodicals such as the American Journal of Public Health, Daedalus, New Republic and New York Times Book Review. Paul E. Starr won the 1984 PP in the "General Non-Fiction" category for the book The Social Transformation of American Medicine. Starr, Steven Dawson (Steve), bom on September 6, 1944, in Albuquerque, N.M., attended Antioch College in Ohio from 1962 to 1963, Bethel College in St. Paul, Mn., from 1963 to 1964, and graduated from San Jose State College, Ca., with a journalism B.A. degree in 1967 while working as a photographer for the San Jose Mercury News in California. In 1968 Starr joined the Associated Press in Los Angeles but soon switched to Albany from where he travelled and covered all over upstate New York. Steven D. Starr earned the 1970 PP in the category "Spot News Photography" for a picture entitled "Campus Guns" of armed black students leaving a Cornell University building. Steele Jr., James Bruce, bora on January 3, 1943, in Hutchinson, Ks., grew up in Kansas City, Mo. He was graduated from the University of Missouri at Kansas City. Steele started his newspaper work with the Kansas City Star, reporting on labor, urban affairs and politics. He joined the Philadelphia Inquirer as an urban affairs specialist and staff writer in September, 1970. In 1975 James B. Steele Jr. was the Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for a series entitled "Auditing the Internal Revenue Service."

232 Stegner, Wallace Earle, born on February 18, 1909, in Lake Mills, la., graduated from the University of Utah with a B.A. degree in 1930. He subsequently enrolled at the University of Iowa, where he obtained his M.A. degree in 1932 and his Ph.D. degree in 1935. Before completing the doctoral program, he had studied for a year at the University of California at Berkeley and briefly taught at Augustana College in Rock Island, II. In 1934 he had accepted an appointment as an instructor in English at the University of Utah, where he remained until 1937, when he left to join the faculty of the University of Wisconsin. Following two years there, Stegner served as Briggs-Copeland instructor of composition at Harvard University, from 1939 to 1945. Returning to the West, he became a professor of English at Stanford University and, in 1946, director of its creative writing program, a position he held until his retirement. During his last two years at Stanford he also held the position of Jackson Eli Reynolds Professor of the Humanities. In 1937, right at the beginning of his writing career, Stegner won the Little, Brown novelette contest with his Remembering Laughter. It was followed by the novellas The Potter's House and Fire and Ice. His first novel, The Big Rock Candy Mountain, appeared in 1943. The author's book publications included the story collections The Women on the Wall and The City of the Living, the novels Second Growth; A Shooting Star; and All the Little Live Things as well as the non-fiction works Mormon Country; The Preacher and the Slave; and The Sound of Mountain Water. Wallace E. Stegner was awarded the 1972 PP in "Fiction" for his book Angle of Repose. Stein, Bernard L., born on July 18, 1941, in Cleveland, Oh., grew up in Riverdale, where his father founded the Riverdale Press in 1950. He graduated from Columbia University with a B.A. degree in English literature in 1963, and continued his studies as a graduate at the University of Berkely from 1964 to 1966, where he was active in the student, civil rights, and antiwar movements. Stein then was editor at the Mark Twain Papers of the University of California. In 1978 he succeeded his father as editor of the Riverdale Press. Two years later his brother and Bernard Stein became the paper's co-publishers. Under Stein's editorship, the Riverdale Press won more than 300 state and national awards and was named the best weekly newspaper in New York State. In 1986 Stein became Writer of the Year by the New York Press Association. Three years later the Press office was destroyed by firebombs in reaction to an editorial defending the right to read the

Stegner - Stevens novel The Satanic Verses of Salman Rushdie. For their exceptional efforts to preserve the rights of free speech and free press Richard and Bernard Stein were granted the First Amendment Award of the Society of Professional Journalists. The numerous prizes which Stein won in the course of his career included the Herrick Editorial Award of the National Newspaper Association in 1989 and 1994. Bernard L. Stein won the 1998 PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for his articles on politics and other issues affecting New York City residents. Steinbach, Alice, bom on October 10, 1933, in Baltimore, Md., attended the University of London, England. From 1976 to 1981 she worked as director of public information at the Baltimore Museum of Art. In 1981 she became a writer for the Baltimore Sun, Md. She held positions as a feature writer and a columnist with the paper, while also freelancing. In 1985 she won the Best Feature Story award by the Chesapeake Associated Press. Alice Steinbach received the 1985 PP in the category of "Feature Writing" for a story about a ten-year-old blind child. Steinbeck, John Ernst, born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, Ca., studied at Stanford University, contributing poems and comic satires to the school's periodicals and taking courses in science and writing. In 1925 he went to New York, where during the next two years he worked intermittently as a reporter and ultimately as a bricklayer. When he returned to California, he took a job as caretaker to a private estate in the High Sierras. There he completed his first novel, Cup of Gold, which was published in 1929. The work was followed by The Pastures of Heaven and To a God Unkown, two novels which appeared in 1932 and 1933. Steinbeck's next book, Tortilla Flat, received the California Commonwealth Club's annual gold medal for the best novel by a California writer, was adapted for the stage, and sold to Hollywood. In 1938 he brought out The Long Valley, a collection of stories. In the late 1930's John E. Steinbeck also wrote the two books Of Mice and Men, which was also translated for the theater, and The Grapes of Wrath. The latter work received the 1940 PP in the category "Novel." Twenty-two years later he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Stevens, Edmund William, born on July 22, 1910, in Denver, Co., was taken to Rome as a child and remained there during World War I. He returned to the United States as a teen-ager and attended Dwight School in New York City and Columbia University. He was also educated in France and Italy, learning the languages of those countries in addition to German and Russian. Stevens lived in Moscow from 1934 to

233

Stephen Sondheim

John Steinbeck

Cyras Sulzberger

Herbert B. Swope

234 1939, acting as a correspondent for the Manchester Guardian, the London Daily Herald, the Observer and Reuters. In 1939, he began to write extensively for the Christian Science Monitor. He was in Stockholm in 1939 when the Russians suddenly struck at Finland. When the sudden German attack on Norway began, Stevens was one of the three American newspapermen in Oslo. Later he reported from several war zones through the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East and North Africa. After the war, Stevens worked as the Moscow correspondent of the Monitor from early 1946 until the autumn of 1949. In 1950 Edmund W. Stevens earned the PP in the "International Reporting" category for a series of articles named "This is Russia Uncensored." Stevens, Wallace, born on October 2, 1879, in Reading, Pa., entered Harvard University in 1897. The same year his first known published poem, Autumn, appeared in his former high school's magazine. While studying at Harvard Stevens had several of his poems published in the Harvard Advocate and the Harvard Monthly. In the spring of 1899 he was appointed a staff member and subsequently became a member of the editorial board of the Harvard Advocate, for which he wrote stories and sketches as well as poems. In June 1900 Stevens went to New York City and began to work for the New York Tribune. In October 1901 he entered New York Law School and gave up writing poetry for about a decade. After his graduation in 1903 Stevens worked as a lawyer in different insurance companies. But by 1913 he found his interest in writing poetry revitalized. He had several poems published in such magazines as the Trend, Poetry, and Others. In 1923 his first book of poetry, Harmonium, appeared. Shortly after its publication Stevens again withdrew from writing poetry for almost ten years, but returned to writing in 1933. His next volume of poems, titled Ideas of Order, was published in 1935, followed by several other collections of poetry and prose works. Among these were The Man with the Blue Guitar & Other Poems; Transport to Summer, and The Auroras of Autumn. 1954 saw the publication of the book The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens, it made him the winner of the PP in "Poetry" in the following year. Stewart, James B., born in 1952, in Quincy, II., attended DePauw University, In., and received his B.A. degree in 1973. He enrolled at Harvard University's Law School and graduated with an M.A. as well as a J.D. degree in 1976. Before becoming a journalist he worked as an attorney with Cravath, Swaine & Moore. In 1979 he became executive editor of the American Lawyer

Stevens - Storke magazine. In 1983 he joined the Wall Street Journal, where he was a senior writer and front page editor. In 1987 he was awarded the George Polk Memorial award by Long Island University, N.Y. James B. Stewart became the 1988 Co-PPW in the category "Explanatory Journalism" for his chronicles of the stock market crash of the past year. Stieber, Tamar, bom on September 15, 1956, in Brooklyn, N.Y., attended Rockland Community College, N.Y., and Columbia University. She worked as a secretary with the Associated Press in San Francisco from 1981 to 1983, before she went back to school and received a B.A. degree from the University of California at Berkeley in 1985. In 1984 she started her career in journalism as an intern with the San Francisco Examiner, Ca. Three years later she became a reporter with the Sonoma Index-Tribune, Ca., before joining the Vallejo Times-Herald in 1988 as a city hall reporter. The same year she also obtained a degree from the Police Reserve Academy at Napa Valley College. In 1989 she went to work for the Albuquerque Journal, N.M., as a general assignment and special projects reporter. In 1990 Tamar Stieber was awarded the PP in the category "Specialized Reporting" for her story on the connection between a non-prescription drug called L-Tryptophan and a rare blood disorder which had caused several deaths. Stokes Jr., Thomas Lunsford, bom on November 1, 1898, in Atlanta, Ga., graduated with an A.B. degree from the University of Georgia, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and a writer for the college paper Red and Black. After leaving the university he became sports and college news correspondent for the Atlanta Constitution and the Atlanta Georgian, Ga. In 1920 he joined the Savannah Press, Ga., as a reporter. From 1920 to 1921 he was a staff member of the Macon News, Ga., and in 1921 he became a staff member of the Athens Herald, Ga. The same year he went to Washington, D.C., where he worked as a correspondent for United Press International until 1933. From 1933 to 1936 he was Washington, D.C., correspondent for the New York World-Telegram. In 1936 he joined the Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance where he held the same position. A year later he published his book Carpetbaggers of Industry. Thomas L. Stokes Jr. was awarded the PP in the category of "Reporting" in 1939 for his articles on political corruption in Kentucky. Storke, Thomas More, born on November 23, 1876, in Santa Barbara, Ca., received his formal education in local schools and at Stanford University, from which he graduated in the class of 1898 with a B.A. degree in economics. Not hav-

Stowe - Strohmeyer ing decided upon a career on graduating from Stanford, Storke tried his hand for one afternoon at reporting for the Daily News in Santa Barbara, Ca. Since he proved unsuccessfully as a reporter, he consented to his father's proposal to manage a family sheep ranch on Santa Rosa Island. The brief encounter with the world of journalism, however, remainded on his mind, and a few months later he returned to the mainland, where he obtained a six-dollar-a-week reporting job on the Santa Barbara Morning Press and later became its night editor. With another reporter Storke in December 1900 bought the Santa Barbara Daily Independent, then he weakest of the town's three papers, and shortly became the owner. In 1909 Storke sold the Independent and went into the oil business, but in 1913 he bought another paper, the Santa Barbara Daily News. Around two decades later, he also aquired the Santa Barbara Morning Press, and in 1938 he merged the two papers to the Santa Barbara News-Press. In 1961 Thomas M. Storke started a campaign against a totalitarian regional society which earned him the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category in the following year. Stowe, Leland, bom on November 10, 1899, in Southbury, Ct., took his B.A. degree at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Ct., in 1921. He held his first newspaper job at the age of eighteen as campus correspondent for the Springfield Republican in Massachusetts. During the year which followed his graduation from college, Stowe was a reporter on the Worcester Telegram, and in 1922 began his newspaper career in New York City. From 1922 to 1926 he worked for the New York Herald and for Pathe News, and from 1926 on he was the Paris correspondent of the New York Herald-Tribune. From 1927 on Stowe also served as a reporter for the League of Nations councils and assemblies. Leland Stowe earned the 1930 PP in the "Correspondence"category for coverage of the conference on reparations and the establishment of the international bank. Strand, Mark, bom on April 11, 1934, in Summerside, Prince Edward Island, Canada, graduated from Antioch College with an A.B. degree in 1957. He studied painting at Yale University and received his Bachelor of Fine Arts-degree in 1959. In 1960 he studied poetry on a Fulbright scholarship in Italy. He graduated from the University of Iowa with an M.A. degree in 1962 and taught at the university's Writers' Workshop until 1965, when he went to Brazil on a Fulbright Lectureship. Strand then became assistant professor at Mount Holyoke College and held professorships at various places, such as the University of Washington, Columbia

235 University, and Yale University. From 1981 to 1994 he was professor at the University of Utah. He then became Elliott Coleman Professor of Poetry at Johns Hopkins University. In 1998 he got the post of a professor at the University of Chicago. In addition to his teaching, Strand wrote numerous volumes of poetry such as The Continuous Life, a fictional book, and children's books. Strand was awarded many prizes. For his book of verse Blizzard of One Mark Strand was made recipient of the 1999 PP for "Poetry." Stribling, Thomas Sigismund, bom on March 4, 1881, in Clifton, Tn., completed his teacher training at the normal college in Florence, ΑΙ., in 1903 and, upon graduation, taught at Tuscaloosa High School. The following year, he entered the School of Law at the University of Alabama and received the LL.B. degree in 1905. He subsequently practiced law, but gave up the legal profession in 1907, when he was offered a job as a clerk at the Taylor-Trotwood Magazine. Traveling intermittently between 1908 and 1916 to Cuba, Europe, and South America, Stribling, between trips, wrote Sunday-school stories and adventure stories that were published in such magazines as American Boy and Everybody's Magazine. During World War I he worked as a newspaper reporter for the Chattanooga News and as a stenographer in the Aviation Bureau in Washington, D.C. In 1917 he published his first novel, The Cruise of the Dry Dock. It was followed by Birthright. Having toured Venezuela twice, Stribling next wrote three Venezuelan adventure novels: Fombombo', Red Sand', and Strange Moon. In 1926 and 1928 he published Teefiallow and Bright Metal, two novels set in middle Tennessee. He next produced a romantic adventure, East Is East, and a collection of mystery stories under the title Clues of the Caribbees. In the early 1930's the author wrote the novels Backwater; The Forge; and The Store. In 1933 the latter work earned Thomas S. Stribling the PP in the category "Novel." Strohmeyer, John, born on June 26, 1924, in Cascade, Wi., started his newspaper career in 1941, working as a night reporter of the Globe-Times of Bethlehem, Pa., while attending Moravian College. During World War II he spent three years in the U.S. Navy, attaining the rank of lieutenant. Strohmeyer graduated from Muhlenberg College in 1947 and the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University in 1948. Recruited from Columbia by the Journal of Providence, R.I., he became a full-time investigative reporter, specialized in crime and corruption. In 1956 Strohmeyer returned to his former newspaper to become editor of the Bethlehem Globe-Times. In 1971 he was the recipi-

236 ent of the Comenius Award at Moravian College. As chief executive of news and operations, John Strohmeyer wrote an average of five editorials a week, and in 1972 he received the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for a campaign to reduce racial tensions in Bethlehem. Strout, Richard Lee, born on March 14, 1898, in Cohoes, N.Y., attended Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H., in 1915. Two years later his college education was interrupted when he enlisted in the U.S. Army. After World War I Strout entered Harvard University and received his A.B. degree in 1919. The same year he began his journalistic career with the Sheffield Independent in Great Britain. Two years later he returned to the U.S., where he worked as a reporter for the Boston Post. In 1922 Strout joined the staff of the Christian Science Monitor as a desk editor and reporter. The following year he received an M.A. degree in economics and political science from Harvard University. In 1925 he transferred to the Monitor's bureau in Washington, D.C., where he published front-page stories for more than two decades. In addition to his work for the Christian Science Monitor he wrote freelance articles which were syndicated to popular magazines, e.g. the New Yorker, and Reader's Digest. In 1939 his book Maud was published and became a bestseller. From 1943 onward Strout wrote the New Republic's weekly political column "TRB from Washington." He won numerous prizes, including the George Polk Award for National Reporting and the Fourth Estate of the National Press Club. Richard L. Strout received a 1978 PP "Special Award" in the journalism section for his commentary from Washington. Styron Jr., William Clark, bom on June 11, 1925, in Newport News, Va., attended Duke University as a Marine officer candidate. Mobilized as a lieutenant, Styron reached Okinawa just as the war was ending. Upon his discharge he returned to Duke, where he received his B.A. degree in 1947. Moving to New York City, he obtained a job as an editor at Whittlesey House, in which he remained for six months. He subsequently took a writing class at the New School for Social Research and began writing his first novel, Lie Down in Darkness. Styron worked on the novel for the next three years, submitting the manuscript to Bobbs-Merrill Publishers just as he was recalled to military duty in 1951. Having lost his enthusiasm for the Marines, Styron pleaded an eye defect and secured an honorable discharge in the autumn of 1951. With the money from his first book, he went to Paris, where, in a six-week period during the summer of 1952, he wrote The Long March, a novella based on a forced march he had undergone

Strout - Suskind while in Marine retraining at Camp Lejeune. The book was published in 1955. His next novel, Set This House on Fire, appeared five years later. Another seven years of research and writing went into the book The Confessions of Nat Turner. This volume made William C. Styron Jr. the recipient of the 1968 PP in the category "Fiction." Suau, Anthony, bom on October 16, 1956, in Peoria, II., graduated from the Rochester Institute of Technology. After a three-month internship he was engaged by the Chicago Sun-Times as a staff photographer in 1979. He switched to the Denver Post two years later. In the same year Suau was named Illinois Press Photographer of the Year. His pictures were also published by the photo agency Picture Group in national magazines like Time, Business Week, U.S. News, etc. Anthony Suau earned the 1984 PP in the category "Feature Photography" for a series of pictures on the horrors of mass starvation taken in Ethiopia and for a single photograph of a woman at her husband's gravesite on Memorial Day. Sulzberger, Cyrus Leo, bom on October 27, 1912, in New York City, graduated from Harvard University with a B.S. degree in 1934. The same year he joined the Pittsburgh Press as a reporter and rewriteman. Sulzberger switched to the United Press International in 1935 to work as a reporter for the Washington, D.C., bureau. From 1938 to 1939 he landed a position as a foreign correspondent with the London Evening Standard. His first book, Sit Down with John L. Lewis, was published in 1938. At the beginning of World War II, Sulzberger moved to London, where he became a foreign correspondent for the New York Times. In his first three years with the paper he traveled more than 100,000 miles to more than thirty countries. From 1944 on Sulzberger was the Times's chief foreign correpondent, based in Paris. The same year his book Tito's Yugoslav Partisan Movement was published. In 1950 Cyrus L. Sulzberger's exclusive interview with Archbishop Alojzije Stepinac in Yugoslavia appeared in the New York Times. It made Cyrus L. Sulzberger the recipient of a 1951 PP "Special Award" in the journalism section. Suskind, Ronald Steven (Ron), born on November 20, 1959, in Kingston, N.Y., graduated from the University of Virginia with a B.A. degree, before he received an M.S. from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. He started his journalistic career in 1983 as a news assistant and interim reporter with the New York Times, where he worked until 1985. From 1985 to 1987 he was a city and state staff writer with the St. Petersburg Times, Fl. In 1987 he became

Swanberg - Szep a senior editor of the Boston Business Magazine, Ma., and in 1988 he was promoted to the position of the magazine's editor. Two years later he became a reporter at the Wall Street Journal's Boston bureau. He later went to New York to work as page one editor and senior national affairs reporter for the Journal. Ronald S. Suskind received the PP in the category of "Feature Writing" in 1995 for his story on an inner city high school and its top students, their backgrounds and their hopes for the future. Swanberg, William Andrew, bom on November 23, 1907, in St. Paul, Mn., attended the University of Minnesota, where he received his Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1930. The following year he also took graduate courses there. During the depression he worked as a common laborer in various places. In 1935 he joined the Dell Publishing Company in New York City as assistant editor. Promoted to editor in 1936, Swanberg stayed at Dell until 1944. Subsequently, he went to Europe to work for the United States Office of War Information. In 1945 he decided to become a freelance writer and in 1959 he began his career as a biographer, when his book Jim Fisk: The Career of an Improbable Rascal was published. Swanberg, a member of the American Society of Historians and the Authors League of America, also wrote the following books: Sickles the Incredible; First Blood: The Story of Fort Sumter; Citizen Hearst: A Biography of William Randolph Hearst; Dreiser; Pulitzer and The Rector and the Rogue. In 1972 William A. Swanberg's book Luce and His Empire was published. One year later it was this work, that made him the PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. Swope, Herbert Bayard, bom on January 5, 1882, in St. Louis, Mo., was the fourth child of Isaac and Ida Swope. He attended a public high school, but his dreams of pursuing a college

237 education were unrealized because of financial problems encountered by his parents as a result of the depression of 1893. At the age of seventeen, after the death of his father in 1899, Herbert held several jobs before being hired for Pulitzer's St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Swope moved to Chicago about 1900 and was hired as a copy reader for the Chicago Tribune. He then became a reporter for Inter-Ocean, and later for the New York Herald. For a short time in 1903 he worked as a reporter for the Morning Telegraph of New York. He returned to the Herald until 1907. He quit the Herald in the hopes of being hired as a reporter for Pulitzer's New York World. In 1909, he started with the World and in 1914 became the city editor. Herbert B. Swope won the 1917 PP in the "Reporting" category for a series of articles entitled "Inside the German Empire." Szep, Paul Michael, born on July 29, 1941, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, started to work as a newspaper cartoonist for the Hamilton Spectator while visiting high school from 1958 to 1961. He was educated at the Ontario College of Art in Toronto and graduated in 1964. He then free-lanced as a book and fashion illustrator in Toronto. In 1965 he was engaged for a job as a graphics designer for the Financial Post of Toronto. Szep moved to the USA and got the post of an editorial cartoonist at the Boston Globe in 1966. His cartoons appeared nationally through the McNaught Syndicate. Szep also published three cartoon books entitled In Search of Sacred Cows, Keep Your Left Hand High, and At This Point in Time. Paul M. Szep was granted the PP for "Editorial Cartooning" in 1974 as exemplified by the drawing "I've decided not to tell you about the alleged shipwreck." He won his second PP in the same award category in 1977, as illustrated by the drawing "I'll be Jack Kennedy ... Who do you want to be?"

TaJburt, Harold M., bom on February 19, 1895, in Toledo, Oh., was educated in public schools. Talburt's newspaper career began in 1916, when he joined the staff of the Toledo NewsBee as a reporter. He did reportorial work for that paper for three years. While working as a reporter he also began to draw cartoons and some of the drawings he submitted were also used. A series of cartoons Talburt drew for the sports section attracted the editor's attention and soon Talburt drew a daily cartoon regularly. The cartoonist stayed with the News-Bee until 1922, and then switched to the ScrippsHoward Newspaper Alliance, where he became editorial cartoonist. For his drawing "The Light of Asia" Harold M. Talburt was granted the PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category in 1933. Tarkington, Newton Booth, bom on July 29, 1869, in Indianapolis, In., attended Phillips Exeter Academy, Purdue University, and Princeton University, which he left in 1893 without attaining a degree. For the next five years Tarkington tried to become a professional writer. After the publication of his first three novels, The Gentleman from Indiana; Monsieur Beaucaire; and The Two Vanrevels, he ran for the Indiana legislature on the Republican ticket in 1902. He was elected, and served one term as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives. His 1905 novel, In the Arena, draws on his experiences as a legislator. Afterwards, Tarkington traveled through Europe with his wife and family for some ten years. During this time he wrote the novels The Conquest of Canaan', The Beautiful Lady, His Own People; The Guest of Quesnay; and Beasley's Christmas Party, periodically returning to the United States to manage productions of his plays. However, his writing career was interrupted for a few years due to drinking problems and it was not until 1912 that he decided to pick up his work again. In 1914, he began issuing the "Penrod" stories. The stories in the style of Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer were collected in Penrod and its sequel Penrod and Sam. The novel The Magnificent Ambersons was published in 1918. It won Newton B. Tarkington the 1919 PP in the "Novel" category. He earned another PP in the same award category in 1922 for the work Alice Adams.

