The Pottery Industry of Stamford, Lincolnshire, c.A.D. 850-1250: Its Manufacture, Trade and Relationship with Continental Wares, with a Classification and Chronology 9780860541097, 9781407323572

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Abstract
Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations
List of Tables/ Plate
Chapter I: Introduction and History of Stamford Ware Research
Chapter II: The Nature of the Evidence
Chapter III: Stamford Ware Vessel Forms and Fuctions
Chapter IV: Stamford Kiln Groups and Production Material
Chapter V: The Manufacture of Stamford Ware
Chapter VI: Occupation Material from Stamford and British Sites
Chapter VII: The Chronological Developments in Stamford Ware
Chapter VIII: The Nature of the Stamford Pottery Industry
Chapter IX: The Distribution and Trade of Stamford Ware
Chapter X: The Origin of the Stamford Industry: Its European Background
Chapter XI: The End of the Stamford Ware Production
Chapter XII: General Conclusions
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Bibliography
Index

Citation preview

The Pottery Industry of Stamford, Lincolnshire, c.A.D.850-1250 Its Manufacture, Trade and Relationship with Continental Wares, with a Classification and Chronology Kathy Kilmurry

BAR British Series 84 1980

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122 Banbury

Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., �I.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, �1.A.

B. A. R. 84:

'The Pottery Industry of stamford, Lines., _£. A. D. 850-1250'

© Kathy Kilmurry, 1980 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541097 paperback ISBN 9781407323572 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541097 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

Page A bs trac t A cknow ledge men ts I I

I n troduc t ion a nd H is tory o f S ta mford Ware R esearch

1

The N a ture o f t he E v idence

4

The S ources o f t he P ot tery

5

Genera l C harac ter is t ics o f P o t tery

6

The Me thod o f C lass if ica t ion

7

I I

S ta mford Ware V esse l F or ms a nd F unct ions

I V

S ta mford K i ln G roups a nd P roduc t ion Ma ter ia l

3 1

The P roduc t ion S equence

3 1

The S ources o ft he E v idence

V I I

V I I I

'3 0

The N a ture o f t he E v idence

T he Manufac ture o f S tamford Ware

V I

2 5

6 2 6 2

Raw Ma ter ia ls

6 3

Po t tery P roduc t ion

7 7

Occupa t ion Ma ter ia l f ro m S ta mford a nd Br i t ish S i tes

9 0

A S equence o f S e lec ted S ta mford Ware Groups

9 1

T he C hrono log ica l D eve lop men ts i n S ta mford Ware

1 30

A S u m mary o f T echno log ica l a nd S ty lis t ic C hanges

1 30

Deve lop men ts i n F abr ic

1 31

Deve lop men ts i n G laze

1 33

Deve lop men ts i n F or m

1 34

Deve lop men ts i n D ecora t ion

1 42

The N a ture o f t he S ta mford Ware I ndus try

1 44

S tamford Ware P roduc t ion i n R e lat ion t o t he Deve lop ment o f t he Town S ta mford Ware P roduc t ion C ompared w i th O ther C en tres D C

The D is tr ibut ion a nd T rade o f S ta mford Ware

1 44 1 50 1 55

The To ta l E x ten t o f t he D is tr ibut ion

1 55

The A rea o f S tamford Ware P redo m inance

1 56

The Te mpora l C hanges i n D is tr ibut ion

1 62

The N a ture o f t he T raded S ta mford Ware

1 66

The Means o f D is tr ibut ion

1 70

P age X

X I X I I

The Or ig in o f t he S ta mford I ndus try; t he E uropean Background

1 76

L oca l P recursors

1 76

The U se o f t he Po t ter 's Whee l

1 77

The U se o f G laze

1 78

T he U se o f Red P a in t

1 87

The S ty lis t ic a nd Techn ica l F eatures

1 90

The K i ln Techno logy

1 90

The E nd o f S ta mford W a re P roduc t ion

1 96

Genera l C onc lus ions

2 01

Appendix 1

The S c ient if ic Ana lysis o f S ta mford Ware

2 07

P e tro log ica l Ana lysis

2 Gr

N eutron Ac t iva t ion Ana lys is

2 08

Appendix 2

A L ist o f S i tes w i th S ta mford Ware

2 19

Appendix 3

A C o mp i la t ion o f S ta mford Ware F or ms

2 31

B ib l iography

3 23

I ndex

3 40

ABSTRACT

T he S ta mford p ot tery i ndustry i s e xa m ined i n t er ms o f i t s t echnology , c hronolog ica l d evelop men ts a nd t rade .

Ac lassif ica t ion s yste m i s p roposed

wh ich e nab les p recise d escr ip t ion o f S ta mford ware f abr ics , g lazes , f or ms a nd d ecora t ion . a re o u t lined .

The s teps i nvolved i n t he manu facture o f S ta m ford p ot tery

The c hanges i n t h is t echno logy a re d escr ibed , b ased o n v isua l

e xa m ina t ion o f v esse l c onstruct ion , s c ien t if ic a na lyses o f s herds a nd i n terp re ta t ion o f t he e xcava ted k i ln s tructures. T he t ypes o fv esse ls p roduced a re d escr ibed t ogether w i th t he ir p robab le f unc t ions.

P ot tery f ro m t he e xcava ted k i lns a nd waster d eposi ts i s d iscussed .

Ac hronolog ica l s er ies o f p ot tery g roups f ro m a w ide r ange o f s i tes i s d es cr ibed a nd i l lustra ted . T he S ta m ford ware t rade i s d iscussed a nd i n terpre ted i n r e la t ion t o t ransp or ta t ion d istances a nd t he p resence o f c o mpe t i t ion . T he n a ture o f t he p ot tery i ndustry i s a ssessed t oge ther w i th o ther i ndust r ia l a ct iv i t ies a nd t he h istor ica l d eve lop men t o f S ta m ford .

S ta m ford p ot tery

a c t iv i ty i s a t tr ibu ted t o av ar ie ty o f workshops l oca ted i n s evera l p ar ts o f t he t own w i th a c oncen tra t ion i n t he e astern q uar ter . The f i rst p roduc t ion p hase i s d iscussed i n d e ta i l a nd l i nked w i th Din ish s et t le men t o f t he s i te f ro m t he m id 9 th c en tury .

C on t inen ta l f ea tures n oted i n t he e ar l iest p ot tery a re u sed

t o s uggest t he p resence o f af oreign p ot ter a t S ta m ford , r esponsib le f or s tar t ing t he i ndustry .

C aro l ing ian a nd e ar ly med ieva l c on t inen ta l p ot tery i s s urveyed ,

s how ing t ha t t he r eg ion o f n or thern F rance i s t he most l ike ly s ource f or t he t echno logy u sed a t S ta m ford . S evera l p ossib le f actors i n t he d ecl ine o f S ta m ford w are p roduct ion a re c ons idered .

The e nd o f p roduc t ion i s p laced i n t he m id 1 3th c en tury .

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

Iw ou ld l ike t o t hank t he S ou th L incolnsh ire Archaeo logica l U n i t f or e nt rust ing t he S ta mford C ast le p ot tery t o me.

Iam p ar t icu lar ly g ra tefu l t o

Chr ist ine Mahany f or n u merous d iscussions o f h er s i tes a nd t he ir p ottery . G av in S i mpson a nd A lan B urchard h ave a lso g enerous ly a l lowed me t o q uote ma ter ial p r ior t o t heir own p ub lica t ions.

Iam i ndeb ted t o Dave R offe f or h e lp

w i th d ocu men tary e vidence . Arnold A sp ina ll , Un iversi ty o f B radford o rgan ised n eu tron a ct ivat ion a na lyses a nd g ave much t ime i n p rocessing t he r esu lts.

Dr . Dav id Peacock ,

Un iversity o f S ou tha mp ton , k ind ly a rranged t he u se o f f aci l it ies f or p etrol og ica l s tudy. g laze a nalyses.

Dr . R ober t P reston , Un iversity C ol lege L ondon p rovided t he Mrs. I . K i l murry , S tr i tch C ol lege p roduced t he e xperi men ta l

g lazes a nd g ave p ract ica l a dv ice o n p ot t ing .

M . K il murry a ssisted p repara-

t i on o f F igures 3 9 t o 6 1 . Th is r esearch c ou ld n ot h ave s tar ted w i thou t t he a dvice o f J ohn Hurst w ho h as c on t inued t o b e r eady w i th h is h e lp .

Iam i ndeb ted t o many f or c orres-

p ondence a nd a ssistance g iven i n my t rave ls.

Iam g lad t o b e a b le t o t hank

L . Ada ms, L . Add is, E . B aker , K . B arclay , A . Car ter , J . C herry , G . C oppack , M . C ra 'ster , J . Dable , C . Da l las, P . Drury , R . Ge m , K . G ordon , P . Greene, G . Haggar ty , E . Har t ley , J . Hassal l , R . H . Hea ley , R . H odges, J . H oldswor th , M . H owe , R . Hun ter , R . Hughes, S . J enn ings, M . K arshner , P . Mayes, M. McCar thy , A . MacGregor , S . Margeson , R . Meeson , M . Me llor , W. M i l ligan , S . Moorhouse, E . Morr is, S . Mu ldoon , C . Murray , C . Orton , J . L ePatoure l , M . Rhodes, J . R ut ter , A . S aunders, C . S aunders, A . S avi l le, A . V ince , K . Wade, P . Wal lace , G . Watk ins , M. We lch , Whal ley , A . Wh i te , a nd R . Wood land .

L .

Iw ish t o t hank t he i nst i tu t ions wh ich

p er m it ted s tudy o f t heir c ol lect ions. At rave l g ran t f ro m t he C en tra l Research F und o f t he Un iversi ty o f L ondon f aci l ita ted my s tudy o f c on t inen ta l c era m ics.

R esearchers a nd museu ms o n

t he C on t inen t h ave b een most h e lpfu l a nd Iw ou ld e specia l ly l ike t o t hank R . B orre mans, A . B ru i jn , J . C art ier , J . Chape lot , P . De molon , M. Debord , M . De B o i lard , H . Ga l in ie , A . E . H er teig , H . J anssen , W. J anssen , M. L eenhard t , C . L ong , B . Randoin , W. Van E s, L . Vanhaeke a nd W . Verwers . Iowe s pecia l t hanks t o Dr . David Wi lson f or h is c on t inued e ncourage men t a nd t o Dr. He len C larke f or h er c onstruct ive a dv ice .

H er c o mmen ts o n t he

t ypescr ip t h ave b een g reat ly a ppreciated . F ina lly , Iwou ld l ike t o t hank my h usband B ruce f or h is u nfai l ing p at ience a nd s uppor t .

L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS F IGURE 1

Page The i n terpretat ion o f p ot tery e vidence

4

2

F actors c ausing c era m ic s im i lar i ty a nd v ar ia t ion

3

S ta mford w are v esse l t ypes 1t o 7

1 5

4

S ta m ford w are v esse l t ypes 8t o 1 8

1 7

5

S ta m ford w are v esse l t ypes 1 9 t o 2 4

1 9

6

S ta m ford k i ln f or ms

3 3

7

S tamford C ast le s i te k i ln p ot tery

3 5

8

Red-pain ted S ta mford ware

3 7

9

P ot tery f ro m S ta mford C ast le s i te EE X I I d itches

4 3

1 0

Wharf R oad k i ln p ot tery

4 7

1 1

P ot tery f ro m 5 9 S cotga te ;

1 2 1 3

P ot tery f ro m t he 1 963 S ta m ford S chool k i ln The g eology o f t he S ta m ford r eg ion

5 5 6 0

1 4

Archaeo magnet ic k i ln d a tes

6 1

1 5

A Chronologica l s equence o f p ot tery g roups c on tain ing S ta m ford ware;

1 6

P ot tery f ro m 'The Pan t i les '

S ta m ford , L incoln

6

5 7

9 7

Worcester , H ereford , S ta mford , L incoln , York , Thetford

9 9

1 7

S ta m ford , L incoln

1 03

1 8 1 9

S ta m fo r d , L incoln , Thetford , Ta mwor th S ta m fo r d

1 05 1 07

2 0

S ta m fo r d

1 09

2 1 2 2

L incoln , S ta m f ord , Y or k S ta m ford

1 11 1 13

2 3

S ta mfo r d

1 15

2 4

S ta mford , L inco ln

1 17

2 5

S ta mfo r d

1 19

2 6

S ta m ford , N orw ich

1 25

2 7

S ta m ford , N or ton Pr iory

1 29

2 8

Chrono logica l c hanges i n p ot tery a t S ta mford

1 35

2 9

Chang ing p ropor t ions o f S ta mford ware v essel f or ms

1 39

3 0

Map o f S ta mford :

Excavated s ites a nd t o wn

d eve lop men t

1 47

3 1

Map o f Eng land :

3 2

Map o f s i tes w i th S ta m ford ware

Med ieva l t ranspor tat ion n etworks

1 57

3 3

D istr ibu t ions maps o f S ta mford w are f or ms a nd d a tab le t ypes

1 67

3 4

D istr ibu t ion map o f S ta m ford ware f abr ics

1 69 1 79

1 61

3 5

Map o f c on t inen tal c era m ic c en tres

3 6

C on t inen ta l g lazed wares

1 85

3 7

C arol ing ian wares

1 91

P age

F IGURE 3 8

D a te r anges f or S ta mford f abr ics a nd g lazes

2 05

3 9

The q uar tz c on ten t o f S ta mford f abr ics

2 09

4 0

P etro log ica l a na lyses :

F abr ics A , D , E , F , H

2 10

4 1

P etrolog ica l a na lyses :

F abr ics B , C , G

2 11

4 2

N eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lyses ;

L a a nd C s

2 16

4 3

N eutron a ct ivat ion a na lyses :

L a a nd Eu

2 18

4 4

F or ms 1 -01 t o 1 -20

2 33

4 5

F or ms 1 -21 t o 1 -45

2 37

4 6

F or ms 1 -46 t o 1 -67

2 39

4 7

F or ms 2 -01 t o 2 -25

2 43

4 8

F or ms 2 -26 t o 2 -54

2 45

4 9

F or ms 3 -01 t o 3 -32

2 49

5 0

F or ms 4 -01 t o 4 -33 = 5 -01 t o 5 -33

2 53

5 1

F or ms 4 -34 t o 4 -67 = 5 -34 t o 5 -67

2 57

5 2

F or ms 5 -68 t o 5 -86

2 63

5 3

F or ms 6 -01 t o 6 -36

2 65

5 4

F or ms 7 -01 t o 7 -20

2 69

5 5

F or ms 7 -21 t o 7 -45

2 71

5 6

F or ms 8 -01 t o 8 -15

2 73

5 7

F or ms 9 -01 t o 9 -36

2 75

5 8

F or ms 1 0-01 t o 1 0-26

2 77

5 9

F or ms 1 1-01 t o 1 1-26

2 81

6 0

F or ms 1 2-01 t o 1 2-38 = 1 3-01 t o 1 3-38

2 83

6 1

F or ms 1 4-01 t o 1 4-13 ;

2 87

6 2

F or ms 1 6-01 t o 1 6-14

6 3

F or ms 1 7-01 t o 1 7-05 ;

1 8-01 t o 1 8-19

2 91

6 4

F or ms 1 9-01 t o 1 9-11 ;

2 0-01 t o 2 0-05

2 93

6 5

F or ms 2 1-01 t o 2 1-10 ;

2 2-01 t o 2 2-08

2 95

6 6

F or ms 2 3-01 t o 2 3-04 ;

2 4-01 t o 2 4-08

2 97

6 7

Base F or ms 1 -5

2 99

6 8

Hand le F or ms 1 -27

3 01

6 9

H and le F or ms 2 8-55

3 05

7 0

S pou t F or ms 1 -16

3 07

7 1

S pou t F or ms 1 7-24

3 09

7 2

F or m 2 5 a nd h igh ly d ecora ted v esse ls

3 11

7 3

S urface Mod if iers 1 -77

3 12

7 4

Rou let t ing p a t terns M1.1 t o M1.10

3 14

1 5-01 t o 1 5-11

2 89

7 5

R ou let t ing p a t terns M1,11 t o M4 ,2

3 15

7 6

R ou let t ing p a t terns M5,1 t o M8 ,2

3 17

7 7

I nc ised d ecora t ion

3 19

7 8

App l ied d ecora t ion

3 21

L IST OF TABLES P age 1

S ta mford p roduc t ion ma ter ia l

3 0

2

Cast le s i te k i ln wasters :

Base measure ments

3 8

3

C ast le s i te k i ln was ters :

R i m measure men ts

4 0

4

' The P an t i les ' s i te was ters :

5

1 963 S choo l k i ln :

R i m measure ments

5 2

S tra t igraphica l d is tr ibut ion o f

v esse l t ypes

5 6

6

Upper E stuar ine c lay l ayers a t TF 0 1450805

6 4

7

Quar tz i nc lus ions i n F abr ics E , Fa nd H

6 6

8

L ist o fg laze s a mp les a na lysed

7 1

9

S pec troscopic a na lyses o f S ta mford g lazes

7 2

1 0

L ist o f s i tes w i th S ta mford ware

1 60

1 1

Vo lu mes o f S ta mford ware v esse ls

2 04

1 2

S ta mford ware v esse l t o ta ls

2 06

1 3

S u m mary o f p e tro log ica l r esu lts

2 07

1 4

A p ar t ia l l i st o f n eutron a c t iva t ion s a mp les

2 15

PLATE 1

S ec t ions o f S ta mford f abr ics

3 22

CHAPTER I I NTRODUCT ION AND H ISTORY OF STA MFORD WARE RESEARCH

The s tudy o f med ieva l c era m ics e nr iches o ur u nders tand ing o f t he p er iod o n s everal l evels. t er is t ics;

The g rea t u sefu lness o f p o t tery l i es i n t hree o f i t s c harac-

p o t tery i s ac o m mon f ind o n s i tes , v essels were p robably u sed

f or o n ly a s hort p er iod b efore b reak ing , a nd s pec if ic c era m ic t ypes c an b e i den t if ied. P ot tery t ypes a re d ef ined p ri mari ly f ro m k i ln ma ter ial ;

t hus t he s tudy

o f i nd ividua l c eram ics i ndustr ies f or ms t he f ounda t ion f or more g enera l c era m ics r esearch. d a t ing e vidence.

On o ne l evel , med ieva l p o t tery i s o f ten r el ied u pon a s

T he e stabl ish men t o f ad a ted t ypolog ica l s equence f or o ne

p o t tery t ype h elps t he s tudy o f l ess w el l-da ted ma ter ial .

Th is a spec t s hou ld

n o t b e b el i t t led , a s d a t ing e v idence i s o f ten s parse o n med ieva l s i tes a nd t he c on s truc t ion o f ac hronology i s f unda men tal t o f ur ther i n terpreta t ion o f e xcav a ted ma ter ia l .

S ta m ford ware i s e spec ia l ly u sefu l f or t h is, a s i ti s f ound

o ver much o f E ngland a nd s o l i nks s everal r eg iona l s equences , i n c on trast t o many l a te S axon a nd med ieval p ot tery t ypes wh ich were v ery l oca l ised. C era m ics a lso r ef lec t e cono m ic a nd s oc ia l c hanges mar ised b y L e Pa tourel ( 1976).

a s r ecen tly s u m-

F or e xa mp le , c hanged i n f ood , d rink a nd

c ook ing methods a f fec t t he t ypes o f p ot tery u sed. '

S tudy o f t he s izes a nd f or m ;

o f v essels i l lustra tes t hese c hanges a f fec t ing i nd iv idual h ouseholds.

The

d evelop men ts i n p roduc t ion methods a nd o rgan isa t ion o f med ieval p ot ters c an a l so b e s tud ied.

Be tween 9 00 a nd 1 250 t he S ta m ford i ndustry s hows i n-

c reas ing t echn ica l c o mpe tence a nd s pec ia l isa t ion .

I t s w ide d istr ibu t ion

r ef lec ts t he g row th o f a marke t e cono my i n t he l a te S axon p er iod a nd t h w el l-establ ished med ieva l t rade n etwork . S ta m ford ware r esearch h as r ef lec ted t he g eneral t rends i n p o t tery r es earch t o d a te t he p roduc ts , l oca te t he ir s ource , c o mpare t ypes s ty l ist ica l ly , q uan t ify t he d a ta a nd a na lyse t he f abr ics s c ien t if ica l ly.

When S ta mford ware

was f i rst f ound , i t s t echnolog ica l e xcel lence h a mpered r ecogn i t ion o f i t s e arly d a te.

A k i ln was e xcava ted d ur ing b u i ld ing works i n S ta mford s chool i n 18 74

( Bur ton 1 875 ), t hough i t s s ign if icance was n ot a pprec ia ted a t t he t ime a nd t he f inds were d ispersed a nd l ost.

Col lec t ions o f p ot tery f ro m Ca mbr idge made

b y Hughes a t t he e nd o f t ha t c en tury i nc luded S ta m ford ware wh ich was t hen c ons idered t o b e T udor.

L ethbr idge a nd T ebbu t t ( 19 37 ) f i rst p roposed t he

e x is tence o f p re-Conques t g lazed p o ttery a l though t he a va ilable e v idence f ro m F la mbards Manor , Burwel l Cas t le a nd S outhoe Manor c ou ld n o t s upp or t s uch a c la im . 1 949 )

S ubsequen t ly , Knocker 's e xcava t ions i n Thetford ( Dunn ing

p roduced g lazed p o t tery f ro m h u ts a nd d i tches l y ing u nder a r oad wh ich

c on ta ined a c o in o f E dmund ( 2.. 9 05-920 ) ( Knocker a nd Hughes 19 50 ) .1 ; T ope l a ter f ound c o mparable g lazed s herds u nder t he c ast le mound a t Oxford

1

( Jope 1 952-3 ) a nd i n o ccupa t ion ma ter ia l u nder D edd ing ton Cast le ( J ope a nd T hre lfa l l 1 946) .

T hese s i tes p rov ided v a luab le d a t ing e v idence , l i nked t he

g lazed ware w i th l oca l c era m ic s equences , a nd i nd ica ted i t s w ide d istr ibu t ion . B ecause t he i n tens i ty o f f i e ldwork v ar ied , t he k nown e x ten t o f S ta mford w are g rew u neven ly , t hough d iscover ies s oon c oncen tra ted i n t he e ast M idl ands .

L arge q uan t i t ies o f t h is p o t tery w ere f i rst n oted f ro m S ta m ford i t sel f

when a c ar p ark was c onstruc ted o n t he s i te o f t he c ast le mot te i n 1 933. S herd c o l lect ions w ere made b y Tray len a nd A bbot t a nd t hese w er e p ub l ished r espect ive ly b y Dunn ing ( 1936 ) a nd Hurst ( 1957 ) .

Th is ma ter ia l g ave t he b est

r ange o f f or ms t hen a va i lab le, b u t d id n o t e nable a c hrono logy t o b e e stab l ished . I n f act , f ew s i tes p rov ided s tra t if ied s equences. H owever , Dunn ing ' sp ub l icat i on ( 1948 ) o f p i t g roups f ro m t he J ewry Wa l l s i te , L eicester t oge ther w i th c o mpara t ive ma ter ia l g ave a f ra mework t o s tud ies i n t he e ast M id lands. T er m ino logy r e ma ined u nc lear u n t i l aS ta m ford s ource was e stab lished . Dunn ing ( 1936 ) n oted t he 1 874 k i ln a nd t he l arge amoun t o f g lazed w are f ound i n S ta m ford , b u t g ave t he p o t tery n o n a me a t t ha t t i me. r epor t ( 1948 ) h e r efered t o t he g lazed s herds a s 'S t

I n h is J ewry Wa l l

N eots War e ', a t er m

wh ich o thers w ere a pp ly ing t o t he c oarse s he lly f abr ic more c haracter ist ic o ft he S t

N eots s i te i t se lf .

K nocker ( Knocker a nd H ughes 1 950 ) c lassed t he

g lazed ware f ro m The tford a s h is Group I V .

I n ak ey a r t ic le, Dunn ing ( 1956 )

i n troduced t he t er m 'S ta m ford ware ' wh ich h as s ince b eco me g enera l ly a cc ep ted .

B ecause o f t he f oss i l p lan t t races i n t he s herds, Sw inner ton ( i n

D unn ing 1 956 ) v er if ied t he s ource , c onc lud ing t ha t t he c lay u sed h ad c o me f ro m Upper E stuar ine b eds s uch a s o u tcrop j ust n or th o f S ta m ford a nd f ur ther n or th i n L incolnsh ire. Hurst ( 1955 , 1 956 , 1 957 ) f ur thered t he c lass if ica t ion o f S axo-Nor man wares i n as er ies o f impor tan t a r t icles wh ich h ave b een h eav ily r e l ied o n b y l a ter w orkers .

H e p o in ted o u t t ha t s o me s herds f ro m n or thern s i tes d if fered

f ro m t he r est a nd s uggested mu l t ip le manufac tur ing s ources.

T he t er m ' De-

v eloped S ta m ford w are ' w as i n troduced f or a t h ird f abr ic , t yp if ied b y j ug f or ms b ear ing r ich g reen g laze.

H is s tudy f ixed S ta m ford w are i n t he w heelthrown

t rad i t ion o f E ast Ang l ia , i l lustra ted i t s w ide d istr ibu t ion a nd p resen ted a n e xc el len t r ange o f f or ms.

H owever , t he s carci ty o f s tra t if ied a nd d a ted ma ter ia l

p reven ted d e ta i led c onsidera t ion o f c hronolog ica l c hanges.

I ndeed , Hurst

( 1957 ) c o m men ted o n t he s ta t ic n a ture o f t he i ndustry c . 8 50-1150 , w i th ' Dev eloped S ta m ford w are ' ( . 1 150-1250 ) r epresen t ing a r a ther a brup t c hange . A l though t he q uan t i ty o f ma ter ia l f ound i n Y orksh ire s ubsequen t ly i ncreased , t he n or thern f abr ic was n ot p rec ise ly d ef ined , n or c ou ld i t s p roduc t ion t ypes b e c haracter ised .

F ur ther , t he f u l l r ange o fv ar ia t ion w i th in t he S ta m ford

i ndustry i t se lf r e ma ined u nc lear . S i mpson ' sw ork i n S ta m ford i n t he e ar ly 1 960s c lar if ied s o me a spects o f t he i ndustry .

H e c o l lected a ssoc ia ted p ot tery g roups f ro m c ons truct ion

t renches a nd sma l l s i tes a nd e xcava ted a k i ln o f C . 1 200 c on ta in ing wasters o f ' Developed S ta m ford ware '.

H is k i ln r epor t ( f or thco m ing ) i ncorpora tes a

s u m mary o f t he l oca l g eology a nd i nc ludes a p etrolog ical r epor t .

S i mpson ' s

a t te mp t t o d ef ine ' Developed S ta m ford w are ' ,a l though v a l id f or h is k i ln wasters, h igh l igh ts t he d if f icu l t ies e ncoun tered w hen s ty l ist ic a nd t echnol og ica l c r i ter ia a re n o t s epara ted i n c lassif ica t ion .

2

With t he e stab l ish men t o f t he S ta m ford Archaeolog ica l R esearch C o mm i t tee i n 1 965, e xcava t ions c on t inued i n t he t own u nder t he d irect ion o f C . M . Mahany . T he Wharf R oad k i ln d iscovered i n 1 968 h as b een d a ted a rchaeo magne t ica l ly t o t he e ar ly 1 1 th c en tury . I n h er r epor t o f t h is a nd t he S t Mar t ins S treet s i te , Mahany ( f or thco m ing ) d ef ines t hree f abr ics a nd t hree g laze t ypes . The k i ln ma ter ia l i s p resen ted q uan t i ta t ive ly a nd o ther s herd c oun ts a re c o mpared b y l ayers wh ich c lar if ies t he c hange f ro m s andy t o f iner S ta m ford f abr ics a nd t he i ncreased u se o f o ther wares i n t he t own .

More r ecen t ly , h er 1 971-77

S ta m ford C ast le e xcava t ions h ave p roduced a l arge v o lu me o f p ot tery f ro m s tra t if ied s equences w h ich e nab les s tudy o f t he d eve lop men t a nd e nd o f t he i nd ustry . The e xcava t ion i n 1 976 o f am idla te 9 th-cen tury k i ln o n t he C ast le s i te p rov ided c ruc ia l n ew e v idence c oncern ing t he o r ig in a nd e ar l iest p hase o f S ta m ford ware p roduc t ion .

B oth r ed-pa in ted d ecora t ion a nd g laze o ccurred

o n wasters ( K i l murry a nd Mahany 1 977 ) , a nd t h is h as p rovoked a r eassessmen t o f t he u se o f t hese t echn iques i n B r i ta in a nd t he C on t inen t .

R ed p a in t

h ad n ot p rev ious ly b een f ound o n B r i t ish p o t tery o f t he l a te S axon p er iod a nd c on t inen ta l i n f luence i s imp l ied .

NOTES

1 . Th is s equence h as b een q uest ioned ; t he s i te i s i n t he p rocess o f b e ing r ei n terpre ted b y A . R ogerson a nd C . Da l las.

3

CHAPTER I THE NATURE OF THE EV IDENCE

T he s tudy o f S tamford ware i s b ased o n b o th f i nds f ro m o ccupa t ion s i tes a nd r ema ins f rom p roduc t ion s i tes i n t he t own .

T he e v idence a va i lab le v ar ies

g rea t ly i n i t s r e l iab i l i ty a nd u sefu lness . K i lns a nd t he ir was ters a re a p r i mary s ource o f i nfor ma t ion ; t hey c an u sua l ly b e d a ted , a t l eas t a rchaeo log ica l ly .

K i ln ma ter ia l t hus e s tab lishes a

c hrono log ica l s equence f or a ware a s we l l a s s how ing t he l oca t ion a nd e xten t o fp roduc t ion w i th in a t own s uch a s S ta mford .

G roups o f wasters a re a lso i m-

p or tan t f or i l lus tra ting manufacturing t echn iques . Da ted o ccupa t ion ma ter ia l may b e a ssu med t o a pprox i ma te t ha t i n u se a t t he t ime . a ware .

E v idence f ro m s evera l s i tes c ombines t o s how t he d is tr ibut ion o f When a c hrono log ica l s equence i s e s tab lished , t he t e mpora l c hanges

i n p o t tery manufac ture , h ouseho ld u sage a nd t rade c an b e o bserved . TYPES OF

CONCLUS IONS

EV IDENCE PRODUCTION MATERIAL

N a ture o f

C hanges i n

p o t tery

p o t tery

manufac ture

manufac ture

K i lns Da ted was ters U nda ted was ters

C hrono log ica l s equence o f t ypes

OCCUPATION

Da t ing o f

MATERIAL

o ccupa t ion

I ndependen t ly

ma ter ia l

d a ted U nda ted •

N a ture o f

C hanges i n

p o t tery i n a

h ouseho lds

h ou s eho ld

OCCUPAT ION MATER IAL FRO M

P o t tery i n many

S EVERAL S ITES

h ouseho lds

=D ISTR IBUTION F ig . 1

t rade

The i n terpre ta t ion o f p o t tery e v idence

4

C hanges i n t rade

A .

THE S OURCES OF THE POTTERY

The ma ter ia l u sed f or t h is s tudy o ft he S ta m ford ware p ot tery i ndustry d er ives l arge ly f ro m t he S ta mford C ast le s i te ( s i te EE )1e xcava ted b y Mahany . The ma jor a reas s tud ied , EEI , I , I I , I V , a nd X I , e ach c on ta ined b e tween 2 50-400 l ayers a nd 1 300-5 8 00 s herds.

The most r ecen t e xcava t ion , t ha t o f

t he C ast le h a l l a rea ( EE X I I ) , p roduced o ver 1 400 l ayers w i th more t han 1 0 ,000 s herds i n a dd it ion t o al arge q uan t i ty o f wasters a ssocia ted w i th t he k i ln o n t ha t s i te;

o n ly i t s k i ln ma ter ia l a nd f or ms n ot r epresen ted e lsewhere h ave

b een i nc luded i n t h is s tudy . T he l a te 9 th a nd e ar ly 1 0 th c en tur ies a re r epresen ted b y p roduc t ion ma ter ia l f ro m t he C ast le s i te a nd b y o ccupa t ion ma ter ia l f ro m t he S t

G eorges S tree t

a nd H igh S treet s i tes i n S ta m ford , a nd t he F laxenga te s i te i n L inco ln .

A l though

t he l a te 1 0th t o m id 1 1 th c en tury i s s o f ar u nder-represen ted a t S ta m ford , f inds e xpor ted t o Y ork , L inco ln a nd The tford i l lustra te t h is p hase .

Av ar ie ty

o f s i tes w i th in a nd o u tside S ta m ford h ave p rov ided ma ter ia l f ro m t he p er iod af ter t he m id 1 1 th c en tury a nd c o mp le men t t he C ast le s i te e v idence.

A l l p ub-

l i shed ma ter ia l h as b een i ncorpora ted , b u t t he ma jor i ty o f t he s i tes d iscussed h ave n o t y et b een p ub l ished . K i ln ma ter ia l f or ms a f ra mework f or t he o ccupa t ion f i nds.

The 1 963 S chool

k i ln a nd t he 1 96 8Wharf R oad k i ln a re r eassessed , wh ile t he C ast le s i te k i ln a nd s evera l waster g roups a re p resen ted h ere f or t he f i rst t ime .

5

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POTTERY The s tudy o f c era m ics , a s s u m mar ised o n

p .

4 ,i s b ased o n t he a b il i ty t o

e va lua te d if ferences b e tween a nd w i th in g roups o f p ot tery .

A c lassif ica t ion

s yste m e nab les t he n ecessary s tandard ised b ody o f i n for ma t ion t o b e a sse mb led . When e stab l ish ing c a tegor ies f or c lassif ica t ion , i ti s v i ta l t o b ear i n mind t he f actors wh ich c ause v ar ia t ion i n c era m ics.

As u m mary o f t hese f actors w i l l

h e lp t o e xp la in h ow c r i ter ia w ere c hosen f or t he S ta mford ware c lassif ica t ion s yste m .

R aw ma ter ia ls

Un in ten t iona l v ar iat ion

a va i lab le

= a cc iden ts I ndiv idua l p o t ter I n tent iona l v ar ia t ion

C om mun i ty o f p o t ters G enera l c o mmun i ty

E x terna l i nf luences : D irec t

- Ap o t ter

I nd irec t

- An i dea

F ig . 2

F ac tors c aus ing c eram ic s im i lar i ty a nd v ar ia t ion

S hepard ( 1971 ) d escr ibes mos t o f t he f actors c on trol l ing v ar ia t ion b u t d oes n ot s uf f ic ien t ly s tress c u ltura l i nf luences. f actors a re i l lustra ted i n F ig . 2 .

The i n terre la t ionsh ips b etween t he

F irst , t he a va i lab le n a tura l r esources l im i t

t he c hoice o f r aw ma ter ia ls a nd s o t he p ossib le r esu l ts .

S ta m ford i s f or-

t una te i n h av ing e xce l len t c lays a t h and o f v ary ing i ron , q uar tz a nd o rgan ic c on ten t .

S econd , t he g enera l p roper t ies o f c era m ic ma ter ia ls s e t l im i ts t o

6

what can be produced. Thus, some fabrics may lack the plasticity needed to m1.ke elaborate forms. Vessel size is partially limited by the ability of a clay to retain its form after throwing and to survive the kiln firing. The shapes produced would also attempt to minimise the chance of the pot sagging while soft and still drying. Community expectations, or traditions, are the most important general factors determining the nature of a ceramic assemblage. Cultural norms de­ termine the types of vessels produced, their style and quality. Cooking and eating habits, as well as the size of families, determine the range and size of pot forms, Non-industrialised potters share _these general attitudes of the so• ciety, yet are also part of a technological subculture with its own customary procedures. Tradition influences most of 'the production processes, including how and where to extrac_ t c.lay, the method of thr?wing vessels, how long to dry them, the formulae and techniques for glazing, firing procedures and m1.r­ keting. Because of the empirical nature of ceramic knowledge, experience is crucial and gives stability. This' conservatism means that certain technical features, such as glazes, knife-trimming, methods of spo ut and handle attach­ment, etc. , can be very standardised at a given period and persist for several generations. The contribution of the individual potter provides the mechanism for innovation and change within the industry. Although brought up sharing the traditions of his community and those of other po tters, an individual can show distinctive technical skill and originality, particularly in the methods of de­coration employed. Outside influences can also bring change to the industry, affecting both technology and forms. The immigration of a foreign po tter would typify a direct influence, while the copying of imported pots represents in­direct influence. Similarities between po ts, the finished products, are signi­ficant because they reflect similar manuf�cturing processes, thus different potters following a comparable set of actions. In addition to the types of intentional variation described above, production accidents can cause unintentional variation. Although technical faults are usually readily recognisable, this is not always the case. A thin, patchy, mottled bluish glaze on a few Stamfoi;d ware sherds seems unintentional and probably indicates some experimentation in glaze application and technical trouble with firing (see p. 88 ). THE METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION The technical and cultural factors described above cause the variety ob­ served within Stamford ware. A classification system designed to record this variation must meet several criteria. It needs to be comprehensive enough to describe the great diversity within the 400 years q,L§. tamford ware production. Yet it must be sufficiently detailed and precise to allow valid cornparisons, especially given the extensive geographical distribution of Stamford ware (Fig. 32, p. 161). Further,. a classification system must be workable, thus not too complicated, and capable of conctse recording. Finally, the re­cording has to be sufficiently flexible to incorporated so-called featureless' body sherds, which form the bulk of excavated material. The use of very simple diagnostic elements enables this fragmentary evidence to be used. 7

E very s herd i s a n a ggrega te o f t ra i ts, s o me o f wh ich a n a rchaeolog ist c hooses a s s ign if ican t .

Wh i le t he c a tegor ies o f t he a rchaeo log ist d o n ot n eces-

s ar i ly d up l ica te t hose i n tended b y t he p ot ter ( Gold man 1 971 ) , t h is d i fference d oes n o t n ega te t he v a lue o f t he modern c lassi f ica t ion i n d ef in ing t he p ottery. On t he most b asic l eve l , p ot tery c lassif ica t ion c an b e d iv ided i n to t he s tudy o fv esse l c o mposi t ion a nd f or m .

The t er m 'f abr ic ' i s b est l im i ted t o i t s more

s pec if ic mean ing a s t he c o mb ina t ion o f c lay a nd t e mper .

The 'c o mposi t ion '

o f as herd t hus c o mpr ises f abr ic , c olour , g laze a nd h ardness, d ef ined a s as pec if ic v ar ian t o f ac er ta in v esse l t ype.

F or m i s i dea l ly

H owever , t he f rag men-

t ary s ta te o f e xcava ted p ot tery n ecessi ta tes s epara te c lass if ica t ions f or h and les, s pou ts a nd s urface t rea t men ts, a s t hese a re n ot u n ique t o o ne p ar t icu lar f or m , b u t c an s t i l l o ccur a s f rag men ts o n t he ir own .

I n t he f o l low ing c lassif ica t ion

o f S ta m ford ware , t he p r inc ip le c a tegor ies u sed ( f abr ic , c o lour , g laze , f or m a nd d ecora t ion ) a re g enera l t ra its o f med ieva l c era m ics;

t heir d e ta i led s ub-

d iv isions a re s pec if ica l ly t a i lored t o S ta m ford w are. CO MPOSIT ION F abr ic F abr ic i s d e ter m ined b y t he a va i lab le r aw ma ter ia ls a nd t he ir p rocess ing . V isua l e xa m ina t ion o f c era m ics w i th a h and- magn i f ier o r microscrope r e ma ins t he p r i mary method o f f abr ic s tudy , s upp le men ted b y s c ien t if ic a na lyses. F or S ta m ford ware , ac o mb ina t ion o f p etro log ica l a nd n eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lyses h as p roved u sefu l i n e stab l ish ing p recise f abr ic d ef in i t ions a nd i n a id ing i den t if ica t ion o f d ub ious e xa mp les.

O ft he e igh t S ta m ford w are f abr ics

d ef ined , f our a re r epresen ted i n k i ln ma ter ia l . F abr ics B a nd C macroscop ica lly ;

Mahany ( f or thco m ing ) d ef ines

h er o r ig ina l F abr ic A c an n ow b e d iv ided

i n to F abr ics A , D , E , F , G , a nd H .

These c a tegor ies w ere f irst d ef ined

v isua l ly , t hen m icroscop ica lly . When r ecord ing d a ta , t he f abr ic o f as herd i s i nd ica ted b y t he u se o f t he r e levan t c ap i ta l l e t ter . M icroscop ic e xa m ina t ion s hows t ha t a l l o f t he f abr ics h ave a n o p t ica l ly a n isotrop ic ma tr ix o f f i red c lay wh ich c on tains a l im i ted r ange o f i nclusions. These c ons ist o f q uar tz g ra ins o f v ar ious s izes , i ron g ra ins a pprox i mately 0 .01 m m d ia meter , a nd h ard , o vo id c lay p e l le ts wh ich c an o ccasiona l ly r each s evera l m i l l i metres i n l eng th . The f o l low ing b r ief f abr ic d escr ip t ions s u m mar ise t he more d eta i led d ata p resen ted i n Append ix 1 .

The t ex tures o f t he f abr ics c an b e s een o n p hoto-

g raphs o f s herd s ect ions ( Pla te 1 ) . F abr ic A i s modera te ly s andy .

Th in s ect ion ing s hows f requen t g rains o f

s ubangu lar q uar tz , t he g rea t ma jor i ty i n t he r ange 0 .03 t o 0 .17 m m a cross , w i th s o me u p t o 0 .40 m m . F abr ic B i s v ery f i ne , w i th a smooth t ex ture .

The f ew s ubangu lar q uar tz

g ra ins r ange f ro m 0 .03 t o 0 .13 m m a cross a nd a re o n ly o ccasiona l ly l arger ;

a bou t h a lf a re a pprox i ma te ly 0 .04 m m a cross.

T he c lay

ma tr ix i s v ery d ist inct ive a s i ti s f u ll o f a ngu lar q uar tz g ra ins a pprox ima te ly 0 .02 m m l ong .

8

F abr ic C i s e x tre me ly f ine a nd v isua l ly c lose ly r ese mb les F abr ic B . Microscop ica l ly , i ts hows t he s a me d istinct ive c lay mitrb c a nd r ange o f q uar tz g ra ins , a l though i n l esser q uan t i ty t han F abr ic B . F abr ic D i s v ery s andy , w i th a r ather r ough t ex ture.

The q uar tz g ra ins

a re f a ir ly e ven ly d iv ided i n t he r ange 0 .03 t o 0 ,20 m m l ong w i th s o me l arger , t hough r are ly g rea ter t han 0 .50 m m a cross. F abr ic E i s modera te ly s andy .

I tc on ta ins m ixed a ngu lar a nd s ubangu lar

q uar tz g ra ins , many 0 .03 t o 0 .07 m m a cross , w i th f ewer i n t he r ange 0 .07 t o 0 .30 m m , a nd o n ly a f ew l arger , o ccasiona l ly u p t o 0 .60 m m l ong . The a ngu lar g ra ins r ef lec t l i gh t , g iv ing a n e f f ect s im i lar t o t ha t o f m ica . F abr ic F i s c lose ly r e la ted t o F abr ic E , w i th t he s a me r ange o f q uar tz s izes, b u t i s n ot a s s andy i n a ppearance a nd s hows a g rea ter ' spark le ' e ffect f ro m t he an gu lar i nc lusions.

There a re f ewer q uar tz i nc lusions t han

i n F abr ic E , w i th p ropor t iona l ly more o f t he m i n t he r ange 0 .03 t o 0 .07 m m a cross a s t here a re c onsiderab ly f ewer o f t he l arger g rains. F abr ic G i s s l igh t ly s andy , more s o t han F abr ics B a nd C , b u t l ess s o t han t he o ther f abr ics. The q uar tz g ra ins g enera l ly r ange b etween 0 .03 a nd 0 .17 m m a cross , o n ly o ccasiona lly l arger , a nd a re i n ac lay ma tr ix c on ta in ing s o me a ngu lar q uar tz g ra ins o f a pprox i ma te ly 0 .02 m m , a s i n F abr ic B . F abr ic H i s d ist inct ive f or t he g rea t s ize v ar ia t ion i n i t s i nc lusions.

L ike

F abr ics E a nd F , t here a re many m ixed q uar tz g rains 0 .03 t o 0 .07 m m a cross , b u t o thers a re s pread u p t o 0 .60 m m , w i th a s ign if ican t p rop or t ion g rea ter t han 0 .31 m m l ong . The f abr ics a re i ndependen t o f t he method o f f i r ing u sed a nd s o s how s o me r ange i n h ardness a nd c olour .

H ardness i s d iff icu l t t o t est u ni for m ly a nd a l-

t hough t h is t ra i t i s u sefu l i n c lassify ing s o me p ot tery t ypes, t he d if ferences w i th in e ach S ta m ford f abric t ype a re g enera l ly s l igh t .

Thus, t h is t ra i t h as

n o t b een i ncluded i n c lassif ica t ion . C olour Many p ot tery r epor ts a re p eppered w i th c o lour d escr ip t ions wh ich a re g enera lly v a lueless b ecause o f t he ir v ague t er m inology a nd t he g rea t v ar ia t ion p oss ib le o n e ach p ot .

E ven u se o f t he p recise ly d ef ined c o lour t er ms o f t he

Munse l l s yste m s t i ll l eaves t he p rob le m o f d escr ib ing mot t led , mu l t i-coloured v esse ls.

Yet c o lour c an b e au sefu l c r i ter ion i fi t s t echno log ica l o r ig in i s

u nderstood ;

i ti s n ot a n i ndependen t v ar iab le , b u t d epends o n t he c lay a nd i t s

me thod o f f i r ing .

Organ ic ma ter ia l a nd i ron c o mpounds a re t he p r inc ip le im-

p ur i t ies wh ich c olour c lay .

I ft he k i ln t e mperature i s s u f f icien t ly h igh ( gene-

r a l ly 7 00 ° 800 ° C .) c arbon i n t he c lay c o mb ines w i th a ny f ree o xygen i n t he k i ln a t mosphere a nd i s r e moved a s c arbon d iox ide . p o ts r e ta in o rgan ic ma t ter a nd r e ma in g reyish .

A t l ower t e mpera tures

L ikew ise , i ft he k i ln a t mos-

p here l acks o xygen , t he o r ig ina l c arbon r e ma ins u nchanged .

C lay r ich i n

i ron c o mpounds g enera lly t urns r edd ish u nder o x ida t ion , a nd g rey-b lack w ith r educt ion .

F ina l ly , c arbon f ro m t he f ue l c an b e a bsorbed , r esu l t ing i n g rey-

b lack smudged p atches ( Shepard 1 971 ) . 9

S ix c o lour t ypes h ave b een d ef ined u s ing t he Munse l l ( 1958 ) s ys te m o f n ot a t ion .

These d iv isions s erve p r incipa l ly t o p oin t o u t t he e xtre mes o f v ar ia t ion

i n S ta mford ware .

The c o lour o f as herd i s b y al ower c ase R o man n u mera l

wh ich f o l lows t he f abr ic l e t ter i n d escr ip t ion . i .

Th is c a tegory c overs t he ma jori ty o f s herds, t hose o f mu lt i-co loured v esse ls o f g rey , b u f f a nd b rown . Munse l l : n eu tra l N6 .5 -8 .5 h ue 5 YR

v a lues 5 -8 .5

c hro ma u nder 5

h ue 7 .5 YR

v a lues 6 -8 .5

c hro ma 2 -4

Th is c a tegory d escr ibes e x tre me ly wh i te s herds, a nd u sua l ly o ccurs o n F abr ic C , s o met i mes o n F abr ic B . Munse l l : n eu tra l No ver 8 ,5 A l l r ed-orange s herds h ave b een l abel led i i i n a n a t te mp t t o d if feren t ia te more i ron-r ich v ar iet ies.

E xa mp les s ee m l im i ted t o F abr ics , E , Fa nd

H . Munse ll : h ue 1 0 R h ue 2 .5 YR i v .

v a lues u nder 6 .5

c hro ma o ver 7 .5

v a lues u nder 5 .5

c hro ma o ver 7 .5

Th is d escr ip t ion c overs t ota lly d ark g rey s herds e i ther r esu l t ing f ro m i nco mp lete r e lease o f o rgan ic c arbon , o r r educt ion f ir ing .

T h is c o lour

i s c o m mon i n F abr ic D , a nd s o met i mes o ccurs i n F abr ic A , u sua l ly o n s herds g lazed o n b oth s urfaces. Munsel l : n eu tra l Nu nder 5 .5 v a lues 2 -4

h ue 5 YR v .

c hro ma 1

T h is med iu m g rey c olour c haracter ises s o me s herds, e spec ia l ly o f F abr ics E , F , a nd H . Munse ll : n eu tra l N5 .5 -6 .5

v i .

C rea m-co loured s herds l ack ing a d ark c ore , y et n ot a s wh i te a s c olour i , a re l abe lled v i .

These s how t he v ery s uccessfu l f ir ing c haracter ist ic

o f F abr ic B , w i th s o me e xa mp les i n F abr ics A , C , a nd G . Munsel l :

v i i .

h ue 7 . YR

v a lue 9

c hro ma 2

h ue 1 0 YR

v a lues o ver 6 .5

c hro ma 2

h ue 2 .5 Y

v a lue 9

c hro ma 2

Th is p a le p ink-orange i s n ot a s i n tense a s c o lour i i .

I ti s f requen t o n

F abr ics B a nd G . Munse l l : h ue 2 .5 YR

v a lues o ver 6 .5

1 0

c hro ma o ver 3 .5

Record ing t he c o lour D eta i led c olour d escr ip t ions a re g iven c oncise ly b y c o mb in ing n u mera ls. A h yphena ted i iiv t hus i nd ica tes a s andw iched ' s herd , r edd ish w i th a b lack c ore .

Paren theses s how smal l mot t led a reas , s o v i ( v i i ) d escr ibes a c rea m-

c o loured p iece w i th p a le o range a reas.

S uch e labora t ion i s o n ly r esor ted t o

f or a n u nusua l s herd o r when a p iece i s u sed f or n eu tron a ct iva t ion o r p hysica l a na lysis. G laze T he f abr ic o f ap o t a f fects t he a ppearance o f a ny g laze a pp lied t o i t .

The

r esu l t ing g laze i s f ur ther d e ter m ined b y i t s o r ig ina l i ngred ien ts a nd u n int en t iona l impur i t ies , t he me thod o t a pp l ica t ion a nd t he f i r ing c ond i t ions ( Verhaeghe 1 96 8 ) .

The d iversi ty o f S ta m ford g laze e f fects a re h ere d ivided

v isua lly i n to s ix g roups wh ich a re u sefu l f or c lassif ica t ion a nd s how c hronol og ica l c hange .

Mahany o r ig ina l ly d ef ined G lazes 1 , 2 , a nd 3 ; h er G laze 1

i s d iv ided i n to G lazes 1 , 4 , 5 , a nd 6 .

Af ter t he ir v isua l d if feren t ia t ion , t he

d if feren t g laze t ypes w ere a na lysed s pec toscop ica lly. b ased g lazes.

A l l a re s i mp le , l ead-

The d e ta i led r esu l ts o f t hese a na lyses a re p resen ted i n Tab le

9a nd d iscussed o n p . 7 5.

The d ef in i t ions h ere a re b ased o n g laze t h ickness

a nd c o lour a s d escr ibed w ith t he Munse ll ( 195 8 ) s yste m . G laze 1 .

Th is t ype i s t he most c o m mon ;

i ti s c lear a nd g lossy b u t t h in ,

o ccasional ly s how ing u ng lazed p a tches, a s i ft he g laze h ad b een p a in ted o n .

I t s c o lour r anges f ro m l i gh t y e llow t o p a le g reen .

Munse ll : h ue 1 0 YR

v a lue 8

c hro ma 6

h ue 2 .5 Y

v a lue 8

c hro ma 4 -6

h ue 5 Y

v a lues 7 -9

c hro ma 2 -4

h ue 7 ,5 Y

v a lues 8 -9

c hro ma 2 -6

h ue 1 0 Y

v alues 8 -9

c hro ma 2 -4

g laze 2 ,

Th is i s t he t h innest g laze , w i th o va l u ng lazed p a tches u sua lly

1t o 5 cm l ong .

T he c o lours a re mot t led i n s hades o f b lue-grey a nd p a le

o l ive g reen . Munse l l :

b lu ish c o lours

h ue 2 .5 BG

v a lues 6 -7

c hro ma 2

h ue 5 BG

v a lue 7

c hro ma 1

h ue 7 .5 BG

v a lues 6 -7

c hro ma 2

h ue 2 .5 GY

v a lues 6 -8

c hro ma 2

h ue 5 GY

v a lues 6 -8

c hro ma 1 -2

g reen c olours

G laze 3 .

Th is t ype i s c haracter ist ic o f ' Deve loped S ta m ford w are '

I ti s f a ir ly t h ick , c o mparab le w i th G laze 6a s t h icker t han G lazes 1 a nd 2 a nd t h inner t han G lazes 4 a nd 5 . p roduced b y t he a dd i t ion o f c opper .

The b r igh t g reen c o lour was

On s o me e xa mp les , t he f i l ings were

n ot f ine e nough t o m ix t horough ly , which r esu l ted i n as peck led e f fect o f g reen a nd b lack s pots u p t o 4 mm a cross o n ap a le y e l low b ackground .

1 1

Munse l l : h ue 7 .5 GY

v alue 4

c hro ma 6

h ue 1 0 GY

v a lues 5 -6

c hro ma 4 -8

h ue 2 .5 G

v a lues 3 -4

c hro ma 6 -8

h ue 5 G

v a lues u nder 4

c hro ma o ver 6

G laze 4 .

T h is i s at h ick , g lossy y el low g laze w i th a s l igh t ly o paque , t reac ly

a ppearance . Munse ll : h ue 5 Y G laze 5 .

v a lue 8

c hro ma 8

Th is g laze i s v ery s im i lar t o G laze 4 b u t c on ta ins b lack i ron

s pecks a nd impur i t ies, u sua l ly 1t o 3 mm a cross , wh ich p roduc e s l igh t o range a nd g reen ish s treaks . Munse ll : h ue

v a lues

c hro ma

5Y

4 -6

4 -6

7 .5 Y

5 -6

6 -8

G laze 6 . T h is g laze i s c o mparab le t o G laze 3 i n t h ickness; i ti s v ery c lear a nd g lossy , a ppear ing y e llow , of ten w i th a s l igh t ly o range t inge . Munse l l : h ue

v a lues

c hro ma

2 .5 Y

1 0-12

7 .8

5Y

8

8

1 0 YR

1 2

7

The g laze o n S ta m ford ware g enera l ly f i ts t he b ody o f t he v esse l we l l . B are p a tches f ro m i nsuf f icien t g laze o r g laze r unn ing i n f i r ing o ccur o n ly i n G lazes 1a nd 2 . S o me s herds w ith G lazes 4 a nd 5 s how c razing , t he t hin c racks wh ich f or m when t he g laze s hr inks mor e t han t he v esse l w a l l i n f i r ing . G laze h as o n ly v ery r are ly f l aked o f f p ots f ro m i nsuf f ic ien t g laze s hr inkage. R ecord ing t he g laze U ng lazed s herds a re r ecorded a s 0 , wh i le t he p resence o f g laze i s n oted b y t he a ppropr ia te a rab ic n u mera l f o l low ing t he f abr ic a nd c o lour c odes. U sua l ly o n ly t he e x ter ior o f ap ot i s g lazed a nd t he u se o f as ing le d ig it i nd ic a tes t h is.

When b oth s urfaces a re g lazed , t h is i s d escr ibed b y t he u se o f a

s lan ted s troke , s uch a s 5 /5 ; t he f ew v esse ls w h ich a re g lazed o n ly i n terna l ly a re r ecorded a s 0 /1 , 0 /4 , e tc .

When s herds h ave o n ly a f ew s pecks o f g laze ,

p aren theses a re u sed , s o t hat 1 / (1 ) r epresen ts a p iece w i th G laze 1o n i t s e xt er ior s urface a nd o ccasiona l g laze s pecks o n i t s i n ter ior .

S o me G laze 2

p ieces h ave a f ew s pecks o f g reen c opper a bou t 2m m d ia meter , a nd t h is p heno menon i s d escr ibed a s 2 (3 ) . The c o mb ina t ion o f f abr ic, c o lour a nd g laze d ef ines t he c o mposi t ion o f a s ing le s herd o r av esse l .

Thus , A iv5/5 i s t yp ica l o f e ar ly s pou ted p itchers ,

b e ing a s andy d ark g rey f abr ic , g lazed o n b oth s urfaces w ith a t h ick , g reen ish g laze c on ta in ing i ron f l ecks .

At yp ica l ' Deve loped S ta m ford ware ' s herd w ith

ac rea m-coloured b ody a nd c opper-green g laze i s n oted a s B vi3 .

1 2

FORM A l l b ody s herds c an b e d escribed b y t he ir c o mposi t ion , a s d ef ined a bove , t oge ther w i th a ny s urface t rea t men t o r d ecora t ion p resen t .

S uch c lassif ica t ion

i s g eneral ly s uf f ic ien t f or b ody s herds , a s i n p ract ice t hey a re n ot v ery u sefu l i n t he s tudy o f v esse l f or ms.

I ti s p oss ib le t o measure s herd t h ickness, b u t

t h is i s n ot s ign if ican t u n less t he v esse l t ype a nd p os it ion o n t he p ot i s e stab l ished , at ask a lways l abor ious a nd of ten impossib le.

Thus t he s tudy o f v esse l f or m

i s h ere l im ited t o b ase s herds, r i ms, h and les , s pou ts a nd d ecora ted s herds. Vesse l t ypes Twen ty-four c ategor ies o f v esse ls h ave b een d ef ined , i n a dd i t ion t o ac a teg ory f or misce llaneous t ypes. p ar t icu lar ly i n r im s hape.

E ach v esse l t ype s hows a r ange o f v ar ia t ion ,

The g enera l v esse l t ypes a re d escr ibed h ere , w i th

t he ir f unct ions c ons idered i n C hap ter I I , a nd t he ir s ubtypes p resen ted i n F igs . 4 4-66. R ecord ing t he f or m E ach o f t he v esse l f or m s i s r ecorded b y a n a rab ic n u mera l , s epara ted f ro m t he n u mber o f i t s s ubtype b y ah yphen . o f j ug . t ion .

Thus , 6 -07 r epresen ts a s pecif ic t ype

Vesse l F or m c lass if ica t ion i s f o l lowed b y d escr ip t ion o f t he c o mposiF or e xa mp le , 6 -07 B v il n otes a j ug ( For m 6 ) o f S ubtype 7 i n b e ige-

c oloured F abr ic B wh ich b ears G laze 1o n i t s e x terna l s urface . Measure men t F or v esse l t ypes w i th h or izon ta l f l anges ( For ms 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 a nd 1 5 ) , r im measure men ts a re t aken f ro m t he i nner e dge o f t he f l ange.

R im r ad i i o f o ther

v esse l t ypes a re measured f ro m t he i nner e dge o f t he h ighest p oin t o f t he r im . L ids ( For m 2 2 ) w i th a v er t ica l c o llar a re measured f ro m t he o u ter e dge o f t h is c o llar , a s i t was mean t t o f i t i nside o ther v esse ls.

L ids w i thou t c ol lars a re

measured f ro m t he o u ter e dge o f t he l owest p oin t o f t he ir 'r im ' . Vesse l f or ms F or m 1 :

L arge , s tra igh t-sided b ow ls ( F igs. 3 , 4 4-46 )

6 7 s ubtypes , 6 72 e xa mp les.

V ir tua lly a l l o f t he v essels h ave a f a ir ly s ub-

s tan t ia l , h or izon ta l f l ange a s t heir r i m wh ich i s t he b roadest p ar t o f t he v esse l . The v essels a re g enera l ly 1 0-20 cm i n r ad ius , w i th h e igh ts o f 1 4-25 cm . V o lu mes o f u p t o 2 2 p in ts ( 12 l i tres) h ave b een n oted . Most e xa mp les a re u ng lazed , t hough s o me a re p ar t ia l ly g lazed a round t he r im o r o n t he i n ter ior s urface .

Decora t ion i s f a ir ly c o m mon , c onsist ing o f r ou let t ing o r t hu mbed ,

a pp l ied s tr ips o n t he u pper s urface o f t he f l ange a nd/or s tr ips a pp l ied v er t ic a l ly o n t he s ide o f t he v esse l . F or m 2 : C ook ing p ots ( F igs . 3 , 4 7 , 4 8 ) 5 4 s ubtypes , 8 70 e xa mp les.

Th is c ook ing ' p ot f or m i s c haracter ised b y

s i mp le , e ver ted r i ms wh ich l ack o bv ious l i d-sea t ingS . t ween 5 -9 cm , t hough most l i e b etween 6 -7 cm ;

R im r ad i i r ange b e-

h e igh ts v ary b etween 1 3-23

cm , s o t ha t v olu mes d i f fer g reat ly , b etween 1 .8-7 .7 p in ts ( 1-4 .3 l i tres) . The v esse ls a re u ng lazed , a nd o ccasiona lly h ave r ou let t ing o n t he s hou lder a nd/or r im f l ange. 1 3

F or m 3 : C ook ing p ots w i th l i d-seat ings ( F igs . 3 , 4 9) 3 2 s ubtypes , 3 68 e xa mp les.

These c ook ing p ots h ave r i ms w i th c oncave

u pper s urfaces wh ich c ou ld h ave s erved a s l i d-sea t ings.

I n a l l o ther f ea tures

t hey r ese mb le F or m 2v esse ls d escr ibed a bove . F or m 4 :

C ol lared V esse ls ( F igs . 3 , 5 0 , 5 1)

6 8 s ubtypes , 6 31 e xa mp les. r i m-necks o r

These v esse ls a re c haracter ised b y v er t ica l

c o l lars ', 3 -5 cm h igh .

cm , w i th a n a verage o f 6 . 7cm .

The r im r ad i i r ange b e tween 4 .5-10 .5

Vesse l h e igh ts a ppear t o b e 1 8-27 cm , r e-

s u l t ing i n v o lu mes b e tween 5 .5-12 . 8p in ts ( 3 .1-7 .1 l i tres ) .

Most e xa mp les

a re u ng lazed w i th o n ly o ccasiona l d ecora t ion i n t he f or m o f g roov ing o n t he n eck o r b ody o r i nc ised wavy l i nes o n t he u pper s urface o f t he r im . F or m 5 : S pou ted p i tchers ( F igs. 3 , 5 0-52) 8 6 s ubtypes , 3 04 e xa mp les. o f s pou ted p i tcher .

Th is v esse l f or m c o mpr ises t wo ma in t ypes

F or ms 5 -01 t o 5 -67 i nc lus ive c onsist o f c o l lared F or m

4v esse ls t o wh ich a s pou t a nd h and les h ave b een a dded . i n s ize a nd d ecora t ion t o t he ir F or m 4 c oun terpar ts.

They a re c o mparab le

F or ms 5 -68 t o 5 -86 h ave

s i mp le e ver ted f l anges a s r i ms wh ich v ary i n r ad ius b e tween 4 -10 cm , w i th most i n t he r ange 5 -7 cm .

R ecorded h e igh ts o f a l l t ypes v ary b etween 1 7-

2 4 cm , g iv ing v olu mes o f 3 .4-8 .5 p in ts ( 1 .9-4.7 l i tres ) . p i tchers a re g lazed .

V ir tua l ly a l l s pou ted

The r im f langes o f F or m s 5 -68 t o 5 -86 o ccasiona lly b ear

r ou let t ing . F or m 6 : J ugs ( F igs. 3 , 5 3) 3 6 s ubtypes , 1 26 e xa mp les.

J ugs a re d ef ined a s t hose v esse ls s upp l ied

w i th a p inched l i p f or p our ing a nd h av ing o n ly o ne h and le. b etween 4 -8 cm w i th t he a verage a s 5 .6 cm .

The r im r ad i i v ary

R ecorded h e igh ts r ange b etween

2 4-34.5 cm w i th v o lu mes o f 3 .3-10 .7 p in ts ( 1 .8-5 .9 l i tres ) .

E xa mp les a re

n or ma l ly g lazed a nd of ten b ear i ncised o r c o mbed d ecora t ion , e spec ia lly o n t he h and le . F or m 7 : L arge , c urved-sided b ow ls ( F igs . 3 , 5 4 , 5 5) . 4 5 s ubtypes , 2 00 e xa mp les. These v esse ls a re c haracter ised b y ab road r im o pen ing a nd c urved wa l ls , s o t ha t t he r im i s n ot t he w idest p ar t o f t he v esse l .

R im r ad i i v ary b etween 8 -14 .5 cm w i th l ess s tandard isa t ion i n r im

s ize t han F or ms 1 -6.

H e igh ts o f 1 6-30 cm a re r ecorded , w i th v olu mes b e-

t ween 7 .2-30 .8 p in ts ( 4-17 .1 l i tres) .

V esse ls may b e g lazed o r u ng lazed .

Ung lazed e xa mp les o ccas iona l ly b ear r ou le t ting o r t hu mbed , a pp lied s tr ips o n t he f l ange a nd/or t he s hou lder ; g lazed e xa mp les s o me t i mes h ave i ncised w avy l i nes a s d ecora t ion . F or m 8 : S pou ted P ots ( F igs . 4 , 5 6 ) 1 5 s ubtypes , 7 0 e xa mp les.

These s pou ted v esse ls c ons ist o f F or m 2 a nd

3t ypes t o wh ich a s pou t a nd h and le(s ) h ave b een a dded .

The c onvex s hou lder

l i es im med ia te ly b elow t he r im f l ange, w i thou t t he e longa ted , s o mewha t c onc ave n eck o f F or m s 5 -68 t o 5 -86 . a n e st i ma ted h eigh t o f 2 0 cm .

R im r ad ii v ary b etween 5 .5-9 .5 cm w i th

O ver t woth irds o f t he e xa mp les a re g lazed ,

b u t b ear d ecora t ion , p r inc ipa l ly t hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips.

1 4

1

5

4

6

r T1

F ig . 3

S ta mford w are v esse l f or ms. b ow ls.

F or m 2 C ook ing p ots.

1

5

F or m 1 L arge , s tra igh t-sided F or m 3 C ook ing p ots w i th a l i d

s eat ing . F or m 4 J ars/Cook ing p ots. F or m 5 S pou ted p i tchers. F or m 6 J ugs. F or m 7 L arge c urved-sided b ow ls. 1 5

F or m 9 : G lobular C ups ( F igs . 4 , 5 7 ) 3 6 s ubtypes , 1 32 e xa mp les. min ia ture c ook ing p ots .

These v esse ls a re sma ll , r ese mb l ing

The r im r ad i i r ange b etween 2 .8-5. 8cm , t hough

most l i e b e tween 3 .5-4 .5 cm .

R ecorded h eigh ts v ary b etween 6 -8 .5 cm ,

w i th v olu mes o f 0 .4-0 .6 p in ts ( 0 .2-0.4 l i tres ) . t he e xa mp les a re g lazed .

Approx i ma tely o neth ird o f

F ew b ear d ecorat ion — r oulet t ing , g roov ing o r

c o mb ing . F or m 1 0 :

P edesta l-based V esse ls ( F igs. 4 ,

2 6 s ubtypes , 5 0 e xa mp les.

5 8)

Th is g roup s ee ms t o c o mpr ise t wo d ist inct

c a tegor ies o f v esse ls — g ob le ts a nd l a mps. cm , r im r ad i i b etween 3 .5-5 cm .

B ase r ad i i r ange b e tween 1 .5-4

The v essel h e igh t v ar ies b etween 5 -11 cm .

T he v olu mes a re sma l l , a pprox i ma te ly 0 .2 p in ts ( 0 .1 l i tre ) f or g lazed c ups , a nd 0 ,1 p in t ( 0 .05 l i tre ) f or l a mps. t hese a re i n terpre ted a s g ob le ts . l a mps.

A l mos t h a lf o ft he e xa mp les a re g lazed ;

U ng lazed , s ooted e xa mp les a re c onsidered

The o n ly d ecora t ion i s o ccas iona l g roov ing .

F or m 1:

C ook ing/Serv ing V esse ls ( F igs . 4 , 5 9 )

2 6 s ubtypes, 1 64 e xa mp les.

The v esse ls a re l ess g lobu lar a nd s l igh t ly

sma l ler t han F or ms 2 a nd 3 . a nd d o n ot s ee m t o h ave b een u sed e xc lusively f or c ook ing .

Most h ave f a ir ly v er t ica l , w edgel ike r i ms.

b etween 4 .5-8 cm , g enera l ly 5 -6 cm .

The r im r ad i i a re

H e igh ts o f 1 1-12 e r n a re r ecorded ,

w i th o ne v olu me c a lcu la ted a s 1 . 8p in ts ( 1l i tre ) .

Over h a lf o ft he r ecorded

e xa mp les a re g lazed , b u t o n ly o ne b ears d ecora t ion , a n i nc ised w avy l ine . F or m 1 2 :

Sma l l B ow ls ( F igs . 4 , 60 )

3 8 s ubtypes , 1 86 e xa mp les.

Th is v essel t ype r epresen ts a sma ll v ersion

o f F or m 1 , o ne w i th s ides s lop ing more s teep ly i nward t o ward t he b ase. r ad i i v ary b etween 7 -8 ,5 cm .

o f 2 .2-5, 8p in ts ( 1 .2-3 .2 l i tres ) c a lcu la ted . t he v esse ls b ear s o me g laze .

R im

H e igh ts o f 1-13 cm a re r ecorded , w i th v olu mes Approx i ma tely o ne-quar ter o f

S o me e xa mp les s how r ou let t ing o r t hu mbed ,

a pp l ied s tr ips. F or m 1 3:

S pou ted , S ocke ted B ow ls ( F igs . 4 , 6 0 )

3 8 s ubtypes , 3 4 e xa mp les.

These v esse ls a re c o mparab le t o F or m 1 2

t ypes w i th t he a dd i t ion o f as pou t o r s ocke t im med ia tely b elow t he r im f lange . B oth f or ms s ee m c o mparab le i n s ize , b u t as l igh t ly h igher p ropor t ion o f F or m 1 3 v esse ls b ear g laze a nd/or d ecora t ion o f r ou let t ing o r t hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips. F or m 1 4:

L n turned B ow ls ( F igs. 4 , 6 1)

1 3 s ubtypes , 4 7 e xa mp les.

The r i ms o f t h is v essel t ype b end i nward a t

t he t ip a nd v ary i n r ad ius b etween 9 -14 cm ; o f o ver 1 4 cm .

a t l east o ne e xa mp le h as a h e igh t

N o e xa mp les a re c o mp le te e nough t o i nd ica te v esse l v olu me ,

b u t t he s ize s ee ms t o b e b etween F or ms 1a nd 1 2 . u ng lazed ; t woth irds b ear r ou let ted d ecora t ion .

1 6

A l most a l l e xa mp les a re

9

1 6

1

1 2

1 8

1 3

1 4

1 5 0 F ig . 4

S ta mford ware v esse l f or ms. F or m 9 C ups. p ots.

C ostre ls.

1 5

F or m 8S pou ted , w ide- mou thed p ots.

F or m 1 0 P edesta l led v esse ls.

F or m 1 2 Smal l b ow ls.

I n turned b ow ls.

cm

F or m 1 1 Sma l l c ook ing

F or m 1 3 S pou ted b ow ls.

F or m 1 5 D ishes.

F or m 1 8 B ot t les. 1 7

F or m 1 6 C rucib les.

F or m 1 4 F or m 1 7

F or m 1 5: D ishes ( F igs. 4 , 6 1) 1 s ubtypes , 1 5 e xa mp les. v ar ious s izes .

These v esse ls c o mpr ise s ha llow d ishes o f

R im r ad i i r ange b etween 5 -16 cm w i th h e ights o f 4 .5 cm t o

o ver 6 cm .

V olu mes v ary c orrespond ing ly , b e tween 0 .8-1. 7 p in ts ( 0 .4-

0 .9 l i tres ) .

A l most a t h ird o f t he e xa mp les a re g lazed ; j ust o ver a t h ird s how

d ecora t ion — e i ther r ou let t ing o r t hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips. F or m 1 6:

C rucib les ( F igs . 4 6 2)

1 4 s ubtypes , 5 5 e xa mp les. h igh lyf ired .

T hese sma l l , g lobu lar v essels a re u sua l ly v ery

R im r ad i i v ary b etween 2 -4 .5 cm w i th h eigh ts o f 4 -7 .5 cm .

V olu mes r ange b etween 0 ,03-0 ,9 p in ts ( 0 .01-0 .5 l i tre ) . The v esse ls a re n ot d ecora ted a nd d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een i n ten t iona l ly g lazed , t hough t hey of ten e xh ib i t g lazelike o r me ta l l ic t races d ue t o t he ir u se . F or m 1 7 :

C ostrels ( F igs . 4 , 6 3)

5s ubtypes, 1 3 e xa mp les.

On ly a f ew c ostre ls a re k nown .

I ti s u nc lear

whether a l l e xa mp les h ave f l a t tened s ides , b u t a l l h ave o ne o r t wo h and les. The t ype i s t oo r are t o g enera l ise a bou t s ize , v olu me a nd d ecora t ion . On ly o ne v esse l c an b e r el iab ly r econstructed a s b e ing 1 9 cm t h ick , a pprox i ma te ly 2 7 cm i n b ody d ia me ter a nd c on tain ing a bou t 1 0 .4 p in ts ( 5 . 8l i tres ) . F or m 1 8 :

B ot t les ( F igs . 4 , 6 3)

1 9 s ubtypes , 3 6 e xa mp les .

These f l asks a re c haracter ised b y t heir n arrow

n ecks; t he r i ms v ary i n r ad ius b etween 1 .6-4 .5 cm w i th o ne h e igh t measured a s 3 5 cm .

One e xa mp le h as a v olu me o f 5 . 8p in ts ( 3 .2 l i tres) .

V ir tua lly a l l

e xa mp les a re g lazed , b u t o n ly o ne b ears d ecora t ion , o f g roov ing . F or m 1 9 :

Sma l l , Ovoid V esse ls ( F igs . 5 , 6 4)

1 1 s ubtypes, 7 8 e xa mp les.

These v esse ls a re d ist inc t ive i n t ha t t hey h ave

b een d istor ted s o t ha t t he ir c ircu m ference i s o va l n ot c ircu lar , w i th t he r im p inched i n to a l i p o n t he l ong a x is. S o me w ere u sed a s c rucib les wh i le o thers s ee m t o h ave s erved a s l a mps.

The l eng th f ro m p inched l i p t o o pposi te r im

e dge i s u p t o 1 2 cm , w i th a w id th u p t o 8cm . g ested .

H e igh ts f ro m 4 .5-8 cm a re s ug-

Approx i ma te ly o ne-quar ter o f t he e xa mp les b ear s o me g laze wh ich

a ppears i n ten t iona l i n a ma jor i ty o f c ases, t hough n o d ecora t ion h as b een o bs erved . F or m 2 0 :

C resset L a mps ( F igs . 5 , 6 4)

5s ubtypes ,

1 0 e xa mp les.

s p ike a s ab ase . t o 4 cm d eep .

These s ha l low , c on ica l l a mps h ave a s hor t

R i ms v ary f ro m 2 .5-3 .5 cm i n r ad ius , w i th t he c ones u p

The s p ikes a re 2 -3 cm l ong .

0 .11 p in ts ( 0 .05 l i tre ) .

One e xa mp le h as a v olu me o f

T oo f ew e xa mp les a re k nown f or f ur ther g enera l isa-

t i on . F or m 2 1:

L arge S torage V esse ls ( F igs. 5 , 6 5 )

1 0 s ubtypes, 2 8 e xa mp les.

T hese v ery l arge , t h ick-wa l led v esse ls h ave

e ver ted r i ms f ro m wh ich s pr ing s evera l h and les. 9 -15 cm ;

R im r ad i i v ary b etween

h e igh ts o f a pprox i ma tely 3 2-72 cm h ave b een r econstruc ted .

e xa mp le h as a v olu me e st i ma ted a s 1 72 p in ts ( 9 5 l i tres ) .

1 8

One

Over o neth ird o f

20

1 9

2 2

2 3

2 1 24

M t

0

F ig . 5

S ta mford ware v esse l f or ms. F or m 2 0 C resset l a mps. 2 2 L ids.

Mi lt

J I M

1 1

F or m 2 3 P edesta l led d ishes. 1 9

1 5

F or m 1 9 Ovoid l a mps/crucib les.

F or m 2 1 L arge s torage v essels.

p itchers.

I I

cm

F or m

F or m 2 4 Tubu lar-spou ted

t he e xamp les a re g lazed , o f ten o n b o th s urfaces.

Abou t t woth irds o f t he

v essels s how d ecora t ion — o f r ed p a in t a nd/or t hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips , o r o f s tr ips b ear ing r ou let t ing. For m 2 2 :

L ids ( Figs. 5 , 6 5)

8s ubtypes , 2 7 e xa mp les.

Many o f t hese c on ica l l i ds h ave v er t ica l c o l-

l ars 5 .5-6.5 cm i n r ad ius t o f i t i ns ide F or m 2 4 T ubu lar-spou ted p i tchers. O ther t ypes v ary b e tween 4 .5-7 cm i n r ad ius.

N o c o mp le te e xamp les s ur-

v ive, b u t ah e igh t o f u p t o 1 cm c an b e e st i ma ted. a re g lazed a nd t he v ast ma jori ty s how g roov ing.

A l l r ecorded e xa mp les

S o me e xa mp les h ave a h ole

t hrough t he c ol lar f or a t tach men t t o t he p i tcher. For m 2 3:

P edesta l-based D ishes ( Figs. 5 , 6 6 )

4s ubtypes , 6e xamp les.

T h is v essel f or m i s r are , b u t o ne e xa mp le i s

v ir tua l ly c o mp lete, h aving a r im r ad ius o f 8 cm a nd a h e ight e s t ima ted a s 9 cm.

A l l e xamp les a re g lazed , u sua l ly w ith i nc ised o r g rooved d ecora t ion .

For m 2 4 :

T ubu lar-spou ted P i tchers ( F igs. 5 , 6 6 )

8s ubtypes, 1 3 e xamp les.

T hese v essels a re b as ica l ly Form 6 t ypes

w i th a l ong t ubular s pou t a nd s tru t a t tached i ns tead o f ap inched l i p a nd t hree h andles p rov ided i ns tead o f o ne.

R im r ad i i v ary b e tween 4 .5-6.5 cm ;

e xa mp le h as a h e igh t o f 3 6 cm a nd a v olu me o f 9 .5 p in ts ( 5 .3 l i tres ).

o ne A l l o f

t he f ew r ecorded e xamp les a re g lazed , a nd v ir tua l ly a l lb ear s o me d ecora t ion — g roov ing , c o mbing , a nd/or a pp l ied s tr ips. For m 2 5 :

Miscel laneous F or ms ( Fig. 7 8 , n os . 1 -4 '

Th is c a tegory i ncludes a l l f or ms n ot d escr ibed a s For ms 1 t o 2 4.

For m

2 5-01 c o mpr ises s o-ca l led ' r ing v ases ' , w h ich p robably s erved a s l a mps. A l l i den t if ied f rag men ts a re g lazed a nd w ithou t d ecora t ion . c ludes a l l S ta mford ware t i le f rag men ts.

For m 2 5-02 i n-

T he t hree i den t if ied e xamp les a re

a pprox i ma tely 2 cm t h ick a nd a l l b ear s o me g laze.

One f or ms a r igh t-angle

b end. Bases . ( Fig. 6 7 ) S ix b ase t ypes a re u sed i n c lass if ica t ion , s ince most b ase f rag men ts c ann o t b e l i nked t o as pec if ic v essel t ype. Base 1 i s f la t a nd o f ten s hows t he c ord marks made o n t he u nders ide o f t he v essel when i t was r e moved f ro m t he wheel . Base 2 , t he mos t c o m mon t ype, i s s l igh t ly c onvex , s agg ing l e ss t han 3 0° f ro m t he h or izon tal .

I ts hows t he w el l-def ined e dge b e tween wa l l a nd b ase

t yp ica l o f i l insenboden ' , d ue t o k n ifetr i mm ing a f ter r e moval f rom t he wheel . Base 3 r ese mbles Base 2 i n t echn ique , e xcep t t ha t Base 3 i s more d eep ly s agged , o ver 3 0° f ro m t he h or izon tal . Base 4 i s c harac ter ist ic o f Vessel For ms 1 6 a nd 1 9 , a nd s hows a c on t inuous c urve w ith n o c ar ina t ion b etween v essel wa l l a nd b ase. B ase 5 , u sed o n Vesse l F or ms 1 0 a nd 2 3 , c ons is ts o f ah or izon ta l b ase d isc a nd p edesta l .

2 0

Base 6 c ons is ts o f t he s tub a t t he b ase o f For m 2 0 v essels ; may i n f ac t b e t he t i ps o f l i ds , For m 2 2.

s o me e xamp les

R ecord ing B ases a re i den t if ied b y t heir a rab ic n u mera l , wh ich i s l i sted af ter a ny v essel f or m n umber a nd b efore t he c o mpos i t ion , i .e. a s 2 -47+ B ase 1 F i 0 . Hand les a nd S pou ts ( Figs. 6 8-71) H and les a nd s pou ts a re u sual ly f ound b roken o f f f ro m t he ir v essels, s o s ubtypes h ave b een d ef ined f or b o th c a tegor ies. Record ing F or ms a re n o ted b y a n a rab ic n u mera l a nd s o l i sted a s Hand le 4 , S pou t 3 , e tc.

Th is i n for ma t ion i s r ecorded a f ter a ny v essel f or m a nd b efore t he c o m-

p os i t ion . Thus, 5 -50 + Base 2 + Handle 3 5 +S pou t 5 Gv il wou ld d escr ibe a s pec i f ic s pou ted p i tcher t ype . V ery f ragmen tary t races may b e n o ted a s Ho r S ur face Mod if iers, D ecora t ion ( F igs . 6 2-78) Mod if iers a re d ef ined a s t echn iques o f d ecora t ion o r s urface t rea t men t , e xecu ted a f ter f or ma t ion o f t he v essel b ody , wh ich a l ter t he a ppearance o f t he p o t . T he b as ic t rea tmen ts a re i mpress ions i n to t he p o t , s uch a s r ou le t t ing, g roov ing a nd c o mbing , o r a pp l ica t ions o n to t he p o t , u sual ly o f s tr ips; t hese a re s upp le men ted b y c o mpos ite e f fec ts s uch a s i mpress ions i n to a n a pp l ied p iece , e tc.

A l l o f t he s urface t rea t men ts h ave b een b roken d own i n to s i mp le

e le men ts wh ich c an o ccur s ingly . T he ma jori ty o f mod if iers a re c onsidered t o b e d ecora t ion a nd p erhaps s hou ld b e c a l led ' decora t ive e le men ts '. However, i ts ee ms b et ter t o r eserve t he t er ms ' decora t ion ' a nd ' o rna men t ' t o t he o veral l p a t tern o n av essel . Thus t he d ecora t ion o f ap o t i s t he s um t ota l o f i t s mod if iers.

Fur ther , s o me

o f t he s urface mod if iers a re f unc t iona l , s uch a s t hu mbing p resen t a t t he j o in o f ah andle t o t he v essel wa l l , f ee t a pp l ied o n to b ases , e tc. Record ing T he s urface mod i f iers a re n oted b y a rab ic n u mbers , p receded b y ' A l' , s uch a s M16, M2, e tc. When t he c o mb ina t ion o f t wo o r more e le men ts c hanges t he ir n a ture , an ew n u mber h as b een a ss igned t o t he r esu l t.

Thus,

c omb ing ( M33 ) o n a n a pp l ied s trip o f t r iangular s ec t ion ( M54 ) i s d escr ibed a s M71. When t he e le men ts a re n o t s ign if ican tly a l tered , t he r esul t i s d esc r ibed a s t he s um o f i t s c o mponen ts. Thus c o mb ing a d jacen t t o a n a pp l ied s trip o f t r iangular s ec t ion wou ld b e r ecorded a s M27 + 5 4.

Any s urface

mod i f iers p resen t a re n o ted a f ter t he v essel c lass if ica t ion a nd b efore t he c o mpos it ion l i st ing.

F or e xa mp le , 1 -07 + M4 A i0 i nd ica tes a s pec i f ic t ype

o f l arge, s tra igh t-s ided b owl w ith s quare-pa t tern r ou let t ing i nu nglazed g rey ish Fabr ic A .

2 1

E le men t D escrip t ion M1

r ou let t ing w i th a ' l a t t ice p a t tern ' o f d iamonds.

M2

r ou le t t ing c o mposed o f p ara l lelograms w hose l ong a xes a re p aral lel t o t he d irec t ion o f r otat ion .

M3

r ou le t t ing o f ac o mpos i te p a t tern o f r ec tangles , s quares a nd t r iangles.

M4

r ou let t ing c o mposed o f s quares.

M5

r ou let t ing c o mposed o f r ec tangles w hose l ong a xes a re a t r igh t a ngles t o t he d irec t ion o f r ota t ion .

M6

r ou le t t ing c o mposed o f r ec tangles w hose l ong a xes a re p ara l lel t o t he d irec t ion o f r ota t ion .

M7

r oule t t ing c o mposed o f p ara l lelograms whose l ong a xes a re a t r igh t a ngles t o t he l i ne o f r o ta t ion.

M8

r ou let t ing c o mposed o fb o th t r iang les a nd s quares.

M9

a n impressed p a t tern o f c ircles a nd a ngu lar s hapes , l ook ing l i ke mou ld ing.

M10 Mil

as ta mped mo t if l i ke a r oset te. as ta mped c rossin-circ le mo t if .

; R I

M12

a n e f fec t o f o ver a l l s ta mp ing , w i th a n e le men t r ese mb l ing

M13

p redo m ina t ing. s tab mark ing.

M14

ah ole p ierced t hrough a s herd.

M15

s hal low g roov ing , a pprox i mately 2 mm w ide a nd 1 m m d eep .

M16

h or izon ta l g roov ing a pprox i ma tely 2 mm w ide a nd u p t o 3_ nm d eep , w ith aU -shaped c ross-sec t ion .

M17 M18

g roov ing l i ke M16, b u t n ot l y ing h orizon tal ly o n t he v essel . g roov ing made a s a wavy l i ne.

M19

wavy-l ine g roov ing a pp l ied t o t he u pper s urface o f av esse l r i m.

M20

wavy-l ine g roov ing c o mposed o f 2s uper i mposed l i nes.

M21

i nc ised l i nes made w ith a s harp ly-po in ted t ool s o t ha t t he g rooves a re V-shaped i n c ross-sec t ion .

M22

i nc ised l i nes o f V-shaped c ross-sec t ion mak ing z oo morph ic mot ifs.

M23

i nc ised l i nes o f V-shaped c ross-sec t ion mak ing g eo metr ic p a t terns.

M24 M25 M26

d eep ly i nc ised l i nes o f V-shaped c ross-sec t ion , o ver 2 mm d eep . b road , s ha l low g rooves, 1 -2 m m d eep a nd o ver 2 m m w ide . s tring mark ing — r epea ted i mpress ions made w i th a f i ne s tr ing, l eav ing

M27 M28

l i nes l ess t han 1 m m d eep , l ess t han 1 mm w ide. c o mb ing i n as tra igh t l i ne. c o mb ing i n a wavy l i ne.

M29 M30

c o mb ing i n az igzag p a t tern w ith p rec ise a ngles. c o mb ing i n ah err ingbone p a t tern.

M31

c o mbing i n a ny c o mposi te p a t tern o f l i nes a nd c urves, i nc lud ing a l a tt i ce p a t tern .

M32 M33

c o mb-stabb ing w i th b road , d eep i mpress ions. c o mb-streak ing b y s hort , i n terrup ted s trokes.

M34

k n ife-groov ing.

M35

k n ife-cu t t ing a nd t r imm ing t he e dges o f a pp l ied e le men ts.

M36 M37

k n ifetr imm ing o f v essel wa l ls. k n ifetrim m ing o f t ubu lar s pou ts.

Mg8

smear ing a h andle o n to t he v essel wa l l w ith a s pa tula o r f i nger n a i l , p roduc ing v er t ica l r idges. 2 2

M39

t hu mb i mpress ions i n to t he v essel wa l l o r r i m.

M40

o verlapp ing t humb-s meared i mpress ions made o n to t he u pper r im s ur-

M41

f ace o f v essels , smeared f ro m t he i ns ide o u tward. as ingle t humb i mpress ion o n ah and le a t i t s j o in w i th t he v essel wal l .

M42

t wo t hu mb i mpress ions o n ah andle a t i t s j o in w i th t he v essel wal l .

M43 M44

t hree t hu mb i mpress ions o n ah andle a t i t s j o in w ith t he v essel wa l l . c o mb-s treak ing d one o ver t hu mb i mpress ions.

M45

c o mb-s treak ing d one o ver t wo t humb i mpress ions o n ah and le a t i t s j o in w i th t he v essel w a l l .

M46 M47

a pp l ied s tr ips , t rapezo ida l i n c ross-sec t ion . s tra igh t a pp l ied s tr ips , o va l i n c ross-sec t ion .

M48

c urved a pp l ied s tr ips , o va l i n c ross-sec t ion .

M49

ah orizon ta l s tr ip , a pp l ied o n to t he e x ter ior o f ap o t , i n to t he a ngle o f t he r im a nd v essel wa l l .

M50

a pp l ied s tr ips , o va l i n c ross-sect ion , f orming a c o mpos i te p a t tern .

M51

t wo a pp l ied s trips, t w isted t ogether i n a n i n ter lace p a t tern w i th e ither a n S - o r Z - t w is t .

M52

t hree a pp l ied s tr ips , t w isted t oge ther i n a n i n terlace p a t tern .

M53

f our a pp l ied s tr ips , t w isted t oge ther i n a n i n terlace p a t tern , n ot t wo M51 p a t terns l y ing a d jacen t.

M54

a pp l ied s tr ips , t r iangu lar i n c ross-sec t ion .

M55

ah or izon ta l s tr ip , a pp l ied o n to t he i n ter ior o f ap o t a ccen tuat ing t he a ngle f or med b y t he j o in o f t he r im f l ange w i th t he v essel wa l l .

M56

as ingle s tr ip , a pp l ied i n l oops l i ke b ra id.

M57

i nd iv idua l c lay p ieces s pp l ied a s f ee t o n v essels , o r ac on t inuous s trip , s upport ing t he b ase.

M58

c lay p ieces i n z oo morph ic f or m a pp l ied t o v essels w ith i nc ised d ecorat i on .

M59

s tru ts a pp l ied t o j o in l ong t ubu lar s pou ts t o v essels o f F or m 2 4.

M60

s tr ips a pp l ied a round t ubu lar s pou ts, j o in ing t he m t o s tru t a t tach men ts M59 .

M61

a pp l ied s trips , t rapezo ida l i n c ross-sec t ion , w i th d ia mond r ou let t ing o n t heir u pper s urface.

M62

a pp l ied s tr ips w ith i nd iv idua l , d ist inc t t humb i mpress ions o f modera te

M63

f l a ttened s tr ips , a pp l ied w i th b road i mpress ions , s epara ted b y r ounded

M64

r a ther t h ick a pp l ied s tr ips w i th d eep i nd iv idual f i nger i mpress ions, s em i-c ircu lar t o c ircu lar i n s hape.

M65 M66

n arrow a pp l ied s trips w i th t humbed i mpress ions s paced o u t w i th g aps. a pp l ied s tr ips , r ec tangu lar t o t rapezo ida l i n c ross-sec t ion , t humbed

d ep th a nd l eng th. r idges.

i n to p rec ise , a lmond-shaped i mpress ions. M67

t h in a pp l ied s trips w i th s ha l low t humbing.

M68

s tr ips a pp l ied w h ile v ery p las t ic w ith v ery smeared t humb i mpress ions.

M69

s tr ips , r ec tangu lar i n c ross-sec t ion , i mpressed w i th t he e dge o f t he t hu mb f or m ing s harp r idges a t r igh t-angles t o t he l i ne o f t he s tr ip .

M70

a pp l ied s tr ips , t r iangu lar i n c ross-sec t ion , w i th s hal low t humb i mp ress ions o n t he s ides.

M71

a pp l ied s tr ips, t r iangular i n c ross-sec t ion w i th c o mb-streak ing.

2 3

M72

a pp l ied s tr ips, t r iangular i n c ross-sec t ion , p ierced b y ah o le.

M73

at hu mb i mpress ion f or m ing ab oss-shape a t t he i n tersec t ion o f t wo o r

M74

more a pp l ied s tr ips. at hu mbed g tr ip a pp l ied h or izon ta l ly o n to t he e x ter ior o f ap o t , i n to t he

M75 M76

a ngle o f t he r im a nd v essel wa l l . t humbed , a pp l ied s trips w i th c o mb-streak ing. t humbed , a pp l ied s tr ips w i th c o mb-streak ing , a pp l ied i n i n tersec t ing

M77

p a t terns , s uch a s al a t t ice. a pp l ied r ed p a in t w i th aMunsel l c olour r ange o f h ue 2 .5 YR t o 1 0YR, v a lue 7 -5, c hro ma 2 -6.

One t ype o f s urface t rea tmen t , r ou le t t ing d eserves more d e ta i led c ons idera t ion b ecause t he a t tr ibu t ion o f s evera l d iferen t s herds t o t he s ame r our ou let te wheel s hows a v ery c lose l i nk b etween t he m. Un fortuna tely , s o me r ou let ted p a t terns a re n o t s u f f ic ien t ly d ist inc t ive t o e nable s ecure i den t if ica t ion . Further, many e xa mp les a re b lurred f ro m b e ing i mpressed wh ile t oo w e t , a nd most o f t he o thers a re t oo f rag men tary .

H owever, s o me p a t terns h ave

b een d ef ined a nd a re i l lustra ted i n F igs. 7 4 t o 7 6. Each d ist inc t ive p a t tern h as b een g iven a s econd n umber , s uch a s M1.5, M2.1, e tc. THE GENERAL METHOD OF RECORD ING The s yste m d escr ibed a bove e nables i nd iv idual s herds a nd f ragmen tary v essels t o b e c onc isely d escr ibed .

P ot tery a na lys is a lso r equ ires a c om-

p i la t ion o f measure men ts t o s how t he d egree o f v aria t ion w ith in t ypes a nd c hanges i n s ize b etween t ypes wh ich r ef lec t f unc t iona l a nd c hrono log ica l d i ff erences.

S o me i n for ma t ion o n t he s ize o f as herd i s a lso u sefu l w hen j udg ing

i t s r el iabil i ty a s e v idence a nd i t s p oss ible r es idua l i ty .

S uch measure men ts

f orm p ar t o ft he o r ig ina l r ecord ing o f t he p o t tery , b u t a re n ot u sua l ly r eq u ired i n s ubsequen t d iscuss ion o f t he ma ter ia l . E ach r im s herd h as i t s r ad ius r ecorded i n c en t i me tres ( X cm ).

The s ize

o f t he s herd i s t hen d escribed b y n o t ing t he n umber o f d egrees o f c ircumf erence s urviv ing ( Y ° )a nd t he h e igh t p resen t i n c en t i me tres ( Z cm ). Th is i s e xpressed a s 1 2 cm 6 0 ° 4 cm , f or e xamp le. C o mparable measure men ts c an b e made f or b ase f rag men ts i fn ecessary ; s pou t s tru ts ( M59 ) a re a lso measured . t he f or m a nd c o mpos it ion i n for ma t ion .

w id ths o f h andles a nd t ubu lar

Measure men ts, when g iven , f o l low S o at yp ica l c ook ing p o t r im f rag men t

w ould b e : 2 -16 A i0 7cm 5 0 ° 5 cm R im s herds o f l ess t han 3 0° o f t he v essel c ircum ference h ave n ot b een u sed i n c a lcu la t ing a verage r ad i i , a s t hey a re t oo sma l l t ob e r el iably measured. NOTES 1 .

The n ota t ion u sed f or s i tes i n S ta mford i s t ha t e s tabl ished b y Mahany , d escr ibed b elow o n p . 2 19f .

2 4

CHAPTER I I S TA MFORD WARE VESSEL FOR MS AND FUNCTIONS

T he 2 5 c lasses o f S ta m ford p ot tery f or ms ( i l lustra ted i n F igs. 3 -5 ) c an b e d iv ided i n to f our ma in g roups ; ( 1 ) c ook ing v essels, ( 2 ) t able wares , ( 3 ) h ousehold e qu ipmen t a nd ( 4 ) i ndustr ia l v essels. T he c ook ing v essels c omprise smal l p ots ( For ms 2 , 3 , 4 , 1), b owls ( For ms 1 , 7 , 1 4 ) a nd sma l ler b owls o r s k il lets ( For ms 1 2, 1 3, 1 5 ).

T able ware i ncludes b o th

f ood c onta iners ( For ms 1, 1 2, 1 5 ) a nd d rink ing v essels ( For ms 9 , 1 0 ), a s w el l a s v essels f or l i qu ids ( For ms 5 , 6 , 8 , 1 7 , 1 8 a nd 2 4 w ith l i ds 2 2 ). T he p r inc ipa l n on-cu l inary f unct ions o f S tamford ware i n t he h ousehold w ou ld b e a s l a mps ( For ms 1 0 , 1 9 , 2 0 , a nd t he r are 2 5-01) a nd s torage c on ta iners ( Form 2 1).

F ina l ly , c ruc ibles ( For ms 1 6 a nd 1 9 ) w ou ld b e o f v ery s pec ia l ised ,

i ndustr ia l u se. I n a ny d iscuss ion o f v essel f unct ion , i t mus t b e r e me mbered t ha t many i nd iv idua l v essels, e spec ial ly t he c o mmon f or ms 1 t o 4 , c ou ld h ave b een u sed f or s evera l d if feren t f unc t ions. Fur ther , v essels o f s im i lar f or m c ould h ave b een u sed f or q u ite d i f feren t p urposes. I n p art icu lar , p edestal v essels ( For m 1 0 ) c o mprise s o me l amps a s w el l a s s o me d r ink ing v essels, t hough e ach s pec if ic p o t w ou ld b e l im ited t o o ne o f t hese f unc t ions.

C erta in ly , s pec if ic

f unc t ions c annot b e a ss igned t o a l l o f t he S tam ford v essels a nd t h is s ub jec t h as s carcely b een s tud ied f or e arly med ieva l c eram ics. S c ien t if ic a na lyses o f t he i n ter ior d epos its o f v essels may e ven tua l ly c lar ify s o me o f t he c on tents a nd t hus t he u ses o f med ieval p o ts. 1 I t must a lso b e r e me mbered t ha t p ot tery was o n ly o ne o f s evera l a l tern a t ive ma ter ia ls, b et ter f or s o me f unc t ions t hough n ot a s p rac t ica l f or o thers. Wood c ou ld h ave b een u sed f or most n on-cook ing v essels , e spec ia l ly t able b owls a nd c ups ; t hese w ou ld b e l ess b reakable t han p o t tery . Wooden b arrels w ou ld h ave b een c o mmon f or s torage, p reserva t ion o f f oodstuf fs, a nd t ransp ort .

L ea ther v essels , c loth s acks a nd b aske ts w ere a lso u seful f or s torage.

F ina l ly , me ta l v essels , t hough e xpens ive , w ere v irtua l ly u nbreakable a nd t hus s uper ior f or a v ar ie ty o f c ook ing u ses. S ince meta l c ook ing v essels c onduc t h ea t f aster t han p o t tery , t he t wo t ypes c ou ld h ave s erved f or d i f feren t c ook ing t echn iques. T he s uspended c auldron i s w el l-known f ro m manuscr ip t i l lust ra t ions, w i th t he h ea tb e ing r egu la ted b y a l ter ing t he h e igh t o f t he p o t a bove t he f i re. T hough metal may s ee m e as ier t o c lean t o modern e yes , c ul tural f ac tors, p ar t icu larly t he f ood 's t aste, c ou ld f avour t he c eram ic s tew p ot . The h igher s oc ia l s ta tus o f metal wou ld b e r ef lec ted a t t able w ith a c hange t o me ta l g oble ts a nd j ugs w hen p oss ible. T he s houldered S ta mford c ook ing p o ts ( For ms 2 , 3a nd 4 ) a re c o mparable w i th c on te mporary l a te S axon a nd e arly med ieval t ypes a nd s o d if fer f ro m l a ter , med ieval g lobu lar a nd s qua t s hapes. T he ir p rec ise me thod o f u se 2 5

i s n ot c lear, t hough most w ere p resu mably s et i n to t he a shes f or s i m mer ing. T he h in ts f ro m l a ter med ieva l c ookery b ooks 2 s ugges ts a p reponderance o f s low c ook ing i n a dd i t ion t o t he o ccasiona l r oas t ing.

T hus i ti sn o t s urpr ising

t ha t many p o ts s how o n ly s l igh t s oo t ing , a s t hey w ou ld n ot u sua l ly h ave b een n ear t he f l a mes. Vessels o f F orm 3 h ave r i ms s u i table f or l i ds, a l though ma tch ing c eram ic l i ds h ave n o t b een f ound . I nstead , w ooden l i ds a re l i kely ; as imp le d isc o f a pprox i ma tely 6 cm r ad ius w ou ld h ave b een a g ood g eneral s ize a nd , b e ing u nbreakable , c ou ld h ave s erved a s uccess ion o f c ook ing p ots.

F or t he t i gh t

s eal o f ten s pec if ied i n c ookery b ooks , s uch a w ooden l i d wou ld h ave b een i dea l when s ea led w ith p astry s craps o r b a t ter. I n a dd i t ion t o t he ir u ses i n c ook ing , v essels 2 , 3 , a nd 4 c ou ld a lso h ave s erved f or t e mporary s torage w i th a l ea ther o r c lo th c over ing b ound o ver t he r im , w i th o r w i thou t a n i nner w ooden l i d . B o th a ngled r i ms ( o n F or ms 2 a nd 3 ) a nd v er t ica l n ecks ( on F or m 4 ) w ould b e u sefu l w hen t y ing b ind ing. S uch c on ta iners c ou ld h ave s erved f or t he p reserva t ion o f f ru its a nd v egetables , a s w el l a s t he s a l t ing d own o fb u t ter.

S o me F or m 1 v essels s how s igns o f

s oot ing , s uggest ing t ha t t hese t ypes r ep laced T ype 4 a s t he t yp ica l S ta mford ware c ook ing v essel . However , t he f requen t p resence o f g laze a lso a rgues f or s o me u se a t t able. T he l arge b owls ( For ms 1 , 7 , a nd 1 4 ) g enera l ly s how s igns o f s oo t ing a nd s hou ld b e c ons idered p r imar ily a s at ype o f c ook ing v essel . T he c o m monness o f t he f or m makes a s pec ia l ised f unc t ion u n l ikely . T he v essels , 7t o 2 2 p in ts i nv olu me, wou ld h ave b een v ery h eavy when f u l l a nd t hus d if f icu l t t o move. T he s ha l lower e xamp les w ou ld h ave b een i dea l f or t he v ery l ow t empera ture h ea t ing o f al arge s urface a rea n eeded i n p rocessing m ilk .

The b owls w ou ld

a lso h ave s erved w el l a s c eram ic ' c of fyrs ' f or s tews a nd l arge mea t p ies, t hough sma l ler p ies w ere c o mp le tely e ncased i n p astry.

Pastry p robably

s erved a s al i d f or t he b owls a nd t he t humbed a pp l ied s tr ips f requen t o n F orm 1r i ms a nd wa l ls d o r ese mble p astry d ecora t ion . D ecorat ion i s r a ther more f requen t o n t hese l arge b ow ls t han o n t he sma l ler c ook ing p ots a nd t he l a ter , For m 7b owls a re f requen t ly g lazed . T h is w ou ld s ugges t t ha t s o me o f t hese p o ts w ere b rough t f ro m k i tchen t o t ab le. S uch b ow ls a re u nders tandab ly more c o m mon o n m i l i tary s i tes w i th l arge-sca le c a ter ing t han o n r egu lar d o mes t ic s i tes. A l though b ow ls w ere n o t made i n t he e ar l ies t p hase o f t he i ndustry , t hey s ubsequen tly h ad a l ong p er iod o f manufac ture. T he t h ird t ype o f c ook ing v essel was a s k i l le t ( For m 1 2, 1 3 ), u sua l ly h av ing a w ooden h andle. A t l east s o me o f t hese v essels a re q u i te s ooted a nd t hey s ee m t o h ave b een u sed f or h ighte mpera ture c ook ing.

A l ong wooden

h and le wou ld h ave e nabled t he p o t t ob e moved f urther i n to t he f i re o r a way f ro m i t , t hus r egu la t ing t he t e mpera ture. I n t h is c ase, t he h and les wou ld n o t h ave b een p er manen tly l e f t i n t he p o t , b u t i nser ted w hen n eeded , t o p rot ec t t he wood a nd k eep t he h and le c ool .

However , s o me o f t he s ockets h ave

s uch a r ound o pen ing t ha t t he p ot w ould h ave r ota ted a round a ny h andle t ha t was n ot w el l a t tached.

S ockets a re o ccasiona l ly q u i te l ow o n t he v essel s ide ,

wh ich a lso i mp l ies a p er manen t h andle. I n most c ases t he b r idges o f t he s pou ts a re n o t s turdy e nough t o t ake a ny c onstan t s tress o f l i f t ing. For ms

2 6

1 2 a nd 1 3 may a lso h ave s erved f or t he h ea t ing o f i nd iv idua l p or t ions , wh ich w ou ld t hen h ave b een s erved i n t he s ame v essel . T able ware c o mpr ised b oth o pen f or ms ( 1 2, 1 5 ) a nd t he more c losed For m 1, i n a dd i t ion t o d r ink ing v essels ( Form 9 , 1 0 ). Cera m ic f l a tware i s a bsen t i nt he l a te S axon a nd e arly med ieva l p er iod , d ue t o t he u se o f h ard ' t rencher ' b read , wood a nd meta l . T he v ar iety o f p orr idge-l ike f oods e a ten r equ ired sma l lb owls, s uch a s t hose o f F or m 1 2 a nd 1 5. T he t yp ical d r ink ing v essels c on ta in l ess t han a p in t.

Sma l l h and c ups

( For m 9 ) d id n o t h ave f l a tb ases, b u t n eed n ot h ave b een p u t d own u n t il emp ty . H owever, o ne c urved b ase s hows a d el ica te, r a ised f oo t r ing. 1 0 ) i m i ta t ing meta l f or ms w ere f l a t b ased. c on te mporary a nd b oth w ere f a irly r are.

G oblets ( Form

T hese t wo d ist inc t c up t ypes w ere

As eries o f v essels w ere p roduced f or s erv ing l i qu ids ( For ms 5 , 6 , 8 , 1 7 , 1 8 a nd 2 4 w i th l i ds 2 2 ). Wi th t he r a ther v er t ica l a ngle o f most o f t he s pou ts , i tw ou ld h ave b een d if f icu l t t o p our w hen t he v essels w ere f a irly f u l l u n less t here was a l i d t i ed o n . The k nown l i ds d o n ot f i t Form 5 v essels , b ut a s ecure c overing c ou ld h ave b een made f ro m l ea ther, p oss ibly t i ed o ver a wooden d isc i n s o me c ases. T he S ta mford j ugs a re u n l ikely t o h ave b een l i dded. t wo d ist inc t f unct ions.

T hey a ppear t o h ave

T he more b arrel-shaped e xamp les w ith w ider n ecks

a nd r ims ( Fig . 1 2, n os. 6 a nd 7 ) w ould h ave b een b e t ter f or s coop ing a nd p our ing wa ter , w h ile t he more n arrow-necked t ypes ( Fig. 1 2, n o. 1 ) s ee m more f or t able u se. T ubular s pou ted p i tchers wou ld h ave b een d if f icu l t t o u se w i thou t l i ds a nd mos t o f t he k nown l i ds ( For m 2 2 ) a re i dea l i n s ize a nd s hape f or t hese v essels. The l ong v er t ica l c ol lar s een o n most l i ds w ou ld h ave p reven ted t he l i ds f ro m f a l l ing o ut w hen t he p i tcher was t i l ted .

S evera l p i tcher r ims s how a h ole ,

b e tween t he r im a nd t he h and le, w h ich c an b e l i nked w ith h oles i n l i d c ol lars. Th is s uggests a t hong a t tach men t s hort e nough t o k eep t he l i d i n p lace when t i l ted f orward y e t l ong e nough f or t he l i d t o b e l i f ted f or r ef il l ing. A s hou lder s herd f ro m E lstow A bbey , Beds. s hows t ha t t he b ody wa l l o f a For m 2 4 v ess el w as p ierced l i ke a s tra iner i ns ide t he t ube , a nd s o c ou ld h ave s erved s p iced w ine.

B o t t les ( For m 1 8 ) r epresen t a nother v ar ie ty o f w ine c arafe,

w h ich c ould a lso h ave h eld mead , a le , c ider o r p erry . S o me e xamp les c ou ld h ave c on ta ined wa ter f or wash ing , a l though n one was o f e labora te a qua man ile s hape. However, a l l o ft hese s erv ing v essels wou ld h ave b een u sed p r inc ip a l ly b een u sed t o d ecan t l i quor f ro m b arrels a nd s o n eed n o t h ave h eld t he ir c on ten ts f or l ong.

T he p edesta l led F or m 2 3 i s av ery r are t ype o f t able ware

u sed f or d isp lay a nd s erv ing ;

i t i s most l i kely a f ru it b owl .

C ostrels ( For m 1 7 ) w ere a c onven ien t s hape f or t ransport ing a p ersona l s upp ly o f l i qu id a nd s o a re n o t s tr ict ly t able ware. S ince l ea ther w ould h ave b een more p rac t ica l f or t h is, c eram ic e xa mp les a re u nderstandably r are. T he t h ird ma in r ole o f S ta mford ware was i n t he h ousehold. L arge p o tt ery s torage v essels ( For m 2 1 ) p rov ided more p ro tec t ion f ro m r oden ts t han b aske ts o r w oven s acks. These p o ts were a lso u sed a s c on ta iners f or t ransp or t ; S ta m ford e xamp les a re n o ted i n L incoln , York , T hetford , a nd Oxford ,

2 7

a nd T he tford-type p ieces a re f ound i n S tamford.

Most e xa mp les h ave r e-

l a t ively smal l r im o pen ings a nd c ould h ave b een s ealed w ith t i ed l ea ther; t he a pp l ied d ecorat ion r ese mbles r ope l ash ings a nd k nots. Desp i te t he c omp ara t ively r are u se o fg laze b efore t he 1 2th c en tury , s torage v essels o f t he e arl ier p er iod u sua l ly h ave a t h ick g laze ( g laze 4 o r 5 ) o n b oth s urfaces, wh ich w ould p reven t s tored l i qu ids f ro m l eak ing o u t a nd a lso p ro tec t d ry f oods tu f fs f ro m d a mp s urround ings. Vessels 2 , 3 , 4a nd s o me o f t he F or m 7 b owls c ou ld a lso h ave s erved f or more t e mporary s torage o f sma l ler q uan t i t ies. S evera l s hapes o f l amps a re k nown .

T en th-cen tury l a mps s eem p r i mar i ly

p edes ta l led ( For m 1 0 ) , wh ile t he o vo id F or m 1 9b eco mes p opu lar d ur ing t he e leven th c en tury. T he f ew c resse t l amps ( Form 2 0 ) wou ld h ave b een s usp ended i n a wa l l r ing. S o me F or m 1 0 l amps h ave t he ir w ide b ases i n ten t iona l ly c h ipped t o r educe t he b asa l d iameter, i mply ing a c hange f ro m t able t o wa l l u se.

I tm igh t s ee m s urpr ising t ha t l a mps w ere n ot g lazed i n terna l ly , b u t t he

o i l i t sel f s oon f or ms a s eal . T he s pec if ic u ses o f S ta mford ware c ruc ibles ( For m 1 6 ) must r e ma in u nc lear u n t il s c ien t if ic a nalyses h ave b een made o ft he ir d eposits. P rel im inary s tud ies o f t he many e xamp les a t L incoln F laxenga te s uggest s ome mel t ing o f c opper. 3 S evera l F or m 1 9 v essels b ear e x ternal d epos i ts s ugges t ing i nd ustr ia l u se , a nd must r epresen t al arger s ize o f c ruc ible. ware s erved i n f our g enera l a reas o f u se .

T hus , S ta m ford

T hough s pec if ic a t tr ibu t ions a re

n ecessar ily p rov is iona l , i ti s i mpor tan t t o c onsider v essel f unc t ion , e spec ia l ly when a ssess ing t raded ma ter ia l . T he n ature o f t he p o t tery t rade b eco mes c learer when t he r ole o f S ta m ford w are o n as i te c an b e d ef ined b y t he i den t if i cat ion o f t he f or ms a s c ook ing v essels, t able ware, n on-cul inary h ousehold ma ter ia l , o r i ndustr ia l e qu ip men t. NOTES

1 .

S uch a na lyses s hou ld b eco me f eas ible , a t l eas t f or s o me v essels , a s d es cr ibed b y A . Asp ina l l i n af or thco m ing r epor t b y t he Med ieva l Pottery Research Group .

2 .

Av ery a ppropr ia te r ec ipe i sg iven i n al a te 1 5th c en tury manuscrip t ( Pepys 1 047 ), p ubl ished i n Hodge tt ( 1972 ), 1 4-5, w ith s l igh t modern isa t ion o f s pel l ing : S tewed c apons T ake p arsley , h issop , s age, r ose mary a nd t hy me, b reak t he m b et ween y our h ands a nd s tuf f y our c apons w ith t he m a nd c olour t he m w i th s af fron a nd p u t t he m i n a n e arthern p o t o r e lse i nb rass b u t a n e ar then o ne i sb e t ter a nd l ay s p l in ts u ndernea th a nd a l l a bou t t he s ides s o t ha t t he c apons d o n ot t ouch t he s ides n or t he b o t to m a nd c ast t he s ame h erbs i n to t he p o t among t he c apons a nd p u t aq uart o r ap in t o f t he b est w ine t ha t y ou c an g e t a nd n o o ther l i quor a nd s et a l i d u pon i tt hat w i l l f i t w i th in t he b r im a nd make ab a t ter o f w h i te o f e ggs a nd f l our a nd p u tb e tween t h e b ri m a mass o f p aper ( mss :

p aper l e fe ) o r e lse l i nen c loth t ha t t he b a t ter

may s eal i ts urely s o t ha t n o e gg c o mes o u t .

2 8

S ee t hat t he b a t ter i s t h ick

a nd s e t y our p ot o n ac harcoa l f i re t o t he m idd le s ide a nd s ee t ha t t he l i d d oes n ot r ise w i th t he h ea t a nd l e t i ts tew g en t ly f or a l ong t ime a nd when y ou t h ink t ha t i ti s c ooked , t ake i tf ro m t he f i re; i fi ti s a n e ar then p o t , s et i tu pon a w isp o f s traw s o t ha t i td oes n ot t ouch t he c old g round a nd w hen t he h ea t i s w el l d rawn a nd o verpas t t ake o f f t he l i d a nd t ake o u t y our c apons w ith a s t ick a nd l ay t he m i n a no ther v essel a nd make a s yrup o fw ine a nd m ince d a tes a nd c innamon d rawn w ith t he s ame w ine , a dd t hereto c urran ts, s ugar , s af fron a nd s a l t , b o il i t al i tt le a nd c as t i n g inger p owder w ith a l i t t le o f t he s ame w ine a dd t he s ame t o t he a bove s yrup a nd p our u pon t he c apons a nd s erve t he m f or th w i th a r ib o fb eef e very o ne a c apon o n ad ish . S uch c ookery w ou ld a dm i t tedly b e f or t he u pper c lasses, b u t n ever theless i s r eveal ing f or t he methods u sed. Fur ther e xamp les c an b e f ound i n Aust in ( 1888 ), Furn iva l l ( 1868 ) a nd Warner ( 1791 ). 3 .

Iam g ra tefu l t o L auren Ada ms f or t h is i n for ma t ion o n t he r esul ts o f a na lyses c arr ied o u t a t t he Anc ien t Monu men ts l abora tory .

2 9

CHAPTER I V S TA MFORD K ILN GROUPS AND PRODUCTION MATERIAL

A d escr ip t ion o f S ta m ford p roduct ion ma ter ia l f ro m k i lns a nd w aster d ep osi ts f or m s af ra mework f or b oth t he a na lys is o f t he n a ture o ft he S ta m ford i ndustry ( Chap ter V I I I )and t he d eve lop men t o f i t s p ot tery s ty les ( Chap ter V I I ) . A t l east n ine d if feren t p roduct ion g roups c an b e d ef ined , t hough t he e vidence v ar ies i n q uan t i ty a nd r el iab i l i ty .

Tab le 1 :

S ta mford p roduct ion mater ia l

S ite 1. The C ast le s i te k i ln c o mp lex

2 .

A rchaeo log ica l

S uggested d a te

a nd/or a rchaeo-

o f t he p ot tery

magne t ic d ate

o n t he b as is o f s ty le

R . C . o ak t imber f ue l 8 37 + 7 7 ; magnet ic d ate c . 8 50 + 5 0

l a te 9 th c en tury

The C ast le s i te

c oin o f A lfred

l ate 9 th c en tury t o

p a l isade a nd i nner d itch

i n t he u pper

e ar ly 1 0th c en tury

p art o f t he d it ch f i l l

3 .

4 .

The Wharf Road

magnet ic d a te

l a te 1 0th t o

k iln

C . 1 040 + 2 0

e ar ly 1th c entury s o me p robab ly m id t o

E ast S tree t P it 1

l ate 1 1th c entury 5 .

i fs urv iv ing v esse l r e-

1 911 G reyfr iars

p resents p roduct ion , s econd h a lf o f t he 1th t o t he m id 1 2th c entury 6 .

5 9 S cotgate

m id t o l a te 1 2th c entury

7 .

' The Pant i les '

m id 1 2th c entury

8 .

1 963 S choo l k i ln

magne t ic d ate

e ar ly 1 3th c en tury

c . 1 200 + 2 0 9 .

1 874 S choo l k i ln

l a te 1 2th t o m id 1 3th c en tury

3 0

THE NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE K i ln g roups a re f unda men ta l i n d ef in ing a c era m ic i ndustry a l though s evera l g enera l a spects p ose p rob le ms i n i n terpreta t ion . may n ot b e r epresen ta t ive o f t he p roduct ion .

