The New Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary of The English Language 0832600210, 9780832600210

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The

New

WEBSTER Encyclopedic

DICTIONARY of The English Language

New

The

WEBSTER Encyclopedic

DICTIONARY of The English Language 1980 Edition

VIRGINIA

THATCHER

S.

Editor

in chief

ALEXANDER McQUEEN Advisory Editor and Lexicographer

Editorial Staff

Margaret L. Smith

Anne Tomkin Walter Eckart

•

Clarice Geels

Peter Morrison

• •

David Phelps

George Malayil Willard Grayson Smythe

•

Ava Friedmann

Published by

CONSOLIDATED BOOK PUBLISHERS Chicago

Copyright

© MCMLXXVII, MCMLXXI, MCMLXIX,

MCMLXVI1I, MCMLXVII, MCMLXV, MCMLXIV, MCMLII

by Processing

&

Books,

All rights reserved under the International right Conventions.

Manufactured

in the

Inc.

and Pan-American Copy-

United States of America and

published simultaneously in Canada by North American Educational Guild, Ltd., Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Library of Congress Catalog Card International Standard

Number: 73-1877

Book Number: 0-8326-0021-0

Preface This dictionary is based on a wider experience with the usage of words than any one person can ever have in his own lifetime. A great body of information about words has been built up over many years, and lexicographers have made it their business to collect it and to organize it in dictionary form. We have endeavored to bring you authoritative data on every word you are likely to use in school, office, or home and in your daily contacts with people. A great quantity of matter has been compiled in this work in very moderate compass, and the wide scope of this volume should meet the needs of the most exacting dictionary user. It is recognized that a dictionary suited to the popular

demand for such a work should possess the three important qualities of accuracy, completeness, and convenience. This work carries an outstanding background and scholarship and is a source to which you may turn with complete

of authority

confidence for an understanding of the meaning, pronunciation, spelling, and proper use of the words with which you are unfamiliar. In selecting the words for inclusion in this dictionary, the net has been cast

The greatest importance is naturally attached to words in literary and colloquial use at the present day. At the same time, a large number of purely technical and scientific words and terms have been included since many of these

fairly widely.

necessarily play a considerable part in the lives of important sections of the

community. Meanings and shades of meaning are carefully distinguished and explained, not with synonyms or confusing technical terms, but in clearly worded, simplified form, illustrated by quotations or brief phrases whenever necessary for lucidity.

The compilers of this dictionary have made it possible for the reader to find word or information he seeks, including at the same time such

instantly the

details as the spelling

he can appreciate reference,

main

words so that reaching are the sources of our language. For easy

and pronunciation,

how

far

as well as the origin of

entries are displayed in large, extra bold type the full width of

the column, with definitions and other text matter slightly indented.

In order to carry out the principle of conciseness, the method of grouping words in a single paragraph has been adopted. Particularly, primary

related

words followed by a number of derivatives are thus grouped, and compounds are listed under the word that forms their first element. We have included the name of WEBSTER, the great American lexicographer, in the

title

of this dictionary in recognition of his important contribution

to the principles of lexicography.

The Publishers

ON THE ORIGIN OF WORDS Alexander McQueen

On

almost every page of

make

this dictionary are clues to

a long

to the nose.

—and

When

into the

modern

list

of words starting with sn,

all

related

by accident that sense and sound go together. The Choctaws have a very expressive word for sneeze; it has three syllables, ha-bish-ko.

and development of our language. Such may be traced from mankind's earliest daysclues through the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome the origin

period, where, with the piling

up of new discoveries in the arts and sciences, the invention of new words has become almost common-

bish,

the

it's

It isn't

Choctaw says

it

quickly, with stress

on the

a perfect sound effect for a sneeze.

In a dictionary are hundreds of these imitative words: the tick-tick of the clock, the ding-dong of the bell, the boom of the cannon. To describe an overabundance of talking, we use such words as chatter or jabber. Then there is babble, not very different from jabbering. It is possible that babble came from the simple sound ba-ba and from the prattle of a baby,

place.

Every word we use has a history, and in almost every case it is a story of action— a story of something happening. This word-forming activity has been going on for thousands of years, ever since the first human beings uttered the first human sounds. We have in-

whose first words are usually made with the lips. The sound ba-ba reminds us of a more complicated word— barbarian. In ancient times, when there was little travel from one land to another, men seldom had a chance to learn foreign languages. When they met a foreigner, they had to talk through an interpreter. And although most of the men of the Old World knew only one language, they despised people of other coun-

herited a rich legacy from the past.

SOUND AND SENSE Many of our most stirring impressions come to us through elementary speech sounds. Conclusive proof of this statement can be found in the radio script that depends for dramatic effect not only on words but also on other sounds— of closing doors, tramping feet, rippling water, howling wind, ticking clocks, crashing collisions, and no end of other noises. The use of sound effects is as old as man. Early men got along with a small stock of words, and they probably began with sound effects. For telling about violence, such as shattering or breaking, they made noises with smashing sounds, which in time became such dictionary words as smash, dash, bash, mash, clash, crash. It is easy to add to such a list of words ending in -sh, meaning something to do with violence. To show how a sound might suggest a whole group of words, let us take an imaginary situation. Suppose that an ancient Teuton has gone to sleep. He sleeps with his mouth open, and as he breathes he makes a queer noise, a mixture of whistling and nasal humming. Someone observing the sleeping man imitates him like this: "Sss-norr!" In the evolution of language these sounds have been retained; today when we refer to this noise made by a sleeper, we call it a snore. Other nasal words have been built on the same pattern. A more abrupt sound, in waking hours, became a snort. A growl through the nose was called a snarl. A sudden breathing into the nose was called a sniff. A laugh like "eh-eh-eh" was called a snicker. The nose of an animal was called a snout. A scornful glance, with upturned nose, became a sneer. And a sort of nasal explosion became a sneeze. One could

tries fact,

who

also

knew only

their

own

native tongue. In

the Greeks used to say that the language of

foreigners sounded like "bar-bar-bar." In time foreigners began to be nicknamed the "bar-bar" people. That particular nickname found its way into the regular language of the Greeks, then of the Romans, and we have it in a form that came through the Latin— barbarian. So even the ancient Greeks, with their keen sense of the niceties of language, sometimes made a dictionary word out of a simple sound. In doing so they were giving a sort of classic approval to the methods of our remotest ancestors, who enriched our speech with sounds that made sense.

WORDS FROM GREEK The

classic

Homer and

tongue of Greece

—

the language of

—

is

one of the most

Plato and Aristotle

important sources of our everyday speech. You have already learned something of the Greek language. You started when you learned your ABC's; when you re-

you were just saying the names alpha and beta, that is. A and B. A little later, when you talked about arithmetic, you were very nearly saying arithmos, the Greek word for "numbers." You can't go into the kitchen and wash dishes without handling something with a Greek name. The very ferred to the alphabet,

of the

vn

two Greek

letters

word

dish

Greek. At

is

was diskos, meaning was extended to include

first it

"quoit." Later the meaning

One word from ings change.

The

Greek shows how meanmen in Greece had an easy life

the ancient rich

do— plenty of leisure time. To time they gave the name of scho-le. In their scho-le they were devoted to discussion, study, and tiresome work to

this spare

Because they studied in their scho-le, they were called scholars; and the place where they studied came to be called school. So schooltime was spare time, and the pleasure found in that spare time was instruction.

the pleasure of study.

Among familiar personal names are many that come from the Greek, as George, Philip, and Eugene. The name George means "landman, or farmer." The geo in the name George is simply the Greek word for It is in geography and geology and geometry; have something to do with the earth. The name Philip means one who loves horses; philos, "loving"; hippos, "horse." A hippodrome is a racecourse where horses run. A hippopotamus is a

"earth."

they

all

river horse;

potamos

is

Greek

for "river."

The name Eugene means "well-born": eu-, "good, well"; genesis, "birth." Most words starting with eu have a sense that

Euphony has

is

good, pleasant, or beautiful.

do with pleasant sounds; eulogy, pleasant sayings or words. A speech praising someone is

to

Now

for

some

girls'

names: Margaret,

she's a pearl;

Dora, she's a gift; Catherine, she's pure; Irene, she's peaceful— that is, if you go by their Greek names. And the Greeks did have a name for almost everything. When you say that this great nation of ours is a democracy, you're talking Greek— demos-kratein, "peoplegoverning." Democracy is government by the people. The same Greeks who gave us the name of our kind of government gave us the word politics. It comes from the Greek polls, "city." The Greeks gave us also the precious word economy. They called it oikonomos, from oikos, "house," and nomos, "management." That's the spirit of the

to her

husband.

It

And

might be a strange

was her very own —her parapherna. And that's how we came by our word paraphernalia, meaning "a miscellaneous collecit

equipment." People who guess at the derivation of words and then refer to the dictionary often find that their guess was wrong. Guessing is not safe. A comet and a

tion of accessories or

comma

look somewhat alike (each has a round part and a tail); so someone says, "They must be related." But they're not. Comet is from Greek kometes, "longhaired," because of the trail of light the comet leaves

Comma, Greek komma, means "a section or comma slightly cuts off part of a sentence. Now someone may say, "Is a comic long-haired?" No. He gets his name from Greek kdsmos, "a revel." Today many children give the word behind.

segment, something cut off"; a

comic an entirely new meaning; they use it to mean any pictured story in strip form. They even talk about "Bible comics," an example of how the meaning of a word gets "pushed around." Pharmacist is from Greek pharmakon, "poison." Many ancient medicinal drugs were more or less poisonous; hence the name of their dispenser. Glamour is merely another form of grammar. Because grammar at one time meant "magic" or "fascination," glamour took on the meaning "witchery,

word also is Greek. dilemma is not an animal, in spite of its two horns. The word comes from Greek di, "double," and lemma, "proposition or assumption." When we have to choose between two propositions, each unfavorable to us, we are said to be "on the horns of a dilemma." allurement." This

a eulogy.

house.

from the ones that

special treasures separate

collection of unrelated things, but

dishes.

—no

own

would belong

economy— the management much to do

because economy has so

of a

with

home, some of the world's best economists are

women. Speaking of women and housekeeping, marriage customs in ancient Greece emphasized business rather than romance. Sometimes the man never saw his wife until the wedding day. However, even if he didn't see her face, he always wanted to be sure about her dowry, that is, the money and other things of value that she would bring to him, as a sort of premium. Almost everything she owned became his. But under the old Greek law every bride was allowed to keep certain articles as her own, such as personal belongings and articles of adornment. These things would be carefully listed, and it was understood that the husband would have no control over them. What he got was the pherne, or dowry. The things the bride kept were the parapherna: para, "independent of"; phernP, "dowry." On the day of an ancient Greek wedding the bride came home, taking great care to keep her Vlll

A

WORDS FROM LATIN Latin

is

not a dead language, for

it

plays a lively

Sometimes we recognize it and applaud it. That word applaud is Latin; in Latin it's applaudere and usually means the clapping of hands. It is one of the thousands of Latin words that help give life to our language. So were I to say that Latin is totally dead, I would not be entirely candid. Candid is another Latin word; it means "fair, frank, or just." Candid, the Latin candidus, really meant "white, pure." In ancient Rome when a politician was running for office and went on a speechmaking tour, he wore white garments as a sign of good, clean politics. So our own officeseekers are called candidates. Next time you burn a candle, remember that its name is also from the Latin candidus. "white." Our republic gets its name from Latin respublica: res, "thing, interest"; publico, "public." Many of our political terms are derived from the Latin. Take the word senate; it's just another form of the Latin senatus, "council of old men." Senators are supposed to be old enough to be part in our everyday speech.

Men who

wise.

are junior (pure Latin for "younger")

are seldom found in a senate.

who

The

senate calls for

men

are senior ("older"). In fact, senior and senate are

of the

same

Many

origin.

of the Latin words in our language are quite

lively. If

Take

several

the

men

word

We know what rivals

rivals.

the Latin

are.

ning a race, they are rivals. If several young men are courting the same girl, they are rivals in love. But why are they called rivals? The Latin word for stream is rivus; when two men lived near a stream and had to share that stream between them, they were called

The word originally meant "partwhen two persons have to share something,

rivales, or rivals.

ners"; but

easy for partnership to lead to contention. So the Latin word for stream became our word for rivalry in sports, in business, in love, or in war. Speaking of war, Roman soldiers usually got part it is

of their wages in essential to

human

salt, life.

pay was called solarium. From that word salary. Sometimes, if we consider that a man is lazy and isn't earning his salary, we say, "He isn't earning his salt." Note that word consider, which means "to study, to meditate, to reflect upon something." It's a simple word with a romantic origin. In Latin it was two words: con, "with"; sider, "a star." It comes from the days when men, for guidance in their decisions, turned for help to the stars. This use of consider is found in the English of Psalm 8 "When I consider Thy heavens the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained." We take our words from old Roman politicians, stream dwellers, senators, soldiers— and farmers. When a Roman farmer was plowing and became careless, his plowshare would turn out of the furrow; and when his neighbors saw that his plowing had gone awry, they would say, "He has turned from the furrow." In Latin a furrow is lira; and "to turn out of the furrow" is de-lira, the source of our word delirious. When a man is temporarily out of his mind, he has turned aside from his proper mental furrow. When he comes to himself, and we might say that he's back on the right track, the old Romans said, "He's back in the sal; the salt

came our word

The Rome

mus, and a

little

mouse

is

"sugar."

Confute

is

a dignified word;

it

or "to show that an argument

means "to disprove" is

false." Its original

however, from the Latin was "to throw water on something." And absurd, another word from the Latin, joins ab, "from," to surdus, "deaf," suggesting an amusing misunderstanding by a deaf person. significance,

.

WORDS THAT STAND OR STAY One It is

of the simplest words in our language is stand. very old and is related to many other words. It

has been traced to an ancient Indo-European root, which appears in many Greek and Latin words.

sta,

Sta suggests stability, "strength to stand without being

A

moved

or overthrown." stable is a place where horses stand. stage is a platform whereon someone stands to act. An establishment is something that is

A

20 centuries ago was built on seven on this Palatium, or Palatine Hill, the Emperor Augustus built a magnificent house. It was thought to be the last word in royal residences. But it wasn't, for a little later the Emperor Nero built another on the sdf-same hill. His house, called the Golden House, was still grander than the one built by Augustus. These royal houses gave their name to all royal houses to come. Because they were built on the Palatine Hill, they were called palatial; and it is from them that we get our word

One was

is

We have considered candid and candidate, both coming from Latin candidus, "white." What about candy? Did it, too, come from this source? No. Candy gets its name from the Arabic word qand, meaning

right furrow."

hills.

mouse

objects.

:

.

for

were feared as possible enemies. Another tricky word is miniature. Because a miniature is something small, one might suppose that it is related to minus and minimum. But it comes from the Latin minium, meaning "red lead," with which certain ancient pictures were painted. The word came to be connected with small pictures and then with small

because salt was considered The Latin word for salt was

.

word

musculus. Musculus in time was changed to muscule, and now we call it muscle. Consider the words host and guest. Both are derived from the Latin hostis. One offers hospitality, the other receives it— a friendly arrangement. But, oddly enough, hostis also meant "an enemy," which does not sound so friendly. The history of the words provides an explanation. In the days before hotels the person needing hospitality was a stranger, and all strangers

are competitors in business or are run-

fixed, reliable, standing.

of

A

standard

is

a flag or other

around which loyal soldiers can stand; it is also a norm by which the standing of other things may be measured. The sta root is seen unchanged in hundreds of words. A staple is an item of merchandise that is kept sign

called the Palatium;

in stock, that

is,

a standing, always available, item.

A

keep things, as it were, standing. A stall is a place where people stand to buy and sell goods. If the customer stands too long without buying, he may be charged with stalling. Things become stale from standing too long. A man's status indicates his standing in the community. When the man becomes old, he may need a staff to aid him in standing. Ecstasy might be described as a kind of staple

palace.

When you listen carefully, you are paying attention, or attending to what is being said. Attention is from attentio, the Latin word for a "stretching of the mind toward something." The same idea is in our word

is

also a fastening device, to

"out-standing emotion."

To recite all of the sta words would be tiring. And even if we exhausted the list of sta words, we would encounter scores of related ste words. The homestead is where the home stands. One who is steady is one

which also means "stretching." And speaking of stretching, let us imagine a Roman strong man showing the remarkable development of his muscles. As he stretches out his arm and makes one of his muscles move between his elbow and his shoulder, somebody says, "It looks like a little mouse!" Now tension,

who is

IX

is able to stand well. The printer's notation stet pure Latin for "let it stand." In such words as

destiny, the sta element appears as sort of

predetermined stand

sti;

destiny

is

a

in a person's future.

English, with

A

Latin.

its

richness, power,

many languages

few examples

and beauty,

is

other than Greek and

will illustrate this debt.

France a young man was in workshop. As he worked, a group of his friends came by and called, "Come along, Pierre, don't work so hard. Come with us and have a good time; you can leave your shop." Now, the old French word for shop was bauche or bawtch; and the French word for luring a man away from his shop, or, as we might say, un-shopping him, was de-baucher. Today if we entice a man away from his duty and attempt to corrupt him, we are said to be debauching him. Among the ancient French a man and his wife sometimes had arguments. If the husband shouted at his wife, she might begin to look pathetic, with tearfilled eyes and pouting lips. Now her husband couldn't bear to see her lips sticking out like that, so he built a special little room into which she might retire to pout. Since the French word for pouting was bouder, the lady's pouting room came to be called the boudoir, a household word today. In the days of Richard II of England men lost their heads for uttering a single word; it was the word havoc. Havoc was a dangerous word. In war the shout "Havoc" was a signal for soldiers to lay waste the countryside and to plunder and kill without mercy. That's what Shakespeare meant in his famous line in Julius Caesar, "Cry 'Havoc!' and let slip the dogs of

Long ago

in a

town

in

his

war." it

When the

was a

cry

"Havoc" was

raised in a rebellion,

call to revolt against the

government; for

shouting "Havoc" in such a case, the shouter was

condemned to lose his head. The ancient Scottish Highlanders believed in battle cries. They called them army yells. In the Gaelic tongue, army is sluagh; yell is ghairm. Put them tosluagh-ghairm, or, as it is pronounced good slogan is always short, something one can yell out easily while rushing full tilt at his opponent. Slogans are handy in advertising. gether,

and

it's

today, slogan.

it is.

He

explains that

it is

made

of arrack,

lemon, and water— five different elements. Now the Hindustani word for five is panch, pronounced almost like punch. So we call the drink punch. In London, in the days of Queen Victoria, the people often wondered whether the national income was going to be enough to pay the national expenses. They called it "balancing the budget." The expression sounds perfectly natural to us, for we too have budgets to balance. But why is an annual statement of finances called a budget? It's from the old British custom of enclosing the annual estimates of revenue and expenditures in a leather purse or bag for presentation to the tea, sugar,

NONCLASSICAL WORD SOURCES indebted to

him what

A

In Hungary, not far from the twin cities of Buda and Pest, is a town named Kocs. In Hungarian it's pronounced "kotch." In the little town of Kocs more than 500 years ago a man designed a special carriage for the king. It was a large four-wheeled carriage, with a roof. To make it ride easier on the rough roads, it was suspended on springs. In time such carriages became very popular. Because they were first made at the town of Kocs, they were called coaches; and that's what we call them today. Even when we use the word coach for a tutor or an athletic trainer, such as a football coach, we're carrying out the same idea. A human

House

of

Commons. The name

an old French word, bougette, it,

came from we pronounce

of the bag or, as

"budget." In delving into the history of the English language

we find a group of unfortunates— people who have come down in the world: a villain, a hussy, a boor, a pagan, a savage, an imp, a knave, a silly, an idiot, and a hypocrite. All have seen better days. They are victims of change and, to some extent, of carelessness. Take, for example, the villain. He was a farm laborer working on a country estate. The estate was called a

and the man was called a villain. It was only which his master sometimes called to him impatiently, "Villain, come here!" that the name began to suggest a scoundrel. So it is with the others. The hussy, at one time, was a respectable housewife. But housewife was pronounced huzzif; that word, shortened to hussy, was sometimes applied jokingly to a girl. Today we forget the good meaning and remember only the disrespectful one. A boor was merely a farmer; that's what boor meant, not very long ago. The pagan was simply a countryman, a peasant; paganus in Latin meant "a dweller in the country." The savage, as shown by his Franco-Latin name, was simply a sauvage, "a dweller in the woods." We usually employ the word imp for the boy next door when we want to suggest that he's up to mischief. Yet the name comes from the days when imp was merely another word for "child." In one oldtime book a young English prince is called "that most angelic imp." Knave today means "a rascal, a rogue." At one time it was the word for "boy" or "youth." The final trio— the silly, the idiot, and the hypocrite —were all perfectly normal. A silly today is one who is weak in intellect; in ancient times, silly meant villa,

after centuries, during

"happy, fortunate, blessed." Our idiot received his name many centuries ago, when idiot meant "a private person." As to the hypocrite— he dates his name from the old days in classic Greece, when a hypocrite was not a deceitful person at

all

but merely a mimic, an

actor.

AMERICAS CONTRIBUTIONS who speak

coach, like the oldtime carriage, helps the student get along faster.

the English language surely belongs to America.

Let's change the scene to East India, about a hundred years ago, and pay a visit to an Indian prince. He offers us a cool drink, of pleasant taste. We ask

day about 60 percent of the world's English-speaking people are citizens of the United States; about 20 percent are found in the British Isles; the other 20

If

a language belongs to the people

it,

To-

ditto, gazette, influenza, piano, sonnet, stucco, studio,

percent live elsewhere. Since the establishment of the first English settlement in America in the 17th century, American in-

umbrella, volcano.

From Japanese: geisha, mikado. From Malay: bamboo, bantam, caddy

mother country has grown so great that today an Englishman cannot speak his own language without using words and expressions originating in the New World. Some years ago Dr. Mitford M. Mathews, of the University of Chicago, began to make a list of English words of American origin, and at last count he had reached a total of well over 50,000. These words were not merely terms of American Indian origin (such as tomahawk, wampum, squaw) or of Spanish origin (such as bronco, lariat, stampede) but a host of others that can fairly be classed as household words. Here are a few of

on

fluence

the language of the

From From From From

chop suey

lengthy

cute

lipstick

anesthesia

elevator

appendicitis

faculty

automobile balance (remainder)

viking.

From

Turkish: ottoman,

tulip, caviar.

BEAUTIFUL WORDS is

a short-

age of news, some enterprising reporter asks a

number

of prominent men and women to make lists of the ten "most beautiful" words in the language. As might be expected, the nominations include a great diversity of words; no two persons have the same eye or ear for words. Beauty in words is somewhat elusive, but ugliness is easy to recognize. No one would give a beaut)

moron

(lift)

movie

O.K.

(of school) filibuster

overcoat

fraternity

phonograph

beeline

prize to scratch, or shredded, or eschew.

refrigerator

(college)

belittle

gerrymander

Santa Claus

boss

girl friend

single tax

boy friend cablegram

governmental

sorority

hamburger

telephone

cafeteria

interview

typewriter

casket (coffin)

iron lung

undershirt

Popular love, truth,

list by 1,100 will give some idea of number of words in the English language that American origin. The British can accept the

Multiplying this are of

situation without embarrassment, for they

know

that

is

rich because

it

is

hospitable.

is

It

and uses words from many tongues. Thousands of words of Greek, Latin, French, and German origin will be found in the dictionary pages. In addition, there are many words from other languages.

From Arabic we

get coffee, cotton, magazine, mat-

zero. Also from Arabic are such words as alcohol, alcove, algebra, and alkali, in

syrup,

tariff,

which the al- means "the." Chinese contributions

Among

are

tea,

dis-

a popular word.

High on many lists are golden, murmuring, and melody; also glow, noble, and soul. The o sound is always liked. Twilight, home, and romance are favored by many voters, and it will be noticed that two of these words contain the o sound, unstressed in romance but definite in home. (The word home also profits from its sentimental associations.) Smoothness seems to be the deciding factor in judging verbal beauty. The "good round O" is smooth sounding; perhaps even more so is the oo sound as in moon, coo, and the Irish pet name mavourneen. The 1 8th-century Emanuel Swedenborg, whose studies in words are unique, pictured the language of heaven as containing many long-vowel sounds, with oo as the most important. The oo sound can be tested in a sort of one-sided conversation with a young baby by gently saying "oo" and then waiting for the infantile response. You may have to wait as long as 15 or 20 seconds, but the reaction is almost sure to come in the form of

naturalizes,

tress, sofa,

are mother,

have been

its

OUR HOSPITABLE LANGUAGE Our language

justice, yet all of these

lullaby is a great vote getter, partly from sound but probably also from its association with the slumber of innocent infants. Slumber, by the way,

was not created by the people of any single nation. English is a polyglot river, fed by the streams of every land and age, forever changing, ever flowing on. And we have done our share to keep it flowing.

receives,

many lists of beautiful words

and

The word

and Lincoln,

English, the language of Shakespeare

in

allowed on the ground that they are not euphonious. They are beautiful in concept but not in sound. Love may be supremely beautiful in our thoughts, but as a word it is a mere monosyllable that closes on the uninspiring sound of v. The Romance languages are much more fortunate in their words for love: Latin and Spanish amor, French amour, and, notably, the flowing Italian amore, ah-mo'reh, which sounds and sings very well.

the vast

of

Portuguese: caste, marmalade, cobra. Russian: babushka, czar, knout, soviet. the Scandinavian languages: fiord, ski, skoal,

Every few years, presumably when there

agent

all

Persian: bazaar, check, shawl, turban, para-

dise.

them: advertising

(for tea),

gong, sago, gutta-percha, ketchup, batik.

china,

typhoon.

From Dutch we borrow boss, skate, snoop, skipper, and many other seafaring terms. From Hebrew: amen, hallelujah, cherub, and

yacht,

a pleased smile.

satan.

From Hindustani: khaki and probably calico. From Hungarian: coach, hussar, shako. From Italian: alarm, bandit, bankrupt, carnival,

Famous among is

by the XI

words word was chosen many years ago patriot Mazzini, when he began to learn

cellar-door. This Italian

allegedly beautiful English

To him the sound of cellar-door was fascinatAs he formed his opinion in England, we may

English. ing.

assume

that he heard the

word with

its

19th-century

British pronunciation of selladaw.

George Whitefield, 18th-century English preacher, who spent some years in America, gave a vogue to the long word Mesopotamia. It is said that by merely uttering that word he could reduce a great audience to tears. To this day some public speakers talk about "the true Mesopotamia ring," referring to an utterance with more ring to

it

than reason.

bart', v.t. To cancel or cut short a space flight, usually because of the craft's failure to perform its

abort, a •

purposes.

aerospace, ar'6 • spas', mosphere and space.

aquanaut, ak'wa«nat,

Augmented Roman, that utilizes

own time, constructed words probably account most of the additions to the vocabulary. Constructed words are formed from word elements of other languages, usually Greek or Latin. For instance, bathyscaph is from the Greek bathys, deep, and skaphe, boat. Most constructed words appear in technical vocabularies. Some, however, do gain wide currency: antibiotic and transistor, for example. Another important source of new words is compounding, the joining of two existing words: paperback and spacewalk, for example. Many new words are formed by affixing, the addition of living prefixes or suffixes (such as pre-, non-, and -ize) to a word. Affixed words often originate in conIn our

for

versation to satisfy the needs of a particular situation.

Thus, even an unabridged dictionary does not contain all

of the

A

many

affixed

words

some other sources of new Conversion is the transfer of a word

short description of

words follows: from one part of speech

Conversion of a and to contact, is common. Blending is the combination of parts of different words: brunch from breakfast and lunch.

noun

to another.

to a verb, for example, to invoice

Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of a phrase: laser and radar. Proper or trade names are sometimes adapted as common nouns: diesel and nylon. Shortening usually involves a single word, rather than a phrase: phone from telephone.

Many words

A

phonetic alphabet system to represent the speech

in teaching reading.

bath'i«skaf, n.

A

submarine-like craft

oceanographic research.

biodegrade, bi'6 • di • grad", v.t. To break down a substance by means of bacterial action. bistatic radar, n. A radar system that utilizes three bodies: the earth, the object of study, and an artificial satellite, which carries receiving equipment (conventional, monostatic radar having the transmit-

and receiver in one place). booster rocket, n. A rocket engine ter

that provides the

necessary thrust, or pushing force, to launch a spacecraft and place it in orbit. (Also referred to as a

launch vehicle.)

centrifuge, sen'tri»fuj, n. An apparatus in which equipment, human beings, or animals are rotated and subjected to conditions simulating the accelerations encountered in a spacecraft. collision course, n. A course taken by a craft, especially a missile, that will cause it to intercept and collide with another craft.

comsat, kam'sat, and

n.

A

blending of communications

satellite.

countdown, kount'doun,

n.

The period during which

the sequence of actions necessary to launch a spacecraft

is

carried out.

deep space probe,

n.

A space vehicle designed to ex-

plore regions near the

destruct, de«strukt',

in use.

explores under-

exploring extreme depths of the oceans and

in

in other

guages.

n.

43 characters

sounds of English, used used

New words are always entering the language. The ways in which new words come into existence are many, and the rate at which they enter varies with the times. Four of the main sources of new words are borrowing, construction, compounding, and affixing. In the past, as we have seen, English borrowed a large number of words, called loan-words, from other lan-

One who

n.

at-

water phenomena.

bathyscaph,

NEW WORDS

Referring to the earth's

a.

moon and beyond. To deliberately

destroy a has completed its course, usually because of a malfunction that makes the craft a hazard. spacecraft before

v.t.

it

docking, dok'ing, n. The operation of bringing together and joining two craft in space. escape velocity, n. The speed that a body must attain in

order to leave the gravitational pull of a

celestial

body.

exobiology, eks'6.bi«o"lo.ji, n. The study of living organisms that exist on celestial bodies other than the earth.

are transitory and are not in currency

garbage,

gar'bij, n.

Miscellaneous objects

in orbit that

long enough to be included in a dictionary. Other words (such as the Latin additions of the 16th century or new

have been ejected or have broken away from space-

words of the Space Age) are relatively permanent members of the language and are altered or eliminated only in the long, slow, complex process of language change.

hold, hold, n. The temporary halt of a countdown to remove an impediment so that the countdown can be continued (compare with abort and scrub). laser, la'zer, n. [An acronyn for /ight amplification by

craft.

stimulated emission of radiation.]

The

following

list is

composed of

three types of current

erates a concentrated light

words: (1) new words, such as spacewalk, (2) words new meanings or applications, such as abort and

A

device that gen-

that can be used to

carry communications signals, to weld hard materi-

with

Augmented Roman, and (3) existing words new to popular usage, such as LSD-25.

beam

(such as the exotic metals used in the aerospace some kinds of surgery, etc. LEM, lem, n. [An acronym for /unar excursion wodals

industry), to perform

that are

xu

.

A small spacecraft that

retrorocket, re"tro • rok'et, n. A rocket used the forward motion of a spacecraft.

designed to carry two men and equipment and to be launched from another manned craft in order to make a landing on the moon.

ule.]

LSD-25

is

(lysergic acid diethylamide), n.

A

The

roll, rol, n.

drug that

its

scrub, skrub,

logical experimentation.

shutdown,

•

•

The

sfer', n.

space around a celestial body that that body's magnetic field.

region of

dominated by

is

n.

A

module, mod'ul,

n.

A

self-contained unit of a space-

A

art.

6'so, n.

[An acronym

series of U.S.

for orbiting solar observaartificial

satellites

used in

solar research.

count, in seconds, that immedi-

The

n.

ately follows the launching of a spacecraft, used to

check the sequence of events ended. pop art, n.

after the

countdown has

acters, advertisements,

comic

product packages,

strip

char-

For most users of explain themselves.

When

landing, on a celestial body other n. than the earth, that avoids a crash of the landing vehicle.

spacewalk, spas'wak,

The

n.

activity of

an astronaut

(

EVA

the less,

a few words of

may

be useful. word, we must

it

is

spelled.

several spellings are in use, they appear under

Thus

according to the sound-spelling system at the foot of each page and explained in the key to pronunciation. Stress is shown by this sign (') after the stressed syllable. In some words an additional heavier stress is indicated by the same sign doubled ("). (3) The part of speech, shown by n. for noun, v. for verb, a. for adjective, and so forth, and explained in the list of abbreviations and signs used in this dictionary. (4) The derivation of the word, in brackets, with related

ya, n.

PRONUNCIATION In speaking, choice of the right word is important, but that word must be given an acceptable pronunciation. Absolute uniformity of pronunciation is neither

The

lateral rotational

movement

of a craft

vertical axis.

is

spoken.

Sometimes a sound-spelling may seem strange, as when exhibit is spelled ig zib'it. Possibly at one time the word was pronounced eks»hib'it, but not now. Long ago the eks, because it was unstressed, was worn down to igs, and the h, because its utterance called for more breath, was dropped entirely. Today only a foreign student would carefully say eks-hib-it. Exhibition, on the other hand, is pronounced eg'zi«bish"on, because here the eks, somewhat stressed, was protected from vowel change. speech as

when

it

in is

music,

is a valuable aid to placed on the wrong sylla-

nunciations are, respectively, dam'ij, ramp'ij, mes'ij.

important even with monosyllables. In the her boy to call James" (he askt her boi tu kal jamz), the word to is pronounced tu, Stress

A dictionary noting local speech States of the

human

ble, the effect is absurd, especially when it is put on an unaccented syllable. A person may be heard talking about CREE-ation, YEW-nited States, DEE-mocracy, REE-publicanism, and so forth. Such a practice, presumably used to emphasize the words, only distorts them. The case is similar with final unstressed syllables; for example, there is no age in damage, no page in rampage, no sage in message. The accepted pro-

(5) The meaning or meanby idioms or familiar

all fifty

spectograph, or visible

be confusing. The pronunciations in the present work represent an American standard, acceptable wherever

Stress, in

phrases.

variations heard in

its

expression, but

ings of the word, often followed

possible nor necessary.

A

•

the

in other languages.

n.

voice.

English

know how

vois'print,

USE THIS DICTIONARY

this dictionary the entries will

None

)

the movements of spacecraft. T-time, n. Any specific time either before or after the launching of a spacecraft, for instance, "T minus 40," meaning 40 minutes prior to launch.

yaw,

main entry for czar is indexed also under tsar and tzar. The order of information is as follows: (1) The word itself. (2) Its pronunciation,

words

A

soft landing,

about

HOW TO

cross-entries.

liftoff,

weightlessness, wat'les«nes, n. The absence of apparent gravitational pull on an object.

etc.

place.

find a

be-

switching off

representation, of the sound patterns of the

rendezvous, ran'da«vo, n. The meeting of two or more spacecraft in space at a prescheduled time and

To

The automatic

shut'doun, n.

voiceprint,

A form of painting and sculpture that uses

as subject matter such things as

introduction

firing, either

of the booster rocket in order to prevent a

activity

art, n. form of painting that evinces strong visual responses by utilizing various optical effects; optical

plus count,

cancel a rocket

staging, stag'ing, n. The method of using a booster and one or more rockets in a spacecraft, in which each state, as it burns out, is jettisoned. sustainer engine, n. A rocket that maintains the velocity a spacecraft attains from its booster rocket. tracking, trak'ing, n. The various means of observing

craft that serves as a functional part of the craft.

A

To

that takes place outside the spacecraft; extra vehicular

produced.]

tory.]

v.t.

fore or during the countdown.

possibly because of a malfunction in one of the space-

branch of electronics concerned with extreme miniaturization of components, especially circuits. [Amplifier circuits smaller than an aspirin tablet have been

OSO,

of a craft about

craft's systems.

microelectronics, mi'kro«e«lek»tron"iks,

op

movement

longitudinal axis.

can cause hallucinations and other simulated symptoms of mental disorders, used primarily in psycho-

magnetosphere, mag nef'o

rotational

to retard

sentence

Union would

xm

is

"He asked

.

because

it

stressed

is

obscure

is it

given

its

and unstressed. Only when sound to, rhyming with

from being a perfect alphabet, which each sound and would always represent the same sound by the same letter. The following is a list of characters and key-words used to show the pronunciation in the dictionary. fore very far

would have a

full

moo. Early in the 20th century an American publisher book entitled 25,000 Words Frequently Mispronounced. This is a most discouraging title, until we issued a

realize that the logical,

included

list

scientific,

many

distinct letter for

geographic, theo-

VOWELS

and foreign terms seldom used by

the average citizen.

a

.

as in

fate

Pronunciation of English varies to some extent, which is not to be wondered at, for the language is spoken by about 300 million people. Some variation is noted even in the pronunciation of the well educated. Here is a short list of words that are often mispronounced. Preferred pronunciations for them are found

a

.

as in

lax

a

.

as in

fare

a

.

.as in

fat

as in

fall

as in

me

as in

met

in the dictionary entries.

accessory

column

accompanist

ally

coupe decade envoy exemplary

anti-

exquisite

respite

arctic

genuine

semi-

athletic

gesture

statistics

bade bulwark

gist

suite

lingerie

vagary

address adult

a

.

.

e

.

.

e

.

.

e

.

.

I

.

,

her

as in as

p/ne

in.

i

6 o o u u u

..asm

p/n

.

as in

note

.

.

as in

not

.

.

as in

move

as in

tube

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

as in

tab

.

.

.

.as in

ball

oi

.

.

.as in

o/l

ou

.

.

.

as in

poand

liqueur

perfume (n .)

CONSONANTS

presentation

program

.

.

as in

chain

ng

.

.

as in

Sc. loch

th

Ger. nac/it

th

g

•

.

.

as in

go

w

/

•

.

.

as in

yob

ch ch

promulgate

zh.

This system,

it

.

sing

as in

then

.as in

thin

.

hw

.

as in

wig

as in

w/iig

azure

as in

is

.asm .

believed, will be sufficient for

all

and the intelligent reader will not care for greater nicety. Consonants not in the list are practical purposes,

KEY TO PRONUNCIATION In showing the pronunciation the simplest and most understood method has been adopted, that of

used simply with their ordinary sounds.

Accent.— Words

consisting of more than one sylan accent, as the first syllable of the word labor, the second of delay, and the third of comprehension. The accented syllable is the most prominent part of the word and is denoted by the mark ( ' ) as in

easily

rewriting the

word with a set of letters that have invariably the same sound, no matter by what letter or letters the sounds may be expressed in the word whose pronunciation is shown. The key by this means is

lable receive

greatly simplified, the reader having only to bear in

the words la'bor, delay',

,

mind one mark

for each sound. Sounds and letters, it must be remembered, are often very different things.

many more sounds than them, so that some of the letters stand for more than one sound. The letter a, for instance, has at least six or seven, namely, those given in the accompanying table and two more, as in the words any and quality, which may be better represented by e and o respectively. Our alphabet is there-

In English there are a great letters to represent

and comprehend sion. Many polysyllabic words are pronounced with two accents, the primary and the secondary accent, as the word excommunication, in which the third as well as the fifth syllable is commonly accented. The accent on the fifth syllable is the primary accent, and when it requires to be indicated in the pronunciation

it

re-

ceives a double mark, thus ("), the secondary or inferior accent receiving only the single

mark

('), as in

excommu'nica"tion.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY a.

or adj.

abbrev.

adjective

abbreviation,

abbreviated

antiq.

antiquities

accusative

arch,

adv.

adverb

archaeol.

agriculture

arith.

algebra

alg.

Amer. anat.

anc.

American anatomy ancient

anthropol.

anthropology

arithmetic

Armoric

A. Sax. astrol.

astron.

no.

bad.

bacteriology

biol.

biology

bot.

botany Breton

Bret.

article

art.

at.

archaeology

astrology

astronomy atomic number XIV

= Armoric)

chem.

chemistry

chron.

chronology

Class.

Classical

(=Greek and

Latin)

cognate,

cog.

cognate with colloq.

colloquial

caus.

causauve

com. commerce comp. compare comparative compar. conchology conch,

Celt.

Celtic

con],

(

Anglo-Saxon

atomic weight augmentative aviation

avi.

architecture

Armor.

wt

aug.

Arabic

Ar.

ace.

agri.

at.

aorist, aoristic

aor.

Carl.

Carlyle

carp.

carpentry

conjunction

contraction,

imper.

imperative

contracted crystallography

imperf.

imperfect

contr.

crystal,

impers.

D. Dutch Danish Dan.

incept, ind.

indicative

Indian

dat.

dative

Ind.

def.

definite

indef.

dial,

dialect, dialectal

diet,

dictionary

dim.

diminutive distributive

distrib.

drama, dramatic dynamics dyn. English E., Eng.

dram,

ecclesiastical,

eccles.

impersonal inceptive

intensive

Irish

It.

Italian

L.

Latin

L.G. lit.

education

L.L.

mach. machinery manufactures manuf.

entomology ethnology

ethn.

etymology etym. exclamation exclam. feminine fern, fig.

figuratively

Fl.

Flemish fortification

fort,

French

Fr.

frequentative

freq.

future

fut.

German

G.

Gaelic

Gael.

galvanism

galv.

genitive

genit.

geography

geog.

geology

geol.

geom.

geometry Gothic

Goth. Gr. Greek gram, grammar gun. gunnery

Hebrew

Heb.

heraldry

her.

Mod.

Hind.

Hindustani,

nat.

hist,

history

hort.

horticulture

Hung.

Hungarian

hydros, Icel.

ich.

hydrostatics

Icelandic

ichthyology

naut.

Per.

Persian perfect

pers.

person

surv.

surveying

synonym

philosophy Phoenician photography photog. phren. phrenology

syn.

technol.

phys.

teleg.

technology

telegraphy and

tel.

telephony telegraphy Tenn. Tennyson

physics physical

physiology

term,

termination

Teut.

Teutonic

Thack.

plural

pneumatics

Thackeray theology

theol.

trigonometry Turkish typog. typography v.i. verb intransitive v.l. verb transitive trigon.

poetical

Turk.

Polish

poss.

possessive

pp. ppr.

past participle

Pr.

Provencal

present participle

W.

Welsh zoology

prep,

preposition

zool.

pres.

present

t

rare

preterite

t

obsolete

negative

pret.

neuter

print,

printing

priv.

privative

pron.

==

•

capital letters, as nail, the reader should look

under that entry for more information.

equivalent to

comparison of

pronunciation,

Cross-references in this dictionary are printed in two kinds of type. When a word is printed in small

When

a

word is capitalized and italicized, it is a variant and directs the reader to the desired information. xv

surgery

Sw. Swedish sym. symbol

philology

neut.

German

superlative

superl.

surg.

Phoen.

Pol.

New High

subjunctive

subj.

philos.

neg.

N.H.G.

specific gravity

sp. gr.

pharmacy

poet,

navigation

sociology

Spanish

Sp.

perspective

pneum.

natural

Slavonic, or

sociol.

Portuguese

pi.

nautical

navig.

pathology

physiol.

philosophy

singular

Sanskrit Slavic

geography

natural order

sing,

Slav.

pejorative

philol.

natural history

nat. phil.

or Hindi

paleontology

phys. geog.

order

Scandinavian Scripture

Skr.

passive

Pg.

noun

nat. hist,

participle

painting

perf.

Ms

n.

Scottish

Scand.

sculpture

phar.

manuscript Mss manuscripts mus. music myth, mythology N. Norse, Norwegian

Saxon

Shakespeare

persp.

French

Russian

Sax.

Shak.

pejor.

Modern

Fr.

Rus. Sc.

ornithology

pathol.

mineralogy

mineral,

English)

sculp,

pass,

military affairs

Roman

antiquities

or nit h.

paleon.

military, in

antiq.

Scrip.

p. or part,

Milton

milit.

Rom.

Old Saxon O. Sax. O.T. Old Testament

paint,

German Mil.

English between

German

Middle High

rhetoric

rhet.

Old French O.H.G. Old High

Latin mensur. mensuration metal, metallurgy metaph. metaphysics meteor, meteorology

M.H.G.

Catholic Church

Old English

(i.e.,

mech. med. medicine Med. L. Medieval

Frisian

Fris.

masculine mathematics mechanics

masc. math,

pronoun Roman R. Cath. Ch. reflexive

obsolescent

obsoles.

Lithuanian Late Latin

electricity

entom.

obsolete

Low German

elect,

engineering

reflexively, with a

obs.

literal, literally

educ.

engraving

reft,

Modern

Lith.

engr.

numismatics objective

O.Fr.

economics

engin.

railways

A. Saxon and

Ir.

affairs

rail,

obj.

O.E.

psychology

psych,

New Testament

numis.

interjection

inter),

in ecclesiastical

econ.

N.T.

provincial

prov.

English

indefinite

intens.

pron.

Northern

North. E.

infinitive

inf.

pronounced pronoun prosody pros,

nom. nominative Norm. Norman

Indo-Eur.

Indo-European

New Latin

N.L.

•

synonyms

PREFIXES

AND

SUFFIXES

PREFIXES A-. A-. A-. A-. A-.

A-. A-. A-.

From A. Sax. a- intensive, as in arise, awake. From A. Sax. of, as in adown, athirst, anew, akin. From A. Sax. of, o', as in o'clock (a-clock). From A. Sax. on, as in afoot, abed, aboard. From L. ab, from, as in avert. From L. ad, to, as in achieve, ascend. From A. Sax. and-, against, as in along. From L. ex, out, modified by Angl. Fr. a from O. Fr. as in

e,

A-.

From

amend,

beside, beneath, below; with a causative or intensive

force, as in

Bi-, twice,

From

affray.

amorphous

Circum-, around,

all round, as in circumnavigate, circumspect, circumstance. From L. circum, round, preposition and prefix; from circus, a circle. Seen also in

circuit.

on this side of, as in cisalpine. From L. cis, preposiand prefix. Co-, Col-. Same as Com-. Com-, with, together, altogether (intensively), as in combine, compound, command. From L. com-, prefix, used for preposition cum, with, allied to Gr. syn, Skr. sam, with. Appears also as co-, col-, con-, cor-, as in co-exist, Cis-,

tion

Takes by

assimilation the forms ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, as in accede, affirm, aggregate, allude, annex, ap-

plaud, arrogant, assume, attribute, also appears as ain ascend. Af-, Ag-, A1-. Forms of Ad-.

Al- (Arabic

the),

al,

collect, connect, correspond. Con-. Same as Com-. Contra-, against, as in contradict, contravene.

as in alchemy, alcohol, algebra,

contra, against, preposition

alkali.

Ambi-, Amb-, about, around, as in ambition, amputate. From L. ambi-, amb-, on both sides, around; allied to Gr. amphi, about, L. ambo, both; A. Sax. emb, ymb, G. um, about. Amphi-, about, around, on both or all sides, as in amphibious, amphitheater.

From

preposition and prefix. See

= Ad-.

Gr. amphi, about, around,

Ambi-.

Not, negation or privation, from Gr. an- or a-, the negative prefix, as in anarchy. Allied to E. un-, L. in-, not. (3) = A. Sax. and-, against, opposite, as in answer. Appears as a-, in along. Same as Goth. and-, Gr. ant-, ent-, Gr. anti. Ana-, up, through, throughout, as in analysis, anatomy, anabasis. From Gr. ana, up, preposition and prefix;

An-.

(l)

cum- and Cor-.

of one's

self,

L.

-tra (as in intra, within, extra,

beyond), akin

Same

as

Com-.

contre, against.

In

fix.

some

cases, represents O. Fr. des-,

from

L. dis-,

apart, as in decry, defeat.

Demi-,

half, semi-.

From

Fr. demi. See dictionary.

Di-, double, as in dimorphous.

From

Gr.

di-,

double,

akin to dis-, bis-. Dia-, through, between, double, as in diameter, diagnosis, dialogue. From Gr. dia, through, between, preposition and prefix; akin to di-, dis-. form of Dis-. Dif-. Dis-, apart, asunder, in two, as in disarm, discharge, distract; also used negatively, as in disbelief, disapprove.

A

From

L. dis, asunder, preposition

and

prefix; allied to

Gr. dis, di-, double, and to L. bis, twice. Dys-, bad, ill, difficult, as in dysentery, dyspepsia. From Gr. dys-, prefix. E. Same as Ex-. In enough, e- represents A. Sax. prefix ge-\ in esquire, estate, it is a mere euphonic element prefixed for ease in pronunciation. Ec-, Ex-, out, as in ecstasy, eclectic, exodus. From Gr. ek\ ex, out, preposition and prefix, akin to L. ex.

A form of Ex-. Em-, En-, in. as in embrace, enclose,

Ef-.

enlist;

or used with

a causal force, as in enable, enlarge. From Fr. em-, en-, L. im-, in-, preposition and prefix. See In-.

Forms of Ad-.

self,

From

from con-, or

De-, down, from, away, as in descend, denude, depart, describe. From L. de, from, out of, preposition and pre-

rule, beginning.

As-, At-.

prefix,

Counter-, against; same as Contra, but directly from Fr.

allied to E. on.

Apo-, Aph-, away, apart, off, as in apostle, apostate, aphelion. From Gr. apo, from, away, preposition and prefix; allied to L. ab, from, E. off. See Ab-. Ar-. A form of Ad-. Arch-, Archi-, chief, head, ruling, as in archbishop, architect, archangel. From Gr. archi-, chief, from arche,

and

to trans, across, Skr. tar, to pass.

(2)

Ant-, against, as in antagonist, antacid. Same as Anti-. Ante-, before, as in antecedent, antedate. From L. ante, before, preposition and prefix. See Anti-. Anti-, against, in opposition, as in antichrist, anticlimax. From Gr. anti, against, preposition and prefix; allied to L. ante, before, and to the A. Sax. prefix and-, an-, seen in answer. See An-. Ap-. A form of Ad-.