Täte, James, born on December 8, 1943, in Kansas City, Mo., was educated at the University of Missouri from 1963 until 1964. He received his B.A. degree from Kansas State College in Pittsburg, which he attended in 1964 and 1965. After his graduation he studied at the Writers Workshop of the University of Iowa, which granted him his M.F.A. in 1967. The poet was also a visiting lecturer in English, first at the University of Iowa, from 1966 to 1967, and later at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1967-1968. The following year he became assistant professor of English at Columbia University, a post he held until 1971. Between 1970 and 1971 Täte served as poetin-residence at Emerson College in Boston before he joined the English faculty at the University of Massachusetts in 1971. In addition to teaching Täte also worked on his own writing. In the course of his career he published numerous volumes of poetry. Among these were The Torches; The Oblivion Ha-Ha; Wrong Songs, and Riven Doggeries. Moreover the poet was contributor to several magazines such as the Paris Review, the New Yorker, Nation, and Poetry. For his work as a poet Täte was honored with a number of awards. His collection The Lost Pilot was selected to be part of the Yale Series of Younger Poets. He had two grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, as well as a National Institute of Arts and Letters Award, and a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1991 James Täte published his book Selected Poems. The volume gained him the PP in the "Poetry" category the following year. Taylor, Alan, born on June 17, 1955, in Portland, Me., received a B.A. degree in History from Colby College in 1977. He continued his studies of American History at Brandeis University, where from 1977 to 1985 he worked as a teaching fellow. From 1984 to 1985 he was also an instructor of American History at Colby College. From 1985 to 1987 he held a fellowship from the Institute of Early American History and Culture, while teaching at the College of William and Mary as an assistant professor. In 1986 he completed a doctorate at Brandeis. He was appointed associate professor of American History at Boston University in 1987, where he was tenured five years later. In 1990 he published his first major

Taylor - Taylor work, Liberty Men and Great Poprietors. In 1994 he became professor of History at the University of California at Davis. One year later his second book, William Cooper's Town, appeared. This volume earned Alan Taylor the 1996 PP in the "History" category. Taylor, Henry Splawn, born on June 21, 1942, in Loudoun County, Va., attended the Loudoun County public schools until 1958 when he entered George School. Two years later he matriculated at the University of Virginia from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in English in 1965. He spent 1965-1966 at Hollins College where he took an M.A. in creative writing. In 1966 his first collection of poetry, entitled The Horse Show at Midnight, was published. Since that year Taylor held a number of teaching positions. Until 1968 he was an instructor of English at Roanoke College in Salem, Va. From 1968 to 1971 he served as an assistant professor at the University of Utah. In 1971 he became an associate professor of literature at the American University in Washington, D.C., and he was promoted to professor in 1976. During all these years Taylor continued work on his poetry. His first volume was followed by several other collections: Breakings; An Afternoon of Pocket Billiards, and Desperado. His poems also appeared in magazines including the Virginia Quaterly Review, the Southern Poetry Review, and the WashingIonian. He was contributing editor for the Hollins Critic and the associate editor of Magill's Literary Annual. Between 1977 and 1984 the poet worked as consulting editor of Poet Lore as well. The following year his verse collection The Flying Change appeared. The book made Henry S. Taylor the recipient of the 1986 PP in the "Poetry" category. Taylor, Jeff, born on January 19, 1962, in Wichita, Ks., went to the University of Kansas and graduated with a B.A. degree. He became a general assignment reporter with the Kansas City Times, Mo., in 1984. In 1990 he joined the Kansas City Star, Mo., as a special projects reporter. He won the Sigma Delta Chi award twice, in 1992 as well as in 1994. In 1993 he also received the George Polk Memorial award by Long Island University, N.Y. It was a series of seven articles about the United States Department of Agriculture that made Jeff Taylor the Co-PPW in the category of "National Reporting" in 1992. Taylor, Peter Hillsman, born on January 8, 1917, in Trenton, Tn., enrolled at Vanderbilt University to study literature. In 1937 he transferred to Southwestern College in Memphis and the following year to Kenyon College, where he took his B.A. degree in 1940. Taylor

239 subsequently did graduate work at Louisiana State University. During that year three of his short stories were published in the Southern Review. After World War II Taylor joined the faculty of the University of North Carolina, where he taught for more than twenty years. In the meantime he contributed several stories to various magazines including Harper's Bazaar, McCall's, and the New Yorker. Taylor's first collection of short stories was published in 1948 under the title A Long Fourth and Other Stories. It was followed by the novella A Woman of Means. The one-act play Death of a Kinsman and nine short stories were collected in The Widows of Thornton. Taylor's next collection, Happy Families Are All Alike, appeared in 1959. In 1963 the publication Miss Leonora When Last Seen and Fifteen Other Stories came out. After resigning his post as professor of English literature at the University of North Carolina in 1967, Taylor directed the creative writing program at the University of Virginia. Seven of Taylor's dramatic pieces, including A Father and a Son and Missing Person, were collected in Presences. Taylor also experimented with free-verse narratives and as a result he published In the Miro District and Other Stories. In 1985 he brought out another collection named The Old Forest and Other Stories. The novel A Summons to Memphis made Peter H. Taylor the winner of the 1987 PP in the "Fiction" category. Taylor, Robert Lewis, born on September 24, 1912, in Carbondale, II., enrolled at Southern Illinois University in 1929, and transferred to the University of Illinois the following year. After his graduation with a Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1933, Taylor left for a bicycle tour through Europe. He returned to the United States in 1934 and was hired as the editor of a Carbondale weekly newspaper. During 1935 Taylor lived in various places in Polynesia, supporting himself by writing articles for the American Boy magazine. On his return to the U.S. he joined the staff of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and worked for the newspaper during the next three years. In 1939 Taylor was hired by the New Yorker. Joining the United States Navy in 1942, he served on active duty until 1946, when he was discharged with the rank of lieutenant commander. The same year he returned to his full-time writing career. He wrote several short stories in addition to his magazine articles and finished Adrift in a Boneyard, a fantasy novel. In 1948 Doubleday published Doctor, Lawyer, Merchant, Chief, a collection of Taylor's magazine pieces. It was followed by books like W. C. Fields: His Follies and Fortunes; Professor Fodorski; and The Running Pianist. Taylor's

240 book publications of the 1950's included the biography Winston Churchill: An Informal Study of Greatness, the fictional work The Bright Sands, and Center Ring: The People of the Circus. In 1959 Robert L. Taylor won the PP in the "Fiction" category for the volume The Travels ofJaimie McPheeters. Taylor, William Rowland, born on May 31, 1901, in New Bedford, Ma., was well acquainted with all kinds of yachting and water sports. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1923 and entered newspaper work, covering the waterfront for the New Bedford Standard. Later, Taylor was a member of the Fall River News, then he moved to the Boston Herald. In 1927 he joined the staff of the New York HeraldTribune to become the yachting editor of the paper. William H. Taylor was made the 1935 PPW in the "Reporting" category for his series of articles on the international yacht races. Teale, Edwin Way, born on June 2, 1899, in Joliet, II., attended Earlham College in Richmond, In., majoring in English. Having earned his B.A. degree in 1922, he took a position as instructor in public speaking and coach in debating at Friends University in Wichita, Ks. He remained there for two years and took then courses at Columbia University for the M.A. degree in English, which he received in 1926. In 1928 he found a job as feature writer on the staff of Popular Science Monthly and stayed there until 1941, when he decided to become a full-time freelance writer specializing on natural history. Already in 1930 his first work, The Book of Gliders, had appeared. His hobby of photography enabled Teale to realize his first professional project in the field of nature: Grassroot Jungles, a collection of insect photographs published in 1937. It was followed by The Junior Book of Insects and The Golden Throng. Other book publications of his were e.g. Near Horizons', Of Nature, Time and Teale', Dune Boy; Insect Friends and The Bees. A four-volume series, entitled The American Seasons, covered the natural history of the four seasons in all parts of the United States and included the following tomes: North With the Spring; Autumn Across America and Journey Into Summer. The concluding volume, Wandering Through Winter, was published in 1965 and made Edwin W. Teale the winner of the PP for "General Non-Fiction" the year after. Teasdale, Sara, born on August 8, 1884, in St. Louis, Mo., was educated in private schools. At the age of twenty she joined a group of local young women in an amateur artists' club called the "Potters." For several years they published a magazine, the Potter's Wheel, in which Teasdale's earliest work appeared. One of her

Taylor - Terkel prose sketches, "The Crystal Cup," caught the eye of the publisher of the Mirror, who reprinted it in May 1906. In 1907 Teasdale put together a collection of twenty-nine poems in a volume she titled Sonnets to Duse and Other Poems. In 1911 she published Helen of Troy and Other Poems, a volume of love poetry. The spring and winter of the same year she spent in New York attending some of the first meetings of the newly formed Poetry Society of America. Following a trip to Europe in 1912, Sara Teasdale met the publisher of the Poetry magazine, who subsequently brought out many of her poems. In 1915 she published her third book of poetry, entitled Rivers to the Sea. It was followed by The Answering Voice, an anthology of love poetry by women. In 1917 Sara Teasdale collected seventy-one of her poems in the volume Love Songs. The following year the book made her the recipient of the PP in the "Poetry" category, Temko, Allan Bernard, bom on February 4, 1924, in New York City, was educated at Columbia University, where he earned an A.B. degree in 1947. He did postgraduate work at the University of California at Berkeley from 1949-51 and at the Sorbonne in Paris from 1951-52. Afterwards, Allan Temko was a lecturer at the Sorbonne from 1953-54 and in the following Academic year at the Ecole des Arts et Me"tiers in Paris. After returning to the U.S. he taught journalism at the University of California from 1956-62. Temko began working for the San Francisco Chronicle in 1961 as an architecture critic. In addition to his work for the Chronicle, his writings appeared in the New Yorker, Harper's Magazine, Horizon, Saturday Review, the New York Times, the Washington Post, and other major magazines and newspapers. He also wrote extensively for Architecture, the magazine of the American Institute of Architects and other environmental publications. For several years Temko was West Coast Editor and principal contributor to Architectural Forum. He also was an active participant in environmental politics as an adviser to President John F. Kennedy and Governor Edmund G. Brown of California. Among many honors, Temko received fellowships and grants from the Guggenheim and Rockefeller Foundations, the Twentieth Century Fund and others; in 1986 and 1987 he won first prizes for architectural criticism. Allan B. Temko earned the 1990 PP in the category "Criticism" for his articles about architecture. Terkel, Studs Louis, born on May 16, 1912, in New York City, attended the University of Chicago earning his Ph.B. and J.D. degrees in 1932 and 1934. After completing law school, he

Thompson - Tizon worked as a civil service employee in Washington, D.C., and as a stage actor and movie house manager, before he turned to radio and television broadcasting. In 1935 he started to turn out weekly radio shows on Chicago's station WGN. In the early 1940's Terkel became an established voice on Chicago radio, first as a news commentator and sportscaster, then as a disc jockey. In 1945 he launched Wax Museum, the first of the diversified radio programs he had since conducted on station WFMT, Chicago. Other talk shows that Terkel established were Studs Terkel Almanac and Studs Terkel Show. From 1950 to 1953 he moderated the television program Studs' Place. In all, Terkel's occupations during the 1950's and 1960's were diverse: he lectured, narrated documentary films, moderated panel discussions, and hosted the 1959 and 1960 Newport Folk Festivals, the 1959 Ravinia Music Festival, and the 1961 University of Chicago Folk Festival. He also wrote a jazz column for the Chicago Sun-Times and continued his stage career, making appearances in plays such as Detective Story; A View from the Bridge and Light Up the Sky. His works as a playwright and author included Giants of Jazz; the play Amazing Grace and the three tape-recorded works Division Street: America; Hard Times and Working. Studs L. Terkel received the 1985 PP in the category "General Non-Fiction" for the book "The Good War": An Oral History of World War II. Thompson, Lawrance Roger, born on April 3, 1906, in Franklin, N.H., attended Wesleyan University for his B.A. degree, which he earned in 1928. After his graduation he joined the staff of Wesleyan as an instructor. In 1935 he became instructor for English and comparative literature at Columbia Graduate School. He spent a year as a research fellow, before he went to Princeton University to work as curator of rare books and to edit the Library Chronicle. In 1939 a doctorate of philosophy was conferred on him by Columbia. During World War II Thompson served with the United States Naval Reserve, advancing from lieutenant to lieutenant commander. In 1947 he returned to Princeton University as associate professor of English and was later advanced to full professor. Thompson taught as a guest lecturer at several universities in European countries including Yugoslavia, Norway and Austria. In 1968 he obtained the Holmes professorship of Belles-lettres at Princeton. Among the educator's works number Roben Frost: A Chronological Survey of His Work; Fire and Ice: The Art and Thought of Robert Frost; Melville's Quarrel with God; A Comic Principle in Sterne, Meredith, Joyce; Robert Frost: A Critical Study; William Faulkner: An Introduc-

241 tion and Interpretation and Robert Frost: The Early Years. He also edited Selected Letters of Robert Frost. In 1971 Lawrance R. Thompson was made the PPW in the "Biography or Autobiography" category for the book Robert Frost: The Years of Triumph, 1915-1938. Thomson, Virgil Garnett, born on November 25, 1896, in Kansas City, Mo., left school in 1917 to enlist in the Army, where he was trained in radio engineering. He studied philosophy, modem languages and advanced English composition at Harvard University and took several courses in music. When he received a John Knowles Paine Traveling Fellowship, he went to Paris to study. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1923. After having lived in New York City for a year he returned to Harvard, where he got an assistant instructorship and wrote articles on music for Vanity Fair. In 1925 Thomson moved to Paris once again. The following year he composed his Sonata da Chiesa. His Symphony on a Hymn Tune was written in 1928. In 1940 Thomson came back to the United States, where he began to work as a music critic for the New York Herald-Tribune. His articles were published in two volumes, The Musical Scene and The An of Judging Music. Virgil G. Thomson was awarded the 1949 PP in the "Music" category for the score to the film Louisiana Story. Thornell, Jack Randolph, bom on August 29, 1939, in Vicksburg, Ms., attended public schools in his home town. From 1957 to 1960 he served in the Army of the United States. During this time he was sent to the Army Photography School at Fort Monmouth, N.J. Thornell then started to work as a photographer for the Jackson Daily News, Ms. In 1964 he joined the Associated Press in New Orleans. The photographer was assigned to the Dominican Republic in 1965 and transferred to Selma, ΑΙ., in the same year. Jack R. Thornell won the 1967 PP in the category "Photography" for a picture of the shooting of a man by a roadside rifleman. Tizon, Alex, born on October 30, 1959, in Manila, Philippines, migrated with his family to the United States at the age of four. He went to the University of Oregon, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and graduated with a B.S. degree. He continued his education at Stanford University, Ca., where he received an M.A. He then embarked upon a journalistic career, and worked as a freelance writer from 1980 to 1986, when he became a Seattle Times reporter. Apart from this he was a news and features reporter for Pacific, the Sunday magazine of the Seattle Times. He also worked, among other freelance jobs, for CBS News and Newsweek magazine, and was a guest lecturer

242 at universities across the U.S. In 1993 he published his book Choosing to Emerge. The same year he was awarded a Dow Jones Fellowship by Stanford University, Ca., as well as the Professional Achievement award by the Filipino American National Historical Society. In 1997 Alex Tizon became a Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for coverage of widespread corruption in a federally-sponsored housing program of Native Americans. Toch, Ernst, born on December 7, 1887, in Vienna, Austria, taught himself composition while studying philosophy and medicine at Vienna University from 1906 to 1909. From 1909 to 1912 he took piano lessons in Frankfurt, Germany. Toch then taught piano and composition at the Hochschule für Musik in Mannheim, Germany. He served in the Austrian Army in World War I until 1918, before becoming Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, in 1921. Two years later he published his book Melodienlehre. In 1929 the composer moved to Berlin, where he taught the piano and composition. He emigrated to London via Paris in 1933. The following year he came to the United States where he got a job at the New School of Social Research in New York. He moved to Los Angeles in 1936 and began to teach at the University of Southern California in 1939. Toch was naturalized the following year. In 1948 The Shaping Forces in Music was published and he left the University. Ernst Toch was made recipient of the 1956 PP in the "Music" category for his Symphony No. 3. Tofani, Loretta A., born on February 5, 1953, in New York City, grew up in her hometown and Yonkers, N. Y. She earned a B.A. degree in 1975 from Fordham University in the Bronx and received an M.A. diploma in journalism from the University of California at Berkeley. At Fordham, Tofani was editor-in-chief of the college newspaper, The Ram. She worked each summer between the college years as a reporter for the News-Sentinel in Knoxville, Tn., the Democrat and Chronicle in Rochester, N.Y., and the United Press International in Portland, Or., New York City, and Los Angeles, Ca. In 1978 she moved to the Washington Post where she covered the police, the local government and courts. Her stories brought her a number of prizes, including the Mark Twain Award and the Washington Monthly national journalism award. In 1983 Loretta A. Tofani earned the PP in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for coverage of rape and sexual assault in a Maryland Detention Center. Toland, John Willard, born on June 29, 1912, in La Crosse, Wi., attended Williams College and earned his Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1936.

Toch - Tolischus Subsequently he studied for one year at Yale Drama School. From 1942 to 1946 and again from 1947 to 1949 he served with the United States Air Force advancing to the rank of captain. An advisor to the National Archives, his main occupation was always the professional writing. His first book, Ships in the Sky, was published in 1957. It was followed by Battle: The Story of the Bulge; But Not in Shame', The Dillinger Days; The Last 100 Days and the two juvenile books, The Flying Tigers and The Battle of the Bulge. Toland contributed articles and stories to Look, Life, Reader's Digest, Saturday Evening Post, Cosmopolitan and American Heritage. Like his other works The Rising Sun. The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945 also concentrated on a historic event. This book made John W. Toland the 1971 PPW in the "General NonFiction" category. Toles, Thomas Gregory (Tom), born on October 22, 1951, in Buffalo, N.Y., attended the State University of Buffalo where he started to draw cartoons for the campus newspaper Spectrum. He was graduated with a B.A. degree in English in 1973. In the same year he started to work as an artist for the Buffalo Courier-Express. In 1980 he began working as an editorial cartoonist under the name Tom Toles. In 1982 he was engaged by the Buffalo News. His cartoons were distributed to more than one hundred newspapers by the United Press Syndicate. Since 1985 Toles also published collections of his cartoons in book form. The cartoonist was made the recipient of the John Fischetti Editorial Cartoon award in 1984. Thomas G. Toles won the 1990 PP in the category "Editorial Cartooning" for his work, as exemplified by the drawing "First Amendment." Tolischus, Otto David, born on November 20, 1890, in Russ, the Memel Territory, renounced his German citizenship when he was seventeen and came to America. Five years later he was already attending Columbia University's School of Journalism, paying his way by working in factories in Syracuse, New York, and Trenton, N.J. When he was graduated in 1916 he promptly entered the newspaper business as a cub reporter on the Cleveland Press. During World War I Tolischus was a member of the Training Corps of Camp Gordon, near Atlanta, Ga., but the Armistice came before he saw service in France. He returned to the Cleveland Press, and in 1923, when he joined the Berlin staff of Hearst's Universal Service after a trip to Europe he was managing editor of a Cleveland paper. Tolischus was with Universal for eight years and then joined International News Service as its Berlin correspondent. In 1931, he

Toner - Trimble spent a year as head of this news service in London, and he returned to the U.S. in 1932 to work as a free-lance magazine writer for another year. In 1933, Tolischus joined the Berlin staff of the New York Times. There he watched the rise and expansion of the National Socialist regime and covered it in its economic, political and cultural aspects. Before the war he made extensive studies of Poland and Czechoslovakia. He covered the German angles of the outbreak of World War II and remained in Poland during the German campaign there. Otto D. Tolischus became the 1940 PPW in the "Correspondence" category for his dispatches from Berlin. Toner, Michael F. (Mike), born on March 17, 1944, in Le Mars, la., was chief photographer of the college paper Daily lowan from 1964 to 1966 and part time photographer for the Associated Press and United Press International while studying journalism at the University of Iowa. He received his B.A. degree in 1966 and joined the United Press International in Chicago as a reporter and photographer. The following year Toner graduated from Northwestern University with an M.S. degree in journalism and switched to the Miami Herald, where he became Key West bureau chief. He worked as the paper's copy editor from 1968 to 1969, was assistant city editor the following year, and got the post of an environmental writer of the Miami Herald in 1970. In 1973 and 1974 he attended Stanford University as part of the National Endowment for the Humanities Professional Journalism Fellowship Program. His book Florida by Paddle and Pack was published in 1979. In 1984 Toner joined the Atlanta Journal-Constitution where he got the post of science editor. He returned to science writing in 1991. The following year Michael F. Toner wrote the series "When Bugs Bite Back," dealing with the growing threat of resistant pathogens and agricultural pests, which won the PP for "Explanatory Journalism" in 1993. Toole, John Kennedy, born on December 7, 1937, in New Orleans, La., entered Tulane University at the age of sixteen, having already written his first, but unpublished, novel with the title "Neon Bible." Toole graduated from Tulane in 1958, and went to New York where he earned his master's degree in English at Columbia University the next year. He then spent twelve months teaching at the University of Southwestern Louisiana. Toole began writing A Confederacy of Dunces in 1962 while doing a stint in the army in Puerto Rico. Upon completing the novel in 1963, he began negotiating with the publishing house of Simon and Schuster for its publication. But after several revisions of the manuscript, the novel was finally rejected in

243 1966. Following his army discharge, Toole returned to New Orleans, where he lived with his parents while teaching at Saint Mary's Dominican College and working toward his Ph.D. degree at Tulane University. In December 1968 he resigned from his job and left New Orleans. For several months he traveled around the country, before, on March 26, 1969, he was found dead in his car in Biloxi, Ms., the victim of self-induced carbon-monoxide poisoning. After Toole's death, his mother took it upon herself to get her son's novel published. Written almost twenty years before, A Confederacy of Dunces came out in May 1980. This book earned John K. Toole posthumously the 1981 PP for "Fiction." Towery, Roland Kenneth, born on January 25, 1923, in Smithville, Ms., grew up in Texas where his family settled when he was eighteen months old. He attended Southwest Texas Junior College and Texas A & M University. Towery entered the U.S. Army in January, 1941, and was taken prisoner after the fall of Corregidor. He spent three years in Japanese camps, where he contracted beriberi and tuberculosis. After the war he returned to Texas, and he spent a great deal of time in veterans hospitals until 1951. Then he got a part-time job at the Record in Cuero, Tx., doing a farm column for that newspaper. In 1954, Roland K. Towery was made managing editor of the Record, and he also started working toward a degree in soil chemistry at Texas A & M University. Towery was a full-time staff member of his newspaper barely a month when he received his first tip about a land scandal: Promoters were persuading groups of veterans to apply for loans on tracts the promoters owned. The promoters were selling the land to the Veterans Land Board at higher prices. Towery's first story attracted little attention. But he kept writing until the situation was investigated by the State Legislature. Roland K. Towery earned the 1955 PP for "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" for his campaign in the year before. Trask, Harry Albert, bom on April 15, 1928, in Boston, Ma., graduated from Eastern School of Photography in Boston in 1951 while working as a mail clerk for the Boston Herald and Traveler. Afterwards Trask was employed as officeboy of the photography department. In 1955 the Boston Traveler engaged him as staff photographer. Harry A. Trask was made the 1957 PPW in the category "Photography" for his dramatic photographic sequence of the sinking of the sea liner "Andrea Doria." Trimble, Vance Henry, bom on July 6, 1913, in Harrison, Ar., was reared in Arkansas and Oklahoma. While a freshman in high school at

244 Okemah, Ok., he talked the editor of the Daily Leader into giving him small local reporting assignments. As a cub reporter for the Wewoka Times-Democrat, Trimble covered courthouse offices and served as a sports editor. After he was graduated in 1931 he became a full-time reporter of the Wewoka Times-Democrat for several months before moving on to a job as news editor of the Maud Daily Enterprise in Oklahoma. In 1932 Trimble became a desk man on the Seminole Morning News, and over the next few years he worked on several other Oklahoma papers: the Seminole Producer, the Seminole Reporter, the Wewoka Morning News, the Shawnee Morning News, and the Muskogee Times-Democrat and Phoenix. He served as a news editor on the Okmulgee Times for one year and as a desk man and financial writer on the Tulsa Tribune for almost as long a period. Trimble next went to Texas, where he became a reporter and desk man for the Beaumont Enterprise in 1937. Then he was hired by the Port Arthur News as a telegraph editor, and remained there until he joined the staff of a ScrippsHoward paper, the Houston Press, as a copy editor in 1939. During World War II he served in the army, and afterwards returned to the Houston Press as a special writer. He worked as the managing editor of that newspaper from 1950 to 1955, when he became news editor of the Washington bureau of the Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. Vance H. Trimble earned the 1960 PP in the "National Reporting" category for exposure of nepotism in the U.S. Congress. Trudeau, Garretson Beekman (Garry), born on July 21, 1948, in New York City, started to draw a comic strip for the Yale Daily News in 1968, when he was an undergraduate at Yale University. It was called "Bull Tales" and soon attracted national attention. With his comic strip Trudeau invented a new genre of political and social commentary. In 1970 the Universal Press Syndicate changed the title into "Doonesbury," the name of the main character in the strip and distributed it to more than three hundred newspapers. Also a number of collections of "Doonesbury" were published. As the editor of "Sheed and Ward's Cartoons for New Children" series the cartoonist published his own book in 1974. In 1975 Garretson B. Trudeau won the PP in the category "Editorial Cartooning" for his "Doonesbury" strip as exemplified by the drawing "The President Fights Back." Trussell, Charles Prescott, born on August 3, 1892, in Chicago, II., was a member of a family whose American ancestry dates back to the revolutionary period. When Charles was still a child, his father founded a weekly newspaper in

Trudeau - Tulsky Berwyn, II. In 1902, when his father died, his mother took over the editorship of the paper for a time. The family then moved to Salisbury, Md., where Charles finished his grade school education and entered Wicomico High School. Trussell found a job as a cub reporter on the Baltimore American in 1916. He remained with this paper a short time, until, in October 1916, he moved to the Baltimore News. In June, 1917, upon joining the Baltimore Sun, he was assigned to cover the police and crime news for that paper. Trussell was drafted into the World War I Army in July, 1918. After the armistice, the newspaperman returned to the Baltimore Sun. He continued as a reporter there, later becoming a copyreader. Then, in 1923, he was appointed assistant city editor, and in 1925 city editor. After seven years on the city desk, Trussell was transferred to the Washington bureau of the Baltimore Sun in 1932, his beat being the White House, Presidential trips, and Government departments and agencies. In December, 1941, Trussell accepted an appointment with the New York Times as a correspondent in that paper's Washington bureau. Charles P. Trussell became the 1949 PPW in the "National Reporting" category for coverage of the national scene from Washington. Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim, bom on January 30, 1912, in New York City, attended Radcliffe College and earned her B.A. degree in 1933. The following year she began work as a research assistant for the Institute of Pacific Relations in New York City and in 1935 was sent to the organization's branch office in Tokyo. Upon her return to the United States the year after, she took a position as an editorial assistant and writer with the Nation. In 1937 she went to Spain as correspondent for the Nation, reporting from Madrid during the Spanish Civil War. Subsequently she stayed for a while in London to write for the magazine The War in Spain. Upon her return home in 1938 she worked as a free-lance writer for the Nation, and in the following year she became the United States correspondent for the British journal of opinion New Statesman and Nation. Her book publications included: The Lost British Policy: Britain and Spain Since 1700', Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour and The Zimmermann Telegram. Barbara W. Tuchman's book The Guns of August earned her the 1963 PP in the "General Non-Fiction" category. In 1972 she received her second PP in the same award category, this time for the volume Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-1945. Tulsky, Fredric Neal, born on September 30, 1950, in Chicago, II., was graduated in 1972

245

Studs Terkel

Barbara Tuchman

Alfred Vhry

John Updike

246 from the University of Missouri School of Journalism. He worked at the Herald-Examiner in Los Angeles, Ca., the Clarion-Ledger in Jackson, Ms., the Times Herald in Port Huron, Mi., and the News in Saginaw, Mi. In 1979 Fredric N. Tulsky became a staff writer for the Philadelphia Inquirer. In 1987 he was named a CoPPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for a series entitled "Disorder in the Court." Tuohy, William Klaus, bom on October 1, 1926, in Chicago, II., served with the U.S. Navy in China and the Philippines during World War II. He left Northwestern University after his B.S. graduation in 1951. Tuohy started his newspaper career working for the San Francisco Chronicle as a copy boy one year later. Soon he climbed to the position of reporter and then became night city editor of that paper, a post he held until 1959. The same year he went to Newsweek magazine where he worked successively as reporter, writer, assistant national affairs editor and national political correspondent before his appointment as bureau chief of the Saigon Newsweek bureau. Tuohy covered the Republican Presidential Campaign as Newsweek's national political correspondent and wrote numerous cover stories as a Newsweek assistant national affairs editor. After having received the Headliner award for his Vietnam coverage in 1965, the Los Angeles Times enticed him away because of his deep knowledge of the Vietnam scene, and he became Vietnam correspondent of that newspaper at the same place. Thus he stayed in Saigon, dispatching many exclusive reports on the events in Vietnam to the U.S. His Vietnam War correspondence earned William K. Tuohy the 1969 PP in the "International Reporting" category. Turcol, Thomas Anthony, born on September 18, 1953, in Wilmington, De., received a B.A. degree from the University of Delaware. He began his journalistic career as a reporter with the Newark Weekly Post, De., in 1976. From 1977 to 1983 he worked for the Atlantic City Press and Sunday Press, N.J. He then moved to Virginia to write for the Norfolk Virginian-Pilot and Ledger-Star. He left Norfolk to join the Washington Post in 1985. The same year Thomas A. Turcol won the PP in the "General News Reporting" category for coverage of the corruption of a local economic development official. Turner, Frederick Jackson, born on November 14, 1861, in Portage, Wi., was graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1884. After having taken his Master's degree in 1888, he gave up his original ideas of journalism and elocution and determined to start a career as professor of history. At the University of Wisconsin he be-

Tuohy - Twomey came assistant professor of history in 1889. The following year, he earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins University. Still one year later, he was promoted to professor and in 1892 he received a professorship of American history. Furthermore, Turner took part in a deliberate attempt to erect a distinguished school of social studies at the University of Wisconsin. Until 1910 he declined all calls to other institutions, but then accepted a professorship at Harvard. He served as president to the inner council of the American Historical Association from 1909 to 1910 and during the period of 1910 to 1915, he was a member of the board of editors of the American Historical Review. After his retirement in 1924, the Huntington Library in Pasadena, Ca., welcomed him as research associate. Turner wrote only little. Rise of the New West and Frontier in American History count among his publications. Frederick J. Turner died on March 14, 1932. In the following year he and his book The Significance of Sections in American History received the PP in the "History" category. Turner, Wallace L., born on March 15, 1921, in Titusville, Fl., received a B.J. degree from the University of Missouri in 1943. The same year he started as a reporter for the Daily News in Springfield, Mo. Then he joined the staff of the Oregonian in 1943 continuing his work as a reporter. In 1952 he was the recipient of the Heywood Brown award for reporting. Wallace L. Turner became the 1957 Co-PPW in the "Local Reporting, No Edition Time" category for coverage of vice and corruption in Portland. Turnley, David Carl, born on June 22, 1955, in Fort Wayne, In., attended the University of Michigan from which he graduated with a B.A. degree and then studied at Sorbonne University in Paris, France. He started his newspaper career in 1978 as a staff photographer at Northville Sliger Home Newspapers, Mi. Two years later the photographer switched to the Detroit Free Press. In 1985 the newspaper sent him to South Africa where he stayed for two years. Afterwards he became photographic correspondent in Paris, France. In 1988 Tumley published the volume Why Are They Weeping ? South Africans under Apartheid and the next year his second book followed entitled Beijing Spring. In 1990 David C. Tumley won the PP in the "Feature Photography" category for pictures of the political uprisings in China and Eastern Europe. Twomey, Stephen M. (Steve), bom on May 30, 1951, in Niles, Mi., studied at Northwestern University, II. In 1973 he joined the Philadelphia Inquirer in Pennsylvania, where he held positions as reporter, education writer, labor reporter and west coast correspondent until 1983. He then moved to Paris, France, as a corre-

Tyler spondent for the Inquirer. In 1987 he returned to the U.S. and worked as a reporter, once again. The same year, Stephen M. Twomey received the PP in the category of "Feature Writing" for his portrait of life aboard an aircraft carrier. Tyler, Anne, born on October 25, 1941, in Minneapolis, Mn., attended Duke University. Although she twice won an award for creative writing, she majored in Russian and received her B.A. degree in 1961. During a year of graduate study in Russian at Columbia University, Tyler wrote her first novel entitled If Morning Ever Comes, followed by another one called The Tin Can Tree. In 1963 she returned to Duke University to serve as its library's Russian bibliographer for one year. During 1964-65 she was assistant to the librarian at the law library of McGill University in Montreal. She abandoned library work in favor of a full-time

247 writing career in 1967. Tyler did not publish her third novel, A Slipping-Down Life, until 1970. Two years later she brought out The Clock Winder and in 1974 the novel Celestial Navigation. Searching for Caleb appeared. For Earthly Possessions Anne Tyler was awarded a citation by the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. Morgan's Passing, published in 1980, earned a nomination for the National Book Critics' Circle Award and won another award bestowed by the University of Rochester. During the 1980's the two novels Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant and The Accidental Tourist were published. A contributor of short stories to magazines such as the New Yorker, the Saturday Evening Post, and Redbook, Anne Tyler won the 1989 PP in the "Fiction" category for her book about a Baltimore couple, entitled Breathing Lessons.