S urv iv ing wasters may o r

One may a ssu me t ha t t he f abr ic,

f or ms a nd d ecora t ion a re t yp ica l , t hough n ot n ecessar i ly t he g laze o r c olourat i on .

Here , c o mpar ison w i th p ot tery f ro m o ccupa t ion s i tes s hows wha t was

c ons idered s a leab le. Wasters f ound i n s i tu c lear ly r evea l t he ir s ource, t hough d if f icu l t ies c an a r ise i fa t te mp t ing t o b e t oo s pec if ic a nd r e la t ing a waster d eposi t t o ap ar t ic u lar k i ln o f l im i ted p roduct ion t ime.

On ly f or a s ing le , i sola ted k i ln c an t he

w as ters i n a nd a round t ha t k i ln b e i n terpreted a s i t s p roduc ts.

More of ten ,

s evera l k i lns a re l oca ted i n t he s a me a rea a nd d ebr is i s l ike ly t o c on tain a m ix ture o f wasters s how ing b oth c on te mporary d if ferences a nd c hronolog ica l c hanges. S o me 'k i ln ma ter ia l ' p reda tes t he e xcava ted k i ln , s uch a s s herds p ressed i n to t he s of t c lay o f t he k i ln l in ing i n c onstruct ion ;

t hese must o r ig ina te f ro m

a n e ar l ier k i ln , o r p oss ib ly a n e ar l ier p hase o ft he s a me k i ln i f ar epa ir i s i nv o lved .

Th is i s r e levan t i n c ons ider ing s herds u sed i n t he w a l l o ft he Wharf

R oad a nd 1 963 S ta m ford k i lns ( s ee b e low p p . 5 4 , 5 6 ) .

S o me 'k i ln f i l l ' i s

l i ke ly t o p ost-da te t he p roduct ion o ft he k i ln s ince t he wasters a nd d ebr is f ro m t he l ast f ir ing o f ak i ln w ou ld n ot f i l l t he s tructure a nd t he u pper d eposi t w i th in t he k i ln a ccu mu la tes l a ter .

T h is c ou ld o ccur r e la t ively q u ick ly b y al evel l ing

o f n earby waster h eaps, p roducing a v ery h e terogeneous d eposi t .

S uch waster

mounds wou ld h ave b een f or med o ver a p er iod o f y ears a nd c ou ld h ave r ec e ived r e jects f ro m s evera l n earby k i lns ; t hese s herds w ou ld b e e ar l ier t han o r c on te mporary w i th t he k i ln p roducts .

A lterna t ive ly , t he u nused k i ln c ou ld

f i l l more g radua l ly w i th g enera l r ubb ish m ixed w i th wasters f ro m a n e ighb our ing , s uccessor k i ln .

S o t he u pper f i ll o f ak i ln may c on tain e i ther a

m ix ture o f e ar lier a nd c on te mporary p ot tery , o r ab u i ld u p o f l a ter ma ter ia l . O n ly c arefu l a na lysis o f t he k i ln s tra t igrapy c lar if ies t he n a ture o f t he i n f i ll i ng d eposi ts. E ven w i th in a s ing le d ef ined p roduc t ion , ag roup o f k i ln wasters n eed n o t b e r epresen ta t ive o f t he o vera l l p roduc t ion o f t ha t p ar t icu lar p o t ter , p ar t icul ar ly i n t he p ropor t ion o f t he d if feren t f or ms made . Quan t i t i ta t ive s tud ies o f f or m s a re t hus o f l im i ted v a lue , t hough s uch s tud ies a re u sefu l f or a ssessing t he d egree o f s tandard isa t ion a ch ieved b y p ot ters.

1

THE PRODUCTION S EQUENCE The C ast le s i te k i ln c o mp lex The S i te T he Cast le s i te k i ln , e xcava ted b y Mahany i n 1 976 , s hows f our p hases ( Mahany 1 976 ) .

A l though P hase 2 i nvo lved a c o mp lete r ebu i ld ing o f t he k i ln

w i th a r eor ien ta t ion o f 1 80 ° ,t hese p hases a re b est c onsidered a s o ne k i ln w i th mod if ica t ions.

The k i ln w i l l t hus b e r eferred t o i n t he s ingu lar , w i th a s pecif ic

p hase men t ioned i fn ecessary .

Th is k i ln a ppears t o b e p ar t o f al arger p ro-

d uc t ion a rea , wh ich i s h ere d escr ibed a s t he C ast le s i te k i ln c o mp lex . 3 1

The

p ub l ished p lan o f t h is p ar t o f t he s i te ( Webster a nd C herry 1 977 , F ig . 7 7 , p . 2 36 ) s hows t ha t t he k i ln was s i ted im med ia te ly o u ts ide a l arge d i tched e nc losure .

T he o u ter d i tch , h ere r eferred t o aD i tch A ( l ayers X I I 9 65, 9 66 ) ,

c u t l ayer XI 1 347 wh ich c on tained p ar t o f ar ed-pa in ted ware v esse l .

T h is

l ayer a n teda tes t he e xcava ted k i ln a nd t he p ot must h ave b een f i red i n a n e ar l ier c la mp o r k i ln .

Wasters, p resu mab ly f ro m t he e xcava ted k i ln , w ere

s pread i n l ayers a round i t .

These l ayers s ee m t he r esu lt o f p er iod ic l eve l l ing

wh ich i ncluded t he i n f i ll ing o ft he n earby D i tch A .

I ti s l i kely t ha t D i tch A

f i l led f a ir ly q u ick ly , a t l east i n t he s eg men t n ear t he k i ln ;

t he d i tch s ee m i n-

c onven ien t ly c lose t o t he k i ln , p ar t icu lar ly f or P hases 2 -4 when t he k iln w as f i red f ro m t he n or th .

Af ur ther d i tch ( D i tch B ) a nd p a l isade ( C ) w ere c on-

s tructed w i th in t he o u ter D i tch A , r ough ly c oncen tr ic t o i t .

A l though t here i s

n o d irec t s tra t igraph ica l e v idence f or t he c onstruct ion s equence o f t he t hree f ea tures, t he f i ll o f t he i nner t wo ( B a nd C ) d if fers f ro m t ha t o f D i tch A , a nd t hey may b e i n terpre ted a s b e ing s l igh t ly l a ter .

P erhaps t he c o mb ina t ion o f

P a l isade C a nd D i tch B r ep laced t he l ess s ubs tan t ia l D i tch A .

I na ny e ven t ,

t he t i me s ca le o f t hese c hanges n eed n o t h ave b een l ong s ince t he f eatures s ee m p ar t o f as ing le c oncep t a nd Mahany ( K il murry a nd Mahany 1 977 , 1 85 ) t rea ts t he t hree f ea tures a s c on te mporary . The Da t ing The k i ln h as b een d a ted a rchaeo magne t ica l ly t o 8 50 + 5 0 y ears , t he magnet ic c urve i s n ot wel l e stab l ished f or t h is p er iod .

2

a l though

Two r ad ioc

b on

r esu l ts w ere o b ta ined f ro m a l arge p iece o f c harred o ak i n t he s tokehole ; t he t i mber h ad p resu mab ly b een u sed a s f uel .

The c a l ibra ted d a tes o f 6 78 + 8 3

a nd 8 37 + 7 7 s uggest t ha t t he o ak was r easonab ly o ld when u sed .3 P ot tery p rod uct ion i n t he l a t ter n in th c en tury i s a lso s uggested b y ac oin o f A lfred f ound w i th t he w asters i n D i tch B .

Arch iba ld ( p ersona l c o mmun ica t ion ) n otes t ha t

t he most l i ke ly d a te r ange f or t he l oss o f t he c o in i s C . 8 90- c . 9 25 ;

t here i s

as o mewha t g rea ter p robab i l i ty f or a d a te i n t he e ar l ier p ar t o ft ha t r ange a s t he t ype was w e l l r epresen ted i n t he C uerda le h oard o f c . 9 03. T he K i ln S tructure ( F ig . 6 ) The C ast le s i te k i ln was b ad ly d a maged b y med ieva l p i ts a nd l i t t le o f i t s e leva t ion s urv ived . I ti s c o mparab le i n s ize t o I psw ich K iln Ia nd T orksey K iln 2 , t hough t he l ong , n arrow s tra ight-s ided f or m o f a l l t he k i ln p hases i s d is tinc t ive a nd d if fers f ro m t he o va l t o c ircu lar k i lns o f I psw ich ( Smed ley a nd Ow les 1 963 ) , T he tford ( Dav ison 1 967 ) a nd T orksey ( Bar ley 1 964 ) . The f l oor o f Phase 1 was d ug a t l east 7 5 cm i n to t he o ld g round s urface , i n to t he n a tura l c lay a nd s and wh ich o ver l ies t he l imestone i n t h is p ar t o f t he s i te .

N o f l ue a rch s urv ived a nd t here w as a s carci ty o f s tructura l f rag men ts,

s o t he p oss ib i l i ty must b e c onsidered t ha t p refabr ica ted b ars a nd s labs w ere u sed t o f or m a t e mporary r oof , wh ich was r e moved b etween f i r ings a nd a f ter t he l ast f i r ing f or u se e lsewhere.

S uch a n a rrange men t w ou ld a lso g ive g rea ter

a ccessib i l i ty t o t he sma ll f i r ing c ha mber f or l oad ing a nd e xecu t ing r epa irs a nd r e l in ings .

B ryan t ( 1977 1 3 ) s tresses t he a dvan tages o f a n o pentopped k i ln wh ich

wou ld b e c overed f or e ach f i r ing w i th s herds, t i les, t urves, e tc .

The n arrow

s pan o f t he C ast le s i te k i ln c ou ld e asi ly h ave b een c overed i n t h is way .

T o

e nsure a dequa te h ea t t hroughou t t he c ha mber , t he e xhaust v en t w ou ld h ave

3 2

STA MFORD

K ILNS

3

4

C as t le s i te

Wha r f R oad

F ig . 6

1 963 S choo l s i te

S tamford k iln f or ms.

3 3

b est b een p laced a t t he e nd o pposi te t o t he s toke a rea t hus f or m ing a v ery s i mp le ' tunne l ' k i ln .

The f i rst s toke h ole o pened t o t he s ou th , b u t s ubsequen t

p hases h ad t he s toke a rea t o t he n or th . The P ot tery The p o t tery r ein forces t he c on trast b etween D i tch A a nd t he i nner f ea tures Ba nd C .

D i tch A c on ta ined many wasters i n F abr ics E a nd F , w h ich f or med

as o l id d epos i t o f s herds i n p laces .

I n c on trast ,

t he g rea ter e xcava ted v o lu me

o fD i tch B p roduced much l ess p ot tery ( 7 4 s herds ) A , D , E , F , a nd H , w i th a ma jor i ty o f F abr ic H .

i n am ix ture o f F abr ics The f i l l o f P a l isade C c on-

t a ined s o mewha t more p ot tery p er v olu me ( 5 4 s herds) i n F abr ics D , E , Fa nd H , w i th F abr ic H a ga in p redo m ina t ing . The wasters o f F abr ics E a nd F w i l l b e t rea ted a s o ne g roup t er med F abr ic E/F a nd l i nked w i th t he e xcava ted k i ln .

S herds o f F abr ic H a re i n terpreted

a s p roducts o f as l igh t ly l a ter k i ln a nd w i l l b e d iscussed s epara te ly . The F abr ic E/F P roducts ( F igs. 7a nd 8 ) The e ar l iest v esse l ( F ig . 8 , n o . 5 ) d er ives f ro m L ayer X I I 1 347 wh ich a n teda tes t he e xcava ted k i ln ;

i tb ears b o th r ed p a in t a nd g laze.

T he g laze

h as r un a cross t he f ractured e dge , s how ing t ha t t he b reak o ccurred i n f i r ing . The v esse l i s i nd ist ingu ishab le f ro m t he k i ln p roduct ion i n f abr ic, c olour a nd manu factur ing t echn ique , a nd i t s f or m , d ecora t ion a nd g laze a re p ara ll e led b y s evera l o ther wasters.

T hus i tc an b e c onsidered a s p ar t o f t he

e ar l iest d ef ined S ta m ford p roduct ion a nd i s c rucia l t o ad iscussion o f t he o r ig in o ft he i ndustry . The v ast ma jor i ty o f F abr ic E/F s herds a re f ro m V esse l F or m 2 c ook ing p ots, w i th f i ve o ther v esse l t ypes r epresen ted — F or m 3 c ook ing p ots , F or m 8s pou ted c ook ing p ots , F or m 1 2 b ow ls, F or m 1 3 s pou ted b ow ls , a nd F or m 2 1 l arge s torage v esse ls. The t hrow ing t echn ique w as e xce l len t , p roduc ing t h in , e ven w a l ls, wh ich s o me t i mes h ave a ccen tua ted t hrow ing g rooves o n t he u pper p ar t o f t he b ody a s i n F ig . 8 , n o . 5 .

T here i s a :s l igh t s ugges t ion t ha t t h is t ra i t i s more c o m-

mon i n t he e ar l ier l eve ls.

T he r i ms a re g enera l ly t r iangu lar i n c ross-sec t ion ,

f or med b y f o ld ing t he t apered e dge o f t he r im t owards t he i n ter ior .

Th is t ech-

n ique g ives t he p oten t ia l o f a ir b ubb les a t t h is j o in a nd many r im s h ave s p l i t . T he c ook ing p ots a re c haracter ised b y h igh s hou lders .

A l l o f t he b ases a re

f l a t , many s how ing t he w ire c u t t ing o f r e mova l f ro m t he wheel.

S o me were

s l igh t ly h and smoothed , b u t k n ifetr imm ing i s v ery r are ( s ee Tab le 2 ) . T he f ew h and les a re w ide a nd whee lfor med , a s d escr ibed o n p . 8 1 a nd a re j oined t o t he b ody b y v er t ica l smear ing ( M 3 8 ) .

T races o f t refo i l s pou ts

( spou t F or m 1 ) w ere f ound o n s evera l v esse ls o f F or ms 8a nd 1 3 ( F ig . 7 , n o . 7 ) , s o me s herds s how M15 s ha l low g roov ing ( F ig . 7 , n o. 5 ) .

The o n ly p last ic

d ecora t ion n oted i s at ype o f t hu mbed s tr ip ( M69 ) a pp l ied v er t ica l ly o n to t he s ides o f F or m 2 1 s torage v esse ls a nd d own t he c en tre o f h and les; t his t ype o f t hu mb p ressing d if fers f ro m l a ter me thods ( see p . 1 42 b e low ).

3 4

C ASTLE S ITE WASTERS : F ab r ics E , F

1 0

1 3

1 4

F ig . 7 :

A ll c on tex ts a re f ro m s ite EE X I I .

1 . 2 -19 E0 8 98 , 2 . 2 -01 E 0 1 215,

3 . 2 -07 EO 8 98 , 4 . 2 -09 E0 8 98 , 5 . 2 -38+ M16 -+Hand le 2 F O 1 215 , 6 . Hand le 2 +M69+77 EO 1 239 , 7 . 8 -02+Spou t 1 FO 8 98 , 8 . 8 98 , 9 .

2 -47-Base 1 F O 1 005, 1 0 . 2 -48 E0 1 257 ,

1 2 . 3 -27 F O 1 257 , 1 3 . F or m 2 1 E l ) 1 215 ,

3 5

1 4 .

1 2-04 E0

1 1, 2 -45 FO 1 257 ,

F or m 2 1 F O 1 257 ,

A f ew s herds b ear s treaks o r b lobs o f t h ick , c lear y e l low g laze ( Glaze 4 ) , b u t t here i s n o e v idence o f g laze c over ing s ubs tan t ia l a reas o f ap o t s urface . A t l east t wen ty-seven s herds , c o mpr ising l ess t han 0 .3% o f t he w asters , s how t races o f r ed-pa in ted d ecora t ion , i n a dd it ion t o t he p re-k i ln v esse l , F ig . 8 , n o . 5 .

R ed p a in t h as b een i den t if ied o n v esse l t ypes 2 , 3 , a nd 2 1, l inked w i th

r im f or ms 2 -07 , 2 -09 , 3 -18, 2 1-01, 2 1-02, 2 1-03 , 2 1-04.

Apar t f ro m a cc i-

d en ta l d r ips a nd s p lashes, t he mot i fs a re g enera lly s i mp le f i nger s trokes , a l though s evera l s tr ipes may h ave b een b rush p a in ted .

The r ed-pa in ted s herds

f or m t oo sma l l as a mp le t o b e c onclusive, b u t ac o mpara t ively h igh p ropor t ion o f t he m s ee m t o b ear g laze t races, c o mpared w i th t he waster g roup a s a whole.

B oth g laze a nd r ed p a in t a ppear t o b e most c o m mon o n l arge v esse ls

o f F or m 2 1 .

A l though t he r ed-pa in ted s herds f or m o n ly a p ar t o f t he Cas t le

s i te p roduct ion , t hey a re impor tan t i n s how ing t ha t t he t echn ique w as u sed i n B r i ta in a t t h is e ar ly d a te . F or ms R epresen ted : 1 2

F abr ics E a nd F

1 -39 2 -01, 0 2 , * 03 , 0 4 , 0 7 , 0 9 , 1 0 , * 12 , * 13 , * 16, * 18 , * 19 , * 20 , * 21 , * 24 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 3 6 , * 38 , 4 5 , 4 7 , * 48, 4 9

3

* 3-01 , * 03 , 0 5, 0 6 , 0 7 , 0 8 , * 09 , 1 3 , * 14 , * 18 , 2 0 , 2 1 ,

7

7 -05, * 08 , * 09 , * 10 , 2 0 , 4 4

8

8 -01, 0 2 +S pou t 1 , * 03 + S pou t 1 , * 04

9

* 9-05

1 1

1 1-02

1 2

* 12-02 , * 03 , 0 4 , 3 8 ,

1 3

* 13-04 + S pou t 1 9 , 2 3

2 1

2 1-01 , 0 2 , 0 3 , 0 4 ,

* 24 , 2 7

H and les 1 , * 2, * 3 *k nown f ro m r es idua l ma ter ia l R i ms a nd b ases w ere measured , t he r i ms measured f ro m t he h ighest p oin t a t t he t ip o f t he f l ange , t he b ases a t t he b asa l a ng le . The r esu l ts p resen ted i n Tab le 2 ( bases) a nd T ab le 3 ( r i ms ) , e nab le t he f o l low ing g enera l c onclus ions t o b e made : 1 .

There i s n o s ign if ican t d if ference b e tween t he s izes o r f or ms o f t he v ess e ls made i n F abr ic E a nd t hose o f F abr ic F .

2 .

The a verage r im r ad ius i s 6 .5 cm , t he a verage b ase r ad ius 4 .4 cm .

3 .

There i s n o s ta t ist ica l ly s ign if ican t d if ference i n s ize b etween t he r im f or ms s tud ied .4

4 .

The s ize d istr ibu t ion o f t he b ases f o llows a c o mpressed b e l l c urve, t hus h as a sma l l s tandard d ev ia t ion a nd v ery f ew ( l ess t han 1% ) b ases g rea ter t han 6 .5 cm i n r adius .

The s ize d is tr ibu t ion o f a l l t he r i ms a lso f o l lows

3 6

S tam fo rd

O mm i a

R ed-pa in ted

Wa re

A R

f l

f a 2

\ 6 W H

37 1-

8

1 0

1 :4

F ig . 8 :

A ll c on tex ts e xcep t n o. 6 a re f ro m s i te EE X II .

1 . 2 1-04+ M77 F O

1 347 , 2 . 2 1-04+ M77+Hand le 2 E O 1 345, 3 . 2 1-03+ M77 F O 1 259 , 4 . 2 1-01+ M69+77+Hand le 1 (+ M69 ) F O 1 347+1417 5 . 2 1-02+ M25+77 F (4)/4 1 315, 6 . Hand le 2 + M77 F O I I 4 19 , 7 . 7 -44+ M77 EO 1 347 , 8 . F or m 2 1 +M77 EO 1 245, 9 . 2 1+ M77+Hand le t race F O 1 347 .

3 7

F or m 2 1 +M69+77 F O 1 408, 1 0 .

F or m

as ingle b el l c urve .

Th is r ef lects o ne s tandard p roduct ion s ize, n ot

v esse ls o f mu lt ip le r im s izes. 5 .

Kn ifetr imm ing was a v ery r are ly u sed t echn ique, o ccurr ing o n on ly 4% o ft he c lassif ied s a mp le .

Procedure u sed i n g a ther ing t he d ata The d a ta were e xpressed i n t wo ways: 1 .

t he n u mer ica l t otal o f s herds.

2 .

t he t ota l d egrees o f c ircu m ference r epresen ted ( i .e. t he s um o f t he d eg rees o f c ircu mference r epresen ted b y e ach s herd ) .

Tab le 2 :

Cast le S i te K i ln Wasters:

B ase Measure men ts

Base 1 S ub types

Base r ad i i ( cm )

b y F abr ic

3

4

5

E

2 1 1 580°

1 12 8 335 °

F

1 7 2 120 o

2 6 1 795 o

( 1)

6 7 4 645 °

6

n u mer ica l % 7

8

Tota ls % c ircu mference

3 1 40 °

2 03 1 4700 0

2 7 0°

7 3 5 995 °

4 9.6 5 1 .7

( 2 )

( 3 )

E

4

1 1 00°

1 4 9 45 o

7 040

F

3 3 80 ° 2 6 20 °

E

o 4 30 9

1 2 00

1 7 1 405 °

1 5 8 55 o

5 2 40 o

1 2 00

5 4 85 o

1 00 6 45

1 80 °

5 7 5 645 °

2 59 1 9710 °

5 70

0

2 04

0

1 3555

3

o

1 05

4 4

o

1 .4 4 4 .6 6 4 1.4

3 005 ° 1 70

8 6 75°

2 16 1 4050 0

. 9

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T he s econd me thod i s more a ccura te i n t he s ense t ha t t he r ad ia l measuremen ts o f l arger s herds a re more r e l iab le t han t hose o f sma l ler s herds wh ich may r epresen t ad istor ted p ar t o f t he p o t .

N ever the less, b o th methods o f

c a lcu la t ion y ielded c o mparab le r esu l ts, w i th n o s ta t ist ica l ly s ign if ican t d iff erences.

T o f aci l ita te c o mpar ison w i th o ther d a ta , t he r esu lts o f t he n u mer ica l

me thod w i ll b e t hose r eferred t o i n d iscussion o f t he ma ter ia l . T he b ases, a ll o f B ase F or m 1 , were s ub-d iv ided i n to 5 c a tegor ies: 1 .

F la t b ases w i th s igns o f w ire r e mova l .

2 .

V ery s l igh t ly c urved b ases w i th s igns o f w ire r e mova l .

3 .

F la t b ases w i th s o me t races o f h and smooth ing .

4 .

V ery s l igh t ly c urved b ases o f e xcep t iona l t h inness, l ess t han 6 m m t h ick a t t he b asa l a ng le .

5 .

B ase s herds t oo f rag men tary t o c lass ify . T hese c a tegor ies w ere s ub-d iv ided a ccord ing t o t he p resence o r a bsence

o f k n ife t r imm ing ( M36) o n t he wa lls.

T hese s u ms h ave b een t rea ted a s p ar t

o f t he t ota ls, b u t a re a lso n oted s epara te ly i n p aren theses. men ts i n c a tegor ies 1 -4 were u sed i n t he t abu la t ions;

On ly t he measure-

t hese f or med a s a mp le

o f 5 56 b ases. V ir tua l ly a l l ( 94% ) o f t he b ases a re f l a t w i th j ust o ver h a lf o ft hese s how ing t races o f w ire r e mova l.

The a verage b ase s herd r epresen ts 7 1° o f c ircu m-

f erence , a nd s o i s l arger t han t yp ica l s herds f ro m S ta mford o ccupa t ion ma ter ia l .

T he a verage b ase r ad ius i s v ir tua l ly i den t ica l f or b oth F abrics E

a nd F ( E 4 .4 cm , F4 .5 cm ) . T he c lear ly d ef ined c ircu m ference f or med b y t he u pper t ip o f t he r im f l ange e nab led more p rec ise measure men ts t o b e made f or r i ms t han f or b ases. As a mp le o f 7 69 r i ms was c lassif ied i n to 1 6 s ub-d iv isions.

The s ize r anges

o f a l l o f t he d if feren t c a tegor ies s how s im i lar s ing le b el l c urves, w i th t he a verage r ad ius v ary ing b e tween 5 .2 a nd 7 ,7 cm .

N one o f t he d if ferences b e-

t ween s pec if ic r im f or ms was s ta t ist ica lly s ign if ican t .

The p ropor t ion o f

F abr ic E t o Fi s c o mparab le f or b oth r i ms a nd b ases ( E 5 52 : 4 29 :

F2 44 v s. E

F 1 37 r espect ive ly ) , w i th t he d egree o f d if ference n ot s ta t ist ica l ly s ign i-

f i can t . T hus t he p roduc t ion o f t he C ast le k i ln c o mp lex ma in ly c o mpr ised f a ir ly s tandard ised c ook ing p ots w i th h igh s hou lders a nd f l a t b ases, w i th a f ew more e labora te ly d ecora ted v esse ls , g enera lly l arge F or m 2 1 s torage v esse ls. T he ma ter ia l i s d is t inc t ive i n i t s t echn ica l d e ta i ls:

t he f la t b ases, f o lded

r i ms , whee l- made h and les, smeared h and le j o ins, t refoi l s pou ts, M69 t humbed s tr ips a nd r ed-pa in ted d ecora t ion .

C onsider ing t he v ery l arge q uan-

t i ty o f s herds r ecovered , t he v ir tua l a bsence o f g laze s uggests t ha t t he t echn ique was o n ly r are ly u sed . N o s herds i n F abr ics E a nd F f ro m o ccupa t ion ma ter ia l d if fer s ign if ican t ly f ro m t he f or ms a nd t rai ts d ef ined b y t he C ast le s i te wasters .

These f abr ics t hus s ee m u n iquely l i nked w i th t h is o ne p roduct ion .

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The F abr ic-Produc ts ( F ig . 9 , n os. 1 -5 , 8 -21 , 2 3-4 , The F abr ic H w asters d if fer f ro m t hose i n F abr ics E a nd F , n ot o n ly i n f abr ic , b u t a lso i n f or m a nd d ecora t ion .

A l though a f ew F abr ic H s herds a re

o ver-f ired many o f t he m a re u nder-f ired a nd s of t , c apable o f b e ing s cra tched b y af i ngerna i l .

Th is t endency i s n ot n o ted i n F abr ic E/F .

P e trolog ica l ly ,

F abr ic H i s r e la ted t o F abr ic E/F , t hough i tc on ta ins a h igher p ropor t ion o f l arge , r ounded q uar tz i nclusions ( s ee T ab le 1 3) .

F abr ic H b ases a re s l igh t ly

c onvex ( Type 2 ) a nd t h icker t han t hose o f F abr ic E/F .

The r im f or ms a re

s o mewha t d if feren t a s more i n F abr ic H e ver t w i th a p ronounced c oncav i ty t o t he u pper s urface o f t he f l ange ( For m 3 c ook ing p ots) .

F inal ly , c o mpara t ive ly

many F abr ic H r i ms a re d ecora ted a round t he t ip o f t he r im f l ange w i th t he s a me s i mp le d ia mond p a t tern r ou let te ( M 1 .15 ) . amo n g t he n u merous s herds o f F abr ic

E/F .

N o r ou let ting h as b een n o ted

S evera l s herds o f F abr ic H b ear

sma l l s p lashes o f y e llow G laze 4 , l i ke t ha t o n F abr ics E a nd F . Among t he sma l l n u mber o f F abr ic H s herds o n ly c ook ing p o t a nd b ow l r i ms h ave b een d ef in i te ly i den t if ied .

H owever , o ne l arge , t h ick , s l igh t ly c urved

b ase f rag men t ( F ig . 9 , n o. 5 ) s uggests a s torage v esse l ( For m 2 1 ) . o r h and les h ave y e t b een f ound .

N o s pou ts

There a re t oo f ew b ases k nown t o e stab l ish

t he f requency o f k n ife t r imm ing , t hough t he t echn ique s ee ms r are .

The sma ll

s a mp le a lso p rec ludes a ny c onc lusions a bou t t he a bsence o f a pp l ied d ecora t ion . The e x ist ing F abr ic H s herds t hus s ee m o f as l igh t ly d if feren t t rad i t ion t han t he F abr ic E/F g roup , a nd n ot made b y t he s a me p ot ters. F abr ic H i s s carce ly k nown f ro m o ther o ccupa t ion ma ter ia l a nd t he f ew r i ms a re a ll c o mp arab le t o t hose f ro m D i tch B a nd P a l isade C . h in ts a t al im i ted p er iod o f p roduc t ion .

Th is s carcity a t o ther s i tes

I den t ica l s herds a re k nown f ro m

l a ter l eve ls o f t he C ast le s i te , e spec ia l ly s i te EE I I , b u t t hese must b e r es idua l i n t he ir 1 2 th-and 1 3th-cen tury c on tex ts .

The many med ieva l p its a nd

c ons truct ions , i nc lud ing t he l arge 1 3th c en tury mot te d i tch wou ld a ccoun t f or t he r edeposi t ion o f t he s herds. F or ms R epresen ted : A ll F abr ic H 2

2 -07 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 4 ,

3

3 -03 , 0 4 , 0 6, 0 7 . 0 8 , 0 9 , 1 4 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 4 , 2 6

1 2

1 6, 1 9 , 2 1 , 3 8

1 2-33

The Wharf R oad K i ln The S i te The k i ln , e xcava ted b y Mahany i n 1 96 8 -9 ,cou ld o n ly b e e xa m ined i n a smal l t rench ( Mahany 1 969 , a nd f or thco m ing ) . t he k i ln ;

L ayers o f wasters w ere f ound w i th in

f ur ther wasters h ad b een p ressed i n to t he k i ln wal ls.

T he ma ter ia l

s ee med t o a l l b e o f t he s a me p roduct ion a nd w as t rea ted a s as ing le g roup . T he Da t ing The s i te i t se lf p roduced n o i ndependen t a rchaeolog ica l d a t ing e vidence . The a rchaeo magne t ic r eadings a re c onsidered o f h igh r el iabi l i ty ( rel iab i l i ty A ) a nd t hey p lace t he k i ln a s C . 1 020-60 .

H owever , t here a re n ot many c on-

t e mporary r ead ings f or t h is p er iod a nd t he d a te s ee ms s l igh t ly l a te;

4 2

s ty l is-

EE X I I 1 380

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Pot tery f ro m S ta m ford C ast le s i te EE

2 8

2 9

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d itches.

1 380 :

1 . 3 -06

HO , 2 . 3 -06 HO , 3 . 3 -06 HO , 4 . B ase 2 HO , 5 . F or m 2 1 HO , 6 . 3 -05 EO , 7 . 3 -18 EO , 8 . 2 -21 H O , 9 . 2 -07 HO , 1 0 . 2 -10 HO , 1 1. 2 -12+ M1 .3 HO , 1 2 , 3 -24 HO 1 3 .

M1 .3 HO ;

1 382 ;

HO , 1 6, 2 -09 HO , 1 7 . 2 -19 HO , 1 8 . 3 -09 HO .

1 4 . 3 -06 HO , 1 5. 3 -03 1 9 . B ase 2 ( ? For m 2 1 )

HO , 2 0 . M1 HO , 2 1. 3 -21 H O, 2 2. 3 -21 EO , 2 3. Base 2 HO , 2 4. B ase 2 HO , 2 5. 2 -04 EO , 2 6. 2 -27 E O, 2 7 ,

3 -06 F O , 2 8 . 2 -25 EO , 2 9 ,

2 -49 F O , 3 0 . 7 -20 EO , 3 1. 1 2-38 F O , 3 2. M5 AO, 3 3. 3 -01+ Mi AO , 3 4 . 2 -13 DO , 3 5. L i mestonete mpered c ook ing p ot , 4 3

t i ca l ly , t he waster f or ms w ou ld b e p laced i n t he l a te 1 0th c en tury .

o r e ar ly 1 1th

A l though s pecif ic waster t ypes c annot b e c losely d a ted b y c o mpar i-

s on w i th o ccupa t ion ma ter ia l , t he f or ms a nd t echn iques a re g enera lly p ara l le led b y ma ter ia l f ro m t he S t G eorges S treet a nd C o-opera t ive S tore s i tes ( see p p .1 01

f) . S evera l f ea tures d iscussed b e low , s uch a s t he a bsence o f F or m

1v esse ls a nd t he s carci ty o f k n ifetr i mm ing a lso s uggest a d a te b efore t he m id 1 1 th c en tury . The K i ln S tructure ( F ig . 6 ) The Wharf R oad k i ln 5 i s ad if feren t s hape f ro m t he C ast le s i te k i ln , a lt hough i ti s n o b igger .

I ti s c o mparab le t o t he I psw ich k i lns l arger t han

T orksey K iln 2 , ( Bar ley 1 964 , 1 76 ) y et sma l ler t han t he l a ter T orksey K i ln 1 ( i b id ., 1 975 ) a nd t he O lney H yde K i ln ( W i lson a nd H urst 1 96 8 , 2 06-7 ) .

A l-

t hough t he Wharf R oad k i ln was b asica l ly c ircu lar a t g round l eve l , o f max i mu m d ia me ter 2 .6 m , t he s unken c ha mber f l oor w as s ub-rec tangu lar , a pprox i ma te ly 1 .5 m b y 0 .9 m .

Th is c ha mber w as d ug a t l east o ne me tre i n to t he n a tura l

l imestone , wh ich s howed b urn ing t o ad ep th o f s evera l c en t i metres . were c layl ined w i th l arge p ot

The w a lls

s herds p ressed i n to t he s urface t o h elp r educe

s hr inkage o f t he l in ing , ap ract ice a lso f o l lowed i n t he much l a ter S ta mford S choo l k i ln ( s ee p . 5 3 ) , a nd k nown e lsewhere a s a t L averstock , W i ltsh ire ( Musty 1 974 , 5 2 ) .

The f l oor w as n ot c lay l i ned , b u t t h is wou ld n o t h ave b een

n ecessary o ver t he s ol id l imestone. Two b aff le b ars a pprox i ma te ly t wo me tres l ong , o va l i n c ross-section u p t o 1 5 cm w ide , l ay l ong i tud ina l ly a long t he k i ln f l oor . n ot c lose ly p ara l leled b y o ther B r i t ish k i lns.

The Whar f R oad k i ln i s

H owever , i n 1 977 a s im ilar

k i ln was e xcava ted i n D u isburg , wh ich h as b een p ra ris iona l ly d a ted t o t he 9 th o r 1 0 th c en tury f ro m t he waster f or ms.

The k i ln ( Tro mnau 1 977 ) t apered

f ro m a n o va l p lan o n t he s urface t o as ub-rectangu lar , s unken f l oor w i th t hree l ong i tud ina l b aff le b ars.

T he s toke a rea o f t he Du isburg k ilns s ee ms t o h ave

b een d eeper t han t ha t o f t he Wharf R oad k i ln a nd t he e n t ire f l oor s loped s teep ly d own t o t he s ing le f l ue . c u l t .

T h is w ou ld s ee m t o make s tack ing t he k i ln l oad d i f f i-

The f l oor o f t he Wharf R oad k i ln s loped i n t he s a me manner , b u t n ot

a s s teep ly . The i n terna l a rrange men t o f t he Wharf R oad k i ln d ur ing f ir ing i s n ot c lear . A r ow o f p ots c ou ld h ave s panned t he f l oor b ars w i th f ur ther v esse ls l ean ing o n t he o u ter e dge a t a n a ng le.

Above t h is l ayer , as tack o f t he u ng lazed

c ook ing p ots c ou ld h ave b een b u i l t u p .

A l though t he b aff le b ars w ou ld t hus

a id t he a ir f l ow t hrough t he l eng th o f t he k i ln , s uch a n a rrange men t d oes n o t t ake f u l l a dvan tage o f t he b ars.

An a l terna t ive l oad ing method w ou ld u se t he

p er manen t b ars t o s uppor t at e mporary u pper p la tfor m c onsist ing o f s ticks, h eav i ly c lay c overed , p laced c ross-w ise a t i n terva ls wh ich c ou ld b e s panned b y t he p ots .

S uch b ars c ou ld b e a rranged a s r equ ired f or e ach l oad ing a nd

w ou ld b e r e moved af ter t he l ast f i r ing f or u se i n a nother k i ln .

S uch a s truc-

t ure w ou ld e nab le a ir t o c ircu la te much b et ter t hrough t he who le f l oor a rea . T he s toke a rch s urvived , o pen ing t o t he s ou th-sou th-east , c u t i n to t he l imes tone w i th a n o pen ing 8 0 cm w ide a nd 4 5 cm h igh .

The l imestone s howed t he

e xpected s igns o f b urn ing , b ut n ot a ny s er ious d e ter iora t ion .

N o t races o f

a ny s treng then ing e le men ts o n t he c heeks o r u pper a rch w ere n o ted , n or w ere a ny r epa irs a pparen t . 4 4

D esp i te t he c ircu lar p er i me ter o f t he f i r ing c ha mber , t he k i ln s ee ms l ong it ud ina l i n p r inc ip le l i ke t he C ast le k i ln ( see F ig . 6 ) .

The s lope o ft he c ha mber

f l oor p lus t he d irec t ion o f t he b af f le b ars w ou ld c hannel t he h ot a ir t hrough t he l eng th o f t he c ha mber .

Hav ing t he e xhaust v en t a t t he n or th e nd , r a ther t han

c en tra l ly p laced w ou ld f ur ther d raw t he a ir t hrough t he k i ln . w ere n o f rag men ts o ft he s uperstructure i n s i tu

A l though t here

f rag men ts o f s andy c lay w i th

s take o r w i thy impressions w ere r ecovered f ro m t he i n f i l l .

Two p ost h oles

f ound n earby , t o t he n or th a nd west o f t he c ha mber , m igh t r epresen t s uppor ts f or a s uperstructure.

The h o les may , o f c ourse , b e u nrela ted t o t he k iln , b u t

t he p ost t o t he n or th w ou ld b e w e l l l oca ted t o h ave s treng thened a c h i mneyt ype e xhaust v en t . s tructure .

T h is i n terpre ta t ion w ou ld s uggest a f a ir ly p er manen t s uper-

I ft he Wharf R oad k i ln h ad a p er manen t d o me , l oad ing wou ld h ave

b een p ossib le t hrough t he f l ue , t hough t he p rocedure w ou ld h ave b een r a ther awkward a nd s low . f i l led

L oad ing d irect ly f ro m a bove w ou ld e nab le t he k i ln t o b e

more e as i ly a nd t he f i r ing a rea t o b e u t i l ised more e ff ic ien t ly .

The

w ay t he b a f f le b ars e x tend t he f u ll l eng th o f t he Wharf R oad k iln s uggests t ha t t he e n t ire c ha mber w as f i lled w i th p ots, a l though t hose n ear t he f lue w ou ld h ave b een s ub m i t ted t o h igh , p oten t ia l ly d a maging , t e mpera tures.

C onsider ing

t he r e la t ive ly sma l l q uan t i ty o f s uperstructure d ebr is e xcava ted a nd t he s ugg ested s tack ing a rrange men t , t he k i ln i s l i kely t o h ave h ad o n ly a t e mporary r oof . T he P roducts ( F ig . 1 0 ) V isua l c lassif ica t ion a t tr ibu tes t he p ot tery t o F abr ic A , a l though n eu tron a c t iva t ion a na lysis d ef ines t he k i ln ma ter ia l a s ad ist inct ive s ub-group ( see F igs . 4 2 a nd 4 3) . T he v esse ls were of ten p oor ly made a nd t he wa lls a nd b ases a re s o met i mes q u i te t h ick .

The f au l ts i n t he t hrow ing t echn ique may p ar t ly b e d ue t o t he c lay

u sed a s s o me o f t he f or ms made , s uch a s t he F or m 1 7 c ostre ls, w ere q u i te s oph ist ica ted .

Aw ide r ange o f v esse l t ypes i s r epresen ted ( For ms 2 , 3 , 7 ,

8 , 1, 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 5, 1 7 , a nd 2 1 ) ; t he ir r i ms a re n ot v ery s tandard ised . T he most c o m mon v essels a re c ook ing p ots.

Approx i ma te ly h a lf ( 52% ) o f

t he r i ms h ave r ad i i b etween 2 1-3 i nches ( 6 .3-7 .6 cm ) , wh i le

4 3% o f t he b ases

h ad r ad i i b e tween 1 1-2 i nches ( 3 . 8 -5 cm ) ( Mahany , f or thco m ing ) .

The t h ick

b ases a re v ery s l igh t ly c onvex a nd s o me s how t races o f k n ifetr imm ing . T he r i ms a re g enera l ly v ar ia t ions o f s i mp le e ver ted w edges, s o met i mes h aving a s l igh t ly o ver-hang ing b u lbous t ip . S o me F or m 8v esse ls r eta ined t heir s pou ts wh ich a re f a ir ly l arge a nd i rregu lar , a nd s how much h and-s mooth ing , e specia l ly where t hey h ad b een i nser ted i n to t he v esse l wa l l . a nd i nstead l ook s lab c u t .

The f ew h and les f ound w ere n ot wheel- made ,

A t l east o ne was j oined t o t he b ody wa l l w i th t hree

t hu mb impressions ; o thers w ere smoothed o n w i th f i nger smears, t hough t hese d id n ot s how n a i l g rooves a s d id t he C ast le s i te p roduc ts . R oulet t ing o ccurs o n a pprox i ma te ly 5% o f t he v esse ls ( Mahany f or thco m ing ) , a l though t he p at tern i s u sua l ly b lurred b ecause t he whee l was r ota ted wh i le t he c lay was t oo s of t . The d esign was n ot impressed o n t he r im f l ange, a s o n F abr ic H , b u t r a ther o n t he u pper s hou lder o f t he p ot . A l l b u t o ne o f t he r oul e t ted p ieces s how t he s a me whee l p a t tern o f M 1 .11 ( F ig . 7 5).

4 5

The s ole

e xcep t ion i s r im 2 -16 + M 7 .3 ( F igs . 7 6 ; 1 0, n o . 6 ) wh ich i s o therw ise i den t ica l t o t he o ther wasters.

A f ew b ody s herds a nd h and les b ear v er t ica l t hu mbed

a nd a pp l ied s tr ips w ith d eep r ound t hu mbt ip i mpress ions (M64 : n o . 1 6 ) . ( M47 :

F ig .

1 0 ,

One h and le h as a t race o f an arrow a pp l ied s tr ip w i thou t t hu mb ing

F ig . 1 0 , n o. 1 2 ) .

Approx i ma te ly 3% o ft he b ody s herds s how s l igh t

amoun ts o f g laze i n t he f or m o f s p lashes a nd s peck les , t hough n one h as g laze c over ing a l arge s urface a rea ( Mahany f or thco m ing ) . S ince o n ly a sma l l a rea a round t he k i ln c ou ld b e e xcava ted , t he p ot tery may n o t b e t yp ica l o f t he e n t ire p roduct ion . s ee ms s ign if ican t .

S t i l l , t he a bsence o f s evera l t ra i ts

K n ifetr i mm ing was n ot s yste ma t ica l ly u sed a nd b ases

w ere l ef t f a ir ly t h ick .

D esp i te t he v ar iety o f f or ms p resen t , l arge s tra igh t-

s ided b ow ls ( For m 1 )a re n ot r epresen ted .

I ti s s uggested b e low ( p .137 ) t ha t

t h is f or m f i rst a ppeared a t t he e nd o f t he 1 0 th c en tury .

I ti s p ossible t ha t

F or m 1v esse ls were b e ing made a t o ther w orkshops c on te mporary w ith t he Wharf R oad k i ln .

H owever , i ti s more l ikely t ha t t hese v essels w ere n ot y et

c o mmon , a s t he Whar f R oad k i ln d oes n ot s ee m t o r ef lect a s pec ia l ised w orks hop a nd t he l a ter p roduct ion g roups o f c o mparab le s ize i n S ta m ford a ll c ont a in a t l east a f ew F or m 1b ow ls.

A l though t he s p lashed s herds s how t ha t s o me

g lazed v esse ls w ere b eing p roduced , g laze was r are ; g lazed v esse ls were p rob ab ly more c arefu lly f i red t han c ook ing p ots a nd s o w ou ld b e u nder-represen ted i n t he wasters .

F ina l ly , i ti s i n tr igu ing t ha t s o me o f t he v esse ls p roduced ,

e specia lly t he s ha l low b ow ls ( For m 1 5) a nd c ostre ls ( For m 1 7 ) a re s o f ar v irt ua l ly u nknown f ro m o ccupa t ion s i tes. F or ms R epresen ted 2

2 -01 , 0 2 , 1,

1 3 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8, 1 9 , 2 1 , 4 4 , 4 8, 4 9 , 5 0

3

3 -01, 0 9 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 2 1, 2 5, 3 2

7

7 -04 , 0 5

8

8 -05 + S pou t 2 , 1 3

9

9 -05, 0 9 , 1 0 , 1, 1 5 , 1 7 , 3 0 , 3 6

1 1

1-01 , 1 6

1 2

1 2-32 , 3 3 , 3 4, 3 6

1 3

1 3-32, 1 3-35 + S pou t 2

1 5

1 5-02

1 7

1 7-01 + H and le 4 H and le 4

E ast S tree t P i t 1 T he S i te Ag roup o f p roduct ion ma ter ia l was f ound i n ap i t e xcava ted b y G . S i mpson i n 1 963 u nder r escue c ond i t ions.

6

Th is p i t , a pprox i ma te ly t wen ty metres e ast

o f t he 1 963 S chool k i ln , s ee ms t o h ave b een o r ig ina l ly u sed i n c lay p rocess ing . I th ad b een d ug 5 0 cm i n to t he n a tura l l imestone a nd i t s f l a t b ot to m was c overed b y al ayer o f c lay .

The f ea ture s ee ms t o h ave f i lled i n q u ick ly , r a ther t han

b y g radua l d epos i t ion . 4 6

WHARF ROAD K ILN

8

I

\

I

1 0

3

1 2 I R MO

6

1 3

i f

1 6

1 7 1 F ig . 1 0 .

1 :4

1 . 2 -13 AO , 2 . 2 -11+ M1. 7AO , 3 .

2 -16 +Ml . 7AO , 4 .

2 -18 AO ,

5 . 2 -12 A (1 ) , 6 . 2 -16+ M7 .3 AO , 7 . 2 -48 AO , 8 . 2 -21 AO , 9 . AO, 1 0.

1 5-02

F or m 8o r 1 3+ Ml . 7AO, 1 1. Base 2 AO , 1 2. 8 -05+Hand le

t race+ M4 7 A l , 1 3. S pou t 2 AO , 1 4. Hand le 4 +M43 AO , 1 5. Hand le 4 +M17 AO , 1 6 . Hand le 4 +M64 AO .

4 7

The Da t ing The s i te i t se lf p rov ided n o d a t ing e v idence f or t he p i t .

Most o ft he v esse l

f or ms s uggest a m id 1 1th-cen tury d a te , a nd o n ly o ne r im ( P itcher F or m 5 -23 ) r epresen ts a 1 2 th-cen tury f or m .

Thus , a l though n o s ing le p roduc t ion g roup

c annot b e d ef ined f ro m t he p i t ma ter ia l , t he p resence o f wasters s uggests t ha t t he S ta m ford S choo l a rea was b e ing u sed f or p ot tery a ct iv i ty a s e ar ly a s t he 1th c en tury . The P ot tery Mos t o f t he p ot tery was u ng lazed , b u t a t l east t en o f t he f or tyf ive g lazed s herds a ppear t o b e wasters ( S i mpson , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion ) .

S i mpson 's

u npub lished i l lustra t ions s how t ha t t he p ot tery w as n ot a h o mogeneous g roup . Un for tuna te ly , i th as n ot b een p ossib le t o l oca te t h is ma teria l f or e xa m ina t ion , t o c lass ify f abr ics a nd d ist ingu ish wasters f ro m o ccupa t ion ma ter ial . n otes a g lazed s torage v esse l ( 21-09 + M64 ) a s a waster .

S i mpson

A lso, a g roup o f

c ook ing p ots ( o f F or ms 2 -33 , 2 -34 a nd 3 -12 ) may r epresen t wasters a s o ne h ad a w arped r im .

O ther ma ter ia l r ecorded f ro m t he p i t i ncluded s pou ted

p i tchers ( For ms 5 -74 a nd 5 -76 ) a nd sma ll b ow ls ( For ms 1 2-06, 1 2-09 , 1 2-18 , 1 2-33 ) . The 1 911 Greyfr iars H ouse k iln The S i te S i mpson ( f or thco m ing ) n otes t he p rev ious a cc iden ta l d iscovery o f t h is k i ln d uring t he c onstruct ion o f Greyfr iars H ouse , S t P au ls S treet i n 1 911 . f i can t ly , t h is h ouse i s a d jacen t t o

7

S ign i-

The P an t i les ', where a l arge q uan t i ty o f

wasters was f ound i n 1 968. The Da t ing The s i te i t se lf p rov ided n o d a t ing e v idence .

S ty l ist ica l ly , t he s urv iv ing

p i tcher may b e p laced w i th in t he s econd h a lf o ft he 1 1th c en tury a nd f i rst h a lf o f t he 1 2 th c en tury . Kan S tructure When t he k i ln w as d iscovered b y T ebbu t t i n 1 911 , t he d o me was a pparen t ly s t i l l i n tact , s uggest ing a f a ir ly p er manen t s tructure .

Un for tuna te ly , t he k i ln

was n ot s u ff icien t ly d escr ibed a t t he t ime t o e nab le f ur ther d iscuss ion o f i t s f or m . The P ot tery S evera l c o mp lete v esse ls w ere n oted a s b e ing i n t he k i ln a t t he t i me o f i t s d iscovery .

The o n ly c urren t ly a va i lab le f ind f ro m t he s i te i s ac o mp lete p i t-

c her ( 5-36 + Base 2 + S pou t 4 + 2H and le 3 1 G 1 ) . i tm igh t b e ap roduct o f t he k i ln .

A l though i t i s n o t a was ter ,

I t may b e s ign if ican t t ha t s pou ted p i tchers

p redo m ina ted i n t he ' Pan t i les ' g roup , t hough t hey a re o f ad ifferen t f abr ic a nd r im f or m . F or ms R epresen ted :

5 -36 + B ase 2 + S pou t 4 , H and le 3 1

4 8

5 9 , S cotga te T he S i te T he s herds w ere f ound i n t he b ack g arden o f 5 9 S cotga te b y Messrs. Hydes , t he o ccup iers . 8 T he D a t ing S ince t hese f i nds d er ive f ro m t he t opsoi l , t hey d o n ot f or m a s ea led g roup . S ty l ist ica l ly , t he d a te r ange o ft he f or ms c en tres i n t he m id 1 2 th c en tury . T he P ot tery ( F ig . 1 1 , n os . 1 -12 ) T h is r a ther sma ll g roup o f p ot tery d oes n ot i nclude b ad ly d a maged wasters, b u t t he s herds d o n o t s how s igns o f u se a nd s ee m t o r epresen t ap roduct ion g roup . 6 .

The v esse ls a re i n F abr ic G ;

t hose wh ich a re g lazed b ear G laze 1o r

Af a ir r ange o f f or ms i s r epresen ted ( For ms 1 , 4 , 5 , 7 , a nd 1 2 ) b u t t hese

h ave r e lated r im f or ms . ( M44 ) a re p resen t . t r i mm ing .

B oth i ncised wavy l ines o n t he r im ( M19 ) a nd c o mb ing

T he f ew b ase f rag men ts a re c oncave ( Type 2 ) w i th k n ife-

F orms Represen ted 1 1 -23 , 4 5 4 4 -25, 6 0 , 6 2 7 1 2

7 -42 1 2-16 H and les 4 1, 5 2

T he ' Pan t i les ' s i te , S t P au ls S tree t The S i te N u merous wasters w ere r ecovered b y Mahany i n 1 968 f ro m a l arge s toneq uarry p i t i n t he g arden o f 1 969 , 2 34 ).

9

The P an t i les ', S t P au ls S tree t ( W i lson a nd Hurst

P ot tery a c t iv i ty i n t h is a rea i s a lso s uggested b y t he 1 911 d is-

c overy o f ak i ln u nder t he h ouse a d jacen t t o

The P an t i les '

The D a t ing T he s i te i t se lf p rov ided n o e v idence f or t he d a te o f t he s herds. ma ter ia l s ee ms t o r epresen t at ransi t iona l p hase o f p roduct ion .

The

The c lassic

s pou ted p i tcher p redo m ina tes, b u t af ew s herds h in t a t ac hange t o F or ms 6 a nd 2 4 . The f ew t races o f c opper-coloured G laze 3 s uggest e xper i men ta t ion w i th t h is t echn ique a s a t t he s tar t o f i t s u se.

The ma ter ia l i s p ara lleled a t

t he S ta mford C ast le s i te , e specia l ly b y t he p ot tery f ro m f ea tures EE X I 2 74 a nd EE X I 2 72 ( see b e low , p p . 1 18 , 1 20 ) , a nd s ee ms o f mid 1 2th-cen tury d a te. The P ot tery ( F ig . 1, n os. 1 3-29 ) P o t tery f ro m s uch a q uarry i n f i ll n eed n ot b e c losely c on te mporary a nd may c on tain r e-deposi ted ma ter ia l , b u t t he s evera l h undred s herds d o f or m a r e la t ively h o mogeneous g roup .

A l l a re o f F abr ic B a nd a pprox i ma te ly h a lf

a re g lazed w i th t h in y el low G laze 1 .

Th is g laze i s u sua l ly f ound o n t he e x4 9

t enor s urface o n ly , b u t F or ms 1 , 7a nd 1 1 of ten s how g laze o n b oth s urfaces. F our s herds b ear y el low g laze c o loured b y af ew g reen s pecks. The g rea t ma jor i ty o ft he r i ms a re f ro m V esse l F or ms 4 a nd 5 .

I ti s d i f-

f i cu l t t o j udge t he p ropor t ion o f s pou ted p i tchers a s many o f t he g lazed F or m 4r im s herds a re l i ke ly t o b e f ro m t he e qu iva len t F or m 5 p i tchers , w i th s pou t a nd h andle m iss ing f ro m t he s urv iv ing f rag men ts .

The t ota l r ange o f v esse l

t ypes c o mpr ises F or ms 1t o 7 , 1 1 , 2 2 , a nd 2 4 . A l l o f t he b ases a re c urved ( Types 2 a nd 3 ) , w i th k n ifetr i mm ing o n t he u nders ide a nd t he l ower 3t o 6 cm o f t he e x ter ior . a lso s how k n ifetr i mm ing o n t he ir i n terna l s urface .

S o me o f t he b ody s herds T he h and les a re a ll v ery

s im i lar i n s ize , f or m a nd c onstruct ion , b e ing h and-pu l led , s pr ing ing f ro m t he u pper r im s urface , a nd b e ing j oined t o t he b ody b y t wo t hu mb i mpressions ( M42 ) .

S pou ts a re a lso q u i te s tandard ised a nd n ea t ly j o ined t o t he b ody .

On ly

o ne t ubu lar s pou t ( F ig . 1 1 , n o . 2 1 ) w as f ound , wh ich was v ery r ough ly k n ifet r i m med . f or m .

I th as f ew p ara l le ls a nd s uggests a n e xper i men ta l p hase o f t h is

The v ery f ew j ugs ( F ig . 1 1 , n o. 2 0 ) a re b as ica lly F or m 4 j ars w ith a

s l igh t l i p mode l led o n t he r im . The d ecora t ion c onsists o f b oth g rooved a nd a pp l ied t echn iques.

P ara l le l

h or izon ta l g rooves ( M16 ) , e ven ly s paced , a re f a ir ly c o m mon o n F or m 5 , a nd p ossib ly a lso o n F or m 4 v essels.

S o me o f t he f ew l arge b ow ls h ad t hu mbed

s tr ips a pp l ied o n to t he u pper s urface o f t heir f l anges ( M67 a nd M68 ; n o . 2 6 ) .

F ig . 1,

S evera l h and les h ave a pp l ied t wo-str ip S tw ist b ra id ( M51 , a s F ig .

1 1 , n o . 2 3 ) .

One sma l l s herd w i th t h in , s harp , i nc ised d ecora t ion ( M23) may

s uggest s o me s pec ia l p roduct ion , a s i ti s a lso o ne o f t he c opper s peck led s herds.

H owever , i ti s n ot a n o bv ious waster , a nd i n a ny c ase may b e i n-

t rus ive . F or ms R epresen ted 1

1 -19 , 5 3 , 5 5, 5 7 , 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 3

4

4 -01 , 0 2 , 2 3, 2 4 , 2 6 , 3 2 , 4 1 , 4 9 , 5 0 , 5 3 , 6 0

5

5 -01 , 0 2 +S pou t 4 , 2 3 , 3 0 + Hand le 3 5, 6 3 +H and le 3 5,

6

6 -08

7

7 -06 , 2 1 , 2 4

1 1

1 1-05, 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 9 , 2 5

1 2

1 2-19

2 2

2 2-01

2 4

2 4-07 + H and le 4 Hand le 3 6, S pou t 2 0

The Degree o f s tandard isa t ion A sma l l s a mp le o f F or m 4 a nd 5 r i ms w ere measured t o a ssess t he s tand ard isa t ion o f manufacture .

B ecause t he v ar ie ty o fv esse l t ypes mean t aw ide

s ize r ange o f b ases, c o mparab le d a ts were n o t c o l lected f or b ases .

Tab le 4

s hows t ha t t he a verage s herd w as o fo n ly 4 5% c ircu m ference, sma l ler t han

5 0

I

5 9 SCOTGATE \

1I

I L

2

1

I f

1

t

5

)1 6

3

. 1 2 . Q % h ie. 1 0'

i

4

, 1 ,

7 1

t )

8 1

—

' THE P ANT ILES '

1 3

1 :4

2 5

I

1 1 * -

--

i . . . .

-

-

?

2 6

) )

2 7

1 7

\

) r

28

2 9

F ig . 1: 1 . 7 -42 G (1)/ (1) , 2 . 1 -45 G (1) , 3 . 1 -23 GO , 4 . 4 -60 GO , 5 . 4 -60 GO , 6 . 4 -60+ M19 G (1) , 7 , 4 -62 GO , 8 . 4 -25 +M19 GO , 9 . Hand le 5 2+ M44 G1, 1 0 , H and le 4 1+ M42 GI, 1 1 .

1 2-16 GO , 1 2 . Base 3 + M36 GO;

1 3. 4 -60+ m19 BO ,

1 4. 4 -01 B (1 ) , 1 5. 5 -63+Hand le 3 5+ M42 B i , 1 6. 4 -24 B I, 1 7 , 4 -53+ M16 B O , 1 8 . Base 2 + M36 B i, 1 9 . 5 -02+Spou t 4B (1 ) , 2 0 . 6 -08 B i , 2 1. S pou t 2 0 +M37+60 B 1, 2 2 . 2 4-07+ M59 B 1/1, 2 3. 5 -23+Hand le 4 1+ M51 B 1/1 , 2 4 . Hand le 3 5 B (1) , 2 5. 7 -06 B 6/6, 2 6. 2 8 . 1 1-25 B 1/ (1 ) , 2 9 .11-10 B (1) .

1 -62+ M67 B1/1 , 2 7 , 1 -63 B i,

&

e c n

„ ) e ou 3 z 0 E .

G C )

I --

C -

C\ I

C e D

t s

C e

t C l C e

e

C l

C e

o

C D C D L I D

1 1

C D

C Y D

C D r I

o

0 C . C ) e

O

L I Z C S D

0 0 0 1 I

o

L C D L I D

t -

C . -

c l

L S D

r I

ri

1 . 1

0

L C ' e

o

L t e

7 1 '4

1 1

1 1

0

e

E r )

o

0

0 0 C \ 1

C D 0 r I

I n C e

C Z

I n e l

0 0 r I

0 0 r I

C e

C \ 1

c o

i r )

e

C e

1 4 r I

0 1 1

0 L C D 0

C D

C D

0 C . 0 0 r-f C D C S D

C D r I

L I Z r I

0 C \ 1

C \I C V

I n

o C > e

c z

r I

t o

0 I n C e C e

0 u z

T . 1

' The P an t i les ' s i te was ters :

e

0 1 1 " e

O

L I Z

C I

i i T I

I n

i r i

O

0

L C C D

0 0 I n

C D C e

O Z

e

I n

M

0

0 C D C l

0 l le

L C D

4 0 g i l

0 c,

e

O 0

O

0 r i

ri

e

0 C D C 7 D r I

0 r I

C e

e l

0 C D 0 I I

o e c )

0 0 0 0

e

1 I

G O

C .-

e

C l

G O

C . C D

0 I n C \ I L I Z

0

r i

L I Z

0

r I

C \ I

0

0 L C Z

0

r I

C l

L C D I n

0

C D t -

0 0 0 C \I 1 1 0 1 4

C e T I

0 C M

r I

0

C D C • 1 C . -

C CD 1 1 r I

0 C D C . 0

0 C \I C D C e T I

1 I 0 I L I Z

0 0

c : )

I C O .,

e i 0

' 7 1 ' C l

C I C l

I ` 7 M

e I

,t I

r n C e L I D

e I

c d

. 4.,

0

&

t he F abric E/F wasters .

The a verage F or m 4 /5 r im r ad ius was 6 .3 cm .

T hree-quar ters o f t he F or m 4 /5 v esse ls e xa m ined w ere o f F or m 4 -0 1/5 01 , r ef lect ing t he h o mogenei ty o f t he ma ter ia l . 1 963 S ta m ford S chool k i ln T he S ite T h is k i ln , a lso k nown a s t he E lm S t k i ln , was d iscovered i n 1 963 d ur ing t he c onstruct ion o f an ew g y mnasiu m f or S ta mford S choo l a nd e xcava ted b y S i mpson .

1 0

The k i ln l ay j ust w i th in t he med ieva l t own d efences, b eing a pprox i-

ma te ly 1 1 m s ou th o ft he n or th d i tch a nd 2 1 m west o f t he e ast d i tch ( bu t s ee d iscussion p . 1 49 b e low ) .The e xcava t ion p roduced a l arge g roup o f wasters. S i mpson ' si n terpre ta t ion ( f or thco m ing ) d iv ides t he wasters i n to t hree ma jor c a tegor ies , a ccord ing t o c on tex t . A .

The ma ter ia l u sed i n t he k i ln c onstruct ion .

B .

Ad eposi t o f l arge wasters f ro m t he f ina l f ir ing ( Level 3 ) , m ixed w i th t he d e mo lished f ir ing f l oor a nd d o me.

C .

A r ubb le a nd c lay mix ture ( Leve ls 2 a nd 1 ) c over ing L eve l 3a nd c on ta in ing f ur ther , sma l ler w asters.

S i mpson n otes t he a bsence o f ad epos i t b e tween L evels 2 a nd 3 , a nd c onsiders L eve l 2a s ad e l ibera te f i ll ingin o ft he k iln s oon af ter i t s d e mol i t ion , u s ing n earby r ubb ish .

1 1

Thus, t he ma ter ia l f ro m L eve ls 2 a nd 1wou ld b e e xpected

t o b e much l ess h o mogeneous i n n a ture a nd t o r epresen t a mix ture o f p ot tery o lder t han a nd c on te mporary t o t he k iln .

Tha t t he k i ln wou ld h ave b een d e-

mo l ished a nd n ot l ef t t o c o llapse m igh t b e e xp la ined b y t he s a lvag ing o f u sefu l p ar ts o f i t , s uch a s s toke a rch s uppor ts a nd a ny f irebars i n g ood c ond i t ion , t o b e u sed i n a nother k i ln . T he Da t ing T he 1 963 e xcava t ion p rov ided n o d a t ing e vidence , b u t a rchaeo magnet ic r ead ings t aken , o f r e l iab i l i ty B , p laced t he s tructure a s c . 1 200 + 2 0 y ears. T h is wou ld p lace s o me o f t he r esidua l L evel 1a nd 2 ma te r ial i n to t he l a te 1 2 th c en tury a nd s uggests s o me c hange f or m a nd d esign o ccurr ing a t t he t urn o ft he c en tury . T he P ot tery ( F ig . 1 2 ) T he p ot tery i s a l l o f F abr ic B a nd t he ma jor i ty o f s herds b ear c opperc o loured G laze 3 , wh ich h as o ccasiona l ly r educed t o ar ed c o lour .

A lthough

o ver t woth irds o f t he r i ms a re f ro m j ugs ( For m 6 ) , an u mber o f o ther v esse l t ypes a re r epresen ted , ( For ms 1 , 7 , 9 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 2 a nd 2 3 ) . A ll t he v esse ls h ave s l igh t ly c urved b ases ( Type 2 ) w i th s o me k n ifet r i mm ing ; t h is s crap ing was e dge o f t he b ase .

d one w i th a n ear-con t inuous s troke a round t he

N ever the less, t he b ases w ere l ef t c o mparat ive ly t h ick .

The whee l t hrow ing t echn ique i s q u i te g ood w i th n o p ronounced r idges.

The

j ug r i ms c o mpr ise b oth t h ickened c lub-r i ms ( F ig . 1 2 , n os. 2 a nd 5 ) a nd i nt urned wedge f or ms ( F ig . 1 2 , n os . 1 , 6 -7 ) .

The w ide s trap h and les a re v ery

s tandardised i n f or m a nd of ten h igh ly d ecora ted .

S o me s pr ing f ro m t he t ip

o ft he r im , b u t many s tar t s evera l c en t i me tres b elow t he r im ; a l l a re s i mp ly

5 3

smeared o n to t he j ug s houlder w i thou t t hu mb impress ions.

L ips w ere e i ther

f or med i n to a s ha l low C c urve o r a more t igh t ly p inched U s hape .

The d ecora-

t i on ma in ly c onsists o f av ar ie ty o f c o mbed p a t terns ( M27 , 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 1 ) , u sua l ly r estr icted t o t he h and les;

a pp l ied t hu mbed s tr ips ( M68 ) a nd g roov ing ( M16 )

a lso o ccur . L arge Type 1b ow ls a re f a ir ly c o m mon , s o met i mes b ear ing G laze 1 , a nd of ten h av ing t hu mbed a pp l ied s tr ips o n t he r im .

S i mp le b ot t les ( For m 1 8 ) a re

n u merous w i th G laze 3 , t hough n one s ee ms d ecora ted b eyond s o me M16 g roov ing . E igh t c ups a re p resen t , a l l w i th c opper g laze.

The t wo r i ms c a l led l a mps b y

S i mpson a re b et ter c ons idered a s F or m 2 3 t ab le ware , c onsider ing t heir a tt ract ive g reen g laze .

One l i d ( 22-01 ) w ou ld b e s u i tab le f or a c ook ing p o t ,

a l though o thers a re a ppropr ia te f or F or m 2 4 p i tchers .

The p resence o f 2 0

c ook ing p ots ' i s d if f icu l t t o i n terpret a s t hese a re u ng lazed o r h ave G laze 1 . S o me o f t he m c ou ld a lso b e t ab le w are , b u t t he r e ma inder s uggest t ha t s o me S ta m ford ware c ook ing p ots c on t inued t o b e made , a l though man y f ro m o ther s ources w ere a lready i n u se.

The L yvedentype s herds f ound i n t he k i ln f i l l

a re t yp ica l o f t he t ype o f c ook ing p ot r ep lacing S ta m ford ware o n t he Cas t le s i te f ro m t he l a te 1 2 th c en tury . S i mpson d iv ides t he ma ter ia l b y l evels ( Tab le 5 ) a nd n otes a c hronolog ica l d ist inc t ion b e tween e ar l ier , c lubbed-r im b ot t les a nd j ugs ( S i mpsons

Type A ' ) ,

w i th b road C l ips a nd p lain h and les, a nd s o mewha t l a ter e xa mp les w ith i nt urned w edge r i ms, more c o mpact U l ips a nd h igh ly d ecora ted h and les ( S i mpson ' s T ype B ' ) . Th is g enera l isa t ion s ee ms v a l id b ased o n c o mpar isons b etween L eve l 3a nd L eve ls 1 , 2a nd 4 . There i s al ower p ropor t ion o f l arge b ow l r i ms i n L eve l 3 , w h ich m igh t s uggest t ha t t h is f ro m was d ec l in ing .

I n a dd i t ion t o i ncreased u se o f d ecora-

t i on , t here a lso s ee ms a s h if t i n p opu lar i ty o f t he t ypes o f d ecora t ion . Groov ing s ee ms more p redo m inan t i n t he e ar l ier ma ter ia l , a s t yp i f ied b y a n arrow , t ubu lar-spou ted p i tcher f ound i n t he k i ln wal l .

Th is c on trasts w i th

j ugs f ro m L eve l 3w i th c o mbing a nd e specia l ly c o mbed a nd t humbed a pp l ied s tr ips. S o me o f t he v ar ia t ion i n t he 1 963 S chool k i ln p ot tery i s p robab ly t he r esu l t o f f unct iona l r a ther t han c hrono log ical d if ferences.

Mak ing t he h and les s pr ing

f ro m b e low t he r i m wou ld n ot b e n ecessary f or j ugs, b u t wou ld b e e ssen t ia l f or l i dded , t ubu lar s pou ted v esse ls. n o t f i t o ver t he r im .

The o verhang ing f l ange o ft he l id w ou ld

L ikew ise , l i ds w i th v er t ica l c ol lars r equ ire c o mp le men-

t ary v er t ica l r im f or ms. F or ms o ther t han j ugs a nd s pou ted p i tchers a re n o t wel l r epresen ted i n t he k i ln g roup a nd s hou ld n ot a u to ma t ica l ly b e r egarded a s k i ln p roducts . T hus t he o ne u nstra t if ied s pou ted p i tcher r im ( For m 5 ) a nd t he t wo f ro m L eve l 2a re b est c onsidered a s i n trusive . O n t he o ther h and , t he f i ve c ostre l f rag men ts a re more s ign if ican t , c onsider ing t he ir g rea t r ar i ty i n o ccupa t ion ma ter ial .

A r im ( 17-05 ) f ro m L eve l 3r ese mb les t he j ugs, a nd i s p robab ly

p ar t o f t he p roduct ion . The 1 963 k i ln p roduct ion , e ven more t han t he n a ted b y t ab le wares, p r i mar i ly j ugs.

g laze i t se lf i s t h icker a nd b et ter t han t ha t o n t he

5 4

P an t i les ' g roup , i s d om i-

The u se o f g laze i s e x tens ive a nd t he P an t i les ' w as ters.

1 963 SCHOOL K ILN

4

3

F ig . 1 2 :

1 . 6 -25+ M16+Hand le 4 8 B 3, 2 , 3 .

1 2-13 B 3 , 4 .

6 -20+ M16+Hand le 4 8+ M44 B 3 ,

?For m 1 7+ M42 B 3 , 5 ,

6 -20 B 3, 6 . 6 -25+Hand le

5 0 B 3 , 7 . 6 -25+ M75+Hand le 4 8 B 3 , 8 . 1 8-19 B 3. af ter S i mpson .

5 5

1 , 2 , 6 , 7 , 8

Tab le 5

1 963 S choo l K i ln :

s tra t igraph ic d istr ibut ion o f v esse l t ypes ( a f ter

S i mpson ) P i ts a nd Upper D isturbed Vesse l F or ms

L eve ls

1 ,12

2 3(11) 1

2 ,3

L eve ls 1 -

5

2 2 6(9 ) 8

K i ln

2 /3 4 (1) 3

3

Wa ll

1 5(5 )

To ta ls 6 8(26)

4

2 0

5 6A 2

3 4

2

6 3

2

1 9

2

2 7

1 28

7 7

1 03

6B 2

5

9

4

3

1

1 7

2

1

1

1 8

1 0

2 2

3

2 3

1

2 4

1 1

2 2

Decora ted Body s herds

7 4

M57

3

N on-S ta mford Ware r i ms

3

To ta ls

1 93

1

1 4

5 3 6

2

6 1

4

Decora ted Handles

1 0

8 1

9 6 1 2 1 2 5

3

2 1

1 7

3 2

1

1 8

7 9

1 27

4

7 5

2 92

3

1

1

3

1

5

3 04

1 9

2 42

8 1 3 2

7 85

No tes 1 .

N u mbers i n p arentheses i ndica te t hose b ow ls wh ich a re d ecora ted b y M62- M68 .

2 .

S i mpson 's s ub-Type A i s c o mparab le t o F or ms 6 -20 , 6 -22 , 6 -30 , e tc . H is s ub-type B i nc ludes F or ms 6 -25 t hrough 6 -28 .

5 6

F or ms Represen ted 5 5 -03 6

6 -20 + H and le 4 8 , + Hand le 5 0 , +H and le 5 3 , 2 2 , 2 5, 2 6 , 3 0 , 3 2 , 3 3

9

9 -11 , 1 4 , 2 2

1

1 1-15 , 2 5

1 2

1 2-13 , 2 5, 2 8 , 3 7

1 7

1 7-03 , 0 4, 0 5

1 8

1 8-02 , 0 3 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5, 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9

2 2

2 2-01 , 0 4

2 3

2 3-01

2 4

2 4-01 + S pou t 2 2 , H and les 5 3 , 5 5

1 874 S ta m ford S chool K i ln T he S i te A k i ln was e xcava ted i n 1 874 a pprox i ma te ly 1 00 m west o f t he 1 963 k iln .

1 2

T he f ew r e ma in ing n o tes c oncern ing t he d iscovery h ave b een c arefu l ly a ssessed b y S i mpson ( f or thco m ing ) , who c onv incing ly a rgues t ha t t he t wo k i lns were c lose ly r e la ted i n f or m . T he Da t ing The t wo c o ins f ro m t he s i te, o ne o f C onstan t ine ( 330-5 ) a nd o ne a l a te 1 4 th-cen tury French j et ton , a re n ot h e lpfu l i n

d a t ing t he s tructure.

The

amoun t o f s he lly ware a nd t he t ype o f d ecora t ion n oted o n t he S ta mford ware s uggests t ha t t he 1 874 k i ln f i l l may b e s l igh t ly l a ter t han t he wasters e xcav a ted i n 1 963 .

S ty l is t ica l ly , t he s urviv ing v essel a ppears t o b e l a ter t han t he

1 963 S chool k iln p roducts .

H owever , a ny c o m men ts o n d a te must b e v ery

t en ta t ive , c onsider ing t he v ery l im i ted e v idence , a nd o n ly t he r ange c . 1 1701 250 c an b e a ssu med . T he Pot tery I n t he o r ig ina l d iscovery , g reen g laze w as r eferred t o a s b e ing c haracter ist i c , s uggest ing p ot tery i n F abr ic 1 3/C G laze 3 .

Among t he f inds were s herds

w i th "t he v er t ica l d iagonal r ibb ing p ecu l iar t o t he ware" a nd h and les w i th " var ious k inds o f o rna men ta t ion", b oth s uggest ing h igh ly d ecorated wares. T he S ta m ford ware w as a ssoc ia ted w i th c oarse wares, p robab ly r educed L yveden ware , ( " av ery c oarse b lack ware , s o met i mes p ar t ia l ly r ed , b u t a lways s tudded w i th m inu te wh i te s pots — p ar t ic les o f l ime" ) . S i mpson ( f orthco m ing ) a dds t ha t t he p ropor t ion o f n on-S ta m ford ware was p robab ly g rea ter t han i n t he 1 963 k iln f or i tt o h ave b een n oted b y t he V ictor ian o bs ervers. A j ug i n L inco ln museu m ( Hurst 1 957 , F ig . 4 , n o. 8 ) i s t he o n ly p ot S i mpson c ou ld t race t o t he 1 874 e xcava t ion .

E ven t hough t h is v esse l c an b e

l i nked t o t he s i te d escr ibed b y S harp , i tn eed n ot b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he k i ln p roduct ion a t a l l , a s t he "f iner s pec i mens" o f p ot tery were r ecorded a s b eing 5 7

f ound i n an earby wel l , whose r e la t ionsh ip w i th t he k i ln r e mains u nkno wn . The j ug , o f T ype B 3 , i s m iss ing i t s r im , b u t s ee ms t o b e o f F orm 6 -28 , w i th H and le 4 8 .

The v esse l s hows t he c o mb ina t ion o f mu l t ip le g rooves o n t he n eck

( M16 ) , v er t ica l a pp l ied s tr ips, t r iangu lar i n c ross s ect ion ( M54 ) a nd c o mb ing ( M45 ) .

The t hree f ee t ( M5 7 ) a re a lso a d ist inct ive f ea ture.

F or ms R epresen ted :

6 -28 + B ase 2 + H and le 4 8

The 1 874 a nd 1 963 K i ln S tructures ( F ig . 6 ) S ta m ford k i ln t echnology d eve loped s tr ik ing ly i n t he t wo c en tur ies f o l low ing t he Wharf R oad k i ln .

The p r incip le o f ar a ised f i r ing p la tfor m w as e labora ted ,

w i th i t s c onstruct ion f ac i l i ta ted b y d igg ing t he k i ln d eeper i n to t he g round . A dd i t iona l ly , t he f i r ing s pace was g rea t ly i ncreased .

The t wo k i ln s i n t he

S ta mford S chool g rounds , e xcava ted i n 1 874 a nd 1 963 a ppear r ough ly c on te mp orary ; t hey a re a lso q u i te s im i lar i n f or m a nd w il l b e d iscussed t ogether . B o th k i lns w ere o va l-shaped a nd p robab ly o f c o mparab le s ize .

The 19 63

k i ln was o f max i mu m d i mensions 3 .65 m b y 2 .3 m ; t he 1 874 k i ln w as o ver 2 .6 m b y 2 .1 m , i t s f u l l l ength n ot b eing d e ter m ined b ecause i tw as n ot f u l ly e xcava ted .

T he t wo k i lns w ere b o th d eep ly-cu t — t he 1 963 k iln b e ing d ug 1 .5

m i n to t he l imestone , t hus 2 m b e low t he modern s urface , wh i le t he 1 874 k i ln was d ug 2 .3 m b e low t he 1 9 th c en tury g round s urface .

H aving s uch a r e la-

t ively h igh p ropor t ion o f t he k i ln b elow g round p rov ides more i nsu lat ion a nd f aci l i ta tes r oof ing .

S ince t he 1 963 k i ln was d ug i n to l imestone , t he f l oor w as

n o t c lay l i ned , a l though a n a tura l f i ssure w as b locked w i th s herds a nd f ired c lay f rag men ts .

The c lay wal ls w ere r e l ined a t l east o nce .

B ecause t he 1 874

k i ln was l arge ly d ug i n to a f i l ledin q uarry , i t s b ase a nd wa lls w ere c ons tructed o f c lay m ixed w i th l imestone f rag men ts . c lay wh ich b eca me h eav i ly b urn t a t t he b ase .

Th is was t hen l i ned w i th

N o r e l in ings were n o ted a t t he

t i me o f e xcava t ion , b u t t h is n eed n ot b e s ign i f ican t . The s toke p i t o f t he 1 963 k i ln was o r ien ta ted t o t he s ou th ;

ar e in terpre-

t a t ion o f t he 1 874 k i ln b y S i mpson ( f or thco m ing ) p laces i t s s tokep i t a lso t o t he s ou th .

B oth k i lns s howed t he s a me t ype o f r a ised f i r ing p la tfor m o f h or izon ta l

f i rebars s uppor ted o n f our c lay p edesta ls a rranged i n ar ow .

T hese p edesta ls

were v ery f rag men tary i n t he 1 963 k i ln , b u t t races w ere o bserved o n t he k i ln f l oor a nd t he d escr ip t ion o f t he 1 874 k i ln i s f a ir ly c o mp lete o n t h is a spect . I n t he 1 963 k i ln , t he p i l lar r ow r ested o n as l igh t ly r a ised s tr ip o f c lay , e xt end ing f ro m t he c en tre o f t he f i r ing c ha mber n or thwards.

The s ou thern most ,

b est p reserved , p edesta l w as 3 6 cm w ide a t i t s b ase, t aper ing t o 2 8 cm d iameter a t t he s urviv ing h e igh t o f 5 4 cm .

The p i l lars o f t he 18 74 k i ln were o f

c o mparab le d ia me ter a nd i rregu lar ly s paced i n as im i lar r ow , a l though t hey s urv ived t o ah e igh t o f 8 4 cm w i th o ne o f 1 .1 m ( S i mpson , f or thco m ing ) . The p edesta ls w ou ld h ave b een l i nked b y ac en tra l f i rebar w i th f ur ther b ars j oin ing e ach p i l lar t o t he s ide wa l ls.

These f i rebars w ere q u i te l arge i n t he

1 963 k i ln ; t hose f ound w ere u p t o 2 8 cm w ide w i th o ne o r t wo i nner s takes wh ich wou ld h ave b onded i n to t he k i ln wa l l , a s t races o f s takes w ere n oted i n ah or izon ta l l i ne 7 1 cm a bove t he k i ln f l oor .

C lay was u sed t o c onstruct t he

b ars o f t he 1 963 k i ln , t hough t he t ype o f c lay i s n ot r ecorded , n or whether i t was c lay mixed w i th s and .

The b ars o f t he 1 874 k i ln w ere o f c lay m ixed w i th

l imestone f rag men ts, wh ich wou ld h elp c oun ter s hr inkage i n t he p rel im inary

5 8

f i r ing .

Un for tuna te ly , t he s toke a rea o f t he 1 963 k i ln h ad b een d a maged , s o

t ha t i ti s u nclear w he ther s hor t f i rebars w ou ld h ave s panned d irect ly f ro m wa ll t o w a ll t here .

Any s tructure j ust i ns ide t he s toke a rea w ou ld h ave t aken much

s tress f ro m h igh h ea t ( Bryan t 1 977 1 3 , 1 21 ) . The l ack o f p edesta ls n ear t he f l ue s uggests t ha t t h is a rea was n ot f u l ly u t i l ised . The r ecords o f t he 1 874 k i ln a re i nconclus ive o n t h is a spect o f t he l ay-ou t a s i t s s ou th e nd was i nco mp le te ly e xcava ted a nd t he w estern p ar t o f t he k i ln c ha mber was i n terpreted a s t he s toke a rea .

Thus i ti s n ot p ossib le t o r econstruct t he v ery impor tan t f l ue

a rch a nd s toke p i t a rrange men t . E xper i men ta l k i ln r econstruct ions h ave emphasised t he g rea t s tresses imp osed o n t he f l ue a rch a nd t he n eed f or g rea t s treng th t here .

The s im i lar

T orksey K i ln 2 ( Bar ley 1 964 ) h ad t wo q uern f rag men ts f or m ing t he c heeks o f t he f l ue o pen ing .

I n t he 1 963 k i ln , t he l imestone s ur face j ust o u tside t he s toke

o pen ing h ad b een q uarr ied away i n to t wo s ha llow c ircu lar p i ts , wh ich p erhaps h ad c on ta ined s ubstan t ia l s uppor ts t ha t wou ld h ave b een r e moved a nd r eused e lsewhere .

The 1 963 k iln s toke o pen ing was q u i te s hor t a nd c ou ld h ave b een

a rched w i th s tone.

L i mestone r ubb le was f ound d eep i n t he i n ter ior d ebr is ,

b u t t he c ond i t ion o f t he f rag men ts w as n ot n oted .

A l though l imestone w ou ld

h ave b een o b ta ined q u i te e as i ly , i tw ou ld n ot h ave b een v ery we l l s u i ted f or w i thstand ing h igh t e mpera tures f or a ny l ong p er iod o f u se. N e i ther o f t he k i ln s uperstruc tures r e mained i n s i tu .

P ar t o f t he wa l l o f

t he 1 963 k i ln s urv ived a bove f i rebar l eve l a nd c on ta ined l arge b roken s herds p ressed i n to t he c lay s ur face ( W i lson a nd H urst

1 964 ) .

S evera l s tructura l

f rag men ts f ro m t he i n f i l l o f t he 1 963 k i ln s uggest i th ad b een r oofed b y ap ermanen t c lay d o me , a s o ne l arge c lay f rag men t h ad o n ly i t s u pper s urface smoothed , a nd o ther f rag men ts c onsisted o f c lay b u i l t o ver w ickerwork .

The

s ides o f t he s uperstructure c ou ld h ave b een s tab i l ised b y b ank ing e ar th , w asters o r s tony r ubb le a ga inst t he wa l ls, a p rocedure wh ich w ou ld a lso h ave a dded i nsu la t ion .

S i mpson ( f or thco m ing ) s uggests t ha t o ne o f t he c en tra l

p edesta ls c ou ld h ave r i sen t o r oof h e igh t a s as uppor t , b u t t h is w ou ld n ot h ave b een n ecessary a nd w ou ld h ave h indered t he l oad ing o f t he k i ln . The g ap i n t he r a ised f l oor i n f ron t o f t he f l ue w ou ld f ac i l i ta te l oad ing , wh ich c ou ld h ave b een d one b y o ne p erson i n t he c ha mber w i th a nother p ass ing v essels t hrough t he f l ue.

A l though S i mpson c ons iders t he f i rebars a s t oo c urved a nd w ide ly

s paced t o s uppor t t he f i rst r ow o f v esse ls, t he p i tchers c an s pan a g ap o f a l most 1 4 cm a nd t h in c ross s tru ts c ou ld h ave b een b onded b etween t he more s epara ted b ars. NOTES

1 . Ad eta i led s tudy h as b een d one o n t he p roduct ion f ro m a R o man k i ln waster g roup b y Or ton ( 1 969 ) . 2 . A . C lark , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion . 3 . T he measure men ts were made b y AERE Harwe l l a nd c a l ibra ted a ccord ing t o t he c urve o r Da mon , L ong a nd Wal l ish . c a t ion .

A . C lark , p ersona l c o m mun i-

4 . H owever , t he d iff erence b etween F or ms 2 -01 a nd 2 -07 i s j ust w i th in t he l eve l o f a ccep tab i l i ty . A l l d if ferences w ere a ssessed a t t he 5% l eve l o f s ign if icance. 5 9

J urassic: R ivers

C ornbrash

L akes

B l iswor th C lay

Modern R oads

B l iswor th L i mes tone

— — — -R o man R oad

Upper E stuar ine C lay S er ies B asa l I ronstone B ed

P le istocene a nd R ecen t : Dr if t d eposi ts r

A l luv iu m

/ C rossi B ed . /

F en & T errace G rave l : * * *. . . . .. . . .

Upper L incolnsh ire L i mestone

1— F irst t errace

L ower L incolnsh ire L i mes tone

2— S econd t errace

L ower E stuar ine C lay S er ies

H ead

F ig . 1 3

•N or tha mpton S and I ron s tone

The g eology o f t he S ta m ford r eg ion . 6 0

1 :25000

5 . T he d escr ip t ion o ft he s tructura l d e ta i ls o ft he k iln i s d ependen t o n t he f or thco m ing r epor t b y Mahany a nd h er p rel im inary n ote ( W i lson a nd Hurst 1 969 , 2 34-35) . 6 .

T he f ol low ing d escr ip t ion d epends whol ly o n G . S i mpson ' su npub lished i n ter im r epor t o n t he s i te, t hough S i mpson d oes n ot d iscuss t he d a te o f t he ma ter ia l.

7 .

T he f ol low ing i n for ma t ion d epends o n e v idence g a thered b y G . S i mpson f ro m L . T ebbu t t who , a t t he t ime o f t he d iscovery , w as a ssistan t t o t he H . F . Tray len , t he a rch i tect c oncerned w i th t he h ouse c onstruc t ion .

8 .

T h is s i te w as n oted b y S i mpson i n h is s urvey , t hough t he p ot tery was n ot d iscussed i n d eta i l .

9 .

Mahany r efers t o t he s i te a s S t L eonards S treet , wh i le S i mpson r ecords i ta s S t P au ls S treet .

The h ouse a nd g arden c a lled t he

P an t i les ' s tretch

b e tween t he t wo s tree ts, b u t t he h ouse i s c ons idered o n S t P au ls S treet . 1 0. T he f ollow ing d escr ip t ion o f t h is k i ln i s b ased o n t he f or thco m ing r epor t b y S i mpson a nd h is i n ter im n ote ( W i lson a nd H urst 1 964 , 2 94-5 ) . 1 1. T he a l terna t ive i n terpreta t ion , t ha t ma ter ia l f ro m L eve l 2w ou ld c ons ist o f l a ter wasters, i s u n l ikely b ecause t he sma l l s ize o f t he s herds s uggest t he ir e xposure b efore d eposi t ion i n t he k i ln .

A lso , t he k i ln was i n g ood

c ond it ion a nd n ot wea thered , a s i tw ou ld h ave b een i fe xposed f or a l eng th o f t ime.

The 1 874 k i ln i s n oted a s h av ing d e ter iora ted when moistened

b y r ain . 1 2. T he d iscovery o f t h is k i ln i s d escr ibed i n B ur ton ( 1875) a nd S harp ( 1874 ) . Ap hotograph o f t he k i ln was p ub l ished i n Dunn ing 1 936, P la te LXX . F ig. 1 4

Archaeo magne t ic k iln d a tes Re l ia-

N o. o f K i ln Cast le

1 963 S choo l

S uggested d a te

1 9

6 8.6 ° o + 0.9 _

1 5.8 ° + 2.6 ° E

A -

C . 8 50-900 —

2 9

6 7.2 ° + 0.4 ° _

2 8.1 ° + 1.0 ° E

A

C . 1 020_ 1 060

2 6

6 0.4 °

1 3.5 ° E

B -

C . 180-

s ite Wharf Road

b i l ity

s a mp les

1 220 C o mparat ive mater ia l : S ta mford

1 6

6 5°

2 5°

C +

C o-op

c . 1 050100

Layer 8 I psw ich

1 8

6 7°

2 4° E

Cox Lane

c . 8 50150

K iln I

I nfor ma t ion :

A -

D r. A . C lark. a i

CHAPTER V THE MANUFACTURE OF S TAMFORD WARE

THE S OURCES OF EVIDENCE I ng eneral , t he a c t iv i t ies a nd me thods o f med ieva l p o tters c an b e s tud ied f ro m f i ve g enera l , c o mp le men tary t ypes o f e v idence.

E xcava ted r e ma ins o f

k i lns a nd workshops p rov ide i n for ma t ion o n t he s ize a nd s oph is t ica t ion o f t he s tructures. A l though n o p o t ter 's w orkroo m h as b een u ncovered i n S ta m ford , t hree k ilns h ave b een e xcava ted i n t he p ast f i f teen y ears. I n forma t ion f rom S ta m ford c an b e e x tended b y c o mpar ison w i th o ther i ndustr ies. The s econd f orm o f e v idence i s t he p o ts t he mselves, wh ich b ear marks o f t he manufactur ing p rocesses. T he f i red f abr ic p er m i ts s tudy o f t he c lay a nd i t s p rocessing , c olour i nd ica tes t he k iln a t mosphere a nd a nalys is c an e st i ma te t he t e mpera ture r eached i n f i r ing. S ta m ford v essels h ave b een c arefu l ly e xam ined f or manu fac tur ing t races, w ith c olour r ecorded a s n o ted o n p . 1 1. B o th p e tro log ica l a nd n eu tron a c t iva t ion a na lyses h ave a ided u nders tanding o f t he c lay u sed. H istorica l r eferences c an p o in t o u t a c t iv i t ies o f p ot ters , s uch a s r ecords c oncern ing t he o b ta in ing o f r aw ma terials o f c lay a nd f i rewood a s s tud ied b y L e Pa tourel (1 968) . T he t ex ts o f Theoph ilus ( Dodwel l 1 961 ) a nd Eracl ius ( d e B o l lard 1 974) d escr ibe methods o f c lay p repara t ion a nd g laz ing. However, t here i s n o h istor ica l ma ter ia l d irec t ly r eferr ing t o t he S ta mford p ot tery i ndus try a nd ' p ot ter ' p ersona l n ames a nd p lace n ames w ith ' p ot ter ' o r ' c rocker e le men ts a re l ack ing. Modern p ot tery me thods a nd e thnograph ic p ara l lels c an h elp i n terpre te manufactur ing t races n oted i n p ots a nd k i ln s tructures.

Thus, t he S ta m ford

e v idence s hou ld n ot b e s tud ied i n i sola t ion , s ince t he b as ic t echnological p roble ms a re u n iversa l t o p ot ters. O f c ourse , t he s olu t ions emp loyed v ary l i ke a l l c u l tural p rac t ices.

I t i s i mpor tan t t ob e a ware o f av ar iety o f p oss ible

p rocedures t o a vo id a n o vers i mp l if ied i n terpre ta t ion . E xper i men tal r econstruc t ion s erves t o t es t h ypotheses d eveloped f rom o ther s ources o f i n for ma t ion . Quarry ing l oca l c lay , mak ing i m i ta t ion v essels, a nd f i r ing r econstruc ted k ilns c an c lar ify t he most s u itable p rocedures. E xperi men tal work o n k ilnsi h as n ow e s tabl ished u sefu l g enera l p r inc ip les c oncern ing t he ir c onstruc t ion , l oad ing a nd f i r ing. I fa l l t he p oss ible l i nes o f e nqu iry a re c ons idered t ogether , s o me c onc lus ions c an b e r eached a bou t t he methods emp loyed b y S ta mford p ot ters , a l though t he l im i ta t ions o f t he e v idence mus t b e r ecogn ised .

6 2

RA W MATERIA L S The a cqu is i t ion o f r aw ma ter ia ls s hou ld n o tb e u nderest i ma ted i n t he p ot ters ' work c yc le , a s t he f or ma t ion a nd f i ring o f t he p o ts was o n ly p ar t o f t he a c t iv i ty o f a ny w orkshop . f or g laze- making , a nd f ue l .

T he S ta m ford p ot ters n eeded c lay , ma ter ials

C lay The c o mposi t ion a nd p roper t ies o f c lay h ave b een we l l d escr ibed b y S hepard ( 1971, 6 -24 ).

The t wo p o in ts t o emphasise r egard ing S tamford c lay

c oncern c lay t ex ture a nd c olour.

T he v aria t ion i n q uan t i ty a nd s ize o f q uar tz

g ra ins p resen t i s t he p r inc ipa l f actor c aus ing t he d if ferences i n c lay t ex ture , p las t ici ty , a nd t hus w orkab i l i ty . T he c olour o f c lay i s d ue t o i t s i ron c o mpounds a nd o rgan ic i mpur it ies, wh ich a re mod if ied d ur ing f i ring t o c ause t he f inal c olour o f t he p ot .

F ac tors a f fec t ing work ing p roper t ies a nd a ppearance

w ou ld i nf luence t he t ype o f c lay q uarr ied f or u se , t hough t he a ccessibil i ty a nd ownersh ip o f t he c lay s ources w ou ld a lso b e ma jor c ons idera t ions. Var ious c lays a re p resen t i n t he v ic in ity o f S ta mford.

Un fortuna tely ,

d e ta iled g eolog ica l s urveys o f t he a rea a re l ack ing a nd t he g eology o f S ta mf ord h as b een i nadequa tely s tud ied .2 s everal p ossible c lay s ources :

T he g eolog ica l map ( Fig. 1 3 ) s hows

a l luv iu m a long t he r ivers Wel land a nd Gwash ,

a nd e lsewhere J urass ic d epos its o f Grea ter Ool it ic c lay , Upper E stuar ine c lay a nd L ower E stuar ine c lay .

T he map i s o n ly a g enera l g u ide a nd i td oes

n o t s how t he d epos its i n d e ta il .

T hus, c lay o utcropp ings t oo smal l t o a ppear

o n t he map would s t il lb e s uf f ic ien t f or s o me p o t ters ' n eeds. An Upper E stuar ine o r igin c an b e s uggested f or most o f t he c lay u sed f or S ta mford ware , b u t t he s i tes o f e x trac t ion h ave n ot b een i den t if ied . S w inner ton 's a na lyses ( i n Dunn ing 1 956 ) f i rst s uggested a n Upper E stuar ine s ource f or t he c lay.

A l though i ti s n o t c lear w h ich o f t he p resen t f abr ic

t ypes were a nalysed a t t ha t t ime , t he f ine Fabr ics B a nd C s ee m mos t l i kely , a s t hey b est e xh ib i t t he f oss il t races r eferred t o i n h is r eport .

T he Upper

E stuarine s er ies i n S ta mford i s c urren t ly b e ing e xp lo ited f or b r ickmak ing b y t he f i rm o f Wil l ia mson C l iff L td.

On t he western f ace o f t he ir q uarry a t

TF 0 145 0 805 , n ine c lay s tra ta a re a pparen t , f or m ing o ver f i ve metres o f d eposits.

These l ayers w ere s a mp led a nd l a ter e xam ined b y n eu tron a c t i-

v a t ion a na lys is; 3

t wo c lays were a lso e xa m ined p etrolog ica l ly .

d escr ibes t he c lay s tra ta o bserved.

T able 6

Resu l ts o f n eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lyses

a re s u m mar ised i n F ig. 4 2, wh i le t he p e tro logy i s d escr ibed i n Appendix 1 . The n eu tron a ct iva t ion r esu l ts f or l ayers 1 t o 8d o n o t r ese mble t hose o f t he S ta mford f abr ics. However , t h is n ega t ive e v idence i s n o t c onc lus ive , a s n ot e nough i s k nown a bou t p rocesses a f fec t ing n eu tron a c t iva t ion a na lys is, e spec ial ly t he wea ther ing o f l ong-exposed l ayers, t he d egree o f v ar ia t ion w i th in c lay l ayers a nd t he e f fec t o f f i ring. a f fec t t he r esul ts.

F ir ing , i n p ar t icu lar , s ee ms t o

S a mp le 1 f ro m L ayer 5 was e xa m ined microscop ica l ly .

A l though t he g ra in s ize d istribu t ion i s n ot i den t ical t o a ny o f t he S ta m ford f abrics, i td oes r ese mble t he ' background ' f rac t ion o f sma l l g ra ins p resen t i n Fabr ics E , F a nd H ( see b elow p . 6 6 ) .

6 3

Tab le 6

U pper e s tuar ine c lay l ayers a t TF 0 1450805

L ayer

d ep th

1

.0 5.60 m

C o m men ts

S a mp les

DARK GREY

NAA a

im media te ly u nder t he s o i l; c on ta ined

K46

many i mpur i t ies i nc lud ing s harp ,

K47g

f oss i l s he l l f rag men ts ; w ou ld b e K48ß

workab le i f s ieved GREY-GREEN 2

. 60.85 m

3

. 85-1 .2 m

c on ta ined o range a nd f oss i l s he l l l enses

K49?

DARK GREY v ery h eavy , s o l id t exture , c onta ined h ard l u mps s evera l cm a cross o f s a me c o lour c lay MED IU M-L IGHT GREY 4

1 .2-1 .5 m

n o t v ery p las t ic ;

c on ta ined a f ew f oss i l

K50

s he l l f rag men ts

5

1 .5-1 .8 m

MEDIU M-GREY

K51

v ery e ven , s i lty t ex ture , af a ir ly workab le

K52 6

f ee l 6

1 .8-2 .5 m

GREY-GREEN

6

1 .8-2 .5 m

c on ta ined o range-brown l enses a nd s o me f oss i l s he l l BLACK

7

2 .5-3 .2 m

v ery f i ne , s t icky t ex ture , s ee med v ery l ow i n s i lt c on ten t d id n o t m ix r eadi ly w i th

K54

wa ter , wou ld s ee m t o n eed t e mpering BLUISH-GREY 8

3 .2-4 .0 m

s l igh t ly s i l ty t exture , f a ir ly g ood f or

K53

work ing

9

4 .0 + m

WH ITISH BEIGE

K55

v ery e las t ic , b ut f a ir ly s o lid

K56 6

T he r esu lts o f t hese n eutron a c t iva t ion a na lyses a re g iven i n Appendix 2 . S a mp le l ev iga ted b efore a na lys is . A no ther s a mp le o f t h is c lay was h ea ted i n a n e lec tric o ven t o 2 60o C , wh ich c hanged t he c lay c o lour t o ad ark r eddish b rown . S a mp le f i red t o 1 030 o c be fore a na lys is .

6 4

The b e ige c lay ( l ayer 9 ) s ee ms t o b e t he s ource o f Fabr ics B a nd C a nd p robably was a c o mponen t o f Fabr ic G .

F ired b e ige c lay s a mp les a re v isual ly

v irtua l ly i den t ica l t o S ta m ford ware a s c an b e s een i n p la te 1 .

T he n eu tron

a c t iva t ion r esu l ts a re w ith in o ne s tandard d ev ia t ion o f Fabr ic B wasters f ro m t he 1 963 S ta mford S chool k iln a nd t he " Pan t iles ' s i te.

T h in s ec t ion a na lyses

a lso s how t ha t t he c o mpos i t ion o f t h is c lay i s c o mparable t o Fabr ics B a nd C , e spec ia l ly i n t he d ist inc t ive ' background ' o f a ngled q uartz g ra ins a bou t 0 .02 m m l ong. The s ole d if f icu l ty i n p ropos ing t he u se o f t he l ayer 9b e ige c lay i s i t s s ee m ing i naccess ib i l i ty . T o r each i t s d ep th o f f our me tres b elow t he p resen t g round s urface a t t he b r ickworks i nvolves ma jor q uarry ing.

However , i ti s

c br ta in ly p oss ible t ha t t he s tra ta s lope o r t ha t more e rosion h as o ccurred e lsewhere , s o t ha t t h is l ayer c ou ld b e n earer t o t he s urface i n a no ther a rea o f t he t own .

T he g eolog ical map wou ld s ugges t t he a rea n or th o f t he t own a s

al ikely l oca t ion , a l though n o q uarry ing h as b een n o ted t here.

E i ther t h is

c lay was n o t a ccess ible t o t he e arly p o t ters o r i td id n ot a t f i rst f i t t heir n eeds o r s k il ls , f or i t was n o t u sed i n t he f i rst 1 50 y ears o f p roduc t ion . Fabr ic G a ppears t o b e a mix ture o f t wo c lays , o ne o f t he m t he b eige c lay.

I ti s p oss ible t ha t s uch a m ix ture c ould o ccur n a tura l ly , s uch a s i n a

w ea thered d epos i t . T he mix c ou ld a lso h ave r esu l ted a cc iden ta l ly f ro m q uarrying t wo l ayers a t o nce w i th s o me b lend ing o ccurr ing i n t he s ubsequen t p rocess ing.

However , t he m ix ture o ccurs f requen t ly e nough t o s ee m i n ten-

t i onal , a nd v ar ied a s i fp roduced i nb a tches.

T hus t he c lay o f F abric G i s

n ot a s tandard ised m ix a nd t he p ropor t ion o f t he t wo c o mponen t c lays v ar ies , p erhaps r ef lect ing e xper i men ta t ion .

A l though t he c lays a re g eneral ly wel l

b lended , t he d if feren t c lays a re s o me t i mes v isible ( as i n P la te 1 ).

B ecause

t he i ron c on ten t o f t he t wo c lays s ee ms t o d if fer, p el lets a nd c lay l enses f ro m i nco mp lete b lend ing a ppear a s a' marbled ' e f fec t o f p ink a nd b e ige. T he c o mpos i t ions o ft he t wo c lays a lso d i f fer microscop ica l ly , a s o ne c lay s hows s hows t he v ery f ine a ngu lar q uar tz g ra ins o f t he b e ige c lay wh ile t he o ther l acks t h is ' background '.

T h is c lay mix was i n u se f or s everal d ecades i n

t he e arly 1th c en tury b efore t he p ure b eige c lay was u sed f or Fabr ic B : F abr ic G t hen c on t inued t o b e p roduced c on te mporaneously w ith Fabr ic B . I ti s l ikely t ha t t he m ix ture h ad g ood work ing p roper t ies a nd was p erhaps e as ier t o u se t han t he b e ige c lay o n i t s o wn. The p ot ters o f t he e arly Cast le s i te k iln , p roduc ing F abr ics E a nd F , s ee m t o h ave u sed t he c lay wh ich l i es o ver t he l imestone o n t ha t p ar t o f t he s i te.

Th is o range t o l i gh t b rown c lay i s p robably E stuar ine i n o r ig in , b u t

w ithou t f ur ther r esearch i tc annot b e d irec t ly r e la ted t o a ny o f t he l ayers o f t he b r ickworks s i te.

A l though n o p ar t ic le s ize a nalys is o f C ast le s i te c lay

h as b een d one, t he k i ln wa l l a nd p roduc ts were e xa m ined. c lay i s f a irly s i l ty a nd i s mixed w ith s andy l enses.

The C ast le s ite

I t s q uarry ing would

c ause a n a tural m ix ture o f t hese l ayers a nd r esu l t i n v ar ied t ex tures s uch a s a re o bserved i n t he f i na l p roducts.

Th is s a me v ar ia t ion i n t exture i s

a pparen t i n t he C as t le k iln wal l i t sel f w i th s treaks o f d if feren t c lays l enses v isible u nder t he m icroscope.

T hus t he p ar t ic le s ize a nalys is o f t he k iln

w a l l ( Table 7 ) must b e u sed w ith c au t ion a s t he r esu l ts w ou ld d if fer e lsewhere i n t he wa l l .

T he Cast le s i te wasters v ary v isual ly , p e trolog ical ly ( see Table

7 ) a nd i n t he ir n eu tron a ct iva t ion r esul ts ( see Append ix 6 5

1 ),

Desp ite t h is

T able 7

Quartz i nclusions i nF abr ics E , Fa nd H T ota l

Fabr ic S a mp le

% Quar tz b y f rac t ion

Quar tz

FI

2 1

FI

0 .02-

0 .05-

0 .05 m m

0 .07 mm

> 0 .07 m m ( % >0.3 m m )

2 5

3 2

3 4 3 0

2 7

4 1 4 3

( 7) ( 4 )

FI I

3 2

3 0

2 7

4 3

( 3)

EI EI

2 9

2 4

2 8

2 7

1 8 1 7

5 8 5 6

( 5) ( 9)

HI

4 7

3 4

1

5 5

( 15)

HI

2 6

1 9

1 9

6 2

( 19 )

K i ln wa l l

3 0

4 8

4 7

( 2 )

3 5

2 0

2 9

( 0 )

5

Br ickworks L ayer 5

5 1

C lay

d iversi ty , Fabrics E , F , a nd H a re c learly r ela ted t o t he k iln l i n ing a nd p oss ibly t o t he b rickworks l ayer 5 c lay .

T he k ey t ra i t t hey s hare i s t he

p resence o f many a ngu lar q uar tz g ra ins , m ixed w ith t he s ub-angular g ra ins. These a ngu lar g ra ins a re l arger t han t hose i n t he b eige c lay o f F abrics B , C , a nd G ; t hey a re n o t f ound i n Fabr ics A a nd D . The h istory o f c lay e x trac t ion o n t he C ast le s i te r e ma ins o bscure, t hough t here a re many p i ts d ug i n to t he c lay n ear t he k iln , a nd s o me q uan t i ty o f c lay would h ave b eco me a va ilable w i th t he d igging o f t he e nclosure d i tches o n t he s ite. A t h ird c lay s ource was u sed f or t he Whar f Road k i ln p roduc ts.

The ir

f abr ic i s r ela t ively c oarse a nd v ar iable i n t ex ture, a nd macroscop ically i s c lassif ied a s Fabr ic A .

P etrolog ical ly, t he f abr ic i s o n ly s l igh tly d if feren t

t o o ther s herds o f F abric A ( see g ra in s ize a na lyses Append ix 1 ) .

However,

t hese k i ln p roduc ts c an b e c learly s epara ted b y n eu tron a c t iva t ion a nalys is f ro m t he r est o f t he S ta mford ware, s ince t hey f or m a d ist inc t c luster w i th ah igh l an thanu m c on ten t c o mbined w i th a r ela t ively l ow e urop ium c on ten t ( see F ig. 4 3) .

T h is c luster c on trasts w i th t he l i near d istr ibu t ion o f t he o ther

s a mp les a nd s uggests t ha t t he p o t ters u sed au n ique c lay s ource , n o t o f E stuar ine o r ig in . p ossible ;

A s uper f ic ia l d epos it , p erhaps o f P le istocene o r ig in , i s

i tn eed n o t h ave b een e xtens ive.

T hus t here a re a t l east f our d if feren t c lay s ources f or S tam ford ware : ( 1 ) t he c lay o f Fabr ics B , Ca nd t he r ela ted F abr ic G t he Cast le s i te p roduc ts E , Fa nd H , p roduc ts.

( 2 ) t he c lay u sed f or

( 3 ) t he c lay o f t he Wharf R oad k iln

( 4 ) t he c lay u sed f or t he p roduc ts i n Fabr ic D a nd t he r e ma in ing

s herds o f Fabr ic A . - The p rov ision ing o f c lay n eeds t o b e r el iable , s o as upp ly w ou ld b e c on t inual ly o n h and w ea thering. T he v olu me o f c lay wou ld n ot b e t oo g rea t ,

6 6

a l though i t s we igh t i s i nconven ien t t o t ransport .

A t yp ica l c ook ing p o t r equ ires

ac lay c ube a pprox i ma tely t welve c en t i me tres a cross a l low ing f or s o me w astage ,4 s o t ha t a t l east 10 00 s uch p ots c ou ld b e made f ro m a c lay l oad o f a1 .2 me tre c ube , w e igh ing a l most t hree t onnes. n eed n o t h ave b een e x tens ive.

Thus t he a rea o f c lay p i t t ing

C lay c ou ld h ave b een o bta ined n ear t he p ot ters'

w ork a reas i n t he e arl ier p art o f t he i ndustry , a s s ee ms l i kely f or t he Cas tle s i te a nd Wharf Road p ot ters.

Bu t l a ter , w ith t he n eed f or g rea ter q uan t it ies

o f c lay , a nd t hus p robably t he n eed t o o b ta in ma ter ials f ro m o thers, s o me r egu la t ion wou ld a ppear.

E lsewhere, d ocu men tary e v idence f or c lay e x trac-

t i on c ons ists o f ' c lay r en ts ' o r l i cences t o d ig. a s e arly a s Do mesday .

S uch f ees h ave b een r ecorded

L e Pa tourel ( 19 68) d escr ibes t he v ar ious a rrange-

men ts p oss ible a nd t he r ange o f c harges.

For e xamp le , t he 1 3th-cen tury

p ot ters a t C rocker ton , were c harged e i ther 4 d o r 2 d ay ear f or t he ir c lay d ep ending o n whe ther i t was f ro m t he ir l ord 's l and o r t he ir o wn . C lay q uarry ing s ee ms t o h ave r ese mbled s tone q uarry ing w ith i nd iv idua l p i ts r a ther t han a v ery l arge o pen f ace ( Beresford a nd Hurst 19 71, 16 ). P i ts a re n oted a s s quare ' wel ls ' f our f eet s quare, o r l ong n arrow d itches, t hough l arger p i ts a re a lso k nown ( Le Pa tourel 19 68 , 14 ).

A l though much

l a te S axon a nd med ieval q uarry ing h as b een r ecorded i n S ta mford , t h is was t o o bta in l imestone f or c ons truc t ion o r i rons tone f or smel t ing. The a bsence o f r ecogn ised c lay q uarr ies o ther t han o n t he Cas tle s i te i s n ot t oo s ign if ican t , a s t he b ack f il led p i ts a re n o t n o t iceable u n t il e xposed i n e xcava t ions. One a rea a pprox i ma tely s even k i lo me tres ( 4 .5 m iles ) s ou th o f S ta mford d oes s how e x tens ive s igns o f c lay q uarry ing.

Many p i ts o f o ne t o t wo me tres

b y t hree t o s ix metres a cross a nd t wo metres d eep a re v is ible i n Bedford P ur l ieu woods ( TF 0 400 ) w here t he c lay i s f a irly o range a nd s andy .

T he

d is tance t o S ta mford wou ld b e f eas ible f or t ransporta t ion i ft he c lay was v a lued b y t he p o t ters o r was more e as ily e x tracted t han t he n earer c lays. H owever, i ts ee ms more l i kely t ha t t he work ings b elong t o t he e x tensive R o man p ot tery i ndus try o f t he N ene v a l ley , whose k iln s i tes a re much c loser. The c lay t ypes o f t he S ta m ford p o t ters c an t hus b e g enera l ly d ef ined , b u t t he s peci f ic a reas o f q uarry ing r e ma in u n iden t if ied.

Much d eta iled work w ou ld

b e n ecessary t o make c lay s ource a t tr ibu t ions more s pec if ic , b u t s uch r esearch i s h indered b y t he l ack o fb as ic g eologica l d a ta f or t he a rea. Quarry ing w i th in t he t own d oes n o t s ee m t o h ave b een f orb idden , j udg ing f ro m t he amoun t o f s tone e x trac t ion n oted. F uel Wh ile t he p ot ters t he mselves would b e i nvolved i n t he c ho ice o f c lay , t he s upp ly ing o f f ue l c ou ld b e d elega ted , c er ta in ly a s t he workshops b eca me i ndustria l ised .

N earby f orests b o th n orth a nd s ou th o f S ta m ford c ou ld e as ily

h ave s upp l ied t he n ecessary wood ; l oca l ly a s a l terna t ives.

n e i ther p ea t n or c oa l was a va i lable

I ti s n ot c lear whether c er ta in t ypes o f wood were

p referred o r whe ther c onven ience a nd c ost were more i mpor tan t .

C harcoa l

f ro m t he Cast le s i te k iln i nc luded f rag men ts f ro m l arge o ak t imbers.

A t

t he n earby med ieva l p ot tery c en tre a t L yveden , N or than ts., c harcoa l o f h aw thorn a nd o ak was f ound i n t he a sh o f t he t i le k iln ( Bryan t a nd S teane 1 975 ).

As t he o ak was f ro m a p iece a pprox i ma tely 1 5 cm i n d ia meter , t h is

6 7

s uggests t ha t l ogs a s w el l a s f aggo ts w ere u sed w hen a va ilable.

Av ar iety o f

woods ( oak , w i l low , h azel , a nd b irch ) was r epresen ted i n t he c harcoal f ro m t he med ieva l L averstock , Wil ts. k i lns ( Musty 1 974, 5 6 ). The s heer q uan t i ty o f wood n eeded c ould b eco me a d isadvan tage f or a t own-based i ndustry .

L e Pa tourel ( 1968 , 17 ) r efers t o a1 4th-cen tury

e xa mp le where 1 000 f aggo ts w ere n eeded f or f i r ing t en t i le k ilns , w h ich c o mpares w i th t he amoun t u sed i n t r ia l f i rings.

Musty ( 1974, 5 6 ) q uotes t he

e xper i men ta l k i ln a t Wa t t isf ield a s u s ing s ix ty t o o ne h undred f aggo ts, wh ich e nabled a t e mpera ture o f 1 000°C. t o b e r eached .

T he B oston t r ia l k iln Iu sed

4 0 c wt . o f f uel , b ut B oston I u sed o n ly 9 c w t. a nd Bar ton o n ly 4 .5 c wt.

The

1 971 d ouble-f lued Barton k iln u sed 7 c w t . o f w ood i n t en h ours o f f i r ing. T hese amoun ts r epresen t as ign if ican t r equ ire men t p er y ear , o fg rea ter c ost t han t he c lay .

T he p ay men ts made b y t he Crocker ton p o t ters s how t he e xpen-

d i ture o n w ood was c ons is ten t ly h igher t han t ha t o n c lay , a l mos t t w ice a s much ( Le Pa tourel 1 968 ,1 23 ). T he w r i t ten r ecords a re n a tura lly l ess l i kely t o r efer t o t he sma l l s u ms o f i nd iv idua l p ot ters t han t o l arger s u ms , l u mp p ay men ts t o b e d iv ided b e tween t he l oca l p o t ters.

S uch r eferences c er ta in ly d o n o t i mply t ha t p o t t ing was

t hen a c o m muna l a c t iv ity , b u t o n ly t ha t at o ta l s u m was e as ier t o r ecord. T he t hree e arl iest r eferences t o f ees , i n D o mesday Book , l i st B ladon , Oxon . ( ? e leven p ot ters ), Hasf ield , G los. ( f ive p o t ters ), a nd Westbury , Wil ts. ( ? t wen tytwo p ot ters ) a s p ay ing 1 0s., 3 s.8d., a nd 2 0s. r espect ively ( Le Pa tourel 1 968 , 1 04, 1 23 ).

F ive a nnua l p ay men ts r ecorded b efore 1 250

r eg is ter 8 1-11d. p er p o t ter ( i b id., 1 23 ).

T here a re s o me s igns o f p ar t t ime

p o t ters among t he C rockerton t enan ts a nd i n l a ter e n tr ies. T he c lay a nd f uel p ay men ts d o n o t s ee m t oo l arge c o mpared w ith t he f ina l p r ices c harged f or t he p o ts.

A t 1 3th-cen tury p r ices t he f ees wou ld b e e qu iv-

a len t t o 4 0-80 v essels p er p ot ter a n r( i ia l ly .

O ther p a t terns c erta in ly e x isted ,

s uch a s a t Worcester c i ty c . 187 where s ix p o t ters a s t enan ts o f t he b ishop e ach o wed 8 d. f or t he c lay a nd t wo p o ts e ach w eek ( i bid., 1 23 ) w h ich s ee ms ah eavy o bl iga t ion . Once t he c lay a nd f i rewood w ere o bta ined , t hey r equ ired s torage s pace o n t he s i te , af ac t n o t a lways a pprec ia ted.

T he c lay c ou ld b e l e f t t o wea ther

i n a n e xposed s po t , p referably i n s o me s ort o f w ooden e nclosures.

F irewood

n eeded a s i mp le s hel ter f ro m r a in . Red Pa in t T he r edd ish-brown c olour o f t he p a in t f ound o n s o me e arly S ta mford ware v essels i s p resu mably d ue t o t he p resence o f i ron ;

t hough i t was t oo

t h in t o s ub m i t t o t he t ype o f s pec troscop ic a na lyses u sed f or g laze a nalyses. T he p a in t i s s l igh t ly o paque , s uggest ing t ha t i ron h ad b een mixed i n av ery t h in c lay s l ip .

T hus t he o n ly r aw ma ter ial n eeded was i ron .

I ron I ron o x ide c ould e as ily h ave b een o b ta ined f ro m r ust o r p erhaps f ro m waste p roduc ts o f t he l oca l i ron-work ing i ndus try , wh ich e x isted a t a n e arly d a te.

The q uan t i t ies i nvolved wou ld h ave b een smal l , u n l ikely t o p ose a ny

p roble m o f s upp ly .