Auto-,

Gr. kata, down, through; preposition and

prefix.

lengthened form abs, also appears as a- (see A-). Abs-. See Ab-. Ac-. A form of Ad-. Ad-, to, toward, at or near, as in adapt, admit. From L. prefix; allied to E. at.

in bicycle, biennial, bisect.

bi-,

From

chism.

From L. ab, from, preposition and prefix; allied to E. of, off, Gr. apo, from or away. Before c and t, generally assumes the

and

L.

as in cataract, cataclysm, catarrh, catholic, cate-

to,

Ab-, from, away, as in abduct, abjure.

ad, to, preposition

two ways, double, as

double, for older dui-, akin to duo, two (compare bellum, war, for duellum), and to E. two. Bis-, twice, double, as in biscuit. Longer form of Bi-. Cata-, Cath-, Cat-, down, downward, through, according

Gr. a- privative or negative, sometimes through

L. or Fr. as in abysm, agnostic,

benumb, besprinkle, bemire; with a privabehead; upon or against, as in befall.

tive force, in

as in autograph, automatic.

From Gr. auto-, from pronoun autos, self. Be-. From A. Sax. be-, bi-, from bi, big = E. by. Has ous meanings: by or near, or denoting

En-,

in,

tion

as in encaustic, energy.

and

prefix, akin to L. in,

Enter-, between, among, as

vari-

L. inter. See Inter-.

locality, as in

XVI

From Gr. en, A. Sax. in, in.

in enterprise.

in.

From

preposi-

Fr. entre,

Epi-, Eph-, Ep-, upon, over, as in epitaph, epithet, epidermis, ephemeral. From Gr. epi, upon; akin to Skr.

From

L. ex, q.v.

Eu-, well, as in eulogy, euphony. From. Gr. eu-, well, prefix, neuter of eus, good, for esus, from root as, to be (seen in E. is). Ex-, out of, out, from, as in exceed, exclude; also used intensively, as in exacerbate, exasperate. From L. ex, out, akin to Gr. ek, ex, out. See Ec-.

Appears

also as

D. and G.

Goth,

ver-,

fra-; allied to far,

L. per.

Fore-, beforehand, in advance, as in foretell, foreshow, foreground. See fore, in dictionary. Hemi-, half, as in hemisphere. From Gr. prefix hemi-, half, akin to L. semi. Hetero-, other, different, as in heterodox, heterogeneous. From Gr. heteros, other. Holo-, whole, entire, as in holograph, holocaust. From Gr. holos, whole. Homo-, same, as in homonym. From Gr. homos, same; allied to E. same. Hyper-, over, beyond, too; hyperborean, hypercritical. From Gr. hyper, above, over, preposition and prefix; allied to L. super, E. over, up.

hypocaust, hypotenuse, hypothesis. From Gr. hypo, under, preposition and prefix; allied to L. sub, under. H-. form of In- (2 and 3). Im-. form of In-.

Hypo-, under, beneath, as

in

A A

From A.

Sax. and E. (whence next In-). It may become im-, as in imbed, imbody. (2) In, into, as in include, inclose. From L. in, in, preposition and prefix; cog. with Gr. en, E. and Goth, in, Icel, inn, G. ein. Before m, b, p, it becomes im-, as in immune, im-

In-. (1) In, as in inborn, insight.

preposition

in,

cog. with L.

bibe, implant; before

/,

//-;

in,

in

before

r,

ir-.

(3)

Not— the

negative prefix, as in inactive, incapable. From L. in-, not, prefix; Gr. an-, E. un-, not (see Un-). Like the pre-

ceding it appears also as //-, im-, ir-, as in illegitimate, immaculate, irrational. Infra-, below, as in infracostal, infraorbital, infrared. From L. infra, below. Inter-, between, among, as in intercede, intermingle, interchange. From L. inter, between, among, preposition and prefix; a comparative form akin to intra-, intro-, within, interior, inner, internus, internal. See under in dictionary.

A. Sax. mid, G. mit, Goth.

and D. mis-, Sw. miss-, Goth, missa-, wrongly; akin to verb miss. (2) 111, unfortunate, as in misadventure, misalliance, mischance. From O. Fr. mes-, from L. minus, less. See dictionary. Mono-, Mon-, single, sole, having only one, as in monarch, monody, monogram, monomaniac. From Gr. monos, sole, single.

Extra-, beyond, without, as in extraordinary, extrajudicial. From L. extra, without, preposition and prefix, from ex and -tra. See Contra-. For-. Used intensively or almost negatively, as in forgive, forbid, forgo. From A. Sax. for-, same as Icel. and for-,

prefix; cog. with

Sax., Icel., Dan.,

e-, ef-, es-.

Dan.

and

mith, with.

Mis-. (1) Wrong, wrongly, bad, badly, as in misdeed, mistake, misshapen, mishap, misinformed. From A.

api.

Es-, out, away, as in escape, escheat.

sition

It

also takes the

form

Intra-, within, as in intramural.

Intel-, as in intellect.

From

L. intra, within.

See Inter-.

Multi-, Mult-, many, as in multangular, multiform, multivalve. From L. multus, many, much. N-, negative element, as in never, none. From A. Sax. ne, not; cog. with L. ne, not, Skr. na, E. no. See

in

Non-, not; often used as in-, negative, or as un-. From L. non, not, from ne unum, not one. See above. Ob-, against, before, in the obstruct. allied to

From Gr.

way

of, as in object, obstacle,

L. ob, against, preposition

epi,

upon, Skr.

api,

and

moreover.

It

prefix;

appears

also as o-, oc-, of-, op-, as in omit, occur, offend,

oppress.

Oc-, Of-.

Forms of Ob-.

Off-, from, as in offshoot, offspring. See

off

in dictionary.

On-, on, against, as in onset, onslaught. See on in dictionary.

A

form of Ob-. Op-. Out-, out, beyond, as in outbid, outburst. See

out

in dic-

tionary.

Over-, above, beyond, too much, as in overhead, overhang, overburden, overcharge. See over in dictionary. Palin-, back again, as in palindrome. From Gr. palin, again.

Pan-, Panto-, all, as in panacea, pantheism, pantograph. From Gr. pan, pantos, all. Para-, Par-, beside, beyond or aside from, as in parallel, paradox, parable, parody. From Gr. para, beside, preposition and prefix; allied to peri, around, L. per, through, E. for-. See For-. Pel-. A form of Per-. Pen-, almost, as in peninsula, penultimate. From L. pene, paene, almost. Per-, through, throughout, thoroughly, as in perforate, pervade, perfect, perdition; sometimes has the effect of E. for- (in forswear, forget), as in perfidy, perjury. L. per, through, preposition and prefix; allied to

From

Gr. para, E. for-; in pellucid

it

appears as

pel.

Peri-, around, about, as in periphery, peripatetic, periphrasis. allied to

Pol-.

A

From

Gr. peri, about, preposition and prefix; Gr. para, L. per.

form of Por-.

Poly-, many, as in polygamy, polygon, polysyllable. Gr. polys, many; same root as E. full. Por-, Pol-, forward, forth, as in portend, pollute.

From From

L. prefix por-, pol-, akin to pro, before, Gr. pro, Skr.

Intro-, within, into, as in introduce, introspection. See

pra, E. forth.

Inter-. Ir-. A form of In-. Juxta-, near, nigh, as

no

dictionary.

Post-, after, behind, as in postdate, postpone. in juxtaposition.

From

post, after, preposition

L. preposi-

tion juxta, near.

Kata-. See Cata-. Mai-, Male-, ill, badly, as in maladministration, maladroit, malcontent, malefactor. From Fr. mal-, L. male, badly, malus, evil. Meta-, Met-, after, beyond, among, or denoting change, as in metaphysics, metaphor, metamorphosis, metathesis, metonymy. From Gr. meta, with, among, prepo-

and

From

L.

prefix.

Pre-, Prae-, before, beforehand, in advance, as in predict, prefer, prefigure, preeminent. From L. prae, before, preposition and prefix; akin to pro, per, primus. It is the pr of prison, the pro of provost. Preter-, beyond, above, as in preternatural, preterit. From L. praeter, beyond, a comparative form of prae. See

Prae. Pro-, before, forth, forward, as in produce, project, pro-

XVII

jess,

promise; also instead

From

of, as in

pronoun, proconsul.

akin to sub and to Gr. hyper, over, E. over. See super

and prefix; akin pra, away, E. for-,

L. pro, before, for, preposition

to prae q.v. In

and

to Gr. pro, before, Skr.

some words pro-

is

in dictionary.

in supracostal. From L. supra, above, akin to super. Sur-, over, above, as in surface, surmount; from Fr. sur, above, from L. super, q.v. Sur-. form of Sub-. Syn-, Sym-, Syl-, with, together with, in company, as in

Supra-, above, as

the Gr. pro, as in prologue.

Pros-, toward, in addition, as in proselyte, prosody. From Gr. pros, toward, preposition and prefix; akin to Skr. prati,

A

toward, E. forth.

Proto-, Prot-,

original, as in protocol, protoplasm,

first,

protagonist. From Gr. prbtos, first, akin to pro, before. Re-, Red-, back, again, as in recall, regain, return, retract;

change of place, as in remove. From L. re-, red-, form being used before vowels, as in redeem, redolent, redundant. Retro-, backward, as in retroact, retrograde. From L. prefix retro-, backward, a comparative of Re- (compare intro- and in-). also

prefix, the latter

synagogue, synclinal, symmetry, sympathy, syllable, From Gr. syn, with, preposition and prefix; allied to L. cum. See Com-. To-, this, on this, as in today, tonight, together, toward. syllogism.

From

From

L. trans, across, preposition

root as E. through. See

L. se-, originally sed-, only used

Tri-,

as a prefix.

Semi-,

to.

mit, transport, transfix, transgress, traverse, traduce.

From

Se-, aside, apart, as in secede, seduce, seclude; also without, as in secure.

preposition

Trans-, Tra-, across, over, through, beyond, as in trans-

three,

through

threefold,

thrice,

trident, trilobite, trilogy.

half, as in semicircle.

From

L. prefix semi-, half;

akin to Skr. sami, half, Gr. hemi-. See Hemi-. From L. sine, without, preposition and prefix, from si, if, and ne, not. Sub-, under, beneath, inferior, as in subject, subordinate, submarine, submerge, submit; also slightly, as in subacid, subobtuse. From L. sub, under, preposition and prefix; allied to Gr. hypo, under, Skr. upa, near, and to E. up, over; appears also as su-, sue-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, as in suspect, succeed, suffer, suggest, summon, suppress, surreptitious. Subter-, beneath, as in subterfuge. From L. subter, beneath, preposition and prefix; comparative of sub, q.v. Sue-, Suf-, Sug-, Sum-, Sup-. Forms of Sub-. Super-, above, over, more than, as in superabound, superadd, supersede, superhuman. From L. super, over, above, preposition and prefix; a comparative form

as

From

and

prefix;

same

in dictionary. in

L.

triangle,

and Gr.

tricolor,

tri-,

prefix,

three, thrice; allied to E. three.

Ultra-, beyond, as in ultramarine, ultramontane. L. ultra, beyond, preposition

Sine-, without, as in sinecure.

and

prefix.

From

See ultra in

dictionary. (1) The negative prefix = not, as in unavailing, unanswerable. From A. Sax. un-, not; allied to L. in-, not. (2) Denoting reversal of an action; as in undo, untie. From A. Sax. un-, akin to G. ent-, Goth, and-, E. an- in answer. See un- in dictionary. Under-, below, beneath, as in undercurrent, underlie,

Un-

underhand, undersell. See under in dictionary. Up-, up, as in upheave. See up in dictionary. Utter-, outer, further, as in uttermost. From A. Sax. uter, comparative of ut, out. With-, against, back, as in withstand, withdraw, withhold. From A. Sax. with, against, same as preposition with. See dictionary.

SUFFIXES -able, that

may

acceptance. L. -antia. See -nee.

be, capable of being, as in lovable, affable.

L. -abilis. -ac, pertaining to, as in cardiac,

demoniac. Gr. -akos.

-ane, adjective suffix, as in

mundane, humane.

-aneous, belonging

contemporaneous. L.-aneus. -ing, as in abundant, accord-

to, as in

L. -anus.

-aceous, partaking of the properties of, as in arenaceous, herbaceous. L. -aceus.

-ant, equivalent to E. suffix

-acious, characterized by, as in tenacious, pugnacious. Fr. -acieux, L. -ax, -acis.

-ar, pertaining to, as in angular, familiar, polar. L. -aris.

-acity, character, quality, as in veracity.

-ad, toward, as in ventrad, dorsad.

From

From

L. acitas.

Lat. -ad, toward.

more or less continuous action, usually by a group of persons, as in cavalcade, cannonade, fusillade. From

-ade, a

L. suffix -ata, through F., Sp., etc.

-age, abstract or collective, also locality, as in advantage, foliage, parsonage. Fr. -age, L.L. -aticum, L. -aticus, adjective termination. -ain, giving adjectives

and nouns,

as in certain, captain.

ant. L. -ans, -antis, termination of present participle.

-ard, denoting disposition or character, as in coward,

niggard, sluggard. Partly from A. Sax. -heard, literally hard, partly from Fr. -ard. from G. hart, hard. -ary, adjective and noun suffix, as in auxiliary, contrary, library, secretary, antiquary, seminary. L. -arius, -arium. -asm. See -ism. -aster, denoting contempt, as in poetaster, criticaster. O. Fr. -astre, L. -aster, having somewhat of, adjective

termination. -ate, seen

agitate.

Fr. -ain, L. -anus. -air,

-aire,

as

through F. -al,

pertaining

corsair,

in

From

L. arius,

to,

as in annual,

noun and adjective man. L. -anus.

filial.

L.

in

See -able,

and nouns, as animate,

L. -atus, termination of past participle.

-ible.

See -pie. diminutive suffix, as in malcule. L. -cuius, -cula, -culum.

suffix, as in

-cle, -cule,

-alis.

pagan, Roman, hu-

article, particle, ani-

-cy, state of. as in idiocy. Fr. -cie. L. -tia.

information about places, persons, Americana, Swedenborgiana, Califor-

(iana), items of

or things, as

-ble.

verbs, adjectives,

-ble, as in treble.

aire.

-an,

-ana

millionaire.

in

From

niana. From L. ana, pertaining to. -ance, -ancy, denoting state or action, as in abundance.

-d.

See -ed.

•dom, power or jurisdiction, state, as in kingdom, earldom, wisdom, martyrdom. A. Sax. dom. judgment, authority; akin G. -thum. See doom in dictionary.

xvm

-ed, -d, suffix of past tense.

A. Sax.

-de,

shortened for

-dide, past tense of don, E. to do.

and some adjectives and

-ed, -d, suffix of past participle

nouns, as in loved, booted, horned. Originally -th, and corresponding to L. -tus, of past participle; same as the -d, -t, -th, of cold, dead, fight, height, death, health. -ee, denoting one who is acted on, a recipient, as in legatee, referee, trustee. Fr. -e, -ee, from L. -atus of past participle. See -ate. -eer,

in

brigadier, charioteer. Fr. -ier, L. -arius. -el,

diminutive. See

made

-en, -n,

-le.

waxen, leathern; also per-

of, as in golden,

taining to, as in heathen. A. Sax. -en, G. -en, Goth. -ein;

as -able, as in accessible.

pertaining to, as in botanic, periodic, public. L. -icus,

Gr. -ikos, Skr. pertaining

-ical,

-ikas. to, as in logical.

From

L. -icus

and

-alis

combined, properly plural, but used as a singular in names of branches of knowledge, as in mathematics, ethics. Gr. ika, literally things belonging to.

-ics,

-id, adjective suffix, as in arid, fluid, torpid. L. -idus.

denoting profession or employment, as

-ier,

same meaning

-ible, -ic,

akin to L. -nus, Gr. -nos, Skr. -nas.

-en, diminutive, as in chicken, kitten.

A. Sax. -en. Sax -an.

of family names of animals. Gr. -ides, denoting descent. -ide, suffix of certain chemical compounds, as chloride. Gr. -eidos, form. -ie, -y, diminutive suffix, as in wifle, Johnnie. From -ick, weaker form of -ock. -id, -idae, suffix

Same

-ier.

-en, plural, as in oxen, kine, shoon. A.

as -eer.

-ence, -ency. Similar to -ance, ancy.

capable of being, as in docile, fragile. L. -His. -ile, belonging to, as in puerile, senile, Gentile. L. -His. -im, a Hebrew plural sign, as in cherubim. -ine, feminine suffix, as in heroine. Fr. -ine, L. -ina. -ine, suffix of adjectives and nouns, as in divine, iodine.

-eous, pertaining to, containing, as in aqueous. L. -eus. [In courteous, -eous is from L. -ensis; in righteous, also

-ing,

make, verbal termination, as

-en, to

A. Sax and Goth, sitive form.

-ile,

whiten.

in soften,

an intran-

infinitive -nan, originally

one who does, as in baker, G. -er, Goth, -areis, allied

ere,

A. Sax.

singer, writer.

Sometimes

to L. -arius.

takes y before it, as in bowyer, lawyer, sawyer; in liar takes form of -ar. -er, frequentative, as in flicker, sputter. A. Sax. -erian,

G. -ern. -er, comparative

For

suffix.

from

A. Sax.

-er, -or,

G.

-er,

in direction, as in northerly, easterly.

collective force,

i.s

where

it

is

carried on, also with

in archery, brewery, cutlery, finery,

From nouns

in -er

with Fr.

denoting plurals. A. Sax.

-as;

-ie,

L.

-ia.

common to the Aryan

becoming gradually,

as in convalescent, effer-

vescent. L. -escens, -escentis, present participle of in-

ceptive verbs in -esco.

form of

feminine

authoress, countess, giantess.

from Gr. -issa. of superlatives. A. Sax. -est,

Fr.

G.

-est; allied

diminutive

coronet, palette.

abolesco— abolish).

pleonasm. L. -ismus, -asmus, from Gr. -ismos,

ticism,

ous. L. -fer,

from

-ast,

-ist,

one who;

-asm, as

one

Gr. -ite,

suffix often

in atheist,

corresponding to -ism,

gymnast.

follower of, as in Israelite, Spinozite. L.

of, a

a geological suffix =

-lite.

Also a chemical

fero, to bear.

denoting inflammation; used

as in laryngitis. Gr.

-ix.

See

as in beautify. Fr. -fier, L. ficare,

from

facio,

-geneous, -genous, as in homogeneous. From Gr. and L. root -gen, to produce. -graph, -graphy. From Gr. -graphos, -graphia, from grapho, to write. -head, -hood, state, condition, as in Godhead, widowhood. A. Sax. had, state, rank = G. -heit. -iana. See -ana. xix

from

in

medical terms,

-itis.

See

-ty.

-trix.

make,

O. Fr.

-izer,

to act, as in civilize, economize. Fr.

L.L. izare, from Gr. -izein.

Not

in

A. Sax.;

as D. -ek-en, Gr. -ch-en; equivalent to -ock-en,

and

thus a double diminutive. -le, -el,

denoting multiplication, as in threefold, manifold. From fold, noun or verb. -ful, full of, as in fanciful, mournful. A. Sax. -ful=E. full.

suffix,

L. adjective suffix -itus.

same in auriferous, quartzifer-

-ita,

-itis.

-kin, diminutive' suffix, as in lambkin.

-fold,

make, make.

(as

in

-ism, -asm, suffix of nouns, often implying state, system, doctrines, as in barbarism, atheism, organism, skep-

-iser,

-et, -ette.

See -y. -ferous, bearing, producing, as

to

From forms

of French verbs, from L. -esc- of inceptive verbs

-iss-

-ize, -ise, to

suffix, as in billet,

-ey, adjective suffix.

-fy, to

having somewhat of, as in childish, A. Sax. -isc, G. -isch,

-ity, state, as in ability. L. -itas. -ost,

to Gr. -istos, Skr. -ishthas. -et, -ette,

-icus.

-isk.

-itis, suffix

-icus.

suffix, as in

Fr. -esse, L. -issa, -est, suffix

form of

-ize.

Goth.

-ite,

belonging to a country or city, as in Siamese, Maltese. Fr. -ais, -ois, It. -ese, from L. -ensis. -esque, partaking of, as in picturesque. Fr. -esque, from -ese,

L. -iscus, a

See

-asmos.

languages.

-ess,

L. -iquus, a

-ish, verbal suffix, as in nourish, perish.

-ery, business or place

-escent,

-ion. See -sion, -tion.

-ique, adjective suffix, as in antique, unique. Fr. -ique,

foolish, dwarfish, whitish, English.

-erel.

-ern-ly.

soldiery.

A. Sax. -ing. Corrupted from

A. Sax. -ende.

-ish, pertaining to,

L. -or.

mongrel. O. Fr.

-ern, expressing direction, as in southern. A. Sax. -ern.

-es, -s,

suffix, as in whiting, shilling.

-ing, termination of verbal nouns. A. Sax. -ung.

-ise.

-erel, diminutive, as in cockerel,

-erly, to or

noun

-ing, termination of present participles.

of different origin.] -er,

L. -inus, -ina.

a suffix in

nouns denoting instrument,

saddle, steeple, navel, weasel. A. Sax.

as in needle,

-el, -ol, -ul, -ela,

-el, Aryan -al, -ar. Also in some adjectives, as idle. diminutive and frequent suffix of verbs, as in frizzle,

G. -le,

nibble, sparkle. -lence, suffix in abstract nouns, corresponds to -lent, -lent, full of, as in violent, purulent. L. -lentus.

from, without, as in artless, fatherless. A. Sax. -los; akin lose, loss. diminutive suffix, as in leaflet, streamlet. From -le or

-less, free -leas, -let,

-el,

G.

and

-et.

-ling, diminutive suffix, as in darling, lordling, starveling.

From

-ing,

A. Sax.

-ing,

with prefixed

-Ie

or

-el.

-ling, -long, adverbial

A. Sax.

as in darkling, endlong.

suffix,

-linga, -lunga, adverbial datives.

mineralogical terms, stone, as in aerolite. Gr. a stone. -logy, doctrine, science, as in biology. Gr. -logia, from logos, a word, speech. -ly, like, an adjective and adverbial suffix, as in lovely, -lite,

in

lithos,

truly.

A

form of adjective

like;

A. Sax.

-lie,

adjective

adverbial suffix.

suffix, -lice,

agreement, argument, experiment. Fr. -ment, L. mentum. -meter, a measure, as in hydrometer. Gr. metron, a

-ment, act

of, state of, as in

measure.

-mony,

state, as in matrimony, parsimony. L. -monium, -monia. -most, suffix in superlatives, as foremost. Not the same as most, superlative of much, but a double superlative composed of superlative suffixes -ma and -est. See fore-

most

rectorship. A. Sax. -scipe, akin to ship, shape. -sion, state or action abstractly, as in explosion, tension. L. -sio, sionis, akin -tion.

-some,

abounding

in,

as in gladsome, frolicsome, Icel.

and G. -sam; akin

to

same. -some, noun

suffix for two or more persons working or playing together, as in twosome, foursome. -ster, one who, as in gamester, maltster, songster. A. Sax. -estre, originally a feminine suffix, as still in spinster.

-sy, state, as in heresy, fantasy.

Gr.

-sis, -sia.

Same as -th. -teen, ten, as in fifteen. A. Sax. -tyne. -ter, -ther, a comparative suffix, as in after, other. A. Sax. suffix of

-t,

nouns, as in height,

-ter, -der, -ther.

flight.

See after in dictionary.

of abstract nouns, as in breadth, death, health. A. Sax. -th, allied to L. -tus, as in juventus, youth. -th, suffix of ordinals, as sixth. A. Sax. -tha; allied to -tus,

-th, suffix

in dictionary.

in L. sextus, sixth.

-nee, -ncy, suffix of abstract

nouns usually denoting

state,

as in vigilance, brilliancy, abhorrence, excellency. Fr. -nee, L. -ntia,

full of,

troublesome. A. Sax. -sum,

from present

participles in -ans, -ant is,

-ness, denoting state of being, as in barrenness, fullness,

same

as

G.

-nis,

in father,

-dor, thor; allied to L. -tor, Skr. -tar, denoting

ens, -entis, with suffix -ia.

redness. A. Sax. -nes,

an agent, as

mother, brother. A. Sax. -der, an agent. -tion, state or action abstractly, as in conception, perception. L. -tio, -tionis; akin -sion. -tor, an agent, as in actor. See -ther. -tory, adjective suffix, as in amatory, confirmatory, explanatory. L. -torius, corresponding to nouns in -tor. From the neuter -torium comes the termination when signifying place, as in dormitory, lavatory. -trix, feminine suffix corresponding to -tor, as in testatrix. -ther,

Goth, -nassus.

-ock, diminutive suffix, as in hillock, bullock. A. Sax. -uca. -oid, -oidal, resembling, as in elephantoid, spheroidal.

Gr. -oeides, from eidos, form. noun suffix, as in dragon, falcon. Fr. -on, L. -onem, accusative suffix of nouns in -o, -onis. -or, one who, as in emperor, sailor. Fr. -eur, from L. -torem, accusative of nouns in -tor. -ory. See -tory. -our, -or, suffix of abstract nouns, as in colour or color, favor, honor. Fr. eur, L. -oreum, accusative of nouns -on,

L. -trix.

-tude, suffix of abstract nouns, as in fortitude, gratitude. L. -tudo, -tudinis. -ture, See -ure. -ty, suffix

L.

of abstract nouns, as in gravity, levity. Fr.

-ty, ten times, as in fifty.

in -or, -oris.

abounding with, as

-te,

-tas, -tatis.

A. Sax.

-tig;

akin to ten, -teen.

famous,

-ule, diminutive suffix, as in globule. L. -ulus, -ula, -ulum.

operose, verbose. Fr. -eux, L. -osus. -pathy, state of feeling, as in antipathy. Gr. -pathia, from pathos, suffering.

-ure, act, thing produced, as in capture, gesture, creature,

-ous, -ose, full of,

in copious,

picture. L. -ura.

-ward, -wards, suffix of direction, as in homeward, homewards; when with -s an adverbial genitive. A. Sax. -weard, -weardes; akin to worth (verb), L. verto, to

-phorous, bearing, carrying, as in phyllophorous. Gr. -phoros, from phero, to bear. -pie, same sense as -fold, as in triple, quadruple. L. -plus, akin to -pleo, to fill. -red. See hatred in dictionary. -ric. See bishopric in dictionary. -ry, collective noun suffix, an art, as in nunnery, cookery, poetry. Fr.

-rie,

L.

turn.

-way, -ways, suffix of manner, as in always, straightway. From way, manner; -ways is an adverbial genitive. -wise, suffix of manner, as in lengthwise, likewise. See

wise

bloody, clayey, dirty, filthy, skyey, woody. A. Sax. -ig, G. -ig; allied to L. -icus, Gr. -ikos. In hasty, jolly, represents Fr. -if, L. -ivus.

of the possessive. A. Sax. -es = G. -s, -es, L. -is. [The old notion that it stands for his is quite erroneous, though this may be the origin of the apostrophe sign.] -scope, -scopy, what assists sight, a seeing. Gr. -skopes, -skopia, from skopeo, to see. -ship, state of, office of, as in apprenticeship, censorship, -'s,

in dictionary.

-y, -ey, adjective suffix, as in

-ria.

suffix

noun

Sometimes, as in company, fallacy, it repL. -ia, or Gr. -ia (as in apology); sometimes L. -ium, as in remedy, subsidy; sometimes L. -ius, as in notary; sometimes L. -otus, as in deputy.

-y,

suffix.

resents Fr.

XX

-ie,

—

— —

;

——

—

Abandonment! heartiness frank, demeanor (a French ;

A

;

unrestrained

abandoned, a«ban'dund, a. Given up to vice; shamelessly and

usage).

wicked;

A, a, a, the first letter in the English and other alphabets derived from the Latin and Greek alphabets. In

recklessly

designates the sixth note of the model or diatonic scale of C, the note sounded by the open second string of the violin. a, a, the indefinite article, a contraction of an, used before nouns singular beginning with a consonant sound, an. aardvark, ard'vark, n. [D. earth pig.] The groundhog of South Africa, a burrowing, insectivorous, edentate animal. aardwolf, ard'wulf, n. [D. earth wolf.] The earth wolf of South Africa, an animal allied to the hyenas and

abandonment, a«ban'dun«ment,

music,

praved;

it

The

and

a«bad'on,

[Heb.

n.

de-

or humiliation. a-bash', v.t. [O.Fr. esbahir, ppr. esbahissant, from es ex, intens., bair, baer, to gape; Mod.Fr. s'ebahir, to be astonished; probably from bah !

=

exclamation of astonishment.] To confuse or confound, as by consciousness of guilt, inferiority, etc; make ashamed; put to confusion. Abash is a stronger word than confuse, but not so strong as confound.

—abashment,

a»bash'ment, n. Act of, state of being, abashed. abate, a»bat', v.t. abated, abating. [Fr. abattre, to beat down, from L. batere, a form of batuere, to beat. batter.] To beat down:}:; to lessen; diminish; remit; moderate (zeal, a demand, a tax); law, to annul; put an end to. v.i. To decrease or be-

—

come

struction.] Hell. Rev. ix. 11. abaft, a»baft', adv. or prep. [Prefix a, and A. Sax. be-aeftan, baeftan. AFT.]

On

or toward the aft or hinder part

abalone,

ab«a«16'ni, n. [Spanish, of origin.] name in California for a marine mollusk, a species of ear shell which furnishes motherof-pearl.

A

abandon, a«ban'dun,

v.t.

er, n.

up without attempt

as, to

abandon one's

ch, chain;

abattre, to beat down, abate.] Fort a collection of felled trees, from which the smaller branches have been cut off, and which are laid side by side, with the branched ends toward assailants, forming an ob.

struction to their progress. a-bat«war', n. [Fr., from abattre, to beat or knock down.

abattoir,

at restraint

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

n.

go;

or that abates. n. [Fr. abattis, abattis,

from

[Fr. aban-

self to grief.

One who

abatis, ab'a«tis,

donner, from a, to, and O.Fr. bandon, control, liberty; to leave at liberty. ban.] To detach or withdraw one's self from; desert; forsake; give up; resign; yield up; refl. to yield one's self

less in strength or violence.

abatable, a«bat'a«bl, a. Capable of being abated.— abatement, a«batment, n. The act of, or state of being, abated; decrease; decline; mitigation; amount or sum deducted; deduction; decrease. abater, a«bat'-

of a ship.

unknown

a«-

abash,

a«ron'ik, a«ron'-

its capital.

Abaddon,

abasement,

bas'ment, n. The act of abasing; a state of depression, degradation,

Pertaining to Aaron, or to his priesthood. abaca, ab'a-ka, n. Native name of the plant which yields Manila hemp. aback, a-bak', adv. [Prefix a, on, and back.] Backward: naut. catching the

j,

>ob;

ng, sing;

me, met, her;

TH,

pine, pin;

then;

ab,

to an abbey. abbe, ab'ba,

n. [Fr., an abbot.] In France, especially before the Revolution, one who devoted himself to

or who had pursued a course of study in a theological seminary; many of them became tutors, professors, and men of letters. divinity,

abasing. [Fr. abaisser a, to, and baisser, to lower, from L.L. bassus, low. base.] To lower or depress (of material objects):}: ; to reduce lower, as in rank

ik«al, a.

A

n.

—

humble; degrade.

slaughterhouse.

abbatial, ab«ba'shi«al), a. Belonging

act of

—

public

a«-

One who abandons.

;

civets.

so as to urge a sailing vessel backward; fig. by surprise; unexpectedly: as, to take a person aback. ab'a-cus ab'a«kus, n. [L.] frame holding beaded rods for making calculations; arch, a slab or table forming the crowning of a column

— abandoner,

A

abbacy, ab'ba-si, n. The dignity, rights, and privileges of an abbot.

desertion; giving up. abase, a«bas', v.t. abased,

=

wind

n.

abate.]

abaxial, ab«ak'si'al, a. [Prefix from, axis.] Not in the axis.

de-

abandoning or state of being abandoned relinquishment

=

Aaronic, Aaronical,

vicious.

ban'dmver,

profligate;

———— —

—

;

th, thin;

note, not,

move;

abbess, ab'bes, abbatissa.]

A

n. [Fr. abbesse, L.L. female superior of an

abbey, possessing, in general, the same dignity and authority as an abbot, except that she cannot exercise the spiritual functions appertaining to the priesthood. abbey, ab'bi, n. [Fr. abbaye, from L.L. abbatia, an abbey, abbot.] A monastery or monastic establishment of the highest rank; a society of persons of either sex, secluded from the world, and devoted to religion and celibacy, governed by an abbot or abbess. abbot, ab'but, n. [Formerly abbat,

—

L.L. abbas, abbatis, from Syr. and Chal. abba, father.] The male head or superior of an abbey or monastery. Some abbots were mitred abbots, almost equal in rank with bishops. Laymen were sometimes abbots, enjoying the abbey revenues. Abbot of Misrule, of unreason; burlesque figure in medieval mystery plays and abbotship, ab'but«ship, revels. state or office of an abbot.

The

n.

—

abbreviate,

ab«bre'vi«at, v.t. abbreviated, abbreviating. [L. abbrevio, abbreviatum, to shorten ab for ad, and brevis, short, brief, abridge (which is really the same word).] To make briefer; shorten; abridge; reduce to smaller compass. abbreviation, ab«bre'vi«a"shon, n. Act of

abbreviating, shortening, or contracting; that which is abbreviated; a syllable, letter, or series of letters, standing for a word or words; as Ph.D. for doctor of philosophy; D.A.R. for Daughters of the American abbreviator,ab«bre viRevolution. siter, n. One who abbreviates. abdicate, ab'di-kat, v.t. abdicated,

—

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

zh, azure,

pound.

——— — — —

—— —— —

— —— ———— — —— — —

—— — — — —— — —

;

.

abdomen

abluent abdicatum —

abdicating. [L. abdico, ab, from, and dico, dicatum, to declare publicly.] To give up, renounce, lay down, or withdraw from in a voluntary, public, or formal manner, as a throne, duties, etc.; vacate; resign. v.i. To renounce or give up power voluntarily. abdication, ab»di'ka'shon, n. The act of abdicating an office, especially the kingly office. abdicator, ab'di«kat«er, n. One who abdicates.

—

abdomen, ab'do'men

or ab'do«men,

That part of the human body which lies between the thorax and n. [L.]

the pelvis, containing the stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, bladder, and intestines; the posterior of the three parts of a perfect insect. abdominal, ab»dom'in«al, a. Pertaining to the abdomen or belly. abdominal regions, certain regions into which the abdomen in man is arbitrarily divided for convenience in anatomical or medical descrip-

—

— abdominous,! ab«dom'in«USj Abdominal; potbellied. —abduced, ababduce, ab«dus', tions. a.

v.t.

ducing. [L. abduco, to lead away ab, and duco, to lead, to draw, duke.]

To draw

abdu-

or conduct away.

cent, ab»dus'ent, a. Drawing away; pulling back. Abducent muscles, muscles which pull back certain parts of the body from the mesial line. abduct, ab«dukt', v.t. To draw or lead away; to take away absurreptitiously, and by force. duction, ab»duk'shon, n. The act of abducting; anat. the action by which muscles withdraw a limb or other part from the axis of the body; law, the unlawful leading away of a person, as a young woman, by fraud, persuasion, or open vioabductor, ab«duk'ter, n. One lence. who or that which abducts; anat. a muscle which moves certain parts from the axis of the body. abeam, a«bem', adv. Naut. in the direction of the beams, that is, at right angles to the keel of a ship. abecedarian, a'be'Se-da''ri«an, n,

[From the letters a, b, c, d.] One who teaches the letters of the alphabet, or a learner of the letters. abecedary,!, a«be«se'da«ri, a. Pertaining to or formed by the letters of the alphabet. n. A first principle or element; rudiment.

abed,

a>bed', adv. In bed; gone to bed. abele, a«beT, n. [D. abeel, G. albele, L. albus, white.] The white poplar. aberr, ab«er', v.i. [L. aberro, aberratum ab, from, and erro, to wander, to err.] Obs. To wander; to err. ab-

—

aberrancy,! ab«er'rans, ab-er'ran-si, n. A wandering; ababerrant, ab«er'rant, a. erration. Characterized by aberration; wan-

errance,!

—

dering; straying from the right way; differing

from

a

;

.

common

type.

aberration, ab«er«ra'shon, n. [L. aberration The act of wandering from the right way; deviation from truth or rectitude or from a type or standard; partial alienation of mind; mental wandering; the difference between the true and the observed fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

position of a heavenly body. abet, a-bet', v.t. abetted, abetting.

—

[O.Fr. abetter, abeter, to incite, to lure; abet, a bait prefix a, and word^ bait, to incite, set on. bait, bite.] To encourage by aid, countenance, or approval: used chiefly in a bad sense; incite; support, encourage; back up. abetment, a«bet'ment, n. The act of abetting; aid. abetter, abettor, a«bet'er, n. One who abets or incites ; a supporter or encourager, generally of something bad. abeyance, a-ba'ans, n. [O.Fr. abbaiaunce, expectation, from abbayer, to listen with the mouth open, from bayer, baer, to gape, as in crying bah ! abash.] state of expectation, or waiting for an occupant or holder: said of lands, honors, or dignities; a state of temporary suspension.

—

—

A

abeyant, a-ba'ant, abeyance.

abhor,

Being

a.

in

—abhorred, abhorr-

ab«har', v.t

shrink back ab, from, and horreo, to feel horror. horrible.] To hate extremely or with loathing; loathe, detest, or abominate; shrink from with horror; fill with horror and loathing abhorrence, ab'hor'rens, (Shak.)$. ing. [L. abhorreo, to

—

n.

Extreme hatred; detestation; great

abhorrent, ab«hor'rent, a. Struck with abhorrence; hating; detesting; utterly repugnant: in the last sense used formerly with from, now with to. abhorrently, ab«hor'rent«li, adv. With abhorrence. abhorrer, ab»hor'er, n. One who abhors; petitioner to Charles II in 680 against the change of succession. abide, a-bid', v.i. abode (pret. and aversion.

—

—

1

pp.), abiding. [A. Sax. abidan,gebidan, See to abide, from bxdan, to bide. bide.] To take up one's abode; To abide dwell; stay; not to depart. by, to remain beside; to adhere to: to maintain; to remain satisfied with. v.t. To be prepared for; to await; be able to endure or sustain; remain firm under; to put up with; to tolerate. abider, a«bid'er, n. One who abides. abiding, a«bid'ing, a. Continuing; permanent; steadfast; abidingly, a«as an abiding faith. bid'»ing«li, adv. In such a manner as

—

to continue ; permanently. Abigail, ab'i-gal, n. [From the title of handmaid assumed to herself by

Sam. Abigail, wife of Nabal. See general name for a waiting 3.] woman or lady's-maid. [Colloq.] ability, a«bil'i«ti, n. [Fr. habilxti, L. able.] The state habilitas, ableness. or condition of being able; power, 1

A

xxv.

whether bodily or mental pi. talents powers of the mind; mental gifts or endowments. abiogenesis, abiogeny, a«bi'6»jen "e« ;

sis, life,

a«bi'OJ'en«i, n. [Gr. a, not, bios, and genesis, generation.] The

doctrine that living matter

may be

produced by nonliving matter, genesis,

HETEROGENESIS.

A

bio-

abioge-

believer in abiothe doctrine of abiogenesis. genetic, a«bi'6«jen«et*ik, a. Of, pertaining to, or produced by abioabiogenetically, a «bi'6— genesis. nist, a«bi«oj'en»ist, n.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

note, not,

move;

jenet"ik»aMi, adv. In an abiogenetic

manner. abject, ab'jekt,

a.

[L. abjectus, from ab, and jacio, to a low condition;

throw away

abjicio, to

Sunk

to throw.]

worthless, mean, despicable; low, groveling. n. A person in a low or abjection, ab«abject condition.

A

jekshon, n. low state; meanness of abjectly, ab«jekt'spirit ;abjectness. adv. In an abject or contemptible servilely. abjectness, ab«jekt'nes, n. The state of being abject; meanness; servility. abjure, ab-jur', v.t abjured, abjuring. ab, [L. abjuro, to deny upon oath and juro, to swear. jury.] To renounce upon oath; to reject or li,

manner; meanly;

—

withdraw from with solemnity; abandon (as allegiance, errors); to recant or

retract.

One who

—abjurer,

ab»jur'er,

n.

abjuration, ab— juTa'shon, n. The act of abjuring; a renunciation upon oath; a rejection or denial with solemnity; a total abandonment. abjuratory, ab«ju'ra«to*ri, a. Pertaining to abjuration. ablactate, ab-lak'tat, v.t. [L. ablacto, ab, from, and lac, milk.] to wean To wean from the breast. ablactation, ab«lak«ta'shon, n. The weaning of a child from the breast; hort.

abjures.

same

as inarching.

ablative, ab'la«tiv,

[L.

a.

ablativus,

from ablatus, carried away ab, away, and latus, carried.] Taking or tending to take away!: applied to a case of nouns in Sanskrit, Latin, and some other languages, originally given to the case in Latin because separation from was considered to be one of the chief ideas expressed by it. ablation,! ab»la'shon, n. A carrying or taking away.

ablaut, ab'lout,

and

n. [G.,

from

ab, off,

sound.] Philol. a substitution of one vowel for another in the body of a word, to indicate a corresponding modification of use or meaning; as, bind, band, bound, bond especially the change of a vowel to change in verbs, indicate tense instead of the addition of a syllable laut,

(•ed); as, sink, sank, sunk.

ablaze, a-blaz', adv. or a. In a blaze; in a state of eager excitement or desire.

able, a'bl,

a.

skillful, fit,

[O. Fr. able, hable, habile,

from L.

habilis, suitable,

from habeo,

to have; akin are ability, habiliment, habit, suffix-able.]

fit,

Having the power, means, or qualification sufficient;

competent; qua-

strong or unusual powers of mind, or intellectual qualifications; gifted; vigorous; active. able,! a'bl, v.t. To make able; to enable; to warrant or answei for. [Shak.] able-bodied, a. Having a sound, strong body; having strength sufficient for work; often applied to a seaman who is well skilled in

having

lified;

—

seamanship, and classed in the ship's books as A.B. ably, a'bli, adv. In an able manner; with ability.

abloom,

a«bl6m',

ablurntis, ppr. off ab, from,

tube, rub, bull;

or adv.

a.

blooming state. abluent, ab'lu«ent,

a.

and

luo,

oil,

a

abluens, to wash to wash.]

[L.

of abluo,

In

pound.

—— —

——

—

——

— ——— —

—— — abridge

abnegate Washing clean; cleansing by water or liquids. n. That which washes or carries off impurities; a deterablution, ab«lu'shon, n. The gent. act of washing; cleansing or purification by water or other liquid; specifically, a washing of the body preparatory to religious rites. ablutionary, ab«lu'shon«a«ri, a. Per-

—

—

—

the time of settlement.

—

—

—

A

reside.

—

—

abolish, a«bol'ish, v.t. [Fr. abolir; L. abolere, to annul, abolish ab, from, and oleo, to grow, adult.] To do away with; to put an end to;

abortive.

abound, a«bound',

[Fr. abonder, from L. abundare, to overflow ab, and unda, a wave, undulate, water.] be in great plenty; be very prevalent; have or possess in great quantity; be copiously supplied: in the latter sense followed by with

to destroy; to efface or obliterate; to make void; to annul; to put out of existence. abolishable, a«bol'ish»a—

—

v.i.

To

Capable of being abolished.

abolisher, a«bol'ish«er, n. One who or that which abolishes. abolishment,! a«borish«ment, n. Abolition.

—

or

—abolition, ab«6«li'shon, The act of abolishing, or the of being abolished. — abolitionism, shon-izm, The principles of an —abolitionist, ab«6«h

in.

about, a«bout', prep. [A. Sax. dbutan, onbutan, about, around prefixes a, but.] on, on, and butan, without, Around; on the outside or surface of; in a circle surrounding; round

n.

—

state

ab«6«li'-

n.

-

A

shon»ist, n. person who favors the abolition of anything; applied especially to those who favored the abolition of slavery in the United States.

(two yards about the stem); near to in place, time, size, number, quantity, etc.; near to in action; on the point of (to be about to speak): in this sense followed by the infinitive; concerned in ; engaged in (what is he about?) relating to; concerning; respecting. adv. Around the outside; in circuit; in a circle; near to in number, time, place, quality, or degree (about as high); here and there; around; in one place and another; in different directions. To bring about, to cause to happen; To come to effect or accomplish. about, to come to pass; to happen. To go about, to prepare to do. Turn about, week about, etc.; alternately, on each alternate week, and the like. above, a*buv', prep. [A. Sax. dbufan, above: a triple compound of a, on, at, be, by, and ufan, upward, akin to E. over, L. super, Gr. hyper, above.] In or to a higher place than; superior to in any respect; too high for

abomasus, abomasum, ab-o-ma'ab«6«ma'sum, n. [L. prefix ab, and omasum.] The fourth stomach of ruminating animals, lying next to the omasum or third stomach. abominate, a«bom'in«at, v.t. abomsus,

from,

—

abominating. [L. abominor, abominatus, to deprecate, as of ill omen ab, from, and omen, an omen.] To hate extremely; to abhor; inated,

—

to detest. abominable, abom'in— a«bl, a. Deserving or liable to be

abominated; detestable; loathsome; odious in the utmost degree; execrable. abominableness, a«bom'-

—

The

quality or state of being abominable, detestable, or odious. abominably, a«bom'in«a— bli, adv. In an abominable manner or degree. abomination, a«bom'-

—

—

go;

known

a«bor'shon, n. The act of miscarrying, or producing young before the natural time, or before the fetus is perfectly formed; the product of untimely birth; a misshapen being; a monster; anything which fails before it is matured or perfect, as a design. abortive, a«bort'iv, a. Brought forth in an immature state; rudimentary; imperfectly formed or developed; producing or intended to produce abortion; not brought to completion or to a successful issue; coming to nought. abortive, a«bort'iv, n. drug causing or thought to cause abortion. abortively, a«bort'ivli, adv. In an abortive manner; immaturely. abortiveness, a«bort'iv«nes, n. The state of being

—

g,

earliest

—

—

ch, Sc. loch;

the

abort, a»bart', v.i. [L. aborior, abortus, to miscarry ab, and orior, onus, to arise, orient.] To miscarry in giving birth; to appear in a rudimentaabortion, ry or undeveloped state.

—

ch, chain;

above

times; as, aboriginal tribes. n. An original inhabitant ; one of an aborigaboriginally, ab»o«rij'inal race. in*al«li, adv. In or of first origin; originally; from the very first. aborigines, ab»o«rij'in«ez, n. pi. [L.] The people found in a country at

—

in«a»bl«nes, n.

or

that which is abominated abominable; hence, hateful or shameful vice. aboriginal, ab-o-rijin-al, a. [L. ab, from, and origo, origin.] Inhabiting a country from the earliest known

—

abolitionist.

tation;

(above mean actions); more in number, quantity, or degree than; in excess of (above a ton). Above all,

hva"shon, n. The act of abominating or state of being abominated; detes-

taining to ablution. abnegate, ab'ne«gat, v.t. abnegated, abnegating. [L. abnego, abnegation negaab, from, and nego, to deny, tive, deny.] To deny; to renounce. abnegation, ab«ne«ga'shon, n. [L. abnegatio.] The act of abnegating; abnegator, renunciation. denial; ab'ne«ga«ter, n. One who abnegates, denies, or renounces. abnormal, ab«nar'mal, a. [L. abnormis ab, from, and norma, a rule. normal.] Not conformed or conforming to rule; deviating from a type or standard; irregular; contrary to system or law. abnormality, ab— nor«mari«ti, n. The state or quality of being abnormal; deviation from a standard, rule, or type; irregularity; abnorthat which is abnormal. mity,! ab»nor'mi»ti, n. Abnormality. aboard, a-bord', adv. On board; within a ship or boat. prep. On board; into (to go aboard a ship). abode, a«bod', pret. of abide. abode, a«bod', n. [From abide.] Residence or place of residence; a place where a person abides, a dwelling; habitation. To make abode, to dwell or

bl, a.

—

j,

job;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

or before everything else; before every other consideration. adv. In or to a higher place; overhead; before, in rank or order, especially in a book or writing (what has been said above); besides, in rhe expression over and above. Above is often used elliptically as a noun, meaning (1) heaven; (2) the aforesaid; as, from the above you will learn. It is equal to an adjective in such phrases as, the above particulars, in which cited or mentioned is underaboveboard, adv. [Said to stood. mean lit. above the table, not with hands below the table, as one trying to cheat at cards.] In open sight; without tricks or disguise. aboveground, adv. Alive; not buried. abracadabra, ab'ra-ka«dab"ra, n. A word of eastern origin used in incantations. When written on paper so as to form a triangle, the first line contained the word in full, the one below it omitted the last letter, and so on each time until only one letter remained. Worn as an amulet, it was supposed to be an antidote against certain diseases. a«brad', abraded, abrade, v.t. abrading. [L. abrado, to scrape off

—

—

—

away, and rado, to scrape, whence raze, razor, etc.] To rub or wear down; to rub or grate off. ab,

abradant, a«brad'ant,

n.