Uhry, Alfred, bom on December 3, 1936, in Atlanta, Ga., attended Brown University, where he wrote books and lyrics for the annual student musicals for two years as an undergraduate. After graduating from Brown University with a B.A. degree in 1958 Uhry decided to try his luck as a writer and lyricist in New York. Between 1960 and 1963 he worked together with the composer Frank Loesser. Uhry's first wellknown work, The Robber Bridegroom, became a surprise hit on New York's Off-Broadway circuit in 1975 and ran on Broadway during the 1976-77 season. It brought the lyricist a nomination for the Drama Desk Award and for the Tony Award. But Uhry's fortunes in theater did not remain. Turning to teaching he became instructor in English and drama at Calhoun High School, a private school in New York City, where he stayed until 1980. Between 1980 and 1984 he was affiliated with the Goodspeed Opera House. The following year Uhry started to work as an instructor in lyric writing at New York University. In spite of his main occupation as a teacher Uhry never gave up writing thoroughly. His work for the theater during these years included Chapeau; Swing', Little Johnny Jones, and America's Sweetheart. Great success in theater came to Alfred Uhry in 1988 again, when the play Driving Miss Daisy brought to him the PP in the "Drama" category. Ulevich, Neal Hirsch, bom on June 18, 1946, in Milwaukee, Wi., started to work as a writer for the Associated Press in Wisconsin in 1966. While working in this job he graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a B.A. degree in journalism in 1968. In the same year he started to work as a reporter for the Associated Press in St. Louis. In 1969 Ulevich went to the Far East where he worked as a free-lance writer. He travelled to Hong Kong to leam Chinese and to study Asian affairs at the University of Hong Kong. He then rejoined the Associated Press in Saigon as a photo editor and photographer. From 1971 to 1972 Ulevich came back to the University of Wisconsin-Madison as a fellow. The photographer then switched to the Associated Press bureau in Bangkok in 1975. Neal H. Ulevich became the 1977 Co-PPW in the category "Spot News Photography" for a series of pictures of disorder and brutality in the streets of Bangkok.

Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, born on July 11, 1938, in Sugar City, Id., attended the University of Utah and received there her Bachelor of Artsdegree in 1960. She enrolled for graduate study at Simmons College, where she earned her Master's degree in 1971. At the University of New Hampshire she started to teach English and from 1976 to 1980 she worked as an instructor in history. She was granted her doctorate of philosophy from the University of New Hampshire in 1980. That same year she was advanced to associate professor of history. She joined the Organization of American Historians and the National Women Studies Association. Being the contributor of scholarly articles and personal essays to various journals, she was also the author of Vertuous Women found: New England ministerial literature, 16681735', A friendly neighbor: Social dimensions of daily work in Northern Colonial New England; Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 and Psalme-tunes, periwigs and bastards: Ministerial authority in early eighteenth century Durham. Laurel T. Ulrich won the 1991 PP in the category "History" for the book A Midwife's Tale. The Life of Martha Bollard. Based on Her Diary, 1785-1812. Ultang, Donald Theodore (Don), born on March 23, 1917, in Fort Dodge, la., first attended Iowa State University and graduated from the University of Iowa with a B.A. degree. He then started to work for a commercial photography company. In 1946 Ultang joined the Des Moines Register and Tribune where he worked as a staff photographer and company pilot. Only three years later the photographer received the Detroit Times Feature Award. In 1951 he was named National Photographer by the University of Missouri. In 1952 Donald T. Ultang became the Co-PPW in the category "Photography" for the sequence of six pictures showing the field attack on an outstanding black football player. Unger, Irwin, born on May 2, 1927, in Brooklyn, N.Y., attended the City College of New York, majoring in social sciences and earned his Bachelor's degree there in 1948. For graduate study he enrolled at Columbia University, where he obtained his Master of Arts-degree in 1949. During the following two years he studied at the

Updike - Ut University of Washington and from 1952 to 1954 he served in the United States Army. Unger became instructor at Columbia University in 1956 and in 1959 he came as an assistant professor to the Long Beach State College in California. As an associate professor he joined the staff of the University of California in Davis in 1962. He was member of the American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians, and the Economic History Association. In 1965 Irwin Unger won the PP in the category "History" for the book The Greenback Era. Updike, John Hoyer, born on March 18, 1932, in Shillington, Pa., attended Harvard College majoring in English. In 1954 he received his A.B. degree and a one-year fellowship to study at Oxford University. After a year spent abroad, he returned to the U.S. in 1955 and accepted a position with the New Yorker, Still contributing on a freelance basis to the magazine, in 1957 Updike moved to Ipswich, a small Massachusetts town, in order to concentrate on his fiction writing. Updike's first volume, The Carpentered Hen and Other Tame Creatures, a collection of fifty-five poems, appeared in 1958. It was followed by a short story collection, The Same Door, and his first novel, The Poorhouse Fair. In the 1960's he published Telephone Poles and Other Poems; Pigeon Feathers, a collection of nineteen short stories, and the novels Of the Farm and Couples. In 1970 Updike brought out another short story collection, Bech: A Book.

249 Other collections of his short stories were The Music School·, Museums and Women; and Problems and Other Stories. A Month of Sundays and Marry Me: A Romance. Two novels treating adultery as a subject, appeared in 1975 and 1976. Inspired by his earlier Fulbright lectureship in Africa, Updike wrote The Coup, the story of the black leader of an African nation. The author also published essays, book reviews, sketches, and speeches. In 1981 John Updike brought out Rabbit fs Rich, the third volume of his Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom cycle including the novels Rabbit, Run and Rabbit Redux. In 1982 John H. Updike earned the PP in the category "Fiction" for the book Rabbit Is Rich. Nine years later, in 1991, he was awarded another PP in the same award category for the sequel Rabbit At Rest. Ut, Huynh Cong, bom on March 29, 1951, in Long An, South Vietnam, started to work as a darkroom technican for the Associated Press in Saigon, South Vietnam, in 1965. In this way he could study photography under acclaimed professionals. Ut did his first combat experience in photographing small-time operations near Saigon and in the Mekong Delta. In 1970 Ut reported on the Cambodian invasion. For his picture "The Terror of War," depicting children in flight from a napalm bombing, Huynh C. Ut gained numerous prizes just as the Top Performence Award from the Associated Press Managing Editors Association and the 1973 PP in the category "Spot News Photography."

Valtman, Edmund Siegfried, bom on May 31, 1914, in Tallinn, Estonia, began his career doing freelance cartooning and commercial art in his home country between 1936 and 1942. He then became a student at the Tallinn Art and Applied Art School, where he stayed the following two years. During that time he held the post of an editorial cartoonist with the Eesti Sana and the Maa Sana, both daily newspapers for the capital city of Tallinn. Between 1945 and 1949 Valtman was cartoonist for the Estonian weekly Eesti Post in Germany. He then left Germany to move to the U.S., where he became editorial cartoonist for the Hartford Times in 1951. Two years later he entered the Hartford Art School in Connecticut, where he studied parttime painting during the following four years. In 1958 the cartoonist was made the recipient of the National Safety Council award. Another great honor was granted to Edmund S. Valtman in 1962 when he was awarded the PP for "Editorial Cartooning," illustrated by the drawing "What You Need, Man, Is a Revolution Like Mine!" Van Doren, Carl C., born on September 10, 1885, in Hope, II., attended the University of Illinois for his A.B. degree. After his graduation he remained there to become an assistant in rhetoric. Having received his Doctor of Philosophy-degree in 1911, he joined the staff of Columbia University as an instructor in English. He was promoted to assistant professor in 1914 and to associate professor in 1916. That same year he also became headmaster of the Brearley School, N.Y. From 1919 to 1922 he was literary editor of the Nation and thereafter of the Century Magazine. During the years of 1926 to 1934 Van Doren edited The Literary Guild, while being a member of the commission on management of the Dictionary of American Biography. He was the author of the following works: The Life of Thomas Love Peacock; The American Novel; Contemporary American Novelists; The Roving Critic; Many Minds; James Branch Cabell; Other Provinces; American and British Literature since 1890, which he wrote in collaboration with Mark Van Doren; The Ninth Wave; Swifi; Sinclair Lewis; American Literature - An Introduction and Three Worlds. Van Doren edited Modem American Prose and An Anthology of World Prose; he was managing editor of the Cambridge History of American

Literature and a Short History of American Literature. Carl Van Doren won the 1939 PP for "Biography or Autobiography" for his book Benjamin Franklin. Van Doren, Mark Albert, born on June 13, 1894, in Hope, II., graduated from the University of Illinois with a liberal arts-degree in 1914 and took his M.A. there in 1915, the same year that his first published poem appeared. Then he went to New York to study at Columbia University. When the United States entered World War I he interrupted his studies to serve in the infantry from September 1917 to December 1918, but he was not sent overseas. After returning to university he was awarded a traveling fellowship and went to England and France. It was during this trip that Van Doren began to think seriously of writing poetry but in the meantime opportunities opened for him in the academic and public world of letters. Columbia offered him an instructorship, and almost as soon as he returned from Europe he was given the literary editorship of the Nation for the summer. In 1924, the same year he became literary editor of the Nation for the next four years, Van Doren brought out a book of short poems entitled Spring Thunder, which was largely devoted to images of rural life. The next two volumes of poetry, 7 P.M. & and Other Poems, and Now the Sky & Other Poems, continued in this vein. In his book Jonathan Gentry Van Doren achieved at last his ambition to write long poems. This work was followed by the publication of three other volumes: A Winter Diary and Other Poems in 1935, The Last Look, and Other Poems in 1937 and the volume Collected Poems 1922-1938, for which Mark A. Van Doren won the PP for "Poetry" in 1940. Van Duyn, Mona Jane, bom on May 9, 1921, in Waterloo, la., was educated at the University of Northern Iowa, where she received a B.A. degree in 1942, and at the University of Iowa, where she obtained her M.A. in 1943. The same year she became an instructor in English at the University of Iowa, a post she held the next three years. In 1947, one year after she had switched to the University of Louisville, she started to co-edit Perspective: A Quarterly of Literature. In 1950 Van Duyn accepted the position of a lecturer in English at Washington University in St. Louis, where she stayed until

Van Smith - Vennochi 1967. During that time she published two volumes of poetry: Valentines to the Wide World and A Time of Bees. The poet was granted an honorary D.Litt. by that university in 1971 and another one by Cornell University in 1972. The following year she was lecturer for the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies in Austria. Meanwhile she continued work on her poetry and published further collections such as To See, To Take', Bedtime Stories, and Merciful Disguises. Another book of poetry, entitled Letters from a Father and Other Poems, was published in 1983. That year Van Duyn took the post of adjutant professor of a poetry workshop, which took place at Washington University. In the course of her career the poet received numerous honors and awards. Among these were the Eunice Tietjens award, the Harriet Monroe award, a National Book award, and the Loines prize from the Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1991 Mona J. Van Duyn gained the PP in the "Poetry" category for the volume Near Changes. Van Smith, Howard, born on April 6, 1910, in San Francisco, Ca., was educated at Pennington Preparatory School from 1927 to 1929 before he got his first newspaper job as a staff reporter for the New York Times from 1930 until 1932. In the following three years he worked as a freelance writer and his profession was that of a heating and hydraulics engineer. In the period 1942 until 1944 Van Smith was a civilian engineer in the Air Force at Warner-Robins Airfield in Georgia. Then he returned to newspaper work as a reporter for the Orlando Sentinel. One year later he moved to the Miami Daily News where he was Sunday editor for the next dozen years. In 1957 he was appointed a special writer for the Miami News. Van Smith also freelanced in major magazines like Reader's Digest, This Week and Redbook. He also wrote short stories and novels; several of his writings were translated into fifteen languages. From 1948 to 1954 he lectured at the University of Miami, receiving a meritorious award of the Florida Public Health Association. In 1959 Howard Van Smith earned the PP for "National Reporting" for coverage of the living conditions in a Florida migrant labor camp. Van Tyne, Claude Halstead, bom on October 16, 1869, in Tecumseh, Mi., started as a youth in the banking business and rose to the position of cashier. But instead of pursuing this career, he attended the University of Michigan and was graduated in 1896. During the years 1897-98 he completed his studies in Leipzig, Heidelberg and Paris. Two years later, he earned his Ph.D. degree at the University of Pennsylvania, where he remained as senior fellow in history until January 1903. Then, after six months' work of

251 investigation in Washington in connection with the Carnegie Institution, he came in the fall of the same year to the University of Michigan as assistant professor. Three years later, Van Tyne was promoted to the rank of professor and was made head of the department of American history. In 1913-14 he was lecturer in the French provincial universities. In 1927 he occupied the Sir George Watson chair of American history, literature, and institutions in the British universities, an annual lectureship. Van Tynes scholarly publications were numerous, among them are The Loyalists in the American Revolution; Guide to the Archives of the Government of the United States in Washington; The American Revolution; School History of the United States and England and America, Rivals in the American Revolution. Claude H. Van Tyne was made the 1930 PPW in the category "History" for the book The War of Independence. Vathis, Paul, born on October 18, 1925, in Jim Thorpe, Pa., attended public schools in his hometown. During World War II he served as a marine in the South Pacific. After his return to the U.S. in 1946 Vathis started to work as a copy boy for the Associated Press in Philadelphia and then got the post of a wirephoto operator. Three years later Vathis was promoted to photographer and applied for a job in Pittsburgh but soon transferred to Harrisburg, Pa., in November 1950. In 1962 Paul Vathis became the PPW in the category "Photography" for his picture "Serious Steps" showing a former and an acting U.S. President at Camp David. Veder, Slava J., born on August 30, 1926, in Berkeley, Ca., attended Modesto Junior College, the College of the Pacific, Diablo College and Sacramento State College. Since 1945 he did several jobs such as a fireman for the Martinez Fire Department in California, sportswriter for the Richmond Independent or working for the Oakland Ice Hockey Club. Veder joined the newsroom staff of the Alameda Times-Star in California from 1949 to 1952. He then switched to the Tulsa World where he worked as an assistant of the Sunday editor for four years. In 1956 Veder joined the Concord Transcript, afterwards switched to the Pinsburg Post Dispatch and then worked for the Oakland Tribune as a copy editor. The photographer started to work for the Associated Press on freelance basis and joined the AP bureau in Sacramento in 1961. Afterwards he transferred to San Francisco. Slava J. Veder earned the 1974 PP in the category "Feature Photography" for a picture showing the return of an American prisoner of war from captivity in North Vietnam. Vennochi, Joan, bom on January 27, 1953, in Brooklyn, N.Y., was a graduate of Boston Uni-

252 versity's School of Public Communication. She started as a reporter on the Danbury News Times and as an intern reporter for Newsday before joining the Boston Globe in June, 1976. In 1980 Joan Vennochi became a Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for articles on Boston's transit system. Viereck, Peter Robert Edwin, born on August 5, 1916, in New York City, gradueted from Harvard College in 1937 with a B.S. degree in history and literature. He did graduate work on a Henry fellowship at Christ Church, Oxford University, and returned to Harvard to earn an M.A. in 1939 and a Ph.D. in 1942, both in history. Since his Harvard days, when he won both the Garrison prize medal for the best undergraduate verse and the Bowdoin prize medal for the best philosophical prose, Viereck continued to devote his attention equally to history and poetry. During World War II, he served with the U.S. Army Psychological Warfare Branch in Africa and Italy, where he analyzed radio propaganda. In 1946, Viereck began a teaching career in history, first at Harvard and then at Smith College. The poet also traveled widely in Europe, lecturing on poetry at universities or working on research projects in history. Peter R. E. Viereck's first volume of verse, titled Terror and Decorum, made him the recipient of the 1949 PP in the "Poetry" category. Vise, David Allan, born on June 16, 1960, in Nashville, Tn., was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and received a B.S. degree. He went to England, where he attended the London School of Economics, but came back to the University of Pennsylvania to complete his M.B.A. He started his journalistic career as a summer intern with the Nashville Tennessean in 1982. The same year he interned at the Washington Post. From 1983 to 1984 he worked as an investment banker with Goldman, Sachs & Company before he joined the Washington Post, again, in 1984 as a business reporter. After six years on the job he became local business editor with the Post in 1990. He also received the 1990 Gerald Loeb Award by the University of California's Anderson Graduate School of Management in Los Angeles, Ca. In 1990 he was a CoPPW in the category of "Explanatory Journalism" for a series of stories on the Security and Exchange Commission and the way it was

Viereck-Vogel effected of the policies of its former chairman, John Shad. Vitez, Michael, born on April 11, 1957, in Washington, D.C., went to the University of Virginia and graduated in 1979. In his last college year he was editor-in-chief of the college paper Cavalier Daily. He went on to become a staff member of the Virginian-Pilot/Ledger-Star, Va., in 1979. In 1980 he moved to Washington, D.C., where he was hired by the Washington Star. He did not stay long on this job, but joined the Hartford Courant, Ct., in 1981. In 1985 he became a general assignment and feature writer with the Philadelphia Inquirer, Pa. From 1994 to 1995 he was a Michigan Journalism Fellow. In 1997 he received the Excellence in Media award by the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging. In 1997 Michael Vitez became a Co-PPW in the category of "Explanatory Journalism" for his coverage of the struggle of five critically-ill people to die with dignity. Vogel, Paula, born on November 16, 1951, in Washington, D.C., attended Bryn Mawr College in 1969 and graduated from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., with a B.A. degree in theater in 1974. She continued her studies at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., where she attended all required courses for a doctoral degree, but did not complete her dissertation. During this time Vogel wrote her first play, Meg, which made her recipient of an American College Theatre Festival Award for best new play. From 1977 to 1978 Vogel was a lecturer at Cornell University. The following year she received a playwriting fellowship from the Endowment of the Arts. In 1979 she also became an instructor of theater arts at Cornell University. Vogel worked as a production supervisor at Theatre on Film and Tape from 1982 to 1984. Afterwards she joined Brown University in Providence, R.I., as a professor for Creative Writing and English. Vogel examined such hot-button topics as pornography, AIDS, domestic violence, and gay parenthood. In The Baltimore Waltz she wrote about a schoolteacher and her brother who died of AIDS. The play won the 1992 Obie Award for Best Off-Broadway Play. Paula Vogel earned the 1998 PP for "Drama" for her play How I Learned to Drive.

Wagner, Melinda, bom on February 25, 1957, in Philadelphia, Pa., studied with famous composers. She obtained graduate degrees at the University of Chicago and the University of Pennsylvania, and taught at the University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College, Syracuse University, and the City University of New York. Wagner received particular acclaim for her orchestral works. Her first orchestral piece, Falling Angels, was commissioned by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Wagner was recipient of numerous honors, including fellowships from the Guggenheim and Howard foundations, grants from the Illinois Arts Council and the New York State Council on the Arts, three awards from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, and several resident commissions. Melinda Wagner received the 1999 PP for "Music" for her Concerto for Flute, Strings and Percussion. Walker, Alice Malsenior, bom on February 9, 1944, in Eatonton, Ga., attended a black women's college in Atlanta, where she soon became involved in the civil rights movement. In her sophomore year she enrolled in Sarah Lawrence College, which awarded her the Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1965. While in college Walker wrote Once, her first volume of poetry. In 1967 her first published essay, "The Civil Rights Movement: What Good Was It?," appeared in the American Scholar. The same year Alice Walker moved to Jackson, Ms. There she served briefly as a black-history consultant to Friends of the Children of Mississippi and as a writer-in-residence at Jackson State College in 1968-69 and at Tougaloo College in 1970-71. Her first novel, The Third Life of Grange Copeland, was published in 1970. In 1972-73 she lectured at both Wellesley College and the University of Massachusetts. The latter year also saw the publication of three more books by her: Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems; In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women; and the juvenial book Langston Hughes: American Poet. In 1974 Walker accepted a position as contributing editor for Ms. magazine in New York City, completed work on her second novel, Meridian, and published her third book of poems, Goodnight, Willie Lee, I'll See you in the Morning. Her next publication was another collection of short fiction, You

Can't Keep a Good Woman Down. It was followed by The Color Purple, a story focusing on the cruel domination of black men over black women. The novel won Alice M. Walker the 1983 PP in the "Fiction" category. Walker Jr, George Theophilus, born on June 27,1922, in Washington, D.C., obtained a Bachelor of Music-degree at Oberlin Conservatory in 1941. He was admitted to the Curtis Institute of Music, where four years later he received an Artist's Diploma. From 1950 to 1953 he was concert pianist under the aegis of the National concert Artists Management. He then taught at Dillard University in New Orleans for one year. In 1957 he earned a Doctor of Musical Arts-degree from the Eastman School of Music, before traveling to Europe on Fulbright and John Hay Whitney fellowships. Upon returning to the U.S. he joined Smith College in Northampton, Ma., in 1961. In 1968 he accepted a job as associate professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder. One year later he was appointed professor of music at Rutgers University in Newark. Additionally, he held the post of adjunct professor at the Peabody Institute of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore between 1973 and 1976. In 1992 he retired from Rutgers University as professor emeritus. Walker was recipient of the award of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters as well as numerous other awards and fellowships. George T. Walker Jr. won the 1996 PP in "Music" for the composition Lilacs, for voice and orchestra. Wallace, Michael (Mike), born on July 22, 1942, in New York City, received his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Columbia University. He became a professor of history at the John Jay College of the City University of New York, where he taught many courses on the city of New York. He also wrote several highly acclaimed books on American History. In 1999 Michael Wallace was made the Co-PPW for "History" for his book Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. Walsh, Denny Jay, born on November 23, 1935, in Omaha, Nb., was on active duty with the Marine Corps from October, 1954, to September, 1958. He received a Bachelor of Journalism-degree from the School of Journalism of the University of Missouri in September, 1961. Afterwards he joined the St. Louis Globe-Democrat

254 as a staff writer. In 1962 Denny Walsh received the Con Lee Relliher Award for excellence in general news reporting from the St. Louis Chapter of Sigma Delta Chi. In 1963 he earned the American Political Science Association award for outstanding reporting of public affairs. Denny J. Walsh became the 1969 Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for coverage of abuse of power of the St. Louis Steamfitters Union. Walworth Jr., Arthur Clarence, bom on July 9, 1903, in Newton, Ma., attended Yale University, majoring in English, and received his B.A. degree in 1925. After graduation he went to China, where he taught English and modern European history at the college of Yale-inChina at Changsha. On his return to the United States in 1927, Walworth joined the educational department of the Houghton Mifflin Company in Boston, doing selling, advertising, and editorial work. At the end of 1943 he left the company, in order to work for the Office of War Information as a writer in the overseas branch. When the war was over, Walworth decided to devote his entire time to writing. He was the author of School Histories at War: A Study of the Treatment of our Wars in the Secondary School History Books of the United States and in those of its Former Enemies; Black Ships off Japan: The Story of Commodore Perry's Expedition and the travel book Cape Breton, Isle of Romance. Ten years of research went into his Woodrow Wilson biography. Its two volumes were published in 1958: Woodrow Wilson, American Prophet and Woodrow Wilson, World Prophet. The following year Arthur C. Walworth Jr. won the PP in "Biography or Autobiography" for his work on Wilson. Ward, Paul William, born on October 9, 1905, in Lorain, Oh., was educated in Akron, Oh., West Virginia and Middlebury College. From 1926 to 1930 he worked for the Standard, New Bedford, Ma., and then moved to the Sun in Baltimore, Md. After three years on the staff in Baltimore, he was transferred to the Washington bureau for diversified experience in the coverage of congressional and departmental affairs. In 1937, Ward was sent to London to take charge of the Sun's bureau and was there when the Nazis started their sweep across Europe in the fall of 1939. He returned to the U.S. early in 1940 and was again assigned to Washington, this time to specialize in State Department news and the trend of the country's foreign relations. He covered the Dumbarton Oaks Conference of 1944, the San Francisco Peace Conference of 1945, the meetings of the Foreign Ministers in Paris and New York. In 1946, he spent some time in the Soviet Union where he covered the