6 8

G laze N o s ingle method o fg laze a na lys is i s t o tal ly a dequa te, a s t here a re a lways t wo q u i te d if feren t p roble ms t o b e o verco me. F irst , e arly g lazes a re n ot a bso lu tely h o mogeneous , s o t ha t t he ir c o mpos i t ions v ary s o mewha t w ith in e ach m il l i metre o f t he s urface. S econd , d uring t he f i r ing a nd f or ma t ion o f ag laze, c o mp lex c he m ica l r eac t ions o fg laze a nd s herd f abr ic c ause t he movemen t o f many e lemen ts i nc lud ing s i l ica . S pec troscop ic a nalyses o f ten t rea t t oo sma l l as amp le a rea t o e stabl ish a r epresen ta t ive, a verage r esu l t , y et s uch a s can o f as herd s ec t ion i s t he b est way t o s how t he v ar ia t ion b etween g laze a nd s herd. C onversely , a na lyses wh ich r equ ire a l arge s amp le o f g laze g round o ff t he s herd w i l l more a ccura tely r epresen t t he p roport ions o f e le men ts i n t he g laze, b u t c anno t s tudy t he z one o f i n terac t ion w ith t he c lay . Musty a nd T ho mas ( 1962 ) a t te mp ted t o u se s pec troscop ic a na lyses a s a n a id i n s ource i den t if ica t ion .

P owders o f g laze a nd f abr ic w ere a rced s epar-

a te ly a nd t he ir s pec tra r ecorded.

T he t hree S ta mford e xamp les a na lysed

c anno t n ow b e c onclus ively c lass if ied f or f abr ic a nd g laze. However, t he d escr ip t ions o f S amp les 3 3 a nd 3 4 a s g rey t o b uf f i n f abr ic w ith y el low-green g laze o n b o th s urfaces s trongly s uggests e i ther F abr ic A o r D a nd G laze 4 , a s w ou ld a lso b e l i kely f ro m t he ir T het ford p rovenance. T he s herd ( Samp le 3 5 ) f r o m Peveril , D erbysh ire , was o f c reamy-wh i te f abr ic w i th p a le y el lowg reen g laze , wh ich p resu mably ma tches t he v essel ( Fabr ic B G laze 1 ) f ro m t ha t s i te n ow i n Derby Museu m . T he a na lyses s howed t ha t b oth l ead a nd s i lver w ere p resen t i n n o t iceably l arger q uan t it ies i n t he g lazes t han i n t he f abr ics.

T hus t hose S ta m ford g lazes w ere l ead-based a nd n ot t he much r arer

a lka l ine g laze. 5 T he amoun ts o f af ew o ther e le men ts w ere s l igh tly h igher i nt he g lazes t han i n t he f abr ics —crom ium , t i tan iu m , c alc ium , s od ium , z ircon iu m , n ickel , a nd p o tass iu m—bu t n ot s uf f ic ien t ly s o a s t o s uggest t ha t t he ir a dd it ion was i n ten t iona l .

B o th S tamford a nd Andenne wares d i f fer f ro m

t he o ther g lazes a nalysed b y l ack ing t i n i nb o th f abr ic a nd g laze.

T here d oes

n o t s ee m a ny g rea t v ar ia t ion w ith in t he S ta m ford s amp les , a l though S amp le 3 5 ( ? B 1 ) h as s o mewha t more i ron , magnes ium , a lum in iu m a nd manganese i n i t s g laze t han i t s f abr ic , wh i le t he o ther t wo ( ? A 4o r D4 ) h ave g laze t o tals f or t hese e le men ts l ess t han o r e qua l t o t he ir f abr ics. Ac o mparable method o f a na lys is h as b een emp loyed b y t he C en tre d u r echerches a rcheo log iques medieva les ( C.R .A . M.) u nder t he d irec t ion o f Professor M. d e B ofard a t t he Un ivers i ty o f C aen . A s amp le o f S tamford ware ( a Fabr ic B G laze 1 waster f ro m t he e ar ly 1 2th-cen tury d epos i t o n ' The P an t iles ' s i te ) was c o mpared t o o ne o f t he e arly g lazed s herds f ro m Doue-la-Fon ta ine a nd a no ther o f e arly B eauva is g lazed ware. T he f i rst d if ference n oted b y d e Bo l lard ( p ersona l c o mmun ica t ion ) was t ha t t he c o mposi t ion o f t he S ta m ford g laze h as a c loser r ese mblance t o i t s f abr ic t han t he o ther g lazes h ave t o t he ir f abr ics. He c ons iders t ha t t h is s im i lar ity i s p robably d ue t o as tronger d i f fus ion o f e le men ts; s ince t he S ta m ford g laze was t h innest.

t h is i s l i kely

S econd , t he c oncen tra t ion o f a lka l is

( ca lc ium , s od iu m , p o tass iu m ) i s h igher i n t he S ta mford g laze t han i n t he s herd , af ea ture l ess n o t iceable i n t he o ther g lazes. However, mos t o f t he s herds a nalysed b y Mus ty a nd T ho mas ( 1962, 4 6-8 , n o te 2 8 ) s how t h is s ame f ea ture , s o t ha t i ti s n o t a t a l l p art icular t o S tamford o r e ven E ng l ish g lazes.

6 9

A l l o f t he S ta m ford s herds a na lysed h ave b een s hown t o b e l ead-based , a nd s o c ons ist o f ar andom n e twork o f s i l ica a nd o xygen .6 S uch a l ead g laze c ou ld h ave b een p roduced b y e arly p o t ters i n t wo d if feren t ways , e i ther b y a pp ly ing l ead o n i t s o wn , o r b y u s ing a l ead a nd s i l ica m ix . T o a t te mp t t o d ist ingu ish b etween t hese t wo me thods, b oth w ere c op ied e xper imen tal ly u s ing t able ts o fb e ige S ta mford c lay f ro m l ayer 9 a t t he b r ickworks q uarry. I n t he f i rst me thod , p ot ters s i mp ly a pp ly a metal o x ide , h ere l ead, w h ich a c ts a s af l ux t o l ower t he me l t ing p o in t o f t he s i l ica p resen t i n t he c lay o f t he p o t .

Th is f used s i l ica t hen f or ms t he g laze.

T he l ead c an b e a pp l ied a s

p owder o r i n al i qu id s uch a s wa ter, f l our a nd wa ter, o r c lay s l ip .

I n ac lay

s l ip , s o me a dd it iona l s i l ica w ould b e o bta ined f rom t he c lay c omponen t. T h is me thod , l ack ing a dded s ol id s i l ica , i s t ha t d escr ibed b y E racl ius ( pf c olor ibus e t a rt ibus R o manoru m , 1 1 .3 ; De B o l lard 1 974, 6 1-9 ). I n t he f i rst S ta m ford e xper i men ta l t ablet , wh ite l ead ( l ead c arbona te ) was m ixed w ith wa ter a nd a pp l ied b y b rush o n to t he l ea ther h ard c lay.

A f ter f i r ing t o 1 030°C.,

t he r esu l t w as a v ery g lossy , p a le y el low g laze , v isual ly v irtua l ly i den t ica l t ob u t s l igh t ly t h icker t han S tamford g laze t ype 1 .

I t was s l igh t ly c razed a s

a re many o f t he t h icker S ta m ford g lazes. A s econd t r ia l p iece w as made w ith t he l ead m ixed i n ah eavy s l ip made f ro m t he b eige c lay. T he r esu l t w as a more o paque y el low g laze, n o t r ese mbl ing a ny o f t he S ta mford g lazes. However, t he u se o f a more d i lu te s l ip r e ma ins a p oss ible p rocedure o f t he S ta m ford p o tters.

T he l ead-on ly g laze me thod i s l i kely t o h ave b een t he most

c o mmon t echn ique i n t he e ar ly med ieval p er iod a nd i s s uccessfu l o n d if feren t c lays.

D e Bo l lard h as s hown e xper i men ta l ly t ha t E racl ius ' r ec ipe w il l p roduce

as a t isfac tory g laze a nd h e c ons iders t he Doue a nd Beauva is g lazes a s f ormed i n t h is way ( De B o l lard , p ersona l c om mun ica t ion ). Another med ieva lg laze t echn ique , a s d escr ibed b y T heoph ilus, c ons isted o f s pread ing a c o mbina t ion o f s i l ica , a s c rushed s and o r f l in t, a nd l ead o n to t he p ot .

These i ngred ien ts c ou ld f i rst b e f r it ted b y mel t ing t hem t ogether,

t hen g r ind ing t he r esu l t a nd a dd ing t he p owder t o wa ter o r s l ip . At h ird e xper i men tal g laze p iece was made u s ing c rushed f l in t f r it ted w i th t he l ead a nd m ixed i n wa ter.

The r esul t ing t h ick o paque wh ite s urface h ad a ma t t

f i n ish a nd was u n l ike a ny S tamford g laze. N ever theless, De B o l lard h as s uggested ( De B ol lard e t a l . 1 969 , 11 8 ) t ha t S tamford g laze was made b y t h is s econd me thod , u s ing f r i t ted l ead s i l ica te , u n l ike t he g lazed a na lysed f ro m Doue a nd Beauva is. H e b ases t h is c onc lus ion o n t he f ac t t ha t t he S ta mford g laze was much l ess s o luble i n n i tr ic a c id t han t he t h icker Doug a nd Beauva is g lazes.

He p roduced a s imilar i n-

s olub i l i ty e xper i men ta l ly b y f r it t ing , m ix ing s od iu m s i l ica te w ith g round l ead.

However, a dd it ion o f s i l ica a nd t he r a ther c o mp l ica ted p rocess o f

f r it t ing s hou ld n ot b e c ons idered a s h av ing b een u sed a t S ta mford w ithou t s tronger e v idence , e spec ia l ly s ince b o th t he t r ia l g lazes a nd t he s pectroscop ic a nalyses s uggest t ha t n o e x tra s i l ica was a dded t o t he g laze ( see T able 9 ) . N ot e nough c o mpara t ive a na lyses h ave b een d one t o s upport t h is p art icu lar i n terpre ta t ion o fg laze i nsolub il i ty i n n i tr ic a c id . T he t h ickness o f t he g laze, i t s method o f a pp l ica t ion a nd t he n a ture o f t he c lay a re l i kely t o a f fect t he d egree o fb ond ing b e tween t he g laze a nd t he f abr ic. T he t h ickness o f t he g laze may b e t he c ruc ia l f ac tor a s t he S tamford g laze was t h inner t han t he

7 0

t wo F rench o nes , a nd t he t h inner t races o f g laze o n t he i n terior o f t he Beauva is s herd were a lso q u i te d if f icu l t t o d issolve.

S econd ly , t he Doug

p o t tery s hows t iny s urface p i t t ings f ro m t he r eac t ion o f g laze t o f abr ic a s wou ld b e p roduced i ft he l ead h ad b een a pp l ied a s p owder wh ich h ad n o t b een s uf f ic ien tly g round.

T he me thod o f a pp ly ing p owdered l ead c ou ld w el l p roduce

c he m ical r esul ts d if feren t f ro m l ead a pp l ied i n al i qu id , a s t he p resence o f wa ter wou ld r esu l t i n much more mobi l i ty a nd d ifus ion o f e le men ts a nd s o p erhaps a s tronger b ond.

F ina l ly, t he c lay u sed f or Fabr ic B h as q uartz

v ery e ven ly d istr ibu ted i n t he f abr ic , i n t he f or m o f t he many a ngu lar g ra ins l ess t han 0 .02 m m l ong ( see p .

8 ) .

Thus t he s i l ica i n t he S ta mford s herd

may b e i n af or m f ac il i ta t ing a s trong c he m ica l r eac t ion .

S uch a l terna t ive

e xp lana t ions f or t he i nsolub il i ty o f t he S ta mford g laze i n n i tr ic a c id mus t b e c ons idered more l i kely t han t he u se o f f r it ted g laze b y t he p o t ters. F urther g laze a na lyses h ave b een u ndertaken a t t he Depart men t o f Geology, Un ivers i ty C o l lege L ondon , 1 .

7

t o i nves t iga te t he f ol low ing q uest ions:

A re t here a ny ma jor d if ferences i n c o mpos i t ion b etween t he d if feren t t ypes o f S ta mford g lazes a s d ef ined v isua l ly?

A re t hey a l l l ead-based

g lazes ? 2 .

D oes t he a bsence o f t in n o ted b y Musty a nd T ho mas a pp ly t o a l l o f t he S ta mford g lazes , s erv ing t hus a s ad iagnos t ic f ea ture?

3 .

Wha t e v idence i s t here f or t he i n ten t iona l a dd i t ion o f c olouran ts?

S pec if i-

c a l ly , was c opper u sed t o f or m t he g reen o f G laze 3 , a nd was i ti n f luen t ia l Table 8

G laze S amp les Ana lysed

S amp le

C on tex t

R e marks

I

D i4/4

EE X I 2 2

b ody s herd f ro m s ide o f Form 1 o r 2 1

I

A i5/5

EE I

b ody s herd f ro m s hou lder o f F or m 5 ,

8 0

s evera l p ronounced b rown ish s treaks i ng laze I I

Gv ii6

EE X I

2 8

b ody s herd f ro m F or m 1 v esse l w ith M62

r y

C v il

EE X I 2 72

k n ifetri m med b ody s herd , For m 5 o r 7 ;

V

B i2/2

FE X I 2 72

g laze s l igh tly c razed

b ody s herd p robably f ro m For m 7 , g laze e x tre mely t h in

V I

Bv i3

EE I V 1 25

s herd f ro m n eck o f F or m 6 , g laze t h ick a s v essel was f i red u ps ide d own

V I I

t r ia l p iece

b e ige E stuar ine c lay was f or med i n to ar ec tangular s a mple a nd a m ix ture o f l ead a nd wa ter was b rushed o n ; s a mp le was f i red t o 1 030 ° C .

7 1

t he

. 0 1

r I

e N 7 14

C

r n

c i ) 7: 2 1 c a

" t t

S a mp le F abr ic

S pec troscop ic a na lyses o f S tamford g lazes

C D

Y

N

C Z L C Z

C 9 , 1 4

0 0

' 7 1. 1 C D

1 1

C . C D

C O C Z

L C D ` e

C O

C O C Z

L C D r i

o o c q

t c q

c e c e

c q u p

t o c o

C l

O D 1 1

C D

C . 1 . 1

C . C V

L C D C I D

7 1 ' C V

C D C Y )

C D 1 0

1 1 1 . 0

N C . 0

G O 1 1

c r ) N C 1 1

m o te4 c o C O 0 0 1 I C l 1 1 e

r I •

N r I

O D C D

7 1 '

C O U Z

di C . 0

c . 0 C Z

el

C D

r I L O

t r . 1 00 r 4

C D t

1 1 CO

C D ce

C O e

C . - L D C O e ce tc e

0 0

1 1

r I 00 ▪ C • I

1 1

r I

L I Z

L C Z C D " ' "" C D

e C D

C D C . 0 CO

0 0 0 0 C D

c r ) C M C O

0 . 3 C D

C V

' Z 1, 0 CO 1 1 r 4 ▪ L CD

t o C O 1 1

L C D O D C 9

Cl L I D 1 1

L D

C C C O

c n L I D

L . C D U D CO I1 r I

C ) C O

L I D C O

L C D L f D

0 0

L C D

L C D

0 " 3 L f D

C D

7 t4 L CD LZ I CO

'e CO

L S D

1 4

U Z

e

e CZ

C D

L I D

C l N

C D r I r 1

C O C D

C . C O • 7 1 •1

C C ) N

C D C D

C l 00

00 CI

C D C ' 4, C T >

"e t-

r I 1 1

r I C l

L I D e '

0

Cl

C O

1 1 C O

C O N

00 ce

C . -

1 . 1

CD ce

1 1 t-

N C l

Cl ce

C l t-

Z

OO r 4

1 i r f

CO t • -

C D

t 1 1 C . 0

to m . 11 C Y ) C D C D

e t° 0 0 C l C O t • •

o C O GO

c o 0 0 0

Cl CD C . 0

C .t --

I n ri

C l 11 I n 00

CV 00

c o

t o

C l c e

c o

0

0 L C D

( D c o

o ) c m

C O C l

e

ri

C l

L I D

C D

t - 0 c z oo o o t G O C D

N oo C . -

te e I C )

C D L C D o re

r I tC

C l C r z 00 c i e

C D C O C l

1 1 C D N t -

e

C ' D L C D

N C D

bC s -

C D C l

ZO OD

71 '

Gyz

0 0 U Z r i

C 9 C l

7 14

o

7 t4

c q

C D

C l L I Z

C D

oo

0 0 L C D 1 1

C l

c o

c o

C l

t c e ce m t. '` e

e C C

r 4 C r 1

CZ C Z C l m

co i

r f

C e

CO •

C D i

C D C O

L O

0 L S D C . -

L / D C l

Cl r I

0 N C . -

N

CO •

0 C D r I

C l

' e r i

C 9

C D L I D r I

N L C L Ö C O C O

0 0 C . 0 0 C D N CO

0 0 C c i

` e 1 1

1 1

C D C D 7 14 C D

e l

r I

C D C D 7 14 r I L I D

` e

e

L I D

' e

L I D

7 1

C l

c e

. . : 11

r I

C l

ce

C Z I C ) C l

C O

r 4 d

e

c ea)

e C D 1 4

O D 0 0

C l

C l

1 4 C O

7 14

b -

co r 1

Cl

c • i. 4

C l

Cl

c e

c e

C . ;

0

G N i

4

e

r I

C l

C l

CO

ce

u p

t o

C C

u ,

7 2

6, 4

r I

Cl l

7 14

C . )

' 7 1,

C O

r i C Z

1 C V 4

C O

C l C l

0 0 C Z

C O CO

C I n

L C D C M

1 . 0 0 0 e i

C ' Z C . 0

,

14

C O

0 0

1 4

C \ I

C l

e c . 1c o 0 0

0 0

C l

0 0 C D

C D C S D

M t " C . S D

N C Z

N U Z

C l C / 0

1 4

C

N

C l

c . 0 N

c o e

N C e j

c , . 0 C l •

1 1

1 1

0 )

0 0

C . 0

I n

C O C \ 1

0 0

C D

1

7 t, r I L C Z I C D

e o t -

e N c ic : )e z c o c o e r I

b i z

C • 1 C • I

1 1

1 1

• I S D

C Z C D

C L f C C

C D L C D L Cl L O

C l

C l

e

C O

e c o 7 t, c r • J ec \ i Nc . i 7 1,

C O

C l

C

C

M t i

C O

L C l

c r j CO C l

c d j C Z C O

C D C . 0

C O

C . 0

0-3 C T Z

t • n eco e e

N

C

C

c .0

N

C

t C

o c o

• o N N c o N e C l i n c z rI C O MM -

1 1

CD UZ

7M

1 1

e

7M

CZ

O D

0 C . C l

0 C V 0

Dep th a s measured i n m i l l ime tres f ro m t he g lazed s urface o f t he s amp le .

C X D

c o

N C . ,0 C l C l

N 1-1

c z

V D C l

0 0

0 0

c . 0

o Cl c m c o r z

C . 0

N

C O U Z r I

C I : ,

C D U D

C O

C V

r

C l

C O

I ,M M

C q C\ I C\ 1 Cq Cq

S amp le F abr ic

T ab le 9 ( con td .)

C . C )

C O

C q

1 1

Cl

CZ

7M

LC

• C D C

C YD CZ • m 4

7d i

7 3

i n c olour ing G laze 2 ? C ou ld t he p resence o f c obal t a ccoun t f or t he b lu ish-grey c olour o fG laze 2 ? 4 .

Wha t e le men ts a re p resen t a s ' impur it ies ' i n t he g lazes ? C ou ld t hese b e u sed t o i den t ify S tamford g lazes?

5 .

How c losely d oes t he e xper i men ta l g laze a pprox ima te t he a c tua l S ta mford g lazes?

6 .

T o wha t d egree c an t he t echnology b e r econs truc ted?

I n p ar t icu lar, d oes

s i l ica a ppear t ob e a dded a s p ar t o f t he g laze? 7 .

How h o mogeneous i s aS ta mford g laze w ith in i t s t h ickness ?

8 .

How much move men t o f e le men ts c an b e d etec ted b etween f abr ic a nd g laze?

The me thod o f a na lys is emp loyed i sb ased o n t he s pec troscop ic p r inc ip le o f i den t ify ing e le men ts, b u t u ses a s omewha t d i f feren t p rocedure t han a na lyses u s ing p owdered s amp les. A t h in s ec t ion o f t he s herd i s made a nd t h is f la t s ec t ion moun ted a nd s canned , t he r ad ia t ion b e ing r ecorded e ither a t s elec ted p o in ts o r a long c on t inuous l i ne. Th is method i s p art icularly u se fu l a s t he e xac t s pot t o b e a na lysed c an b e c hosen o n ag rea t ly magn if ied p ic ture o f t he s l ide.

Due t o t he l im i ted a va ilab il i ty o f t he e qu ipmen t , o n ly s ix s herds w ere

c hosen f or a na lys is , o ne f ro m e ach v isua l g laze c a tegory.

Thus t he s a mp les

r epresen ted t he f u l l r ange o fg lazes a nd a lso c overed a w ide t ime r ange o f manufacture. A s ec t ion was a lso made o f t he s uccessfu l e xper imen ta l g laze p iece o f S ta mford b e ige c lay.

A s er ies o f p o in ts was c hosen f or a nalys is

w i th t he f i rst p o in t w i th in t he g laze a nd s ubsequen t p o in ts a t i n tervals o f 0 .3 t o 1 .0 m m t oward t he c en tre o f t he s herd. T he r esu l ts r ecorded i n T able 9 e nable mos t o f t he r esearch q uest ions t ob e a nswered. The t ota ls o n t he c har t a re r ela t ive r ead ings wh ich c an b e u sed t o c o mpare w ith in o ne s a mp le o r f ro m o ne s amp le t o a no ther ;

t hey c anno t b e c onverted t o a bso lute amoun ts.

A lso , b ecause t here i s a lways s o me g enera l r ad ia t ion n o t f ro m t h e s a mp le , l ow n u mbers n eed n ot i nd ica te t ha t t he e le men t i s p resen t i n t he s amp le. The l evel o f ' background ' r ad ia t ion v aries f or e ach e le men t a nd t he r esu l ts b elow t h is l evel , i nd ica ted i n p aren theses, s hou ld b e i n terpreted a s s how ing o n ly a n egl ig ible t race o r a bsence o f t he e le men t . A l l o f t he S tamford g lazes s ee m b as ica l ly t he s ame i n c o mpos i t ion , a t l east f or t he e le men ts a nalysed . A l l a re c learly l ead-based, a s t he l ead c on ten t o f a l l t he g laze s amp les i s v ery h igh. T here was a s l igh t amoun t o f t i n r ecorded i n a l l o f t he S ta mford w are g lazes, t hough n o t i n t he f abr ics, b u t t hese w ere o n ly t races, b arely a bove t he ' b ackground ' l evel .

F urther

c o mpar isons o f S ta mford g laze t o o ther c on temporary g lazes wou ld b e n eeded t o s how i ft hese l ow S tamford r esul ts were s ign if ican t , whe ther t he S ta mford l ead s ource was l ower i n t i n t han o thers o r w hether t i n was a dded i n ten t iona l ly b y o ther c en tres. T he h igh c opper r ead ing f or S amp le V I ( Fabr ic B G laze 3 ) c on f ir ms t ha t t he e le men t i s r espons ible f or t he g reen ish c olour o f t h is g laze. I td oes n ot s ee m a n i n ten t iona l c olouran t i n a ny o f t he o ther S ta m ford g lazes, wh ich h ave much l ower amoun ts o f c opper.

T h is s amp le a lso d i f fers f rom t he r es t

i nh av ing s o mewha t h igher q uan t it ies o f i ron i n t he g laze a nd t he f abric n ear

7 4

t he g laze.

T h is ma tches t he v isua l e v idence , a s b rown ish s pecks a re s o me-

t imes v is ible among t he g reen c opper f l ecks i n p oorly g round e xamp les o f G laze t ype 3 . The efec ts o f c opper a nd i ron o n S ta m ford g laze were a lso v er if ied e xper i men ta l ly . At ablet o f l ayer 9b e ige c lay was c oa ted w i th a l ead i nw ater s olu t ion w i th c opper a nd i ron f i l ings a pp l ied o ver t h is, wh ich r esu l ted i ng reen a nd b rown s peck l ing. c olouran t , s uch a s c oba l t .

T here i s n o e v idence f or a ny o ther a dded

The r e ma in ing t race e le men ts i n t he g lazes s hou ld b e c ons idered a s i mpurit ies i n t he l ead , a nd l ead d epos its o f g a lena ( l ead s ul f ide P bS ) a re e spec ia l ly l i nked w ith s i lver , z inc a nd c opper. T he c hrom iu m , t i n a nd c obal t a re p resumably a lso n a tura l i nch is ions f ro m t he l ead s ource.

I ti s

s ign i f ican t t ha t t he t r ial g laze , u sing a modern , r ef ined l ead , l acked a l l o f t hese e le men ts.

T he p otass ium s ee ms t o o r ig ina te p r i mar ily f ro m t he f abr ics

a s i ti s p resen t i n v ary ing amoun ts w ith in most o f t he s herds a nd i n c o mparable q uan t i t ies i n t he ir g lazes. Apart f ro m t he a bsence o f t race e le men ts, t he e xper i men tal g laze i s s im i lar t o t he S ta m ford o nes.

I t s h igh l ead c on ten t i s c o mparable,a l though

t he l ead o ft he t r ia l g laze may n o t h ave d i ffused i n to t he c lay t ablet a s d eep ly a s d id t he S ta mford l ead i n to t he s herds. T he s i l ica c oun ts o f a l l s even s amp les s how l ower q uan t i t ies i n t he g laze t han i n t he f abr ic , a nd o f ten a d ec l ine i n s i l ica j ust u ndernea th t he g laze. T h is wou ld s ugges t t ha t t he S ta m ford g lazes, l i ke t he t r ial ( Samp le V I I ) d id n ot h ave s i l ica a dded t o t he g laze, b u t w ere i ns tead f or med f ro m t he s i l ica i n t he s herds. t he v isual e v idence f ro m t he e xper i men ta l p ieces.

T h is v er if ies

T o a ssess t he h o mogene i ty o f aS ta mford g laze , ac on t inuous s can was made w i th in t he g laze o f S amp le I( D 4 /4 ) f or t he e le men ts l ead a nd i ron . B o th v ary g radual ly o ver s evera l m il l i me tres b y a t l east a f ac tor o f t wo. T hus , r esu l ts f ro m a ny o ne i nd iv idua l p o in t s hou ld b e i n terpre ted c au t iously a nd f u ture r esearch p rogram mes s hou ld r ecord a s many r esul ts a s p oss ible. A s econd c on t inuous s can , d irec ted f ro m t he g laze o f t h is s herd i n to t he f abr ic s hows t he l ead c on ten t d rops d rama t ica l ly a t t he i nner e dge o f t he g laze a nd t he e le men t p ene tra tes l ess t han 0 .03 m m i n to t he f abr ic. The i ron c on ten t v ar ies more g rea t ly a nd more f requen tly w i th in t he f abr ic t han i nt he g laze , a l though b oth a re a t l ow l evels. Ano ther s can f or l ead f ro m g laze i n to f abr ic o f S a mp le V I ( Fabr ic B G laze 3 ) s hows c o mparable r esu l ts. T able 9 s uggests t ha t e le men ts c an move f urther i n to t he f abr ic , u p t o 0 .6 m m f rom t he g laze e dge , e spec ia l ly i n F abr ic G ( Sa mp le I I ). T he mot t led G laze 2( S a mp le V ) s hows a n e nr iched l ayer a pprox ima tely 1 .3 mm f ro m t he g laze a na lysis , t hus 1 .1 mm b eh ind t he g laze e dge. I ft h is g laze h ad b een s ub jec ted t o i n tense h ea t wh ich c aused v ola t isa t ion o f t he l ead , s uch move men t o f e lemen ts w ou ld b e e xpec ted. The ma in c onc lus ions a bou t S tamford g laze c an n ow b e s ummar ised. A l l o f t he g lazes u sed w ere s i mp le l ead-based o nes.

A l though t he o n ly i n-

t en t iona l c olouran ts w ere c opper a nd p oss ibly i ron , b oth p resen t i n G laze 3 , v ar ious o ther e le men ts o ccur i n s l igh t amoun ts i n a l l o f t he g lazes, a s i mp ur i t ies i nt he l ead . Apar t f ro m t he g reen o f G laze 3 , a l l o f t he v isua l d i f ferences i n t he S tamford g lazes a re d ue t o :

7 5

1 .

g laze t h ickness, wh ich i s af unc t ion o f i t s a pp l ica t ion ,

2 .

t he efec t o f t he p ar t icu lar c lay u ndernea th , a nd

3 .

t he a t mosphere a nd t e mpera ture o f f i r ing.

The l ead g laze was p robably f or med b y a n a pp l ied l ead a nd wa ter o r d ilu te c lay s l ip s olu t ion , a nd i ti s most u n l ikely t ha t a ny s i l ica was a dded . T hus t he o n ly r aw ma teria ls n eeded f or S ta mford g laze mak ing w ere l ead , c opper a nd p oss ibly i ron . L ead T he l ead s ource n earest t o S ta m ford was D erbysh ire. L ead e x trac t ion t here i s d ocumen ted a s e arly a s t he 9 th c en tury , wh ile D o mesday B ook n o tes p lumbar iae a t A shford , Bakewel l , C r ick , Me tesforde ( Ma tlock ), a nd Wirkswor th ( Loyn 1 962, 10 3 ). However, i ti s a lso q u ite p oss ible t ha t t he S tamford p o t ters d id n ot u se t he n a tura lg a lena , b u t r a ther s crap l ead mel ted d own . There would b e n o t echn ica l p roble ms i n r eus ing l ead.

8

D e Bo i lard ( 1974, 7 4 )

d escribes h ow a French c oun trys ide p o t ter p roduced l ead f or g laz ing d ur ing World War I f ro m mel t ing p la tes o f o ld c ar b a t ter ies. L ikew ise , Mus ty ( 1974, 5 5 ) r efers t o t he Verwood , Han ts. p o t ters who o b ta ined l ead wel l i n to t h is c en tury b y p urchas ing s crap l oca l ly . A l though s crap l ead c ou ld h ave s uf f iced f or t he e arly p roduc t ion p hase w hen g laze was r are , al arger a nd more s teady s upp ly w ou ld h ave b een n eeded b y t he 1th c en tury.

I th as b een

s uggested ( Musty a nd T ho mas 1 962, 4 9 ) t ha t s older o r p ewter ( 20% l ead ) c ou ld b e u sed t o p roduce med ieval g lazes.

A l though t h is c ou ld a ccoun t f or t he

e x tra t in f ound i n most med ieva l g lazes , i tw ou ld n o t s erve a s as ource f or t he S ta m ford g laze w i th i t s l ow t i n c on ten t. A s ar ough e st i mate , a pprox ima tely 1 00 g ( 3 .5 o z ) o f l ead w ou ld s erve t o g laze o ne j ug , s o a bou t 2 0 k g ( 4 4 l b ) wou ld b e n eeded f or ab a tch o f 2 00 j ugs. r efers t o ag laze m ix b ased o n 1 00 l b o f l ead .

T he r ec ipe o f T heoph ilus S uch q uan t it ies c ou ld warran t

at rade i n l ead t o p ot ters , e spec ia l ly w hen l ead g laz ing b eca me more w ides pread i n t he 1 2th c en tury .

T here i s c erta in ly g enera l e v idence f or a l ead

t rade ( Carus-Wilson 1 962-3 , 1 88 ; T reharne 1 971, 6 1) a nd much w en t o vers eas p r inc ipa l ly t hrough t he p orts o f t he Wash , q u i te a ccess ible t o S ta mford. C opper F ro m t he m id 1 2th c en tury o nward , sma l l q uan t i t ies o f c opper were n eeded b y t he S ta m ford p ot ters;

s crap me ta l w ou ld b e ap oss ible s ource.

The g reen c olour o f t he S tam ford g laze i s c o mparable t o t ha t o f 1 3 th- a nd 1 4th-cen tury French wares, a n e xamp le o f w h ich , a nalysed a t C .R. A . M. ( De B o l lard 1 974, 7 5 ) s howed 3 .28% c opper o x ide t o 9 6.72% l ead p erox ide b y we ight .

S o t he u se o f 3 -4 g p er j ug w ou ld mean a r equ ire men t o f 6 00-

8 00 g ( 2 1-28 o z ) p er k iln l oad o f 2 00 j ugs.

T he q uan t it ies o f z inc a nd t i n

p resen t i n G laze 3 a re t oo l ow f or t he c opper t o h ave b een i n troduced a s b rass o r b ronze.

T he u se o f r aw c opper r e ma ins a p oss ib il i ty , a s t here wou ld h ave

b een s o me t rade i n t he metal b y t he 1 3th c en tury t o s upp ly meta lworkers. I ron I n a dd i t ion t o t he u se o f i ron f or r ed-pa in t , t he meta l may a lso h ave b een a dded i n v ery smal l amoun ts t o s o me g lazes , t hough t he q uan t i t ies p resen t

7 6

a re t oo l ow t o b e c onc lus ive. a nd e as ily o bta ined .

I n a ny c ase , t he amoun t w ou ld h ave b een smal l

POTTERY PRODUCT ION C lay p repara t ion The f i rst s tep i n p ot tery p roduc t ion i s t he p repara t ion o f t he q uarr ied c lay , wh ich w ould f i rs t h ave b een l e f t t o w ea ther t o make i t more workable. N ex t t he c lay wou ld h ave b een m ixed t o a n e ven , mo ist c ons istency a nd a ny h ard , d ry c lay l u mps w ere b roken d own . T he t wo c lays o f Fabr ic G w ere t hen m ixed t ogether , i fn ot c omb ined b efore t h is s tage. Tread ing i n ap udd l ing p i t i s at rad it iona l way o f a ch iev ing a h o mogeneous c lay m ix . A wea thered d epression s ou th o ft he C ast le s i te k iln may h ave b een u sed f or t h is p urpose. S impson ( persona l c ommun ica t ion ) n oted a p ossible c lay p repara t ion o r s torage p i t o ver t wo metres w ide n ear t he 1 963 S tamford S chool k iln . The f l a t c layl i ned b ot to m h ad b een d ug a pprox i ma tely 5 0 cm i n to t he n a tura l l imestone , o ver t wo me tres w ide w here f u l ly e xposed. N ex t , a ny r e ma in ing i nclus ions o f s tone o r o rgan ic ma ter ia l were r e moved , t hough most o f t he S tamford c lays d o n o t s ee m t o h ave b een c arefu l ly f ines ieved. Even t he f i ne F abr ic C o ccasiona l ly c on ta ins f rag men ts o f i ronstone o r i ron-rich p el le ts u p t o 6mm l ong wh ich h ad b eco me i ncorpora ted a cc iden tal ly d ur ing q uarry ing a nd s torage.

T he h ard r edd ish c lay p el lets s ee m t o b e a

b roken u p i ron p an , n o t c o mp letely b lended i n to t he c lay. S ome s iev ing w ou ld h ave b een n ecessary i fF abr ics E , Fa nd H w ere made f ro m t he c lay e xposed d ur ing t he Cas t le s i te e xcava t ions a s t h is c lay c on ta ins l arger q uartz g ra ins t han a re p resen t i n t he p o t tery . Hand k nead ing o f t he c lay was r equ ired t o e l im ina te t he a ir b ubbles w h ich c ause c racks i n f i ring. T he S ta mford w edg ing was g eneral ly q u i te e f f ic ien t , f or e ven t hough Fabr ics E a nd F v ary , p resu mably b etween b a tches, t he c lay w ith in e ach p o t i s r easonably w el l mixed . However , s o me p roduc ts o f t he Whar f Road k i ln s how d if feren t t ex tures w ith in a s ingle s herd , r ef lec t ing p oor c lay p repara t ion . T he w edg ing wou ld b est h ave b een d one i n sma l l q uan t i t ies b y a ssistan ts who c ou ld h ave l ef t t he p repared c lay i n s tandard s ized s labs , a id ing t he p o t ter a nd t o s o me e x ten t r egular is ing t he p ot s izes. Vessel For ma t ion T he Wheel The t echnology o fu sing a wheel t o f orm p o t tery was e ssen t ia l t o t he S ta m ford i ndustry . T he e arl iest S tamford p o t ters p roduced wel l- made wheelt hrown v essels, a nd s o were p art o f t he r ein troduc t ion o f t h is t echn ique t o B r i ta in .

T he g eneral g row th a nd s pread o f t h is p heno menon a re d iscussed

f ur ther o n p . 1 77. T he S ta m ford p o t ters were e xcep t iona l ly c o mpe ten t i n t h is t echno logy , b o th i n t he e ar ly p roduct ion c o mp lex o n t he Cas t le s i te a nd l a ter , e spec ia l ly f ro m t he l a te 1 1th c en tury . The t ype o f w heel u sed n a tura l ly i n f luences p roduc t ion . There a re t wo ma in p ot tery w heel t ypes k nown i n l a ter E uropean h istory. The ' r oue d e p ot ier ' a s d escr ibed b y v an d er L eeuw ( 1975, 7 1-2 ) i sb asica l ly a l arge c artwheel o n ac en tral p ivo t , w i th a f i xed t urn table f or t he p ots a dded ; t h is d es ign

7 7

g ives g rea t mo men tu m f or l arge v essels , b u t l acks f l ex ib il i ty o f s peed a nd i s d if f icu l t t o s top a nd s tar t. T he a l terna t ive ' t our d e p ot ier i s c harac ter ised b y ar a ised wheel-head j o ined t o al arger l ower wheel b y as haf t. T h is c an b e made t o t urn q u i te q u ick ly a nd i s e as ily c on trol led. A f ter d eta i led c ons idera t ion o f t he t echn ica l t races , Van d er L eeuw ( 1975, 7 2-4 ) c onc ludes t ha t 1 4th-century Haarle m p o t tery was made o n t he h eav ier ' r oue d e p o t ier '.

A l though t he e v idence i s s l igh t ly amb iguous, S ta m-

f ord p ots s ee m t o h ave b een made i nstead o n al i gh ter k ick-wheel , a s t he v eloc ity s ee ms h igh a nd c apable o f v ar ia t ion .

I tw ould h ave b een i nconven ien t

t o s tart a h eavy w heel t o make sma l l o b jec ts s uch a s For ms 9 a nd 1 0 , a s w el l a s t he t hrown c y l inders s ubsequen t ly f or med i n to h and les o n t he C as t le s i te. T o p roduce t he l arge b owls o f F or m 1 , t he w heel h ead was v ery l a rge, a t l east 3 0 cm d iameter. Van d er L eeuw ( 1975, 7 5 ) c ons iders t he k n ifetr imm ing o fb ases t o b e a n a rgu men t f or t he l arger wheel , a s al i gh t wheel w ould make w heel-tr i mm ing more p rac t ica l . H owever, t h is f actor i s n ot c onc lus ive , f or i ft he l ess s k i l led j ob o f t r i mm ing was l e f t t o a n a ppren t ice , h and f i n ish ing w ou ld b e q u i te f eas ible r egard less o f t he s ort o f wheel i n u se. A s tone-packed p osthole a t Thet ford ( Dav ison 1 967 , 1 93 , F ig. 5 3, 2 07 ) a ppears t o h ave b een t he b ase p ivo t f or a l i gh t p o t ter 's wheel o f t he s ort p resumably u sed a t S ta mf ord .

T here i s n o e v idence t o s uggest a c hange i n t he c harac ter o f t he wheel

u sed d ur ing t he S tamford p roduc t ion a nd a ny v ar ia t ion i n q ual i ty i sd ue i nstead t o d i ffering d egrees o f s k il l among t he S ta mford p ot ters. T he p ot ter n eeds a s upp ly o f wa ter a t h and w h ile t hrowing.

A t T he t ford

( Dav ison 19 67 , 1 93 ) t h is s ee ms t o h ave b een k ep t i n al arge s torage v essel s et i n to t he g round. I t i s s tr ik ing t ha t t he S ta m ford p o ts a re c ons isten t ly w el l c en tred , w ith t h in , e ven wa l ls a nd g enera l ly s y mmetr ica l r ims. T he p os ition ing o f t he c lay s lab o n t he wheel was t hus a ccura te, s uggest ing t ha t t he w heel h ead was marked w ith a c en tral c ircle o r c oncen tr ic r ings.

T he C astle s i te p ot ters

were a ble t o make v ery r egu lar b ases a nd r a ise t he s ides o f t he p o t wa l l l eav ing t he c lay s o t h in a t t he j o in o fb ody wa l l t ob ase t ha t n o l a ter t r i mm ing was r equ ired. S o me l a ter S ta m ford p o t ters w ere l ess s uccessfu l i nt h is , e spec ia l ly t hose o f t he Wharf Road c en tre. Bas ic t hrow ing t echn iques a nd l i kely f i nger p lac ings f or med ieva l v essels h ave a lready b een w el l d escr ibed a nd i l lustra ted ( Van d er L eeuw 1 975, 7 6-8 ). The S ta mford v essel f or ms a re g enera l ly s tra igh tforward , b u t t he l arge b owls ( Form 1 ) w ou ld h ave b een a p roblem b ecause o ft heir s ize, e spec ia l ly t he ir g rea t d iameter, u p t o 4 0 cm a t t he ir r im . C onsider ing t h is, t he t h ickness o f t he u n tr i mmed b ody w a l l i s q u i te t h in , s o me t i mes o n ly 4 m m. T he c ircu mf erence o f t he r im i s s o met i mes d istor ted a nd n o t c ircul ar ;

t h is i s more

d ue t o s lu mp ing a f ter r e mova l f ro m t he whee lt han t o t hrow ing o f f c en tre. Bo th t he c urved b owls o f F or m 7a nd t he i n turned b owls o f F or m 1 4 h ave t he s a me p roble m o f s ize a s F or m 1v essels, i n a dd i t ion t o t he t hrea t o f s agg ing a t t he s hou lder. T hus, t he c urves o f t he b ody w a l l w ere k ep t g radual . When p roduc ing F or ms 6 , 1 8 a nd 2 4 , t he S ta m ford p o t ters a ga in s ee m t o h ave a vo ided s hapes w i th v ulnerable s hou lders t ha t c ou ld s ag . T he f ew l arge , g lobu lar j ugs w ere t hrown w ith t h ick wa l ls a nd l a ter t h inned b y s crap ing c lay f ro m t he i n terna l s urface. T he n arrow n eck o f F or m 1 8b o t t les i s r a ther d i f f icu l t t o make a nd t he v essel wa l l was u sua l ly t h icker t here. 7 8

Vessels t hrown w i th a p edestal , s uch a s For ms 1 0 , 2 0 , 2 3 a nd s o me 2 2 would b e d if f icu l t , e spec ia l ly w hen t he we igh t o f c lay a bove t he p edesta l w as c o mpara t ively l arge. T he c ostrels ( For m 1 7 ) s ee m t o h ave b een f or med i n o ne p iece l i ke t hose f ound a t Dorestad ( van E s a nd Verwers 19 75, 1 41). T he wheel was u sed e ven f or sma l l v essels, i nc lud ing t he sma l l c ups o f For m 9 , a nd mos t o f t he F or m 1 6 c ruc ibles.

T he o vo id ' l a mps ' For m 1 9 were

f i rs t wheel t hrown , t hen d istorted a nd e x tens ively h and smoothed , wh ich h as o bscured t he t races o f manufacture. Hand- made Vessels S o me o f t he v essel f or ms were n ot wheel made, s uch a s af ew o f t he F or m 1 6 c ruc ibles wh ich a re v ir tual ly ' p inch p ots ' , e asi ly h and f or med. The l arge, t h ick s torage v essels ( For m 2 1 ) wh ich a re k n ife t r i m med a nd i rregu lar i n c ircu m ference, s ee m c o i l- o r s lab- made.

However , s o me o f t he smal ler

F or m 2 1 v essels w ere c er ta in ly wheel t hrown , s uch a s t hose o f t he Cas tle s i te p roduc t ion . A ccessory T ools S tandard ised r i ms c ou ld h ave b een f or med w ith wood o r b one t ools , s uch a s t he b ones f ound a t t he p o t ters w orkshop a t L yveden , N orthan ts. ( Bryan t a nd S teane 19 75 ) o r t he t eeth i l lustra ted b y Ren i mel ( 19 74, F ig. 2 3 ) f ro m S evrey , S a ' öne- e t-Lo ire .

S o me s tra ight-edged t ool was u sed t o f or m t he

e labora te p edesta l ( For m 1 0-15;

F ig. 2 5, n o. 19 5).

A sma l l , p o in ted t ool

w ou ld h ave b een u sed t o f or m s p ira ls a nd p aral lel g rooves ( M16) wh i le t he p o t was s t il l o n t he wheel . ' F in ish ing ' T echn iques Re mova l f ro m t he wheel h ead was d one w i th a c ord o r w ire o n t he Cast le k i ln p roduc ts a s t he ir f l a t b ases r eta in t he c harac ter ist ic d rag marks. H owever o n s agged b ases , t he l a ter t r i mm ing h as o bl itera ted s uch t races. ' Kn i fe ' Tr imm in g T h inn ing was n eeded t o p reven t c rack ing d uring f i ring when t he b ase a ngle was t h ick .

I tw ou ld b e v ery t e mp t ing f or t he S ta m ford p otters , t hrow ing

many p ots, t o l eave t h is a ngle t h ick a nd s o more e as ily f or m t he wa l ls. A ss istan ts c ou ld t hen h ave r e moved t he e xcess c lay o n t he f ol low ing d ay when t he c lay h ad d r ied s l igh tly a nd t he p ot was more s table.

The s o-ca l led

' k n i fe ' t r i mm ing was a c tua l ly d one w i th a sma l lb lade l i ke a s craper, n ot a k n i fe whose l ong h andle wou ld h ave b een awkward , e spec ial ly when t he i n ter ior w as a lso t r i m med .

Ak n ife c auses a s l igh tly c oncave c u t , wh i le s crap ing

f o l lows t he c urva ture o f t he p ot .

The s trokes o n t he u nders ide a nd c ircu m-

f erence o f t he S ta m ford b ases c learly s how s crap ing , n o t c u t t ing, marks. T hus t h is t r imm ing was n o t d one i n t he manner i l lustra ted b y v an d er L eeuw ( 1975, 8 0 , F ig. 2 8 , n o . 5 ).

Wi th t he p o t i nver ted , an a tura l s crap ing

mo t ion wou ld u nconsc iously t end t o f or m a c onvex b ase.

I t i s o n ly t h is

t r im m ing , n o t a ny ' s agg ing ' o r p ress ing o u t f ro m w ith in , t ha t g ives S ta mford p o ts t he ir s o-cal led ' sagg ing ' b ases. F igure 6 7 s hows t he e f fec t o f t r i mm ing o n at h ick , f l a t b ase.

7 9

A' sagg ing ' b ase i s a dvan tageous t o u sers , a nd p o t ters wou ld h ave b een s ens it ive t o c us to mers ' w ishes a nd make p o ts p ract ica l t o u se . A lso , t r i mm ing wh ich c rea tes a b ase e qua l ly t h in a cross i t s d iame ter p reven ts d i f feren t ia l h ea t ing a nd l essens t he l ikel ihood o f c racks a t t he b ase a ng le d ur ing f i ring a nd u se . C onvex b ases a re a lso u n iversa l o n S ta m ford ' t ab le wares ' s uch a s j ugs , n ot i n tended t o b e h ea ted . Here t he s o le r eason s ee ms t he p o t ters ' w ish t o t h in t he b ase s uf f icien t ly f or a s a fe f i r ing . B y t he l a te 1 2th c en tury s o me j ugs w ere o n ly l i gh t ly t r i m med , s o o n ly v ery s l igh t ly c onvex , l eaving t h ick b asa l a ng les o f o ver o ne c en t i me tre b read th ;

t h is s uggests t ha t f or t hese v essels t he

f i r ing was n o t ap rob le m a nd s tabi l i ty i n u se was p referred .

Hand les a nd S pou ts Handles a nd s pou ts w ere a dded a s hor t w h i le a f ter t hrow ing.

S evera l

d eta ils s uggest t ha t b y t he mid 1 2th c en tury t h is p rocess was wel l o rgan ised a nd t he f in ish ing was n o t d one b y t he p o t ter h i msel f .

The j ugs a nd s pou ted

p i tchers, F or ms 6 , 5a nd 2 4, o f ten h ave g roov ing ( M16 ) i nb ands o ft wo o r s o met i mes t hree g rooves , a nd o ne o f t hese b ands i s i nvariably o n t he l ine where t he h and le was l a ter p laced . Further , s everal F or m 2 4 t ubu lar s pou ted p i tcher f rag men ts s how sma l l h oles i n t he v essel wall t o mark t he i n tended l oca t ion o f t he t ubular s pou t ;

t hese marks a re u nderstandably r are ,

a s t hey w ere u sua l ly o bl i tera ted b y t he l a ter a pp l ica t ion o f t he s pou t .

Both

o f t hese t echn iques e nabled t he p o t ter t o i nd ica te t he c orrec t p os i t ions t o a nother worker. S ince s pou ts a nd h and les w ere a dded wh ile t he p o t w as s t il l q u i te p last ic , t he ir a dd it ion o f ten c aused d efor ma t ion o f t he r im c ircu mference. T he p ot i n ter ior b eh ind t he h andle j o in i s o f ten i mpressed , o r s hows f i ngerprin ts l e f t o n t he v ery mo ist s urface.

S hort s pou ts w ere f or med b y f la t ten ing a

s tr ip o f c lay t o a pprox i ma tely 4 mm t h ick , t r imm ing i ta nd t hen p inch ing i t i n to t he r equ ired c y l inder.

T hese s pou ts s how much h and f in ish ing a nd

smoo th ing , e spec ia l ly t o make t he u pper e dge s ymme tr ical a nd t oj o in t he s pou t f i rm ly t o t he b ody .

S pou ts o f t he C ast le k i ln p roduc t ion were p inched

i n to a t refo il f or m ( see F ig. 7 , n o. 7 ) .

T ubu lar s pou ts were f ormed f ro m

al ong c y l inder 1 .5 t o 2 .5 cm d ia me ter , wh ich was p ierced l eng thw ise by a s t ick t o c rea te t he c en tral h ole 1 . 1.3 cm i n d iame ter. There a re s evera l f easible ways o f j o in ing s hor t s pou ts t o v essels, b u t t he S ta m ford t echn ique was f a irly s tandard ised , a s h appens when at rad it iona l me thod i s c onstan tly r epea ted. B y f ar t he most c o m mon method u sed b y t he S tamford p o t ters e n ta iled p ush ing t he v essel w a l l o u t t o f or m a h o le , t hen i nser t ing a s pou t w ith in t hese r agged e dges a nd smoo th ing t he e dges o n to t he s pou t.

T he b o tto m e dge o f t he s pou t was u sua l ly w el l smeared o n to t he i nner

s urface o f t he v essel wa l l . S ign if ican t ly , t he C ast le s i te k i ln t re fo i l s pou ts w ere made d if feren tly ; t he v essel wa l l was p ressed o u t t o f or m t h e h ole a nd t he s pou t smeared a round t he e x ter ior o f t he h o le. I n t he 1 2th a nd 1 3th c en tur ies , t ubular s pou ts were i nserted t hus i n to For m 2 4 p ots a nd t he e x ter ior e dges smoo thed d own .

A l terna t ively , ah ole c an b e p unched i n to

t he v essel a nd a s pou t c yl inder i nserted.

Th is me thod was u sed o ccasiona l ly

a t S ta mford f or sma l ler t ubu lar s pou ts , w here t he i n terior o f t he v essel was p resumably n ot v ery a ccess ible.

8 0

H andles w ere e i ther f or med o n t he wheel o r , a f ter t he 1 0 th c en tury , u sua l ly b y h and . T o make t he b road h and les ( For ms 1 -6 ) ah ol low c y l inder o fa pprox i ma tely 4 cm r ad ius a nd 5 cm h igh was t hrown o n t he wheel , t aper ing f rom 1 cm t h ick a t t he b ase.

T h is was t hen c u t f ro m t he wheel h ead a nd

s l iced v er t ica l ly i n to 3 o r 4s eg men ts ( o f 1 20° o r 9 0° o f c ircu mference ), s o f orm ing s l igh t ly c urved c lay p ieces t h icker a t o ne e dge t han t he o ther. T he t h in , t aper ing e dge was f olded u ndernea th a nd smoothed d own , a s i n Hand le F or m 1 . N arrower h and les ( For ms H 12, H 13, H 15, H20 ) c ou ld h ave b een f ormed b y t hrow ing a t a l ler c yl inder a nd c u t t ing i th or izon tal ly i n to s everal s ec t ions, w h ich c rea tes t wo s tra igh t e dges o n e ach h andle.

T hese s ec t ions

w ou ld t hen h ave b een s ubd iv ided b y v er t ical c u ts. S uch h and les a re c o m mon o nF or m 2 1 s torage v essels, t he b road t aper ing f or m b e ing t yp ica l o f t he Cas t le p roduc t ion , t he s qua t h and le of ten f ound o n F abr ic D . T he o ther p r inc ipal me thod o fh and le-for ma t ion u sed was t o e longa te a nd f l a t ten a c y l inder o f c lay b y h and.

T h is r equ ires a v ery mo ist c lay ,

f requen t d ipp ing i n wa ter ,a nd a n e ven p u l l ing mo t ionto p reven t t he o vers tre tch ing a nd c rack ing o f t he c lay. T h is p u l l ing wh ile s queez ing t he c lay b e tween t he t humb a nd t he i ns ide o f t he c urved h and r esu l ts i n t he f am il iar c ross-sec t ion o f many h and les ( Handle F or ms 2 1 t o 4 5 ), t hose w i th a c oncave u pper s urface , s l igh tly c onvex u nders ide a nd c urved e dges. These h and les a re w el l made a nd c ons isten t i n w id th a nd b read th a long t he ir l eng th. A l though s i mp le c y l indr ical r od h and les were made a t o ther med ieva l p o t ter ies t hey were n ot p roduced a t S ta mford . H andles w ere u sua l ly a pp l ied o ver t he r im f l ange w i th t he f l ange smeared a nd e x tended u nder t he h andle a s at ongue. I n t he Castle s i te p roduc t ion , t he l ower j o in o fh andle t o v essel b ody was made w i th o verlapp ing v er t ica l s trokes ( M 3 8 ), p robably u s ing t he t humbna il . L a ter, 1 0th-cen tury e xa mp les b ear o ne t o t hree t humb i mpress ions ( M 4 1, 4 2, 4 3 ), wh ich s hows s o me e xper i men tat ion i n t echn ique .

By t he 1th c en tury, t he f ormu la o f t wo l arge

o va l t hu mb i mpress ions ( M 4 2 ) was e stabl ished , a nd t h is t hen r e ma ined t he s tandard method u n t i l t he e nd o f s pou ted p i tcher p roduc t ion . Th is j o in i s r e markably s trong a nd was c op ied b y o ther i ndustr ies. T he l arge j ug h and les , o ver 3 cm b road , w ere a t f i rst a lso j o ined o ver t he t op o f t he r im ( a s i n F ig. 2 6, n o. 2 05 ), b u t l a te 1 2th- a nd 1 3th-cen tury e xamp les a re o f ten s p l it c rossw ise a nd p laced o n to a r idge o n t he j ug n eck af ew c en t i me tres b elow t he r i m. Wasters f ro m t he S tamford S chool k iln s i te s how b oth methods. T he b r idges ( M59 ) o f t ubu lar s pou ted p i tchers ( Form 2 4 ) were a t tached t o t he n eck b y t h is s econd me thod , b e ing s p l it a nd s p layed o ver a s l igh t r idge.

T he s pou t was j o ined t o t he s trut b y a n e nc irc-

l i ng r ol l o f c lay ( M 6 0 ) wh ich was t hen f l a t tened a nd smoothed.

However ,

t hese j o ins w ere a l l v ery f rag ile a nd s tru ts f requen t ly b roke a way f ro m s pou ts a nd t he v essel wal l . J ug h and les o f ten h ave s o me s ha l low t humbing a t t he l ower j o in w i th t he b ody , b u t t h is j o in u sua l ly r el ied f or s treng th s i mp ly o n h av ing l arge s urface a reas i n c on tact . S urface Trea tmen ts a nd D ecora t ion E xcep t f or mak ing g rooves ( M 1 5, M16, M21, M24, M25 ), t he d ecora t i c r i o f p o ts was d one a f ter t he a pp l ica t ion o f s pou ts a nd h and les.

8 1

S ta m ford

v essels o f ten s how s o me ' s el f-sl ip ' f ro m t he w et s urface l e f t f rom t hrow ing , b u t n one e xa m ined s hows t he p a in ted-on s urface s l ip d escr ibed b y E racl ius ( Book I I-3 ) a nd n oted i n France b y D e Bo t tard ( 19 74, 7 1-2 ). Impressed t echn iques Impressions w ere made i n to t he s urface o f p o ts b y r ou lett ing , s ta mp ing , i nc ising , c o mb ing , t humbi mpress ing , s tabbing a nd k n ife-tr i mm ing . A l l t he r ou let t ing ( M 1 -9 ) s ee ms t o h ave b een d one w i th t he s a me b as ic t ype o f r ol ler , measur ing a pprox i ma tely 2 .5 cm d ia me ter .

Mos t o f t he p a t terns a re

o ne t o t wo c en t i metres b road , b u t t he e dges o f t he d esign a re o f ten l ost a s t he w heel was n o t i mpressed v ery d eep ly i n to t he s urface. N o S axon r ou let t ing wheels h ave b een f ound , d esp i te t he c o mmonness o f t he t echn ique , s o t he ir f or m a nd method o f u se i s c on jec tural .

Van d er L eeuw ( 19 75, 8 3 , F ig. 2 8 ,

n o. 5 ) i l lus tra tes o ne p oss ible r econs truct ion , a sma l l d isc b e ing r o ta ted b etween t he f i ngers.

Th is method d oes n ot s ee m p ract ica l a nd n one o f t he

e xpected f i nger s crapes o n t he e dge o f t he p a t tern h ave b een o bserved.

A

sma l l s t ick t hrough a c entra l h o le i n t he whee l i s more f eas ible. T h is c ou ld h ave b een a s imp le , n on-rota t ing s t ick , o r a n i n tegra l s haf t s erv ing t o e x tend t he r otat ion. The most ef ic ient s o lut ion would b e af orked wooden h and le a t tached t o ac entra l s t ick , a round wh ich t he w hee l r otated f ree ly. L arge wooden t oo ls o f t h is d es ign a re k nown f ro m t he p ost- med ieva l S a in tonge i ndustry ( Chape lot 1 975, 5 5, n o. 1 34 ).

A lthough w ood was a dequa te f or

t hose s imp le s p iked c y l inders , i ts ee ms l ess l i ke ly f or t he d e l ica te p a tterns o f t he S ta mford r ou let tes , wh ich m igh t c ause t he c y l inder s urface t o s p l inter. F ired c lay p roduces t oo r ough a p at tern , l ack ing t he s harp e dges v is ible o n S ta mford ware when t he i mpress ions a re c lear. Thus a r o l ler o fb one o r me ta l i s most l i ke ly. A b one w ou ld n atura l ly h ave a c en tra l h o le , b ut c are w ould h ave b een n eeded t ou se a r egu lar p iece t o p roduce a n e ven i mpress ion. The impress ions s how t hat t he p ressure u sed was l i gh t b ut c ons istent , s uggest ing t ha t l i t t le f orce was n eeded t o t urn t he whee l.

The i dea l r ou let t ing

t oo l wou ld b e ac ast meta l d isc o r c y l inder. T he mater ia l wou ld l ast we l l a nd n ot wear d own ; t h is a ccords w ith t he l ack o f a ny i mpress ions s how ing a worn p at tern.

F urther, i ft hese meta l t oo ls were me lted d own a nd r e-cast ,

t h is w ou ld e xp la in why n one h ave y e t b een f ound i n e xcava t ion.

S uch a t oo l

wou ld h ave b een made b y a nother s pec ia l ist ; o ther c raf ts a lso r equ ired s pec ia l t oo ls, s uch a s t he s ta mps u sed b y l eatherworkers f or emboss ing p a t terns. Roulet t ing i sb est d one when t he p ot h as d r ied s l igh t ly b ut i s s t il l q u ite p last ic. I fd one t oo s oon , t he wet ' s e lf s l ip ' f or med d ur ing t hrow ing f i l ls t he whee l p a t tern a nd t he whee l d oes n ot r otate we l l. T h is d e lay i s c o mparab le t o t ha t r eco m mended b y B radford a nd D an ( 1975 , 1 48-9 ) i n e xper imenta l p roduct ion o f Danbury-type f l oor t i les.

T hey s uggest t wenty-four h ours a t

r oo m t e mperature a s i dea l f or p revent ing c lay f ro m s t ick ing t o t he t i le s tamp , y e t l eav ing t he c lay s of t e nough t o impress. T h is wou ld c orrespond t o t hrow ing t he p ots o ne d ay a nd d ecorat ing t he m t he n ex t .

A l l o f t he r ou le t ted

s herds f ro m t he Wharf R oad k i ln s how d eep , b lurred i mpress ions wh ich i nd ica te t ha t t he p at tern was a pp l ied wh i le t he p ots w ere t oo mo is t . c are lessness i s o therw ise q u ite r are.

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S uch

F our d i f ferent s tamp p at terns ( M9 t o M12 ) h ave b een r ecorded. Wh i le M10 a nd Mil a re s imp le mot ifs wh ich c ou ld h ave b een made w ith a c ut wooden s tamp , M9 a nd M12 a re more c o mp lex , o ver-a l l p at terns. They s ee m t ob e f ormed b y r epea ted i mpress ions , t hough t he ir p rec ise method o f manufacture r ema ins u nclear. I nc ised l i nes a re u sua l ly s ha l low a nd U-shaped i n c rosss ect ion ( M15 t o M20 ), made w ith a p o inted b ut r ound-t ipped wooden s t ick. T h is s a me t oo l c ould a lso h ave b een u sed f or s tab marks ( M13 ) a nd p ierc ing ( M14 , 7 2 ). S o me i nc is ions a re v ery s harp a nd n arrow ( M21 t o M23 ), a s i f d one w ith a sma l l p in. C o mb-decorat ing a ppears i n t he l a ter 1 2th c entury , u sed a l most e xclusi ve ly o n For ms 6 a nd 2 4. T he ' co mbs ' w ould h ave b een more l i ke sma l l f orks , u p t o 2 cm b road w ith t hree t o e ight t ee th. T he w id th o f t he i nd iv idua l t ee th r anged f ro m l ess t han 1 m m t o o ver 3 m m f ro m o ne ' c o mb ' t o a nother , w i th c o mparab le s paces b e tween t he t ee th .

T he d egree o f p ressure u sed

v ar ied g rea t ly , a nd s ome p ot ters s cratched v ery d eep ly i n to t he c lay . L ike most d ecora t ion , t he c o mb ing was u sua l ly d one a f ter t he h and le h ad b een a pp l ied , a s t he h and les o f ten r ece ived e labora te c o mbing. O ther i mpress ions o n S ta mford v esse ls were s imp ly made w ith t he t hu mb, s uch a s t hose a t t he h and le j o in ( M 3 9 t o M43 ). A pp l ied a nd c o mb ined t e chn iques A pp l ied s tr ips w ere a dded a fter a p ot h ad h ardened s l ight ly , b ut was n ot y e t l ea therhard '. O n ly r are ly h as t he f orce o f t he a pp l icat ion a nd t hu mb ing o f t hese s tr ips c aused n ot iceab le d istort ion t o t he r im o r i n ter ior o f t he v esse l wa l l. S uch marks , c o mparab le t o t hose b eh ind t he h and le j o ins , wou ld h ave o ccurred i ft he p ot h ad b een s of t . T he s tr ips w ould h ave b een r o l led o u t o n a wooden b oard a nd f l at tened s l igh t ly b efore t he ir a pp l icat ion, c aus ing a n o va l t o s ubrectangu lar c ross-sect ion , a s i n M47. s t r ips t hen f or med t he ir b ond w ith t he wa l l.

The t hu mb ing o f t he

Most o f t he l arge f ragmen ts o f

v er t ica l s tr ips s how t ha t t he t hu mb ing s tarted a t t he b ot to m a nd moved u pward , e ach i mpress ion o ver lapp ing s l ight ly.

Var ia t ion i n t he s ize o f t he s tr ip a nd

t he d ep th a nd p rox im ity o f t he i mpress ions c reated a r ange o f e f fects ( M62 t o M68 ).

The s tr ip M68 was made w ith v ery wet , p last ic c lay w ith t hu mb

marks smeared o b l ique ly.

A nother t ype o f s tr ip ( M46 ) was k n ife t r i m med

b efore a pp l ica t ion mak ing i tt rapezo ida l i n c ross-sect ion.

Th is t h ick t ype

i s r estr icted t o F or m 2 1 s torage v esse ls a nd o f ten b ears r oulet t ing ( M61 ). S tr ip M54 was t r i mmed t o at r iangu lar c ross-sect ion. The s tr ips a pp l ied t o t he C ast le s i te p roducts ( M69 ) w ere made i n s t il l ad if ferent way , whereby t he s t r ips w ere c ut t o ar ectangu lar c ross-sect ion b efore a pp l ica t ion.

On

a pp l ica t ion , d epress ions w ere made w ith t he s ide o f t he t humb p ress ing a cross t he s t r ip , n ot w ith t he t i p o f t he t hu mb p ara l le l t o t he s tr ip a s i n o ther t ypes. Th is method c aused s harp h or izon ta l r idges b etween t he impress ions.

O ther

s t r ips were a pp l ied i n c urved p a t terns , o r i n terlaced b efore a pp l ica t ion ( M50 t o M53 ). Us ing t he methods o f impress ion a nd a pp l ica t ion d escr ibed a bove , av ar iety o f e f fects was a ch ieved b y c o mb in ing t echn iques. D ry ing A f ter a ny d ecora t ion h ad b een d one a nd a l l f i n ish ing c o mp leted , t he p ots wou ld h ave b een l ef t t o d ry. Most were p robab ly p laced u ps ide-down f or

8 3

s tab i l ity, a s t he r i m was u sua l ly b est a b le t o s upport t he p ot.

S ome v esse ls ,

s uch a s t he s pouted f or ms a nd F or m 1b ow ls w ith d ecorated f langes , wou ld h ave b een l ef t o n t he ir b ases.

N o s tack marks o f mo ist p ots a re a pparent ,

a nd s he lves w ou ld h ave b een u sed t o s ave s pace.

Af ew ' g rass ' marks h ave

b een n oted , a s we l l a s t wo sma l l c loth i mpress ions , b ut n o c ons isten t p roc edure t o a vo id s t ick ing c an b e i den t if ied . The L angha le , N orfo lk p roduct ion s hows s o me i mpress ions o f d ry ing o n wat t le a nd a p lank . Ag radua l d ry ing i s n ecessary t o a l low t he mo is ture i n t he c lay t o e vapo rate b efore f i r ing , s o t hat i td oes n ot t urn t o s team d ur ing f i r ing a nd s o c ause p ressure wh ich e xp lodes t he v esse l wal l . I ft he p ot ters were a ct ive t hroughout t he y ear , as i mp le d ry ing h ouse w ou ld h ave b een n eeded . C ons ideri ng t he S ta m ford c l i mate , ad egree o fh eat ing i n w in ter w ou ld h ave b een a dv isab le t o d r ive o ut t he d amp g radua l ly.

Unfortuna te ly , f ew w ork a reas

a round med ieva l k i ln h ave b een e xcavated .

T he S ta mford e xcava t ions o f t he

S choo l a nd Wharf Road k i lns w ere o n ly a b le t o e xam ine sma l l a reas , a nd t he C ast le s i te was t oo d is turbed t o p reserve p lans o f l i ght t imber s truc tures, a lthough i nd iv idua l p ost h o les a nd s take marks w ere n oted .

The l a te 1 3th

a nd 1 4th-cen tury t i le f actory a t D anbury , E ssex , s uggests h ow a w orksh ip m igh tb e a rranged .9 I tw ou ld h ave b een i mpract ica l t o t ransport t h e f rag i le p ots f ar f ro m t he whee l t o d ry , s o as uf f ic ient s torage a rea was n eeded n earby. Af eas ib le a rrange ment w ou ld h ave b een t o k eep t he p ots d ry ing i n t he s a me b u i ld ing a s t he p ot ters. 1 ° Red P a int App l icat ion When t he p ots were l ea ther-hard , a ny r ed p a int o r g laze was a pp l ied. Most o f t he r ed p a inted mot ifs s eem t o h ave b een made b y s i mp ly d ipp ing t he f i ngers i n to a n i ron s o lut ion a nd t hen s trok ing t he h and o ver t he p o t w a l l. The l ef t h and was u sed f or most o f t he mot ifs s o f ar f ound . The p a in ter o f t he l arge v esse l 2 1-01 ( Fig. 8 , n o. 4 ) u sed h is l ef t h and f or t he r ed s trokes a nd t hen l ef t r ed f i nger p r ints o n t he i n ter ior o f t he n eck when l i f t ing a nd mov ing t he p ot .

The p a int ing was d one o n ly w hen t he p ots were l ea ther h ard ,

a s t he p a in t was q u ick ly a bsorbed , l eav ing s harp ly d ef ined e dges.

A lso,

n e i ther t he f i nger s trokes n or t he h and marks made a ny impress ion i nto t he v esse l wa l l , a s w ou ld h ave o ccurred o n ap ot s t i l l s of t. A s econd mot if , a s o n F ig. 8 , n o. 7 , c ons is ts o f f inger s trokes o n t he u pper s urface o f t he r im , made f ro m t he i ns ide t aper ing o utward . Th is t echn ique i s q u ite c lear a nd i n tent iona l o n s ome v esse ls ( Fig. 8 , n o. 2 ), t hough a f ew o thers b ear o n ly sma l l r ed s treaks o n t he r im i nter ior , more l ike l i f t ing marks.

F ina l ly, t here a re a f ew s herds where t he r ed p a int

s ee ms t o h ave b een a pp l ied w ith ab rush , e i ther a s ah or izonta l b and o r i n a ng led s trokes. The s ign if icance o f t h is r ed-pa inted t echno logy i s d iscussed b e low i n p p. 1 87-190. G lazing The p repara t ion o f t he g laze s l ip may h ave b een c arr ied o ut i nt he ma in w orkroo m , a s g laze s pecks a nd s treaks a re o ccas iona l ly f ound o nu nglazed wares. The method o f a pp l icat ion o f t he g laze s l ip c hanged d ur ing t he l i fe

8 4

o ft he i ndustry. The t h ick , e ar ly g lazes ( Types 4 a nd 5 ) o f ten c over b oth s urfaces o f t he v esse l , a nd s eem t o h ave b een a pp l ied b y ac o mb inat ion o f d ipp ing a nd b rush ing. I n t he m idd le p hase , f rom t he m id 1 1th t o mid 1 2th c en tury , t he t h inner G lazes 1 a nd 2 p redo m ina ted . These were f or med w ith a m in i mu m o f l ead , wh ich was b rushed o n i n s trokes w h ich o f ten l ef t b are p atches a nd c aused t he g laze t o v ary i n t h ickness. T he b ases a nd t he u pper f ew c ent i metres o f t he r im were u sua l ly n ot g lazed , t o a vo id f used g laze c aus ing p ots t o s t ick t oge ther i n f i r ing.

A f ter t he m id 1 2th c entury , s o me g lazes ( t he c opper g reen

G laze 3 a nd y e l low ish G laze 6 ) w ere a ga in f a ir ly t h ick a nd o f e ven t h ickness s o t ha tb rush s trokes a re n o t v is ib le. T he r im e dges a nd b ases w ere o f ten l ef tu ng lazed o n t he l arger v esse ls ; t h is c ou ld h ave b een d one b y p our ing t he g laze s l ip o ver p itchers h e ld h or izonta l ly a nd r ota ted , f o l lowed b y t ouch ing u p b y b rush.

S o me j ugs , w ith a nu ng lazed a rea a bove t he h and le h ad g laze

s l ip p oured o ver t hem w h i le i nverted. O thers l ook a s i ft hey h ad b een d ipped i n to t he g laze u ps ide-down , a nd i fh e ld v ert ica l ly b y t he b ase a nd d ipped q u ick ly b ut c areful ly , g laze w ou ld n ot h ave e n tered t he a ir p ocket i n t he v esse l i n ter ior. G laze c ould h ave b een w iped f ro m t he r i ms i m med iate ly a f ter d ipp ing. The l i qu id g laze n eeded t o b e s t irred f requent ly t o p revent t he l ead f rom s et t l ing. S o me sma l l v esse ls l i ke F ig. 7 2, n o. 5 s eem t o h ave b een d ipped v ert ica l ly a s t he ir b ases a re g lazed .

A f ter t he g laze s l ip h ad d r ied ,

t he p ots were r eady f or f i r ing. F ir ing F ir ing i s at ime c onsu m ing e f fort a nd much c are i s r equ ired t o p roduce t he f i na l wares s uccessfu l ly. A l l t he p rev ious w ork , f ro m g ather ing t he c lay t o mak ing a nd d ecorat ing t he p ot c an e as i ly b e wasted b y am is judgement i n t he f i r ing s chedu le.

G lazed wares w ou ld h ave b een more v a luab le t han

s i mp le c ook ing p ots a nd p resu mab ly e ven g reater p recaut ions wou ld h ave b een t aken w ith t he m. The r equ ire ments f or t he S ta mford k i lns w ere ( 1 ) t he a b i l ity t o r a ise t he t e mpera ture t o a pprox i mate ly 9 00°C., ( 2 ) a n e ven d istr ib u t ion o f t he h ea t w ith in t he k i ln , a nd ( 3 ) t he a b i l ity t o r egu late t he t e mperat ure s o t ha t b oth t he i n it ia l h eat ing a nd t he f i na l c oo l ing were g radua l. Genera l K i ln C onstruct ion K i ln c ons truct ion r equ ires c lay a nd wood .

S ince much c lay i s n eeded

ak i ln l ocat ion n ear a c lay s ource i s a dvantageous , a nd c lay i nfer ior t o t ha t u sed f or p ot t ing i s a ccep tab le. C ons ider ing t he g reat amount o f s hr inkage wh ich o ccurs i n f i r ing , af a ir amount o fn on-p las t ic mater ia l i s a dded. Bryant ( 1977b , 19 ) s t resses t hat o pen-topped k i lns a re much e as ier t o c ons truct t han p er manent s truc tures. I n t he 1 970 Barton k i ln e xper i ment ( Musty 1 974, 5 2 ), a d omed k i ln was c onstructed i n f or ty-f ive man h ours. T he f i rst p rocedure f or a l l o f t he k i lns w ould h ave b een t o d ig t he h o le o f t he c entra l c hamber a nd s toke p i t.

The s ides c ould t hen h ave b een b u i lt

u p a nd l ined w ith c lay, a s was t he b ase i fi tl ay o n l oose s ubso il. The c ons truc t ion o f ar a ised p lat for m , a s i n t he S choo l k i ln , wou ld h ave b een more d if f icu lt , a s was t he f or ma t ion o f t he s toke a rch a nd d o me.

A f ter c onstruct ion ,

t he k i ln would h ave b een l ef t t o d ry, t wo weeks b e ing a l lowed f or t he 1 971 Barton d oub le-f lued k i ln ( Bryant 1 977 1 9 , 11).

8 5

F ina l ly , t he s tructure w ould

h ave b een s tab i l ised b y av ery g radua l a nd c ontro l led h eat ing a nd m inor r epa irs made b efore f i r ing t he f i rst l oad . The T orksey k i ln 2 ( Bar ley 1 964 ) h as b een i n terpreted a s h av ing h ad s uch a p re l im inary f i r ing t o h arden t he c lay l i n ing a nd t he s tructure o fp edes ta l a nd f i rebars b efore t he w a l l l in ing was t h ickened a nd t he f i rebars s treng thened . The e f fort i nvo lved i n k i ln c ons truct ion n eed n ot h ave b een r equ ired v ery o f ten , s ince a k i ln c ou ld h ave b een u sed f or many y ears w ith o n ly m inor r epa irs u ndertaken.

C o mpar ison w ith p resent-day p easant p ot ters s uggests a k i ln

l i fe o f t wen ty t o t h irty y ears ( Bryant 1 977b , 1 20 ). Improve ments i nk i ln f or m a t te mp t t o max im ise t he n u mber o f s uccessf u l ly f i red v esse ls. Th is c an b e a ch ieved b y i ncreas ing t he s ize o f t he l oad o r b y i mprov ing t he e f f ic iency o f t he f i r ing t o m in im ise t he n u mber o f wasters. Mod if icat ions i n d es ign wou ld h ave b een a dop ted i ft hey g ave t he p ot ters b e t ter c on tro l o ver t he f i r ing p rocess o r i ft he l ay-ou t p ro moted a n e ven f i r ing t hroughout t he k i ln l oad. Another a im w ould h ave b een t o u se t he l east amount o f f ue l n ecessary f or a s at isfactory r esu l t . H owever, k i ln f or m w as b ased o n t he p ot ters ' t rad it ion a nd a l terat ions w ere l i ke ly t o h ave b een m inor a nd g radua l , c ons ider ing h ow much w as a t s take w ith e ach f i r ing. The d eve lopment o fk i ln f or ms a t S ta mford i s ag ood i l lustra t ion o f t h is b lend o f i nnova t ion a nd c onserva t is m. I nd iv idua l S ta mford K i lns A s urvey o f t he f or ms o f t he f our e xcavated S ta mford k i lns s hows t ha t a l l were r e la t ive ly s i mp le u pdraught k i lns o f Musty ( 1974, 4 4 ) t ypes l a a nd l b. The p r inc ipa l t echno log ica l c hanges made t hrough t he c entur ies i nvo lved i ncreas ing t he s i ze o f t he f i r ing c hamber, l ower ing t he f l oor f ur ther b e low t he g round s urface , a dd ing a r a ised f i r ing p lat for m , a nd a dopt ing a p er manen t r oof .

O ther, m inor d i f ferences i n c onstruct ion may o n ly r ef lect a daptat ion

t o d i f feren t g round s urfaces. The f or ms a nd d a t ing o f t he S ta m ford k ilns h as b een d iscussed a bove ( Chap. I V; s ee F ig. 6 ) , s o t he d eve lop ments i n c ons truct ion a nd l oad ing n eed o n ly b e s u mmar ised h ere. The C ast le s i te k i ln r epresen ts a s imp le , e as i ly c onstructed t ype w ith a t e mporary r oof .

Because t he p o ts s eem t o h ave b een p laced d irect ly o n t he

k i ln f l oor a nd l ay c lose t o t he h eat s ource , ah igh p roport ion o f w as ters m igh t b e e xpected . C erta in ly , t he amoun t o f was ters e xcavated s ee ms l arge f or t he s ize o f t he k i ln. The Wharf R oad k i ln was l arger a nd d ug more d eep ly i n to t he g round. d is tr ibut ion.

The b af f le b ars p resu mab ly i mproved t he a ir f l ow a nd h ea t

The k i ln s pace s ee ms t o h ave b een f u l ly u t i l ised , s uggest ing

t hat i t was l oaded t hrough a r e movab le r oof . s how s evera l r ef ine ments. s urface.

T he 1 874 a nd 1 963 S chool k i lns

They a re l arge a nd d ug d eep i n to t he g round

T he r a ised p lat for m o f f i rebars f ac i l ita ted a ir a nd h ea t c ircu la t ion.

F ragments o f t he s uperstructure s uggest t hat t he 1 963 k i ln h ad a p er manen t r oof d o me.

Th is i s a lso s hown b y t he g ap i n t he f i r ing p la tfor m i n t he f ron t

o f t he k i ln , a s t h is s pace w ould h ave b een n eeded f or l oad ing t hrough t he s toke h o le. Most o f t he j ugs p roduced s ee m t o h ave b een s tacked u ps ided own , a l though o ther s herds s how t ha t many s tack ing p os it ions w ere p oss ib le. B ryant ( 1977b ) c ons iders t hat i nverted v esse ls r eta in h o t a ir b et ter.

8 6

D esp ite t he improve ments i n t he S ta mford k i lns , t he S choo l k i lns were s t i l l r ather c onserva t ive c o mpared t o d eve lopments e lsewhere i n t he c ountry. I n p art icu lar , t he S ta mford k i lns u sed o n ly o ne s toke h o le , wh i le t he p ot ters a t c en tres s uch a s N uneaton , Warw icksh ire ( W i lson a nd Hurst 1 968, 2 08-10 ), Po t ters Marston , L e icestersh ire ( Haynes 1 952 ), a nd f urther a way a t Lavers tock , Wi ltsh ire ( Mus ty e t a l. 1 969 ) h ad s tarted t o u se t wo s toke e ntrances. S tack ing would h ave b een a ided b y t he u se o fk i ln s upports. A f rag ment o f ak i ln p rop f ound i n t he 1 963 k i ln i s c o mparab le w ith t hose f ound i n t he Aud lem, Chesh ire k i ln s i te ( Webster 1 960 ), wh ich a re h o l low c y l inders 1 0.5 cm i n d ia meter a nd 8 t o 2 3 cm l ong , w ith a t h ick wa l l 1 .2 t o 1 .6 cm t h ick a nd w e l l f or med , f l a t b ases.

S uch p ots h e lp t o f i t i rregu lar v esse ls i nto t he

a rrange ment a nd e nab le t he k i ln s pace t o b e b est u t i l ised .

S ince t hey were

r eused f or e ach f i r ing , t hey wou ld h ave b een r e moved f or u se i n t he s ucceed ing k i ln.

K iln e xper i ments h ave s hown t hat a g ood c ircu lat ion o f a ir h elps t o

p revent e x tre me d if ferent ia ls o f h ea t f ro m o ccurr ing i n t he f i r ing c ha mber. Good s tack ing f ac i l ita tes t he a ir f l ow, b ut t i gh t s tack ing c an l ead t o c oo ler p a tches where g laze d oes n ot f l ux ( Bryant 1 977b, 1 21 ). o f t he d o me was n ot n ecessar i ly f i l led t o c apac ity.

Thus , t he v o lu me

On t he o ther h and , r esu lts

h ave b een p oor f ro m e xper i menta l k i lns wh ich w ere o n ly p ar t ia l ly f u l l ( i b id., 1 22 ).

S i mpson 's e st i mate ( f orthco m ing ) o f a max i mu m f i r ing o f C . 2 00 l arge

j ugs s ee ms a r easonab le f igure. F ir ing p rocedures T he f i r ing o f med ieva l k i lns i s n ow b et ter u nderstood i n t he l i gh t o f e xper i menta l f i r ings w h ich h ave s hown t he v u lnerab le s tages.

The t ype o f

k i ln a t mosphere , w ith o r w ithout o xygen , d eter m ines t he f ina l c o lour o f t he p o t .

The e ar ly S ta m ford f i r ings s ee m q u i te v ar iab le , g enera l ly o x id ising

b ut w ith s o me a cc iden ta l r educt ion, a nd s o me g rey c ores f ro m i nco mp lete o x idat ion.

E xper i menta l k i ln f i r ings h ave s hown t ha t' a r educing a t mosphere

i s f or med i n t he k i ln i ft he t e mperature i s i ncreased r ap id ly , s o t ha t t he a ir i n t he k i ln i s q u ick ly c onsu med.

O therw ise , av ery g ood s ea l i s n eeded t o

p revent a ir f ro m r each ing t he p ots.

On ly o ne g roup o f g lazed v esse ls i n

Fabr ics A a nd D ( A iv 5 /5 , D iv 5 /5 ) a re f u l ly r educed t o ad eep g rey c o lour t hroughout .

These v esse ls h ad b een r ap id ly h eated u nder r educing c ond it ions

t o t he t e mpera ture where g laze f or ms , o ver 8 50 ° C ; t he s in tered g laze wou ld h ave e ncased a nd s ea led t he g rey f abr ic , a s i tc overs b o th s urfaces. Any s ubs equen t i n troduc tion o f a ir a t l ower t e mpera tures wou ld n o t t hen b e a b le t o o x id ise t he f abr ic a nd l i gh ten t he c o lour o f t he p o t .

F ir ing was more r e l iab le

b y t he l ate 1 1th c en tury , w i th g lazed v esse ls b eing g enera l ly we l l-ox id ised , e xcep t f or t he v esse ls w i th G laze 2 .

Ung lazed c ook ing p o ts , h owever , c on t inued

t o b e l ess c onsisten t , p erhaps r ef lec ting l ess c are i n f ir ing . p era ture a ch ieved v ar ied .

The f ir ing t e m-

T hree S ta mford s herds e xa m ined a t C .R . A. M .,

Caen s how f ir ing t e mperatures r ang ing f ro m u nder 8 70 ° C t o o ver 1 020°C ( De Bo t tard , p ersona l c o mmun ica t ion ) .

The e xper i men ta l g lazed c lay t ab let wh ich

was f i red t o 1 030°C r ese mb led F abr ics B a nd C i n h ardness.

The wasters

( Fabr ic B G laze 1 ) f ro m t he ' Pan t i les ' s i te a na lysed a t C .R .A .M ., h ad b een f ired t o o nly 9 50 ° C ( De B ot iard e t a l . 1 969 , 1 18).

By t he 1 2th c entury , t he

S tam ford p o t ters were r eaching q u i te h igh t e mpera tures i n f ir ing ( over 1 150°C ) , c ausing t he l ead o f t he g laze t o v o l i t ise o r t urn t o g as . _ Th is o verf iring c aused

8 7

t he mo t t led G laze 2 , whose o va l b are p a tches r epresen t a reas where t he l ead h as b een g iven o f f . S uch v o la t isa t ion wou ld a lso h ave c aused movemen t o f e le men ts i n to t he f abr ic , a s n o ted i n t he s pectroscop ic a na lyses ( Tab le 9 ) .

T he

s l igh t r educt ion i n f abr ic a nd t he r esu l ting g laze c o lour ( G laze 2 ) c an t hus b e l inked w i th r ap id o verf ir ing c ausing a r educing a t mosphere. C on t inued f i r ing r esu l ted i nt he p ar t ia l r e-ox ida t ion o bserved i n most p ieces. I ti s l ikely t ha t p ar t o f al oad wou ld h ave b een t hus o verf ired , a nd t he f ina l p roduc ts were c ons idered o f a dequa te s tandard t o b e s o ld a nd s o a re f ound i n o ccupa t ion c on tex ts.

T here i s n o e v idence o f d oub le-f ir ing o f v esse ls a t S ta mford o r a t o ther c onte mporary c en tres.

D oub le-f ir ing i s o n ly n ecessary i ft he f abr ic i s meant

t o b e f i red a bove t he v o la t isa t ion p o int .

Ah igh f i r ing o f t he u ng lazed v esse ls

i s t hen f o l lowed b y g laze a pp l icat ion a nd a s econd f i r ing a t al ower t e mperat ure. Two f i r ings d oub le t he amount o f f ue l a nd e f fort r equired , a nd a g laze was a dequa tely f or med i n o ne f i r ing. B oth o bservat ion o f t rad it iona l p ot ters a nd k i ln e xper i ments s uggest t ha t as low t e mperature r ise i s d es ired when f i r ing. T he f i rst p hase , t o d r ive o f f t he wa ter i n t he c lay w as e specia l ly s low s o a s n ot t o c rack t he v esse ls. The n eed t o f i re g radua l ly meant t hat ak i ln f i r ing c ou ld h ave b een a d ay a nd n igh t o pera t ion . C onstant a t tent ion a nd r e l iab le f ue l ing w ere e ssent ia l. Act iv it ies a f ter F ir ing A f ter f i r ing , t he k i ln w ou ld h ave b een a l lowed t o c oo l d own g radua l ly , s o t ha t t he p ots w ou ld n ot c rack f ro m a ny e x treme c hanges i n t e mpera ture . They w ere o n ly r e moved when q u ite c oo l. The 1 971 d oub le-f lued B arton k i lns ( Bryant 1 977 )w ere r eady f or u n load ing a t 1 0 h ours 1 5 m inutes ( K i ln 1 ) a nd 1 3 h ours ( K i ln 2 ) a f ter t he s tart o f f i r ing , t hough t he l arger , mu lt if lued k i ln n eeded 2 4 h ours t o c oo l. P ots w h ich h ad s tuck t ogether i n f i ring w ou ld t hen h ave b een c h ipped a part , a nd o ther wasters d iscarded.

F ina l ly , t he s uccess-

f u l v esse ls were s tored u nt i l s o ld , p robab ly i n as hed s eparate f rom t he w orkr oo m.

8 8

NOTES 1 .

K iln e xper i ments a re d escr ibed b y :

App leby a nd S he ldon 1 972, 1 973;

Bryan t 1 977 1 3 , Mayes 1 961, 1 962, 1 967. 2 .

The g eo logy o f t he g enera l r eg ion i s t reated b y Ha ins a nd Horton 1 969, Horton e t a l. 1 974 , J ukes-Browne 1 885 a nd Marsha l l e t a l. 1 948.

3 .

These n eutron a ct iva t ion a na lyses were c arr ied o ut a s p art o f ag enera l p rogram me s tudy ing med ieva l p ot tery d irected b y A . Asp ina l l a t t he Department o f A rchaeo log ica l S c iences , Un ivers ity o f B radford .

4 .

Th is f i gure h as b een a rr ived a t e xper i menta l ly.

5 .

A lka l ine g laze i s f ound i n t he 9 th c entury , o n ap ot f ro m N ieder munster, A lsace p ot a na lysed a t C .R.A. M., ( De B o l lard 1 974, 7 6 );

s ee p p . 7 9ff .

b e low. 6 .

A g ood d escr ipt ion o f t he s tructure o f l ead g laze i s g iven i n S hepard 1 971, a nd t he c o mponen ts a re d iscussed i n d eta i l b y Verhaeghe 1 968.

7 .

Iwou ld l i ke t o t hank D r. R . P reston f or a rrang ing t hese a na lyses.

8 .

I t i s h ard t o e st i ma te t he a va i lab i l ity o f s uch s crap l ead t o t he S ta mford p ot ters a s i ts s carc ity i n a rchaeo log ica l c ontex ts i s l ike ly t o b e d ue t o i ts r euse.

9 .

Drury a nd P ra t t 1 975, p lan 9 6 f i g. 3 6, 1 00 ; a nd S tea m 1 975 ;

1 0.

f i g. 3 9 ;

9 8-104 ;

Bryant

Wi lson a nd H urst 1 970, 2 03-05.

As a n e xa mp le o f ap oss ib le d o mest ic a rrange ment , al a te 1 9 th-cen tury S a intonge workshop r ece ived h ea t f ro m a b read o ven ( Chape lot 1 975, 4 44 5 ) .

8 9

CHAPTER V I OCCUPATION MATER IAL FROM S TA MFORD AND BR ITISH S ITES

S TA MFORD WARE FRO M THE S TA MFORD CASTLE S ITE A ma jor d i f f icu lty i n i n terpre t ing p ot tery g roups l i es i n a ssess ing t he amount a nd t ype o f r es idua l ma ter ia l p resent i n t he d epos it . The S ta mford C ast le s i te s hows much b u ild ing a ct iv ity wh ich c ut t hrough e arly l ayers whose c ontents were t hen r edepos ited e lsewhere , o f ten a s l eve l l ing s preads i n t he c our tyard a reas.

The amount o f F abr ics E a nd F p resen t i n C as t le g roups

i s o ne i nd icator o f r es idua l ity a s t hese s herds must b e c ons idered t o d er ive f ro m t he n inth-cen tury p roduct ion o n t he s i te. The c u mu lat ive efect o f r es idua l ma ter ia l makes t he p rob lem o f i nterp retat ion i ncreas ing ly s evere f or l a ter d epos i ts a nd s o i s a n impor tant c ons idera t ion i n d iscuss ion o f t he e nd o f t he i ndustry. By t he l ate 1 2th c entury i t wou ld h ave b een a l mos t i mposs ib le t o f or m a n a rchaeo log ica l d epos it o n t he Cast le s i te w ithout i ncorpora t ing s o me e ar l ier ma ter ia l. D epos its t hus d i f fer i n t he ir r e l iab il ity, i n o ther w ords, t he e x ten t t o wh ich t hey r ef lect t he c era m ics i n c ontemporary u se. Because o f t h is, t he me thod o f f or ma t ion o f e ach d epos it mus t b e t aken i nto c ons idera t ion when i t s c on ten ts a re e va lua ted a nd s evera l S ta mford C as t le c ontex ts n eed t ob e d isc ussed i nd iv idua l ly. EE I6 1A. G roup 2 8. The f i l l o f t h is l arge l imestone ( parry p roduced al arge amount o f mater ia l , wh ich i s i nterpre ted a s mid 1 1th-century r ubb ish . The u pper l ayer was d is turbed b y l a te 1 2th- a nd 1 3th-cen tury a c t iv i ty .

Th is

d isturbed l eve l w as l abe l led EE I6 1 a nd h as n ot b een i ncorpora ted i n t he a na lys is o f t he l ower f i l l ( EE I6 1A ).

H owever , i ti s s t i l l p oss ib le t hat s o me

c on ta m ina t ion f ro m l a ter l eve ls a ppears i n t he EE I6 1A g roup a nd 2 r i ms o f d eve loped F or m 4 t ype a re i nterpreted a s i n trus ive. EE X I 2 79, 2 74, 2 72.

Groups 4 4, 4 6 , 4 7.

A lthough l imes tone q uarry ing

s ee ms t o h ave b een a f a ir ly c ont inuous a ct iv ity i n S tamford a nd t h e C ast le , t hese t hree l arge f eatures s ee m c lose i n d a te ; a t l east t he p ot tery f ro m t he f i l l o f a l l t hree i s v ery s im i lar i n f abr ic p ropor t ions a nd f or ms.

T he p its

may b e i nterpreted a s b e ing p art o f ac onstruct ion p hase s treng then ing t he c ast le d ur ing t he A narchy. The C as t le s eems t o h ave b een i n g ood r epa ir d ur ing t he c onf l ict a nd o n ly y ie lded t o s iege i n t he s econd p hase o f c a mp a ign ing i n 153, when i t was c lear t hat n o r oya l r e inforce ments w ould b e a rr iv ing ( Doug las a nd G reenaway 1 953, 3 11 ). Thus g roups 4 4 , 4 6 , a nd 4 7 c an b e c ons idered a s b e ing o f t he s econd q uarter o f t he 1 2th c entury , t he ir

9 0

c on ten ts c onsist ing o fc on te mporary r ubb ish.

The d eposi ts c ou ld h ave a c-

c u mu la ted f a ir ly q u ick ly w i th e x tra p ersonnel i n t he c ast le a nd r esidua l ma ter ia l s ee m min i ma l . EE I V P hase 2 , I2 12 , I1 87 , I V Phase 3 .

Groups 4 8 , 4 9 , 5 2 , 5 3 .

A f ter

t he Anarchy w i th t he c ast le g ran ted t o R ichard d e Hu met i n 1 156, a nother p hase o f c onstruct ion i s s uggested , w i th a n emphas is o n d o mest ic r a ther t han d efensive a rrange men ts.

Un for tuna tely , most o f t he d eposi ts c onsidered a s

o ft he l a te 1 2 th c en tury a re o f t he t ypes e xpected t o c on ta in much r esidua l ma ter ia l.

The l evel l ing s preads o n s i tes I( Groups 4 9 , 5 2 ) a nd I V ( Group 4 8 ,

5 3 ) s ee m e specia l ly v u lnerab le t o s uch c on ta m ina t ion .

Thus t he h igh p ro-

p or t ion o f F abr ic A a nd e ar ly f or ms s hou ld n ot b e c onsidered a s t oo s ign if ican t i n t hese c on tex ts. The c onstruct ion o f t he mass ive mot te d i tch w ou ld h ave d isturbed e ar ly l eve ls a nd t h is e xcava ted s o i l w i th i t s e ar ly ma ter ia l w ou ld h ave b een r ed epos ited e lsewhere, p oss ib ly i n as pread s uch a s I V p hase 6 ( Group 5 9 ) . T he l ayers f i ll ing t he d i tch s lope d own f ro m t he n or th a nd s o s uggest s l ippage f ro m t he mot te i t se lf .

C o mpara t ive ly l i t t le p ot tery o ccurred i n t he f i ll ( Group

6 0 ) b u t t he g roup s ee ms a n impor tan t s a mp le f or t he l ast p hase o ft he i ndustry . T he d a te o f t h is c onstruct ion c an o n ly b e h ypothesised b y r eference t o h ist or ica l e ven ts.

The C ast le r e ma ined r oya l ist u nder Wi l l ia m d e Warenne ; t he

r oya l g ran ts o ft imber t o f or t ify t he t o wn i n 1 218 a nd 1 226 were p robab ly p ara ll e led b y a ct iv i ty i n t he c ast le t o improve d efences.

The l imestone q uarr ied

f ro m t he d i tch c ou ld h ave b een u sed i n c onstruct ion e lsewhere .

Thus t he d i tch

f i l l may b e i n terpre ted a s a ccu mu la t ing i n t he s econd q uar ter o f t he 1 2 th c ent ury w i th s o me e ar l ier ma ter ia l d er iv ing f ro m e ros ion o f t he mot te . O n ly af ter t he mot te d i tch h ad c o mp le te ly f i l led , was q uarry ing s tar ted immed ia te ly s ou th o f i t .

The c on ten ts o ft he t wo q uarry ing p hases ( Groups 6 2

a nd 6 3 ) wh ich c u t t he d i tch f i l l , c on trast s harp ly w i th t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he d i tch i t self .

Th is q uarry ing s ee ms t o p ost-da te t he e nd o f S ta m ford ware u se

a nd t he p ot tery c overs t he who le s pectru m o f S ta mford p roduct ion t ypes. Mahany ( 1976, 2 26-27 ) c ons iders 1 265-75 a s al i kely c onstruct ion p er iod i n t he c ast le, c on te mporary w i th murage g ran ts f or t he t o wn a nd p erhaps r el a ted t o t he u ncer ta in t ies c aused b y t he B aron ' s War .

S uch a d a te w ou ld s ee m

l i ke ly f or t h is q uarry ing t hough a n e ven l a ter d a te i s p ossib le;

t he imp l ica-

t i ons o f t hese g roups f or t he e nd o ft he i ndustry w i l l b e d iscussed b e low i n C hap ter X I . A S EQUENCE OF S ELECTED S TA MFORD WARE GROUPS The 6 7 g roups d escr ibed b elow h ave b een c hosen t o i l lustra te t he c hanges i n S ta m ford ware a s o bserved o n av ar iety o f s i tes.

These g roups c o mp le-

men t t he p roduct ion ma ter ia l f ound a t S ta m ford ( Chap ter I V ) a nd b oth f or m t he b asis f or t he d iscussion o ft he c hrono log ica l d eve lop men ts i n S ta m ford ware ( Chap ter VI ) .

D a ta f ro m t hese g roups a re u sed t o s how t he c hang ing

p ropor t ions o f e ach v essel t ype ( F ig . 2 9 ) a nd t hose o f f abr ic a nd g lazes ( Fig . 2 8) .

9 1

U n less o therw ise n oted , i l lustra t ions r efer t o t he c onsecu t ive s equence i n F igs. 1 5-27 .

The i n for ma t ion g iven a bou t e ach g roup i s n ot c o mp lete ly s tan-

d ard ised a s s o me g roups a re b ased o n p ub l ished d a ta wh ile o thers a re s t i ll i n t he p rocess o f s tudy b y t he ir e xcava tors. T he i n for ma t ion f or t he S ta m ford Cas t le , S t Mar t ins S t , a nd S t Georges S t s i tes i s b ased o n s i te r ecords a nd p ersona l c o m mun ica t ions f rom C . Mahany t he e xcava tor .

T he i n terpre ta t ion o f t he S ta m ford C o-opera t ive s i te i s b ased

o n af or thco m ing r epor t b y t he e xcava tor A . B urchard .

The d a ta f or t he r e-

ma in ing s i tes d er ives f ro m t he p ub l ished s ources n oted i n Append ix 2 a nd i nf orma t ion r ece ived a s p ersona l c o mmun ica t ions : N or ton Priory ( P . Greene ) , H ereford ( A . V ince ) , Worcester ( E. Morr is ) , S ou th Wi tha m ( P . Mayes ) , N orw ich ( A . C ar ter ) , Thetford ( C. Da l las ) , Y ork ( J . H oldswor th ) , Oxford ( M . Me l lor ) , L incoln F laxenga te ( L . Ada ms) . The l a te 9 th a nd e ar ly 1 0 th c en tur ies 1 .

S ta m ford .

S t G eorges S t :

LL I1 22

2 .

S ta mford .

S t G eorges S t :

LL I 1 00 , 1 21

3 .

S ta mford .

S t G eorges S t :

LL IT i mber f ea tures

4 .

S ta m ford .

C o-opera t ive s i te:

5 .

S ta m ford .

S t G eorges S t :

6 .

S ta m ford .

C o-opera t ive s i te:

7 .

L inco ln .

F laxenga te:

8 .

Ox ford .

A l l S a in ts:

9 .

Worcester .

1 0 . H ereford .

S idbury :

C o-op P re-Layer 7

LL IP re-Bank d eposi ts C o-op L ayer 7

G 104 Phase 1

F 130 , F 163

V ic tor ia S t

1. S ta m ford .

C o-opera t ive s i te: C o-op L ayer 6

1 2 . S ta m ford .

S t G eorges S t :

LL IB ank

The m idla te 1 0th c en tury 1 3 .

L inco ln .

F laxenga te: D28 , D29 , F 36, J 12

1 4 . Y ork .

L loyds B ank : B etween F loors ia nd i

1 5 .

A l l S a in ts: P hase 2

O xford .

1 6 . Y ork .

L loyds B ank :

1 7 . The tford .

S t Marys:

1 8 .

C o-opera t ive s i te:

S ta m ford .

F loor i

P i t 4 5 C o-op L ayer 5

The e ar ly- m id 1 1th c en tury 1 9 .

L incoln .

F laxenga te :

E8 , E 13 , H8

2 0 . S ta m ford .

C o-opera t ive s i te:

C o-op L ayer 3 /5

2 1 . S ta mford .

C o-opera t ive s i te:

C o-op L ayer 3

S t Marys: P i t 6 1

2 2 .

The tford .

2 3 .

T a mwor th .

Mou lds Y ard

2 4 .

C an terbury .

S t August ines Abbey

9 2

T he midla te 1 1 th c en tury 2 5 . Thetford .

S t Marys:

2 6 .

L incoln . ta m ford . 2 7 . S ta mford . 2 8 . S

F laxenga te: F 18 , ATV , AUH , AWS , AZK C ast le: EE I2 36

2 9 . York .

B a i le H il l

. 3 0 . Oxford

C ast le:

3 1 .

L incoln .

3 2 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

P i t 3 6

EE I6 1A L ayers 2 8A , 3 1

F laxenga te: AM I , AMO , AOE, AOU , ARP , AS I , ASY , AVG C ast le: EE I 1 55

T he l ate 1 1th c en tury 3 3 .

L incoln .

3 4 . York .

F laxenga te : L loyds B ank :

ACV l ayer i i

3 5 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE X I 2 8

3 6 . S ta m ford .

Cast le: EE X I 7 8

3 7 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE I 1 98

3 8 . S ta mford .

Cast le: EE X I 2 42

3 9 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE I I 6 5 A l l S a in ts: P er iod I a

4 0 .

K ing 's L ynn .

T he e ar ly 1 2 th c en tury 4 1 .

L inco ln .

4 2 . S ta m ford .

F laxenga te ABU , AB W , AEK , AHO Cast le: EE I3 38

4 3 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE X I 1 59

4 4 . S ta m ford .

Cast le: EE X I 2 79

T he mid 1 2 th c en tury 4 5 . N or ton .

Pr iory :

4 6 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE X I 2 74

P hase 1

4 7 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE X I 2 72

4 8 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE I V P hase 2

4 9 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE I2 12

T he l ate 1 2 th c en tury N orw ich .

B ishopga te N or th :

L ayers 1 44, 2 53

5 1 . N orw ich .

B ishopga te N or th :

l ayers 1 37 , 1 43

5 2 . S ta m ford .

C ast le:

5 3 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE I V Phase 3

5 4 .

A l l S a in ts: P er iod I c

5 0 .

K ing 's L ynn .

EE I1 87

5 5 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE I V P hase 4

5 6 . S ou th Wi tha m :

Phase I

T he e ar ly 1 3th c en tury 5 7 . S ta m ford .

Cast le: EE I V Phase 5

5 8 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE I2 16

9 3

The m id 1 3th c en tury 5 9 .

C ast le: EE I V Phase 6

S ta m ford .

6 0 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE 1 Mot te d i tch

6 1 .

C ast le: EE Ia nd I P re-Bu i ld ing B

S ta m fo r d .

The l a te 1 3th c en tury 6 2 . S ta mford .

C ast le:

EE I I Q uarry B

6 3 . S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE I I Q uarry C

6 4 , S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE I B u i ld ing D g arderobe

6 5. S ta m ford .

S t Mar t ins S t : DD Ig arderobe

6 6 . 6 7 .

D om in ican P r iory :

B oston . K ing 's L ynn .

A l l S a in ts:

P hase 1 1

P er iod I

The l a te 9 th a nd e ar ly 1 0 th c en tur ies 1 .

S ta m ford .

S t G eorge S t :

LL I1 22

Th is g roup o f p ot tery d er ives f ro m t he l owest e xcava ted l eve l o ft he s i te , d escr ibed a s c lean , b rown c lay ;

i tt hus a n teda tes t he t imber f ea tures ( Group

3b elow ) . F ig . 1 5

A lso :

1 .

2 -47 F O

3 -01 F O

2 .

2 -16 F O

3 -24 F O

3 .

2 -48 E 0

4 .

S he l lte mpered b ow l , b rown w i th b lack c ore

f abr ic

r im

b ase

2

s hel ly

b ody

s herd t o ta ls

3

5 7

( sa me p ot ) E O

1

2

4

F O

4

1

6

1 2 3

2 .

S ta m ford .

S t G eorges S t :

LL I1 00 a nd 1 21

These t h ick l ayers s ee m t o i m med iate ly a nteda te t he t imber f eatures ( Group 3 ) , t hough t here i s s o me p oss ib i l ity t hey a re c onte mporary. A lso : 5 .

1 2-02 E O

2 -27 F O, 2 -48 F O

6 .

2 -48 F O

7 -08 F O

7 .

9 -05 E O

8 .

2 -13 F O

9 .

2 -27 F O

9 4

b ase + f abr ic

d ecora ted

r im

b ody s herds

2 M1

AO

2 5

MI

DO

s herd t ota ls 2 7

1

EO

2

3

F O

6

6 5

2 2 5 7 1

HO

2

2

s he l ly

2

2 1 09

3 .

S ta mford .

S t G eorges S t .:

LL IT i mber F eatures

( Layers 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 1 , 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 3 , 1 15) .

Three l arge ( 40 cm d ia meter ) p ost

h oles a nd a b ea m s lot c on ta ined p ot tery a s wel l a s s o me s lag . f abr ic

b ase + b ody s herds

AO

8

A (1 )

1

DO

2

E O

2

F O

1 1 4

4 .

S ta m ford .

C o-operat ive s i te:

C o-op Pre-Layer 7

The e ar l iest u se o ft he s i te, f or i ronwork ing , l ef t l i t t le p ot tery . 1 0 .

2 -38 EO

1.

2 -09 HO

1 2 .

2 -09 H O

f abr ic

A lso:

2 -48 E 0 , S pou t f rag men t EO

r im

EO

2

H O

2

s pou t

b ody

1

s herd t ota ls

3

6 2 8

5 .

S ta mford .

S t G eorges S t :

LL IPre-Bank Deposi ts

L ayers 2 8 , 3 8 a nd 9 9 a n teda t ing t he b ank c on ta ined p ot tery. f abr ic AO A (1 )

d ecora ted 2 M1 M3 .1

b ody 1 3 1

s herd t otals 1 5 2 1 7

9 5

6 .

S ta m ford .

C o-opera t ive s i te:

C o-op l ayer 7

Th is l ayer c o mpr ised a f a ir ly u n i for m s oi l s pread , 1 5-23 cm t h ick , c ont a in ing b one , c harcoa l a nd p ot tery .

Th is l eve l l ing r epresen ts a c learance o f

t opso i l f ro m e lsewhere a nd t he p ot tery i s t hus l i ke ly t o b e r esidua l .

A l though

B urchard ( f or thco m ing ) n otes t ha t t h is l ayer c on ta ined t he most p ot tery , o n ly 6 8 s herds c an n ow b e a t tr ibu ted t o i t . A lso: 1 3 .

3 -05 AO

2 -02 A O , 2 -04 AO , 2 -07

1 4 .

3 -18 F O

E O , 2 -09 A O , 2 -11 AO ,

1 5 .

2 -40 A O

2 -40 A O , F O , 2 -44 AO ,

1 6 .

2 -38 AO

2 -49 AO ,

1 7 .

s he l ly c ook ing p ot

3 -05 AO , 3 -14 AO , 3 -19

b lack c olour

AO , 3 -21 EO .

1 8 .

2 -44 AO

7 -02 A O , 7 -04 2 AO , DO

2 -45 AO

S pou t 1E O

2 0 .

1 3-04+Spou t 1 9 E O

f rag men tary EO , HO

2 1 .

7 -04 AO

1 9 .

2 2 .

1 4-11 AO

2 3.

1 2-02 A O b ase +

f abr ic AO

r im

d ecora ted 3 Ml , M5

1 8

DO E O

1 4

F O

3

H O

1

s hel ly

1

t ota ls 7 .

s pou t

L incoln .

2 8

M5 1

b ody 2

s herd t ota ls 2 4

1 2 8

3 3 3

2

5 1 1

1

F laxenga te G 104

5

3 3

6 7

P hase I

Deposi t G 1 04 i s c onsidered t o d a te b e tween 8 80-930 a ccord ing t o t he e xc ava tors . The S ta m ford w are was a ssoc ia ted w i th o ver 3 00 o ther s herds: a pprox i ma te ly 2 60 s he l lte mpered s herds, 1 5 s andy a nd 2 5 Ro man . A lso: 2 4 ,

H and le 9 + M64 D iv5/5

4 M62 D iv5/5 b ody s herds f ro m t he s a me v esse l , p robab ly o f F or m 2 1 , w i th t he s tr ips a pp l ied i n s evera l d irect i ons

8 ,

Ox ford .

A l l S ain ts P hase 1 : 1 12/7 , 1 1 2/9 , 1 26/5

These l ayers p rov ided t wo r ad iocarbon d a tes — 8 80 + 8 0, 8 90 + 7 0. o f t he S ta mford ware s herds s ee m t o b e f ro m c ook ing p ots. a re o f Oxford F abr ic B .

9 6

B oth

The s hel ly s herds

L L I 1 22

2 1

L L I1 00 ,12 1

Co -op p re -7 1 0

5 1

7 1

6 1

)

N 9 1

8

1 2

C o -op 7

5 - 1 3

L inco ln

1 7

1 .

2 4 M

ae

1 5

1: 4

1 9

1 61

2 2

2 3

2 1

F ig . 1 5

S ta mford S t Georges S t . C o-opera t ive s i te . 1 :4

9 7

; L inco ln F laxenga te .

8 .

Ox ford .

A l l S a in ts P hase 1 :

f abr ic

1 12/7 , 1 12/9 , 1 26/5 c on t .

b ody s herds

AO

1

F O

3

s he l ly

9 1 3

9 .

Worcester .

S idbury F 130 , F 163

O ft he f our S axon r ubb ish p i ts o n t he s i te , t he t wo wh ich i n tersected c ont a ined S ta m ford ware.

The S ta m ford ware w as a ssoc ia ted w i th C hester w are

o f H ereford t ype , s hel ly ware ( rese mbl ing Ox ford F abr ic B ) a nd l imestonet e mpered ware ( Morr is 1 978 ). F IG . 1 6 2 5 .

F or m 2o r 3F O ( 23 b ody s herds a nd 2b ase s herds , 7f ro m F 130 a nd 1 8 f ro m 1 63 ) .

f abr ic

b ody s herds

AO

2

A l

1

DO

1

E O

1

F O

2 7 3 2

1 0 .

H ereford .

V ictor ia S treet

As ect ion t hrough t he t own d efences s howed a l a te 8 th-cen tury c orn d r ier s ea led b y as l igh t b ank , i n terpreted a s p ar t o f O f fa ' sd efences.

As ubsequen t ,

l arger b ank o f c lay a nd g rave l , s o il a nd t urf may b e l i nked w i th A ethelf laed . S evera l S ta m ford w are s herds a nd C hester -type ware w ere f ound o n t he s urf ace o f ar oad , a d jacen t t o a nd p resu mab ly c on te mporary w ith t he b ank . A lso: 2 6 .

F or m 2 1+Hand le 2 - F O

F ur ther F O b ody s herds f ro m

+ 2 b ody s herds w i th

t he s a me v esse l

M25+ M77 1.

S ta m ford .

C o-opera t ive s i te:

C o-op L ayer 6

Depos i ts 6A a nd 6 B c o mpr ise B urchard ' sP hase 4 .

L ayer 6 A c on tained a

f i red c lay s urface a nd p i les o f r oasted a nd b roken i ron o re l u mps wh ich r ep resen t d ebr is f ro m s iev ing a nd s how t ha t i ron-work ing c on t inued a bove t he l eve ll ing l ayer , l ayer 7 . L ayer 6A was c overed b y 6B , ac on t inuous l ayer w i th f ew f i nds a nd o n ly 3 d iagnost ic s herds , i nc lud ing o ne r ed-pa in ted s herd . 2 7 , b ody s herd+ M77 F O 2 8 .

7 -74+ Mi AO

C o -op 6 2 7

2 8

H e re fo rd

L L Ib ank )

2 9

3 01

5

Wo rces ter

3 11

3 2 [

3 41 2 5

L inco ln

T he t fo rd

Y ork 3 7

1

\

4 0

d ie 3 8 4 21

i k

41 13 1 6

r )

4 3 3 9

F ig . 1 6

Worcester S idbury. s i te.

H ereford V ictor ia S t . S ta mford C o-opera tive

S t G eorges S t . L incoln F laxengate.

Thetford S t Marys.

1 : 4

9 9

Y ork L loyds B ank .

1 2 .

S ta mford .

S t Georges S t :

LL IB ank

L ayers 4 , 9 , 1 3 , 1 5, 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3, 2 4 , 2 5, 1 19 a nd 1 20 o f b rushwood , t urf , c lay a nd s oi l c o mposed t he n or th-sou th bank o n t he s i te.

They

c on tained p ot tery , s lag a nd b one . A lso: 2 9 .

S hel lte mpered

2 -17 A O , 2 -17+ Mi AO ,

c ook ing p ot

2 -18 AO , 2 -20 F O , 2 -25

3 0 .

2 -50 AO

F O , 2 -39 F O , 2 -50 2A0

3 1.

3 -03 AO

3 -02 2 A O, 3 -02+ Ml AO ,

3 2.

3 -02+ M3. 1A (1 )

3 -05 DO , 3 -19 DO, 3 -27

3 3.

1 0-10 AO

+MI A (1 )

3 4 .

1 5-09 D iv5/5

7 -02 EO , 7 -20 E O 9 -11+ M3 AO Hand le 2 F O

F abr ic AO

R+H

Dec.

B+BS

1 2

4 Ml

2 06

Tota ls 2 44

2 1 M3.1 M62 A (1 )

2

M3 .1

Al , A 5 DO

2

M1

3

6

3

3

9

1 3

M64 D (1 )

0

3

4 2

D5

1

EO

2

1 0

1 2

F O

5

5 0

5 5

HO

1

s he l ly

4

2 2 6

1

2 9

2 90

6 3 46

* There was a lso o ne v ery sma ll b ody s herd o f B 1 wh ich must b e c onsidered a s i n trusive; t he t op o ft he b ank was s o mewha t d isturbed . The m idla te 1 0 th c en tury 1 3.

L incoln .

F laxenga te: D28 , D29 , F 36 , J 12

These d eposi ts a re a t tr ibu ted t o p hases I I-V o ft he midla te 1 0 th c en tury. The S ta m ford ware was a ssociated w ith Ro man s herds, s hel ly a nd s andy wares. 3 5.

1 0-21 A iv5/5

A lso:

3 6.

Hand le 2 1 D5/5

1b ody s herd A4,

3 7 .

1 6-12 AO

1b ody s herd D iv5/5

3 8 . Hand le 1 7+ M41 D iv5 3 9 .

F or m 2 1 +Hand le 1 0 D iv5/5

1 00

M62 A5/5(5 )

1 4 .

York .

L loyds B ank : Deposi t b etween F loors ia nd i

The 3 7 S tamford w are s herds w ere a ssocia ted w i th 1 85 o ther s herds: R o man , 1 T orkseytype , 4S t N eotstype , 3Y ork a nd 1s p lashed ware.

1 66 The

s p lashed w are i s c onsidered i n trusive b y J . H oldswor th . S herds n ot i l lustra ted : 5 -72 A 5/5 1 0-12 D 5/5 1 6-07 2 AO 2g lazed , 3 1 u ng lazed b ody s herds 1 5 . Oxford .

A l l S a in ts Phase 2 : 9 5/5 , 1 13/2

Th is p hase was d a ted b y r ad iocarbon a na lysis a s 9 70 + 8 0 , S herds n ot i l lustra ted : 2 -50 AO b ody s herd F O 1 6 .

York .

L loyds B ank : Upper F loor , F loor i

I l lustra ted : 4 0 .

M16 A 5 — F or m 1 0 , o r F or m 1 8 .

1 7 .

The tford .

S t Marys P i t 4 5

L ayers D2.447 , 4 56 , 4 58 a nd 4 60 ,

The S ta m ford ware was a ssocia ted

w i th 1 4 s herds o f S t N eotstype ware a nd 3 97 s herds o f Thet ford ware. 4 1 ,

A lso:

2 -07 A O

4 2 . 5 -79 A l 4 3 .

5 . 8 3+ M5 D 5/5

1 8 .

S ta m ford .

C o-opera t ive s i te:

2 -35 A O

b ody s herds — 1AO , 2Al , 1D5/5 C o-op L ayer 5

Th is l ayer , u p t o 2 3 cm d eep , c on ta ined much s lag a s wel l a s s o me d o mest i c r ubb ish ; t he s i te s ee ms t o h ave b eco me u sed a s ad u mp ing g round , p r incip a l ly f or i ron-work ing waste. F IG . 1 7

A lso:

4 4 .