A

material

for grinding, usually in powder, such abrasion, as emery, sand, glass, etc. ab«ra'zhon, n. The act of abrading,

—

wearing, or rubbing off; an injury of the skin by removal of cuticle. abrasive, ab«ra'ziv, a. and n. Serving to abrade; an abradant. Abrahamic, a«bra«ham'ik, a. pertaining to Abraham, the patriarch. abranchiate, a«brang'ki«at, a. [Gr. a, without, and bronchia, gills.] Devoid of branchiae or gills. n. A vertebrate animal (mammal, bird, reptile) that at no period of its existence possesses gills.

abrasion. See abrade. abreaction, ab're-ak'shon, n. [L. ab. away, and reaction.] In psychoanalof a past disagreeable experience by living it through again in speech or action in the course of treatment. abreast, a«brest', adv. Side by side, with the breasts in a line; hence, up to a level or standard (to keep abreast of science). ysis, getting rid

abridge,

a'brij',t;.f.

ing. [Fr. abreger,

abridged, abridg-

from L. abbreviare,

abbreviate.] To make to shorten, shorter; to curtail; to epitomize; to shorten by using fewer words; to condense; to lessen; to diminish; in the to deprive or cut off from :

sense followed by of (to abridge one of his rights). abridger, a«brij'One who or that which n. er, abridgment, a«brij ment, abridges. n. The act of abridging or state of being; that which is abridged; an epitome; a summary, as of a book; an abstract. .'. An abridgment is a larger work shortened ; a compendium last

—

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——— — — —

— —— —

————

;;

— —— — ——

—— ——————— —

abroach

abstract

condensed view of a particular subject regarded as complete in itself; an epitome has more reference is

a

the selection of essential facts than an abridgment; an abstract is a bare statement of facts contained in, or of the leading features of, a work. to

abroach, a«broch', a. or adv. Tapped in a position for letting out liquor: said of a cask; broached. abroad, a«brad', adv. At large; without being confined to narrow limits; with expansion (to spread its branches abroad); beyond or out of the walls of a house or other inclosure ; beyond the bounds of a country; in foreign countries. abrogate, ab'ro«gat, v.t. abrogated, abrogating. [L. abrogo, to repeal ab, from, and rogo, to ask, propose as a law.] To repeal; to make void; to do away with; to annul by an au-

—

—

abrogable, ab'ro— thoritative act. ga«bl, a. Capable of being abrogated.

— abrogation,

The

ab«r6«ga'shon, n.

act of abrogating; repeal by authoabrogative, ab'r6«ga«tiv, a. rity. Capable of abrogating; tending to

abrogate.

abrupt, ab«rupt', a. [L. abruptus, from abrumpo, to break off ab, off, from, and rumpo, ruptum, to break, whence rupture, etc.] Steep; craggy (of rocks, precipices, etc.); sudden; without notice to prepare the mind for the event (an abrupt entrance); disconnected; having sudden transi-

Abrupt leaf, one terminating suddenly the end were cut off. abrupab«rup'shon, n. A sudden and

tions (an abrupt style). root, hot.,

as if tion, violent breaking off.

abruptly, ab— In an abrupt manner; suddenly without any notice or warning; precipitously. abruptness, ab— rupt'nes, n. The state or quality of being abrupt; precipitousness suddenness; unceremonious haste or rupt'li, adv. ;

vehemence. abscess, ab'ses,

n. [L. abscessus, from abscedere, to separate, to gather into an abscess abs, away, and cedo, cessum, to go, whence cession, cede, etc.] collection of purulent matter in the tissue of a body organ or part, with pain and heat. abscind, ab«sind', v.t. L. abscindo, abscissum, to cut off ab, from, and scindo, to cut.] To cut off. abscissa, ab'sis'sa, n. Any part of the diameter or transverse axis of a conic section (as an ellipse), intercepted between the vertex and a line at right angles to the axis ; the x-coordinate of a point. abscission, ab'si'zhon, n. The act of cutting

A

—

.

—

severance; removal. abscond, ab«skond', v.i. [L. abscondo, to hide abs, from, and condo, to hide.] To withdraw or absent one's self in a private manner; run away in order to avoid a legal process; off;

decamp. n.

—— — —

absconder, ab«skond absconds.

«er,

One who

absence, ab'sens,

n. L. absentia, from absens, absentis, absent, pres. part, of absum, to be absent ab or abs, away, and sum, esse, to be.] The state of being absent; opposite of presence;

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

the state of being at a distance in place; the state of being wanting;

nonexistence within a certain sphere (absence of evidence); inattention. absent, ab'sent, a. Not present; away; somewhere else; wanting; having the mind withdrawn from what is passing; characterized by absence of mind (an absent man). absent, ab«sent', v.t. To keep away

or grarlt remission of sins to absolvable, ab«solv'(with from). a«bl, a. Capable of being absolved. absolver, ab«solv'er, n. One who

—

absolves.

—

absorb, ab-sorb', v.t. [L. absorbeo ab, from, and sorbeo, to suck in.] To drink in; suck up; imbibe, as a sponge; take in by capillarity; swallow up; engross or engage

intentionally: used refl.; as, to absent one's self from a meeting. absentee, ab«sen«te', n. One who is absent; one who absents himself: often applied to landlords who, deriving their income from one country, reside and spend it in absenteeism, ab«sen«te'another. izm, n. The practice or habit of an absentee. absenter, ab«sent'er, n. One who absents himself. absently, ab'sent«li, adv. In an absent or inattentive manner. absent-minded, ab'sent«mln'ded, Preoca. cupied; forgetful of one's immediate

absorbability, ab«sorb'a— The state or quality of being absorbable. absorbable, ab— sorb'a«bl, a. Capable of being abimbibed. absorbent, sorbed or ab'sorb'ent, a. Capable of absorbing' fluids; performing the function of absorbent, .absorption. ab«sorb'ent, n. Anything which absorbs; a

surroundings.

of being absorbed or engrossed. —absorptive, ab«sorp'tiv, Having absorb or imbibe. — abpower

—

n. [Ft.,

from L. absinthium, wormwood.] A popular French liqueur or cordial consisting of brandy flavored with wormwood. The sale and consumpof absinthe are prohibited because of its harmful effects on the nervous system. absolute, ab'so-lut, a. [L. absolutus. absolve.] Freed from limitation or condition; unconditional (an absolute promise); unlimited by extraneous power or control (an absolute government or prince); complete in tion

finished;

perfect

{absolute

beauty); free from mixture (absolute alcohol); positive; decided; peremptory (now rare); metaph. (a) not relative; considered without reference to other things; (absolute

knowledge) ; (b) existing independent of any other cause; self-existing; unconditioned; gram, applied to the case which is not determined by

any other word in the sentence. absolute temperature. Temperature measured in degrees centigrade from absolute zero, which is -273.16° absolutely, ab'so«lut«li, centigrade. adv. In an absolute manner; completely ; without restriction, limitation, or qualification ; unconditionally ; posab's6«lut— absoluteness, itively. absones, n. The state of being. lutism, ab'so'lut'izm, n. State of or principles of being absolute, government. absolutist, absolute ab'sd'lut'ist,

n.

An

advocate

absolute government.

for

— absolutist

ic,

absolutist, ab'so«lut«ist"ik, ab'so-lut— ist, a.

Pertaining to absolutism.

absolution, ab-so'lu'shon,

n.

The

act

of absolving or state of being absolved; specifically, in the Roman Catholic and some other churches, a remission of sins pronounced by a priest in favor of a penitent. absolve, ab-solv', v.t. absolved, absolving. [L. absolvo, absolutum, to ab, from, and solvo, to set free solve.] To set free or release loose, from some duty, obligation, or responsibility (to absolve a person from a promise); acquit; to forgive

me, met, her;

n.

bil"i-ti,

vessel in an animal body which takes in nutritive matters into the system; a substance applied to a wound to stanch or arrest the flow of

absorption,

blood. n.

The

ab»sorp'shon,

act or process of absorbing;

state

absinthe, ab'saht'orab'sinth,

itself;

wholly.

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

a.

to sorptivity,

ab«sorp«tiv'i«ti,

n.

The

power or capacity of absorption. abstain, ab-stan',

v.i. [O.Fr. abstener, abstenir, from L. abstineo, abs, from, and teneo, to keep from to hold, whence contain, tenant, tenacious, etc.] forbear or refrain

Mod.Fr.

To

voluntarily; to withhold. abstainer, ab«stan'er, n. One who abstains; specifically, one who abstains from the use of intoxicating liquors. abstention, ab-sten'shon, n. The act of holding off or abstaining; ababstinence, stinence. ab'sti»nens, n. The act or practice of voluntarily refraining from the use of anything within our reach, especially from

some bodily indulgence; partaking absparingly of food or drink. stinent, ab stiment, a. Practicing abstinently, ab'sti— abstinence. nent-li, adv. In an abstinent manner. abstemious, ab-stemi-us, a. [L. abstemius abs, and root seen in temetum, strong drink, temulentus,

—

drunken; Skr. tim, to be wet.] Sparing in diet; refraining from a free use of food and strong drinks; temperate; devoted to or spent in or abstinence (an abstemious life); very moderate and plain; very sparing (abstemious diet). abstemiously, ab«ste mi«us«li, adv. In an abstemious manner. abstemiousness, ab«ste mi'usmes, n. abstention. See abstain.

abstemiousness

—

—

—

absterge,

absterged, v.t. ab-sterj', absterging. [L. abstergeo, to wipe off abs, and tergeo. tersum, to wipe,

whence terse.] To wipe, or make clean by wiping; to wash away; to deterge.

abstergent, ab«sterj'ent,

a.

Having cleansing or purgative propabstergent, ab«sterj'ent, n. aids in scouring or cleansabstersion, ab— ing; a detergent. ster'shon, n. The act of absterging or cleansing. abstinence, abstinent, abstinently. erties.

Whatever

See ABSTAIN'. abstract, ab«strakt

,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

[From L. draw away

v.t.

abstraho. abstractum, to

pound.

——

— —— ——— —

— —— —— ———— —

;

— ———— ———

put to a wrong or bad use; to do to; injure; dishonor; violate; deceive; impose on; take undue advantage of. abuse, a«bus', n. Improper treatment or employment; improper use or application; misuse; a corrupt practice or custom (the abuses of government) injury; scurrilous or contumelious language. abuser, a«buz'er, n. One who abuses, abusive, in speech or behavior. a«bus'iv, a. Practicing abuse; offering harsh words or ill-treatment; scurrilous; opprobrious; insulting. abusively, a«bus'iv»li, adv. In an abuabusiveness, a«bu'sive manner. siv«nes, n. The quality of being abusive; rudeness of language. abut, a«but', v.i. abutted, abutting. [Fr. aboutir, to meet at the end, to border on a, at, and bout, extremity. butt.] To be contiguous; to join at a border or bound-

and traho, tractum, to draw, seen also in trace, contract, detract, retract, etc.] To draw or take away; to withdraw; to purloin; to take away mentally; consider separately; epitomize or reduce to a summary. abstract, ab'strakt, a. Considered or thought of in itself; not concrete considered and treated apart from any particular object (abstract mathematics; abstract logic). Ingram, and logic, abstract nouns or terms are names of qualities, in opposition to concrete, which are names of things. n. A summary or epitome containing the substance; a bare or brief statement of facts detailed elsewhere. Syn. under abridgment. abstracted, ab«strakt'ed, a. Absent in mind; inattentive. abstractedly, ab«strakt'ed«li, adv. In an abstracted or absent manner. abstractedness, ab«strakt'ed»nes, n. abstracter, ab— strakt'er. n. One who abstracts or purloins. abstraction, ab«strakshon, n. The act of abstracting or separating; the act of withdrawing; the act of considering separately what is united in a complex object; something abstract; an idea or notion of an abstract character; absence of mind; the state of being entirely engrossed in thought. In art, an

to

abs,

wrong

;

—

—

—

—

—

ary; to contact:

—

Acacia-tree, a to the locusttree, Robinia pseudoacacia. academy, a«kad'e«mi, n. [L. academia, Gr. academeia, the Academy, from the hero Academus, to whom the ground originally belonged which formed the garden in which Plato taught.] school holding a rank between a college and an elementary school ; a seminary of learning of the higher class; an association for the promotion of literature, science, or art, established sometimes by government, and sometimes by the voluntary union of private individuals, the members of which are called academicians. The Academy of Plato was the philosophical school founded by that Greek philosopher. aca-

—

absurdness, ab— quality of being

absurd.

abunto

see).] A fullness or plenteousness great to overflowing; ample sufficiency; plenteousness; copiousness. abundant, a»bun'-

abound (which

dant,

An academy. [Poet.] acaacademical, ak«a»dem'ik, ak«a'dem'ik«al, a. Belonging to an academy, or to a college or univeracadesity; as, academic studies. mic, ak«a«dem'ik, n. A student in a academical, college or university. ak«a«dem'i«kal, n. A member of an deme,

ample; fully abounding; overflowing. abundantly, a«bun'dant«li, adv. In a.

Plentiful;

sufficient;

—

plentiful or sufficient degree; amply; plentifully. abuse, a*buz', v.t. abused, abusing. [Fr. abuser; L. abutor, abusus ab, and utor, to use. use.] To misuse;

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

—

g,

go;

n.

demic,

a

—

arabic.

A

—

n. [L.

gum

exude

name sometimes given

abstruse. absurd, ab«serd', a. [L. absurdus ab, and surdus, deaf, insensible. SURD.] Inconsistent with reason or common sense; ridiculous; nonsensical; logically contradictory. absurdity, ab«serd'i'ti, n. The state or quality of being absurd; that which is absurd; an absurd action, statement, etc. absurdly, ab«serd'li, adv. In an

from abundo,

—of

anything profound and unfathomabysable, literally or figuratively. mal, a«biz'mal, a. Pertaining to an abyss; profound; immeasurable. abyssal, a«bis'al, a. Relating to or like an abyss; pertaining to the deeper parts of the sea. Abyssinian, ab«is«sin'i'an, a. Belonging to Abyssinia or its inhabitants. n. A native or inhabitant of Abyssinia; a member of the Abyssinian Church. Acacia, a«ka'shi«a, n. [L. acacia, Gr. akakia, from ake, a point.] A genus of ornamental plants, some species of which produce catechu, and some

Remote from ordinary minds or notions ; difficult to be comprehended or understood; profound; recondite. abstrusely, ab»strus'li, adv. In an abstruse manner; profoundly; with terms or notions remote from such as are obvious. abstruseness, ab— strus'nes, n. The quality of being

dantia, abundance,

fine

A

stractive, ab«strakt'iv, a. Having the power or quality of abstracting. abstractively, ab«strakt'iv«li, adv. In an abstractive manner. abstriction,! ab'Strik'shon, n. [L. ab, from, and stringo, strictum, to bind.] The act of unbinding. abstruse, ab'Strus', a. [L. abstrusus, pp. of abstrudo, to thrust away.]

abundance, a>bun'dans,

or

—

—

The

point

a

dition of abutting; the part abutting; the solid part of a pier or wall against which an arch abuts or from which abuttal, a»but'al, n. The it springs. abutting part of a piece of land. abutter, a«but'er, n. That which abuts. abyss, a«bis', n. [L. abyssus, Gr. abyssos, bottomless a, not, and byssos, bottom.] bottomless gulf;

composition intended to suggest an idea or emotion without imitating recognizable objects. ab-

n.

form

with on, upon, against. abutment, a«but'ment, n. The con-

artistic

serd'nes,

—

acarpous

abstriction

absurd manner.

——

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

pi. the costume proper to the officers and students of a school academically, ak'a— or college. dem'ik-aMi, adv. In an academical

academy;

manner. academician, a«kad'e— mish'an, n. A member of an academy or society for promoting arts and

academicism, ak«a«dem-

sciences. i«sizm, n.

The system or mode of teaching at an academy; an academical mannerism. Acadian, Acadia,

a-ka'di-an, a. Belonging to a former name of Nova

Scotia.

n.

A

native

or inhabitant

of Acadia.

Acalephae,

a'ka«le'fe, n. pi. [Gr. akalephe, a nettle.] A name sometimes applied to the marine animals commonly known as sea nettles,

acaleph,

etc.

jellyfish,

ak'a-lef, ak'a«le'fan, n.

acalephan,

A member of

acalephoid, a«ka— Like an acaleph or medusa; medusoid. the Acalephae. le'foid,

a.

acantha, a«kan'tha,

n. [Gr. akantha, a prickle of a plant; spine or thorn.] a spine of an animal; one of the acute processes of the vertebrae of acanthaceous, ak«an«thaanimals. shus, a. Armed with prickles, as a acanthine, a»kan'thin, a. plant. Pertaining to or resembling the acanthoplant acanthus; prickly.

A

—

cephalous, a«kan»th6«sef'a«lus, a. [Gr. akantha, thorn, kephale, head.] Zool. having spines or hooks on the head, as certain intestinal worms Acanthocephala), which are (the thus attached within the bodies of acanthous, acanthoid, animals. a«kan'thoid, a«kan'thus, a. Spiny. ak«an«tho'for«us, acanthophorous, a. Having or producing spines. acanthus, a»kan'thus, n. [Gr. akanthos, from its prickly leaves.] Any of a genus of plants of the Mediterranean region having large spiny leaves; an architectural ornament used in capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders, and resembling somewhat the foliage of this plant.

Acanthopterygii, a'kan'thop-te-rij"i*i, n. pi. [Gr. akantha, a thorn, and pterygion, the fin of a fish, from pteryx, a wing.] One of the two primary divisions of the osseous fishes, characterized by having one

more of the

rays of the fins acanthopspines. terygian, a«kan'thop«te«rij"i»an, a. Of or pertaining to the Acanthopterygii.

or

in the

first

form of

— acanthopterygian, teTij"i«an,

n.

An

a»kan'thop—

acanthopterygian

fish.

acanthus, a*kan'thus,

n.

See acan-

tha.

Acarida,

pi. (Gr. n. a-kar'i-da, akares, too short to be cut, small, tiny a, not, and keiro, to cut.] division of Arachnida, including the mites, ticks, and water mites. The mouth in all is formed for acarid, ak a»rid, n. One suction. of the Acarida. acaricide, a«kar'i— substance that destroys sid, n. mites. acaroid resin, ak'a-roid rez'in, n. resin that exudes from the grass trees of Australia, used in varnishes. acarpous, a«kar'pus, a. [Gr. akarpos,

A

A

A

w,

tuig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

—

—

—

—

—

;

acatalectic

acclivity

unfruitful a, not, and karpos, fruit.] Bot. not producing fruit; sterile; barren. acatalectic, a'kat«a-lek"tik, a. [Gr. akatalektos.) Having the complete number of syllables (an acatalectic verse).

acaulous, acaulescent,

a-kal'us, a«-

[Gr. a, not, and stalk.] Bot. without a conspicuous stem; stemless; acauline, acaulose, are also used in same kal«es'ent, kaulos, a

a.

sense.

—

accede, ak«sed',

v.i. acceded, accedacceder, to assent, from L. accedo ad, to, and cedo, to move, to give place, cede.] To agree or assent, as to a proposition, or to terms proposed by another; to become a parry by agreeing to terms; to join or be added; to succeed, as an heir; come to by inheritance: said especially of a

[Fr.

ing.

—

sovereign.

— accession, ak«se'shon,

n.

The act of acceding; the act of agreeing or assenting; increase by something added; that which is added; the act of succeeding to a throne, office, or dignity; the attack or commencement of a disease.

—

accelerate, ak«sel'er«at,

accelerv.t. ated, accelerating. [L. accelero, acceleratum, to hasten ad, to, and celer,

To make quicker; or advance faster; hasten; add to the velocity of; bring about or help to bring about more speedily. acceleration, ak'sel«er«a"shon, n. The act of accelerating or state of being accelerated; increase of velocity. acceleration of gravity. Phys. the acceleration of swift,

celerity.]

to cause to

move

—

—

body due to gravity, which is a little more than 32 feet per second per second at sea level and which varies with latitude and altia falling

—accelerative, Tending to accelerate; —accelerator, '

tude. a.

ak«sel'er«a«tiv,

to velocity.

adding

ak'Sel'er*-

One who

or that which accelerates; a hastener. In chem. a catalyst; phys. any device that increases the speed of charged particles. acceleratory, ak«sel'er«a-to-ri, a. Accelerating or tending to at«er,

n.

— —

—

accelerate. accent, ak'sent, n. [L. accentus, an accent ad, to, and cano, cantum, to sing, chant.] superior stress or force of voice upon certain syllables

A

of words, which distinguishes them from the other syllables, and forms an element in correct pronunciation; a mark or character used in writing to direct the stress of the voice in pronunciation, or to mark a particular tone, length of vowel sound, or the like; a peculiar or characteristic modulation or modification of the voice, such as that found in a given district; pi. words or expressions; music, stress or emon particular notes. v.t. phasis ak«sent'. To give an accent or accents to in speaking; mark with an accent or accents. accentual, ak«sent'u«al, a. Pertaining to accent. accentuate, ak«sent'u«at, v.t. accentuated, accentuating. To mark or pronounce with an accent or with

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

accents; to emphasize or give prominence to. accentuation, ak«sent'u«a"shon, n. The act of accentuating or state of being accentuated.

—

accept, ak«sept',

v.t. [L. acceptare, freq. of accipio, acceptum, to accept ad, to, and capio, to take, capable, have.] take or receive, as some-

To

thing offered; receive with approbation or favor; take as it comes; accede or assent to (a treaty, a proposal) ; to acknowledge, especially by signature, and thus to promise to pay (a bill of exchange). acceptable, ak«sep'ta«bl, a. Capable, worthy, or sure of being accepted or received; pleasing to a receiver; gratifying; agreeable; welcome. acceptableness, acceptability, ak>sep'ta-bhnes, ak«sep'ta«biri«ti, n. The quality of being acceptable. acceptably, ak«sep'ta»bli, adv. In an acceptable manner; in a manner to please. acceptance, ak«sep'tans, n. The act of accepting; a taking or receiving; favorable reception; an agreeing to terms; a written engage-

—

—

—

to pay money, made by a person signing his name across or at the end of a bill of exchange; an accepted bill, or the amount contained in it. acceptation, ak»-

ment

—

sep«ta'«shon, n. The act of accepting or receiving; kind or favorable reception; the meaning or sense in which a word or expression is understood, or generally received. accepter, acceptor, ak«sept'er, ak«person who accepts; sept'or, n. specifically, the person who accepts a bill of exchange. access, ak'ses, n. [L. accessus, from accedo, to come near, to approach.

A

accede.] A coming to ; near approach admittance; admission; the means or way of approach ; passage allowing communication; increase or accession; attack or return of a disease. accessibility,

ak'ses«si»bil"i»ti,

n.

The

condition or quality of being accessible or of admitting approach.

—accessible,

ak«ses'si«bl, a.

Capable

of being approached or reached; easy of access; approachable; attainable. n. See ak«se'shon, accession, ak«se'shon«accede. accessional, al, a. Additional.

—

—

accessory,

accessary,

ak«ses'o«ri,

ak«ses'aTi, a. [L. accessorius, from accede.] Contributaccessus, accedo. ing; aiding in producing some effect, or acting in subordination to the principal agent: contributing to a general effect; belonging to something else as principal; accompanyOne who aids or gives ing. n. countenance to a crime; that which to something else, as its principal; that which contributes to the effect of something more

belongs

important;

an

accompaniment.

accessorial, ak«ses«s6'ri»al, a. Peraccessorily, taining to an accessory. ak'ses'So"ri«li, adv. In the manner of an accessory; not as principal but accessoas a subordinate agent. riness, ak'ses«so«ri«nes, n. The state of being accessory, or of being or acting in a secondary character. accident, ak'si«dent, n. [L. accidens,

me, met, her;

—

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

falling

ad,

and cado,

to

fall,

whence

case, cadence, casual, decadence, etc.]

Chance or what happens by chance; an event that happens when quite unlooked for; an unforeseen and undesigned injury to a person; casualty; mishap; a property or quality of a thing which is not essential to it nor is one of its invariable signs (as whiteness in accidence, ak'si»dens, n. paper). [A corruption of accidents in the old sense of inflections of words.] That part of grammar which treats of the inflection of words, or the declension of nouns, adjectives, etc., and the conjugation of verbs; a small book containing the rudiments of grammar. accidental, ak«si«dent'Happening by chance or al, a. accident, or unexpectedly; casual; fortuitous; nonessential; not necessarily belonging; adventitious. n. casualty; a property not essential; music, a sharp, flat, or natural which does not occur in the clef, and which implies some change of key or modulation different from that in which the piece began. accidentally, ak«si«dent'al»li, adv. In an accidental manner; by chance; fortuitously; not essentially. accipiter, ak«sip'i«ter, n. [L. accipiter, a bird of prey, from root ak, signifying sharpness and swiftness, and pet, to fly, like Gr. okypteros, swift -winged.] genus of the order accipitres, of birds Falconiformes.

—

—

A

—

A

—

An

order of rapacious birds, now usually called Falconiformes. accipitral, accipi-

ak-sip'i'trez,

n.

pi.

—

trine,

ak«sip"i«trin,

ak«sip'i«tral,

a.

Of

or pertaining to a hawk; having the character of a bird of prey; rapacious. acclaim,! ak'klam', v.t. [L. acclamo ac for ad, and clamo, to cry out, whence claim, clamor, etc.] To applaud; to declare or salute by acclaim, ak«klam', n. acclamation. A shout of joy; acclamation. acclamation, ak«kla«ma'shon, n. A shout or other demonstration of applause made by a multitude, indicating joy, hearty assent, approacclamatobation, or good wishes. ry, ak«klam'a«tOTi, a. Expressing joy or applause by acclamation. acclimate, acclimatize, ak-kllmat,

—

—

—

—

acacclimated, ak'kli'mat'iz, v.t. climating; acclimatized, acclimatizing. [Fr. acclimater, to acclimate, climate.] To habituate to a foreign climate; to render proof against the prejudicial influences of a foreign climate; to adopt for permanent existence and propagation in a acclimation, accliforeign climate.

—

matization, ak«kli»ma shon, ak'kli*mat«iz-a"shon, n. The act or process of acclimating or acclimatizing, or state of being acclimatized. acclivity, ak«kliv'i*ti, n. [L. acclivitas, an acclivity ac for ad, to, and cliz'us, a slope, from root cli seen in clino. incline, to incline, Gr. klino, to bend, incline; akin E. to lean.] A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of a hill, considered as ascending, in opposition to declivity. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—— — —

—

—

—

—

accresce

accolade

— acclivitous,

—

the accolade, lit. an embracing of the neck L. ad, to, and collum, the neck; Fr. accoler, to embrace, dormer Vaccolade, to dub a knight.

— A

ceremony used

To complete; to finish entirely; to execute; to carry out; accomto fulfill or bring to pass. complete.]

— accomplishment. — accom-

pable of plished, ak'kom'plisht,

knighthood, anciently conputting the hand on the knight's neck, now usually a blow over the neck or shoulder with the flat of a sword; a salutation or rite performed in recognition of special merit; an award. accommodate, ak«kom'mo«dat, v.t. accommodated, accommodating. [L. accommodo, to apply or suit ac for sisting in

—

able society. accomplisher, ak«kom'plish«er, n. One who accomplishes.

—

iences (with with after the object, as a friend with money). accommodating, ak'kom'mo'dat'ing, a. Obliging; yielding to the desires of others; disposed to comply and to oblige another. accommodation, ak'kom'mo-da'shon, n. The act of

—

—

—

accommodating; adjustment; adapadjustment of differences; anything which supplies a want, as in respect of ease, refreshment, and the like; a convenience; lodgings; a loan of money. Accommodation bill, a bill of exchange not given like a genuine bill of exchange in payment of a debt, but merely intended to accommodate the drawtation;

hung over the

praise.

to accompany ac for ad, and compagnon, a companion. companion.] To go with or attend as a companion or associate; to go

pagner, to,

associated or conplay a subordinate as to a singer or of a musical com-

able; consequently. ak'kord'i-on, n. [From accord.] small keyed wind instrument, whose tones are generated by the play of wind upon metallic accordionist, ak«kord'i«on«reeds. ist, n. player on the accordion. accost, ak'kost', v.t. [Fr. accoster, L.L. accostare ac for ad, to, and L. costa (Fr. cote), a rib, a side. coast.] To speak first to; to address

ak»-

—

before oneself

A

[Prefix E. com-

surgeon

who

attends

women

—accoucheuse, ak«ko— A midwife. — accouche-

ment, ak«kosh'ment, n. Childbirth. account, ak-kount', n. [O.E. accompt ac for ad, and O.Fr. compte, a calculation, from L. computo, to compute, reckon. The Mod.Fr. conte, conter, present the same change

Fr. complice, L. complex, complicis, confederate, participant con, with, and plico, to fold, plica, a fold, a stem which appears also in E. comply, ply, triple, etc. PLY, etc.] a ssociate or confederate, espe-

—

An

go;

addressed.

in childbirth. shez', n.

plice,

g,

is

accoucheur, ak-kcvsher', n. [Fr., a man-midwife ac for ad, and coucher, to he or lay down. COUCH.]

j,

;'ob;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

— accounting,

amounting,

n.

The

theory and system of setting up, maintaining, and auditing the books of a firm; the art of analyzing the financial position and operating results of a business house from a study of its sales, purchases, etc.

accouter, accoutre, ak-ko'ter,

v.t.

— —

accoutred, accoutring. [Fr. accoutrer prefix ac for ad, to, and couture, a seam, from L. consutura, a stitching together, from con, together, and suo, sutum, to sew.] To equip or

A

accompanist, ak'kum'pamist, n. The performer in music who plays the accompaniment.

ch, Sc. loch;

ant.

—

principal thing, or for the sake of symmetry; the subordinate part or parts performed by instruments accompanying a voice, or several voices, or a principal instrument.

ch, chain;

—

A

Something that attends as a circumstance, or which is added by way of ornament to the

accomplice, ak«kom'plis, n. ac for ad, to, and the older

bli,

accordion,

n.

—

accountably, ak«kount'a«adv. In an accountable manner. accountant, ak«kount'ant, n. One who makes the keeping or examination of accounts his profession; an officer in a public office who has charge of the accounts. accountantship, ak«kount'ant«ship, n. The office or employment of an accountbility.

—

side of a ship

— accompaniment,

—

mind. accordantly, ak«kord'ant«li, adv. In accordance or agreement. according, ak«kord'ing, a. Agreeing; agreeable; in accordance. According as, agreeably, conformably, or proportionately as. According to, agreeably to or in accordance with (zeal according to knowledge): followed by a personal object it refers to a statement of the person {according to him you are wrong).— accordingly, ak»kord'ing«li, adv. Agreeably; suitably; in a manner conform-

light

—

kum'pa«ni«ment,

be in correspond-

—accordance, ak«—

—

position.

—

kord'ans, n. The state of being in accord; agreement with a person; conformity with a thing. accordant, ak«kord'ant, a. Corresponding; consonant; agreeable; of the same

ascending

together; to be nected with; to musical part to, other performer

To

v.i.

ence or harmony.

from, or descending to, boats. accommodative, ak«kom'm6«dat»iv, a. Furnishing accommodation. accompany, ak«kum'pa«ni, v.t. accompanied, accompanying. [Fr. accomfacilitate

—accomplishment, ak«kom'-

plish«ment, n. The act of accomplishing or carrying into effect; fulfillment; acquirement; attainment, especially such as belongs to cultivated or fashionable society. accord, ak«kord', n. [Fr. accord, agreement prefix ac for ad, to, and L. cor, cordis, the heart, formed like L. concors, discors, E. concord, discord.] Agreement; harmony of minds; as, to do a thing with one accord; just correspondence of things ; concord ; harmony of sound voluntary or spontaneous impulse or act; in this sense in such phrases as of my, of his, of its, of their own accord. v.t. To make to agree or correspond! ; to grant; to give; to concede; as, to accord to one due

measure, proportion, limit, or manner, mode.] To make suitable, correspondent, or consistent; to fit; adapt; conform; adjust; reconcile (with to after the object); to supply or furnish with required conven-

ladder

Perfected;

necessary for cultivated or fashion-

ad, to, and commodo, to profit or help, from con, with, and modus,

to

a.

consummate; having the attainments and graces regarded as finished;

—

Accommodation ladder, a

narrative; relation; description; reason or consideration; ground (on all accounts); profit; advantage (to turn to account); regard; behalf; sake (trouble incurred on one's account); stockbroking, the operations on the stock exchange performed during the period before the ordinary settlement day. To make account of, to hold in estimation or esteem; to value: with an adjective of quantity, as much, little, no, etc. Account current, the statement of the successive mercantile transactions of one person with another, drawn out in the form of debtor and creditor, and in the order of their dates. account, ak»kount', v.t. To deem, judge, think, or hold in opinion, v.i. To render an account or relation of particulars; to answer in a responsible character; to give reasons; to explain: followed by to before a person, for before a thing. accountability, ak«kount'a»bil"i»ti, n. The state of being accountable accountable, ak«or answerable. kount'a«bl, a. Liable to pay or make good in case of loss; responsible for a trust; liable to be called to account; answerable to a superior. accountableness, ak'kount a«bl«nes, n. The state of being accountable ; accounta-

plishable, ak«kom'plish«a»bl, a. Ca-

in con-

ferring

er.

of m into n as our own word.] A reckoning, enumeration, or computation; a list of debits and credits, or charges; a statement of things bought or sold, of payments, services, etc.; an explanatory statement of particulars, facts, or events;

cially in a crime; a partner or partaker in guilt. accomplish, ak'kom'plish, v.t. [Fr. prefix ac for ad, accomplir, to finish to, and L. compleo, to complete.

acclivous, ak«kliv'i»ak«kllv'us, a. Rising, as a hill with a slope; sloping upwards. accolade, ak«ko«lad', n. Fr. accolade, tus,

collar.]

— ——

—

;

with

furnish

especially,

to

personal array in

trappings; military

a

dress and arms; to equip for miliaccouterments, ak»tary service. k6'ter«ments, n. pi. Military dress and arms; fighting array. accredit ak-kred'it, v. t. [Fr. accreL. ad, to, and diter, to accredit credo, creditum, to trust.] To repose confidence in; to trust (a person); to give credit to; to believe (a story); to confer credit or authority on; to send with credentials, as an envoy. accresce, ak-kres', v.i. [L. accresco, accretum, to increase, to grow to ad, to, and cresco, to grow, increase.] To

th, thin;

—

—

accrue

(which

ak'kres'ens,

w, wig;

n.

see).

— accrescence,

Act of increasing;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

——

— —

accrue

— —

,

by natural growth ; an increase by an accession of parts externally; med. the growing together of parts naturally separate, as the fingers or toes; the thing added by growth; an accretive, ak«kret'iv, a. accession. Of or pertaining to accretion. accrue, ak«kro', v.i. accrued, ac-

—

—

cruing. [Fr. accrue, increase, from accru, pp. of accroitre, to increase, from L. accrescere ac for ad, to, and cresco, to grow, seen also in crescent, decrease, increase.] be gained or obtained ; to proceed, arise, or spring; as, a profit or a loss

—

To

accrues action.

from a commercial transa»kro'al, n. Act

—accrual,

or process of accruing; accretion. accrument,f ak'kro'ment, n. That which accrues; addition; increase.

accumbent,

ak»kum'bent, a. [L. of accumbo, from and cumbo, to lie down.]

accumbens, ad,

to,

ppr.

Leaning or reclining; lying against accumbency, ak»kum'anything. ben-si, n. State of being accumbent.

—

accumulate, ak-ku'mu-lat,

v.t.

—ac-

cumulated, accumulating. [L. accumulo, accumulatum, to heap up ad, to, and cumulus, a heap.] To heap or pile up; to amass; to collect or bring together. v.i. To grow to be extensive in number or quantity; accumulation, to increase greatly. ak'ku'mu'la'shon, n. The act of accumulating; a collecting or being heaped up; that which has accumulated; a mass that has been collected. accumulative, ak«ku'-

—

—

mii'lat'iv, a.

Causing accumulation;

— accumulatively, ak»ku'mu'lat'iv'li, adv. In an accumumanner; in heaps. — accumu-

heaping up. lative

lator, ak»ku'mu«lat«er, n. One who or that which accumulates; a contrivance, such as a spring, that by being coiled up serves as a store of force. accurate, ak'ku-rat, a. [L. accuratus, prepared with care ac for ad, to, and cur a, care. Cure.] In exact conformity to truth, or to a standard or rule, or to a model; free from error or defect; exact; precise; strictly correct; adhering to exactness or accuracy, accuratecorrectness. ness, ak'ku«ra«si, ak'ku«rat«nes, n.

—

The condition or quality of being accurate ; extreme precision or exactness; exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; correctness. accurately, ak'ku«rat«li, adv. In an accurate manner. accurse, ak-kers', v.t. [Prefix ac for ad, or A. Sax. a, intens., and curse.) To call down curses on; to curse. accursed, accurst, ak»kerst' or ak«kers'ed, ak'kerst', a. Lying under a curse; blasted; ruined; execrable;

cursed.

accuse,

ak-kuz',

v.t.

—accused,

ac-

cusing. [L. accuso, to call to account,

blame,

indict ad, to, cause, process. Cause.]

— achieve

8

gradual growth or increase; accreaccrescent, tion. ak«kres'ent, a. accrete,! a k*Increasing; growing. kret v.i. To grow by accretion; to be added by growth. accretion, ak«kre'shon, n. The act of accreting or accrescing; a growing to; an increase

—

———

—

and

causa,

To

charge

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

with a crime, offense, or fault; to blame (with of before the crime or offense). .". Accuse is both a legal and a general term, and commonly expresses something more formal than charge. The construction of the two verbs is also different: accuse accusation, ak«of, charge with. kii'za'shon, n. The act of accusing; that of which one is accused; a charge brought against one. accusative, ak«kuz'at«iv, a. Accusatory.

—

—

—accusative,

ak«kuz'at»iv,

n.

The

fourth case of nouns and other declinable words in Latin, Greek, etc., corresponding to the objective in English. accusatively, ak«kuz'at»ivli, adv. By way of accusation; in the position or relation of an accusative case. accusatory, accusato-

—

—

rial,

ak'kuz'a'tO'ri,

ak»kuz'a«to"ri«-

Accusing; containing an accusation; as, an accusatory libel. accused, ak'kuzd', pp. used as a noun. A person or persons charged with a al, a.

—

— accuser,

ak«kuz'er, n. One accuses; one who formally brings a charge. accustom, ak-kus'tum, v.t. [O.Fr. accoustumer, to accustom ac for L. ad, to, and O.Fr. coustume, custom. Custom.] To familiarize by use or habit; to habituate or inure. ac-

crime.

who

—

customed, practiced;

ak«kus'tumd, customary;

wonted; familiar; tomed manner.

a.

Often

habitual;

as, in their accus-

ace, as, n. [Fr. as, ace at dice or cards; L. as, a unit, a pound, a foot, etc., from Doric Gr. as, ais, Attic Gr. heis, one.] A unit; a single pip on a card or die, or the card or face of a die so marked ; a trifle or insignificant quantity or distance (within an ace of it); the ace in certain card games counting as ten; an expert; a champion; one proficient in a particular field of endeavor. In aviation, the name given to a combat pilot officially credited with shooting down five or more enemy planes. a. Excellent; first in quality. Aceldama, a-kel'da-ma, n. [Heb.] Field of blood. Acts, i. 19. acentric, a-sen'trik, a. [Prefix a, neg.,

and centre.) Not centric; away from a center.— n. An airplane so designed that the line of the propeller thrust does not pass through the center of gravity.

Acephala,

[Gr. pi. a-sef'a«la, n. and not, headless a, akephalos, kephale, head.] Molluscous animals, like the oyster and scallop, that do not have a distinct head. acephalist, a*sef'al'ist, n.

no head or

— superior. — acephalous, One who acknowledges

a.

[L.

acerosus,

from

chaffy,

acus,

resembling chaff; narrow and slender, with a sharp aceris, chaff.] Bot.

point.

acervate,f a-serv'at, v.t. [L. acervo, to heap up, from acervus, a heap.] To heap up.

acetabulum,

as'e«tab'u«lum, n. pi. acetabula, as«e«tab'u«la. [L., vinegar

cup-shaped

a

cruet,

acetum, vinegar,

vessel,

from

The

cavity

acid.]

which receives the head of the thigh bone; the socket in which the leg of an insect is inserted; the cuplike sucker with which the arms of the cuttlefish are provided; the cuplike or saucer-like fructification of many lichens; the receptacle of certain

fungi.

acetic, a-set'ik, a. [L. acetum, vinegar.] Having the properties of vinegar; Acetic acid, an acid often sour. prepared by the oxidation of alcohol (acetous fermentation), and along with water forming the chief inacetate, as'e«gredient of vinegar. salt formed by the union tat, n. of acetic acid with a base ; a product

—

A

made from

acetate, for acetification, a«set i'fi'ka'shon, n. The act of acetifying or making acetous or

cellulose

example, acetate rayon.

—

sour; the process of becoming acetous; the operation of making acetifier, vinegar. a«set'i«fl«er, n. An apparatus used in making vinegar.

—

—acetify, acetifying.

vinegar.

a»set'i«fl,

To

v.t.

—

acetified,

convert into acid or

To become

v.i.

acid;

—

to

be converted into vinegar. acetimeter, acetometer, as«et»im et«er, as*et'Om'et«er, n. An instrument for ascertaining the strength or purity an acidimeter. acetone,

—

of acids;

and ketone.] A chemical compound used as a solvent for fats, rubber, and plastic. as'e«ton,

n.

[acetic

acetylcholine, as e-til-ko len, n. A chemical compound liberated from nerve endings, involved in transmission of nerve impulses. acetylene, a-set'Men, n. [From acetic, and Gr. hylc, matter.] A flammable gas made with calcium carbide and water; used as a fuel in welding. acetylsalicylic acid, as e«til«sal e«sil'ik as id, n.

ache, ak,

Aspirin.

[A. Sax, ace, cece, ece, ache, pain; aeon, to ache; akin to I eel. aka, to drive, press hard; cog. L. ago, to drive.] Pain, or continued pain, in opposition to sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain; a continued gnawing pain as in toothache or earache; feeling of distress (heartache). v.i. ached, aching. To suffer from an ache or pain. n.

—

head; head-

achene, a-ken n. [Gr. a, priv., and chaino, to yawn, to gape.] Bot. a

acerb, a-serb', a. [L. acerbus, unripe, harsh, sour, from acer, sharp; same

small dry carpel, containing a single seed, which does not open when ripe. achieve, a«chev ', v.t. achieved, aa, to, chiez-ing, [Fr. achever, to finish and O.Fr. cheve, Fr. chef, the head or end, from L. caput, the head. chief.] To perform or execute; to finish or carry on to a final and prosperous close; to obtain or bring achievable, about, as by effort. a-chev'a'bl, a. Capable of being

a'sef'al«us, a.

Without

a

less.

root as in acid.) Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste; sour with astringency and roughness. acerbity, a«-

—

Sourness, with roughness or astringency of taste; poignancy or severity; painfulness; sharpness; harshness or severity of temper; serb'it'i, n.

sourness.

acerous, acerose,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

as'er»us, as'er*6z,

note, not,

move;

,

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—— ——— —— ——————— —

—

——

———

—

achlamydate

acquit

achieved or performed. achievement, a»chev'ment, n. The act of achieving or performing; accomplishment; an exploit; a great or heroic deed; an escutcheon or ensign armorial; a hatchment. achiever, a«chev'er, n. One who achieves or accomplishes.

achlamydate,

a'sin'i'form, a.

or being in clusters like acinose, acinous, as'in«6s, as'in-us, a. Consisting of minute, granular concretions.

acinaciform, acinaces,

Formed

—

on, and knowledge.] To own or recognize by avowal or by some act; to assent to the truth or claims of; to admit to be; to own or confess; to avow receiving. ...We acknowledge what is in some way brought or set before our notice; when we confess we make known, and often of our

own

acknowledger, ak«free will. nol'ej«er, n. One who acknowledges.

acknowledgment,

as'i—

acolyte,

or to rest without opposition to assent quietly; acquiescence, ak«kwi«es'to agree. ens, n. The act of acquiescing or acquiescent, giving a quiet assent. ak-kwi-es'ent, a. Disposed to acquiesce; disposed to submit; quietly acquiescently, ak«kwi«assenting. es'ent'li, adv.

and discontent;

n.

n.

[Fr.

hydrogen is an essential Acids possess a sour taste, change blue vegetable colors to red, and combine with bases to form salts. acidic, a«sid'ik, a. Chem.

—

acidify, a«sid'i»fi, v.t. acidified, acidifying. To make acid; to convert into an acid. acidifiable, a«sid'i«fi«a«bl, a. Capable of being acidified or converted into an acid. acidification, a»sid'i«fi«ka"shon, n. The act

ak«kwir', v.t. acquired, acquiring. [L. acquiro, to get ad, to and quaero, to look or search for. quest.] To get or gain, the object

from L.L.

being something which

acre.]

The

or process of acidifying.— acidim-

—

quality of being acid or sour; sourness; tartness. acidulate, a«sid'u«lat, v.t. acidulated, acidulating. [Pr. aciduler, to make slightly sour; L. acidulus, slightly sour.] To make acid in a moderate degree. acidulent, a»sid'u'lent, a. Somewhat acid or sour; tart; peevish. acidulous, a— sid'u«lus, a. Slightly sour; subacid; as cream of tartar, oranges, etc.

—

kos'tik«al,

a.

[Gr.

aciform, as'i«farm, a. See acicula. acinaceous, as«in«a'shus, a. [L. acinus, a grapestone or kernel.] Full of kernels. acinarious, as«in«a'ri«us,

manner

adapted

acquisitiveness, ak«kwiz'i«tivnes, n. Quality of being acquisition. acquisitive.

acquired character,

to

heredity.

acquit, ak-kwit',

acoustics.

acoustics, a«kos'«tiks, n. The science of sound, teaching the cause, nature, and phenomena of the vibrations^

Bot. covered with little spherical stalked vesicles resembling grapeseeds, as in some algae. aciniform,

a.

j,

>ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

n.

A

biological

change that results from use or rather than from environment

akoustikos, from Pertaining to the

akoud, to hear.] sense or organs of hearing, or to the acoustic, n. science of acoustics. A remedy for deafness or imperfect a«k6s'tik«acoustically, hearing. al«li, adv. In relation to or in a

or

—

fruit of

acoustic, acoustical, a*kos'tik, a>-

more

ak'kwir'ment, n. The act of acquiring, or of making acquisition; that which is acquired; attainment, especially personal attainment (as contrasted with a natural gift or endowacquirer, ak«kwir'er, n. A ment). person who acquires. acquisition, ak«kwi«zi'shon, n. The act of acquiring; the thing acquired or gained: generally applied to material gains. acquisitive, ak»kwiz'it«iv, a. Disposed to make acquisitions; having a propensity to acquire property. acquisitively, ak«kwiz'it»ivli, adv. In an acquisitive manner; by way of

the oak, a one-celled, one-seeded, oval nut, which grows in a permanent cup. acotyledon, a«kot'il«e"don, n. [Gr. not, and kotyledon, any cupa, shaped cavity, from kotyle, a hollow.] Bot. a plant whose seeds, called spores, are not furnished with cotyledons or seed lobes. acotyledonous, a«kot'il«e"don«us, a. Having no seed lobes.

eter, as«id«im'et«er, n. Same as acidity, a«sid'i«ti, n. The acetimeter.

is

permanent (as fortune, title, habits, etc.) A mere temporary possession is not expressed by acquire, but by obtain, procure, etc.; as, to obtain (not acquire) a book on loan. acquirable, ak«kwlr'a«bl, a. Capable of being acquired. acquirement, less

;

being allied to

—

acquire,

monkshood.] The plant wolfsbane or monkshood, Aconitum napellus. acorn, a'korn, n. [A. Sax. ceceren, cecern, an acorn; Goth, akram, fruit; Icel. akarn, Dan. agern, O.H.G. ackeran, an acorn the word originally meant simply fruit, fruit of the field,

pertaining to acid; containing a large acid constituent.

— acqui-

To

money

ak'o'lit,

v.i.

fied,

acolythus, an acolyte; Gr. akolouthos, a follower.] An attendant; in the R. Cath. Ch. one of an inferior order of clergy, who attends during service on the superior orders; a lay attendant so employed. aconite, ak'on«it, n. L. aconitum, Gr. akoniton, a poisonous plant, like

constituent.

go;

ak«nol'ej«ment,

received. [Gr. akme, a point. Root ak. acid.] The top or highest point; the furthest point attained; maturity or perfection; the height or crisis of a disease. acne, ak'ne, n. [Origin unknown.] An eruption of hard, inflamed tubercles or pimples on the face.

a receipt for

ak«kwi«es',

esced, acquiescing. [Fr. acquiescer, L. ad, acquiesco, to rest, to acquiesce quiet.] to, and quiesco, to be quiet, rest satisfied, or apparently satis-

act of

acme, ak'me,

which

g,

The

friend.

acquiesce,

acknowledging; owning; recognition; avowal; confession; expression of thanks; something given or done in return for a favor;

n.

manner.

ch, Sc. loch;

An

n. antiaircraft gun; antiaircraft artillery; antiaircraft fire. acknowledge, ak«nol'ej, v.t. acknowledged, acknowledging. [Prefix a,

aircraft.

acid, as 'id, a. [L. acidus, sour, from root ac, ak, a point, seen in acus, a needle; acuo, to sharpen; acer, sharp; aceo, to be sour; acetum, vinegar; giving such English words as acrid, acumen, acute, ague, eager, etc.] Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste; not sweet; not alkaline. acid, as 'id, n. A sour substance; specifically, in chem. a compound of

ch, chain;

to apprise; to make familiar; inform: with is used before the subject of information, if a noun {acquaint a person with facts). acquaintance, ak*kwant'ans, n. A state of being acquainted, or of having more or less intimate knowledge; knowledge; familiarity (followed by with); a person known to one; the whole body of those with whom one is acacquaintanceship, quainted. ak«kwant'ans'ship, n. State of being acquainted, ak-kwantacquainted. ed, a. Having acquaintance; knowing, but not a close or intimate

ation of AA, antiaircraft, by British radio operators.] Pertaining to anti-

form, a. Having the shape of a needle; having sharp points like needles; needle shaped. acicularly, a»sik'u-ler«li, adv. In an acicular

amount of an

known, from cognosco, cognitum, to know; same root as in know.] To make to know; to make aware of;

[L.

as,

ma«tizm, n. The state of being achromatic; want of color. achromatize, a«kr6'ma«tiz, v.t. To deprive of color; to render achromatic. acicula, a«sik'u»la, n. pi. aciculae, a«sik'u«le. [L., dim. of acus, a needle. acid.] A name given by naturalists to a spine or prickle of an animal or plant. acicular, aciculate, acia«sik'u»lat,

as-in-as'i«farm, a.