Walworth - Warner Moscow Foreign Ministers Conference on peace terms for Germany and Austria. Paul W. Ward was made the 1948 PPW in the "International Reporting" category for a series of articles entitled "Life in the Soviet Union." Ward, Robert Eugene, bom on September 13, 1917, in Cleveland, Oh., attended John Adams High School from which he graduated in 1934. The following year he enrolled as a scholarship student at the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester, where he received a Bachelor of Music-degree in 1939. Ward then moved to New York and entered the Juilliard Graduate School on a fellowship. From 1942 to 1946 he served in the Army of the United States, where he composed e.g. the orchestral piece Adagio and Allegro in 1943. He completed his studies in May 1946, when he received his postgraduate study certificate. Ward subsequently taught at Juilliard, where he stayed for the next ten years, while also becoming an associate in music at Columbia University. In 1949-50 and 1951-52 he received two Guggenheim Fellowships. From 1952 to 1955 he held the post of music director at the Third Street Music School Settlement. He left Juilliard Graduate School in 1956 to become executive vice-president and managing editor of the Galaxy Music Corporation. In the same year his first opera, Pantaloon, had its premiere. His second opera, The Crucible, made Robert E. Ward the recipient of the 1962 PP in the "Music" category. Warner, William Whitesides, born on April 2, 1920, in New York City, earned his B.A. degree from Princeton University in 1943. Subsequently he served with the U.S. Navy advancing to lieutenant, junior grade, and receiving the Commendation Ribbon. Warner spent his early years with running a ski lodge and teaching high school English in Vermont, before he joined the United States Information Agency in Washington, D.C., as public affairs officer in Latin America in 1951. He remained in this position until 1962, when he became executive secretary and program coordinator for Latin America with the Peace Corps. In 1964 he started to work for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., where, successively, he held the positions of director of the Office of International Activities, assistant secretary for public service and consultant and research associate. From 1966 to 1973 he also was vice president of the Rachel Carson Trust for the Living Environment. It was well into his career that Warner turned to writing. His first work, Beautiful Swimmers: Watermen, Crabs, and the Chesapeake Bay, was a chronicle of a year he spent on the Chesapeake Bay studying its most important product, the blue crab, and the fishermen who

Warren - Watson harvest it. The book won William W. Warner the 1977 PP in the "General Non-Fiction" category. Warren, Charles, born on March 9, 1868, in Boston, Ma., received a Master's degree at Harvard University in 1889. During the following three years he attended Harvard Law School. He was admitted to bar in 1892, and practiced at Boston in changing association with different colleagues until 1914. For the following four years he occupied the office of the assistant attorney general of the United States in Washington. Moreover, he was honorary vice president of the American Society of International Law, trustee of the New England Conservatory of Music and member of the Massachussets Historical Society. Warren was also the author of a large number of book publications, e.g. The Girl and the Governor; History of the Harvard Law School and Early Legal Conditions in America and History of the American Bar, Colonial and Federal, to 1860. Charles Warren won the 1923 PP in the category "History" for the book The Supreme Court in United States History. Warren, Robert Penn, bom on April 24, 1905, in Guthrie, Ky., entered Vanderbilt University in 1921. In 1925 he obtained his B.A. degree from Vanderbilt, and then enrolled at the University of California at Berkeley, to study for his M.A. degree, which he received in 1927. After taking another year of graduate courses at Yale University, he went to England as a Rhodes Scholar for two years of study at Oxford University, which granted him the B.Litt. degree in 1930. At Oxford, Warren had taken time from his academic work to complete John Brown: The Making of a Martyr, his first published book. On his return from England he taught for a year as assistant professor of English at Southwestern College in Memphis. He then held the rank of acting assistant professor at Vanderbilt University from 1931 to 1934, when he moved on to Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, where in 1936 he was promoted to associate professor. In 1942 he not only accepted an appointment to a full professorship at the University of Minnesota but also took over the direction of its creative writing program. Warren's book publications included: Understanding Poetry and Understanding Fiction; Thirty-six Poems; Eleven Poems on the Same Theme; and Selected Poems, 1923-1943. Moreover he wrote the novels Night Rider; At Heaven's Gate; and All the King's Men. The last-mentioned work earned Robert P. Warren the 1947 PP in the "Novel" category. From 1950 to 1956 Warren was professor at Yale University. The following year the book Promises: Poems 1954-1956 appeared. It made Robert P.

255 Warren the recipient of the 1958 PP in "Poetry." In the same award category he earned another PP in 1979, based on his book Now and Then: Poems 1976-1978. Wasserstein, Wendy, bom on October 18, 1950, in Brooklyn, N.Y., attended Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Ma., where she majored in history. Emboldened by a summer playwriting course at Smith College, during her junior year, which she spent at Amherst College, she began auditioning and performing in campus theatrical productions. After earning her B.A. degree from Mount Holyoke in 1971, Wendy Wasserstein moved back to New York City, where she studied creative writing at the City College of New York, and in 1973 saw her play Any Woman Can't produced. After receiving her M.A. degree from City College she enrolled at Yale University's School of Drama. Among her numerous accomplishments were Montpelier Pa-zazz and the musical revue When Dinah Shore Ruled the Earth. In 1976 Wendy Wasserstein graduated from Yale School of Drama with an M.F.A. degree. For her master's thesis, she submitted a one-act version of what was to become her first successful plays, Uncommon Women and Others. It won the author several awards, including the Joseph Jefferson Award and the Inner Boston Critics Award. In 1980 Wasserstein was commissioned by the Phoenix Theatre to write a new play for its upcoming season. Isn't It Romantic was followed by several other projects, including contributions to television and film and further plays, such as Tender Offer; Miami, and The Heidi Chronicles. The latter earned Wendy Wasserstein virtually every major New York theatre award, including the New York Drama Critics Circle, Outer Critics Circle, and Drama Desk awards, the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize, the Hull-Warriner Award as well as the Tony Award, and the 1989 PP in the "Drama" categoryWatson, Mark Skinner, bom on June 24, 1887, in Plattsburg, N.Υ., achieved an A.B. degree at Union College in Schenectady, N.Y., in 1908. He worked for one year as a reporter on the Plattsburg Press. For the next five years he worked as a traveling correspondent with the Chicago Tribune. He then moved to California and for one year became director of publicity on the San Diego Exponent. In 1915 he returned to his previous job for the Chicago Tribune until 1917. He joined the U.S. Army in 1917 and served as Major in charge of artillery. Shortly after the armistice was signed, Watson was sent to Paris as an officer in charge of the army magazine Stars and Stripes. Following the war, he served as managing editor of Ladies' Home

256 Journal until becoming associated with the Sun of Baltimore, Md., as an assistant managing editor. From 1927, Watson was editor of the Sunday Sun, a post which he held until 1941, when he left to serve as a military correspondent. In this capacity, Watson toured central European war theaters. In 1945 he earned the PP in the category "Telegraphic Reporting (International)" for articles from Washington, London, and the fronts in Italy and France. Watson, Paul Richard, born on July 13, 1959, in Weston, Canada, studied at Carleton University's School of Journalism in Ottawa, Canada, where he also attended courses in photojournalism. From 1981 to 1982 he worked as a feature writer and general assignment reporter for the Vancouver Sun. In 1982 Watson graduated with a Bachelor of Journalism-degree. Afterwards he worked as a volunteer teacher in Malawi, Central Africa, for two years. Then he studied international and public affairs at Columbia University in New York from which he graduated in 1986 with a Master of International Affairs-degree and a certificate from Columbia's Institute of African Studies. Immediately Watson was engaged by the Toronto Star. He became immigration beat reporter in 1990 and was sent to Iraq, Sudan, and Somalia. In 1992 the Toronto Star gave him the post of the Africa bureau chief in Johannesburg, South Africa. Paul R. Watson became the 1994 PPW in the category "Spot News Photography" for the picture of a dead American serviceman in the streets of Mogadishu, Somalia. Waymack, William Wesley, bom on October 18, 1888, in Savanna, II., earned his B.A. degree at Momingside College in Sioux City, la., where he joined the journalism fraternity Sigma Delta Chi. In 1911 he began his newspaper career as a reporter on the Sioux City Journal. Three years later Waymack was promoted to city editor and chief editorial writer. In the wartime year of 1918 he moved to Des Moines, la., to write editorials for the Register & Tribune. He became managing editor for these newspapers, which were owned by one publisher, in 1921. He was in his eighth year as managing editor in 1929, when he headed the Iowa State Air Law Committee. The next year he represented Iowa at the National Air Law Conference. Editor of the editorial section from 1931, Waymack was elected to the board of directors of the Register and Tribune Company. In 1938 William W. Waymack received the PP for "Editorial Writing" for a series of articles on the increase of farm tenancy in the U.S. Webb, Frank D., born in 1898, studied at the University of Michigan and joined the Detroit Free Press, Mi., as a staff member in 1924. He

Watson - Weiner later became an automobile editor with the Press. In 1931 he covered the American Legion Parade in Detroit with four fellow journalists. For his coverage of that event Frank D. Webb became a 1932 Co-PPW in the "Reporting" category. Wehrwein, Austin Carl, born on January 12, 1916, in Austin, Tx., was educated in the public schools of Madison, Wi., and graduated from th University of Wisconsin with a B.A. degree in economics in 1937. Afterwards he worked as reporter on the Milwaukee Journal until he entered Columbia University's Law School; from there he graduated in 1940. He became a member of the Wisconsin Bar, but instead of practicing law he returned to newspaper work. Between 1940 and 1943 when he volunteered for the Army he worked for Associated Press and the Milwaukee Journal in Madison and in the Washington bureau of United Press. Then he was on the Shanghai edition of Stars and Stripes. After the war he returned to United Press in Washington, resigning in 1948 to go to England where he attended the London School of Economics, Subsequently he joined the Economic Cooperation Administration, and he was in the EGA information staff in London, Copenhagen and Oslo. Wehrwein resigned from ECA in 1951 and worked for the Milwaukee Journal as reporter, being assigned to the financial page of that newspaper. There he wrote a series on the political and economic situation of Canada which earned him the 1953 PP in the "International Reporting" category. Weidman, Jerome, bom on April 4, 1913, in New York City, studied at City College between 1931 and 1933, and at New York University from 1933-1934. In the course of his career Weidman wrote numerous novels, short stories, and screenplays. His first work for the stage resulted in the musical Fiorello! This play made Jerome Weidman a 1960 Co-PPW in the category "Drama." Weiner, Jonathan, bom on November 26, 1953, in New York City, planned to become a biologist, but obtained a B.A. degree in English and American Literature from Harvard University in 1976. From 1978 to 1979 he worked as a teacher at the Mountain School at Vershire Center, Vt. After a brief period as an editor with Monument magazine in Boston, he became associate editor of the Sciences magazine in 1979. In 1981 he was promoted to senior editor. Five years later he became a science writing fellow at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Ma., where he wrote Planet Earth, the companion book to an Emmy-award-winning PBS-television series. From 1988 to 1989 he held a research grant from the National Aeronautics and

Weiner - Welty Space Administration. In 1990 he published his book The Next 100 Years, which was named New York Times Notable Book of the Year. The same award was given to his third book, The Beak of the Finch, four years later. This volume earned Jonathan Weiner also the 1995 PP in the "General Non-Fiction" category. Weiner, Timothy Emlyn (Tim), born on June 20, 1956, in White Plains, N.Y., obtained a Bachelor of Arts-degree in History from Columbia University in 1978, and a Master of Science-degree in Journalism from Columbia University in 1979. He worked as a reporter for the Fairchield News Service in New York City from 1979 to 1980, when he briefly wrote for the Soho News and the Associated Press. From 1980 to 1981 he was a reporter with the Kansas City Times, but in 1982 he transfered to the Philadelphia Inquirer. In 1987 he spent six months investigating the Pentagon's "black budget," which had no congressional oversight. His investigation resulted in a three-part series which won Timothy E. Weiner the 1988 PP in the category of "National Reporting." Weller, George Anthony, born on July 13, 1907, in Boston, Ma., studied at Harvard University, where he received an M.A. degree and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He also spent time in Europe, where he attended the University of Vienna, Austria. His professional career began as a teacher at Evans Ranch School in Tucson, Az., in 1929. From 1932 to 1935 he was a correspondent for Greece and the Balkans with the New York Times. In 1937 he became director of the New York Homeland Foundation, a position he held for three years. In 1940 he accepted the job of a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Daily News. He covered wars in the Balkans, Belgian Congo, Singapore, Java and the Solomon Islands. He also wrote several books such as Not To Eat, Not For Love, Fontamara, or Singapore is Silent. George A. Weller became the 1943 PPW in the "Reporting" category for the story of an emergency appendicitis surgery in a submarine in enemy waters which saved a sailor's life. Wells, Annie Justice, bom on March 24, 1954, in Fairfax, Va., graduated from the University of California in Santa Cruz with a B.A. degree in science writing and studied photojournalism at San Francisco State University. She started her career as a scientific and technical photographer at Letterman Army Institute of Research. Then she worked as a part-time staff member in a law firm and was the design and production editor of the college paper Golden Gator. She was engaged as a photographer by the Logan Herald Journal, Ut., but then switched to Greeley Tribune, Co. Afterwards Wells joined the staff of the

257 San Francisco Associated Press. She left AP to work for the Press Democrat in Santa Rosa, Ca. Annie J. Wells earned the 1997 PP in the category "Spot News Photography" for her picture of the rescue of a teenager from a flooded creek. Welsh, Stephanie, bom on June 27, 1973, in Quantico, Va., graduated from Syracuse University. She began working for Syracuse Newspapers before she moved to Kenya, Africa, where Welsh joined the Nairobi Daily Nation in 1994. Two years later she came back to the U.S.A. and was engaged by the Palm Beach Post, Fl., where she got the post of a staff photographer. In 1996 Stephanie Welsh won the PP in the category "Feature Photography" for her picture series about a female circumcision rite in Kenya. Welsome, Eileen, bom on March 12, 1951, in New York City, graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a Bachelor-degree in journalism in 1980. She began her career as a reporter at the Beaumont Enterprise, Tx. She also wrote for the San Antonio Light, Tx., and the San Antonio Express-News, Tx., before she moved to New Mexico, where she joined the Albuquerque Tribune in 1987. In the years that followed she was honored by the National Headliners Association as well as the Associated Press, and won almost a dozen awards. In 1994 Eileen Welsome received the PP in the category of "National Reporting" for stories on a governmental testing of toxicity which was conducted on unwilling and unknowing Americans during the Cold War. Welty, Eudora, born on April 13, 1909, in Jackson, Ms., studied first at the Mississippi State College for Women, before she enrolled in the University of Wisconsin, which awarded her the B.A. degree in 1929. She subsequently attended Columbia University's Graduate School of Business to prepare for a career in advertising, but left the university without taking a degree. She returned to Mississippi as a writer for a local radio station and as a contributor of society news to the Memphis Commercial Appeal. Then, a full-time job as a publicity agent for the state office of the Works Progress Administration gave Welty the opportunity to travel throughout Mississippi. In 1936 the Manuscript magazine published Welly's first short story and in 1941 her first collection of short stories, A Curtain of Green, and Other Stories, appeared. The same year she won the first of her six O. Henry Memorial Contest awards. Welly's first novel, The Robber Bridegroom, was published in 1942 and later adapted for the musical stage. It was followed by The Wide Net, and Other Stories', Delta Wedding', and The Golden Apples. The Ponder Heart and the story collection The

258 Bride of the Innisfallen appeared in 1953 and 1955. For almost fifteen years, from the mid1950's to the late 1960's, Eudora Welty published little, except for a few short stories, some literary criticism, and a children's book, The Shoe Bird. Her books Losing Battles and The Optimist's Daughter were brought out in 1970 and 1972. The latter novel made Eudora Welty winner of the PP for "Fiction" in 1973. Werner, Charles George, bom on March 23, 1909, in Marshfield, Wi., attended Oklahoma City University and Northwestern, where his special interests were history, economics and literature. Between 1930 and 1935 Werner was artist and photographer at the Springfield Leader and Press. For two years, from 1935 until 1937, he was a member of the art department of the Daily Oklahoman, and in 1937 he became the paper's editorial cartoonist. Two years later Charles G. Werner was awarded the PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category for his drawing "Nomination for 1938." Werner, Mary Lou, born on June 21, 1926, in Alexandria, Va., worked as a copygirl with the Star in Washington, D.C., from 1944 to 1946, when she was promoted to reporter. In 1957 she became the Star's reporter for political affairs, and another two years later, after fifteen years with the Star, she was named editor. She was awarded the Education Writing Excellence award by the National Association of Education Writers in 1958 and the National Reporting award by the Newspaper Guild in Washington, D.C., in 1959. Mary L. Werner also received the 1959 PP in the category of "Local Reporting, Edition Time," for her coverage of the school integration crisis in Virginia. Wernick, Richard Frank, bom on January 16, 1934, in Boston, Ma., graduated from Brandeis University with a B.A. degree in 1955. In 1957 he earned his M.A. degree at Mills College. He then worked as music director of the Royal Winnipeg Ballet of Canada until 1958. Between 1962 and 1964 Wemick was fellow of the Ford Foundation. The following year he got the post of an instructor of music at the University of Buffalo. In 1965 he became assistant professor of music at the University of Chicago, After three years in this position he was appointed Irving Fine Professor of Music and director of the Pennsylvania Contemporary Players at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1976 Richard F. Wernick was granted a Guggenheim fellowship, and the following year he won the PP in the "Music" category for his work Visions of Terror and Wonder. Wessel, David M., bom on February 21, 1954, in New Haven, Ct., joined the Middletown Press staff and later on that of the Hartford Couranl

Werner - White before joining the Boston Globe in May, 1981. In 1984 David M. Wessel became a Co-PPW in the "Local Investigative Specialized Reporting" category for articles on race relations in Boston. Wharton, Edith Newbold, born on January 24, 1862, in New York City, was educated by governesses and tutors at home. During her family's long residences abroad she learned French, German, and Italian. Her first book was The Decoration of Houses, written in collaboration with another author and published in 1897. Two years later, she brought out her first collection of tales, The Greater Inclination. A historical novel followed, The Valley of Decision. It was with her second novel, The House of Mirth, that Edith Wharton found a wide public and her major subject: the fixed aristocratic American society which is destroyed by its own rigidity. The Custom of the Country picks up this subject as well. In 1907 the Wharton family established themselves in Paris. At about the same time Edith Wharton wrote Madame de Treymes and The Reef, two novels treating the contrast of foreign and domestic manners. They were followed by two New England novels, Ethan Frame and Summer. During World War I the authoress founded a committee of aid for French war orphans, was a moving spirit in the American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps in France, and associated herself with several war charities. Her war experiences went into her books Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort and The Marne. Wharton's publications also include collections of short stories, essays, criticism, and verse. Italian Villas and Their Gardens; A Motor-Flight Through France; and In Morocco number among her non-fictional writings. Edith N. Wharton's work The Age of Innocence won the 1921 PP in the "Novel" category. White, Elwyn B., born on July 11, 1899, in Mount Vemon, N.Y., worked for the Seattle Times for a year after graduating from Cornell University. He served in the U.S. Army in World War I, traveled to the Aleutian Islands and the Arctic as a messboy and finally came back to New York. He started contributing articles to the New Yorker in 1925. When he became a regular staff member in 1926 he began to write his "Notes and Comments", which he was to give for twelve years. From 1938 to 1943 he was a columnist for Harper's magazine, but he rejoined the New Yorker in 1945. He published several books, e.g. The Lady Is Cold, Every Day Is Saturday and Here Is New York, and received, among other prizes, the Gold Medal from the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the Presidential Medal of Free-

White - White dorn. In 1978 Elwyn B. White earned a PP "Special Award" in the Letters section for the full body of his work. White III, John Aloysius (Jack), born on September 16, 1942, in Providence, R.I., graduated with an M.A. degree from Boston University. He worked as a reporter with the Newport Daily News from 1967 to 1968, when he joined the Providence Journal-Evening Bulletin, R.I., as a reporter. From 1969 to 1973 he held the position of the Providence Journal-Evening Gazette's Newport Bureau Chief. In 1973 he was named Newsman of the Year by the National Association of Government Employees, and in 1974 he was made head of the investigative team of the Providence Journal Bulletin, R.I. John A. White became the 1974 Co-PPW in the "National Reporting" category for disclosure of President Nixon's income tax payments. White, John Henry, bom on March 18, 1945, in Lexington, N.C., graduated from Central Piedmont Community College in Charlotte with an associate of applied science-degree. From 1966 to 1968 he served as a photographer in the U.S. Marine Corps in Quantico, Va. White then joined Tom Walters Photography in Charlotte as a lab technician. In 1969 he started to work as a photojournalist at the Chicago Daily News. The following year he was as a volunteer photography teacher at Southside Art Center in Chicago. In 1978 the photographer switched to the Chicago Sun-Times. In the same year White became instructor in photojournalism at Columbia College in Chicago. He was honored various times, e.g. he was named Photographer of the Year by the Illinois Press Photographers Association in 1971, 1979 and 1982, and by the Chicago Press Photographers Association in 1972, 1973, 1975 and 1979. John H. White earned the 1982 PP in the category "Feature Photography" for consistently excellent work on a variety of subjects. White, Joseph B., bom on July 7, 1958, in New York City, received both a B.A. and an M.A. degree from Harvard University. He started his journalistic career as a reporter with the Edgartown Vineyard Gazette, Ma., in 1979. In 1982 he transfered to the St. Petersburg Times, Fl., where he worked as a reporter until 1986. He then joined the Connecticut Law Tribune, but became a reporter for the Wall Street Journal's Detroit bureau in 1987. He was promoted to Deputy Bureau Chief in Detroit, Mi., in 1990. Joseph B. White became the 1993 Co-PPW in the "Beat Reporting" category for coverage of General Motors' management turmoils. White, Leonard Dupee, bom on January 17, 1891, in Acton, Ma., obtained his Master of Arts-degree at Dartmouth in 1915. That same

259 year he became instructor in government at Clark College in Worcester, Ma. In 1918 he joined the staff at Dartmouth as an instructor in political science and was later promoted to assistant professor. Twenty-nine years old, White became associate professor at the University of Chicago, and later full professor. From 1931 to 1933 he was member of the Chicago Civil Service Commission, and from 1934 to 1937 he was on the Civil Service Commission and Central Statistics Board in Washington, D.C. Two years later he joined the President's Committee on Civil Service Improvement, where he stayed until 1941. During 1948-49 he worked as an investigator in the Personnel Policy Committee of the Hoover Commission and from 1953 to 1955 White was member of the personnel task force of the Second Hoover Commission. White was a very prolific author. The following works count among his book publications: The Status of Scientific Research in Illinois', Evaluation of the System of Central Financial Control of Research in State Governments; Introduction to Study of Public Administration; Trends in Public Administration; Politics and Public Service. White died on February 23, 1958. His book The Republican Era: 1869-1901 made Leonard D. White posthumously the 1959 Co-PPW in the "History" category. White, Magner, bom on July 31, 1894, in McKinney, Tx., worked at several Oklahoma, Washington and Idaho newspapers from 1910 to 1914. In 1916 he became a full staff member with the Spokane Chronicle, Wa., and in 1917 he at first was a city editor with the Moscow Daily Star Mirror, Id., and later became a state capital reporter and assistant city editor with the Daily Statesman in Boise, Idaho's state capital. In 1920 he held the same position with the Boise Evening Capital News, Id., before moving to California to join the Chico Enterprise as news editor, and, later, the San Diego Sun as a city hall reporter. He was promoted to assistant to the editor with the San Diego Sun and held this position until 1924. The same year Magner White won the PP in the "Reporting" category for his story of the eclipse of the sun. White, Sallie Lindsay (= Mrs. William Allen) worked in the office of her husband for a number of years, and he considered her the best critic and advisor of his activities in journalism. Sallie L. White received a 1944 PP "Special Award" in the Journalism section, consisting of a scroll indicating appreciation of William A. White's interest and services during the past seven years as a member of the Advisory Board of the Graduate School of Journalism, Columbia University.