1 4-05+ M4 AO

1 -30+ M5 DO ,

4 5 .

1 -65+ M5 DO

2 -02 AO , 2 -06 A O ,

4 6.

1 -18+ M5 DO

2 -33 2 A0

4 7 .

8 -06 A l

M5 AO , M16 AO , MI8 A (1 )

4 8 .

1 2-11+ M5 DO

4 9 .

2 -33 AO

5 0 .

F or m 2 1+ M65+Hand le 1 6+ M41 +Body s herds D4/4

1 01

The e ar ly- m id 1 1 th c en tury 1 9 .

L inco ln .

F laxenga te :

E8 , E 13 , H8

These l ayers a n teda te t he f l oor a nd a sh s pread d a ted c . 1 060/70 b y t he e xc ava tors.

The S ta m ford ware was a ssoc ia ted w i th R o man-,s hel ly a nd s andy

ware s herds. 5 1,

1 2-37+ M16 D 5/5

5 2 . 5 3 .

1 -32+ M5 D O 1 6-09 AO

5 4 .

9 -04+ M15 D iv5/5

2 0 . S ta m fo r d .

C o-opera t ive s i te:

C oop L ayer 3 /5

Th is l abel was g iven b y t he e xcavators t o am ix ture o f L ayers 3a nd 5 i n t he p ar t o f t he s i te where L ayer 5 was d isturbed . F IG . 1 8

A lso:

5 5.

5 -74+ M4 A l

1 -10+ Mi A O

5 6.

3 -25 AO

2 -16 AO , 2 -33 AO , 2 -34 AO

5 7 .

2 -34+ M5 DO

M5 A O , D O , M64 A O

5 8 ,

1 -04+ M5 DO

5 9.

1 -03+ M5 DO

6 0 .

1 -12+ Ml AO

2 1 , S ta mford .

C o-opera t ive s i te:

C o-op L ayer 3

Th is d epos i t d a tes af ter t he l eve l l ing L ayer 5 a nd w as f or med a f ter t he e nd o f i ron-work ing i n t he a rea . A lso: 2 -04 E O , 2 -33 A0

6 1 .

1 -24+ M4 A O

6 2 .

2 -36 A O

7 -17 A O

6 3 .

2 -33 A O

F or m 1 + Ml DO M15 E O

6 4 .

1 -16 AO

6 5.

Hand le 2 3+ M42 G 6/6

2 2 .

The tford .

S t Marys P i t 6 1 : D2 .623

The S ta m ford w are was a ssocia ted w i th 1 3 s herds o f S t N eotstype ware , 3o f ' s mooth ' w are a nd 7 9 o f Thetford ware . A lso: 6 6.

5 -79+3 H and le 2 1 Al

6 7 .

8 -06+ trace o f H and le j oin A 4

6 8 .

1 -04 AO

2 3 .

Ta mwor th .

b ody s herds 4A1 , 1 A4

Mou lds Yard

The e ar l iest f ea ture c on ta in ing p ot tery , C on tex t 1 3 h ad t he r im 3 -23 AO , T i mber f ea ture 3 5 c on tained 1 -28+ M5 DO ,

O ther p ot tery f ro m t he s a me g roup

o f t imber f eatures i nc luded s o me h and- made s herds a nd a s herd o f q uartzt e mpered ware p ara l le led a t Droitw ich .

1 02

C o -op 5

y

4 4

4 7

4 8

4 6

L i nco ln

5 1

. . . .

r 5 3

. .

5 2

F ig. 1 7 S ta mford C o-opera tive s i te

1 03

L inco I n F laxengate.

1 :4

2 3 .

T a mwor th .

Mou lds Y ard c on t .

Th is o ccupa t ion was s ucceeded b y ab ank o ft wo p hases , t he f i rst c on t in ing s o me S ta m ford ware ;

M16 A 4 p ossib ly n eck o f F or m 1 8 , b odysherds 2 AO , 1

AO B ase. 6 9.- 3 -25 A O 7 0.

1 -28+ M5 DO

2 4.

C an terbury .

S t August ines Abbey

One b ody s herd o f S ta m ford G I w are was s ea led b enea th a f l oor a t tr ibu ted t o ac onstruct ion p hase o f c . 1 050. The m idla te 1 1 th c en tury 2 5. The tford .

S t Marys P i t 3 6

L ayers D2 .295, 2 96 , a nd 2 98 .

The S ta mf ord ware was a ssoc ia ted w i th

much Thetford ware , s o me S t N eotstype w are a nd a f ew s herds o f E ar ly Med iev a l ware. A lso: 7 1 .

M43 A5 , M62 A5

2 -33 AO

7 2 .

8 -06+ M62+Hand le 3 A 4

B ase 2A O , A 5, B ase 4 A O

7 3 .

M64 b ody s herd AO

b ody s herds 9 AO , 1 2 Al , 3A5 , 1A 5/ (1 ) , 1G 6

7 4 . Hand le 3 5 AO 7 5 .

1 2-13 AO

2 6 .

L incoln .

F laxenga te :

F 1 8 , ATV , AUH , AWS , AZ K

Th is t imber c onstruct ion a nd o ccupa t ion p hase i s d a ted c . 1 060/70 b y t he e xcava tors. 7 6 .

1 6-01 A O

7 7 .

8 -08+Spou t 6 D4

7 8 .

9 -19 AO

7 9 .

2 -35 AO

8 0 .

3 -23 AO

8 1.

1 2-23 A (1 )

2 7 .

S ta mford .

C ast le:

EE IP i t 2 36

Th is q uarry p i t was f i l led w i th l ayers EE I2 36, 2 41 , 2 46, 2 47 , 2 62 a nd 2 76 .

The p i t r epresen ts p re-Conquest s tone e x tract ion a nd i t s f i l l c an b e r e-

g arded a s d o mest ic r ubb ish f ro m t he v icin i ty .

F abr ic A p redo m ina tes, c o m-

p osing 7 0 o f t he 7 7 d iagnost ic s herds a nd a c o mparab le p ropor t ion o f t he b ody s herds. N o F abr ic B s herds were p resen t i n t he a pprox i mately 5 80 s herds o f t h is g roup .

The S ta m ford w are was a ssoc ia ted w ith s evera l s he l lte mpered

b ody s herds a nd a n i nturned b ow l r im . F IG . 1 9

A lso:

8 2 .

1 -09+ M62 A4

1 -07 , 1 -17+ M62 AO ,

8 3 .

1 -50 A O

1 -24 Al , 1 -29+ M62 AO ,

8 4 .

1 -40 A O

1 -31 AO , 1 -33 A (1 ) , 1 -34 A (1 )

8 5. 5 -86+Hand le 2 5 G 1/1

1 -35+ M62 Al , 1 -40 AO, 1 -44 A O,

8 6 .

1 -45 2A l , 1 .50 A 4+ M62 , 1 -51+ M62 2

7 -12 AO

1 04

C o -op 3 / 5

( I (

5 5 5 9

5 7

g o ;07 4 1 9 : « 0 e ene e t e, (074 , 0°

»g l e d ef t e r e

, b ee

6 0 (

J0 0

7

C o -op 3

/

10C 1 1 I

I

t h e

6 1

,s e

T he t fo rd 6 6

6 2

6 3

1

f 5 7

• • a i a

6 7

6 8 6 4 2

7 1

L i nco ln 7 3

7 7

F ig . 1 8

T amwo r th

7 9

/P 7 6 8 0

« O P

6 9

8 1

1 :4

7 0

S ta m ford C o-opera tive s i te. Yard ,

L incoln F laxenga te.

Thet ford S t Marys. 1: 4

1 05

Ta mwor th Mou lds

2 7 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

8 7 .

Hand le 2 3 A4

EE IP it 2 36 ( c on t .) A lso: AO, 1 -52 AO , 1 -58 2 AO

8 8 .

1 -31+ M64 AO

2 -02 A O , 2 -03 AO, 2 -06 3AO , 2 -10

8 9 .

9 -35 AO M62

AO , 2 -16 2AO, 2 -21 AO , 2 -23 AO , 2 -33 4 AO , 2 -34+ M5 AO , 2 -35 AO , 2 -41 AO , 2 -48 3 AO , 2 -49 AO 3 -03 A O , 3 -08 AO , 3 -12 3AO , 3 -15 A O , 3 -25 AO 7 -12 AO , A (1 ) 8 -06 A 1/1 , A5, 8 -07 A5, 9 -09 A O 1 0-02 AO 1 1-01 AO 1 2-07 A O , 1 2-17 2 GO ,

1 2-27 G1

1 6-13 AO ` ?

M5 AO ;

M62 AO , A1/1, A 5;

M64 A O ;

M67 2AO S pou t f rag men t Gi 2 8 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

EE IP i t 6 1A

Th is l arge l imestone q uarry c on tained l ayers EE I6 1A, 2 63 , 2 64 , 2 65 , 2 66, 2 68 , 2 69 , 2 73 , 2 77 , a nd 2 78 .

The a pprox i ma te ly 1 000 b ody s herds a nd 1 65

r i ms f or m a g ood s a mp le o f m id-llth c en tury r ubbish f ro m t he t own .

The

v ar iety o f r i ms w i th f ew j oins s uggests t ha t t he p ot tery i s l ike ly t o h ave c o me f ro m a v ariety o f s ources a nd t ha t t h is l arge q uarry , when a bandoned , c ou ld h ave s erved a s ac o m muna l r efuse p lace. A lso: 9 0 .

9 -30+ Ml AO

9 1,

2 -06 AO

1 -02+ Ml 2 AO , 1 -02+ Ml+ M62 AO , 1 -03+ Ml AO, 1 -05+ M5 4 A O ,

9 2 .

2 -49 AO

1 -07 A O , 1 -08+ M8 . 2 AO , 1 -13

9 3.

2 -10 AO

AO , 1 -17 2 AO , 1 -17+ Ml A O ,

9 4.

2 -33 AO

1 -17+ M5 2AO , 1 -23+ Ml A O ,

9 5.

2 -16+ M5 AO

1 -23+ M5 2 AO, 1 -26+ M5 D O ,

9 6,

2 -33 AO

1 -29 3AO , 1 -29+ Ml 3 AO ,

9 7 .

8 -11+Spou t 1 1 AO

1 -29+ M5 4 AO , 1 -30

9 8 .

1 3-12+Sp AO

+M1 AO , 1 -30+ M5 AO, 1 -31

9 9 .

1 2-24+ Ml AO

AO, 1 -32+ M5.3 2 A0,

1 00 .

2 0-05 GO

1 -45 A O , 1 -45+ M1 AO, 1 -45+

1 01 .

1 5-03+ M5 AO

M5 AO ,

1 02.

2 1-08+H AO

1 -51 2AO

1 03.

1 -30 AO

2 -02 3AO , 2 -03 4 AO , 2 -03

1 04 .

7 -12+ M5 AO

+M5 3AO , 2 -04 AO , 2 -05+

1 05.

F or m 2 1+Base 3

M5 AO , 2 -06 7 AO , 2 -08 A O ,

1 06.

1 -35+ Ml AO,

1 -49 AO , 1 -50 A O ,

+M64 DO

2 -10

Hand le 8 + M64 DO

5 AO, 2 -18 AO , 2 -20 1 0 A O ,

1 06

4A0 , 2-1 0+ M5 AO , 2 -12 2 AO , 2 -16

f

f i

EE I2 36 8 5

8 3

8 6 8 4 8 8

a im 8 7

EE I6 1A

•

rn 8 9

1 00

9 1

9 2 1 06 9 3

N

9 4

9 5

x

1 0 1

o p-

1 02

7

g o a ct.mar..... .... l o nm anu rz oirn me m

9 6

1 03

1 04

9 7 9 8

1 :4

1

F ig . 1 9

S ta m ford Cast le.

1 07

1 :4

2 8 , S ta m ford . 1 07.

C ast le: EE IP i t 6 1A ( c on t .)

Hand le 2 8 A 4/4

F IG . 2 0 1 08 .

2 1-10+ M39+Hand les 1 0 ,

2 -29+ M5 AO , 2 -31 /AO , 2 -33

1 5+ Ml , 1 6 , +Base 2 + M62

1 1 AO , 2 -33

+M73 D 5/5

+M4 2Al , 2 -34 2AO , 2 -35 5 AO , 2 -35+ Mi AO , 2 -35+ M5 AO , 2 -37 AO , 2 -48 4 AO 3 -03 AO , 3 -07 E O , 3 -12 4 A O , 3 -18 AO , 3 -25 AO , 3 -31 AO 7 -11 2 A O , 7 -12 Al , 7 -13+ M4 AO, 7 -16+ M5 A O , 7 -17+ M4 A O , 7 -18 D O 8 -03 A (4 ) , 8 -09 A 4/4, 8 -11 AO , 8 -13 2A (1 ) , A l 9 -10 AO , 9 -30+ Ml AO 1 0-09 A O 1 2-04 A O , 1 2-04+ M5 AO , 1 2-07 A0/5 , 1 2-12+M5 ( A(1 ) , 1 2-21+ M5 A O 1 4-02 A O , 1 4-06+ Ml AO 1 6-08 A O , 1 6-12 AO 1 9-03 A O 2 1-06 A O Ml 2 A O , Al , D5; M513 A O ;

M2 AO ;

M42 Al ;

+M73 1 7 D 5/5;

M4 AO , A l ;

M6140 D5/5 ; M61

M62 AO , G O ;

M64 8A O,

2A (1 ) ; M65 A4/ (4 ) A lso p resen t were 2 r i ms ( 4-03 B O a nd 4 -58+M19 GO ) wh ich mus t b e c ons idered a s i n trusive a s t here a re n o F abr ic B b ody s herds i n t he g roup a nd d ecora t ion M19 i s e lsewhere a 1 2 th c en tury t ra i t ;

t he s herds d er ive f ro m t he u pper most

l ayer o f t he p i t wh ich was s o mewha t d isturbed . 2 9 .

Y ork .

B a ue H i l l.

The c onstruct ion o f t he mound i s a t tr ibu ted t o 1 068-69 ;

t wo S ta mford w are

b ody s herds ( AO , A l ) were f ound s trat if ied u nder t he mound , a ssoc ia ted w i th l a te S axon s andy ware a nd ' gr i t ty ' ware. 3 0 .

Ox ford .

C ast le :

L ayers 2 8A , 3 1

L ayers 2 8A a nd 3 1 , s ea led b y t he C ast le mound a nd b a i ley b ank r espect ively , d a te b efore 1 070 .

L ayer 2 8A c on tained a S ta m ford Al w are b ody s herd

a ssoc ia ted w i th 3 5 o ther s herds , ma in ly S t N eotstype ware ( Ox ford F abr ic B ) w ith s o me l i mestone te mpered a nd c oarse s andy ware s herds.

L ayer 3 1

c on ta ined a S ta m ford G 6 ware b ody s herd a ssoc ia ted w i th 3 f l in tte mpered s herds ( Ox ford F abr ic BF ) .

1 08

& d i

1 08

EE I6 1A

1 :4

F ig . 2 0 S ta m ford C ast le. 1 09

1 :4

3 1 .

L incoln .

F laxenga te: A M I , A MO , AOE, AOU , ARP , ASI , ASY, AVG

These f ea tures b e long t o a n o ccupa t ion p hase d a ted a s _ c . 1 060-1090 b y t he e xcava tors. F IG . 2 1 2 -30 AO 2 -31 AO 3 -27 AO 4 -18 A (1) H and le 2 2+ M42 G 6 5 -72 A5/5 5 -73 Al 1 2-11 AO 8 -08+ M42+ M62 AO +Hand le 1 7 AO H andle 2 9 A4 3 2 .

S ta mford.

C ast le:

EE I P it 1 55

Th is q uarry c on tained l ayers EE I 1 32 , 1 39, 1 55, a nd 1 88 ,

The S ta mford

ware was a ssociated w i th u ng lazed c alci tete mpered s herds i nc lud ing 1 r oul et ted s herd , ac o mbed h and le a nd a c ook ing p ot r im .

1 20 . 1 21 .

5 -76+Hand le

A lso:

t race A1/1

1 -32 AO , 1 -35+ Ml AO , 1 -39 AO , 1 -40+ Ml AO

1 3-18+ M5+Spou t

2 -03 AO , 2 -07 F O, 2 -10 AO, 2 -27 FO , 2 -28 GO,

1 3 AO

2 -33 2AO , A (1 ) , 2 -35 AO , 2 -49 AO

1 22.

1 -32+ M62 AO

3 -03 AO , 3 -20 AO , 3 -23 AO , 3 -25 AO

1 23,

Hand le 2 8 A4/4

4 -21 AO

1 24 .

Hand le 1 2 AO

7 -09 AO , 7 -11+ Mi AO , 1 1-18 B O, 1 2-13 AO ,

1 25.

Hand le 1 7 A5

1 2-25+ M4 AO , 1 2-27+ Ml AO , 1 3-22+ M6 AO ,

1 26.

1 -37+ M66 G 6

1 4-06+ M5 AO , M62 4 AO ;

M66 G 6

A f ur ther b ody s herd o f M16+ M17+ M32 B i s ee ms i n trusive. The l ate 1 1 th c en tury 3 3.

L incoln .

F laxenga te: ACV

Th is l ayer i s p ar t o f al eve ll ing u p o f t he s i te c onsidered a s C . 1 100 , 1 27 ,

5 -77 Gi/ (1 )

1 28 ,

1 9-07 AO

3 4 .

York ,

I loyds B ank :

L ayer i i

Th is l ayer r epresen ts t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1th c entury. 2 -32 AO

A lso:

1 30 .

5 -85 G 1

Hand le 3 6+ M41 G1

1 31,

4 -47 G O

M42 G 1

1 29 .

1 10

1 09

( \ ` ‚

1

L inco ln

101

14 g le

15

17

1 1

13 18

19

12 16

1

EE

7

I 1 55 7

1 20

1 27

T

1 22 1 25

1 26

EE

Y ork

X I

2 8

1 29

1 30

z

1 3 1

1 32

1 :4

F ig . 2 1

L incoln F laxengate.

\

S ta m ford Cast le.

11

York L loyds Bank .

1 :4

3 5 .

S ta mford.

C ast le:

EE X I P i t 2 8

Th is l arge l i mestone q uarry p i t , f i lled w i th l ayers EE X I 2 8 , 8 5, 8 9 , 9 0 , 9 1 , 1 97 , 1 98 , 2 03, 2 04 , 2 09 , a nd 2 24 , may b e i n terpreted a s p ar t o f e ar ly N or man a ct iv i ty o n t he C ast le s i te . The a pprox i ma te ly 9 00 S ta mford ware s herds were a ssociated w i th a Thetf ordtype s herd f ro m a s torage v essel , as he l lte mpered i n turned b ow l r im , 5c a lci tete mpered s herds i nc lud ing a s pou t f rag men t a nd a c ook ing p ot r im . A f rag men t o f ag lazed r oof t i le i n as im ilar f abr ic i s p robab ly i n trusive. 1 32.

1 -18+ M62 AO

A lso:

F IG . 2 2 1 2-16 GO

1 -16 A O, 1 -18 AO , 1 -23 AO , 1 -30

1 34.

2 -33 AO

+M3 A5, 1 -33 3AO, A5/5, 1 -36 AO , 1 -50 AO ,

1 35 .

2 -32 AO

1 -58+ M62 B 1/1

1 36 .

1 2-07 AO

2 -02 AO , F O, 2 -06 AO , 2 -10 AO , 2 -12 AO , 2 -16

1 37 ,

1 2-07 AO

AO , E O , 2 -19 F O , 2 -28 AO , 2 -30 2AO , 2 -32 2

1 38 ,

1 -52 A (1 )

AO , 2 -33 1 0 AO , 2 -48 AO , EO , 2 -49 AO , EO , 2 -50

1 39 ,

1 2-10 AO

AO , 2 -53 A0,3-02 AO , 3 -03

1 40 .

2 -33 AO

3 -11 AO , 3 -12 2 AO , 3 -13 F O , 3 -14+ M1 .3 HO ,

1 41 .

3 -12 AO

3 -17 AO , 3 -22 AO , 3 -25 2AO , 3 -29 GO , 4 -29

1 42 .

Base 3 G 6

A0 ,5-76 Al, 5 -81 Al , 2 A1/1, 5 -83 A1/1, GI ,

1 43.

9 -34 Al

7 -29 B O , 9 -16 2AO , 9 -29 AO, 9 -30 AO , 1 0-08

1 44 .

Base G 6

AO , 1 0-09 A (4) , 1 1-23 BO , 1 2-04 AO , 1 2-11

1 45.

F or m 2 1+ M62 A5/5

AO , 1 2-18 2 AO , 1 6-06 A O,

1 33 ,

DO , 1 -30

EO , 3 -09 5 AO ,

Hand le 3 0+ M42+ M62 A5 M1 AO ;

M4 AO ;

M41 A4/4; 4 A5, 2 Gl; 3 6 .

S ta m ford .

Cast le:

M9 G 5;

M16 Al , G I , G6;

M42 AO , M62 3 AO , A1/1 , A4 , M64 A1/1 ;

M67 4 Al

EE X I P i t 7 8

Th is l imestone q uarry was f i l led w i th l ayers EE X I 6 6, 7 7 , 7 8 , 7 9 , 9 2 , 9 3 , 9 4 , 1 02 , 1 03, 1 08 , a nd 1 13 .

I t may b e i n terpreted a s p ar t o f N or man a ct ivi ty

o n t he s i te. ssocia ted w i th 5 c a lci teThe a pprox i ma tely 5 00 S ta m ford ware s herds were a t e mpered b ody s herds. F IG . 2 3 1 46 .

5 -81+Spou t 3 +Hand le 2 9

A lso.

+M42 GI

1 -16+ M62 A5/5 , 1 -33 3 AO , 1 -45 A (1 ) , 1 -51

1 47 .

1 4-04+ Ml AO

AO , 1 -52+ M67 B I , 1 -56 G (1 ) , 2 -02 F O , 2 -06

1 48 .

1 2-09 AO

A O, 2 -28 3 AO , 2 -30 2AO , 2 -33 5 AO , 2 -35 AO ,

1 49 .

5 -83+Hand le 3 3 GI

2 -41 3 AO , 2 -52 AO , 3 -03 2AO , 3 -11 4 AO ,

1 50.

5 -83+Spou t 2Al

3 -15 AO , 3 -17 A O, 3 -23 3 AO , 3 -25 2AO , 4 -07

F igure 3 6

+M19 B I , 4 -15 AO , 4 -21 AO , 4 -58 B O , 5 -83+ 5 -p

4 .

4 M12 G 6/6

G 1, 5 -85 2 G 6 , 7 -12 A O , 9 -34+ M5 A O , 1 2-09 AO , 1 2-11 AO , 1 2-28 F O , 1 4-02 AO , 1 4-

6 .

6 M9 G6 /6

1 3+ M1 AO , 1 9-06 BO , 2 0-03 AO , Hand le 1 1+ M42 A5/5, M1 AO ; M64 AO , GI/ (l ) ;

1 12

M46 AO ;

M62 4 AO , 2Al ;

M67 2AO , G 6/6

T >

,

?7

1 33

,

1 34

1 35

( 1 39

k 1

1 36

I s

T

1 38

1 40

1 37

1 45

7 EE X I 1 t

2 8 1 44

_

F ig . 2 2

S ta m fo r d C ast le.

1 13

1 :4

3 7 .

S ta mford .

Cast le:

EE IP i t 1 98

Th is d eposit l ay im med ia te ly a bove EE IP i t 2 36 ( Group 4 1 a bove) a nd s ubs ided i n to i t . 1 51 .

However , i ta ppears d ist inct f ro m t he p i t i t self . A lso:

5 -77+Sp G (6)/ (6)

1 -23 AO , 1 -40 AO , 1 -45 A (1 ) , 1 -58 AO , 2 -03 AO , 2 -06 A (1 ) , 2 -33 AO , 2 -41 AO , 3 -03 AO , 3 -23 AO, 4 -03 B (1), 4 -11 A (4) , 4 -16 A O , 4 -46 G 6, 4 -60+ M20 B O , 5 -76+Sp A 4, 5 -80 G 6, 9 -18 AO , 1 0-02 AO , 1 0-03 A (4 ) , 1 0-09 AO , 1-01 Al , 1 1-04 AO , 1-13 AO , 1 2-07 AO , 1 2-17 A (4 ) , M16 A1/1 , G1/1 3 8 .

S ta m ford.

Cast le:

EE X I P it 2 42

Th is l imestone q uarry c on ta ins l ayers EE X I 2 42 , 2 43 , 2 47 , 2 48 , 2 50 , 2 52 , a nd 2 55.

I t may b e c onsidered a s p ar t o ft he e ar ly N or man a ctivity o n

t he s i te. S o me d isturbance o f t he f ea ture i s r ef lected b y t he p resence o f ap ostmed ieva l g lass b ot t le b ase. t o b e i n trusive.

Ag lazed r oof t i le c rest f rag men t w ou ld a lso s ee m

The S ta m ford ware was a ssocia ted w ith a Thetfordtype ware

b ody s herd a nd a b one s ka te, 1 52.

4 -16 AO

A lso:

1 53.

4 -45 GO

1 -08+ M8 . 2 AO , 1 -29+ Mi . 6 2 AO , 1 -45+ Ml AO ,

1 54.

1 2-06 AO

1 -51+ Ml AO , 1 -55+ M68 BI , 2 -06 AO , 2 -07 F O ,

1 55.

4 -47 AO

2 -07+ M7 AO , 2 -10+ M5 AO , 2 -18 A O , 2 -33 AO ,

1 56.

1 4-05+ Ml A4

2 -33+ M5 AO , 2 -35 AO , 3 -03 AO , 3 -12 DO , 3 -29

1 57 ,

1 -63 G2/ (2)

AO , 4 -45 BO , 4 -47 AO, 4 -55 GI , 5 -83 A5/5,

1 58 .

2 -10+ M5 AO

7 -10 E O, 9 -05 A O, 9 -16 AO , 1 4-06+ M5 DO ,

1 59 .

6 -01+ Ml+ Hand le AO

1 4-07+ Ml. 2AO ,

8 -10+ Mil . 1 +

Hand le 2 4 A5 , Hand le 3 6+ M42 G 1/1

1 60 .

3 9 ,

M67+Hand le 2 3

M4 A (1 ) ;

Gv i i6/6

G 6/6

S ta m ford ,

C ast le:

M5 AO ;

M64 2AO , A 5/5;

M65 AO ,

EE I I P i t 6 5

Th is f ea ture was a n i sola ted p i t d ug i n to n a tura l , c on tain ing l ayers EE I I 6 5, 6 9 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 5, 1 33 , 1 36, 1 37 a nd 1 45. F IG . 2 4 1 61 .

4 -21 AO

A lso:

1 62 ,

4 -47 GO

2 -33 AO , 3 -11 AO , 4 -09 AO , 4 -47 GO , 9 -19 A (4) , 1 0-15 Bl , 1 0-22 AO , 1 0-24 GO , 1 2-25 A (1 ) M16 B 6/6;

1 14

M33 B 5

EE

X I

7 8 R.P. M 76 3.3 1. 1.1 f l 1 2 1 3 1 1 Malum i lm•• ••-•

0 1 4, 7

W N W

1 49

1 47

)

1 48

EE

X I

1 50

ai i I I IP

„

2 42

1 52

1 54

Cc[ CEO : 5E r _ T :2 3 c . > : ,

1 58 1 55

1 59

cl

T

EE

1 56

1 :4

1 57

F ig . 2 3 S ta mford C ast le.

1 15

I,

1 :4

1 5 1

I1 98

4 0 .

K ing ' sL ynn .

A l l S a in ts:

P er iod I a , L ayer 1 7

Th is l ayer i s t he e ar l iest o n t he s i te wh ich c on tains S ta mford w are.

The

l ayer c onsists o f o ccupa t ion ma ter ia l c onsidered o f l a te 1th -cen tury d ate ; t he o ccupa t ion may a n teda te t he f ounda t ion o f B ishop ' sL ynn n orth o ft he Mi l lf lee t c . 1 095 .

AS ta m ford B i ware b ody s herd a nd 4 G I b ody s herds w ere a ssoc ia ted

w i th Gr i mston Thetfordtype ware a nd s he l ly ware s herds. T he e ar ly 1 2 th c en tury 4 1 .

L incoln .

F laxenga te : ABU , AB W , AEK , ABO

T hese l ayers a re p ar t o f a n o ccupa t ion a nd l evel l ing o n t he s i te d a ted c . 1 100-1120 b y t he e xcava tors. 1 63 .

5 -35+Spou t G 5

1 64.

4 -24 G 1

1 65.

4 -23 G O

1 66.

1 6-03 AO

4 2 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

EE I3 38

Th is f a ir ly sma l l , i sola ted p i t was c u t i n to t he n a tura l l i mestone. t he s herds, s uch a s t hose o f F abr ic F , a re c lear ly r edeposi ted ;

S o me o f

r im 7 -11

j oined a r im f ro m EE I6 1A ( Group 2 8 a bove ) a nd s herds o f v esse l 2 1-06 were a lso f ound i n t ha t p i t .

The S ta m ford ware was a ssoc ia ted w i th a sma l l amoun t

o f u ng lazed L yvedentype ware . 1 67 ,

4 -18 B O

1 68 .

4 -36 B O

A lso: 1 -23 AO , 1 -40 G O , 1 -44+ M62 B O , 1 -52+ M62 AO , 2 -12 F O , 2 -28 AO , 2 -38 F O , 4 -18 AO , 4 -36 GO , 4 -46 AO , 7 -11 AO , 2 1-06 A O

4 3 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

EE X I 1 59

Th is f ea ture was a l arge l imestone q uarry . 1 69 .

4 -60+ M40 G (1 )

A lso:

1 70 .

F or m 4 G O

1 -08 G O , 1 -19 G I , 1 -22 G O , 1 -34+M62 GO ,

1 71 .

4 -18 G (6 )

1 -54 B O , 1 -58 G O , 1 -60 A (1 ) , 2 -20 AO , 2 -31

1 72 .

4 -52 GO

1 73 .

1 9-01A (1 )

+M4 AO , 2 -33+ M4 AO , 2 -45 AO , 2 -49 AO , 4 -03 AO , 4 -12 AO , 4 -27 G I , 4 -42+m19 BO ,

1 74 .

9 -01+ M13+ M21 A O

4 -43 G (1 ) , 4 -52 G O , 4 -54 GO , 4 -55 B O , GO

1 75 .

5 -26+Spou t 5G 1

4 -57 AO , 4 -58+ M19 A (1 ) , 4 -60 A O , 3 GO , 4 -

1 76.

4 -60+ M18 G (1 )

6 0+ M40 A O, 4 -62 AO , 4 -63 GO , 1-07 B (1 ) ,

1 77 .

B ase 3 + M16+ M36 G 1

1 2-15 AO , 1 9-01 2 AO , 1 9-03 3 AO , 1 9-04 G O ,

1 78 ,

1 -53 B O

M5 AO ; M16 2AO , G I ; M16+ M18 2Al ; M16 +m42 Al ; M18 A (1 ) , B O , GI , G 6 ; M42 B 1/1 ; M43 AO

1 16

EE

I

6 5

( )

EE X I 2 79

1 6 1

L inco ln

r

1 79

)

1 63

4

1 64

1 80

1 62

EE

I3 38

\

1 65

1 8 1 /

1 66

1 67 1 68

EE

X I

1 59

/

1 6 9 1 76

1 70

1 7 1

1 77

\

1 73

1 74

1 :4

F ig . 2 4

1 78

L incoln F laxengate.

1 17

S ta mford Cast le.

1 :4

4 4 .

S tamford .

C ast le: EE X I 2 79

Th is l arge l i mestone q uarry c on tained l ayers EE X I 2 79 , 3 07 .

I t may b e

l i nked w i th a s treng then ing o f d efences d ur ing t he Anarchy a s t he c ast le s ee ms t o h ave b een we l l f or ti f ied b y t he t ime o f t he 153 s iege. There w ere n o c opper-co loured G laze 3 s herds among t he a l most 8 00 S ta mf ord ware s herds wh ich were a ssoc ia ted w i th a c a lc i tete mpered a nd a s andy s herd . 1 79 .

4 -45 B O

A lso:

1 80 .

9 -13 B O

1 -18+ Mi AO , 1 -52 Al , 1 -55+ M68 B i , B 1/1 ,

1 81 .

1 5-03 B O

1 -60 AO , 2 -07 F O , 2 -19 F O, 2 -33 Al , 3 -20 E O, 3 -23 AO , 4 -15 GO , 4 -21 AO , 4 -26 B O , 4 -28 AO , 4 -42+ M19 B O , 4 -42+ M18+ M19 A O , 4 -43 B O , 4 -46 G I , 4 -49 BO , 4 -49+ M19 BO , 4 -52 B O , G O , 4 -52+ M19 2 BO , 4 -54+ M19 G O , 4 -55 B i , GO , 4 -56 B O , G O , 4 -60 2 GO , B (1 ) , 4 -60+ M19 2 B (1 ) , 5 -18 B i , 5 -27 A l , 5 -64 B i , 9 -11 B O , 1 1-07 B 1/1 , 1 2-07 G (1 ) , 1 2-28 G O , 1 6-14 G O , 1 9-01 AO , 1 9-07 GO , MI6 Al , 3B i , 2C l , 4G i ;

M16+ M42 G i

The m id 1 2 th c entury 4 5 .

N or ton .

P r iory : Phase 1

The f i rst p hase o f monastic o ccupa t ion af ter t he f ound ing i n 134 was r ep resen ted b y t imber b u i ld ings wh ich h ave b een i n terpre ted a s t e mporary a cco moda t ion .

AS ta m ford B i ware b ody s herd w as a ssocia ted w i th 2 1 q uar tz-

t e mpered c ook ing p ot s herds o f ad eve loped f or m o f Chester ware , a nd s evera l m icaceous L e icestertype wares . 4 6 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

EE X I 2 74

Th is l imestone q uarry c on ta ined a pprox i ma te ly 6 00 S ta mford w are s herds , n one b ear ing G laze 3 .

The a ssoc ia ted s herds c ons isted o f 3s he llte mpered ,

1g lazed L yvedentype a nd 1g lazed B ournetype . F IG . 2 5 1 82 .

7 -35 B 2/2

A lso:

1 83 .

7 -33 B 2/2

1 -19+ M67 B i , 1 -22 G I , 1 -33

1 84 .

2 0-04 B O

1 -44 AO , 1 -54+ M67 B i , 1 -55 B O , 1 -58 GO ,

1 85 .

7 -27 B 1/1

1 -58+ M68 B i , B 1/1 , 1 -60 BO , 3 -23 2 AO ,

1 86.

1 1-03 B i

4 -03 B O , 4 -08 G O , 4 -10 BO , 4 -23 GO , 4 -28

AO , 1 -36 AO ,

1 87 .

1 9-04 B O

B O , 4 -41 G (6 ) , 4 -50 B O , 2 GO , 4 -51+ M19 B O ,

1 88 .

Hand le 3 1 G I

4 -56 B O , 4 -57 G O , 4 -58

1 89 .

1 6-14 G O

+ Spou t 1 0 Al , 5 -27+H G I , 5 -29+H B I , 5 -50+

BO , 4 -60 BO , 5 -23

S p G i , 6 -30 G I , 7 -42 G I , 8 -06 A (4 ) , 8 -09 A (4 ) , 9 -11 B 6 , 1-14 G I , 1 1-15 G (1 ) , G I , 1 2-14 BO , G O , 1 2-28 B O , 1 9-01 G (2 )/1 , 1 90 4 BO , 1 9-05 B (1 )/ (1 ) , Hand le 3 5 B (1 ) , H and le 3 6+ M42 B i 5M16 7 B i , G O , 2G1 1 18

(? EE

X I

2 74

1 82

\ I2 1 84

1 85

7

—1 87

"

: 1 86

1 83

1

/

1 88

1 89

1

( EE

1 90

1

X I

I

1 9 1

2 72 1 95

1 97

/ 1 96

I I M II

1 93

7

Q C° ) 1

-

1 98

1 94

T I

. , 7--‚ --

( 200 2 01

F ig . 2 5

)

S ta mford C ast le .

1 19

I

-

1 99

c

t

2 03

1 :4

r

202 . . . . -. . . .-. . . . . .--. ? .

2 04

1 :4

4 7 .

S ta mford .

Cast le:

EE X I 2 72

The ma ter ia l f ro m t h is l arge l imestone q uarry s ee ms r ough ly c on te mporary t o t he s im i lar p i ts EE X I 2 74 a nd 2 79 ( Groups 4 4 a nd 4 6 a bove) .

H owever , o ne

o ft he 6 58 S ta m ford ware s herds i n EEX I 2 72 b ore G laze 3 a nd s o s hows t he i n troduct ion o f t h is c opper c olour ing .

The S ta m ford ware was a ssociated w ith

2s he l lte mpered s herds, a s andy ware a nd a B ournetype s herd , A lso:

1 90 .

4 -45 BO

1 91.

4 -60 GO

1 -07 A 5/5, 1 -52 GI, 1 -60 BO , 3B (1 ) ,

1 92 .

5 -64+Spou t 8B 2

+M62 B i , 1 -62 B i , 2 -04 AO, F O , 2 -33 AO,

1 93.

1 -60 BO

2 -35 AO , 4 -04+ M19 BO , 4 -05+ M16+ M19 BO ,

1 94.

7 -29 B 1/1

4 -30 BO , 4 -34+ M19 C l , 4 -35+ M19 BO , 4 -36

1 95.

1 0-15 A4/4

B i, 4 -41 BO , 4 -44 BO , 4 -51 2 B O, 4 -54+ M19

1 96.

Hand le 2 5+

AO , 4 -55 BO , B i , 4 -55+ M40 Al , 4 -56 2 GO ,

M68 A1/ (1 )

4 -58 B i , 4 -60+ M19 BO , GO , 5 -12+H Al ,

1 97 ,

F or m 5 + M16 Al

5 -26+Sp B i , 5 -58+Sp B i , 5 -58+Spou t 8C l,

1 98 .

Hand le 5 1+ M39 B i

5 -64+Spou t 8B i , 5 -83 G 6, 7 -22 B i , 7 -30

1 99 .

4 -49 BO

B 2/2, 7 -32 B i , 7 -36 3 B 2, 8 -10

2 00 ,

9 -04 C 6

M16 B 2 , B 6, 1 0-26 C (1) , 1 1-05 B i , 1 2-15 B I ,

2 01.

1 0-06 C (1 )

1 2-18 AO , 1 2-28 B (1) , G (1) , 1 2-29 B (1 ) , 1 3-

2 02.

5 -35+Hand le 3 6 G 6

1 5+Spou t 1 7 B (1 ) , 1 6-04 G (1) ,

2 03 ,

4 -55+ M19

2 0-04 B (1 ) , H andle 1 1+ M42 AO ,

2 04.

1 -61+ M64 B i

4 8 .

S ta mford .

A (1 )

C ast le:

M16 2AO , 4B i , 2 GI ;

1 -61

A l , 9 -04+

1 9-05 BO ,

M16+ M42 C l ;

M64 B i

EE I V Phase 2

L ayers EE I V 1 13 , 1 37 , 1 38 , 1 43, 1 46, 1 50 , 1 66, 1 72 , l eve ll ing s pread c overed a l arge a rea.

1 80 a nd 1 94.

Th is

The 7 21 S ta m ford ware s herds o ri-

g ina l ly r ecorded were a ssoc ia ted w i th 2 Ro man , 4 0 c a lcitete mpered , 1Thetf ordtype , 1s andy a nd 1 L incolntype s herds.

2 05.

6 -18+Hand le 4 5+

A lso:

M39+ M70 B 1/1

1 -06 +Ml +M64 A4 ,

1 1-20 B O

1 -23 A4, 1 -25 AO , 1 -27 AO, 1 -28 D O, 1 -30+

2 07 .

1-21 B i

M5 AO, 1 -31

2 08 .

4 -55 BO

1 -41+ M68 G1/1 , 1 -44 A (4) , 1 -49 A (1) , 1 -51

2 09 .

5 -59+Hand le 3 4 B (1 )

AO , A4 , 1 -51+ M62 AO , 1 -58 AO , 2 -02 AO ,

2 10 .

6 -03+ M74 AO

2 -03 2 AO, 2 -10 A O , 2 -19 FO , 2 -33 AO , 2 -35

2 11.

4 -60 AO

3 AO , 2 -38 AO , 2 -43 AO , 2 -44 AO , 2 -45 AO ,

2 12.

1 0-25 AO

3 -07 E O, 4 -03 B (1 ) , 4 -04 BI , 4 -15 A O, 4 -21

2 13 .

Hand le 2 1 A4

GO , 4 -24

2 06.

1 -08 +M63 A4 , 1 -22 G I ,

A O, 1 -32+ M1.5 AO , 1 -36 2 AO,

B (1 ) , 4 -35 GO , 4 -36 AO , 4 -39 GO ,

4 -39+ M19 GO , 4 -42 GO , 4 -42+ M19 B O , 4 -43 AO, 4 -44 GO , 4 -46 Bi , 4 -48+ M19 B O , 4 -55 B i , 4 -60 G 6, 4 -60+ M40 AO , 5 -46+H G I , 5 -50+ S pou t 8B i , 5 -59+H B (1 ) , 5 -83+ M14 A5/5, 7 -10 F O, 7 -13+ M5 AO , 7 -22 2 B 1/ (1 ) , 7 -34 B2/2 , 7 -41 B i , 1 0-16 B 2 , 1 1-14 B 2/ (2 ) , 1 12 0 2B (1 ) , 1 2-04+ Mi DO , 1 2-17+ M5 AO , 1 22 8 GO . , 1 5-04+ M62 A5/5, 2 1-05 AO, 1 20

4 8 .

S ta mford .

Cast le: EE X I 2 72 ( con t .) Hand le 1 0 A5/5, Hand le 3 3 B 1/ (1 ) , Hand le 3 4 B (1) , Hand le 3 5 B1/ (1 ) , Hand le 3 6 B i, B 1/ 1 , Hand le 3 6+ M42 B1/ (1 ) , Hand le 3 7 Bi , Hand le 4 6+ M42 B (1 )/ (1 ) , Hand le 5 1+ M41 A1/1 M6 AO ; M42 GI ; 2 AO ;

4 9 .

S ta mford .

C ast le :

M18 B i, C l;

M33 B i ;

M43+ M46 2D4/4;

M40 AO ;

M62 A1/1;

M64

M67

EE IGroup 2 12

L ayers EE I2 12 , 2 18 , 2 34, 2 35, 2 37 , 2 38 , 2 39 a nd 2 42 p ost-da te L ayer I 1 98 ( Group 3 7 a bove ) a nd l i e u nder t he g roup o f l ayers EE I 1 87 ( Group 5 2 b elow ) . A .

A l l o f t hese f ea tures a re e ar l ier t han F loor EE I 8 8 o f S tone Bui ld ing

The 1 23 S ta m ford ware s herds were a ssocia ted w i th 6 s hel l/ li mestone-

t e mpered s herds. 2 14 .

4 -15 G O

A lso:

2 15 .

M57 B 3

1 -05+ M5 AO , 1 -14 AO , 1 -18 AO ,

2 16 .

9 -15 GO

1 -23+ M67 AO , 1 -24 AO, 1 -26+ M5 DO , 1 -44+

2 17 .

3 -08 AO

1 -22 A4,

M62 B O , 1 -49 G1/1 , 2 -02 AO , 2 -06 AO , 2 -33 AO, 2 -35+ Ml DO , 2 -35+ M5 AO , 3 -11 AO , 3 -28 AO , 1 1-06 BO , 1 1-23 B (1 ) , 1 2-16 A (1 ) , 1 2-25 AO , M5 A O;

M17 BO

T he l ate 1 2 th c en tury 5 0 .

N orw ich .

B ishopgate N orth :

1 56N L inear Quarry

Th is l inear q uarry , f i l led w i th L ayers 1 44 a nd 2 53, i s c onsidered o f 1 2thc en tury d a te ;

i t may wel l h ave b een d ug im med ia tely b efore 1 174 a nd r epre-

s en t d efences h ast i ly p repared b efore t he a ttack o f Hugh B igod . 2 18 .

A lso:

6 -22 C 2

M16 B 2 , B 3 ;

M42 B2

b ody s herds 5 B2 , 2B (2 )/2,B3 5 1 .

Norw ich .

B ishopgate N or th :

1 56N L inear Quarry

The u pper l ayers ( 1 37 a nd 1 43 ) o f t he q uarry f i l l were d ist inct f ro m t he ma in f i l l ( Group

5 0 a bove ) .

2 19 .

9 -27+ M33 B 1 w i th M33 b ody

A lso:

s herd

M16 B 2 , 2B 3

2 20 .

Hand le 4 4+ M33+ M42 B i

b ody s herds BO , 6B 3

1 21

5 2 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

Group EE I 1 87

L ayers EE I 1 87 , 1 96 , 1 97 , 1 99 , 2 02 , 2 04 , 2 06 , 2 07 , 2 14 , 2 25 , a nd 2 32 p ost-da te Group I2 12 ( Group 4 9 a bove ) a nd a n teda te t he f l oor ( EE I8 8 ) o f S tone Bu i lding A .

T he 8 4 S ta mford ware s herds were a ssocia ted w i th 1 9

c a lci tete mpered s herds i nc lud ing 3 r i ms a nd 8 g lazed Lyvedentype j ug s herds i nc lud ing 5 f ro m h igh ly d ecora ted j ugs. 2 21 .

1 2-21 G (1 )

A lso:

2 22 .

5 -50+Spou t 8B i

1 -16 AO , 1 -18 F M62 Al , 1 -33 A (1 ) , 1 -42 2AO , 1 -49+ M62 AO ,A (1 ) , 2 -16 AO , 2 -35 AO , 3 -23 A (1 ) , 3 -25 AO , 3 -27 AO , 4 -12 2A O , 4 -13 B O , 4 -22 AO , 4 -60 A O, 5 -46+Spou t 9B i , 5 -77 G I , 5 -83 G 5, 5 -85 A l , 7 -30 B 1, 9 -15 A O , 1 2-12+ M5 A (4 ) , 1 2-28 B (1 ) , M16 Al; M33+ M75 C 2 ; M64 AO , A1/1

5 3 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

EE I V Phase 3

L ayers EE I V 5 8 , 1 10 , 1 47 , 1 70 , 1 74 a nd 1 75 f or med a s econd ma in s pread i n t he a rea , p ost-da t ing t ha t o f Phase 2 ( Group 4 8 a bove ) a nd a n teda t ing P hase 4( Group 5 5 b e low ) .

The a pprox i ma te ly 1 82 S ta m ford ware s herds w ere a sso-

c ia ted w i th 1 7 c a lc i tete mpered s herds i nc lud ing 2 r i ms, 1 s andy s herd a nd 1 s herd f ro m a Thetfordtype s torage v esse l. 2 23 .

9 -22 B i

A lso:

2 24.

1 1-05 B (1 )

2 -03 E O , 2 -33 AO , 2 -45 AO , 2 -48 E0 , 2 -49+ MI AO , 4 -43 G O , 4 -46 B O , 8 -03+Spou t 1 .E O ,

F ig . 3 6 , n o. 1 6:

9 -30+ Ml AO , 1-18 B O , 1 1-20 B i , M16+ M32

2 3-04+ M23 B 6/6

5 4.

K ing ' sL ynn .

+M75 B 3 ;

A ll S a in ts:

M50 B 6;

M62 AO

P er iod I c , L ayer 1 2

Th is p hase r epresen ts d ivision o f Area A i n to t ene men ts s epara ted b y wa t t le f ences; t he o ccupa t ion h as b een d a ted t o t he s econd h a lf o ft he 1 2th c ent ury f ro m t he p ot tery , wh ich was p r inc ipa lly u ng lazed G r i mston a nd Gri ms tonThet ford ware w ith a f ew s herds o f p ar t ia l ly g lazed Gr i mston ware , a s we l l a s s he l ly ware a nd impor ted Andenne ware a nd b lue-grey h and les. F ig . 3 6 , n o. 8 :

S herds i l lustra ted b y C larke a nd C ar ter 1 977 ( F ig . 9 7 ):

M23 B 6

2 2-06+ M16 B 2 ( 97 .6) , C l ( 97 , 7 ) Hand le 5 3+ M14+ M44 B 3 ( 97 , 1 6) M16+ M75 B 3 ( 97 .11 ) A lso: 4 -24 G I , 6 -10 B 3, 6 -34 C 1(3 ) , 6 -35 C 1(3 ) , 1 1-22 B i , F or m 1 2 , p robab ly 1 2-07 G (1 ) , 1 8-05 B i , 2 3-02+ M16 B I , F or m 2 4+ M16 B 3 — 4b ody s herds , i nc lud ing 1w i th s tar t o f s pou t

1 22

T he l ate 1 2 th c en tury ( c on t .) 5 4 .

K ing ' sL ynn .

A l l S a in ts: P er iod I c , L ayer 1 2 ( c on t .) Hand le 4 5 B 1 , Hand le f rag men ts+ M44 2 B 3 M16 B I , B 1(3 ) , 3B 3 ,

M16+75 2 B 3 , 2C 3

M75 6 B 3 , 2C 3 S u mmary : r i ms , f abr ic

s herd

h and les

b ody

t ota ls

A l

4

4

G O

1

1

4

6

8

8

G (1 ) , G1

d ecorated

2

B O B I , B2, B 6, C l

6

B 1(3 ) , B2(3 ) , B 3 , C3

6

2

1 4 5 5 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

6 4

7 2

2 1

1 75

2 02

2 3

2 56

2 93

EE I V Phase 4

L ayers 7 9 , 8 3 , a nd 1 43 were s tra t if ied o ver t he l arge s pread ( Group 5 3 a bove) .

T hey r epresen t t he c onstruct ion o f as ou th f acing a psida l b u i ld ing ,

much d estroyed b y l a ter l eve l l ing .

The wa ll i s s ea led b y t he s pread EE I V

P hase 6 ( Group 5 9 b e low ). The 5 8 S ta m ford w are s herds were a ssoc ia ted w ith 1 1 c a lci tete mpered s herds, 1N ot t ingha m s p lashed ware s herd a nd a s herd o f a Thet fordtype s t orage v esse l w i th a n a pp l ied s tr ip . N ot i l lustra ted : 4 -04 B O 5 -59 B (1 ) , 5 -75+Hand le 2 3 G I 5 6 .

S ou th Wi tha m .

P hase I

The f i rst p hase o fo ccupa t ion o n t h is monast ic s i te c onsisted o f t imber b u i ld ings d a ted c . 170-95 b y t he e xcavator . N ot i l lustra ted : F or m 1 7 B 3 Hand le 5 3 B 3 , H and le 5 3+ 1 \ 151 1 3 3

1 23

The e ar ly 1 3th c en tury 5 7 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le :

EE I V P hase 5

L ayers EE I V 5 6, 5 7 , 7 6, 7 7 , 8 2 , 8 7 , 1 17 , 1 49 , 1 51 , 1 52 , 1 63 , 1 65, 1 68 , 1 78 , 1 81 , 1 86 , 1 92 , 1 98 a nd 1 99 , l i ke t he a ps ida l b u i ld ing ( Phase 4 , Group 5 5 a bove ) , l i e a bove t he s pread o f P hase 3 ( Group 5 3 a bove) , a nd b elow t he l eve l l ing o f P hase 6 ( Group 5 9 b elow ) .

T he a l most 3 00 S ta m ford w are s herds

were a ssoc ia ted w i th 6 5 o ther s herds ;

5 8 c a lci tete mpered i nc lud ing 9 r im s ,

3s andy , 2g lazed L yvedentype a nd 2g lazed B ournetype . 2 25 .

A lso:

S pou t 2 0+ M37 G 6

1 -08+ M8 A O , 1 -19 GO , 1 -51 A4/4 , 1 -58 C l , 1 -60 G I , 2 -35 AO , 2 -36 AO , 4 -04 B O , 4 -26 B O , 4 -41 B (1 ) , 4 -47 G O , 4 -60 A O , 5 -46 B i , 7 -26 B I , 9 -10 B i , 9 -26 B I ,

1 1-10 B 2 , 1-16

B (1 ) , 1 1-20 B i , 1 1-22 B O , 1 6-05 A O Hand le 5 AO , H and le 2 3 A1/1, H and le 3 6 B i , Hand le 4 3 B 2 , H and le 4 6 B (1)/1 , H and le 4 7+ Ml 2 B 3 , Hand le f rag men t Bi M1 AO ;

M16 A i , B I , B 6 ;

M51 o r M53 B 3 ; 5 8 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

M62 Al ;

M18 C i ;

M50 C 6 ;

M64 A O

EE I2 16

L ayers EE I2 16, 2 19 , 2 20 , 2 21 , 3 16, 3 17 , 3 18 , 3 37 a nd 3 44 l ay o ver n a tura l a nd u nder t he t hreshold o f S tone B ui ld ing A .

The 4 9 S ta m ford ware

s herds were a ssocia ted w i th 1 8 u ng lazed L yvedentype s herds i nc lud ing 3 r i ms , 1 2 g lazed L yvedentype s herds i nc lud ing 8o f h igh ly d ecora ted t ype , a nd 1 g lazed s andy s herd . N ot i l lustra ted : 2 -02 A O , 2 -06 AO , 2 -27 AO 4 -17 A O , 4 -26 GO 6 -27+ M16 B 3 The m id 1 3th c en tury 5 9 .

S ta mford .

C ast le:

EE I V P hase 6

L ayers EE I V 3 3 , 6 0 , 9 9 , 1 00 , 1 03 , 1 07 , 1 09 , 1 23 , 1 30 a nd 1 53 r epresen t ar ubb le s pread l i nked w i th t he d e mo l ish men t o ft he a psida l s tone b u i ld ing . Th is l eve l l ing c overed Groups 5 5 a nd 5 7 a bove . The a pprox i ma te ly 2 60 S ta mf ord ware s herds were a ssoc ia ted w i th 2 9 c a lci tete mpered s herds i nc lud ing 1 4 r i ms, 2 s andy s herds, 3 g lazed g rey s andy s herds. 2 26 .

5 -49+Spou t 7B 6

A lso:

2 27 .

Hand le 4 8+ M28+ M44 B 3

1 -14+ M5 A O, 1 -21 AO , A (1 ) , 1 -29 A O , 1 -29+

2 28 .

6 -23 B i

M1 AO , 1 -31+ M5 A O , 1 -32+ M62 A l , 1 -49 G O ,

2 29 .

4 -19 G O

1 -55 G I , 1 -55+ M62 Al , 1 -58 CV (1 ) , 1 -60 B 6 ,

2 30.

6 -19 C l

2 -2

2 31 .

M57 B 3

2 32.

H and le 3 5+ M41

1 + 1 \ 11.3 HO , 3 -13 F O , 3 -25 A O , 3 -28 A O ,

4 -10 A O , 4 -15 G O , 4 -36 G O , 4 -41 B (1 ) , 4 -47 A O, 4 -58+ M19 B O , 4 -60 B O , GO , 4 -67 B (1 ) ,

B (1 )/ (1 ) 1 24

EE

I V- 2

N orw ich

2 20 )

2 19

2 07

EE

I1 87 EE

2 08

I1 \ 7-

5

2 25

2 22i

2 10

EE

r-2 7 , 1

I V- 3 )-

1 /

2 24

2 23

2 13

EE

2 12

I

-

2 2 1

2 09

EE

I V

I2 12

2 26

2 32

2 141

I V-6

2 28

1

2 29

1

2 15 2 16 2 30 2 3 1 2 17

F ig . 2 6

1 :4

%

S ta m ford C ast le.

l ib

N orw ich B ishopgate N or th .

1 25

1 : 4

5 9 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

V Phase 6 ( c on t .) EE I

2 33 .

S pou t 2 2+ M59+ M33 B 3

5 -36+Spou t 4G 6

2 34.

H and le 3 6+ M42 B 2

6 -02+ M34 Al 7 -25 B 2 , 7 -26 B i , 7 -39 B 2 , 9 -20 B (1) , 1 0-02 A O, 1-07 AO , 1-16 B i , 1 1-20 B i , 1 2-22 AO , 1 2-27+ M5 AO , 1 2-28 B O , 1 6-01 A O Hand le 1 5 D5 , H and le 4 8+ M44 ( +M16 o n v essel wa l l ) B 3 M16+ M75 B 3 ;

6 0 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

M42 D1 , C 3 ;

M68 AO

EE I I Mot te D i tch

L ayers EE I l 9 A , 1 1 , 1 1A , 1 2 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 3 8 , 14 , 1 25 , 1 38 , 1 41 , 1 42 , 1 85 , 1 93 , 1 94 , 1 95 a nd 2 30 f i l led t he d eep mot te d i tch a nd were c u t b y l a ter q uarryi ng ( Groups 6 2 a nd 6 3 b e low ) . The a pprox i ma te ly 1 00 S ta m ford w are s herds w ere a ssoc ia ted w i th r oof t i le f rag men ts a nd 1 27 o ther s herds:

19 u ng lazed

L yvedentype i nc lud ing 1 4 r i ms, 1g lazed L yveden t ype a nd 5 h igh ly d ecora ted s herds, a nd 2 s p lashed ware s herds . F IG . 2 7 A lso:

2 35 .

4 -14 AO

2 36.

2 2-05+ M16 B 3

1 -04 A 4 , 1 -19 A l , 2 -12 AO , 3 -25 AO , 3 -26

2 37 .

M75 B 3

AO , 4 -58 GO , 4 -66 B i , 5 -41+H G I , 7 -41 B 2 ,

2 38 .

M31+ M75 B 3

9 -10 AO , 1 1-22 B 2 , Hand le 4 2 B 3/3 , H and le 4 5+ M54 B 1/1 , M16 B 1(3 ) , B 3 , C l ;

M40 GO ;

M42 B i;

M75

2B3 6 1 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le: EE Ia nd I Pre-Bu i ld ing B

L ayers EE I1 90 , 1 92 , 1 95 , 2 10 , EE I 1 34 , 1 65 , a nd 1 70 l ay u nder t he S tone B u i ld ing B . The 5 2 S ta mford ware s herds w ere a ssoc iated w i th 4 0 o ther s herds:

2 6 u ng lazed a nd 1 0 g lazed L yvedentype i nc lud ing 5 h igh ly d ecora ted ,

4u ng lazed B ournetype a nd a f ew p ost- med ieva l s herds. 2 39 .

A lso:

6 -18 B 6

1 -29 A l , 5 -29+H B (1 ) , 5 -46+H B I , 8 -06+ Hand le A 5/5 M16 B 2(3 ) The l a te 1 3 th c en tury 6 2 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

EE I I Quarry B

L ayers EE I I 1 3 , 2 2 , 3 6 , 4 8 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 7 8 , 7 9 , 1 20 , 1 52 , 1 59 , 1 66 , 1 73 , 1 75, 1 76, 1 77 , 1 85 , 1 90 , 1 91 , 1 92 , 1 97 , 1 98 , 2 04 , 2 05, 2 23, a nd 2 24 r ep resen t t he i n f i ll o f av ery l arge q uarry p i t wh ich c u t t he mot te d i tch ( Group 6 0 a bove ) a nd was i n t urn c u t b y s econdary q uarry ing ( Group 6 3 b e low ) .

The

a pprox i ma te ly 2 50 S ta m ford ware s herds w ere a ssoc ia ted w i th 2 0 o ther s herds : 1 3 L yvedentype i nc lud ing 1 r im , 3g lazed L yvedentype i nc luding 1h igh ly d ec ora ted s herd , a nd 4 s andy s herds.

1 26

6 2 .

S ta mford .

C ast le: EE I I Quarry B ( con t .)

2 41 . 2 42 .

7 -28 B 1

A lso:

M59+ M51 B 1/1

1 -07 AO , 1 -14+ M68 Al , 1 -18+ M43 Gl , 1 -43

2 43 .

4 -61 G (1)

AO , 1 -55 AO , 1 -57 Al , 1 -59+ M68 B 2 , 1 -62

2 44 .

4 -64 Al

+M62 B 1(3 )/ (1 ) , 2 -06 AO , 2 -12 AO , 2 -33 2 AO ,

2 45 .

4 -34 GO

2 -33+ M2 AO, 2 -33+ M5 AO, 2 -49 AO, 3 -03 AO,

2 46 .

4 -32 G 6

3 -16 GO , 4 -04 B O , GO , 4 -08 AO , 4 -21 GO , 4 -22 A O , 4 -26 B O, 4 -36 AO, GO , 4 -47 2 AO, 4 -60+ M18 AO , 5 -35+H B (1 ) , 5 -86+Hand le 4 2 AO , 7 -11 AO , 7 -13+ M5 AO , 7 -38 B i , 7 -41 B i, 1 0-22 AO, G I , 1 1-16 Gi, 1 2-14 B (1 ) , 1 2-22+ M4 DO , 1 2-22+ M6 AO, 1 2-31 AO , 2 1-06 AO, 2 1-06+ Mi+ M64 A (4) , 2 2-04 A5/5 Handle 8AO , Hand le 3 5 B (1 )/ (1 ) , Hand le 4 3 B 3 M1 A O, A (1) ;

M16 A (1 ) , A5/5, 2 B i, B 1/ (1) ,

B 3, B 6/ (6) , C 3;

M16+ M32 C 3;

M18 AO;

M64 A4/4, D4/4, G 6 6 3 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

EE I I Quarry C

L ayers EE I I 9 , 2 1 , 2 3 , 2 5, 2 7 , 2 8 , 2 9 , 4 2 , 6 4, 7 7 , 1 57 , 1 89 , a nd 2 07 f or m t he f i ll o f aq uarry wh ich c u t Q uarry B ( Group 6 2 a bove ) a nd r eached t he n a tura l l imestone immed ia te ly s ou th o f i t .

The a pprox ina t e ly 4 30 S ta m ford

w are s herds were a ssocia ted w ith 4 2 o ther s herds:

3 5 u ng lazed L yvedentype

i nc lud ing 8 r i ms, 3 g lazed L yvedentype , 1s andy ware, 1 B ournetype a nd 2c opper-green g lazed N ot tingha m s herds. 2 47 .

4 -10 AO

A lso:

2 48 .

4 -14 AO

1 -15 AO , 1 -23 AO , 1 -29 AO , 1 -30 AO , 1 -31

2 49 .

4 -35 B i

+Mi AO , 1 -33+ M4. 1AO, 1 -33 +M62 Al , 1 -43

2 50 .

4 -51+ M19 C O

+M62 AO , 1 -45+ M5 AO, 1 -49 AO , 1 -51 AO ,

2 51 ,

5 -50+H G 6

1 -55 A (1) , 1 -57 Al , 1 -58 AO , 2 -02 F O, 2 -06

2 52 .

Hand le 3 2 B i

AO, 2 -06+ M7 AO , 2 -07 2 F O, 2 -33 8AO, 2 -33

2 53 .

Hand le 3 0 B I

+M4 A O, 2 -34 AO , 2 -35 5 AO , 2 -36 AO, 2 -37

2 54 .

1 2-20 G (1 )

AO, 2 -41 A4, 2 -51 AO, 3 -03 DO , 3 -11 2 AO ,

2 55.

6 -16+Hand le 4 9 Bi

3 -20 AO, 3 -25 4 AO , 4 -03 AO, 4 -11 GO , 4 -16

2 4-02+ M59+ M44

GO , G (1 ) , 4 -21 AO, 4 -22 2 AO , 4 -36 Al , 4 -

+M30 B 3

5 4+ M19 AO , 4 -55 2 AO , 5 -26+1 1 B I , 5 -29+

2 56 .

H B (1) , 5 -36+H Al , 5 -82 A5/5, 7 -10 AO , 7 -34 B I , 8 -06+ M62 Al , 8 -09+ M62+Hand le 1 1 A1/1 , 9 -28 A5, 1 1-17 B i , 1 2-08 AO , 1 21 6 Al , 1 2-25 AO , 1 9-04 GO , 2 1-02 AO, 2 11 0+ M64 D5/5, 2 2-07+ M16 B i , Hand le 2 1 Al/ (1) , Hand le 3 6+ M42 G1/1 , Hand le 4 0 Al , Hand le 4 5 B1/1 AO;

M5 A1/1 ;

G 1/1 M64 A5/5

1 27

M16 Al;

Ml AO ;

M32 2 B 1/1 ;

M4 M62

6 4 .

S ta m ford .

C ast le:

EE I B u i ld ing D Garderobe

L ayers EE I 2 12 , 2 13 , 2 17 , 2 20 , 2 21 , 2 22 , 2 23 , 2 24 , 2 25, 2 26 , 2 27 , 2 28 , 2 29 , 2 30 , 2 34, 2 37 , 2 38 , 2 39 , 2 42 a nd 2 43 f or med a d eposi t i n t he s tonel ined g arderobe o f B u i ld ing D . The 2 9 S ta m ford ware s herds ( 11 u ng lazed a nd 1 8 g lazed , i nc lud ing o ne B 3 ) were a ssocia ted w i th t wo v ir tua l ly c o mp lete N ot t ingh am v esse ls, o ne a k n igh t j ug , t he s econd a sma l l c opper-g lazed s pou ted p i tcher . The 4 5 r e ma in ing s herds c onsisted o f : 1 8 u ng lazed a nd 1 8 g lazed L yvedent ype s herds i nc lud ing 2 p ancheons a nd a j ug r im w i th t w isted r od h and le , 4 L yveden H igh ly d ecora ted s herds, 2 s andy wares , 2N ot t ingha m r educed a nd 1N ot t ingha m c rea m-fabr ic w i th c opper-coloured g laze . N ot i l lustra ted : 1 -23 G O , 2 -07 F O , 4 -30 AO 6 5 .

S ta m ford .

S t Mar t ins S t : DD IGarderobe

L ayers DD I6 6, 6 8 , 6 8a , 8 4a , 8 4b , 1 76 a nd 1 77 f or med t he f i l l o f ag arder obe o n t h is s i te .

F our S ta mford ware b ody s herds were a ssoc ia ted w i th :

8 1 L yvedentype , 2 4 B ourne g rey , 8 5 N ot t ingha m r educed , 3 misce llaneous s andy a nd 1a l most c o mp lete S a in tonge p o lychr o me p i tcher . 6 6.

B oston .

D om in ican Pr iory :

P hase 1 1

F ea tures F 26 a nd F 37 ( Phase 1 1 ) a re i n terpre ted a s c learance a f ter t he f i re r ecorded i n 1 288 ; t hey a n teda te t he e x ist ing r efectory b u i lding wh ich a ppears t o b e o f t he f i rst h a lf o ft he 1 4th c en tury .

The s ucceed ing Phase 1 0 , wh ich r e-

p resen ts t he f i rst o ccupa t ion o f t he b u i ld ing , c on ta ined a j et ton o f 1 310-30 . A t l east 5 8 s herds b e longed t o P hase 1 1 , n one o f t he m o f S ta mford w are, t hough t he f abr ic i s k nown o n t he s i te .

The s herds p resen t were:

2s andy , 5s he l ly ,

2 3 N ot t ingha m/L incoln , 5G r i mston , 1T oyn ton , 2S iegburg s toneware , 2 Du tch , 1F rench monochro me a nd 1 6 p olychro me. 6 7 .

K ing ' sL ynn .

A l l S a in ts: P er iod I

P er iod I L ayers 5 , V , Va Vg r epresen t t he c onstruc t ion a nd o ccupa t ion o f as tone b u i ld ing o n t he s i te ; t h is p hase h as b een a t tr ibu ted b y t he a u thors t o C . 1 250-1350 f ro m t he p ot tery . f o l low ing f abr ics:

The S ta m ford w are was a ssocia ted w i th t he

G r i mston-Thet ford , Gr i mston c ook ing p ots, g lazed Gr i m-

s ton , G r i mston s of tware , Y orksh ire ware , R ouentype a nd n or thern French wares. S herds i l lustra ted b y C larke a nd C ar ter 1 977 ( F ig . 9 7 ): 6 -22+Hand le 5 0 B 3 ( 97 .4 ) , Hand le 4 9+ M40 B 3 ( 97 , 1 2 ) , Base 2 B 3 ( 97 .8 ) N ot i l lustra ted : 4 -01 B O , 6 -34 B i , 6 -36 B i , 1 8-08 B 3 , 1 8-09 B 3 , H and le 5 3 B 3 , H and le 5 4+ M33 B 3 , M16 2 B 3 , b ody s herds:

B 1(3 ) , 7B 3

1 28

N or ton

2 42

EE

I

Q ua r ry B

2 4 1

2 43

EE I 2 10 2 39

2 46

2 44

1

EE I EE

I

Q ua r ry C

D i tch

2 35

4 1 21 1

' 1 1K

2 36

2 47

2 52

2 37

2 53

2 38

2 48

F 249

r -

2 50

1 -

1 :4

2 56 2 5 1

F ig . 2 7 S ta m ford C ast le.

1 29

1 :4

CHAPTER V I I THE CHRONOLOG ICAL DEVELOPMENTS I N S TAMFORD WARE

The d eve lop ment o f S ta m ford p ot tery c an b e t raced t hrough t he p roduct ion g roups a nd o ccupat ion ma ter ia l p resented i n C hap ter V I .

N u mbered g roups

d iscussed b e low r efer t o t he s equence o f s e lect ive p ot tery g roups d escr ibed t here a nd i l lustra ted i n F igs. 1 5-27.

A lthough many o f t hese g roups a re n ot

we l l d ated i n t he mse lves , t he r e lat ive s equence i s c lear a nd t he c hrono logy i s r e inforced b y t he s im i lar ity o f r esu lts f ro m a v ar iety o f s ites. A S U M MARY OF TECHNOLOG ICAL AND S TYL IST IC CHANGES T he c hanges a pparent i n S ta mford ware a re b ased b oth o n t echno log ica l a nd c u ltura l d eve lop ments.

The p r inc ipa l t echno log ica l f actors t o c hange

were t he c lay a nd g laze u sed a nd t he method o f f i r ing.

F ive ma in d eve lop ments

c an b e d ist ingu ished : 1 .

The i n troduct ion o f ac lay w ith a l ow i ron c on ten t a nd f ine g ra ins o f q uartz :

F abr ic G a ppeared b y t he s econd q uarter o f t he 1 1th c entury ,

Fabr ic B i n t he t h ird q uarter o f t he 1th c en tury. 2 .

The c hange f ro m t h ick g laze t o t h in, b rushed-on g laze a t t he e nd o f t he 1th c entury.

3 .

The i n troduct ion o f c opper a s ag laze c o lour a n t c . 1 150.

4 .

The r e turn t o ag reater u se o f t h ick g laze i n t he mid 1 2th c en tury.

5 .

T he i ncreased r e l iab i l ity o f f i r ing s o t ha t t ab le wares were i nvar iab ly o x id ised i n t he 1 2th a nd 1 3th c entur ies. C u ltura l i nf luences a re more c o mp lex a nd c ause c hanges i n t he t ypes o f

v esse ls u sed a nd i n n on-funct iona l f eatures o f s ty le a nd d ecorat ion .

The

l at ter may r ef lect e ither g enera l t rends o r s o le ly l oca l d eve lop ments.

There

a re t wo p r inc ipa l c hanges i n v esse l f or m wh ich t he S ta mford i ndustry s hared w i th o ther i ndustr ies : 1 .

The i n troduct ion o f l arge , s tra igh t-s ided For m 1b ow ls i n t he l a te 1 0th c en tury.

2 .

The s h if t f ro m s pouted p itchers o f F or m 5 t oj ugs o f F or m 6 i n t he m id 1 2th c entury.

C hanges i n f or ms w ith in t he S ta mford i ndustry i nclude : 1 .

The c hange f ro m c ook ing p ots w ith e verted r i ms ( For ms 2 a nd 3 ) t o c o l lared v esse ls o f F ör m 4 i n t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he 1 1th c en tury .

2 .

Th is c hange c aused t he c onte mporary s tun i ro m s poutea p ots o i ro r" 8a nd p itchers o f F or ms 5 -68 t o 5 -86 t o s pou ted c o l lared v esse ls o f F or ms 5 -01 t o 5 -67. 1 30

3 .

T he i nnova t ion o f o vo id F or m 1 9 i n t he 1th c entury, f o l lowed b y i t s i ncreas ing p opu lar ity i n t he e ar ly 1 2th c entury.

4 .

T he d eve lopment o ft he t ubular s pouted p itcher ( For m 2 4 ) i n t he m id 1 2th c entury , wh ich b eca me a h igh ly d ecorated f or m a ccompan ied b y g rooved l i ds ( For m 2 2 ).

S evera l f eatures c omb ine b oth f unct iona l a nd c u ltura l f eatures : 1 .

T he c hange f ro m f l a t T ype 1b ases , o f t he Fabr ic E /F p roduct ion , t o s l igh t ly c onvex b ases i n t he e ar ly 1 0th c entury ; t h is was a cco mpan ied b y a n i ncrease i n t he f requency o f k n ife-tr i mm ing u nt i l t h is p ract ice w as s tandard b y t he e leven th c ent ury.

2 .

T he u se o f t wo t humb impress ions ( M42 ) t o s ecure t he j o in o fh and le t o v esse l wa l l, b ecame u b iquitous a t S ta mford i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1th a nd t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he 1 2th c en tury.

T he n u merous m inor c hanges w ith in f or ms a re more d i f f icult t o d a te c lose ly , t hough s evera l a re v ery d iagnost ic. 1 .

T he d ist inct ive M69 a pp l ied s tr ips a nd M77 r ed p a int o f t he C ast le s i te p roduct ion w ere r ep laced i n t he e ar ly 1 0th c en tury b y =tr i mmed s tr ips i mpressed w ith t he f i nger t i p , n ot e dge ; s o me r ed-pa inted d ecora t ion may h ave c ont inued . O ther t ypes o f t hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips o ccurred t hroughout t he l i fe o f t he i ndustry.

2 .

R oulet t ing was i n troduced w ith Fabr ic H , C . 9 00, a nd c ont inued i n u se i n to t he 1 2th c entury , w ith a g reat v ar iety o f p a t terns n oted i n t he 1th c entury.

3 .

D e l icate s tr ips a pp l ied i n p a tterns o r a s i n ter lace w ere a f ea ture o f t he l ate 1 2th c en tury.

4 .

A r are d ecorat ion o f s harp ly i nc ised d es igns s eems t o r epresen t ap ot ter o f t he m id- t o l a te 1 2th c entury.

5 .

C o mb ing b ecame a p opular d ecora t ive t echn ique o n g lazed t ab le ware f ro m t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 2th c entury a nd w as e xecuted i n p at terns o n h and les a nd u sed o n s o me t hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips ( M75 ).

DEVELOPMENTS I N FABR IC T he d a te r anges o f S ta mford ware f abr ics a re s u m mar ised i n F ig. 3 8. The e ar l iest S ta mford p ot tery a ppears t o b e o f Fabr ics E a nd F a s d ef ined i n t he Cast le s i te p roduct ion o f t he l ate 9 th c entury. A l though t he s amp le s ize o f Group 1 ( see a bove p .

9 4) i s r ather sma l l , t he e xclus iveness o f

Fabr ics E a nd F s eems s ign if icant a nd t h is g roup , t he e ar l ies t ma ter ia l o n t he S t Georges S t s i te , s hou ld b e c ons idered c ontemporary w ith C ast le s i te p roduct ion. The s ucceed ing G roup 2 w ith i t s mult ip l ic ity o f f abr ics a nd p resence o f r ou let t ing p ara l le ls C as t le s i te D itch B . The s econd p hase o f S ta mford ware d eve lopment , f ro m t he e ar ly 1 0th t o t he l ate 1th c en tury , i s c haracter ised b y t he p redo m inance o f F abr ic A . Th is Fabr ic A c lass if ica t ion n ecessar i ly c overs a m isce l lany o f p roduct ions r es ist ing f urther v isua l s ubd iv is ion.

I ti s d ebatab le h ow l ong p roduct ion o f 1 31

F abr ics E /F c ont inued a nd t here a re s evera l h ints o f ap roduct ion d ifferen t f ro m a nd p oss ib ly l a ter t han t he mass o f C as t le s i te waster ma ter ia l.

The

s pouted b ow l 1 3-04 ( F ig. 1 5, n o. 2 0 ) i n G roup 6 ( l ayer 7 , S ta mford Co-operat i ve s ite , h enceforth r eferred t o a s C o-op ), b ears a s pout , S pout 1 9, wh ich i s n ot t refo i l. L ikew ise , s evera l f or ms i n EE X I I D itch B d o n ot s ee m t o f i gure among t he waster d epos its. I f p roduct ion o f F abr ics E/F c ont inued i n to t he f i rst q uarter o f t he 1 0th c entury , s o me v esse ls c ou ld h ave s t il l b een i n u se i n t he s econd q uarter o f t he c entury. D itch B o f C . 9 00 o n C ast le s i te EE X I I s hows t he c onte mporane ity o f Fabr ics E /F a nd F abr ic H , r ef lect ing a t l eas t s o me o ver lap i n t he ir p roduct i on ( see p . f abr ics. o bscure.

3 4).

F urther, s evera l r im f or ms a re c o m mon t o a l l t hree

However, t he p recise r e la t ionsh ip b etween t hese t ypes r e ma ins Wh i le Fabr ic H s hows a c lose r e lat ionsh ip t o Fabrics E /F, i t a lso

s hows r ese mb lances t o e ar ly Fabr ic A t ypes.

The s im i lar ity o f f or ms s hown

i n D itch B a nd G roup 6 ( Co-op L ayer 7 ) b etween F abr ics A a nd H i s r e inforced b y t he u se o f M1 r ou let t ing c o m mon t o b oth.

Th is may r ef lect t he move o f a n

o n-go ing w orkshop f ro m t he Cast le s i te t o a nother l ocat ion w ith a d if feren t c lay s ource. The o vera l l s h if t t o F abr ic A c an b e s een b e low i n as u m mary o f t he S t Georges S t s i te p ot tery.

Fro m t h is e v idence , Fabr ic A wou ld s eem t o h ave

b eco me t he p redo m inant f abr ic b efore t he c ons truct ion o f t he b ank , w ith t he b ank i t se lf c onta in ing a m ixture o f e ar l ier a nd c onte mporary ma ter ia l ( and s o ah igher p roport ion o f Fabr ics E /F t han t he o ccupat ion mater ia l im med ia te ly p receed ing i t ). The u pper l ayers o f t he b ank , c ons idered t ogether , s how a f urther d ecl ine i n t he amount o f Fabr ics E /F. Wh i le f ew F abr ic H s herds a re k nown f ro m o ccupat ion ma ter ia l , Wharf Road k i ln p roducts a re s t i l l more e lus ive. The f or ms a nd f abr ic ( w ithout n eutron a ct ivat ion a na lyses ) a re n ot s uf f ic ient ly d ist inct ive t o e nab le a ny p os it ive a t tr ibut ions. Another w orkshop

may b e h ypothes ised , p roducing Fabric D , a nd

s pec ia l is ing i n i n turned b ow ls , l arge s torage v esse ls a nd g lazed t ab le ware.

F abr ic G roup

E/F

1 .

LL I1 22

2 3

0

2 .

LL I1 00, 1 21

7 6

2

3 .

LL t imber f ea tures

3

0

5 .

LL p re-bank

0

0

LL l ower b ank l ayers 1 2.

5 4

H

A

D

s herd t ota l

0

2 3

2

1 07

2

1 4

1 7

0

1 7

0

1 82

9

2 45

0 2 7 9

LL u pper b ank l ayers

7

1

5 5

7

7 0

LL t op p art o fb ank

5

0

1 6

3

2 4

1 32

A lthough t hese 1 0th -cen tury p roducts a re more c o m mon o uts ide S ta mford , e spec ia l ly a t L inco ln F laxengate , t hey c an b e l inked i nto t he S ta mford s equence i n G roups 6 a nd 1 2.

G roup 1 8 w ith i t s r e la t ive ly h igh p ercentage ( 34% ) may

n ot b e r epresenta t ive a s t he s a mp le i s n ot n ow c o mp le te.

Fabr ic D s carce ly

a ppears i n t he m id 1 1th -century g roups 2 7 a nd 2 8 a nd i t s p roduct ion s hou ld b e c ons idered t o c ease i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he 1 1th c entury. T hus F abr ic A r e ma ined t he p redo m inant t ype f ro m t he m id 1 0th c entury t o t he e nd o f t he 1th c entury, a cco mpan ied b y t he m inor Fabr ic D .

Fabr ic

G a ppears b y t he m id 1th c entury ( Groups 2 4, 2 5, 2 6 ). Th is f abr ic, a mix ture o f t wo c lays , s eems a t f i rs t t o h ave b een u sed e xclus ive ly f or s pouted p itchers o f t ypes 5 -68 t o 5 -86.

On ly i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 1th

c en tury d id F abr ic G b eco me c o m mon ;

i t s v irtua l a bsence f ro m t he l arge

Groups 2 7 a nd 2 8 ( Cas t le s i te p ots EE I2 36 a nd EE I6 1A ) i s e spec ia l ly important.

The f abr ic b eca me a s ign if icant p roport ion o f o ccupa t ion ma ter ia l

b y t he 1 2th c entury , a ssociated more w ith F or ms 1 , 4a nd 5 t han c ook ing p ot Forms 2 a nd 3 . F abr ic B a ppears i n G roup 3 5 ( Cast le s i te EE X I p it 2 8 ) w ith a t i ny f ragment p resent i n G roup 3 1 a t L inco ln F laxengate ; i t s p roduct ion t hus s ee ms t o b eg in i n t he t h ird q uarter o f t he 1th c entury.

I n t he l ast t h ird o f t he 1 1th

c entury , Fabr ic G a ppears a s a pprox i mate ly 1 5% o f t he p ot tery d epos ited a t S ta mford , w ith F abr ic B a bout 5 % ( see F ig. 2 8 ).

S ucceed ing g roups s how

a n i ncrease i n b oth F abr ics G a nd B a t t he e xpense o f F abr ic A .

Groups 4 4,

4 6 a nd 4 7 ( Cast le s i te EE X I p its 2 79, 2 74 a nd 2 72 ) s how a p eak o f F abr ic B . As d escr ibed a bove ( p .

9 0 )t he p ot tery f ro m t he l a te 1 2th -century c on tex ts

a t S ta mford C ast le i s n ot n ecessar i ly r epresentat ive o f t he p er iod a nd t he p roport ion o f Fabr ic A p resent s ee ms h igh.

I t i s i mportant t o s tress t ha t

Fabr ic A d id c on t inue , c onte mporary w ith t he f i ner f abr ics , a nd t ha t i t was u sed f or d eve loped f orms a nd r im s ty les.

Thus t he 1 2th -cen tury c ook ing

p ots i n Fabr ic A f ro m D erby a re n ot t oo s urpr is ing.

L ikew ise , i ti s d if f icu l t

t o d e ter m ine i ft he F abr ic A s herds f ro m o ther t raded s i tes a re r es idua l. The e xtre me ly w h ite a nd f i ne Fabr ic C i s r epresented i n g roups f ro m t he s econd q uarter o f t he 1 2th c entury , b ut n ever a ppears a s more t han a sma l l f ract ion o f t he S ta mford w are f ro m t he C ast le s i te. I ti s r e lat ive ly more c o m mon o uts ide S ta mford , e spec ia l ly i n t he l a te 1 2th c entury. DEVELOPMENTS I N GLAZE The d a te r anges o f S ta mford ware g lazes a re s u mmar ised i n F ig. 3 8; t he ir c hang ing p ropor t ions i n F ig. 2 8. The u se o f g laze o n S ta mford ware s hows a d eve lop ment b oth i n t he q uan t ity o f g lazed v esse ls p resent a nd t he method o f g laze a pp l icat ion u sed. T races o f g laze a re v ery s carce o n Cast le s i te wasters a nd i n e ar ly o ccupat i on g roups. Groups 1 , 2 , 4 , a nd 6 c onta in n o g lazed s herds , t hough a s herd i n F abr ic A b ear ing g laze s pecks o ccurs i n g roup 3 w ith 2 more i n Group 5 . F igure 2 8 s hows t he i ncreas ing p roport ion o f g lazed t ou ng lazed s herds. Wh i le t he C o-op s i te L ayer 5 ( Group 1 8 ) s hows l ess t han 1 0% g lazed ware , t he p roport ion i s a pprox i ma te ly 2 0% i n g roups o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1th c en tury.

G lazed ware r eaches a p eak o f 5 6% i n G roup 4 6 ( Cast le s i te EE

1 33

X I 2 74 ) wh ich c onta ins a r e lat ive ly h igh p roport ion o f s pouted p i tchers a nd minor t ab le f or ms. The p roport ion o f g lazed s herds a ppears t o r ema in f a ir ly h igh u nt i l t he e nd o f p roduct ion ; G roups 4 9, 5 3, a nd 5 5 w ith t he ir r e la t ive ly h igh amoun ts o fu ng lazed a nd F abr ic A s herds n eed n ot b e t yp ica l a s t hey c on ta in much r es idua l mater ia l , a s d iscussed a bove. T he p roport ion o fg lazed ware i s much h igher i n s i tes o uts ide S ta mford a nd s o t h is t raded mater ia l i s ac learer i nd ica tor o f d eve lop ments i n g laze t ypes. The e ar l ies t g lazed L inco ln F laxengate S tamford ware c ons is ts o f F abr ic D w ith t h ick G laze 5 .

( Figs. 1 5, n o. 2 4 ;

F ig. 1 6, n os. 3 5, 3 6, 3 9 ).

F urther e xa mp les a re r ecorded f ro m L loyds B ank , York ( Group 1 4 ), S t P e ters S t , N orthamp ton a nd S t G eorges S t , S tamford ( Group 1 2 ). These c on tex ts s how a d ist inct ive 1 0th c entury h or izon f or f abr ic g laze c omb inat ion D 5/5. G laze 4 i s c lose ly r e lated t o G laze 5 a nd s hou ld a lso b e c ons idered t yp ica l o f t he 1 0th c entury. Th ick g laze c ont inued i n to t he 1th c en tury , t hough u sua l ly p resen t t hen o n ly o n t he e x ter ior s urface . The d i f ference b etween t he a ppearance o f G laze 4 a nd G laze 6 s ee ms d ue t o t he e f fect o f t he u nder ly ing c lay.

The s l igh t ly o range t i nt i n G laze 6 u sua l ly

r esul ts f ro m t he p ink ish c o lour o f many F abr ic G s herds it hough s o me G laze 6s herds s uggest c o loura t ion f ro m a dded i ron. G laze 6 f i rst a ppeared o n Fabr ic G s pouted p i tchers o f t he e ar ly 1th c entury a nd c ont inued o n t hese v esse ls u nt il t he l ate 1th c en tury.

I n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 2th c entury ,

t h ick y e l low g laze d escr ibed a s G laze 6 r eappeared o n h igh ly d ecora ted t ab le ware o f F abr ics B a nd C . T he t h in G laze 1 s panned t he e nt ire S ta mford p roduct ion p er iod wh ich i s n ot s urpr is ing , c ons ider ing t ha t i ti s as imp le g laze e f fect t o a ch ieve.

I n t he

p er iod f rom t he l a te 1 1th t hrough t he m id 1 2th c entury , a n e spec ia l ly t h in , p a tchy G laze 1 p redo m ina ted. G laze 2 was n ever p resent i n a ny q uant ity a nd i s i n terpreted a s t he o verf i r ing o fG laze 1 . Th is e f fect s ee ms mos t c o mmon i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 2th c en tury. T he l at ter p art o f t he 1 2th c entury s aw t he r e turn o f t h ick g lazes. Another d eve lopment , c . 150, was t he a dd it ion o f c opper t o t he l ead g laze t o p roduce ab r ight g reen c o lour.

A lthough t he m id 1 2th-century g roups 4 4

( Cast le s i te EE X I 2 79 ) a nd 4 6 ( X E 2 74 ) a re l arge ( approx i mate ly e ight h undred a nd s ix h undred s herds r espect ive ly ), a nd c onta in a h igh p roport ion o f g lazed s herds , t hey c on ta in n o s herds w ith G laze 3 . H owever , o ne o f t he 5 74 s herds i n p i t EE X [ 2 72 ( Group 4 7 ) d id s how t h is g laze. The p roport ion o f g reeng laze s herds r ose t o ap eak o f 1 5% o f a l l s herds ( 40% o f g lazed s herds ) i n t he C ast le s i te EE I I Mot te d i tch ( Group 6 0 ). T he g reen g lazed t ab le w are i s we l l r epresented i n t raded ma ter ia l a s s hown i nK ing 's L ynn A l l S a ints L ayer 1 2 ( Group 5 4) .

F ina l ly , g reen g lazed j ugs w ere t he p r inc ipa l p roduct

o ft he 1 963 S choo l k i ln , d ated c.1 200 ( see p .

5 6

a bove ).

DEVELOPMENTS I N FORM Most S tamford v esse ls b e long t o o ne o f t hree ma in g roups, d ist ingu ished b y v o lume a nd f unct ion a nd d escr ibed i n C hapters I a nd I I. The r e lat ive p roport ions o f t hese g roups r ema ined v ir tua l ly c onstan t t hroughout t he a lmos t 1 34

CHRON OLOG ICAL

CHANGES

I N

STAMFORD

POTTERY

1 2 4 35

9 00 = 6 1 2

1 8 1000 27 28

35 36( 37

100

38 42 43' 44. 46 . 47. 48 • 4 9• 5 2 53

1 200

5 -7 5

57• 58 59 . 60 ' 6 1. 62 . 63

E UNGLAZED

n

GLAZED

F ABR IC

S TA MFORD WARE

II OTHER WARES

A B

GLAZE 3

F ig . 2 8

C hronological c hanges.

1 35

• MI D

E FH

G

f our h undred y ears o f p roduct ion ;

h owever, t he s pecif ic f or ms w ith in e ach

g roup c hanged o ver t he c entur ies. F or ms 1 , 7a nd 1 4 s hou ld b e t reated a s o ne g roup , F or ms 2 , 3 , 4 , a nd 1 a s as econd , a nd F or ms 5 , 6 , 8 , 1 8, 2 4 a nd 2 2 a s at h ird .

Types 1 2 a nd 1 3 a nd F or m 9 b oth a ppear a s 5 -10% o f t he

t o ta ls t hroughout t he i ndustry.

The r e ma in ing , more s pecia l ised v esse l f or ms

o n ly a ppear i n sma l l q uant it ies. C ook ing Wares F or ms 2 , 3 , 4 : C ook ing p ots , c ook ing p ots w ith l id-sea t ings, c ook ing p o ts w ith c o l lared n ecks. The l argest g roup i s t ha t o f t he c ook ing p ots.

The C ast le s i te was ters

were a l most e xclus ive ly o f F or ms 2 a nd 3 w ith s i mp le e verted r ims o f c urved o r wedge-shaped f l anges.

Af ew o f t he Fabr ic E /F r i ms a nd mos t Fabr ic H

e xamp les h ave a c oncave u pper s urface t o t he f l ange a s i n For ms 3 -04 t o 3 0 7 ( see F ig. 9 ).

Tenth -century c ook ing p o ts s how s im ilar s i mp le r i ms ( 2-02,

2 -16 , 2 -17, 2 -38, 2 -40 , 3 -01 t o 3 -05 ).

S o mewha t l a ter a s l igh t ly o verhang ing

r im ( 2-04, 2 -09, 2 -50 ) a ppears i n o ccupa t ion ma ter ia l a nd i n t he Wharf R oad k i ln wasters ;

a2 -50 AO f ragmen t i s d ated a t Ox ford A l l S a ints ( Group 8 ) t o

9 70 + 8 0. — T he 1th c entury f eatures a d ist inct ive g roup o f c ook ing p ots w ith Forms 2 -33 a nd 3 -12 p art icular ly p opu lar a long w ith t he r e lated g roup o f F or ms 2 -30 t o 2 -35, 3 -09 t o 3 -15 a nd 3 -25.

These r i ms h ave b ulbed f l anges wh ich

were f o lded o ver a nd p inched t o a n a cute a ng le s o t hat t he r im o f ten t ouches t he v esse l s hou lder.

Th is t ype a ppears i n G roup 1 8 ( Co-op Layer 5 ) a nd

r epresents o ver o ne-th ird o f t he F or m 2 a nd 3 r i ms i n G roups 2 7 ( EE I2 36 ) a nd 2 8 ( EE I6 1A ).

Th is r im f or m i s a lso we l l r epresented among t he p ot tery

f or ms f ro m P it 1 o n S i mpson 's E ast S treet s i te.

F or ms 2 a nd 3 w ere made

p r incipa l ly i n Fabr ics A a nd E /F w ith s o me i n G .

Roulet t ing was t he p r inc ipa l

t ype o f d ecorat ion u sed o n t hese f or ms i n t he 1 0th a nd 1 1th c entur ies. F or m 4 a ppears i n G roup 3 2 ( EE I P it 1 55 ) f o l lowed b y Groups 3 5 a nd 3 6.

I ti s s ign if icant t ha t F or m 4 i s t o ta l ly l ack ing f ro m t he l arge G roups 2 7

( EE I2 36 ) a nd 2 8 ( EE I6 1A ).

The a ppearance o f F or m 4 c an a lso b e s een i n

t he s equence a t York L loyds Bank L ayer i i ( Group 3 4 ).

D uring t he l a te 1th

a nd e ar ly 1 2th c entur ies , F or m 4 i ncreased a t t he e xpense o f F or ms 2 a nd 3 . E ar ly F or m 4 p rof i les s how a s hort c o l lar w ith l i t t le c urva ture a nd a b u lbed t i p ( 4-15, 4 -16 , 4 -18, 4 -21, 4 -29, 4 -36, 4 -47 ). The i n troduct ion o f c o l lared F or m 4 s ee ms d ue t o t he workshop (s ) p rod uc ing s pouted p itchers o f F or ms 5 -68 t o 5 -86 .

I t would h ave b een s i mp le

t o c r i mp t he n eck o f t hese v esse ls a nd s o p roduce a c o l lared n eck .

I t s hou ld

a lso b e n oted t ha t t he h or izonta l f l anges o r b ulbs o n t he u pper e dge o f e arly F or m 4 v esse ls a re c o mparab le t o t hose o n t he e ar l ier F or m 5 v esse ls. Part icular ly c lose r e lat ionsh ips c an b e o bserved b etween F or ms 5 -77 a nd 4 -15, 4 -34 a nd 4 -47 ;

F orms 5 -81 a nd 4 -21;

a nd F or ms 5 -83 a nd 4 -14.

These e ar ly t ypes were o n ly r are ly d ecorated. F or m 4 v esse ls s oon d eve loped a d ivers ity o f c ol lar t ypes , g enera l ly w ith l ess p ronounced u pper e dges.

Al a ter g roup , w ith more e longa ted n ecks

( 4-03, 4 -07 , 4 -55, 4 -58 ) o f ten b ears d ecora t ion o f M19 o r M40 o n t he f la t

1 36

u pper r im s urface.

The g enera l t rend i n t he 1 2th c entury s ee ms t o h ave

b een t owards t a l ler a nd t h inner n ecks w ith t r i mm ing t oo ls u sed t o g ive r egu lar p rof i les.

F or m 4 v esse ls , e spec ia l ly 4 -01, p redo m ina te i n t he ' Pant i les '

g roup ( F ig. 1).

The s econd q uarter o f t he 1 2th c entury s aw a p eak o f l ong ,

d e l ica te r i ms , b oth c urved ( 4-51 t o 4 -53, 4 -57 t o 4 -60, 4 -62, 4 -63 ) a nd s tra ight ( 4-01 t o 4 -03, 4 -49, 4 -56 ) a nd t he more e laborate ly t oo led 4 -51 a nd 4 -61.

I n a dd it ion t o t hese ' l ong-necked ' t ypes s evera l o ther f or ms s ee m

t yp ica l o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 2th c en tury , 4 -04, 4 -26 , 4 -41, 4 -44, 4 -46 , 4 -50 , 4 -54, 4 -58, 4 -66 a nd 4 -67. F or m 4 v esse ls o ccur i n Fabr ics A , Ba nd G . There i s s o me i nd icat ion o f ar ev iva l o f F abr ic A c ook ing p ots o f F or ms 2a nd 3 i n t he l a te 1 2th c entury w ith t ypes 2 -35 a nd 3 -25 t o 3 -27 a s p oss ib le p roducts.

H owever , t he g reat amoun t o f r es idua l mater ia l i n Cast le s i te

c on tex ts o f t he l ate 1 2th c entury must a ga in b e s tressed. B y t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 2th c entury , F or m 1 v esse ls c o mposed o ver 1 0% o f t he v esse ls i n u se.

A l though a f ew e xa mp les o f F or m 1 1 a re p resent

f rom Group 3 2 o nwards , t hey a re n ot w e l l-represented i n t he k ey g roups 4 4, 4 6 , a nd 4 7 ( l ess t han 6 % ) a nd s o i nstead s eem t yp ica l o f t he l a te 1 2th a nd e ar ly 1 3th c en tur ies.

S evera l e xa mp les were f ound o n t he 1 963 S ta mford

S choo l s i te , t hough t hese were n ot n ecessar i ly k iln p roducts. o ccur p redo m inan t ly i n Fabr ics B a nd G a nd s o me s how g laze.

F or m 1 1 p ots Thus t he ir

f unct ion may n ot b e s tr ict ly c o mparab le w ith t he o ther c ook ing p ots ( see P . 2 6 a bove ). F orms 1 , 7 , 1 4 :

L arge s tra igh t-s ided b ow ls , l arge c urved-s ided b ow ls ,

i n turned b ow ls T he s econd ma jor c ook ing v esse l g roup ( For ms 1 , 7 , a nd 1 4 ) r epresents 1-36% o f t he p ot tery d epos ited i n S ta mford f ro m t he 1th c entury o nward. H owever , t h is c ategory i s p oor ly r epresented o uts ide t he i m med ia te r eg ion o f t he t own , p resu mab ly b ecause t hese l arge v esse ls were n ot s u itab le f or t ransport . S o me w ide-necked F or m 7 v esse ls a re k nown i n F abr ics E a nd F : 7 -05 , 7 -08, 7 -10 , 7 -20 a nd 7 -44. i n F abr ics A a nd D :

S evera l 1 0th -century e xamp les a re n oted

t ypes 7 -02, 7 -04 a nd 7 -45.

w ere n ever v ery c o mmon ;

7 -02,

F or m 1 4 i nturned b ow ls

t hey s ee m t o h ave e x tended f ro m t he 1 0th t o t he

l a te 1th c entury , a l though t he l ater e xamp les may w e l l b e r es idua l.

F or m

1 4-11 a ppears i n Group 6 ( Co-op L ayer 7 ) w ith a nother e xa mp le , 1 4-05 + M4 , i n Group 1 8 ( Co-op L ayer 5 ) a nd 2 e xamp les ( 14-02, 1 4-06 + M1) i n G roup 2 8 ( EE I6 1A ).

Th is f or m i s more t yp ica l o f s he l ly wares ;

t he s hel l-

t empered b ow l i n G roup 1 c an b e s een a s af ore-runner o f t he S ta mford ware t ypes. F or m 1b ow ls s ucceeded t hose o f F or m 1 4 a nd b ecame most p opular d ur ing t he 1th c en tury , w ith F or m 7 ( such a s 7 -12, 7 -13, 7 -19 ) c on t inu ing a s a minor t ype.

A lthough G roup 1 8 must b e t rea ted c aut ious ly a s a n i nco m-

p le te s a mp le , t he a ppearance o f F or m 1 t ypes t here i s c onv incing a nd t h is f or m r e ma ins a s ign if icant p roport ion o f v esse ls i n C o-op L ayers 3 /5 a nd 3 ( Groups 2 0 a nd 2 1).

T he p resence o f 1 -32 i n t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he 1th c entury

a t L incoln F laxenga te E 1 3 ( Group 1 9 ) i s au sefu l r e inforce ment o f t he d ate. 1 37

The e ar ly t ypes a re t h ick , w i th s i mp le h or izonta l f l anges ( 1 -10, 1 -12, 1 -18, 1 -30 , 1 -42 ) o r ' c lub ' e nds , t r iangu lar i n c ross-sect ion ( 1-03, 1 -04, 1 -65 ).

Two a dd it iona l t ypes b ecame a f eature o f t he m id t o l a te 1th -century

g roups :

f i rst , b u lbed , r ounded f l anges ( t ypes 1 -29 t o 1 -35 ) a nd s econd , a

s harper a ng l ing o f t he v esse l wa l l f or m ing a s l igh t s hou lder, s o me t i mes w ith at aper ing f lange ( 1-17 , 1 -18, 1 -45, 1 -51, 1 -52 ).

S o me 1th -cen tury e xa mp les

s how r ou let t ing , u sua l ly o n t he u pper s urface o ft he f l ange. I n t he 1th c entury , F or m 1b ow ls w ere made p redo m inant ly i n Fabr ic A w ith s o me i n Fabr ic D ;

e xamp les i n Fabr ic G a ppear i n Group 3 2 ( F ig.

2 1, 1 26 )a nd G roups 3 6 ( 1-56 ) a nd 3 8 ( 1-63 ) s how n ew p ro f i les.

F orm 1 v esse ls

a lso o ccur i n F abr ic B f ro m t he l a te 1 1th c en tury , l inked w ith n ew r im t ypes a nd more d ecora t ion ( Group 3 5 1 -58 + M62 B 1/1 ; G roup 3 8 1 -55 + M68 B 1) .

G roup 3 6 1 -52 + M67 B i ,

Mos t b ow ls i n F abr ics B a nd G were g lazed , wh i le

t he ma jor i ty i n F abr ic A c on t inued t o b e u ng lazed .

The F abr ic B a nd G f orms

s how t he f lange f o lded b ack o n i t se l f ( 1-19 , 1 -53 t o 1 -64) a nd t he f l ange s o met imes h ad a s l igh t ly c oncave u pper s urface .

T hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips were t he

p r incipa l t ype o f d ecora t ion , u sed b o th o n t he u pper s urface o f t he f lange a nd v er t ica l ly o n t he v esse l wa l l .

T hese t ypes a re r epresen ted i n t he waster

d epos i t a t ' The Pan t i les ' s ee ( F ig . 1 1) . The m id t o l a te 1 2th c entury b rough t t ypes 1 -58 a nd 1 -60 a nd r ims w ith ap ronounced u pper g roove ( 1-59, 1 -64 ), t hough many o f t he b ow ls i n l ate 1 2th -century c ontex ts s eem t o b e r es idua l.

H owever, a t l east f i f teen For m

1o r 1 2 b ow ls w ere r epresented i n t he k i ln f i l l o f t he 1 963 S choo l k i ln ;

o ne-

t h ird o f t hese w ere c opper-g lazed a nd s o me h ad t hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips. F or ms 1 2 a nd 1 3 :

Sma l l b ow ls , s ocketed b ow ls.

T h is t ype a ppears i n Fabr ic E /F a s 1 2-02, 1 2-03, 1 2-04 a nd 1 2-38 a nd i n F abr ic H a s 1 2-33. B ow ls c on t inued t o b e made i n t he 1 0th c en tury a nd a re r epresen ted i n t he Wharf R oad k i ln wasters a s 1 2-32 t o 1 2-34 ,12-36 , 1 3-32 a nd 1 3-35.

Apar t f ro m t he F abr ic E/F t ypes , t he e ar ly f or ms a re t hus w ith-

o u t e ver ted f langes a s r i ms.

However , w ith t he s tar t o f F or m 1 v esse ls ,

F or ms 1 2 a nd 1 3 a lso a ppear w i th f l anged r i ms ( s ee F ig . 1 7 a nd F ig . 1 8, n o. 7 5) .

I n t he 1 1th a nd 1 2th c en tur ies F or ms 1 2 a nd 1 3 f o l lowed t he s ame d eve lop-

men ts i n f or m , f abr ic , a nd d ecora t ion a s t he l arger F or m 1 b ow ls .

Thus t here

was a t rend f ro m F abr ic A t o Ga nd B a nd r im f l anges b eca me f o lded d own o n to t he s hou lder ( For ms 1 2-14 , 1 2-15 , 1 2-26 t o 1 2-29 ) .

F or m 1 2-28 s ee ms

t o h ave b een e specia l ly c o m mon i n t he l a te 1 2th c entury .

R ou let t ing d eclined ,

r ep laced i n t he 1 2th c entury b y t he o ccasiona l t humbed , a pp l ied s tr ip o n t he r im f lange , t hough t h is l a t ter t ra i t i s r arer o n F or ms 1 2 a nd 1 3 t han o n For m 1 .

Af ew e xa mp les were f ound among t he 1 963 S choo l k i ln wasters ( s ee F ig .

1 2, n o. 3 ) . Tab le Wares F or ms 8 , 5 , 6 , 1 8, 2 4 : S pouted p ots, s pouted p i tchers , j ugs , b o t t les , t ubul ar-spouted p itchers T he t ype o f S ta mford ware u sed a t t ab le f or c onta in ing l i qu id c hanged g rea t ly o ver t he c entur ies. On ly a f ew F abr ic E /F s pouted v esse ls a re k nown ( 8-01 t o 8 -04 );

t he ir t refo i l s pouts a nd whee l- made h and les were a t tached

b y t hu mbna i l smear ing ( M38 ).

F or m 8 s ee ms t o h ave r e ma ined r are i n t he 1 38

PROPORT IONS

OF

VESSEL

FOR MS

900 -

1 0 00-

9

10 0 -

1 20 0 —

F o rm

1 2

1 4

1

7

1

2 ,3

4

8

5

6 9

. 5 -0 1 5 -67 " 5-6 8 L -1 5 -86

F ig . 2 9

Chang ing p ropor tions o f S ta mford ware v essel f or ms.

1 39

1 0th c entury ( but s ee F ig. 1 7 ).

A f ter F abr ic E /F p roduct ion, s pouts b ecame

l arger a nd s o mewhat i rregular ;

whee l t hrown h and les ( Types 1t o 3 , 5t o 1 0

a nd p oss ib ly o thers ) b ecame r ep laced b y f a ir ly t h ick s lab h and les ( Types 4 , 1 t o 3 0 ). S evera l F or m 8 v esse ls a re r epresented i n t he Wharf Road k i ln wasters ( 8-05, 8 -13 );

t hese s hould b e l i nked w ith t he s pouts a nd h and les f ro m t he

s ite ( see F ig. 1 0 , n os. 1 0, 1 2 t o 1 6 ).

More e xa mp les a re k nown f ro m 1th-

c entury o ccupa t ion mater ia l ( see F ig. 1 8, n o. 7 3 a nd F ig. 1 9, n o. 9 7 ). Th is v esse l t ype d oes n ot s ee m t o h ave e x tended i nto t he 1 2th c en tury a nd o n ly a f ew e xa mp les a re k nown i n Fabr ic G , w ith n one i n Fabr ics B a nd C . A l most a t h ird o f t he r ecorded e xamp les a re u ng lazed .

The p r inc ipa l means

o f d ecorat ion was t he t hu mbed a pp l ied s tr ip , u sua l ly f ound o n t he u pper s urface o f t he r im f l ange. A l ate e xa mp le ( F ig. 2 3, n o. 1 60 ) s hows much d ecorat ion , w ith b oth M67 s tr ips a nd Mil . 1 s ta mp ing. F ro m t he l a te 1 0th c entury ,S ta mford p ot ters a lso p roduced p our ing v esse ls w ith t a l ler n ecks , t he e ar ly F or m 5 t ypes ( 5-68 t o 5 -86 ). were v irtua l ly a lways g la zed , u sua l ly w ith G laze 5 o r 6 .

These

The e ar ly e xa mp les

h ave f a ir ly a ngu lar r im f l anges ( see F ig. 1 6, n os. 4 2, 4 3 ;

F ig. 1 8, n o.55 ).

F or ms 5 -76 , 5 -77, 5 -81, 5 -85 a nd 5 -86 a ppear t o h ave b een p opu lar i n t he m id a nd l a te 1th c en tury , b ut p roduct ion d oes n ot s ee m t o h ave e x tended i n to t he 1 2th c entury. A t f i rst , F or m 5 v esse ls w ere o n ly p roduced i n Fabr ics A a nd D , b ut F abr ic G was a lso u sed f or t hese p i tchers b y t he m id 1th c ent ury , we l l b efore i t s u se f or o ther v esse l t ypes.

B oth s pouts, s uch a s S pout

3 , a nd h and les t ended t o b eco me more d e l ica te ly made, p robab ly d ue t o t he p ropert ies o f t he c lay.

Thu mb ing ( M42 ) b eca me t he s tandard way o fj o in ing

t he h and les t o t he v esse l wa l l.

D ecorat ion was r are , c ons ist ing o f o ccas iona l

r ou let t ing o n t he r im f l ange. The t rans it ion t o F or m 4 c o l lared v esse ls s ee ms t o h ave t aken p lace i n aw orkshop p roduc ing F or m 5 s pouted p itchers i n t he t h ird q uarter o f t he 1th c entury , a s e xp la ined a bove.

S ubsequent ly , F or m 5 s pouted v esse ls were

b ased o n F or m 4 c o l lared f or ms.

V irtua l ly a l l c o l lared F or m 5 v esse ls

were g lazed , w ith t h in G laze 1 o r 2 . i ncised wavy l i nes.

Decorat ion c ons isted o f g roov ing a nd

Hand les were f or med b y p u l l ing a c lay s tr ip , wh ich

c aused a s l ight ly c urved s ect ion.

Hand le F or ms 3 4 t o 4 1 were c om mon w ith

S pouts 4 t o 9 . F or m 5 v esse ls were we l l r epresen ted among t he ' Pan t i les ' w asters ( F ig. 1 1, n os. 1 5 a nd 1 9 ).

Th is m id 1 2th -century g roup i s important f or

s how ing t he d eve lop ment f ro m c o l lared For m 5 v esse ls t o F or ms 6 a nd 2 4. A l though s pouted p itcher p roduct ion s ee ms t o h ave c ont inued t o s o me d egree t hroughout t he 1 2th c entury , j ugs h ad b eco me t he p redo m inant f or m b y t he e nd o f t he c en tury.

The j ug f ro m t he ' Pant i les ' s i te ( 6-08 B 1 F ig . 1, n o.

2 0 ) i s r e la ted t o F or ms 4 -01, 4 -23 a nd 4 -24 i n t he g roup , b ut h as a s ha l low l ip smeared o n t he r im , r ather t han a s pout .

S evera l o ther Form 6r i ms

( 6-02, 6 -04, 6 -06, 6 -08 ) s ee m d er ived f ro m F or m 4 t ypes a nd s o s hou ld b e p laced e ar ly i n t he t ypo log ical s equence.

O ther e xa mp les o f t he m id 1 2th

c entury i nc lude 6 -30 G 1 ( Cast le s i te EE X I 2 74, G roup 4 6 ) a nd 6 -34 B I ( St Mart in DD I 8 , Mahany f orthco m ing ).

Very f ew j ugs i n F abric A h ave b een

r ecorded : F orm 6 -01 + M1 A i0 o f t he l a te 1th c entury may i n f ac tb e a s pouted p itcher, a s t he r im s ee ms r a ther t h ick t o f or m a p inched l i p. 1 40

J ugs s ee m t o h ave b eco me more h igh ly d ecorated i n t he l ate 1 2th c entury a nd o ccur a l most e xclus ive ly i n Fabr ics B a nd C ( see Group 4 8 : Hand le 4 5 ( + M39 +M70 );

6 -18 B 1 F ig. 2 6, n o. 2 05 ;

n o. 2 10, a nd t he d ecora ted j ugs i n F ig. 7 2).

6 -16 +

6 -03 +M62 A 0 F ig. 2 6,

The 1 963 S choo l k iln wasters

l arge ly c o mpr ised j ugs w ith g reen G laze 3 i n For ms 6 -20, 6 -22, 6 -25, 6 -26, 6 -30 , 6 -32, 6 -33. D ecorat ion f eatured g roov ing a nd M75 c o mbed a nd t hu mbed a pp l ied s tr ips ( see F ig. 1 2 ). J ug h and les b eca me q u ite b road a nd t h ick ( Hand le For ms 4 8 t o 5 5 ) a nd M42 t hu mbed j o in ing b eca me l ess c o m mon o n t hese.

A f ew t r ipod f ee t ( M57 ) h ave b een f ound o n c opper-g lazed j ugs o f t he

l a te 1 2th a nd 1 3th c entur ies ( see F ig. 2 6 , n os. 2 15 a nd 2 31 ).

A p itcher w ith

at r ipod b ase was a lso f ound o n t he 1 874 k i ln s i te ( Hurst 1 957 , F ig . 4 , n o. 8 ). Th is t echn ique was p resu mab ly c op ied f ro m Ox fordsh ire wares. T he m id-12th c entury ' Pan t i les ' g roup a lso c on ta ins s evera l s herds wh ich r epresent a t l east o ne t ubu lar s pouted p i tcher ( 24-07 +M59 t race ; S pout 2 0 + m37 + M60 ; 2 4-07 + H and le 4 1 + M51, a l l B 1/1, s ee F ig. 1, n os. 2 1 t o 2 3 ).

S evera l F or m 2 4 t ypes h ave r i ms s im i lar t o t hose o f F or m 4 ( 24-05 t o

2 4-07 ).

Tubu lar s pouted p itchers f o l low most o f t he c hanges n oted f or j ugs

a nd most l a ter e xamp les s ee m t o r epresen t j ugs w ith a s pout a nd t hree h and les a dded .

E xamp les o ccur i nb oth l arge a nd sma l l s izes.

t ended t o b e f a ir ly r ough ly k n ife t r i m med ( Spout 2 0 ) . b e low t he r im e dge t o a l low r oo m f or a l id.

E ar ly s pouts

Hand les s prang f ro m

L ids a re p r inc ipa l ly k nown

f rom t he l a te 1 2th c en tury i n t he ir c o l lared f or m ( For ms 2 2-03 t o 2 2-06) . F or m 2 4 e xamp les a re k nown f ro m t he 1 963 S choo l k i ln , i nclud ing o ne v ery e laborate v esse l w ith g roov ing a nd c ross ing s tr ips o f M75.

Product ion o f

t hese v esse ls s ee ms t o h ave c ont inued i nto t he 1 3th c entury. S evera l b ody s herds h int a t t he p resence o fb ot t les f ro m t he l a te 1 0th c en tury , p oss ib ly i nclud ing a g rooved p iece f ro m York L loyds Bank ( Group 1 6 , F ig. 1 6 , n o. 4 0 ), whose o r ientat ion i s n ot c lear.

H owever, b ot t les f i rs t

b ecame n u merous o n ly i n t he l ate 1 2th a nd 1 3th c entur ies ( see F ig. 2 7, n o. 2 40 ). F or ms 2 3, 9 , 1 0 :

P edesta l-based d ishes , g lobu lar c ups , p edesta l-based

v esse ls The r are F or m 2 3 p edes ta l led v esse ls d ate f ro m t he l ate

1 2th a nd

e ar ly 1 3th c entur ies. C ups o f F or m 9 s pan t he e nt ire l i fe o f t he S ta mford i ndustry. o f ten s ee m t o b e long t o s ets w ith p itchers o r j ugs.

They

Most e xa mp les a re sma l l

v ers ions o f F or ms 2 , 3a nd 1 1 a nd s o f o l low t he d eve lop men ts i n t hose c ook ing f orms.

H owever , ag reater p roport ion o f t he F or m 9 v esse ls a re g lazed.

A n e arly F or m 5 p itcher m igh t h ave b een c o mp le mented b y -9 -04 D iv5/5 ( F ig . / 7, n o. 5 4 ).

On ly o ne F or m 9 t ype s ee ms d er ived f ro m ' a For m 4 v esse l

( 9-27 Bv i il, F ig. 2 6, n o. 2 19 ).

E xa mp les were n oted among t he 1 963 S choo l

k i ln wasters , i nclud ing 9 -22 whose r im r ese mb les t he j ug r i ms o f t h a tp rod uct ion. G lazed F or m 1 0 v esse ls may a lso b e i nterpre ted a s d r ink ing c ups ; t ype i s r are , b ut s eems t o d a te f ro m t he 1 0 th t o t he 1 3th c entury.

1 41

t he

N on C u l inary Wares F or ms 1 0, 2 0, 1 6, 1 9, 2 1:

P edesta l-based v esse ls , c resset l amps , c ruc ib les,

sma l l o vo id v esse ls , l arge s torage v esse ls L a mps s ee m t o h ave b een made f ro m t he m id 1 0th c entury o nward. F or m 1 0 p edesta l led e xa mp les a ppear t o b e t he e ar l iest ( see F ig. 1 6, n o. 3 3 ); c on ica l l a mps , F or m 2 0 a re r are. C ruc ib les ( For m 1 6 ) a re k nown f ro m t he v ery e arly 1 0th c en tury o nward , w ith t he b est s er ies s o f ar h av ing b een f ound a t L inco ln F laxenga te.

Ovo id

For m 1 9 t ypes o ccur f ro m t he m id 1th c entury a nd were e spec ia l ly p opular i n t he 1 2th c entury ( see F ig. 2 4, n o. 1 73 a nd F ig . 2 5, n o. 1 87 ). L arge s torage v esse ls ( For m 2 1) a re c haracter ist ic o f t he f i rst h alf o f t he i ndus try. Types 2 1-01 t o 2 1-04 a re p resen t among t he Cast le s i te was ters , w ith t hrown h and les ( Hand les 1 a nd 2 ) a nd M69 a nd M77 a s d ecora t ion. Another e ar ly t ype i s i l lus tra ted a t L inco ln F laxengate , G roup 7 w ith t h ick b ody s herds o f t ype D iv 5 /5 b earing M62 a nd a n a ssoc ia ted h and le ( F ig. 1 5 , n o. 2 4 ).

Thu mbed a pp l ied s tr ips t hen r e ma ined a f ea ture o f t h is v esse l t ype

( see F ig. 1 7, n o. 5 0 ; n o. 1 07 ).

F ig. 1 8, n os. 7 8, 7 3 ;

F ig. 1 9, n o. 1 05;

F ig. 2 0 ,

By t he l ate 1 1th c en tury s o me e xa mp les w ere more d e l ica te ( see

F ig. 2 2, n o. 1 45 ).

Th is v esse l t ype s ee ms t o h ave g one o ut o f p roduct ion

b y t he m id 1 2th c entury. DEVELOPMENTS I N DECORAT ION T he c hanges i n S ta mford ware d ecorat ion c ut a cross d eve lopmen ts i n f or m , f abr ic a nd g laze.

The e ar l ies t t echn iques r ecorded a re r ed p a int a nd

t he i mpressed , a pp l ied s tr ip M69, b oth f ound o n C ast le s i te wasters ( see F igs. 8 a nd 9 ).