Gr. akinakes, a scimitar.] like or resembling a scimitar;

an acinaciform leaf. ack'ack, ak«ak, a. [From pronunci-

a'klam'id»at, a.

a«sik'u»ler,

of elastic bodies which affect the organ of hearing. acquaint, ak-kwant', v.t. [O.Fr. accointer ; L.L. accognitare, to make known, from L. ad, to, and cognitus,

Having the form of

grapes, grapes.

[Gr. a, not, and chlamys, chlamydos, a cloak.] Zool. not possessing a mantle, as certain mollusks. achlamydeous, a«kla«mid'e«us, a. Bot. having neither calyx nor corolla, the flowers being without floral envelope. achromatic, ak'r6«mat'ik, a. [Gr. a, not, and chroma, chromatos, color.] Destitute of color; transmitting light without decomposing it into its primary colors; as, an achromatic lens or telescope. achromaticity, achromatism, ak'r6«ma«tis'i«ti, ak«ro'-

form,

— ——

———

th, thin;

v.t.

—acquitted,

ac-

quitting. [Fr. acquitter, to discharge, to set at rest with respect to a claim L. ad, to, and quietus, at rest, quiet.

quiet.]

To

release or discharge

from

an obligation, accusation, or the like; to pronounce not guilty (with of before the thing; refl. to behave; to w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —— ———

——

— ——

—

acre bear

or

conduct

one's

self.

ac-

ak'kwit'al, n. The act of acquitting; a judicial setting free from the charge of an offense. acquittance, ak«kwit'ans, n. An acquitting or discharging from a debt

or any other liability; the writing which is evidence of such a discharge. acre, a'ker, n. [A. Sax, acer, cecer, D. akker, Icel. akr, Dan. a field ager, G. acker, Goth, akrs, arable land, a field; L. ager, Gr. agros, Skr. ajra, a field. From root, ag, ak, as in L. ago. Icel. aka, to drive; the

word probably meaning originally the place to or over which cattle were driven; a pasture. Acorn is from this root.] A definite quantity of land. The United States and 160 British statute acre contains square rods or perches, or 4,840 square yards. acreage, a'ker«aj, n. The number of acres in a piece of land; acres taken collectively. acrid, ak'rid, a. [From L. acer, acriz, acre, sharp: with id, from the common L. adjective termination taste; bitter

Sharp or biting to the pungent; bitter; virulent; (as in temper or disposition). acid.]

acrid, ak'rid, n. An acrid or irritant poison. acridity, acridness, a«krid'i'ti, ak'rid-nes, n. The quality of being acrid or pungent. acrimony, ak'ri«mo«ni, n. [L. acrimonia, from acris, sharp.] Acridity; pungency; sharpness or severity of temper; bitterness of expression; acrimonious, acerbity; asperity. ak-ri-mo'ni'us, Abounding in a. acrimony; severe; bitter; virulent; caustic ; stinging. acrimoniously, akTi«mo'ni'US'li, adv. In an acrimonious manner; sharply; bitterly; pungently. acrimoniousness, ak«ri'mo'ni'usmes, n. The quality of

—

being acrimonious.

acrobat, ak'ro«bat, n. [Gr. akrobatosakros, high, and baind, to go.] A rope-dancer; also, one who practices vaulting, tumbling, throwing somersaults, bat-ik, a.

etc.

Of

acrobatic, ak'ro*or pertaining to an

acrobat or his performance.

acrocarpous, ak«r6*karp'us, a. [Gr. akros, highest, and karpos, fruit.] Bot. applied to mosses whose flower terminates the growth of a primary axis.

acrogen, ak r6»jen, n. [Gr. akros, high, on the top, and root gen, to produce.]

———— ——

—

10

quittal,

-idus.

———

A

plant (as a moss, fern, horsetail) increasing by extension of the stem or axis of growth at the top. acrogenous, a«kroj'en«us, a.

—

Increasing by growth at the summit, as the tree ferns; pertaining to the acrogens. acromegaly, ak'ro«meg"a«le, n. [Gr. akros, an extremity; megale, large.] A rare disease, associated with overgrowth of bone, especially in the jaws, hands, and feet. acronical, a«kron'ik»al, a. [Gr. akros, extreme, and nyx, night.] Astron, culminating at midnight: said of a star which rises as the sun sets, and sets as the sun rises. acronically, a-kron'ik'al-li, adv. In an acronical

manner. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

active

acronym,

ak'ruTiim, n. [From acroname.] A word initial syllables or letters of other words, as radar from " radio detecting and ranging. "

and Gr. onoma, formed from the

acrophobia,

ak'ro'fo"bi«a, n. [Gr. akron, a height; phobos, fear.] pathological dread of high places. acropolis, a-krop'o-lis, n. [Gr. akros, high, and polis, a city.] The citadel or highest part of a Grecian city, usually situated on an eminence commanding the town. acrospire, ak'ro«spir, n. [Gr. akros, highest, and speira, a spire or spiral

A

line.] The first leaf which rises above the ground when corn germinates; also the rudimentary stem or first leaf which appears in malted

grain.

across, a»kros', prep, and adv. [Prefix

and cross.] From side to side: opposed to along; athwart; quite a,

over; intersecting; passing over at to another;

any angle; from one side crosswise.

acrostic, tichion,

a«kros'tik,

an acrostic

n. [Gr. akrosakros, extreme,

stichos, order or verse.] A composition in verse, in which the

and

or the first and last, or certain other letters of the lines, taken in order, form a name, title, motto, etc., which is the subject of the poem. a. Relating to or containing an acrostic. acrostically, a«kros'tik«al«li, adv. In the manner of an acrostic. acrotic, a«krot'ik, a. [L.L. acroticus, from Gr. akros, extreme.] Med. belonging to or affecting external

Capable of being acted or performed; practically possible. acting, akt'ing, a. Performing duty, service, or functions; doing the real work of an office for a nominal or honorary holder of the post. n. a«bl, a.

A

playing on the stage. actor, ak'One who acts or performs; one who represents a character or actress, ak'acts a part in a play. tres, n. A female actor. ter, n.

ACTH,

a'se'te'ach',

n.

Initials

for

Ziormone, a pituitary hormone that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands. actinia, ak«tin'i»a, n. pi. actiniae, [Gr. adrenocorticotropic

aktinos, a ray; from their tentacles being ray-like.] sea anemone ; a polyp having the mouth surrounded by tentacles in concenaktis,

A

when

spread

resemble the petals of a often of brilliant colors.

flower:

tric

circles,

which

actinic,

aktis, ak'tin'ik, a. [Gr. aktinos, a ray.] Pertaining to rays; pertaining to the chemical rays of

—

actinism, ak'tin«izm, n. sun. radiation of heat or light; the property of the chemical part of the sun's rays, which, as seen in the

The

first,

chemical photography, produces combinations and decompositions. actinium, ak«tin'i«um, n. Radioactive element discovered in pitchblende.

—

wt., 227. Symbol, Ac; no., 89; — actinoid, ak'tin«oid, Resembling

surfaces.

acrotism, not, and

[Gr. a, ak'ro«tizm, n. krotos, a beating.] An absence or weakness of the pulse. acrylic, a'kril"ik, adj. Pertaining to obtained the acid 2 from acrolein. acrylic resin, n. Thermoplastic resin from polymerization of acrylic or methacrylic acid esters, used for transparent airplane parts, lenses, dentures. act, akt, v.i. [L. ago, actum, to exert

CH

:

CH.COOH

power, to put in motion, to do; Gr. ago, to lead; allied to Icel. aka, to drive, and to E. acre (which see).] To exert po /er; to produce effects; to be in action or motion; to carry into effect a purpose or determination of the mind; to behave, demean, or conduct oneself; to perform, as an actor. v.t. To transact; to do or perform, to represent as real; to perform on or as on the stage; to play; hence, to feign or counterfeit. akt,

n.

an exploit; the exertion of power; the effect of which power deed;

is the cause; a state of reality or real existence, as opposed to a possibility; actuality; a part or division of a play, generally

exerted

smaller portions into called scenes; a decree, edict, or law, especially one proceeding from action. In the a legislative body, act, in the actual performance or

subdivided

—

commission of some misdeed. In act to, prepared or ready to, by being in a suitable posture.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

actable, akt note, not,

a.

a

ray

or

rays;

radiated.

actino-

graph, ak«tin'6»graf, n. An instrument for measuring and registering the variations of actinic or chemical

—

actiinfluence in the solar rays. nology, ak«ti«nol'6«ji, n. The science which investigates the power of sunlight to cause chemical action. actinolitic, ak«tin'6»lit "ik, a. Like or actinompertaining to actinolite. eter, ak«tin«om'et«er, n. An instrument for measuring the intensity of the sun's actinic rays. actino-

metric, ak«tin'6«met "rik, a. Of or belonging to the actinometer or its use.

action, ak'shon, n. [L. actio. ACT.] The state or manner of acting or being active, as opposed to rest:, activity; an act or thing done; the performance of a function; a deed; an exploit; a battle or engagement; the mechanism or movement of a compound instrument, or the like; agency; operation; impulse; the connected series of events on which the interest of a drama or work of

depends; gesture or gesticulation; a suit or process at law.

fiction

That which is being done or which has been done; a

act,

at.

at.

-

move;

.

.

Action and Act have some meanings in common, but others are peculiar to each. Thus, the meanings battle, lawsuit, mechanism, belong only to the former; those of law, part of a play, to the latter. So we speak of a count of action. But we may speak of performing a noble action or a noble act. actionable, ak shon«a«bl,

—

a.

Furnishing ground for an action

law. actionably, ak'shon»a«bli, adv. In an actionable manner. active, ak'tiv, a. [Fr. actif, active; L. activus. ACT.] Having the power or property of acting; exerting or at

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

—— —

actor having

the

influence

(as

performing actions quickly; quick; nimble; brisk; agile; constantly engaged in action; busy; assiduous; accompanied or characterized by action, work, or by the performance of business (an active demand for goods); actually proceeding (active hostilities); gram, expressing action, especially action affecting an object; actively, ak'tiv«li, adv. transitive. In an active manner. activity, ak«tiv'i'ti, n. The state or quality of being active; the active faculty; active force; nimbleness; agility; activeness, ak'tiv«nes, n. briskness. State of being active.

—

—

A

in

One who

a.

from

ch, chain;

[L.

acuo,

an

—additional,

Added;

added;

after a personal

a

name

ad»di'shon«al,

supplementary.

— addi-

tionally, ad«di'shon«al«li, adv. By way of addition. additive, ad'it'iv, a. Additional; helping to increase. addax, ad'aks, n. species of large antelope inhabiting Africa, with long and beautifully twisted horns.

—

A

n. pi. addenda, ad»den'da. [L.] A thing to be added; an addition; an appendix to a work. adder, ad'er, n. [O.E. addre, addere, by loss of initial n from A. Sax. ncedre, nceddre, O. and Prov. E. nedder, Icel. nadr. Goth, nadrs, G. natter.] A variety of venomous

serpents, found in

fit

viper,

n.

A

n.

Snakeweed, a

species

of

— —addicted,

One who is addicted. ad«dikt'ed, a. Habitually practicing; given up; devoted; n. (ad'dikt).

—

adhabituated (followed by to). diction, ad'dik'shon, n. The act of devoting or giving up one's self to a practice; the state of being devoted; devotion. addition, additional, etc. See add. addle, ad'l, a. [From A. Sax. adela, filth; Sw. adel (seen in ko adel, cow urine), urine; Sc. addle, putrid water, urine.] Having lost the power of development and become rotten, putrid: applied to eggs; hence, barv.t. adren; producing nothing.

—

dled,

eggs.

addling.

To make

— addleheaded,

rotten, as

addlepated,

a.

Stupid; muddled.

address, ad'dres',

A

r/»en;

common

kind of plant. addible. See add. addict, ad«dikt', v.t. [L. addico, addictum, to devote ad, to, and dico, to dedicate.] To apply habitually; to habituate: generally with a reflexive pronoun, and usually in a bad sense (followed by to); as, to addict one's self to intemperance.

—

TH,

the

fern.

—

ng, sin^;

as

America and over Europe.

— adder's-tongue, — Adderwort,

a«dapt'er, n. One who or that which adaptive,! a«dapt'iv, adapts. a. Tending to adapt; suitable. Adar, a'dar, n. Hebrew month, answering to the latter part of February and the beginning of March, the twelfth of the sacred and sixth of the civil year. add, ad, v.t. [L. addo, to add ad, to, and do, to put, to place, to give.] To set or put together; to join or j,

coming

(Shak.). a.

Capable of being adapted. adaptation, ad«ap«ta'shon, n. The act of adapting or making suitable; the state of being suitable or fit; adapter, that which is adapted.

>ob;

something

increase;

title

a.

acutus, sharpto sharpen.

go;

and

—

consist-

g,

—

—

neu-

put

to

operation of addition. addible, ada. Capable of being added. addition, ad»di'shon, n. The act or process of adding; the uniting of two or more numbers in one sum; the rule or branch of arithmetic which treats of adding numbers;

apple,

adaptablenovel. adaptability, ness, a«dapt'a«bil"i«ti, a»dapt'a»bl«nes, n. The quality of being capable of adaptable, a»dapt'a«bl, adaptation.

surgical in certain

ch, Sc. loch;

Adam's

for representation on the stage, as a play from a foreign language or a

tissues.

pointed,

nature.

remodel, work up, and render

ing in the insertion of a delicate needle or set of needles beneath the

acute, a«kut',

human

—

A

and

[It.]

apt.] To make apto, to fit. suitable; to make to correspond; to fit or suit; to proportion; to

to,

— — —

etc.,

adv.

a. ad-a*mant'in, ad'a«mant'e"an, Made of adamant ; having the qualities of adamant; impenetrable. adapt, a«dapt', v.t. [L. adapto ad,

—

rheumatism,

and

—

actuates or

ness of perception; mental acuteness or penetration; keenness of insight; sagacity. acuminate, a»ku'min«at,a. [L. acuminatus, sharpened.] Pointed; acute. acuminate, a«ku'min»at, v.t. acuminated, acuminating. To render sharp or keen. v.i. f To taper to a point. acumination, a«ku'min»a"shon, n. Act of acuminating or sharpening; a pointed extremity; a sharp point or jag. acupuncture, ak-u-pungk'tur, n. [L. acus, a needle, and punctura, a

ralgia,

a.

(Formerly it sometimes meant the diamond, sometimes loadstone, from adamantem with L. confusion through the loving-attractive qualadamantean, adamantine, ity).

—actuator,

operation resorted to complaints, as in headaches,

a-da 'jo,

—

ku'le«at«ed, a. [L. aculeus, a spine, a prickle, dim. of acus, a needle. acid.] Bot. having prickles or sharp points; zool. having a sting. acumen, a»ku'men, n. [L. acumen, from acuo, to sharpen, acid.] Quick-

puncture.]

ada-

querable Gr. a, not, and damao, tame, tame, diamond.] Any substance of impenetrable hardness chiefly a rhetorical or poetical word.

aculeate, aculeated, a-ku'le-at, a—

pricking,

[Fr. adage, L.

to

state

unite;

addendum, ad'den'dum, ad'aj, n.

—

—

ak'tu«at«er, n. puts in action.

a

the prominence on the fore part of the throat. Adam's needle, the popular name of the plants otherwise Adamic, a«dam'ik, a. called Yucca. Pertaining to Adam. adamant, ad'a«mant, n. [L. adamas, adamantis, Gr. adamas, the hardest iron or steel, anything inflexibly hard, the diamond, lit. the uncon-

—

of being put in action.

than

Music, slow; slowly, leisurely, and with grace. n. A slow movement. Adam, ad'am, n. The name of the first man; hence, the frailty inherent

A

The

less

adagio,

—

actuation, ak«tu«a'shon, n.

i«bl,

gium, a proverb.] A proverb; an old saying, which has obtained credit by long use.

actual or ak'tu«al«nes, n. The quality of being actual. actuality, ak«tu»ari«ti, n. The state of being actual; that which is real actualization, ak'tu«alor actual. iz«a"shon, n. making real or actual. actualize, ak'tu»al«iz, v.t. actualized, actualizing. To make actual. actually, ak'tu»al«li, adv. In fact; really; with active manifestation. actuary, ak'tu«aTi, n. [L. actuarius, a clerk, a registrar, from acta, records, an acts.] registrar or clerk; official in a joint-stock company, particularly an insurance company, whose duty it is to make the necessary computations, especially computations of some complexity. actuarial, ak»tu«a'ri«al, a. Of or pertaining to an actuary or to his business. actuate, ak'tu«at, v.t. actuated, actuating, [From act.] To put into action; to move or incite to action.

—actualness, —

the use of such; characterized by keenness of insight: opposed to dull or stupid; having nice or quick sensibility; susceptible of slight impressions (acute hearing); keen; sharp; said of pain; high in pitch; shrill: said of sound; med, a term applied to a disease which is attended with more or less violent symptoms, and comes speedily to a crisis;

men. adage,

Something

n.

into one sum; to annex; subjoin; say further. v.i. To be or serve as an addition (with to); also, to perform the arithmetical

—

really and objectively; real; effectively operative; effectual: opposed to potential or nominal; now existing; real.

address

acid.] root, ac, ak, a point, Sharp at the end; ending in a sharp point: opposed to blunt or obtuse; intellectually sharp; perceiving minute distinctions, or characterized by

right angle. acutely, a»kut'li, adv. In an acute manner; sharply; keenly; with nice acuteness, a«kut'discrimination. nes, n. The quality of being acute; sharpness; keenness; sagacity; acu-

actor, actress. See act. actual, ak'tu-al, a. Acting or existing

——

From

geom.

—

present.

———

—

:

11

power to exert an opposed to passive);

—

——

th, thin;

dress.]

To

pronounce;

v.t.

[Fr.

adresser.

aim words; to apply to by words or

direct or

to to accost; to speak to; to direct in writing; to write an address on; to court or make suit To address one's self to, to to. speak to; to address. n. The act of addressing one's self to a person; a speaking to; any speech or writing in which one person or set of persons makes a communication to another person or set of persons; manner of speaking to another; a person's

writings;

conversation; courtship sense generally in the plural); skill; dexterity; adroitness; addressee, ad«direction of a letter.

bearing (in

in

this

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

—

— —— — —

;

adduce One who

dres«e', n.

is

addresser, ad»dres'er, addresses or petitions.

adduce, ad-dus',

v.t.

12 addressed. n.

One who

—adduced,

ad-

ducing. [L. adduco, to lead or bring ad, to, and duco, to lead, to duke.] To cite; to name or instance as authority or evidence; to bring to notice as bearing on a subject.

adducent, ad*dus'ent, a. Bringing forward or together (an adducent muscle). adducer, ad«dus'er,n. One that adduces. adducible, ad«dus'i— bl, a. Capable of being adduced. adduction, ad«duk'shon, n. The act of adducing; anat. the action by which a part of the body is drawn towards the bodily axis. adduc-

—

—

—

tive,

ad«dukt'iv,

a.

adenalgy, ad«en«al'ji, n. [Gr. aden, a gland, and algos, pain.] Pain in a

— —

gland. adenoid, ad'en«oid, a. Of a glandlike shape or character; glandular. adenitis, ad»e»ni'tis, n. Inflammation of one or more of the lymphatic glands. adenoids, ad'e— noidz, n. pi. Glandlike morbid growths in the throat behind the

—

soft palate.

—adenoma,

ad«e«no'ma,

n. A tumor originating in a gland. adenosine diphosphate, ad»en"o— sin di«fos'fat, n. A coenzyme impor-

tant to the transfer of energy through

the

cell.

adenosine triphosphate, ad«en"o—

A

sin tri'fos'fat, n. nucleotide that occurs in all cells. It represents the

reserve energy of muscle and is important to many biochemical processes that produce or require energy. adept, a«dept', n. [L. adeptus, pp. of adipiscor, to obtain. Alchemists who were reputed to have obtained the philosopher's stone were termed adepts; hence adept, a proficient.] One fully skilled or well versed in any art; a proficient. a. Well skilled.

adequate, ad'e«kwat,

adaequatus, made equal, pp. of adaequo ad, to, and aequus, equal.] Equal; proportionate ; exactly correspondent fully sufficient. adequacy, ad'e— kwa-si, n. The state of being adequate; a sufficiency for a particular purpose. adequately, ad'e«kwat«li, adv. In an adequate manner; sufficiently. adequateness, ad'e«kwat— nes, n. The state of being adequate; a. [L.

—

—

— —

sufficiency. adhere, ad«her', v.i. adhered, adhering. [L. adhaereo ad, to, and haereo, to stick, whence hesitate.] To stick together; to cleave; to become closely joined or united; to be fixed in attachment or devotion.

— —

— adherence,

ad«her'ens, n. The quality or state of adhering; fidelity; steady attachment. adherent, ad— her'ent, a. Sticking fast to something; clinging; attached. adherent, ad— her'ent, n. One who adheres; one who follows a leader, party, or profession; a follower or partisan. adherently, ad-her'ent«li, adv. In an

— —

adherent he 'zhon,

manner.

— — — ———

—

— adhesion,

ad-

L. adhaesio, from adhaereo, to adhere.] The act or state of adhering, or being united and attached; a sticking together of the n.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

In an adhesive manner.

—adhesive-

ness, ad«he'siv«nes, n. The state or quality of being adhesive; phren. an organ which is said to promote attachment to objects. adhibit, ad-hib'it, v.t. [L. adhibeo, adhibitum ad, to, and habeo, to hold.] To applyf; to attach (one's signature). adhibition, ad«hi«bi'shon, n. The act of adhibiting. adiabatic, a«di«a«bat'ik, n. [Gr. a, not, diabaino, pass through.] Of physical changes without gain or loss of heat; adiabatic curve, curve showing relation between the volume and the pressure of a fluid which changes its volume without gain or loss of heat. adieu, a«du'. [Fr. a, to, and Dieu, God, It. addio, Span, a dios, all forms of L. ad, to, and Deus, God.] Lit. to God: an ellipsis for I commend you to God; farewell; an expression of kind wishes at the parting of friends. n. pi. adieus, or adieux, a«duz'. farewell or commendation to the care of God. adipocere, ad'i«p6'ser, n. [L. adeps,

— —

A

or

and cera, wax.] A soft, unctuous, waxy substance, into which the

dead animals is converted when protected from atmospheric air, and under certain circumstances of temperature and humidity. adipose, ad'i«pos, a. [From L. adeps, flesh of

ad, to, and O.Fr. jorn (now jour), a day, L. diurnus, diurnal, from dies, a day. diurnal.] To put off or defer to another day or until a later period; to suspend the meeting of, as of a public or private body, to a future day; to postpone to a future meeting of the same body. v.i. To cease sitting and carrying on business for a time. adjournment, ad-jern'ment, n. The act of adjourning; the period during which a public body

—

adjourns

adjudge, judging. judge.]

its sittings.

ad«juj', v.t.

[Prefix

—adjudged,

ad,

To award

adjudicate upon; to

judge. judicially; to

settle.

adjudicate, ad«ju'di«kai,

—

dication, ad«ju'di«ka"shon, n. The act of adjudicating; the act or process of trying and determining judicially; judgment or decision of a court.

adjudicator, ad»ju'di«kat«er,

—

—

the thing named, or something attributed to it, or to specify or describe a thing as distinct from something else, and so to limit and adjectival, ad«jek«tiv'al, define it. a. Belonging to or like an adjective; having the import of an adjective.— adjectivally, adjectively, ad-jek'tiv'al«li, adjek'tiv^li, adv. By way of, or as, an adjective. adjoin, ad-join', v.t. [Fr. adjoindre; L. adjungo ad, to, and jungo, to join. JOIN.] To join or add; to v.i. To unite; to annex or append. lie or be next or in contact; to be adjoining, ad-joining, contiguous. a. Adjacent; contiguous; neighbor-

—

—

—

ing.

ad-jern', v.t. [Fr. ajoumer, prefix a, ajorner, adjomer

O.Fr.

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

One

adjudicates. adjunct, ad'jungkt, n. [L. adjunctus, joined, from adjungo ad, to, and jungo, junctum, to join, join.] Some-

—

thing added to another, but not essentially a part of it. a. United with in office or in action of any

—

kind; conjoined with. adjunctive, ad'jungk'tiv, a. Joining; having the quality of joining. n. One who or that

which

is

joined.

adjure, ad-jur',

—

adjured, adjurv.t. [L. adjuro ad, to, and juro, to swear.] To charge, bind, or com-

—

ing.

rations.

[L. adjacens, adjacentis, pp. of adjaceo, to he contiguous ad, to, and jaceo, to lie.] Lying near or close; bordering upon; neighboring; adjoining. adjacency, ad«ja'sen«si, n. The state adjacently, ad— of being adjacent. ja'sent'li, adv. So as to be adjacent. adjective, ad'jek-tiv, n. [L. adjectivum, adjectivus, added ad, to, and jacio, to throw.] Gram, a word used with a noun to express a quality of a.

*j.

who

adjuration, or characterized

—

—

v.t. adjudicated, adjudicating. [L. adjudico, to give sentence ad, to, and judico, to judge, judge.] To adjudge ; to award judicially. v.i. To sit in judgment; to give a judicial decision. adju-

adjacent, ad'ja'sent,

resembling

ad-

and

Fatty; consisting of or Fat; the fat fat. n. on the kidneys. adit, ad'it, n. [L. aditus ad, to, and eo, itum, to go.] Approach; access; passage; a more or less horizontal passage into a mine. adipis, fat.]

adjourn,

;

adjutor

surface of bodies; close connection or association; steady attachment of the mind or feelings; assent; concurrence (adhesion to a treaty). adhesive, ad«he'siv, a. Sticky; tenaadhesively, ad«he'siv»li, adv. cious.

fat,

—

mand,

earnestly and solemnly. adjuration, ad«ju«ra'shon, n. The act of adjuring; a solemn charging on oath; a solemn oath. adjurato-

—

ry,

who

ad«jur'a«to«ri,

— adjurer,

a.

Containing an

by adju-

ad»jur'er, n.

One

adjures.

adjust,

ajuster, ad»just', v.t. [Fr. adjouter, L.L. adjuxtare,] to bring together ad and juxta. fit; to make correspondent; to adapt; to accommodate; to put in order ; to regulate or reduce to system to settle or bring to a satisfactory state, so that parties are agreed in the result. adjustable, ad«just'a«bl, a.

Mod.Fr.

To

—

Capable

being

of

juster, adjuster, n. that which adjusts.

adjusted.

—ad-

One who

or

—adjustment,

n. The act of adjusting. ju-tant, n. [L. adjutans, ad, and ppr. of adjuto, to assist juvo, jutum, to help.] Milit. an officer whose business is to assist a commanding officer by receiving

adjustment,

adjutant, ad

and communicating orders.

—adju-

tancy, ad ju«tan«si, n. The office of an adjutant. adjutant bird, adjutant crane, adjutant stork, n. very large grallatorial bird allied to the storks, a native of the warmer parts of India. It feeds on carrion, and is most voracious. adjutor, ad'jut er, n. obs. A helper; a coadjutor. adjutrix,f ad'ju'triks, A female assistant. adjuvant, n. ad ju-vant or ad-ju'vant, n. An

—

A

—

tube, tub, bull;

—

oil,

pound.

——

;

admeasure

ad-me'zhur,

v.t.

—ad-

—

—

exceedingly well. etc. See admit.

admissible,

admit,

tra«bl, a.

The act of administering

governmanagement ment of public affairs the executive ;

;

mit'ans,

—

office

female

—

amiral, emir, a

chief, with the Ar. article suffixed.] Commander in chief of a fleet; highest rank of naval officer;

admix,

officer.

In U.S.

fleet

admiral,

miks'tur,

to,

admiral, and rear species of butterflies, Vanessa atalanta, or red admiral, and Limenitis Camilla, or white admiral. admiralship, ad'mi«ral«ship, n. The office or power of an admiral. admiralty, ad'mi»ral«ti, n. Jurisdiction of an admiral; depart-

—

moneo,

go;

formed by

warn.

to

monition.)

To

warn or

notify of a fault; to reprove with mildness; to counsel against wrong practices; to caution or advise; to instruct or direct; to remind; admonto recall or incite to duty. isher, ad«mon'ish«er, n. One who adad»monishes. admonishment,!

—

—

g,

is

[O.E. v.t. amonester, to admonish prefix a, ad, and L.L. monestum, for L. monitum, pp. of

—

To wonder

Sc. \och;

—

The

O.Fr.

amoneste,

—

ch,

ad,

mingle with admixture, ad«act of mingling or

admonish, ad-mon'ish,

ment of state having charge of naval affairs. the admiralty, official building of British commission for naval affairs in London. admire, ad-mir', v.t. admired, admiring. [Ft. admirer, L. admiror ad, ch, chain;

else.

n.

[Prefix

v.t.

To

mingling.

— —

to wonder.]

mix.]

mixing; that which

vice

Two

and miror,

ad-miks',

and something

—

act of admitting; enter; entrance.

—

prince,

admiral, admiral.

The

n.

—

— administratorship, ad»min'The of administrator. — administratrix,

high rank of naval Navy grades are

ad-

—

trator, ad«min'is«trat«er, n. One who administers, or who directs, manages, distributes, or dispenses; one who has the charge of the goods and estate of a person dying without a

admirable, etc. See admire. admiral, ad'mi'ral, n. [O.E. Fr. amiral, from Ar. amir,

— admitted, —

permission to admittedly, ad«mit'ed4i, adv. By admission, acknowledgment, or conadmissible, ad«mis'i«bl, a. cession. [Fr. admissible, L.L. admissibilis, from admitto, admissum, to admit.] Capable of being admitted, allowed, or conceded. admissibility, ad»mis'i'biri'ti, n. The quality of being admissibly, ad«mis'i»admissible. bli, adv. In an admissible manner; admission, so as to be admitted. ad«mi'shon, n. [L. admissio.] The act of admitting; power or permission to enter; entrance; access; power to approach; the granting of an argument or position not fully proved; a point or statement admitted; acknowledgment; confession adof a charge, error, or crime. missive, ad«mis iv, a. Having the nature of an admission.

— —

A

v.t.

—

functions of government; the persons, collectively, who are intrusted with such functions; the executive; law, the management of the estate of a deceased person, consisting in collecting debts, paying debts and legacies, and distributing the property among the heirs. administrative, ad«min'is«trat«iv, a. Pertaining to administration. adminis-

n.

ad-mit',

mon'ish-ment, j,

;ob;

ng, sing;

n.

Admonition.

TH,

then;

—

—

nascens, growing.]

——

Growing on some-

adnate, ad'nat, a. [L. thing else. adnatus ad, to, and natus, grown.] Growing attached: chiefly a term in bot. n. [Prefix a for at, and do, to do; at being here the sign of the infinitive, as in Icelandic]

that

is,

Bustle; trouble; labor; difficulty.

adobe, a-do'be,

n. [Sp.]

A

sun-dried

brick.

adolescence, ad«6«les'ens, n. [L. adolescentia—ad, and olesco, to grow.] The state of growing applied almost :

mitting. [L. admitto ad, to, and mitto, missum, to send, seen also in commit, submit, mission, etc.] To suffer to enter; to grant entrance to; to give right of entrance to; to grant in argument; to receive as true; to permit, grant, or allow, or to be capable of; to acknowledge; to own; to confess. v.i. To give warrant or allowance; to grant opportunity; to permit: with of (the words do not admit of this interpretation). admittance, ad«-

— administrable, ad»min'is— Capable of being administered. — administration, ad«min'is«-

ad-minis'trat-riks, administrator.

ado, a-do',

—

trator.

n.

tions, as approbation, esteem, love,

admirable, ad'mi«ra«bl, a. Worthy of admiration; most excellent. admirableness, ad'mi«ra»bl'nes, n. admirably, ad'mi«ra«bli, adv. In an admirable manner; excellently;

—

an

gentle reproof; instruction in duties; admonitor, ad»caution; direction. mon'it«er, n. An admonisher; a monadmonitory, ad«mon'i»to«ri, a. itor. Containing admonition; tending or serving to admonish. adnascent,f ad«nas'ent, a. [L. ad, to,

or veneration; an emotion excited by something beautiful or excellent.

ad«min'is'ter, v.t. [L. administro ad, to, and ministro, to minister.] To manage or serve, conduct as chief agent or directing and controlling official; to direct or superintend the execution of, as of laws; to afford, give, furnish, or supply; to give, as a dose of medicine; to dispense or distribute; to tender, as an oath; law, to manage, as the estate of a deceased person, collecting debts, paying legacies, etc. v.i. To contribute assistance; to bring aid or supplies: with to; as, to administer to one's necessities; law, to perform the office of adminis-

is'trat-er-ship,

or affection; to take pleasure in the beauty of; to look on or contemplate with pleasure. v.i. To feel admirer, or express admiration. ad'mir'er, n. One who admires; one who esteems greatly; one who openly shows his admiration of a woman; a lover. admiringly, ad«mir'ing'li, adv. In an admiring manner; with admiration. admiration, ad»mi«ra'shon, n. Wonder}:; wonder mingled with pleasing emo-

—

a

administer,

will.

monition, ad»mo«ni'shon, n. The act of admonishing; counsel or advice;

—

prop, stay, or support.] Supplying help; helpful; lending aid or support.

tra'shon, n. direction ;

to regard with wonder mingled with approbation, esteem, reverence,

—

urement, ad«me'zhur«ment, n. The act of admeasuring; the measure of a thing, or dimensions ascertained. adminicular, ad«min«ik'u'ler, a. [L.

—

—

adorn

at:}:;

measured, admeasuring. [L. ad, to, and E. measure, measure.] To ascertain the dimensions, size, or admeascapacity of; to measure.

adminiculum,

—

13

assistant; med. a substance added to a prescription to aid the operation of the principal ingredient or basis.

admeasure,

—

— ad-

th, thin;

exclusively to the young of the human race; youth, or the period of life between childhood and the full development of the frame. adolescent, ad»6«les'ent, a. Growing up;

—

advancing from childhood to manhood.

Adonic, Adonean, a«don'ik, ad'6«ne'an, a. [From Adonis, a mythical personage among the Greeks, originally the Phoenician sun god.] Of or pertaining to Adonis. Adonic verse, in Greek and Latin poetry, a verse consisting of a dactyl and a spondee Adonis, a«don'is, n. or trochee. Beautiful person; a beau. adopt, a«dopt', v.t. [L. adopto ad,

—

—

and

desire or choose. option.] To take into one's family and treat as one's own child; to take to one's self by choice or approval, as principles, opinions, a course of conduct, etc. adoptable, a»dopt'opto,

to

—

Capable of, fit for, or worthy of being adopted. adopter, a«dopt'a«bl, a.

—

—

One who

adopts. adoption, a«dop'shon, n. [L. adoptio.] The act of adopting, or the state of being adoptive, a«dopt'iv, a. [L. adopted. adoptivus.] Constituted by adoption; adopting or adopted; assumed. adore, a*dor', v.t. adored, adoring. [L. adoro, to pray, to adore, ad, to, and oro, to ask. oracle.] To worship with profound reverence; to pay divine honors to; to regard with the utmost esteem, love, and respect; to love in the highest degree, as a man a woman. adorability, a«d6r'a«bil'i»Quality of being adorable. ti, n. adorable, a«d6r'a«bl, a. Demanding adoration; worthy of being adored; er,

n.

—

—

—

exquisitely

charming;

lovable.

— —

adorableness, a«dor'a«bl«nes, n. adorably, a«dor'a«bli, adv. In a manadoration, ner worthy of adoration. ad-or-a'shon, n. The act of adoring; the act of paying honors, as to a divine being; worship addressed to a deity; the highest degree of love, adorer, as of a man for a woman. a«dor'er, n. One who adores; one who worships or honors as divine; a lover; an admirer. adoringly, a«-

—

—

—

dor'ing'li, adv.

With adoration.

—

adorn, a-dorn', v.t. [L. adorno ad, to, and onto, to deck or beautify.] w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——— — —

——— — ADP To

deck or decorate; to add to the attractiveness of by dress or ornaments; to set off to advantage; beautify; embellish. adornment,

—

a«dorn'ment,

n.

An ornament

or dec-

oration.

ADP.

See adenosine diphosphate. adrenal, ad-renal, a. [L. ad, near, and renes, kidney.] On or near the kidney.

An

n.

adrenal

gland.

adrenal gland, ad«renal gland, n. A small endocrine gland attached to the kidney.

adrenalin, ad«ren'al»in, for epinephrine, a

n.

A name

hormone

secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland; a drug used as a heart stimulant,

muscle relaxant,

etc.

adrift, a-drift', a. or adv. [Prefix a, on, and drift, a driving or floating. drive.] Floating at random; impelled or moving without direction; at the mercy of winds and currents; swayed

by any chance impulse;

sea; at

at

a loss.

terous

a,

to,

a.

and

[Fr. adroit, dexdroit, right, as

opposed from L.

to left (comp. dexterous, dexter, right); from L. directus, straight, direct.] Dexterous; skillful; expert; active in the use of the hand, and, figuratively, in the exercise of the mental faculties; ready in invention or execution.

adv. — adroitness,

adroitly, a«droit'li, a«droit'nes, n. adsorb, ad«sorb', v.t. To collect, as molecules of gases, dissolved substances, or liquids, in a thin layer on a surface. adsorption, ad«sorp-

The adhesion

of molecules to a surface, to be distinguished from n.

absorption.

adularia, ad-u-la'ri'a, n. [From Adula, the summit of the St. Gothard, where fine specimens are got.] A very pure, limpid,

common

variety of the feldspar, called also Moon-

translucent

stone.

adulation, ad-ii'la'shon, latio, adulationis, a

n. [L. adufawning, adulor,

adulatus, to flatter.] Servile flattery; praise in excess, or beyond what is

merited; high compliment. adulate, ad'u«lat, v.t. To show feigned devoadulator, tion to to flatter servilely. adulatoad'u»lat«er, n. A flatterer. ;

ry, ad'u«lat«o«ri, a. Flattering.

adult, a«dult', a. [L. adultus, grown to maturity, from ad, to, oleo, to grow, adolescence.] Having arrived at mature years, or to full size and strength; pertaining or relating to full strength suitable for an adult. adult, a«dult', n. A person grown to ;

full size

and strength.

adulterate,

—

a-dul'ter'at, v.t. adulterated, adulterating. [L. adultero, from adulter, mixed, an adulterer

ad, to, and alter, other.] To debase or deteriorate by an admixture of adulforeign or baser materials. terant, a»dul'ter«ant, n. The person adulteror thing that adulterates. ation, a«dul'ter«a"shon, n. The act of adulterating, or the state of being adulterated or debased by foreign mixture. adulterator, a«dul'ter«a'ter, n. One who adulterates. adultery, a-dul'tefi, n. [L. adultefate, far, fare, fat, fall;

——

— ———— — —

;

;

14

adversative

from adulter, an adulterer. adulterate.] Violation of the marriage bed; sexual commerce by a married person with one who is not his or her wife or husband.

taged, advantaging. To bring advantage to; to be of service to; to benefit; to yield profit or gain to. advantageous, ad«van«ta'jus, a. Being of advantage; profitable; useful; advantageously, ad»beneficial. van«ta'jus«li, adv. In an advantageous ad«manner. advantageousness,

rium,

adulterer, a^dul'ter^er, n. A man guilty of adultery. adulteress, a«dul'ter»es, n. A woman guilty of adultery. adulterine, a'dul'ter-In, Proceeding from adulterous commerce. adulterous, a«dul'ter«us, a. Guilty of adultery; pertaining to adultery; illicit. adulterously, a»dul'ter-us-li, adv. In an adulterous

manner.

adumbrate, ad«um'brat,

v.t.

—adum-

brated, adumbrating. [L. adumbro, to shade ad, and umbra, a shade.] To give a faint shadow of; to exhibit a faint resemblance of, like a shadow; to shadow forth. adumbration, ad«um-bra'shon, n. The act of adumbrating or shadowing forth; a faint or imperfect representation of a thing.

—adumbrative, ad«um'bra»tiv, Shadowing forth; resem— adumbratively, ad«uma.

adroit, a«droit',

shun,

—— —

————— —— — —

faintly

bling.

bra*tiv«li, adv.

In

an adumbrative

manner.

aduncous, ad-ungk'us, a. [L. aduncus, hooked ad, to, and uncus, a hook.] Hooked; bent or made in the form of a hook.

aduncity, ad«un'si«ti,

n.

Hookedness. adust, a«dust', a. [L. adustus, burned ad, to, and uro, ustum, to burn.] Burned; scorched; parched up; looking as if burned or scorched.

—

—

advance,

advanced, ad-vans', v.t. advancing. [Fr. avancer, from avant, forward (whence also E. van), L. ab, abante, from before, in front from, ante, before.] To bring forward to move further in front ; to promote to raise to a higher rank; to forward or further ; to encourage the progress of; to enhance (price); to accelerate the growth of; to offer or propose; to bring to view or notice, as someis prepared to abide by; to allege; to supply beforehand; to furnish on credit, or before goods

thing one

v.i. or work done. or go forward; to proceed; to make progress; to grow better, greater, wiser, or older; to rise in n. A rank, office, or consequence. moving forward or toward the front; a march forward; gradual progres-

are

delivered,

To move

improvement; advancement; promotion; a proposal; a first step sion;

toward; addition to price; rise in price; a giving beforehand; that which is given beforehand, especially

money.

In advance, in front, before;

beforehand; before an equivalent is advancement, ad»vansreceived. ment, n. The act of advancing; the state of being advanced; the act of promoting; preferment; promotion;

improvement; furtherance. advantage, ad«van'taj, n. [O.Fr. advantage, Fr. avantage, from avant, advance.] Any state, conbefore, dition, circumstance, opportunity, or means specially favorable to success, prosperity, or any desired end (the advantage of a good constitution, of an excellent education); superiority; advanv.t. benefit; gain; profit.

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

van'ta'jus»nes, n. advene, ad*ven', come to ad, to,

venture.]

To

[L. advenio, to venio, to come.

v.i.

and

accede or be super-

added; to become a part, though not essential.

advent,

adventus,

an

ad'vent,

arrival.]

A

n.

[L.

coming;

approach; visitation; [cap] the coming of the Saviour; an ecclesiastical division of the year embracing the adfour weeks before Christmas. ventitious, ad«ven«tish'us, a. [L. adventitius.] Added extrinsically ; not essentially inherent; accidentally or adventitiously, casually acquired. adventiadv. ad«ven»tish'us«li, tiousness, ad»ven«tish'uS'nes, n. adventure, ad-ven'tur, n. [O.Fr. adventure, Fr. aventure, L.L. adventura, aventura, from L. adventurus, about to arrive, fut. part, of advenio, to advene.] Hazard; risk; arrive. chance; a hazardous enterprise; a bold and dangerous undertaking of uncertain issue; a commercial speculation; a speculation in goods sent abroad; a remarkable occurrence in one's personal history; a noteworthy event or experience in one's life. adventured, adventuring. To risk v.t. or hazard; to venture on; to attempt. adventurer, ad«ven'tur»er, n. One who engages in an adventure or speculation; one who attempts or takes part in bold, novel, or extraordinary enterprises; one who fives by underhand means, or by a system adventuress, ad«of imposition. ven'tur«es, n. A female adventurer. adventurous, ad«ven'tur«us, a. Bold to encounter danger; daring; courageous enterprising full of hazard attended with risk. adventurously, ad'ven'tur'US'li, adv. In an advenadventurousness, turous manner. ad-ven'tur-us-nes, n.

—

—

—

;

;

—

—

adverb, adverb, n. [L. adverbium ad, to, and verbum, a word, a verb.] Gram, one of the indeclinable parts of speech, so called from being

frequently joined to verbs for the purpose of limiting or extending their adverbial, ad«verb'signification. i»al, a. Pertaining to or having the character or structure of an adverb. adverbially, ad«verb i«al»li, adv. In the manner or with the force or character of an adverb. adversary, ad'ver«se«ri, n. [L. adversarius. adverse.] An enemy; a foe; an antagonist; an opponent... An adversary is one who is opposed to another, without necessarily haying hostile feelings; an antagonist is one who strives personally against another for victory; an uumy is one who entertains feelings of personal hostility.

ad«vers at»iv, a. Expressing difference, contrariety, or opposition an adversative conjuncn. A word denoting contration).

adversative,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—————

—

—

———

;;

adverse

advisedly, ad»viz'ed«li, adv. deliberation or advice; heedadvisfully; purposely; by design. edness, ad«viz'ed»nes, n. The state of being advised; prudent procedure. adviser, ad«viz'er, n. One who gives advice or admonition; a coun-

direction ; counteracting (adverse winds; hostile; inimical (a party, criticism); unfortunate; calamitous; unprosperous adversely, (fate or circumstances). ad'versdi, adv. In an adverse manner. adverseness, ad'vers«nes, n. The state or quality of being adverse. adversity, ad«vers'i«ti, n. An event, or series of events, which oppose success or desire; misfortune; cala-

—

sellor.

state

advice.

voco, vocatum, to call,

voice, vocal.] pleads the cause of another in a court of law; one who defends, vindicates, or espouses a cause by argument; a pleader in favor of something; an upholder; a defender. v.t. advocated, advocating. To plead in favor of (a thing, not a person); to defend by argument before a tribunal; to support or vindicate. advocacy, ad'vo«ka«si, n. The act of pleading for; intercession; defense. advocation, ad«v6«ka'shon, n. The act of advocating ; a pleading for. advowson, ad«vou'sn, n. [O.Fr. advoeson, advouson, protection, patronage; L. advocatio, advocationis, a advocate.] calling to one for help, The right of presentation to a vacant benefice in the Established Church of England. adynamia, ad"«i«na'mi«a, n. [Gr. a, not, and dynamis, power.] Weakness ; want of strength occasioned by disease; a deficiency of vital power. adynamic, a«di«nam'ik, a. Weak; destitute of strength. adytum, ad'i«tum, n. pi. adyta, ad'i«ta. [L. adytum, Gr. adyton, lit. a place not to be entered a, not, and dyo, to enter.] An innermost sanctuary or shrine; the chancel or altar-end of a church. adz, adze, adz, n. [O.E. addice, A. Sax. adese, an adze.] An instrument of the ax kind used for chipping the surface of timber, the cutting edge being at right angles to the handle. v.t. To chip or shape with an adz. aedile. Same as Edile. aegis, e'jis, n. [Gr. aigis.] Among the ancient Greeks the shield of Zeus; in later times part of the armor of Pallas Athena, a kind of breastplate hence, anything that protects or shields; protecting power or influ-

One who

of

—

—

:

very vague and uncertain manner; refer, lit. to carry back, is to bring a thing already well known into notice; to mention or speak of advertence, advertency, directly. ad*vert'ens, ad-vert'en-si, n. Attention; notice; regard; needfulness. advertent, ad«vert'ent, a. Attentive; advertently, ad«vert'ent«heedful. li, adv. In an advertent manner. advertise, ad'ver«tiz', v.t. adver-

—

advertising. [Fr. avertir, avertissant, to warn, inform, from L. adverto, to turn towards ad, verto, to turn.] To inform or give notice; to make public intimation of, especially by printed notice. v.i. tised,

To

announce one's wishes or intentions by a public and usually a printed notice.— advertisement, ad«ver'tiz«ment, n. Warning, advice, or admonition (Shak.); a written or printed notice intended to make something known to the public; especially a printed and paid notice in a newspaper or other public print. advertiser, ad«ver'tiz'er, n. One who advertises.

advice, ad«vis', n. [O.Fr. advis, opinion, counsel L. ad, to, and visum, what is seen or judged proper. vision.] An opinion recommended, or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel suggestion ; information

—

;

notice; intelligence; a notification in respect of a business transaction. To take advice, to consult with others specifically, to take the opinion of a professional or skillful man, as a physician or lawyer. advisability, ad'viz'a'bil"i'ti, n. Advisableness; exadvisable, ad»viz'a«bl, a. pediency. Proper to be advised; expedient; proper to be done or practiced; open to advice. advisableness, ad«viz'a«bl«nes, n. The quality of being advisable or expedient. advisably, ad— viz'a«bli, adv. With advice. advise, ad'Viz', v.t. advised, advising. fFr. aviser. advice.] To give counsel to; to counsel; to give information to; to inform; to acquaint.— v.i. To consider; to reflect; to take counsel. advised, ad«vizd', a. Cautious; prudent; done, formed, or taken with advice or deliberation (an advised

aeolian. Same as Eolian. aeolotropic, e'ol«6-trop"ik, aiolos, varied, trope, a turn.]