260 White, Theodore Harold (Teddy), born on May 6,1915, in Boston, Ma., studied Chinese history and oriental languages at Harvard College and earned his B.A. degree in 1938. The recipient of a Sheldon Traveling Fellowship, White embarked on a round-the-world trip and ended up in China, where, after a short period spent as a free-lance writer, he was recruited for Time magazine as war correspondent covering East Asia until 1945. He eventually became chief of Time's China bureau. In 1947, a year after his return to the United States, he became senior editor of the New Republic, but resigned from this post only six months later. For a time White worked as a freelance writer for periodicals such as the Saturday Review of Literature, the New York Times Magazine, and Harper's Magazine. Then, in 1948, he moved to Paris, where he reported for the Overseas News Agency and the Reporter. He returned to the United States in 1953 and began covering the American political scene - first for the Reporter, then for Collier's magazine. When the latter periodical folded in late 1956, White turned his hand to writing fiction. The Mountain Road and The View From The Fortieth Floor count among the novels he wrote. His nonfictional works also included: Thunder Out of China; The Stilwell Papers and Fire in the Ashes: Europe in Mid-Century. Theodore H. White won the 1962 PP in the category "General Non-Fiction" for his book The Making of the President 1960. White, William Allen, born on February 10, 1868, in Emporia, Ks., never formally graduated from college, but his years as a student were important. For nine months, in late 1884 and early 1885 and for the first half of 1886, he attended Presbyterian College of Emporia. Then he enrolled at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Being a university student, White worked at various journalistic jobs, and in summer he was a reporter for the El Dorado Republican. When he left the university in January 1890 he went to work for the Republican. White ran the paper for the editor, who was in the Kansas Senate, for more than a year and a half and used his spare time to write poetry, essays, and short stories under a pen name. At some point while working for the Republican, his career plans crystallized, and he decided to be both, a newspaperman and a writer of literature. For some time he worked for the Kansas City Journal, and in September 1892 he moved to the Kansas City Star. White left Missouri and returned to Kansas in 1895, where he purchased the Emporia Gazette. He was only twenty-seven when he took over the paper, and within five years the loan was repaid and the Gazette was making its own way. Meanwhile

White - Whitehead he continued his literary career. By 1905 White had become an open and adamant spokesman for reform throughout Kansas. During World War I he visited Europe to give his impressions to the readers of his paper. In 1923 William A. White became the PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for an article entitled "To an anxious Friend." His memoirs, The Autobiography of William A. White, earned him another PP in 1947, this time in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. White, William Smith, born on May 20, 1906, in De Leon, Tx., studied at the University of Texas. When he was twenty he joined the Associated Press bureau in Austin as a legislative correspondent. In 1933 White was transferred by the Associated Press to its Washington bureau, where he served on the feature and general assignment staff. He went to New York three years later as news editor of the AP photo service, and became subsequently general night editor there. On the outbreak of World War II, White was assigned to the Associated Press foreign service as war editor. Shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, however, he took a leave of absence to volunteer for the U.S. Army. Due to illness he received a medical discharge in 1942. White returned to the AP bureau in New York, and in the spring of 1943 was sent overseas as a war correspondent. On his return to the United States he joined the staff of the New York Times in 1945. He was sent to the Washington bureau of that newspaper, covering a series of major assignments on Capitol Hill. Later in 1945 White was sent by the Times to cover revolutions in Venezuela and Brazil. In 1952 he went to South Africa to report on the constitutional-racial struggle there. The following year he started writing the biography of Senator Robert A. Taft, whom he had come to know during his Washington days. The Toft Story by William S. White won the 1955 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. Whitehead, Donald Ford (Don), bom on April 8, 1908, in Inman, Va., grew up in Harlan, Ky. He attended public schools in Harlan and played basketball, football and baseball for extracurricular activities and edited the sports section of the high school paper. After his graduation in 1926, he enrolled at the University of Kentucky where he studied journalism and worked on the student publication, the Kentucky Kernel. In 1935 Whitehead became the night editor on the Memphis bureau of the Associated Press. Later he was appointed correspondent from Knoxville, where his reporting earned him a promotion for the AP feature service in New York in 1941. From the outbreak of World War II, Whitehead wanted to be in it,

Whin - Wilder but his chance was delayed until 1942 when the Associated Press assigned him to India. En route, he stopped off in Cairo, where his India trip was cancelled; he was sent, instead, to cover the British Eighth Army. Being assigned to the American forces then, he covered the landing of the Allied forces on the Normandy beaches and the liberation of Paris. After the war, Whitehead headed the AP bureau in Hawaii and relumed to Washington in 1948 as a member of the AP Senate Staff. When the Korean War began, he volunteered for overseas duty. Donald F. Whitehead became a 1951 Co-PPW in the "International Reporting" category for coverage of the Korean War. In 1953 he received another PP, this time in the "National Reporting" category for an article entitled "The Great Deception." Whitt, Richard Ernest, born on December 15, 1944, in Beauty Ridge, Ky., was educated at the Asland Community College, Ky., and received a B.A. degree from the University of Kentucky. Before he became a journalist he served in the U.S. Navy from 1962 to 1966. He was a reporter with the Middlesboro Daily News, Ky., from 1970 to 1971, before he joined the Waterloo Daily Courier, la. In 1972 he became a city editor with the Kingsport Times, Tn., where he stayed until 1976. A year later he joined the Louisville Courier-Journal, Ky., where he became Frankfort Bureau Chief. Also in 1977, he was named Outstanding Kentucky Journalist by Sigma Delta Chi. In 1978 Richard E. Whitt received the PP in the category of "Local General Spot News Reporting" for his coverage of a fire that took many lives in the Beverly Hills Supper Club in Southgate, Ky. Widdemer, Margaret born on September 30, 1884, in Doylestown, Pa., was educated at home. The only formal schooling she undertook was at the Drexel Institute Library School, from which she also graduated. Widdemer began composing poems before she could write. Although she wrote novels, short stories, articles and essays she was essentially a poet. 1915 saw the appearance of her first novel, The Rose Garden Husband and the first book of her Winona series: Winona of the Camp Fire. These volumes were followed by numerous other books, such as Why Not; The Wishing-Ring Man and You're Only Young Once. The author's first published poem, "The Factories," deals with childlabor. Together with other of Widdemer's pieces it was re-published in her first volume of poetry, The Factories and Other Poems, which came out in 1917. The same year the author published her second Winona book, titled Winona of Camp Karonya. Winona's War Farm, another volume of that series, appeared the following year.

261 Margaret Widdemer became the 1919 Co-PPW in the "Poetry" category for her volume The Old Road to Paradise. Wilbur, Richard Purdy, bom on March 1, 1921, in New York City, attended Montclair High School in New Jersey, where he wrote editorials for the school paper. Upon graduation from high school in 1938 he enrolled at Amherst College. He graduated from Amherst in 1942 with a B.A. degree and the Rice essay prize. From 1943 Wilbur was on active duty in World War II, serving in Italy, in the southern invasion of France, and on the Siegfried Line. After the war he entered Harvard University for graduate study in English. At that time one of his friends sent a collection of the poet's work to the publishing company of Reynal and Hitchcock, who published it as The Beautiful Changes in 1947. The same year Wilbur took his M.A. degree at Harvard, where he was a member of the university's Society of Fellows until 1950, when his second collection, Ceremony, and Other Poems appeared. Appointed an assistant professor at Harvard in 1950, Wilbur taught at the university for four years, with the exception of the academic year 195253, when a Guggenheim Fellowship enabled him to write poetry without distraction in New Mexico. In May 1954 he was awarded the American Academy of Arts and Letters' Prix de Rome Fellowship. In 1956, one year after the author had become associate professor of English at Wellesley College, a selection from the poems he had published in the New Yorker and other periodicals since 1950, titled Things of This World, appeared. The verse collection gained Richard P. Wilbur the National Book Award and the 1957 PP in the "Poetry" category. He earned his second PP in the same award category in 1989, based on the volume New and Collected Poems. Wilder, Thornton Niven, bom on April 17, 1897, in Madison, Wi., studied from 1915 to 1917 at Oberlin College, where he published his first prose pieces in the college's literary magazine. Transferring to Yale University, he contributed short plays, as well as essays, to the Yale Literary Magazine, which in his senior year published serially his first full-length play, The Trumpet Shall Sound. After one year of military service in World War I as a corporal in the Coast Guard artillery, he obtained his B.A. degree from Yale in 1920. After his graduation Wilder went to Rome to study archeology at the American Academy. During his year in Italy, he also began writing his first novel, The Cabala. He completed this work while employed as a member of the faculty of the Lawrenceville School in Lawrenceville, N.J., where he taught

262 French since 1921. During a two-year leave of absence for writing and study he worked for his Master of Arts-degree in French literature, awarded by Princeton University in 1926. The following year his book The Bridge of San Luis Rey was published. It did not only climb on the best-selling list, but also won Thornton N. Wilder the 1928 PP in the "Novel" category. The same year the author started his first crosscountry lecture tour of the United States and published The Angel That Troubled the Waters. From 1930 to 1936 he held the post of lecturer in comparative literature at the University of Chicago. Free to devote half the year to writing, he spent several summers at the MacDowell Colony near Peterborough, N.H. During that time a volume of Wilder's six plays, titled The Long Christmas Dinner and Other Plays in One Act, appeared. He earned his second PP in 1938 in the category "Drama" for the play Our Town. Another PP came to Thornton N. Wilder in the same award category in 1943, for his play The Skin of Our Teeth. Wilford, John Noble, born on October 4, 1933, in Murray, Ky., was a student at Lambuth College from 1951 until 1952 before he joined the University of Tennessee. During the summers of 1954 and 1955, Wilford worked as a reporter for the Commercial Appeal in Memphis, Tn., and after receiving a B.S. degree from the University of Tennessee in 1955 moved to Syracuse University where he earned his Master's degree the following year. In 1956 and again from 1959 until 1961, Wilford worked as a reporter for the Wall Street Journal in New York City. One year later he moved to Time magazine as a contributing editor and stayed for three years. In 1965 Wilford continued his newspaper career at the New York Times where he started as a science reporter, and in 1973 he became assistant national editor. He continued as director of science news in 1975, and four years later Wilford became the science correspondent of the New York Times. In 1984, he was a visiting journalist at Duke University. John N. Wilford became the 1984 PP in the "National Reporting" category for coverage of scientific topics of national import. Wilkerson, Isabel Alexis, bom on March 8, 1960, in Washington, D.C., went to Howard University in her hometown, where she received an B.A. degree in 1983. During her college years she was editor-in-chief of the college paper The Hilltop, editor with the student magazine Extensions and interned with the St. Petersburg Times, the Atlanta Journal, the Washington Star, the Washington Post, and with the Los Angeles Times. From 1984 to 1987 she worked as a metropolitan reporter for the New York

Wilford - Will Times, before she went to Chicago, to become the Times' correspondent there. After four years she was promoted to the Times' Chicago Bureau Chief. She received the Mark of Excellence award by Sigma Delta Chi in 1983, and won the New York Association of Black Journalists award twice, in 1991 and 1993. In 1994 Isabel A. Wilkerson was awarded the PP in the category of "Feature Writing" for her profile of a fourth-grader from Chicago's South Side and for two stories reporting on the Midwestern flood. Wilkinson, Signe, bom on July 25, 1950, in Wichita Falls, Tx., graduated from the University of Denver, where she majored in English. She continued her studies at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia and the University of Strasbourg in France. Then she worked as a reporter, art director and peace activist. For nine months, she was in Cyprus, engaged on a housing project and work camp for young Greek and Turkish Cypriots. In 1982 Wilkinson started at the San Jose Mercury News in California as an editorial cartoonist. Three years later, in 1985, she switched to the Philadelphia Daily News. In the following years she was a vice president of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists. Signe Wilkinson won the 1992 PP in the "Editorial Cartooning" category for her work, as exemplified by the drawing "Hello, Washington?" Will, George Frederick, born on May 21, 1941, in Champaign, II., started his studies at Trinity College in Hartford, Ct. Until his senior year he was more interested in National League baseball than intellectual matters, and he advanced from sports editor to editor of the school's newspaper. Will continued his studies at Oxford University. Returning to the U.S., he entered the Graduate School of Princeton University, where he received a Ph.D. degree in 1964 based on a dissertation on the First Amendment. After leaving Princeton, he taught political science at Michigan State University and the University of Toronto. He left academic life in January, 1970, to join the staff of the Senator of Colorado. In January, 1973, George Will became Washington editor of the National Review, a post he held for two years. He also began writing occasional columns for the op-ed page of the Washington Post, and in September, 1973, the column was nationally syndicated by the Washington Post Writers Group. In January, 1974, Will's column began appearing on a regular twice-a-week basis and was distributed to more than two hundred daily papers after three years of national syndication. Though his column in the Washington Post mainly concentrated on domestic affairs, Will also wrote dispatches for the paper when traveling abroad, Al-

263

Robert P, Warren

Thornton Wilder

George Will

Tennessee Williams

264 though a relative newcomer to the commentary business, George F. Will soon emerged as both a fine stylist and independent thinker which was acclaimed in 1976. In 1977 he won the PP in the "Commentary" category for distinguished comment on a variety of topics. WHle, Lois Jean, born on September 19,1931, in Chicago, II., attended high school in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights and was graduated from Northwestern University. In 1956 Lois Wille started her newspaper career at the Chicago Daily News. She spent twenty-two years on that paper as reporter, national correspondent, and associate editor. In 1978 she became associate editor of the Chicago SunTimes, having gone to that newspaper when the Daily News ceased publication. Lois Wille joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune in January 1984 and was promoted to editorial page editor in 1987. She also served as a board member of the Chicago Women's Network and was active as a member of the Economic Club of Chicago and American Society of Newspaper Editors. Lois Wille also published a book called Forever Open, Clear and Free: the Struggle for Chicago's Lakefront. She won numerous reporting and editorial writing awards. In 1989 Lois J. Wille became the PPW in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on a variety of local issues. Williams, C(harles) K(enneth), bom on November 11, 1936, in Newark, N. J., graduated with a Bachelor of Arts-degree in English literature from the University of Pennsylvania in 1959. During the following years he was adjunct or visiting professor at various colleges and universities. From 1995 onward C. K. Williams worked at Princeton University, where he held the post of an instructor in the Creative Writing Program. As a writer, he worked in different fields of literature. He translated three works, The Lark. The Trush. The Starling. (Poems from Issa), The Bacchae of Euripides, and Selected Poems of Francois Ponge. He was the author of several volumes of poetry, including Flesh and Blood, A Dream of Mind, Selected Poems, and The Virgil. His first collection of essays, Poetry and Consciousness, was published in 1998. In the course of his career Williams was granted numerous prizes, among them the National Book Critics Circle Award for Poetry in 1987, the PEN Arthur Voelker Career Achievement Award and the Berlin Prize of the Academy of American Poets in 1998, and the 1999 American Academy of Arts and Letters Award. Charles K. Williams was made recipient of the 2000 PP in the "Poetry" category for his book Repair. Williams HI, Clarence J., bom on January 22, 1967, in Philadelphia, Pa., studied mass com-

Wille - Williams munications at Temple University, Pa., and graduated with an B.A. degree in 1992. He received a photography internship with the Philadelphia Tribune from 1992 to 1993 and furthermore a summer internship with the York Daily Record, Pa. The same year Williams joined the Reston Times Community Newspapers, Va., as a staff photographer. In 1995 he became temporary staff photographer at the Los Angeles Times. Since 1996 Williams was engaged as a staff photographer and won numerous prizes as well, such as the National Headliner Award and the National Press Photographers Association Award. In 1998 Clarence J. Williams III was the PPW in the "Feature Photography" category for his images documenting the plight of young children with parents addicted to alcohol and drugs. Williams, Jesse Lynch, bom on August 17, 1871, in Sterling, II., prepared for college at the Beloit Academy in Wisconsin, and received the degree of B.A. at Princeton in 1892. As an undergraduate he was one of the editors of the Nassau Literary Magazine. In the summer of 1893 he became a reporter on the New York Sun. He did a great deal of newspaper and fiction writing during his years on the Sun, and in 1895 published his first volume, Princeton Stories, the forerunner of many volumes of college fiction. For a time he was connected with Scribner's Magazine, but he returned to Princeton as first editor of the Princeton Alumni Weekly. After 1903 he devoted himself to writing. In addition to a number of college stories the author also published books of fiction. Among these were New York Sketches and The Married Life of the Frederic Carrolls. His first play, The Stolen Story, produced in 1906, was followed by Why Marry? in 1917. The play made Jesse L. Williams the recipient of the PP in the "Drama" category the following year. Williams, T. Harry, bom on May 19, 1909, in Vinegar Hill, II., attended the Platteville State Teachers College, which conferred on him a Bachelor of Education-degree in 1931. For graduate studies he enrolled at the University of Wisconsin and earned his Ph.M. degree the following year. In 1936 he became an instructor in the extension division of the same university. The year after Williams completed his doctoral dissertation and received the Ph.D. degree from the University of Wisconsin. During the next years Williams worked first at the University of Omaha, where he was advanced to assistant professor. Later he joined the faculty of the Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. In 1948 he obtained a full professorship of history and in 1953 he became Boyd professor of history. In the academic year

Williams - Wills 1966-67 Williams went to Oxford, England, to teach there as Harmsworth professor of American history at Queen's College. Lincoln and the Radicals; Lincoln and His Generals; P. G. T. Beauregard; The Union Surrendered and The Union Restored count among the book publications, that the recipient of the Lincoln Diploma of Honor had written. He was also the editor of Selected Writings and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln; With Beauregard in Mexico; Americans at War; Romance and Realism in Southern Politics; Hayes: The Diary of a President and Hayes of the Twenty-third: The Civil War Volunteer Officer. His book Huey Long made T. Harry Williams winner of the 1970 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. Williams, Tennessee, bom as Thomas Lanier Williams on March 26, 1911, in Columbus, Ms., attended Eugene Field public school in St. Louis, where his family had moved when he was about twelve years old. He discovered his interest in writing early on. His first published short story, "The Vengeance of Nitocris," appeared in the August 1928 issue of Weird Tales. In 1931 he entered the University of Missouri, where he spent most of his time writing. In 1933, he withdrew from college, and during the next two years he worked all day at routine employment and stayed awake in the small hours of the night writing short stories. To recover from a nervous breakdown, he quit his job, traveled about but continued to write. In 193637 he attended the University of Washington, and then studied for a year at the University of Iowa, which awarded him the B.A. degree in 1938. A few of his plays were produced by little theatres and community dramatic groups. His work was also recognized by a Rockefeller fellowship, which subsidized him for a while. In 1942 MGM signed him to a six-month contract in Hollywood as a scriptwriter. There, he outlined the plot of a screenplay entitled The Gentleman Caller, but the studio rejected his script and decided against renewing his contract. So he was left free to transform his script into The Glass Menagerie in 1945. The New York Drama Critics' Circle awarded the piece the prize for the best play of the year. It also won the Donaldson Award and the Sidney Howard Memorial Award. In 1948 his play A Streetcar Named Desire gained Tennessee Williams the PP in the "Drama" category. The play was followed by works like Summer and Smoke; The Rose Tattoo; Camino Real, and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. The latter won Tennessee Williams his second PP in the same award category in 1955. Williams, William Carlos, born on September 17, 1883, in Rutherford, N.J., attended both

265 public and private schools. Between 1897 and 1899 he was educated in European schools as his family lived in Geneva and Paris for these two years. It was during his time in high school that he began to write his first poetry work. Due to his parents' wish Williams enrolled in the school of dentistry at the University of Pennsylvania, after his graduation from high school in 1902. Within a year he transferred to the medical school. After finishing his medical studies in 1906, the poet moved to New York City, where he worked in two different hospitals for the next two and a half years. In 1909, the same year his first book of poetry, Poems, appeared, he decided to improve his knowledge in pediatrics and went therefore to Europe. Back in the United States Williams opened a private practice in 1910, but in his spare time he continued work on his poetry. The next years the poet published several volumes of poetry. His poems also appeared in magazines. From 1920 to 1923 he was co-editor of Contact, a magazine devoted to modernism. In the period from about the mid 1920s to about 1950 he seemed to concentrate on prose. He was also interested in drama, both as an actor and as a playwright. In 1951 he published the volume The Collected Earlier Poems, which was followed by The Desert Music and Other Poems in 1954. A series of strokes in 1961 forced him to give up writing. William C. Williams' death on March 4, 1963 was commemorated by the Gold Medal for Poetry and the posthumous PP in the "Poetry" category for the volume Pictures from Brueghel and other poems. Williamson, Michael S., born on June 8, 1957, in Washington, D.C., attended Contra Costa College in Richmond, Ca. In 1978 he joined the staff of the Sacramento Bee as a photographer. He traveled on assignments in El Salvador, Colombia, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Mexico, the Philippines, China, Japan and Europe. He covered presidential campaigns, the Olympics and the Super Bowl. His photographs were published in Life, Newsweek, Spans Illustrated, Time, National Geographic and other newspapers and magazines. In 1983 he received the Special Recognition for the Nikon World Understanding Award and was named Photographer of the Year by the San Francisco Bay Area Press Photographers Association in 1989. In 1990 Michael S. Williamson was the CoPPW in the "General Non-Fiction" category for the book And Their Children After Them. He became another Co-PPW in 2000, this time in the "Feature Photography" category, for images on the plight of the Kosovo refugees. Wills, Garry, bom on May 22, 1934, in Atlanta, Ga., studied as a Jesuit seminarian at St. Louis

266 University, where he received his B.A. degree in 1957. Leaving the Society of Jesus but not the Jesuit educational system, Wills subsequently went to Xavier University in Cincinnati, taking an M.A. degree in philosophy in 1958. He obtained a second M.A. degree at Yale University in 1959 and took his Ph.D. in classics another two years later. During the academic year of 1961-62 Wills was a charter fellow at the Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington, D.C., before he joined the faculty of Johns Hopkins University as an assistant professor in 1962. Concurrently, Wills worked as a columnist for the newspaper National Catholic Reporter and, in 1966, became a contributing editor with Esquire. From 1968 to 1980 Wills taught as adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins, concentrating in the meantime on his literary work. In 1980 he accepted the Henry R. Luce professorship of American culture and public policy at Northwestern University, a position, in which he remained until 1988, when he became again an adjunct professor. The author of the newspaper column "The Outrider," which was nationally published by the Universal Press Syndicate, Wills wrote the following books: Chesterton; Politics and Catholic Freedom; Jack Ruby; The Second Civil War for Armageddon; Nixon Agonistes; Bare Ruined Choirs; Inventing America; Explaining America; The Kennedy Imprisonment; Confessions of a Conservative; Reagan's America and Under God, Garry Wills earned the 1993 PP in the category "General Non-Fiction" for the book Lincoln at Gettysburg. The Words that remade America. Wilson, August, bom on April 27, 1945, in Pittsburgh, Pa., began to discover his interest in literature at about the age of twelve. He spent most of his time at the public library reading, especially the works of black authors. Having dropped out of the ninth grade at the age of fifteen, Wilson worked as a cook in coffee shops and as a stock clerk. But he continued reading and also wanted to become a writer himself. Working on a term paper for his sister, Wilson began to focus on poetry. He read a range of American poets and finally worked on his own poetry. Some of his poems were published in little magazines like Black World and Black Lines. In the late '60s and early '70s Wilson became involved in the Black Power movement. Together with a playwright and teacher, during the 1960s Wilson founded a black activist theatre company. In 1978 the writer took a job with the Science Museum in Minnesota writing scripts for short theatrical pieces to accompany its exhibitions and became involved in the work of the Playwrights Center in Minneapolis. He also continued writing

Wilson - Wilson plays. His Jitney was produced in Pittsburgh in 1982. He then tried his hand on a town-versuscountry theme titled Fullerton Street. His other theatre credit included Ma Rainey's Black Bottom and Fences. The latter won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award, four Tony Awards, and the 1987 PP in the "Drama" category. In 1990 he earned another PP in the same award category for his play The Piano Lesson. Wilson, Edward Osborne, born on June 10, 1929, in Birmingham, ΑΙ., attended the University of Alabama, earning his B.S. and M.S degrees. In 1950-51 he continued as a graduate student in biology at Harvard University, being awarded his Ph.D. degree in 1955. Subsequently Wilson joined Harvard's faculty as assistant professor of biology. He advanced to associate professor of zoology in 1958. Several field expeditions to South Pacific islands led to his discovery of the dispersal of ant species in this area. In 1964 he obtained a full professorship of zoology. With the publication of The Theory of Island Biogeography three years later, Wilson presented the first species equilibrium theory. In 1973 Wilson accepted an appointment as curator of entomology of Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology. Only two years later he completed his next book, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, a detailed study of this emerging science. Wilson, who became Frank B. Baird Professor of Science in 1976, published also the following books: Λ Primer of Population Biology; Life on Earth; Animal Behavior and Caste and Ecology in Social Insects. Edward O. Wilson earned the 1979 PP in the category "General Non-Fiction" for the book On Human Nature. In 1991 he became a Co-PPW in the same award category for the book The Ants. Wilson, Lanford E., bom on April 13, 1937, in Lebanon, Mo., briefly attended Southwest Missouri State College before moving to San Diego, where he attended San Diego State College in 1956-57. Joining some friends in a writing course there, he discovered his ability to write. After a year in California, Wilson left for Chicago, where he lived for almost six years. While working as an apprentice artist in an advertising agency and studying in 1957-58 at the University of Chicago, he wrote short stories and made attempts at play writing. In 1962 he went to New York City and one year later his first produced play, So Long at the Fair, opened at Off-OffBroadway. It was followed by a number of other one-act plays such as The Madness of Lady Bright; Home Free!, and Wandering. Between 1965 and 1966 Wilson's first two fulllength plays, Balm in Gilead and The Rimers of Eldritch, appeared, and the latter won the Vernon Rice-Drama Desk Award of 1967. Fur-

Wilson - Winslow ther indications of Wilson's widening acclaim were a Rockefeller grant for play writing in 1967 and an American Broadcasting Company fellowship in motion picture writing at Yale University for 1968. Together with a few Off-OffBroadway colleagues Wilson founded the Circle Repertory Company in 1969, and the next year he became its resident playwright. In 1973 the company presented Wilson's The Hot 1 Baltimore. It won the New York Drama Critics Circle and Obie Awards, and Wilson received the Outer Critics Circle John Gassner Award as most promising playwright. Other plays produced by the Circle Repertory Company included The Mound Builders and Talley's Folly. The latter made Lanford E. Wilson the 1980 PP in the "Drama" category. Wilson, Margaret Wilhelmina, bom on January 16, 1882, in Traer, la., attended the University of Chicago, from which she received an associate degree in 1903 and a Bachelor of Philosophy-degree in 1904. Upon her graduation she enlisted as a missionary in the service of the United Presbyterian Church of North America. Wilson's service was confined to the Punjab region in northern India, where she performed various duties, including being supervisor of and a teacher in the Gujranwala Girl's School and assisting at the Sailkot Hospital. From these experiences, she later drew material for a series of short stories called "Tales of a Polygamous City." Due to illness Margaret Wilson returned to the United States in 1910 and she officially resigned from missionary service in 1916. She entered the divinity school of the University of Chicago in October 1912 as a degree student and remained there for the academic year. During the next five years she taught at West Pullman High School and worked on her short stories. She returned to divinity school in the winter of 1917 but remained for only two quarters. Much of Wilson's time was spent caring for her father, who was in failing health for many years. During this period Wilson's short stories were published in magazines such as the Atlantic Monthly and Asia. Margaret W. Wilson, whose constant themes were the effects of religion on the individual and the repressed position of women in society, earned the 1924 PP in the "Novel" category for her book The Able McLaughlins. Wilson, Richard Lawson, born on September 3, 1905, in Galesburg, II., grew up in Newton, la., where he spent his life until going to the Iowa State College. He studied chemical engineering, but later switched to journalism at the University of Iowa. Wilson joined the Des Moines Register in 1926 as a police reporter and became city editor in 1930. He moved to Washington,