A l though r ed p a int s ee ms t o h ave g one o ut o fu se b y t he m id

1 0th c entury , b oth r ou let t ing a nd a pp l ied s tr ips w ere emp loyed f or a l ong t ime a t S ta mford . R ou let t ing a ppeared o n F abr ic H c ook ing p o ts ( M1.3 ) a nd i ncreased i n u se i n t he 1 0th c entury.

I t was p art icu lar ly p opu lar i n t he m id t o l a te 1 1th

c entury , a s s een i n t he h igh p roport ion o f r ou le t ted F or ms 2 a nd 3 i n Group 2 8.

T he n u mber o f d es igns mult ip l ied.

a nd M5 ;

Tenth-century .g roups f ea ture M3.1

s o me o f t he Wharf Road k i ln wasters b ore M1 . 7 a nd o ne s herd

s howed M7.3.

A lthough d ia mond p at terns M1 a re most f requent i n g enera l,

M5 r ectangu lar p at terns a re more c o mmon o n F or ms 2 a nd 3 .

R ou le tt ing

d oes n ot s ee m t o h ave b een u sed a f ter t he m id 1 2th c entury a nd i ti s v ery r are o n Fabr ic B p roducts.' Thu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips o f t he 1 0th c en tury a re f a ir ly t h ick ( M62, M64 ). The t echn ique b eca me more c o m mon i n t he 1th c entury , w ith t h inner s tr ips a nd e ven ly s paced i mpress ions.

B oth M63 a nd M66 s ee m l im ited t o Fabr ic

Ge xamp les o f t he l at ter 1 1th c entury.

App l ied s tr ips o f t he 1 2th c en tury a re

p r inc ipa l ly i n Fabr ics G a nd B a nd s o p erhaps more e as i ly impressed .

The

t endency w as t oward t h inner s tr ips w ith more smearing a s c an b e s een i n b oth t he 5 9 S cotgate a nd ' Pant i les ' g roups ( F ig. 1, n os. 2 , 2 6 ). t echn ique was a lso o bserved i n wasters i n t he 1 963 S choo l k i ln.

1 42

T h is

G roov ing i s as i mp le t echn ique a nd was emp loyed i n a l l p er iods o f p rod uct ion.

S ha l low g roov ing M25 i s t yp ica l o f t he Cas t le s i te p roduct ion.

S o me

g roov ing i s n oted i n t he 1 0th c entury , t hough M16 i s more c o m mon o n 1 1t ha nd 1 2th-cen tury c o l lared F or m 5 v esse ls ( see F ig. 2 4, n o. 1 77 a nd F ig. 2 5, n o. 1 97 ).

The t echn ique w as a lso f a ir ly c o m mon o n j ugs , i nclud ing t he 1 963

S choo l k iln w asters ( see F ig. 1 2, n os.

1 , 2 ) .

I nc ised w avy l i nes a re a 1 2th c entury t ra it , a ssocia ted p r inc ipa l ly w ith F or ms 4 a nd 6 , a s i n F ig. 2 4, n o. 1 76.

S uch d ecora t ion a lso o ccurs o n t he

u pper s urface o f F or m 4 a nd 7 r i ms ( see F ig. 2 5, n o. 2 03 ).

Th is m id 1 2th-

c ent ury t echn ique i s a lso f ea tured i n t he 5 9 S cotgate a nd ' Pant i les ' g roups , F ig. 1 1. A p art icu lar ly d ist inct ive t ype o f d ecorat ion was t he a pp l icat ion o f s tr ips i n p a t terns.

I nter lace ( M51 t o M53 ) was a pp l ied o n h and les o f Vesse l

F or ms 4 , 6 , 1 7, a nd 2 4 a s we l l a s o n t ubu lar s pout s truts. i s c haracter is t ic o f t he m id 1 2th t o 1 3th c entur ies.

Th is t echn ique

S i mp le t wo-str ip i nter lace

o ccurs o n s evera l h and les o f t he ' Pant iles ' wasters ( F ig. 1, n o. 2 3 ).

More

e laborate e xa mp les c an b e s een i n F igs. 7 2 a nd 7 8. The r e lated M50 a nd M 5 6 s ee m c o mparab le i n d ate. These t ypes a re g enera l ly o f Fabr ic B a nd a re more c o m mon w ith G lazes 1 o r 6t han G laze 3 . D e l ica te i nc is ing ( M22, M23 :

F ig. 7 7) a ppears a l most e xclus ive ly o n

v esse ls o f t ype B 6 d a t ing f ro m t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1 2th c entury.'One sma l l s herd o f Bv i2 (3 ) o ccurred among t he ' Pant i les ' wasters.

Another b ody s herd

was f ound i n L ayer 1 2m a t K ing 's L ynn A l l S a ints ( Group 5 4 ). C o mbed d ecora t ion ( M27 t o M33 ) b eca me more p opu lar i n t he l a te 1 2th c en tury t han e ither i nc ising o r i n ter laced s tr ips. I t was most f requen t ly a pp l ied o n t he b ody a nd h and les o f B 3j ugs a nd t ubular s pouted p itchers. T he a dd it ion o f s hort c o mbed s trokes t o v ert ica l, t hu mbed a pp l ied s tr ips ( M 7 5 ) i s at ra it o f t he 1 963 S choo l k i ln was ters ( F ig. 1 2, n os. 2 , 7 ) a nd i s a lso o bserved o n much o f t he t raded ma ter ia l ( see F ig. 2 6 ,nos. 2 19, 2 20 a nd 2 27 ; a nd F ig. 2 7 , n os. 2 37 , 2 38 ).

NOTES

1 .

Af ew e xamp les o f r ou let ted Fabr ic B s herds were f ound i n t he a rea o f S ta mford S choo l b y P eacock. A lso, a j ug f ragment f ro m N orw ich b ears r ou let t ing o n t he u pper s urface o f i t s h and le ( 6-29 + H and le 4 8 + M1 B 3 ; H urs t 1 957 F ig. 4 , p . 5 6 , n o. 6 ). N o c o mparab ly d ecora ted h and le h as b een f ound i n S ta mford . The p ot ter may h ave c op ied t h is e ar l ier t echn ique o r f ound a n o ld r ou let te d isc. a lso p oss ib le.

1 43

S o me o ver lap o f w orkshops i s

CHAPTER V I I I THE NATURE OF THE S TAMFORD POTTERY I NDUSTRY

Wh i le t he mater ia ls a nd t echn iques u sed i n t he p roduct ion o f S ta mford ware c an b e e stab l ished w ith r easonab le c erta inty ( Chap ter I V ), t he s ocia l o rgan isa t ion b eh ind i t s manufac ture i s u nderstandab ly more e lus ive.

The

n ature o f t he S ta mford p ot tery i ndustry c an b e e xa m ined w ith in t wo d i f feren t f ra meworks :

f i rst , t hat o f t he i ndus tr ia l a ct iv ity i n t he t own , a nd s econd ,

t ha t o f med ieva l c era m ic c entres.

S evera l f actors s uggest t hat p o t tery was

n ot o f g reat e cono m ic i mportance t o med ieva l S ta mford , y e t c o mpar ison w ith o ther c eram ic p roduct ions emphas ises t he t echn ica l p re-e m inence o f S ta mford p ot ters.

The p ot tery s hows d ivers ity w ithout l arge-sca le h o mogene ity u nt i l

t he f ina l p hase, a lthough i nd iv idua l workshops h ave a f a ir d egree o f s tandardi sa t ion.

B oth t he v ar ie ty o f f or ms a nd f abr ics , a nd t he mult ip l ic ity o f p ro-

d uct ion s ites s uggests a n i ndustry b ased o n sma l l w orkshops.

However, s ince

o n ly a sma l l f ract ion o f t he k i lns h ave b een l ocated , t hese may n ot b e r epresent a t ive ;

i n p art icu lar, t he d istr ibut ion p at tern o f workshops w ith in t he t own

may we l l c hange w ith n ew d iscover ies. S TA MFORD POTTERY PRODUCT ION I N RELAT ION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TO WN The h istory o f S ta mf ord h as b een d iscussed i n s evera l works

1

a nd r ecent

a rchaeo log ica l d iscover ies h ave i ncreased u nderstand ing o f t he e ar ly n ature o f t he s et t le ment .

A lthough much s t i l l r e ma ins o bscure , c urrent h istor ica l

r esearch b y D . Rof fe o f t he S outh L incolnsh ire Archaeo log ica l Un i t i s p rov id ing n ew i ns ight o n t he d eve lop ment o f S ta mford . The i ndustr ies i n S ta mford were b ased o n t he n atura l r esources o f b oth t he im med ia te a rea a nd t he more d is tan t c ountrys ide.

The r e lat ionsh ip

b etween t he t wo i s i l lustrated i n t he med ieva l c loth i ndustry wh ich r e l ied o n woo l f ro m t he c oun tryside a nd workers i n t he t own .

Three o f S tamford 's

i ndustr ies were b ased o n c onven ient g eo log ica l d epos its a nd t he t own s hows much q uarry ing—for c onstruct ion s tone , i rons tone a nd c lay.

The t own l ies

p r inc ipa l ly o ver l imestone ( F ig. 1 3 ), a lthough t here a re a lso b ands o f i rons tone u nder ly ing s o me a reas.

C lay o ccurs i n e x tens ive d epos its b oth t o t he

n orth ( Oo l it ic a nd Upper E stuar ine ) a nd s outh ( L iass ic ) o f S ta mford a nd a s sma l l, u n mapped o utcrops w ith in t he modern t own.

The map o f S ta mford

i ndus tr ies b ased o n a rchaeo log ica l e v idence ( F ig. 3 0 ), i nev itab ly r ef lects t he d istr ibu t ion o f r aw mater ia ls. The d eve lop ment o f S ta mford u p t o t he m id-13th c en tury c an b e d iv ided i n to f our p er iods : 1 .

The e ar ly , p redo m inant ly Dan ish s et t le ment , p r ior t o t he S axon c onquest ( Pre-918 ). 1 44

2 .

The l ate S axon m ixed c o m mun ity , p r ior t o t he N or man C onques t ( 9181 066 ) .

3 .

T he Nor man t own ( 1066-1154 ).

4 .

The e ar ly Angev in t own ( 1 154-c . 1260 ).

The F irst p hase o f s et t le ment :

Be fore 9 18 ( F ig.30 )

Af ew Ro man f i nds f ro m t he S ta mford Cast le s i te s uggest s o me f or m o f Ro man s et t le men t i n t he a rea , a lthough t he ma in p opu lat ion c en tre was n orth o f S ta mford o n E rm ine S tree t a t G rea t C asterton.

The l im ited h is tor ica l

e v idence h in ts a t s o me S axon o ccupat ion i n t he a rea ;2

E rm ine S tree t , west

o f t he p resen t t own, w ou ld s ee m a l og ica l f ocus f or s et t le men t a nd may h ave s een s o me l ow-dens ity o ccupat ion i n t he S axon p er iod , t hough

a t p resent

t here i s n o a rchaeo log ica l e v idence. T he e ar l iest a rchaeo log ica l r e ma ins f ro m S ta mford a re f ro m t he S t G eorges S tree t a nd C as t le s i tes where b oth m i l itary a nd i ndus tr ia l a ct iv it ies a re r epresented .

T he c oncen tr ic d i tches e xcava ted o n t he Cast le s i te s ee m

t o d ef ine a r ing work .

T he f abr ic E/F k i ln l ay im med ia te ly o u tside t he o u ter

d i tch o f t h is e nclosure a nd , a bove p p . 3 1f .).

b efore l ong ,

e ncroached u pon i t ( as d escr ibed

A l though t he e xcava ted k i ln i s r a ther s i mp le i n d es ign , t he

l i ke l ihood o f f ur ther k i lns r e ma ins ;

t he p ot tery i t se lf s ugges ts a h igh ly s k i l led

p ot ter who w ou ld h ave e stab l ished a nd e xpanded a workshop .

The F abr ic H

ma ter ia l f ro m t he i nner d i tch a nd p a l isade r ef lec ts a no ther p roduc t ion a nd h in ts a t s o me c on t inu i ty o f manu facture o n t he C as t le s i te. E ar ly i ron w ork ing i s a lso r epresen ted , w ith e v idence f ro m s evera l s i tes a t t he e astern e nd o f t he p resent H igh S tree t.

Th is i ndustr ia l a ct iv ity s tarted

b efore t he e stab l ish ment o f t he p resent s treet p lan , a s Mahany h as i dent if ied a n i ronwork ing s urface u nder H igh S tree t .3 I fa n e ar ly e ast-west r oad i s h ypothes ised , i t may l i e t o t he s outh o f t he e xcava ted l a te S axon s i tes.

The

t races o f t wo t imber b u i ld ings f ound o n t he A lbert Ha l l s i te l ie j us t t o t he n orth o f s uch a l i ne. A s tudy o f t he h is tor ica l s ources s uggests t hat S ta mford was p r i mar i ly aD an ish f oundat ion.

I t s o ccupat ion f or med p art o f t he t rans it ion b e tween

t he p hase o f S cand inav ian r a id ing a nd t he ir s ubsequent r ura l s et t le ment . D an ish i nf luence , a nd p erhaps s o me s tab i l ity , wou ld h ave b een f e lt i n e astern E ng land b efore t he a ctua l l and d is tr ibu t ion o f 8 77. c a me t o B r ita in a f ter r ebuf fs o n t he C ont inent ; a cqu ired h orses a nd made

The G reat Ar my o f 8 65

i tw intered i n ' East E ng lu m ',

. , ace ( ' fr id g ena mon ' ) . The u se o f t he t er m ' East

E ng lu m ' i n t he C hron ic le a ppears t o i nc lude L inco lnsh ire a s we l l a s East Ang l ia a s t he 8 67 e ntry d escr ibed t he a r my c ross ing f ro m ' Eas t E ng lu m ' t o N orthu mbr ia t o a ttack York. h am a nd a r eturn t o Y ork .

The n ex t t wo y ears s aw a c a mpa ign t o No t t ing-

I n 8 70 , t he b and moved d own t o Thet ford , w ith

t he E Chron icle a dd ing t ha t t he monastery o f Medesha mstede ( Pe terborough ) was d estroyed ' .

The s ucceed ing c a mpa ign c oncentra ted o n s outhern E ng land

a nd t he g enera l impress ion o f l a ter d escr ip t ions i s t hat ' East E ng lu m ' was ' safe ' t err itory f or t he Danes. F urther, t here a re n o e ar ly r eferences t o aS axon s et t le ment a t S ta mf ord.

The C hron ic le r eference o f 6 56 i s al ater a dd it ion ( Ear le a nd P lu mmer 1 45

1 899, i , 2 5 ). There i s n o C hron icle e n try r ecord ing t he r avag ing o r c ap ture o f S ta mford b y t he D anes , a s m ight b e e xpected i fi th ad b een a n i mportan t s i te.

T he f i rst ment ion o f S ta mford i s t he 8 94 e ntry i n t he Chron icle o f

A Ethe lweard . Th is n otes t ha t E a ldor man A Ethe lnoth went t o York a nd t here ' c on tacted t he e nemy , who p ossessed l arge t err itor ies i n t he k ingdo m o f t he Merc ians , o n t he western s ide o f t he p lace c a l led S ta mford .

T ha t i s t o s ay ,

b etween t he s trea ms o f t he We l land a nd t he t h icke ts o f t he wood c a l led Kes teven b y t he c o m mon p eop le ' ( Campbe l l 1 962, 5 1 ). S tenton ( 1970 ) i n terp reted t he p assage a s more s pecif ica l ly i mp ly ing r avag ing o f t he c ountrys ide. The e ntry d oes n ot c lar ify t he n ature o f S ta mford a t t h is p er iod , b ut d oes i l lustrate h ow t he s i te wou ld h ave b een au sefu l o ne f or c onsol idat ing c ontro l o f t he a rea. The f act a s econd d escr ipt ion o f t he t err itory was g iven s uggests t ha t ' t he p lace c a l led S ta mford ' may n ot h ave b een c o mmon ly k nown. The v a lue o f t he R iver We l land was p robab ly b et ter a pprec ia ted b z- t he D anes t han t he S axons. The u sua l V ik ing p at tern was t o e stab l ish a d efens ive p os i t ion n ear a n av igab le r iver a s ab ase f or r a id ing t he c ountrys ide. Th is s ee ms t o h ave b een t he c ase a t S ta mford , i ft he d i tched e nclosure o n t he C ast le s i te i s a ccepted a s at e mporary f ort if icat ion.

S ta mford o ccup ies a

s tra teg ic s i te w ith g ood c o mmun icat ions a t t he p ivot o f E ast Ang l ia a nd L inco lnsh ire.

I t s l ocat ion was e spec ia l ly important i n t he S axon p er iod when

b oth t he Wash a nd t he F en land e ast o f S ta mford c overed a g reater e xpanse t han a t p resent . Af ort if ied s i te a t S tamford w ou ld h ave c ontro l led move ments t o t he F ens a nd L incolnsh ire c oast a s w e l l a s t hose t o t he n orth a long E rm ine S treet ;

i tc ould t hus h ave l i nked t he V ik ing b ases o f Thet ford , L inco ln a nd

York. The i ndustr ia l a ct iv ity n oted a rchaeo log ica l ly a lso f i ts i nto a p icture o f D an ish o ccupat ion a t S ta mford s erv ing a s as upp ly b ase. Certa in ly b y 9 18 t here was s o me s ort o f 1 3yr ig ' n orth o f t he R iver We l land a nd p eop le who owed a l leg iance t o i t .

The i mportance o f t he s i te was a cknow ledged when i t

was t er med o ne o f t he F ive B oroughs. L a te S axon S ta mford :

9 18-1066 ( Fig. 3 0 )

With t he s et t le ment o f t he Dane law s tab i l ised , S ta m ford b ecame a p o l it ica l a nd e cono m ic, a s w e l l a s am i l itary c entre f or i t s r eg ion.

With t he c onquest

o f t he s i te b y E dward ,4 t he c o m mun ity a lso b ecame more a ccess ib le t o Merc ia a nd t he s outh a nd t rade w ould h ave b een s t i mu la ted . The e stab l ishmen t o f t he t own s tree t p lan a nd d efences r ef lects t he S axon i nf luence t hat w ou ld a lso h ave a f fected t he t own e cono my a s t he p eaceful i ncorporat ion o f t he D ane law p roceeded .5 The importance a nd p rosper ity o f 1 0th-century S tamford i s r ef lected b y i t s n u merous moneyers.

I n t he t ime o f E dgar, S ta mford r anked o n ly b eh ind

L ondon , L inco ln , York a nd Winchester, w ith f i f ty-two moneyers a nd a t o ta l o f4 03 k nown d ies. 6 The l ocat ion o f t h is money ing a ct iv ity i s n ot e s tab l ished t hough t he moneyer (s ) o f t he a bbot o f P eterborough w ou ld h ave b een s i ted s outh o f t he r iver. 7 I ronwork ing c on t inued i n t he H igh S treet a rea d ur ing t he 1 0th a nd i n to t he 1th c entur ies , a l though t h is a ct iv ity e nded o n t he e xcavated s i tes b efore t he N or man C onquest .

N o s tone q uarr ies c an b e d ated t o t he 1 0th c entury ,

b ut s evera l l imes tone w ork ings may b e a t tr ibuted t o t he m id-11th c entury , s uggest ing c onstruct ion o n t he p re-Conques t c hurches o f t he t own. 1 46

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1 47

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S evera l l oo m-we igh ts w ere f ound i n p re-Conquest c ontex ts o n t he S t Georges S t s i te , b ut t he e x ten t o f c lothmak ing i sn ot c lear. The v ar ie ty i n p ot tery f abr ics p resent i n t he 1 0th c en tury ( Fabr ics A , D , E /F, a nd H ) r ef lects a mult ip l icat ion o f p roduct ion c entres i n t he t own. T he o n ly e xcava ted p roduct ion s i te f ro m t h is p er iod i s t he Wharf Road k i ln. H owe ver , s o me o f t he p ot tery f ro m E ast S treet P it I( see p . 4 8) h in ts a t ap reC onquest s tart t o p ot tery mak ing i n t he S ta mford S choo l a rea.

B o th o f t hese

l ay t o t he e ast o f t he p resu med c ontemporary t own d efences. H owever, t he l a te S axon e nc losure n eed n ot h ave l ed t o at i ght c luster ing o f o ccupa t ion a nd s ince i ronwork ing c ont inued w i th in t he d efences , t he d is t inct ion b e tween i n traa nd e x tra- mura l o ccupa t ion n eed n ot h ave b een g reat . S ta mford p ot tery p roduct ion o f t he 1th c entury i s p oor ly r epresented , b ut t he g row ing d ichoto my a pparent b etween c ook ing a nd t ab le wares s ugges ts a t rend t o s pec ia l isa t ion among t he p ot ters. The i mportance o f S tamford a s at rad ing c en tre was a lready a pparent i n t h is e ar ly s tage o f t own l i fe ;

i t s g enera l t rade a lso e nab led a w ide d istr ibu-

t i on o f t he t own 's p ot tery p roducts ( see p . 1 71 b e low ) .

B oth t he R iver We l land

a nd E rm ine S treet w ou ld h ave c ont inued t o b e u sefu l t ransportat ion r outes. S tamford was w e l l p laced t o l i nk t he e cono m ies o f f i e ld a nd f en. F ish , e e ls a nd s a lt c ould b e e xchanged f or meat , c heese a nd g ra in . 9 A ma rke t i s imp l ied d ur ing t he r e ign o f E dgar , wh i le a l ater r eference n otes i t s c hange i n d ay f ro m S unday t o aw eekday. 1 ° I t s s i te w as p robab ly n ear A l l S a ints , i n t he s pace l ater k nown a s S heep Market . N or man S ta mford :

1 066-1154 ( F ig. 3 0 )

T he N or man C onquest s eems n ot t o h ave made a g rea t impact o n t he t own. The c onstruct ion o f t he c ast le , o n t he s i te o f t he e ar l ier f ort if ica t ion , t ook o ver o n ly f i ve mans iones o f t he 1 40 r ecorded f or t he p art o f t he t own n orth o f t he r iver. 1

However, t he C onquest h e lped t o e xpand t he market f o r S ta mford

p ot tery a nd d e mand w ould a lso h ave b een i ncreased b y t he n ew m i l i tary market . The e ar ly 1 2th c entury s ee ms t ob e ap er iod o f g reat d ivers ity a nd v igour i n p ot tery p roduct ion.

Two d if ferent p ot tery c en tres a re r epresented

b y waster g roups —at 5 9 S cotga te a nd t he ' Pant i les ' s i te , S t Pauls S t reet . B oth may b e p laced s ty l ist ica l ly i n t he m idd le p art o f t he 1 2th c entury , a nd b oth p roduced s im i lar v esse l f or ms , t hough i n d i f ferent f abr ics ( s ee p p. 4 9f f .a bove ) .I f t he was ters may b e a ssu med t o h ave b een d epos ited n ear t he ir k i lns , t wo w ide ly s epara ted a nd d ist inct w orkshop a reas wou ld h ave e x is ted r ough ly c on te mporaneous ly.

The 1 911 G reyfr iars House k i ln may

r epresent a s l igh t ly e ar l ier p , c l uct ion ;

i t s p rox im ity t o t he ' Pan t i les '

wasters r e inforces t he p icture o f t h is q uarter b e ing u sed f or p ot tery work ing . The p roducts o f t hese s i tes s t i l l r epresent o n ly p art o f t he 1 2th c en tury r ange a nd f urther w orkshops may b e.p resu med , p art icu lar ly o ne s pec ia l is ing i n Fabr ic A c ook ing p ots a nd b ow ls.

S i mpson h as n oted t ha t p oss ib le w asters

were f ound a t 4S t . Marys S treet , wh ich , f ro m t he ir d escr ip t ion , s ee m t o b e long t o t h is p hase. 1 2 N o i ronwork ing c an b e d ated t o t h is p er iod .

C ont inued s tone e x tract ion

i s s hown b y q uarry ing i n t he C ast le b a i ley , H igh S treet , a nd H igh S t reet S t Mart ins s i tes. 1 3

Th is a ct iv ity may b e l i nked w ith t he g row ing n umber o f

1 48

c hurches a nd monaster ies c ons tructed.

The mul t ip l icat ion o f p ar ish c hurches

a lso h igh l ights t he i ncreas ing ly u rban n a ture o f S ta mford . E ar ly Angev in S tamford :

1 154-c . 1260 ( F ig. 3 0 )

T h is c entury was o ne o f g rea t p rosper ity i n S ta mford , p r inc ipa l ly d ue t o t he w ool t rade a nd t he c loth i ndus try. e as tern p art o f t he t own. t ime r ange ;

C eram ic p roduct ion c ont inued i n t he

T he wasters o n t he 1 963 k i ln s i te s how a f a ir ly l ong

s o me o f t he a rea b etween t h is k i ln a nd t he r ough ly c on te mporary

1 874 k iln, a pprox i mate ly o ne h undred metres t o t he west , may h ave b een u sed b y p ot ters.

D ocu mentary e v idence s uggests t ha t t h is p art o f t he t own was

r a ther was te, a lthough t he c hurch o f S t P au ls l ay j ust t o t he e ast o f t he 1 874 k i ln »

I n t h is p hase , t he i ndustry s pec ia l ised ma in ly i n t ab leware ;

c on-

s truct iona l d e ta i ls i nd ica te a d egree o f manufactur ing o rgan isa t ion a nd d iv is ion o fl abour.

I ti s n ot c lear whether t h is f i na l p ot tery a ct iv ity l ay w ith in t he

t own wa l ls o r n ot , a s i ti s n ot k nown when t he l i ne o f t he med ieva l wa l ls was e s tab l ished . 1 219.

The w es tern p art o f t he c ircu it s ee ms t o h ave b een b u i lt b y

Grants o f t imber f or e nc los ing t he t own d a te t o 1 218, 1 219, 1 224 a nd

l a ter 1 251 a nd 1 261 a s w e l l a s i n t he 1 4th c entury. 1 5 h ave b een c o mp leted a t t he s a me t ime.

The c ircu it may n ot

However, i ti s l ike ly t hat t he 1 874

a nd 1 963 k i lns were i n tra mura l. S tone q uarr ies a re k nown i n t he C ast le b a i ley f or t he many c onstruct ions t here. 1 6

D ocu mentary r ecords i l lustra te o ther i ndus tr ies n ot r epresented

a rchaeo log ica l ly.

Woo l a nd c lo th p roduct ion i s s hown t o b e av ery important

p art o f t he 1 2th c entury e cono my , a nd i t was s t il l a t i t s p eak i n t he 1 3th c en tury. 1 7

T he c loth i ndustry i nvo lved a r ange o f emp loy ment f ro m s p inn ing

t o d ye ing a nd f u l l ing a s w e l l a s t he weav ing i t se lf .

S ta mford 's weav ing b eca me

f amous, r ef lected i n t he c loth t er m ' s tanfort ' wh ich was im ita ted a t Ypres a nd Arras ( Poo le 1 955 , 8 6 ).

Un l ike much o f B r it ish manufac ture , t h is c loth

was i n t he h igh-qua l ity c lass a nd t hus c o mpet it ive w ith c ont inen ta l p roducts ( P la t t 1 976, 8 6 ).

The s pec ia l t hauberget ' c loth o f S ta mford was made i n a

w ide p r ice r ange ( Carus- W i lson 1 969 ). O ther, t yp ica l t own c raf ts w ou ld b e e xpected i n S ta mford a nd t he ir e x iste nce c an b e s hown i n o ccupa t iona l p a trony m ics.

The p rosper ity o f o ther

i ndustr ies i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een d etr i menta l t o t he p ot ters b y c o mpet ing f or l abour a nd f ue l. Any p icture o f S ta mford i n t h is p er iod must a lso c ons ider t he C hurch a nd r oya l h o ld ings.

T he e ar ly a nd l arge-sca le a rr iva l o f t he mend icant

o rders i nd ica tes ab ust l in t„ . wn c o m mun ity , a b le t o s uppor t t he m a s we l l a s t he t wo e ar l ier B ened ict ine h ouses a nd f ourteen p ar ish c hurches. 1 8 The t own mus t a lso h ave b een c ons idered a n e duca t iona l c entre a s i t was c hosen i n t he 1 4th c entury b y Ox ford s tudents a s t he s i te f or t he ir s p l inter f oundat ion o f Brasenose C o l lege ( Hart ley a nd Rogers 1 974 , 7 6-77 ).

The

amount o f r oya l c on tro l i n t he t own , a nd r oya l d e mesne i n t he a rea w as g rea tu nt i l t he a l iena t ion o f t he p roperty b eca me p art o f r oya l p ol icy w ith g ran ts u nder Henry Ig iv ing l ands a nd t he Cast le f i rst t o Hu met , t hen t o t he Warennes.

1 49

S u mmary T he s cat tered d istr ibut ion o f k i lns a nd wasters i n S ta mford a rgues a ga ins t as ing le ' zon ing ' o f t he p ot tery i ndustry , t hough t he p r inc ip le c oncentra t ion s ee ms t o h ave b een i n t he e astern p art o f t he t own.

The e v idence m igh t b e

i nterpreted a s move ment o f t he p ot ters f ro m o ne a rea t o a nother.

A lthough

t he a pparent l ack o f c ont inu ity o n S ta mford k i ln s i tes , a part f rom t he S choo l a rea , i mp l ies t ha t move ment c erta in ly was l i ke ly , t he n ear c on te mporane ity o f t he S cotgate a nd S t Pau ls S treet g roups s uggests t ha t t he d is tr ibut ion w as a lso d ue t o a mult ip l icity o f c entres.

I tc ou ld b e a rgued t hat t he S ta mford

p ot tery i ndustry , l ike t ha t o f i ronwork ing, b egan w ith l and a nd r aw mater ia ls r ead i ly a va i lab le , b ut t hen s aw i ncreas ing l im i ta t ions p laced o n t own i ndustr ies b y c usto m a nd l ega l r estra int .

The a bsence o f p ot ters i n d ocu mentary r ecords

i s n ot s urpr is ing c ons ider ing t he s carc ity o f r eferences t o t h is c raf t e lsewhere. On t he o ther h and , t he a rchaeo log ica l i mpor tance o f S tamford p o t tery c an d ist or t a nd o vere mphasise t he r o le o f t h is i ndustry i n t he t own . an eed o f t he c o m mun i ty a nd s urround ing c oun tryside ;

T he p ot ters f iled

t hey a lso d epended o n

t he i mpor tance o f S ta mford a s a marke t t own t o e nab le t rade o ft he ir wares t o al arger r eg ion . S TAMFORD POTTERY PRODUCTION CO MPARED WITH OTHER CENTRES L oca t ion i n at own The f i rst c haracter ist ic o f t he S ta mford p ot tery i ndus try i s t ha t i t was b ased i n at own, n ot i n t he c ountrys ide.

A lthough i t s l oca t ion may h ave

c aused s o me p rob le ms i n o bta in ing f i rewood , t h is wou ld h ave b een c oun terb a lanced b y i t s a ccess ib i l ity f or s a les.

Work ing s pace d oes n ot s ee m t o

h ave b een r estr icted , a nd t he t own a ppears t o h ave b een f a ir ly s prawl ing a nd n ot d ense ly d eve loped . S uch a t own-based c eram ic i ndustry i s f a ir ly t yp ica l o f p re-Conquest e as tern E ng land.

S ubsequent ly , sma l l-sca le c ountrys ide p otters p redo m ina ted

i n B r ita in , t ogether w ith s o me l arger-sca le i ndustr ies.

Thus t he S ta mford

i ndustry c an b e c o mpared w ith o ther Thet ford-type c entres.

P re-Conques t

whee l-thrown p ot tery p roduct ion i s k nown f ro m I psw ich , N orw ich , Thetford , S ta mford , Northa mpton , L e icester , Torksey , E xe ter a nd L inco ln.

Th is

n u mber w il l u ndoubted ly i ncrease w ith d iscover ies f urther s outh a nd wes t .1 9 The f act t ha t r ura l p roduct ion c ame t o p redo m ina te i n t he 1 2th c entury d oes n ot i mp ly t ha t as i mp le c hange f ro m t own t o c oun trys ide p ott ing t ook p lace , b ut i nstead r ef lects a c hange i n emphas is. c erta in ly e x isted 2 °

a nd t he

Pre-Conques t r ura l p roduct ions

s he l ly wares s ee m p r inc ipa l ly o f r ura l

manufacture 2 1 The t ford-type wares were made a t b oth t own a nd r ura l s ites b efore t he 1 2t h c entury. 22

The s carc ity o f c ountrys ide k i lns s uggests s o me u se o f

s hor t-l ived c lamps , n ow d if f icu lt t o d etect .

T he c lay u sed was n o t c ons is ten t

a nd t he d egree o f s ubt le v ar iat ion i n f abr ics makes c lass if icat ion v ery d if f ic ul t.

Th is s uggests t ha t m igrant p ot ters made a nd f i red p ots i n s evera l

l oca t ions , f i l l ing t he l oca l d e mand a t e ach, t hen mov ing t o a nother s et t le ment . Th is a lso h e lps t o e xp la in t ypo log ica l s im ilar ity o ver l arge a reas when t rade s ee ms u n l ike ly.

1 50

With a n a bsolute i ncrease i n t he amoun t o f p ot tery i n u se a nd a g row ing r ura l p opulat ion, a r ise i n t he n u mber o f c ountrys ide p ot ters i s n o t s urpr is ing ; r ura l p roduct ion c en tres a lso b enef it ted f ro m t he ir g rea ter a ccess ib i l ity t o r aw mater ia ls. With p roduct ion c entres s paced more c lose ly t ogether a nd s erv ing a sma l ler a rea , t ransportat ion o f t he p ots was n ot a p rob le m. Thus t he g rea ter r eg iona l p art icu lar is m v is ib le i n med ieva l c eram ics r ef lects t he c hanged s tructure o f t he p ot tery i ndustry w ith i t s sma l ler r eg iona l u n its. The i ncreased n u mber o f r ura l p ot ters c ou ld h ave c o me f rom a s p l it t ing o f w orkshops , w ith a pprent ices s tart ing t he ir o wn p roduct ions. C er ta in ly , many o f t hese r ura l p roducts were n ot o f h igh t echn ica l q ua l ity , b ut t hey d id n ot n eed t o b e s ince c ost w as a ma jor c ontro l l ing f actor. N o s pec if ic move o f p o t ters f ro m t own t o c ountrys ide c an b e e stab l ished f ro m d ocu mentary r ecords o r t ypolog ica l s im i lar it ies , t hough t h is r ema ins a p oss ib i l ity. E ven among t he Thet ford-type p ot ter ies , S ta mford was n ot t o ta l ly t yp ica l. F irs t , a lthough t he i ndustr ies a l l made w hee l-thrown v esse ls o f f a ir ly s im i lar f orm ; t he S tamford i ndustry g rew a nd d ivers if ied more t han t he o thers , i t s p roducts c overed a g reater q ua l ity r ange , a nd i t s u se o f g laze was d ist inct ive. C lear ly , t he o r ig ina l a dvantage o f t he k now ledge o f g laz ing was e xp lo ited i n t he 1 0th c entury. S ubsequent i ncreases i n p roduct ion a nd t echn ica l d eve lopments s eem a r esponse t o e xpanded t rade a nd s how t ha t t he S ta mford p ot ters w ere f l ex ib le a nd a b le t o r espond t o d e mand. C o mpet it ion b etween w orkshops w ou ld h ave h e lped t o k eep s tandards h igh a nd s t i mula te e xper i menta t ion s uch a s t he h igh f i r ing r epresented b y G laze 2 a nd t he i n troduct ion o f c opper g reenc o loured G laze 3 .

A t l east o ne 1 2th -century S ta mford w orkshop w as v ery

i nnovat ive i n i t s d ecora t ive t echn iques w ith e laborate a pp l ied a nd i ncised o rnament .

B y t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he 1 2th c en tury , when S ta mford w are was

s t i l l t hr iv ing , o ther e ar ly t own-based p ot ter ies h ad e i ther c eased p roduct ion o r w ere mak ing a l im ited r ange o f f or ms.

Thus , a l though 1 0th -century S ta m-

f ord c an b e c ons idered f a ir ly t yp ica l i n h av ing p ot ter ies i n t he t own , t h is s i tua t ion w as a n a nachron is m b y t he 1 3th c entury. I ndustria l ' z on ing ' The s econd a spect o f p ot tery p roduct ion c oncerns t he g roup ing o f t h is a ct iv ity i nto o ne a rea. S ta mford d i f fers f ro m I psw ich a nd N orw ich b y n ot s how ing o ne s ing le p ot tery q uarter. H owever, t he ' z on ing ' i n t hese t owns d oes n ot s ee m t o i mp ly a g rea ter d egree o f o rgan isat ion o r c o-ord inated a ct iv ity among t he p o t ters , o n ly t ha t l ess move ment t ook p lace w ith in t he t own a nd t hus p erhaps t ha t t hese t owns w ere more d ense ly d eve loped .

The

p ot tery i ndus tr ies t here g r k . w ith in o r j o ined e stab l ished c o mmun it ies. I n c on trast , Thet ford c an b e c ons idered a D an ish f oundat ion l i ke S tamford a nd s ign i f ican t ly , b oth t owns s eem t o s how o n ly l oose i ndustr ia l g roup ing. A l though D av ison ( 1967, 1 94 ) c ons iders p art o f h is Thet ford s i te t o r epresent a n i ndustr ia l q uarter , a l l t he p ot ters were n ot g rouped t oge ther, a s h is c luster o fk i lns i n t he west o f t he t own i s s upp lemented b y Knocker 's more c en tra l k i lns ( Knocker a nd H ughes 1 950, 4 3-4 ; D av ison 1 967 ). T he e v idence f ro m o ther t owns i s s t i l l t oo meagre f or v a l id c o mpar ison w ith t hese t wo mode ls.

1 51

The Scale of Production The third aspect of the Stamford industry to consider is its size and degree of organisation compared with other centres. Comparisons between centres are rather subjective since the information cannot be reliably quanti­ fied due to the inevitably incomplete recovery of wasters. Medieval potting was carried out in a variety of frameworks. A single potter could have been sedentary or itinerant, working full- or part-time. Other potters worked under ecclesiastical patronage as at Worcester (Le Patourel 1968 .L, 106). Another example is the potter Siward of Glentworth (north of Lincoln), whose services were granted to the Gilbertines of Cantley (east of Doncaster) in 1172 (Stenton 1922, 85). Such potters paralleled those with secular, manorial obligations. Many rural and town productions must represent workshops with a mixture of skilled, apprentice, and less-skilled workers and so some di vision of labour; this would seem the case at Stam­ ford. By the 13th century, signs of greater 'mass-production' can be seen, and centres like Brill, Nottingham, Nuneaton, and the Yorkshire industries produced large quantities of pottery, aided by the technology of large, multi­ flue kilns. However, Continental centres of Andenne, Bruns sum, Schinveld, Pingsdorf, and Siegburg show manufacturing on an even larger scale, result­ ing in vast quantities of material. The very high degree of standardisation within these centres is also significant. These industries were sited very close to medieval towns and ease of transport was often an important consider­ ation. The precise status of late Saxon and medieval potters is debatable, although the picture generally. suggests that they had a low position in society (H. Hodges 1974). The type of craftsman/woman that is envisaged depends on the overall interpretation of the society adopted; the extent of feudalism and slavery must be balanced against entrepreneurial activity. A summary of tjle role of potters in Stamford must stress the relative unimportance of their contribution to the economy, despite their techmcal achievements. With the wealth of the wool trade, the decline of the po ery industry seems to have made little impact on the town. Pottery production first centred near the ditch enclosure, then concentrated to the east of the fown with individual workshops probably scattered in the town. Thus the industry seems to have been organised as separate workshops, presumably based on family units_,: By the 12th century, some division of labour is indi­ cated. The output in this pe i d must have been considerable to supply both the town and nearby region and also appear consistently at more distant sites, even if only as a fraction of their pottery totals. Until its decline in the 13th century, Stamford must be considered a major ceramic production centre of th period. Thus, although the industry started comparable with other Thetford-type centres, its growth was atypical and enabled it to survivE longer than other town-based potteries.

152

NOTES 1 .

P eck ( 1727 ) c onta ins much o f i nterest , a s d oes t he d er iva t ive D rakard ( 1822 ).

The t own h istory h as b een s u m mar ised b y Rogers e t a l. ( 1965 )

a nd Mahany ( 1969, 1 976 ). 2 .

Rof fe s tresses t he d ependency o f S t Peters t o Queen E d ith 's e s tate o f R ut land a nd s o c ons iders S ta mford a s p art o f ap re-Dan ish t err itory o f Rut land ( Rof fe, p ersona l c o m mun icat ion ).

P hyth ian-Ada ms ( 1977 )

e labora tes t h is a rgu ment f or t he a nc ient c haracter o f Rut land , b ut d oes n ot d iscuss t he c haracter o f a ny S axon s et t le ment a t S ta mford. 3 .

C . Mahany , p ersona l c o m mun icat ion.

Another t race o f i ronwork ing was

o bserved a t t he s outh-west c orner o f H igh S tree t a nd S t Georges S treet , b ut t h is was a t t he e dge o f t he p resent s treet a nd w ou ld n ot n ecessar i ly u nder ly a p rev ious, n arrower s treet .

F urther e ar ly i ronwork ing i s

s uggested i n t he v ic in ity o f t he S t G eorges S treet s i te ( W i lson a nd Moorhouse 1 971, 1 27 ) a s s lag was f ound i ncorporated i n to t he l ate S axon b ank.

Mahany ( persona l c o m mun icat ion ) c ons iders t hese s i tes a s l i nked

i n ac on t inuous s pread w ith h er A lbert Ha l l s i te s outh o f H igh S treet , a nd t he C o-operat ive s i te e xcava ted b y B urchard j ust n orth o f t he s treet . These l ast t wo s i tes w i l l b e p ub l ished i n Mahany, B urchard a nd S i mpson ( f orthco m ing ). Th is a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f or i ronwork ing may a lternat ive ly b e i nterpre ted a s s h if t ing i ndustr ia l a ct iv ity wh ich moved t o e xp lo it d if ferent a reas o f i ronstone.

The A lbert Ha l l a nd C o-opera t ive s i tes w ould t hus

h ave c o me i n to u se when t he c onstruct ion o f H igh S treet d is turbed p rod uct ion t here. 4 .

The Ang lo-Saxon C hro4f cle ( Parker manuscr ipt A ) u nder 9 22 d escr ibes t he s ub m iss ion o f S ta mford t o Edward a nd h is c onstruct ion o f a' burg ' s outh o f t he t hen e x is t ing o ne. 9 18 ( Wh ite lock 1 961).

Th is e vent i s more a ccurate ly p laced i n

The s i t ing o f t h is S axon b urg s hown i n F ig. 3 0

f o l lows t ha t p ub l ished b y Mahany ( 1969, 5 ) , wh ich i s b ased o n t he t opog raphy a nd a no mo l ies i n t he s tree t p a t tern. 5 .

Bed ford s hows a d eve l ( -ment s im ilar t o t hat o f S ta mford w ith a b urh o n b oth s ides o f t he r iver.

H i l l ( B idd le a nd H i l l 1 971 ) c ons iders t he t own

l ayout t o b e t he t o Edward . 6 .

L oyn ( 1965, 2 3-24 ) d iscusses t he S ta mford min t a nd s tresses t he m ixture o f Dan ish a nd S axon n a mes among t he moneyers.

7 .

Mahany ( 1969, 7 ) .

The a bbey o f Peterborough ( Medesha mstede ) h ad

e xtens ive h o ld ings s outh o f t he We l land , b oth i n t he t own a nd c ountrys ide. A g ran t o f a moneyer i s n oted i n t he E v ers ion o f t he Ang lo-Saxon Chron icle i n 9 63;

a nother was g ranted b y Thurk i l l Hoche c . 1 024.

1 53

8 .

The Cast le s i te a rea EE IF ea tures 2 36 a nd 6 1A a ppear t o b e s tone q uarr ies ;

9 .

t he ir p ot tery i s d iscussed a bove , G roups 2 7 a nd 2 8.

The p roducts a nd e cono my o f t he e arly med ieva l F en land a re d iscussed b y D arby ( 1940, 2 3-40 ).

I t must a ga in b e s tressed t hat t he F en land w as

t hen o f g rea ter e x tent t han a t p resent a nd S ta mford l ay o n i t s f r inge ( Green 1 961, Kestner 1 962 ). 1 0.

The E C hron icle f or 9 63 r ecords g rants o f l ands a nd p r iv i leges t o t he a bbey o f P eterborough , i nclud ing t he c rea t ion o f a market , t he o n ly o ne t o b e a l lowed b etween S ta mford a nd H unt ingdon. The c hange f ro m S unday i n 1 200 r esu l ted f ro m t he p reach ing t our o f E us tace o f F laye ( Poo le 1 955, 7 6

1 1. 1 2.

Mahany ( 1976, 2 25 ). S i mpson , p ersona l c o m mun icat ion.

I th as n ot b een p oss ib le t o l oca te

t h is ma ter ia l f or e xa m inat ion. 1 3.

The f o l low ing q uarr ies o f t h is p er iod c onta ined p ot tery d iscussed a bove C as t le s i te EE X I F ea tures 2 74, 2 72, 2 89 ( Groups 4 4, 4 6, 4 7 ) , H igh S treet S t Mart ins DD I F eat ure 8 .

a lso

Quarr ies o n t he S t G eorges

S treet a nd A lbert Ha l l s i tes may a lso b e o f t h is d ate. 1 4.

S t Pau ls was i n e x istence b y 154;

i n 1 257 i t was o ne o f t he p oorer

S ta mford c hurches ( Hart ley a nd Rogers 1 974 , 4 1). 1 5.

Ro tul i L it teraru m C lausaru m , Record C omm iss ion ( 1833 ), v o l. 1 , 3 70 ; Vo l. i , 2 6.

The c hurch o f S t Mary i s d escr ibed a s w ith in t he wa l ls ' de

B innewerk ' b etween 1 209-19 ( Hart ley a nd R ogers 1 974, 3 6 ). 1 6.

Much o f t he n orthern p art o f t he C ast le s i te EE a rea I I was r idd led w i th q uarry ing o f t h is p er iod.

1 7.

P oo le ( 1955, 8 4 ) a nd Mi l ler ( 1965 ).

1 8.

Much s urround ing l and was a lso r e l ig ious p roperty.

The F ranc iscans

( 1230 ), were f o l lowed b y t he D om in ican ( 1241), Car me l ites ( 1268 ), F r iars o f t he S ack ( 1274 ), a nd A ust in F r iars i n t he 1 340s ( P la t t 1 976 , 1 60;

1 9.

Know les a nd Hadcock 1 971 ).

There a re h ints o f p re-Conquest p ot tery p roduct ion i n G louces ter ( A. V ince p ersona l c o m mun icat ion ) a nd L ondon ( i nfor mat ion M. R hodes ); D erby a nd C hester wares may p rove t o h ave b een made i n t hose t owns.

2 0.

L e P a toure l ( 1968, 1 04)

J iscusses t he t hree D o mesday r eferences t o

p ot ters —the r ura l c entres o f B ladon, Ox fordsh ire , H asf ie ld , G loucesters h ire a nd Westbury , Wi ltsh ire. 2 1.

O f t he t own-based i ndustr ies , o n ly L inco ln w ith t he S i lver S tree t p roduct i on ( Ada ms 1 977, 4 5-46 ) made s he l ly ware.

Th is c on trast b e tween

s andy t own wares a nd s he l ly r ura l wares s ee ms t o h ave p ers isted i n t he E as t Mid lands i n t ha t t he l a ter, t own-based s p lashed w ares w ere o f s andy f abr ic , u n l ike most c ountrys ide p roducts. 2 2.

G r i mston a nd L angha le r epresent r ura l p roduct ions.

1 54

CHAPTER I X THE D ISTRIBUTION AND TRADE OF S TA MFORD WARE

The d is tr ibu t ion o f S ta m ford w are a ppears t o b e g rea ter t han t ha t o f o ther c on te mporary c era m ics.

I t s l arge g eograph ica l s pread must e i ther b e d ue t o

t rade o r t o mu l t ip le c en tres o f manu facture.

The s herds f ound i n Y ork i n

t he 1 950s l ed t o t he h ypothesis o f as epara te p roduc t ion b ased i n t he n or th ( Hurst 1 957 , 3 9 ;

S w inner ton 1 959 , 8 1 ) .

s hown t o o r ig ina te f ro m S ta m ford i t sel f .

Th is n or thern ma ter ia l c an n ow b e On t he o ther h and , ag roup o f M id-

l ands p ot tery c lose ly c op ied S ta m ford w are .

S o me s herds a re f ro m h igh ly

d ecora ted t ab le ware , s how ing i nc ising o r i n ter laced s tr ips .

Af a ir q uan t i ty

h as b een f ound a t L e icester , w i th f ur ther e xa mp les n oted f ro m C oven try , N or tha mp ton a nd E lstow Abbey . c eous;

The wh i t ish f abr ic i s f a ir ly s andy a nd m ica-

i tc an b e d ist ingu ished v isua lly f ro m S ta m ford ware b y i t s s l igh t

m icaceous s park le .

N eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lyses f ur ther s epara te t he t wo .

T he s ource o f t h is p ot tery a nd i t s d a te r ange h ave n ot y e t b een d ef ined .

The

f o l low ing d iscuss ion i s r estr icted t o t he p ot tery a ctua l ly made a t S ta m ford . The d istr ibu t ion o f S ta m ford ware c an b e d ef ined i n f our ways: 1 . The t ota l e x ten t o ft he d istr ibu t ion . 2 . The a rea where S ta m ford w are p redo m ina ted . 3 . T he t e mpora l c hanges i n d istr ibu t ion . 4 . The n a ture o f t he p roduc ts t raded . There a re l im i ta t ions t o t he e v idence a va i lab le p r incipa l ly d ue t o t he i ne v i tab le b ias i n t he s a mp le ; t he e xcava ted p ot tery i s n ot f u l ly r epresen ta t ive o f a l l p er iods a nd r eg ions.

A l though t he s i tes u sed f or t he d istr ibu t ion maps

( F igs. 3 3 , 3 4 ) a l l c over a w ide t ime r ange , e ar ly ma ter ia l i s g enera l ly u nderr epresen ted .

S uch maps a lso o vers i mp l ify many v ar iab les — t he t ype o f

o ccupa t ion , i t s d a te , l eng th a nd i n tens i ty , a nd t he q uan t i ty o f p ot tery p resen t . THE TOTAL EXTENT OF

HE D ISTRIBUTION

The d is tr ibu t ion o f S ta mford ware i nev i tab ly r ef lects t he e x ten t o f a rchaeo log ica l r esearch i n e ach r eg ion ;

t he k nown d is tr ibut ion a rea , e specia l ly t ha t

o f t he u ng lazed wares i s c on t inua l ly e n larg ing .

S ta m ford ware d iscussed b e low

d er ives f ro m b oth e xcava t ions a nd s urface c ol lec t ions a nd i nc ludes a l l p rev ious ly p ub l ished ma ter ia l .

F inds n oted b y H . H ea ley , J . G . H urst , R .

a nd E . Russe l l a nd o thers a re i nc luded i n t he map o f o vera l l d istr ibu t ion ( F ig . 3 2) .

I

A ll s i tes h ave b een l i sted a lphabe t ica l ly b y c oun ty i n Append ix

2 ; t h is c onsecu t ive n u mber ing h as b een u sed i n t he map F ig. 3 2.

1 55

The i n tens i ty o f f i eldwork i n L incolnsh ire s hows t ha t S ta m ford w are i s u b iqu i tous i n t he c oun ty .

T he a pparen t ' trad ing f ron t ier ' a long t he Tren t

s hou ld b e t rea ted w i th c au t ion a s t he d a ta a va i lab le f ro m t he t wo s ides o f t he r iver a re n o t c o mparab le .

The d istr ibu t ion o f S ta m ford ware e x tends a s f ar

n or th a s Aberdeen ; t o t he w est , s evera l s i tes a re r epresen ted a long t he We lsh Marches — Chester , H en D o men , Worcester , H ereford .

T he s ou thern

l im i t o f d istr ibu t ion i s d ef ined b y f inds f ro m G loucester , Ba th , W inchester , L ondon , C an terbury , a nd R ivenha ll . f ound o ver most o f E ast Ang l ia . wear mou th , J arrow ,

2

T o t he e ast , S ta mford ware h as b een

The p ot tery a ppears t o b e a bsen t f ro m Monk-

t he n or th-west , most o f Wa les, a nd s ou thern c oasta l

s i tes s uch a s Exeter a nd S ou tha mp ton .

The d istr ibu t ion t hus e x tends o ver a n

a rea o f a pprox i ma te ly 1 20 m i les ( 200 km ) r ad ius f ro m S ta mford , w i th a f ew e xa mp les a l most 4 00 m i les ( 6 40 km ) away i n S cot land . S ta m ford w are h as b een r epor ted f ro m Dub l in 3 t hough med ieva l p ot tery f ro m N or thern I re land wh ich h as b een e xa m ined c on ta ined n o S ta m ford w are. R ecen t f inds f ro m L und , Sweden i nclude 1th c en tury g lazed p ot tery wh ich c er ta in ly a ppears t o b e S ta m ford w are. 4

Th is i s q u i te p ossible s ince c u ltura l

a nd e cono m ic t i es p resu mab ly c on t inued b e tween t he Dane law a nd S cand inav ia . S ta m ford ware f i nds f ro m Trondhe im i nclude a n 1 1 th-cen tury s pou ted p i tcher ( 5 . 8 1 + Hand le 3 1 +S pou t 3G 1 ) a nd l a te 1 2 th/ear ly 1 3 th-cen tury c opper-green g lazed B 3 s herds r epresen t ing a t l east t wo d ist inc t l i nks w ith t he p ot tery c en tre . L a te S ta m ford w are h as a lso b een f ound a t B ergen ( E. H er teig , p ersona l c o mmun ica t ion ) .

F ur ther S candinav ian f inds may b e e xpected , a nd S ta m ford w are

s ee ms t o a n t icipa te t he l a ter , w ider d istr ibu t ion o f Y orksh ire a nd Gr i mston ware ware a cross t he N or th S ea a s d ef ined b y Dunn ing ( 1968 ) .

H owever , d esp i te

c o mparab le r esearch , S ta m ford ware h as n ot y et b een i den t if ied i n n or thern F rance o r t he L ow C oun tr ies . THE AREA OF S TA MFORD WARE PREDO M INANCE T he d istr ibu t ion o f S ta m ford w are , l i ke t ha t o f a l l p ot tery t ypes , s hows a c en tra l a rea where i tw as t he most c o m mon f abr ic , w i th a n o u ter a rea where i to ccurred l ess f requen t ly .

The p ropor t ion o f S ta m ford ware p resen t o n s i tes

d ecreases g radua lly w i th i ncreased d istance , a nd s hows n o s harp d ec l ine a s wou ld o ccur a t ap ol i t ica l o r c u ltura l b oundary .

H owever , t he r a te o f d ecrease

a ppears s o mewha t g rea ter t owards t he w est , r ef lect ing c o mpet i t ion w i th ' sp lashed wares '.

A s econd f ea ture o f t he S ta m ford d istribu t ion i s t ha t i t

d id n ot monopol ise t he p ot tery market , e ven w i th in a c ore a rea o f 1 5 m i le ( 24 km ) r ad ius where s he lly

n d l imestone wares c on t inued i n u se .

The t o wn o f L incoln was f a ir ly a ccessib le t o S ta m ford , a t ad istance o f a pprox i ma te ly 4 0 m i les ( 6 5 km ) .

The s equence o f p ot tery g roups f ro m t he

B roadga te s i te ( Ada ms 1 977 ) s hows t ha t t he h ighest p ercen tage o f S ta m ford ware ( 23% ) o ccurs i n t he 1 1th c en tury , a nd t ha t s ucceed ing g roups c on ta ined l ess t han 1 0% o f t h is ware.

H owever , t he h igh p ropor t ion o f Ro man ma ter ia l

( up t o 3 2% ) d istor ts t he r esu lts s o mewha t , a s d oes t he f act t ha t t he o vera ll p ropor t ion o f t he e igh t

f i ne w ares ' t o 'c oarse wares ' r ose d ur ing t he p er iod .

When

f ine w are ' c a tegor ies a re c onsidered a s ag roup , t he d ec l ine i n t he

p ercen tage o f S ta m ford w are b eco mes e ven c learer .

1 56

S ince t he S ta m ford t ypes

"

50 m i les 7 0k i lome tres

R oman r oads T rackways B

F ive b o roughs

•

O the r t owns ( w ith S tam ford ware)

F ig . 3 1

Map o f Eng land :

Med ieva l t ranspor ta t ion n e tworks.

1 57

f ro m t h is s i te a re a l most e xclusively t ab le w ares s uch a c o mpar ison i s v a l id . The 1 1th-cen tury p ar t o f t h is Broadga te s equence c an b e c o mp le men ted b y e v id ence f ro m t he 1 0 th-cen tury l eve ls o n t he F laxenga te s i te .

As a t B roadga te ,

s hel ly wares p redo m ina ted w i th S ta mford ware c o mposing u p t o af i f th o ft he t ota l .

T h is w ou ld s uggest t ha t S ta mford w are t rade t o L inco ln h ad i t s g rea test

impact d ur ing t he l a te 1 0 th a nd 1 1th c en tur ies . S evera l s i tes i n Y ork h ave b een a na lysed q uan t i ta t ive ly ; s i te ( Holdswor th G roup I V , H oldswor th

t he L loyds B ank

1 979 ) , p rov ides a s equence f ro m t he

1 0 th t o 1 1 th c en tur ies, wh i le t he K ing 's S quare ( S tead 1 968 , Wenha m 1 968 ) a nd H unga te ( R ichardson 1 959 ) a sse mb lages r epresen t t ota ls w i th a n 1 1th- t o e ar ly 1 3th-cen tury s pan .

The L loyds B ank g roups ( see p . 1 01, 1 10 a bove ) a re

a dm i t ted ly sma l l, b u t t hey a re u sefu l a s e ach c overs o n ly a l im i ted t i me p er iod . T he p ropor t ion o f S ta m ford ware v ar ied b etween 1 5% t o 3 0% o f t he n on-Ro man ma ter ia 1 , 5 wh ich i s c o mparab le t o t he amoun t a t L incoln . The s i tua t ion a t Y ork i n t he 1 2 th c en tury i s l ess c lear , s ince b oth t he K ing ' sS quare a nd H ung a te p ot tery c over a f a ir ly w ide t i me r ange .

R ecen t ma ter ia l f ro m t he

C opperga te s i te s uggests a s harp d ec l ine i n t he amoun t o f S ta m ford ware f ro m t he l a te 1 1 th c en tury o nward .

6

The p o t tery f ro m t he Baker L ane s i te , K ing ' sL ynn ( Clarke a nd Car ter 1 977 ) , q uan t if ied b y w e igh t , i nd ica tes t ha t S ta m ford ware a l ways c o mpr ised l ess t han 2 5% o f t he p ot tery t ota l a nd i n most o f t he p hases c .

150-1250 , i t

was l ess t han 5% . I n a dd i t ion t o t he t own s i tes d iscussed a bove , s evera l o ther s i tes may b e e xa m ined i n l ess d e ta il . Two c ast le s i tes, A lstoe Moun t ( Dunn ing 1 936 ) a nd Oakha m C ast le ( Ga therco le 1 958 ) l y ing a pprox i ma tely 1 0 m i les ( 1 6 km ) w est o f S ta m ford i n L e icestersh ire h ave p roduced p ot tery g roups o f t he l a te 1 1 th t o m id 1 2 th c en tur ies .

S ta m ford

ware , b oth g lazed a nd u ng lazed , p redo m ina ted a nd s ee ms t he o n ly t ype o f g lazed ware p resen t . The r ura l s i te o f B uck m inster , L eics . l i es s l igh t ly f ur ther f ro m S ta m ford , a pprox i ma tely 1 3 m i les ( 21 km ) t o t he n or th-west o f t he t o wn .

T he e xcava ted

p o t tery c overs t he p er iod o f t he l l th-14 th c en tur ies, s o much p ost-da tes S ta m ford w are a nd r educes i t s t ota l p ercen tage .

The c u mu lat ive p ercen tages

c a lcu la ted b y we igh t ( Rudk in 1 971-2 ) a re: 4

R o man a nd p ost- med ieva l

1 7

S ta mford ware

1 3

s he lly ware

6 6

s andy wares ( co mposed o f 5f abr ics )

1 00 The s i te i s s o me 2 2 m i les ( 36 km ) f ro m N ot t ingha m a nd L e icester a nd 1 4 m i les ( 23 km ) f ro m B ourne , a l l p oss ib le s ources o f s andy ware ' t ypes. Another r ura l s et t le men t , t ha t o f K irby B e l lars , L eics. ( Hurs t 1 965-6 ) i s a lso u sefu l i n a ssessing t he r e la t ive impor tance o f e ast M id lands p ot tery t ypes a s i tl i es b e tween S ta mford , L e icester a nd N ot t ingha m , 2 1 mi les ( 3 4 km ) f ro m S ta mford . F ive S axon a nd med ieva l f abr ics w ere i den t if ied o n t he s i te , w i th S ta m ford w are c o mpr ising 8 %o f t he t ota l o f 4 74 s herds. 7 N ot tingha m , 1 58

a pprox i ma te ly 1 7 m i les ( 28 km ) away s ee ms t o h ave h ad a more impor tan t i nf l uence t han S ta m ford .

S o me o f t he f abr ics may a lso h ave o r ig ina ted f ro m t he

e ven c loser L e icester a rea . The r ela t ionsh ip b e tween D ane a nd S axon w ou ld h ave a f fected l oca l S ta mford w are t rade i n t he 9 th a nd 1 0 th c en tur ies. The s i te o f B aston , L incs., ( Mayes a nd Dean 1 976) i s o f s pec ia l i n terest i n t ha t i ti s o n ly 6 m i les ( 9 km ) n or the ast o f S ta m ford , y et s hows a h igh p ropor t ion o f s he llte mpered w are .

A l-

t hough p r inc ipa l ly a p agan S axon c e metery , t he s i te a lso s hows l a ter s et t le men t . An o ccupa t ion l ayer i n as ha l low , f l a t-bot to med , r ectangu lar f ea ture ( F73 o n s i te B ) c on ta ined 9 8 s herds wh ich c o mpr ised : 1 9 r esidua l u rn p ieces 5 7 s he llte mpered 2 0 s andy wares T he s andy wares a ppear f ro m t heir d escr ip t ion t o b e e ar ly S ta m ford ware 8 a nd t he ir r im f or ms a re a l l p ara l le led a t t he S ta mford C o-opera t ive a nd S t G eorge S treet s i tes , s uggest ing a 1 0 th c en tury d a te .

S uch a h igh p ropor t ion

o f s he l ly ware a t t h is s i te w i th in e asy r each o f S ta m ford r equ ires e xp lana t ion . S o me s he lly s herds a re p resu mab ly r esidua l m id-Saxon t ypes wh ich p re-da te t he S ta mford w are .

O therw ise , S ta m ford ware w ou ld h ave c o mpr ised o n ly

o ne-quar ter t o o neth ird o f t he c on te mporary ma ter ia l , as urpr ising ly l ow amoun t .

The s i te s uggests t ha t i n t he c oun tryside u se o f s he l ly/ l i mestone

t ypes p ers isted , f ro m Maxeytype wares t o wares .

S t N eots t ypes a nd t hen med ieva l

T he med ieva l f ea tures a t B aston , s uch a s F l p roduced g lazed S ta m-

f ord ware , b u t B ournetype ware p redo m ina ted , w h ich i s n o t s urpr is ing a s B ourne l i es o n ly 4 mi les ( 6 km ) f ro m t he s i te.

T hese s he l ly l imes tone wares

may h ave b een f avoured f or c ost f ac tors , b u t c u l tura l p reference i s a lso a s trong p ossib i l i ty a t l east i n t he p re-Conquest p er iod .

T he s i te o f 1 , -axey ,

C a mbs ., a lso o n ly 6 m i les ( 9I an ) f ro m S ta mford s hows a d i f feren t p icture . T here i s n o S tamford w are amo _ng rthe s herds e xcava ted f ro m t he a bandoned s i te o f Maxey , b u t s urface c o l lec t ion a t t he p resen t v i l lage p roduced s o me s he l ly ware a nd s o me S ta m ford ware , r ang ing f ro m F abr ic F b ody s herds t o a n 1 1thc en tury r ou le t ted F or m 1b ow l a nd 1 2th -cen tury f or ms. The F abr ic F s ugg ests t ha t t he s h if t t o t he modern s i te o f Maxey o ccurred e ar l ier t han h ad b een t hough t , t hus b y t he e ar ly 1 0 th c en tury .

Addy man ( 1964 ) n oted t he s trong

Dan ish e le men t i n t he p ersona l n a mes o f Maxey c . 9 63 ; t h is r eference c an n ow b e l i nked w i th t he p resen t v i l lage s i te .

I ti s t e mp t ing t o r egard B aston

a nd o ld Maxey a s p r i mar i ly 'S axon ' v i l lages w i th t he n ew Maxey s et t le men t a s more S cand inav ian i n c h

acter , e stab l ish ing a nd ma in ta in ing c loser l inks

w i th S ta m ford . More d istan t r ura l s i tes a lso r ece ived S ta m ford ware.

T he manor a nd v i l-

l age s i te o f G o l tho ( Beresford 1 975 ) l i es a pprox i ma tely 4 5 m i les ( 7 3 km ) n or th o f S ta m ford , n ear L incoln .

The p ropor t ion o f S ta m ford ware t here s ee ms

s o mewha t l ess t han t ha t a t L inco ln i t se lf .

The o n ly g lazed r im f ro m t he p hase

p r ior t o t he m id 1 2 th c en tury b elongs t o aS ta m ford ware j ug , t hough d ev e loped s p lashed w are b ody s herds a re r ecorded f ro m t he manor h ouse i n a c on tex t o f t he f i rst h a l f o ft he 1 2th c en tury .

The p ub lished p ot tery f ro m

B ar ton B loun t , D erbys ( Beresford 1 975 ) i s a dm i t ted ly a v ery sma l l s a mp le,

1 59

Tab le 1 0

S i tes w ith S tamford ware The tford

1 .

Ba th

4 9 .

S t . A lbans

9 7 .

H augha m

1 44 .

2 .

B risto l

5 0 .

S andon

9 8 .

H averho l me

1 45 .

T rowse

9 9 .

I ngo ldsby

1 46 .

Brixworth L yveden

3 .

B edford

5 1 .

S outh Mi m ms

4 .

E lstow Abbey

5 2 .

Therf ie ld

1 00 .

K e tsby

1 47 .

5 .

3 . Hough ton R eg is 5 5 4 . Roxton

A lkborough

1 01 .

K irton

1 48 .

Northampton S ulgrave

7 .

R eading

5 5 .

L everton

1 49 .

1 03 .

L inco ln

1 50 .

Towcester

1 51 .

Woodford

Barton-on-Hu mber 1 02 . Goxh i l l

8 .

Boxworth

5 6 .

G r i msby

1 04 .

Ma ltby

9 .

B urwe l l

5 7 .

N orth K i l lingho l me 1 05 .

Marton

1 52 .

Wy the ma i l

1 0 .

C a mbr idge

5 8 .

R oxby c um R isby

1 06 .

N et t leha m

1 53 .

He l ms ley

1 1 .

C as tor

5 9 .

Wor laby

1 07 .

N or manton

1 54 .

e averthorpe

1 2 .

C axton Moa ts

6 0 .

C anterbury

1 08 .

N orth S toke

1 55 .

Wharra m Pere

1 3 .

E a ton S ocon

6 1 .

A ls toe Moun t

1 09 .

O ld L eake

1 56 .

Wh i tby

1 4 .

E l lington

6 2 .

Bescaby

1 10 .

Owersby

1 57 .

York

1 58 .

B i lborough

1 11 .

P inchbeck

Emp ingha m

1 12 .

R a ithby c u m Ma ltby 1 59 .

F enny Dray ton

1 13 .

R iseho l me

1 6O .

Newark

6 6 .

G laston

1 14 .

S empringha m

1 61 .

No t t ingha m

6 7 .

G len P arva

1 15 .

S k idbrooke-Sa ltf lee t 1 62 .

1 5 .

E t ton

1 6 . 1 7.

4 . God manchester 6 6 5 . H unt ingdon

6 3 .

1 8 .

L it t le Pax ton

1 9 .

Maxey

Buck minster

H aven

Ho l me P ierrep

S toke Bardo lpt

1 63 .

Thurgarton

2 0 .

Me ldre th

6 8 .

G rea t C asterton

2 1 .

P e terborough

6 9 .

H u mberstone

1 16 .

S leaford

1 64 .

Abingdon

2 2 .

S t . I ves

7 0 .

K irby Be l lars

1 17 .

S narford

1 65 .

Deddington

2 3 .

S t . N eo ts

7 1 .

L e icester

1 18 .

S omerby

1 66 .

Oxford

2 4 .

S outhoe Manor

7 2 .

Mart insthorpe

1 19 .

S outh Wi tham

1 67 .

Swerford

2 5 .

Wa ter N ew ton

7 3 .

Moun t S orre l

1 20 .

S pa ld ing

1 68 .

Wa l lingford

2 6 .

Wea ld

7 4 .

Oakham C ast le

1 21 .

S udbrook

1 69 .

Hen Do men S hrewsbury

2 7 .

Y e l l ing

7 5 .

S apco te

1 22 .

S unf lee t

1 7O .

2 8 .

C hester

7 6 .

Barks ton

1 23 .

T a l l ington

1 71 .

Ma ltby S taf ford

R uncorn

7 7 .

Easton

1 24 .

T a t ter s ha l l

1 72 .

3 0 .

Bar ton B loun t

7 8 .

Barrowby

1 25 .

T horntonle- Moor

1 73 .

Ta mworth

3 1 .

Derby

7 9 .

Beesby

1 26 .

T orksey

1 74 .

B ut ley

3 2 .

Duf f ie ld C ast le

8 0 .

B igby

1 27 .

T oynton A l l S a in ts

1 75 .

Dunw ich

3 3 .

P everi l C ast le

8 1 .

Bos ton

1 28.

U sse lby

1 76 .

I psw ich

3 4 .

Durha m

8 2 .

Bourne

1 29 .

3 5 .

R ivenha l l

8 3 .

Bra tof t

1 30 .

3 6 .

S af fron Wa lden

8 4 .

C a is tor

1 31 .

3 7 .

Wa ltham Abbey

8 5 .

C row land

1 32 .

2 9 .

1 77 .

N unea ton

1 78 .

Warw ick

e st Rasen

1 79 .

B ir mingha m

W i l lough ton

1 8O .

C oven try K irksta l l

a inf lee t We lton l e Mo ld

3 8 .

C irencester

8 6 .

Don ing ton

1 33 .

B arking

1 81 .

3 9 .

G louces ter

8 7 ‘

E as t K ea l

1 34 .

L ondon

1 82 .

C r ick lade

4 0 .

Winchcombe

8 8 .

E denha m

1 35 .

N ortho l t

1 83 .

Laverstock

4 1 .

Bas ings toke

8 9 .

F lee t

1 36 .

C a istor-on-Sea

1 84 .

Aberdeen

4 2 .

S i lches ter

9 0 .

F ra mpton

1 37 .

C ast le Acre

1 85 .

Perth

1 86 .

T rondhe im

4 3 .

i nches ter

9 1 .

F r iskney

1 38 .

C ast le R is ing

4 4 .

Dro i tw ich

9 2 .

F u lney

1 39 .

F e ltwe l l

4 5 .

H ereford

9 3 .

Go l tho

1 40 .

G rea t Yar mouth

4 6 .

Worcester

9 4 .

G ra in thorpe

1 41 .

K ing 's L ynn

4 7 .

Ashwe l l

9 5 .

G rayingha m

1 42 .

N orth E l mha m

4 8 .

H er tford

9 6 .

G rea t G onerby

1 43 .

N orw ich

1 60

S tam fo rd Wa re ' 5 5 8

. 80 8 4 1 25 •

9 5

56

1 32: 1 c ; • • 1 28 • 1 18 • 13 1 ' 26 17 . 1 05 1

• 1 7 1 2 9

D is tr ibu t ion

5 4 5 %

•3 3

1

4

9 4.

10 12 . . 9 715 1 :1 4 5 9' ' 9 100 7 1V 23

' 93

1 03 1 60

14 5 ' 7 9 8 1 09 9 1 1 C 27 • 1 02: 7 6 1e 8 6. • 9 6. , 1 4 1 0 1

1 63 1

3 2. • 3 0

—

•3 1

1 61

5 8 , 1• • 1 g . 699 0

1 38 1 4 1 1 37

28

12 1 73

62

6 . 5

6 7 7 3 . 7 : 1

7

. 75 7 9

17

1 46• . 178

• 77

•

6 6*

1 ' 1 77

. 180

4 4 •

8 81 2

*62; 27 4. 8 6 ' ' 3 ': * 1 4 0 1 49 99 8 i l l:4 2 1 1 2: 1

1 48

1 5• 2

2 5

1 5 1 2 1 4

2 3 1 3

1 67 •

16 .8 . 17. 2 2

. 27 2 6

' 1°

1 65 •

1 35

F ig . 3 2

1 2

1 34

1:3

Map o f s i tes w i th S ta mford ware .

1 61

1 42

b u t i ts uggests t ha t S ta m ford w are w as a n imp or tan t e le men t i n t he c era m ics u sed o n t h is r ura l s i te . A s im i lar s i tua t ion o ccurs a t t he n earby t own s i te o f F ull S tree t , Derby ( Ha land C oppac i, z1 972) .

P i ts wh ich may b e r e-a t tr ibu ted t o t he m id 1 1 th-

m id 1 2 th c en tur ies ( Fea tures 3 6 , 4 7 , 2 2 , 2 1 , 2 8 , 3 2 ) p roduced 2 6 r i ms, f our teen o f t he m ( 5 4% ) b eing S tamford w are .

Th is c o mpares t o 9( 18% ) o f t he

f if ty r i ms f ro m l a te 1 2 th- e ar ly 1 3th c en tury p i ts ( Fea tures 4 3 , 4 8 , 4 6, 5 1 , 2 4 ) .

B oth v isua l e xa m ina t ion a nd n eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lyses ( Append ixl) s ug-

g est a S ta m ford o r ig in f or t hese v essels , a l though t he t ype s ee ms e xcep t iona l ly n u merous c ons ider ing t ha t b oth D erbysh ire s i tes l i e o ver 4 0 m i les ( 65 km ) f ro m S ta m ford .

S o me s pec ia l l i nk may b e i nvo lved , s uch a s t he l ead t rade,

T he amoun t o f S ta m ford ware f ro m o ther s i tes r anges b etween 0 a nd 2 0% w i th p ercen tages c onsisten t ly l ower i n t he 1 2 th a nd 1 3th c en tur ies. A t d is tan t s i tes t he p ercen tage i s r are ly a s h igh a s 5% a nd i s u sua l ly l ess t han 1% S ta mford w are a ppears t o h ave p redo m ina ted b u t n ot monopol ised a n a rea o f a pprox i ma te ly 1 5 m i les ( 2 3 km ) o f t he t own , t hough p erhaps n o t i n t he 1 0 th c en tury , a s a t B aston .

I n as econd z one o f r ad ius 1 5 t o 5 0 mi les ( 24 t o 8 1 km ) ,

s o me s i tes s uch a s D erby a nd B ar ton B loun t h ad a s ign if ican t p ropor t ion o f S ta mford ware, b u t i t s f requency was g enera l ly 5 9 t o 2 5% o f t he t o ta l o f c ont e mporary wares.

F ina l ly , sma ll q uan t i t ies o f S ta m ford ware a re r ecorded

a t g rea t d istances f ro m t he t own .

Wi th in t h is t h ird z one , t he t own o f York

emerges a s a n a no ma ly , w i th a r e la t ive ly h igh p ercen tage o f S ta m ford ware u n t i l t he 1 2 th c en tury . THE TE MPORAL CHANGES I N D ISTRIBUTION L inco ln , Y ork a nd K ing ' sL ynn s how a d ec l ine i n t he p ropor t ion o f S ta mf ord ware , w ith t he f abr ic b eco m ing o f o n ly m inor impor tance b y t he l a ter 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tur ies.

H owever , s ince t he t o ta l amoun t o f p o t tery i n u se

a ppears t o h ave i ncreased i n t ha t p er iod , t he q uan t i ty o f S ta m ford ware t raded n eed n o t h ave d ecreased g rea t ly u n t i l t he 1 3 th c en tury .

Where s equences o f

d a ted c on tex ts a re a bsen t , c hrono log ica l c hanges c an s t i l l b e s tud ied u sing t he t e mpora l s equence e stab l ished f or S ta m ford ware i t se lf .

S pec if ic f abr ics ,

g laze t ypes , a nd v essel f or ms c an b e u sed a s ' type f ossi ls ' t o d ef ine s pec if ic h or izons.

Another a pproach r el ies o n t he p ercen tage o f e ach S ta m ford f abr ic

t ype i n a n a sse mb lage .

These me thods s how t ha t t he t ota l l im i t o f t rade d oes

n ot a ppear t o c hange s ign if ican t ly ;

e ar ly wares a re f ound a t g rea t d istances

f ro m S ta m ford a nd t he l ast p hase d oes n ot s how a c on tract ion i n a rea. H owever , t he emphasis o f t he d istr ibu t ion c hanges f ro m Mercia t o t he n or th , f o l lowed b y as ou ther ly a nd e aster ly c oncen tra t ion i n t he p ost-Conquest p er iod . When r ela t ing v esse l f or ms t o c hronolog ica l p hases, o n ly c ook ing p ots ( For ms 2 , 3 , 4 ) a nd j ugs/p i tchers ( For m s 8 , 5 , 6 , 1 8 , 2 4 ) a re c o mmon e nough t o b e u sefu l . C ook ing wares F or ms 2 a nd 3 w ere g enera l ly r ep laced b y F or m 4 af ter c . 1 060 , t hough s o me o f t he e ar l ier t ypes c er ta in ly c on t inued t o b e p roduced . ( F ig . 3 3 ) s hows t he p ropor t ions o f F or ms 2 a nd 3 t o 4 . 1 62

A map 9

The r e la t ively l ow

p ercen tage o f F or m 4 a t Y ork , L inco ln , a nd G o ltho may b e i n terpreted a s a d ecrease i n t he c ook ing w are t rade t o t he n or th af ter t he C onquest . The p ott ery a lso s hows c hanges i n t he impor tance o f s i tes.

The s ing le c ol lared r im

f ro m K nocker ' s Thetford s i te, c on trasts w i th t wen tyfour o f F or ms 2 a nd 3 ; t h is c oup led w i th a g enera l s hor tage o f 1 2 th -cen tury t ypes r ef lects t he d ec l ine o f t he t own , o r a t l east o f t he e xcava ted a rea .

B oth A lstoe Moun t a nd

O akha m C ast le w ere n ear t o S ta m ford , y e t t he p ropor t ion o f F or m 4 i s much l ower a t A lstoe ,

1 0

s uggest ing t ha t O akha m was l ongerl ived o r more c lose ly

l i nked t o S ta m ford . T ab le wares The c hronolog ica l d eve lop men t o f S ta m ford t ab le w ares h as b een o u t l ined i n p p .138-141. A l l o f t hese v esse ls ( For ms 8 , 5 , 6 , 1 8 , 2 4 ) may b e c onsidered a s c o mparab le i n s ta tus a nd g enera l f unct ion a nd e qua lly l i ke ly t o b e t raded , s o t ha t d if ferences i n d istr ibu t ion a re d ue t o t e mpora l f actors.

T he map F ig .

3 3 s hows t ha t t heir d istr ibu t ions c over a w ide a rea . F ew F or m 8e xa mp les a re k nown o u tside S ta m ford ( f our a t T hetford , s ix a t L inco ln , o ne a t N or tha mp ton , o ne a t Thurgar ton , N ot ts., p ossib ly o ne a t Therf ie ld , H er ts ) ;1 t h is t o ta l s hou ld r ise a s more 1 0 th -and e ar ly 1th -cent ury ma ter ia l i s f ound .

The e ar ly t ype o f F or m 5 s pou ted p i tcher ( For ms 5 -68

t o 5 -86 ) i s w el l k nown o u tside S ta m ford w i th e igh t ly-seven e xa mp les f ro m 2 1 s i tes, c o mpr is ing o ver h a lf o f t he t ota l f or t h is t ype e xa m ined .

Th is f or m i s

a n impor tan t i nd ica tor o f t he d egree o f l a te S axon t rade s ince t he v ast ma jor i ty o f t hese v esse ls must d a te c . 9 80-1080 .

The d istr ibu t ion i s c o mparab le w i th

t ha t o f t he s ucceed ing , c o l lared F or m 5 t ypes ( For ms 5 -01 t o 5 -67 ), s ugg est ing t ha t t rade w as n ot s ign if ican t ly a f fected b y t he C onquest . p i tchers w ere r ep laced f ro m t he m id 1 2 th c en tury o nward a nd 2 4 ( w i th 2 2 ) , most b ear ing c opper g laze 3 .

S pou ted

b y F or ms 6 , 1 8

These t hree t ab le w are t ypes

f or med o n ly a sma l l f ract ion o f t he v esse ls u sed i n S ta m f ord i n t he 1 2 th a nd 1 3th c en tur ies, j ust a s o n o ther s i tes, t hey w ere p resen t o n ly i n l im i ted q uant i ty .

H owever , o f t he t o ta l n u mber o f t hese t ypes r ecorded , ah igh p ropor t ion

( 37% ) d er ives f ro m o u ts ide S ta m ford . Th is w ou ld b e t he r esu l t i f ag rea ter p ropor t ion o f ar educed o u tpu t h ad b een t raded , p erhaps r ef lect ing a n i ncreased emphasis o n t rade a nd a d ecrease i n s a les i n t he h o me market . D iagnost ic F or m a nd F abr ic Types I n a dd i t ion t o t he f or ms d iscussed a bove , f our t ypes o f f abr ic a nd g laze c an a lso b e u sed t o d ef ine s pec if ic p er iods o f t rade: 1 .

F abr ics E/F , H , g lazed o r u ng lazed : p re-950 .

2 .

F abr ic D , e spec ia l ly D 4 a nd D 5: c . 9 00-1000.

3 .

Type G 6:

4 .

Types B 3 a nd C 3: c . 150-1250.

C . 1 020-1100.

These f our t ypes c an b e u sed t o i nd ica te t he l im i ts o ft rade i n d i f feren t p er iods, b u t d o n ot s how t he r e la t ive amoun t o ft rade p er p hase s ince t he t ypes r epresen t v ary ing p ercen tages o f t he t ota l p ot tery o f t heir p er iod.

A l though

B 3 a nd C 3 w ere t he p redo m inan t t ypes af ter c . 1 175 , G 6 was o n ly a f ract ion o f t he 1th -cen tury ma ter ia l .

F abr ics E , Fa nd H r epresen t t he e ar l iest 1 63

i den t if ied p roduct ion p hase .

A l though t he ir d istr ibu t ion s ee ms w e igh ted t o-

ward Mercia

i n c on trast w i th t he l a ter ma ter ia l , t h is s hou ld n ot b e o ver-

emphasised .

T he s a mp le i s v ery sma l l s ince t hese f abr ics h ad n ot b een d ef ined

u n t i l c o mpara t ive ly r ecen t ly a nd t he n u mber o f e xcava ted 1 0 th -cen tury s i tes r e ma ins l ow .

I ft he o r ig in o f t he S ta mford p ot tery i ndustry l ay i n ap re-

Dan ish p hase , aw estern d istr ibu t ion t o impor tan t Mercian t owns w ou ld b e e xpected .

H owever , t he p o t tery h as n ot y e t b een f ound i n p re-Dan ish c on tex ts

a nd o ther e xp lana t ions a re more l i kely .

S o me o ft he p ot tery c ou ld h ave b een

t ranspor ted w est a nd s ou th b y Dan ish r a iders a s p ar t o f t he ir e qu ip men t . More l i ke ly i s t ha t s o me d egree o f t rade was e stab l ished d ur ing t he e ar ly y ears o f Dan ish s et t le men t , i n tens ify ing a f ter t he S axon c ap ture o f S ta m ford .

I n

a dd i t ion t o t rade , t here w ou ld t hen h ave b een i ncreased move men t o f p eop le a nd p rovis ions, w i th p ossib ly s o me c o mm iss ion ing o f s upp l ies b y Edward . T he s carci ty o f e ar ly l oca l p ot tery i n western Mercia i s f requen t ly n oted ; w hen S ta m ford w are w as e ncoun tered b y t he Mercians a t S ta m ford , i ti s l i ke ly t ha t t hey t ook t he i n i t ia t ive i n t ranspor t ing i tb act t o Merc ia .

I ti s p re ma ture

t o c onsider t he impact o f t h is S ta m ford w are o n t he l oca l t rad i t ions i n t he w est u n t i l t he l a te S axon whee lthrown i ndustr ies s upp ly ing C hester a nd G loucester c an b e more c losely d a ted . F abr ic D i s p ar t o f t he s econd p roduct ion p hase.

I t s d istr ibu t ion i s more

w idespread t han t ha t o f t he e ar l ier f abr ics a nd t h is t ype i s e spec ia l ly w e l lk nown a t L inco ln F laxenga te a nd Thetford .

T ype G 6 was ma in ly u sed f or e ar ly

F or m 5 v esse ls a nd s uggests t he o u tpu t o f as ing le w orkshop .

Th is t ype i s

p resen t , b u t c o mpara t ively r are, a t L incoln a nd Y ork , t hough 1th -cen tury ma ter ia l i s w el l r epresen ted a t b o th t owns.

I nstead , t he d istr ibu t ion o f Type

G 6 a ppears t o f avour t he s ou th a nd e ast , w i th t he c on te mporary A 5 more c o mmon i n t he n or th . s uch a h ypothesis . f ord w are '.

H owever , more q uan t i ta t ive d a ta i s n eeded t o e stab l ish T ypes B 3 a nd C 3 c o mpose t he s o-ca l led ' Deve loped S ta m-

The d istr ibu t ion i s v ery l arge , p ar t ly b ecause t h is t ype i s e as i ly

r ecogn isab le a nd t herefore of ten r epor ted . ( L . 150-1250 ) h ave b een e xcava ted .

A lso many s i tes o f i t s d a te

Thus , t he t ota l e x ten t o f t rade i n t h is

p hase may b e e xaggera ted . T he map o f f abr ic t ypes ( F ig . 3 3 ) r e in forces t ha t o f f or ms s ince t he t wo a re of ten l i nked , s uch a s s o me F abr ic D w i th F or m 8a nd e ar ly F or m 5 , T ype G 6 w i th e ar ly F or m 5 , a nd Type B 3/C3 w i th F or m s 6 , 1 8 , a nd 2 4. T e mpora l c hanges c an a lso b e s tud ied t hrough t he p ercen tages o f v ar ious S ta mford ware f abr ics a t e ach s i te .

I ft rade w ere whol ly c onstan t , t wo s im i lar

s i tes c over ing t he s a me t i me s pan w ou ld s how c o mparab le f abr ic p ropor t ions . The v ar ia t ion s hown i n F ig . 3 4 i s d ue t o f our f actors. 1 .

The d iffer ing t i me s pans o f s i tes.

S o me s i tes d o n ot c on ta in t he f u ll

c hrono log ica l r ange o f ma ter ia l a nd t he e ar ly p er iod i s p ar t icu lar ly u nderr epresen ted . T owns, s ince t heir d a ta u sua l ly d er ives f ro m s evera l s i tes , g enera l ly p rov ide a n a dequa te d a te r ange . 2 .

S a mp l ing b ias.

The a rchaeolog ica l f i nds may n ot a ccura tely r ef lect

t he o r ig ina l d eposi ts s ince t he p er iods a re s tud ied t o d if fer ing i n tens i t ies a t e ach l oca t ion . F ur ther , t he ma ter ia l e xa m ined may n ot b e r epresen ta t ive, t hough p ot tery f ro m a v ar iety o f s i tes t ypes a nd l oca t ions was e xa m ined .

1 64

3 .

C hang ing i n tens i ty a nd wea l th o fo ccupa t ion .

o f as i te a f fect t he amoun t o ft rade c arr ied o u t ;

Changes i n t he impor tance

t h is f ea ture c an b e s hown f ro m

b oth h istor ica l a nd a rchaeolog ica l e v idence . 4 .

Vary ing i n tens i ty o f t rade .

D if ferences i n S ta mford ware d istr ibu t ion

n o t l inked w i th t he f i rst t hree f actors may b e a t tr ibu ted t o t rade p a t terns a f fected b y c o mpet i t ion , e ase o f t ranspor t , p ol i t ica l c l i ma te , e tc . The h igh p ercen tage o f F abr ic A a t Thetford ( F ig . 3 4 ) r ef lects f ea ture 3 , t he impor tance o f t he s i te i n t he 1 0 th a nd 1th c en tur ies, w i th v ery l i t t le l a ter ma ter ia l fund .

S ta m ford t rade s h if ted i nstead t o K ing ' sL ynn a nd t o al esser

d egree C a mbr idge , N or th E l mha m a nd N orw ich .

The l ow p ropor t ion o f e ar ly

S ta m ford ware f ro m K ing ' sL ynn c an b e e xp la ined b y t he l ow d ensi ty o f o ccup a t ion t here u n t i l t he f ound ing o f t he n or thern p ar t o f t he t o wn i n 1 095.

A l though

N orw ich was impor tan t i n t he p re-Conquest p er iod , c o mpara t ive ly l i t t le e ar ly S ta m ford w are h as b een f ound t here , d esp i te t he r ange o f e xcava t ions.

L ike

T he tford , N orw ich h ad a s trong p re-Conquest p ot tery i ndustry ; t he t o wn a lso h ad c lose c on t inen ta l l i nks.

I n t he l a te 1 1th a nd 1 2 th c en tur ies, N orw ich , l i ke

L ondon , s hows a r e la t ive ly h igh p ropor t ion o f Andenne ware t o S ta m ford ware. P re-Conquest c on t inen ta l impor ts h ave a lso b een n oted a t N orw ich a nd t hese w ou ld s ee m t o h ave p re-e mp ted S ta m ford w are . The S t P eter ' sS treet N ortha mp ton s i te ( W i l l ia ms , 1 979 ) p roduced a l arge amoun t o f S ta m ford w are wh ich c overed t he f u ll p er iod o f i t s p roduct ion . T he i n tensi ty o f o ccupa t ion o n t he s i te i ncreased af ter t he C onquest , r esu l t ing i n ag rea ter p ropor t ion o f l a ter ma ter ia l . T he v ar ie ty o f S ta mford ware p res en t s uggests r egu lar l i nks b etween t he t owns , t hough t he l ow p ercen tage o f S ta m ford w are a s a who le s uggests t ha t t rade was n ot o n al arge s ca le.

The

S ta m ford ware f ro m O xford s hows a s ign if ican t amoun t o f e ar ly ma ter ia l a nd ar e la t ive ly h igh p ercen tage o f F abr ic G .

The p ot tery t rade w i th S ta m ford

d ec l ined w i th t he r ise o f l oca l t r ipod p i tcher f abr ics. T he S ta m ford w are f ro m Y ork , w i th i t s v ery h igh p ropor t ion o f F abr ic A r ef lects b oth a spects 3 a nd 4 . T he n or th-sou th l i nks w i th in t he Dane law a ppear t o h ave b een impor tan t , a nd Y ork i t se lf w as a magnet t o t rade i n t he V ik ing p er iod .

H owever , t he p ot tery l ink w i th S ta mford was n o l onger a s s trong af ter

t he N orman C onquest .

S o me d isrup t ion o f t he e cono my a s we l l a s t he g row ing

i mpor tance o f l oca l g lazed wares was c ruc ia l .

The f our s i tes f ro m L inco ln

s uggest a s trong , e ar ly l i nk w i th S ta m ford wh ich p ersisted i n to t he 1 3th c ent ury ;

n ever the less, t rade d ec l ined a s u se o f l oca l wares i ncreased .

Th is

s i tua t ion s ee ms p ara l le led b y t ha t a t L e icester , t hough t he t o wn h as a s hor tage o f e ar ly e xcava ted ma ter ia l .

The c luster o f s i tes i n t he West M id lands w i th

ah igh p ropor t ion o f F abr ic A d oes n ot s i mp ly r ef lect a n e ar ly d a te , b u t s ugg ests g eograph ica l v ar ia t ion i n t he t rade ( f actor 4 ) . Thus, t he t ota l e x ten t o f S ta m ford ware t rade d id n ot a l ter s ign if ican t ly af ter t he 1 0 th c en tury t hough t he i n tensi ty c hanged , w i th a p eak i n t he 1th a nd e ar ly 1 2 th c en tur ies . S econd , as h if t i n emphasis f ro m t he n or th t o t he s ou th a nd e ast c an b e s een b e tween t he 1 1 th a nd 1 2 th c en tur ies. t rade e n ta i led t ak ing a dvan tage o f n ew c onsu mers.

Par t o f t he c hang ing

The S ta mford ware t rade

d epended f i rst o n t he r ise o f t he t owns , t hen e x tended t hrough s a les t o c ast les a nd l a ter t he i ncreas ing n u mber o f monast ic s i tes. 1 65

THE NATURE OF THE TRADED S TA MFORD WARE Expor ted S ta m ford ware d id n ot m irror t ha t i n u se i n S tamford i n t he q uant i t ies a nd r e la t ive p ropor t ions o f t he v ar ious f or ms ( see T ab le 1 2) . g enera l ly f avoured t he t ab le w ares.

T rade

Th is d ist inc t ion emerges when t he f or ms

a re s tud ied u sing t he f unct iona l g roups d iscussed i n C hap ter I I : c ook ing ware , t ab le ware a nd n on-cu l inary ware , w i th t he ir s ub-d iv is ion b y s ize.

W i th in t he

c ook ing wares, a c on trast a ppears b etween t he l arge f or ms ( For ms 1 , 7 , 1 4 ) a nd t he r est . T he p ropor t ion o f t ab le w ares t o c ook ing wares o n e ach s i te c an a lso b e a pprox i ma ted b y t he r a t io o f g lazed t o u ng lazed s herds. C ook ing wares V esse l f or ms 1 , 7 , a nd 1 4 a re a dequa te ly r epresen ted a t s i tes l ess t han 4 0 m i les ( 64 km ) f ro m S ta m ford , a s s hown i n F ig . 3 3. 5 4 F or m 1 , 1 8 F or m 7 , 4F or m 1 4.

T ota l 7 6 e xa mp les:

The d istr ibu t ion i s n ot a t a l l e ven i n d en-

s i ty , a s a l most a t h ird o f t he F or m 1r i ms c a me f ro m Thetford a nd a nother t h ird w ere s hared b etween L e icester a nd A lstoe Moun t .

The l at ter t wo s i tes

a lso a ccoun t f or o ver t woth irds o f t he F or m 7e xa mp les.

T het ford a lso h as

ah igh r a t io b etween l arge f or ms a nd F or ms 2 , 3a nd 4 , ar a t io c o mparab le t o t ha t a t S ta m ford . L arge f or ms a re n ot we l l-represen ted a t L inco ln o r Y ork . V ery f ew o f t he e xpor ted e xa mp les r epresen t t ypes o f t he m id 1 2 th t o 1 3th c ent ur ies a nd g lazed F abr ic B F or m 7v esse ls a re p ar t icu lar ly r are o u tside S ta m ford .

A l l o f t hese v esse ls w ere r e la t ively b u lky t o t ranspor t a nd most

a reas h ave e qu iva len t f or ms i n l oca l f abr ics. move men t w i th h ouseho lds a ppears l ike ly .

Thus , t rade o f t he ir c on ten ts , o r

S t i l l , s o me t rade i n t he p ot tery

i t se lf i s p ossib le a s t hese v essels w ou ld h ave b een u sefu l f or t he l arge-sca le c ook ing r equ ired a t c ast les, s uch a s Oakha m a nd A lstoe Moun t . F or ms 2 a nd 3 a re much more c o m mon , w i th 1 66 e xa mp les r ecorded o ver al arge a rea . e xa mp les.

The l a ter , F or m 4 t ypes a re a lso f a ir ly c o m mon w i th 1 49

Ac o mpar ison o f t he maps i n F ig . 3 3 s hows t ha t t hese t hree f or ms

w ere t he most e x tensive ly t raded o f t he n ontab le w are t ypes. F or ms 1 2 a nd 1 3 a ppear a s i n ter med ia te b etween t he c ook ing a nd t ab le ware t ypes.

F or ty-f ive e xa mp les h ave b een r ecorded o u tside S ta m ford , v ir tua l ly

a l l o f 1 1 th t o e ar ly 1 2 th -cen tury s ty le ; t he ir d istr ibu t ion h as a n or thern emp hasis, r ef lect ing t he ir d a te .

On ly f our e xpor ted F or m 1 3 t ypes a re r ecorded ,

b u t s o me o f t he c lassif ied F or m 1 2 f rag men ts c ou ld c er ta in ly b elong t o s ock e ted v esse ls i nstead . T ab le wares A l arger p ropor t ion o ft he f i ne w are p roduct ion a ppears t o h ave b een t raded t han was t he c ase f or c ook ing wares.

T ab le w are r i ms f ound o u tside S ta m ford

c o mpr ise f or ty-four p ercen t t he t ota l r ecorded , ap ropor t ion g rea ter t han f or a ny c ook ing ware t ype. F or ms 8 , 5 , 6 , 1 8 , 2 4 ( w i th 2 2 ) c o mpose t he l arge c lass o f l iqu id c on tainers. P i tchers a nd j ugs were t he p r inc ipa l med ieva l f i ne w are t ypes , o ccurr ing i n aw ide v ar ie ty o f s ty les a nd f abr ics.

The c hronolog ica l d eve lop men t o ft hese

v essels h as b een d iscussed a bove i n p p . 1 38-141. p ared w i th t ha t o f c ook ing p ots i n F ig . 3 3.

1 66

Their d is tr ibu t ion i s c o m-

The v ar iety o f c opper -g lazed

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POST- CONQUEST OCCUPAT ION

F ig . 3 3 D istr ibu t ion maps o f S ta m ford w are f or ms a nd d atab le t ypes.

1 67

4 1

11 , 1 ,4 13 . 12

v esse ls s hou ld b e s tressed .

A l though j ugs a ppear most n u merous w i th f or ty-

f i ve t raded e xa mp les, a g row ing n u mber o f b ot t les ( twen ty-one e xa mp les ) a nd t ubu lar s pou ted p i tchers ( t en e xa mp les p lus t en l i ds ) h ave b een i den ti f ied . The j ug t o ta l i s l i ke ly t o i nc lude f ur ther e xa mp les o f F or m 2 4 , a s t he t wo c ann ot u sua l ly b e d ist ingu ished f ro m sma l l f rag men ts. T he v ast ma jor i ty o f d rink ing v esse ls ( For ms 9 a nd 1 0 ) h ave b een f ound i n S ta m ford i t se lf , where F or m 9 i s t he more n u merous.

S evera l l ate F or m 9

v esse ls a ppear t o b e p ar t o f ad r ink ing s et , a s a t N orw ich ( F ig . 2 6 , n os. 2 19 , 2 20 ) a nd L inco ln , b u t t h is d oes n ot s ee m t o h ave b een t he u sua l p at tern . The a pparen t u nder-represen ta t ion o f c ups may b e d ue t o t heir sma l l s ize a nd t h in wal ls a nd s o p oorer s urv iva l .

C er ta in ly i n t he 1 0 th c en tury , F or m 1 0 t ypes

i n s turdy A 5/5 a nd D 5/5 a re b et ter r epresen ted a nd s ee m a s ign if ican t t rade t ype.

The r e ma in ing f ine w ares ( For ms 1 7 , 2 3 ) a re f ew i n n u mber , w i th most

e xa mp les f ound w i th in S tamford . N on-cu l inary wares Th is g roup i s c o mposed o f s torage v esse ls, l a mps a nd c rucib les; t he ir d istr ibu t ion i s i l lustra ted i n F ig . 3 3. The d istr ibu t ion o f l arge s torage v esse ls ( For m 2 1 ) r esu l ts f ro m t he t ransp or ta t ion o f t he ir c on ten ts, e i ther b y at rader o r w i th h ouseho ld g oods.

F ew

e xa mp les h ave b een r ecorded , a l though t he t ype i s d ist inc t ive a nd i den t if iab le f ro m b ody s herds b ecause o f t he g rea t t h ickness o f t he v esse l wa l ls.

V ery

f ew l a mps ( For ms 1 0 , 1 6 ) h ave b een i den t if ied o u tside S ta m ford ; t he c o mp lete e xa mp le f ro m Durha m ( 10-04 ) i s a n e xcep t ion a nd p robab ly d oes n ot r epresen t t rade . An a ssess men t o f t he d istr ibu t ion o f c rucib les ( For ms 1 6 , 1 9 ) must a l low f or t he v ery h igh L inco ln F laxenga te t ota l wh ich i s d ue t o t he s pecia l ised n a ture o f t ha t s i te .

Th is a lso s ee ms t he c ase f or t he e xcava ted p ar t o f The tford .

T o d a te , f inds o f F or m 1 6 a re l im i ted t o f a ir ly l arge t o wns.

Ac raf t f unct ion

i s s uggested f or many o f t he F or m 1 9 o void v esse ls a t L incoln .

C er ta in ly i n

t he 1 0 th c en tury , S ta m ford w are was o ne o f t he f ew c era m ic f abrics s u i tab le f or c rucib les a nd t rade w ou ld n ot b e s urpr ising . S o me move men t o f c raf tsmen w ith t heir e qu ip men t i s a lso f easib le. Wh i le t he d istr ibu t ion o f f or ms i s s tud ied most p recise ly f ro m i den t i f ied r i ms , t he t ota l n u mber o f r i ms i s u sua l ly t oo sma l l t o c o mpare p ropor t ions o fv esse l t ypes w i th in a s i te .

One method o f a pprox i ma ting t he r a t io o f c ook ing

ware t o t ab le w are i s t o c o mpa r3 t he amoun t o f u ng lazed t o g lazed p ot tery b ased o n b oth r im a nd b ody s herds.

T o s o me e x ten t t he amoun t o f g lazed ware

d epends o n d a te , s ince t he p ropor t ion o f g lazed w are i ncreased a t S ta m ford i t se lf .

A s im i lar i ncrease i n t he p ropor t ion o f 'f ine w ares ' i s s een a t L in-

c oln a nd K ing ' sL ynn .

F ur ther , t he q uan t i ty o f g lazed p o t tery i n u se a ppears

t o i ncrease i n a bsolu te a s w e l l a s r e la t ive t er m s i n t he 1 2 th c en tury .

The

v ery l ow amoun t o f g lazed w are f ro m H ereford a nd S hrewsbury r ef lects t he e ar ly d a te o ft he ma ter ia l , s ince t hese s i tes c on ta in l i t t le l a te S ta m ford ware . L ikew ise , s i tes w i th p r inc ipa l ly 1 2 th -cen tury o ccupa t ion a nd t hose w i th a h igh p ropor t ion o f F abr ics B a nd C o n F ig . 3 4 s how a r e la t ive ly h igh r a t io o f g lazed t o u ng lazed S ta m ford ware .

1 68

F ABR IC D ISTR IBUT I ON

F ig . 3 4

D istr ibu t ion map o f S ta m ford ware f abr ics.

1 69

H owever , t he p ropor t ion o f g lazed S ta mford w are i s n ot d ue s o lely t o d a te . Ac luster o f s i tes t o t he w est o f S ta mford s hows h igh p ropor t ions o f b oth F abr ic Aa nd u ng lazed s herds ; t h is d oes n ot s i mp ly r ef lec t t e mpora l f actors s ince t he p resence o f 1 2 th -cen tury f or ms s hows t ha t t rade c on t inued .

I ta ppears

t ha t t h is a rea r ece ived a g reater amoun t o f c ook ing wares a nd t ha t t h is c ook ing ware t rade c on t inued l onger t han e lsewhere. C onverse ly , t he p ar ts o f e astern E ng land s upp l ied w i th T hetfordtype w ares w ere l ess r ecep t ive t o u ng lazed S ta m ford w are .

Th is i s c lear ly s een a t Thet-

f ord i t se lf w h ich h as a l arge q uan t ity o f p re-Conquest S ta m ford w are , e spec ia l ly F abr ic A , b u t w i th t he g rea t ma jor i ty o f s herds b e ing g lazed .

The p ropor t ion

o f g lazed ware a t K ing 's L ynn , L ondon , C a mbr idge , a nd N or tha mp ton i s a lso g rea ter t han w ou ld b e e xpected f ro m t he q uan t i t ies o f F abr ics G a nd B /C p res en t . THE MEANS OF D ISTRIBUTION Anyone t ravel l ing f ro m S ta m ford w i th h ouseho ld e qu ip men t wou ld c arry p ot tery a long u n t i l i tb roke ;

s uch move men t w ou ld i nvo lve t he l ower l evels o f

n ob le e n tourages a s w e l l a s p easan t t rave llers , monast ic r epresen ta t ives , e tc . S o me e ar ly S ta m ford w are v esse ls, s uch a s t hose w i th r ed p a in t , may h ave b een c onsidered l uxury p roducts a nd s o d istr ibu ted b eyond n or ma l t rade n etw orks .

S uch a p ossib i l i ty i s e ven more l i kely c onsider ing t he r ar i ty o f p ot tery

i n w estern E ng land i n t he l a te 9 th a nd e ar ly 1 0 th c en tur ies. T hese me thods wou ld a ccoun t f or o n ly a sma l l p ropor t ion o f t he t o ta l ma ter ia l, l eav ing t rade a s t he p r inc ipa l means o f d ispersa l , e i ther w i th t he p ot tery u sed a s c on ta iners o r a s t rade o b jects t he mselves.

C on ta iners d o

n ot a ppear impor tan t t o t he t rade a nd t here a re f ew l arge F or m 2 1 v esse ls k nown o u tside t he t own .

T h is c on trasts w i th t he Thetfordtype e xa mp les whose

w ide d istr ibu t ion s ee ms t o r ef lect g rain t rade w i th in a nd o u t o f E ast Ang l ia . F or ms 1 , 7a nd 1 4 c ou ld h ave b een c on ta iners , b u t wou ld n ot , f or t heir s ize , h ave b een a s s turdy a s w ood ; t he t rade .

i n a ny c ase , t hey a re n ot a ma jor c o mponen t o f

V esse ls 2 , 3a nd 4 c ou ld a lso h ave s erved a s c on tainers , w i th l i ds

t i ed o n a nd t h is, r a ther t han t he ir u se a s c ook ing p ots, may e xp lain t heir t ranspor ta t ion . a ssess.

H owever , t rade i n imper ishab les i s n otor iously d if f icu l t t o

E ven i fv essels w ere n ot t ranspor ted s yste ma t ica l ly a s c on ta iners,

t hey c ou ld h ave b een b ough t i n t he S ta m ford marke t b y t hose n eed ing a c on ta iner f or o ther p urchases;

t h is w ou ld a ccoun t f or l oca l , b u t n ot l ong-d istance , d is-

p ersa l . Wh i le n o s pec if ic l i nk c an b e made b etween t rade i n S ta m ford ware a nd a ny o ther i nd iv idua l p roducts , t h is p ot tery t rade w as u ndoubted ly a ssoc ia ted w i th ag enera l t rade i n p er ishab les.

F or e xa mp le , p ot tery c ou ld h ave b een b ough t

b y m idd le men t o c o mp lete a c ar t load o f m isce l laneous -i t e ms.

Th is w ou ld

h ave b een p art icu lar ly f easib le f or t he sma l l-sca le merchan ts b r ing ing w ool

1 70

t o t he t own a nd wan t ing t o make a f ur ther p rof i t o n t he r eturn j ourney .

The

p ost-Conquest p er iod s aw a n i ncrease i n b oth t he q uan t i ty o fj ugs a nd p i tchers a nd i n w ine c onsu mp t ion .

The c hang ing c usto ms c rea ted a g enera l d e mand

f or j ugs a nd s t i mu la ted p roduct ion a nd t rade o f t h is p ot tery t ype .

I ts hou ld

a lso b e r e me mbered t ha t b u i ld ing s tone f ro m t he B a mack q uarr ies 3 mi les ( 5 km ) s ou th-east o f S ta m ford was w ide ly t raded i n t he l a te S axon p er iod ( J ope 1 964 ) . Y et i ti s t he t rade b ased o n p o t tery i t se lf , wh ich s ee ms t o s epara te S ta mf ord f ro m many o ther p ot tery i ndus tr ies o f t he p er iod .

Trade i n p ot tery h as

b een s tud ied i n g enera l t er ms b y R en frew ( 1977 ) a nd o thers , wh i le t ha t o f t he R o man p er iod h as b een e xa m ined b y H odder ( 1974a , b ) , F u lford a nd H odder ( 1974 ) , a nd o thers .

V ince ' ss tudy ( 1977 ) o f t he med ieva l Ma lvern ian i ndustry

p rov ides a f ur ther b asis f or c o mpar ison . S evera l t ypes o f t rade c on tact s ee m i nvo lved i n S ta mford ware d istr ibu t ion . R en frew ( 1977 ) h as s u m mar ised 5 p ossib le methods o f e xchange a nd r e la ted t he m t o p ot tery t rade : 1 .

t he c onsu mer o b tains t he p ot f ro m t he p roducer ' sh o me o r w orkshop .

2 .

t he p o t ter t rave ls t o t he c onsu mer , s e l l ing t he p ot tery h i mse lf .

3 .

t he p ot ter a nd c onsu mer meet a t at h ird p lace , s uch a s a market .

4 .

t he p o t ter d ea ls w i th a m idd le man who i n t urn d ea ls w i th c onsu mers.

5 .

t he p ot ter t akes h is g oods t o ac en tra l a gency wh ich d eter m ines t he e xc hange . F or t he S ta m ford p ot ters, t he f i rst f our mechan is ms w ere a l l p ossib le ;

t here i s n o e vidence f or t he d egree o f c on trol o r o rgan isa t ion imp l ied b y t he f if th t ype , t hough i ti s f oreshadowed b y c on te mporary manor ia l r equ ire men ts o f p ot tery i n e xchange f or p er m ission t o q uarry , e tc . Method 1w ou ld o n ly h ave b een f easib le f or a sma l l f ract ion o f S ta m ford ware b uyers.

S t i l l , i ti s l i ke ly t ha t p o t ters s o ld f ro m t he ir workshops t o -

p eop le l i v ing i n S ta mford o r t hose i n t he t own when t he marke t was n o t t ak ing p lace. Method 2 c ou ld e xp la in t he S ta m ford ware d istr ibu t ion i n t he a rea s urr ound ing t he t own .

I ft here was a s urp lus o f p ot tery i n s tock , t he p ot ter o r a n

a ssistan t c ou ld h ave made a j ourney t hrough r ura l a reas o r t o ar e l iab le c ust o mer , p erhaps a monaster s . S uch a model i s i l lustra ted b y t he s tory o f H ereward ,

1 2

who i n t he l a te 1 1 th c en tury p osed a s ap ot ter .

H is h o ld ings

u nder t he Abbey o f P e terborough w ere n or th o f S ta m ford n ear B ourne a nd t he s uccess o f h is d isgu ise l ay i n t he f act t ha t at ravel l ing p ot-sel ler was a s u ff i c ien t ly c o m mon s igh t , a t l east i n L incolnsh ire a nd East Ang l ia .

O f c ourse,

h e may h ave b een t yp ify ing a m idd le man r a ther t han t he p ot ter h i msel f .

I n

a ny c ase , sma l l s ca le t rade i s s uggested . Th is method a lso i nc luded t ery p laced b y l and-owners.

s a les b y c onsign men t ' ,t he o rders f or p otThe s l igh t s urv iv ing d ocu men tary e vidence f ro m

o ther p ot ter ies s ugges ts t ha t t h is method o f t rade was n ot u nco mmon .

The

s ca le o f o rders s ee ms l arge , w i th r eferences t o 5 00 a nd 1 000 p ots a nd 1 00

1 71

'p acks ' o f p o t .

Th is w ou ld imp ly s o me d egree o f s tockp i l ing b y t he p ot ters

a s o ne 1 3th -cen tury d ocu men t r efers t o a n o rder o f 5 00 p i tchers, g iving n inet een d ays n ot ice a nd r equ ir ing d e l ivery f ro m S urrey t o West m inster ( LePa toure l 1 968 ) . A l though S ta mford i s n ot r eferred t o i n a ny s uch d ocu men ts , p ot tery m igh t h ave b een c o mm issioned f or c ast le s i tes . Method 3 , s a les t hrough markets, w as v i ta l t o t he S ta m ford w are t rade , a s s hown b y t he c on t inued s i t ing o f t he i ndustry i n t he t o ,vn i t self .

The w eek ly

marke t wou ld h ave g a thered t oge ther a l arge n u mber o f c onsu mers.

A 1 3th-

c en tury r eference f ro m K en t s hows t ha t p ot ters t here r en ted t he c heaper e nd o f t he r ange o f s ta lls, p ay ing 4 -6d o f a4 d-1s r ange ( LePatoure l 1 968 ) .

F ew

markets a re men t ioned i n t he D o mesday s urvey t hough t hese r eferences s how t ha t t hey were n ot r estr icted t o t owns ( Foster a nd L ong ley 1 924 ) .

Those men-

t i oned i n t he L indsy s urvey i nc lude T edu lb i ( Thealby ) , D erb i ( ?) , B ur ton ( Bur ton-upon-S ta ther ) , I ndes ( Loi th ) , B ol ingbroc ( Bol l ingbroke ) , S pa l linge ( Spa ld ing ) , P ar tene ( Par tney ) , a nd T r ich ingha m ( Threck ingha m ) ; t he P e terb orough c hron icle f ur ther men t ions S ta mford , H un tingdon a nd P e terborough . A5 -10 m i le ( 8-16 km ) r ad ius f or marke ts i s i nd ica ted .

I n t he m id 1 4 th c en-

t ury , t wen ty-e igh t marke ts a re r ecorded f or D erbysh ire(Coa tes 1 965 ) ;

t h is

s or t o f d ens i ty w ou ld e nab le a p ot ter t o r each s evera l markets a nd e ach marke t t o r eceive wares f ro m s evera l p ot ters .

L e P atoure l ( 1968 )h as d e monstra ted

t h is f or Y orksh ire b y c onsider ing a 2 0 m i le ( 3 2 km ) r ad ius a s t he l im i t f or p ot tery marke t ing . The w eek ly markets w ere s upp le men ted b y t he ma jor f a irs h eld a nnua l ly wh ich f ea tured e xot ic i t e ms a nd d rew a n i n terna t iona l t rade .

I ti s l i ke ly t ha t

al arge s tock o f p ots w as p repared a nd t aken t o t he S t I ves a nd B oston f a irs , a nd l a ter t o t hose a t N or tha mp ton a nd S ta m ford i t self . S ta m ford w are s ee ms t o h ave b een o f s uf f ic ien t q ua li ty a nd/ c ,r n ove l ty t o make t rade t hrough m idd le men , R en frew ' sf our th mode l o f e xchange , e conom ica l ly f easib le. S uch a t rade n eed n ot h ave b een h igh ly o rgan ised , t hough t he o vera l l r esu lt was a f a ir ly t horough n etwork ; d istr ibu t ion w ou ld h ave d ep ended o n sma l l-sca le e n trepreneurs w i th l i t t le c ap i ta l who t ranspor ted t he p ot tery t hrough t he c oun tryside o r t o more d istan t market t o wns f or s ale. I t was a lso f eas ib le t o make a c ir cu i t o f l oca l markets, a s d one b y t raders w i th t heir v ans t oday .

One e xa mp le i s g iven b y t he l i fe o f G odr ic o f F incha le

( P irenne 1 952 ) who was d escr ibed a s b e ing p ar t o f ap oor L inco lnsh ire f am i ly o f t he l a te 1 1 th c en tury .

H e b egan a s ab eachco mber a nd w as t hen a b le t o

s tar t a s a sma l l-sca le p ed lar ;

h e g radua l ly a ccu mu la ted c ap i ta l u n t i l a b le t o

i nvest w i th a g roup o f merch L n ts whose t rade b etween E ng land , S cot land , D enmark a nd t he L ew C oun tr ies f l our ished .

H is c ase i l lustra tes b o th t he r ange i n

magn i tude o f t rade i n t he p er iod a nd t he d egree o f s oc ia l mob i l i ty . P ot tery i nc luded i n t he l oads o f sma l l-sca le p ed lars w ou ld r epresen t a c asua l t rade, p roducing a f a ir ly r ando m , s cat tered d istr ibu t ion o f r e lat ive ly sma l l q uan t i t ies.

H owever , t he s ca le o f t he S ta m ford ware d istr ibu t ion s ug-

g ests t ha t s o me t raders s pecia l ised i n p ot tery market ing .

T own s i tes u sua l ly

h ave a f u l l r ange o f S ta mford t ypes s how ing f a ir ly c on t inuous a nd r egu lar c ont acts .

P ot tery c ou ld h ave b een b ough t a nd s tored b y m idd le men a t t hese t owns

f or s a le i n t he ir markets .

Th is r ed istr ibu t ion w ould h e lp t o e xp la in t he n or-

t hern s pread o f S ta m ford w are, w i th p o t tery b rough t t o Y ork a nd t raded f ro m 1 72

t here t o v i llage b uyers s uch a s s o me o f t he i nhab i tan ts o f Wharra m P ercy . L ikew ise , o ne w ou ld e xpect t he B ar ton B loun t S ta mford ware t o h ave b een t raded t hrough t he market o f Derby . d istr ibu t ion c en tre , s upp ly ing s ide .

L inco ln was p robab ly a nother r e-

t he v i l lages o f n or thern L incolnsh ire a nd H um ber-

The g row th o f p ot tery i ndustr ies i n t hese t owns was t hus c r i t ica l t o t he

S ta m ford ware t rade . I n a ny t rade , p ar t icu lar ly o ne i nvo lv ing l ong d istances t he d ua l f actors o f c o mpet i t ion a nd t ranspor ta t ion d e ter m ine t he e x ten t o f d istr ibu t ion .

Trans-

p or ta t ion d epended o n b oth t he g eograph ica l b arr iers t o move men t a nd t he f ra mework o f a va i lab le r ou tes.

P ossib le r ou tes c an b e s een i n F ig . 3 1 .