Applied

—

—

—

atmosphere; inhabiting or frequenting the air produced by or in the air

—

;

reaching far into the air; high; lofty; possessed of a light and graceful beauty. n. Radio or television anaerially, a«e'ri«al«li, adv. tenna. aerify, a'er-i«fi, v.t.

—

ing.

To

—

—

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

and

Pr.

knowledge.] That branch of physics treats of the air, its constituent

which

parts, properties, and phenomena. aerologic, aerological, a'er«6«loj"ik, a'er«6'loj"ik«al, a. Pertaining to aerology. aerologist, a«er«ol'o«jist, n. One who is versed in aerology.

aeromechanics, a'er«6«me«kan "iks,

n.

[Gr. aer, and mechanikos, mechane, a machine.] Study of air and other gases in motion or equilibrium, or of solid bodies immersed in gases. aerometer, a»er«om'et'er, n. [Gr. aer, air, and metron, measure.] An instrument for weighing air, or for ascertaining the density of air and gases. aerometric, a'er'6«met"rik, a. Pertaining to aerometry. aerometry, a'er'om'et»ri, n. The science of measuring the weight or density of air and gases. aeronaut, a'er'6-nat, n. [Gr. aer, air, and nautes, a sailor, from naus, a

An aerial navigator; a balloonaeronautic, aeronautical, a'er«6«nat"ik, a'er'6»nat"ik«al, a. Pertaining to aeronautics or aerial sailaeronautics, a'er«6«nat"iks, n. ing. The doctrine, science, or art of floating in the air, as by means of a ship.]

ist.

balloon.

aeropause, a'er»6«paz, n. [Gr. aer, air, and pausis, stop.] The dividing line between outer space and areas in which man and aircraft can function. aerophore, a'er-o«for, n. [Gr. aer,

A

kind of ventilating phero, to bring.] apparatus; a portable receptacle by air is supplied artificially under water or elsewhere. aerophysics, a'er»6«fiz'iks, n. [aer, and physics.] A branch of physics that deals with the design, construction, and operation of high-speed,

rocket-type aircraft.

aerophyte, aefefit, and phyton, a plant.]

n.

A

fives exclusively in air;

[Gr. aer, air, plant which

an

air plant.

aerosol, a"er«o*s6r, n. Phys. Chem. A suspension of fine particles, solid or liquid, in a gas; a smoke or fog. aerosol bomb. A device that sprays insecticide in a mist.

aerostat, a'er«6*stat, Gr. aer, a balloon

fill

;

then;

[Fr.

A

with with to change

or to combine air into an aeriform state.

a'er«i, n.

L.L. aeria, aerea, area, an aerie;

origin doubtful.] The nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or hawk; a brood of eagles or hawks. aerify. See aerate. aerobic, a«er'ob'ik, a. [Gr. aer, air, Requiring air or free bios, life.] oxygen in order to five and thrive, as certain bacteria. aerodynamics, a'er'6-di-nam"iks, n. The [Gr. aer, dynamis, power.] science treating of the motion of the air and gases, and of their effects when in motion. aerolite, a'er'6-lit, n. [Gr. aer, air, meteoric and lithos, a stone.] aerolitic, a'er»stone; a meteorite. 6'hY'ik, a. Relating to aerolites. aerology, a'efol'o'ji, n. [Gr. aer, aeros, air, logos, description, gnosis,

aerified, aerify-

infuse air into; to

air,

—

which

[Gr.

a.

to bodies unequally elastic in different directions: opposed to isotropic. aeon, n. Same as Eon. aerate, a'er«at, v.t. aerated, aerating. air.] To combine with [L. aer, air. carbonic acid or other gas, or with aerial, a«e'ri«al, a. [L. aerius.] air. Belonging or pertaining to the air or

—

g, go;

aire,

ence.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

ad«viz'o«ri, a. to advise; containing

advocate, ad'vo«kat, n. [L. advocatus, one summoned to aid ad, to, and

ad, [L. advert to, and verto, to turn.] To turn the mind or attention ; to regard, observe, or notice ; to refer or allude followed by to. .'. Advert is to turn directly, and it may be abruptly; allude is to touch slightly, and it may be in a v.i.

— advisory,

Having power

—

distress;

aerie, e're or

With

contrary

ch, chain;

— — aerostat

act).

opposing

advert, a«dvert',

—— —

;;

15

nety or opposition. adverse, ad'vers, a. [L. adversus, opposite ad, to, and versus, turned, from verto, to turn.] Acting in a

mity; affliction; unhappiness.

—

— — —

th, thin;

—

n.

[Fr. aerostat, and statos,

air,

standing, from histemi, to stand.] A machine or vessel sustaining weights in the air; a name given to air aerostatic, aerostatical, balloons.

w, aig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— — ——

—

— —

— —

aery aer«6

stat'ik, aer«6«stat"ik«al, a.

Per-

—

a'er«i,

a.

Airy; breezy;

aerial.

[Poetic]

Aesculapian,

es«kul«ap'i«an, a.

Med.

of or pertaining to Aesculapius, the ancient healing god. aesthete, es'thet, n. [From aesthetic] One devoted to the principles or doctrines of aesthetics; a lover of the aesthetical, es'thet'ik«al, a. [Gr. aisthetikos, from aisthanomai, to perceive by the senses.] Pertaining to the science of taste or beauty; pertaining to the sense of the beautiful. aesthetically, es«thet'ik«al«li, adv. According to the principles of aesthetics; with reference to the sense aestheticism, es«of the beautiful. thet'i« c izm, The principles or n. doctrines of aesthetics ; attachment to aesthetics. aesthetics, es«thet'iks, n. The theory of the fine arts; the science or that branch of philosophy which deals with the beautiful; the doctrines of taste. afar, a«far', adv. At a distance in place; to or from a distance: often with from preceding or off following, or both. affable, af'fa«bl, a. [L. affabilis, affable af for ad, to, fori, to speak.] beautiful. es«thet'ik,

aesthetic,

—

Easy

conversation; admitting others to free conversation without reserve; courteous; complaisant; of condescending. easy manners ; affability, affableness, af-fa-bil 'i-ti, af'fa*bl«nes, n. The quality of being affably, af'fa«bli, adv. In affable. an affable manner; courteously.

of

—

affair, af-far', n. [Fr. affaire a, to, and /aire, to do, L. facere, to make, to do.] Business of any kind; that which is done, or is to be done;

matter; concern; sometimes used by itself in the plural with the specific sense of public affairs or pecuniary special business; personal affairs; concern; a rencontre; a skirmish.

———— —

-;;

to possess

what is not natural or artificially;

affecto, to desire, to strive after, freq. of afficio, affectum, to affect the mind or body af for ad, to, and facio, to do.] To act upon; to produce an effect or change upon; to influence; to move or touch by exciting the feelings; to aspire to; to endeavor after; to choose commonly; to habitually follow after; make a show of; to assume the appearance of; to pretend. affectation, affectedness, af»fek«tashon, af-fekt'ed'nes, n. [L. affectatio.] An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real; false pretense, especially of what is praiseartificial

ap-

or show. affected, af«fekt'ed, a. Inclined or disposed (especially with well, ill, etc.); given to affectation; assuming or pretending

pearance

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

real

not natural. affectedly, af»fekt'ed«li, adv. In an affected or assumed manner; with affecter,

affectation.

af»fekt'er,

n.

One who

affects, pretends, or asaffecting, af«fekt'ing, a. Having power to excite emotion; suited to affect; pathetic. a fleet ingly, af«fekt'ing«li, adv. In an affecting or impressive manner. affection, af'fek'shon, n. [L. affectio, the being affected or affectionis,

sumes.

—

touched, affect.] The state of having one's feelings affected in some way; bent or disposition of mind; sentiment or moral feeling (as esteem, envy, jealousy) appetite ; inclination a settled good-will, love, or zealous attachment; a property or attribute inseparable from its object (as figure ;

from bodies); any particular morbid of the body —affectionate, state

(a

—— ——— — — ;

affluence

assumed

gouty

affection).

af«fek'shon«at, a. Having great love or affection; warmly attached; fond; kind; loving; proceeding from affection; tender. affectionately, af«fek'shon«at«li, adv. In an affectionate manner; fondly; affectionateness, tenderly; kindly. af«fek'shon*at«nes, n. The quality of being affectionate; fondness; affection. /

affenpinscher, af"en«pin 'sher, n. Breed of small dog having stiff red, black, or gray coat, pointed ears, and shaggy hairs about nose, eyes, and chin; also called monkey dog from

monkeyish expression. afferent, afferent, a. [L. afferens, afferentis, ppr. of affero af for ad,

—

and fero, to carry. Carrying or inward (of vessels or nerves to,

to in

in contradistinction from consanguinity, or relation by blood; relation, connection, or alliance in general

languages,

of

(as

sounds,

etc.);

similarity in kind or nature; chem. that force by which bodies of dissimilar nature unite in certain definite proportions to form a compound, different in its nature from any of its constituents. affirm, af-ferm', v.t. [L. affirmo af for ad, to, and firmo, to make firm.] To assert positively; to tell with confidence; to aver; declare; allege: opposed to deny; to confirm or ratify. v.i. To make a solemn assertion or declaration; to make a affirmable, af«legal affirmation. ferm'abl, a. Capableof being affirmed, asserted, or declared. affirmably, af«ferm'a«bli, adv. In a way affirmcapable of affirmaticn.

—

ance,! af»ferm'ans,

n.

Confirmation;

—

affirmaffirmation. ant, affirmer, af»ferm'ant, af»ferm'er, a. One who affirms or asserts; one who makes affirmation instead of an oath. affirmation, af«fer«ma shon, n. The act of affirming or asserting as true; that which is ratification;

averment confirmation solemn declaration an oath by one who the scruples about taking

asserted ;

;

ratification; a made in lieu of

has

affirmative, af«ferm'at«iv, a.

oath.

Affirming or asserting, opposed to A word or phrase negative. n. expressing assent or affirmation or answering a question affirmatively; The the opposite of a negative. affirmative, that side of a debated question which maintains the truth of the affirmative proposition.

—

affirmatively,

animals).

af«ferm'at«iv«li,

adv.

from af

In an affirmative manner; positively.

for ad, to, and fiancer, to betroth. L. fidans, fidantis, ppr. of fido, to pledge

affix, af-fiks', v.t. [L. affigo, affixum af for ad, to, and figo, fixttm, to fix.] subjoin, annex, unite, or add at the close or end; to append; to syllable affix, af'fiks, n. attach. or letter added to the end of a word; a suffix; a post-fix. afflation, af-fla'shon, n. [L. qfflo, afftatum af for ad, to, and flo, to

affiance, af-fi'ans,

n. [O.Fr.,

one's faith, fides, faith.] Marriage contract or promise; faith pledged; reliance. confidence; v.t. affianced, affiancing. To betroth ; to bind by promise of marriage. affidavit, af«fi«da'vit, n. [3rd pers.

—

sing. perf. ind. of L.L. affido, to pledge one's faith L. af for ad, to,

—

and ^future evil. hen'si'bl, a. Capable of being apprehended or conceived. appre-

v.t.

ceive; to

—

—

hension, ap«pre«hen'shon, n. The act of apprehending; a seizing or arresting by legal process; the operation of the mind in contemplating ideas, or merely taking them into the mind; opinion; belief; the power of perceiving and understanding; distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil, accompanied with uneasiness of mind. apprehensive, ap'pre«hen'siv, a. Quick of apprehension (Shak.); inclined to believe, fear, or dread; anticipating, or in expectation of, evil (apprehensive of evil; apprehensive for our lives). apprehensively, ap-pre-hen'siv«li, adv. In an apprehensive manner. apprehensiveness, ap«pre*hen'siv«nes, n. The character of being apprehensive. apprentice, ap«pren'tis, n. [L.L. apprentices, from L. apprehendo, apprendo, to seize, to apprehend. apprehend.] One bound, often by

—

document, to learn some art, trade, or profession; a learner in any subject; one not well versed in a apprenticed, apprensubject. v.t. ticing. To make an apprentice of; to put under the care of a master, for the purpose of learning a trade apprenticeship, ap«or profession. pren'tis«ship, n. The state or condition of an apprentice; the term legal

—

during which one is an apprentice. apprize, ap«priz', v.t. apprized, ap-

—

prizing. [O.E. apprise, notice, information, from Fr. appris, apprise, pp. of apprendre, to inform, to APPREHEND.] learn, L. apprehendo. To give notice, verbal or written; to inform; followed by of before that of which notice is given. approach, ap-proch', v.i. [Fr. approcher, from L.L. appropiare, to approach L. ad, to, and prope, propinquity.] To come or near, go near in place or time; to draw near; to advance nearer; to approximate. v.t. To bring near; to advance or put near; to come or draw near to, either literally or figuratively; to come near to, so as to be compared with, n. The act of approaching or drawing near; a coming or advancing near; access; passage or avenue by which a are buildings approached. ap-

—

—

proachable, ap«proch'a-bl,a. Capable of being approached; accessible. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

apt

approbate, f

ap'pro-bat, v.t. [L. approbo, approbatum, to approve. approve.] To express satisfaction with; to express approval of; to approbation, ap-pro'ba'approve. shon, n. [L. approbation The act of approving; that state or disposition of the mind in which we assent to the propriety of a thing with some degree of pleasure or satisfaction ; approval. approbative,

—

—

ap'pro«bat-iv, a. Approving; implying approbation. appropriate, ap«pro'pri'at, v.t. appropriated, appropriating. [L. approprio, appropriatum, to make one's own ad, to, proprius, one's own.

—

proper,

propriety.]

To

claim

or

take to one's self in exclusion of others; to claim or use as by an exclusive right; to set apart for or assign to a particular purpose. a. Set apart for a particular use or person; hence, belonging peculiarly; pecapprouliar; suitable; fit; proper. priable, ap-pro'pri-a'bl, a. Capable of being appropriated, set apart, or approassigned to a particular use. priately, ap*pr6'pri«at«li, adv. In an

—

—

—

appropriate manner. appropriateness, ap«pr6'pri«at«nes, n. The apquality of being appropriate. propriation, ap«pr6'pri»a"shon, n. The act of appropriating; application to a special use or purpose ; the act of making one's own; anything appropriated or set apart. appro-

—

—

priative, ap'pro'pri'at'iv, a. Appropriating; making appropriation. appropriator, ap-pr6'pri«at«er, n. One who appropriates. approve, ap«prov', v.t. approved, approving. [Fr. approuver, approver, from L. approbo, to approve, to find good ad, to and probare, to try, prove, from probus, good.] test, To admit the propriety or excellence of; to think or judge well or favorably of; to find to be satisfactory; to show to be real or true (to approve one's bravery); to prove by trial (Shak,)%. v.i. To be pleased; to

—

—

—

or express approbation; to think or judge well or favorably: approvable, ap«followed by of. prov'a-bl, a. Capable of being feel

—

—

approved. approval, ap»prov'al, n. The act of approving; approbation;

commendation

sanction ; ratificaap-prov'er, n. One who approves; one who confesses a crime and accuses another. approvingly, ap-prov'ing'li, adv.

tion.

;

—approver,

In an approving manner.

approximate, ap-prok'si-mat,

v.t.

—

approximated, approximating. [L.L. approximo, approximation, to bring or come near L. ad, to, and proximus, nearest, proximate, approach.] To carry or advance near; to cause to approach (especially said of amount, state, or degree). v.i. To come near; to approach (especially as regards amount, state, or character). a. Being near in state, place, or quantity; approaching; approxinearly equal like. or mately, ap'prok'si'mat-li, adv. In an approximate manner; by approxiapproximation, ap-prokmation.

me, met, her;

—

—

—

pine, pin;

—

—

42

Capable of appreciating; manifestappredue appreciation.

ing,

—

note, not,

move;

si-ma"shon,

n.

The

act of approxi-

mating; an approximate estimate or amount; approach.

appurtenance, ap-per'ten-ans,

n. [Fr.

appartenance. appertain.] That which appertains or belongs to something else; something belonging to another thing as principal; an adjunct; an appendage. appurtenant, ap«per'ten«ant, a. Appertaining or belonging; pertaining; being an appurtenance. apricot, a'pri'kot, n. [O.E. apricock, abricot, Fr. abricot, Sp. albarcoque, from Ar. alburquq, from al, the article, and L. Gr. praikokkion, from L. praecox, praecoquus, early ripe, precocious.] roundish fruit of a delicious flavor, the produce of a tree of the plum kind. April, a«pril, n. [L. aprilis, the month in which the earth opens for the growth of plants, from aperio, to open.] The fourth month of the April fool, one who is sportiveyear. ly imposed upon by others on April 1, as by being sent on some absurd errand. a priori, a pri'6'ri. [L., from something prior or going before.] phrase applied to a mode of reasoning by which we proceed from the cause to the effect, as opposed to a posteriori reasoning, by which we proceed from the effect to the cause; also a term applied to knowledge independent of all experience. apron, a'prun, n. [O.E. napron, Fr. napperon, from nape, nappe, a tablecloth, etc. (whence E. napkin), nappe being another form of mappe, E. map. Apron, like adder, auger, has lost the initial n.] A piece of cloth or leather worn on the forepart of the body to keep the clothes clean or defend them from injury; a covering for the front part of a body.

—

A

A

—

v.t.

To

put

an

apron

on;

to

furnish with an apron. apropos, ap'ro-po', a. [Fr. a, to, according to, and propos, purpose, L. proposition, a thing proposed.] the Opportune; seasonable; to purpose (an apropos remark). apse, aps, n. [Gr. (h)apsis, (h)apsidss,

an arch,

vault, joining,

from

{h)apto,

A

portion of any building forming a termination or projection semicircular or polygonal in plan, and having a dome or vaulted roof; especially such a structure at the apsidal, ap-east end of a church. sl'dal, . In an authoritative manner; with a show of authority. authoritativeness, a«thor'i'ta-tiv«nes, n. The quality of being authoritative. authority, a-thor'i-ti, n. [O.Fr. authority.] Power or right to command or act; dominion; control; the power derived from opinion, respect, or esteem ; influence conferred by charstation,

acter, etc.

;

a

person

mental or

superiority,

persons

exer-

cising power or command: generally in the plural (the civil and military authorities); that to which or one to whom reference may be made

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

self,

writes

autobiographical, a«t6'bi'o'graf"ik, a»t6«bi'o*graf "ik«al, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing autobiography.

autobiographically, a -to— an autobio-

bi'o-graf'ik'al'li, adv. In

graphical manner. autochthon, a«tok'thon,

n. pi.

autoch-

thones, a'tok'thon«ez. [Gr. autochthon autos, self, and chthon, the earth.] One of the primitive inhabitants of a country; an aboriginal inhabitant; that which is original to a particular autochcountry. thonous, a«tok'thon«us, a. Aboriginal; primitive; indigenous. autoclave, a'to«klav, n. [Gr. auto, self, and L. clavism, key.] Airtight vessel for sterilizing, cooking, etc., by high-pressure steam pressure cooker. autocracy, a*tok'ra*si, n. [Gr. auto-

—

;

krateia — er.]

a

and kratos, powpower invested in person; the government

autos, self,

Supreme

single

or power of an absolute monarch. autocrat, a'to«krat, n. [Gr. autokrates.] An absolute sovereign; a monarch who governs without being subject to restriction: a title assumed by the emperors of Russia; hence, one who is invested with or assumes unlimited authority in any relation. autocratic, autocratical, a~t6>krat'ik, a"t6'krat'ik'al, a. Pertaining to autocracy; absolute; holding unlimited powers of government. autocratically, adv. In an autocratic manner. auto-da-fe, a'tO'da-fa", n. pi. autoslit. act da-fe, a/toz'da-fa". [Sp., judgment, of decree, sense (in L. actum. sentence) of faith auto an act, de, of, and fe L. fides, faith.] A public solemnity, formerly held by the courts of the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal and their dependencies at the execution of heretics condemned to the stake. autogenous, a-toj en«us, a. [Gr. autos, self, and root gen, to generate.] Self-produced; self-generated; produced independently. autograph, a to-graf, n. [Gr. autos, self, and graphc. writing.] A person's own handwriting; an original manautographic, uscript or signature. autographical, a-to-graf ik, a«to— graf'ik«al, a. Pertaining or relating to an autograph, or one's own tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

automatic

to stone. a. [Gr. automates, self-acting autos, self, and root ma, to strive.] Belonging to or

proceeding by spontaneous movement; having the power of selfmotion; self-acting: said especially automat, a'to«mat, of mechanism. n. A restaurant in which food is delivered through self-operating me-

—

—

automaton, atchanical devices. torn a«ton, n. That which is self-

—

autonomic, autonomous, a-to«nom'ik, a'ton'o«mus, a. Relating to autonomy; independent

peremptory manner; averment, a«ver'ment,

average,

—

observation; ocular view; med. post-

houd

hold

vast,

carriage of goods draft cattle, a contribution towards loss of things carried; from O.Fr. aver, a work horse, from L. habere, to have.] contribution falling on the owners of a ship's freight and cargo, in proportion to their several interests, to make good a loss that has been sustained; a sum or quantity intermediate to a number of different sums or quantities; a mean or medial amount; a general estimate based on comparison of a number of diverse cases; a. Exhibiting a mean a medium. proportion or mean quality; forming

—

tion of the

Hindu

deities, or

their

appearance in some manifest shape

an average; medium; not extreme; ordinary; com. estimated in accordance with the rules of average.

upon

earth. a«vant', interj. [Fr. avant, en from L. ab. avant, forward, march from ante, before. Van is the same

avaunt,

!

—

word.] Begone; depart; an exclamation of contempt or abhorrence. ave, a'va, interj. [L.] Hail! farewell! God bless you! [cap.] Sometimes used as a noun for an Ave Maria.

augeo, to increase, whence also auction, augment, autumn, etc.] Conferring aid or support; helping; aiding; assisting; subsidiary. auxiliary, ag'ziri«a«ri, n. helper; an assistant; an associate in some undertaking; pi. foreign troops in the service of a nation at war; gram, a verb which helps to form the moods and tenses of other verbs;

Ave Maria, hail Mary!

A

Gabriel's

a'va ma-re'a, n.

— the

first

salutation

to

[L.

=

of Virgin

Mary.] Devotional words often repeated in the Roman Catholic Church, chaplets and rosaries being divided into a certain number of Ave Marias and paternosters.

will. j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

—

averaged, averaging. To find the average of; to reduce to a mean sum or quantity; to show or have as an average or mean (trees average 50 feet in height). avert, a«vert', v.t. [L. averto, aversum,

words the

the

A

avatar, ava-tar', n. [Skr. avatara ava, down, and root tri, to go,] A descent from heaven; the incarna-

—

act of positive

by averia or

the order to stop, hold, cease, or stay in any operation: sometimes used colloquially, without reference to ships.

a

av'er«aj, n. [Fr. avarie, Sp.

averagium,

Naut.

stop.]

fast,

assert.

The

damage sustained by goods from Ar. avdr, defect, flaw, modified by the influence of L.L.

—

A

typos, a stamp.] photographic process resembling heliotype; a picture produced by the process. autumn, a 'turn, n. [L. autumnus, for auctumnus, the season of increase, from augeo, auctum, to increase. augment.] The third season of the year, or the season between summer and winter, popularly regarded as comprising Aug., Sept., and Oct., but astronomically beginning at the autumnal equinox, September 23, and ending at the winter solstice, December 21. autumnal, a«tum'nal, a. Belonging to autumn; produced or gathered in autumn; fig. belonging to the period past the middle stage of life. auxiliary, ag'zil'i'a'ri, a. [L. auxiliaris, from auxilium, aid, from

avenir,

averia, at sea;

—

a't6«tip, n. [Gr. autos, self,

to n.

averring; affirmation; assertion or declaration.

avaricious, av— pidity; greediness. a«ri'shus, a. Characterized by avarice; greedy of gain; miserly; covavariciously, av«a'ri'shus«li, etous. adv. In an avaricious manner; avariciousgreedily. covetously; ness, av«aTi'shus»nes, n. The quality of being avaricious. avast, a«vast', exclam. [From D.

mortem examination.

from

—

possessing wealth ; covetousness ; cu-

same as Anaplasty. autopsy, a'top«si, n. [Gr., from autos, self, and opsis, sight.] Personal

n. [Fr.,

L. advenio. advene advent.] A passage; a way or opening for entrance; a wide straight roadway or street; an alley or walk planted on each side with trees; fig. means of access or attainment. aver, a*ver', v.t. averred, averring. [Ft. averer, from L. ad, to, and verus, true.] To affirm with confidence; to declare in a positive or to arrive,

The van or advanced body of an army; the vanguard. avarice, av'a«ris, n. [L. avaritia from avarus, greedy, from aveo, to covet.] An inordinate desire of gaining and

government. autoplasty, a«t6«plas-ti, n. [Gr. autos, self, and plasso, to form.] Surg.

go;

avenue, av'e«nu,

avant-garde.]

in

takes vengeance.

n. The popular name of several species of rosaceous plants growing wild: common avens is also called herb bennet. aventurine, a-ven'tuTin, n. [Fr. aventure, chance.] A variety of artificial gem consisting of glass, oxide of copper, and oxide of iron: a compound discovered accidentally {par aventure); also, a variety of quartz rock containing spangles of mica or quartz.

A

—

g,

who

avens, av'enz,

A

ing; related to automobiles. a«tono'-mi, n. [Gr. autonomia autos, self, and nomos, law, rule.] The power or right of self-

ch, Sc. loch;

inflicted on the injuring party; to deal punishment on account of: with a thing as object. avenger, a«venj'er, n. One who avenges; one

availability, a-vala-bl*nes, a'val'a'biri'ti, n. State of being available; power or efficacy; legal availably, a«val'force; validity. a«bli, adv. In an available manner. avalanche, av'a«lansh, n. [Fr. avalanche, from avaler, to descend a, to, val, a valley.] vast body of snow or ice sliding down a mountain, or over a precipice. avant-courier, a«vah'kd'rer, ri. [Ft. avant, before, from L. ab, from ante, before.] person despatched before another person or a company, to give notice of their approach. avant-guard, a-vari-gard', n. [Ft.

autonomy,

have, may, shall, and

ment

ableness,

automotive, a»to«mo'tiv, a. Self-mov-

ch, chain;

with a person as object; to take satisfaction for, by pain or punish-

—

—

A

as,

— —

having efficacy: capable of being used; attainable; accessible. avail-

mechanically. automation, a'to«ma"shun, n. The technique of making an industrial process or system operate automatically; the use of electronic devices for controlling processes or systems. automobile, a«t6-m6-bir, n. [Gr. autos, self, mobile.] vehicle propelled by self-contained power and used for carrying passengers.

autotype,

av-e-na'shus, a. [L. avena, oats.] Belonging to or partaking of the nature of oats. avenge, a«venj', v.t. avenged, avenging. [O.Fr. avengier prefix a, and L. vindicare, to avenge, vindicate.] To vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on the wrong doer; to deal punishment for injury done to,

—

moving; a self-acting machine; a mechanical contrivance which imitates the arbitrary or voluntary motions of living beings; a person

government.

avenaceous,

ak'san, n. [Gr. auxein, to increase, and in, of, or belonging to.] Biol, any of several organic compounds, acting as plant hormones, which in minute quantities promote plant cell growth. avail, a«val', v.t. [O.Fr. valeir, to be worth, from L. valeo, to be strong, with prefix a for L. ad.] To be for the advantage of; to assist or profit; To avail one's self of, to benefit. to take advantage of. v.i. To be of use, benefit, or advantage; to answer a purpose; to have strength, force, or efficacy sufficient. n. Advantage tending to promote success; benefit; service; utility; efficacy: used in such phrases as, of little avail; of much avail. available, a-val'a'bl, a. Advantageous;

automatic, a«to«mat'ik,

—

— —

avert

auxin,

;

acts

——

57

handwriting; relating to or used in autogthe process of autography. raphy, a«tog'ra«fi. n. A person's own handwritingf a process in lithography by which a writing or drawing is transferred from paper

who

— — ———

— —

th, thin;

v.t.

to turn away a, from, and verto, versum, to turn, whence verse,

convert,

converse,

diverse,

etc.]

To

turn or direct away from; to turn or to cause to turn off or away (the averse, a»eyes, calamity, etc.). vers', a. [L. aversus, turned from, pp. of averto.] Turned away from;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

—

;

——

Avesta

58

unwilling; having regularly followed by to, not by from. aversely, a— vers'li, adv. In an averse manner; with repugnance ; averseunwillingly. ness, a-vers'nes, n. The state of being averse. aversion, a-ver'zhen, n. Opposition or repugnance of

white, and a long slender bill bent upward toward the tip. avouch, a«vouch', v.t. [Prefix a ( L. ad, to), and vouch; O.Fr. avochier, avocher.] To affirm openly; to avow; to maintain, vindicate, or justify (a statement); to establish; guarantee; substantiate. n.% Evidence; testimony. (Shak.). avow, a«vou', v.t. [Fr. avouer a (from L. ad, to), and vouer, to vow. vow.] To declare openly, with a view to justify, maintain, or defend (senti-

averted

(Mil.);

now

repugnance;

—

—

—

mind;

dislike; disinclination; reluc-

hatred: used absolutely or with to; the cause of dislike; the object of repugnance. Avesta, a-ves'ta, n. The sacred writings attributed to Zoroaster; the Zend-Avesta. Avestan, a«ves'tan, n. The language of the Avesta; tance;

—

Zend. avian, a vi-an,

[L. avis, a bird.] Pertaining to birds. aviary, a'vi— a«ri, n. [L. aviarium.] building or enclosure for the breeding, rearing, and keeping of birds. aviation, a«vi«a'shon, n. Aerial navigation by a.

—

A

machines heavier than a'vi«a«ter,

aviation.

— — aviator,

air.

One who engages

n.

—aviculture, a'vi'kul"tur,

The breeding and

in n.

rearing of birds.

avifauna, a'vi«fa«na, n. A collective name for the birds or avian fauna of a district. avid, av'id, a. [L. avidus, from aveo, to desire; akin avarice.] Eager; greedy: with of. avidity, a«vid'i«ti, n. [L. aviditas.] Greediness; strong appetite; eagerness; intenseness of

—

desire.

avocado, av6«ka'do, n. [Corrupted from Mexican name.] The fruit of a

small tree of the

common West

in tropical also

America

family, and the

called

alligator

Indies:

laurel

pear.

avocate,f avocatum

To

[L. avoco, —av'6«kat, from, and voco, to v.t.

a,

call.]

or away; to remove from an inferior to a superior court. avocation, av6«ka'shon, n. A chosen spare-time occupation, distinct from one's regular calling; the authoritative removal of a case from an inferior to a superior court; that call off

which

calls

a

man away from

proper

business; hindrance.

a

distraction;

his a

avocet, av'6«set, n. Same as Avoset. avoid, a»void', v.t. [Originally to empty; from prefix a, and void.] To make void (in legal phraseology); to shun to keep away from to eschew to evade; to elude (expense, danger, bad company). v.i. To become void or vacant; to retire^: to withdraw^. ;

;

;

avoidable, a«void'a«bl, a. That may be vacated or annulled; capable of being avoided, shunned, or escaped. avoidance, a«void'ans, n. The act of annulling or making void; the act of avoiding or shunning. avoirdupois, av«er'du-poiz", n. [O.Fr. avoir du pois, to have weight L. habeo, to have, pensum, something weighed out. poise.] A system of weight of which lb. contains 16 oz., in distinction to troy weight, which has only 12 the system by which commodities in general are weighed. avoset, av'6-set, n. [Fr. avocette, It. avocetta.] A wading bird of the size of a lapwing, with very long legs, feathers variegated with black and

—

—

1

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

own.

—

to acknowledge; to avowal, a«vou'al, n. An open etc.);

declaration; frank acknowledgment. avowed, a«voud', a. Declared; open (an avowed enemy). avowedly, a«vou'ed«li, adv. In an avowed or open manner; with frank acknowledgment. avower, a-vou'er, n. One who avows, owns, or asserts. avulsion, a-vul'shon, n. [L. avulsio, from avello a, from, away, and vello, vulsum, to pull.] pulling or tearing asunder or off. avuncular, a*vung'ku«ler, a. [L. avunculus, an uncle.] Of or pertaining to an uncle. await, a«wat', v.t. To wait for; to look for or expect; to be in store for; to be ready for (a reward awaits

—

—

—

—

A

him).

awake,

a«wak',

v.t.

— ;

axiom

—

ments,

—

——

— awoke or awaked

&

(pret. pp.), awaking. [Prefix a, intens., and wake; A. Sax. dwacan, pret. dwoc, also dwacian, to awake.

dread;

ege, fear,

Goth,

awe, terror;

agi,

I eel.

agis, fear; allied to

Gael, agh,

—

fear; Gr. achos, anguish from root seen in anguish, anger, etc. anger.] Dread or great fear; fear mingled

with admiration or reverence; reverential

fear;

inspired

feeling

—

by

something sublime. v.t. awed, awing. To strike with awe to influence ;

by

reverence, or respect. aweless, awless, ales, a. Devoid of awe ; wanting the power of inspiring reverence or awe. awful, a'ful, a. Striking or inspiring with awe; filling with dread, or dread mingled with profound reverence ; proceeding from awe; extraordinary or highly remarkable (colloq.). awfully, a'ful-li, adv. In an awful manner; in a fear,

—

—

manner to fill with awe; terribly; awfulness, a'ful-nes, n. excessively. The quality of being awful, or of striking with awe, reverence, or

—

terror.

aweary, a«we'ri, a. Weary. [Poetical.] aweather, a«weTH'er, a. or adv. On or to the weather side of a ship:

opposed to alee. awhile, a«hwil', adv. [O.E. ane hwile, a while.] For a space of time; for

some

time.

awkward,

ak'werd, a. [O.E. awk, awke, wrong, backward, reverse, and term. -ward. Awk corresponds to Icel. ofigr, ofugr, Sw. afvig, turned the wrong way, from af^E. off.] Wanting dexterity in the use of the hands or of instruments; bungling; clumsy; ungraceful in manners; un-

To rouse from sleep or from a state resembling sleep; to put into v.i. To cease to action or new life. sleep; to bestir or rouse one's self from a state resembling sleep. a. [A. Sax. dwacen, pp. of dwacan.] Not sleeping; in a state of vigilance or awaken, a»wak'n,iu. [A. Sax. action. dwacnan, dwacnian, to awake (in-

awkwardly, ak'werd«li, adv. couth. In an awkward manner; clumsily. awkwardness, ak'werd«nes, n. The quality of being awkward. awl, al, n. [A. Sax. awul, ael, dl ; Icel.

become awake; — ToTorouse from sleep; —awakening, a«wak'n«ing,

awn,

wake.]

—

trans.).] v.t.

to awake. to awake.

n. Act of awaking from sleep; a revival of religion. a. Rousing; alarming.

award,

a-ward',

v.t.

[O.Fr. awarder,

under ward, to inspect, to pronounce as to the sufficiency of. ward.] To adjudge; to assign judicially or by sentence (as an arbitrator pronouncing upon the rights of to have

parties).

To make

v.i.

an award.

Judgment; decision; the decision of arbitrators on points submitted to them. awarder, a«ward'er, n. One that awards or makes an award. aware, a«war', a. [Prefix a, and ware n.

—

beware); A. Sax. gewaer, wary, ware, cautious; G. gewahr, aware, wary.] Apprised; cognizant; informed; conscious; followed by of. (as in

[Not used attributively.]

—

away, a-wa', adv. [A. Sax. onweg on. on and weg, way.] Absent; at a distance; apart; to a distance (to go

away). It is often used elliptically (whither away so fast?). With many verbs it conveys a notion of using up

consuming (to squander a: to idle or loiter away); it has also merely an intensive force (eat away, or

laugh away).

—

int.

Begone! depart!

go away.

awe,

a,

me, met, her;

n.

[O.E. aghe, eghe, A. Sax.

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

air,

G.

ahle.]

A

pointed instrument

for piercing small holes in leather,

wood,

etc.

an, n. [Icel. ogn, Dan. avne, Sw. agne, chaff, husk; akin to Gr. achnc. chaff.] The bristle or beard of corn or grass, or any similar bristlelike

appendage.

awning,

— awned,

an'ing, n.

a. Having awns. [L.G. hazenutig.

from havai, a haven.] A covering of canvas or other cloth spread over any place as a protection

a shelter,

from the sun's rays. awry, a-ri', a. or adv.

In

a

wry

position; turned or twisted toward one side; asquint; crooked; perverse. ax, axe, aks, n. [A. Sax. ax. ax. Icel. ox, Dan. oxe, D. aaksc, G. ax. axt allied to Gr. axine, L. ascia for d an axe. From root ac, ok. a point. ACID.] An instrument, consisting of a head, with an arching edge of steel in the plane of the sweep of the tool, attached to a handle, and used for

—

hewing timber and chopping wood. axial, ax i ally, etc. See axis. axil, axilla, aks il, aks«illa, n. [L. axilla, the arm-pit.] The armpit; a cavity under the upper part of the arm or shoulder, hot. the angle on the upper side between an axis

and any organ growing from

it.

axillar, axillary, aks il«ler. aks'ihla-n, a. Pertaining to the armpit or to the axil of plants.

axiom,

aks'i-om,

tube, tub, bull;

n. oil,

[Gr.

axioma.]

pound.

— —

—

— —

——

—— 59

self-evident truth or proposition; proposition whose truth is so evident at first sight that no process

to the azimuth. azoic, a«zo'ik, a. [Gr. a, not, and zoe, life.] Destitute of any vestige of organic life: applied to rocks, especially some very old rocks, in

a

of reasoning or demonstration can it plainer; an established principle in some art or science; a prinSyn. unciple universally received. der APHORISM. axiomatic, axiomatical, aks'i'6-mat'ik, aks'«io«mat"ik«al, a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or having the character of an axiom. axiomatically, aks'i'6«mat"ik«al«li, adv. In an axiomatic manner. axis, aks'is, n. pi. axes, aks'ez. [L.] The straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body or magnitude, on which it revolves, or may be supposed to revolve; an agreement between two or more leading powers

make

which no

—

by which

azurrum, lazurum,

principles set forth; specifically the Rome-Berlin axis; bot. the central line or column about which other parts are arranged; anat. the second axial, aks'i«al, vertebra of the neck. axially, a. Pertaining to an axis. aks'i«al«li, adv. According to or in line with the axis.

—

a vehicle, etc., turn.

in

Mexican

[•!,

n.

[From

its

cry.]

enth

baa, ba,

the

of

Baal,

—

A

eyebrows, and naked

baby, etc. See babe. Babylon, bab'i-lon, dean Empire. a.

—

in

the

etc.

babble, bab'bl, v.i. [From ba, a sound uttered by an infant; D. and G. babbeln, I eel. babbla, Dan. bable, Fr. babiller.] To utter words imperfectly or indistinctly; to talk idly or irrationally; to make a continuous murmuring sound; to prate; to tell secrets. v.t. To utter idly or irrationally. prattle;

n.

senseless talk; Idle as of a stream. babblement, n. Idle

murmur

babblement,! talk; babble. (Mil.)— babbler, bab'bler, n. One of secrets.

who

bacchanal,

babbles; a teller

—

—

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

Babel mixed ;

who has attained the lowest bachelor, degree in a university, laureate.] The degree of Bachelor of Arts. a. Pertaining to a Bachelor of Arts. baccarat, bakka-rat or bak-ka«ra, n. [Fr.] A game of cards played by any number of players or rather betters.

ba'bi'ish, a. Like a babe; childish. babyhood, ba'bi'hud, n. The state of being a baby; infancy. baby farm, n. The establishment of a baby '),

at

or one

babe, baby, bab, ba'bi, n. [From the Celtic; W. Ir. and Gael, baban, Gael, and Ir. bab, child, infant.] An infant; babyish, a young child of either sex.

—

Baby-

—

ling idolizer.

friction

— Babylonian,

n. [L.] Bot. a berry; a one-celled fruit, with several naked seeds immersed in a pulpy mass. baccate, bak'kat, a. Bot. having a pulpy texture like a berry; bearing berries; berried.— bacciferous, bak«sif'er-us, a. [L. bacca, and fero, to bear.] Bearing or producing berries. baccivorous, bak'siv'6»rus, a [L. bacca, and voro, to devour.] Eating or subsisting on berries. baccalaureate, bak'ka'la're«at, n. [L.L. baccalaureatus, from baccalaureus, a corrupted form, through bacca lauri, laurel berry, of L.L. baccalarius, Fr. bachelier, a bachelor,

The worship

bearing of cranks, axles,

of any

bacca, bak'ka,

A

Babbitt metal, bab'it«met«al, n. [From the name of the inventor.] An alloy of copper, zinc, and tin, used for obviating

Type

bab'i'16'ni-an, ba«bMo'nish, Pertaining to Babylon; like the

confusion of tongues confused.

of Baalite, ba'al*Baal; gross idolatry. It, n. worshiper of Baal; a grovel-

A

n.

lonish,

—

n.

on

great or evil city; capital of Chal-

model diatonic

[Heb. ba'al, lord.]

ba'al* izm,

callosities

the hips.

deity worshiped among the Canaanites, Phoenicians, etc., and supposed to represent the sun. Baal-

ism,

species

A

v.i.

ba'al, n.

A

tusks in the upper jaw, inhabiting the islands of the East Indies and the Malayan Peninsula, and allied to the wild boars of Europe. bablah, bab la, n. The pod of several species of acacia sometimes used in dyeing, to produce a drab color. baboo, babu, ba«b6', n. Hindu title of respect paid to gentlemen, babu. equivalent to master, sir. Babu-English. The broken English of Bengal. baboon, ba«bon', n. [Fr. babouin.] term applied to certain quadrumanous animals of the Old World having elongated muzzles like a dog, strong canine teeth, short tails, cheek pouches, small deep eyes with huge

from Arab.

[Imitation of the sound.] Bleating of a sheep.

A

go;

note

bab-i-ros'sa, n.

of the swine family with long curved

scale or scale of C.

heavenly object. azimuthal, az'i«muth»al, a. Pertaining or relating g,

babiroussa,

B, b, be, the second letter and the first consonant in the English and most other alphabets; mus. the sev-

the rhododendrons chiefly by the flowers having five stamens instead of ten. azimuth, az'i-muth, n. [Ar. assutnuth, pi. of as-samt, a way, a path. Zenith has the same origin.] Astron. an arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of a place and the vertical circle passing through the center of a celestial object and the zenith. Azimuth circle, a circle passing through the zenith and cutting the horizon perpendicularly. Azimuth compass, a kind of compass used for finding the azimuth of a

ch, Sc. loch;

prevail; a confused mixture of sounds; confusion; disorder. to

B

nocturnal quadruped, about the size of a hare, found in Madagascar, allied to the lemurs, and in its habits resembling the sloth. azalea, a-za'le«a, n. [Gr. azaleos, dry, from inhabiting dry localities.] The generic name of certain plants belonging to the heath family, remarkable for the beauty and fragrance of their flowers, and distinguished from

ch, chain;

where confusion may be supposed

lakes,

possessing four limbs resembling those of a frog, and usually having throughout life both lungs and gills, but sometimes losing the latter. ay, aye, i, adv. [Of doubtful origin.] Yes; yea; a word expressing assent or affirmation; truly; certainly; indeed. n. The word by which assent is expressed in Parliament; hence, an affirmative vote. The ayes have it, the affirmative votes are in a majority. ayah, a'ya, n. In the East Indies, a native lady's maid.

aye-aye,

ba'bel, n. The city mentioned in Scripture where the confusion of tongues took place; any great city

—

axolotl, aks'o'lotl, n. [Mexican name.] A remarkable member of the tailed

—

Babel,

—

A

axle, axletree, aks'l, aks'l'tre, n. [A dim. from A. Sax. eax, ex, an axle; same root as L. axis, namely, ag, to drive, acre.] A piece of timber or bar of iron on which the wheels of

amphibians found

zoe, given to unfit for

lazwerd, blue.] Resembling the clear blue color of the sky; sky blue. n. The fine blue color of the sky; a name common to several sky-colored or blue pigments, as ultramarine or smalt ; the sky or vault of heaven. azurite, a'zhur*v.t. To color blue. It, n. blue mineral, an ore of copper, composed chiefly of hydrous carbonate: called also Azure stone. azygous, az'i«gus, a. [Gr. azygos a, not, and zygon, a yoke.] Not one of a pair; single: applied to certain muscles, etc.

themselves for or against the general

—

etc.,

One who

infants,

baby farming, n. The system or practices of a baby farmer.

and

Aztec,

powers may align

lesser

formerly because it is

n.

generally illegitimate, along with a sum of money for their bringing up, and whose object is to get rid of the children, by neglect or ill usage, as soon as

respiration. az'tek, n. and a. One of or pertaining to the Aztecs, the ruling tribe in Mexico at the time of the Spanish invasion. azure, a'zhur, a. [Fr. azur, L.L.

—

—baby farmer,

receives

possible.

[Gr. a, not,

n.

A name

life.]

nitrogen

farmer.

have as yet been

fossils

found. azote, az'ot,

;

bacchanal

axis

A

—

—

th, thin;

bacchanalian,

bak'a--

nal, bak-a-nali-an, a. [L. bacchanalis,

from Bacchus, the god of wine.] Revelling in or characterized by intemperate drinking; riotous; noisy. n. A votary of Bacchus; one who indulges in drunken revels; a drunken feast. Bacchanalia, bak»a«na'li-a, n. pi. [L.] Feasts or festive rites in honor of Bacchus. bacchanalianism, bak-a»na li-an-izm, n. The practice of bacchanalian rites; drunken

—

—

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

————

— ——

— ;

——

.

——

bachelor

60

bacchant, ba»kant', n. [L. bacchans, ppr. of bacchor, to celebrate the feast of Bacchus.] A priest of Bacchus; a bacchanal. bacchante,

or gets on the back; one who supports another; one who bets in favor of a particular party in a contest. backing, bak'ing, n. Something put at or attached to the back of something else by way of support or finish. back, bak, n. [Fr. bac, a back or ferry-boat, a brewer's or distiller's back; Armor, bac, a boat; D. bak, a bowl; Dan. bakke, a tray. The word may be originally Celtic. Basin is akin to this word.] A ferryboat, especially one adapted for carrying vehicles, and worked by a chain or rope fastened on each side of the ferry; brewing and distilling, a large tub or vessel into which the wort, etc., is drawn for the purpose of cooling,

revelry.

A

ba«kan'te, n. [It. baccante.] priestess of Bacchus, or one who joined in the feasts of Bacchus, one in a state of Bacchic frenzy; a female

— Bacchic,

bacchanal.

Bacchical,

bak'ik, bak'ik-al, a. Relating to Bac-

chus;

drunken;

jovial;

mad

with

intoxication. bachelor, bach'el«er, n. [O.Fr. bacheler, bachiler, Fr. bachelier, from L.L. baccalarius, the owner of a small farm or a herd of cows, a vassal, from bacca, for L. vacca, a cow.] Formerly, a young man in the first or probationary stage of knighthood; hence, a man who has not been married;

one who has taken the degree below that of Master or Doctor in Arts, other

or

Science,

subjects

at

a

Knight bachelor, a man has been knighted without being

university.

who made

a member of any of the orders of knighthood, as the Bath. bachelorhood, bachelorship, bach'-

el-er-hud,

bach'el-er-ship,

The

n.

being a bachelor. bacillus, ba«sil'us, n. pi. state of

ba-sil'll.

bacilli,

little a rod.] Any bacteria that produce

[L.,

rod-shaped

in the presence of free bacterium. bacillary, a ba-sila-ri, a. Relating to bacilli. back, bak, n. [A. Sax. beec, Icel. Sw. and L.G. bak.] The posterior part

spores

oxygen;

of the trunk ; the region of the spine the hinder part of the body in man and the upper in other animals; that which is behind or furthest from the face or front; the rear (the back of a house); that which is behind or distance; the part in the ordinary movements of a thing, or when it is used (the back of the hand, a knife, saw, etc.); a reserve or secondary resource; a support or second; pi. among leather dealers the thickest and best-tanned hides. Behind one's back, in secret, or when one is aback, [Short for adv. absent. A. Sax. on bcec, back.] To or toward a former place, state, or condition; in

the

furthest

which comes behind

not advancing; in a state of restraint or hindrance (to keep back); toward times or things past (to look back); again in return (to give back) away from contact; by reverse movement; in withdrawal or resilement from an undertaking or engagement (to draw ;

;

back).— To go or give back, to retreat, to recede; to give way; to succumb. a. Belonging to the back; lying in the rear; remote; in a backward direction: chiefly in compounds. v.t. to furnish with a back or backing; to support; to second or strengthen by aid (often with up); to bet or wager in favor of; to get upon the back of; to mount; to write something on the back of; to endorse; to put backward; to cause to move backwards or recede. v.i. To move or go back; to move with the back backed, bakt, a. Having foremost. a back: used chiefly in composition. backer, baker, n. One who backs

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

————

——

—

bad

straining, mixing, etc. backbite, bak'bit, v.t backbit (pret.), backbit or backbitten (pp.), backbiting. To censure, slander, or speak evil of, in the absence of the person traduced. backbiter, bak'bit«er, n. One who backbites; a calumniator of the

—

—

absent.

backboard, bak'bord,

n.