267 D.C., in 1933 to establish the Des Moines Register and Tribune bureau in the nation's Capital. His knowledge of agricultural problems and his early contacts in the Department of Agriculture at the beginning of the New Deal era quickly made him as one of the outstanding Washington experts on farm matters. Wilson covered every political campaign since 1932 and traveled with the presidential candidates. During World War II he was sent to England for a series of articles and later to Africa, where he reported the activities of the 34th division. After the war, Wilson returned to his Washington post as chief of the Des Moines Register and Tribune and the Minneapolis Star and Tribune bureau. Wilson also became president of both the National Press Club and the Gridiron Club. Richard L. Wilson earned the 1954 PP in the "National Reporting" category for the exclusive publication of an FBI Report to the White House. Wilson, Robert Forrest, born on January 20, 1883, in Warren, Oh., began his writing career as a newspaper reporter in Cleveland. During 1906-07 he was also editor of the News in North Battleford, Saskatchewan. In 1910 he moved to Washington, D.C., to become the representative of the Scripps newspapers there, a position in which he remained for the following six years. Wilson traveled through South America in 1916, contributing articles on trade conditions. After having served during World War I as a captain in the chemical warfare division, he worked with the Assistant Secretary of War in the preparation of historical data on the war. The result of this collaboration was the six-volume work How America Went to War, published in 1921. In 1923 Wilson joined the staff of McCall's magazine as European correspondent and moved to Paris. On his return to the United States four years later, he started to contribute articles and short stories to magazines and coauthored the play Blessed Event, which appeared on Broadway in the early 1930's. His book publications included: The Giant Hand', The Armies of Industry; The Road to France; Demobilization; The Pageant of the Nile; Paris on Parade; A Rich Brat and How to Wine and Dine in Paris. R. Forrest Wilson won the 1942 PP in the category "Biography or Autobiography" for the book Crusader in Crinoline. The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe. Winslow, Ola Elizabeth, born on January 5, 1885, in Grant City, Mo., attended Stanford University and was graduated A.B. in 1906. She started to work as an instructor at the College of the Pacific in San Jose, Ca., in 1909. She earned her Master of Arts-degree in 1914 and that same year joined the staff of Goucher College as an

268 English and history teacher, advancing to professor and chairman of the English department. In 1922 Ola E. Winslow completed her doctoral dissertation and received her Ph.D. degree from the University of Chicago. During the following years she pursued special studies at Johns Hopkins University. Being a contributor of articles and book reviews to numerous magazines, she compiled the first volume of the proposed Harper's Literary Museum, her contribution being the bibliography of early American writings. Ola E. Winslow was also the author of Low Comedy as a Structural Element in English Drama From the Beginnings to 1642; American Broadside Verse and Jonathan Edwards, 17031758, A Biography. The latter made her the winner of the 1941 PP in the "Biography or Autobiography" category. Woestendiek Jr., John William, born on September 5, 1953, in Winston-Salem, N.C., received an B.A. degree in journalism from the University of North Carolina in 1975. He covered southern Arizona as a reporter with the Arizona Daily Star in Tucson from 1975 to 1978, when he was hired as a general assignment reporter by the Lexington Leader in Kentucky. He was promoted to the Leader's assistant city editor in 1979, and to city editor in 1980. In 1978 and 1979 he won awards for best feature story and best investigative story from the Kentucky Press Association. In 1981 he joined the Philadelphia Inquirer, where he worked as a reporter. He won awards from Columbia University and the Association of Retarded Citizens in 1984, and an Associated Press Managing Editors of Pennsylvania-award in 1985. In 1987 he received a National Headliners Club award. The same year John W. Woestendiek Jr. also was made the Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for outstanding prison beat coverage. Wolfe, Linnie Marsh, born on January 8, 1881, in Big Rapids, Mi., was educated at Weiser Academy in Idaho. Attending Whitman College, Wa., and Radcliffe College, she earned her A.B. and M.A. degrees. After graduation Wolfe taught in high schools in Washington. While working as a librarian in Los Angeles, she became interested in studying John Muir. Later, after she had gone to live in Contra Costa County, she met Muir's eldest daughter. In 1937 she was asked by the Muir heirs to prepare for publication some of his unpublished journals and notes. They were issued the following year as John of the Mountains. At the invitation of Alfred A. Knopf, Wolfe then undertook the writing of John Muir's biography. As preparation for the writing of Son of the Wilderness she made a country-wide tour collecting material. Linnie M. Wolfe died on September 15, 1945,

Woestendiek - Wood shortly after the publication of her work. The following year her book Son of the Wilderness earned the PP in the"Biography or Autobiography" category. Wolfert, Ira, born on November 1, 1908, in New York City, graduated with a B.A. degree from Columbia University. He was a correspondent with the North American Newspaper Alliance. His articles were published in papers throughout the country, e.g. the Syracuse Post-Standard, the Atlanta Constitution and the Boston Evening Globe. He was also an author of books, e.g. Tucker's People, Battle for the Solomons, and Torpedo 8: The Story of Swede Larsen's Bomber Squadroon. Ira Wolfert received the 1943 PP in the category of "Telegraphic Reporting (International)" for articles on the fifth battle of the Solomon Islands. Woltman, Frederick Enos, bom on March 16, 1905, in York, Pa., studied at the University of Pittsburgh, Pa., where he graduated with a B.A. degree. He also received an M.A. degree from the University of Pittsburgh and worked as a graduate assistant at the university's Department of Philosophy from 1928 to 1929. In 1929 he left the university to work as a reporter for the New York Telegram. Two years later he became a reporter with the New York World-Telegram. In 1943 he was awarded the Page One award by the Newspaper Guild of New York as well as the Heywood Broun award, and in 1946 he received the award of the Society of Silurians. In 1947 Frederick E. Woltman won the PP in the category of "Reporting" for his exposure of Communist influences into United States labor and political organizations. Wood, Gordon Stewart, born on November 27, 1935, in Concord, Ma., graduated from Tufts University with an A.B. He received A.M. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. From 1964 to 1966 he was assistant professor at the College of William and Mary. He subsequently joined Harvard University as an assistant professor of History. He also was a member of the faculty of History at the University of Michigan from 1967 to 1969. His first book, The Creation of the American Republic, ] 776-J 787, was published in 1969 and made him winner of the Bancroft award and the John H. Dunning Prize by the American Historical Association. In 1970 and 1971 he held the position of associate professor at Brown University, where he became professor of History in 1971. Three years later his work Revolution and the Political Integration of the Enslaved and Disenfranchised was published. From 1982 to 1983 Wood was Pitt Professor at Cambridge University, England. He held the position of chairman of the department of History at Brown Univer-

Woodward - Wright sity from 1983 to 1986. In 1990 he became university professor. His book The Radicalism of the American Revolution was published in 1992 and made Gordon S. Wood recipient of the PP in the category of "History" the following year. Woodward, Comer Vann, bom on November 13, 1908, in Vanndale, Ar., studied for two years at Henderson State College in Arkansas and entered then Emory University at Atlanta in 1928. He graduated in 1930 with a Bachelor of Philosophy-degree, to which he added a Master's degree in political sciences from Columbia University in 1932. His dissertation Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel earned Woodward a Ph.D. degree in 1937. During the late 1930s and early 1940s he shuttled from job to job in academia, teaching at Florida, Virginia, and Scripps, and serving a three-year stint as a Navy lieutenant in the Office of Naval Intelligence and the Naval Office of Public Information during World War II. In 1947 he joined the faculty of Johns Hopkins University, where he remained until he accepted a Sterling Professorship at Yale University in 1961. Meanwhile he served as Commonwealth Lecturer at the University of London, then taught for a term as the Harmsworth Professor of American History at the University of Oxford. In 1969 he was made president of both the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association. Woodward retired form Yale in 1977. Being the editor of the Oxford History of the United States, the scholar concentrated in his work as an author on the study of black history and the history of American race relations: e.g. Origins of the New South, 1877-1913; Reunion and Reaction; The Strange Career of Jim Crow; The Burden of Southern History and American Counterpoint: Slavery and Racism in the North-South Dialogue. C. Vann Woodward earned the 1982 PP in the category "History" for the book Mary Chesnut's Civil War. Wouk, Herman, born on May 27, 1915, in New York City, attended Columbia University, majoring in comparative literature and philosophy. During his college years he edited Columbia's humor magazine and wrote two varsity shows. In 1934 he acquired the Bachelor of Arts-degree. After his graduation he was hired as a "gagman" grinding out material for radio comedians. He subsequently turned to scriptwriting for the radio. With the outbreak of World War II, Wouk went to work for the United States Treasury, writing and producing radio shows to promote the sale of bonds. In 1941 he enlisted in the Navy, serving as an officer. While being on sea duty, he began writing a novel under the title Aurora Dawn.

269 Wouk worked on the book during off-hours, completing it in 1946. His next book, City Boy, describing the coming-of-age of a schoolboy in the Bronx, was published in 1948 and filmed by Columbia Pictures. The same year Wouk wrote another filmscript, Slattery's Hurricane, a story of Navy weather fliers. Wouk also worked as a playwright: his melodrama The Traitor was produced on Broadway in 1949. The Caine Mutiny, a novel set in World War II, appeared in 1951 and in the following year made Herman Wouk winner of the PP in the "Fiction" category. Wright Jr., Charles Penzel, born on August 25, 1935, in Pickwick Dam, Tn., graduated from Davidson College with an B.A. degree in 1957. After four years in the U.S. Army he entered the Writers Workshop at the University of Iowa, where he received a Master of Fine Arts-degree in 1963. The same year he became a Fulbright lecturer at the University of Rome and the University of Padua, Italy. He then returned to the U.S. and joined the faculties of the University of Iowa, Princeton University, Columbia University, and the University of California at Irvine. From 1968 to 1969 he was a Fulbright visiting professor for North American literature at the University of Padua. He was granted a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1975. Wright got the post of a professor for English at the University of California the following year. In 1983 he became a member of the faculty of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville. He published numerous volumes of poetry, among them The Grave of the Right Hand, Bloodlines, The World of the Ten Thousand Things: Poems 1980-1990, and Chickamauga, for which he was awarded the Academy of American Poets' Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize in 1996. He also won the PEN Translation Prize for his translation of the Italian poet Eugenio Montale's The Storm and Other Things. In 1998 Charles P. Wright Jr. earned the PP in the "Poetry" category for his book Black Zodiac. Wright, Donald Conway (Don), bom on January 23, 1934, in Los Angeles, Ca., attended Florida public schools. After working as a copyboy for the Miami News he became staff photographer in 1952. From 1956 to 1958 he was Signal Corps photographer in the Army. Afterwards he returned to the Miami News and got the post of a graphics editor. Two years later, in 1960, he started to work as a political cartoonist and soon became editorial cartoonist of his paper in 1963. Wright was made the recipient of the Outstanding Young Man in Communications Media award of the Young Democrats of Florida in 1965. The same year he was granted the award of the National Catholic Press. In 1966 the PP

270 for "Editorial Cartooning" was presented to Don C. Wright for his work, as exemplified by the drawing "You Mean You Were Bluffing?" In 1980 he won another PP in the same award category for his work from the previous year, as exemplified by the drawing "Florida State Prison." Wright, James Arlington, born on December 13, 1927, in Martins Ferry, Oh., grew up in this steel-mill town, living for a while on a farm nearby. He served with the army in Japan in World War II and later went to Kenyon College from which he graduated in 1952, receiving the Robert Frost Poetry Prize. Wright spent 1953 at the University of Vienna on a Fulbright scholarship to study the work of Theodor Storm. Returning to the United States, he entered the University of Washington at Seattle, where he received his M.A. degree in 1954 and his Ph.D. in 1959. During this period, he was granted Borestone Mountain Poetry Awards in 1954 and 1955, the Eunice Tietjens Memorial Award from Poetry magazine in 1955, and in 1957 his first volume of poetry, The Green Wall, was selected for publication in the Yale Series of Younger Poets. The same year Wright started a teaching career. He first taught at the University of Minnesota, where he stayed the following seven years. During that time he published other volumes of poetry: Saint Judas in 1959 and The Branch Will Not Break in 1963. After teaching at Macalester College in St. Paul for two years Wright spent the 19651966 period studying on a Guggenheim Fellowship, before he finally switched to Hunter College in New York in 1966. In addition to the Guggenheim Fellowship the poet received numerous other fellowships and awards. Among these were the Kenyon Review poetry fellowship, the Academy of American Poets Fellowship and the Oscar Blumenthal Prize from Poetry magazine. 1971 saw the publication of James A. Wright's Collected Poems. The volume gained him the PP in the "Poetry" category the following year. WuDunn, Sheryl, bom on November 16, 1959, in New York City, grew up in her hometown. She attended Cornell University and graduated. From 1981 to 1984 she was a lending officer in the international department of Bankers Trust Company in New York. While studying at Harvard University, Sheryl WuDunn worked as a summer intern reporter at the Miami Herald in 1985 and at the Wall Street Journal in Los An-

Wright - Wurdemann geles in 1986. In the same year she earned a master's degree in business administration from Harvard. Afterwards she reported on Hong Kong, in 1987, for Reuters and the South China Morning Post, a Hong Kong daily. In 1988, she received another master's degree in public administration from Princeton University. In March, 1989 she joined the New York Times staff in Beijing where her husband served as the newspaper's bureau chief. In 1990 Sheryl WuDunn became the Co-PPW in the category "International Reporting" for coverage of the mass movement for democracy in China. Wuorinen, Charles Peter, born on June 9, 1938, in New York City, attended Columbia University in his hometown from which he graduated with a B.A. degree in 1961. The following year he co-founded the Group for Contemporary Music, a campus ensemble performing new music in the United States. Wuorinen received his M.A. degree in 1963. The composer joined the faculty of Columbia as a lecturer in 1964, and got the post of an instructor the following year. In addition to this job, Wuorinen was visiting lecturer at Princeton University from 1967 to 1968 and at the New England Conservatory in 1968-69, when he was promoted to assistant professor at Columbia University. Charles P. Wuorinen was awarded the 1970 PP in "Music" for his all-electronic composition Time's Encomium. Wurdemann, Audrey May, born on January 1, 1911, in Seattle, Wa., began to write verse almost as soon as she could write at all. She learned reading and writing from private tutors at home, not going to school until she entered St. Nicholas School for Girls in Seattle in 1922. By the time she had already sold her first poem to a local newspaper. By her fourteenth birthday the poet had seen two dozens of her poems printed in newspapers and magazines. Her work was noticed by an American poet, and he sponsored her first published book of verse titled The House of Silk. The volume was issued when Wurdemann was only sixteen. She finished high school in three years and attended the University of Washington, which awarded her the Bachelor of Arts-degree in 1932. After her graduation she traveled throughout the United States and in the Orient. Returning back to the United States the author settled down in Seattle to write verse. Audrey M. Wurdemann's collection of poems, Bright Ambush, brought to her the 1935 PP in the "Poetry" category.

Yamasaki, Taro Michael, bom on December 19, 1945, in Detroit, Mi., attended Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills and studied Journalism at the University of Michigan. In 1968 he moved to New York City to learn photography in the streets. He had to work in various jobs to finance it, e.g. as a fashion photographer's assistant but also as a kindergarten teacher on the Lower East Side. In 1969 Yamasaki was appointed with a documentation by an U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity agency. Two years later the photographer moved to Denver where he worked as a taxi driver and took pictures for the Cesar Chavez's United Farm Workers. In 1973 he moved back to Michigan and set up a carpentry company which became more and more successful. He got a job as a staff photographer at the Detroit Free Press four years later. In 1981 Taro M. Yamasaki became the PPW in the category "Feature Photography" for his pictures of the Jackson State Prison in Michigan. Yardley, Jonathan, born on October 27, 1939, in Pittsburgh, Pa., attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he earned an A.B. degree in 1961. The same year he joined the staff of the New York Times, starting as an assistant to the Washington correspondent in 1961-62, continuing as a writer for the News of the Week in Review from 1962-64. Afterwards Yardley moved to the North Carolina newspaper Greensboro Daily News, where he served as an editorial writer and book editor for ten years. In the academic year 1968-69 he interrupted his newspaper work to become a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University, where he studied American fiction and literary biography. In the period 1972-73 Yardley lectured at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and he was chairman of the fiction jury for the 1973 National Book Awards. He moved to the Miami Herald in 1974 to fill the position of a book editor and viewpoint editor. Yardley also became the author of a weekly book review column syndicated by Knight Newspapers. In December, 1978, Yardley was named book editor of the Washington Star, and he served as contributing editor of Sports Illustrated and contributed articles to magazines like New Republic, Life and Partisan Review. At the Washington Star in addition to his Sunday review

column, Yardley edited and supervised the weekly books section which more than doubled in book review space since him taken over the section. Jonathan Yardley earned the 1981 PP in the "Criticism" category for his book reviews. Yergin, Daniel Howard, born on February 6, 1947, in Los Angeles, Ca., earned his Bachelor of Arts-degree from Yale University in 1968 and subsequently worked as contributing editor for the New Yorker magazine. In 1970 he moved to England, where he attended Cambridge University obtaining his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. On his return to the United States four years later, he joined the faculty of Harvard University as a research fellow. From 1976 to 1979 he lectured at Harvard Business School and then moved to the Kennedy School of Government. In 1983 he became a research associate at Harvard. A member of the policy advisory committee for the Program on U.S.-Japan Relations and president of the Cambridge Energy Research Association, Yergin co-edited Energy Future: Report of the Energy Project at the Harvard Business School and Future of Oil Prices: Perils of Prophecy. He was also the co-author on Cold War and Global Insecurity. His own book publications included Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State and The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power. In 1992 Daniel H. Yergin won the PP in the category "General Non-Fiction" for the book The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power. Yoder Jr., Edwin Milton, born on July 18, 1934, in Greensboro, N.C., began working for newspapers at the age of fifteen with a summer job as sports editor on the Journal in Mebane, N.C. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, a Phi Beta Kappa major in English and history. In 1955 he was a Rhodes Scholar from North Carolina, and in 1958 he received a B.A. degree from Oxford University, England, where he studied modem European political history and political theory. After his two years at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, Yoder spent three years at the News of Charlotte, N.C., as a reporter, editorial writer, and sometime editorial-page editor. He joined the Greensboro Daily News in 1961 as an editorial writer, and, after one year as assistant professor of history at the University of North Carolina, he was named

272 the Greensboro Daily News associate editor and editorial-page director in 1965. He served in that capacity for more than a decade before joining the Washington Star in 1975 as associate editor. As a writing editor, apart from his supervisory duties, Edwin M. Yoder was a major contributor of Star editorials and turned out a signed weekly column for the newspaper's op-ed page. Edwin M. Yoder Jr. won an award for editorial writing on international affairs and several awards from the North Carolina Press Association, before, in 1979, he received the PP in the "Editorial Writing" category for articles on a variety of subjects. York, Michael M., bom on April 10, 1953, in High Point, N.C., was a 1974 graduate of the University of Kentucky and a 1978 graduate of the University of North Carolina School of Law. He was a reporter for the Morning Herald at Durham, N.C., from 1975 to 1978, and for the Legal Times of Washington, D.C., in 1978. From 1978 to 1979 he worked as an attorney for the Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. In 1979 York joined the staff of the Herald-Leader in Lexington, Ky., and in 1982 he

York-York was named the paper's Washington correspondent. Michael M. York became the 1986 Co-PPW in the "Investigative Reporting" category for coverage of cash-payoffs to University of Kentucky basketball players in violation of regulations. York, Robert, born on August 23, 1909, in Minneapolis, Mn., first attended Drake University from 1927-28. He then entered the Cummings School of Art, where he studied during 1928, and in 1930 he took classes at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. The same year he started to work as an assistant comic strip artist for the Chicago Tribune, with which he stayed until 1935. The following year he took the post of the political cartoonist with the Nashville Banner and after a year he switched to the Louisville Times, where he worked until 1943. Between 1943 and 1945 York was sergeant artist with the United States Army Air Force. After the war he returned to the Louisville Times, where he stayed the following years. In 1956 Robert York was made the recipient of the PP in the category "Editorial Cartooning" for his drawing "Achilles."

Zaturenska, Marya Alexandrovna, bom on September 12, 1902, in Kiev, Russia, came to the United States at the age of eight, and was naturalized in 1912. She was educated in New York public schools, but had to leave at an early age. She graduated from night high school, between jobs in a factory and in a bookstore. Subsequently, she worked for a year as a feature writer for a New York newspaper, before, in 1922, she received a scholarship, which enabled her to enter Valparaiso University. After a year of study there, she transferred to Wisconsin University, which she attended on a Zona Gale Scholarship. While specializing in library school work, Marya Zaturenska served on the University's literary magazine. She graduated from the Wisconsin Library School in 1925. Zaturenska's first printed poems appeared when she was only in her teenage years, in Poetry and other periodicals. The Poetry magazine also bestowed her the John Reed Memorial Award in 1924. It was not until 1934 that she published her first book of poetry under the title Threshold and Hearth. In 1936 she received Poetry's Guarantors Prize and the Shelley Award. The volume Cold Morning Sky made Marya A. Zaturenska the recipient of the 1938 PP in the "Poetry" category. Zemlianichenko, Alexander Vadimovich, bom on May 7, 1950, in Saratov, Russia, attended Saratov Technical Institute and the Juilliard School of Music in New York. Zemlianichenko started to work as a photographer for the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper in Moscow in 1980. Four years later he switched to the Soviet Union Magazine. The photographer then joined the Motherland Magazine in 1988 where he stayed for two years. During this time he also worked as a string correspondent for the Associated Press. In 1990 Zemlianichenko joined the AP staff in Moscow. He was part of the group that won the 1992 PP in the "Spot News Photography" category for the coverage of the failed Russian coup in the previous year. He gained the National Headliners Club Award and the Picture of the Year Award of the University of Missouri National Press Photographers Association in 1994 and two years later the Associated Press Managing Editors Award. In 1997 Alexander V. Zemlianichenko won his own PP in the "Feature Photography" category for a

picture showing Russian President Boris Yeltsin dancing at a rock concert during his campaign for re-election. Zindel, Paul, bom on May 15, 1936, in New York City, attended Port Richmond High School, where he wrote a play which won him a prize in a contest sponsored by the American Cancer Society. At Wagner College on Staten Island Zindel majored in chemistry, obtaining a B.S. degree in 1958 and an M.Sc. degree in 1959. He had also taken courses in creative writing at Wagner and worked on another play called Dimensions of Peacocks. After graduation, the playwright accepted a position as a technical writer for a chemical company. But since he did not find the work very challenging he resigned to become a teacher of chemistry and physics at Tottenville High School on Staten Island. During ten years of teaching, Zindel continued to write plays: A Dream of Swallows, produced Off-Broadway in 1964, was followed by The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-In-The-Moon Marigolds, which had its premiere in Houston in 1965. A shortened version of Marigolds was given the first of four television presentations in New York the following year. Before moving to a New York City stage the play was produced in several regional theatres. In April 1970 the play opened Off-Broadway. It won Paul Zindel the Drama Critics Circle Award, the Obie Award and the Drama Desk Award of the same year. Paul Zindel's play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-In-The-Moon Marigolds earned the 1971 PP in the "Drama" category. Zucchino, David Alan, born on November 14, 1951, in McPherson, Ks., grew up on U.S. military bases in Frankfurt and Darmstadt, Germany. He earned a B.A. degree in Journalism and English Literature at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1973. From 1973 to 1978 he worked for the News and Observer in Raleigh, N.C. He then moved to Michigan and joined the Detroit Free Press. In 1980 he was hired by the Philadelphia Inquirer, where he covered stories from across the United States as well as from foreign countries. He was Middle East bureau chief in Beirut from 1982 to 1984. In 1986 he was appointed Africa bureau chief in Nairobi. A winner of numerous awards, David A. Zucchino earned the 1989 PP in the category

274 of "Feature Writing" for a series on "Being Black in South Africa." Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe, born on April 30, 1939, in Miami, Fl., served as student conductor at her high school, was concertmaster of the high school orchestra, and played first trumpet in the high school band. She enrolled at Florida State University in Tallahassee with the intent of majoring in music education, but subsequently decided to concentrate on composition. Studying composition and the violin, she obtained a Bachelor's degree in music in 1960, and a Master's degree in music in 1962. She briefly worked as a teacher in South Carolina, but resumed her violin studies in New York City in

Zwilich 1964. In 1965 she became a violinist in the American Symphony Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski, a position she held until 1973. She then entered the Juilliard School of Music, where she studied composition. In 1975 she became the first woman ever to receive a doctorate in composition from Juilliard. Ellen Taaffe Zwilich was Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund recording grantee in 1977,1979 and 1982. In 1981 she was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship and took up residence in Peterboro, N.H., where she began to compose Three Movements for Orchestra, which she soon renamed Symphony No. 1. The composition made Ellen Taaffe Zwilich the 1983 PPW in the category of "Music."