Transpor ta t ion a long r iver r ou tes a ppears t o h ave b een e as ier a nd c heaper t han b y l and .

R o man , S axon a nd med ieva l t raders a l l u sed r ivers e x tensive ly ,

e spec ia l ly i n t he F en land a nd i t s f r inge ( Fow ler 1 934 ) .

The a dvan tages o f

t rave l b y wa ter c an b e s een i n manor ia l r equ ire men ts o f c arry ing s erv ices, wh ich s o me t i mes d e ta i l t yp ica l j ourneys .

I n t he r equ ired s erv ices l i sted i n

1 277 a t t he manor o f W i lbur ton , a d jacen t t o t he r iver O use, i t was c onsidered a Ts hor t h au l ' t o C a mbr idge , E ly , L it t lepor t , e tc . — s i tes u p t o 1 0 mi les ( 16 km ) away a long r iver r ou tes;

l ong h auls ' w ere d ef ined a s L ynn , We lls-nex t-

t he-Sea , B randon , F e l twel l , a nd C ha t ter is ( Darby 1 940 ) . f ur ther t han 1 0 m i les f ro m t he manor b y wa ter ;

A l l b u t t he l ast w ere

s ign if ican t ly , C ha t ter is i s l ess

t han 1 0 m i les b y r oad , t hough a much l onger r iver r ou te w ou ld a lso h ave b een p oss ib le. A map o f Br ita in o f c . 1 250 1 3 em phasises t he r ivers, e specia l ly t hose a long t he e ast c oast o f Eng land .

S ta m ford was l i nked t o t he Wash b y t he Wel land ;

S pa ld ing a t i t s mou th w as t he s i te o f a marke t b y 1 086 .

The u pstrea m Wel land

w ou ld a lso h ave s erved a s ar ou te t o t he w est o f S ta m ford . F ur ther r ou tes t o t he w est w ou ld i nclude t he Tren t a nd t he Avon . A s hor t r oad j ourney t o C astor o r P e terborough w ou ld g ive a ccess t o t he N ene a nd s i tes a s f ar a s N or tha mp ton . U se o f t he Ouse i s s hown b y al i ne o f f i nds a long i t s v a l ley t o B ed ford .

B oth

T he t ford a nd K ing ' sL ynn w ou ld h ave b een r eached most c onven ien t ly f ro m S ta m ford t hrough t he F en wa terways. R iver r ou tes w ere c o mp le men ted b y c oasta l t raf f ic f ro m t he Wash t o t he H u mber a nd p ossib ly a long t he n or th a nd e ast c oasts o f N orfolk .

S uch a t rade

i s i nd ica ted b y t he l i ne o f S ta m ford ware f inds a long t he L incolnsh ire c oast a nd f or mer l i ne o f t he Wash ( F ig . 3 2 ) .

Th ir teen th c en tury c oasta l t rade

i s

a lso s hown b y t he S ta m ford f i nds f ro m P er th a nd Aberdeen . Water r ou tes w ere s uppR t n en ted b y s o me l and t ranspor ta t ion , b ased o n t he R o man r oad n etwork . S ta m ford l ay o n t he g rea t n or th-sou th r oute o f Er m ine S tree t wh ich l inked t he t own t o b oth Y ork a nd L ondon .

At ravel ler t o York

h ad a c hoice o f s evera l r ou tes, c o mb in ing d if feren t modes o f t ranspor t .

A

r e turn j ourney f ro m L inco ln t o Y ork r ecorded i n 1 326 d escr ibes t wo a l ternat i ves ( S ten ton 1 936 ) .

T he f i rst i nvo lved t ravel b y r oad 3 2 m i les ( 52 km ) t o

B ur ton S ta ther f o l lowed b y ab oa t j ourney d own t he Tren t a nd u p t he Ouse t o H owden w i th t he l ast 1 8 m i les ( 29 km ) t o Y ork b eing a ga in c overed b y r oad . T he r eturn was t ota l ly b y r oad , t hrough D oncaster w i th a f erry c rossing a t L i t t leborough . F ro m S ta m ford i t wou ld a lso h ave b een f easib le t o t rave l b y b oa t a long t he L inco lnsh ire c oast a nd u p t he H u mber a nd Ouse.

1 73

S t i l l a no ther

r ou te , t hrough T orksey , i s s uggested b y t he D o mesday r equ ire men t o f T or ks ey men t o c onduct t he k ing ' s messengers t o Y ork b y b oa t . r ivers w ere a b arr ier r equ ir ing b r idges a nd f err ies.

To r oad t raff ic ,

E ar ly d ocu men tary

e v idence f or b r idges i s s can ty , w i th o n ly l a ter r ecords o f main tenance t o r ep resen t most b r idges.

H owever , t here a re D o mesday r efernces t o s evera l

f err ies, p ar t icu lar ly t hose c rossing t he H u mber , l i nk ing Er mine S treet t o t he n or th . One f actor a dd ing t o t he c ost o f t ranspor ta t ion was t he c ol lec t ion o f t ol ls. These v ar ied w ith t he q uan t i t ies i nvo lved , o ne r a te a t Worcester c . 9 00 l i sts I s f or a wagon load a nd I d f or a h orseload .

T he L indsey s urvey ( Foster a nd

L Dng ley 1 924 ) r ecords s evera l t o lls i n t he c on tex t o f d ispu tes a bou t t he m ; S a l tf lee t H aven , Mare H aven , Sw inehaven , G r i msby , B ar ton o n H u mber , a nd S ou th F err iby a re a ll men t ioned a s c harg ing t o l l wh ich was n ot c usto mary i n t he t i me o f E dward .

The l oca t ion o f t hese s uggests t hey were t o l ls c harged

a t t he u n load ing o f b oa ts , wh ich w ere u n l ikely t o h ave b een l arge c raf t .

Tha t

s uch t ol ls c overed a f u ll r ange o f g oods i s i l lustra ted b y t he Bar ton o n Hu mber a nd S ou th F err iby e xa mp les where 'b read , f i sh , h ides a nd v ery many o ther t h ings ' a re r eferred t o ( i b id .). Thus d istance a nd e ase o f t ranspor ta t ion d e ter m ined t he p r ice t ha t t he p ott ery c ou ld b e s old f or a nd a f fected t he e x ten t o f t rade.

The h igh c ost o f t rans-

p or t h as b een emphasised b y L e P a toure l ( 1968 ) , who q uotes a n e xa mp le where d e l ivery c osts, f or a d istance o f 2 0 m i les ( 3 2 km ) , r epresen ted o ver a q uar ter o f t he f i na l p urchase p r ice .

H owever , V ince ( 1977 ) d oes n ot c onsider

t ranspor t c ost a s ag overn ing f actor i n t he d istr ibu t ion o f Ma lvern ian p ot tery , d ue t o t he p redo m inance o f r iver ine t ranspor t t here. The s econd ma jor f actor d e ter m in ing t he t rade d istr ibu t ion i s t ha t o f c o mp et i t ion f ro m s urround ing p ot tery i ndustr ies.

G iven t 'en et s , ,ork o f p ossib le

t rade r ou tes f or S ta mford ware , t he d istr ibu t ion i s s o mewha t b iased .

C o m-

p e t i t ion , a long w i th g enera l h istor ica l f actors, p rov ides t he k ey t o u nderstand ing t he c hang ing t rade p at terns o f t h is p ot tery .

A l though t he e ar l iest p o t ters h ad

n o c o mpet i t ion f or t heir g lazed a nd r ed p a in ted w ares, t h is was c oun terb a lanced b y t he r ela t ively l ow l evel o f t rade i n g enera l .

I ti s l ike ly t ha t t he

f ew d istan t e ar ly F abr ic H/F a nd H s herds w ere n ot d ue t o c o m merc ia l t rade a s s uch . I t must b e emphasised t ha t t rade d epends o n t he d egree o fo rgan isat i on o f s oc ie ty , f or p rov id in g b oth t ranspor ta t ion r ou tes a nd marke t ing mechan is ms.

The g row th i n t he g enera l e cono m ic f ra mework b etween t he 9 th

a nd 1 2 th c en tur ies i s c lear .

Trade i n S ta m ford w are g rew t ogether w i th t he

f ra mework o f t owns a nd t he i nc e asing ly monetary e cono my .

The e v idence

o f 1 0th -cen tury t rade o f S ta mford w are i s g row ing a nd t he ma in t rade p a t terns w ere w e ll e stab l ished b efore t he C onquest , b oth o ver s hor t a nd l ong d istances. The t rade t o t he n or th a nd w est o f S ta m ford f ea tured a s ign if ican t p ropor t ion o f u ng lazed wares, t hough n ever a s h igh a p ercen tage a s was i n u se i n S ta mf ord i t self .

Th is r ef lects t he s uccess o f Thetfordtype w ares i n E ast A ng l ia .

H owever , g lazed p i tchers a nd j ugs must b e c onsidered t he p rincipa l e xpor t t ypes.

S ta mford ware was n ever a l arge p ar t o f p ot tery a sse mb lages f urther

t han a pprox i ma te ly 1 5 m i les ( 2 3 km ) f ro m t he t own , y et i ti s v ery f requen t ly t he o n ly g lazed ware p resen t , a t l east i n p re-Conquest c on tex ts.

1 74

The e cono m ic g row th wh ich s uppor ted S ta m ford ware t rade a lso c aused i nc reased c o mpet i t ion f ro m n ew p ot tery i ndust ires . The r ise o f s p lashed ware i ndustr ies i n s ou th Y orksh ire , L incoln a nd N ot t ingha msh ire i n t he 1 1th c en tury d ecreased t he impor tance o f S ta m ford ware i n t he n or th , a s s hown a t b oth l inc oln a nd Y ork i n t he l a te 1 1th c en tury .

Th is d ec l ine may a lso h ave b een d ue

t o s o me e x ten t t o d isrup t ion i n t rade f o llow ing t he s uppression o f t he n or th . Trade a s a whole a ppears t o h ave c on t inued a t af a ir ly h igh l eve l d ur ing t he e ar ly a nd m idd le 1 2 th c en tury , w i th a n ew emphasis o n N orfo lk .

The mar-

k et p rov ided b y N or man c ast les d ec l ined s o mewha t , b u t t he i ncrease i n monast ic e stab l ish men ts p rovided n ew c usto m .

The 1 2 th c en tury b rough t a mu l t ip l ica-

t i on o f p ot tery c en tres a nd a g rea ter u se a nd p roduct ion o fg lazed w ares. S ta mford t ab le wares c on t inued t o r each a l arge n umber o f s i tes b u t o n ly a s a v ery sma l l f ract ion o f t he t o ta l a sse mb lages , b eing r ep laced i n p ar t icu lar b y o ther e as t M id lands t ypes , N o t tingham a nd Y orksh ire wares. NOTES

1 .

Hea ley ( 1972 ) ;

F ield n otes b y R . a nd E . R usse l l a re l odged i n L incoln

Museu m , a s i s t he p ot tery c o llected .

Iw ou ld l i ke t o t hank J . G . Hurst

f or a l low ing me t o r efer t o h is n otes o f S ta m ford ware f inds. 2 .

The r im s herd p ub l ished f ro m Monkwear mou th ( Hurst 1 969a , F ig . 2 5, n o . 1 7 ) i s n ot S ta m ford w are .

3 . Hurst ( 1976 ) q uo tes 0 R iordä in . 4 .

Mar tensson ( 1 976 ) , s ee P la te V . S ince t he K ing ' sS quare a nd H unga te d a ta w ere p ub l ished w i thou t t he R o man ma ter ial , t he R o man t ota ls h ave b een e xc luded f ro m t he L loyds Bank g roup .

6 . A MacGregor , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion . 7 . H urst ( 1965-6 ) ;

s o me o f t he s herds t hen c lassed a s S ta m ford ware may b e

b e o f m icaceous L e icestertype ware. 8 . The p ubl ica t ion ( Mayes a nd Dean 1 976 ) n otes t ha t t he f inds a re i n L inco ln Museu m .

A l though t he p agan S axon ma ter ia l i s t here , t he med ieva l

ma ter ia l c ou ld n o t b e l oca ted . 9 . Maps ( F igs. 3 1 t o 3 4 ,, 'r e b ased o n t he d a ta l i sted i n Append ix 2 . 1 0 . A t A lstoe, e igh t p ub l ished r i ms o f t h is t ype s hou ld b e c o mpared t o n ine o f F or ms 2 a nd 3 , wh i le a t O akha m , t hree r i ms o f l arge b ow ls w ere p ubl i shed w i th t hree o f F or ms 2 , 3a nd 4 . 1 1.

B idd le 1 964a . ,F ig . 2 0 , n o . 2 • Th is r econstruct ion a ppears o dd ; v esse l m igh t b e o f e i ther F or m 8o r F or m 2 1 .

1 2 .

H ar t ( 1973 ) , M i l ler a nd Sweer ing ( 1895) .

1 3 .

C ot ton MS .

C laud ius D . v i , f . 1 2b .

1 75

t he

CHAPTER X THE OR IG IN OF THE S TAMFORD I NDUSTRY ; I TS EUROPEAN BACKGROUND

B oth t he t echno logy a nd t he s ty l is t ic f eatures o f t he f i rs t S ta m ford p roducts c ontrast w ith t he e ar l ier t rad it ions o f t he r eg ion.

A s tudy o f t he l oca l mater ia l

a nd c onte mporary c on t inen ta l p roduct ion s uggests t ha t t he S ta mford i ndustry was s tar ted b y ac on t inen ta l p ot ter o r p ot ters , p robab ly o f n orthern F rench o r ig in. LOCAL PRECURSORS The r eg ion i m med iate ly t o t he s ou th o f S ta m ford a long t he Nene v a l ley c onta ined o ne o f t he ma in p ot tery i ndustr ies o fR o man B r ita in.

Th is whee l-

made ware was mass-produced b etween t he l a te 2 nd a nd 4 th c en tur ies ( Hart ley 1 960 , Wi lde 1 974 ). a nd r ou let ted d ecorat ion. Fabr ics B a nd C .

I t f ea tured t he u se o f ac o loured s l ip , b arbot ine

The v ery f i ne wh it ish f abr ic r ese mbles S ta mford

The i ndustry e xh ib ited t he h igh d egree o fo rgan isa t ion

a nd e x tens ive t rade c o m mon i n t he Ro man p er iod .

However, a s w i th o ther

B r it ish p ot ter ies , t here i s n o e v idence t ha t manufacture c ont inued a fter t he Ro man p er iod .

I n t he S ta mford r eg ion , Ro man w ares were r ep laced b y h and

made p ot tery f ound i n p agan c e me ter ies s uch a s Baston, L incs. D ean 1 976 ).

( Mayes a nd

The g rey s andy v esse ls p resen t t here h ave f or ms o f t he e arly

5 th t o s econd h a lf o f t he 6 th c entury.

Unfortunate ly a l l t he k nown ma ter ia l

d er ives f ro m t he c e me tery a nd t here a re n o c onte mporary s et t le ment f i nds. F urther h and- made p ottery i s k nown f ro m t he m idd le S axon s i te o f Maxey , C a mbs., a bout 6 m iles ( 9 km ) e ast o f S ta mford .

S evera l f abr ics

a re p resen t , wh ich s uggests t hat t he p ot tery w as made b y an u mber o f p ot ters u s ing s l ight ly d if fer ing t echn iques.

Addy man ( 1 964 ) s ugges ts s o me c hrono-

l og ica l d eve lop ment i n t he ma ter ia l , w ith a c hange f ro m w ares w ith ' angu lar g r it ' a nd c a lc ite t o s he l lte mpered w are.

There i s a lso s o me c hange i n f or m,

p r inc ipa l ly t he i n troduct ion o f s tra igh t-s ided b ow ls ( Group I I ) b y t he l ate 8 th c entury.

These Group I I Ma

yt ypes b eca me i ncreas ing ly r ecogn ised i n

L inco lnsh ire ( Addy man a nd Wh itwe l l 1 970 ) a nd n ow s ee m t he t yp ica l m idd le S axon p ot tery t ype o f t he r eg ion ( Hurst 1 976 ). g radua l ly , w ithout e x terna l i nf luences.

They s ee m t o h ave d eve loped

These Maxey-type wares , h owever ,

p rov ide n o f oundat ion f or a l oca l d eve lop ment o f w hee l-thrown q uartz-te mpered ware. The S ta mford C ast le s i te F abr ic E /F p roduct ion i s t he e ar l iest k nown whee l- made ware i n t he r eg ion o f t he t own.

S herds a re p resent i n t he e ar l iest

e xcavated c ontex ts i n t he t own , a ssociated w ith s o me h and- made s he l ly wares. There i s a s y et n o e v idence f or a ' pre-S ta mford ware ' p hase i n t he t own c onta in ing o n ly Maxey-type wares.

S uch l ayers may a ppear i n f uture , b ut a t

1 76

p resen t t he s tart o f S tamford ware p roduct ion a ppears t o h ave c o incided w ith t he f i rst o ccupat ion o f t he p resent s i te o f t he t own. T he Cast le s i te k i ln p roduct ion h as b een d escr ibed i n d e ta i l i n p p . 3 4f f . F la t-based c ook ing p o ts a nd l arger , more g lobu lar s torage v esse ls were whee l made t o ah igh s tandard .

R ed-pa in ted d ecora t ion a nd g laze were o c-

c as iona l ly a pp l ied . S evera l d eta i ls a re d ist inct ive , s uch a s t he t refo i lf orm s pouts , whee l-thrown h and les , M69 a pp l ied s tr ips a nd M15 s ha l low g rooves.

A l though t hese f eatures c an u sefu l ly b e c o mpared w ith t hose o f

c onte mporary c en tres, t he k i ln s tructure i s v irtua l ly u n ique a nd o f l im ited h e lp i n e va lua t ing r e lated c era m ic i ndustr ies.

The f o l low ing a na lys is p laces

S tamford ware p roduct ion i n to t he l arger f ra mework o f c onte mporary c era m ic d eve lop ments i n B r ita in a nd o n t he C ont inent .

S ites r eferred t o a re s hown

o n t he map , F ig. 3 5. THE USE OF THE POTTER 'S WHEEL The p ot ter 's whee l c eased t o b e u sed i n B r ita in a f ter t he R o man p er iod , when t he e cono my n o l onger s upported l arge-sca le i ndustr ies. The s itua t ion was q u ite d if ferent o n t he C on t inent where t owns r e ma ined i mportant t o t he e cono my a nd c raf t w orkshops c ont inued t o s upp ly t hese c entres.

The p ot ter 's

whee l r e ma ined c o m mon i n t he p ost-Ro man p er iod i n t hose a reas o f t he C ont inent wh ich h ad b een s trong ly ' Ro man ised '.

The c lose r e lat ionsh ip b etween

l a te Ro man a nd Merov ing ian p ot tery c an b e s een i n b oth t he t echno logy u sed a nd t he f or ms made.

T he c ont inu ity s een a t Mayen a nd T r ier ( Bdhner 1 958,

H ussong a nd C uppers 1 972 ) may a lso b e i nferred f or o ther c en tres s uch a s t he Argonne a nd S aran n ear O r leans.

The k i lns a t Haucourt ( Nord ) may

r epresent a t rans it ion f ro m Merov ing ian t o C aro l ing ian-type wares ( Le man 1 978 ). C ont inenta l whee l-thrown wares were b rough t t o B r ita in i n b oth t he p agan ( Ev ison 1 979 ) a nd m idd le S axon p er iods , b ut t hese i mports s ee m t o h ave h ad l i t t le impact o n l oca l c era m ic d eve lop ments, p resu mab ly b ecause t here was l i t t le i ncent ive f or t he B r it ish p ot ters t o c hange t he ir t echnology. The r e introduct ion o f t he p ot ter 's whee l t o B r ita in h as r ecent ly b een d iscussed b y H urst ( 1976 ).

Three d ist inct a reas w ith e ar ly whee l- made

p ot tery emerge —Northu mbr ia , s outhern E ng land , a nd E ast Ang l ia.

The

d eve lop ments i n E ast Ang l ia a ppear t o b e t he most r e levant t o t he S ta mford r eg ion.

The impor tan t t rad ing c entre a t I psw ich p rov ided t he m i l ieu f or a

d eve lop ment o f t he t urn tab le , a nd l ater t he f ast w hee l.

Th is f i rst t rans it ion

c ou ld c erta in ly h ave o ccurr t . 1l oca l ly a nd t hat l ike l ihood i s s treng thened b y t he p agan S axon mot ifs , s uch a s t r iangu lar p ana ls f ound o n s o me I psw ich ware p i tchers.

H owever , n o t rans it iona l p hase o f p oor ly made f ast-whee l p ot tery

h as y et b een r ecogn ised a t I psw ich ;

s t i l l , t h is s econd c hange c ou ld h ave

l e f t o n ly m in i ma l a rchaeo log ica l r e ma ins i ft he p ot ters h ad i mproved q u ick ly. T he t rans it ion t o w hee l- made ' I psw ich-Thet ford ' ware may h ave t aken p lace b efore t he S cand inav ian i nvas ions ( Hurst 1 976, 3 18 ) b ut t h is i s n ot f u l ly e stab l ished.

Certa in ly , I psw ich was v ery i mportant i n l ate S axon c era m ic

d eve lop ments a s i ts ee ms t he s ource o f t he ' Thet ford-type ' i ndustr ies.

1 77

THE USE OF GLAZE S ta mford ware r esearch h as l ong b een l inked w ith s tudy o f t he o r ig in a nd s pread o fg laze t echno logy i n t he p os t-Ro man p er iod , s ince t he S ta mford g laze a ppeared a t s uch a n e ar ly d ate.

D unn ing ( 1949 )s uggested F rench

i nf luence b ecause s evera l F rank ish a nd C aro l ing ian p ots b ore s ome g laze. A f ter S tevenson ( 1947 ) h ad p ub l ished s herds f ro m e xcava t ions i n B yzant iu m , L ethbr idge ( 1949 ) b rough t a t ten t ion t o t he ir amaz ing s im ilar ity t o S ta mford ware. A lthough t he f or ms a re q u ite d if feren t , b oth L e thbr idge a nd S tevenson c on t inued t o a rgue f or d irec t i nf luence f ro m B yzan t iu m . When Dunn ing ( 1956 ) r ev iewed l a te S axon t rade , h e n o ted t he p ar t ia l ly g lazed wares o f H o l land whose f orm a nd d ecora t ion r ese mb le t he Eas t Ang l ian t rad i t ion .

He a ccep ted t he e ar ly

d a te a t tr ibu ted t o t he m a nd s o c onc luded t ha t g laze was b rough t i n to B r i ta in f ro m t he N e ther lands i n t he 9 th c en tury .

A l though Hurst ( 1957 ) s uppor ted t h is

i n terpreta t ion , h e l a ter c ha l lenged t he d a t ing f ramework , s ince t he c on t inen ta l ma ter ia l was n o t s ecure ly d a ted .

L a ter , Dunn ing ( 1959 ) c onsidered t ha t S ta m-

f ord ware p receded Du tch g lazed wares a nd was d ue u l t ima te ly t o B yzan t ine i n f luence. More e ar ly g lazed ware b eca me r ecogn ised a nd l ed t o a n impor tant r ev iew o f t he c ont inenta l ma ter ia l ( Hurst 1 969 ).

G lazed ware h ad b een f ound

i n Ro me i n l ate 8 th c en tury c ontex ts ( Wh itehouse 1 969a ). Hurst c ons idered t ha t t h is t echno logy s ubsequent ly s pread n orth g radua l ly f ro m t he Med i terranean t hrough F rance.

Verhaeghe ( 1968, 1 969 ) d rew a t tent ion t o a n u n ident if ied

g lazed ware s ource i n Be lg iu m p receed ing t he w e l l-known wares o f A ndenne , B runssu m a nd S ch inve ld.

S trat if ied f i nds f ro m D oue-la-Fonta ine ( De Bot 'ard

e t a l 1 969, 1 973-4 ), Andone ( Debord a nd L eenhard t 1 975 ) a nd Beauva is ( Le man 1 972 ) s howed t ha t s o me g lazed p ot tery i ndustr ies i n F rance were a t l east a s o ld a s t hat a t S ta mford , a nd s o p oss ib le p recursors o f i t . A lthough t he u se o f t he p ot ter 's whee l was f a irly c o m mon i n p os t-Ro man E urope , t he u se o f g laze was much more l im ited .

The t echn ique h ad b een

u sed b y Ro man c entres o n t he Rh ine , i n F rance , a nd t o am inor e x tent i n B r ita in a t H o l t , C lwyd.

These Ro man g lazes w ere l ead-based l ike med ieva l

g lazes a s t h is i s t he s i mp lest g laze t o p roduce o n r e lat ive ly l ow-f ired p ot tery. The q ues t ion o f c on t inu ity f ro m t he Ro man p er iod r e ma ins u nreso lved a s p oss ib le l i nks t hrough t he Merov ing ina p er iod r e ma in f ew. I nd iv idua l Vesse ls There a re s evera l i so la t e

c on t inen ta l g lazed v esse ls wh ich c annot y e t

b e s een a s p art o f ma jor t rad it ions t hough t hey may p rove o f importance i n t he q uest ion o f g laze c ont inu ity.

Two c o mp lete p ots f ro m t he u pper Rh ine

d iscussed b y L obbedey ( 1964 ) p resu mab ly d er ive f ro m c e meter ies ; t he ir g laze s eparates t he m f ro m t he l oca l Merov ing ian wares.

o n ly

One , a

b icon ica l v esse l o f 7 th-century f or m f ro m F ors t fe ld , n orth o f S trasbourg , h as t hree z ones o f s quare r ou let t ing ( F ig. 3 6, n o. 4 ).

I t s i nter ior i s whol ly

c oated w ith y e l low-brown g laze wh ich h as a lso r un d own t he e xter ior f ro m t he r i m.

A Merov ing ian j ug f ro m t he S ingen/Hohentw ie l c eme tery ( F ig. 3 6,

n o. 1 ) b ears s pecks o fy e l low-brown g laze o n i t s e xter ior s urface ( Lobbedey 1 964 ).

A f rag mentary v esse l f ro m t he a bbey o f N ieder munster ( F ig. 3 6,

n o. 3 ) h as a wh ite f abr ic w ith t wo r ows o f s quare r ou let t ing a nd i s a t tributed

1 78

L und

D ub l in

H edeby T orksey C hester ° S ta tf ordo

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L e ices ter' o S tam ford

w .w ic

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D ores tad

L ondon

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Meschede

Z e lza te S orrus

U cc le .

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B rüh l ( Badorf P ingsdo rf

° °V ied- H esd in n e nn D oua i" ' 1 ±qy H aucou rt' B ara l le Ham ipre B eauva is T r ier

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T rans Meudon

"--

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F ig . 3 5

O Rome

Map o f c on t inen ta l c era m ic c en tres.

1 79

t o L obbedey 's H or izon A ( 750-900 ).

I t was i n t he p r i mary o ccupa t ion l ayer

wh ich wou ld d a te f ro m s oon a f ter t he f ounda t ion o f t he a bbey c . 7 00 ; a n u pper l ayer , t he s econd l eve l o f as econd p hase , c on t ained t wo c o ins o f L o ther I ( 8 40-55).

T he g laze i s a lka l ine o r s oda-based , y e t i td i f fers i n c o mposi t ion

f ro m p ieces o f g lass f ound i n t he s a me l evel a s t hey h ad manganese a dded a s ac o louran t . 1 Wh i le F ' evre ( 1975) c ons iders t ha t d i fference c onc lus ive , i ti s s t i l l p oss ib le t ha t t h is g laze was t he d iscovery o f g lass workers ;

ar ecipe f or

p o ts ' pa in ted ' w i th c rushed g lass i s g iven b y E rac l ius ( De Bo i lard 1 974).

A

b icon ica l , r ou le t ted v esse l i n R eims museu m ( F ig . 3 6 , n o . 2 ) p resu mab ly o r ig ina tes f ro m a Merov ing ian c e metery i n t he a rea (R . Hodges 1 975) ; r ese mb les B öhner 's Type C 3 a nd s o s ee ms t o b e o f 7 th-cen tury d a te. s andy f abr ic b ears s peck led , ma t t , d ark g reen g laze .

i t

The r ed ,

A l though t hese i so la ted

e xa mp les s how t ha t s o me g laze was p roduced i n n or thern Europe i n t h is t ransit iona l p er iod , t he ir i mpor tance s hou ld n o t b e e xaggera ted a s t hey d o n o t y e t s ee m p ar t o f ma ins trea m d eve lop men ts. Two e xa mp les f ro m E ng land d er ive f rom aq u ite d if ferent t rad i t ion. Frag men ts o f a sma l l , g lazed b ow l w ith i mpressed v ert ica l z igzag l i nes h ave b een p ub l ished f ro m J arrow ( Tyne a nd Wear ). ad u l l b rown ish g laze.

The v ery h ard f abr ic b ears

Wh itehouse ( 1969b ) n oted t he u n iqueness o f t he v esse l .

More r ecent ly f urther f rag ments o f c o mparab le f abr ic a nd g laze h ave b een f ound a t J arrow ( Cra mp , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion );

o ne s hows sma l l impres-

s ed p at terns r ese mb l ing p a lm t rees , wh ich s uggest a n o r ig in i n t he Med it erranean r eg ion. The Med iterranean C onstan t inop le The g lazed p ot tery o f C ons tant inop le h as b een c ons idered a p oss ib le s ource f or t hat o f S ta mford , b ut t h is n ow a ppears u n l ike ly.

A lthough t here

i s as tr ik ing v isua l s im i lar ity b e tween s o me B yzant ine s herds w i th ' canary g laze ' f ro m S tage 3 ( 9 th c entury ) w ith S ta mford s herds wh ich may n ow b e t er med T ype B 6, t h is s im i lar ity i s m is lead ing.

T he a ppearance o f a ny g laze

i s d ue l arge ly t o t he u nder ly ing c lay f abr ic, wh ich i n b oth t hese c ases i s v ery wh i te a nd f i ne-tex tured .

H owever, S ta mford t ype B 6 p ost-da tes t he

s im i lar B yzant ine ma ter ia l b y t wo c entur ies.

F ina l ly , t he v esse l f or ms

f rom C ons tant inop le a re t o ta l ly d if feren t t o t hose f ro m S ta mford. C ont inu ity i n g laze p roduct ion i n t he e astern Med iterranean i sp robab le , t hough s t i l l n ot c learly e stab l ished.

The mater ia l e xcavated i n C ons tan t inop le

s hows a g ap i n g laze ware b et" e en t he 5 th a nd 7 th c en tur ies ( Stevenson 1 947 , H urs t 1 969b ).

The l a ter g lazed p ot tery s equence i s b et ter d ef ined , s tart ing

w ith 7 th -century wh ite s l ip s graf f ito d ishes a s f ro m t he Yass iada s h ip n ear B odru m , T urkey

( Bass 1 962) wh ich d eve lop i n to 9 th-lOth c entury y e l low

ware a nd g reen, c opper-co loured p eta l ware.

A lthough t hese B yzan t ine

g lazed wares s eem t o h ave i nf luenced c era m ic d eve lop ments i n 9 th -and 1 0th c entury Ro man ia , B u lgar ia a nd I ta ly ( Lobbedey 1 964, R ice 1 954, Wh itehouse 1 969a ), t hey a ppear t o h ave h ad l ess i mpact o uts ide t he Med iterranean r eg ions.

H owever , i ti s s t i l l p oss ib le t ha t e astern c raf ts men c ou ld h ave

i nf luenced west E uropean w orkshops t hrough e ccles iast ica l l inks.

1 80

I ta ly I t a ly i s a nother r eg ion w ith e ar ly g lazed ware wh ich h ad c lose l i nks w ith n orthern E urope t hrough t he C hurch.

S o me I ta l ian g lazed v esse ls h ave b een

a t tr ibuted t o t he L o mbard p er iod ( Grosso 1 958, L obbedey 1 964 ), t hough Wh i tehouse ( 1965 ) d oub ts c ont inu ity b e tween R o man a nd med ieva l g laze i n t he wes tern Med iterranean.

E ar ly med ieva l g laze a ppears w ith F oru m ware ,

wh ich was made i n Ro me , b ut i s r e la ted t o 9 th- t o 1 0th -century Byzant ine p e ta l ware a nd t he 9 th-century b rown-g lazed p ot tery o f C or inth.

Wh itehouse

( 1969a ) c onv incing ly s uggests a l ate 8 th- t o m id 9 th-century d ate f or F oru m ware , w ith t he s ubsequent s parse-g lazed p ot tery f ro m L az io ( Wh itehouse 1 968 ) e x tend ing f ro m t he 9 th t o 1 2th c entur ies.

N ot u nexpected ly , t he I ta l ian

s pou ted v esse ls a re more i n t he E uropean t rad it ion t han t he e astern Med iterr anean t ypes.

H owever , t here i s n o s im i lar ity b etween I ta l ian a nd S ta mford

p roducts o ther t han t he u se o f g laze i t se lf . P rovence T he s l igh t e v idence f ro m P rovence a rgues a ga inst g laze c ont inu ity f ro m t he R o man p er iod . R o man l ead g lazed wares were f ound i n 3 rd- t o 5 th-cen tury d epos its i n t he c ourtyard o f L a Made le ine c hurch , B o t Yard e t a l. 1 969 ). 8 th c entury.

Narbonne , Aude ( De

A f ter a g ap , g laze r eappeared i n l eve ls a t tr ibuted t o t he

S ix d if feren t v esse ls were r epresented w ith f abr ics o x id ised t o

p ink o r r ed , o r r educed t o g rey ; t hem a re i nc ised .

t hree b ear e xterna l y e l low s l ip a nd t wo o f

F or ms i nclude b oth j ugs a nd c ook ing p ots.

l im i ted t o t he i n terna l s urface a nd s how v ar ious c o mpos it ions :

The g laze i s o ne v esse l

w ith t ransparent l ead g laze a ppear ing y e l low , t wo v esse ls w ith b rown-b lack g laze ( lead g laze c o loured w ith manganese ), o ne w ith b lack-brown g laze ( l ead w ith manganese a nd i ron ), o ne w ith o l ive g reen g laze ( l ead w ith c opper ) a nd o ne w ith b lue a lka l ine g laze c onta in ing c opper o x ide.

L acam ( i n D e

B ot tard e t a l . 1 969 ) c o mpares t he b rown manganese a nd i ron g laze w ith 9 thc en tury r educed s herds f ro m Garde-Fre inet , Var. N or thern E urope G er many Apart f ro m t he t wo i so lated e xamp les f ro m F orst fe ld a nd S ingen/Hohent w ie l d iscussed a bove , t here a re n o g lazed p ots f ro m G er many wh ich c an b e p laced e ar l ier t han t he 1 0th c en tury. The l ack o f g lazed wares among t he g rea t q uant ity o f mater ia l f ro m D orestad ( Van E s 1 969 ) i s as trong a rgu men t a ga inst Rhen ish g laze p rod rrt ion b efore t he l a te 9 th c entury.

G laze a ppeared

o n ly i n t he 1 2th c en tury a nd . e ma ined u nco m mon u nt i l t he 1 4th c entury ( Lobbedey 1 969;

L ung 1 955-6 ).

Af rag men tary g lazed v esse l f ro m E l ten d er ives f ro m a b u i ld ing a t tr ibu ted t o t he 1 0th c en tury ( Janssen 1 970b ) .

The r im s herd a nd t h ir teen j oin ing b ody

s herds b ear t h ick y e l low g laze o ver b ands o f s quare r ou let t ing ( Fig . 3 6 , n o . 5 ) . 2 The g laze s hows a f ew d ark s pecks a nd s treaks f ro m impur i t ies.

The

l ower h a lf o f t he v essel was k n i fe t r i m med a nd h as a we l l-for med l en t icu lar b ase .

There i s ar ound , u ng lazed p a tch o n t he s hou lder wh ich a ppears t o b e

ab roken s urface ;

i t may b e t he r e ma ins o f an arrow h and le 3 cm w ide , o r

c ou ld h ave b een c aused b y k i ln s tack ing a s t he v esse l a ppears t o h ave b een f i red u pside-down . 1 81

The v esse l i s n ot p ara l le led i n e i ther t he A ndenne o r B runssu m-Sch inve ld i ndus tr ies.

J anssen ( 1970 1 3 ) n otes i t s s im i lar i ty i n f or m a nd d ecorat ion w ith

9 th -and 1 0th -century Vorgeb irge p roducts.

Th is p ot may r epresen t a n i ndus try

r e la ted t o t hose o f t he Meuse , a lthough a s ource n ear E lten i s u n l ike ly c ons ider ing t ha t t here was o n ly o ne s uch e xa mp le f ro m t he s i te. Be lg iu m Ag roup o f r oulet ted g lazed ware f ro m A ntwerp a ppears t o b e t he e ar l ies t i n Be lg iu m , a ntedat ing t he ma jor i ndustry o f A ndenne. The c eram ic s equence o f Antwerp u nfortuna te ly r e ma ins u npub l ished , b u t Verhaeghe ( 1969 ), d rew a t ten t ion t o t he ir s im i lar ity t o t he L ondon L i me S treet p i tcher ( F ig. 3 6, n o. 9 ) ;

c o m mon t ra its i nclude a n o vo id v esse l s hape , n arrow n eck , s quared r im

f or m , s hort c y l indr ica l s pout , sma l l s trap h and les n ot a t tached t o t he r im a nd l ent icu lar b ase.

H owever , t he p inched , a pp l ied s tr ips, t r iangu lar i n

c ross-sect ion , o f t he L i me S tree t p i tcher h ave n ot b een f ound i n A ntwerp. The Antwerp s herds a lso f eature s quare a nd d ia mond r oulet t ing a nd g r id s ta mp ing a s w e l l a s s o me t hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips a nd i ncised w avy l ines. Most o f t he g lazed s herds a ppear t o c o me f ro m s pouted p i tchers , w ith a f a ir n u mber o f l ids a lso k nown. 3 C urrent Antwerp e xcavat ions h ave p roduced more g lazed ware , b ut h ave n ot y e t e s tab l ished a d at ing f ra mework . O ther f i nds o f t h is g lazed ' Antwerp-type r w are s ugges t a1 0th- t o 1 1thc entury d ate.

V an d e Wa l le ( 1961, 1 27 ) p ara l le led t he Antwerp ma ter ia l w ith

g lazed ware f ro m E ena me , E ast F landers , as i te d a ted h istor ica l ly t o c . 9 761 063 , t hough i ti s p oss ib le t hat t here was s o me e ar l ier a nd l ater o ccupat ion t here.

F urther , t he E ena me s herds a re o n ly p art ia l ly g lazed , s o more

s im i lar t o Andenne t echn iques.

A r im s im i lar t o Antwerp t ypes f ound a t t he

c ast le o f Va lkenburg ( Dutch L i mburg ) c a me f rom t he e ar l iest o ccupat ion o f t he s i te a nd i s c ons idered a s 1th c entury i n d a te b y t he e xcava tor ( H. J anssen , p ersona l c o m mun icat ion ).

S herds f ro m S t. Bavons ' Abbey , Ghen t d ate f ro m

t he 1 0th c en tury ( Ravescho t , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion ).

A s herd w as a lso

f ound w ith t he Caro l ing ian p roduct ion mater ia l o f Ukke l , Brusse ls ( Borre mans 1 958 ). Th is g lazed ware a lso a ppears t o b e e ar l ier t han Andenne ware o n s ty l is t ic g rounds.

I n p ar t icu lar, t he An twerp r i ms , e ver ted o r s l ight ly c lubbed l ike

t he L i me S treet p i tcher, s ee m t o b e t ypo log ica l p recursors t o t he b andeau 5 r im o f Andenne.

Bandeau r i ms a re a lso k nown a t An twerp , b ut a re n ot a s

c o m mon t here a s a t Andenne a nd B runssu m/Sch inve ld.

The s ign if icance o f

t h is r im t ype w i l l b e d iscussed f urther b e low. The ma jor med ieva l g lazed i ndustry i n Be lg iu m was t hat o f A ndenne , Na mur , wh ich h as b een e x tens ive ly s tud ied b y B orre mans.

Product ion o f

s pouted p itchers a nd j ugs p art ia l ly c overed w ith y e l low g laze b egan i n t he m id-la te 1th c entury ( Borre mans a nd L ass a nce 1 956 , B orre mans a nd Warg ina ire 1 966 ).

Both t hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips a nd s tr ips t r iangu lar i n

c ross s ect ion a re n oted , p r inc ipa l ly o n t he l arge o vo id s pouted p i tchers. A l l o f t he h and les s pr ing f ro m t he u pper e dge o f t he r im a nd a re f a ir ly f la t . The 1 1th-cen tury S ta mford a nd Andenne wares s how s o me s uperf ic ia l s im il ar it ies , b ut d o n ot s ee m c lose ly r e la ted . d er ive f ro m t he s a me p recursor.

I nstead , t hey may b oth u l t i mate ly

The l ocat ion o f t he Andenne i ndustry was

1 82

c hosen b ecause o f i t s h igh q ua l ity o f c lay a nd t he e ase o f t ransportat ion a long t he Meuse.

D er iva t ive c entres d eve loped e lsewhere o n t he r iver, a t Amay

(W i l lems, Docqu ier, a nd L auwer i js 1 960 ), Wierde ( Lauwer i js a nd P et it 1 967 ), a nd N a mur , a s we l l a s i n t he Nether lands. The N ether lands L arge-sca le g lazed ware p roduct ion f i rst a ppears i n D utch L i mburg i n t he l a te 1 1th c entury a t B runssu m a nd S ch inve ld , f o l lowed b y N iewenhagen. There i s n o e v idence f or l oca l a ntecedents a nd t he g laze t echno logy i s c lear ly i n trus ive , p resu mab ly f ro m Andenne.

G laze was n ot a s uccessfu l i nnova t ion

a s i t s u se c eased a f ter t he f i rst p roduct ion p hase c aus ing a g ap u nt i l t he m id 1 4th c entury ( Bru i jn 1 959, 1 960-1, 1 962-3 ). I n Be lg iu m a nd t he N e ther lands , t he d is t inct ion b etween f u l ly a nd p art ia l ly g lazed wares i s c ruc ia l.

The l at ter r epresent t he med ieva l p roducts o f

Meuse v a l ley i ndustr ies , wh i le t he c o mp le te ly g lazed , Antwerp-type wares s eem p art o f a n e ar l ier p hase. B raat ( 1954, 1 971) a rgued f or a l a te C aro ling ian d ate f or g lazed f i nds f ro m S ouburg o n Wa lcheren a nd r ecorded t hat g lazed ware o ccurred i n t he d eepes t l ayers a t Midde lburg a nd B urgh mixed w i th Badorf , Kuge ltdpfe a nd e ar ly P ingsdorf wares.

A lthough t h is e ar ly d at ing h as

b een d isputed b y S ch ind ler ( 1952 ), a nd Van Reg teren A ltena ( 1969 ), t he E lten a nd A ntwerp f i nds r enew t he p oss ib i l ity o f C aro l ing ian g laze p roduct ion i n t he r eg ion . F rance Apart f ro m P rovence , d iscussed a bove , C aro l ing ian g lazed wares i n F rance s ee m t o h ave b een r estr icted t o western a nd n orthern a reas.

N o 9 th-

o r 1 0th-cen tury g lazed w are p roduct ion s i tes a re k nown , t hough s o me Beauva is s herds a ppear t o b e wasters a nd t he u ng lazed wasters f ound n ear Andone r esemb le t he g lazed wares o n t ha t s i te.

B ecause , s ty l ist ica l ly , t he S ta mford

ma ter ia l most c lose ly r ese mb les F rench p ot tery , t hese wares mer it d e ta i led d iscuss ion . T he important s i te o f D oue-la-Fon ta ine , Ma ine-e t-Lo ire Pe B o t lard 1 973-4 ) p roduced a c onv incing ly d ated s tra t igraph ic s equence a nd i t s p ot tery h as b een s tud ied i n s ome d eta i l.

A lthough t he t housands o f s herds s how n o

ma jor t e mpora l c hanges , af ew m inor d eve lop ments may b e n oted . G lazed s herds were p resent , t hough r are , i n t he f i rst o ccupat ion p hase ( D I ) w h ich l ay d irect ly o ver n atura l c lay. S evera l a ssociated me ta l o b jects h ave b een a t tr ibuted t o t he 7 tn t o 8 th c en tur ies ( De B o ard 1 976 ) a nd a t er m inus a nte q ue m i s p rov ided b y t he s tone a ula c onstruct ion c ons idered c . 9 00. Vesse ls r epresented i nclude o vo id s pouted p itchers.

c ook ing p ots, s torage v esse ls , j ugs a nd

The a pprox i ma te ly o ne h undred r i ms a re e verted , s o me-

t imes c oncave t o t ake a l i d. B ases a re p redo m inant ly f l a t w ith a f ew s l igh t ly c oncave e xamp les. P hase D I I c o mpr ised t he c onstruct ion o f t he s tone a u la a nd i t s b r ief o ccupa t icn u n t i l d estroyed b y f i re c . 9 40-50.

F ire-burn t r ubb le

o very l ing D I I c on ta ine c : ad en ier o f Angers d a t ing f ro m t he s econd q uar ter o f t he 1 0th c en tury ;6 t h is l ayer was s ea led b y t he r econstruct ion p hase D I I I . I n t he p o ttery o f p hase DI I ( j . 9 00-950 ) , t he b andeau r im a ppeared , g lobu lar c ook ing v essels g a ined p opu lar i ty a ga inst o vo id t ypes a nd g laze f ragmen ts

1 83

b ecame more n umerous. Phase D M ( E . 9 50-1025) c ons is ted o f t he r econstruct i on o f t he a u la a s ad on jon a nd i t s o ccupa t ion u n t i l b ur ied i n a mo t te. Two COi11S f rom t he o ccupa t ion d a te f ro m t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he 1 0th c en tury a nd c . 9 44-54 , wh i le t he s ucceed ing mo t te i s c ons idered t o b e long t o t he f irst h a lf o f t he 1th c en tury . I n p hase D I I I , g lobu lar c ook ing p o ts p redo m ina ted wh i le s torage v ess els b eca me v ery r are . T he g laze f ro m Doue i s al ead-based o ne o fv ary ing t h ickness w i th s treaks c aused b y i mpur i t ies p resen t i n t he c lay ; i t s c o lour i s y el low-orange o r d u l l g reen d epend ing o n t he f i r ing a t mosphere.

I ti s s ign if ican t t ha t t he g laze s hows

much s urface p i t t ing f ro m r eac t ion w i th t he s i l ica i n t he c lay ;

t h is wou ld o ccur

i ft he l ead h ad n ot b een f i ne ly g round o r h ad b een a pp l ied a s ap owder .

The D oue mater ia l i s p ara l le led b y t hat f ro m Andone , Charente ( Debord a nd L eenhard t 1 975 ) b oth i n t he v isua l n ature o f t he g laze a nd i n most o f t he v esse l f or ms. S ince v ery l i t t le i s k nown o f C aro l ing ian c era m ic d eve lopments i n wes tern F rance , i ti s d i f f icu lt t o a ssess h ow t yp ica l t he Andone p ot tery i s . However , t he r eg ion a ppears i mportant f or c era m ics i n o ther p er iods a s E ware p roduct ion i s t enta t ive ly a t tr ibuted t o t he a rea a nd t he ma jor S a intonage i ndustry b egan b y a t l eas t t he 1 2th c entury. The s i te o f Andone , i n V i l le joubert 1 3 m i les ( 20 km ) n orth o fA ngou leme , was o r ig ina l ly Ro man, t hough i ta pparen t ly w as d eserted d uring t he Merov ing ian p er iod ( Debord 1 975 ).

The h i l l was r eoccup ied a s t he c as trum c a l led

Andone , b y t he C ount o fA ngour e me f ro m t he m id 1 0th c entury u n t i l i t s d es truct i on c . 1 020-28. More t han 2 000 s herds h ave a lready b een s tud ied ; t hey f or m a v ery u seful , h o mogeneous g roup w ith t he ir l im ited d ate r ange. N o t ypo log ica l c hanges w ere o bserved w ith in t he c areful ly e xcavated r ubb ish d epos it , n or b etween o ccupat ion a nd d estruct ion l ayers. G laze i s o n ly p resent o n s o me o f t he s pouted p i tchers. Of t he 1 40 r i ms c lass if ied , e ighty-seven were a t tr ibuted t o s pouted a nd h and led v esse ls , o f wh ich f ourteen a re g lazed . More r ecen t e xcava t ions e lsewhere o n t he s i te h ave p roduced r e la t ive ly l ess g lazed ware ;

t he e xcavator ( Debord , p ersona l

c o mmun icat ion ) e st i mates t ha t 5 % o f t he s herds f ro m t he s i te a s aw ho le were g lazed.

The g laze i su sua l ly o x id ised t o ay e l low c o lour.

a nd o f ten c razed , w ith s urface p i t t ing a s o n t he D oug p ot tery.

I ti s t h ick T he A ndone

p ot tery a ppears t o h ave b een p roduced l oca l ly a s av ast w aster d epos it h as b een d iscovered n ear t he s i te. T o d a te , o n ly u ng lazed wasters h ave b een e xcavated , i n af abr ic s o mewh , i t c oarser t han t hat f ound i n t he c as tru m i t se lf . The f abr ic i su sua l ly b e ige s o met i mes r edd ish-brown , w ith v ary ing q uant it ies a nd s i zes o fq uartz t e mper ing a nd m ica. Recent e xcavat ions i n T ours , I ndree t-Lo ire ( Ga l in ig 1 978, G a l in ie e t a l 1 979 ) h ave p roduced 1 0th-cen tury g lazed -

- 7,

s herds v ery s im i lar t o t hose o f D oue a nd Andone , w ith t he s a me s urface p it t ing. F ur ther e ast , a n important g roup o f C aro l ing ian ma ter ia l f rom t he mo t te t he ' Tour F ra icte ' i n C osne-sur-Lo ire , N ievre ( F ig. 3 7 , n os. 4 -6 ) c on ta ined ag lazed s herd ( Bouth ier 1 975, 1 977 ). S evera l a spects , d iscussed b e low, o f t he u ng lazed f orms r esemb le b oth S tamford a nd A ndone. The p ot tery d er ived f rom t he mot te d i tch a nd e ight r ubb ish p its wh ich f or med a n i nner , p ara l le l

1 84

C on t inen ta l G lazed

Wa res

2

'011

yl it ut fa g•T!!

W

e 'e

X e.7 . 1.i : j »

1 :4

F ig . 3 6

1 . S ingen/Hohen twei l ( af ter L obbedey ) . 3 . N ieder munster ( af ter F evre ) . 5 . E l ten .

6 . A ndone ( af ter Debord ) .

De B o ard ) , 9 .

2 .

R e i ms ( a f ter H odges) .

4 . F orstfe ld ( a f ter L obbedey ) . 7 , 8 . D ougla-Fon ta ine ( af ter

L i me S tree t , L ondon ( af ter Dunn ing ) .

1 85

1 : 4

a rc. The e xcavator c ons iders t he p its a s r ough ly c onte mporary , o fl a te 9 tht o m id 1 0th-cen tury d a te , a s t he ir f i l l was f a ir ly h o mogeneous ; a bove o ne p it was a c o in o fp ost-877 d a te , p robab ly C . 8 84-87. A s ing le g lazed s herd was f ound , wh ich r epresents a l arge v esse l o f p ink f abr ic w ith t hrow ing g rooves a nd t h in , y e l low ish-brown g laze. O ther e ar ly g lazed ware h as b een r ecorded f ro m C osne , a s ac o in h oard o f C . 8 50 f ound i n 1 892 was d escr ibed a s b e ing i n ag lazed c lay p ot , wh ich h as s ince d isappeared ( Bouth ier 1 977, 2 3 ).

T he s ource o f t hese g lazed p ieces c ould w e l l b e f urther d ownstream o n

t he L o ire s ince g lazed wares h ave n ot b een f ound a t t he p roduct ion s i tes o f S aran ( Chape lot 1 970, 1 971 ) a nd Mart izay ( Ferd ibre 1 969 ) t o t he w es t o f C osne , n or a t S evrey ( Ren i ma l 1 974 ) t o t he e ast . E ar ly g lazed ware was a lso p roduced i n n orthern F rance, p oss ib ly i n Beauva is i t se lf a s s evera l s herds c o l lected f rom t he Basse-Oeuvre s i te b y C art ier a ppear t o b e w asters.

T he Beauva is mater ia l i s v ery impor tant i n

t ha t i ts hows a v ar iety o ff or ms a nd d ecorat ion a s we l l a s af am i l iar ity w ith b oth g laze a nd r ed-pa int . The b e ige f abr ic i sq uartz-te mpered a nd f a irly h ighe f i red . The y e l low g laze i s t h ick a nd o ccas iona l ly c razed : p erhaps s ign if icant ly , i td oes n ot s how t he s ame d egree o f s urface p it t ing a s t he D oue a nd Andone wares. G laze i s n ot a t a l l c ommon i n t he Caro l ing ian l eve ls a nd i s e ven r arer i n t he med ieva l p er iod ( De B o t iard 1 973 ). However , at rench i n t he c a thedra l a pse p roduced t wo y e l low-green g lazed b ody s herds , o ne w ith s tamped d ecorat ion , t he o ther w ith a n i mpressed a pp l ied s tr ip. T hese were a ssoc iated w ith a m id 9 th-cen tury b rooch a nd r ed-pa inted p ot tery d iscussed b e low.

Another g lazed f rag ment f ro m a C aro l ing ian l eve l c o mes f rom a

s ha l low , f l a t-based b ow l.

S ince t h is g lazed ma ter ia l h as n ot b een s t ud ied

t o t he s ame e x ten t a s t he r ed-pa in ted wares , t he n ature o f t he e ar l iest p rod uct ion c annot y et b e d ef ined n or c hrono log ica l d eve lopments o ut l ined . A s l ight q uan t ity o f g lazed mater ia l o r ig ina t ing f rom Doua i ( Pas-deC a la is ) may r epresent a nother p roduct ion c entre , a l though t he g lazed s herds t here c annot y et b e p laced e ar l ier t han t he 1th c entury ( Demolon a nd Barb ieux 1 978 ). B r ita in S tamford w are r ema ins t he e ar l iest d a ted g lazed p roduct ion, t hough o ther p re-Conquest c entres h ave b een d ef ined , a t Winchester, L inco ln , York , N ot t ingha m , a nd p erhaps L ondon.

The g lazed p ot tery a t Winches ter s hows

s o me v ar ia t ion i n f abr ic t hough t he v esse l f orms a re f a ir ly s tandard ised a nd p itchers c o mpose 8 2% o f t he c loss if ied v esse ls. Apart f ro m t he g laze , t he p ot tery f o l lows l oca l t rad it ions i n b oth c ons truct ion t echn iques a nd d ecorat ion. The g laze i t se lf i s f a ir ly t h ick a nd c razed a nd s hows p it t ing i nto t he c lay s urface. P roduct ion a ppears t o s tar t i n t he m id 1 0th c entury a nd m igh t b e l i nked w ith t he p o lychro me g lazed r e l ief-t iles u sed i n t he O ld Minster ( B idd le a nd Barc lay 1 974) .

F urther S axon g lazed t i les h ave a l leged ly b een

f ound i n C oven try , B ury S t . E dmunds , P eterborough , York a nd S t . A lbans ( I b id.,). H owever , a t p resent , t he r e la t ionsh ip a nd d at ing o f t hese t i les r ema ins o bscure. E xcavat ions a t P ortchester y ie lded a t l east f i f teen g lazed s herds f ro m l a te S axon c ontex ts wh ich a ppear t o f or m t wo g roups.

1 86

P it 3 7 c onta ined a

r ed-pa inted P ingsdorf t ype s herd w ith a f ragment o f ' hard wh ite s andy w are ' f rom a l arge s torage v esse l b earing a p at tern o f g r id-sta mped , a pp l ied s tr ips a nd t h ick y e l low-green g laze o n t he e x ter ior ( Cun l if fe 1 976, F ig. 18, n o. 3 26 ). Th is t ype o f s tamped s tr ip d ecorat ion i s s im i lar t o t hat o n t he a ssoc ia ted u ng lazed s pouted p i tcher ( sherd 3 35 ) w h ich r ese mb les M iche l mersh ware. The r e ma in ing g lazed s herds ( i nclud ing s herds 4 08, 4 09, 5 09, 5 10 ) a re i n a f abr ic r ese mb l ing P or tchester ware. The d ist inct ive g lobu lar p itcher ( 408 ) h as i t s s pout we l l b e low t he r im a nd b ears s quare r oulet t ing wh ile ab odysherd ( 409 ) a nd p itcher r im ( 5 10 ) h ave r ectangu lar r oulet t ing .

Even i ft hese g lazed

v esse ls a re p art o f P ortches ter ware p roduct ion, t hey f or m o n ly a t i ny p ercen tage o f t hat f abr ic o n t he s i te. Ad if ferent t rad it ion o fg lazing d eve loped f ur ther n orth i n E ng land i n t he 1 1th c entury u s ing a sma l l q uant ity o fl ead a pp l ied a s ap owder wh ich p roduced as peck led g laze w ith much s urface p i t t ing. Th is ' sp lashed ware ' g laze u sua l ly a ppears r a ther o range i n c o lour d ue t o t he i ron i n t he u nderly ing f abr ic.

The t echn ique s ee ms t o h ave s pread f ro m N ot t ingha m t o s evera l o ther

c en tres i n t he 1th c en tury a nd t hese i ndustr ies s hou ld a l l b e c ons idered a s p art o f as econdary p hase o fg laze p roduct ion i n B r ita in.

S herds h ave b een

i den t if ied a t N ot t ingham , L inco ln, D oncaster , a nd York. A t b oth L inco ln F laxengate a nd York Mins ter, s evera l s herds i n l oca l f abr ics o ccur w ith t h ick y e l low ish t o b rown ish g laze. The c o mpos it ions o f t hese ' g lazes ' h ave n ot b een a na lysed a nd t hey a re p robab ly d ue t o i ndustr ia l a ct iv i ty , p oss ib ly i nvo lv ing g lass. THE U SE OF RED PAINT T he S ta mford C as t le s i te r ed-pa in ted s herds a re t he e ar l iest wh ich c an b e a t tr ibuted t o aB r it ish c entre ; t he u se o f r ed p a int a s d ecorat ion i s c learly ac on t inen ta l t ra i t . T he i n f luence n eed n ot h ave b een d irect , a s c on t inen ta l impor ts c ould h ave s erved a s mode ls. The t echn ique o f p a int ing d id n ot b ec o me p opular i n B r ita in. B oth g laze a nd r ed p a int were r are i n 9 th- a nd e ar ly 1 0th-century S ta mford mater ia l.

Ye t g laze g rew i n p opu lar ity i n t he 1 0th

c entury wh i le p a in t wen t o ut o fu se ; d if ferent f ro m c ont inen ta l t aste.

t h is s ugges ts a l oca l p reference

S evera l c ont inen ta l r eg ions h ave r ed-pa in ted ware i ndustr ies c on te mporary w ith t hat o f S ta mford. When c o mpar ing t hese c entres b oth t he t ype o f p a in t a nd t he method o f a pp l icat ion must b e c ons idered . These e le ments may d if fer f ro m t he o r ig ina l s ource i ft he p ot ter l acked t he u sua l f ac il it ies o f a f urn ished workshop. T hus ;l e f i nger s treak d es igns a t S ta mford d o n ot p rec lude k now ledge o fb rushes. T he r ed-pa inted w ares o fb oth S pa in ( Zozaya i n Hurs t 1 969b ) a nd I t a ly ( Wh itehouse 1 969a ) d o n ot s ee m r e levant t o S ta mford ware , e spec ia l ly c ons idering t he c loser s im ilar it ies o f t he m idd le Rh ine , Westpha l ia , A lsace , a nd n orthern F rance. Germany E v idence f ro m s i tes s uch a s D orestad a nd Hedeby s uggest t ha t P ingsdorf ware d id n ot b eg in u nt i l t he l ate 9 th c entury , w ith t he f i rst s ecure ly d ated f ind b e ing t he Wer me lsk irchen h oard p ot o f c . 9 60. 1 87

Thus P ingsdorf ware

p roduct ion d oes n ot s eem t o a ntedate t hat a t S tamford , o r a t l eas t was n o t s uf f ic ien t ly e stab l ished t o b e a n i nf luence.

Th is s eparates S tamford f rom

t he many c ont inenta l r ed-pa inted c entres wh ich d er ive f ro m o r i m itate P ingsd orf f ro m t he 1 0th c entury o nward . The p recursor t o r ed-pa inted P ingsdorf ware i n t he m idd le R h ine i s r edp a inted Badorf-type ware wh ich i s b est k nown f ro m e xported v esse ls. Unp a in ted Badorf p roduct ion i s we l l d ef ined w ith t he k i lns o f Brdh l-Eckdorf , B rüh l-P ingsdorf a nd S ecte m- Wa lberberg ( Lung 1 955, J anssen 1 970a ; Böhner 1 955-6 ); h owever, o n ly a f ew wasters i n s of t f abr ic f rom Br t fh lP ingsdorf h ave b een n oted w ith h and-streaks o fr ed-brown p a in t a nd t hese h ave n ot y et b een s tud ied a s ag roup. The c ostre l f ro m Z e lzate , E ast F landers , c onta in ing a c o in h oard o f 8 70-80 ( Naster 1 950 ) s erves a s i mportant d at ing e v idence f or p a in ted Badorft ype ware . 7 T h is c ostre l , p rev ious ly u npara l le led , c an n ow b e s een a s p art o f ag roup , w ith a pprox i mate ly s eventy e xamp les r ecogn ised a t D orestad where t hey a re c ons idered a s c .

7 50-900 ( Van E s a nd Verwers 1 975 ).

T he

p a int i s av ery t h ick r ed t ob rown c lay s l ip a pp l ied i n l inear p at terns a nd o ccas iona l ly a s s tr ipes a cross t he h and les. S evera l o ther e ar ly r ed-pa in ted wares a re k nown f ro m D ores tad . One g roup c ons ists o fb icon ica l , t ubu lars pouted p itchers w ith l en t icu lar b ases ( Type WI I I ).

These a re more h igh ly

f i red t han t he c ostre ls , o f a Mayen-type f abr ic, t hough n ot n ecessar i ly made t here.

The p a int i s t h inner a nd f i nger-app l ied ;

b ear r ou let t ing.

o n ly f our o f t he 1 05 e xamp les

Th is t ype b egan s o me t ime a f ter 7 00, a nd s o i s

t han t he c ostre ls o n t he s i te.

e ar l ier

O ther p a in ted v esse ls f ro m D ores tad i nclude

ap la te o r l i d , e leven l arge v esse ls a nd t wo b icon ica l v esse ls. Badorf ware w ith r ou lett ing a nd s i mp le l i near , r ed-pa inted mot ifs h as b een t er med ' Hunneschans ware ' i n most p ub l icat ions t hough t he t er m i s c onf us ing. The t ype s ee ms t rans it iona l t o P ingsdorf ware a nd d a tes f rom t he s econd h a lf o f t he 9 th c en tury ( 1 1«bener 11 959 ). Th is d at ing i s r e inforced b y t he f act t ha t o n ly t hree s herds were f ound a t D orestad ( Van E s a nd Verwers 1 975 ).

Ag roup o f r oulet ted , r ed-pa inted Badorf a nd im itat ion B adorf wares

f ound a t Meschede , Wes tpha l ia , c o mpr ises o ver 7 0 v esse ls u sed a s a coust ica l p ots u nder t he 8 93-958 c onstruct ion p hase o f t he C hurch o f S t. Wa lburga. The f a ir ly t h ick , r ed s l ip a ppears p r inc ipa l ly a s h and-streaked mot ifs o n t he l arge , g lobu lar v esse ls ( W inke l mann 1 966 ). Red-pa inted ware i n A lsace f eatures p a int a pp l ied b y b rush i n f or ma l d es igns.

P roduct ion i s a t tested b y wasters f rom Bouxw il ler, B as Rh in

( Rexer 1 963 ). F inds f ro m S trasbourg ( Lobbedey 1 969 ) a lso s how p a int a pp l ied i n d iscrete mot ifs o n s pouted p itchers o f s im i lar f i ne, s andy b e ige f abr ic.

A s econd g roup f ro m S trasbourg a nd E t t l ingen ( i b id.) i n af i ner,

smoother f abr ic s ee ms r estr icted t o b ow ls. These wares may b e a t tr ibuted t ypo log ica l ly t o t he C aro l ing ian p er iod , b ut t he ir p lace i n c eram ic d eve lopments o f t he r eg ion i su nclear a nd t hey d o n ot r ese mb le S ta mford w are i n s ty le o r t echn ique. F rance Red-pa inted d ecora t ion o n p ot tery a ppears i n many r eg ions o f F rance f ro m t he 1 2th c entury o nward b ut e ar ly med ieva l f i nds a re l im ited t o t he 1 88

n orth-east .

A t t he Basse-Oeuvre s i te i n Beauva is p a inted s herds were f ound

i n l ayers b e low t he c onstruct ion p hase wh ich e nded b y C . 1 000 ( Le man 1 972, De B eard 1 973 ).

A t rench i n t he a pse p roduced p art o f ap a inted v esse l

l y ing im med iate ly a bove 5 th c entury l eve ls.

The s herds f or med t he u pper

p art o f at hree-hand led g lobu lar p itcher i n b e ige f abr ic w ith r ed p a int a pp l ied b y b rush a s h or izonta l l i nes a cross t he h and les.

Al i ne d iv ided t he p ot i n

h a lf h or izon ta l ly , w ith g roups o f t hree v ert ica l l i nes o n t he l ower h a lf a nd h ang ing a rcs a nd s qu igg les o n t he u pper p art ( De B eard 1 973, 8 , n o. 1 ). Above t he 6 0 cm t h ick l eve l ( sect ion i n D e B c r i Yard 1 973, 9 ) was a nother o f c o mparab le d ep th w ith s ix Caro l ing ian-type s herds a nd a 9 th-cen tury f ibu la . These s herds c ons ist o f ar im b ear ing r ed-pa inted s tr ipes a nd s how ing t races o f at refo i l s pout , t wo c oarse wares r i ms a nd p art o f ac arinated b ow l a s we l l a s t he t wo g lazed s herds ment ioned a bove ( p.186 ) . O ther v esse ls f ro m Beauva is a t tr ibuted t o t he Caro l ing ian p er iod s how av ar iety o f p a in ted mo t ifs i nc lud ing p ara l le l s tr ipes , h err ingbone , c ross , a nd t r iangu lar p at terns , a rcs , a nd s qu igg les ( F ig. 3 7, n o. 3 ).

A C aro l ing ian

d a te t o t h is p roduct ion i s s hown b y t he t wo s herds o f Beauva is-type f abr ic a nd t yp ica l l a t t ice-pa inted d ecorat ion f ound a t S axon S outha mpt cn w ith a c o in o f C . 8 05 ( Addy man a nd H i l l 1 969 ). Another r ed-pa inted ware c entre h as r ecen t ly b een i dent if ied a t Bara l le , Pas-de-Ca la is ;

i tf ea tures f a ir ly g lobu lar c ook ing p o ts u sua l ly w ith f la t

b ases i n as andy f abr ic , g enera l ly g rey.

A f ew o ther v esse l t ypes a re

r epresented i nclud ing s tra igh t-s ided mugs a nd c ar inated b ow ls.

On ly 5% o f

t he e xcava ted s herds b ear d ecorat ion o f f inger-s meared t r iang les o r wavy l i nes , r ectangu lar-pat tern r ou le tt ing a nd r ed-pa int a pp l ied a s t r iang les , b ands o r s quares ( see b e low , F ig. 3 7, n o. 7 ) . k i ln b y magne t ic d a t ing. s and q uarry ;

A d ate o f C .

9 00 i s g iven t o t he

T he k iln i s o n aw ooded h i l l a t t he e dge o f ap rev ious

t he e xcavator c ons iders t he p ot tery mak ing a s a ssoc ia ted w ith

an earby C aro l ing ian monastery, w ith p roduct ion d isrup ted when t he monks t ook r efuge a t C a mbra i f ro m V ik ing r a ids s o me t ime 8 88-901.

Monks r eturn-

i ng p re ma ture ly t o t he s i te a ga ins t t he ir b ishop 's a dv ice were massacred e n r ou te ( Jacques 1 977 ). Red-pa inted ware h as b een f ound a t D oua i ( 1 1 m i les , 1 8 km n orth o f Bara l le ) i n l eve ls f ro m t he 1 0th c entury o nward , b ut t h is i s n ot c o mparable w ith t he Bara l le ma ter ia l ( De mo lon , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion ).

More r ed-

p a in ted g rey p ot tery i s n oted f ro m B ancourt ( 1 1 m iles , 1 7 km s outh wes t o f Bara l le ) a nd a t C arv in ( 10 m iles , 1 6 km n orth wes t o f D oua i : L e man 1 972, 1 98 ). Red-pa inted ware i s a lso r ecorded a t V ie i l-Hesd in , P as-de-Ca la is ( Pet it 1 975 ) i n l ayer 3 , p robab ly o f t he l ith-12th c en tury ;

t he s herds s how

r ed s treaks o n t he u pper r im s urfaces a nd v ert ica l s tr ipes a nd c ross ings f or m ing l ozenges o n t he b ody s herds ( see b e low F ig. 3 7, n o. 2 ).

The r im

f orms a nd f l a tb ases p ara l le l t he C aro l ing ian f or ms o f t he s i te a nd t h is p ot tery may b e o f t ha t d ate.

C aro l ing ian p recursors t o t he med ieva l r ed-

p a inted wares o f Rouen a nd P ar is may y et b e f ound , a s r ecent e xcava t ions a t T ours, I ndre-e t-Lo ire ( Ga l in ie 1 978, Ga l in ig e t a l. 1 979 ) h ave d ef ined av ery d ist inct ive 1 0th -century r ed-pa inted ware. H owever, r ed p a in t h as n ot b een r ecogn ised a s at ra it o f t he c era m ics i n r eg ions f urther wes t a nd s outh. On ly t he 9 th-century g roup o f p ot tery f ro m

1 89

C osne-sur-Lo ire d iscussed a bove c onta ined a s pouted p i tcher o fu n ident if ied s ource w ith t races o f r ed p a int o n i t s h and le a nd b ody.

T o t he n orth a nd e ast

o f t he r ed p a in ted ware r eg ion t here i s ag ap i n w estern Be lg iu m , d iv id ing t he F rank ish a nd Rhen ish p roducts ;

t h is b oundary l i ne i s c o mparab le w ith

t ha t d ef ined b y H odges ( 1 977 ) f or e ar l ier ma ter ia l , a nd B arton ( 1974 ) f or med ieva l wares. THE S TYL ISTIC AND TECHN ICAL FEATURES S ty l ist ic c o mpar isons a ssu me t ha t t he s har ing o f v ery s pec if ic c haracteri st ics i nd ica tes a c loser r e lat ionsh ip t han t he p resence o f more g enera l t ra its. L ikew ise , f ea tures f ound i n o n ly a r estr icted a rea a re more s ign if icant t han t hose wh ich a re w idespread .

F ina l ly , t he more t ra its f ound i n c ommon, t he

more r e l iab ly i s ap ara l le l d rawn. I n a dd it ion t o t he c haracter ist ics o f r ed p a int a nd g laze d iscussed a bove , s evera l f urther e le ments i n t he C as t le s i te p ot tery s how n orthern F rench a f f in it ies. R im f or ms t hemse lves s hou ld n ot b e h eav i ly r e l ied o n i nc o mpar is ons , b ut r ather t aken i n to c ons iderat ion w ith o ther t ra its , p art icu larly v esse l t ypes.

The C ast le s i te v esse l t ypes a nd r i ms a re g enera l ly i n t he F rank ish

t rad it ion , e spec ia l ly t he b ow l F or m 1 2.

S o me v esse ls s ee m t o s how t he u se

o f ac urved t ooth i n f or m ing t he r i ms a nd s houlder r idges a s i l lus tra ted a t S evrey ( Ren i ma l 1 974 ) a nd Bara l le. F lat b ases were w idespread i n F rank ish r eg ions u nt i l g radua l ly r ep laced b y l en t icu lar b ases. B y t he m id 9 th c entury , t r i mmed c onvex b ases were t yp ica l i n t he Rh ine land a nd t he Rhone , b ut were n ot y et a t ra it o f t he L o ire v a l ley o r n orthern F rance. The whee l-throw ing o fh and les i s a nother s tandard e ar ly French t echn ique , a s Rhen ish t ypes were u sua l ly s i mp le c ut s tr ips. Var ious s ty les o f t hu mbed , a pp l ied s tr ips were c urren t i n many c on t inen ta l r eg ions , t hough n one q ui te p ara l le ls t he r idg ing ( M69 ) made a t S ta mford .

Merov ing ian t refo i l s pouts

a re f ound o ver a w ide a rea b ut d ie o ut i n t he Rh ine land d ur ing t he 7 th c entury ; C aro l ing ian e xamp les a re n oted a t C osne ( F ig. 3 7 , n o. 6 ) , Mart izay ( Ferd iere 1 969 ), P ar is ( Fig. 3 7, n o. 9 ) , Beauva is a nd Bara lle. R oule t t ing h as n ot b een r ecogn ised o n S ta m ford F abr ics E a nd F , b ut a l a t t ice d es ign i s t yp ica l o f F abr ic H .

On t he C ont inent , t he c o mp lex Merov in-

g ian p a t terns b eca me s i mp l if ied i n t he Caro l ing ian p er iod.

S quare a nd r ec-

t angu lar p at terns a re f ea tured o n Rhen ish p roducts , a t Bara lle , C osne , a nd Par is ( F ig. 3 7, n o. 8 ).

B oth t he d iamond r ou le t t ing a nd t he r im f orms o f

Fabr ic H p roducts r esemb le p c , L e ry f rom o ccupa t ion a t V ie il-Hesd in wh ich a n tedates t he 1th c entury ( Pet it 1 977, 5 56 , F ig. 1 0 , a nd s ee b e low F ig. 3 7 , n o. 1 ) . THE K ILN TECHNOLOGY Wh i le t he c haracter ist ics o f t he C ast le s i te p ot tery p oint t o t he l i kel ihood o f af ore ign p ot ter w ork ing i n t he t own , t he k i ln s tructure i s n ot w el l p ara l le led. Yet a n im m igrant p ot ter m igh t a lso b e e xpected t o h ave i ntroduced h is t rad it i ona l k i ln t echno logy.

T he C ast le s i te k i ln i s u nusua l ly n arrow a nd d oes n ot

r ese mb le a ny e xcava ted B r it ish e xamp les.

Adm it ted ly n o e arly S axon k i lns

h ave b een f ound t o r epresent t he l oca l t rad it ion a s C ass ington d oes t o t he 1 90

C a ro l ing ian

) Y

Wa res

i7 ol ' o •e ' e 74 7

1

v i T Y-

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o r

2

8

a1 1 /1 1

p url

F ig . 3 7

1 , 2 . V iei l H esd in ( af ter P et it ) .

3 . B eauva is ( af ter L e man ) .

6 . C osne-sur-Loire ( af ter Bouth ier ) . 8 , 9 . P ar is, P lace G ozl in . 1 874.

1 91

1 : 4

4 , 5 ,

7 . Bara l le ( a f ter J acques ) .

s outh ( Jope a nd Arthur 1 962-3 ).

C la mp f i r ings may b e h ypothes ised f or much

o f t he e ar ly ware. I n c on trast , Merov ing ian a nd C aro l ing ian c on t inen ta l k i lns s how R o manl i ke f or ms a nd c onstruc t ion t echn iques ;

t hese s t ructures c an b e q u ite

s ubstan t ia l. I f af ore ign p ot ter was r espons ib le f or t he S tamford C ast le s i te p roduct ion , t here a re a t l east f our p oss ib le e xp lana t ions f or t he a pparent ly a . no mo lous f or m o f t he C ast le s i te k i ln. F irst , t he S tamford p ot ter m ight h ave l acked s o me o f t he mater ia ls n ecessary f or h is t rad it iona l t ype o f k i ln a nd s o mod if ied t he f or m. C hape lot h as n oted s uch a n a dap ta t ion a t S aran i n t he c hange f ro m t i le t o s tone c onstruct ion o f k i lns when c era m ic t i les b ec a me r are i n t he p os t-Ro man p er iod . T he S tamford p otter may n ot h ave b een w e l l-acqua inted w ith k i ln c onstruct i on , i fh e c ame f ro m a s pec ia l ised p roduct ion c en tre u s ing k i lns w ith a l ong w ork ing l i fe.

H e m ight t hen i m itate, b ut s imp l ify t he k i ln f or m h e k new.

T he p ot ter may h ave b een u sed t o al arger k i ln , b ut i ntent iona l ly c onstruct ed a sma l l, b as ic k i ln a t S ta mford i ft he q uant ity o f p ots t o b e made was sma l l. The p ot ter may h ave b u i lt t he k i ln a ccord ing t o at rad it ion wh ich i s n ot y e t r epresented a rchaeo log ica l ly. Th is i s q u ite p oss ib le c ons ider ing t he sma l l n u mber o f c onte mporary k i lns t ha t h ave b een e xcava ted wh ich o n ly h in t a t t he l i ke ly r eg iona l d i f ferences. T here a lso s ee ms t o h ave b een v ar ia t ion i n k i ln f or ms b e tween w orkshops o f d i f fer ing magn itudes. K i ln f or ms m igh tb e e xpected t o d if fer b etween t own a nd c ountrys ide , b etween l arge i ndustr ies , sma l l-sca le e ntrepreneurs , a nd p ot ters d ependent o n a manor o r monas tery. T here i s s o me s l igh t c on tinen ta l e v idence f or ' t unne l k i lns ', s uch a s t hat a t S ta mford Cast le , b e ing u sed a t m inor w orkshops. The t wo k i lns a t T il leda ( Kr. S angerhausen ) c on ta in ing 1 0th-llth c en tury s herds w ere b as ica l ly l ong , n arrow t unne ls w ith o ne e nd f or f ue l ; o ne w as f a irly s tra igh t-s ided , t he o ther more c urved ( Gr i mm 1 972, 1 21-26 ). More i n tr igu ing i s t he i nco mp lete s tructure e xcavated a t Bara l le ( Jacques 1 976 , 1 977 ) w h ich c ons isted o f ac lay l i ned t unne l , 7 0 cm w ide a nd a t l east 9 5 cm l ong , w ith o ne e nd d isturbed b y al arge o va l p i t ( 1 .2 b y 2 .1 m ). T he t unne l was r ough ly o va l i n c ross-sect ion a nd was i n terpreted a s as toke h o le f or a h ypothe t ica l f i r ing c ha mber d estroyed b y t he p i t . I nterpre ta t ion o f t h is k i ln h indered b y i ncons isten t o r ientat ion a nd e rroneous s ca les o n t he p lans a nd t he c o mp lete l ack o f as ca le o n o ne p lan ( Jacques 1 977, F ig. 4 ).

Thus, w ithout more c omp lete p ub l ica t ion, s evera l

a spects o f t h is k i ln must r e ma in p rob le mat ica l. T here a re s evera l d if f icu lt ies w ith t he a uthor 's i nterpretat ion : t he p i t i s o f i rregu lar s hape a nd n ot w e l l a l igned t o t he t unne l.

There i s n o r eported b urn ing o r r edden ing a round t he

p i t a nd t he b ot to m o f t he ' s toke h o le ' t unne l l i es 2 0 cm a bove t he b ot to m o f t he p i t f l oor, a n u nusua l a nd i nef f ic ien t d es ign. T hese t hree f actors w ould i mp ly t hat t he wa l ls a nd f l oor o f a ny f i r ing c hamber w ould h ave b een t horough ly r obbed .

T h is r a ther s trenuous t ask m igh t h ave b een j ust if ied i ft i les, f or

e xamp le, w ere w anted f or r euse , b ut t he c orrespond ing t unne l was n ot o f

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s ubstant ia l c onstruct ion a s w ou ld b e e xpected i fi th ad b een t he s toke h o le f or aw e l l-bu i lt f i r ing c hamber.

F urther, i ft he p it r epresents a r obbed f i r ing

c hamber o f sma l ler , more r egular d i mens ions, t h is c ha mber wou ld s ee m r a ther sma l l f or t he s ize o f t he t unne l/stoke h o le.

I n a dd it ion , o ne p lan

( Jacques 1 977, 2 6, F ig. 2 ) s hows t ha t t he t unne l wa l ls a t t he n orthern e nd , a way f ro m t he p i t , c urve i nward a s t hough a pproach ing t he b ack o f ac losed p assage, r a ther t han t he f ront , l oad ing e nd o f as toke h o le. I f t he t unne l i t se lf was t he k i ln, i ti s c o mparab le i n s ize a nd d i mens ions t ot ha t a t S ta mford , a nd w ou ld p resu mab ly p resent t he s ame d isadvantages o f r estr icted f i r ing s pace.

E xper i menta l f i r ings w ou ld b e n eeded t o c o mpare

i t s e f f ic iency w ith c lamps f or s im i lar l oad s izes.

S uch p roducing a nd f i r ing

i n sma l l b atches m igh t h ave b een p referred b y i nd iv idua l p ot ters o r v ery sma l l workshops w ith r estr icted r esources a nd s torage s pace a nd l im ited d emand.

S uch s i mp le t unne l k i lns c ould h ave s erved a s p recursors f or s o me

med ieva l t ypes s uch a s Argentan ( Chape lot 1 970 ). C erta in ly , more F rank ish k i lns n eed t o b e e xcavated b efore g enera l t rends a re e stab l ished a nd v ar iat ions b etween workshops a ssessed . F ir ing c ond it ions A lthough t he C ast le s i te p ot tery v ar ied g rea t ly i n c o lour, a s i ft he f i r ing w as u nre l iab le , t he a im s ee ms t o h ave b een a n o x id ised f abr ic.

Ox idat ion was

p referred e lsewhere f or r ed-pa inted a nd g lazed wares , a s i n western France , B eauva is a nd t he Rh ine land .

However, r educt ion f i ring r e ma ined p opular i n

n orth-eastern F rance a nd Be lg iu m f ro m Ro man t hrough Merov ing ian a nd C aro l ing ian t imes, e ventua l ly e x tend ing t o t he med ieva l ' grey wares '.

Th is

a rea may h ave i nf luenced t he ' The tford-type ' wares wh ich a rc r educed , b ut n ot S ta mford ware. CONCLUS IONS S im i lar it ies o f s ty le a nd t echn ique r epea ted ly p o int t o n orthern F rance a s a' parent a rea ' f or t he f i rst S ta mford p roduct ion.

I tr e ma ins n ow t o r e-

c ons ider o ther B r it ish c entres a nd s u m mar ise t he ir p lace i n E uropean c era m ic d eve lop men ts. The d eve lop ment o fI psw ich ware a ppears d ue t o t he c opy ing o f imported p ot tery a t t he important p or t o f G ipsw ic.

The f ast whee l was r e introduced

t here i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 9 th c entury w ith I psw ich-The t ford ware.

The

p roducts o f t he C ox L ane k i lns h ave b een a t tr ibuted s ty l ist ica l ly t o t he 1 0th c entury ( Hurst 1 963a ) ;

t ha t n a ter ia l , p ar t icu lar ly f ro m K i lns Ia nd I V s hows

s im i lar it ies w ith b oth S ta mf ord F abr ic E /F ware a nd F rank ish wares.

The

f l a t-based f or ms w ith t oo led s houlder r idges , t hrown h and les a nd t refo i l s pouts s uggest t hat s o me o f t h is mater ia l c ould b e o f t he l a te 9 th c entury a s a t S ta mford .

The t echno log ica l t rans it ion a t I psw ich s ee ms t o h ave h appened

q u ick ly, w ith n o s ign o f a n ' exper i menta l ' p hase.

A l though H urst ( 1976 ) h as

n ow moved away f ro m t he t heory o f p ot ters c om ing t o I psw ich, t he t echno logy d oes s ee m t o h ave b een b rough t d irect ly. Th is r a ises t he p oss ib il ity o f t he S ta mford workshop d er iv ing f ro m a n I psw ich i ndustry f resh ly i nf luenced f ro m n orthern F rance.

1 93

B ut i ft h is were

t he c ase , r ed-pa int a nd g laze w ou ld b e e xpected a t I psw ich, a nd t hese f eatures r e ma in a bsent d esp ite a g reat amount o f r esearch o n I psw ich c eram ics. A t t he mo ment , o n ly I psw ich a nd S ta mford wares a ppear i nf luenced b y n orthern F rance a nd b oth c an b e p laced i n t he l a te 9 th c entury.

T he c ontem-

p orary N orthu mbr ian i ndustry a ppears t o h ave h ad a d i f ferent s ource. I t i s i mportant t o s eparate t h is ' p r i mary p hase ' f ro m t he s ucceed ing mu lt ip l ic at ion o f p ot tery c entres , a t wh ich a d ist inct ive ly B r it ish s tyle emerged. Th is s econdary ' exp los ion ' o f p ot ter ies , r ecent ly s u m mar ised b y H urst ( 1976 ) s hou ld b e g iven a n ew emphas is , s tress ing t he e cono m ic b ackground , more s pecif ica lly , t he g rowth o f t owns a nd c o m mun it ies wh ich p rov ided an ew d e mand f or p ot tery.

Wh i le sma l l-sca le r ura l p roduct ion u ndoubted ly c ont inued ,

t he n ew w orkshops mult ip l ied b ecause o f t he g row ing c oncentra t ions o f p opu lat i on , c o mpr is ing c onsu mers w ithout t he ir t rad it iona l p ot tery s upp l ies.

The

g rowth o f t rade was a c ruc ia l f actor, a s were p o l it ica l d eve lopments , t he i ncreased u se o f c o inage , o ccupat iona l s pecia l isa t ion a nd improved c o m mun ic a t ions. These e cono m ic d eve lopments a re m irrored i n t he 1 0th-cen tury s pread o f t own p ot ter ies p roduc ing whee lthrown wares. The c entre o f I psw ich i nf luenced o thers i n E ast Ang l ia —Norw ich , Thet ford a nd l a ter G r imston. The w orkshops i n t he e ast Mid lands ( Northa mpton ( W i l l ia ms 1 974 ), L e icester ( Hebd itch 1 967-8 ), D erby, L inco ln , Torksey ( Bar ley 1 964 ) ) may p rove d ue t o i nf luence f ro m S ta mford .

A t h ird g roup c an b e d ef ined i n t he n orth a t York ,

O t ley a nd Monkwear mouth-Jarrow. I n Wessex , c entres g rew a t Winches ter , Portchester, M iche l mersh , Ox ford a nd p resu mab ly L ondon. F ina l ly, western Br ita in s hows a n i nter-re lated g roup o f wares a t C hester, S taf ford , a nd Hereford , w ith f urther whee l -thrown p ot tery a t G loucester a nd E xeter. Thus , t he r e la t ionsh ips b etween B r it ish c entres a re g radua l ly b e ing d ef ined a nd 1 0th c entury d eve lopments i n B r ita in a re n ow c learer t han t hose o n t he C ont inent . B etween t he l a te 9 th c en tury a nd t he N or man c onquest , c on t inen ta l c era m ics d o n ot s ee m t o h ave i nf luenced B r it ish d eve lopments a nd b oth f orms a nd d ecorat ion d iverge.

I ti s s tr ik ing t hat t he b andeau r im d id n ot b eco me

a n e le ment i n B r it ish c eram ics.

Th is r e inforces t he e ar ly s epara t ion o f t he

t wo t rad it ions a s t he b andeau f or m s ee ms t o h ave s pread e ast f rom w estern France , where i ti s f ound i n t he 1 0th c entury a t Andone a nd Doug ; i t s d istr ibut ion s ubsequent ly b eca me w idespread a nd i t was a n e ssen t ia l e le ment o f e ar ly med ieva l wares a s a t Rouen, P ar is , B eauva is , Andenne a nd BrunssumS ch inve ld. C era m ic d eve lopments o f t he 9 th-lith c entur ies i n t he Rh ine land a re f a irly c lear, w ith t he g rowth a nd s ubsequent s pread o f P ingsdorf -re lated i ndus tr ies.

S ign if icant ly, t h is h eart land o f t he O t ton ian emp ire was o n ly

s l igh t ly d isturbed b y V ik ing a ct iv i t ies.

A lthough i n terna l p o l it ics a nd s tab i l ity

were f ar f ro m i dea l, Rhen ish s ociety s ee ms t o h ave b een l ess d isrupted t han western r eg ions. J us t a s t he c o mparat ive s tab i l ity o f t he Merov ing ian p er iod i n F rance s ee ms t o h ave e ncouraged c ont inu ity i n s oc iety , i nc lud ing i t s c eram ic t rad it ions , s o t he 9 th a nd 1 0th c entur ies a ppear t o s how a b reak g reater t han

1 94

m igh t h ave b een e xpected .

I nstab i l ity wou ld h ave a f fected t he workshops

a nd s o c eram ic d eve lopments , mak ing t he ir c ourse h arder t o f o l low n ow. V ik ing r a id ing d isrupted b oth r ura l a nd t own l i fe a nd s o t he t rad it iona l t rad ing f ra mework . s ub ject .

T he f u l l impact o f t he a t tacks r e ma ins a c ontent ious

S o me d egree o f c haos wou ld h ave a r isen f ro m t he move ments o f

p eop le a nd t he V ik ing h ab it o f r a id ing f or s laves , a n i mportant a ct iv ity emphas ised b y s evera l a uthors i nc lud ing F oote a nd Wi lson ( 1970 ), Musset ( 1971 ), a nd Wa l lace-Hadr i l l ( 1975 ). I n t he g reat i nvas ion a long t he S e ine i n 8 56-62, Rouen , Beauva is, C hartres , N oyons a nd Par is a re a l l r ecorded a s s uf fer ing i n v ar ious d egrees.

Mean-

wh i le a nother b and moved b etween t he S o m me a nd B r ita in a nd s t i l l f urther g roups r a ided t he w es t c oast o f France a nd t he L o ire v a l ley.

The r e lat ion-

s h ip b etween t he g roups r a id ing o n t he C ont inent a nd t hose i n B r ita in i s n ot a lways c lear, t hough t he Ang lo-Saxon C hron ic le o f ten s pecif ies t hat a p art icul ar a r my c hanged i t s f i e ld o f a ct ion. c rossed t he Channe l.

S o me V ik ings s ee m t o h ave r epeated ly

A p art icular ly l arge f orce t urned t o E ng land i n 8 65

a f ter c on tinen ta l r a id ing .

A s d iscussed a bove i n p p . 1 45f ., S candinav ian i n.

f luence s ee ms c ruc ia l t o t he o r ig in o f b o th S ta mford a nd i t s p o t tery i ndustry . I n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 9 th c entury , S ta mford a ppears t o h ave b een a s afe m i l itary a nd i ndustr ia l b ase w ith a ccess ib le i ronstone a nd c lay.

I n t h is c ontex t

t he e s tab l ish ment o f a sma l l , p erhaps make-sh if t , k i ln b y af ore ign p ot ter w ou ld h ave b een f eas ib le.

T he c eram ic t echno logy emp loyed —part icular ly

g laze , r ed p a int , t re fo i l s pouts a nd s k i l led u se o f t he p ot ter 's whee l e ven i n h and le f or mat ion—suggests t he r eg ion o f n orthern F rance , f ro m N or mandy t o t he Pas-de-Ca la is , a s t he most l i ke ly o r ig in f or s uch a p ot ter. NOTES 1 .

Ana lys is a t C . R . A . M. ( Caen ) s hows t hat t he g laze i s r ich i n s od iu m a nd p otass iu m o x ides w ith l ead c o mpos ing l ess t han 2% ;

n o c o lourants

were n oted. 2 .

The b ody o f t he p ot i s s o mewhat more c ar inated t han t he p ub l ished i l lustra t ion ( Janssen 1 970b ; F ig. 1 4, n os. 2 a nd 3 ) a nd t here a re t races o f a nother r ow o f r ou let t ing o n t he r i m.

3 .

F . Verhaeghe , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion.

4 .

S herds i n t he R oya l Museu m o f Ar t a nd H istory , B russe ls.

5 .

The o r ig ina l t er m b a l . .

a u r im w i l l b e u sed r ather t han t he u sua l E ng l ish

t rans lat ion o f ' c o l lared ' r im t o a vo id c onfus ion w ith t he S ta mford c o l lared v esse ls o f F or m 4 . 6 .

The c o in r eport i n D e Ba l lard ( 1973-4 ) c lar if ies t ha t t h is c o in i s al ater, d evo lved t ype a nd n ot o f E ude a s s ta ted i n D e B o t iard e t a l. ( 1969, 15 ).

7 .

The f abr ic o f t h is v esse l i s n ot l ike t he P ingsdorf wares a nd i t s hou ld n ot b e c ons idered a s p art o f t he P ingsdorf p roduct ion a s c la i med b y W. J anssen ( 1968, 5 69 ).

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CHAPTER X I :

THE END OF S TA MFORD WARE PRODUCTION

A l though t he d ec line i n t he S ta mford ware i ndustry i s r easonably c lear , i t i s n ot e asy t o e stab l ish when p ot tery mak ing i n t he t own c eased .

Th is i s d ue

f i rst t o t he f act t ha t t he e nd o f S ta m ford w are p roduct ion was n o t e qu iva len t t o t he e nd o f i t s u se; p ot tery c on t inued t o b e d iscarded we ll af ter i t s manuf acture h ad s topped . Th is p rob le m o f d ef in ing t he e nd o f p roduct ion h as b een e xa m ined f or t he Winchester w are i ndustry .

The p ercen tage o f Winchester ware d ecreased

g radua l ly af ter 1 100 , a nd t he amoun t o f Winchester ware a s ap ercen tage o f g lazed ware d ropped e ven more d ra ma t ica l ly .

H owever , i ti s d i f f icu lt t o i n-

t erpre t t h is d ec l ine ( i l lustra ted i n B idd le a nd B arc lay 1 974 , F ig . 3 , p . 1 50 ) w i thou t k now ing t he p ercen tages p receed ing 100.

The a u thors ' i n terpre ta t ion

t ha t p roduct ion c eased a t t he p oin t o f d ec l ine , s oon af ter 1 100, s ee ms t o o vere st i ma te t he l i fe o f t he l ast g enera t ion o f p ots .

E ven a l low ing f or c on t inued

u se a nd r esidua l s herds, t he p ercen tage o f Winchester ware v ersus a l l g lazed s herds d id n ot e ven h a lve ( f ro m 4 2% t o 2 5% ) d ur ing t he p er iod o f ac en tury . I tw ou ld s ee m more l ike ly t ha t s o me p roduct ion c on t inued i n to t he 1 2 th c en tury .

o n ar educed s ca le

A f ter 1 200 , t he p ercen tage o f Winchester w are c o m-

p ared w i th t ha t o f a l l g lazed wares d rops f ro m 2 5% t o 6% i n o n ly 2 5 y ears a nd t h is s teep d ecl ine s ee ms t o b et ter r ef lect t he p hase when Winchester ware r ep lace men ts f or b roken v essels were n o l onger a vai lab le . The s econd p rob le m i n s tudy ing t he e nd o f p roduct ion l i es i n a ssess ing t he i nev i tab le r esidua l s herds, t hose r edeposi ted i n l a ter c on tex ts f o l lowing d ist urbance o f t he o r igina l l ayers.

R esidua l i ty i s d etectab le when t he s herds a re

c lear ly o f e ar ly f or m ; h owever , c opper-g lazed s herds i n m idla te 1 3th c ent ury l ayers a re more c on ten t ious. The d ecreased u se o f S ta m ford ware i n i t s t rad i t iona l marke t ing a rea c an b e s een a t L incoln F laxenga te a nd K ing ' sL ynn B aker L ane , a s w el l a s i nt he d istr ibu t ion maps ( F ig . 3 3 ) .

Th is d ec l in ing e xpor ta t ion i s p ara l le led b y t he

i ncreased u se o f impor ted p ot tery w i thin S ta m ford i t sel f , s hown i n 1 2th- a nd 1 3thc en tury g roups f ro m S ta m ford C ast le ( F ig . 2 8 ) .

I n t he t o wn , S ta m ford w are

was r ep laced b y L yveden , ( B .; an t a nd S teane 1 975 ) , N ot t ingha m ( Coppack 1 979 ) a nd B ourne ( Hea ley 1 969 ) p roducts.

E lsewhere , t he d ecrease i n S ta m ford w are

was g enera l ly ma tched b y a n i ncrease i n l oca l w ares;

a t L inco ln b y L inco ln ware ,

a t Y ork b y Y ork ware , a t L e icester b y N uneaton wares, e tc.

T he t ab le w ares

were a lso r ep laced b y n ew-sty le j ugs f ro m l arge-sca le i ndustr ies ; a t K ing ' s L ynn , Y orksh ire wares a ppear t o r ep lace S ta m ford ware , wh i le e lsewhere , N ot t ingha mtype j ugs s ee m t he s ucceed ing p roduct . The e nd o f S ta m ford ware u se i s e stab l ished a rchaeolog ica l ly b y i t s a bsence f ro m d eposi ts w here i tw ou ld b e e xpected t o o ccur i fs t i ll c urren t .

S uch d e-

p osi ts must b e l arge e nough t o b e r el iab le a nd must a lso b e w i th in t he t rad it i onal d istr ibu t ion a rea o f t he p ot tery . 1 96

I dea l ly , t he d epos its s hou ld h ave b een

f or med q u ick ly , a nd n o t b e o f at ype l ikely t o c on ta in r es idua l ma ter ia l .

The

d a te o f s uch d eposi ts t hus s erves a s at er m inus a n te q uern f or t he e nd o f t he u se o f S ta m ford ware, w i th t he e nd o f i t s p roduct ion p laced s o mewha t e ar l ier . H owever , s i tes o u ts ide S ta m ford may n ot h ave r eceived t he p ot tery a t t he l a test p hase o f p roduc t ion d ue t o r educed t rade , a nd s i tes i n S ta m ford a re r are ly w i thou t s o me r esidua l S ta m ford ware , s ince i t was s o c o mmon d ur ing t he p er iod o f i t s p roduct ion . S evera l g roups ( d escr ibed a bove i n p p .126f f .) a re u sefu l i n i l lustra t ing t he e nd o f S ta m ford ware u se . S ta m ford C ast le s i te .

Groups 6 2 a nd 6 3 d er ive f ro m q uarry ing o n t he

The v ast ma jor i ty o f t he s herds a re c lear ly r esidua l a s

t hey s pan t he e n t ire p roduct ion p er iod . c on te mporary w i th t he q uarry ing .

S t i l l , s o me o ft he l a te f or ms migh t b e

These g roups m igh t t hus r epresen t ap hase

when S ta m ford ware v esse ls w ere s t i l l i n u se , b u t n o l onger p roduced .

H owever ,

n ot much 1 3 th -cen tury ma ter ia l c ou ld h ave b een i ncorpora ted i n to t he d eposi ts a s t he p ercen tage o f n on-Sta m ford ware w as q u i te l ow (

. 29

9

I nd iv idua l a na lyses

G ra in

s ize ( mm )

a re s upe r i mposed

F ig . 4 0

P etrolog ical a nalyses:

2 10

F abr ics A , D , E , F , H .

No rtha mp ton

ware

B

C

L ayer g rey

5

c lay

F9

_ _

L aye r 9 b e ige c lay

—

G

F ig . 4 1

Li

C as t le

P etrolog ica l a na lyses:

2 11

k i ln

F abr ics B , C , G .

l i n ing

d ia ted t ogether w i th a 'c on trol ' s a mp le o f s tandard c o mpos i t ion .

T he e y -ray

em iss ion i s c oun ted f or ty-e igh t h ours af ter i rrad ia t ion a nd a gain a mon th l a ter , ap rocedure e nab l ing a na lyses o f b oth s hor t- a nd l ong-l ived i sotopes.

The

q uan t it ies o f f if teen e le men ts c an t hus b e e stab l ished . N eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lysis i so f most v a lue w hen t he p ot tery f abr ic i s r el a t ive ly h o mogeneous. Thus t he p resence o f i nc lusions s uch a s l imes tone a nd s hel l c an c ause w ide v ar ia t ion w i th in a s ing le p o t , d epend ing o n wha t i s i nc orpora ted i n to t he d r i l led s a mp le. H owever , s ince a ct iv i ty d ue t o s i l icon i s a t s uch a l ow l evel , t he e le men t may b e c onsidered a s h av ing n o e f fect o n t he r esu l ts a nd v ary ing q uan t i t ies o f q uar tz p resen t d o n o t d irect ly a f fect t he r esu l ts. N eu tron a ct iva t ion s erves b e t ter t he h omogeneous wares w i th l i t t le t e mper ing a nd c o mp le men ts p e tro log ica l a na lys is wh ich a re mos t e f fec tive when d is t inct ive i nc lusions a re p resen t . B ecause o f p oten t ia l e rrors — i n c on ta m ina t ion o f t he s a mp le , i nt he i rrad iat i on a nd i n t he c oun t ing , t he e le men t s cand iu m i s u sed a s a n i n terna l s tandard a nd a l l q uan t i t ies o f e le men ts h ave b een d iv ided b y t he q uan t i ty o f s cand iu m ( as i n F igs. 4 2 a nd 4 3 ). The r are e ar th e le men ts a ppear t o b e u sefu l i n c haract er ising S ta m ford p roducts. Wh i le t hese e le men ts a re n ot whol ly i ndependen t , n e i ther i s t he ir v ar ia t ion c onstan t . L an thanum , c aes iu m a nd e urop iu m h ave p roved e spec ia l ly u sefu l b oth i n t heir r ange o fv ar ia tion a nd t heir r e l iab i li ty . F igure 4 2 p lo ts c aesium a ga inst l an thanum , w i th b oth q uan t i t ies d iv ided b y t he s cand ium c on ten t a s d escr ibed a bove .

T he r esu l t i s as harp s epara t ion o f

F abr ics B a nd C f ro m t he o ther S ta m ford f abr ics . T he c oarser f abr ics t end t o s how a h igher L a c on ten t ;

t h is t ra i t i s c learer

i n F ig .4 3, where L a/Sc i s p lot ted a ga inst E u/Sc . The f abr ics s hown p etro log ica l ly t o h ave l ess q uar tz , h ere s how l ower q uan t i t ies o f b oth L a a nd Eu t han t he o ther f abr ics.

S ince t he s i l icon o f q uar tz i s i t se lf ' neu tra l ' i n t he a na lyses,

t h is i nd ica tes t ha t ma ter ia l a ssoc ia ted w i th t he q uar tz a ccoun ts f or t he v ar ia t ion . T h is p o in t c an o n ly b e c lar i f ied b y f ur ther s tudy o f c lays . T he v isua l ly h o mogeneous F abr ics B a nd C s how a v ery c lose c luster ing f or L a a nd E u , w i th s l igh t ly more s pread i n C s c on ten t . F abr ics A , Ea nd F s how a w ide s ca t ter , i n k eep ing w i th t he ir g rea ter v isua l v ar ia t ion . F abr ics Da nd H s how a s o mewha t t i gh ter g roup ing , b u t n ot e nough t o i den t ify s a mp les s o lely f ro m t he n eu tron a ct iva t ion r esu lts . The c luster ing o fW in r f R oad k i ln p roducts i n F ig . 4 3 i s q u i te d is t inct f ro m t he l i near s pread o ft he o ther f abr ics. A s d iscussed a bove ( p . 4 5) , t hese wasters a re c lassed v isua lly a s F abr ic A , t hough b oth t he ir p e tro logica l a nd n eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lyses d if fer f ro m t hose o fo ther F abr ic A s herds. S ource i den t if ica t ion p roceeds f ro m a na lysis o f k i ln wasters.

S herds h ave

b een s a mp led f ro m t he Wharf R oad k i ln , t he 1 963 S choo l k i ln , t he P an t i les ' d eposi t a nd t he C ast le s i te k i ln . S evera l med ieva l p ot tery i ndustr ies h ave a lready b een s tud ied a nd d if feren t ia ted ( Asp ina l l 1 977 ) .

I dea l ly many e le men ts

w ou ld b e c onsidered a nd t he r esu l ts e xpressed i n mu l t i-d i mensiona l g roup ings. The c o mpu ter p rogra m me f or t h is h as n ot b een c arr ied o u t o n t he S ta mford ma ter ia l, b u t t he r esu lts f or a f ew e le men ts h ave a lready p roved t o b e d iagn ost ic .

2 12

F irst t he i ron c on ten t o f S ta m ford s herds i s g enera l ly l ower t han t ha t f ro m o ther s ources. S econd , t he h afn iu m c oncen tra t ion i s h igh f or t he F abr ic B s herds s herds a na lysed ( s ee A sp ina l l 1 977 , Tab le 2 ) . The c aes iu m c on ten t i s l ow f or t he ' coarse ' S tamford f abr ics ( A , D-H ) .

Th is c on trasts w i th N or tha mp ton

ware ( F ig . 4 2) wh ich h as a h igh r ead ing , c o mparab le w i th S ta m ford B a nd C w ares . H owever , s ince N or tha mp ton ware i s v isua l ly more s im i lar t o t he s and ier S ta m ford f abr ics , i t s r esu lt s hou ld b e c o mpared w i th t he m . I ti s t hus i mpor tan t t o c onsider b oth v isua l a nd p e trolog ica l d ata when a ssessing n eu tron a ct iva t ion r esu l ts . The C s c on ten t o f ag lazed s herd f ro m N or tha mp ton o f s andy f abr ic ( F ig .4 2) d e monstra tes t ha t t h is s herd i s n ot S ta m ford ware. L ikew ise a s andy s herd f ro m Worcester ( F ig .42 ) i s s hown n ot t o b e S ta m ford ware . P osi t ive i den t if icat ions f or t hese s herds c annot b e made f ro m t he a va i lab le c o mpara t ive mater ia l ; t hus t hey c annot b e a t tr ibu ted t o aN or tha mp ton s ource u n t i l more N or tha mp ton ware s a mp les a re a na lysed a nd t he ir r ange o f v ar ia t ion d ef ined . S a mp les o f W inchester ware ( F ig . 4 2) h ave e ven h igher C s/ S c r ead ings ( . 43-.95) a nd s o a re c lear ly s eparab le f ro m t he v isua l ly s im i lar S tam ford Fabr ics A , Da nd H .

T he micaceous L eices tertype ware wh ich i m i-

t a ted s o me o f t he S ta m ford f or ms a nd t echn iques i s d ist inct ive i n i t s n eu tron a c t iva t ion r esu l t . V isua l ly , t he f abr ic i s s andy a nd r ough ly c omparab le w i th S tam ford Fabr ic A i n q uar tz c on ten t a nd a ppearance , t hough mica i s p resen t o n ly i nt he L eicester-ty pe s herds.

Exa mp les f ound a t N or tha mp ton , E lstow

Abbey a nd L e icester wh ich w ere a na lysed ( Fig . 4 2) h ad ah igh c aesium c on ten t wh ich s epara tes t he m f ro m S ta mford F abr ic A . F ina lly , s evera l r ed-pa in ted s herds w ere a na lysed ( F ig . 4 3 ).

AH ereford

s herd l i es w i th in t he r ange o f F abr ic F wh ich i tr ese mb les v isua l ly ;

i t s f or m

( F ig . 1 6 , n o. 2 6 a bove ) a lso p ara l le ls S ta m ford p roducts. A s herd f ro m N ort ha mp ton may b e a ccep ted a s F abr ic E . H owever , a nother s herd f ro m N or tha mp ton h as a l an thanu m r ead ing o f 2 2 , wh ich s uggests a nother s ource f or t he s herd . T he n eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lysis o f c lays i s n ot a s wel l-estab l ished a s i s t he s tudy o f t he p ot tery i t se lf . T he p rocedure a dop ted f or t he S ta m ford c lays was t hus v ar ied t o t est t he e f fects o f p rocessing t he c lay . F our teen s a mp les were t aken o f E stuar ine c lays f ro m t he q uarry o f Wi ll ia mson C lif f , L td . ( see T ab le 6 ) . Two s a mp les d er ive f ro m s urface c lay e xposed i n ap ipe t rench i n N or thf ie lds ( TF035078 ) im med iate ly n or th o f t he med ieva l e x ten t o f S ta m f or d . T he s a mp les were c leared b y h and o f a ny l arge i nc lusions, o ver o ne cm a cross , a s t hese w ou ld h ave h indered t hrow ing . The c lays w ere t hen m ixed w i th t ap water t o aw orkab le c onsistency a nd f or med i n to f l a t , r ectangu lar t ab le ts a pprox i ma te ly f i ve b y e igh t cm b road a nd o ne cm t h ick . The t ab lets were a l lowed t o d ry g radua l ly u n t i l l ea ther-hard , t hen s a mp led i n t h is d ry , b u tu n f ired s ta te . S evera l c lay s a mp les w ere t rea ted d ifferen t ly : t he d ark g rey s urface c lay i ncluded s o me l arge impur i t ies s uch a s f ossi l s hel l f ragmen ts , s o t wo s a mp les w ere t aken f ro m t he s a me c lay s ource a f ter i th ad b een m ixed w i th t ap w ater i n to a s lurry a nd a l lowed t o d ry i n ap last ic t ub . One s a mp le was d r i l led f ro m t he l ower p ar t , c on ta in ing t he h eav ier s ed i ment a t ion , wh i le t he s econd w as t aken f ro m t he f i ner , u pper p ar t . Three s a mp les were t aken o f med iu m g rey L ayer 5 ; o ne w as t rea ted n or ma lly wh i le t he

2 13

s econd was f i red t o 2 60°C a nd t he t h ird was f i red t o 1 030 ° C . Three s a mp les o fb e ige L ayer 9 c lay were s tud ied . One w as t rea ted n or ma l ly , as econd h ad b een t aken a pprox i ma tely t en metres f ur ther n or th i n t he p revious y ear b y C . Mahany a nd h ad b een f i red t o al ow t e mpera ture , wh i le a t h ird w as f ired t o 1 030°C. T he f i rst t ra i t a pparen t was t ha t t he c aesium c on ten t was h igh f or a ll t he c lay s a mp les wh ich s ee ms l i nked w i th t he u se o ft ap wa ter i n t he ir p rocessing . L ikew ise , f i r ing i s s hown t o l ower t he C s/Sc r esu lt . r ese mb l ing t he s herds i s t he b e ige c lay ;

The o n ly c lay c losely

i t s r esu lts a re c o mparab le w i th t he

F abr ic B a nd C s herds ( s ee F igs. 4 2,43 ). Th is r ein forces t he p e trolog ica l e vidence a nd v er if ies t he u se o f t h is c lay t ype b y t he S tamford p ot ters. H owever , u n t i l t he e f fects o f f i r ing a nd c lay p rocessing o n n eu tron a ct iva t ion s a mp les a re b e t ter k nown , p etrolog ica l e xa m ina t ion s ee ms p referab le f or s tudy ing c lays. NOTES 1 .

T he s l ides were made a nd e xa mined b y t he a u thor a t t he Depar tmen t o f A rchaeo logy , t he U n iversi ty o f S ou tha mp ton u nder t he g u idance o f Dr . D . P eacock .

2 .

T he p rogra m me o f n eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lyses w ere u nder taken a t t he Depar t men t o f Archaeo log ica l S c iences , t he U n ivers i ty o f B rad ford u nder t he d irect ion o f A . A sp ina l l , u sing s amp les p repared b y t he a u thor .

2 14

T ab le 1 4 N u mber

Ap art ia l l i st o fn eutron a ct iva t ion s a mp les C lay

1 . 2 .

Northf ie lds ( TF035078) s urface c lay Nor thf ie lds ( TF035078) s urface c lay .

3 .

Layer 1 Dark g rey c lay

4 .

Layer 1 Dark g rey c lay , l ower p art o f s edi men ta t ion

E stuarine c lays a t TF0I50805

Estuarine c lays a t TF0I50805

5 .

L ayer 1 Dark g rey c lay , u pper p art o f s edi menta t ion

6 .

Layer 2 G reen-grey c lay

7 .

Layer 4 Mediu ml ight g rey c lay

8 .

Layer 5 Med iu m g rey c lay

9 .

Layer 5 Mediu m g rey c lay f i red t o 2 60 ° C

1 0 .

Layer 7 B lack c lay

1 1 .

Layer 8 B luish-grey c lay

1 2 .

L ayer 9 B eige c lay

1 3 .

Layer 9 Be ige c lay , l ow-f ired

1 4 .

L ayer 9 B e ige c lay f i red t o 1 030° C

1 5 .

C ast le s i te c lay , n ear k i ln F abr ic , G laze

1 6.

G il

London , Bassishaw House

1 7.

G iv l

L ondon , New F resh Wharf

1 8 .

A i5

London , I ron monger S t

1 9.

Nor tha mpton ware

Northa mpton , S t Peters S t K 158

2 0 .

D iv5/5

t K 152 Northa mpton , S t Pe ters S

2 1 .

Northa mpton , S t P eters S t K 23

2 2 .

Northa mpton , S t Pe ters S t A605

2 3 .

Gv i i l

Northa mp ton , S t P eters S t A 4 36 .9

2 4 .

Bv i3

Nor tha mpton , S t Peters S t A462/3

2 5 .

C i i l

Northa mp ton , S t P eters S t A413

2 6

E lstow Abbey 7 2 .202

2 7 .

G il / 1

E lstow Abbey 6 7 .32 .10

2 8.

A i0

York , 7 4 .14 .2229

2 9 .

D iv5/5

L inco ln , F laxenga te H 18

3 0

A i-iv5/5

L inco ln , F laxenga te F 16

3 1 .

D iv5/5

L inco ln , F laxenga te F 10

3 2 .

?F i0

Oxford , A l l S a ints 7 5/4

3 3 .

?A i°

Oxford , C ast le I I 3 6

3 4 ,

Ev i l

Nor ton P r iory 1 03 .72

3 5 .

Winchester ware

Winchester , C a thedra l Green 1 258 .1402

3 6 .

Winchester Ware

Winchester , Ca thedra l G reen 4 375

3 7 .

Worcester , S idbury 1 277

3 8.

Worces ter , S idbury 1 277

3 9 .

F i0

Worcester , S idbury 1 277

4 0 .

E i0+ M77

Hereford , V ictoria A t 2 03P M1099A

4 1 .

Micaceous L e ices ter ware

L e icester , 1 44 .1956

Micaceous L e ices ter ware

L e ices ter , 3 02 .1971

4 2 . 4 3 . 4 4 .

M

E i0+ M25+ M77

Northa mpton S t Pe ters S t A567 Northa mp ton S t P e ters S t K 23

2 15

a

a 3 1D

D

a

a a a

1 0 «

a

a

aa a

a a

a

a

a a

F F A 2 0D

D

3 2F A D

2 9D D

D

3 3A

D E A

E A

H A F

3 0

A A

H

a

F

H A . ,

a

a D

E

H

G

5

F b

F

« A A

G H

F

E

F A

A A

E E G

40A

b G 1 8A 2 7G A E G A

D F

E

E F

G E 1 7G

2 3G G

G

G

B C

F

2 6

G 1 6G G

GF

X GE 2 2

E

: 2 F ig . 4 2

Neu tron a ctivat ion a na lyses: 2 16

L a a nd Cs.

KEY: AB C D E F G H

S ta mford

f abr ics

a

Whar f

Road

•

The

P ant i les '

k i ln

•

1 963

X

Cas t le

Schoo l

O

Be ige c lay

•

Northa mp ton

•

W inches ter

•

L e icester-type

s i te

k i ln

c lay

ware ware

Nu mbers r efer

ware t o

l i sted i n T ab le

s a mp les 1 4

5

7

0

9 0

6

• •

•

* c

• •

2

2 4B

B3 4B

2 1 1 3 7

1 0

• . 4 2 17

a a a

a

a

a a

1 0-

a a

a

a a

a

a a

a

3 9F

a

A

3 2F

A

A

DD A

3 8

A A

A

a

A

A

A

H 43E A a A

5

5 3

4

8

7E

A

E

A

A 40E

0 0 0 b GB

6

9

b GA

W

348 2 6

ED

G

FE

Cb B

b i -

C

•b bB • 27GG C • •• A • • • F • c• . Ac GE E

KEY:

Gc

e d • F GC . B •

Sa me

a s

F ig.

4 2

A

G

3 7, W

(( s • F G N N

E

5 F ig . 4 3

N eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lyses: 2 18

E t /Sc L a a nd Eu .

Append ix 2 : A L ist o f S i tes w i th S ta m ford Ware

S ITES EXCAVATED I N S TA MFORD T he S ta mford s i tes r eferred t o i n t he t ex t a re i l lustrated o n t he map , F ig . 3 0.

T he S ta m ford s i tes e xcava ted b y C . Mahany f ol low h er method o f a bbrev iat i on ;

s i tes a re a ssigned a c ap i ta l l e t ter , as ing le l e t ter b eing u sed f or p re-

l im inary t renches a nd d oub led l e t ters f or t he ma in e xcava t ions.

D if feren t

a reas w i th in t hese s i tes a re n oted b y u pper c ase R o man n u mera ls .

F ea tures

a nd l ayers a re d esigna ted b y a rab ic n u mera ls , w i th a d if feren t s er ies f or e ach ma jor a rea o f as i te. S ta m ford ware h as b een s tud ied f ro m t he f ol low ing s i tes i nt he t own : co de A

s i te n a me A lber t H a ll

b ib l iography Wi lson a nd H urst 1 967 , 2 67 , 2 93; Mahany 1 969 ;

D , DD

Mahany ( f or thco ming )

H igh S t ,

Wi lson a nd H urst 1 967 , 2 93 ;

S t Mar t ins

2 34, 2 65;

Mahany 1 969 ;

1 969 ,

Mahany

( f or thco m ing ) E , EE

C ast le

Webster a nd C herry 1 977 , 2 35-37 ; Mahany 1 976

The P an t i les '

Wi lson a nd Hurst 1 969 , 2 34

S t P au ls S t Wharf R oad K i ln L , LL

Wi lson a nd H urst 1 969 , 2 34 ; Mahany 1 969 ;

S t G eorges S t

Mahany ( f or thco m ing )

Wi lson a nd Moorhouse 1 971 , 1 27

T he S ta m ford C o-opera t ive B ui ld ing s i te o n H igh S t was e xcava ted b y A . B urchard who d iv ides t he ma ter ia l i n to e igh t p hases i n h is f or thco m ing p ub lic a t ion . The s i te i s h encefor th a bbrev ia ted a s C o-op '. Mater ia l wh ich c an b e a ssigned t o t hese p hases h as b een r ecorded i n Append ix 3 w i th t he a pprop r ia te Ro man n u mera l o f t he p hase ( i .e. C o-op 5 ) . n o ted t here s i mp ly a s

R e main ing ma ter ia l i s

C o-op ' s ince t he s pec if ic c on tex t n u mbers o n t he s herds

a re n ot r eferred t o i n B urchard ' sp ub lica t ion . B ib l iography : Wi lson a nd Hurst 1 964 , 2 94 ;

B urchard ( f or thco m ing )

T he 1 963 S chool k i ln , a lso k nown a s t he E lm S t k i ln , was e xcava ted b y G . S i mpson i n t he S choo l g rounds.