A

board for

backwards to the side of a ship to assist the shrouds in supporting the mast.

backward,

backwards, bak'werd, bak'werdz, adv. [Back and ward, denoting direction.] With the back in advance; toward the back; in a direction opposite to forward; toward past times or events; from a better to a worse state; in a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction. backward, a. Being in the back or at the back; turned or directed back backward look); unwilling; re-

(a

slow; dull; not quick of apprehension; late; behind in time. backwardly, bak'werd'li, adv. Unluctant;

—

willingly; reluctantly; aversely; perbackwardness, bak'werd— verselyf. nes, n. The state or quality of being

backwater, n. Ebbtide. back in the boat

backward. — To

fall

v.i.

course.

backwoods, bak'wudz,

n. pi.

Woody

or forest districts of a country situated back or away from the more thickly settled parts

:

more

especially

the back; a board used to support the back and give erectness to the

used in regard to the United States and Canada. backwoodsman, bak-

figure.

wudz«man,

backbone, bak'bon,

n.

The bone

of

the back; the spine; the vertebral column; fig. firmness; decision of To the backcharacter; resolution. bone, to the utmost extent; out and out; all through or over (a soldier to the backbone). backdoor, bak'dor, n. door in the back part of a building.

A

backgammon,

n. bak-garn'mon, [Dan. bakke, a tray, gammen, mirth.] A game played by two persons upon

a

or

table

board

made

for

the

purpose, with pieces or men, diceboxes, and dice. background, bak 'ground, n. The part of a picture represented as

from the spectator;

farthest situation

fig.

a

seen or noticed; a state of being out of view (to keep a fact in the background). backhand, bak'hand, n. Writing sloping backwards or to the left. backhand, backhanded, bak'hand, bak'hand-ed, a. With the hand turned backward (a backhanded blow); unfair; oblique; indirect; sloping back or to the left (of writing). backhandedness, bak'hand*ed*nes, n. little

backshish, backsheesh, bak shesh, n.

Same

as bakshish.

n. The back part of anything; the side opposite to the front or behind that which is presented to the spectator. backslide, bak'slid, v.i. (conjugated as slide). To slide back; to fall off or turn away from religion or mo-

backside, bak'sid,

backslider, to apostatize. bak'slid-er, n. One who backslides; one who falls away from religion or rality;

morality.

backstair, backstairs, bak starz, n.

A

star,

bak-

stair or stairs in the back house; private stairs. a.

part of a Of or pertaining to backstairs; hence, indirect; underhand; secret and unfair (backstairs influence).

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

An

inhabitant of the

bacon, ba'kn, n. [O.Fr. bacon, from O.D. baken, bacon, from bak, bake, a pig; G. bache, a wild sow.] Swine's flesh salted or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. ba-ko'ni«an, a. Pertaining to Francis Bacon, or his system of philosophy. bacteria, bak«te ri«a, n. pi. [Gr. bak-

Baconian,

terion, a stick.] Simple microscopic organisms that reproduce themselves by fission. Some, such as pathogenic bacteria, cause disease; others, such

as denitrifying bacteria, are useful. bactericide, bak«ter i«sid, n. Anything capable of destroying bacteria. bacteriology, bak«te ri«ol o»ji, ;;. The study of bacteria. bacteriologist, bak«te'ri«ol"o«jist, n. bacterio-

—

—

bak'te'ri«o«faj, *. Any of various viruses that destroy bacteria.

phage,

bactericide, bak-ter i«sld, n. Anything capable of destroying bacteria. bacteriostasis, bak-ter i-o«sta"sis, n. Bact. prevention of the development of bacteria without killing them. bak'tri«an, a. Of or pertaining to Bactria, an ancient province of the Persian empire (the Bactrian camel). bad, bad, a, compar. (from quite a different root) worse, superl. worst. [Perhaps of Celtic origin; comp. Corn, bad, Gael, baodh, baoth. vain, foolish, etc.] The opposite of good; wanting good qualities, physical or moral; not coming up to a certain type or standard or the average of individuals of the particular class;

Bactrian,

wicked, unprincipled, depraved, immoral, vicious; pernicious, debasing, corrupting (influence, habits); ill, infirm (health); unwholesome, noxious

climate, food); defective,

(air,

(work. crop\ infertile, unfortunate or unhappy incompetent marriage);

insufficient

sterile (soil); t,

backstay, n. A long rope or stay, extending from the top of a mast

n.

backwoods.

result,

workman), etc. etc. n. That which To go to the bad, to fall into bad.

is

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— — ———

—

——

badderlocks

baggage,

A

A

A

familiarly to any young woman. bagnio, ban'yo, n. [It. bagno, from

L. balneum, a brothel; a stew.

bah, ba, pressing

plantigrade carnivorous belonging to a family inter-

and feeding on vegetables, quadrupeds, etc. v.t. To attack (a person), as the badger is attacked when being drawn or baited; to assail (as with importunities, commands, etc.); to worry; to pester. badinage, bad'imaj or ba«de-nazh, n. [Fr., from badin, facetious.] Light or in habits,

small

outdoor game, the same

—

fish or other

A

—

go;

the solar rays (as bread, bricks, pottery) ; to prepare in an oven. v.i. To do the work of baking ; to dry and harden in heat. baker, bak'er, n. One whose .occupation is to bake baker's dozen. bread, biscuit, etc. Thirteen, the extra as retailer's profit. bakery, bak'er«i, n. A place used for the business of* baking bread, etc. bakelite, ba'kedit, n. [From L. H. Baekeland, chemist.] Trade name of a substance of coal tar origin used in

—

making plastic ware. baking powder, n.

A mixture of baking soda, starch or flour, and an acid substance, used as a leavening baking soda, n. Sodium agent. bicarbonate.

bakshish, bak'shesh,

n.

[Pers.,

from

bakkshidan, to give.] A present or gratuity of money: used in Eastern

a bucket,

countries.

balance, bal'ans,

—

n.

[Fr.,

from L.

bis, double, and lanx, a dish, bilanx the scale of a balance.] An instrument for ascertaining the weight of bodies, consisting in its common form of a beam or lever suspended exactly at the middle, and having a scale or

basin hung to each extremity of exactly the same weight, so that the beam rests horizontally when nothing is in either scale or when they are loaded with equal weights; the excess by which one thing is greater than another surplus the difference of two sums; the sum due on an account; an equality of weight, power, advantage, and the like; the part of a clock or watch which regulates the beats; the balance wheel. v.t. balanced, balancing. To bring to an equipoise; to keep in equilibrium on a small support; to poise; to compare by estimating the relative importance or value of; to weigh; to serve as a counterpoise to; to settle (an account) by paying ;

;

—

what remains due;

to

to examine (a by summations and show how debits and credits

causative of bita, E. bite.] To give a portion of food and drink to a beast when tra veling; to furnish with a

0.1. To be in equipoise; to have equal weight or importance; to be e mployed in finding balances

bait, bat,

make

j,

stuff

—

bailing an arrested person. Baily's beads, n. [From F. Baily, astronomer.] The belt of bright sunlight shining through mountains on the moon's surface that is seen just before and just after a total eclipse of the sun. Bairam, ba'ram, n. The name of two Mohammedan festivals, one held at the close of the fast Ramadan, the other seventy days after.

—

an allurement

with a long nap, sometimes friezed on one side. bake, bak, v.t. baked, baking (old Icel. and pp. baken). [A. Sax. bacan Sw. baka, Dan. bage, D. bakken, G. backen.] To dry and harden by heat, in an oven, kiln, or furnace, or by

A

—

;

A

woolen

utensil. bailiff, ba'lif, n. [O.Fr. baillij, bailli, from baillir, bailler, to hold, to govern, L. bajulare, to bear, bajulus, civil a porter. BAIL, to liberate.] officer or functionary, a sheriff's deputy, a court officer who executes and writs, distraints, processes, arrests ; who also acts as a messenger bailiwick, ba'li-or usher in court. wik, n. [-wick from A. Sax. wic, dwelling, station, L. vicus, a village.] The precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction. bailment, bal'ment, n. The act of

—

g,

bailie,

animals

bait, bat, v.i. [Fr. battre, to beat. bate.] To clap the wings; to hover above prey. (Shak.) baize, baz, n. [A modified plural; O.E. bayes, Fr. bate, coarse woolen cloth, originally of a bay color; from L. badius, bay-colored.] coarse

Armor, bal, a tub.] To free (a boat) from water with a bucket or other

A

ch, Sc. loch;

[Fr.

substance

enticement.

from L. baculum, a rod or staff.] little stick laid on the tops of the stumps in playing cricket.

bail, bal, v.t.

or other

A

A

A

ch, chain;

An exclamation excontempt, disgust, or in-

interj.

of flesh

acts as a lure to fish or other animals (to bait a hook); to provoke and harass by dogs (as a bull, badger, or bear); to annoy. v.i. To take a portion of food and drink for refreshment on a journey. n. portion of food and drink, or a refreshment taken on a journey; any substance used as a lure to catch

bails.

—

;

which

bail, bal, n. [O.Fr. bailie, a palisade,

baffle, baf'fl, v.t. baffled, baffling. [Origin unknown.] To elude; to foil; to frustrate; to defeat; to thwart. n. plate or screen that deflects or regulates flow of a gas, liquid, or the distribution of soundwaves. baffler, baffler, n. bag, bag, n. [Icel. baggi, boggr, a bag, a bundle; comp. O.Fr. bague, a sack; bundle, Gael, bag, a bag.] a wallet; a pouch; what is contained in a bag (as the animals shot by a sportsman); a definite quantity of certain commodities. v.t. bagged, bagging. To put into a bag; to distend; to swell; to shoot or otherwise lay hold of (game). v.i. To bagging, swell or hang like a bag. bag'ing, n. The cloth or other materials for bags. baggy, bag'i, a. Having the appearance of a bag; puffy. bagginess,bag'i«nes, n. Character of being baggy. bagpipe, bag 'pip, n. musical wind instrument consisting of a leathern bag which receives the air from the mouth or from a bellows; and of pipes into which the air is pressed from the bag by the performer's elbow.— bagpiper, bag'pip-er, n. One who plays on a bagpipe. bagwig, n. wig with a sort of purse attached to it. bagasse, ba-gas', n. [Fr.] The sugarcane in its dry crushed state as

A

a

(we were his bail). bal'a«bl, a. Capable of being admitted to bail; admitting bailer, of bail (a bailable offense). bal'er, n. One who or that which

as lawn tennis but played with shuttlecocks; a kind of claret cup or

beverage.

bath;

bailable,

playful discourse.

summer

A

mination

badminton, bad'min«ton, n. [From a residence of the Dukes of Beau-

An

bath.]

credulity. bail, bal, v.t. [O.Fr. bailler, to bail, to guard, from L. bajulus, a bearer, later a tutor or governor. Hence bailiff.] To liberate from arrest and imprisonment, upon security that the person liberated shall appear and answer in court. n. The person or persons who procure the release of a prisoner from custody by becoming surety for his appearance in court; the security given for the release; not used with a plural ter-

mediate between the bears and the weasels, living in a burrow, nocturnal

fort.]

bag'aj, n.

[Fr. bagasse, It. bagascia, Sp. bagazo, a strumpet.] low worthless woman; a strumpet; now usually a playful epithet applied

bracelet, ring, mark, sign, token, or cognizance worn to show the relation of the weaver to any person, occupation, or order. v.t.-f To mark or distinguish with a badge or as with a badge. (Shak.) badger, baj'er, n. [For bladger, from O.Fr. blaage, store of corn (the animal being supposed to steal corn), from L.L. bladwn, wheat (Fr. bid), grain carried off the field; L. lit. ablatum—ab, from, and latum, car-

mammal

piece

bagatelle, bag-a-tel', n. [Fr., from It. bagatella, a dim. of bagata, a trifle, L.L. baga, a bundle, a bag.] A trifle; a thing of no importance; a game played on a board having at the end nine holes, into which balls are to be struck with a cue or mace. baggage, bag'aj, n. [Fr. bagage, baggage, O.Fr. bague, a bundle, bag.] The necessaries of an army, or other body of men on the move; luggage; things required for a journey.

baugr, a

——

balance

61

badderlocks, bad'er«loks, n. A common name for a seaweed found on the shores of the north of Europe, the midrib of which is edible. badge, baj, n. [L.L. bagia, a sign, probably from O.Sax. bag, A. Sax.

ried.]

— ——

——

a

delivered from the sugar mill.

bad company, bad ways, or bad circumstances; to fall into vicious badly, courses and ruin one's life. bad'li, adv. In a bad manner; not badness, bad'well; unskillfully. nes, n. The state of being bad; want of good qualities, physical or moral.

beag, Icel. garland.]

—

yob;

v.t.

[From

Icel.

beita,

to eat, to feed, to bait a

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

hook

merchant's

—

th, thin

stand.

;

books)

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —— — —

——— — — — —

— — —

balas balancer, bal'ans-er, n. One who or that which balances; an organ of an insect useful in balance sheet, balancing the body. A statement of the assets and liabilities of a trading concern. balance wheel, n. That part of watch or chronometer which, a like a pendulum, regulates the beat or strike. n. [From Ar. balakhsh, from Badakhshan, in Central Asia.] A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose-red color, sometimes inclining to orange.

balas, balas, ba«las',

n.

A gum

obtained

a S. American tree, used for similar purposes to india-rubber, and in the United States as a chewing-gum. bullet tree. balcony, bal'ko-ni (nineteenth century), bal'ko'ni (previously), n. [It. balcone, from balco, a scaffold, from O.H.G. balcho, G. balken E. balk, a beam.] platform projecting from the front of a building, supported by columns, pillars, or consoles, and encompassed with a balustrade, railing, or parapet; a projecting gallery in the interior of a building, as of a theater. bald, bald, a. [O.E. balled, lit. marked with a white spot; of Celtic origin, comp. Armor, bal, a white mark on an animal's face; Ir. and Gael, bal, a spot.] Having white on the face (said of animals) ; destitute of hair, especially on the top and back of the head; destitute of the natural or usual covering of the head or top ; destitute of appropriate ornament; unadorned (said of style or language); hot. destitute of beard or awn.- baldly, bald'li, adv. Nabaldkedly; meanly; inelegantly. ness, bald'nes, n. The state or quality of being bald. bald eagle, the white-headed eagle of America. bald-faced, a. Having a white face or white on the face; said of animals.

from

A

— bald

head, n. A person bald on the head. [O.T.] bald-headed, a. (to go). Having a bald head. In a wild, reckless manner.

baldaquin, bal'da-kin, bal'da'kin, n. [It. baldacchino, Sp. baldaquino, from Baldacco, Italian form of Bagdad, where the cloth

baldachin,

manufactured.] A canopy or covering; a canopy on four poles held over the pope; a canopy on four columns over an altar a canopy over a throne.

was

;

balderdash,

bal'der-dash, n. [W. baldordus, prattling, baldordd, prattle.] Senseless prate; a jargon of

words; noisy nonsense. baldpate, n. Same as Bald head. baldric, bald'rik, n. baldric, etc., O.Fr.

[O.E.

baudric, baudric, from O.G. balderich, from balz, a belt. broad belt, stretching from belt.] the right or left shoulder diagonally across the body, either as an ornament or to suspend a sword,

A

dagger, or horn. bale, bal, n. [O.Fr. bale, the same

word

as ball, meaning originally a round package] A bundle or package

of

goods.

v.t.

— baled,

baling.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

To

make up

into a bale or bundle. bale, bal, v.t.— baled, baling. To free from water by laving; to bail. bale, bal, n. [A. Sax. bealu, O.Sax. balu, Icel. bol, calamity, sorrow.] Misery; calamity; that which causes ruin, destruction, or sorrow. baleful, bal'ful, a. Full of bale, destruction, or mischief; destructive; pernicious; calamitous; deadly. balefully, bal'fuMi, adv. In a baleful balefulness, or calamitous manner. bal'fulmes, n. The state or quality

of being baleful. baleen, ba«len', n.

[Fr. baleine,

L. balcena, a whale.] of commerce. balefire, bal'fir, n.

from

The whalebone

bael, [A. Sax. flame, a funeral pile; Icel. bal, flame, a funeral pile.] A signal fire,

fire; an alarm fire. balk, bak, n. [A. Sax. balca, a balk or

beam; Icel. balkr, Sw. balk, a partition; Dan. ridge bjelke, G. balken, a beam.] of land left unplowed; an uncultivated strip of land serving as a boundary; a beam or piece of

ridge, a balk, a

A

timber of considerable length and thickness; a barrier or check; a disappointment. v.t. To bar the

way

of; to disappoint, to frustrate. turn aside or stop in one's v.i. course (as a horse). balker, bak'er, balkingly, bak'n. One who balks. ing«li, adv. In a manner to balk or frustrate. ball, bal, n. [Fr. balle, from O.H.G. balla, G. ball, Icel. bollr, ball. Bale,

To

a

package,

balloon,

is

another

form,

and

A

are derivatives.] a small spherical body covered with leather and ballot

round body; often

used in many games; any part of a thing that is rounded or protuberant; farriery, a form of medicine, corresponding to the term bolus in pharmacy; metal, a mass of half-melted projectile of the ; a bullet (in this sense also used collectively). Ball-and-socket joint, a joint (as in the human hip) formed by a ball or rounded end playing within a socket so as to admit of motion in all directions. ball, bal, v.t. To make into a ball. v.i. To form or gather into a ball. ball cock, n. A kind of self-acting stop cock opened and shut by means of a hollow sphere or ball of metal floating on the surface of a liquid, and attached to the end of a lever connected with the cock. ballpoint pen. pen with a tiny steel ball as a writing point, inked by rotating against an inking magazine. ball, bal, n. [Fr. bal, L.L. bailare, to dance, to shake, from Gr. ballizd,

iron; a a firearm

loop;

—

A

A

to dance. Akin ballad, ballet.] social assembly of persons of both sexes for the purpose of dancing. ballad, ballad, n. [Fr. ballade, from L.L. (and It.) ballare. to dance.

A

short ballet]. a dance, narrative poem, especially such as is adapted for singing; a poem partaking of the nature both of the epic and the lyric. ballad.f bal lad, v.t. To celebrate in a ballad. (Shak.) ballade, ba-lad, n. [Fr. ballade.)

ball,

—

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

balm

62

on accounts.

balata, ba-la'ta,

— ——

note, not,

move;

Poem

consisting in

its

normal form

of three stanzas of eight lines each, with a closing stanza or envoy of four lines, the rhymes throughout being not more than three. ballast, bal'ast, n. [D. ballast, ballast, literally worthless load (being worthless in itself),

from bal (akin

to E.

misery, bad, and last, a load. last.) In Danish it was modified to baglast, lit. a back-load bag, back after, and last, load.] Heavy matter, as stone, sand, or iron, carried in the bottom of a ship or other vessel, to prevent it from being readily overset (the vessel being said to be in ballast when she sails without a cargo); sand carried in bags in the car of a balloon to steady it, and enable the aeronaut to lighten the balloon by throwing part of it out; material filling up the space between the rails on a railroad in order to make it firm and solid; fig. that which confers steadiness on a person. v.t. To place ballast in or on bale,

—

ship, a railroad track); steady; to counterbalance. (a

fig.

A

to

female

ballerina, bal«e«re'na, ballet dancer.

n.

ballet, bal-la'or ballet,

n. [Fr. ballet,

ball, a dance.] A dance, more or less elaborate, in which several persons take part; It.

balletto.

a theatrical representation, in which a story is told by gesture, accom-

panied with dancing, scenery, ballista,

bal-lis ta,

bal'lis'te,

[L.,

etc.

ballistae, Gr. ballo, to

n.

pi.

from

throw.] A military engine used by the ancients for discharging heavy stones or other missiles especially ballistic, against a besieged place.

—

ballistic missile, a a. projectile that uses rocket power in its first stage but continues to its target unguided and without probal'lis'tik,

—

n. bal-lis tiks, ballistics, pulsion. The science that studies the motion

of projectiles.

balloon, bal-ldn',

[Fr.

n.

ballon,

an

ball.] A large aug. of balle, a ball, hollow spherical body; a very large bag, usually made of light fabric or plastic material and filled with hydrogen gas or heated air, or any other gaseous fluid lighter than common air, the contained gas causing the balloon to rise and float atmosphere. balloonist, the in

—

bal'lon'ist, n.

ballot, ballot, n. [Fr. ballotte, a ball used in voting, dim. of balle. a ball. ball.] A ball, ticket, paper, or the

by which one votes, and which gives no indication of who the voter is the system of voting by means of this kind. v.i. To vote frequently or decide by ballot: like,

;

with

—

balloter, ballot-er, n. ballots or votes by ballot. bam, n. [O.Fr. baulme, Fr.

for.

One who balm, baumej

a contr. of balsam.]

A name

common erous

to several species of odorifor aromatic trees or shrubs,

to the fragrant medicinal exudfrom them; any fragrant ations or valuable ointment anything which heals, soothes, or mitigates pain. balm, bam, v.t. To anoint as with

and

;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

— ——— —

—

— — — balsam

balm or with anything fragrant or medicinal; to soothe; to mitigate; balmily, bam'to assuage; to heal. adv. In a balmy manner. i«li, balminess, bam'i«nes, n. The state balmy, or quality of being balmy. bam'i, a. Having the qualities of balm; aromatic; fragrant; healing; soothing; assuaging; refreshing. balsam, balsam, n. [L. balsamum, Gr. balsamon, a fragrant gum.] An oily, aromatic, resinous substance, flowing spontaneously or by incision

—

the qualities of balsam, stimulating; unctuous; soft; mitigating; mild. n. A warm, stimulating, demulcent

of

consistence.

smooth

a

and

— balsamiferous,

oily bal«-

sanvif er«us, a. Producing or yielding balm or balsam.

baluster, bal'us«ter,

balaustro, a baluster, from L. It. balaustium, Gr. balaustion, the flower of the wild pomegranate, being so

from some resemblance of form.] A small column or pilaster, of various forms and dimensions, used for balustrades. balustrade, called

bal*us'trad',

balustrade.]

[Fr.

n.

A

as

A

[Malay.] tropical plant of the family of the grasses, with large jointed stems, the thickest being much used in India, China, etc., for building purposes, and the slenderest for walking canes. bamboo curtain. The condition of censorship, prohibition of free travel, and secrecy in Communist China. bamboozle, bam-bo'zl, v.t. [Origin doubtful.] To impose or practice

bandmaster, n. The conductor and trainer of a band of bandsaw, n. A saw musicians. formed of a long flexible belt of articles.

—

steel

—

upon; n.

hoax;

to

to

humbug;

interdict,

[A. Sax.

n.

to

ban, gebann, edict; D.

proclamation,

excommunication; Icel. and Sw. bann, proclamation; Dan. band. a ban, bande, to curse. Akin bandit,

ban,

abandon, etc.] An edict or proclamation in general; an edict

v.i.

To

—

curse. n.

[Serv. ban, a lord.]

A

Croatian or Hungarian military chief or ruler. a.

[Fr.]

Hackneyed;

to all the vassals. is

—band-

which

a

band

pi.

bandeaux,

Banal

banal.

n. [Sp., from the native name.] herbaceous plant closely allied to the plantain, and extensively cultivated in tropical

A

g,

go;

[Corrup-

A

banality, ban«character; what

ch, Sc. \och;

n.

tion of the Telinga name pandikoku, lit. pig-rat.] large species of rat, attaining the weight of 2 or 3 lbs., a native of India and Ceylon, where its flesh is a favorite article of food among the coolies. bandit, bandit, n. pi. bandits, [It. banditti, bandits, ban»dit'ti. bandito, pp. of bandire, L.L. bamiirc. to banish, ban, banish.] An out-

banana, ba-na'na,

ch, chain;

n.

bandicoot, ban'di'kut,

commonplace; vulgar; properly, a bannal mill was by feudal custom the mill common by ban or order n.

pulleys. in

inscription.

banal, ban'al,

al'i-ti,

wagon

ban'do. [Fr., dim. from bande, a band.] A fillet worn round the head; a head band. banderole, ban'de-rol, n. [Fr. banderole, Sp. banderola, a little banner, from bandera, a banner, from G. band, band.] A little flag or streamer affixed to a mast, a military weapon, or a trumpet; a pennon; a banderole. Arch, stone band with

of interdiction or proscription; interdiction; prohibition; curse; excommunication; anathema; pi. proclamation of marriage (banns). v.t. banned, banning. To curse; to execrate; to prohibit; to interdict.

ban, ban,

A

bandeau, ban 'do,

banish,

—

n.

Get on the bandof musicians rides. wagon, side with the apparent victor in a contest or cause. bandana, bandanna, ban* dan 'a, n. [Hind, bdndhnu, to tie.] An Indian silk handkerchief having a pattern formed by tying little bits so as to keep them from being dyed; hence, a silk or cotton handkerchief having a somewhat similar pattern, that is, a uniform ground, usually of bright red or blue, with white or yellow figures of simple form.

One who bamboozles.

ban, ban,

revolving on

wagon,

bamboozler, banvbo'zler,

deceive.

—

A

an ornament. n.

law; more commonly a robber; a highwayman. bandog, bandog, n. [Band and dog,

orrhages, etc.; a band or ligature v.t. bandaged, bandaging. in general. To put a bandage on. bandbox, box made of pasteband 'box, n. board, or thin flexible pieces of wood and paper, for holding light other bonnets, or bands,

enclosure for altars, balconies, staircases, terraces, etc., or used merely

bamboo, banvbb,

countries for its soft luscious fruit, is the staple food of millions of people. band, band, n. [A. Sax. bend, a band, from bindan, to bind; D. Icel. Sw. and G. band, in sense of body of men, from Fn bande, G. bande, from same root, bind.] That which binds together; a bond or means of attachment in general; a fetter or similar fastening; a narrow strip or ribbon-shaped ligature, tie, or connection; a fillet; a border or strip on an article of dress; that which resembles a band, tie, or the linen ornament ligature; pi. about the neck of a clergyman, with the ends hanging down in front; a company of persons united together by some common bond, especially a body of armed men; a company of soldiers ; an organized body of instrumental musicians; an orchestra. v.t. To bind with a band; to mark with a band; to unite in a troop, company, or v.i. To associate or confederacy. unite for some common purpose.

lit. bound-dog.] A large, fierce kind of dog, generally a mastiff, usually kept chained. bandoleer, ban-do'ler', n. [Sp. ban-

Fr. bandouliere, from Sp. banda, a sash.] A large leather belt carrying a bag for balls and a number of charges of gunpowder, worn by musketeers; a shoulder belt carrying ball cartridges. bandoline, ban'do-len, n. A gummy perfumed substance used to impart dolera,

a

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

and

glossiness

to

the

from

It.

stiffness

hair.

bandore, ban

dor, n.

[Fr.,

pandora, L. pandura, Gr. pandoura, a musical instrument ascribed to Pan.] A musical stringed instrument like a lute.

bandy,

ban'di, n.

[Fr.

bande, bent,

from bander, to bend a bow, to bind, to swathe, from G. band, a band. band.] A club bent at the end for striking

a

ball

at

play;

played with such clubs.

bandage, ban'dij, n. A fillet, roller, or swathe used in dressing and binding up wounds, restraining hem-

row of small columns or pilasters, joined by a rail, serving as an

—— — —

— banish

—

[Fr. balustre,

n.

—

63 which

from certain plants and used in medicine and perfumery; balm. balsamic, bal'sam'ik, a. Having

medicine,

—

a v.t.

—game ban-

To

died, bandying. beat to and fro, as a ball in play; to toss from one to another; to exchange con tenuously; to give and receive reciprocally

(words, compliments). v.i. To contend; to strive. (Shak.) bandy, ban'di, a. Bent, especially having a bend or crook outwards: said of bandy-legged, a. a person's legs. Having bandy or crooked legs. bane, ban, n. [A. Sax. bana, destruction, death, bane; Icel. bani, Dan. and Sw. bane, O.H.G. bana; allied to Gr. phonos, murder.] Any fatal cause of mischief, injury, or destruction; ruin; destruction; deadly poison.— baneful, ban'ful, a. Destructive; pernicious; poisonous. banefully, ban'fuMi, adv. In a banefulness, ban'baneful manner. ful-nes, n. The quality of being

—

—

baneful.

bang, bang,

v.t.

[Comp.

Icel.

bang, a

knocking; G. bdngel, a club, the clapper of a bell; D. bangel, a bell.] To beat, as with a club or cudgel; to thump; to cudgel; to beat or handle roughly or with violence (Shak.); to bring a loud noise from or by, as in slamming a door, and v.i. To resound with the like. a loud noise; to produce a loud n. A noise; to thump violently. loud, sudden, resonant sound; a blow as with a club; a heavy blow. bang, n. See bhang. bangle, bang'gl, n. [Hind, bangri.] An ornamental ring worn upon the arms or ankles in India, Africa, and elsewhere. banian, banyan, n. [Hind, banyd, a merchant.] An Indian trader or merchant; a Hindu trader strict in regard to food. banish, banish, v.t. [Fr. bannir, ppr. bannissant, to banish, from L.L. bannire, to proclaim, denounce, from O.H.G. batman, to proclaim. BAN.]

th, ihin;

To condemn

to

exile;

to

send

(a

person) from a country as a punish-

ment; to drive away, to exile; to cast from the mind (thoughts, care, w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— ——

—

— banisher,

who

One

ban'ish-er, n.

banishes.

— banishment,

The

act of banish-

ban'ish-ment,

n.

ing; the state of being banished; enforced absence; exile. banister, ban'is-ter, n. [Form of baluster.] A baluster; an upright in a stair rail.

banjo, ban

jo, n.

[Negro corruption musical instrument

of bandore.) A having six strings, a body like a tambourine, and a neck like a guitar. bank, bangk, n. [A. Sax. banc, a bank, hillock, also bene, a bench; Sw. and Dan. bank, bank, Icel. bakki (for banki), D. and G. bank, a bank, a

In sense of establishment money the word is directly from the Fr. banque, a bankIt. banco, a ing establishment; bench, counter, a bank, this being from the German. Bench is the same word.] A mound or heap of earth; any steep acclivity, as one rising from a river, the sea, or forming the side of a ravine or the like ; a rising ground in the sea, partly above water or covered everywhere with shoal water; a shoal; the face of a bench.

dealing

in

coal at which miners are working; a bench or seat for the rowers in a galley; one of the rows of oars; an in establishment which trades money; an establishment for the deposit, custody, remittance, and issue of money; the office in which the transactions of a banking company are conducted; the funds of a gaming establishment; a fund in certain games at cards. v.t. To enclose, defend, or fortify with a lay up bank; to embank; to To or deposit in a bank. v.i. in bank. To deposit money a bank {upon), to stake or rest hopes upon an event (recent use). bankable, bangk'a-bl, a. banker, bangker, n. One who keeps a bank; one who traffics in money, receives and

—

remits money, negotiates bills of exchange, etc. banking, bangk'ing, n. The business or profession of a banker; the system followed by banks in carrying on their business; the tilting up of an airplane at a sharp angle sideways when flying swiftly

—

on the same principle on which a cycle track is ' banked steeply at corners rounded high speed. banknote, n. A at promissory note issued by a banking company payable on demand. bankrupt, bangk'rupt, n. [Bank, a bench, and L. ruptus, broken, lit. one whose bench has been broken, the bench or table which a merchant or banker formerly used in the exchange having been broken on his bankruptcy.] A person declared by legal authority unable to pay his popularly, one who has debts; wholly or partially failed to pay his debts; one who has compounded with his creditors; an insolvent. a. Insolvent; unable to meet one's bankruptcy, bangkobligations. round

as

a curve,

that

'

—

—

rupt'Si,

n.

bankrupt;

The

state of being a inability to pay all debts;

failure in trade.

banner, ban'er,

n. [Fr.

—

—

—

64

banister business).

—— —

—

banniere, L.L.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

bar

banderia, from bandum, banner, standard, from G. band, a band or strip of cloth, from binden, to bind.] piece of cloth usually bearing some warlike or heraldic device or national emblem, attached to the upper part of a pole or staff; an ensign; a standard; a square flag. bannerol, ban'er«ol, n. little flag; banneret, ban'er«et, n. a banderole.

A

A

A

knight of a rank between a baron and an ordinary knight, raised to this rank for bravery on the field. bannock, ban'ok, n. [A. Sax. bannue, Gael, bannach.] An unleavened cake of oatmeal or other meal baked at an open fire, and generally on an iron plate. [Scotch.] banns, banz, n.pl. [See ban.] The proclamation in church previous to a marriage, made by calling over the names of the parties intending

matrimony. n.

[Fr. banquet,

dim. of banque, a bench, a seat, and hence a feast, bank.] A feast; a rich entertainment of meat and drink; fig. something specially delior

enjoyable.

v.t.

To

treat

with a feast or rich entertainment.

To feast; to to fare daintily.

v.i.

kwet-er, provides

n.

A

feasts

regale one's self;

—banqueter,

bang'-

who

feaster;

one

or

entertain-

rich

ments.

banquette,

bamket',

n.

[Fr.

from

A

little banc, a bench, a bank.] Fort. raised way or bank running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers or riflemen stand to fire upon the enemy in the moat or covered way; the footway of a bridge when raised above the carriage

way.

banshee, ban 'she, n. [Ir. bean-sith, Gael, ban-sith, from Ir. and Gael. bean, ban, woman, and sith, fairy.]

A

kind of female fairy believed in Ireland and some parts of Scotland to attach herself to a particular house, and to appear before the death of one of the family. Bantam, bantam, n. A small but spirited breed of domestic fowl with feathered shanks, first brought from the East Indies, and supposed to derive its name from Bantam in Java; a. [not cap.] Pertaining to or resembling the bantam; of the breed of the bantam ; hence, diminutive; puny. banter, banter, v.t. [Origin unknown.] To address humorous raillery to; to attack with jokes or jests;

make fun

of; to rally. n. (no pi.) humorous joking or jesting; raillery: pleasantry with which a person is attacked. banterer, ban ter«er, n. One who banters.

to

A

bantling,

bant ling, n. [Probably a wrapping, and the dim. suffix- ling, meaning properly a child in swaddling clothes.] A young child; an infant: a term carrying with it a shade of contempt.

from

band,

banyan,

banyan,

n.

[From

the

connection of one such tree with certain banians or Indian merchants.] An Indian tree of the fig genus, remarkable for its horizontal bran-

me, met, her;

sending

take

root

ground and enlarge into trunks, which in their turn send out branches; the tree in this manner covering a prodigious extent of

ground.

baobab, ba 6«bab, Senegal.]

n.

[The name

in

A large African tree usually

from 40

to 70 feet high, and often 30 feet in diameter, having an oblong pulpy fruit called monkey bread; the sour-gourd or calabash tree.

baptism, bap'tizm, n. [Gr. baptisma, from baptizo, to baptize, from bapto, to dip in water.] The application of water by sprinkling or immersion to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony. baptismal, bap'tiz'mal, a. Pertaining to

—

—

baptismally, bap-tiz'maladv. In a baptismal manner. Baptist, bap'tist, n. [Gr. baptistes.) One who administers baptism: specifically applied to John, the forerunner of Christ; as a contraction of Anabaptist, one who objects to baptistery, bapinfant baptism. tis«terM, n. building or a portion of a building in which is adminisbaptize, tered the rite of baptism. bap-tiz', v.t. baptized, baptizing. [Gr. baptizo.) To administer the sacrament of baptism to; to christen. baptizer, bap«tiz'er, n. One who baptizes. bar, bar, n. [Fr. barre; from the Celtic; W. and Armor, bar, the top baptism. li,

banquet, bang'kwet,

cious

down shoots which when they reach the

ches

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

A

—

—

—

branch of a

tree, a rail, a bar. Barrier, barrister, barricade, embarrass, etc., are derivatives.] piece of wood, metal, or other solid matter, long in proportion to its thickness; a pole; a connecting piece in various positions and structures, often for a hindrance or obstruction; anything which obstructs, hinders, or impedes; an obstruction; an obstacle; a barrier; a bank of sand, gravel, or earth forming an obstruction at the mouth of a river or harbor; the railing enclosing the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice; the place in court where prisoners are stationed for arraignment, trial, or sentence; all those who can plead in a court; lawyers in general; the profession of the law; the railing or partition which separates a space near the door from the body of either house of parliament a tribunal in general; the enclosed place of a tavern, inn, or other establishment where liquors, etc., are served out; the counter over which such articles are served out; military mark of distinction, stripe added to medal; music, a line drawn perpendicularly across the staff dividing it into equal measures of time; the space and

A

;

notes lines.

between two such — barred, barring. To

included v.t.

fas-

ten with a bar or as with a bar; to hinder; to obstruct; to prevent; to prohibit; to restrain; to except; to exclude by exception; to provide with a bar or bars; to mark with bars; to cross with one or more

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— —— — ——— — ——

—

——

— —

barb

;;

barley

65

barmaid, stripes or lines. maid or woman who serves

n.

A

jaw; a vermiform process appended the mouth of certain fishes, serving as an organ of touch.

at the

—

barbette, bar-bet',

cordance with sound taste. barbarism, bar'bar«izm, n. An uncivilized state; want of civilization; rudeness of manners; an act of

barbiturate, bar-bit'u-rat,

A

A

arts

and

for

barbule,

barbecuing.

To

and

g,

go;

bargee, bar«je', n. One of the crew of a barge or canal-boat. to another.

before

—bargeman, barj man,

and

n.

[L.

indigent;

An

obtained in Spain and elsewhere by burning several species of plants; a kind of kelp; Spanish soda. baritone, bar'i-ton, a. [Gr. barys, heavy, and tonos, tone.] Ranging between tenor and bass; having a voice ranging between tenor and

barbula,

bass.

at.

job;

;

ill-supplied;

barks; one who removes the bark from trees. bark, bark, n. Same as Barque. bark, bark, v.i. [A. Sax. beorcan.) To emit the cry of a dog, or a similar sound. n. The cry of the domestic dog; a cry resembling that of the barker, barker, n. An animal dog. that barks; a person who clamors

One who

unreasonably. barley, bar li,

;

bar'fut«ed, a. and shoes or stockings.

adv.

TH,

th, thin;

ng, sing;

then;

n. [Dan. and Sw. bark, G. borke, bark.] The outer

the rind of a tree, shrub, etc. exterior covering of exogenous plants, composed, of cellular and vascular tissue. v.i. To strip bark off; to peel; to apply bark to; to treat with bark in tanning. barker, barker, n.

;

j,

male voice, the compass

wt., 137. 34.

Icel. borkr,

—

Without

A

bark, bark,

;

bar'fut,

n.

of which partakes of the bass and the tenor, but which does not descend so low as the one nor rise as high as the other; a person with a voice of this quality; a deep brass instrument. barium, bar'i-um, n. [Gr. barys, heavy.] Chemical element belonging to the alkaline-earth series, a whitish malleable metal occurring in combination. Symbol, Ba; at. no., 56;

—

;

The man

a barge. barilla, baTil'la, n. [Sp.] impure soda or carbonate and sulfate of soda

hypnotic

unfurnished; unprovided: often followed by of (bare of money) much worn. v.t. threadbare; bared, baring. To strip off the covering from to make naked. barely, bar li adv. In a bare manner; nakedly; poorly; without decoration; scarcely; bareness, bar'nes, n. The hardly. state of being bare want of clothing or covering; nakedness; deficiency of appropriate covering, ornament, and the like; poverty; indigence. barefaced, bar fast, a. Having the face unreserved shameless uncovered barefooted, impudent. -barefoot,

n.

who manages

n.

empty;

from L. barbus, a barbel (the fish), from barba, a beard. In sense of appendage it is rather for barbule.] A fresh-water fish having four beard-like appendages on its upper ch, Sc. loch;

and decorated, used on occasions of state and pomp; a fiat-bottomed vessel for loading and unloading ships or conveying goods from one place

without covering; laid open to view; detected; no longer concealed; poor;

cook whole by splitting to the backbone and roasting on a gridiron; to cook meat on a revolving spit, often drenching it in a sauce. barbel, barbel, n. [O.Fr. barbel,

ch, chain;

bar'bul,

destitute;

dress

A

A

being barbarous; barbarity.

bar-

barj, n. [O.Fr. barge, L.L. barque.] bargia, barga, barca, bark, vessel or boat elegantly fitted up

A

barbecue,f bar'be«ku, n. [Conjectured to be from Fr. barbe-d-queue, from beard to tail; more probably from Carib barbacoa, a kind of large gridiron.] a hog or other large becued,

sedative

One who

n.

barge,

It. barcarolo, a boatman, from barca, simple song or a boat or barge.] melody sung by Venetian gondoliers; a piece of instrumental music composed in imitation of such a song. poet and bard, bard, n. [Celtic] singer among the ancient Celts; a bardic, bard'ik, a. poet generally. Pertaining to bards or to their poetry. bare, bar, a. [A. Sax. beer, I eel. ber, Sw. Dan. bar, D. bdar, G. bar, baar, probably from root meaning shining seen in Skr. bhas, to shine.] Naked;

civili-

—

—

dim. of barba, a beard.] A small barb; a little beard. barcarole, bar'ka-rol, n. [Fr., from

ner; without knowledge or. arts; savagely; cruelly; ferociously; inhumanly. barbarousness, bar ba«rus-nes, n. The state or quality of

v.t.

many

bargain or

a

bargainer, bar'guver, bargains or stipulates.

[Fr. barbette.]

as

To make

v.i.

To sell; to transfer for a consideration: generally followed by away.

drugs.

zation; uncivilized; rude and ignorant; pertaining to or characteristic of barbarians; adapted to the taste of barbarians ; barbaric; cruel; ferocious; inhuman. barbarously, barba-rus-li, adv. In a barbarous man-

animal dressed whole;

price.

agreement; to make an agreement about the transfer of property. v.t.

containing barbituric acid, used as barbituric acid, bar»a hypnotic. bi»tur'ik as'id, n. A crystalline substance, CJELO3N2, that is the basis

barization, bar'bar-iz-a'shon, n. The act or process of rendering barbarous baror of becoming barbarous. barize, bar'bar»iz, v.i. To become barbarous. v.t. To make barbabarbarous, rous. bar'ba-rus, a.

Unacquainted with

settling that something shall be done, sold, transferred, etc.; the thing purchased or stipulated for; what is obtained by an agreement; something bought or sold at a low

Chem. a derivative of barbituric acid; any of a group of drugs used as sedabarbital, bar'bi«tal, n. A drug tives.

bar-

act.

n.

or fortified town, the gate or drawbridge.

—

barbarous

compact

fixed

castle

outrage; of style or language; any form of speech contrary to correct idiom. barbarity, bar-bar 'i«ti, n. The state of being barbarous ; barbarousness; savageness; ferociousness; ina

A

armored shelter on a warship, inside which a gun revolves on a turntable. barbican, bar'bi-kan, n. [Fr. barbacane, It. barbacane, from Ar. bdbkhdnah, a gateway or gatehouse.] A kind of watchtower; an advanced work defending the entrance to a

cruelty, or brutality; an an offense against purity

humanity;

usually made of silk and worsted, but, in the inferior sorts, with cotton instead of silk. bargain, bar'gin, n. [O.Fr. bargaine, L.L. barcania, a bargain, traffic; believed to be from L. L. barca, a bark.] contract or agreement between two or more parties; a

appearance.] A shrubby plant bearing small acid and astringent, red berries, common in hedges. barbet, bar 'bet, a. [Fr. barbet, from L. barba, a beard.] A variety of dog having long, curly hair; a poodle; one of a group of climbing birds, approaching the cuckoos, having a large conical beak, and at its base tufts of stiff bristles.

unintelligible, a foris eigner.] foreigner:}: (N.T.); a man in his rude savage state; an uncivilized person; a cruel, savage, brutal man; one destitute of pity or humanity. a. Of or pertaining to savages; rude; uncivilized; cruel; inhuman. barbaric, bar-bar'ik, a. Of or pertaining to, or characteristic of a barbarian; uncivilized; savage; wild; ornate without being in ac-

[From Bareges,

A

n. [Fr. barbier, from barbe, L. barba, a beard.] One whose occupation is to shave the beard or to cut and dress hair.— v .t. To shave and dress the hair of. (Shak.) barberry, bar'be-ri, n. [Fr. berberis, from Ar. barbdris, the barberry, but the spelling has been modified so as to give the word an English

language

n.

thin, a village of the Pyrenees.] gauzelike fabric for ladies' dresses,

barber, bar'ber,

and docility. barbarian, bar-ba'ri«an, n. [L. barbarus, from Gr. barbaros, one whose

barbarity,

barege, ba-razh',

to

bar of an inn or other place of Bar-room, n. The refreshment. room in a public house, hotel, etc., containing the bar or counter where refreshments are served. barb, barb, n. [Fr. barbe, L. barba, beard.] The sharp point projecting backward from the penetrating extremity of an arrow, fishhook, or other instrument for piercing, intended to prevent its being extracted; a barbel; a beard. v.t. To shave or dress the beards ; to furnish with barbs, as an arrow. barb, barb, n. [Contr. from Barbary.] A horse of the Barbary breed, remarkable for speed, endurance,

——

——— — — —

— —

garlic]

A

[O.E. barlic,

n.

from A. Sax. berc and Icac, a plant

berlic,

Sc. bear), barley, (also a leek); comp.

(

kind of grain commonly

grown and used

especially for

making

malt; the plant yielding the grain.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, asure.

———

—— —

— —

barm

bar'me«sld-al, a. Disapfallacious.

Barmecide

Rich apparent feast given in the Arabian Nights, by prince to guest, with nothing but names for feast.

the dishes. barn, barn, n. [A. Sax. berern bere, barley, and ern, a house.] covered building for securing grain, hay, or other farm produce. v.t. To store up in a barn.

—

A

barnacle, bar'na«kl, n. [Fr. barnacle, L.L. bernacula, nacula, dim. of L. perna, a kind of shellfish. In sense

bernacle, for pera ham,

of goose

A

origin doubtful.] stalked cirriped, often found on the bottoms of ships, on timber fixed below the surface of the sea, etc. ; a species of goose found in the northern seas, but visiting more southern climates in winter. barnacle, bar'na«kl, n. pi. [Origin

unknown. An instrument to put upon a horse's nose, to confine him J

for shoeing, bleeding, or dressing. bar'6«graf, n. [Gr. baros, weight, and grapho, to write.] selfregistering barometric instrument for recording the variations in the pres-

barograph,

A

sure of the atmosphere. barometer, ba-rom'et'er, n. [Gr. baros, weight, and metron, measure.] An instrument for measuring the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, consisting ordinarily of a glass tube containing a column of mercury, its lower end dipping into a cup containing the same metal; the mercury in the tube, having a vacuum above it, rises and falls according to the varying pressure of the air on the mercury in the cup. In the aneroid barometer no fluid is used. barometric, barometrical, bar-6«met'rik, bar«6«met'rik-al, a. Pertaining or relating to the barometer; made by a barombarometrically, bar«6«met'eter. rik«al*li, adv. By means of a barom-

of the peerage ; ing to an order founded baronetage, in 1611. The baronets as a n. dignity of a baronet. bar'on«et«si, n.

The

one belongby James I bar'on«et-aj,

body;

the

baronetcy,

and dignify

title

of a baronet. baronial, bar«6'ni«al, a. Pertaining to a baron or a barony.

— barony,

bar'on«i, n. a.

[Fr.,

from

It.

barocco.] Pertaining to a style of architecture, music, and literature that involves elaborate and sometimes

grotesque forms

;

ornate.

baroscope, bar'o«skop,

n.

[Gr. baros,

weight, skopeo, to view.] An instrument for exhibiting changes of atmospheric pressure; a kind of weatherglass.

barouche, barutsche,

ba*rbsh',

from

It.

[From G.

n.

baroccio, biroccio,

from L. birotus, two-wheeled bis, double, and rota, a wheel.] A fourwheeled carriage with a falling top. barque, bark, n. [Fr. barque, L.L. barca, a barque, through a dim. form barica, from Gr. baris, a skiff. Barge is a form of this word.] A sailing vessel of any kind; nam. a threemasted vessel with only fore-and-aft sails on the mizzenmast, the other two masts being square rigged. barquentine, bark'an-tin, n. [From barque, in imitation of brigantine.] A three-masted vessel square rigged in the foremast and fore-and-aft rigged in the main and mizzenmasts. barrack, bar'ak, n. [Fr. baroque, It. baracca, from L.L. bdrra, a bar, from the Celtic; comp. Ir. barrachad, a hut or booth.] hut or house for soldiers, especially in garrison; permanent buildings in which both officers and men are lodged; a large building, or a collection of huts for a body of workpeople: generally in pi. barracoon, bar«a'kon', n. Negro barrack; a slave depot or bazaar. large barracuda, ba«ra«ko'da, n. voracious game fish of tropical seas related to gray mullets. barrage, ba«razh', n. [Fr. barre.] Damming up; the discharge of artillery so as to keep a zone under

A

A

A

continuous

fire.

barranca, bar-rang'ka, n.

[Sp.]

A deep

gully or ravine.

barrator,

bar'a«tor, n.