Appendix: Prize Winners by Award Categories*

PULITZER PRIZES IN JOURNALISM Reporting 1917 Swope, Herbert Bayard, 233, 237 1918 Littledale, Harold Aylmer, 144 1919 (No award) 1920 Leary Jr., John Joseph, 138 1921 Seibold, Louis, 216 1922 Simpson, Kirke Lame, 224 1923 Johnston, Alva, 117 1924 White, Magner, 259 1925 Goldstein, Alvin H., 86 Mulroy, James W., 173 1926 Miller, William Burke, 166 1927 Rogers, John T., 202 1928 (No award) 1929 Anderson, Paul Yewell, 6 1930 Owen, Russell D., 181 1931 MacDonald, Alexander Black, 149 1932 Martin, Douglas DeVeny, 153 Pooler, James S., 190 Richards, William C, 200 Sloan, John N. W., 226 Webb, Frank D., 256 1933 Jamieson, Francis Anthony, 116 1934 Brier, Royce, 29 1935 Taylor, William Howland, 240 1936 Lyman, Lauren Dwight, 148 1937 Blakeslee, Howard Walter, 23 Dietz, David Henry, 57 Lai, Gobind Behari, 135 Laurence, William Leonard, 138 O'Neill, John Joseph, 180 1938 Sprigle, Martin Raymond, 230 1939 Stokes Jr., Thomas Lunsford, 234 1940 Heath, S. Burton, 100 1941 Pegler, James Westbrook, 185 1942 Delaplane, Stanton Hill, 55 ] 943 Weller, George Anthony, 257 1944 Schoenstein, Paul, 214 1945 McDowell, Jack Sherman, 159 1946 Laurence, William Leonard, 138 1947 Woltman, Frederick Enos, 268

Local Reporting, Edition Time 1953 (Providence Journal and Evening Bulletin) 1954 (Vicksburg Sunday Post-Herald) 1955 Brown, Caro, 30 1956 Hills, Lee, 106 1957 (Salt Lake Tribune) 1958 (Fargo Forum, N.D.) 1959 Werner, Mary Lou, 258 1960 Nelson, John Howard (Jack), 176 1961 De Gramont, Sanche, 55 1962 Mullins, Robert David, 173 1963 Fox, Sylvan, 74 Longgood, William Frank, 145 Shannon, Anthony F., 218

Local 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952

General News Reporting 1985 Turcol, Thomas Anthony, 246 1986 Buchanan, Edna, 31 1987 (Akron Beacon Journal) 1988 (Alabama Journal and Lawrence Eagle-Tribune) 1989 (Louisville Courier-Journal) 1990 (San Jose Mercury News)

Reporting Goodwin, George Evans, 87 Johnson, Malcolm Malone, 117 Berger, Meyer, 13, 19 Montgomery .Edward Samuel, 168 De Carvalho, George, 54

* Boldface page numbers refer to photographs

Local 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

General Spot News Reporting Miller Jr., Norman Charles, 166 Ruder, Melvin Harvey, 205 (Los Angeles Times) Cox, Robert Vemon, 46 (Detroit Free Press) Fetterman, John Davis, 69 Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 70 (Akron Beacon Journal) Cooper, Richard Lee, 45 Machacek, John W., 149 (Chicago Tribune) Hough, Hugh Frederick, 109 Petacque, Arthur Martin, 186 (Xenia Daily Gazette) Miller, Gene Eward, 165 Huston, Margo, 112 Whitt, Richard Ernest, 261 (San Diego Evening Tribune) (Philadelphia Inquirer) (Longview Daily News) (Kansas City Star and Kansas City Times) (Fort Wayne News-Sentinel) (New York Newsday)

276 Spot News Reporting 1991 (Miami Herald) 1992 (New York Newsday) 1993 (Los Angeles Times) 1994 (New York Times) 1995 (Los Angeles Times) 1996 McFadden, Robert Dennis, 159 1997 (New York Newsday) Breaking News Reporting 1998 (Los Angeles Times) 1999 (Hartford Courant) 2000 (Denver Post) Local Reporting, No Edition Time 1953 Mowery, Edward Joseph, 172 1954 McCoy, Alvin Scott, 158 1955 Towery, Roland Kenneth, 243 1956 Daley, Arthur John, 51 1957 Lambert, William G., 136 Turner, Wallace L., 246 1958 Beveridge Jr., George David, 22 1959 Brislin, John Harold, 29 1960 Ottenberg, Miriam, 181 1961 May, Edgar, 156 1962 Bliss, George William, 23 1963 Griffin Jr., Oscar O'Neal, 90 Local Investigative Specialized Reporting 1964 Gaudiosi, Albert V., 81 Magee, James V., 150 Meyer, Frederick A., 164 1965 Goltz, Eugene Francis, 86 1966 Frasca, John Anthony, 75 1967 Miller, Gene E ward, 165 1968 Lukas, Jay Anthony, 147 1969 Delugach, Albert Lawrence, 56 Walsh, Denny Jay, 253 1970 Martin, Harold Eugene, 154 1971 Jones, William Hugh, 118 1972 DeSantis, Ann, 56 Kurkjian, Stephen Anoosh, 134 Leland, Timothy, 139 O'Neill, Gerard Michael, 180 1973 (Sun Newspapers, Omaha) 1974 Sherman, William, 221 1975 (Indianapolis Star) 1976 (Chicago Tribune) 1977 Moore, Acel, 168 Rawls Jr., Wendell Lee, 196 1978 Dolan, Anthony Rossi, 58 1979 Gaul, Gilbert Martin, 81 Jaspin, Elliot Gary, 116 1980 Bruzelius, Nils Johan Axel, 31 Hawes Jr., Alexander Boyd, 99 Kurkjian, Stephen Anoosh, 134 Porterfield, Robert Milton, 190 Vennochi, Joan, 251

Prize Winners by Award Categories 1981 Hallas, Clark Howard, 94 Lowe, Robert Brian, 146 1982 Henderson III, Paul, 102 1983 Tofani, Loretta A., 242 1984 Cooper, Kenneth Joseph, 45 FitzGerald, Joan, 70 Kaufman, Jonathan, 122 Lockman, Norman Alton, 145 McMillan, Gary W., 161 Scharfenberg, Kirk, 212 Wessel, David M., 258 Investigative Reporting 1985 Marimow, William Kalmon, 152 Morgan, Lucy, 170 Reed, Jack Louis, 196 1986 Marx, Jeffrey A., 154 York, Michael M., 272 1987 Biddle, Daniel R., 22 Bissinger III, Henry Gerald, 23 Tulsky, Fredric Neal, 244 Woestendiek Jr., John William, 268 1988 Baquet, Dean, 14 Gaines, William Chester, 79 Lipinski, Ann Marie, 142 1989 Dedman, Bill, 54 1990 Ison, Christopher John (Chris), 113 Kilzer, Louis Charles (Lou), 126 1991 Hallinan, Joseph Thomas, 94 Headden, Susan Margaret, 99 1992 Adams, Lorraine, 2 Malone, Dan F., 151 1993 Berry, Steve, 20 Brazil, Jeff, 28 1994 (Providence Journal Bulletin) 1995 Donovan, Brian R., 59 Saul, Stephanie, 210 1996 (Orange County Register) 1997 Nalder, Eric Christopher, 175 Nelson, Deborah, 175 Tizon, Alex, 241 1998 Conn, Gary, 43 Englund, Will, 65 1999 (Miami Herald) 2000 Choe, Sang-Hun, 42 Hanley, Charles J., 96 Mendoza, Martha, 163 Explanatory Journalism 1985 Franklin, Jon Daniel, 75 1986 (New York Times) 1987 Corner, Peter, 88 Lyon, Jeffrey R., 148 1988 Hertzberg, Daniel, 104 Stewart, James B., 234 1989 Blessen, Karen Alyce, 23 Hanners, David, 97 Snyder, William D., 228

Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism (Explanatory Journalism, continued)

1990 Coll, Stephen Wilson, 44 Vise, David Allan, 252 1991 Faludi, Susan C., 67 1992 Capers, Robert S., 36 Lipton, Eric S., 144 1993 Toner, Michael F. (Mike), 243 1994 Kotulak, Ronald, 131 1995 Dash Jr., Leon DeCosta, 52 Perkins, Lucian, 185 1996 Garrett, Laurie, 80 1997 Cortes, Ron, 46 Saul, April, 21Q Vitez, Michael, 252 Explanatory Reporting 1998 Salopek, Paul F., 209 1999 Read, Richard, 196 2000 Newhouse, Eric, 177 Specialized Reporting 1985 Crosby, Jacqueline Garton, 48 Savage, Randall Ernest, 212 1986 Flaherty, Mary Pat, 70 Schneider, Andrew J., 214 1987 Jones, Alex S., 118 1988 Bogdanich, Walt, 24 1989 Humes, Edward, 112 1990 Stieber, Tamar, 234 Beat 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Reporting Angier, Natalie Marie, 7 Blum, Deborah Leigh, 24 Ingrassia, Paul Joseph, 113 White, Joseph B., 259 Freedman, Eric, 76 Mitzelfeld, Jim, 167 Shribman, David M., 222 Keeler, Robert F. (Bob), 122 Acohido, Byron, 1 Greenhouse, Linda Joyce, 90 Hiltzik, Michael A., 106 Philips, Chuck, 188 Dohrman, George, 58

Correspondence 1929 Mowrer, Paul Scott, 169, 172 1930 Stowe, Leland, 235 1931 Knickerbocker, Hubert Renfro, 129 1932 Duranty, Walter, 62 Ross, Charles Griffith, 204 1933 Mowrer, Edgar Ansel, 172 1934 Birchall, Frederick T., 22 1935 Krock, Arthur, 127, 132 1936 Barber, Wilfred Courtenay, 14 1937 McCormick, Anne Elizabeth O'Hare, 156, 157 1938 Krock, Arthur, 127, 132 1939 Lochner, Louis Paul, 143, 145

277 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

Tolischus, Otto David, 242 Group Award Romulo, Carlos Pena, 203 Baldwin, Hanson Weightman, 12 Pyle, Ernest Taylor, 187, 193 Boyle, Harold Vincent, 27 Cortesi, Arnaldo, 46 Atkinson, Justin Brooks, 5, 9

Telegraphic Reporting (National) 1942 Stark, Louis, 231 1943 (No award) 1944 Fleming, Dewey Lee, 71 1945 Reston, James Barrett, 197,199 1946 Harris, Edward Arnold, 98 1947 Folliard, Edward Thomas, 72 National Reporting 1948 Andrews, Bert, 7 Finney, Nathaniel Solon, 69 1949 Trussell, Charles Prescott, 244 1950 Guthman, Edwin Otto, 91 1951 (No award) 1952 Leviero, Anthony Harry, 139 1953 Whitehead, Donald Ford (Don), 260 1954 Wilson, Richard Lawson, 267 1955 Lewis, Joseph Anthony, 140 1956 Bartlett, Charles Leffingwell, 15 1957 Reston, James Barrett, 197, 199 1958 Mollenhoff, Clark Raymond, 167 Morin, Relman George, 170 1959 Van Smith, Howard, 251 1960 Trimble, Vance Henry, 243 1961 Cony, Edward Roger, 45 1962 Caldwell, Nathan Green, 35 Graham, Gene Swann, 88 1963 Lewis, Joseph Anthony, 140 1964 Smith, A. Merriman, 227 1965 Kohlmeier Jr., Louis Marvin, 130 1966 Johnson, Haynes Bonner, 117 1967 Karmin, Monroe William, 121 Penn, Stanley William, 185 1968 James Jr., Howard Anthony, 115 Kotz, Nathan Kallison (Nick), 131 1969 Cahn, Robert, 35 1970 Eaton, William James, 63 1971 Franks, Lucinda Laura, 75 Powers, Thomas Moore, 191 1972 Anderson, Jackson Northman, 6 1973 Boyd, Robert S., 27 Hoyt, Clark, 111 1974 Polk, James Ray, 189 White III, John Aloysius (Jack), 259 1975 Barlett, Donald Leon, 15 Steele Jr., James Bruce, 231 1976 Risser Jr., James Vaulx, 200 1977 Mears, Walter Robert, 162 1978 Shaw, Gay lord D., 219 1979 Risser Jr., James Vaulx, 200

278 (National Reporting, continued)

1980 Orsini, Bette Swenson, 181 Stafford, Charles, 230 1981 Crewdson, John Mark, 47 1982 Atkinson, Rick, 9 1983 (Boston Globe) 1984 Wilford, John Noble, 262 1985 Knudson, Thomas Jeffrey (Tom), 130 1986 Flournoy, John Craig, 72 Howe IV, Arthur W., 110 Rodrigue III, George Pierre, 202 1987 (Miami Herald) (New York Times) 1988 Weiner, Timothy Emlyn (Tim), 257 1989 Barlett, Donald Leon, 15 Steele Jr., James Bruce, 231 1990 Anderson, Ross, 6 Dietrich, William Alan, 57 Gwinn, Mary Ann, 92 Nalder, Eric Christopher, 175 1991 Lundstrom, Marjorie Eleanor (Marjie), 147 Sharpe, Rochelle Phyllis, 219 1992 McGraw, Mike, 160 Taylor, Jeff, 239 1993 Maraniss, David Adair, 152 1994 Welsome, Eileen, 257 1995 Horwitz, Anthony Lander (Tony), 109 1996 Freedman, Alix M., 75 1997 Wall Street Journal 1998 Carollo, Russell, 37 Nesmith, Jeff, 176 1999 (New York Times) 2000 Wall Street Journal Telegraphic Reporting (International) 1942 Allen, Laurence Edmund, 4 1943 Wolfert, Ira, 268 1944 De Luce, Daniel, 56 1945 Watson, Mark Skinner, 255 1946 Bigart, Homer William, 22 1947 Gilmore, Eddy Lanier King, 84 International Reporting 1948 Ward, Paul William, 254 1949 Day, Price, 54 1950 Stevens, Edmund William, 232 1951 Beech, Keyes, 17 Bigart, Homer William, 22 Higgins, Marguerite, 104,105 Morin, Relman George, 170 Sparks, Fred, 229 Whitehead, Donald Ford (Don), 260 1952 Hightower, John Murmann, 104 1953 Wehrwein, Austin Carl, 256 1954 Lucas, Jim Griffing, 146 1955 Salisbury, Harrison Evans, 209,211 1956 Conniff, Frank, 45 Hearst Jr., William Randolph, 95, 100 Kingsbury-Smith, Joseph, 126

Prize Winners by Award Categories 1957 Jones, Russell, 118 1958 (New York Times) 1959 Martin, Joseph George, 154 Santora, Philip Joseph, 210 1960 Rosenthal, Abraham Michael, 199, 204 1961 Heinzerling, Lynn Louis, 101 1962 Lippmann, Walter, 142,143 1963 Hendrix, Harold Victor (Hal), 102 1964 Browne, Malcolm Wilde, 30 Halberstam, David, 93, 95 1965 Livingston, Joseph Arnold, 144 1966 Arnett, Peter Gregg, 5, 8 1967 Hughes, Robert John, 111 1968 Friendly, Alfred, 77 1969 Tuohy, William Klaus, 246 1970 Hersh, Seymour Myron, 103,105 1971 Hoagland, Jimmie Lee (Jim), 106 1972 Kann, Peter Robert, 121 1973 Frankel, Max, 73, 75 1974 Smith, Hedrick Laurence, 227 1975 Carter, Ovie, 38 Mullen, William Charles, 173 1976 Schanberg, Sydney Hillel, 212 1977 (No award) 1978 Kamm, Henry, 120 1979 Cramer, Richard Ben, 46 1980 Brinkley, Joel Graham, 29 Mather, Jay B., 154 1981 Christian, Shirley Ann, 42 1982 Damton, John Townsend, 52 1983 Friedman, Thomas Loren, 77 Jenkins, Loren B., 117 1984 House, Karen Elliott, 109 1985 Bell, Dennis Philip, 17 Friedman, Joshua M., 76 Muhammad, Ozier, 173 1986 Carey, Peter Kevin, 36 Ellison, Katherine, 65 Simons, Lewis Martin, 224 1987 Parks, Michael Christopher, 183 1988 Friedman, Thomas Loren, 77 1989 Frankel, Glenn Charles, 74 Keller, Bill, 123 1990 Kristof, Nicholas D., 132 WuDunn, Sheryl, 270 1991 Murphy, Garyle Marie, 173 Schmemann, Serge, 213 1992 Sloyan, Patrick Joseph, 226 1993 Burns, John Fisher, 33 Gutman, Roy William, 91 1994 (Dallas Morning News) 1995 Fritz, Mark, 77 1996 Rohde, David, 202 1997 Burns, John Fisher, 33 1998 (New York Times) 1999 (Wall Street Journal) 2000 Schoofs, Mark, 214

Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism Feature Writing 1979 Franklin, Jon Daniel, 75 1980 Blais, Madelaine Helena, 23 1981 Carpenter, Teresa Suzanne, 37 1982 Pett.Saul, 188 1983 Robertson, Nan, 201 1984 Rinearson, Peter Mark, 200 1985 Steinbach, Alice, 232 1986 Camp, John Roswell, 36 1987 Twomey, Stephen M. (Steve), 246 1988 Banaszynski, Jacqueline Marie, 14 1989 Zucchino, David Alan, 273 1990 Curtin, David Stephen, 49 1991 James, Sheryl Teresa, 116 1992 Raines, Howell Hiram, 195 1993 LardnerJr., George, 136 1994 Wilkerson, Isabel Alexis, 262 1995 Suskind, Ronald Steven (Ron), 236 1996 Bragg, Ricky Edward, 27 1997 Pollak, Lisa K., 189 1998 French, Thomas, 76 1999 Henderson, Angelo B., 102 2000 Moehringer, J. R., 167 Commentary 1970 Childs, Marquis William, 40,41 1971 Caldwell, William Anthony, 35 1972 Royko, Michael (Mike), 205 1973 Broder, David Salzer, 29 1974 Roberts Jr., Edwin Albert, 200 1975 McGrory, Mary, 160 1976 Smith, Walter Wellesley (Red), 228 1977 Will, George Frederick, 262, 263 1978 Safire, William L., 208, 211 1979 Baker, Russell Wayne, 12,13 1980 Goodman, Ellen Holtz, 86 1981 Anderson, David Poole, 4 1982 Buchwald, Art(hur), 25, 31 1983 Sitton, Claude Fox, 225 1984 Royster, Vermont Connecticut, 205 1985 Kempton, James Murray, 123 1986 Breslin, James, 28 1987 Krauthammer, Charles, 131 1988 Barry, David M., 15 1989 Page, Clarence Eugene, 182 1990 Murray, James Patrick (Jim), 174 1991 Hoagland, Jimmie Lee (Jim), 106 1992 Quindlen, Anna, 194 1993 Balmaseda, Elizabeth R., 14 1994 Raspberry, William James, 196,199 1995 Dwyer, James, 62 1996 Shipp, E. R., 222 1997 McNamara, Eileen, 161 1998 Me Alary, Michael (Mike), 156 1999 Dowd, Maureen, 59 2000 Gigot, Paul A., 82

279 Criticism 1970 Huxtable, Ada Louise, 112 1971 Schonberg, Harold Charles, 214 1972 Peters Jr., Frank Lewis, 186 1973 Powers, Ronald Dean, 191 1974 Genauer, Emily, 81 1975 Ebert, Roger Joseph, 63 1976 Kriegsman, Alan Mortimer, 132 1977 McPherson, William Alexander, 162 1978 Kerr, Walter Francis, 125 1979 Gapp, Paul John, 79 1980 Henry III, William Alfred, 103 1981 Yardley, Jonathan, 271 1982 Bernheimer, Martin, 20 1983 Hoelterhoff, Manuela Vali, 107 1984 Goldberger, Paul Jesse, 83, 86 1985 Rosenberg, Howard, 203 1986 Henahan, Donal Joseph, 101 1987 Eder, Richard Gray, 64 1988 Shales, Thomas William (Tom), 218 1989 Skube, Michael, 226 1990 Temko, Allan Bernard, 240 1991 Shaw, David Lyle, 219 1992 (No award) 1993 Dirda, Michael, 58 1994 Schwartz, Lloyd, 216 1995 Jefferson, MargoL., 116 1996 Campbell, Robert, 36 1997 Page, Tim, 182 1998 Kakutani, Michiko, 120 1999 Kamin, Blair, 120 2000 Allen, Henry, 4 Editorial Writing 1917 (New York Tribune) 1918 (Louisville Courier Journal) 1919 (No award) 1920 Newbranch, Harvey Ellsworth, 177 1921 (No award) 1922 O'Brien, Frank Michael, 179 1923 White, William Allen, 260 1924 (Boston Herald) Cobb, Frank Irving, 42 1925 (Charleston News and Courier) Lathan, Robert, 138 1926 Kingsbury, Edward Martin, 126 1927 Bullard, Frederic Lauriston, 32 1928 Hall, Grover Cleveland, 94 1929 Jaffe, Louis Isaac, 115 1930 (No award) 1931 Ryckman, Charles Silcott, 206 1932 (No award) 1933 (Kansas dry Star) 1934 Chase, Edwin Percy, 40 1935 (No award) 1936 Morley, Felix Muskett, 171 Parker, George B., 182

Prize Winners by Award Categories

280 (Editorial Writing, continued)

1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Owens, John Whitfield, 181 Waymack, William Wesley, 256 Callvert, Ronald Glenn, 36 Howard, Bart B., 109 Maury, Reuben, 155 Parsons, Geoffrey, 183 Seymour, Forrest W., 217 Haskell, Henry Joseph, 99 Potter, George William, 191 Carter Jr., William Hodding, 38 Grimes, William Henry, 90 Dabney, Virginius, 51 Crider, John Henshaw, 47 Elliston, Herbert Berridge, 65 Saunders, Carl Maxon, 210 Fitzpatrick, William Harry, 70 LaCoss, Louis, 135 Royster, Vermont Connecticut, 205 Murray, Donald Morison (Don), 173 Howes, Royce Bucknam, 111 Soth, Lauren Kephart, 229 Boone Sr., James Buford, 26 Ashmore, Harry Scott, 8 McGill, Ralph Emerson, 160 Chambers, Lenoir, 39 Dorvillier, William Joseph, 59 Storke, Thomas More, 234 Harkey Jr., Ira Brown, 98 Smith, Hazel Brannon, 227 Harrison, John Raymond, 99 Lasch, Robert N., 137 Patterson, Eugene Corbett, 184 Knight, John Shively, 127, 130 Greenberg, Paul, 90 Geyelin, Philip Laussat, 82 Davis Jr., Horance Gibbs, 53 Strohmeyer, John, 235 Linscott, Roger Bourne, 142 Spencer, Frederick Oilman, 229 Maurice, John Daniell, 155 Kerby, Philip Pearce, 125 Cardoza, Norman F., 36 Church, Foster, 42 Lerude, Warren Leslie, 139 Greenfield, Meg, 90 Yoder Jr., Edwin Milton, 271 Bartley, Robert LeRoy, 15 (No award) Rosenthal, Jacob (Jack), 204 (Miami Herald) Scardino, Albert James, 212 Aregood, Richard Lloyd, 7 Fuller, Jack William, 78 Freedman, Jonathan, 76 Healy, Jane Elizabeth, 99 Wille, Lois Jean, 264 Hylton, Thomas James, 112

1991 Casey, Ronald Bruce, 38 Jackson, Harold, 115 Kennedy Jr., Joey David, 124 1992 Henson, Glenda Maria, 103 1993 (No award) 1994 Dold, Robert Bruce, 58 1995 Good, Jeffrey, 86 1996 Semple Jr., Robert Baylor, 216 1997 Gartner, Michael Gay, 80 1998 Stein, Bernard L., 232 1999 (New York Daily News) 2000 Bersia, JohnC., 21 Editorial Cartooning 1922 Kirby, Rollin, 128 1923 (No award) 1924 Darling, Jay Norwood (Ding), 52 1925 Kirby, Rollin, 128 1926 Fitzpatrick, Daniel Robert, 70 1927 Harding, Nelson, 98 1928 Harding, Nelson, 98 1929 Kirby, Rollin, 128 1930 Macauley, Charles Raymond, 149 1931 Duffy, Edmund, 61 1932 McCutcheon, John Tinney, 158 1933 Talburt, Harold M., 238 1934 Duffy, Edmund, 61 1935 Lewis, Ross Aubrey, 141 1936 (No award) 1937 Batchelor, Clarence Daniel, 16 1938 Shoemaker, Vaughn Richard, 222 1939 Werner, Charles George, 258 1940 Duffy, Edmund, 61 1941 Burck, Jacob, 32 1942 Block, Herbert Lawrence (Herblock), 24, 25 1943 Darling, Jay Norwood (Ding), 52 1944 Berryman, Clifford Kennedy, 20 1945 Mauldin, William Henry (Bill), 155 1946 Russell, Bruce Alexander, 206 1947 Shoemaker, Vaughn Richard, 222 1948 Goldberg, Reuben Lucius, 86 1949 Pease Jr., Lucius Curtis (Lute), 184 1950 Berryman, James Thomas, 21 1951 Manning, Reginald West (Reg), 152 1952 Packer, Fred Little, 182 1953 Kuekes, Edward Daniel, 133 1954 Block, Herbert Lawrence (Herblock), 24, 25 1955 Fitzpatrick, Daniel Robert, 70 1956 York, Robert, 272 1957 Little, Tom, 144 1958 Shanks, Bruce McKinley, 218 1959 Mauldin, William Henry (Bill), 155 1960 (No award) 1961 Orr, Carey, 180 1962 Valtman, Edmund Siegfried, 250 1963 Miller, Frank Andrea, 165

Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism (Editorial Cartooning, continued)

1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Conrad, Paul Francis, 41, 45 (No award) Wright, Donald Conway (Don), 269 Oliphant, Patrick Bruce, 179 Payne, Eugene Gray, 184 Fischetti, John R., 69 Darcy, Thomas Francis, 52 Conrad, Paul Francis, 41,45 MacNelly, Jeffrey Kenneth (Jeff), 150 (No award) Szep, Paul Michael, 237 Trudeau, Garretson Beekman (Garry), 244 Auth Jr., William Anthony (Tony), 9 Szep, Paul Michael, 237 MacNelly, Jeffrey Kenneth (Jeff), 150 Block, Herbert Lawrence (Herblock), 24, 25 Wright, Donald Conway (Don), 269 Peters, Michael Hartley (Mike), 186 Sargent, Ben, 210 Locher, Richard Earl, 144 Conrad, Paul Francis, 41, 45 MacNelly, Jeffrey Kenneth (Jeff), 150 Feiffer, Jules Ralph, 68 Breathed, Guy Berke, 28 Marlette, Douglas Nigel (Doug), 153 Higgins, Jack, 104 Toles, Thomas Gregory (Tom), 242 Borgman, James Mark, 27 Wilkinson, Signe, 262 Benson, Stephen Reed, 19 Ramirez, Michael Patrick, 195 Luckovich, Mike, 147 Morin, Jim, 170 Handelsman, Walt, 96 Breen, Stephen P., 28 Horsey, David, 108 Pett, Joel, 188

Photography 1942 Brooks, Milton E., 30 1943 Noel, Frank E., 177 1944 Bunker, Earle L., 32 Filan, Francis Xavier (Frank), 69 1945 Rosenthal, Joseph J. (Joe), 204 1946 (No award) 1947 Hardy, Arnold, 98 1948 Gushing, Francis W., 49 1949 Fein, Nathaniel, 68 1950 Crouch, Bill, 48 1951 Desfor, Max, 56 1952 Robinson, John R., 201 Ultang, Donald Theodore (Don), 248 1953 Gallagher, William M., 79 1954 Schau, Virginia, 212

281 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

Gaunt Jr., John L., 81 (New York Daily News) Trask, Harry Albert, 243 Beall, William Charles, 17 Seaman, William Casper, 216 Lopez, Andrew, 146 Nagao, Yasushi, 175 Vathis, Paul, 251 Rondon, Hector, 203 Jackson, Robert Hill, 115 Faas, Horst, 67 Sawada, Kyoichi, 212 Thornell, Jack Randolph, 241

Spot News Photography 1968 Morabito, Rocco, 170 1969 Adams, Edward Thomas, 2 1970 Starr, Steven Dawson (Steve), 231 1971 Filo, John Paul, 69 1972 Faas, Hort, 67 Laurent, Michel, 138 1973 Ut, Huynh Cong, 249 1974 Roberts, Anthony K., 200 1975 Gay, Gerald Harry, 81 1976 Forman, Stanley Joseph, 74 1977 Forman, Stanley Joseph, 74 Ulevich, Neal Hirsch, 248 1978 Blair, John Howe, 23 1979 Kelly III, Thomas Joseph, 123 1980 Anonymous, 7 1981 Price, Larry C., 192 1982 Edmonds, Ronald Allen, 64 1983 Foley, Bill, 72 1984 Grossfeld, Stan, 91 1985 (Santa Ana Register) 1986 Du Cille, Michelangelo E., 61 Guzy, Carol, 91 1987 Komenich, Kim, 130 1988 Shaw, Scott Alan, 219 1989 Olshwanger, Ron, 180 1990 (Oakland Tribune) 1991 Marinovich, Gregory Sebastian (Greg), 152 1992 (Associated Press) 1993 Geiger, Ken, 81 Snyder, William D., 228 1994 Watson, Paul Richard, 256 1995 Guzy, Carol, 91 1996 Porter IV, Charles H., 190 1997 Wells, Annie Justice, 257 1998 Rial, Martha, 198 1999 (Associated Press) Breaking News Photography 2000 (Denver Rocky Mountain News)