Ma ter ia l f ro m t h is s i te i s n oted a s

i nA ppend ix 3 , f o l lowed b y a ny p i t o r l ayer n u mber . B ib l iography : Wi lson a nd H urst 1 964 , 2 94-96 ;

2 19

S i mpson ( f or thco m ing )

S chool '

P ot tery was c o l lected b y D . P eacock d ur ing c onstruct ion o f t he S ta mford S chool S cience L abora tory .

Th is p ot tery i s n oted i n Append ix 3 a s ' School '

f ol lowed b y t he n u mber o f t he p ub l ished i l lustra t ion i n p aren theses. B ib l iography :

P eacock 1 95 7

The 1 874 S chool k i ln was o bserved d ur ing c onstruct ion o n t he S chool g rounds. B ib l iography :

B ur ton 1 875;

S harp 1 874 ; Dunn ing 1 936, P l . LXX

C ol lect ions o f p ot tery w ere made when a b us s ta t ion was c onstruc ted o n t he s i te o f S ta m ford C ast le i n 1 933 . Th is ma ter ia l i s r ecorded i n Append ix 3 a s C ast le ' f ol lowed b y t he a u thor a nd p ub l ished i l lustra t ion n u mber i n p arent heses. B ibl iography : The Wy man Abbot c o l lect ion — H urst 1 95 7 ; The H . F . Tray len c ol lect ion Dunn ing 1 936 Ak i ln was n oted b y C . F . T ebbu t t i n 1 911 d ur ing t he c onstruct ion o f

Grey-

f r iars H ouse ', S t Pau ls S t . S herds were c ol lected i n t he g arden o f 5 9 , S cotgate b y t he o ccupan ts. Three c ol lec t ions a re r eferred t o i n H urst ( 1 95 7 ) : B road S t — A . P . B aggs H oly Tr in i ty — D . P eacock , G . D . S in ter A s ect ion o f t he E rm ine S tree t w est o f S ta m ford was e xcavated i n 1 956. Th is s i te i s r eferred t o a s

E rm ine S t ' i n Append ix 3 , f o l lowed b y t he n u mber

o f t he p ub lished i l lustra t ion . B ib l iography :

G reen a nd R ah tz 1 959

2 20

S ITES WITH S TAMFORD WARE The f o l low ing s i tes a re l i sted a lphabet ica l ly b y c ounty a nd n u mbered c onsecut ive ly.

These n u mbers a re t hose u sed i n t he map i n F igure 3 2.

An

a ster isk p receed ing a b ib l iograph ica l r eference i nd icates t hat a v essel o r v esse ls i l l ustra ted i n t he p ubl icat ion i s ment ioned i n Append ix 3 .

S uch s herds

a re l i sted t here b y t he s i te n a me f o l lowed b y t he i l lustrat ion n u mber i n p arentheses. AVON 1 .

Bath :

2 .

B r isto l :

C it izen House.

Wi lson a nd Moorhou s e 1 971, 1 56.

Mary-le-Port S t .

Wi lson a nd H urst 1 964, 2 64-5.

BEDFORDSH IRE 3 .

Bedford :

Baker 1 970 , 1 971;

Cast le ;

Baker 1 971.

Cauldwe l l S t ; S t J ohns S t ; 4 .

E lstow Abbey.

Webster a nd C herry 1 975, 2 43. Wilson a nd Hurst 1 966, 1 77;

1 969, 2 30, 2 43;

1 970, 1 66-67 ;

1 967, 2 72;

1 968, 1 64;

Wi lson a nd Moorhouse 1 971, 1 37;

Webster a nd C herry 1 972, 1 71, Baker 1 969. 5 .

H oughton Reg is.

6 .

Rox ton.

H urst 1 957.

BERKSH IRE 7 .

Read ing. CA MBRIDGESH IRE

8 .

B oxworth.

9 .

B urwe l l Cast le.

1 0.

C a mbr idge :

L ethbr idge 1 936 ;

H urst 1 957

C hr ists C ol lege L ibrary;

Eden Yard ;

Exa m inat ion S choo l ; K ings Lane ;

*Hui

Mort locks Bank ;

Tr in ity Ha l l ; C astor.

*Hurst 1 957

Addy man a nd B idd le 1 965 *Hurst 1 957

Waterbeach Abbey ; C ax ton Moats.

*Hurst 1 957

*Hurst 1 957

S t J ohns New C ourt ;

1 2.

*Hurst 1 957

1 957

Marks a nd S pencer ;

1.

*Hurst 1 957

H ughes 1 908;

Magda lene ;

S idney S t ;

H ughes 1 906 ;

*Hurs t 1 957

Hurst 1 966

Webster a nd C herry 1 972, 1 58

1 3.

E aton S ocon.

1 4.

E l l ington.

*Hurst 1 957 L ethbr idge a nd Tebbut t 1 951

Tebbut t , Rudd a nd Moorhouse 1 971

2 21

*Hurst 1 957

1 5.

E tton.

1 6.

Godmanchester.

1 7.

H unt ingdon :

H . G reen 1 957;

Hurst 1 957

Hurst 1 957

Cast le S t Marys S t H igh S t 1 8.

L it t le Pax ton.

1 9.

Maxey.

Addy man 1 969a

2 0.

Me ldreth.

2 1.

Peterborough.

2 2.

S t I ves.

2 3.

S t Neots.

966 ; Tebbut t 1

2 4.

S outhoe :

Manor.

2 5.

Lethbr idge 1 935;

Wea ld.

2 7.

Ye l l ing.

Hurst 1 957

L e thbr idge a nd Tebbut t 1 937 ;

Hurst 1 957

reen 1 964 C . G

Wa ter Newton.

2 6.

*Hurst 1 957

7; Newton 1 94

Hurst 1 957

CHESHIRE 2 8.

Chester : Abbey Green ;

Webs ter a nd Cherry 1 976, 1 59

Amph itheatre ; Goss S t ; 2 9.

Norton :

Ward 1 975

P r iory.

Greene a nd Noake 1 977

DERBYSH IRE 3 0.

Barton B lount .

Beresford 1 975

3 1.

Derby :

3 2.

D uf f ie ld :

C ast le.

Hurst 1 957

3 3.

P ever i l :

C ast le.

H urst 1 957

F ul l S t.

Ha l l a nd C oppack 1 972

DURHA M 3 4.

Durha m :

S ad ler S t.

ESSEX 3 5.

R ivenha l l :

Rodwe l l a nd Rodwe l l 1 973;

3 6.

S af fron Wa lden.

3 7.

Wa ltha m :

Webster a nd Cherry 1 973, 1 57 ;

1 974, 1 74, 1 93 Wilson a nd H urst 1 960, 1 48-49.

Abbey.

H ugg ins a nd H ugg ins 1 973

GLOUCESTERSHIRE 3 8.

C irencester.

3 9.

G loucester : Be l l Hote l ;

H . Hurst 1 972

E ast Gate ;

Webster a nd C herry 1 975, 2 44

New Market Ha l l ;

Hassa l l a nd Rhodes 1 974

Westgate S t . 4 0.

Winchco mbe. HAMPSH IRE

4 1.

Bas ingstoke.

4 2.

S i lchester.

4 3.

Winchester :

B idd le 1 964b-1972

2 22

Brook S t ; Ca thedra l Green ; S t Ca therines H i l l. HEREFORD AND WORCESTER 4 4.

D roitw ich :

4 5.

H ereford :

Fr iar S t .

Bewe l l House ;

Webster a nd Cherry 1 976, 1 62

Brewery S t ; Co m merc ia l Road ; V ictoria S t ; 4 6.

Rahtz 1 968.

Worcester : Broad S t ; S idbury ;

Wi lson a nd Hurst 1 968, 1 87 Morr is 1 978

HERTFORDSH IRE 4 7.

Ashwe l l.

4 8.

H ertford.

Hurst 1 957, H urst a nd H urs t 1 967

4 9.

S t A lbans : C athedra l C lose ; H igh S t.

5 0.

S andon.

5 1.

S outh Mi m ms.

5 2.

Therf ie ld.

B idd le 1 964a.

HU MBERS IDE 5 3.

A lkborough.

5 4.

Barton-on-Hu mber.

5 5.

Goxh i l l.

5 6.

Gr i msby.

Wi lson a nd Hurst 1 969, 2 78.

5 7.

North K i l l ingho l me.

5 8.

Roxby c um R isby.

5 9.

Wor laby. KENT

6 0.

C anterbury : S t Aug-u st ines Abbey ;

S aunders 1 978.

LEICESTERSH IRE 6 1.

A lstoe Mount .

6 2.

Bescaby.

6 3.

B uck m inster.

*Dunn ing 1 936.

Hurst 1 957. Rudk in 1 971-72.

6 4.

Emp ingha m.

6 5.

Fenny D rayton.

6 6.

G laston.

6 7.

G len Parva.

Hurst 1 957 ;

*Dunn ing 1 959.

Wi lson a nd H urst 1 967, 2 67.

6 8.

Great C asterton.

6 9.

Hu mberstone.

7 0.

K irby Be l lars.

7 1.

Le icester :

Hurst 1 957.

Rahtz 1 959. H urst 1 965-66.

Mil lstone Lane; H igh C ross S t ; J ewry Wa l l ;

C larke 1 952 *Dunn ing 1 948

*Dunn ing 1 948

S outh Bond S t ; West Br idge ;

*Dunn ing 1 948 D unn ing 1 948

3 6.1964; 1 14.1969; 1 23.1969; 1 38.1968; 1 39.1968; 1 46.1956; 1 54.1954; 1 58.1968; 1 64.1969; 1 85.1966; 2 36.1969; 2 47.1968; 2 53.1951; 2 65.1971; 2 95.1973; 3 02.1971; 3 16.1953; 3 55.1957; 3 65.1964; 3 66.1964; 3 80.1957 ; 4 21.1965;

Me l lor 1 968-9.

4 21.1966;

Me l lor 1 968-9

4 37.1973; 4 44.1956; 4 79.1964; 5 67.1967 ; 5 68.1967 ; 6 22.1966. 7 2.

Mart insthorpe.

7 3.

Mount S orre l.

7 4.

Oakha m :

7 5.

S apcote.

Wacher 1 963-4.

C ast le.

Ga therco le 1 958.

L INCOLNSH IRE 7 6.

Barkston.

7 7.

Baston. Mayes a nd Dean 1 976

7 8.

Barrowby.

7 9.

Beesby.

8 0.

B igby.

8 1.

Boston :

Wi lson a nd Hurst 1 965, 2 13.

Do m in ican Fr iary ;

Moorhouse 1 972

Wyberts Cast le. 8 2.

Bourne.

8 3.

Bratof t.

2 24

8 4.

C a istor.

8 5.

C rowland .

8 6.

D on ington.

8 7.

E ast Kea l.

8 8.

E denha m.

8 9.

F leet.

9 0.

F ra mpton.

Hurst 1 957 Wi lson a nd Hurst 1 960, 1 59

H urst 1 957

9 1.

F r iskney.

9 2.

F ulney.

9 3.

G o ltho.

9 4.

G ra inthorpe.

Beresford 1 975

9 5.

G rayingha m.

9 6.

G reat Gonerby.

9 7.

H augha m.

9 8.

H averho l me :

9 9.

I ngoldsby.

P r iory.

Wilson a nd Hurst 1 964, 2 42-43.

1 00. K etsby. 1 01. K irton. 1 02. L everton. 1 03. L incoln : B ishops Pa lace ; Broadgate ;

*Coppack 1 975

* Ada ms 1 977

Cot tesford P lace ;

Hurst 1 957

F laxengate 1 945-48;

* Coppack 1 973

F laxengate 1 973-75;

Webster a nd Cherry 1 973, 1 69;

2 01;

1 975, 2 45;

1 977, 2 10 ;

1 974, 1 80,

C o lyer a nd J ones 1 979

S ilver S t ; Techn ica l C o l lege ;

Hurst 1 957

Trol lope C ol lect ion. 1 04. Ma ltby. 1 05. Marton. 1 06. N ett leha m. 1 07. N or manton. 1 08. N orth S toke :

*Dunn ing 1 936. Wilson a nd Moorehouse 1 971, 1 63;

Wilson a nd Hurst 1 969,

2 78-79. 1 09. O ld Leake. 1 10. Owersby. 1 11. P inchbeck . 1 12. R a ithby c u m Ma ltby. 1 13. R isehol me.

Hurst 1 957;

Tho mpson 1 960

1 14. S e mpr ingha m. 1 15. S k idbrooke-Sa l t f lee t Haven 1 16. S leaford. 1 17. S narford .

H urst 1 957.

1 18. S o merby.

Mynard 1 969.

1 19. S outh Witha m. 2 74-75;

Mayes 1 968;

Wi lson a nd Hurst 1 966, 1 80 ;

1 969, 2 46.

1 20. S pa ld ing. 1 21. S udbrook .

2 25

1 967,

1 22. S urf leet. 1 23. Ta l l ington. 1 24. Tat tersha l l. 1 25. Thorntonle- Moor. 1 26. Torksey.

Bar ley 1 964.

1 27. Toynton :

A l l S a ints.

Hurst 1 957.

1 28. Usse lby. 1 29. Wa in f leet : S t Mary ; A l l S a ints. 1 30. We lton l e Wo ld.

Wilson a nd Hurst 1 960, 1 60.

1 31. West Rasen. 1 32. Wi l lough ton.

H urst 1 957.

LONDON 1 33. Bark ing :

Abbey.

1 34. L ondon : Bass ishaw House ; Church Abbey ; Ga teway House ; G ui ldha l l ; I ron monger Lane ;

*Dunn ing 1 959

New Fresh Wharf ;

Mi l ler 1 977;

Webster a nd C herry 1 975, 2 44;

1 976, 1 65-6 Tower o f L ondon ; Treasury. 1 35. Northo lt.

H urst 1 961b

NORFOLK 1 36. Ca istor-on-Sea.

E l l ison 1 966

1 37. Cast le Acre. 1 38. C ast le R is ing.

Webster a nd Cherry 1 976, 1 85

1 39. Fe ltwe l l. 1 40. Grea t Yar mouth. 1 41. K ing 's L ynn ;

*C larke a nd Carter 1 977.

1 42. N orth E l mha m : C athedra l ; Park ;

R igold 1 962-63

Wade-Mart ins 1 969-71

1 43. N orw ich : Barn Road ;

H urst 1 963b

S t Bened icts Gate ; 1 49N Pot tergate ;

H urst a nd Go lson 1 955 Carter, Roberts a nd S uter me ister 1 974

1 54N B ishopgate North ;

C arter 1 972

1 55N B ishopgate S outh ;

C arter 1 972

1 56N B ishopgate North Gasworks ; 1 59N Westw ick S t ;

C arter a nd Roberts 1 973

1 61N S t Mart ins L ane ; 1 68N Magda len S t ;

Carter, Roberts a nd S uter me ister 1 974

Roberts 1 975

1 69N The D uke 's Pa lace ; 1 70N Boto lph S t ;

C arter a nd Roberts 1 973

Roberts 1 975

Roberts 1 975

2 26

1 71N Wensu m S t ;

Roberts 1 975

1 72N C o legate ; 1 76N S t Georges S t ;

Roberts 1 975

2 80N N orw ich S chool ; 2 81N Boto lph S t ; 2 82N K ing S t ;

A itken a nd Carter 1 976

A itken a nd Carter 1 976

A itken a nd Carter 1 976

2 83N He igha m S t ;

A itken a nd Carter 1 976

2 84N S t Georges S t ; 2 85N K ing S t ;

A itken a nd Carter 1 976

A itken a nd Carter 1 976

3 00N C athedra l C lose ;

A itken a nd C arter 1 976

3 20N A l ms L ane ; Cot man Ga l lery ; Cro me Ga l lery ;

*Hurst 1 957 *Hurst 1 957

Gra m mar S choo l ;

*Hurst 1 957

Post Of f ice, D avy P lace ;

*Hurst 1 957

1 44. Thet ford : S t Marys ;

Knocker a nd Hughes 1 950;

Red Cast le ;

Dav ison 1 967

Knocker 1 967

1 45. Trowse N ewton. NORTHAMPTONSH IRE 1 46. Br ixworth :

Webster a nd Cherry 1 972, 1 58;

V icarage Garden ; 1 47. Lyveden :

*Everson 1 977

Bry a nt a nd S teane 1 975

1 48. Northa mp ton : Cast le H il l ; Cast le ;

H urst 1 957

Webs ter a nd C herry 1 976, 1 68

Horse market ;

H urst 1 957

Horseshoe S t ; Mayorho ld ;

Mynard 1 976

S t Peters S t ; 1 49. S ulgrave ;

Webster a nd C herry 1 973, 1 47

1 50. Towcester; 1 51. Woodford ;

Wil l ia ms 1 979

H urs t 1 957 F oster a nd Harper 1 977

1 52. Wythe ma i l ;

Hurs t a nd H urst 1 969

NORTH YORKSHIRE 1 53. He l ms ley. 1 54. Weaverthorpe. 1 55. Wharra m P ercy ;

Andrews a nd Milne 1 979

1 56. Wh itby. 1 57. York :

Wa ter man 1 959

Ba i le H il l ;

Addy man 1 968;

1 969b,

Bean Col lect ion ; Davygate ;

H urst 1 957;

Wenha m 1 962

Feasegate ; Harts S tore ;

H urst 1 957

H igh Ousegate ; H ungate ;

R ichardson 1 959

2 27

1 975, 2 55

K ings S quare ;

S tead 1 968, Wenha m 1 968

L loyds Bank ;

Webster a nd Cherry 1 973, 1 51;

1 974, 1 85 ;

Ho ldsworth 1 979* L ow Petergate ;

Wenha m 1 972

Mans ion House ; Mins ter ; S t He lens S quare ; S t Marys Abbey ; S ke ldergate ; 2 30 ;

H urst 1 957

Webster a nd Cherry 1 972, 1 73 ;

1 974, 2 05 ;

1 975,

Ho ldsworth 1 979

NOTTINGHA MSH IRE 1 58. B i lborough. 1 59. Ho l me P ierrepont . 1 60. Newark.

Bar ley 1 961, Barley a nd Waters 1 956;

Tood 1 974 ;

Fa irclough

1 976. 1 61. Not t ingha m : Br i od les m ith Gate ;

Hurst 1 957 ;

Wi ldgoose 1 961

Cast le ; L enton Pr iory ; Park Row ;

S w innerton a nd Boulton 1 956

Barley 1 965;

Wi lson a nd H urst 1 969, 2 66

S t N icho las Church. 1 62. S toke Bardo lph ; 1 63. Thurgarton ;

H urst 1 957

Hodges 1 954, *Gatherco le a nd Wa i les 1 959

OXFORDSH IRE 1 64. Ab ingdon. Banbury ;

Webster a nd Cherry 1 973, 1 63

1 65. Dedd ington Cast le.

H urst 1 957

1 66. Oxford : A l l S a ints ;

Webster a nd Cherry 1 974, 1 94;

Ange l I nn ;

H urst 1 957;

Cast le ;

H urst 1 957 ;

Cathedra l Green ; C larendon Hote l ; S tA lda tes ; Westgate ; 1 67. Swerford .

1 975, 2 38

Bruce- M itford 1 939

Webster a nd C herry 1 973, 1 48;

J ope 1 952-53

S turdy 1 961-62 Hurst 1 957

D urha m 1 977 *Hassa ll 1 969.

H urst 1 957

1 68. Wa l l ingford. PO WYS 1 69. Hen Do men ;

Barker 1 969

SHROPSH IRE 1 70. S hrewsbury : P r ide H i l l C ha mbers ;

Webster a nd C herry 1 973, 1 49;

1 70 ;

1 975,

2 47-48 S t A lke munds P lace ; 2 47

Webster a nd Cherry 1 973, 1 49, 1 70 ;

2 28

1 975,

S OUTH YORKSH IRE 1 71. Ma ltby. S TAFFORDSH IRE 1 72. S taf ford :

C larke S t.

Webster a nd Cherry 1 975, 2 48;

1 92 1 73. Ta mworth : Bo lebr idge S t ;

Webster a nd C herry 1 972, 1 61

Moulds Yard ;

Wilson a nd Moorhouse 1 971, 1 33

S UFFOLK 1 74. But ley. 1 75. D unw ich. 1 76. I psw ich : B lack Horse L ane ; K ing S t ;

Hurst 1 961a

H urst 1 957

WAR W ICKSH IRE 1 77. N unea ton. 1 78. Warw ick. WEST MIDLANDS 1 79. B ir m ingha m. 1 80. C oventry : Broadgate ; We l l S t. W EST YORKSH IRE 1 81. K irksta l l.

L ePatoure l 1 967

WILTSHIRE 1 82. Cr ick lade 1 83. Laverstock ;

Musty , A lgar a nd Ewence 1 969

S COTLAND Gra mp ian 1 84. Aberdeen : Broad S t ;

Webster a nd Cherry 1 974, 2 07

S t Pauls S t ;

Webster a nd C herry 1 978, 1 78

Tays ide 1 85. Perth : H igh S t ;

Webster a nd Cherry 1 978, 1 78

NOR WAY 1 86. Trondhe i m.

2 29

1 976, 1 69-71,

Append ix 3 : A C o mp i la t ion o f C lassif ied S ta mford Ware F or ms

T he f ol low ing l i st o f S ta m ford ware v esse ls i s r ecorded c onc isely w i th a s tandard f or ma t : V esse l F or m :

N u mber o f r ecorded e xa mp les: a verage r im r ad ius .

r ange o f r im r ad i i ;

Types o f s urface mod if iers

p resen t . L ist o f c on tex ts , e ach w i th t he n u mber o f e xa mp les p resen t a nd t he ir f abr ic/g laze t ype ( Pub l ished i l lustrat i ons i n p aren theses ) . Wi th in e ach v essel f or m c a tegory , S ta m ford f inds a re l i sted f irst , f o l lowed b y f i nds f ro m o ther s i tes g iven i n t he s a me o rder a s i n Append ix 2 . The S ta mf ord mater ia l i s r ecorded w i th t he a bbrev ia t ions p resen ted i n Append ix 2 , H owever , af ew f ur ther a bbrev ia t ions s hou ld b e n oted h ere .

S ince t he ma-

j or i ty o f t he r ecorded ma ter ia l d er ives f ro m t he S ta mford Cast le s i te , t he p ref ix EE i s om it ted , l eav ing o n ly t he a rea a nd c on tex t n u mber , i .e. X I 2 72 . Where s herds f ro m d i f feren t c on tex ts j oin , t h is i s n oted b y a p lus ' s ign , a s I1 98 + 2 41.

F rag men tary h and les a nd s pou t t races a re n oted a s +H a nd + Sp

r espect ive ly . P ub l ished i l lustra t ions a re n oted h ere i n p aren theses .

Un less o therw ise

i nd ica ted , t hese i l lustra t ions a re f ound i n t he p ub lica t ions marked b y a n a ster isk i n Append ix 2 . Iam g ra tefu l t o t he f o l low ing o rgan isa t ions a nd i nst itu t ions f or p er m iss ion t o i ncorpora te ma ter ia l f ro m t he ir c ol lect ions . A berdeen Archaeolog ica l Un i t , The A sh molean Museu m , B ed ford Museu m , B ed fordsh ire C oun ty C ounci l , B ir m ingha m C i ty Museu m a nd Ar t G a llery , B ir m ingha m Un iversi ty , B r i t ish Museu m , C a mbr idge Un iversi ty Museu m o f A rchaeology a nd E thnography , C hel tenha m Ar t Ga l lery a nd Museu m , C oven try C i ty Museu m , Derby Museu m a nd Ar t G al lery , G loucester C i ty Museu m A rchaeolog ica l Un i t , G rosvenor Museu m C hester , I psw ich Museu m , K ing ' s L ynn Museu m , L eeds C i t ;

I useu m , L eicester Museu m a nd Ar t G a llery , L in-

c oln Archaeolog ica l T rust , L incoln C i ty a nd C oun ty Museu m , Museu m o f L ondon , N or folk Archaeolog ica l Un i t , N or tha mp ton Deve lop men t C orporat ion , N or ton Pr iory Museu m , N ot t ingha m Un ivers i ty , N orw ich C ast le Museu m , N orw ich S urvey , Oakha m Museu m , Oxford Archaeo log ical Excava t ion C o mm it tee, Oxford C i ty Museu m , P er th Archaeolog ica l Un i t , P eterborough Museu m , S ou th L inco lnsh ire Archaeo log ica l Un i t , S uffo lk Archaeolog ica l U n i t , Un iversi ty o f Durha m , Veru la m iu m Museu m , West M id lands Archaeol og ica l Research C o mm i t tee , West Y orksh ire Archaeolog ica l Un i t , Winchester R esearch C omm it tee , Y ork Archaeolog ica l Trust , Y ork M inster Un i t , Y orks h ire Museu m .

2 31

VESSEL FOR M 1 1 -01

3 :

1 2.6-14.5;

1 3.4

M5

C o-op 2 AO+ M5, DO+ M5 10 2

3 :

1 2-13;

1 2.5

Ml, M62

I6 1A 2 AO+ Ml, AO+ Ml+ M62 1 -03

6 :

1 0-14;

1 2.9

Ml, M5

I6 1A AO+ M1, C o-op 3 /5 DO+M5, DD I1 68 ( 132 );

A lstoe Moun t

( 19 )+ Ml, L e icester J ewry Wa l l ( 60.5 )+ M5, Thetford D2.1058 AO 1 -04

6 :

1 0.8-17 ;

1 3.4

Ml, M1.6, M5

I6 1 AO+ M1.6, I I 4 1 AO+ M5, I I 1 42 A4, Co-op 3 /5 DO+M5 ; Thet ford D 2.183 AO D 2.623 AO 1 -05

8 :

1 0.5-16;

1 3

Ml, M5

I6 1A 4 AO+ M5, I2 38 +M5.1 AO, I I 4 25 AO+ M1, A I 3 7 ( 26 )+ M5, DD I 1 31e ( 124 )+ M5 1 -06

2 :

1 0.5-14;

1 2.3

M1, M64

I V 1 72 A (4 )+ Ml+ M64, X I 1 61 AO+ M1 1 -07

1 0 :

9 .5-14;

M5, M62

1 2.2

76, 1 77, 1 81 A (1), I2 41 AO, I 4 3 AO+ M5, I6 1A AO, I1 28 A (1), I 1 I 2 72 A5/5, A I 7 0a ( 29 )+ M5, E rm ine S t I 1 48 AO+ M62, I I 2 2 AO, X ( 4 1 -08

1 8 :

8 .5-16.8;

1 2.8

Ml, M5.2, M8, M8.2, M62

I6 1A AO+ M8.2, I9 0 AO, I 1 76, 1 77, 1 81+261 AO+ M1, I I 2 48 A4+ M8.2, I V 1 25 AO, I V 1 49 AO+ M5.2, I V 1 80 A (4 )+ M62, X E 1 59 GO, X I 2 43 AO+ M8 . 2, C ast le ( Hurst 2 .29 ), C o-op AO+ M5, C o-op 5 AO+ M8, DD I 8 +M5;

A lstoe Mount ( 19 )+Ml, L inco ln F laxengate ( 112 ),

Thet ford D 1.252 AO, D 6.1353 AO 1 -09

7 :

1 0-19;

1 3.9

M5, M62

I2 41 A4+ M62, X I I 3 59 G 1/1, X I I 5 48 G I, C ast le ( Hurst 2 .27 ), S choo l L 3 +M62; 1 -10

9 :

1 0-17.4;

B uck m inster ( 4. 8 )+ M62

1 3

Ml, M5, M62

I 1 86A AO+ M62, Co-op 3 DO+ M5, C o-op 3 /5 AO+ M1, A I I 9( 64 ) +M62, DD I5 50a GO, S choo l ( Peacock 3 .18 )+ M5, L incoln F laxengate ( ± ) DO 1 -11

2 :

1 2.2-14;

1 3.1

C ast le ( Hurst 2 .33 ); 1 -12

1 0 :

1 0.5-16.2;

1 3

Oakha m Cast le ( 5 .6 ) Ml, M6, M8, M62

I1 76 , 1 77, 1 81 AO+ Ml, I2 55 AO, I 6 5 AO, I 1 86A AO+ M62, I V 1 55 AO, C o-op 2 AO+ Mi, C o-op 3 /5 AO+ Ml, E rm ine S t ( 3 )+ M8;

Oakha m

C ast le ( 57 )+ M6 1 -13

7 :

1 1-15;

1 2.6

Ml, M67

I6 1A AO, I I 4 25 G (6 ), X I 5 AO, X I I 6 41 AO+ M67, Co-op AO+ Ml, DI 2 8 AO;

Thetford D 2.562 AO

2 32

VESSEL

FOR M

3

1

1

-4

5

7 7 ar r - r -1 6

7

9

I

h 1

1

1 2

77 1 6

1 0

1 7

1 3

1 8

1 4

i f 7 1 9

1 : 2 F ig . 4 4

F or m 1 S tra igh t-sided b ow ls. 2 33

1 :2

2 0

1 -14

5 :

1-14;

1 2

M5, M62, M68

I2 12, 2 38+234+239 AO, I I 4 8 A l+ M68, I I 3 73 AO, W

1 23 AO+ M5,

X I 3 2A A l+ M62 1 -15

6 :

1 0.8-14;

1 2.5

M5, M62

I I 2 7 AO, I I 5 8 AO, I I 4 25 AO+ M62, X I 2 94 A4, X II 5 20 AO+ M5 ; Thet ford D 2.614 D 4 1 -16

7 :

9 .3-15.6 ;

1 0.9

M62

I1 96, 1 97, 1 99 AO, I3 24 AO, I 8 0 GO, X [ 7 8 A5/5+ M62, X I 8 5+89 AO, C o-op 3 AO; 1 -17

2 4 :

1 0-18;

Thet ford D 2.183 AO

1 2.9

Ml, M5, M5.1, M8.2, M62, M64

I6 1A 2 AO, 2 AO+ Ml, 2 AO+ M5, I9 0 AO, I2 46 AO+ M62, 1 261 AO+ M8 . 2, I I 3 29 AO+ M64, I I 4 19 AO+Ml, I V 7 8 AO+ Ml, I V 1 15 AO, X I 5 AO+ Mi, X I I 2 97 AO+ M5, X I I 5 95 AO+ Ml, X I I 5 96 A0+ 1 \45.1; Cast le ( Hurst 2 .30 ), C o-op AO, A W 3 7 ( 63 ) ,L I 1 7 AO +M5.1, LL I8 AO, LL I1 3 AO+ M5 . 1 ; 1 -18

2 5:

1 1.4-17.6;

1 4.0

Great Gonerby AO Ml, M4, M5, M43, M62

I1 87 A l+ M62, I2 12, 2 38 AO, I2 55 A5, A5+ M62, I I 4 6 G i+M62, I I 1 17 AO+ M62, I I 1 76 G l+ M43, I I 4 19 AO+ M5, X I 8 9 AO, X I 2 04 AO+ M62, X I 2 79

AO+ Ml, X I I 3 01 AO+ M5, Cast le ( Hurst 2. 40 )+ M62,

Co-op AO, A l, C o-op 5 2 DO+ M5, A I I 3 +Mi; ( 3.16 ) +M62;

S chool ( Peacock

Maxey AO+ M4, A lstoe Mount ( 20 )+ Mi, Thetford D 1.

2 36 AO, D 1.266 A (1), D 2.183 A l, D 2.469 AO 1 -19

1 4 :

1 1-17;

1 2.4

M67, M68

I6 1 AO, I8 1 B i, I 3 0 AO, I I 1 1 A l, I I 3 4 2 AO, I I 7 8 B l+ M68, I I 15 G ( 1 ), I I 3 73 B i, I I 4 19 AO, I V 1 49 GO, X I 1 59 G I, X I 2 74 B i+ M67, H I4 B O 1 -20

1 0 :

1 1-13;

1 2

M67

I1 98+218 AO, I2 59 G l+ M67, I I 2 0 AO, I I 4 0 G 1, I I 1 70 AO, I I 1 76 GO, X I 8 9+91+96 AO 1 -21 Il ll3 29 AO, I I 3 81 A (1), I V 3 3 AO, A (1), X I 2 46 8 :( 1 1 7 ) 6 1 : ,1C-1 0 1 7 4 7 0 ; , p1 A 80 m41 1 2 1± . 6A ,, A M I I5 50 ( 158 ) 1 -22

1 9 :

1 0.6-19;

1 3.4

I2 34 A4, I V 1 46 G 1, X I 1 59 GO, X I 2 74 G I, A H I 1 2 AO, DD I 5 50 ( 157 ), S choo l P it 4 ; 1 -23

4 1:

1 0-17.4;

1 1.9

L e icester J ewry Wa l l ( 59.3 ) AO, ( 59.4 ) AO M1, M5, M62, M64, M67

I5 6 AO, I6 1A AO+ Ml, 2 AO+ M5, I6 9 AO , 190 2 AO , 1A (1), I 1 31 AO, L 1 98 AO, I2 39 AO+ M67, I3 32 AO, I3 38 AO, I 8 0 AO, I 2 30 GO, I I 1 6 AO, B (1), I I 2 7 AO, I I 7 3 AO+ M62, I I 9 9 A (1)+ M67, I I 17 AO+ M5, I I 1 26 AO, I I 2 09 G O, I I 3 29 A l, I I 3 80 Al, I I 3 92 AO, I V 1 25 A5, I V 1 80 A4, X I 5 8 AO, X I 8 5 AO, X I 1 74 AO, X I 2 63 A4/4, C ast le ( Dunn ing 1 2 )+ M5, C o-op +Mi, L I2 0 AO+ Ml+m64, S cotgate GO ; A lstoe Mount ( 20+Mi, 2 3, 2 4 ), P inchbeck GO, Thet ford ( Red Cast le 2 1)

2 34

1 -24

1 6 :

1 0-14;

1 2.2

M4, M5

I5 6 AO, I9 0 A O, A (1), I2 34 AO, I2 62 A l, I I 2 3 AO, I I 5 3 AO, I I 1 15 AO, I I 2 50 GO, I I 3 10 AO, I I 3 29 AO, I I 4 19 AO, I V 7 5 A4, Co-op AO+M5, C o-op 3 AO+ M4; 1 -25

4 :

1 2.4-16 ;

P inchbeck GO

1 3.6

I V 1 38 AO, C ast le ( Hurst 2 .32 ), DD I7 9 ( 1 18 ), LL I 1 6 AO 1 -26

3 :

1 6-18;

1 7

M5

I6 1A DO+ M5, I2 39 D O+ M5, I2 78 D O 1 -27

3 :

1 2.5-14;

1 3.2

I V 1 38 AO, X I 5 1 D O ; 1 -28

3 :

1 2-15;

1 3.5

I V 13 DO; 1 -29

2 7 :

Thetford D 1.271 AO M5

B aston D O, Ta mworth , Moulds Yard D O+ M5

9 .6-15;

1 1.7

M1, M1.6, M5, M62

I6 1A 3 AO , 3AO+ Ml, 4 AO+ M5, I1 68 AO, I2 36, 2 41, 2 46, 2 47 AO+ M62, I2 52 AO+M62, I 8 5 AO, I 1 34 A l, I I 2 3 AO, I I 2 7+X I ' 250 AO+ M1.6, I I 8 9 AO, I V 3 3 AO, I V 6 0 AO+ Ml, X I 6 7 AO, X I 8 5 AO+ M5, X I 2 48 AO+M1.6, X I 2 50 AO+ Mi.6, DD I5 50 ( 161 );

Thetford

D2.129 AO+M5 1 -30

1 8:

1 0.5-16 ;

1 3.4

Ml, M5, M62, M67

I6 1A AO, AO+ Mi, AO+ M5, I9 7 A l, I 1 16 AO+Ml, I2 55 AO+ M62, I 9 6 AO, I 9 7 G6+ M67, I I 2 3 AO, I I 4 19 AO, I V 9 AO, I V 1 48+X l 2 8 D O, I V 1 80 +M5 D O, X I 2 8 A5+ M3, D O, C o-op 5 DO+ M5;

L inco ln

F laxengate H 58 DO+ M5 1 -31

1 5 :

1 0.4-12.5;

1 1.2

Ml, M5, M5.3, M62, M64

I5 2 AO, I6 1A AO, 2 AO+ M5.3, I2 41 AO, I2 62 AO+ M62, I2 65 AO+ M5, I I 2 5 AO+ Mi, I I 1 72 AO+ M64, I V 3 1 AO, I V 3 3 AO+ M5, I V 7 4 AO+ M5, I V 8 4 AO+ M5, I V 1 38 AO, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .42 ) +M5 1 -32

1 6 :

1 0.8-16 ;

1 2

Ml, M1.5, M1.6, M4, M5, M5.3 , M39 , M62

I6 1A 2 AO+M1, AO+ M5, I2 17 AO+ M4, I 1 38 AO+ M1.6, I 1 39 AO, I 1 55 AO+ M62, I 2 00 AO, I I 1 8 AO, I I 4 1 AO+ M5.3, I I 8 1/1 B 1+ M39, I I 2 00 AO, I I 4 17 A2/2+ M62, I V 3 3 A l+ M62, I V 1 13 AO+ M1 . 5 ; L incoln F laxengate E 1 3 DO+ M5 1 -33

2 4 :

9 .8-15.6;

1 2.3

M3, M4.1, M5, M5.3, M62

I9 AO, I6 1A 3 AO, I1 07 A 1/1, I 1 87 A (1 ), I2 41 A (1), I2 55 AO, I 2 65 AO+ M5, I 2 14 AO, I I 2 5 AO+ M4.1, I I 2 8 A l+ M62, I I 4 19 AO+ M5.3, X I 2 8 A5/5, X I 7 8 2 AO, X E 8 5 2 AO, X I 8 9 AO, X I 1 13 AO, X I 2 74 AO, C ast le ( Hurst 2 .34 ), A I6 8b +M3;

L e icester J ewry

Wa l l ( 60.6 ) +M62 1 -34

8 :

1 0-15;

1 3

Ml, M62

I2 41 A (1), I2 52 AO, I2 53 AO, I I 3 4 AO, I V 5 0 A (1 )4 - M62, X I 1 59 G O+ M62; 1 -35

8 :

1 1-14;

B uck m inster 1 2.4

. 7 )+ Ml, Oakha m Cast le ( 5.5 )

Ml, M49, M62

I2 62 A l+ M62, I2 78 AO+ Mi, I 3 0 AO, I 1 39 AO+ Ml, I I 1 15 A (4 ), I I 4 17 A l+M62, I I 4 19 AO, S choo l +M49 2 35

1 -36

1 0 :

1 0.5-13.5;

1 1.7

I I 4 6+66 AO, I I 1 72 2 AO, I V 1 38 AO, I V 1 48+X I 2 8 AO, I V 1 80 AO,

1 -37

X I 2 74 AO;

P inchbeck GO

5 :

1 5

1 4-16;

M1, M64, M66

I6 1 A l+ M64, I6 3 G6+ M66, I 1 39 G6+M66, A I I 3 +Ml Thetford D 6.2034 1 -38

2 :

1 5.5-19.4;

AO+ M62

1 7.5

X I 6 1 AO, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .28 ) 1 -39

4 :

1 3.5-16;

1 4.3

I 1 39 AO, I I 3 29 B (1 ), X I 1 99 AO, X I I 9 66 F O 1 -40

8 :

1 1-13;

1 2.2

M1.15, M6.1

I1 98 AO, I2 41 2 AO, I3 38 GO, I 1 03 A l, I 1 39 AO+ Ml . 15, I I 6 6 AO+ M6.1, I V 7 8 GO 1 -41

6 :

1 2-17.5;

1 5.5

M68

I3 38 AO, I 2 AO, I I 2 09 AO, I I 3 80 A O, I I 4 00 AO, I V 1 80 G 1/1+ M68 1 -42

6 :

9 .8-14 ;

1 2.1

M5, M18, M68

I1 87 2 AO, I I 2 0 A l, I I 6 7 G (1), X I I 3 79 G5+ M18+ M68, C o-op +M65 1 -43

5 :

1 0-17;

1 3

M62

I2 41 AO, I I 2 0 AO, I I 2 3 A l+ M62, I I 7 8 AO, Cast le ( Hurs t 2 .39 ) +M62 1 -44

1 8 :

1 0-16 ;

1 2.4

M62, M67, M68

I6 1 AO, I2 17 A0,1239 BO+M62, I2 61 A O, I2 62 AO, I 3 38 B O+ M62, I 7 2 A l+ M68, I 1 86 GO, I I 4 0 AO, I I 6 7 B I, I I 17+186 A O, I I 2 48 B l+ M67, I I 3 29 AO, BO, I V 1 80 A (4 ), X I 2 74 AO, X I 3 07 A O 1 -45

1 3 :

1 0-15 ;

1 2.3

Ml, M1.12, M5

I6 1A AO, AO+ Ml, AO+ M5, I 1 98+241 A (1 ), I2 41 A l, I I 2 1 AO+ M5, I I 4 02 AO+M5, X E 1 02 A (1), X I 2 48 AO+ Ml, E I 2 1 AO+ M1.12, S cotgate G (6 ); 1 -46

3 :

Thetford D 2.387 AO+ M7

1-13.5 ;

1 2.7

M1

I I 3 4 A l, I I 1 52 B i, X I I 3 14 AO+ Ml 1 -47

4 :

1 0.5-10.7;

1 0.6

Ml, M5

I4 3 AO+ M5, X I 1 08 AO+ Ml, X II 6 21 A O+ M5, X I I 6 39 AO+Ml 1 -48

3 :

1.5-13;

I2 12 1 -49

1 1:

1 2.5

2 38 G I, I I 1 72+208, 2 12, 2 13, 2 14 AO 1 0-14;

1 2.1

M5.4, M5.5, M62

I6 1A AO , I1 28 A l, I2 06 AO+ M62, I2 12, 2 38 G 1/1 I 4 4 A O+ M5.4, I I 9 AO, I I 2 3 AO, I V 3 3 G O, I V 1 80 A (1);

S udbrook AO+ m5.5,

Thet ford D 1.252 AO 1 -50

1 3:

1 0.5-16;

1 2.9

M1, M5, M62

I6 1 A5, I6 1A AO, I1 98, 2 36 , 2 46, 2 47 A 4+ M62, I2 41 A 4, Al+ M62, I2 62 AO, I I 9 AO, I I 7 3 AO, I I 1 17 A O+ M5, X I 9 1 AO, X I I 3 15 AO+ M5, C o-op AO+ Ml;

Thet ford D 2. 4 79 A O+ Ml

2 36

FOR M

1

e 2 1

2 2

1 -2 :

2 7

1

3 1

3 2

3 7

dr4 1

°( P2 3

I

11

2 4

2 8

3 3

2 9

' T 3 4

3 8

L

L

4 4

F or m 1S tra igh t-sided b ow ls. 2 37

3 0

3 5

3 9

4 5

1 : 2 F ig . 4 5

2 5

1 :2

1 -51

1 8 :

1 1-16.5;

1 3.3

M1.17, M62, M68

I6 1 A (1 ), I 6 1A 2 AO, I2 41 AO+ M62, I2 46 AO+ M62, I I 2 5 AO, I I 1 15 AO, I I 1 74 2 AO, I V 4 8 AO, I V 17 A4/4, I V 1 46 A 4, AO+ M62, I V 1 80 AO, X I 6 7 AO, X I 1 13 AO, X I 2 17 A5, X I 2 43 A0+ Mi.17 1 -52

1 0 :

1 0-14.3;

1 2.5

M3, M62, M67

I1 16 G l+ M62, I2 36 AO, I3 38 AO+ M62, I I 9 1 AO, I I 2 09 A (1), I I 3 29 A4, X I 2 8 A (1), X I 7 8 B l+ M67, X I 2 72 G I, X I 2 79 A l 1 -53

2 :

1.7-14;

1 2.8

X I 1 59 BO, H I4 B I 1 -54

1 5 :

1 0-18.5;

1 2.6

M67, M68

I1 76, 1 77, 1 81 AO, I 1 62 B 2, I I 1 40 A l+ M68, I I 2 09 G l+ M67, I I 3 21 B O, I V 1 25 G 1, X I 2 2 2B 2+ M67 , X I 1 33 B 2/2+ M67 , X I 1 59 BO , X I 2 74 B l+ M67 , A l 5 5 ( 70) , S choo l , S choo l U/S+ M62; Ca mbr idgeTr in i ty Ha l l G l+ M67 ( Hurst 1 .4) 1 -55

1 5 :

1 0-15.8;

1 2.5

Ml, M62, M68

I 1 24 G O, I 1 90 A l+ M68, I I 2 7 A (1), I I 3 4 AO, I I 3 6 AO , I I 3 29 G (1), I V 3 3 A l+ M62, I V 6 0 G I, X I 2 45 G l+ M68, X I 2 48 B l+M68, X I 2 74 B O, X E 2 79 B l+ M68 ,B1/1, DD I 1 68 ( 139 )+ Ml, H I4 B 1/1 1 -56

1 :

1 3

X I 7 8 G (1) 1 -57

9 :

1 0-14.2;

1 1.9

M68

I 9 7 G l+ M68, I I 2 3 A l, I I 3 6 A l, I I 2 09 BO, I I 3 29 BO , H I4 B (1 )/1 , B 1/1; 1 -58

3 1:

Maxey BO, Thet ford Red Cast le ( 10.22 )

1 0-15;

1 2.4

M62, M67, M68

I6 1 G l+ M68, I 1 98 AO, I2 41 2 AO, I3 24 G 1, I 7 2 AO, I 8 0 GO, I 2 14 AO, I 2 71 G l+ M68, I I 2 8 AO, I I 8 1 G I, B i+ M62, I I 1 39 AO, I I 1 70 B i, I I 3 80 B i, I I 4 12 G l+ M62, I V 3 3+149 C 1/ (1 )+ M67, I V 6 9 B 2+M62, I V 1 48 AO, I V 1 80 AO, X I 2 8 B 1/1+ M62, X I 1 59 GO, X I 2 63 B 2, X I 2 74 B l+ M68, B 1/1+ M68, GO, X E I 3 59 G 1/1, DD I 7 9 ( 120 ), DD I1 65 B 1/ 1, S choo l ( Peacock 3 .17 ) G 1/1+ M62 1 -59

1 6 :

1 0-16.3;

1 2.9

I 1 62 B (1), G 2, I I 3 6 B 2+ M68, I I 5 3 B O, I I

8 1 B (1)+ M68, I I 1 24

B O, I I 2 09 G 1/1+ M68, I I 3 29 G I, I I 3 68 G 1, I I 4 12 G1, X I 2 59+ 2 79 G 1, C ast le ( Dunn ing ), A I5 5, A I 3 8 G 1/1;

A lstoe Mount ( 4 )

+M62 1 -60

2 5 :

9 -16;

1 2.0

M62

I1 16 G (1), I2 44 B i+ M62, I 1 90 B i, I 2 71 BO, I I 5 3 GI, I I 3 29 B I, I I 4 19 G (1 ), I V 9B I, I V 4 9 B I, I V 9 9 B 6, I V 1 17 G 1/ (1), X I 1 29 G 1, X I 1 59 A (1 ), X I 1 90 B I, X I 2 72 2 B O, 3 B (1 ), X I 2 74 B O , X I 2 79 AO, X I 2 87 B (1 ), A I I 1 2d ( 69 )+ M62, DD I1 68 ( 134 );

L e icester

1 38. 1 968 A (1 ) 1 -61

5 :

1 3-15.5;

1 4.4

M62, M64

X [ 2 72 B l+ M62, B i+ M64, E I7 B 2/2+ M62, A I I 1 5 +M62, H I4 B 1/1

2 38

FOR M

1

T tI i r 4 6

4 7

4 8

4 9

tr 1

5 1

1

7 2

5 6

5 7

T ' 6 1

6 2

r53

-

5 4

5 8

5 9

Te 6 3

1(66

6 7

6 4

1

6 8

1 :2 F ig . 4 6

F or m 1S traigh t-sided b ow ls. 2 39

1 :2

7 50

W r --

5 5

1 (r6 -0

J 65

1 -62

8 :

1 0-17.6;

1 3.3

M62, M67

I I 3 6 B 1(3 )/ (1 )+ M62, I I 4 19 B l+ M68, X I 4 8+199 B i+ M67, X I 2 72 B I, DD I 1 68 ( 138 ) + M62, DD I 5 50a ( 159 )+ MG7, HI 3 , 4B 1/1+ M67 , S choo l ( Peacock 3 .15 ) B l+ M62 1 -63

1 4 :

9 -16;

1 2.3

M39

I1 28 B (1), I2 59 B (1 ), I 3 67 A (1), I 9 7 AO, A (1), 1 1 81 A O, I I 1 61 GO, I I 2 09 B i+ M39, D i 2 47 A (1), I I 3 19 AO, I V 7 4 BO, X I 2 43 G 2/2, H I4 B i, B 1/ 1 1 -64

1 :

1 1

I I 5 9 GO 1 -65

2 :

1 0-10.4;

1 0.2

Ml, M5

I I 8 0 AO+ Ml, C o-op 5 , D O+ M5 1 -66

2 :

1 1.2

M2

I I 17 AO+ M2, DD I 8 ( 149 ) 1 -67

2 :

1 4

M18, M19

I 4 5+102 A l +M18+ M19 VESSEL FORM 2 2 -01

6 :

5 -8;

7 .2

M77

I 2 05 E O, X I 2 AO, X I I 1 347 F O+ M77, A V I I I AO, DD I 5 50 ( 163 ), J I( 239 ) AO 2 -02

4 1:

5 .4-8.7 ;

6 .6

M1.7

I2 4 AO, I6 1A 3 AO, I2 12

2 38 AO, I2 18+262 AO, I 3 37 AO, I I 1 5+

X E 2 20 E O, I I 2 1 F O, I I 1 52 AO, I I 2 12 2 A (1), I I 2 16 F O, I I 4 19 AO, I I 4 30 E O, I V 7 4 E O, I V 1 48 AO, I V 1 74 E O, W

1 80 A O, X I 2 8

AO, F O, X I 7 8 F O, X I 1 22 AO, X I 2 20 E O , X I 2 46 F O, X I I 8 98 EO, C ast le ( Hurst 2 .1 ), C o-op 3 AO, C o-op 5 AO, C o-op 7 AO, J I ( 241) AO, J I( 242 ) AO+M1.7, J I ( 244 ) AO+ M1.7, J I ( 293 ) AO; D 1.275 AO, Thurgarton ( 5.11); 2 -03

3 0 :

5 -8;

6 .4

Thetford

Ox ford 6 9A 2 502/1 AO

M5

I6 1A 3 AO, 1AO+ M5, I 1 67 E O, I1 98 A O, I2 46 AO, I2 68 2 AO+ M5, I2 69 AO, I 1 39 AO, I I 6 6 AO, I I 6 7 A O, I I 1 17 AO, I I 1 24 AO, I I 3 29 AO, I I 4 11 AO, I V 1 10 E O, I V 1 27 AO, I V 1 38 AO, I V 1 44 AO, I V 1 80 AO, ) ( I 5 AO, X I 8 AO, X I 5 8 F O , X E 2 87 F O , Co-op AO, A I 3 3 AO, A I I 1 2d AO ; 2 -04

1 0 :

6 -8;

L e icester 1 38.1968 AO

7 .2

I2 69 AO, I I 4 00 F O, X I 8 FO, X I 6 7 F O, X [ 2 72 AO, FO, X I I 1 382 E O, C o-op 3 E O, C o-op 7 AO, DD I1 31e ( 125 ) 2 -05

4 :

6 -7 ;

6 .4

M5

I6 1A AO+ M5, I2 61 AO+ M5, I I 4 30 AO , X I 8 AO

2 40

2 -06

3 7 :

4 .9-8.5 ;

6 .1

M5, M7

I1 4 AO, I6 1A 3 AO, I 1 98 A (1), I2 16+218 AO, I2 41 AO, I2 46 AO, I2 62 AO, I2 65 2 AO, I2 66 AO, I2 69 AO, I 8 0 AO, I I 9 AO+ M7, I I 2 1 AO, I I 2 2 AO, I I 7 3 AO, I I 2 69 AO, I I 3 10 AO, I V 1 46 AO, I V 1 80 AO, X I 5 AO, X I 3 8 AO, X I 4 4 AO, X I 7 8 AO, X I 8 5 AO, X I 2 30 AO, X I 2 48 AO , X I 2 72 AO, X I I 1 257 AO, Co-op 2 AO, Co-op 5 AO, A I3 1 AO, A V I 8 1 AO 2 -07

3 9 :

6 -9;

6 .9

M5

I1 20 F O, I 1 39 F O, I 2 23 F O, I 2 85 E O, I I 2 5 F O, I I 2 9 FO , I I 8 9 AO+ M5, I I 1 66 E O, I I 1 70 F O, I I 3 69 F O, I I 4 19 AO, FO, I V 9 FO, X I 6 AO, F O, X I 8 AO, 4 F O, X I 4 8 F O, X I 5 8 F O, X I 6 7 2F O, X I 1 00 E 0, X I 1 55 F O, HO, X E 2 43 F O, X I 2 79 F O, X I 2 80 F O, X I I 4 81 E O, X I I 8 98 E O, F O, ) ( I I 1 380 HO, C o-op AO, F O, C o-op 7E O ; 2 -08

1 0 :

Thetford D 2.458 AO, Thurgarton ( 5.9 ) 6 -8.5;

6 .7

Ml, M2, M7

I6 1 A+269 AO, I2 61 AO, I I 4 19 AO, X I 2 50 AO+ M7 ;

L e icester,

1 38.1968 AO, AO+ Mi, AO+ M2, Thet ford S 6.1358 AO, L inco ln F laxengate ABO AO 2 -09

9 :

6 .5-8;

7 .2

M1.3

I I 1 53A AO, I I 3 69 AO, X I 1 34 HO+ M1.3, X I 8 98 2 E O, X I I 1 382 HO, C o-op p re-7 2 HO, C o-op 7 AO 2 -10

2 0 :

5 -9.5 ;

6 .6

M5

I6 1A 3 AO, I2 36+241 AO, I2 66 AO+M5, I2 69 2 AO, I 18 AO, I 1 55 AO, I I 5 AO, I V 1 38 AO , X I 1 7 E O , X I 8 5 AO, X I 2 43 AO+ M5, X I I 1 380 HO, X I I 1 382 HO, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .2 );

L incoln F laxengate YV

AO, AKP AO 2 -11

9 :

5 .3-7.3;

6 .3

M1.7, M5

X I I 6 12 AO+M5, C o-op AO, C o-op 7 A O, J I 7 +8 AO+ M1.7, J I ( 234 )

2 -12

AO ;

L incoln F laxenga te ZN AO, ABH AO, AUG AO

1 9 :

5 .5-8.8;

6 .8

M1.3

I1 4 AO+ Ml, I6 1A+269 AO, I2 69 AO, I3 38 F O, I 9 4 AO, I 1 18 AO, I I 4 8 AO, I I 17 AO, I I 1 42 AO, I I 4 14 AO, I V 5 5 AO, X I 5F O, X I 3 0 E O, X I 2 24 AO, X I I 1 380 HO, HO+ Ml.3, A V I 1 5 ( 2 ), A V I 1 02 ( 1) 2 -13

1 3 :

6 -9.2;

6 .6

I1 4 F O, X E 1 90 AO, X I I 1 382 D O, X I I 1 387 D O, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .11), C o-op 2 AO, F O, A 1 1 4 3 ( 14 ) AO, A V II I , DD I5 50a ( 162 ) AO, J I2 AO, LL I 1 00 , 1 21 FO 2 -14

4 :

6 .3-8.5;

7 .5

X I 6 1 HO, C o-op ; 2 -15

2 :

7 .2-7.4;

A V I 8 1 AO ;

Thet ford D 1.97 AO, D 1.106 AO

7 .3 A lstoe Mount ( 2 )

2 41

2 -16

3 0 :

5 -7.8;

6 .3

M1, M1.7, M3, M7.3

I6 1 AO, I6 1A 4 AO, I1 97+262+241 AO , I2 41 AO, I2 69 AO, I I 1 4 AO, I I 2 1 AO, I I 2 8 AO, I I 3 98 AO, I V 1 32 AO, X I 7 8 AO, X I 8 5 EO, X I 9 6 AO, X II 1 382 HO, C ast le ( Dunn ing 5 .4 )+ M3, C o-op AO, F O, C o-op 3 /5 AO, DD I7 7 +Ml, J I1 0 ( 2 19 ) AO+ M7.3, J 1( 220 ) AO, J IA O+ M1.7, LL I 1 22 F O;

L e ices ter 1 38.1968 A O, L inco ln

F laxengate AVT AO , Thet ford D 2.463 AO, D 2.861 AO 2 -17

6 :

5 .8-6.8;

6 .3

Ml, M5

I I 8 9 DO+ M5, J I ( 222 ) AO, J I ( 223 ) AO, LL I1 8 AO+ Ml, LL I2 3

2 -18

AO ;

L incoln F laxenga te AE W AO

1 9 :

5 .8-7.8;

6 .7

Ml, M1.7

I1 4 AO, AO+ Ml, I 6 1A AO, I 7 3 AO, I 1 20 AO, I I 1 63 AO, I I 2 09 AO, I I 3 20 AO, I I 4 17 F O, X I 1 21 A4, X I 2 43 AO, J I( 227 ) AO , J I( 228 ) AO+ M1.7, J I( 229 ) AO, J I( 230 ) AO+ M1.7, J I( 231 ) AO+Ml . 7, J I ( 231) AO+ M1.7, J I ( 235 ) AO, LL I2 0 AO 2 -19

7 :

6 -9;

6 .9

I V 3 9 AO, I V 1 80 F O, ) C 1 8 9 F O, X I 2 79 F O, X I I 1 380 HO, X I I 1 382 HO, J I ( 233 ) AO 2 -20

2 6 : 7 -8; 7 .3 I6 1A 5 AO, I1 76, 1 77, 1 81 AO, 12 69 5 AO, I 7 2 AO, I I 4 7 AO, FO, I I 5 8 AO, I I 1 24 AO, I I 1 46 AO, I I 1 69 AO, I I 1 99 AO, I I 2 15 AO, I I 3 29 AO, I I 3 98 AO, X I 5 2 AO, X I 1 59 AO, LL I2 0 FO

2 -21

1 1: 6 -8;

6 .7

M1

I5 6 H O, I2 36 AO, I I 1 32 AO, I I 3 89 F O, I V 1 23 H O+ Ml . 3 , X I 1 30 E O, X I 2 61 E O, X I I 1 380 HO, X II 1 387 H O, C o-op , J I( 261 ) AO 2 -22

2 :

8

I5 6 AO, I I 3 91 AO 2 -23

3 :

7 -8;

7 .7

I6 1+69 AO, I2 41 AO 2 -24

8 :

6 -9;

7 .5

I2 23 AO, I I 3 0 A4, I I 6 0 E O, X I 62A (4 ), X I 2 27 EO, X E 2 87 AO, A I I 1 2d ( 20 ) 2 -25

6 :

6 .2-7.6 ;

7 .1

161 AO, X I I 1 315 E O, X I I 1 382 E O, C o-op , LL I2 5 FO;

D erby Ful l

S t P it 2 1 ( 9.25 ) AO 2 -26

1 :

6

X I 6 AO 2 -27

1 2:

5 .5-8;

7 .1

I3 44 AO, I 1 39 F O, I 1 48 F O, I I 15 F O, I I 1 72 F O, I I 3 29 FO, I I 3 80 AO, I I 4 26 F O, X I 5F O, X I I 1 382 E O, LL I 1 00, 1 21 2 F O 2 -28

8 :

6 -8;

6 .5

I3 38 AO, I 1 39 G O, I I 3 29 GO, X I 2 8 AO, X I 6 6 AO, ) C I 7 8 2 AO; L e icester 1 14.1969 AO

2 42

VESSEL

2

FOR M

47

8

7-

9 -

? 10

5 - 1 — Ye 1 2

1 3

1 4

' 1 6 '7 1 7 2 1

2 2

1 9

2 3

2 4

1 : 2 F ig . 4 7

F or m 2 C ook ing p ots . 2 43

1 :2

1 5

5 -2 0

2 5

2 -29

1 :

8 .5

M5

I2 69 AO+ M5 2 -30

2 6 :

4 .8-10;

7 .2

M1

I I 2 0 AO, X I 2 8 2 AO, X I 6 1 AO, X I 7 8 A O, X I 1 02 AO, Cast le ( Dunn ing 5 .7 );

Derby F ul l S t P it 2 0 ( 14.137 ) AO ,P it 2 1 ( 9 .27, 9 .28 )

2 AO, P it 2 8 ( 9.47 ) AO, A lstoe Mount ( 5 , 8 , 9 ), B uck m inster , Oakha m Cast le ( 5.1)+ Ml, L inco ln F laxengate BE AO, KV A O, ABP A (1 ), AOU AO, ARG AO, AS 1 AO, ATV A O, Thetford 2 .741 A O, York K ings S quare AO 2 -31

1 3 :

5 .4-8;

6 .9

M4

I6 1A 2 AO, I2 69 AO, X I 2 AO, X I 1 59 AO+ M4;

L incoln F laxengate

AJP AO, AQQ AO+ M36, ASY AO, AVG AO , Nor manton, The tford D 2.547 AO, D 6.1354 York Hungate P it X IV AO 2 -32

1 1 : 6 -7.8;

7 .2

M1

I I 1 63 AO+ Ml, X I 8 9 2 AO, X I 2 03+204 AO, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .10 ); Derby F ul l S t P it 2 1 ( 9.26 ) AO, L e icester J ewry Wa l l ( 60.4 ), Oakha m Cast le ( 5 .2 ), York K ings S quare ( 6.25 ), York L loyds Bank i i. 8 ( 235 ) AO 2 -33

1 17 :

5 -9;

7

Ml, M1.1, M2, M4, M5

I5 6 AO, A4, I5 8 AO, I6 1 AO+ Ml . 1, I 6 1A 1 2 AO, 2 Al+ M4, I 1 07 AO, I1 28 AO, I1 67 AO, I1 98 AO, I2 18 AO, I2 29 AO, I2 41 2 AO, I2 44 AO, I2 46 AO, I2 62 AO,I 2 69 AO, I3 67 A 4, I3 82 AO, I 1 37 AO, I 1 39 AO, A (1), I 1 51 AO, I 1 55 AO, I I 2 0 AO, I I 2 2 AO+ M2, I I 2 3 2 AO, I I 2 5 AO, I I 2 8 2 AO, AO+ M4, I I 2 9 2 AO, I I 3 6 AO, I I 3 9 AO, I I 4 6 AO, I I 6 5 AO, I I 7 7 AO, I I 8 1 AO, I I 1 52 AO, I I 1 54 AO+ M5, I I 1 59 AO+ M5, I I 2 08, 2 12, 2 13, 2 14+212 AO, I I 4 02 AO, I I I 4 19 AO, I I 4 25 AO, I I 4 27 AO+ M5, I V 5 8 AO, I V 7 4 AO, I V 1 80 AO, X I 6 2 AO, X I 2 8 2 AO, X I 6 7 AO A (1), X I 7 8 4 AO, X I 8 5 4 AO, X I 8 9 3 AO, X I 9 1 3 AO, X I 1 13 AO, X I 18 AO, X I 1 59 AO+ M4, X I 2 48 AO+M5, X I 2 50 AO, X I 2 72 AO, X I 2 79 A l, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .4 ), Co-op 3 AO, Co-op 3 2 AO, C o-op 3 /5 AO, C o-op 5 3 AO, A I 2 9 ( 10 ) AO, A I I 1 2a ( 12 ) A0+ M1,

S choo l P it 1 , S choo l P it 2 ;

Barton B lount , L inco ln F laxen-

g ate G 18 AO, ACE AO, AOS , AO, AWT A O, S e mpringha m Pr iory AO, Thet ford D 2.211 AO, D 2.295 AO, D 2.463 AO, D 2.735 AO, York K ings S quare P it F 1.22 AO, York S ke lderga te AO 2 -34

2 1:

5 -9;

6 .3

Ml, M5

I6 1 AO+ M5, I6 1A+269 AO, I2 36+241 A O+ M5, I2 69 AO, I 3 0 AO, I I 1 5 AO, I I 2 5 AO, I I 1 40 AO+ Ml, I I 1 53A AO, I I 1 68 AO+ M5, I I 4 19 AO, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .7 ) +M5, C o-op E 0, F O, Co-op 3 /5 AO, D O+ M5, C o-op 5 AO, S choo l P it 1 , L it t le Paxton ( 12.25 ), L inco ln F laxengate ATV AO, Thetford 2 .562 AO 2 -35

5 7 :

5 .5-8.2;

7 .9

Mi, M5, M5.8, M7.2

I6 1 AO+ M1 . 1, I6 1A 2 AO, AO+ M5, I6 9 AO, I 1 96 A O, I 2 36 AO, I2 39 AO+ M5, D O+ Ml, I2 65 AO, I 2 69 A O, AO+ Ml, I3 32 AO, I 4 5 AO, I 1 32 AO, I I 2 1 2 AO, I I 2 8 3 AO, I I 1 17 AO+ M7.2, I I 1 61 AO, I I 4 19 2 AO, D O+ M5.8, I V 5 7 AO, I V 7 4 A (4 ), I V 1 36 AO, I V 1 38 AO, I V 1 72 AO, I V 1 80 AO, X I 5 AO, X I 7 8 A O, X I 2 48 AO, X I 2 72 AO,

2 44

FOR M

1 5

76

3 1

2 7

3 2

1 5 1

2 8

2

7 2 9

/ 33 -

7 5;

7

5 3

5 4

1 : 2 F ig . 4 8

F or m 2 C ook ing p ots. 2 45

3 0

1 :2

35

2 -35 c ont .

Cast le ( Dunn ing 5 .3, H urst 2 .8 ) +M5, C o-op 2 AO, AO+ M5, A4, AI I 1 5 ( 3 ) AO+ Ml, A X I 3 AO, S choo l P it 1 , P it 2 ;

A ls toe Mount

( 1 )+ M1, L eicester 1 38.1968 AO , G o l tho ( 2 4.2) , L inco ln B roadga te ( 6 .61) A O , L incoln F laxenga te AEJ A O , AWS AO , Thetford D 2.244 A (4) , D 2.270 A O , D 2.447 AO , D 2.567 A O+ M5 , D 2.1060 A O 2 -36

1 2 :

5 -7.8;

6 .6

M1, M5

I1 97+241+262 AO, I2 46 AO, I I 2 5 AO , I V 1 49 AO, X I ' 8 98 E O , C o-op A (4 ), C o-op 3 AO ;

Oakha m Cast le ( 5 .1) +Ml, York K ings

S quare ( 6 .29 ), Thetford D 2.618 AO+ M5 2 -37

9 :

7 -9;

6 .9

I6 1A AO, I I 3 4 AO, I I 1 57 AO, X I 4 2 AO, C o-op ;

K irby B e l lars

U/S ( 1.6 ), L e icester 1 38.1968 AO, L inco ln F laxengate ATV AO, Thet ford D 2.934 AO 2 -38

1 4;

5 .5-9;

7 .5

I2 55 AO, I3 38 E O, I I 3 6 E O, I I 4 12 A O, I I 4 19 F O, I V 1 38 AO, X I 8 2 E O, X I 1 01 F O, X I I 8 98 F O, X I I 1 382 3 HO, C o-op p re-7 EO, Co-op 7 AO 2 -39

3 :

7 -7.8;

7 .5

Cast le ( Hurst 2 .14 ), C o-op , LL I1 20 F O 2 -40

1 3 :

5 .8-8;

6 .8

M1.2

I 1 39 AO, I 1 65 AO, I 2 61 AO, I 2 71 AO, I I 1 72 AO, I I 2 48 AO, I I 4 30 AO, X I I 3 15 AO+ M1.2, C o-op 7AO , FO, C o-op AO ;

Go ltho

( 24.3 ), L inco ln F laxengate ( 2 ) AO 2 -41

1 0 :

5 -6.7;

5 .7

I1 98 AO, I2 41 AO, I I 2 8 A4, I I 4 1 AO, I I 4 6 AO, I V 1 25 AO, X I 6 6 2 AO, X I 7 8 AO ; 2 -42

1 :

L inco ln F laxengate ACM AO

7 .2

I6 8 AO 2 -43

3 :

5 .4-8.1;

6 .9

I V 1 46 AO, S choo l D 3; 2 -44

1 4 :

5 -8.7 ;

Derby F ul l S t P it 2 ( 10.58 ) AO

7 .3

I1 4 AO, I2 4 AO, I 1 92 AO, I I 5 3 AO, I I 6 0 AO, I V 1 46 AO , X I 9 4 AO, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .19 ), Co-op , C o-op 7 2 AO, J I( 269 ) AO, J I ( 278 ) AO ; 2 -45

9 :

York K ings S quare ( 1.22 )

4 .8-7.5;

6 .1

M77

I V 6 3 AO, I V 13 AO, I V 1 74 AO, X I 6 7 AO, X I 1 59 AO, XI I 1 257 AO, X I I 1 381 E 0+ M77, Co-op , Co-op 7 AO 2 -46

1 :

6

I I 7 7 AO 2 -47

3 :

6 .5-7;

6 .8

X I I 8 98 FO, X I I 1 382 E O, LL I 1 22 F O

2 46

2 -48

3 4 :

4 .9-8;

6 .6

M1.7, M5

I6 1 AO, I6 1A 4 AO, I2 41 2 AO, I2 46 AO, I 1 19 FO, I I U/S AO, I I 9F O, I I 8 1 AO, I I 1 72 FO, I I 1 77 AO+ M5, I I 2 09 AO, I I 3 29 F O, I V 4 8 F O, I V 5 8 E O, X I 8 9 E O, X I 2 24 AO, X I I 1 257 E O, C o-op p re-7 EO, C o-op 2 AO, DI 9 , 3 0 ( 104 ), J I( 247 ) AO, J I( 248 ) AO+ M1.7, J I( 249 ) AO, J I( 255 ) AO, J I( 256 ) AO, J I ( 257 ) AO+ Ml . 7, J I ( 268) AO, LL I 1 00, 1 21 E O, F O, LL I 1 22 E O 2 -49

4 7 :

5 -8.3;

6 .8

Ml, M1.7, M2, M5

I6 1A AO, I 7 3 AO, I1 16 AO, I2 41 AO, I 4 3 AO+ Ml

AO+ M5, I 4 4

3 AO, I 8 0 AO , I 9 7 AO, I 1 24 AO, I 1 55 AO, I I 5 AO , I I 4 7 AO, I I 4 8 AO, I I 17 AO+ M4, AO+ M5, I I 1 46 AO, I I 1 54 AO, AO+ M5, I I 1 61 AO, I I 1 74 AO ,I I I 2 00 AO, I I 2 09 AO, I I 2 15 AO, I I 4 19 AO+ Ml, I I 4 25 AO, I I 4 36 AO, I V 7 8 AO, I V 1 10 AO+ Mi, I V 1 42 AO+ M4, X I 1 59 AO, X I 2 24 AO, E O, X I I 2 50 AO+ M5, X II 1 382 F O, C o-op 7 AO, A I 1 6 ( 4 ) AO+ M2, J I ( 243 ) AO, J I( 245 ) AO, J I( 250 ) AO, J I ( 258 ) AO+ M1.7 ;

L e icester 1 38.1968 AO, A (1) 1 39.1968 AO+ M2,

L incoln F laxengate ARZ AO 2 -50

4 5 :

5 .5-8.5 ;

7 .1

M2, M13

I2 4 AO, I5 6 AO, I6 1A 2 AO, I7 3 AO, I9 0 AO, I 1 98 AO , I 3 0 AO, I 6 5 AO, I 1 39 AO, I 1 62 AO, I I 4 7 AO, I I 4 7+426

AO, I I 4 8 AO,

I I 7 6 AO, I I 9 1 AO, I I 1 29 AO, I I 1 39 AO, I I 1 55 AO, I I 1 62 AO, I I 2 04 AO, I I 3 73A AO, I I 3 98 AO, I I 4 19 AO, I V 7 5 AO, I V 10 AO, I V 15 AO, I V 1 42 AO, I V 1 46 AO, I V 1 49 AO, I V 1 57 AO, X I 4 1 AO, X I 8 5 AO, X I 2 50 AO, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .16, 2 .18 ), A I 7 1 ( 5 ) AO, J I ( 253 ) AO, J I( 254 ) AO+ M1.7. J I ( 263 ) AO, J I ( 265 ) AO, LL I9 AO, LL I1 5 AO, LL I2 3 AO 2 -51

5 :

4 .4-6.2;

5 .7

I I 2 8 AO, I I 4 19 AO, X E 2 85 AO, A V I 1 04 ( 16 ), Buckm inster ( 4 .3 ) 2 .52

2 :

6 -7 ;

6 .5

X I 2 8 AO, X I 9 2 AO 2 -53

4 :

5 .5-7;

6 .2

I V 2 4 AO, X I 9 1 AO, X I 2 03 AO, C ast le ( Hurst 2 .5 ) 2 -54

3 :

4 .7-6 ;

I I 1 6 AO ;

5 .6 Barton B lount ( 32.3 ), L incoln F laxengate AEE AO

VESSEL FOR M 3 3 -01

2 1:

5 -9;

6 .6

M1

I1 47 AO, I2 44 AO, I2 48 AO, I 4 3 AO+ M43, I 2 19 AO, I I 7 3 AO+ Ml I I 3 71 AO, F O, I V 1 36

0 , I V 1 57 AO, X I 6 AO, X I I 1 387 AO+ Ml,

Cast le ( Hurst 2 .9, 2 .13 ), A I 6 5 AO, J I ( 232 ) AO, LL I8 AO, LL I 1 22 F O;

Derby F ul l S t

P it 2 0 ( 14.136 ), P it 4 7 ( 8.2 ) AO, L e icester

1 14.1969 AO+ Ml 3 -02

1 5 :

5 .2-8.7 ;

6 .6

M1, M3.1

I 5 AO+M3.1, I 3 0 AO, I I 2 36 AO, I I 2 77 2 AO+ M3.1, X I 2 8 AO, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .12 ), DD I5 50 ( 169 ), L I2 0 AO+ M1

LL IAO, LL I

9 AO+ Ml, LL I 1 6 AO, LL 123 2 AO, LL I2 5 AO+ M3.1

2 47

3 -03

2 8:

4 .8-9;

6 .5

Ml, M1.3, M3.1

I6 1A AO, I 1 98 AO, I2 41 AO, I2 61 A O, I 4 3 AO, I 9 7 A O, I 1 39 AO, I I 2 1 D O, I I 3 6 AO, I I 4 1 E O, I I 1 17 AO, I I 1 55 A O , I I 1 68 AO+ Ml, I I 2 15 AO, I I 3 29 AO, I I 3 81 AO, I I 4 36 AO, X I 6 6 AO, X I 7 8 AO, X I 8 5 E O, X I 2 50 AO, X I I 4 99 HO+ Ml . 3, X I I 1 382 HO, C ast le ( Hurst 2 .3 ), A I 3 7 AO, A X I 3 A4, L I 1 8 AO, LL I 1 20 A O 3 -04

8 :

6 -8.3;

6 .8

X I 6 7 HO, X I I 9 66 2 E O, X I I 1 382 2 H O, LL I1 6 E (4 ), T hetford D 2. 3 14 A5, D 2.478 D 5/5 3 -05

1 1:

5 -8;

6 .6

M1, M1.9

I I 1 5 E O, I I 1 70 E O, I I 1 79 E O , I I 4 19 E O, I V 1 48 AO+ M1.9, X I 7 6 F O, X I I 1 380 E O, C o-op 7 AO, A I6 3 ( 7 ) A (1)+Ml, LL I2 5 DO; A lstoe Mount ( 4 ) 3 -06

9 :

5 .5-8.5;

7 .4

1 I 1 48 AO, I 1 83 AO, X I I 1 380 3 HO, X I I 1 382 F O, X II 1 387 EO, FO, HO 3 -07

1 1:

6 -8.5;

6 .9

M1.3, M5

I6 1A E O, I I 3 71 E O, I I 4 19 HO+ Mi . 3 , I V 6 8 F O, I V 1 48 E O, I V 1 80 E O, X I 2 8 AO, C ast le ( Dunn ing 5 .1 ) +M5, ( 5.2 )+ M5, Le icester J ewry Wa l l ( 60.1 ) +M5, York K ings S quare ( 5 .11) AO 3 -08

1 0 :

6 -9 ;

7 .1

I2 18 AO, I2 41+262 AO, I2 55 AO, I I 2 4 AO, I I 1 53A F O , X I 1 3 E 0,

3 -09

X I 1 22 E O, 1 (1 );

L incoln F laxengate ACM AO

1 4 :

M1

5 -8;

6 .6

I5 8 AO, I I 1 54 AO, I I 3 71 E O, I V 7 8 AO , I V 1 48 HO+ Mi, X I 2 8 5A O, X I I 1 382 HO, HO+ M1.3, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .15 ), J I ( 267 ) AO 3 -10

5 ;

5 .9-9;

7 M1.7, M5

I I 6 6 AO, J I( 264 ) AO, J I ( 272 ) AO+ M1.7 ;

L e icester 1 38.1968 AO+

M5, L inco ln F laxengate ACE AO 3 -11

1 3 :

6 -11;

7 .1

I2 18 AO, I I 2 8 AO, I I 6 5 AO, I I 1 57 AO , X I 8A AO, X I 2 8 AO, X I 7 7 AO, X I 7 8 3 AO, A I I 3 d ( 8 );

Derby F u l l S t P it 2 ( 10.59 ) AO,

L inco ln F laxengate AWL AO 3 -12

4 4 :

5 .2-8.6 ;

6 .6

Ml, M4

I6 1 AO, I6 1A 4 AO, ; 2 36+241+262 AO, I2 46 AO, I2 48 A O , I2 62 A O , I I 4 25 AO, AO+ M4, X I 2 8 3 AO, X I 2 43 D O, Co-op 2 AO, DD I8 4h AO+ Ml, DD I4 38 ( 1 12 ) +M1, DD I5 50a AO, J I ( 276 ) AO, LL I 1 6 A O , S choo l P it 1 5 r i ms ;

Derby F u l l S t P it 1 8 ( 15.170 ) AO, P it 2 2 ( 8.46 ),

P it 2 8 ( 9 .49 ) AO, A lstoe Mount ( 7 ), L inco ln F laxengate J 1 8 AO, XU AO, ZU AO, ABH AO, AEJ AO, A IT AO, ATS AO, ATV A O, York S ke ldergate, K ings S quare ( 1.19 ) Thet ford S 2.182 AO, D 2.441 AO. 3 -13

1 4 :

5 -7;

5 .9

M2, M3

I1 28 F O, 1 1 47 F O, I I 4 19 AO, I V 3 3 F O, X I 8 5 F O, X I 2 44 F O, C ast le ( Dunn ing 5 .5 ), C o-op AO, E 0, S choo l P it 1 , York K ings S quare ( 1 .20 ) AO+ M3, L incoln F laxenga te ABU A O, Thet ford D i . 236 AO, D 2.313 AO 2 48

VESSEL

3

FOR M

1 5 % --

>--7 t 1 2

,

V

)--1 6

,-1 3

%--

$-

1 8

1 9

1 7

) -» -2 . -

/// '

2

2 -3- 2 4

7729

S -2 0

F 2 1

)-- , --2 5 A, 2 6

? 27

5 7 > 3 0

3 1

3 2 1 : 2

F ig . 4 9

F or m 3 C ook ing p ots. 2 49

1 :2

3 -14

1 2: 5 .8-8.1; 7 ./ Ml, M1.3 I1 4 AO+ Mi, I 8 2 E O, I I 2 09 F O, I I 4 02 AO+ Ml, X I 1 55 H O+ M1.3, X I 2 03 HO+ M1 . 3, X I 2 44 E O, X I 2 59 E 0, X I 2 94 AO, X I 2 97 HO E -MI . 3 , Co-op 7AO, J I 1 0 AO

3 -15

3 :

5 -7 ;

5 .7

I2 62 AO, X I 6 6 AO ; 3 -16

3 -17

4 :

5 .6-7;

Derby F ul l S t P it 2 ( 10.61 ) AO

6 .5

I2 62 A (5),

I I 5 8 GO, I I 3 29 G O ;

4 :

6 .9

5 .8-8;

I I 3 29 AO, X I 2 8 AO, X I 6 6 AO ; 3 -18

4 :

6 -7.5;

Derby F ul l S t P it 3 3 ( 8 .3 ) AO

York K ings S quare ( 6.25 )

6 .9

I3 2 F O, I6 1A AO, I I 3 73 F O, X I I 1 380 HO, C o-op 7 AO 3 -19

3 :

7 .5

X I I 1 387 HO, C o-op 7 FO, LL I2 0 D O 3 -20

6 :

6 -8;

7 .1

I 1 18 AO, I 1 39 AO, I I 6 4 AO, X I 2 AO, X E 2 79 E O, X II 1 380 HO 3 -21

6 :

5 .3-7.5;

6 .3

X I I 1 382 HO, X I I 1 386 E O, C o-op 7 E O, J I( 274 ) AO, J I ( 275 ) AO; Derby F ul l S t P it 2 0 ( 14.135 ) L incoln F laxengate YG AO 3 -22

3 -23

2 :

5 -7 ;

6

X I 2 8 AO ;

L incoln F laxengate, ATV A O

2 7 :

6 .5

5 -9;

M1

I7 0B A (1 ), I 1 87 A (1 ), I 1 98 AO, I2 23 A O, I3 67 AO, I 1 39 AO, I 1 78A AO, I I 5 AO, I I 9 AO, I I 4 7 AO , I I 1 74 AO, I I 1 78 AO, I I 1 86 AO, X I 6 6 2 AO, X I 7 8 AO, X I 2 74 2 AO, X I 2 79 AO , A I4 9 AO+ Ml, S chool, B uck m inster ( 4 .4 ), L inco ln F laxengate AEE AO, AUH AO, Wharra m Percy 1 2785 GO, 1 4071 AO, York K ings S quare ( 5 .18 ) 3 -24

5 :

5 .6-7.5;

6 .4

I I 3 70 AO, I V 5 5 AO, I V 1 48 AO, X I I 1 380 HO, LL I1 22 F O 3 -25

4 3 :

5 -9;

6 .8

Ml, M1.7, M5

I6 1A AO, I1 96, 1 97, 1 99 AO, I2 62 AO, I 4 3+62 AO, I 7 2 A O, I 9 3 AO, I 1 39 AO, I I 2 5 3 AO, I I 2 8 A O, I I 3 8 A O, I I 6 6 AO, I I 8 0 AO, I I 1 17 A0+ 1 % 11, I I 1 63 AO+ Ml, I I 3 29 AO+ M5, I I 4 19 4 AO, I I 4 25 AO, I V 3 3+142 AO, X I 5 AO, X E 6 2 AO, X I 8 AO, X I 2 8 AO , X I 7 7 AO, X I 7 8 AO, X I 8 5 AO, X I 1 55 AO, C ast le ( Hurs t 3 .17 ), C o-op AO, F O, C o-op 3 /5 AO, J I ( 246 ) AO, J I( 266 ) AO+ M1.7, J I ( 277 ) AO; 3 -26

1 :

Oakham Cast le ( 5.3 ), L inco ln F laxengate AEA A (1)

8

X I I 1 315 HO 3 -27

1 2 :

4 .8-8.7 ;

6

M1

I1 87 AO, X I I 1 257 F O, C o-op AO, A I 5 3 AO, LL I19 A (1)+ Ml, L e icester 3 66.1964 AO, Baston AO, L inco ln F laxengate I J A O , YZ B (1), ABH AO, AHR AO, Ta mworth Mou lds Yard AO 2 50

3 -28

3 :

6 -7;

6 .7

I2 18 AO, I 1 39 AO, I V 3 3 AO 3 -29

6 :

5 -8.7;

6 .5

I9 0 AO, I3 67 AO, X I 2 8 GO, X I 2 50 AO, A I I 1 2d A2;

L inco ln

F laxengate AJL AO 3 -30

7 :

4 .8-9;

7 .4

I 16 AO, I2 55 AO, Cast le ( Dunn ing 5 .6, Hurst 2 .23, 2 .24 ), Derby F ul l S t P it 2 0 ( 14.134 ), L incoln F laxengate ATS AO 3 -31

1 3 :

5 .1-8.5 ;

7 .2

I6 1A AO, I I 2 8 AO, I I 1 17 AO;

A lstoe Mount ( 6 ), L e icester 1 38.1968

AO, L inco ln F laxengate AGG AO, A IB A (1), M V AO, ATV AO, York K ings S quare AO, S ke ldergate AO, Oxford 6 9A 8 4/1 AO , Thetford D 2.90 D O 3 -32

4 :

6 .3-8.8 ;

7 .4

J I( 279 ) AO , J I( 280 ) AO, LL I8 AO ;

L inco ln F laxengate XU AO

VESSEL FOR M 4 4 -01

7 ;

5 -7.5 ;

5 .7

I I 4 7 BO, I I 2 15 B i, H I4 BO;

L incoln F laxengate AED AO, AE W

G O, ASO A l, K ing 's L ynn AS 6 7 V BO 4 -02

4 :

6 -7 ;

6 .4

I I 1 15 B ( 1 ) , H I4 B (1), H I6 B (1 ), S choo l ( Peacock 3 .4 ) BO 4 -03

2 2 :

5 .8-8;

6 .0

I6 1A BO, I1 98 B (1), I2 59 GO, I 1 86 B O, I I 2 8 AO, I I 3 4 GO, I I 8 9 B O, I I 17 B O, GO, I I 1 52 B (1), I I 1 70 BO, I V 9B O, G (1), I V 1 34 B i, I V 1 50 B (1 ), X I 1 55 BO, X I 1 59 AO, X I 2 74 BO;

Oakha m Cast le

( 5.12 ), P ickwe l l B O, L incoln F laxengate ABL GO, AF W GO 4 -04

1 5 :

6 -9.5 ;

7 .3

I 1 43 GO+ M19, I I 1 20 BO, I I 1 70+X I 2 GO+ M19, I I 1 98 GO, I I 4 14 B O+ M19, I V 7 4 BO , I V 1 38 B i, I V 1 43 B O, I V 1 49 B O, X I 2 72 BO+ M19, DD I1 68 ( 1 28)+ M19, ( 131), DD I4 30 ( 1 13 );

Not t ingha m Br id les m ith

Ga te ( 4 .2 ) 4 -05

6 :

6 -13;

8 .3

M16, M19, M40

I9 7 G O+M19, I 16 G O+ M40, I I U/S BO+ M19, X I 2 72 BO+ M16+ M19 , DD I 7 9 ( 1 19 )+M19

S chool ( Peacock )+ M16+1 \ 119 ;

L inco ln F laxengate

ABH AO 4 -06

1 ;

6 .2

I I 4 7 AO 4 -07

3 :

6 .8-9.6 ;

7 .8

M19

X I 7 8 B l+M19, DD I7 9 ( 116 )+ M40 , S choo l ( Peacock 3 .10 )+ M19 4 0 8

4 :

7 -9;

8

M19

I2 17 G (1), I I 3 6 AO, I I 2 08,212, 2 13,214 GO+ M19, X I 2 74 GO 4 -09

6 :

5 .2-7 ;

6 .1

M40

I I 4 6 AO, I I 7 1 AO, I I 2 49 A4, DD I7 9 ( 117 )+ M40, Buck m inster ( 4.5 ), Oakha m C ast le 5 .13 ) 2 51

4 -10

5 :

4 .5-5.8;

5 .2

I I 9 AO, I I 7 3 AO, I I 1 86 GO, I V 9 9 A O, X I 2 74 BO 4 -11

9 :

5 .5-7 ;

6 .4

I6 G O, I 1 98 A (4), I 8 6 GO, I 9 7 GO , I I 3 0 A4, I I 1 57 G O , I V 1 33 A4, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .22 ), S choo l ( Peacock 3 .7 ) AO 4 -12

1 0 :

5 -8;

6 .4

I5 8 B O, I 1 31 AO, I 1 87 AO, I2 32 AO, I V 1 80 G O, X I 1 59 A O, X I 1 90 B I, A I6 7 ; 4 -13

3 :

L e icester 3 02.1971, L incoln F laxengate AWL A (1 )

8 -8.4;

8 .2

I1 87 BO, X I I 6 11 B i; 4 -14

4 :

5 .4-6.2;

Oakha m Cast le

6 .0

I I 9 AO, I I 1 38 AO ;

Derby F ul l S t P it 2 4 ( 13.109 ), Oakha m Cast le

( 5.11) 4 -15

2 2 :

5 -8;

6 .4

I6 9 G O, I2 39 G O, I 2A GO, I I 1 70 AO , I I 2 09 GO, I I 3 13A AO, I I 3 29 2 AO, I I 4 19 AO, I V 3 3 GO, I V 1 50 AO, X I 6 6 AO, X I 1 90 AO, X I 2 79 GO ;

L e icester 2 53.195 AO, 1 23.1969 AO, Oakham Cast le

( 5 .14 ), L incoln F laxengate E 54 AO, AS G O, XU AO , ALV G O, AT M AO 4 -16

1 5 :

5 -8;

6 .9

M16

I9 AO, I 1 98 AO, I 2 61 AO, I I 2 1 G (1) , I I 2 7 GO, I I 3 66 AO, X I 2 G O, X I 2 42 AO, Maxey GO+ M16, Barton B lount ( 32.7 ), L inco ln F laxengate I H A (1 ) ,AFD A l, A . TV AO, B r ixworth V icarage Garden, York Peterga te A (1) 4 -17

3 :

5 .6-6.8;

6 .2

I3 44 AO, DD I 8 ( 147 ); 4 -18

1 0 :

5 .5-9.5;

L incoln F laxengate YZ AO

6 .2

I3 38 AO, BO, X I 2 BO, X I 1 59 G (6 ), C ast le ( Hurst 2 .21), T hurgar ton ( 5.8 ), L inco ln F laxenga te B O A (1 ), AFL A (1 ), AMO A (1), AO M A (1 ) 4 -19

2 :

5 .7-8;

6 .9

I5 8 AO, I V 9 9 GO 4 -20

4 :

6 -8.5;

7 .3

L e icester 4 79.1964 AO, Wharram Percy 1 4144 AO, York M ins ter RP683 AO, Thurgarton ( 5.7 ) 4 -21

1 5 :

4 .6-7 ;

5 .7

I6 1 AO, I 1 16 AO, I 2 G 1, I 1 39 AO, I I 9 AO, I I 2 8 AO, I I 3 6 GO, I I 6 5 AO, I I 2 09 AO, I V 1 36 GO, I V 1 50 G O, X I 7 7 AO, X I 2 79 AO ; L inco ln F laxengate XU AO, Thetford S t B arnabas IA 1/ (1) 4 -22

8 :

5 .4-7.2;

6 .4

I7 0B A (1), I1 87 AO, I 8 6 G 1 ,I I 3 6 A O, I I 1 57 2 AO;

Oakha m

Cast le ( 5 .4 ), L inco ln F laxengate I K AO 4 -23

5 :

5 .4-7.5 ;

6 .3

M16

I5 6 B I, X I 2 74 GO, H I4 B (1 )+ M16, S choo l P it 1 ; g ate ( 7.71 ), F laxengate AEK G O

2 52

L inco ln B road-

VESSEL

11 1

T3

2

7

313

T 1 8

/23

129

T4

1 4

1 9

124

7 25

1

Y

1 5

7 2 0

3 1

5

1 6

1 2 1

1 2 6 ;

3 30

1 ' 6

t o

9

) 1 2

4 & 5

FOR MS

1 7

3

2 7

1 32

F or ms 4 -01 t o 4 -33 = 5 -01 t o 5 -33 .

2 53

7 2 8 1 33

12 F ig . 5 0

2 2

1 :2

4 -24

1 5 ;

5 .4-8;

6 .1

I5 6 B i, I2 59 AO, I V 1 50 B (1), X I 2 39 G O, H I4 2 BO;

L e icester

3 02.1971 A (1 ), L inco ln F laxenga te MT B O, 2G B O, ABE G O, AB W G I, AEE G (1 ), AQQ G I/ (1), K ing 's L ynn AS 1 2- G I, Mayorho ld ( 6 .11) 4 -25

6 :

5 .7-9.5 ;

7 .5

M19

I5 8 B (1 ), I 8 6 G I, I I 2 36 GO, S choo l ( Peacock 3 .12 )+ M19, S cotgate

4 -26

GO ;

C ast le Acre NEC 4 5- G I

1 9 :

5 .2-8.5;

6 .4

M19

I2 59 G i+ M19, I2 61 GO, I3 44 G O, I 9 7 B O, I I 3 6 BO, I I 4 1 GO, I I 2 08, 2 12, 2 13, 2 14 BO, I V 9B (1 ), I V 4 9 GO, I V 1 49 B O, X I 2 79 BO, H I3 /4 2 BO, ' H I4 BO ;

Barton B lount ( 32.4 ), Grea t G onerby

BO, L incoln F laxengate BE AO, MC G I, Thurgarton ( 5.10 ) 4 -27

4 :

5 .4-8;

6 .7

I2 59 BO, I I 4 6 BO, X I 1 59 G I, L e icester J ewry Wa l l ( 59.5 ) AO.

4 -28

7 :

5 .6-7.6 ;

6 .4

I I 3 4 2 GO, I I 1 70 G I, I V 4 8 BO, X I 2 74 BO, X I 2 79 AO, E I V U/S GO L inco ln F laxengate VV BO 4 -29

4 :

6 .7-7;

X I 2 8 AO;

6 .9 Derby Fu l l S t P it 4 4 GO, L e icester 2 95.1973 G O ,

Northa mpton S t Peters S t A407 G I 4 -30

8 :

5 .2-8;

6 .4

M18

I9 0 BO+ M18, I 2 23 AO, X I 2 72 B O, S choo l ( Peacock 3 .8 ) B (1); L e icester 1 46.1956 AO, Thurgarton ( 5 .10 ), L inco ln F laxengate S C G (1) 4 -31

3 :

5 .3-8;

7

I9 0 AO, I3 67 AO; 4 -32

1 1:

5 .9-8;

L incoln F laxengate ABP AO

6 .7

I 8 0 GO, I I 2 2 G6, I I 2 47 GO, I I 3 73A AO, BO, X E 2 39 A (1 ), H I4 BO;

Maxey BO, Derby F ul l S t P it 2 ( 10.65 ) AO, L incoln B roadgate

( 9.80 ) A l, L incoln F laxengate ( 15.80 ) 4 -33

3 :

6 -8.8;

6 .9

M18

I 1 48 A l, DD I5 50 ( 154 )+ M18, L incoln F laxengate AEA G 5 4 -34

8 :

5 -7.8;

6 .1

MI9

I I 3 6 GO, I I 3 10 GO, X I 2 72 C l+ M19, A I 3 3 ( 17 ) AO, DD I5 50 ( 155 );

Not t ingha m Br ic l les m ith Gate ( 4 .10 ) L inco ln F laxengate I H

G I, AOY G I 4 -35

2 0 :

5 -8;

6 .6

M19

I1 76, 1 77, 1 81 GO, I I 6 4 B I, I I 3 80 B O, G O, I V 9 4 G (1)+M19, I V 1 80 GO, X I 2 72 BO+ M19, L e icester 1 46.1956 AO, 4 79.1964 AO, L inco ln F laxengate S A G I, VV B (1), XF G 1, XQ G O, XU B I, AB M G I, ABN B I, AHO BO, AOY B (1 ), ATN G I, Not t ingha m B r id les m ith Gate ( 4 .4 )

2 54

4 -36

3 1 :

5 -8.8;

I1 31 AO,

6 .0 1 43 AO, I3 38 BO, GO, I 3 0 AO, I I 2 7 A l, I I 3 4 B i,

I I 3 6 AO, G O, I I 4 7 B (1), I I 8 0 AO, I I 1 53A GO, I I 1 61 GO, I I 1 85 AO, I I 2 09 AO , I I 3 72 AO, I I 3 81 GO, I V 3 3 GO, I V 7 8 GO, I V 1 15 GO, I V 1 50 AO , X I 7 6 AO, X I 2 72 B i;

Great Gonerby BO, L inco ln

F laxengate ED AO, YG B i, ABU A l, AHO GO, AUC AO, BLV G 1, Nott ingha m B r id les m ith Gate ( 4 .5 ) 4 -37

4 -38

2 :

4 .4-6.7 ;

5 .6

I I 3 98 AO;

Wa inf leet BO

3 :

7 .5

6 .5-8;

I V 6 8 G 1, X E 1 21 GO; 4 -39

6 ;

5 -5.7 ;

5 .3

G loucester Be l l Hote l 8 5/68 I .11- G 1

M19

I I 4 7 GO, I I 7 3 GO, I I 2 08, 2 12, 2 13, 2 14 GO, I V 7 4 AO, I V 1 46 GO+ M19, I V 1 80 GO 4 -40

1 :

5 .2

I V 7 8 A (1 ) 4 -41

1 1:

4 .5-9;

6 .3

I6 1 AO, I I 4 24 GO, W 3 3 BO, I V 1 49 ( 6 ), H I4 BO;

B a ),X[ 272

B O , X I 2 74 G

L inco ln F laxengate ABN BO, B (1), A IA B (1),

Northa mpton S t Peters S t A256 AO 4 -42

1 4 :

5 .8-8.5 ;

6 .7

M18, M19

I I 2 03 BO, I I 4 25 G O, I V 7 8 BO, I V 1 27 BO+M19, I V 1 38 BO+ M19, I V 1 80 GO, ) 0 6 1 GO, X I 1 59 BO+M19, X I 2 79 AO+ M18+M19, BO+ M19, Cast le ( Hurst 3 .36 ), S choo l, S choo l L 2; 4 -43

1 6 :

5 -8.2;

6 .2

Wharra m P ercy 1 3418 GO

M20

I I 4 1 GO, I I 8 9 BO, I I 1 17 B (1 ), G6, I I 2 09 2 GO, I I 2 14 B O+ M20, I I 2 69 GO, I I 3 80 BO, I V 1 15 AO, I V 1 74 G O, I V 1 80 AO, X I 1 59 G (1), X I 2 46 BO, X I 2 79 BO ; 4 -44

4 :

5 -6 ;

S udbrook GO

5 .5

I2 53 BO, I V 1 38 GO, X I 2 72 B O; 4 -45

4 :

5 -6 ;

L inco ln F laxengate AVI AO

5 .4

X I 2 52 BO, G O, X I 2 72 BO, X I 2 79 BO 4 -46

1 1:

5 .7-7.7 ;

6 .1

I1 28 GO, I1 98 G6, I3 38 GO, I I 3 20 A4, I V 6 8 GO, I V 1 50 B I, W 1 74 BO, X I 1 59 AO, GO, X I 2 79 G 1, Norw ich 1 56N 2 52-Al 4 -47

3 1:

5 .4-9 ;

6 .5

I5 8 AO, 2 G (1), I 6 3 AO, I6 9 A5, I7 0B BO, I2 24 BO, G O, I2 31 A4, I3 83 AO, I 8 6 A5, I I 3 4 GO, I I 3 6 2 AO, I I 6 5 3 GO, I I 1 15 2 AO, I I 1 72 AO, I V 6 0 AO, I V 1 49 G O, X E 2 43 AO, X I 2 52 AO, Cast le ( Hurst 3 .37 );

Derby F ul l S t P it 2 ( 10.64 ) AO, Buck m inster ( 4.6 ),

Le icester 5 68.1969 AO, L incoln F laxengate L loyds Bank i i. 5 ( 229 ) GO 4 -48

2 :

8 -8.5;

8 .2

M19

I V 1 27 BO+M19, I V 1 38 BO+M19 2 55

ND AO, York ( 24.21),

4 -49

9 :

5 .6-8;

6 .5

M19

I2 44 B (1)+ M19, I I 4 19 BO, ) 0 2 72 BO , 2B i, X I 2 79 BO, B O+ M19, H I3 /4 B (1), S choo l D3 4 -50

8 :

5 .6-8;

6 .5

M19

I 3 0 BO, ) 0 8 3 GO, X I 2 72 B I, ) 0 2 74 B O, 2 G O, HI 4 B O , Not t ingha m Br id les m ith Gate ( 4.11 ) 4 -51

4 :

6 .7-7.4 ;

7 .0

M19

I I 2 3 C O+ M19, X I 2 72 2 B O, X I 2 74 BO+M19 4 -52

4 -53

8 : 5 .8-8; 7. 5 M 19 I V 1 27 BO, I V 1 38 B O, X I 1 59 2 GO, ) 0 2 79 BO, 2 BO+ M19 G O 5 :

7 .1-8.5;

7 .8

M16, M19

H I3 /4 BO+ M16, H I4 BO+ M19;

L e icester 4 21.1965 A (1 ), L inco ln

F laxengate S C GO ,A WZ GO 4 -54

7 :

5 .5-8.7;

6 .5

M19

I I 2 7 AO+ M19, I I 3 73A GO+ M19, I I 4 36 G O+ M19, X I 1 59 G O, X I 2 72 AO+ M19, X I 2 79 GO+ M19; 4 -55

3 3:

4 .3-8.2;

6 .1

L inco ln F laxengate AQQ G 1

M19, M20

I5 6 B I, I2 23 B (1 ), I 3 0 BO, I 4 5 G 2+ M19, I I 2 5 AO, 1 128 AO, I I 3 4 BO+M20, I I 1 56 B (1), I I 1 70 G I, I I 2 09 BO, I I 3 29 G O, W 2 4 BO, I V 7 4 BO , I V 1 44 BO, W 1 50 BO, I V 1 80 B i, X I 8 2 G (1), X I 8 3 GO, X I 1 59 BO, GO, X [ 2 43 G (1), X I 2 45 BO, X I 2 72 A (1)+ M19, A (1) +M40, BO, B I, ) 0 2 79 B I, GO, X I I 2 97 B (1 ), DD I 1 68 ( 130 ) +M19; Derby Fu l l S t P it 4 4 ( 1 1.75 ) GO, L inco ln F laxengate AOJ G I, Nott ingha m Br id les m ith Gate ( 4.3 ) 4 -56

1 0 :

5 .1-6 ;

5 .6

I I 4 7 GO, I I 3 29 GO, X E 2 72 2 GO, X I 2 74 BO, X I 2 79 BO , G O, X I 2 87 GO ; 4 -57

7 :

L inco ln F laxengate I H G 2, Wharra m Percy 6 556 B O 5 -10 ;

7 .7

M19

I 8 0 GO, G (1)+ M19, I I 1 61 GO, I V 3 9 A O, I V 6 7 B (1), X I 1 59 AO, X I 2 74 GO 4 -58

2 u :

5 -7.6 ;

6 .3

M19, M40

I6 1A GO+ M19, I1 16 BO+ M19, I3 65 G I, I 8 0 B 2+ M19, I 2 31 G 1, I I 3 4 B (1), I I 1 42 GO+ M40, I V 3 3 BO+ M19, I V 1 34 AO+ M19, X [ 2 2 AO, X I 7 8 BO, X I 1 59 A (1)+ M19, X E 2 45 B O+ M19, X I 2 72 B I, X I 2 74 BO, ) 0 2 87 B 1;

E l l in i jton ( 54.1), L inco ln F laxengate CY B O ,ACO

BO, AB W G O 4 -59

2 :

5 .5-6.5;

6

X I 8 2 B (1), X I 8 3 B (1 ) 4 -60

6 3 :

5 -9;

6 .4

M18, M19, M20, M40

I5 6 AO, A l; I1 87 AO, I1 98 B O+ M20, I2 43 BO+ M19, I2 61 A l, I 1 62 G O+ M19, I I 3 4 GO, I I 3 6 AO+ M18, I I 1 24 G O, I I 1 86 AO+ M40, I I 2 09 GO, I I 3 29 C O, I I 4 14 GO, I I 4 19 GO, I V 3 3 GO, I V 6 0 BO, I V 7 8 BO, I V 1 15 AO, I V 1 50 AO, G6, I V 1 63 AO, I V 1 72 AO+ M40, X E 2 AO, ) 0 8 3 AO, X E 1 59 AO, 2 AO+ M40, 3 GO, G (1)+ M19, X I 2 72

2 56

VESSEL

) 34

135

1 4 0

;36

4 1

145

146 )

5 71 )

1

3 7

1 4 2 7 7

1

1

Z

4 8

3 8

4 3

739

744

1 49

1 -5 0

52

1 5 7T 5 8 762

4 &

FOR MS

763

F ig . 5 1

T60

N

6 4

T65

1

J 6 -1 1

6 6

F or ms 4 -34 t o 4 -67 = 5 -34 t o 5 -67 . 1:2 2 57

T67

4 -60 c ont .

BO+ M19, C O, GO+ M19, X I 2 74 BO, X E 2 79 2 B (1 ), B (1)+M19, 2 GO , X II 3 15 G (1), DD I5 50 ( 152 )+ M40, ( 153 )+ M40, H I4 BO+M19, S cotgate 2 GO, G (6 )+ M19;

A lstoe Mount ( 28 ), L e icester 1 46.1956

AO, BO, 2 47.1968 AO, 4 21.1965 AO, J ewry Wa l l ( 59.6 ) A O, L inco ln F laxengate S Z GO, XC B i, XU GO, YE B (1), B i, ABA G (1 ), ABE GO, AJL G (1), York K ings S quare ( 1.21) 4 -61

3 :

6 -8.4;

7 .6

I I 3 6 G (1), DD I5 50 ( 156 ); 4 -62

5 :

5 .6-7;

6 .2

L e icester J ewry Wa l l ( 59.5 )

M19

I3 65 + I I I 6 0 AO+M19, I I 3 73A AO+ M19, X I 1 59 AO ; S cotga te G O ;S udbrook AO. 4 -63

1 :

5

X I 1 59 G O 4 -64

5 :

5 -5.8;

5 .3

I I 3 6 A l, I I 3 9 GO, X I I 1 386 B 1, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .25 );

L incoln

F laxengate VD BO 4 -65

3 :

5 -6.2;

5 .7

I 1 86 BO , X I 1 22 C O , Thurgart ,on ( 5.7 ) 4 -66

2 :

4 .5-6.2;

5 .3

I I 1 85 B i, I I 4 19 A O 4 -67

4 :

5 .8-9.7;

7 .6

I V 7 8 GO, I V 3 1 GO , I V 1 23 B (1 ), S choo l ( Peacock 3 .14 ) 4 -68

3 :

5 .1-6 ;

5 .5

I 1 86 GO, X I 2 72 BO , X I 2 74 B O VESSEL FOR M 5 5 -01

5 :

5 .9-6.8;

6 .2

I I 3 69 B l+H, H I4 B l+Sp ;

L incoln F laxengate WP G (1)+ H and le

3 4, ABN BO, Thet ford D 2.724 G i 5 -02

3 :

6 -8.2;

7

I I 1 66 B l+Hand le 3 5, H I 3 /4 B l+H, H I4 B (1)+Spout 4 5 -03

5 :

4 .2-7;

5 .8

I I 6 6 G 1+H, I I 4 30 G i+H, S choo l+Hand le 3 5, S chool P it 4 +Hand le 3 5, S chool L 2+Sp 5 -05

1 :

6 .5

L e icester 4 21.1965 A (1)+Sp 5 -07

3 :

7

I I 3 98 A4+Spout 4 ;

Bedford C auldwe l l S t BCS.3.74 G2+Spout 4 ,

L inco ln F laxengate ATV B I 5 -12

1 :

6

X I 2 72 A l+H 5 -14

2 ;

5 .1-7.5 ;

6 .3

Norw ich N53 G l+Hand le 3 5, Ox ford Ange l I nn G6+Spout 4 +2 Handle 1 0+ M42 2 58

5 -16

1 :

6 .5

I I 4 17 GO+H 5 -18

2 :

6

X I 2 79 B i+H ; 5 -21

2 :

Ox ford 6 6A.2503/1 G 1

7

Ca mbr idge K ings Lane ( 1.2 )+Hanc l le 2 1+ M42;

L incoln F laxengate

AAA G 1/ (1)+H 5 -22

1 :

6 .6

Thet ford Red Cast le ( 10.16 )+Hand le 1 5 -23

6 :

5 .5-8.5;

6 .7

X I 2 74 Al+Spout 1 0, MI 6 08 B 1(3 )+Spout 1 0, H 1 3, 4 B 6/6+Hand le 4 1+M51, H I4 B l+Sp , DD l 8 ( 148 )+Spout 1 0+3 Hand les ;

L incoln

F laxenga te ATK B l+Sp 5 -24

2 :

6 .8

L inco ln F laxenga te YG A5 AWZ B l+H 5 -26

7 :

5 -9;

6 .6

I2 44 B 2+Spout 9 , I 1 90 GO+H, I I 6 4 B l+H, I I 2 47 B (1)+Spout 6 , X I 1 59 G l+Spout 5 , X I 2 72 B l+Sp ; 5 -27

6 :

5 .2-7 ;

Le icester 3 02.1971 A (1)+Spout 5

6 .3

I I 3 4 G 1+H, I I 1 66 G l+H, X I 2 74 G l+H, X I 2 79 A l+H ;

Goltho

( 24 . 1 )+Hand le 4 4, Great Gonerby B O+H 5 -29

5 :

6 -7.5;

6 .8

I2 10 B (1)+H, I I 2 8 B l+H, X I 1 99 G l+H, X I 2 74 B i+H, I ngo ldsby+ S pout 6 +3 Hand le 3 6 5 -30

5 :

5 .5;

6 .2

Mi6

I 3 0 G l+Spout 4 , H I4 B 1/ (1)+ M16+Sp+H, H I4 B (1)/ (1 )+Hand le 3 5; L inco ln F laxengate DA G l+Spout , XG BO+Hand le 3 5 5 -31

1 :

6 .7

I I 2 77 5 -34

1 :

A1/1+H

5 .5

L inco ln F laxengate ARJ G6+H 5 -35

1 3 :

6 -9;

6 .4

M42

I9 0 A l+H, I I 1 98 E (1)+H, X I 2 72 G6+Hand le 3 6, A I I 1 5 B2+H; L e icester 5 68.1967 A l+Hand Le 3 5, L incoln F laxengate TT G l+H, XU G l+ M16, YX G l+H, ABN B l+ M42, ABP G l+H, AFV B l+ M42, AHO G l+Sp , AOY B l+Hand le 3 7 5 -36

1 2:

5 -6 ;

5 .3

I 1 48 A l+H, I I 6 4 A l+H, I I 3 80 G l+H, I V 6 0 G6+Spout 4 , S t L eonards P r iory+Spou t 4 +Hand le 3 6+ M42, Wh i tefr iars House G 1 + Spou t 4 +2 Hand le 3 1+ M42;

Ca mbr idge ( Hurst 1 .1) A 1/1+Spou t 4 ,

G loucester ( 3 7.9 ) , E t ton A l, L incoln F laxenga te ZL G l, ABN G l+Spou t 5 , Thet ford D6.1368 A6+H

2 59

5 -37

1 :

6

V I I 4G l+H 5 -41

8 :

5 -7;

5 .7

I I 1 9 G l+H, I I 4 12 G l+H, I V 1 27 B l+H, S choo l P it 4 ;

C a mbridge

Mort locks Bank ( 1.3 )+Hand le 2 9+ M42, L incoln F laxenga te XF G (1), ZV B 1+H, ATV G6+Spout 1 0 5 -42

3 : 5 .1 S choo l+H ;

L inco ln F laxengate BE A 1/ 1, York ( 24.20 ) A l+Hand le

4 0 5 -43

1 :

5 .8

S ta mford ( 406.28 ) B l+Spout 9 5 -45

1 :

5 .3

I V 1 33 B (1)+H 5 -46

1 0 : 5 .1-8. 5 ; 6 .2 I1 87 B l+Spout 9 , I2 10 B l+H, I I 4 7 G l+H, I I 6 3 B l+H, I I 4 19 B i+H, I V 1 49 B 1+H, I V 1 50 G l+H;

L e ices ter 1 886 B O+H, L inco ln F laxen-

g ate ABC B i+Spout , ABH A l+H 5 -47

7 :

6 .2 . -8;

6 .6

I6 9 A5+H, I 1 87 A5+H, I 8 6 A5+H, I I 9A l+Spout 4 ;

L inco ln

F laxengate DD A l+H, I H AO, ( + ) A li M42 5 -49

3 :

6 .2-7;

6 .6

I2 59 A l+Spout 5 , W 3 3 B6+Spout 7 ; 5 -50

B uck m ins ter ( 4.10 )+Sp+H

1 0 : 5 .8;7.2; 6 .4 I1 87 B l+Spout 8 , I I 2 2+27+36 G6+H, I I 2 08,212, 2 13

2 14 B l+Spout

6 , I V 1 50 B l+Spout 8 , X I 2 74 G l+Sp, X I I 2 97 B (1 )+H;

L e icester

West Br idge+Spout 5 +3 H and le 3 5, 4 21.1966 A (1)+Spout 5 5 -56

1 :

6

L inco ln Broadga te ( 5 .43 ) B l+Hand le 3 5 5 -58

8 :

5 .8-8.6 ;

6 .4

M16

I I 4 12 B i+H, X I 2 72 B i+Sp, G l+Spout 8 , X I I 4 21 A i+Hand le 3 7; Le icester 1 46.1957 A l+ M16+Hand le 3 8+ M42, 3 0.40 Al+M16, Northa mpton S t Peters S t C 121 B (1)+H, L inco ln F laxengate AWZ O i+ H and le 2 3 5 -59

7 :

5 .5-8,

5 .9

I I 6 3 B (1)+H, I I 4 12 B i+H, I V 13 B l+H, I V 1 43 B i+H, I V 1 50 B (1 )+Hand le 3 4, X I 8 2 B l+Sp ; 5 -60

6 :

6 -7.5;

L inco ln F laxengate ARB G ( 1 )

6 .7

Le icester J ewry Wa l l ( 60.8 ) A l+Spout 9 , L incoln F laxengate FQ B2+H, I H G l+ M42, WQ BO, XU B (1 ), ALP B l+Spout 3 5 -63

2 :

6

H I3 /4 B l+Hand le 3 5; 5 -64

6 :

6 .3-7.8;

6 .9

Oxford ( 8.3 ) M16, M18

X I 2 72 B l+Spout 8 , B 2+Spout 8 , X I 2 79 B l+H, DD I 1 68 ( 126 )+Spout 4 ,

2 60

5 -64 c ont . 5 -68

( 127 )Al+ M16+ M18+Hand le 3 8+ M42;

L e icester 1 64.1969 G l+Spout

4+Hand le 3 8+ M42 ,L inco ln F laxenga te ARJ G l+ M16 2 : 4 .8 L inco ln F laxengate U/S ( 1 5.78)+Spou t 2 , Thet ford D1116 D 5/5+Spout 3

5 -69

2 : 5 -7 ; L inco ln F laxengate ACV G 1/ (1), York Minster A5/5

5 -70

2 :

4 .9

D I2 6 ( 101 )+Spout 1 0; 5 -71

1 :

3 .9

York Minster D5/5

M5

York L loyds B ank I .14 A5/5+ M5 5 -72

4 :

4 .5-6.8;

5 .4

Co-op D 4/4;

L incoln F laxengate ARP A5/5, Thet ford D 2.735

D4/4, m isc. D 5/5 5 -73

9 :

5 .5-7;

6 .2

M5

L inco ln F laxengate H23 D 5/5+ M5, AK D4/4+ M5, ABH A5, ACY A4+ Hand le 1 1, AEA A5/5, AJP D5/5+ M5, AOU A l, Thetford D 2.285 D5+H+ M16, York K ings S quare D 5/5+ M5 5 -74

1 1:

5 .5-8.3 ;

6 .7

Ml, M4, M5

I 4 5 A 5+H , X I I 6 18 G (1)+Spout 1 2, C o-op 3 /5 A l+ M4; 1 +Hand le 1 1;

S choo l P it

L incoln F laxengate F 38 D 4/4+ Ml, H 18 G 4/4, ABL

G r6, ATS A5, Thet ford D 2.92 2 A l, D 2.447, D 2.513 A5, D 6.1358 D5 . 5+ M5 5 -75

9 :

5 .8-7.8;

6 .9

I I 3 73 A l, I V 1 43 G l+Hand le 2 3;

L incoln F laxengate S Z G l+H,

AU M A4, Thet ford D 2.181 A 1/1, D 2.463 G6, D 6.1358 D 5/5+ M5, S t Barnabas 6 2 A4/4+Hand le 2 6, Ox ford 6 9A 1 522/1 G 1/1, 1 35.84 G6 5 -76

1 2 :

4 .5-6 ;

5 .3

M5

I6 9 G l+H, I 1 98 A4+Sp , I 1 55 A 1/1+H, X I 8 5 A l+H, S choo l P it 1 + Spout 1 1+H, +Hand le 1 0;

C a mbr idge S idney S t ( 14 )+ M5, L incoln

F laxengate BE G l+Hand le 3 7, AC M G 1, York Hungate G l+Hand le 1 0 +Hand le 2 9+M42 A l, Thet ford S t Barnabas 8 A5/5, Oxford 6 9A 84 /3 5 -77

1 5:

5 .2-7.3;

6 .1

I1 87 G I, I 1 98 G (6 )/ (e )+Sp , I3 06 G l+Hand le 2 1, I V 5 5 A l; R ivenha l l 4 05 A l+Hand le 2 9+ M42, L e icester 3 16.1953 G l+Hand le 3 9, K irton A l+Spout 4 , L inco ln Broadgate 5 .44 A l/ (1)+H, L inco ln F laxengate WO G l+H, ACV G 1/ (1), ACY A 1/1+Hand le 1 1, AE W A 1/1 , AT M G4/4, Thetford D 2.469+547 A l+2 Hand le 1+ M42, D2.895 A5+3H 5 -78

1 9 :

4 .9-7.2;

5 .9

I 4 3 G l+H, I 4 5 G l+H, I I 5A l+H, I I 2 4 G 1/1, I I 3 73 G 1/1, I V 1 27 Al/1, C o-op A 5/5;

C a mbr idge Cax ton Moats ( 1 .11) A l, Chester

Goss S t A275 A5/5, L incoln F laxengate WO G l+H, XF A l+H, AEJ Al ,AO M A l, AWL A l, Thet ford D 2.193 A5/5+H, D 2.198 A l, D 2.471 G6, D 2.472 A4/4, Oxford 6 8A 1 16.204 G 1 2 61

5 -79

5 :

6 -7 ;

6 .5

I2 18 B i;

L incoln G33 D 5/5, Thetford D 2.447 Al D2.623 Al+Hand le

2 1, Oxford 8 5.135 A l 5 -80

6 :

4 .2-4.8;

4 .6

I1 98 G6, X I 5 A5, S choo l P it 2 ;

L inco ln F laxengate ASZ A5/5,

Thet ford D 2.199 A i+H, York K ings S quare ( 5.19 ) 5 -81

1 6 :

4 .3-5.5;

4 .9

Ml, M2

I V 1 27 A 1/1, X I 2 8 A 1/ 1+H, X I 7 7 A5/5, X I 8 5 A 1/1, X I 8 9 Al, X I 1 02 G i+Spout 3 , X I 1 13 G i+Hand le 2 9+ M42;

Ca mbr idge unprov.