[O.Fr. bara-

barfrequently excites suits at law; an encourager of litigation the master or one of the crew of a ship who commits any fraud in the management of the ship or cargo, by which the owner, freighters, or barratrous, insurers are injured. bar'a-trus, a. Characterized by or barratrously, tainted with barratry. barratry, bar a— bar'a«trus-li, adv. tri, n. The act or practice of a barrator; the exciting and encouraging of lawsuits and quarrels; fraud in a shipmaster to the injury of the owners, freighters, or insurers, as by running away with the ship, sinking, or deserting her. barrel, bar el, n. [O.Fr. barciL Fr. baril, from Celt; comp. W. banL Gael, barail, a barrel; so called because made of bars or staves. teur, a cheater, borate, deceit,

eter.

baron, bar 'on, n. [Fr. baron, from O.H.G. bar, a man, from beran E. the original sense being that of one who could bear, as being strong and robust.] In Great Britain, a title or degree of nobility; one who holds the lowest rank in the peerage ; a title of certain judges or officers; as, barons of the exchequer, the judges of the court of exchequer. Baron of beef, two sirloins not cut asunder.— baronage, bar'on«aj, n. The whole body of barons or peers; the dignity or condition of a baron.— baroness, baron — baron's wife or lady; a holder es, n. of the title in her own right. baronet, bar'on«et, n. [Dim. of baron.] One who possesses a hereditary rank or degree of honor next below a baron, and therefore not a to

;:

barter

member

baroque, baTok',

as beer.

pointing,

—— —

—

66

barleycorn, bar'li'korn, n. A grain of barley; a measure equal to the third part of an inch.— John Barleycorn, a surname of malted drink. barm, barm, n. [A. Sax. beorma Sw. barma, Dan. bdrme, L.G. barme, G. bdrme, barm; from root of brew.] barmy, barm'i, a. ContainYeast. ing or consisting of barm; frothy,

Barmecidal,

——

———

bear,

probably

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

ter.]

One who

;

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

A somewhat cylindrical wooden

bar.] vessel

made of staves and bound with hoops; a cask; anything resembling a barrel in shape; a hollow cylinder or tube (as the barrel of a gun). v.t. barreled, barreling. To put in a barrel organ, n. An organ in barrel. which a barrel or cylinder furnished with pegs or staples, when turned round, opens a series of valves to admit a current of air to a set of

—

pipes, or acts on wires, so as to produce a tune. barren, bar 'en, a. [From O.Fr. barbrehaine, brehaigne, sterile, possibly from Armor, brechan, sterile.] Incapable of producing its kind; not prolific: applied to animals and vegetables ; unproductive ; unfruitful sterile: applied to land; fig. not producing or leading to anything (barren speculation, barren of ideas) unsuggestive ; uninstructive. n. barren or unproductive tract of land. barrenly, bar'en«li, adv. Unfruitbarrenness, bar'en-nes, n. fully. The state or quality of being barren sterility; want of fertility, instructiveness, interest, or the like {barrenness of invention). barret, bar'et, a. [Fr. barrette.] Flat cap, or biretta. barricade, bar-i-kad', n. [From Sp. barricada, blocking with barricas or aigne,

A

—

—

casks.]

A

made of

temporary

fortification

trees, earth, stones, or that will obstruct the prog-

anything enemy or serve for ress of an defense or security against his shot; a fence around or along the side of a space to be kept clear; any barrier

—

or

—

barricade J. obstruction. v.t. barricading. To stop up by a barricade; to erect a barricade across; to obstruct. barrier, bar'i«er, n. [Fr. barrn-rc. a bar.] barrier, from barre, a bar.

A

fence;

a

any obstruction;

railing;

what hinders approach, attack, or progress; what stands in the way; an obstacle; a limit or boundary of any kind; a line of separation. Barrier reef, a coral reef rising from a great depth to the level of low tide, encircling an island like a barrier, or running parallel to a coast, with a navigable channel inside, as on the northeast coast of Australia. barring, bar ing, part, of verb to bar, used as prep. Excepting; leaving out of account. (Colloq.). barrister, bar is-ter, n. [From bar.] counselor or advocate admitted to plead at the bar of a court of law in protection and defense of client a term more especially used in England and Ireland, the corre-

A

sponding

term

advocatt, lawyer.

in

in

the

Scotland

being

United

States

barrow, bar

6, n. [A. Sax. beorg, beorh, berg, a hill or funeral mound; Dan. Sw G. berg, a hill; allied to burgh.] prehistoric or at least ancient

A

sepulchral mound formed of earth or stones, found in Britain and elsewhere, and met with in various forms: often containing remains of the dead, implements, etc. barter, bar ter, vJ. [O.Fr. bareter, tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ———

—

—

bartizan

67

To traffic or trade by exchanging one commodity for another (and not To give in exfor money). v.t. change; to exchange, as one commodity for another. n. The act of exchanging commodities; the thing barterer, bargiven in exchange.

to stand; mus. the bass; milit. a tract of country protected by fortifications, or strong by natural advantages, from which the operations of an army proceed; the place from which racers or tilters start; a starting post; the game of baseball or prisoner's base, or an old game some-

—

One who

barters or traffics

by exchanging commodities. bartizan, bar'ti«zan, n. [Comp. O.Fr. a fortification of timber; small turret a board.]

bretesche,

G.

A

bret,

similar. v.t. based, basing. lay the base or foundation of; to basal, place on a basis; to found.

To

A name

n.

sulfate (heavy spar). rl'tik, a.

Of

— —barytic,

of baryta or

ba—

being understood.

basicity,

Chem.

the

;

or center; strata or deposits lying in a depression in older rocks. basis, bas'is, n. pi. bases, bas'ez. [L. and Gr. basis, the foundation, base.] base; a foundation or part on axis

pdshdh.]

A pasha.

n.

[Per.

A

which something

rests; fig.

grounds

or foundation, base. bask, bask, v.i. [Formerly to bathe, a word of Scandinavian origin Icel. batha sik, to bathe one's self sik being the reflexive pronoun. Busk is a similar form.] To lie in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat ; fig. to be at ease and thriving under benign v.t. To warm by continued exposure to heat; to warm with genial heat. basket, bas'ket, n. [Possibly of Celtic origin; comp. W. basged or basgawd, Ir. bascaid, a basket; W. basg, a netting or piece of wickerwork.] A vessel made of twigs, rushes, thin strips of wood, or other flexible materials interwoven; as much as a basket will hold. v.t. To put in

influences.

bdshd,

shy. — bashfully, — bashfulness, bash'-

diffident;

ful«nes, n.

bashi-bazouk,

n. bash'e-ba«zok", kind of irregular soldier [Turk.] in the Turkish army, a member of a corps collected hastily in a time of emergency.

A

a basket.

basketball, bas ketbal, ;;. A game Basic English, n. A simplified system played by teams of five, using basket-like nets as goals. of English consisting of 850 essential Basque, bask, n. A language of words. unknown affinities spoken in parts basic, basicity. See base. of France and Spain on both sides basidium, ba-sidi-um, n. pi. basidia, of the Pyrenees at the angle of the ba-sid'i-a. [Gr. basis, a base, and Bay of Biscay, supposed to represent eidos, likeness.] Bot. the cell to which the tongue of the ancient Iberians, the spores of some fungi are attached. [Shortened from the primitive inhabitants of Spain; basil, baz'il, n. Biscayan or Euskarian. a. PertainO.Fr. basilic, from Gr. basilikos, ing to the people or language of royal, basileus, a king.] A plant, a native of India, cultivated in Europe as an aromatic potherb, and used for flavoring dishes. basilar. See base, n. basilica, ba-silik-a, n. [L., from Gr. basilike, a colonnade; lit. a royal

of anything, considered

as its support, or the part of a thing on which it stands or rests; the opposite extremity to the apex; arch. the part between the bottom of a

go;

ba«sha',

bash'fuMi, adv.

baino, to go.]

g,

bashaw,

excess;

tion; of illegitimate birth. base, bas. n. [Fr. base, L. basis, a base, a pedestal, from Gr. basis, a going,

ch, Sc. \och;

n.

of"

bashful, bashful, a. [For abashful.] Easily put to confusion; modest to

;

ch, chain;

bas'is'«iti,

and not very deep, used to hold water for washing, and for various other purposes; any reservoir for water, natural or artificial; the whole tract of country drained by a river and its tributaries geol. an aggregate of strata dipping toward a common

ball, four bases indicating the points of the diamond marking the course each player takes in making a run (scoring), played by two teams of nine players each, one team being at bat while the other is in the field alternately; a horsehide-covered ball used in the game of baseball. bash, bash, v.t. [Scand., Dan. bask, a slap, baske, to slap; akin to box, to fight.] To beat violently; to knock out of shape. (Colloq.)

—

The bottom

A

being a base; the power of an acid to unite with one or more atoms of a base. baseball, n. The national American game or sport played with bat and state

n.

from

—

n.

—

A

base,

bas'il-er,

—

its

[Gr. basaltes, of unknown origin.] well-known igneous dark-gray or black rock, remarkable as often assuming the form of regularly prismatic columns. bascule, bas'kul, n. [Fr.] An arrangement in bridges by which one portion balances another. Bascule bridge, a kind of drawbridge in which the roadway may be raised at will and kept in an upright position by means of weights or otherwise. base, bas, a. [Fr. bas, low, from L.L. bassus, low, short, allied to Ir, bass, W. bas, Armor.- baz, shallow.] Of little or no value; coarse in comparison (the base metals); worthless; fraudulently debased in value ; spurious {base coin); of or pertaining to humble or illegitimate birth; of low station; lowly; of mean spirit; morally low; showing or proceeding from a mean spirit; deep; grave: applied to sounds. n. pi. An old name for a skirt or something similar worn by knights, etc. (Mil.) basely, bas'li, adv. In a base manner or condition meanly; humbly ; vilely. baseness, bas'nes, n. The state or quality of being base; meanness; lowness; vileness; worthlessness. baseborn, a. Born in a base condi-

foot, a

bas'al,

or

rumor). basement, basArch, the lowest story of a building, whether above or below basic, bas'ik, a. Relatthe ground. ing to a base; chem. performing the place of a base in a salt, or having the basic slag, n. The base in excess. slag or refuse matter got in making basic steel, a valuable fertilizer from the phosphate of lime it contains.

basal metabolism, n. The heat produced by an organism in the resting and fasting state. It represents the minimum amount of energy needed to maintain respiration, circulation, and other vital functions.

a

a.

baseless

ment,

or containing baryta.

basalt, ba«salt',

Of

pertaining to a base; situated at the base. baseless, bas'les, a. Without a base; without grounds or foundation (a

barytone, bar'i«ton, a. [Gr. barys, heavy, and tonos, tone.] Greek gram. having no accent marked on the last syllable, the grave

basilary,

bas'il'a«ri,

called sometimes heavy earth, generally found in combination with sulfuric and carbonic acids, forming sulfate and carbonate of baryta, the former of which is called heavy spar. Baryta is a gray powder with a sharp barytes, ba— caustic alkaline taste. ri'tez,

A

—

basilar

:

—

—

what

projecting from the top part of a tower or wall, with apertures for archers to shoot through. baryta, ba«ri'ta, n. [Gr. barys, heavy, barytes, weight.] Oxide of barium,

—

a king.] Originally, the name applied by the Romans to their public halls usually of rectangular form, with a middle and two side aisles and an apse at the end. The ground plan of these was followed in the early Christian churches, and the name now applied to some of the is churches in Rome by way of distinction, or to other churches built in imitation of the Roman basilicas. basilican, ba«sirik«an, a. In the manner of or pertaining to a basilica. basilisk, bas'il'isk, n. [Gr. basiliskos, lit. little king, from basileus, king.] fabulous creature formerly believed in, and variously regarded as a kind of serpent, lizard, or dragon, and sometimes identified with the cockatrice ; a name of several reptiles of the lizard tribe with a crest or hood; a large piece of ordnance formerly used. basin, ba'sn, n. [Fr. bassin, O.Fr. bacin, a dim. of bac, a wide open vessel, same as E. back, a brewer's vat. back.] vessel or dish of some size, usually circular, rather broad

floor;

one of those compound substances which unite with acids to form salts; dyeing, a mordant; geom. the line or surface forming that part of a figure on which it is supposed chetn.

ful.]

— — bas-relief

column and the pedestal or the

barater, to cheat, to barter, barat, borate, deceit, barter; origin doubt-

ter«er, n.

—

—

colonnade or porch, from j,

yob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

basileus,

Biscay.

bas-relief, basso-rilievo, bas' or ba're«lcf, bas soTe'lya'vo, n. [Fr. bas, It. basso, low, and relief, It. rilievo, relief.] A sculpture in low relief; a mode of sculpturing figures on a flat surface, the figures being raised

th, thin;

w,

tuig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

—

bass

some of them of considerable size and used as food. bass, bas, n. [Same as bast, the t being dropped or changed to s. bast.] The American linden or lime tree; a mat made of bast; a hassock. basswood n. The American lime tree or its perch,

timber.

deep, low. base, a.] Mus. the lowest part in the harmony of a musical composition, whether vocal or instrumental; the lowest male voice. a. Mus. low; deep; grave. bass clef, n. The character shaped like an inverted C put at the beginning of the bass staff. bass drum, n. A large drum having two heads and producing a deep sound when struck. bass horn, n.

basso,

[It.

—

—

—

A

tuba. basset, bas'set n.

or bas-set', n. [Fr. old game bassette ; It. bassetta.] at cards, resembling modern faro. basset, bas'set, n. miner's term for

An

A

the outcrop or surface edge of any inclined stratum. v.i. Mining, to incline upward, so as to appear at the surface; to crop out. basset, bas'set, n. [Fr. basset, diminutive of bas, low.] dog with short crooked legs and a long body, used for hunting; also basset hound. basset horn, bas'set-horn, n. [It. bassetto, somewhat low, and E. horn.] musical instrument, a sort of clarinet of enlarged dimensions and

A

A

extended compass. bassinet, bas'i«net, n. [Probably a dim. from Fr. berceau, a cradle.] A wicker basket with a covering or hood over one end, in which young children are placed by way of cradle. bassoon, bas»son', n. [Fr. basson; It. bassone, aug. of basso, low.] A musical wind instrument of the reed order, blown with a bent metal mouthpiece. bast, bast, n. [A. Sax. bcest — Icel. Sw. D. Dan. and G. bast, bark, perhaps from root of bind.] The inner bark of exogenous trees, especially of the lime, consisting of several layers of fibers; rope or matting made of this.

bastard, bas'terd, n. [O.Fr. bastard, from bast (Fr. bat), a packsaddle, with the

common

termination -ard to the old locution fils de bast, son of a packsaddle, the old saddles being often used by way of beds or to serve as

added

to

pillows.]

it,

A

referring

natural

—— ——

child;

a

child

begotten and born out of wedlock; an illegitimate or spurious child; what is spurious or inferior in quality; a kind of impure, soft, brown sugar; a kind of sweet, heady Spanish wine (Shak.). a. Begotten and born out of lawful matrimony; illegitimate; spurious; not genuine; false; adulterate; impure; not of the first or usual order or character. bastardize, bas'terd'iz, v. t. bastardized, bastardizing. To make or prove to be a bastard. bastardly, bas'basterd«li, a. Bastard; spurious.

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

bas'terd'i, n. The state of being a bastard, or begotten and born out of lawful wedlock. bastard wing, n. A group of stiff feathers attached to the bone of a bird's wing

tardy,

that represents the thumb. baste, bast, basted, v.t.

—

basting.

[Allied to I eel. beysta, to strike, to beat, Dan. boste, to beat. As term in cookery the origin may be different.] To beat with a stick; to cudgel; to give a beating to; to drip butter or fat upon meat in roasting it. baste, bast, v.t. [O.Fr. bastir, lit. to sew with bast, the fibers of bast having been used as thread, bast.]

To sew

with long stitches, and usually to keep parts together temporarily; to sew slightly. basting, bast'ing, n. The long stitches by which pieces of garments are loosely attached to each other. bastille, bastile, bas-tel' n. [Fr. bastille, a fortress, O.Fr. bastir, to build.] tower or fortification. The Bastille, an old castle in Paris used as a state prison, demolished by the enraged populace in 789. bastinado, bas«ti*na'd6, n. [Sp. bastonada, from baston, a stick, a baton.] sound beating with a stick or cudgel; a mode of punishment in oriental countries, especially Mohammedan, by beating the soles of the feet with a rod. v.t. To beat with a stick or cudgel; to beat on the soles of the feet, as a judicial

A

1

A

punishment. bastion, bas'ti«on, n. [Fr. and Sp. bastion, from O.Fr. and Sp. bastir, bdtir, to build.] Fort, a huge mass of earth, faced with sods, brick, or stones, standing out with an angular form from the rampart at

Fr.

angles of a fortification. bastioned, bas'ti«ond, a. Provided with bastions. bat, bat, n. [A Celtic word: Ir. and the

Armor,

bat, a stick.]

A

heavy

stick

or club; a piece of wood used in driving the ball in baseball and similar games; a turn at batting; a piece of a brick; a brickbat. v.t.andi. batted, batting. batsman, batter, bats 'man, bat'er, n. bat, bat, n. [Corruption of O.E. back, bak ; Sc. bak, bakie-bird, a bat. Dan. bakke (in aften-bakke, a bat, lit. evening-bird), the word having lost an /, seen in Icel. lethrblaka, 'leatherflapper', a bat, from blaka, to flutter.] One of a group of mammals possessing a pair of leathery wings which extend between the fore and the posterior limbs, the former being specially modified for flying, the bones of the forefeet being extremely batty, bat'i, a. Pertainelongated. ing to or resembling a bat. (Shak.) batfowling, n. A mode of catching birds at night by means of a light and nets; the birds being roused fly toward the light and are entangled in the nets. batch, bach, n. [From the verb to bake.] The quantity of bread baked at one time any quantity of a thing made at once; a number of individuals or articles similar to each

—

—

—

;

pine, pin;

;

— bated, bating. [Abbrev.

bate, bat, v.t. of abate.] To abate, lessen, or reduce; to leave out; to take

away;

note, not,

move;

— weaken, to

or blunt (Shak.)$. v.i.% To grow or become less; to lessen. bating, bat'ing, ppr. used as prep. Abating; taking away; deducting; excepting. dull,

bateau, ba«to', n. [Fr.] A light broad and flat boat used in Canada; also the pontoon of a floating bridge. bath, bath, n. [A. Sax. boeth, a bath = Icel. bath, Dan. D. G. bad; from root

of bake;

bask

akin.] The a part of

is

immersion of the body or

in water or other fluid or medium an apparatus or contrivance for exposing the surface of the body to water or other diffusible body (as oil, medicated fluids, steam, etc.); a building in which people may bathe an apparatus for regulating the heat in chemical processes, by interposing it

a

quantity

between the

of

sand,

water,

etc.,

and the vessel

fire

to

be heated. Knights of the Bath, a British order established in 1725 by George I, patterned after a legendary order connected with the coronation of Henry IV in 1399. Candidates were put into a bath the preceding evening, to denote a purification or absolution from evil deeds. bathe, baTH, v.t.

—

bathed, bathing. [A. Sax. bathian, from boeth. a bath — Icel. hatha. Dan. bade. D. and G. baden. bath.] To subject to a bath; to immerse in water, for pleasure, health, or cleanliness; to wash, moisten, or suffuse with any liquid; to immerse in or surround with anything analogous to water. v.i. To take a bath; to be or lie in a bath; to be in water or in other liquid; to be immersed or surrounded bather, baTH'er, n. as if with water. One who bathes. bathroom, n. A

room for bathing in. bath, bath, n. [Heb.] A Hebrew liquid measure, the tenth part of a homer. Bath brick, bath'brik, n. [From the town of Bath, in Somersetshire.] A preparation of siliceous earth in the form of a brick, used for cleaning bath chair, n. A small knives, etc. carriage capable of being pushed along by an attendant; used by invalids.

bathometer, ba-thome'ter,

n.

[Gr.

bathos, depth, and metron, a measure.] An apparatus for taking soundwhich a in ings, especially one

sounding line is dispensed with. bathos, bathos, n. [Gr. bathos, from bathySj

deep.]

A

from the elevated

ludicrous descent to the mean in

writing or speech.

bathyscaph, bathys, deep,

A

bath'i»skaf,

and skaphe,

[Gr.

n.

—

light boat.]

deep-sea craft that uses gasoline

and lead pellets for ballast control. bathysphere, bath i-sfer, n. A diving sphere for deep-sea observation and study developed by William Beebe. bating. See bate. batiste, ba«test', n. [Fr. batiste, from its inventor Baptist c] A fine linen cloth made in Flanders and Picardy, a kind of cambric.

batman, ba'man, tube, tub, bull;

packperson

n. [Fr. bat, a

saddle.] In the British

other.

me, met, her;

—

batman

68

above the surface, but not so much as in high relief or alto-rilievo. bass, bas, n. [A corruption of barse, A.Saxi beers, G. bars, D. boars, a perch.] The name of various British and American sea fishes allied to the

bass, bas,

— — ——

—

oil,

army

a

pound.

—

———

——

— ;

baton

ments. Fight has reference to actual conflict; fighting.

—

battled, battling. To join in battle; to contend; to struggle; to strive or

—

exert one's self. battle-ax, n. An ax anciently used as a weapon of war. battlefield, n. The field or scene of battlement, bat'l«ment, n. a battle.

[Perhaps from O.Fr.

To

[Fr.

bataille,

fight;

L. batuere, to beat, to fence,

from from

loch;

g,

go;

baud,

a rifle or

A

bazar, ba«zar', n. [Per. bazar.] In the East, a place where goods are exposed for sale, usually consisting of small shops or stalls in a narrow street or series of streets; a series of connected shops or stalls

bold,

n.

A

vehement cry or clamor.

—

batter.]

mahogany exported from Honduras, or the Bay of Honduras.

a European town; a sale of miscellaneous articles in furtherance of some charitable or other purpose; a fancy fair. bazooka, ba«zo'ka, n. [From bazooka, a musical instrument.] An antitank rocket weapon; a rocket launcher. bdellium, del'h'um, n. [L. bdellium, Gr. bdellion, from Heb.] An aromatic

in

gum

n. [Fr. baie, L. bacca, a berry.] laurel tree, noble laurel, or sweet bay; a garland or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence, consisting of branches of the laurel; hence, fame or renown; laurels in this sense chiefly in plural.

The

:

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

resin

brought

chiefly

from

Africa and India, in pieces of different sizes and figures, used as a perfume and a medicine, externally of a dark reddish brown, internally clear, and not unlike glue. be, be, v.i. substantive verb, pres. am, art, is, are; pret. was, wast or wert, were; subj. pres. be; pret. were; imper. be ; pp. been ; ppr. being. [One of the three verbal roots required in the conjugation of the substantive verb, the others being am and was. A. Sax. bed, I am, beon to be; G. bin, I am; allied to L. fui, I was, Skr. bhu, to be. It is now chiefly used in the subjunctive, imperative, infini-

bay, ba,

for great engage-

ch, Sc.

[O.Fr.

—

to attack; to join battle, to meet in hostile encounter. .'. Battle is the

ch, chain;

n.

recess in the shore of a sea or lake; the expanse of water between two capes or headlands ; a gulf; any recess resembling a bay. bay rum, ba«rum', n. A spirituous liquor containing the oil of the bayberry of Jamaica, a species of pimento, and used for baywood, n. A variety of the hair.

or opposing armies; an engagement; more especially a general engagement between large bodies of troops a combat, conflict, or struggle; a division of an army|. To give battle,

word

bad,

bawler, bal'er, n. One who bawls. bay, ba, n. [Fr. baie, L.L. baia, a bay; of doubtful origin.] A rather wide

A fight or encounter between enemies

appropriate

A

sword or dagger, made so that it may be fixed upon the muzzle of

bazaar,

—

intended to act in concert; elect, an apparatus for originating an electric current; a series of connected Leyden jars that may be discharged together; law, the unlawful beating of a person. n.

in France, because bayonets are said to have been first short triangular made there.]

trifle.

—

batterie.]

derived

from Bayonne

musket. v.t. To stab with a bayonet; to compel or drive by the bayonet. bayou, bi'6, n. [Fr. boyau, a gut, a channel long narrow passage.] proceeding from a lake or a river.

wanton, from G. bald^E. bold.] A person who keeps a house of prostitution or acts as a go-between in illicit amours. bawdy, ba'di, a. Obscene; lewd; indecent; smutty; unchaste. Hence bawdily, bawdiness. bawl, bal, v.i. A word imitative of sound; akin, bell, bellow; L. balo, to bleat.] To cry out with a loud full sound; to make vehement or clamorous outcries; to shout. v.t. To proclaim by outcry; to shout out.

;

1,

nette, Fr. baionnette, usually

ba'bl, n. [O.Fr. babole, a toy or baby-thing; from same Celtic root short stick with a fool's as babe.] head, anciently carried by the fools attached to great houses; a trifling piece of finery; something showy without real value; a gewgaw; a

bawd,

complement of wagons, artillerymen, etc.; a parapet thrown up to cover a gun or guns and the men employed in loading, etc. a number of guns placed near each other and

bat

bayberry, ba'be«ri, n. The fruit of the bay tree; also the wax myrtle and its fruit. bayonet, ba'on-et, n. [O.Fr. bayon-

baulk, bak. Same as Balk. bauxite, bax'it, n. [From Fr. Baux, near Aries, France.] A clay mineral from which aluminum is derived.

act of battering^ ; a small body of cannon for field operations, with

L.L. batalia, batualia, a

East Indies, a professional dancing girl.

A

The

battle,

bayadere, ba-ya-der', n. [Pg. bailadeira, from bailar, to dance.] In the

bauble,

of iron somewhat resembling the head of a ram, whence its name. [Fr.

Bayard; [not cap.] a horse, from Bayard, the horse given by Charlemagne to Renaud.

a ball or shuttlecock; a racket.

An

n.

—

battue, bat'tu', n. [Fr., from battre, to beat.] A kind of sport in which the game is driven by a body of beaters from under cover into a limited area where the animals may be easily shot.

A

bat'er«i,

or

from batir, to beat.] An instrument with a handle and a flat board or palm, used to strike

a battering-ram batter, bat'er, n. or ordnance. mixture of several ingredients, as flour, eggs, etc., beaten together with some liquor into a paste, and used battering-ram, n. in cookery. engine formerly used to beat down the walls of besieged places, consisting of a large beam, with a head

battery,

n. [Fr. bai, L. badius, brown chestnut colored; akin baize.] Red or reddish, inclining to a chestnut color. Bayard, ba'yard, n. A brave man, from the Chevalier

bay, ba,

batidor, a beater,

by

—

ing.

embattle modified by the influence of E. battle.] A notched or indented parapet, originally constructed for deafterward fenses, for ornament, formed by a series of rising parts called cops or merlons, separated by openings called crenelles or embrasures, the latter intended to be fired through. battledore, bat'1-dor, n. [From Sp.

1

—

bastille, a for-

tress, bastiller, to fortify, to

inch long piece of wood from to 7 inches broad, and from Y2 in. to 2y2 in. thick; a plank; naut. one of the slips of wood used to keep a tarpaulin close over a hatchway; weav. a lathe. v.t. To fasten with battens (to batten down the hatches). batter, bat'er, v.t. [Fr. battre, It. battere, from L.L. batere, a form of L. batuere, to beat, whence also battle.] To beat with successive blows; to beat with violence, so as to bruise or dent; to assail by a battering-ram or ordnance; to wear or impair, as by beating, long service,

n.

—

—

A

v.i.

part in

and have no share in the Combat is a word of greater

—

A

attacks, as

take

[O.Fr. abai, abbai, a barking, abbayer, to bark; Mod. Fr. aboi, a barking, aux abois, at bay; comp. Fr. bayer, to gape, or stand gaping. abash.] The bark of a dog; especially, At bay, so hard a deep-toned bark. pressed by enemies as to be compelled to turn round and face them from impossibility of escape. v.i. To bark; to bark with a deep sound. v.t. To bark at; to follow with barking (Shak.); to express by bark-

dignity than fight, but agrees with in denoting close encounter. v.i.

[Gr. ba«tra'ki«an, a. batracheios, of a frog.] Relating to frog, or pertaining to a frog. n. toad, or other froglike animal. battalion, bat«tal'yon, n. [Fr. bataillon, It. battaglione, aug. of battaglia, a banle or body of soldiers. body of infantry usually battle.] forming part of a regiment. batten, bat'n, v.t. [Icel. batna, to grow better, from root bat, bet in better.] To fatten; to make fat; to make plump by plenteous feeding. v.i. To grow or become fat; to feed greedily; to gorge. batten, bat'n, n. [Fr. baton, a stick.]

or the like (usually in pp.).

man may

bay, ba,

it

batrachian,

A

a

a battle,

—

be

69

having charge of the cooking utensils of each company of a regiment of soldiers on foreign service, and of the horse (bat horse) that carries them. bat money, ba'mun«i, n. Money paid to a batman. baton, ba»ton', n. [Fr. baton, O.Fr. baston ; akin baste, to beat.] A staff or club; a truncheon, the official badge of various officials of widely different rank; the stick with which a conductor of music beats time.

make

——

th, thin;

tive, and participles, being seldom used in the present tense. AM and was.] To have a real state or existence; to exist in the world of fact, whether physical or mental; to exist in or have a certain state or quality;

to

become;

w, wig;

to remain.

hw, whig;

.".

The most

zh, azure.

——

—

——

—— — — — —

— ;,

— —

beach

70

bear

use of the verb to be is to assert connection between a subject

merly kept to hunt hares. beak, bek, n. [Fr. bee, from the Celtic Armor, bek, beg, Ir. and Gael, bee, a beak.] The bill or neb

ciple in the sense of brought forth by a female, as the child was born; but we say actively, she has borne a child. Born is also used attributively, borne not.] To bear down, to overcome by force. To bear out, to give support or countenance to (a person or thing); to uphold, corroborate, establish, justify. To bear up, to support; to keep from sinking. To bear a hand, to lend aid; to give assistance. To bear in mind, to remember. v.i. suffer, as with pain, to be patient; to endure; to produce (fruit); to be fruitful; to lean, weigh, or rest burdensomely; to tend; to be directed or move in a certain way (to bear back, to bear out to sea, to bear down upon the enemy); to relate; to refer: with upon ; to be situated as to some ppint of the compass, with respect to something else. To bear up, to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink. To bear with, to tolerate; to be indulgent; to forbear to resent, opbearable, bar'a-pose, or punish.

common

predicate, forming what js the copula; as, he is good; John was at home; or to form the compound tenses of other verbs. being, being, n. Existence, whether real or only in the mind; that which has life ; a living existence ; a creature. beach, bech, n. [Origin doubtful; comp. Icel. bakki, Sw. backe, Dan. bakke, a bank, the shore; or from old bealch, to belch, alluding to the washing up of pebbles, etc.] That part of the shore of a sea or lake which is washed by the tide and waves; the strand. Raised beaches, in geol. a term applied to those long terraced level pieces of land, consisting of sand and gravel, and containing marine shells, now, it may be, a considerable distance above and away from the sea. v.t. To run (a

and

a

called

—

on a beach. beachcomber, bech'konver, n. A long rolling wave breaking on the beach; a seashore beachhead, vacationist. idler or bech'hed, n. A foothold on enemy shore from which further attacks can be made. (vessel)

—

beacon, be«kn,

n. [A. Sax. bicn, bedcen, a beacon; hence beck, beckon.] An object visible to some distance, and serving to denote the presence of danger, as a light or signal shown to signify the approach of an enemy, or to warn seamen of the presence of rocks, shoals, etc. ; hence, anything reused for a kindred purpose. volving light supported by a structure v.t. for the guidance of aviators. To light up by a beacon; to illuminate; to signal. bead, bed, n. [A. Sax. bed, bead, a prayer, from biddan, to pray. From beads being used to count prayers (as in the rosary), the word which originally meant prayer came to mean what counted the prayers, bid.] little perforated ball of gold, amber, glass, etc., strung with others on a thread, and often worn round the neck as an ornament, or used to form a rosary; any small globular body, as a drop of liquid and the like; arch. and joinery, a small round molding sometimes cut so as to resemble a series of beads or pearls; an astragal. v.t. To mark or ornament with beady, bed'i, a. Consisting beads. of or containing beads; beadlike. bead roll, n. list of persons for the repose of whose souls a certain number of prayers is to be said; beads hence, any list or catalogue. man, n. man employed in praying, generally in praying for another; one privileged to claim certain alms or

A

A

—

—

A

—

A

charities.

—beads

woman,

n.

The

feminine equivalent of beads man. beadle, be'dl, n. [A. Sax. by del,

a herald, a beadle, from beodan, to bid. messenger or crier of a court; bid.] a parish officer whose business is to

A

punish

petty

officer

with

offenders; a church subordinate various

duties.

and Gael, beag, little.] A small smoothhaired, hanging-eared hound, for-

beagle,

be'gl,

n.

[Comp.

Ir.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

of a bird; anything in some way resembling a bird's bill; the bill-like mouth of some fishes, reptiles, etc.; a pointed piece of wood fortified with brass, fastened to the prow of ancient galleys, and intended to pierce the vessels of an enemy; a similar, but infinitely more powerful appendage of iron or steel in modern warships; a magistrate. (Colloq.) beaked, bekt, a. Having a beak or something resembling a beak; beak shaped; rostrate.

beaker, bek'er, n. [Icel. bikarr, D. beker, G. becher, from L.L. bicarium, a cup, from Gr. bikos, a wine-jar.] A large drinking cup or glass. beam, bem, n. [A. Sax. beam, a beam, a post, a tree, a ray of light; D. boom, G. baum, a tree.] A long straight and strong piece of wood or iron, especially when holding an important place in some structure, and serving for support or consolidation; a horizontal piece of timber in a structure the part of a balance from the ends of which the scales are suspended; the pole of a carriage which runs between the horses; a cylindrical piece of wood, making part of a loom, on which the warp is wound before weaving; one of the strong timbers stretching across a ship from one side to the other to support the decks and retain the sides at their proper distance; the oscillating lever of a steam engine forming the communication between the piston rod and the crankshaft; a ray of light, or more strictly a collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or other body; a constant unidirectional radio signal to guide airplane pilots. v.i. To emit rays of light or beams; to give out radiance; to beamy, bem'i, a. Like a shine. beam; heavy or massive; emitting beams or rays of light radiant. bean, ben, n. [A. Sax. bean Icel. baun, Sw. bona, Dan. bonne, D. boon, G. bohne.] A name given to several kinds of valuable leguminous seeds contained in a bivalve pod, and to the plants producing them, as the common bean, cultivated both in

—

:

fields

and gardens

for

man and

beast, the French, bean, the kidney

—

bean caper, n. A small etc. growing in warm climates, the fiowerbuds of which are used as bean, tree

capers. bear, bar, v.t. pret. bore (formerly bare); pp. borne; ppr. bearing. [A. Sax. Icel. bera, Dan. bare, to bear, beran to carry, to bring forth; D. bar en, G. (ge)bdren, to bring forth; cog. L. ferre, Gr. pherein, Skr. bhri, to bear, to support. Akin are birth, burden, bairn, barrow.] To support hold up, or sustain, as a weight; to suffer, endure, undergo, or tolerate, as pain, loss, blame, etc.; to carry or convey; to have, possess, have on, or contain; to bring forth or produce, as the fruit of plants or the young of animals. [Born is the passive parti-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

To

— —

Capable of being borne, endured, or tolerated. bearably, bara-bli, adv. In a bearable manner. bl, a.

n. One who or that bears, sustains, supports, car-

bearer, barer,

which

—

bearing, baring, conveys, etc. act of one who bears manner in which a person comports himself; carriage, mien, or behavior; import, effect, or force (of words) ; that part of a shaft or axle which is in connection with its support; the direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen; relative position or direction; a figure on a ries,

n.

The

;

heraldic

The horse

shield.

—bearing

rein,

by which the head of held up in driving.

rein is

n.

a

bear, bar, n. [A. Sax. bera, a bear^D. beer, G. bar, Icel. bera.] A name common to various quadrupeds of the carnivorous order and of the plantigrade group, having shaggy hair and a very short tail, the most notable being the brown or black bear of Europe, the grizzly bear of the Rocky Mountains, the white or Polar bear, etc.; the name of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called the Greater and Lesser Bear; fig. a rude or uncouth man;

stock-exchange slang, a person does all he can to bring down the price of stock in order that he may buy cheap: opposed to a bulL who tries to raise the price that he may sell dear. bearish, bar ish, a. Resembling a bear; rude; violent in conduct; surly. bearbaiting, n. The sport of baiting bears with dogs. bear garden, n. A place in which bears are kept for sport, as bearbaiting, etc. fig. a place of disorder bearberry, bar ber«i, n. or tumult. An evergreen shrub of the heath family, growing on barren moors in the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, the leaves being used as an astringent and tonic under the in

who

— —

—

;

—

bear's-ear, n. A uva-ursi. species of primrose, so called from bear's-foot, the shape of the leaf. n. A herbaceous plant of the hellebore

name

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ————

— ——— ——

—

bear

n. Same as Bere. berd, n. [A. Sax. beard, a beard D. baard, G. ban ; L. barba, W. and Armor, barf beard.] The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the face of male adults; anything resembling this; a hairy, bristly, or threadlike appendage of various kinds, such as the filaments by which some shellfish attach themselves to foreign bodies, etc.; the awn on the ears of v.t. grain; a barb, as of an arrow. To take by the beard; to oppose to the face; to set at defiance. bearded, berd'ed, a. Having a beard in any of the senses of that word. beardless, berd'les, a. Without a beard; hence, of persons of the male sex, young; not having arrived at

a pulsation; a

beard,

—

quished; exhausted; baffled. [Beat is so far synonymous with beaten, but is less of an adjective, not being used attributively as the latter is thus we do not say beat gold.] beater, bet'-

—

[O.Fr. beste, from L.

R. Cath. Ch. to declare that a person to be reverenced as blessed, though not canonized. beatific, be-a-tifik, a. Blessing of making happy; impartbeatification, be»at'i'fi«ing bliss. ka"shon, n. The act of beatifying; the state of being blessed; blessedness; R. Cath. Ch. an act of the pope by which he declares a person beatified; an inferior kind of canonization. beatitude, be«at'i«tud, n. [L. beatitudo.] Blessedness; felicity; one of the declarations of blessedness to particular virtues, made by the Saviour in the Sermon on the Mount.

a beast.] Any four-footed animal, as distinguished from birds, insects, fishes, and man; as opposed to man, any irrational animal; a

is

—

man.

society.

beau, bo,

G. biber, L. fiber.] quadruped valued for its

beaux, boz. [Fr. beau,

—beau

;

bo I«de'al or e-da'al, n. beau ideal, beautiful ideal.] A conception of any object in its perfect typical form; a model of excellence beau monde, in the mind or fancy. bo" mond', n. [Fr. beau, fine, and monde, world.] The fashionable world. ideal,

[Fr.

—

beauty,

bu'ti, n. [O.Fr. biaute, Fr. beauty, from L.L. bellitas, beauty, from L. bellus, bellitatis, beautiful.] An assemblage of perfections through which an object is rendered pleasing to the eye; those qualities in the aggregate that give pleasure to the aesthetic sense ; qualities that delight the eye, the ear, or the mind; loveliness; elegance; grace; a particular grace or orna-

beaute,

the motion of the hand or foot. To beat a retreat, to give a signal to retreat by a drum; hence, generally, to retreat or retire. v.i. To strike or knock repeatedly; to move with pulsation; to throb (as the pulse, heart, etc.); to dash or fall with force or violence (as a storm, flood, etc.); to summon or signal by beating a drum ; naut. to make progress against the direction of the wind by sailing in a zigzag. To beat about, to make search by various means or ways. To beat up for, to go about in quest of (recruits); to search earnestly or carefully for. n. stroke; a blow;

that which is beautiful a part which surpasses in beauty that with which it is united; a beautiful person,

ment

;

;

especially,

a

woman.

beautiful

beauty shop, an establishment where a

woman may

receive a

hairdress,

manicure, and other beauty treatbeauteous, bu'te«us, a. Posments. beautesessing beauty; beautiful.

—

—

—

beautician, ously, bu'ti'US-li, adv. bu-tish'an, one whose business is to improve the appearance of women's

A

hair, nails, j,

;'ob;

complexion,

ng, sin^;

TH,

etc.

then;

— beau-

A

rodent about 2 feet in length, haunting streams and lakes, now found in considerable numbers only in North America, and generally living in colonies, with large webbed hind feet and a flat tail covered with scales on its upper surface; beaver fur; a hat or cap made of beaver fur. bjorr,

fur,

beaver, be'ver,

n. [O.Fr. baviere, a child's bib, a beaver, bave, slaver.] The faceguard of a helmet, so constructed with joints or otherwise that the wearer could raise or lower it to eat and drink; a visor.

bebeeru, be-be'ro, n. [Native name.] A tree of British Guiana of the laurel family, the timber of which, known as greenheart, is used for building ships and submarine structures. bebop, be "bop', n. Jazz style characterized by dissonance, complex rhythms, and experimental instru-

mentation.

bel,

person according to the first fashion of the times male sweetheart or lover.

to baffle; to fatigue utterly; to prostrate; to flutter (the wings). To beat back, to compel to retire or return. To beat dovm, to dash down by beating or battering, as a wall; to lay flat; to cause to lower a price by importunity or argument; to lessen the price or value of; to depress or crush. To beat off, to repel or drive back. To beat out, to extend by hammering. To beat up, to attack suddenly; to alarm or disturb, as an enemy's quarters. To beat time, to regulate time in music by

go;

n. pi.

from L. bellus, beautiful.] One whose great care is to deck his O.Fr.

;

g,

—

—

beatnik, bet'nik, n. [Beat, and nik, Rus. suffix meaning person.] A person (often) characterized by unconventional behavior and dress and by an emotional disengagement from

— —

fy, bu'ti'fi, v.t. beautified, beautifying. To make or render beautiful; to adorn; to deck; to decorate. beaver, be'ver, n. [A. Sax. befer^T). bever, Dan. bcever, Sw. bdfver, Icel.

—

brutal man; a disgusting person. beastliness, best'li«nes, n. The state or quality of being beastly; brutality; beastly, best'h, a. Like filthiness. a beast; brutish; brutal; filthy; contrary to the nature and dignity of

ch, Sc. loch;

—

and facere, to make.] To make happy; to bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment; beatus, blessed,

bestia,

ch, chain;

One who

or that which beats; an instrument for pounding or comminuting substances; the striking part in various machines. beatify, be«at'i«fi, v.t. beatified, beatifying. [Fr. beatifier, L. beatificare er, n.

—

—

;

—

manhood.

beat, bet, v.t. pret. beat; pp. beat, beaten; ppr. beating. [A. Sax. beatan = Icel. bauta, bjdta, O.H.G. pozan, to beat; akin butt, abut, beetle (a mallet).] To strike repeatedly; to lay repeated blows upon; to knock, rap, or dash against often; to pound; to strike for the purpose of producing sound (a drum); to shape by hammer; to scour with bustle and outcry in order to raise game ; to overcome, vanquish, or conquer in a battle, contest, competition, etc. to surpass or excel; to be too difficult for; to be beyond the power or skill of;

decoration; adornment; embeautiful, bu'ti-ful, a. bellishment. Having the qualities that constitute beauty; highly pleasing to the eye, the ear, or the mind (a beautiful scene, melody, poem, character, but not a beautiful taste or smell); beauteous ; lovely ; handsome ; fair ; charming; comely. The beautiful, all that possess beauty; beauty in the abbeautifully, bii'ti-fuMi, adv. stract. In a beautiful manner. beautifulness, bu'ti'ful-nes, n. The quality beautiof being beautiful; beauty. tiful;

music, the beating or pulsation resulting from the joint vibrations of two sounds of the same strength, and all but in unison. beaten, bet'n, p. and a. Made smooth by beating or treading; worn by use; conquered; van-

—

n.

tification, bu'ti«fi«ka"shon, n. The act of beautifying or rendering beau-

throb; a footfall; a

round or course which is frequently gone over, as by a policeman, etc.;

bear, ber,

;

beckon

71

genus, having a rank smell and purgative and emetic properties.

beast, best,

— —

v.t. To render calm, or quiet (the sea, passions, etc.)f to keep from motion for want of wind (as a ship); to delay (a person) by a calm. became, bi-kam', pret. of become.

becalm, be-kam', still,

because, be«kaz', conj. [Be for by, and cause; O.E. bicause, bycause =by or for the cause that.] By cause, or by the cause that; on this account that; for the cause or reason next explained; he fled because (as the reason given) he was afraid. beccafico, bek-a'fe'ko, n. [It., lit. figpecker.] bird resembling the nightingale; the greater pettichaps or garden warbler. bechamel, besh'a«mel, n. [Named after its inventor.] A fine white broth or sauce thickened with cream. bechance,! be'chans', v.t. To befall; to happen to. (Shak.) beck, bek, v.i. [Shortened form of beckon.] To nod or make a significant gesture. v.t. To call by a nod; to intimate a command or desire to by gesture. n. A nod of the head or other significant gesture intended as a sign or signal. beckct, bek'et, n. A contrivance in ships for confining loose ropes, etc. beckon, bek'n, 04. [A. Sax. bedcnian, bccnian, to beckon, from bedcn, been, a beacon.] To make a sign to another

th, thin;

as,

A

w,

u?ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

—

become by ger,

a

intended

a

as

fin-

hint

or

intimation. v.t. To make a significant sign to; to direct by making signs (beckon him to us).

become, be-kum',

v.i.

— became

(pret.)

become (pp.), becoming. [A. Sax. becuman, bicuman, to arrive, happen, turn out prefix be^by, and cuman, to come, to happen.] To pass from one state to another; to change, grow, or develop into (the boy becomes a man). To become of (usually with what preceding), to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition. v.t. To suit or to be suitable to (anger becomes him not); to befit; to accord with, in character or circumstances; to be worthy of, or proper to; to grace or suit as regards outward appearance (a garment becomes a person). becoming, be-kum'ing, a. Suitable; meet: proper; appropriate; befitting; becomingly, be«kum'ing«li, seemly. adv. After a becoming or proper

—

—

—

manner. bed, bed, n. [A. Sax. bed^D. bed, bedde, Dan. bed, Goth, badi, G. bett.] That on or in which one sleeps, or which is specially intended to give ease to the body at night; especially, a large flat bag filled with feathers or other soft materials: the word may include or even be used for the bedstead; a plat or piece of tilled ground in a garden; the bottom of a river or other stream, or of any

body of water; a layer; a stratum; an extended mass of anything, whether upon the earth or within it; that on which anything lies, rests, or is

—

supported. v.t. bedded, bedding. To place in, or as in, a bed; to plant, as flowers, in beds. bedding, bed'-

— ing, A bed and furniture; materials of bed. — bedrid, bedridn.

its

a

den, bed'rid, bed'rid«n,

a.

bed-rida, fined to

Long con-

lit.

a bedrider.]

bed by age or

[A. Sax.

infirmity.

bedstead, bed'sted, n. The framebedstraw, bed'stra, a bed. n. Straw for packing into a bed also, a herbaceous perennial plant bearing yellow or white flowers growing in waste places in Britain. bedchamber, n. An apartment intended for sleeping in, or in which there is a bed; a bedroom. bedclothes, n. pi.

—

work of

—

72

motion of the hand or etc.,

—

—

;

—

—

Blankets, coverlets, etc., for beds. bedfellow, n. One who occupies the same bed with another. bed linen, n. Sheets, pillow covers, etc., for bedpan, n. A pan for warmbeds. ing a bed; also a necessary utensil for bedridden persons. bedplate. The soleplate or foundation plate of an engine, etc. bedpost, n. One of the posts forming part of the framework and often supporting the canopy of bedroom, n. A room ina bed.

—

—

—

—

—

tended for sleeping in; a sleeping room or bedchamber. bedsore, n. A sore liable to occur on bedridden

—

persons on the parts of the body subjected to most pressure. bedtick, n. A tick or stout linen or cotton bag for containing the feathers or other packing material of a bed. bedtime, n. The time to go to bed; the usual

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

hour of retiring

bedaub, to soil

before

to rest.

be«dab',

To daub

over; with anything thick, slimy, v.t.

and dirty. bedeck, be«dek',

v.t. To deck; to adorn; to grace. bedell, bedel, be'dl, n. [L.L. bedellus — E. beadle.] A beadle in a university or connected with a law court. bedevil, be«dev'il, v.t. To throw into utter disorder and confusion; spoil

or corrupt, as by evil

spirits.

bedizen, be*diz'n, v.t. [dizen.] To deck or trick out; especially, to deck in a tawdry manner or with false taste.

bedlam, bedlam, n. [Corrupted from Bethlehem, the name of a religious house in London, afterward converted into a hospital for lunatics.] madhouse; a place appropriated for lunatics; hence, any scene of wild uproar and madness. bedlamite,

A

—

A

bed'lanvit, n. madman. bed'o«in, n. [Ar. beddwi, dwellers in the desert.] nomadic Arab living in tents in Arabia, Syria, Egypt, and elsewhere. bedraggle, be«drag'l, v.t. bedraggled, bedraggling. To soil by draggling; to soil by drawing along on

Bedouin,

A

—

mud. bee, be,

[A.Sax. bed, bi =

n.

Icel. by,

Sw. Dan. bi, D. bij, bije, O. and Prov. G. beie, Ir. and Gael, beach, a bee.] An insect, of which there are numerous species, the honey or hive bee being the most familiar and typical species, having been kept in hives from the earliest periods for its wax and honey. bee bread, n. A brown

—

substance, the pollen of flowers, collected by bees as food for their bird of young. bee eater, n. several species that feeds on bees. beehive, n. case or box intended as a habitation for bees, and in which they may store honey for the use of beeline, n. The direct their owners. line or nearest distance between two

—

A

A

—

places.

—beeswax,

The wax

n.

se-

creted by bees, and of which their beeswing, n. cells are constructed. A gauzy film in port wines indicative of age, and much esteemed by con-

—

noisseurs.

beech, bech,

n.