282 Feature Photography 1968 Sakai, Toshio, 209 1969 Sleet Jr., Moneta J., 226 1970 Kinney, Dallas, 128 1971 Dykinga, Jack William, 62 1972 Kennedy, David Hume (Dave), 125 1973 Lanker, Brian Timothy, 136 1974 Veder, Slava J. (Sal), 251 1975 Lewis Jr., Matthew, 141 1976 (Louisville Courier-Journal and Times) 1977 Hood, Robin Lee, 108 1978 Baughman, J. Ross, 16 1979 (Boston Herald American) 1980 Hagler, Erwin Harrison, 93 1981 Yamasaki, Taro Michael, 271 1982 White, John Henry, 259 1983 Dickman, James Bruce, 57 1984 Suau, Anthony, 236 1985 Grossfeld, Stan, 91 Price, Larry C, 192 1986 Gralish, Tom, 89 1987 Peterson, David Charles, 188 1988 DuCille, Michelangelo E., 61 1989 Crisostomo, Manny, 48 1990 Turnley, David Carl, 246 1991 Snyder, William D., 228 1992 Kaplan, John, 121 1993 (Associated Press) 1994 Carter, Kevin, 38 1995 (Associated Press) 1996 Welsh, Stephanie, 257 1997 Zemlianichenko, Alexander Vadimovich, 273

Prize Winners by Award Categories 1998 Williams III, Clarence J., 264 1999 (Associated Press) 2000 Guzy, Carol, 91 Perkins, Lucian, 185 Williamson, Michael S., 265 Newspaper History Award 1918 Hough, Henry Beetle, 109 Lewinson, Minna, 140 Special Awards and Citations / Journalism 1930 Dapping, William Osbome, 51 1938 (Edmonton Journal) 1941 (New York Times) 1944 Price, Byron, 192 White, Sallie Lindsay, 259 1945 (Cartographers of the American press) 1947 (Columbia University and the Graduate School of Journalism) (St. Louis Post-Disptach) 1948 Fackenthal, Frank Diehl, 67 1951 Sulzberger, Cyrus Leo, 233, 236 1952 (Kansas City Star) Kase,Max, 122 1953 Markel, Lester, 153 1958 Lippmann, Walter, 142, 143 1964 (Gannett Newspapers) 1976 Hohenberg, John, 105, 107 1978 Strout, Richard Lee, 236 1987 Pulitzer Jr., Joseph, 187, 192 1996 Caen, Herbert Eugene, 35

PULITZER PRIZES IN LETTERS Novel 1917 (No award) 1918 Poole, Ernest, 189 1919 Tarkington, Newton Booth, 238 1920 (No award) 1921 Wharton, Edith Newbold, 258 1922 Tarkington, Newton Booth, 238 1923 Gather, Willa Sibert, 38 1924 Wilson, Margaret Wilhelmina, 267 1925 Ferber, Edna, 69 1926 Lewis, Harry Sinclair, 140,143 1927 Bromfield, Louis, 25, 29 1928 Wilder, Thornton Niven, 261, 263 1929 Peterkin, Julia Mood, 186 1930 LaFarge, Oliver Hazard, 135 1931 Barnes, Margaret Ayer, 15 1932 Buck, Pearl Sydenstricker, 25, 32 1933 Stribling, Thomas Sigismund, 235 1934 Miller, Caroline Pafford, 165 1935 Johnson, Josephine Winslow, 117 1936 Davis, Harold Lenoir, 53 1937 Mitchell, Margaret Munnerlyn, 167,169

1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

Marquand, John Phillips, 153 Rawlings, Marjorie Kinnan, 196 Steinbeck, John Ernst, 232, 233 (No award) Glasgow, Ellen Anderson Gholson, 85 Sinclair Jr., Upton Beall, 223, 225 Flavin, Martin Archer, 70 Hersey, John Richard, 103 (No award) Warren, Robert Penn, 255, 263

Fiction 1948 Michener, James Albert, 157, 164 1949 Cozzens, James Gould, 46 1950 Guthrie Jr., Alfred Bertram, 91 1951 Richter, Conrad Michael, 200 1952 Wouk, Herman, 269 1953 Hemingway, Ernest Miller, 101,105 1954 (No award) 1955 Faulkner, William, 67, 73 1956 Kantor, MacKinlay, 121 1957 (No award)

Pulitzer Prizes in Letters (Fiction, continued)

1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Agee, James, 3 Taylor, Robert Lewis, 239 Drury, Allen Stuart, 60 Lee, Nelle Harper, 138 O'Connor, Edwin Greene, 179 Faulkner, William, 67, 73 (No award) Grau, Shirley Ann, 89 Porter, Katherine Anne, 190 Malamud, Bernard, 151 Styron Jr., William Clark, 236 Momaday, Navarre Scott, 167 Stafford, Jean, 231 (No award) Stegner, Wallace Earle, 232 Welty, Eudora, 257 (No award) Shaara Jr., Michael Joseph, 217 Bellow, Saul, 13, 17 (No award) McPherson, James Alan, 162 Cheever, John, 40 Mailer, Norman, 150,157 Toole, John Kennedy, 243 Updike, John Hoyer, 245, 249 Walker, Alice Malsenior, 253 Kennedy, William Joseph, 125 Lurie, Alison, 147 McMurtry, Larry Jeff, 161 Taylor, Peter Hillsman, 239 Morrison, Toni, 169, 171 Tyler, Anne, 247 Hijuelos, Oscar, 104 Updike, John Hoyer, 245, 249 Smiley, Jane Graves, 226 Butler Jr., Robert Olen, 34 Proulx, Edna Annie, 192 Shields, Carol, 221 Ford, Richard, 74 Millhauser, Steven, 166 Roth, Philip, 204 Cunningham, Michael, 49 Lahiri, Jhumpa, 135

Drama 1917 (No award) 1918 Williams, Jesse Lynch, 264 1919 (No award) 1920 O'Neill, Eugene G., 180, 187 1921 Gale,Zona, 79 1922 O'Neill, Eugene G., 180,187 1923 Davis, Owen, 53 1924 Hughes, Hatcher, 111 1925 Howard, Sidney C., 110 1926 Kelly, George E., 123 1927 Green, Paul, 89 1928 O'Neill, Eugene G., 180,187

283 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Rice, Elmer L., 198 Connelly, Marcus C., 44 Glaspell, Susan K., 85 Gershwin, Ira, 82 Kaufman, George S., 122 Ryskind, Morrie, 206 Anderson, Maxwell, 6 Kingsley, Sidney, 128 Akins, Zoe, 3 Sherwood, Robert Emmet, 221 Hart, Moss, 99 Kaufman, George S., 122 Wilder, Thornton Niven, 261, 263 Sherwood, Robert Emmet, 221 Saroyan, William, 210, 211 Sherwood, Robert Emmet, 221 (No award) Wilder, Thornton Niven, 261,263 (No award) Chase, Mary Coyle, 40, 41 Grouse, Rüssel, 48 Lindsay, Howard, 142 (No award) Williams, Tennessee, 263, 265 Miller, Arthur, 165,169 Hammerstein II, Oscar, 95, 96 Logan III, Joshua Lockwood, 145 Rodgers, Richard, 199, 202 (No award) Kramm, Joseph, 131 Inge, William M., 113 Patrick, John, 183 Williams, Tennessee, 263, 265 Goodrich, Frances, 87 Hackett, Albert, 93 O'Neill, Eugene G., 180,187 Frings, Kathryn H. (Ketti), 77 MacLeish, Archibald, 150 Abbott, George Francis, 1 Bock, Jerrold L., 24 Harnick, Sheldon M., 98 Weidman, Jerome, 256 Mosel, Tad, 171 Burrows, Abe, 33 Loesser, Frank, 145 (No award) (No award) Gilroy, Frank D., 84 (No award) Albee, Edward Franklin, 3, 5 (No award) Sackler, Howard, 208 Gordone, Charles, 87 Zindel, Paul, 273 (No award) Miller, Jason, 166 (No award) Albee, Edward Franklin, 3, 5

284

Prize Winners by Award Categories

(Drama, continued)

1976 Dante, Nicholas, 51 Kirkwood, James, 129 Kleban, Edward Lawrence, 129

1977 Cristofer, Michael, 48 1978 Cobum, Donald Lee, 42 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Shepard, Samuel (Sam), 220,223 Wilson, Lanford E., 266 Henley, Beth, 102 Fuller Jr., Charles H., 78 Norman, Marsha, 177 Mamet, David A., 151 Lapine, James Elliot, 136 Sondheim, Stephen Joshua, 229,233 (No award) Wilson, August, 266 Uhry, Alfred, 245, 248 Wasserstein, Wendy, 255 Wilson, August, 266 Simon, Marvin Neil, 223, 224 Schenkkan, Robert F., 213 Kushner, Tony, 134 Albee, Edward Franklin, 3, 5 Foote, Horton, 72 Larson, Jonathan, 137 (No award) Vogel, Paula, 252 Edson, Margaret, 64 Margulies, Donald, 152

History 1917 Jusserand, Jean Adrien Antoine Jules, 119 1918 Rhodes, James Ford, 198 1919 (No award) 1920 Smith, Justin Harvey, 227 1921 Henrick, Burton Jesse, 102 Sims, William Sowden, 225 1922 Adams, James Truslow, 2 1923 Warren, Charles, 255 1924 Mcllwain, Charles Howard, 160 1925 Paxson, Frederic Logan, 184 1926 Channing, Edward, 39 1927 Bemis, Samuel Flagg, 18 1928 Parrington, Vernon Louis, 183 1929 Shannon, Fred Albert, 218 1930 VanTyne, Claude Halstead, 251 1931 Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly, 213 1932 Pershing, John Joseph, 186,187 1933 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 246 1934 Agar, Herbert Sebastian, 2 1935 Andrews, Charles McLean, 7 1936 McLaughlin, Andrew Cunningham, 161 1937 Brooks, Van Wyck, 30 1938 Buck, Paul Herman, 31 1939 Mott, Frank Luther, 172 1940 Sandburg, Carl August, 209, 211 1941 Hansen, Marcus Lee, 97 1942 Leech, Margaret Kemochan, 138 1943 Forbes, Esther, 72

1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Curti, Merle Eugene, 49 Bonsai, Stephen, 26 Schlesinger Jr., Arthur Meier, 213, 223 Baxter III, James Phinney, 16 DeVoto, Bernard Augustine, 56 Nichols, Roy Franklin, 177 Larkin, Oliver Waterman, 136 Buley, R. Carlyle, 32 Handlin, Oscar, 96 Dangerfield, George Bubb, 51 Catton, Charles Bruce, 39 Horgan, Paul, 108 Hofstadter, Richard, 107 Kennan, George Frost, 123,127 Hammond, Bray, 96 Schneider, Donna Jean, 214 White, Leonard Dupee, 259 Leech, Margaret Kernochan, 138 Feis, Herbert, 68 Gipson, Lawrence Henry, 84 Green, Constance Winsor McLaughlin, 89 Powell, Sumner Chilton, 191 Unger, Irwin, 248 Miller, Perry Gilbert Eddy, 166 Goetzmann, William Harry, 85 Bailyn, Bernard, 11 Levy, Leonard Williams, 140 Acheson, Dean Gooderham, 1, 5 Bums, James MacGregor, 33 Degler, Carl Neumann, 54 Kämmen, Michael Gedaliah, 120 Boorstin, Daniel Joseph, 26 Malone, Dumas, 151 Horgan, Paul, 108 Fehrenbacher, Don Edward, 68 Potter, David Morris, 190 Chandler Jr., Alfred Dupont, 39 Fehrenbacher, Don Edward, 68 Litwack, Leon Frank, 144 Cremin, Lawrence Arthur, 47 Woodward, Comer Vann, 269 Isaac, Rhys Llywelyn, 113 (No award) McCraw, Thomas Kincaid, 158 McDougall, Walter Allan, 159 Bailyn, Bernard, 11 Bruce, Robert Vance, 31 Branch, Taylor, 28 McPherson, James Munro, 162 Kamow, Stanley, 122 Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, 248 Neely Jr., Mark Edward, 175 Wood, Gordon Stewart, 268 (No award) Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 87 Taylor, Alan, 238 Rakove, Jack N., 195 Larson, Edward John, 136

Pulitzer Prizes in Letters (History, continued)

1999 Burrows, Edwin G., 33 Wallace, Michael (Mike), 253 2000 Kennedy, David M., 124 Biography or Autobiography 1917 Elliott, Maud Howe, 65 Hall, Florence Marion Howe, 94 Richards, Laura Elizabeth, 198 1918 Bruce, William Cabell, 31 1919 Adams, Henry Brooks, 2 1920 Beveridge, Albert Jeremiah, 21 1921 Bok, Edward William, 24 1922 Garland, Hamlin, 80 1923 Henrick, Burton Jesse, 102 1924 Pupin, Michael Idvorsky, 193 1925 Howe, Mark Antony DeWolfe, 110 1926 Gushing, Harvey Williams, 49 1927 Holloway, Rufus Emory, 108 1928 Russell, Charles Edward, 206 1929 Henrick, Burton Jesse, 102 1930 James, Marquis, 116 1931 James, Henry, 115 1932 Pringle, Henry Fowles, 192 1933 Nevins, Allan, 176 1934 Dennett, Tyler Wilbur, 56 1935 Freeman, Douglas Southall, 76 1936 Perry, Ralph Barton, 185 1937 Nevins, Allan, 176 1938 James, Marquis, 116 Shepard, Odell, 220 1939 Van Doren, Carl C., 250 1940 Baker, Ray Stannard, 12 1941 Winslow, Ola Elizabeth, 267 1942 Wilson, Robert Forrest, 267 1943 Morison, Samuel Eliot, 170 1944 Mabee, Carleton, 149 1945 Nye, Russell Blaine, 178 1946 Wolfe, Linnie Marsh, 268 1947 White, William Allen, 260 1948 Clapp, Margaret Antoinette, 42 1949 Sherwood, Robert Emmet, 221 1950 Bemis, Samuel Flagg, 18 1951 Coit, Margaret Louise, 43 1952 Pusey, Merlo John, 193 1953 Mays, David John, 156 1954 Lindbergh Jr., Charles Augustus, 141,143 1955 White, William Smith, 260 1956 Hamlin, Talbot Faulkner, 94 1957 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 124,127 1958 Ash worth, Mary Wells Knight, 9 Carroll, John Alexander, 37 Freeman, Douglas Southall, 76 1959 Walworth Jr., Arthur Clarence, 254 1960 Morison, Samuel Eliot, 170 1961 Donald, David Herbert, 58 1962 (No award) 1963 Edel, Joseph Leon, 63 1964 Bate, Walter Jackson, 16

285 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Samuels, Ernest, 209 Schlesinger Jr., Arthur Meier, 213, 223 Kaplan, Justin, 121 Kennan, George Frost, 123,127 Reid, Benjamin Lawrence, 197 Williams, T. Harry, 264 Thompson, Lawrance Roger, 241 Lash, Joseph P., 137 Swanberg, William Andrew, 237 Sheaffer, Louis, 219 Caro, Robert A., 37 Lewis, Richard Warrington Baldwin, 141 Mack, John Edward, 149 Bate, Walter Jackson, 16 Baker, Leonard, 12 Morris, Edmund, 171 Massie, Robert Kinloch, 154 McFeely, William Shield, 159 Baker, Russell Wayne, 12,13 Harlan, Louis Rudolph, 98 Silverman, Kenneth Eugene, 224 Frank, Elizabeth, 74 Garrow, David Jeffries, 80 Donald, David Herbert, 58 Ellmann, Richard, 65 De Grazia, Sebastian, 55 Naifeh, Steven Woodward, 175 Smith, Gregory White, 227 Puller Jr., Lewis B., 193 McCullough, David, 158 Lewis, David Levering, 140 Hedrick, Joan Doran, 100 Miles, Jack, 164 McCourt, Frank, 156 Graham, Katharine, 83, 88 Berg, A. Scott, 19 Schiff, Stacy, 213

Poetry 1918 Teasdale, Sara, 240 1919 Sandburg, Carl August, 209, 211 Widdemer, Margaret, 261 1920 (No award) 1921 (No award) 1922 Robinson, Edwin Arlington, 201 1923 Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 165 1924 Frost, Robert Lee, 73, 78 1925 Robinson, Edwin Arlington, 201 1926 Lowell, Amy, 146 1927 Speyer, Leonora, 230 1928 Robinson, Edwin Arlington, 201 1929 BeneX Stephen Vincent, 18 1930 Aiken, Conrad Potter, 3 1931 Frost, Robert Lee, 73, 78 1932 Dillon, George, 57 1933 MacLeish, Archibald, 150 1934 Hillyer, Robert Silliman, 106 1935 Wurdemann, Audrey May, 270 1936 Coffin, Robert Peter Tristram, 43

Prize Winners by Award Categories

286 (Poetry, continued)

1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

Frost, Robert Lee, 73, 78 Zaturenska, Marya Alexandrovna, 273 Fletcher, John Gould, 71 Van Doren, Mark Albert, 250 Bacon, Leonard, 11 Benet, William Rose, 18 Frost, Robert Lee, 73, 78 Benet, Stephen Vincent, 18 Shapiro, Karl Jay, 218 (No award) Lowell Jr., Robert Traill Spence, 146 Auden, Wystan Hugh, 9 Viereck, Peter Robert Edwin, 252 Brooks, Gwendolyn, 30 Sandburg, Carl August, 209, 211 Moore, Marianne Craig, 168 MacLeish, Archibald, 150 Roethke, Theodore, 202 Stevens, Wallace, 234 Bishop, Elizabeth, 22 Wilbur, Richard Purdy, 261 Warren, Robert Penn, 255,263 Kunitz, Stanley Jasspon, 133 Snodgrass, William DeWitt, 228 McGinley, Phyllis, 160 Dugan, Alan, 61 Williams, William Carlos, 265 Simpson, Louis Aston Marantz, 225 Berry man, John, 21 Eberhart, Richard Ghormley, 63 Sexton, Anne Gray, 217 Hecht, Anthony Evan, 100 Oppen, George, 180 Howard, Richard, 110 Merwin, William Stanley, 164 Wright, James Arlington, 270 Kumin, Maxine Winokur, 133 Lowell Jr., Robert Traill Spence, 146 Snyder, Gary, 228 Ashbery, John Lawrence, 8 Merrill, James Ingram, 163 Nemerov, Howard, 176 Warren, Robert Penn, 255, 263 Justice, Donald Rodney, 119 Schuyler, James Marcus, 215 Plath, Sylvia, 189 Kinnell, Galway, 128 Oliver, Mary, 179 Kizer, Carolyn Ashley, 129 Taylor, Henry Splawn, 239 Dove, Rita Frances, 59 Meredith, William Morris, 163 Wilbur, Richard Purdy, 261 Simic, Charles, 224 Van Duyn, Mona Jane, 250 Täte, James, 238 Glück, Louise Elisabeth, 85 Komunyakaa, Yusef, 130

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Levine, Philip, 139 Graham, Jorie, 88 Mueller, Lisel, 173 Wright Jr., Charles Penzel, 269 Strand, Mark, 235 Williams, C(harles) K(enneth), 264

General Non-Fiction 1962 White, Theodore Harold (Teddy), 260 1963 Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim, 244,245 1964 Hof stadter, Richard, 107 1965 Jones, Howard Mumford, 118 1966 Teale, Edwin Way, 240 1967 Davis, David Brion, 53 1968 Durant, Ariel, 61 Durant, William James, 62 1969 Dubos, Reno Jules, 60 Mailer, Norman, 150,157 1970 Erikson, Erik Homburger, 66 1971 Toland, John Willard, 242 1972 Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim, 244, 245 1973 Coles, Robert, 43 FitzGerald, Frances, 69 1974 Becker, Ernest, 17 1975 Dillard, Annie Doak, 57 1976 Butler, Robert Neil, 34 1977 Warner, William Whitesides, 254 1978 Sagan, Carl Edward, 208 1979 Wilson, Edward Osborne, 266 1980 Hofstadter, Douglas Richard, 107 1981 Schorske,CarlEmil,215 1982 Kidder, John Tracy, 126 1983 Sheehan, Susan, 220 1984 Starr, Paul Elliot, 231 1985 Terkel, Studs Louis, 240, 245 1986 Lelyveld, Joseph Salem, 139 Lukas, Jay Anthony, 147 1987 Shipler, David Karr, 222 1988 Rhodes, Richard Lee, 198 1989 Sheehan, Neil, 220 1990 Maharidge, Dale Dimitro, 150 Williamson, Michael S., 265 1991 Hölldobler, Berthold Karl, 108 Wilson, Edward Osbome, 266 1992 Yergin, Daniel Howard, 271 1993 Wills, Garry, 265 1994 Remnick, David, 197 1995 Weiner, Jonathan, 256 1996 Rosenberg, Tina, 203 1997 Kluger, Richard, 129 1998 Diamond, Jared Mason, 57 1999 McPhee, John Angus, 161 2000 Dower, John W., 60 Special Awards and Citations / Letters 1944 Hammerstein II, Oscar, 95, 96 Rodgers, Richard, 199, 202 1957 Roberts, Kenneth, 201 1960 Mattingly, Garrett, 155

Pulitzer Prizes in Music (Special Awards and Citations / Letters, continued) 1961 (The American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War) 1973 Flexner, James Thomas, 71

287 1977 1978 1984 1993

Haley, Alexander Murray Palmer, 93, 95 White, ElwynB., 258 Geisel, Theodor Seuss, 81, 83 Spiegelman, Art, 230

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Wernick, Richard Frank, 258 Colgrass, Michael Charles, 44 Schwantner, Joseph, 216 Del Tredici, David, 55 (No award) Sessions, Roger Huntington, 217 Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe, 274 Rands, Bernard, 195 Albert, Stephen Joel, 4 Perle, George, 185 Harbison, John, 97 Bolcom, William Eiden, 26 Reynolds, Roger Lee, 197 Powell, Mel, 191 Ran, Shulamit, 195 Peterson, Wayne Turner, 188 Rouse III, Christopher Chapman, 205 Schuller, Günther Alexander, 215 Gould, Morton, 88 Walker Jr., George Theophilus, 253 Marsalis, Wynton, 153 Kernis, Aaron Jay, 125 Wagner, Melinda, 253 Spratlan, Lewis, 230

PULITZER PRIZES IN MUSIC 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

Schuman, William Howard, 215 Hanson, Howard Harold, 97 Copland, Aaron, 41, 45 Sowerby, Leo, 229 Ives, Charles Edward, 113 Piston Jr, Walter Hamor, 188 Thomson, Virgil Gamett, 241 Menotti, Gian-Carlo, 157,163 Moore, Douglas Stuart, 168 Kubik, Gail Thompson, 133 (No award) Porter, Quincy William, 190 Menotti, Gian-Carlo, 157, 163 Toch, Ernst, 242 Dello Joio, Norman, 55 Barber, Samuel, 13, 14 La Montaine, John, 136 Carter Jr., Elliott Cook, 37 Piston Jr, Walter Hamor, 188 Ward, Robert Eugene, 254 Barber, Samuel, 13, 14 (No award) (No award) Basse«, Leslie Raymond, 16 Kirchner, Leon, 128 Crumb, George Henry, 48 Husa, Karel, 112 Wuorinen, Charles Peter, 270 Davidovsky, Mario, 52 Druckman, Jacob Raphael, 60 Carter Jr., Elliott Cook, 37 Martino, Donald James, 154 Argento, Dominick, 8 Rorem, Ned, 203

Special Awards and Citations / Music 1974 Sessions, Roger Huntington, 217 1976 Joplin, Scott, 118 1982 Babbitt, Milton Byron, 11 1985 Schuman, William Howard, 215 1998 Gershwin, George, 82, 83 1999 Ellington, Edward Kennedy ("Duke"), 64, 73

The Pulitzer Prize Archive A History and Anthology of Award-winning Materials in Journalism, Letters, and Arts Series Editor: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer 1987 onwards. 18 volumes. Bound

Part A: Reportage Journalism Vol. 1

INTERNATIONAL REPORTING AWARDS 1928-1985 From the Activities of the League of Nations to present-day Global Problems 1987, LXXXVI, 352 pages

Vol.2

NATIONAL REPORTING AWARDS 1941-1986

From Labor Conflicts to the Challenger Disaster 1988, LXII, 388 pages

Vol.3

LOCAL REPORTING AWARDS 1947-1987 From a County Vote Fraud to a Corrupt City Council 1989, Lll, 388 pages

Part B: Opinion Journalism Vol.4

POLITICAL EDITORIAL AWARDS 1916-1988

From War-related Conflicts to Metropolitan Disputes 1990, LXXIV, 376 pages Vol.5

SOCIAL COMMENTARY AWARDS 1969-1989

From University Troubles to a California Earthquake 1991, XLVI, 400 pages Vol.6

CULTURAL CRITICISM AWARDS 1969-1990

From Architectural Damages to Press Imperfections 1992, Lll, 420 pages

Part C: Nonfiction Literature Vol.7

AMERICAN HISTORY AWARDS 1917-1991 From Colonial Settlements to the Civil Rights Movement 1994, LXVIII, 366 pages

289 Vol.8

BIOGRAPHY/AUTOBIOGRAPHY AWARDS 1917-1992

From the lucky Discoverer of America to an unfortunate Vietnam Veteran 1995, LXX, 406 pages Vol.9

GENERAL NONFICTION AWARDS 1962-1993

From the Election of John F. Kennedy to a Retrospect of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address 1996, Lll, 362 pages

Part D: Belles Lettres Vol.10

NOVEL / FICTION AWARDS 1917-1994

From Pearl S. Buck and Margaret Mitchell to Ernest Hemingway and John Updike 1997, LXXXI1,304 pages

Vol.11

POETRY/VERSE AWARDS 1918-1995 From Carl Sandburg and Robert Frost to Archibald MacLeish and Robert Penn Warren 1997, LXXII, 302 pages

Vol.12

DRAMA/COMEDY AWARDS 1917-1996 From Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams to Richard Rodgers and Edward Albee 1998, LXXXIV, 366pages

Part E: Liberal Arts Vol.13

EDITORIAL CARTOON AWARDS 1922-1997 From Rollin Kirby and Edmund Duffy to Herbert Block and Paul Conrad 1999, LXVI11, 307 pages

Vol.14

PRESS PHOTOGRAPHY AWARDS 1942-1998

From Joe Rosenthal and Horst Faas to Moneta Sleet and Stan Grossfeld 2000, LXXVIII, 289 pages

Vol.15

MUSICAL COMPOSITION AWARDS 1943-1999 From Aaron Copland and Samuel Barber to Gian-Carlo Menotti and Melinda Wagner 2001, LI, 234 pages

290

Part F:

Documentation

Vol. 16

COMPLETE BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PULITZER PRIZE WINNERS 1917-2000 Journalists, Writers and Composers on their Ways to the Coveted Awards 2002, X, 290 pages

Future Volume Vol. 17

COMPLETE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK OF THE PULITZER PRIZE SYSTEM 1917-2000 will be published in 2003