A l+Hand le 3 8, Oakha m C ast le ( 5.9 ), L inco ln F laxengate AHR A5/5 +H, L ondon Gateway House A5/5+Spout 3 , L ondon I ron monger L ane A5/5+ M2, Thetford D 2.1116 D 5/5+Spout 3)S t Barnabas 2 A4/4+Mi +Hand le 1 2+ M42, Oxford A208.113 G i+Spout 3 +Hand le 2 9, Trondhe im N 49860VC 4 05 G l+Spout 3 +Hand le 3 1 5 -82

2 :

4 .1-4.3;

4 .2

I5 8 A5, I I 2 8 A5/5 5 -83

1 3:

5 .1-7 ;

5 .7

M5

I1 96,197,199 G 5, I 6 5 G5+Hand le 3 1, I V 1 80 A5, X I 7 8 G l+Hand le 3 3, X I 8 9 A1/ 1, X I 9 2 G i+Sp , X E 9 4 A l+Spout 2 , X E 2 48 A 5/5, X I 2 72 G6+H ;

L incoln F laxengate XU G6 , AEA A5+ Mi, Thetford D 1.106

AO, D 2.460 D 5/5+ M5, Oxford G 1/1+H 5 -84

5 :

5 .5-6.7 ;

6 .1

M5

L incoln F laxengate AEJ A 1/1, Thetford D 2.567 A4, D2.956 D5/5+ M5, 1 377 D 4/4+H+ M5, Red Cast le A 1/1 5 -85

7 :

5 -7.5;

5 .9

I1 87 A 1+H, I2 18 A l, I I 2 44 A 1+H, X I 6 6 G6, X E 1 02 G 6+Sp, DD I5 50 ( 170 ); 5 -86

6 :

5 .3-7;

York L loyds Bank i i.7 G i+H

6

I2 31 A5/5, I2 41 G 1/1+ M14+Hancle 2 5, I2 55 G i+Sp, H I 4 8 AO+H42; L incoln F laxengate ( + ) G i+Sp, Wharra m P ercy 1 899 G i+H VESSEL FOR M 6 6 -01

1 :

5 .9

Ml

X I 2 43 AO+ Mi 6 -02

2 :

5

M34

I I 3 80 B 6+H, I V 3 3 A l+ M34 6 -03

1 :

5

M74

I V 1 80 AO+ M74 6 -04

2 :

5

M16

Norw ich 1 56N.123 B 2(3 )+ M16+H, 1 72N.129 B3+H 6 -05

1 :

5 .3

M16

I1 85 G l+ M16 6 -06

2 :

5 .1-5.8;

I I 4 12 B (1)+H ;

5 .5

M16

Norw ich 1 56N.178 B 2+ M16 2 62

VESSEL

FOR M

5

9 1

4 6 8

6 9

I 7 3

7 4

7 8

7 9

8 3

7 0

"

7 5

7 1

77

8 0

8 4

7 85

7 6

8 1

)

1 :2 F ig . 5 2

F or m 5 S pou ted p i tchers.

2 63

7 2

1 :2

7 7

8 2

8 6

6 -07

1 :

4 .7

X I 2 46 B i 6 -08

3 :

5 .5-6;

5 .7

M18

I1 16 G6+ M18, E I 2 5 B i+H, H I4 B i 6 -09

1 :

6 .4

M16

L incoln F laxengate ABN B O+ M16 6 -10

4 :

5 .5-7.5;

6 .2

M16

L e icester 2 95.1973 C l+H, L inco ln F laxengate ABN B i+M16, K ing 's Lynn AS 1 2-B3 ,Aberdeen S t P au ls S t E 6C.275 B 3 6 -11

2 :

5 -6 ;

5 .5

M34

X I I 4 21 C l+Hand le 4 0 ;

L e icester S outh Bond S t ( 61.2 ) B i+ M34+

H and le 4 9+ M42 6 -12

3 :

5 .2-6.6 ;

6 .1

I V 1 25 B 3, X I I 6 41 B 1(3 ); 6 -13

5 :

3 .5-6;

5 .2

L e icester 3 02.1971

M47

I 1 90 B i, I 2 85 B i, I I 2 69 B l+ M47, X I 2 4 B i, S choo l L i 6 -14

1 :

4 .8

I V 7 8 B 1 6 -15

1 :

5 .3

S choo l P it 3 6 -16

5 :

3 .4-6.5;

5 .1

M29, M33

I I 2 3 + 27 B l+Hand le 4 9, X I I 2 97 B (1), A I I 1 2 ( 72 ) C3+Hand le 5 3+ M33+ M29; 6 -17

3 :

4 .8-6.7 ;

E l l ington ( 54.7 )B o r C 3 5 .7

M16

I I 3 73 B 3+ M16, X I I 6 41 B (3 ); 6 -18

4 :

5 -8;

5 .7

Norw ich 2 82N.39 B3

M39, M70

I2 10 B 6, I I 1 56 G 1, I V 1 50 B 1/1+Hand le 4 5+ M39+ M70 ; 6 -19

2 :

5 .6-5.7;

E t ton B (2 )

5 .6

I 3 0 BO, I V 9 9 C l 6 -20

8 :

4 .4-5.8;

5 .1

M16, M44, M51

S choo l B 3+Hand le 5 3, B 3+ M16+Hand le 4 8+ M44, S choo l L 2 B3, B3+ Hand le 5 0 ;

L inco ln F laxengate JH B I, XB B3, ABN B (1 )+Hand le

3 6+M51, K ing 's L y r 6 -21

3 :

5 .4-5.8;

5 .6

AS.F200 ( 97.3 ) M18

X I I 6 41 B3+ M18, A I 3 5 C 3+H; 6 -22

5 :

3 .9-6;

K ing 's Lynn AS.F77 ( 97.1 )

5 .2

X I I 2 97 B 6(3 ), S choo l B 3, K ing 's Lynn AS.5 ( 97.4 ) B3+Hand le 5 0, Norw ich 1 56N.253 C 2, York K ings S quare C 2 6 -23

5 :

5 -5.6 ;

5 .3

M16

I 1 62 B i, I 1 90 B i+ M16 , I I 2 38 B 2, I I 2 65 B 3, I V 3 3 B i 6 -24

4 :

5 .6-6.4;

5 .9

I I 4 0 B i, I I 2 38 B 1, I I 3 29 B 2, S choo l ( Peacock 3 .9 ) C 1(3 ) 2 64

VESSEL

1

) 7

1 8

1 7 1 3

2

FOR M

II 3

4

) 9

) 7 0

1 5

1 6

1 \ 14

I 1 9

2 0

6

f1 5

) 11

I -1 7

6

112

I V1 8

I (

2 1

2 2

2 7

2 8

\ 33

3 4

2 3

2 4

I I

1 3 1 1 : 2

) 3 2

F ig . 5 3

F o rm 6 J ugs. 2 65

1 :2

1

2 9

3 5

\ :3 0

3 6

6 -25

1 0 :

4 -5.5;

4 .6

M16, M30, M44, M75

I I 9B 3+Hand le 5 0+ M44+ M30, S choo l B 3, B3+Hand le 5 0, B 3+ M75+ Hand le 5 3, B3+ M16, S choo l , 1 2/3 B 3 , L 3 B 3;

E lstow A bbey 1 89.10

B 3, B uck m inster B o r C 3+H, Perth Marks a nd S pencers B 3 6 -26

8 :

4 .5-5.7 ;

4 .9

M30, M44

I3 51 B 3+Hand le 4 8+ M30+ M44, A I I 2( 73 ) C 3, A I I 3176 ) C 3, S choo l B 3, B 3+Hand le 4 2, L 2/3 B3;

F la mbards Me ldre th ( 1.6 ) Bo r

C 3+Hand le 4 8+ M44, S outh Witha m 1 3. D334 B3 6 -27

2 :

5 .5-6;

5 .7

M16

I3 44 B 3+ M16, X [ 1 22 B 3 6 -28

4 :

4 .5

M16, M27, M44, M45, M47, M54, M57, M75

LL I 3 B3+ M44, 1 874 K iln ( Hurst 4 .8 ) B 3+ M16+ 1V 154+ M57+Hand le 4 ß+ M45 ;

L inco ln F laxengate DU B3+ M47+Hand le 5 5+ M44+ M27,

Nor tha mpton A326 B 3+ M75 6 -29

2 :

5

Ml, M30, M44

I I 4 19 B 3+Hand le 5 3+ M44+ M30 ;

Norw ich 3 3N.U/S ( 4.6 ) B 3+Hand le

4 8+ M1 6 -30

8 :

4 .5-6;

5

M16, M30, M33

I I 2 09 G6+ M16, X I 2 74 G I, S choo l B3;

C a mbr idge Marks a nd

S pencers ( 1.8 ) Bo r C3 +Hand le 5 5+ M33+ M20, L inco ln B roa l lgate ( 7.70 ) B I, L inco ln F laxengate ZU B3+ M16, K ing 's Lynn ( 97.2 ) BL. D531 B o r C 3, N ortha mpton S t Peters S t A441.2 B3+H 6 -31

1 :

7

I I 4 19 B3 6 -32

4 :

4 .4-6;

4 .9

I V 1 43 B O+H, S choo l +H ;

Le icester 3 02.1971 B3, L inco ln F laxen-

g ate ABM C 1(3 ) 6 -33

7 :

4 .2-6.5;

5 .5

X I I 5 18 B3, X I I 6 41 B 3, S choo l B 3, L 2 B 3;

Cast le Acre CE12 B3,

NW5 B3+ M16, Norw ich 1 49N.1176 B3 6 -34

4 :

3 .2-5.8;

4 .7

X I I 5 32 B3, DD I 8 ( 143 ) B i; 6 -35

5 :

5 -5.3;

5 .2

I2 29 B 3+Hand le 4 2,

K ing 's L ynn AS.5 B i, AS.12 C 1(3 )

M16 I I 3( 74 );

L inco ln C ot tesford P lace , K ing 's

L ynn AS12 C 1(3 ), No i d ia mpton S t Peters S t A602 B 3 6 -36

2 :

4 -5.5;

4 .8

DI 3 0 ( 107 );

K ing 's L ynn AS.V B i

VESSEL FOR M 7 7 -01

1 :

1 0.6

I I 4 7 AO 7 -02

3 :

9 .6-11.2;

1 0.1

C o-op 7 AO, D I3 0 ( 106 ), LL I9 E O

2 66

7 -03

1 :

1 4.4

M1

I1 39 AO+ Ml 7 -04

7 :

8 .3;12;

1 0.2

I I 1 70 B 2, C o-op 73 AO, D O, J I ( 270 ) AO, J I( 271) AO 7 -05

3 :

9 -9.5;

9 .2

I I 4 19 B 1, X II 1 380 E O, J I( 262 ) AO 7 -06

1 :

1 1

H I4 B6/6 7 -07

1 :

1 0

DD 11 68 ( 137 ) A2/2 7 -08

5 :

8 .8-13;

1.2

M1.8, M62

C o-op+ M62, DD I7 7 ( 140 ) AO+ Ml . 8 , H I4 B 2/2, LL I 1 2 F O, LL I 1 00 F O 7 -09

3 :

1 0-11.5 ;

1 0.7

I 1 39 AO, I I 4 40 E 0; 7 -10

8 :

9 -10;

Not t ingha m B r id les m ith Ga te ( 4.13 )

9 .8

I 1 95 AO, I I 2 5 AO, H I 4 7 AO , I I 4 19 AO, I V 7 8 F O, I V 1 72 F O, X I 2 01 E O, X I 2 48 E 0 7 -11

7 :

9 .8-12.5;

1 1.4

M1

I6 1+61A+338 AO, I6 1A AO, I3 62+1 1 1 3 6 AO, I 1 39 AO+ M1, I I 4 19 AO 7 -12

1 5 :

9 -14;

1 0.7 ;

M3, M5, M62

I6 1 AO, AO+ M3, I 6 1A+ M5 AO, A l, I2 36 AO, I2 41 AO, I2 46 A (1), I I 6 6 AO, AO+M5, I I 1 24 AO, I I 1 70 A4, I I 2 15 G 1, X I 7 8 AO, A I 3 7 ( 60 )+ M62;

L inco ln F laxengate ATS AO, York K ings S quare

( 1.18 ) 7 -13

8 :

9 .2-11.6;

1 0

M4, M5, I v 168

I2 69 AO+ M4, I I 1 59 AO+ M5, I V 1 80 AO+ M5, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .6 ), C o-op 2 AO, AO+ M5 ; 7 -14

2 :

1 0

M5, M67

X I 5 AO+ M5; 7 -15

2 :

L incoln F laxengate YE G 1/1+ M68

9 .5-13.6 ;

L incoln F laxenga te ZG G i+ M67 1.6

I I 4 30 AO, A I4 9 ( 1 1) 7 -16

3 :

9 .6-14;

1.8

M2, M5

I6 1A AO+ M5, I I 1 70 AO+ M2; 7 -17

5 :

1 0.5 -44;

1 2.3

A lstoe Mount ( 13 )

Ml, M4, M5

I2 69 AO+ M4, X I I 8 91 AO+ M5, Co-op 3 AO;

A lstoe Mount ( 12 )+ Ml,

( 16 ) 7 -18

4 :

1 3

I2 69 DO, I 9 9 AO, I I 3 01 AO ; 7 -19

4 :

9 .4-12;

1 0.5

Thetford D6.1354 AO

M4

I6 1A AO+ M4, I2 69 AO+ M4, DD I1 68 ( 135 ); Gate ( 4.1) 2 67

Not t ingha m Br if les m ith

7 -20

2 :

9 .8;

X I I 1 387 E O, LL I9 E O 7 -21

1 2:

7 .5-12.5;

1 0.4

M19

I 1 96 B i, I 2 85 B l+ M19, I I 2 8 B i, I I 2 09 B i, I I 2 15 B i, I I 3 29 B 2, I V 1 48 B i, I V 1 55 B i, X E 2 46 B 6 , X I 2 59 B 1, X I I 3 15 G /, H I3 /4 B 1/ 1 7 -22

1 5 :

7 .8-10.8;

9 ./

M19

I 8 6+97 B i, I 9 7 B i, I 1 62 B i, I I 4 7 B i, 1 1 209 2 B i, I I 2 38 G I, I I 4 12 B 2/2+ M19, I I 4 19 B i, I V 7 4 B i+ M19, I V 1 13 B 1/ (1), I V 1 27 G I, I V 1 50 B 1/ (1), X I 2 72 B i 7 -23

1 :

8 .4

M19

X I I 2 42 B 2+ M19 7 -24

4 ' :

9 .5-11.5;

1 0.3

A I4 3 ( 9 ) B 2/2, DD I1 68 ( 133 ), H I4 B1/1 ,S choo l ( Peacock 3 .2 ) 7 -25

5 :

8 .6-13.5;

1 0.5

M18, M19

I 2 85 B i+ M18+ M19, I V 5 0 B i, I V 9 9 B 2, X [ 2 27 B i, A I 3 7 ( 61 ) 7 -26

5 :

8 .8-12.1;

9 .8

M20

I2 79 B i, W 2 4 B6, I V 3 3 B i, I V 5 7 B i, DD I 8 ( 146 )+ M20 7 -27

1 :

9 .9

X I 2 74 B 1/1 7 -28

2 :

1 1

I n 3 6 B i, X I I 3 13 B i 7 -29

7 :

8 -10.6;

9 .1

I9 0 B O, I 1 62 B i, X [ 2 8 BO, X I 2 72 B 1/1, DD I8 ( 151);

L e icester

4 21.1965 B i, L inco ln F laxengate MC G 1 7 -30

6 :

9 -11;

1 0.4

I1 43 GO/1, I1 87 B i, I I 5 3 B i, X I 2 39 B 2, X I 2 72 B2/2;

L incoln

F laxengate ABH BO 7 -31

5 :

8 .5-10.2;

9 .2

I I 4 1 B 1/1, I I 4 12 B 2/2, I V 4 9 G 1, DDI 3 79 ( 122 ), York L loyds B ank 7 -32

1 :

8 .8

X I 2 72 B i 7 -33

3 :

9 -10.5;

9 .8

M19

I V 1 49 B i+ M19, X I 2 74 B 2/2, DD I3 79 ( 121) 7 -34

7 :

8 -10;

9

I 1 86 B i, I I 2 8 B i, I V 1 50 B 2/2, S choo l ( Peacock 3 .6 ) C I; L e icester 3 02.1971 AO, N ot t ingha m B r id les m ith Gate ( 4.6, 4 .8 ) 7 -35

4 :

8 .5-10.8;

9 .9

X I 2 72 B i, B 1/1, X E 2 74 B2/2, X I I 3 13 B i 7 -36

8 :

9 -13;

9 .9

I 8 6 B i, I I 3 4 2B i, I V 1 48 B i n, X I 2 72 3 B2, X I 2 87 B 2

2 68

VESSEL

7

FOR M

2

7 1

1

1 2

1 6

1 7

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 9

2 0

1 : 2 F ig . 5 4

F or m 7 L arge c urved-sided b ow ls.

2 69

1 :2

7 -37

6 :

6 .1-8.8;

8 .1

I I 5 3 B i, I I 3 72 B i, I I 3 89 B i, I I 4 19 B i, I V 4 8 BO ;

B r ixworth

V icarage Garden ( 7.21 ) 7 -38

2 :

1 1

I I 2 2+380 B i 7 -39

2 :

8 -10;

9

I I 1 51 B i, I V 9 9 B 2 7 -40

1 :

1 0

I V 5 9 B i 7 -41

3 :

8 -10 ;

8 .7

I I 5 8 B i, I I 1 42 B 2, I V 1 38 B i 7 -42

1 1:

7 -14;

9 .6

M19

I1 02 B (1), I I 6 6 B 2, I I 2 09+215 B i, I I 3 73 B i, I I 4 26 B i, I V 5 5 B 1/1, I V 7 5 B i+ M19, X E 2 73 G I, X I 2 74 G I, S cotgate G (1 )/ (1) 7 -43

1 :

1 0

A I 3 7 B i 7 -44

1 :

1 0.8

M77

X I I 1 347 E 0+ M77 7 -45

1 :

1 2.7

Ml

C o-op AO+ Ml 7 -46

1 :

1 2.4

M62

DD I1 68 ( 136 ) B i+ M62 VESSEL FORM 8 8 -01

1 :

7 .1

X I I 8 98 E O 8 -02

2 :

7 .6-9.3;

8 .4

X I I 8 98 F O+Spout 1 ; 8 -03

2 :

Thurgarton ( 5 .9 )

7

I6 1A A (4 ), I V 5 8 E 0+Spout 8 -04

1 :

7 .6

I I 3 70 F O+Sp 8 -05

2 : JI( 300 ) AO+H, J I ( 303 ) AO+Spout 2

8 -06

2 4 :

6 -10.5;

8 .5

M5, M39, M62, M64

I6 1 A4+Han ol le 1 8, I2 41 A l/i+H A5, I 1 34 A5/5+Hand le 1, I 2 40A A l+ M62+Hand le 8 , I I 2 8 A l+ M62+Hand le 8 , I I 1 72 DO+ M64, I V 3 9 A5+H, X I 1 99 A l, X I 2 74 A (4 ), X I 2 87 A5+ M62+Hand le 8 , C o-op AO+ M62+H, C o-op 5 A l, A I 3 7 ( 62 )+ M39+Hand le 5 ;

Therf ie ld+ M62+

Hand le 1 4, L incoln Cot tesford P lace+ M5+H, L incoln F laxengate U/S+ M5+2 Hand le 1 0+ M42, CV G 1, Thetford D 2.131 A5/5+H , D2.295 A4+ M62+Hand le 3 , D 2.623 A4, S t Barnabas 1 88 A 1+H, Northa mpton S t Peters S t K41, 5 1 A5+H, Thurgarton ( 5.11 ) 2 70

7

FOR M

2 1

p

2

)

2 2

2 3

2 4

1

-25

3 2 6

12

V

2 8

3 1

3 2

2 -

? 3 6

3 7

3 8

4 )

4 1 F ig . 5 5

4 2

'

2 9

i t -

3 9

3 3

3 4

4 3

F or m 7 L arge c urved-sided b ow ls. 2 71

1 :2

3 0

? 35

4 0

8 -07

4 :

6 .5-7.2

M16

I2 41 A5, S choo l ( Peacock 3 .1) G l;

L incoln F laxengate ZB G1,

Ox ford 8 4.135 A l+ M16 8 -08

5 :

8 .8-9.8;

9 .2

M62

I1 76 ,177,181 D O+Hand le 1 0, X I 2 87 A5/5+Hand le 1 0, L inco ln F laxengate AOE/YV A l+ M62+Hand le 1 7+ M42, AZK D5+Spout 6 , Thet ford S t Barnabas 2 A6+ M16 8 -09

5 :

6 -8.5;

7 .6

M62

I6 1A A4/4, I I 2 8 A 1/1+ M62+Hand le 1 1, I V 3 9 A5/5, X I 2 74 A (4 ), S choo l P it 3 8 -10

6 :

6 .4-9;

7 .4

M11.1, M67

X I 2 42+X II 5 38 G 6/6+ M67+ Mll . 1, X I 2 72 Al;

L incoln B roadgate

( 4.14 ) A l, Thet ford D 2.657 A5, Ox ford 1 35.84 G 1 8 -11

5 :

7 .2-10 ;

8 .5

I6 1A AO+H, AO+Spout 1 1, C o-op+H, L incoln Broadgate ( 14.42 ) A l, F laxengate XU G 6+Hand le 3 9 8 -12

2 :

5 .5-7.7 ;

6 .6

K t 7 8 A4, X II 6 48 G 5/5+H 8 -13

9 :

6 -10.4;

8 .3

M47

I6 1A 2 A (1 ), A l, I I 1 72 AO+H, J I ( 299 ) AO+H, J I 1 8 ( 301) AO+H+ M47,

L'

( 302 ) AO+H, S chool C 19;

The tford S t Barnabas I D4/4+

Hand le 1 8+ M62 8 -14

1 :

8

M74

X I I 3 16 B6/6+M74+H 8 -15

1 :

9 .4

Nott ingha m Br id les m ith Ga te ( 4.12 ) VESSEL FOR M 9 9 -01

4 :

4 .1-4.8;

4 .6

M13, M21

I I 1 24 AO, I I 3 96+X I 1 59 AO+ M13+ M21, I I 4 19 AO 9 -02

2 :

2 .6-3.3

I 1 03 G I; 9 -03

6 :

L inco ln F laxengate AR W A 5

3 .3-4;

3 .6

M16, M32, M33

X I I 2 40 B l+ M16+ M33, DD I 8 ( 144 )+ M16+ M32;

L inco ln F laxengate

XF A 1/1, YZ B6, N ortha mpton S t Pe ters S t D60- D5/5+ M16, J 9— D 5/5 9 -04

6 :

3 -4.5;

3 .4

M15, M16, M33

X I 2 72 B 2+ M16, B 6, C 6;

L inco ln F laxengate E 8 D5/5+ M15, AFC

AO, Cast le Acre CE4- B 3+ M33 9 -05

3 :

2 .8-3.8;

3 .5

X I 2 48 AO, J I( 238 ) AO, LL I1 00, 1 21 E O 9 -06

1 :

4 .3

L inco ln F laxengate AKP G 2/2 2 72

VESSEL

FOR M

7

8

8

9

1 4 1 : 2

F ig . 5 6

F or m 8S pou ted p ots.

2 73

1 :2

1 0

1 5

9 -07

3 :

4 -5;

4 .5

I I 4 19 A 1/1; 9 -08

2 :

L incoln F laxengate YZ B O, ZT G 1

2 .9-4.4

3 .7

I n U/S AO, S choo l 9 -09

2 :

4 .7-5;

4 .9

I2 36 AO, J I ( 237 ) AO 9 -10

8 :

2 .8-4.8;

4 .2

I6 1A AO, I I 1 42 AO, I V 1 49 B 1, X I I 3 09 AO, X I I 4 85 B 3, Co-op A O, J I( 236 ) AO; 9 -11

9 :

Thetford m isc. AO

3 -5.5;

4 .5

M3

I I 1 86 AO, X I 6 AO, X I 2 74 B6, X 1 2 78+279 BO, A I I 3A O, J I ( 252 ) AO, LL I2 3,24 AO+ M3, S choo l L 2 9 -12

3 :

4 .4-5;

4 .7

I6 9 B6/6, I 9 7 B O ; 9 -13

4 :

4 .6-5.1;

Aberdeen Broad S t V/AB74/F1 B 3/3

4 .8

I8 4 B O, I I 4 17 AO, X I 2 79 BO, S choo l ( Peacock 3 .5 ) B 1 9 -14

6 :

2 .8-4.5;

3 .8

I 2 71 B O, I I 1 72 GO, E l l 2 47 BO, S chool L 2;

L incoln F laxengate

I K G O , ABN AO 9 -15

7 :

4 -4.8;

4 .2

I7 0B GO, I 1 87 AO, I2 12 GO, I I 2 16 AO, I I 4 36 AO, A I I 9( 6 ), J I( 259 ) AO 9 -16

2 :

4

X I 2 8 AO, K I 2 48 AO 9 -17

4 :

3 .9-4.4 ;

4 .2

I I 4 6 AO, A I 3 7 A4/4, J I( 273 ) AO : 9 -18

3 :

4 .4-5;

4 .7

I1 98 AO, I I 3 80 AO ; 9 -19

9 :

L inco ln F laxenga te FQ AO

3 .8-5;

L inco ln F laxengate DA AO

4 .4

I9 0 B O, I 1 03 AO, I I 4 1 AO, I I 4 6 GO , I I 6 5 A (4 ), I I 3 80 GO; L inco ln F laxengate Z J BO, ATV AO, York 1 4.1.494 9 -20

2 :

4 .5-5;

AO

4 .8

I I 1 15 G O, I V 9 9 B (1; 9 -21

7 :

4 -5 ;

4 .5

Cast le ( Hurst 2 .26, 2 .38 );

L inco ln F laxengate AS GO, BE AO, LA

G O, AM I AO, Northa mpton S t Pe ters S t A558- B3/ (3) 9 -22

5 :

3 .2-5.8;

4 .7

I I 2 39 B i, I I 2 49 B i, I V 5 8 B i, I V 3 93 C l, S chool L3 9 -23

1 :

3 .7

X I I 1 300 B 3 9 -24

3 :

3 .6-4.2;

3 .9

I3 51 B 3, I I 1 15+209 BO 2 74

VESSEL

1 7 .

3

8

)

1 3

F 25 -

3 1

FOR M

1 0

A 6

o?21

2 2

1 32

2

3 3

15

5 -

/ 17 1 . ‚15

2 6

T I

4

9

/34

F or m 9 C ups. 2 75

1 2

1 7

1 8

T 23 -

2 8

2 9

3 5

1 :2

6

fii

7

1 : 2 F ig . 5 7

9

2 4

3 0

1 / 36

9 -25

9 -26

2 :

4 .3-5.2;

3 .6

I I 2 09 B 1;

L inco ln F laxenga te ACE B O

4 :

3 .6

3 .2-5;

I1 53 D O, I I 4 48 B I, I V 15 AO, I V 1 63 B 1 9 -27

2 :

4 .6

M33

L inco ln F laxengate XB B O, Norw ich 1 56N.143 B i+ M33 9 -28

2 :

4 -5

I I 6 4 A5; 9 -29

1 :

L inco ln F laxengate ANK A O

4 .2

X I 8 5 AO 9 -30

9 :

3 .8-5.5;

4 .7

Ml, M25

I6 1A AO+Mi, I V 1 10 A0+ 1 \11, X I 9 6 A O, J I ( 240 ) AO, J I( 251) AO ; Thet ford D 2.466 D 5/5, D 2.616 AO+ M25, D 6.1378 AO, York Minster AG 71/2 AO 9 -31

1 :

4 .9

I 1 90 GO 9 -32

1 :

3

X I I 1 270 AO 9 -33

1 :

5

Norw ich 1 54N.34 B 3 9 -34

3 :

3 .1-5.3;

4 .2

M5

X I / 4 AO+ M5, X I 2 8 A l, X I 9 4 AO+ M5 9 -35

2 :

3 -5 ;

4

I2 41 AO, X I I 2 97 AO 9 -36

2 :

4 .2-4.8;

4 .5

X I 2 2 B 2, J I( 296 ) AO VESSEL FOR M 1 0 1 0-01

2 :

r im 2 .5-4.4;

I I 1 67 B O; 1 0-02

3 :

b ase 1 .5 ;

h e ight 5 .6

L inco ln F laxengate AHV G O

b ase 2 .1-2.4

I1 98 AO, I2 62 AO, I V 1 09 A O 1 0-03

1 :

b ase 2 .8

I1 98 A (4 ) 1 0-04

3 :

r im 4 .1-4.5;

E I1 C (1); 1 0-05

1 :

r im 4 .3;

b ase 2 .3;

b ase 2 .7;

h e igh t 5 .2

E I 1 AO 1 0-06

1 :

h e ight 6

D urha m S ad ler S t A (1), L inco ln F laxengate MC BO

b ase 2 .4

X I 2 72 C (1)

2 76

VESSEL

1 6

, 7

FOR M

11 1

1 0

9 . 1)1 /11

i 1

1 6

1 2 1

7

1 7 1

1 3 /

1 8 j

1

1 4 j

1 9

F or m 1 0 P edesta l led v esse ls.

2 77

)

2 11

1 : 2 F ig . 5 8

.5

1 :2

1 0-07

1 :

b ase 3 .9

I2 41 AO 1 0-08

1 :

b ase 4

X I 2 03 AO 1 0-09

4 :

b ase 4 .2

I6 1 AO, I 1 98 AO, I V 4 25 A O, X I 2 03 A (4 ) 1 0-10

2 :

b ase 2 .3-4

LL I1 8 AO; 1 0-11

1 :

Derby F ul l S t P it 2 8 ( 9.46 ) AO

r im 3 .8;

b ase 3 .4;

h e ight 6 .5

C o-op AO 1 0-12

1 :

b ase 2 .3

York 2 1.1.12 1 0-13

1 :

D 5/5

b ase 3 .8

I 2 AO 1 0-14

1 :

b ase 1 .8

M16

L inco ln F laxenga te ALV C l+ M16 1 0-15

1 0-16

3 : r im 4 .7; b ase 3 .4 I I 7 5 B 1, I I 3 73 B 1/ 1, X I 2 72 A4/4 1 :

b ase 3

I V 1 50 B 2 1 0-17

1 :

b ase 1 .5

EE V I I 4 A4 1 0-18

2 :

b ase 1 .9

I 9 7 GO ; 1 0-19

1 :

L inco ln F laxengate XA G 2

M34

I I 3 4 AO+ M34 1 0-20

2 :

b ase 1 .8

L e icester 4 44.1956 A (2 ), L inco ln F laxengate AKF B2 1 0-21

1 :

r im 5

L incoln F laxengate AVI , D 29, E 4 6, G 28, ACK, ARS A5/5 1 0-22

4 :

r im 5 .4-6

I I 3 6+69 AO , I I 7 8 G i: 1 0-23

4 :

L incoln F laxengate AWX G 1/1 6

r im 4 .5-4.6

I V 1 27 B O;

L incoln F laxengate MC B O, APX B 2;

AO 1 0-24

3 :

r im 4 -5.4

I I 6 5 GO, X I 7 6 AO; 1 0-25

3 :

r im 3 .8-4.9

I V 1 37 AO, X I 2 79 B O; 1 0-26

L inco ln F laxengate MC GO

L inco ln F laxengate ABH A l

2 : X I 2 72 C (1);

L inco ln F laxenga te B 100 D 5/5+ M16 2 78

Thetford D 2.1018

VESSEL FOR M 1 1 1 1-01

3 :

4 .8-6;

5 .3

I1 98 A l, I2 36 A O, J I ( 298) AO 1-02

3 :

5

I1 16 AO, X I 1 22 E 0, X I 2 85 AO 1-03

7 :

4 .3-6;

5

I I 1 6 AO, I I 4 6 GO, I I 1 64 BO, I I 3 29 B i, I I 4 19 B i, X I 1 99 B i, X I 2 74 B (1 ) 1 1-04

3 :

4 .5-5 ;

4 .7

I1 98 AO, X I 6AO, X I 2 51 A (1 ) 1-05

1 3 :

5 -7;

6

I6 9 G 1/1, I9 0 BO, I3 51 B i, I I 1 17 B i, I I 3 29 B i, I I 4 17 B5, I V 5 8 B (1), X I 2 72 B i, X I I 5 93 B 1/( 1), HI 4 B I;

Derby F ul l S t

P it 2 ( 10.60 ) B O, L e icester J ewry Wa l l ( 59.2 ), L incoln F laxenga te B (1) 1-06

4 :

4 .2-5.4;

4 .8

I2 12 BO, I I 3 29 A4;

Derby F ul l S t ( 13.116 ) Oxford 7 0A 1 556.1137

A l 1-07

1 3 :

4 .9-7 ;

5 .3

I I 4 17 AO, I V 3 3 AO, X I 1 59 B (1), X E 2 79 B1 /1 ; Le ices ter J ewry Wa l l GO, L incoln F laxengate BE AO, PL B O, XB B 2, XU AO, B (1), YZ GO, ABH B O, ARJ G O 1-08

2 :

5 -5.7;

5 .3

X I 1 99 B i; 1-09

3 :

4 -8;

L e ices ter 3 02.1971 5 .8

I I 2 09 B 1;

L inco ln F laxengate S I BO, Not t ingha m Br id les m ith

Ga te ( 4.9 ) 1-10

1 4 :

4 .5-7.5 ;

6

I3 51 B i, I 9 7 C O, I I 2 09 B i, I I 2 15 B i, I I 2 38 B O, I I 4 30 BO, I V 9 BO, I V 1 27 B (1 )/ (1), I V 1 49 B 2, I V 1 55 GO, H I4 BO, B (1 ), S chool ( Peacock 3 .3 ) 1-11

6 :

4 .5-6.7 ;

5 .2

I 9 7 BO, X I I 2 97 B2/2;

L e icester 3 02.1971 BO, L inco ln F laxengate

FQ B O, MM G O, fA T BO 1-12

7 :

4 .5-8;

6 .6

9 0 AO, I 9 7 B 5, I I 4 7 B 1, I I 3 29 B 2, I V 7 8 GO, H I4 B1/1 ; L inco ln F laxengate BO 1-13

2 :

5 .1-5.2 ;

5 .2

I1 98 AO, I 9 7 C O 1 1-14

5 :

5 .2-7.5 ;

6 .2

M19

I I 4 19 BO, I V 1 80 B2/ (2 ), X I 2 39 BO, X I 2 74 G (1 ), H I4 BO+ Mi9; 1-15

8 :

5 .2-8.2 ;

6 .6

M19

I 1 86 BO, I 2 14 BO, I I 3 29 B i+ M19, I I 4 19 B i, I V 7 8 BO, X E 2 74 G (1 ), G 1, S choo l L 3 2 79

1 1-16

1 0 :

4 .7-8;

5 .6

I I 3 6 G 1, I I 4 7 B i, I I 1 17 B 1, I V 7 4 B O, I V 1 09 B i, I V 1 49 B (1), X i 2 39 B (1), X [ 2 74 BO, J I( 225 ) AO, J I( 226 ) AO 1 1-17

3 :

6 .7-7;

6 .9

I I 2 7 B 1, I I 3 29 B i, LL I 1 2 B i 1 1-18

1 1:

4 .5-6.5;

5 .1

I 7 2 BO, I 9 7 BO, I 1 39 B O, I I 1 50 B O, I I 2 15 BO, I I 2 39 2 BO, I I 3 20 BO, I I 3 80 BO, I V 1 74 BO, X I 2 2 B i 1 1-19

3 :

4 .9-5.9;

5 .5

I I 4 20 B 3, H I3 /4 BO; 1 1-20

1 1:

4 .4-8;

E lstow Abbey 1 1.8 B6/6

6 .2

I I 3 93 B i, I I 4 19 B i, I I 4 20 B3, I V 3 3 B i, I V 5 7 Bi, I V 5 8 B 1, I V 1 50 BO, 2 B (1 ), A I4 7 ( 21), S choo l P it 4 1 1-21

7 :

4 .5-6.6;

5 .5

I I 1 64 B (1), I I 2 09 GO, I V 1 72 B i, X I 2 95 C l;

L inco ln F laxengate

BE B O, MO G 1, YZ BO 1 1-22

5 :

5 .7-7.7 ;

6 .7

I I 1 42 B 2, I l l 4 19 B (1 ), I V 1 49 BO, A I 5 3 B 2/2;

K ing 's L ynn AS.

1 2 B 1 1 1-23

2 :

8

I2 39 B (1 ), X I 2 8 BO 1 1-24

6 :

5 -8;

6 .4

I I 5 3 B i, f f l 247 B1, I I 4 19 2 B i ,DD I4 30 ( 114 );

Not t ingha m

Br id les m ith Ga te ( 4.7 ) 1 1-25

1 1:

5 -6.5;

5 .8

I6 1 B (1), I I 2 7 GO, I I 2 08 ?2 12, 2 13,214 BO, I V 1 26 CO, X I 1 99 CO H I4 B (1), B (1)/ (1 ), B 1/1, S chool L 3;

Barton B lount ( 32.5 ), L incoln

F laxengate XU AO 1 1-26

2 :

5 .5

L incoln F laxengate VV B i, VW GO VESSEL FOR M 1 2 1 2-01

1 :

1 1

I I 9 1 F O 1 2-02

5 :

1 0-12;

1 0.8

I 1 58 AO, X I 6 7 AO, X [ I 4 96 AO, C o-op 7 AO, LL I1 00, 1 21 E O 1 2-03

2 :

8 .6-15;

1 1.8

X I 4 8 AO, A X 6 ( 15 ) F O 1 2-04

1 0 :

6 -9.4;

7 .7

Ml, M5

I6 1A AO, AO+ M5, I I 4 7 AO, I I 2 09 GO, I I 4 25 AO ,I V 3 2 A O, I V 1 50 D O+ Ml, X I 2 8 AO, X I I 8 98 E O;

2 80

A lstoe Mount ( 26 )

VESSEL

FOR M

1 1

) 1?2 73 ) 4 6

3

1

)

1 7

2 2

7

)

1 2

1

8

)13

1 8

)14

1 9

2 3

9

2 4

1 0

1 5

120

S

2 5

1 :2 F ig . 5 9

F or m 1 1 Sma l l c ook ing p ots.

2 81

5

1 :2

716

/ 21

I s

2 6

1 2-05

6 :

7 -9;

8 .1

I 4 5 G (1), I I 1 99 BO, I I 2 09 1 3 0, I I 3 29 G (1), I I 4 25 AO , X I 5 AO 1 2-06

3 :

5 .4-8;

6 .4

M1.11

X I 2 48 AO, S choo l P it 1 ; 1 2-07

1 4 :

6 -8.8;

8 .1

York K ings S quare A (1 )+ Mi . 1 1

M1

I6 1A A0/5, I1 98 AO, I2 41 AO, I 6 5 AO, X I 2 8 AO, X I 8 7 AO, X I 2 03 AO, X I 2 43 G i, X I 2 79 G (1), C ast le ( Dunn ing 1 3 )+Mi, S choo l P it 2 ;

Derby F u l l S t P it 2 1 ( 9.30 ) AO, L incoln F laxengate YZ G O ,

K ing 's Lynn A l l S a ints AS67 ( 12 ) G (1), Wharra m Percy A rea 1 0 G O , York Peterga te AO 1 2-08

1 2-09

3 :

7 .8-8

M1

X I I 2 1 AO ;

L inco ln F laxengate YZ A 2/2, ABU AO

6 :

7 .3

6 .2-8;

I I 1 4 AO, X I 9 2 2 AO, Cast le ( Hurst 2 .35 );

Derby Ful l S t P it 2

( 10.63 ) AO, S taf ford C larke S t 1 225.185 AO 1 2-10

5 :

7 .2-11.2;

9 .6

I 6 5 AO, I V 5 3 AO, X I 2 03 AO, XI I 5 14 G 1/1;

D erby F u l l S t P it

3 2 ( 10.57 ) AO 1 2-11

1 2 :

7 .5-9.7 ;

8 .5

I 3 0 AO, I 8 0 GO, I I 4 7 A l, X I 2 8 2 AO , X I 1 13 AO, Cast le ( Hurs t 2. 41)+ Ml, C o-op 5 D O ;

L incoln F laxengate AVG AO, The t ford D i.

2 42 AO, Ox ford 6 9A.116 AO, 6 8A237.113 AO 1 2-12

4 :

7 -9.7;

7 .9

M5

I6 1A A (1)+ M5, I 1 87 A (4 )+ M5;

K irton Or me Ha l l AO, T he t ford

D 1.244 AO 1 2-13

8 :

7 -9.3;

7 .9

I 1 39 AO, I I 1 24 A (1), A I 6 8 AO, DD I5 50 ( 160 ), S choo l L 2 B3; L e icester 2 55.1959 AO, L incoln F laxengate A98 AO, Thet ford D 1.91 AO, D 2.298 AO 1 2-14

6 :

7 -9;

7 .9

I5 6 GO, I I 3 6 B (1 ), I I 1 24 G I, I I 4 30 AO, X I 2 74 BO, G O 1 2-15

3 :

8 -8.2;

8 .1

I I 3 85 B i, X I 1 59 AO, X I 2 72 B I 1 2-16

9 :

7 .7-10 ;

8 .2

I2 39 A (1), 1 1 29 A l, I I 4 30 AO, X I 8 9 G O, S choo l ( Peacock 3 .13 ), S cotgate G O;

D erby F ul l S t P it 2 2 ( 8 .7 ) AO, L incoln F laxengate

AQQ GO, Oxford 6 8A.2018 AO 1 2-17

5 :

8 -9.2;

8 .6

M4, M5

I1 98 A (4 ), I2 41 2 G O, I V 1 72 AO+ M5; 1 2-18

7 :

5 .3-8;

Thetford D6.1353 A O+ M4

6 .5

11 76,177,181 AO, I I 1 4 2 AO, X I 2 8 2 AO, X I 2 72 AO; F laxengate YG A l

2 82

L inco ln

VESSEL

\

4 1\

7

d i r

1 3

1

( 19

V \3

8

1 4

125

FOR MS

1 4

1 9

1\ 10

1 5

2 6

2 2

d i l

1 1( 1 ' 1 2

1 7

123

4 ° ( 2 8

2 7

3 7

ar il

IP1 6

3 k 4w

1

F ig . 6 0

‘ ,4

1

\20 1 2 1

T

1 2 & 1 3

1

3 5 ( 36

F or m 1 3 S pou ted b ow ls. 2 83

1 24

2 9

1 : 2 F or m 1 2 Smal l b ow ls.

1 8

7 3 8

1 :2

1 2-19

3 :

6 -7.9;

7 .1

X I 2 56 A (1 ), H I4 B O; 1 2-20

6 :

6 .5-9.8;

7 .7

Le icester 4 21.1965 AO

M14

I I 9G (1 ), I I 4 19 G 1, X I 2 30 B (1), S choo l P it 2 ;

Derby F u l l S t P it

2 1 ( 9.29 ) AO, L inco ln F laxengate AJP G O+ M14 1 2-21

6 :

6 .5-9;

7 .4

M5

I6 1A AO+ M5, I6 9 AO, I 1 97 G (1), I3 51 AO;

A lstoe Mount ( 25 ),

L inco ln F laxengate XF AO 1 2-22

4 :

6 -8;

7

M4, M6

I I 5 8 AO+ M6, DO+M4, I I 1 58 AO+ M6, I V 3 3 AO 1 2-23

1 :

8 .5

L inco ln F laxengate AWS A (1 ) 1 2-24

5 :

6 -9.6;

8 .2

Ml, M4, M62

I6 1A AO+ Ml, I I 4 25 BO, S choo l P it 2+M62;

A lstoe Mount ( 21)+ M4,

L inco ln F laxenga te KV GO 1 2-25

7 :

8 -9;

8 .5

M4, M68

I2 39 AO, I 1 39 AO+ M4, I I 2 9 AO, I I 6 5+80 A (1), I I 8 1 G (1 ), S choo l L 2+M68 1 2-26

1 :

8

L incoln F laxengate ACE GO 1 2-27

4 :

7 .5-8.2;

7 .9

Ml, M5

I2 62 G 1, I 1 39 AO+ Mi, I V 3 3 AO+ M5 , X I 1 99 GO 1 2-28

1 4 :

5 .7-11.5;

8 .3

I9 0 G i, I9 7 AO, I 1 28 B (1), I1 87 B (1 ), I2 59 B (1 ), I V 3 1 G O, I V 1 23 BO, I V 1 38 G O, X I 6 6 AO, X E 2 72 B (1) ,G (1), X E 2 74 B O, X I 2 79 GO, S choo l L 3 1 2-29

4 :

7 .7-12;

1 0.2

I3 4 B 1/1, I I 2 08,212,213,214 B 1/ (1), X I 2 72 B (1 ), A I I 1 3 ( 58 ) 1 2-30

2 :

7 -7.4;

7 .1

DD I5 50 ( 168 ); 1 2-31

2 :

8 .2-8.5 ;

York K ings S quare ( 6 .31) 8 .4

M19

I I 3 6 AO, I I 2 08,212,213,214 GO+ M19 1 2-32

3 :

8 .8

J I( 290 ) AO, J I ( 291) AO, J I ( 292 ) AO 1 2-33

5 :

6 -11.2;

8 .2

M1.3

X I 2 66 HO+ Ml.3, J I( 288 ) AO, J I( 289 ) AO, S choo l P it 1 ; F laxengate ED A (1) 1 2-34

4 :

6 .8-9.4;

8 .2

I V 7 4 FO, A I 3 7 A (1 ), J I( 285 ) AO; 1 2-35

1 :

1 0

S choo l

2 84

A lstoe Moun t ( 14 )

L inco ln

1 2-36

2 :

6 .2-7.4 ;

6 .6

J I( 294 ) AO : 1 2-37

2 :

8 -8.9;

1 2-38

1 :

A lstoe Mount ( 22 )+ M5 8 .5

S choo l L 3;

M5

M16

L incoln F laxengate E 1 3- A5/5+ M16

7

X II 1 387 FO VESSEL FOR M 1 3 1 3-03

2 :

1 0

X I I 3 16 AO+Spout 1 3, X 1 1 1 191 AO+Spout 1 8 1 3-04

1 :

7 .6

Co-op 7 E 0+Spout 1 9 1 3-07

3 :

6 .3-7 ;

6 .7

I I 3 4 A4, I I 9 4 A4/4+Spout 1 4; 1 3-09

2 :

8 .3-9.4 ;

8 .8

Wharra m Percy C 203 AO+Sp

M8

I I 9 1 AO+ M8+Sp , X I I 3 16 AO+Sp 1 3-10

3 :

7 .1-8.4 ;

7 .8

M1

I I 4 19 AO+Spout 1 2, X I I 5 96 AO+ Ml+Spout 1 2;

L inco ln F laxengate

YE BO ' -Spout 1 4 1 3-11

3 :

6 .4-7;

6 .6

I I 4 19 AO+Sp , AI I 1 2a ( 18 )+Spout 1 2;

Bed ford BSJ.I.129 AO+

S pout 1 2 1 3-12

4 :

8 -9.5;

8 .4

M5

I6 1A AO+Sp , I1 53 AO+ M5+Sp , I I 4 6 AO+Sp , I I 4 19 AO+Sp 1 3-15

1 :

7

X I 2 72 B (1 )+Spout 1 7 1 3-16

1 :

9 .9

M5

Co-op DO+ M5+Sp 1 3-17

1 :

1 0

I I 4 09 AO+Spout 1 5 1 3-18

1 :

7 .8

M5

I 1 55 AO+ M5+Spout 1 3 1 3-21

2 :

9 -13;

1 1

I I 4 6 AO+Sp , I I 1 15 A5/5+Spout 5 1 3-22

2 :

7 .6-8.8;

8 .2

M5, M6

I 1 55 AO+ M6+Spout 1 3, Co-op 7 DO+ M5+Spout 1 3 1 3-23

1 :

6

X I I 5 31 FO+Sp 1 3-24

2 :

8 .2-9.2;

8 .7

EI 2 4 B (1 )+Sp , Cast le ( Dunn ing 1 4 )+Spout 1 3

2 85

1 3-28

1 :

6 .3

I I 3 29 B2+Spout 1 7 1 3-30

2 :

7 .6-8.4;

8

M62

I 2 40 A A5+ M62+Sp ; 1 3-32

1 :

G laston ( 61 . 229 )+Spout 1 3

1 0.2

J IAO+Sp 1 3-35

1 : J I( 305 ) AO+Spout 2

VESSEL FOR M 1 4 1 4-01

3 :

1 0-14.1;

I2 53 AO+ Ml 1 4-02

3 :

1 1.5

M1

I I 8 0 AO+ Ml , LL I8 AO

1 2-14;

1 2.9

I6 1A AO, I 8 6 AO, X I 7 8 AO 1 4-03

1 :

9 .5

M1.16

L I1 8 A l+ M1.16 1 4-04

4 :

1.5-15;

1 2.9

M1, M1.14

I V 7 4 AO, X E 1 13 AO+Ml.14, A I 3 3 ( 19 ) A0/2, A I 7 1 ( 2 4 )+ 1 \ 11 1 4-05

2 :

1 1-12.3 ;

1 1.6

Ml, M4

X I 2 50 A4+ Ml, C o-op 5 AO+ M4 1 4-06

1 7 :

1 1.3-14.5;

1 3

Ml, M5

I3 8 AO, I 6 1 AO+ M5, I6 1A AO+M1, I 4 4 AO+ M5, I 1 39 A O+ M5, I I 1 4 AO+ M5, I I 2 65 AO+ M5, X I 2 43 D O+ M5, X I I 3 16 AO+Ml, X I I 3 75 AO+ M5, X I I 5 45 AO+ M5, Cast le ( Dunn ing 1 0+ M5, 1 1+ M5 ), C o-op AO+ Mi, L I 1 6 AO+ M5;

Le ices ter 2 53.1951 AO+ Ml

Ha l l AO 1 4-07

3 :

1 0.4-13;

1 1.7

M1, M1.2

X I 5 AO+ M5, X I 2 50 AO+ Ml . 2, X I I 9 78 D O+ Ml 1 4-08

3 :

1 3-17.2;

1 5.3;

M1

L I1 8 AO, LL I8 AO+ Ml; 1 4-09

1 :

1 2.6

A lstoe Mount ( 1 1)+ Ml

M5

A I 3 7 ( 25 )+ M5 1 4-10

4 :

1 2.1-14.7;

1 3.1

M1

X I I 5 14 AO, X I I 5 48 AO, X II 5 66 AO, DI 3 1 ( 100 )+ Ml 1 4-11

1 :

9 .2

C o-op 7 AO 1 4-12

2 :

1 3-14.4;

1 3.7

LL I1 18 AO+ Ml; 1 4-13

3 :

1 3.5-14.4;

M1

A lstoe Mount ( 18 )+ Ml 1 4

M1

X I 1 13 AO+ Ml, X I I 4 51 AO, A I4 1 ( 23 ) A O

2 86

K irton Or me

VESSEL

1 4

FOR M

r 2

fr 6

7

T 3

8

't

z t

r 5

' 69 \1 1 0

r 1

r i 2 VESSEL

4 1 1

1

\ 21 i m e ,

FOR M

4 1r \3

‘e s

1 5

4

9

I lk 10

\11 1 :2

F ig .

6 1

F or m 1 4 I n turned b ow ls. 2 87

F or m 1 5 D ishes.

1 :2

VESSEL FORM 1 5 1 5-01

1 :

1 1.4

M5

C o-op AO+ M5 1 5-02

2 :

1 0.6

J I7 , 8( 287 ) AO, J I ( 286 ) AO 1 5-03

2 :

8 .5-9.1;

8 .8

M5

I6 1A AO+ M5, I I 3 29 A4+M5 1 5-04

1 :

1 2.3

M62

I V 1 80 A5/5+ 1 ‘ 162 1 5-05

1 :

1 6

X I I 3 59 A l 1 5-06

1 :

1 3

M1

S choo l ( Peacock 3 .19 )+ Mi 1 5-07

1 :

7 .6

A V 2 AO 1 5-08

1 :

7 .6

X I 2 79 BO 1 5-09

1 :

5 .8

LL I2 0 D 5/5 1 5-10

1 :

5 .6

A I4 9 ( 22 ) AO 1 5-11

3 :

6 -6.6

L inco ln F laxengate BE AO, ASO AO, York S ke ldergate ( 2 15 ) VESSEL FOR M 1 6 1 6-01

5 :

2 .7-4

I V 3 3 AO ; D O; 1 6-02

7 :

3 .3 L incoln Tro l lope A (4 ) ,Thetford D 2.951 D 1, D 2.1058

Oxford 6 9A, 8 4/2 AO 2 -4.3;

2 .9

L inco ln Broadgate ( 4 .12 ), L incoln Tro l lope AO, Thetford D 2.818 AO , Ox ford 6 9A.84/9 AO, P500 AO, York Bean AO, 7 1 6-03

2 :

1 .4

Thet ford D 2.147 AO, 0 2.201 AO 1 6-04

3 :

2 .1-2.5;

2 .3

X I 2 72 G (1 ); 1 6-05

3 :

2 .7-3.2;

I V 1 17 AO; 1 6-06

1 0 :

Thet ford D 2.947 D O, York H igh Ousegate AO 3 L incoln F laxengate AON AO, L incoln Trol lope AO

2 .5-3.4;

2 .9

X I 2 8 AO, X I 2 17 AO;

L inco ln Broadga te ( 4 .13 ), Thetford D 2.197

AO, D 2.381 AO, D 2.677 AO, D 2.770 AO, S t Barnabas 2 6 A (1)/ (1), 6 7 AO, Oxford 1 13.197 AO

2 88

VESSEL

FOR M

1 6

8

9L )

1 0 L

1 4 /

1 3 1 2

c F ig . 6 2

F or m 1 6 Crucib les.

2 89

1 :2

1 6-07

4 :

1 .7-3.6 ;

2 .2

DD I5 50a ( 165 ) AO;

L inco ln F laxengate BAB DO, York L loyds

Bank ( 209 ), ( 2 10 ) 1 6-08

4 :

2 -4;

2 .7

I6 1A AO, I1 02 AO, I 1 48 AO ; 1 6-09

5 :

1 .3-2.7 ;

L inco ln F laxengate E 54 AO

2

L inco ln F laxengate DT 7 8 AO, L inco ln Tro l lope AO, The t ford D 285 AO , D 2.295 2A0 1 6-10

1 :

4 .5

Derby Fu l l S t P it 2 1 ( 9 .31) AO 1 6-11

1 :

2 .2

L inco ln F laxengate B 101 AO 1 6-12

4 :

1 .9-2.8

I6 1A AO ;

L incoln F laxengate D 28 AO, Oxford 6 9A 8 4.135 AO,

6 8A.205 A (4 ) 1 6-13

3 :

2 .2-3.5

I2 46 AO; 1 6-14

3 :

Thetford D 2.1303 D O, Oxford 6 8A 1 97A0

2 .5-3.5;

3

X E 2 39 GO, X I 2 74 GO, X I 2 79 G O VESSEL FOR M 1 7 1 7-01

3 : J I2 +5 ( 308) AO+Hand le 4 , J I2 +5+7+8+10 ( 311 ) AO,

1 7-02

4 :

L ondon B 1+2 Hand le 3 7+

M51, K ing 's Lynn AS . 9 ( 97.17 )+Hand le 3 7+ M51 2 :

M33

S choo l+ M33; 1 7-04

2 :

Norw ich 1 56N.180 B 3+Hand le 4 7+M33

M44

S choo l; 1 7-05

K ing 's Lynn BL. D256 ( 97.18 )+ M44+2 H

2 : I3 55 B 3+H , S choo l L 3

VESSEL FOR M 1 8 1 8-01

2 :

2 .5-3

M16

Norw ich 1 59N.453 A4, L inco ln F laxenga te VU B 2 1 8-02

1 :

3 .2

S choo l 1 8-03

1 :

3 .5

S choo l D 3 1 8-04

1 :

( 3 12 ) AO

M51

I I 3 73 B1/1+H+ M51, X I I 3 15 B 1/1+H ;

1 7-03

L'

3 .8

1 1 48 B 3

2 90

VESSEL

FOR M

1 7 2

15 1

4

• I1

1 3 9 11/ 4 9

1 5

FOR M

VESSEL

1 , \ 10

1 8

2

6

t 11

1 2

\ 17

1\13

\

1 8

1 :2 F ig . 6 3 F or m 1 7 C ostre ls . 2 91

F or m 1 8 B ot t les.

1 :2

\14

1 8-05

2 :

2 -2.4;

2 .2

Waterbeach ( 9.3 ), K ing 's L ynn AS.12- B i 1 8-06

1 :

2 .4

I2 4 AO 1 8-07

1 :

4 .5

C ast le Acre NW5 B 2 (3 ) 1 8-08

1 :

4

K ing 's Lynn AS.V B 3 1 8-09

1 :

4 .4

K ing 's Lynn AS.5 B3 1 8-10

1 :

5 .2

L inco ln F laxengate AMZ B 3 1 8-11

1 :

4 .2

I3 51 B3/3 1 8-12

2 :

3 .2-4

Norton Pr iory B3/ (3 ), Aberdeen S t Pau ls S t E6. C 2 B 3 1 8-13

5 :

3 .6-4.2;

4

LL I1 6 B 3, S choo l D 3, L 2;

G o ltho ( 24.4 ) Bo r C 3, Aberdeen S t

P auls S t E 6.C26 B (3 ) 1 8-14

5 :

3 .4-4;

3 .5

S choo l U/S , L 2, L 2-3, L 3; 1 8-15

4 :

2 .8-4.2;

L incoln F laxengate ( 96 )

3 .6

S choo l L 3 B 3 :

E l l ing ton ( 4 ) Bo r C 3, Haverhol me Pr iory B3,

L inco ln F laxengate ( 95 ) 1 8-16

4 :

3 .6-5.1;

S choo l D 2;

4 .2 Haverho l me Pr iory HP 1 29 B3, 1 35-B3, L incoln

F laxengate BE B 3 1 8-17

1 :

4 .2

S choo l L 2 1 8-18

1 :

3 .7

S choo l D 2+P it 2 1 8-19

1 :

M16

S choo l L 3 VESSEL FOR M 1 9 1 9-01

2 6 : I6 3 AO, I I 2 08,212,213,214 GO, I I 4 19 AO, I f l 4 31 AO, I V U/S AO, X I 8 8 AO, X I 1 59 2 AO, A (1), X I 2 74 G (2 )/1, X I 2 79 AO, X I 2 90 A (1 ); L inco ln F laxengate ABU AO, AC M AO, AHO AO, A IZ AO , AKF AO, ARK AO , ATM AO, AVF AO, AVT A (1), AWL AO, Norw ich 1 15N. 5 4.971

AO, The tford D 2.220 AO, D 2.562 AO, D 2.627 AO

2 92

VESSEL

4

( 8

FOR M

5

(

1 9

( 7

6

9

‚

VESSEL

1 0

FOR M

(

1

2 0

2

4

1 : 2 F ig . 6 4

5

F or m 1 9 Ovoid v essels.

2 93

F or m 2 0 C resset l a mps.

1 :2

1 9-02

9 : X I I 6 18 AO ;

L inco ln F laxengate ( 15.77, 1 5.80 ), L inco ln F laxengate

YZ BO, Thet ford D 1.121 AO, D 2.616 AO, D 2.770 DO, S t Barnabas 5 1 AO, Ox ford 1 13.197 AO 1 9-03

1 0 : I6 1A AO , I I 1 72+X I 1 59 AO, I V 7 8 A O, X I 1 59 2 AO, X I 2 44 DO; Thetford D 2.110 AO, D 2.465 A (1), Ox ford 8 4.135 AO

1 9-04

1: I 1 62 B (1), I I 2 8 GO , I I 2 08 G (1), X I 1 59 GO, X I 2 46 B O , X I 2 74 2 BO ;

L inco ln F laxengate ABP AO, AON A O , BAF Al, T hetford

D 2.131 A l 1 9-05

5 : I V 9 8 B (1), X I 2 72 BO, X I 2 74 B (1)/ (1 );

Thet ford D2.478 A (1),

D 2.513 AO 1 9-06

2 : X I 9 4 B O ;

1 9-07

T het ford D 2.295 AO

1 0 : I1 53 D O, I I 4 48 G O/ (1), X I 2 79 GO;

L incoln F laxengate ACU AO,

APB AO, AWL AO, AUI A (1 ), E 2 8- AO, Thetford D 2.170 AO, D 2.647 AO 1 9-08

1 : X I I 4 85 BO

1 9-09

2 : Thet ford D 2.170 AO, D 2.331 G I

1 9-10

1 : L inco ln F laxengate ACM AO

1 9-11

1 : L inco ln F laxengate H 8- AO

VESSEL FOR M 2 0 2 0-01

1 :

r im 3 .6

h e ight 6 .8

L e icester H igh Cross S t AO 2 0-02

4 : I I 2 6 B (1);

2 0-03

3 :

L inco ll F laxengate MC A (l ), XU G O, ALV G O

r im 3 .1-3.9;

3 .5

I V U/S AO, X E 7 8 AO; 2 0-04

1 :

L inco ln F laxenga te ABE GO

r im 3 .4

X I 2 74 B (1 ) 2 0-05

1 :

r im 2 .6

I6 1A GO

2 94

VESSEL

FOR M

2 1

1 ,) 4e 5 8

VESSEL

1

12

5 F ig . 6 5

,

FOR M

'

2 2

2

4

6

7

F or m 2 1 L arge s torage v esse ls.

2 95

8 F or m 2 2 L ids,

1 :2

10

VESSEL FOR M 2 1 2 1-01

2 :

1 2.7

M39, M64, M69, M77

X I I 1 417 F O+ M69+ M77+Hand le 2 ;

L inco ln F laxengate BEX AO+Hand le

9 + M64 2 1-02

3 :

9 .8-10;

9 .9

M77

I I 2 5 AO, I I 4 7 AO, X I I 1 315 F (4 )/ (4 )+ M77 2 1-03

1 :

1 0.7

M77

X I I 1 347 E 0+ M77 2 1-04

4 :

9 .8-13;

1 1.7

M77

X I I 1 259 E 0+ M77+Hand le 2 , X II 1 345 E (1 )+ M77+Hand le 2 , X II 1 347 2F O+ M77 2 1-05

1 :

1 8

I V 1 38 AO 2 1-06

5 :

1 1-16 :

1 3.5

Ml, M64

I6 1+61A+338 AO, I I 3 6 AO , I I 4 8 A (4 )+Ml+ M64 2 1-07

2 :

1 1-12.5

1 1.7

Ml, M74

I 6 5 AO+ Ml+ M74, I I 1 17 AO+H 2 1-08

4 :

1.7-12.9;

1 2.3

Ml, M62

I6 1A AO, I I 4 17 A 1/1+ M62, I V 1 26 A I/ 1+H, X I I 5 24 D O+ Ml+H 2 1-09

4 :

8 .8-12.9;

1 1.7

M42, M62, M64 , M67

I V 1 27 A4/4+H , S choo l P it 1 + M64;

L inco ln F laxengate DW Al+ M42+

M67, York 1 4.1.494 A4/4+ M62+H 2 1-10

2 :

1 2.4-16.5;

1 3.9

M16, M39 , M61 , M62, M73

I6 1A D 5/5+ M39+Hand le 1 0+3 Hand le 1 5+M1+3 Hand le 1 6 ( +base+ M62+ M73, b ody s herds M61+ M73 ), I I 2 8 D 5/5+M64 VESSEL FOR M 2 2 2 2-01

4 :

4 .4-7.3;

6 .1

H I4 B (1), B0/ (1), S chool ; 2 2-02

3 :

L inco ln F laxengate AHO G6/6

5 .5

X I I 2 52 B 3, X I I 5 16+618 B3 2 2-03

5 :

f l ange 7 .7-9.2, c o l lar 5 .7-7.1

M14, M16

I5 6 B 3+ M16, V I I 4E ; LM16, X I I 2 97 B 3+M14+ M16, X I I 3 75 B1+ M14 +M16, X I I 8 89 B 3+ M16 2 2-04

3 :

f l ange 6 .7-8

I I 7 8 A5/5, S chool ; 2 2-05

5 :

Norw ich 1 56N.157 B 3

f l ange 7 .5-8.5, c o l lar 5 .1-6.1

M16

1 1 U/S B 3+ M16, I I 1 1 B 3+ M16, I I 4 0 B 3+ M16, X I 6 4 C 3+Mi6; Cast le Acre CWC+SK B l+ M16 2 2-06

3 :

3 .5-5

M16

L inco ln F laxengate JH B 3+ M16, K ing 's L ynn AS.12 ( 97.6 ) B l+ M16 ( 97.7 ) B l+M16

2 96

VESSEL

FOR M

2

VESSEL

2 3

3

FOR M

4

2 4

3

6

5 •

8 F ig . 6 6

F or m 2 3 P edesta l led d ishes.

F or m 2 4 Tubular-spou ted p i tchers.

2 97

1 :2

2 2-07

3 :

M16

I I 2 3 B l+ M16, A I 4 6 ( 78 )+M16, ( 79 ) 2 2-08

1 :

M23, M32

L incoln BE.73.I

B 6+ M23+ M32

VESSEL FOR M 2 3 2 3-01

2 :

r im 8 .2

S chool F 8, L 3 2 3-02

1 :

M16

K ing 's L ynn AS .12 B l+ M16 2 3-03

1 Norw ich 1 49N.1239 B 3

2 3-04

2 :

b ase 5 .5-6.4

M23

I V 1 74 B6/6+ M23, XL I 1 074 B 6/6+M23 VESSEL FORM 2 4 2 4-01

3 :

4 .3-4.6 ;

4 .5

M14, M16, M30, M33, M44, M59, M75

I I 9B 3+ M59+ M30, Broad S t ( Hurst 4 .9 ) Bo r C 3+ M14+M16+ M75+3 Hanc l les+ M33+ M44, S choo l L 3 Bo r C 3+ M16+ M76+Spout 2 2+3 Hand le 5 3 ( + M33+ M44 )+ M59 (+M33+ M75 ) 2 4-02

1 :

4 .3

M30, M44, M59

I I 9B 3+ M59+ M30+ M44 2 4-03

2 :

5 -6

M16, M18, M51, M59

X I 6 1 B6/ (6 )+H o r M59+ M51;

L inco ln F laxengate BLX A l+ M59+M16

+M18+Base 2 2 4-04

2 :

3 .6-5.2;

4 .4

M16, M32, M51, M59

AI I 1 2d ( 75 )+ M16+ M32; 2 4-05

2 :

5 .6

C a mbr idge 1 1637F B3+H o r M59+ M51

M48, M55, M59

X [ I 2 14 B l+ M55, S chool+ M59+ M48 2 4-06

1 :

5 .3

) ( I I 5 93 B l+H 2 4-07

1 :

5 .8

M51

H IB 6/6+Hand le 4 1 - M51 2 4-08

1 :

4 .8

M14, M30, M44

X I I 3 15 B 3+Hand le 5 3+ M14+Hand le 5 5 ( +M44+ M30 )+H VESSEL FOR M 2 5 2 5-01

1 : G laston ( Hurst 1 .12 )

2 5-02

3 : I3 45 B 3, I I 1 15 A4, I I 1 51 AS

2 98

BASE

FOR MS

L

/

4

5 J

2

T h

6

B ase 2 : e f fec t o f k n i fe-t r imm ing

1 :2 F ig . 6 7

S ta mford ware b ase f or ms.

2 99

1 :2

Hand le 1

2 :

M69 , M77

X I I 1 347 + X I I 1 417 2 1-01 + M69 + M77 F Hand le 2

7 : M62 , M77 I1 87 AO , I I 4 19 F O + M77 , X I 4 1 F l , X I I 1 345 2 1-04 + M77 E (1 ) , LL I 1 19 F O , LL I 1 22 F O + M77 ;

H erefore V ictor ia S t

F O + M77 Hand le 3

4 :

M62 ,

?M77

I I 6 5 A O, C o-op 7DO, Thetford D295 8 -06 + M62 A 4 , N or tha mp ton S t P eters A567 .1 F O +p ossib le M77 Hand le 4

5 :

M17 , M43 , M64

J I 7AO + M64, J I8AO + M43, J I( 308 ) 1 7-01 AO , J I( 309 ) AO + M17 , J I( 310 ) AO Hand le 5

5 :

M39

I I 2 0 AO , I I 1 59 A (1) , I I 2 65 DO , I V 1 49 A O, A I3 7 ( 62 ) 8 -06 + M39 Hand le 6

3 :

M42

I6 3 AO ;

Thet ford Red Cast le ( 1 0.19 ) + M42 , D2.280

A4 + M42 Hand le 7

1 : L I1 8 AO

Hand le 8

3 :

M62 , M64

I6 1A DO + M64, I I 4 8 AO, I I 4 19 A O + M62 Hand le 9

2 :

M62 , M64

X I 2 87 A 5/5 + M62 ; Hand le 1 0

1 7 :

L incoln F laxenga te BEX 2 1-01 + M64 D5/5

M5, M16, M39 , M42

S pou t 4

I 61A 2 1-10+ Ml+ M39+ 3 Hand le 1 5+ Hand le 1 6 D5/5 , I1 63 D4/4 , I1 76, 1 77 , 1 81 DO , 196 Al , I2 61 Gi + M42 , I V 1 80 A5, P I6 5 -76, C o-op 5 D4/4;

L inco ln F laxengate ( U/S )

8 -06 + M5 + M42 D4, F 36 D5/5, YG 5 -24 A 5 , AEJ G 1/1, AO M A 4+ M16 , Thetford

D1 .273 Al + M42 , D2.478 G 6, Ox ford

Ange l I nn 5 -14 + S pou t 4 + M42 G 6, Y ork H tmgate EX5 Gi Hand le 1 1

1 3:

M42 , M62

I 1 34 8 -06 A5/5, I I 2 4 AO, I I 2 8 8 -09 + M62 A1/1 , X I 6 6 A5/1 +

2 , X I 2 72 B i + M42 , X I 2 87 A5 + M62 ;

Bedford

S t J ohns ( 51 ) , L incoln F laxengate MI Al + M42 , ABP G 1 + M42 , ACY A1/1, Thetford Red Cast le ( 1 0.16) , D469 + 5 47 Al + M42 Hand le 1 2

4 :

Ml, M16, M42

I 1 39 AO;

L incoln F laxenga te AQQ A5/ (5) + M16 + M42 ,

Thetford Red C ast le ( 10.18 ) , S t B arnabas 1 092 .26 5 -81 +Ml + M42 A4/4 Hand le 1 3

2 :

M42

I1 47 A 5 + M42 , Thetford Red C ast le ( 10.17 )+M42

3 00

HANDLE

1

FORMS

O m

1 0

g m

1 9

fem ale

2

O a

1

We

2 0

"

3

i k ig

1 2

P M

2 1

1 3

e go

2 2

s o

2 3

am

2 4

%lb

2 5

MI

2 6

s i oy

2 7

l ag

—

.

- 4

W W I

5

OEM

6

ak a

1 4 1 5

7 aki Ol e

8 e iß

M a e

1 6 1 7

9 1 8

1 '2 F ig . 6 8

Hand le f or ms.

3 01

1 :2

Hand le 1 4

4 :

M62

I 2 23 A4/4, Therf ie ld 8 -06 + M62 , L incoln F laxenga te E8 A5/1, YZ G 6 + M62 Hand le 1 5

7 :

Ml , M39

I6 1A 2 1-10 + Hand le 1 0 + 3 Hand le 1 6 + Ml + M39 D 5/5, I V 3 3 D5, DD I5 50 , 5 50a ( 171 ) , S chool P i t 2 ;

L inco ln F laxenga te

WL G l, Norw ich 1 59N .9 89 A 5/5, Thetford D2 .97 D5/5 Hand le 1 6

4 :

Ml , M39 , M41 , M65

I6 1A 2 1-10 + Hand le 1 0 + 3 Hand le 1 5 + M1 + M39 D 5/5, Co-op 5 D5/5 + M41 + M65; Thetford D2.1370 A5/5, D6.1370 A5/5 Hand le 1 7

2 :

M42

L incoln F laxenga te ACE A L + M42 , A IB G 5 + M42 Hand le 1 8

6 :

M62

I6 1 8 -06 A 4;

Thetford S t B arnabas 1 092 .1 8 -13 + M62 D4/4,

D2.99 A 5/5, D6.1358 AO, N or tha mp ton S t P eters S t G 104 Al, Y ork P etergate A5 Hand le 1 9

3 : A I 3 2 ( 65) ;

Hand le 2 0

L incoln F laxengate F 16 A 5/5, Thetford m isc. D5/5

2 : I I 4 25 A5/5, C o-op D5

Hand le 2 1

1 5:

M42

I3 06 GI , I 1 86 A 4 + M42 , I I 2 5 A l/ (1 ) , I V 1 38 A4;

C a mbr idge

K ings L ane ( 1 .2 ) 5 -21 + M42 , Derby F u l l S t ( 8 .13) + M42 , L inco ln F laxenga te D29 D5/5, L ondon N ew Fresh Wharf 7 4.62 A5, Thetford D2 .280 A5, D2 .484 D5/ (5) , D2 .623 3 Al , D895 A5 + M42 , Oxford 7 0A . 1 556 A1/1 Hand le 2 2

4 :

M42

I 1 48 A 5;

L incoln F laxenga te G18 A 1/1 , ASY G6 + M42 ,

Thetford D2.209 A §/5 + M42 Hand le 2 3

1 6:

M11.1 , M42 , M67

I2 46 A4 i -M42 , I V 7 4 Ai + M42 , I V 1 65 Ai + M42 ,

r y

1 43 Gi ,

X I 7 8 2G 6/6 + M11 ,1 , C o-op G 6/6 + M42 , L incoln F laxengate BE A5/5, CJ GI , DW Al + M42 + M67 , AWT A5/5 + M42 , A WZ G I, Thetford D2.83 A5, D2.198 A l + M42 , D2.239 Al + M42 , Oxford C ast le U/L . . 3 1/1 + M42 Hand le 2 4

6 :

M21 , M42

I2 97 A5, I 9 7 A5 + M42 , X I 2 50 A 5 , L inco ln F laxenga te AOV A4, Thetford S t B arnabas 1 092 .26 A 5/5, D1.202 D 5 + M21 Hand le 2 5

3 :

M68

I2 41 G 1/1 , X I 2 72 Al + M68 ; Hand le 2 6

6 :

L inco ln F laxengate AJL G I

M42

I I 4 19 Al;

Thetford S t Barnabas 1 092 .20 A5/5,

1 092 .62

A 4/ 4 , Road 3 A5/5 + M42, D2.209 A4 + M42, D2.229 A5/5 + M42 3 02

Hand le 2 7

1 :

M64

X I I 6 07 A 5 + M64 Hand le 2 8

2 : I2 69 A 4, I 1 39 A4

Hand le 2 9

9 :

M42

X I 1 13 5 -81 + M42 GI;

C a mbr idge Mor t locks Bank G 6 + M42 ,

R ivenhal l 4 05 5 -77 + M42 Al, L inco ln F laxenga te AOE Ä4, N orw ich 2 81N.2A4, Thetford D2,463 A4 + M42 , D2.598 A5 + M42, Ox ford 6 8A 1 21 .235 G I, 6 9A .8 4/3 5 -76 + M42 Al Hand le 3 0

8 :

M42 , M62

I I 2 8 B I , I I 3 21 B 3 , X I 2 8 A 5 + M42 + M62 ;

Oakha m ( 5 .17 )

L inco ln F laxengate AS 2 GI , MC G 2, XA BI + M42 Hand le 3 1

1 5:

M42 , M51

I6 5 G 5, X I 2 74 GI , Wh i tefr iars H ouse 5 -36 + S pou t 4 + M42 GI; E lstow Abbey G 4 + M42 , Worcester S idbury 1 398 .30 B I/1 + M42 + M51 , L inco ln F laxengate VQ B 6 + M51, WP B (1 ) , Hen Do men HD62 .2 70 B 1/1 + M51, Thetford D1.35 A5/5, D2 .178 G 6/6, D2. 1 99 D5 + M42 , D2 .465 A4, D2.544 A4, D2 .706, A4, Trondhei m N49860VC405 581 + S pou t 3 GI Hand le 3 2

6 : M42, M51 I I 6 4 B 1/1 , 1 1221 B l+ M42, Cast le ( Hurs t 2 .43 )+ M51 ;

L incoln

F laxenga te AK B i , ABE G l, AT M G l+ M42 H and le 3 3

7 :

M18 , M4i , M42 , M52 , M68

I6 9 G I, I2 29 B i + M42 , I3 51 B 3, I I 1 51 B i + M41 + M68 , I V 1 13 B // (1) , X I 7 8 GI , X I 2 45 B i + M42 + M18 + M52 . H and le 3 4

7 :

M42

I I 6B i, I I 4 17 B i, I V 1 43 BO , I V 1 50 B I, A I l 1 2a ( 67 ) + M52 , Oakha m ( 5 .16) + M42 , L inco ln F laxenga te WP 5 -01 G (1 ) H and le 3 5

2 5:

M41 , M42 , M43

I I 5 9 B i + M42 , I V 3 3 B (1 )/ (1 ) , I I 1 44 Gi , I V 1 80 B 1/ (1) , I V 1 09 B i + M41, X I 2 39 B i , X I 2 74 B (1 ) , H I3 4 B i + M42 , 5 -63 B i , H I4 5 -30 B (1 )/ (1 ) , S choo l P i t 45 -03;

P ever i l Cast le B 3 +M51 ,

L e icester 4 44 .1956 B O, 5 68 .1967 RCT. 8 B O, 5 68 .1967 A l, West Br idge 5 -50 4 -S pou t 5 + M43, K irton B i + M42 , L incoln Broadgate ( 43 ) 5 -56 , F laxenga te XG GI, 5 -30 B O , ATK BO , N orw ich N 53 5 -14 G I , Thetford D2.298 AO , N or tha mp ton S t P eters A335 B i , G44 G 1 + M42 H and le 3 6

3 3:

M39 , M41 , M42 , M50, M51 , M54

I2 4 B i , I 9 3 GI , I 1 68 B i + M42 , 1 1 82 GI , I I 2 8 GI , I I 3 4 B i , I I 1 70 G6 + M51 , I I 2 09 B i + M42 , 1 1419 B i + M41, I V 4 6 C 2 + M42 , I V 1 17 B i, W

1 23 B 2 + M42 , I V 1 50 B i + M42 ,

B (1) , I V 1 80 B I/1 , X I 2 48 G1/1 , X I 2 74 B i + M42 , H 1 4 B i, B i + M42 ;

S t L eonards Pr iory 5 -36 + S pou t 4 + M42 , S t A lbans

H igh S t B 1/I + M50 , L incoln F laxengate BE G1/1 + M39 + M54, T E 1 B i , VQ B i , W K GI + M42 , WP B (1 ) + M42, XF GI + M39 , ABN 6 -20 + M51 B (1 ) , ABQ B i , K ing ' sL ynn ( 97 .13 ) B 3 + M42 , Norw ich 2 8 .964 B I + M51 , Nor tha mp ton C 121 GI + M42 , York L loyds B ank i i.4 G1 + M41

Hand le 3 7

1 2 :

M42 , M47 , M51

I I 3 4 B i+ M42 , I I 2 09 B i , I V 1 50 B i ; +M47+ M51 , L eicester 3 55.

E lstow Abbey G1/1

1 957 Al+ M42 , L incoln F laxenga te

BE Gi , XU B i , YG B l+ M42 , AOY B i , L ondon 1 7-02+ M51 B i , K ing ' sL ynn AS . 9( 97 . 1 7 ) 1 7-02 B i+ M51 , Thetford D2 ,389 A l H and le 3 8

1 6:

M42

143 5 -78 GI, I 1 37 G1/1 , I I 1 70 G I, X I 1 99 B i , DD I 1 68 Al+ M42 ;

E lstow Abbey GO , Ca mbr idge A l , S outhoe

Manor Al , L eicester C o-op 1 956 Al , L 73 .31 1 886 B O , Great G onerby B 1 , L incoln F laxenga te MC G l, VV B l+ M42, ZL B i, ABN B 1+ M42, ARB B 1

Hand le 3 9

8 : M42 I 1 62 B 1/1+ M42 , I I 1 40 B (1 )/ (1 )+ M42 , I I 2 98 GI , X I 2 72 Gi+ M42 ;

L eicester 3 16.1953 G I, L incoln F laxengate

XU 8 -11 G 6, ZJ B (1 ) , AEA Al , A1/1 Hand le 4 0

1 1:

M42

I1 48 Al, I2 61 Al , I I 2 1 Al+ M42 , I I 4 1 Al+ M42 , I I 6 5 GI, I I 4 19 G (1 )/ (1 ) , I V 3 21 B (1 )/ (1 ) , X I I 4 21 6 -11 C l ;

L incoln F laxenga te ACQ G I, Thurgar ton ( 5 .13),

Y ork ( 24 ,20 ) 5 -42 Hand le 4 1

3 : M42 , M51 I 1 90 B (1)/ (1 ) , I I 2 2 B 1/1+ M51 , H I3 4 5 -23+ M51 B 6/6 S cotga te Gl+ M42

Hand le 4 2

5 :

M50

12 29 6 -35 B3 , I I 1 7 B 3/3 , I I 3 8 5 -86 AO , S chool K i ln 6 -26 B 3; Hand le 4 3

C ast le Acre B l+ M50

8 : M14, M16, M33 , M36, M41 , M44 , M51 , M75 I 2B 3/3+ M41 , I I 2 2 B 3, I I 1 56 B 3/3+ M44, I V 1 49 B 2 , D I1 8 C 3+ M51 , S chool L 3 2 4-01+ M16+ M14+ M75+ M44+ M33 B 3 , L inco ln F laxenga te YE B i , ZG G i+ M16+ M36

Hand le 4 4

6 :

M16, M33, M42 , M62

I3 4 B 3/3, X I I 1 168 B 3/3;

G oltho ( 24.1 ) 5 -27 ,

L inco ln

F laxenga te 1 1 B 3+ M16, ATS G 6+ M16+ M62 , Norw ich 1 56 N . 1 43 B i+ M33+ M42 H and le 4 5

1 6:

M17 , M33 , M39 , M42 , M44 , M51 , M54, M70

I1 87 B 2+ M42 , I I 1 9 B 1/1+ M54, H I 2 7 B (i )/ (1 ), I V 3 1 B (1)/ (1) , I V 4 8 B i/l , B 1/ (1 ) , I V 1 50 B i+ M39+ M70 , X I I 6 39 B i , DD I 8 ( 142 ) B l+ M51 ;

Ca mbr idge Exa m ina t ion

S chool B 3 , Oakha m ( 5 . 1 8 )+ M39 , L incoln F laxenga te APX B 3+ M44, K ing ' sL ynn AS 6 7 ,12 B i , N orw ich 1 49N842 Bl+ M39 , 1 56N178 B 3+ M17 , 1 59N225 B 3+ M33 Hand le 4 6

5 :

M42 , M51

I 8 2 Gi+ M42 , I I 2 15 B 2/2(3 ) , I V 1 49 B (1 )/1 , I V 1 50 B (1 )/ (1 )+ M42 , Cast le ( Hurst 4 .4 )+ M51

3 04

HANDLE

b . 2 8

* me

FOR MS

3 8

s ap

2 9

am

3 0

Owe

4 0

I M P

3 1

aw ed

4 1

b i v i• 3 2 gu m . 3 3 be . 3 4 i h rO 3 5 &ma 3 6

Os .

3 9

4 8 bi d

4 3

L IP

4 4

4 9 5 0

a w e 4 2 6 4

4 7

5 1 a W «

i l a r0 4 5

&

1 6. 0 4 6

5 2

MD 5 3 a

5 4

ar i a 5 5

% Boa 3 7

1 :2 F ig . 6 9

Hand le f or ms.

3 05

1 :2

Hand le 4 7

9 :

M29 , M33 , M51 , M53

I6 9 B 3+ M51 , D I 1 56 C 3+ M29+ M33 , I V 1 26 B 6+ M33+ M53, I V 1 49 + B 3+ M51 , X I I 5 74 B 3+ M53 , X I I 5 93 B 3+ M53 ; L incoln F laxenga te ZG Gi , N orw ich 1 56N180 1 7-03 B 3+ M33 Hand le 4 8

3 3:

Ml , M16, M27 , M28 , M30 , M33, M39 , M44, M45, M48 ,

M51 , M54, M57 , M67 , M75, I3 38 B 3 , I3 51 6 -26+ M30+ M44 B 3, I3 55 B 3/ (3)+ M44 , I3 60 B 3+ M44+ M75, I I 2 03 B 3/3+ M16+ M39+ M67 , I I 4 19 B 3/ (3 ) , I V 9B 3+ M27+ M44+ m75, B 3/3+ M51, W 3 3 B 3/3+ M16+ M44 , I V 3 3+60 B 3/3+ M28+ M44, X I 1 90 B 3+ M33+ M75, X I 1297 B 6+ M44+ M75+ M14, X I I 4 11 B3+ M44 , S chool 6 -20+ M16+ M48 , B 3+ M75, B 3+ M75+ M33+ M44, B 3 +2 M51 , S ta m ford ( Hurst 4 .8 ) B 3+ M57+ M16+ M54+ M45, ( Hurst 4 .5) B 3+ M75+ M33;

C a mbr idge ( Hurst 1 .6) 6 -26+ M44 B 3 , B uck m inster

( 4 .12 ) +M30+ M44 , L incoln F laxenga te +B3 , DA B3+ M33, PT B i , APA B 3+ M44, K ing ' sL ynn AS 6 7 V I B 3 , BL 1 .5 ( 97 .15) B 3+ M44+ M30+ M75, N orw ich 3 2N B 3+ M44, 3 3N U/S B 3+ Mi, 1 36N136 B 1(3 ) , Y ork 7 4 .14.2111 B 3+ M44+ M30+ M75, P er th Marks a nd S pencers B 3+ M30+ M44 Hand le 4 9

1 0 :

M30 , M32 , M34 , M40 , M42 , M44, M71 , M75

I I 2 3+27 6 -16 Bi , I V U/S B l+ M32+ M71 , S chool +M29 ; L eicester B ond S t

6 -11+ M34+ M42 , L incoln F laxenga te

B 3, K ing 's L ynn AS 6 7 Va .1 ( 97 ,12 ) B 3+ M40 , As 6 7 V I B 3+ M30 , N or th E l mha m NEP 6 9 .729 B 3/3+ M40 , York 1 974 .14 B l+ M44+ M75 Hand le 5 0

8 :

M23, M28 , M30 , M33, M44

I3 44 B 3+ M30+ M44, I V 3 4 B 3/3 , X I I 2 97+313 B 6/6+ M23 , C ast le ( Hurst 4 .3 ) B 3+ M28+ M33, S chool k iln L 2 6 -20 B 3; K ing ' sL ynn AS I ( 97 ,4 ) 6 -22 , BL 1 .4 ( 97.14)+ M44 H and le 5 1

5 :

M39

n i U/S

B l+ M39 , I V 1 80 A1/1+ M39 , X I 1 59 G 1/1+ M39 ,

X I 2 72 B i+ M39 , XI I 2 97 B 6/6+ M39 Hand le 5 2

2 :

M33 , M44

S cotga te G 6+ M44; Nor ton Pr iory NP72 1 4.6 B 3/3+ M33

Hand le 5 3

1 2:

M14, M16, M27 , M28 , M29 , M30 , M33 , M44, M47 , M59 , M75

I I 4 19 B 3+ M30+ 1 V 144 A I I 1 2 ( 72 ) 6 -16+ M29+ M33 C3, S choo l k i ln L3 2 4-01+Spou t 2 2 +M33+ M44 i i-M14+ M16+ M75+ M59+ M75 B 3 , S chool 6 -20 , 6 -25+ M75;

Chester B 3/3+ M30+ M44,

L inco ln F laxen-

g a te JY + B 3 , S ou th Wi tha m I .1 362 B 3, Wa in f leet 2 25 .76 B 3+ M27 +M33+ M47 , C ast le Acre NW6.49 B 3+ M28+ M33 , K ing 's L ynn AS V B 3+ M33, AS 1 2. I c ( 97 .16) B 3+ M33 Hand le 5 4

1 : K ings L ynn AS 6 7 V B 3

3 06

SPOUT t refo i l :

FOR MS

c y l indr ica l :

1

1-

5

6

/

ee 1

1 2

. -

1 4

1 5

1 :2 F ig . 7 0

S pou t f or ms.

3 07

1 :2

1 6

Hand le 5 5

9 : M14, M27 , M30 , M33 , M44, M47 X I I 3 15 2 4-08 +M44+ M33+ M14 B 3 , X II 4 31 B 3+ M44 , A I4 4a C 3+ M30+ M44 , DD I9 5c B 1(3 ) +M44, S chool B3+ M30+ M44; Ca mbr idge Marks a nd S pencers ( Hurst 1 .8 ) 6 -30+ M30+ M33, L incoln F laxenga te P i t 8( 15 . 8 4 ) B 3+ M44, DU B3+M47+ M44- M27 , N or tha mp ton S t P eters S t . C73 B 3+ M44

S pou t 1

S pou t 2

3 : I V 5 8 8 -03 EO , X I I 8 98 8 -02 F O , C o-op 7 E O 6 : X I 1 15 A 5, J I( 303 ) 8 -05 AO , J I7 ( 304 ) AO , J I( 3 05) AO ;

L incoln F laxenga te U/S ( 15.78 ) 5 -68 , A sh mo lean 1 967 ,798

A4 S pou t 3

3 : L incoln F laxenga te ALP 5 -60 B i , Thetford D2 .116 5 -68 D5/5, Trondhei m N 49860VC405 5 -81+Hand le 3 1 GI

S pou t 4

1 5: M42, I 3 0 GI , 5 -30 GI , I I 95 -47 A4, I I 3 98 A4, I V 1 49 2 GO , X I 1 59 B i, DD I 1 68 ( 126) 5 -64 B 2 , S t L eonards Pr iory 5 -36+Hand le 3 6+ M42 , H I4 B (1 ) , Wh i tefr iars House 1 911 5 -36+ Hand le 3 1+ M42 GI ;

Ca mbr idge C hr ists C ol lege L ibrary 5 -36

Al/ (1 ) , K ir ton 5 -77 Al , L inco ln F laxenga te ABT ( B (1 ) S pou t 5

8 :

M43

I2 62 GI , I3 0 G I , I I 1 15 1 3-21 A 5/5, X I 1 59 5 -26 G I ; L eicester West Br idge 5 -50 +Hand le 3 5+ M43 A (1) , 3 02 .1971 5 -26 A (1) , L inco ln F laxenga te DA 5 -30 G I , ABN 5 -36 G I , ABP GI S pou t 6

4 : I I 2 47 5 -26 B (1) , I V 1 46 GO , X I 2 8 G 6/6;

L incoln

F laxenga te AZ K 8 -08 D4 S pou t 7

1 : I V 3 3 5 -49 B 6

S pou t 8

2 : I1 87 5 -50 B i , X I 2 72 5 -64 B 2

S pou t 9

4 : I1 87 5 -46 B i , I2 44 5 -26 B 2 , S ta m ford 4 06 .28 5 -43 B i ; L eicester J ewry Wa l l ( 60 , 8 ) Al

S pou t 1 0

4 : X I 2 74 5 -23 Al , D I2 6 ( 101 ) 5 -70 ; CU G l , ATV 5 -41 G 6 .

S pou t 1 1

2 : I6 1A 8 -11 AO , S choo l P it 15 -76+H

3 08

L incoln F laxenga te

SPOUT

FOR MS

i r1 7

1 8

2 2

1 : 2

F ig . 7 1

2 3

S ut for ms.

3 09

1 :2

1 9

S pou t 1 2

5 : I I 4 19 1 3-10 AO , X I I 5 96 AO , X I I 6 18 5 -74 G (1) , A I I 1 2a ( 18 ) ;

S pou t 1 3

5 :

B edford BSJ 7 4 IF 129 1 3-11 AO

M5, M6

I 1 55 1 3-18+ M5 AO , 1 3-22+ M6 AO , C ast le ( Dunn ing 1 4 ) 1 3-24 , C o-op 7 1 3-22+ M5, G laston ( 61.3 ) 1 3-30 S pou t 1 4

2 : I I 9 4 A4/4, L incoln F laxenga te YE 1 3-10 BO

S pou t 1 5

1 : I I 4 09 1 3-17 AO

S pou t 1 6

1 : I I 4 1 AO

S pou t 1 7

1 : I I 3 29 B 2

S pou t 1 8

1 : X I I 1 191 1 3-03 AO

S pou t 1 9

1 : 22-opL 7 1 3-04 E 0

S pou t 2 0

3 :

M37 , M59 , M60

I 1 24 B 2+ M59+ M37 , I V 1 49 G 6+ M59 , H I2 B l+ M37+ M60 S pou t 2 1

3 :

M51, M59 , M60

X I I 5 48 C 3+ M60 ;

S pou t 2 2

N orw ich 2 26N B 3+ M59+ M51 , Aberdeen S t

S t

E 6. C 93 .3 603 B 3

8 :

M14, M16, M33 , M44, M54, M59 , M75

P au ls

I5 8 B 3+ M59 , I I 3 98 B 3+ M59 , I V 3 3 B 3+ M59+ M33, I V 7 5 B 3+ M59 , B 3+ M33+ M59+ M54, X I 1 02 B 3+ M59+ M33, S chool k iln L 2 B 3+ M59+ M33 , L 3 2 4-01+ M16+ M14± M75+Hand le 5 3+M33+ M44 +M59 S pou t 2 3

5 :

M33 , M37 , M59 , M60

I V 9G 6+ M37 , X I I 5 24 C l;

L inco ln F laxengate ABC B 1+ M37+ M60 ,

N orw ich N 149 .314 B 3+ M33+ M59 , Thurgarton ( 5 .14 ) S pou t 2 4

2 : I 2 4 B I ;

L inco ln F laxengate O J B I

3 10

1

5 r e 4 a

IB M

n

i

1 :4 F ig . 7 2: F or m 2 5: 1 51 .

1 . 2 5-01 G laston

2 . 2 5-02 A (4) EE I I 1 15.

4 . 2 5-02 B 3 EE I3 45.

3 +M32 A5/5 EE I I 2 8 . EE X I 5 3 .

7 .

6 .

3 . 2 5-02 A5 EE I I

H igh ly d ecorated v essels.

5 . F or m 9 +Base

F or m 6 o r 2 4+Handle+ M42+2 M51 B 6/ (6)

F or m 6 o r 2 4+ M16+ M18 B 2 EE I3 67 .

8 .

For m 2 4 o r 6 +

M16+ M18+ M75 B3 EE X I 3 17 .

9 . 2 4-04+ M14+ M16+ M31+ M58+ M59+ M56+

S pou t 2 1+ M23 B 6/ (6) L ondon .

1 0 . F or m 6 o r 2 4+ M31 B3 S tA lbans H igh S t .

1.

F or m 6 o r 2 4+ M33+ M76 C 3 EE X I I 6 18 .

H and le j oin B 6 EE I2 44 .

1 2 .

?For m 1 8+ M16+ M68+

1 3 . Hand le 4 8+ M14+ M33+ M75 B 6(3 ) EE X I I 2 97 .

1 4 . Hand le 4 9+ M33+ M71 B 1/1 EE I V U/S . I3 65. 1 :4

3 11

1 5. Hand le 5 1+ M33+ M40 B 2 EE

MOD IF IERS : S u r face T rea tmen ts R ou le t ted

. 1 eA0 1A0 VV 5

r i gn U U

_

2 0 4 1 :7 ga a L7

3 , . " . < . . t ,

4

6 e r 3c 3 =

7 Ai »,( 1 Ap AC r y

8

1

1 8

I1 9

2 0

2 4

2 5

2 6

7( Y0A4

v

t A A C O G

V Ar j y4 (1

t = i i= lc= 3

DOC ] DC I•

I n c ised 1 5

1 6

/

»

2 1

2 2, .

,

/ 2 3




C :z e

•

4

6 5

/

66

/

6 7

t z l 6 0,

7 0 A

7 6

/

6 9

7 1 i a

7 4 A

7 » 3 13

/

M1

. 1

A

) 4 0t ,V g

ee

2 A\M

« w

g( ) . ».

411/\\24>v Q/V

N

A

W ‘20

Q

. 3

e

le /01 '4 ° W\

o v e•y v r,A v A v A pv,v ,v 07 7vv A 9 .7 , > 0 0 . 0vvvy NOv Ae0 . 00voo . (70 .0 , s c . eo pW P A0a ( % ' , .7 0 7 ,7 0 : z < =% .ro 7 ,0

o

c

1 : 1

0 ° 00 . ° 0 4e‚ e F ig . 7 4

v

0

' e AvVGAV . ( 7 , , ,„ 2 v0V C > 4 ! )

‚0

0A

0

0e

0 0 t,

3 O bo ' 9 O z , 0 0 / 0 A p ‚e , ` ' ,0 0 0 0 ß1 249, N. 9 A

0

,° /‘

Rou let t ing p a t terns M1 ,1 t o M1 .10 .

M1 ,2, 3, 4

0 00

. 1 . 1 3

0

0

j ö7ö22 °K 7 ö W,c ? ,

v e t v , e1 1 , 9 . ` " 0 ) ; Q c . 1 4

0 bL AO D 7 \

o v 74 g Q< > % 7J7ee , °, 0 5 7 9 ,Ö i . 15 0 v r öt \ ( L I Q

Q ^ v . 07 0 20 7 0 9 (e 7j 0 v 0 , 9% . 0 . 1 6

c. c

Q QG Y

* e ,

Qc 1

— ( ) .00o0^

. 1 7

7z 7 , L70 :V , 47 . £7 .az7 z1 7 z7z 7 7. z ;a0 / . G roz 77£ 77 0 . ao ' z-

z a .azyc zc .77£2 .z 2 7/7/

' 7 z Z 2L 7

A cc i

d

M 4. 1

3

G o 0 0

0 0

C 3

0 0 0 U

1 3

G0

; 00

0 0 °

-i l ir j3

v

c 0

0

M 3 . 1

< >o

L . J

0 cz 0 0

M 2. 1

z2 . ( -

OLI7L :7

[J J O

U

0 000 0 0 Q Oc JOO n r" 0

O U

c : 3

r m 0 O

D

0

C]

00

Rou let t ing p a t terns M1.11 t o M4 .2 .

3 15

r i

LJ

nu

"

1 : F ig . 7 5

D E 3

0 0 C3

4. 2

Modi f iers w i th n u merous e xa mp les h ave b een om i t ted. M1 .1

I6 1 2 -33 AO , I6 1A 2 -33, 2 AO, I I 1 65 AO

Ml. 2

X I 2 50 1 4-07 AO , X I I 3 15 2 -40 AO

M1.3

I I 4 19 3 -07 HO , I V 1 23 2 -21 HO , I V 1 48 HO, X I 1 34 2 -09 HO, X I 1 55 3 -14 H O , X I 2 03 HO , X I 2 66 1 2-33 HO, X I I 2 97 3 -14 HO , X I I 4 99 3 -03 HO , X I I 1 380 2 -12 HO , X II 1 382 3 -09 HO

M1 .4

LL I 1 00 AO

M1 .5

I V 1 13 1 -32 AO

M1 .6

I6 1 1 -04 AO , I 1 38 1 -32 AO , I I 2 7+X I 2 50 1 -29 AO , X I 2 50 1 -29 AO , X I 2 48 AO

Ml . 7

JI on f or ms 2 -02 , 2 -16, 2 -18 , 2 -48 , 2 -49 , 2 -50 , 3 -10 , 3 -25

M1 .8

DD I7 7 ( C MM 1 40 ) 7 -08 AO

M1 .9

I V 1 48 3 -05 AO

M1 .10

LL I 1 19 2AO

M1.11

Y ork K ings S quare

Ml . 1 2

E I 2 1 1 -45 AO

M1 .13

I I 3 73A AO

M1.14

X I 1 13 1 4-04 AO

M1 .15

I 1 39 1 -40 AO

MI. 1 6

L I1 8 1 4-03 Al

M1.17

X I 2 43 1 -51 AO

M2 .1

I 7 9+113 AO

M3 .1

I 53 -02 AO, I I 2 77 AO, LL I 1 3 AO , LL I2 3 A O, LL I2 5 3 -01 A (1 ) ,

1 2-6 A (1)

LL I9 9 AO , LL I1 19 AO , LL I 1 20 A O M4. 1•

I I 2 5 1 -33 AO

M4 .2

I1 87 AO

M5.1

X I I 5 96 1 -17 A O, L I1 7 AO, LL I1 3 Al

M5.2

I V 1 49 1 -08 AO

M5.3

I6 1A 1 -31 A O, AO , I I 4 1 1 -32 Al, 1 1419 1 -33 AO

M5.4

I4 4 1 -49 AO

M5.5

S udbrook 1 -49 AO

M5.6

I2 41 AO

M5 . 7

X I 2 48 AO

M5.8

I I 4 19 2 -35 DO

M6.1

I I 6 6 1 -40 AO

3 16

M5 ,6 ,7 ,8

0 00[ 1000

JuuuuUuUUuUu U uUU U uu

M5 . 1

n nr innnnnn r u f i r i nn n nn i [ h i Uu j un i uu bu u u uu u Uü ü ' nn u p p r f i ru nn f i r i nnnn i in r in

3 0 [ 10 1 )

0 1 30 .N o p pnuanaJnnt iOn U r 9 u 1 ] u n o gu ou , D aju i ] [ 1n

D B0 ist 72 ,01 7 22000D0 r 7

I=

i n nr

0

C7 1

C =>

C Z7

cz ,

C=.

a lO G GP f i n gr 7

. 6 N O B LE IH M UNggg i ] [ 1 0 r i fu inn n r innn f l R r l r inn n Pn r

. 3

. 4

ø0 ÜB L ig l000DODBONO

n r i n n r innnrmi naruon / 7no n v n 0

2

. 5

ri

nn

3 2 °m ' o t in in t , Z 22 %%%11 3 n °1

. 7

P l a ünü0 L 199a u manguanna moung .8 n qr /r In

nmn r tr i n nr rv ir r i nr r

E i c3 c l ] c J

M7 .1

, ö , U

L Jt = 2

e c i

3 ‘

1 ZPq;2

M6 . 1 VI QV I

. 2

) 1 7 2 [ 3 1 : 7nDpo rl q5 ' ,5 J " u r f l a y ca y ou 5c oe dao -f lo u " r c r i r i r l oa i c l ua o 0

M8 .1

b

o °< > 00

. 3

OL I

. 2

00 0

7

F ig . 7 6

Rou let t ing p a t terns M5.1 t o M8 .2 .

3 17

1 : 1

M7 .1

I I 1 61 AO

M7 .2

I I 1 17 2 -35 AO

M7 .3

J I1 0 2 -16 AO

M8 ,1

C o-op 5 1 -08 AO

M8 .2

I6 1A 1 -08 AO , I2 61 1 -17 AO, I I 2 48 1 -08 A4

M9

X I 2 8 G 5

M10

Thetford D2.178 A 5/5

M11.1

X I 7 8 8 -10+ M67 G 6/6

M11.2

L I3A5

M12

X I 1 13 G 6/6

M13

I I 3 96+X l 1 59 9 -01+ M21 AO

M15

C o-op 3 E O , L incoln F laxengate E8 D5/5, E28 A5/ (5 )+ M62, A IO G 5, AJV B 3 , ASZ Al/ (1) , Thet ford D2 .209 GI

M20 M23

I1 98 4 -60 BO , I I 3 4 4 -55 B O , I I 2 14 4 -43 BO , DD I 8 ( C MM 1 46 ) I I 2 12 , 2 08 , 2 13, 2 14 G 5/ (1 ) , I V 1 74 2 3-04 B 6/6, X II 2 97+313 Hand le 5 0 B 6/6, X I I 3 10 B 1/ (1 ) , X I I 3 12 B 6, X II 8 23 B 5+ M16, X I I 8 23, 8 24 B 5+ M16, X I I 1 074 2 3-04 B 6/6;

L inco ln B roadgate

2 2-08+ M23+ M32 B 6, F laxenga te AE W Al , K ing ' sL ynn AS 6 7 1 2m B 6, N or tha mp ton S t

P eters S t

B 67 B i, C oven try Broadgate B 10

B l+ M16 M27

I V 9 Hand le 4 8+ M44+ M75 B 3, DD I3 79 ( C MM 1 23) M59+ M44; L inco ln F laxengate DU Hand le 5 5+ M47+ M44, I S B3, S ou th Witha m D371 B 3+ M75, Wain f leet 2 25.76 Hand le 5 3+ M33+ M47 , N orw ich N 149 .314 B 3, Aberdeen S t Pau ls S t

M28

B 3, B 3+ M16

W 3 3 Hand le 4 8+ M44 B 3, Cast le ( Hurst 4 .3 ) Handle 5 0+ m33 B 3 , S chool k iln B 3+ M33 , Cast le Acre NW6.49 Hand le 5 3+ M33 B 3

M29

I I 1 56 Hand le 4 7+ M33 C 3 , X I I 1 166 M59+ M44 B 3/3, A I 1 2 ( C MM 7 2 ) Hand le 5 3+ M33 , S chool k iln Hand le 4 9 B 3 ;

Thetford M59+ M33 B 3

M31

Eaton S ocon B 3, S t A lbans B 3 , L inco ln F laxengate DU B 3

M34

I I 3 4 1 0-10 AO , I V

36 -02 Al ;

L e icester S ou th Bond S t 6 -11+

H and le 4 9+ M42 B I M35

X I I 3 14 B 5+ M14+ M17+ M35

M37

I 1 24 S pou t 2 0+B2 , I V 9S pou t 2 3+G6, A I7 0 ( CMM 5 5) C l , F laxengate ABC S pou t 2 3+ M60 B i , Norw ich 2 81N1002 G I

M41

C o-op 5 Hand le 1 6+ M65 D5/5;

L inco ln F laxengate J 12

Hand le 1 7 D5/5, York L loyds B ank i i .4 Hand le 3 6 G1 M43

J I8Hand le 4 AO, L eicester West Br idge 5 -50+Hand le 3 5 + Spou t 5 , Thetford D2 .296, York D201.5060 G1

3 18

L inco ln

1

2 3

/ V2 1 2 ,

1 9

A ge° I

1 : 240

•

0

0

F ig . 7 7 : I ncised d ecorat ion : c oln .

1 . 2 2-08+ M13+ M22 B 6 L incoln ,

3 , M10 A4/4 T hetford D954.

5 Thetford D178 , XI 8 23.

1 74 .

1 5. B ase 4 + M26 EE I I 3 34 B 1/1.

1 7 . B ase 5 + M17 B I EE I 1 83.

S t . B 67 .

1 0 ,

1 8 ,

1 3. F or m

1 4. Hand le 5 0+ M23 B 6/6 1 6. 2 3-04+ M26 B 6/6 EE W

M23 B l N or tha mp ton S t Peters

1 9 . 2 3-04+ M23 B 6/6 EE X I I 1 074. 3 19

8 . M23 B 6

M16+ M23 B 5 EE

1 2. M16+ M23 B I EE X II 8 23 .

9 +Base 1 + M23 G 5/ (1 ) EE L T I 2 08 , 2 12 , 2 13 , 2 14. EE X II 2 97 .

5 . M10 A 5/

7 . M23 B I EE X I I 3 10.

9 . M23 C l EE X I I 3 10.

1 1 . M23 B 6 EE X I I 3 12.

M58+ M23 B 6 L in-

4 . M12 G 6/6 EE X I I 1 13 .

6 . M9 G 6 EE X I 2 8 ,

K ing ' sL ynn A l l S a in ts 1 2 m .

2 .

1 :4

M46

Cast le ( Hurst 4 4 )

M47

J I1 8 8 -13 AO ;

E lstow Abbey 1 1.8 Hand le 3 7+ M51 G ill , L incoln

F laxengate DU Hand le 5 5+ M27+ M44 , FV B 3, KP B3, VU B3, AMZ B 3 M48

S chool 2 4-05+ 1 \159

M49

S chool 1 -35

M50

I V 5 8 C l, X I 9 01+1106+1153 B l+ M16+ M50 , S t A lbans H igh S t

B 1/1 ,

L e icester J ewry Wa ll ( Hurst 4 .1 ) +M16, Cast le Acre NW5 Hand le 4 2 B i M52

X I 2 45 H and le 3 3+ M42+ M18 B 1/ (1 ) , A I I 1 2a ( 67) B1

M54

I V 7 5 M59+ M33+Spou t 2 2 B 3 , S ta m ford ( Hurst 4 . 8 ) 6 -28+Hand le 4 8+ M16+ M45+ M54+ M57 C 3 ;

L incoln F laxengate BE Hand le 3 6+ M39

G1/1 , +M16 C 3, DN B 3 , GE B 3 , S ou th Witha m 1 045 B 3+ M51, 149 B 3 M55

X I I 2 14 2 4-05 B i

M56

I V 6 M59 B l, XI I M59 B i

M57

I2 12

2 38 B 3 , I V 3 3 B 3 , A V 2( 9 5) C 3 , S ta mford ( Hurst 4 .8)

6 -28+Hand le 4 8+ M45+ M16+ M54;

L incoln Broadgate ( 151 ) B3,

F laxenga te GJ B 3 M58

L inco ln PT I 7 4 . QYB6 +M23 B 6

M60

X I I 5 48 S pou t 2 1 C 3, H I2 S pou t 2 0 B i+ M37 ;

L incoln F laxengate

ABC S pou t 2 3+ M37 M61

I6 1A 2 1-10 +Hand les 1 0 , 1 5, 1 6 +Mi l - M39+ m73

M70

I V 1 50 Hand le 4 5+ M41 B I

M71

I V U/S Hand le 4 9+ M32 B I

M73

I6 1A 2 1-10+Hand les 1 0 , 1 5, 1 6 +Ml +M39 , C o-op D5/5

M74

I 6 5 2 1-07 A O+ M1, I V 1 72 1 -67 A (4) , I V 1 80 6 -03 AO , X 11 3 16 8 -14 B 6/6

M77

I I 4 19 F O , X I I 1 218 F O , X I I 1 239 Hand le 2 + M69 EO , X I I 1 245 EO , E (1 ) , X I I 1 345 3 F n

X I I 1 347 2 -01 F O, 7 E O, 8 FO , X 11 1 331 EO ,

X I I 1 408 7 -44 EO , L I . , I1 21 2 F O, LL I 1 22 Hand le 2 F O , C o-op I V . 4 8 E 0, V I II .60 E O ;

Hereford H68 .201 F O+ M25, Nor tha mp ton N73 .

M113 . C145 F O

3 20

5

4

b ig 1 :2

i i i iiii i 7

I l iJi ll 6 F ig . 7 8: A pp lied d ecora t ion :

f i i i i i/

8

9

1 . F or m 6 o r 2 4+ M16+ Ü50 C I EE X I 9 01+1106+1153 .

2 . Hand le 3 2+ M48 B 1 S t A lbans. H andle 4 1+ M52 B 6 EE I I 2 2 . 2 M51 B 3/ (3 ) EE X I I 5 74 . X I I 1 175.

i d le

3 . Hand le 3 6+ M51 G 6/6 EE I I 1 70.

5 . M59+ M53 B 1/1 EE I I 1 9 . 6 .

7 . M59+ M56 G 1 L e icester .

9 . Hand le 4 7+ M33+2 M51 B 6/6 EE I V 1 26.

4 ,

H and le 4 7+

8 . M59+ M56 B I EE 1 :4

A' WHARF ROAD K ILN

C

B

D

BE IGE CLAY

F

H

G

P la te 1 S ect ions o f S ta m ford f abr ics

B IBL IOGRAPHY

Ada ms, L ., 1 977 .

Med ieva l P ot tery f ro m Broadga te E ast , L inco ln .

L inco ln

A rchaeolog ica l T rust Monograph S er ies v o lu me XVI E-1 . Addy man , P . V ., 1 964 .

' A d ark-age s et t le men t a t Maxey , N or than ts.',

Med ieva l Archaeo l ., V II I , 2 0-73. Addy man , P . V ., 1 968 .

'Excavat ions a t B a i le H i l l , Y ork 1 968 ', Archaeo l.

J n l ., CXXV , 3 07-8 . Addy man , P . V ., 1 969a .

'L a te S axon s et t le men ts i n t he S t

N eots a rea , I .

T he L i t t le Pax ton s et t le men t a nd e nclosures ', Proc . o f t he C a mbr idge An t iq . S oc.,

um ,

5 9-93 .

Addy man , P . V ., 1 969b .

'E xcava t ions a t B a i le H i l l , Y ork , 1 969 ', Archaeol .

J n l . , CXXVI , 1 78-9 . Addy man , P . V . a nd M . B idd le, 1 965.

Med ieva l C a mbr idge:

R ecen t f inds

a nd e xcava t ions ', P roc. o ft he C a mbr idge An t iq . S oc., L I TH E , 7 4-137 . Addy man , P . V . a nd D . H . H i ll , 1 969 . e v idence , Par t I :

' Saxon S ou tha mp ton :

A r ev iew o f t he

I ndustry , t rade a nd e veryday l i fe ', P roc . o f t he Ha mp-

s h ire F ield C lub , XXVI , 5 7-97 , Addy man , P . V . a nd J . B . Wh i twel l , 1 970 . 'S o me m idd le S axon p ot tery t ypes i n L inco lnsh ire ', An t iq „ J u l ., L , 9 6-102. A i tken , M. J . a nd G . H . Weaver ,1 962.

Magne t ic d at ing :

S o me a rchaeo-

magnet ic measure men ts i n Br ita in ', Archaeo metry , V , 4 -24. A i tken , M . J ., H . N . Haw ley a nd G . H . Weaver 1 963 .

Magnet ic d a t ing :

F ur ther a rchaeo magnet ic measure men ts i n B r i ta in ', Archaeo metry , V I , 7 6-80 . Andrews, D . D . a nd G . Mi lne , e ds., 1 980 .

D o mest ic s et t le men t : Areas 6

a nd 1 0 , v o l . Io f J . G . H urst , e d ., Wharra m . Y orksh ire Wolds.

A s tudy o f s et t le men t o n t he

S ociety f or Med ieva l Archaeology Monograph S er ies,

n o . 8 , App leby , A . a nd H . S heldon , 1 972 .

' The H orn i man Museu m k i ln e xper i men t

a t H ighga te Wood-Par t I , The L ondon Archaeolog ist , I , 1 2-17 . App leby , A . a nd H . S heldon , 1 973 . 'The H orn i man Museu m k i ln e xper i men t a t H ighga te Wood — P ar t I , The L ondon Archaeo log ist , I , 5 3-59 . A sp ina l l , A ., 1 977 .

' Neu tron a ct iva t ion a na lysis o f med ieva l c era m ics ',

Med ieva l C era m ics, I ,5 -16. A tk in , M. W. a nd A . Car ter , 1 976 . f o lk Archaeol ., M XVI , 1 91-201 .

E xcava t ions i n N orw ich 1 975/6 ', N or-

3 23

Aust in , T ., 1 888 .

Two F if teen th c en tury c ookery b ooks.

Ear ly E ng lish T ex t

S oc. 9 1. B aker , D ., 1 969 .

'Excava t ions a t E lstow Abbey , 1 966-68 :

s econd i n ter im

. Ju l ., I V , 2 7-41 . r epor t ', B eds. Archaeol B aker , D ., 1 970 .

'Excava t ions i n B ed ford , 1 967 ', B eds. Archaeol . J n 1 ., V .

6 7-100 . B aker , D ., 1 971.

'B ed ford C ast le:

s o me p rel im inary r esu lts f ro m r escue

e xcava t ions, Cha teau Gai l lard , V I , 1 5-22. B arker , P ., 1 969 .

H en D o men , Mon tgo mery : Excava t ions 1 960-7 ', Cha teau

Ga i l lard , I I , 1 5-27 . B ar ley , M . W., 1 961 .

'Excava t ion o f t he b orough d i tch , S laugh terhouse L ane ,

N ewark , 1 961 ', Trans. o ft he Thoroton S oc., LXV , 1 0-18 . B ar ley , M . W., 1 964 . 2 ', An t iq . J n l .

' The med ieva l b orough o f T orksey :

Excavat ions 1 960-

XL IV , 1 65-87 .

B ar ley , M . W ., 1 965 .

N ot t ingha m t own wa l l : P ark R ow e xcava t ions 1 964 ',

Trans . o f t he Thoroton S oc., LXD ( , 5 0-65 . B ar ley , M . W. a nd F . Wa ters, 1 956 .

' Newark Cast le - Excava t ions 1 953-6 ',

Trans . o f t he Thoroton S oc., LX , 2 0-33 . B ar ton , K . J ., 1 974.

' The med ieva l b lackwares o f n or thern F rance ', 1 67-82

i n E v ison , Hurs t a nd Hodges. 1 962 . B as

s h si pG wr .e ck .: ,

' Underwa ter e tY assi Ada: A B yzan t ine xcava t ions5 3a 7 - m. UnA de nz rw e i a g t e er r , L i l

u 0

B eres ford , G ., 1 975.

T he Med ieva l C lay L and V i l lage.

S oc iety f or Med i eva l

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Deser ted Med ieva l V i llages.

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