[A.Sax. bece, from

=

the royal guard (of England), a body men who attend the sovereign at state banquets and on other occasions; an African bird that picks the larvae of insects from the hides of beefsteak, n. A steak or slice oxen. beef-witted, a. of beef for broiling. With no more wit than an ox; dull; stupid. (Shak.) Beelzebub, be-el'ze'bub, n. [Heb. baal, lord, and zebub, a fly.] A god of the Philistines; in the N.T. the prince of devils. beer, ber, n. [A.Sax. beor = D. and G. bier; origin doubtful.] A fermented alcoholic liquor made from any farinaceous grain, but generally from malted barley flavored with hops, and yielding a spirit on being distilled; a fermented drink prepared with various substances, as ginger, beery, be'ri, a. Permolasses, etc. taining to beer; soiled or stained with beer; affected by beer; intoxi-

of

—

—

—

cated.

beestings, best'ingz, by sting, byst, beost, D.

n.

[A.Sax.

pi.

biestemelk G. biestmilch.] The first milk given, by a cow after calving. beet, bet, n. [A.Sax. bite, D. biet, G. plant beeta, from L. beta, beet.] of various species cultivated for its thick fleshy roots, the red varieties of which are much used as a kitchen vegetable, while the white varieties yield a large portion of sugar, and are now extensively cultivated. biest,

A

beetle, be'tl, n. [A.Sax. bytl, bitel, a mallet from bedtan, to beat; L.G. heavy wooden mallet betel, botel.] used to drive wedges, consolidate earth, etc. v.t. To use a beetle on; to beat with a heavy wooden mallet as a substitute for mangling. beetle, be'tl, n. [A.Sax. bitel, from bitan, to bite.] A general name of many insects having four wings, the anterior pair of which are of a horny nature and form a sheath or protection to the posterior pair; a coleopterous insect. beetle, be'tl, v.i. [From A.Sax. bitel, sharp, hence prominent, from bitan,

A

to bite.]

To

be prominent

(as a cliff,

a battlement); to hang or extend out; beetle-browed, to overhang; to jut.

—

a.

Having prominent brows.

boc, a beech, a book Icel. bok, Dan. bog, D. beuk, G. buche, a beech; cog.

befall,

L. fugus, a beech; Gr. phegos, the esculent oak, from root seen in Gr. phagein, Skr. bhag, to eat, from its nuts being eaten. BOOK.] A largesized tree with a smooth bark yielding

and feallan, to fall.] To happen v.i. To happen; to; to occur to. to come to pass. befit, be-fit', v.t. befitted, befitting. [Prefix be, and fit.] To be fitting for; to suit; to be suitable or proper to. befog, be«fog', v.t. befogged, befogging. To involve in fog; hence, to

a hard timber

made

into tools, etc.,

and nuts from which an oil is exbeechen, bech 'en, a. Conpressed.

—

sisting of the wood of the beech; belonging to the beech. beechnut, n. One of the nuts or fruits of the

—

beech. beef, bef,

n.

[Fr. bceuf,

from L.

bos,

an ox; cog. Ir. and Gael, bo, W. buw, Skr. go, a cow.] Originally an animal of the ox kind in the fullgrown state (in this sense with the plural beeves, but the singular is no longer used); the flesh of an ox, bull, beefeater, bef 'or cow when killed. et«er, n. An eater of beef; a yeoman of bovis,

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

be-fal',

befalling.

v.t.—befell,

[A.Sax.

befeallan

befallen,

—prefix

be,

—

—

confuse.

befool, be«fol', v.t. To fool; to make a fool of; to delude or lead into error. before, be«for', prep. [A.Sax. beforan prefix be, and foran, fore.] In front of; preceding in space; in presence of; in sight of; under the cognizance or consideration of (a court, a meeting); preceding in time; earlier than; ere in preference to prior to having precedence of in rank, dignity, etc.— Before the mast, in or into the condition of a common sailor, the portion

—

;

tube, tub, bull;

;

oil,

;

pound.

befoul of a ship behind the mainmast being reserved for the officers. adv. Further onward in place in front in the forepart; in time preceding; previbeforeously; formerly; already. hand, be»for'hand, a. In good pecuniary circumstances ; having enough to meet one's obligations and something over. adv. In anticipabeforetime,:}: be— tion; in advance. for'tim, adv. Formerly; of old time. (O.T.) befoul, be-foul', v.t. To make foul; ;

—

To

begonia,

be regarded as

—

the

v.t.

now

—

begot,

ity.

begum, be'gum,

n. In the East Indies, a princess or lady of high rank. begun, be-gun', pp. of begin. behalf, be«haf, n. [Prefix be, and half, in old sense of side.] Interest; profit; support; defense; always in such phrases as in or on behalf of, in my, his, some person's behalf. behave, be«hav', v.i. behaved, behaving. [Prefix be, and have.} To conduct one's self; to demean one's self: used refl. v.i. To act; to con-

—

—

behavior, be-hav'of behaving; conduct; deportment; mode of acting (of a person, a machine, etc.). behead, be«hed', v.t. To cut off the head of; to sever the head from the

duct one's yer, n.

begot, begat (pret.

almost

—

body

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

ally (it behooves us, or the like.)

—

a pin for belaying ropes to. belch, belsh, v.t. [O.E. belken, belke, A. Sax. bealcian, to belch.] To throw out or eject with violence, as from the stomach or from a deep hollow place to cast forth (a volcano ;

To

belches flames or ashes). v.i. eject wind from the stomach; to issue out, as with eructation. n. The act of one who or that which

belches; eructation.

and pp. of

dam, n. [Fr. belle, fine, handsome, and dame, lady; it was at one time,

[Heb.]

applied respectfully to elderly females.] A grandmother {Shak.)%; an old woman in general, especially an ugly old woman; a hag.

n.

described in Job

xl.

1

5-24,

crocodile, etc.

behind, be-hind', prep. hindan, behind prefix

—hind.]

[A. Sax.

be-

beleaguer, be«leg'er, v.t. [Prefix be, and leaguer.] To besiege; to surround with an army so as to preclude escape; to blockade.

belemnite, bel'envnit,

n. [Gr. belemnon, a dart or arrow, from belos, a dart, from the root of ballo, to throw.] straight, tapering, dartshaped fossil; the internal bone or shell of animals allied to the cuttlefishes, common in the chalk formation; the animal to which

and

hinOn the side dan, behind, opposite the front or nearest part of, or opposite to that which fronts a person; at the back of; toward the back or back part of; remaining later in

be,

j,

job;

ng, sin^;

A

point of time than;

farther back than; in an inferior adv. At the back; position to. in the rear; out of sight; not exhibited; remaining; toward the back remaining after part; backward; behindhand, be— one's departure. hind'hand, adv. or a. In a state in which means are not adequate to the supply of wants in arrear; in a

(pret.

g, go;

pret.

behest, be«hest', n. [Prefix be, and hest.] A comhest; A. Sax. behaes. mand; precept; mandate. [Poetical.]

begyrdan.] bind with a band or

',

belabor, be«la'ber, v.t. [Prefix be, and labor; comp. G. bearbeiten, to labor, and to beat soundly prefix be, and arbeit, work.] To beat soundly; to deal blows to; to thump. belay, be«la', v.t. [Prefix be, and lay.] Naut. to make fast by winding round something. belaying pin, n. Naut.

and which some suppose to be an others a hippopotamus,

after;

—

—

elephant,

etc. pp.), begirding. [A. Sax.

gird or

tageous to a person; behalf; interest; advantage; profit; benefit: always in such phrases as in or for behoof of behoove, be— for a person's behoof. hov', v.t. behooved, behooving. [A. Sax. from the noun.] behofian, To be fit or meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience; to be necessary for: used imperson-

beldam, beldame, bel'dam, bel-

of.

An animal

A

To

—

Manner

behemoth, be'he*moth,

—

begirt

beholds; a spectator.

behoof, be«h6f, n. [A. Sax. behof— D. behoef, G. behuf prefix be, and word equivalent to Icel. hof, measure, moderation.] That which is advan-

behold.

—

—

self.

beheld, be»held',

—

proceeds or grows. begird, be-gerd', v.t.

beholden, behold'n, a. Under obligation; bound in gratitude; obliged; indebted. beholder, be«hold'er, n. One who

used interjectionally.

from founder's name. Lambert Begue, 1180.] One of an order of females in Holland, Belgium, and Germany, who, without taking the monastic vows, form societies for the purposes of devotion and char-

obsolete), begotten (pp.), begetting. (A. Sax. begitan, bigitan prefix be, and gitan, to get.] To procreate, as a father or sire; to produce, as an effect; to cause to exist; to generate. begetter, be«get'er, n. One who begets or procreates; a father. begin, be«gin', v.i. began (pret.), begun (pp.), beginning. [A. Sax. beginnan, to begin prefix be, and ginnan, to begin.] To take rise; to originate; to commence; to do the first act; to enter upon something new; to take the first step. begin, begin', v.t. To do the first act of; to enter on; to commence. beginner, be«gin'er, n. person who begins or originates; the agent who is the cause; one who first enters upon any art, science, or business; a young practitioner; a novice; a tyro. beginning, be'gin'ing, n. The first cause; origin; the first state; commencement; entrance into being; that from which a greater thing latter

attention; to observe with care; to contemplate, view, survey, To look; to regard, or see. v.i. direct the eyes to an object; to fix the attention upon an object; to attend or fix the mind; in this sense chiefly in the imperative, and

with

—

for

—

—

—

ask alms by asking alms. One that begs; a person who lives by asking alms; one who supplicates with humility; a petitioner. v.t. To reduce to beggary; to impoverish; to exhaust the resources of (to beggar description); beggarliness, beg'er— to exhaust. li'nes, n. The character of being beggarly; meanness; extreme povbeggarly, beg'er«li, a. Like erty. or belonging to a beggar; poor; mean ; contemptible. beggary, beg'er«i, n. The state of a beggar; a state of extreme indigence. began, be«gan', pret. of begin.

beget, be«get',

[From M.

n.

(pret. and pp.) begotten, be-got'n. pp. of beget. begrudge, be«gruj', v.t. begrudged, begrudging. To grudge; to envy the possession of: with two objects (to begrudge a person something). beguile, be«gu', v.t. beguiled, beguiling. To practice guile upon; to delude; to deceive; to cheat; to trick; to dupe; to impose on by artifice or craft; to dispel or render unfelt by diverting the mind (cares); to while away (time). beguilement, be-gil'ment, n. The act or state of beguiling. beguiler, be«gfl'er, n. One who beguiles. Beguine, ba«gen', n. [Fr. beguine;

act as a

elliptical

be«g6'ni«a,

another; tardy.

behold, be«h61d', v.t. beheld (pret. and pp.), beholding. [A. Sax. behealdan prefix be, and healdan, to hold.] To fix the eyes upon; to look at

begot, be -got'

To

v.i.

away; and pp.

botanist.] The tropical plants much cultivated in hothouses for the beauty of their leaves and flowers.

—

/ beg leave to.] or charity; to live beggar, beg'er, n.

Go

Begon, a French generic name of

friend to; to aid, benefit, or assist. beg, beg, v.t. begged, begging. [Contr. it is believed from A. Sax. bedegian or bedecian, to beg; from stem of bid, A. Sax. biddan, to beg, to ask; comp. Goth, bidagwa, a beggar, from same root.] To ask or supplicate in charity; to ask for earnestly (alms); to ask earnestly (a person); to beseech ; to implore ; to entreat or supplicate with humility; to take for granted; to assume without proof. [The phrase / beg to is often used as a polite formula for introducing a question or communication; as, / beg to inquire, / beg to state. It

may

interj.

hence! the imperative be gone combined.

;

v.t.

backward state; not sufficiently advanced; not equally advanced with

girdle; to surround; to encompass.

begone, be«gon',

to soil.

befriend, be«frend',

belfry

73

TH,

then;

such a bone belonged. belfry,

th, thin;

bel'fri,

beffroit,

O.G.

etc.,

bervrit,

n.

for defense, protect, and frid, castle

[O.Fr.

belfroi,

watch-tower, from bercvrit, a tower or

a

from bergen, a

strong

to

place False

(Mod. G. fricJc, peace). etymology connected the word with bell, hence its modern English w,

tt-ig;

hw, whig;

7b, azure.

Belgian meaning.]

A

which a bell is hung. Belgian, bel'ji-an, a. Pertaining to Belgium. n. A native of Belgium. Belgravian, bel-gra'vi-an, a. Belonging to Belgravia, an aristocratic

London;

of

portion

fashionable. Belgravia; a

An

n.

member

aristocratic;

inhabitant of of the upper

classes. (Thack.) Belial, be'li-al, n. [Heb. belial belt, not, without, and yaal, use, profit.]

—

Wickedness; a wicked and unprincipled person; an evil spirit; Satan. belie, be»h", fix be,

and

v.t.

—

lie,

belied, belying. [Preto speak falsely; like

lie.] To tell to belie, lies concerning; to calumniate by false reports; to show to be false; to be in contradiction to (his terror belies his words); to fail to equal or come up to; to disappoint (belie

G. belugan,

one's hopes). believe, be«lev', v.t. believed, believing. [O.E. bileve, beleve, from A. Sax. believe, the to gelyfan, gelefan, initial particle being changed; -lieve is akin to lief and leave, n.] To credit upon the ground of authority, testimony, argument, or any other circumstances than personal knowledge; to expect or hope with confidence. v.i. To be more or less firmly persuaded of the truth of anything. To believe in, to hold as an object of faith; to have belief belief, be«lef, n. An assent of of. the mind to the truth of a declaration, proposition, or alleged fact, on the ground of evidence, distinct from personal knowledge; theol. faith, or a firm persuasion of the truths of religion; the thing believed; the object of belief; the body of tenets held by the professors of any faith; a creed. believable, be«lev'a«bl, a. Capable of being believed; credible. believer, be«-

—

—

—

—

One who

believes; an adherent of a religious faith; a believingprofessor of Christianity. ly, be-lev'ing'li, adv. In a believlev'er,

n.

—

ing manner. _ belittle, be»lit'l,

v.t.

To make

smaller; to lower; speak disparagingly

A

was on the point of death. to

blossoms.

tralian

from

n.

a bell,

mon name

of plants of the genus Campanula, from the shape of the bellman, n. A public crier flower.

who

uses

a

An

alloy

for

making

metal,

bell

bell.

of copper and

n.

used bellmouthed, a.

bells.

Gradually expanded the form of a bell.

tin,

at the

mouth

in

bell-punch, n. A small punch fitted to the jaws of a pincers-shaped instrument, combined with a little bell which sounds when the punch makes a perforation, used as a check on streetcar conbellwether, n. A wethductors, etc. er or sheep which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck. bell,

bel,

[A. Sax.

v.i.

bellan,

bellow.]

belja, to bellow,

Icel.

To

roar; deer in

bellow, as a bull or a rutting time. belladonna, bel«la«don'na, n. [It., beautiful lady.] plant of the nightshade family, containing atropine; med. a drug prepared from the plant. belle, bel, n. [Fr., from L. bellus, beautiful.] young lady; a lady of superior beauty and much admired. belles-lettres, beMet«tr, n. pi. [Fr. belle and letter.] Polite or elegant literature, a term including rhetoric, poetry, history, criticism, with the languages in which the literature is written. bellicose, bel'li'kos, a. [L. bellicosus, from bellum, war.] Inclined to war; warlike ; pugnacious ; indicating warto

A

A

like feelings.

belligerent, a. [L. beMij'er«ent, bellum, war, and gerens, gerentis, carrying on.] Waging war; carrying on war; pertaining to war or warfare. n. A nation, power, or state carrying on war; one engaged in

—

belligerence, f bel-li j 'er- fighting. ens, n. The act of carrying on war;

warfare.

bellow,

bel'lo, v.i. [A. Sax. bylgean, to bellow, allied to bellan, to bell, Icel.

bell.] To utter a hollow, loud sound, as a bull; to make a loud noise or outcry; to belja,

to

bellow,

roar.

n.

A

bellower,

loud

outcry;

bel'16'er,

n.

roar.

One who

v.t.

v.i.

To

bellows,

bel'loz,

n.

sing,

and

pi.

[Really a plural form of the word belly, A. Sax. boelg, belg, boelig, a bag, a belly, bellows, belly.] An instrument for producing a strong current of air, and principally used for blowing fire, either in private dwellings or in forges, furnaces, mines, etc., or for supplying the pipes of an

organ with wind. belly, boelig,

belli,

n.

[A. Sax.

bag, belly

bcelg,

Icel. belgr,

D.

belg, balg,

Dan. boelg, G. balg, the belly; akin to bulge; comp. Gael, and Ir. bolg, balg, the belly, a bag, bellows. Bellows is a plural form of this

That part of the human body which extends from the breast

out bell-shaped To put a bell on.

word.]

A

to the thighs, containing the bowels

put

bird, n. passerine bird, bell

A buoy on which is fixed which is rung by the heaving of the sea. bellflower, n. A com-

buoy,

bellows.

of.

bell, bel, n. [A. Sax. belle; allied to bellan, to bellow, E. to bell, as a deer; akin bellow, and G. bellen, to bark.] metallic vessel which gives forth a clear, musical, ringing sound on being struck, generally cup shaped; anything in form of a bell; pi. the phrase employed on shipboard to denote the divisions of daily time, from their being marked by strokes on a bell each half hour. To bear the bell, to be the first or leader, in allusion to the bell wether of a flock. Passing bell, a bell which used to be rung when a person

flower;

bemire

74

tower,

generally attached to a church or other building; that part of a building in bell

—

South American and also an Aus-

insessorial bird; so named bell their bell-like notes.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

the abdomen; the corresponding part of a beast; the part of anything which resembles the human belly in

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

protuberance or cavity. bellying.

To

fill;

v.t. bellied,

to swell out.

v.i.

To

swell and become protuberant belly band, n. like the belly. band that goes round the belly of a horse as part of its harness. belong, be«long', v.i. [Prefix be, and O.E. long, to belong (to extend in length to), from the adjective long; comp. D. and G. belangen, to concern, from long, long.] To be the property of; to appertain; to be the concern or affair; to be appendant or connected; to be suitable; to be due; to have a settled residence; to be domiciliated; to be a native of a place; to have original residence: in belonging, all senses followed by to. be-long'ing, n. That which belongs to one: used generally in plural; qualities, endowments, property, possessions, appendages. beloved, be«luv'ed, a. Loved; greatly loved; dear to the heart. below, be«16', prep. [Prefix be, and low.] Under in place; beneath; not so high as; inferior to in rank, adv. In a excellence, or dignity. lower place, with respect to any object; beneath; on the earth, as opposed to the heavens; in hell, or the regions of the dead; in a court of inferior jurisdiction. belt -Dan. belt, belt, n. [A.Sax. bozlte, Icel. belti, a belt, a girdle, from L. balteus, a belt. Comp. Ir. and Gael, bait, a border, a welt.] girdle; a band, usually of leather, in which a sword or other weapon is hung; anything resembling a belt; a strip; a stripe; a band; a

A

—

A

band passing round two wheels, and communicating motion from one to the other. v.t. To encircle; to

belted,

surround.

Wearing

a

belt;

belt'ed,

marked or

a.

dis-

tinguished with a belt. belting, belting, n. Belts taken generally; the material of which the belts used in machinery are made. Beltane, bel'tan, n. [A Celtic word;

Gael, bealltainn, Ir. bealltaine; the of May; origin unknown.] The name of a sort of festival formerly observed among all the Celtic tribes of Europe. It was celebrated in Scotland on the first day of May (o.s.), and in Ireland on June 21 by kindling fires on the hills and first

eminences.

beluga, be«lu'ga, n. [Rus. bieluga, from bielyi, white.] A kind of whale found in northern seas, the white whale or white fish, from 12 to 18 feet in length, killed for its oil and skin.

belvedere, bel veder, n. [It., lit. a bello, bel, beautiful, beautiful view and rcJcre, to see.] In Italy an open erection on the top of a house for the purpose of obtaining a view of the country; in France, a summerhouse on an eminence. bema, be'ma, n. [Gr.] A stage or platform for an orator; part of a church raised above the rest and reserved for the higher clergy. bemire, be«mir v.t. bemired, betniring. To drag or stall in the mire; to soil, as by passing through mud. ,

tube, tub, bull;

—

oil,

pound.

——

—— —

——

bemoan sorrow

for. v.t.

to express

mockery;

To

treat

—

a.

Originally,

musing; sunk in reverie; hence, muddled; stupefied. ben, ben, n. A tree of India, called

overcome

with

also horse-radish tree, having seeds or nuts that yield an oil (oil of ben) which keeps without becoming rancid for many years. bench, bensh, n. [A. Sax. bene, a

bench with

Dan.

baenk, a parallel

bank.]

bank,

A

long

—

of

&

pp.),

cient,^: a.

—

of

for

— beneficially,

wide

—

a

;

St.

and a cowl on the head; a liqueur made by the Benedictine monks at Fecamp, in Normandy, consisting of spirits sleeves,

containing juices of certain aromatic ch, c/jain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

adv.

beneficiary, ben«e«fi'shi'aTi, a. Connected with the receipt of benefits, n. One who profits, or advantages. holds a benefice; one who is in the receipt of benefits, profits, or advantages; one who receives something as a free gift. benefit, ben'e«fit, n. [O.E. benfite, O.Fr. bienfet, from L. bienfete, benefice.] benefit, a benefactum, An act of kindness a favor conferred whatever is for the good or advantage of a person or thing; advantage; profit; a performance at a theater or other place of public entertainment, the proceeds of which go to one of the actors, or towards some charitable object. v.t. To do good to; to be of service to; to advantage. v.i. To gain advantage;

a. PerBenedict. n. A Blackmonk; a member of the order of monks founded at Monte Cassino about the year 530 by St. Benedict, and wearing a loose black

large

ben«e«fi'shaMi,

In a beneficial manner; advantageously; profitably; helpfully.— beneficialness, ben-cfi'shahnes, n.

ing.

gown with

— beneficial,ben«-

Contributing to a valuable end; conferring benefit; advantageous; useful; profitable; helpful.

Benedictine, ben-cdik'tin,

monks of

performing

e«fi'shal, a.

:

—

beneficence,

acts beneficharity. In a be-nef'i'sent«li, adv.

beneficent manner.

married man, especially one who has been long a bachelor from one of the characters (Benedick) in Shakespeare's Much Ado about Noth-

taining to the

a benefit charitable ben«e«fak'-

be-nefi'sent, ben^cfi'shent,

Doing good; kindness and

cently,

below. benedicite, ben«e«dis'i«te, n. [L., lit. bless ye, the first word of the hymn.] A canticle or hymn in the Book of Common Prayer, as old as the time of St. Chrysostom. benedick, benedict, ben'e«dik, ben'-

name

a

—

A

incurvation. beneath, be«neth', prep. [A. Sax. beneoth, beneothan prefix be, and neothan, below, nether.] Under; lower in place than something which rests above; burdened or overburdened with; lower than in rank, dignity, or excellence; below the level of. adv. In a lower place;

sportive

especially

[L. beneficentia.) be«nef'i«sens, n. The practice of doing good; active goodness, kindness, or charity. .'. Beneficence, lit. well-doing, is the outcome and visible expression of benevolence, or well-willing. Benevolence may exist without beneficence, but beneficence always presupposes benefibenevolence. -beneficent,

be or become curved or crooked;

A

Catholic

or church preferment.

to incline; to lean or turn; to be directed; to bow or be submissive. n. curve; a crook; a turn; flexure;

n.

of Zachused in the service

beneficed, or the revenue itself. ben'efist, a. Possessed of a benefice

straightness ; to direct to a certain point (one's mind, course, steps); to subdue; to cause to yield. v.t.

e«dikt,

The song

facio, to do.] An ecclesiastical living; a church endowed with a revenue for the maintenance of divine service,

bendan, to bend, lit. to bend and keep bent by the string, from bend, a band; comp. Fr. bander un arc, to bend a bow, from bande, a string.] To curve or make crooked; to deflect from a normal condition of

To

i,

benefactor, ter, n. One who confers a benefit. benefactress, ben-e«fak'tres, n. A female who confers a benefit. benefice, ben'e-fis, n. [Fr. benifi.ee, benefice, from L. beneficium, a a kindness, in late L. an estate granted for life bene, well, and

[A. Sax.

bending.

etc.]

Roman

conferred, donation.

— —

(pret.

the

',

Luke

of conferring a benefit;

of honor (Shak.)$. v.i.% To sit on a seat of justice. (Shak.) bend, bend, v.t. bended or bent

to j,

ppr. of volo, to wish.] The disposition to do good; the love of mankind, accompanied with a desire to promote their happiness; good will; kindness; charitableness; an act of kindness; a contribution or tax illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England. .".

volentis,

—

manner. bengali, ben-gahe', n. The language or dialect spoken in Bengal. bengal light, n. A species of fireworks used as signals by night or otherwise, producing a steady and

seat;

sit

[L. volens, will or n.

Church

arias in

the

who

—

and introduced with English words into the morning prayer of the English Church. benefaction, ben-e-fak'shon, n. [L. from benefacio, to do benefactio, good to one. benefice.] The act

of Israel

seat of justice; the as judges; the court. Bench of bishops, or episcopal bench, a collective designation of the bishops who have seats in the House of Lords. King's (or Queen's) Bench, a superior English court of civil and criminal jurisdiction, now incorporated in the High Court of Justice. v.t. To furnish with benches; to seat on a bench or seat

court;

benevolence, be«nev'6«lens, benevolentia bene, well, and

beneficence. benevolent, be«nev'6'lent, a. Possessing love to mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and happiness; inclined to charitable benevolently, actions. be'nev'6'lent-li, adv. In a benevolent

form

on which carpenters or other mechanics prepare their work; the seat on which judges sit persons

dictio,

—

a strong table

in

[L.

n.

speaking.] The act of invoking a blessing; blessing, prayer, or kind wishes uttered in favor of any person or thing; a solemn or affectionate invocation of happiness. benedictory, ben-e-dik'toTi, a. Giving a blessing; expressing a benediction, or wishes for good. Benedictus, ben-e-dik'tus, n. [L., blessed ' Blessed be the Lord God

with

—

—— —

benzine

herbs, chartreuse. benediction, ben^e-dik'shon, benedictio bene, well, and

mock.

to

bemused, be«muzd',

—

;

75

bemoan, be«mon', v.t. To moan or mourn for; to lament; to bewail; bemock, be-mok',

—

— ——————

make improvement.

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th,

vivid blue-colored

benign, be«nin',

fire.

[L. benignus for benigenus, kind-hearted benus for bonus, good, and genus, kind, race.] Of a kind disposition; gracious; kind (benign sovereign); proceeding from or expressive of gentleness, kindness, or benignity; salutary (benign influences); med. mild; not benignant, be«severe or violent. nig'nant, a. Kind; gracious; favorable: frequently, like benign, used of the kindness of superiors; but benign is more a poetical word. benignantly, be«nig'nant«li, adv. In benignant manner. benignity, a be«nig ni'ti, n. The state or quality a.

of being benign or benignant; kindness of nature; graciousness; benignly, beneficence. be«nin'li, adv. In a benign manner j favorably; kindly; graciously.

benison, ben'i-zn, n. [O.Fr. beneison, from L. benedictio, a benediction. Benediction is thus the same word.] blessing uttered by a person; a benediction. Benjamin, ben'ja-min, n. [Proper

A

name. O.T.] The youngest son of family.

benjamin, ben'ja«min,

n. [Fr. benjoin,

A

benzoin.] common form of the name of the gum benzoin. benne, ben'e, n. [Malay.] Sesame. bent, bent, pret. ft pp. of bend. n. Originally, a condition of being bent (as a bow); flexure; hence, fig. turn; inclination; disposition; natural tendency; leaning or bias of the mind. bent, bent grass, bent, bent'gras, n. [A. Sax. beonet^G. binse, a rush.]

—

A

wiry grass,

such

grows on

as

common or neglected ground. Benthamism, ben'thanvizm, n. The doctrine according to Jeremy Bentham, by which man's actions are regulated purely by utilitarian considerations; profit-and-loss morality.

[numb.] To to deprive of sensation; to stupefy; to render inactive to drug, deaden, or paralyze.

benumb, be-num,' v.t. make numb or torpid; ;

benzene, ben zen,

;;.

A

clear, color-

flammable liquid obtained from or petroleum and used as a solvent, an ingredient of motor fuel, and a chemical raw material. benzine, ben zen, A volatile, w, tvig; hw, whig; zh, azure. thin; less, i!

—

—

— —— —

;

benzoin

Gum

incense, having a fragrant and agreeable smell. benzoic, bemzo'ik, a. Pertaining to or obtained from benzoin. bequeath, be«kweTH', v.t. [A.Sax. becwethan prefix be, and cwethan, to say. quoth.] To give or leave by will; to devise by testament; to hand down; to transmit. bequest, be-kwest', n. The act of bequeathing or leaving by will; something left by will, a legacy. berate, beTat', v.t. berated, berating. To rate or chide vehemently;

—

—

—

—

to scold.

A

to,

A

A

—

—

A

manufactured gamo, in Italy.

originally

at

Ber-

berkelium, ber«ke'li'um, n. [From Berkeley, Calif., where it was disRadioactive element first produced by helium-ion bombardment of americium 241. Symbol, Bk; at. no., 97.

covered.]

ber'lin

or

ber»lin',

n.

A

fourwheeled vehicle of the chariot

made

Berlin; Berlin wool; a knitted glove. Berlin blue, Prussian blue. Berlin wool, a kind of fine dyed wool used for tapestry,

kind,

first

at

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

etc.

Sw. and D. bar, G. beere, basi; root seen in Skr. bhas,

ber,

A succulent or pulpy fruit, containing many seeds, and usually of no great size, such as the gooseberry, the strawberry, etc.; what resembles a berry, as one of the eggs of the lobster. v.i. To bear berried, be'or produce berries. rid, a. Furnished with berries. berserk, berserk, or ber»serk', n. [Icel. berserkr, lit. 'bearsark', or to eat.]

—

A

bear-shirt.]

berserker.

Ex-

a.

tremely agitated; crazed; frenzied. berserker, ber'ser«ker, n. A wild warrior in Scandinavian folklore. berth, berth, n. [From the root of

—

A

station in which a ship lies or can lie; a small room in a ship set apart for one or more persons; a box or place for sleeping in a ship or railroad car; a post or appointment; a situation. v.t. To assign a berth or anchoring ground to; to allot a berth or berths to. beryl, ber'il, n. [L. beryllus, Gr. beryllos, of Eastern origin.] colorless, yellowish, bluish, or less brilliant green variety of emerald, the

A

hue being green. be«ririi»um, n. A hard, metallic element (also called

prevailing

beryllium, light

glucinum) always occurring

in

com-

bination. Symbol, Be (also Gl); at. no., 4; at. wt., 9.0122. beseech, be»sech', v.t. besought (pret.

&

[O.E. beseke, beseeching. pp.), and seek.] prefix be, biseke entreat; to supplicate; to implore; to beg eagerly for; to solicit.

—

To

beseecher, be'sech'er, n. One who beseechingly, be-sech'beseeches. ing«li, adv. In a beseeching manner. beseem, be«sem', v.t. [Prefix be, and seem, in old sense of become, be seemly.] To become; to be fit for

—

or worthy of. beset, besetting. beset, be«set', v.t. [A.Sax. besettan. to set near, to

—

surround to

beri-beri, ber'i'ber'i, n. [Singhalese, beri, weakness.] A dangerous disease endemic in parts of India and Ceylon, characterized by paralysis, difficult breathing, and other symptoms. It is due to a lack of vitamin B.

berlin,

I eel.

Goth,

set.]

—Toprefixdistributeandover;

settan, to

be,

through or among; to surround; to enclose; to hem in {beset with enemies, a city beset with troops; to press on all sides, so as to perplex (temptations that beset us); to press hard upon. besetment, be«set'ment, n. The condition of being beset; the sin or failing to which one is most intersperse

—

besetting, a besetting sin. be«set'ing, a. Habitually attending or assailing us (a besetting sin). beshrew, be«shro', v.t. [Prefix be, and shrew, shrewd.] To wish a curse generally used to; execrate: to impersonally in phrases intended as mild imprecations or maledictions liable;

(beshrew me beshrew the fellow !). beside, be-sid', prep. [Prefix be, by,

me, met, her;

!

pine, pin;

—

—

best

Berlin work, fancy work in Berlin wools or worsted. berm, berme, berm, n. [O.Fr. barme, from G. brame, brdme E. brim, border.] Fort, a space of ground of 3, 4, or 5 feet in width, between the rampart and the moat or fosse ; the bank or side of a canal which is opposite to the towpath. berry, be'ri, n. [A.Sax. berie, a berry; knitting,

bear.]

n. person beor the language spoken by, certain tribes of North Africa (Barbary). berberine, ber'ber-in, n. substance obtained from the root of the barberry tree, used in dyeing yellow. bere, ber, n. [A.Sax. bere, barley. barley.] species of barley having six rows in the ear. bereave, be-rev', v.t. bereaved or & pp.), bereaving. (pret. bereft [Prefix be, and reave; A.Sax. bereareave.] To deprive of somefian. thing that is prized ; to make destitute to rob; to strip; with of before the thing taken away. bereavement, be-rev'ment, n. The act of bereaving, or state of being bereaved, deprivation, particularly the loss of a friend by death. berg, berg, n. [A.Sax. and G. berg, a hill.] large mass or mountain, as of ice ; an iceberg. bergamot, ber'ga-mot, n. [Fr. bergamote, It. bergamotta, from Bergamo, in Italy.] A variety of pear; the lime or its fruit, the rind of which yields a fragrant oil; an essence or perfume from the fruit of the lime; a coarse tapestry

longing

— —

76

highly flammable liquid composed chiefly of hydrocarbons of the methane series obtained from the distillation of petroleum and used as a cleaning agent and an ingredient of paints and varnishes. benzoin, ben»zo'in, or ben'zoin, n. [Of Ar. origin Fr. benjoin, Pg. beijoim.] benjamin; a concrete resinous juice or balsam flowing from incisions made in the stem of a tree of Sumatra, etc., chiefly used in cosmetics and perfumes, and in

Berber, ber'ber,

—

note, not,

move;

and

At the

side of a person or thing; near to; apart from; not connected with (beside the present subject). To be beside one's self, to be out of one's wits or senses. beside, besides, be«sidz', adv. Moreover; over and above; not included in the number, or in what has been mentioned. [Besides is now the commoner form.]— besides, prep. Over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to. side.]

—

besiege,

be«sej',

—

besieged, beto; beset or surround with armed forces for the purpose of compelling to surrender; to beset; to harass (besieged with besieger, be»sej'er, n. applications). One who besieges.

To

sieging.

lay

v.t.

siege

—

besmear, be»smer',

v.t.

To

smear

all

over; to bedaub; to overspread with some viscous, glutinous, or soft substance that adheres; to foul; to soil.

besom, be'zum, n. [A.Sax. besema, besma, a besom D. bezem, G.

A

besen: root unknown.] a brush of twigs or other materials for sweeping. v.t.f To sweep, as with a besom. (Cowper.) besot, be-sot', v.t. besotted, besotting. To make sottish, as with drink; to infatuate; to stupefy; to make besotted, dull, stupid, or senseless. be-sot'ed, a. Made sottish by drink;

besem,

broom;

—

—

indicating or proceeding from gross stupidity; stupid; infatuated.

bespatter,

be-spat'er,

v.t.

To

soil

by spattering; fig. to asperse with calumny or reproach. bespoke bespeak, be-spek', v.t.

—

bespoke, bespoken (pp.), bespeaking. To speak for (something wanted) beforehand; to order or engage against a future time; to betoken; to indicate by outward appearance (an action that bespoke a kind heart). n. Among actors, a (pret.),

benefit. v.t. To spread cover or form a coating

bespread, be«spred', over;

to

over.

besprent, be-sprent', pp. [A participle of the obsolete verb bespr, to besprinkle.] Sprinkled or scattered. [Poetical.]

be«spring'kl, v.t. To sprinkle over; to cover by scattering or being scattered over. Bessemer steel, bes cmefstel, n. [From Sir H. Bessemer, the inventor of the process.] Steel made directly from molten cast iron by driving through it currents of air so as to oxidize and carry off the carbon and impurities, the proper quantity

besprinkle,

of carbon for making steel being then introduced. best, best, a. supcrl. [A.Sax. betest, betst, best, serving as the superl. of god, good D. and G. best, Dan. teste.

root

Icel. is

Goth, good;

bestr,

Sw.

basta.

The

bat, ber. seen also in better, better.] Most batista, best, having good qualities or

attainments in the highest degree; possessing the highest advantages. Best man, the right-hand man or supporter of the bridegroom at a wedding. adv. In the highest detube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

—

—

.

— —— —

—

—At

thy,

or

most favorable

at in the

lime.

looked

To

light.

make

the best of, to use to the best advantage; to get all that one can out of; to put up with as well as

[Prefix tidan, be, and tide, from A. Sax. tide.] To happen to; to happen, v.i. To to befall; to come to. come to pass; to happen. betimes, be«timz', adv. [Prefix be for by and time, with adverbial

from

Belonging to a beast or to the class of beasts; animal; having the qualities of a beast;

genitive in

—

—

To

into brisk or vigorous action; usually refl.

To

stow away; be-sto', v.t. in store: to deposit; to lodge; to place (often refl.); to give; to confer; to impart: followed by on or upon before the recipient. bestowal, be«sto'al, n. The act of

bestow, to lay

up

A

be»stru' or be-stro', v.t. scatter over; to besprinkle; to strew. bestride, be-strid', v.t. bestrid, bestrode (pret.), bestrid, bestridden (pp.), bestriding. To stride over; to stand or sit on with the legs on either side; to step over; to cross by stepping

medicine, and sometimes used dye wool of a fine dark yellow. betook, be«tuk', pret. of betake. betray, be-tra', v.t. [Prefix be, and O.Fr. trair, Fr. trahir, to betray, from L. tradere, to give up or over. tradition.] To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery in violation of trust; to violate by fraud or unfaithfulness (to betray a cause or trust); to play false to; to reveal or disclose (secrets, designs) to let appear or be seen inadvertently betrayal, be— (to betray ignorance). betrayer, tra'al, n. Act of betraying. be-tra'er, n. One who betrays; a

—

To

—

—

v.t. and i. bet or betted, [A contraction of abet, to encourage, back up.] To lay or

betting.

stake or stake in wagering; to pledge something upon the event of a contest; to wager. n. A wager; that which is laid, staked, or pledged on any uncertain question or event; the terms on which a bet is laid. bettor, bet'er, bet'or, lays bets or wagers.

the

The second

n.

Greek alphabet.

—beta

traitor.

—

be-troth'al, be«troth'ment, n. The act of betrothing. better, bet'er, a. serving as the compar. of good. [A. Sax. betera, betra, with corresponding forms in the best.] other Teutonic languages, Having good qualities in a greater

degree than another; preferable, in regard to use, fitness, or the like;

improved

n.

one

disintegration.

betake, be-tak',

of

letter of

the

—

betook (pret.), v.t. betaking. [Prefix be, To repair; to resort; to recourse: with the reflexive

(pp.), take.]

have pronouns. betatron,

be'ta«tron,

n.

Phys.

a

device for the high-speed acceleration of electrons to form a beam of beta rays. betel, be'tl, n. [An Oriental word.] A species of pepper, a creeping or climbing plant, cultivated throughout the East Indies for its leaf, which ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

To

be better off,

excellent or superior manner; more correctly or fully; in a higher or greater degree; with greater advantage; more, in extent or amount v.t. To make (better than a mile). better; to improve; to ameliorate; to increase the good qualities of (soil, etc.); to advance the interest or worldly position of; to surpass; to exceed; to improve on (as a previous To grow better; to v.i. effort). become better; to improve. —n. A superior; one who has a claim to precedence; generally in the plural, and with possessive pronouns.

particle,

betaken

and

in health.

be in improved or in superior In a more adv. circumstances.

to

high-speed electrons ejected from the nucleus during radioactive disintegration. beta ray, n. Phys. a stream of highspeed electrons from radioactive Phys.

n.

—

betroth, be«troth', v.t. [Prefix be, and troth.] To contract to any troth, one in order to a future marriage; to affiance; to pledge one's troth betrothal, betrothment, to (O.T.).

One who

beta, ba'ta,

much employed

plant formerly

in to

bestrew,

better,

Seasonably; early; at an

early hour; soon; in a short time. v.t. To be or serve as a token of; to foreshow; to indicate as future by that which is seen. betony, bet'o*ni, n. [L. betonica.]

bestowing.

(Shak.). bet, bet,

termination.]

good season or time;

betoken, be-to kn,

bes«ti«-

n. The quality of a beast; bestialize, bes'ti«al*iz, beastliness. bestialized, bestializing. To make v.t like a beast; to bring or reduce condition of a beast. to the bestially, bes'ti»aMi, adv. In a bestial manner. bestir, be«ster', v.t. stir; to put al'i'ti,

betid (pp.), betiding.

(pret.),

bestia, a beast.]

— bestiality,

—

—

convenience, benefit, and the like; situated: now always with ill, well,

brutal; brutish.

— betel

—

one can. bestead, be-sted', pp. of an obs. verb. [Prefix be, and stead, place.] Placed, disposed, or circumstanced as to

sore, etc. bestial, bes'ti«al, a. [L. bestialis,

chewed with the

is

etc.

their,

his,

considered

best,

bewitch

betel nut and nut, n. The kernel of betel the nut of the betel palm. palm, n. An Asiatic palm tree. bethink, be»lhingk', v.t. [Prefix be, and think.] To call or recall to mind; to bring to consideration: always with a reflexive pronoun (to bethink one's self of a thing). v.i.f To have in recollection; to consider. betide, be-tid', v.t. betid, betided

n. Highest possible state of excellence (Shak.); all that one can do, or show in one's self: often used in this sense with the possessive

gree.

The

better, a state

of).

ng, siw^;

then;

A

better;

—

two; akin twain, twin.] In the space, place, or interval of any kind separating; in intermediate relation

from one to another of (letters passing between them); in partnership among (shared between them); so as to affect both of; pertaining to one or other of two (the blame lies betwixt, be«twikst', between you). prep. [A. Sax. betweox, betweohs prefix be, and tweoh, from twd, two. The t is excrescent as in amidst, Between; passing between; etc.] from one to another. bevel, bev'el, n. [O.Fr. bevel; origin unknown.] The obliquity or inclination of one surface of a solid body to another surface of the same body; an instrument for drawing or measuring angles. a. Having the form of a bevel; slant; not upright, to;

—

—

— —

(Shak.). v.t. beveled, beveling. To v.i. To slant or cut to a bevel. bevel incline on to a bevel angle. gear, n. species of wheel-work in which the axis or shaft of the

—

—A

driving wheel forms an angle with the axis or shaft of the wheel beveled, bev'eld, a. Having driven. a bevel ; formed with a bevel angle. beveling, bev'ebing, a. Inclining from a right line; slanting towards a bevel angle. beverage, bev'er«aj, n. [O.Fr. beuvrage, from boivre, bevre, L. bibere, to drink.] Drink; liquor for drinking. bevy, bev'i, n. [Perhaps of similar origin with beverage, and originally a drinking company, or animals collected at a watering-place.] flock of birds a company of females. bewail, be«wal', r.r.'and i. To wail or weep aloud for; to lament. beware, be«war', v.t. and i. [Be, imperative of verb to be, and ware wary, ware, wary.] To be wary or cautious; to be suspicious of danger; to take care; now used only in imperative and infinitive, with of before the noun denoting what is to be avoided. bewilder, be-wil'der, v.t. [Prefix be, and old wilder, to lead astray. wild.] To lead into perplexity or confusion; to perplex; to puzzle; bewilderingly, be-wil to confuse. der*ingdi, adv. So as to bewilder. bewilderment, be«wil'der«ment, n. State of being bewildered. bewitch, be«wich\ v.t. To subject to the influence of witchcraft; to throw a charm or spell over; to please to such a degree as to take away the power of resistance.

of improvement;

TH,

bet'er-ment, n.

improvement; value to property from public improvements. between, be-twen', prep. [A. Sax. betweonum, betweonan prefix be, and dat. pi. of tweon, twain, from twd,

in adverbial phrase for the better (to alter a thing for the better); advantage; superiority; victory (to have or get the better

70b;

— betterment,

making added

generally

j,

——

— —

77

bestead

pronouns my,

—

th, thin;

—

A

;

—

bewitcher, be«wich er, n. One that bewitchbewitches or fascinates. ery> be-wich er-i, n. Witchery; fascibewitching, nation; charm, be«wich'ing. a. Having power to bewitch or to control by the arts of pleasing. bewitchingly, be«wich ing-li, adv. bewitchment, be«wich ment, n. Fascination; the power of charming.

—

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

— — — ——

— —

bey

prince; a beg. beyond, be»yond', prep. [A. Sax. begeond, begeondam prefix be, and geond, yond, yonder. yon.] On the further side of; out of reach of; further than the scope or extent of; above; in a degree exceeding or surpassing. bezant, bez'ant, n. [From Byzantium.] gold coin of Byzantium; a coin current in England from the tenth century till the time of

—

A

Edward

III.

bezel,

n.

[A form of

basil,

Fr. beseau, a slope, basil.] The part of a finger ring which surrounds and holds fast the stone; the groove in which the glass of a watch is set.

bezique, bczek',

game

A

[Fr.]

n.

cards,

at

simple two,

by

played

three, or four persons.

bezoar, be'zor, n. [O.Fr. bezoar, from Per. pddzahr pad, dispelling, and zdhr, poison.] A name for certain concretions found in the

—

intestines of

some animals formerly

ruminants),

some

places)

(especially still in to be an

(and

supposed

antidote to poison. n. An Indian common hemp.

bhang, bang, the

variety of

a. Having two angles or corners. biannual, bi«an'nu«al, a. [Prefix bi, twice, and annual.] Occurring twice biais,

—

from L.L.

L. bi, doubifax, bifacis, two-faced weight ble, and fades, the face.]

A

side of a bowl which turns a straight line; that which causes the mind to incline towards a particular object or course; incli-

on the it from

—

nation; bent; prepossession. v.t. biassed or biased, Massing or biasing. To give a bias or particular direction to; to prejudice; to prepossess. adv. In a slanting manner ; obliquely. biaxial, bi«aks'i«al, a. Having two axes, as in biaxial polarization. fish of the cod family, n. about a foot in length. bib,:}: bib, v.t. and t. bibbed, bibbing. [L. bibo, bibere, to drink.] To sip; n. to tipple; to drink frequently. small piece of linen or other cloth worn by children over the breast, so called because protective of the child's dress when drinking. bibber, bib'er, n. tippler; a man given to drinking. bibulous, bib'u'lus, a. [L. bibulus.] Having the quality of imbibing fluids; spongy; addicted to drinking intoxicants pertaining to the drinking of intoxicants (bibulous propensities).

A

bib, bib,

—

A

—

A

;

Bible, bi'bl, n. [Fr. bible, Gr. biblia, the books, pi. of biblion, dim. from biblos, papyrus, paper, a book.] Originally a book, but specifically restricted now to the book, by way of eminence; the sacred Scripconsisting of two parts, the originally written

Old Testament, in Hebrew, the in

writings. Biblically, bib'adv. In a Biblical manner; according to the Bible. Biblicist, bib'li'sist, n. One skilled in the knowledge and interpretation of the Biblist, bi'blist, n. One conBible. versant with the Bible; one who makes the Bible the sole rule of

Greek.

New

— Biblical,

Pertaining to the

Testament

bib'lik-al,

a.

Bible or to the

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

faith.

bib«li«og'ra«fi, n. [Gr.

book,

and

grapho, to write.] A history or description of books or manuscripts, with notices of the different editions, the times when they were printed, etc. bibliographer, bib'li-og'ra'fer, n. One versed in bibliography; one who composes or compiles the history of books. bibliographic, bibliographical, bib'li-O'graf'ik, bib'li'6«graf"ik«al, a. Pertaining to bibliography. bibliolatry, bib'li'ol'a'tri, n. [Gr. biblion, a book, and latreia, worship.] Worship or homage paid to books; excessive reverence for any book, especially the Scriptures. bibliology, bib'li'ol'o-ji, n. [Gr. biblion, a book, and logos, discourse.] Biblical literature, doctrine, or theology; a treatise on books; bibliography. a

biblion,

bibliomancy,

bib'li'6-man-si, n. [Gr. a book, and manteia, divi-

nation.] Divination performed by means of a book; divination by means of the Bible, consisting in

selecting

hazard

a year.

tures,

sacred

bibliography,

passages

and

of

drawing

Scripture

from

at

them

indications concerning future things. bib'li*6«ma"ni«a, n. [Gr. biblion, a book, and mania, madness.] Book-madness; a rage for possessing rare and curious books. bibliomaniac, bib'li'O-ma'ni'ak, n. One affected with bibliomania. bibliomaniacal, bib'li-6-ma'ni"ak«al, a. Pertaining to bibliomania. bibliopegy, bib«li-op'e«ji, n. [Gr. biblion, a book, and pegnymi, to make

bibliomania,

firm.] The art of bookbinding. bibliophile, bib'li-o-fll, n. [Gr. biblion, book, and phileo, to love.] lover of books. -bibliophilism, bib'li'of'il'izm, n. Love of bibliography or of books. bibliophilist,

A

bib-li-of il-ist,

n.

A

bibliophile.

bibliopole, bib'li*6«pol, n. [Gr. biblion, a book, and poled, to sell.] A bibliopolist, bib- li«op 'bibliopole. bibliotheca, bib'li'6«the'ka, n. [L., from Gr. biblion, a book, and theke, library. a repository.]

bookseller. ol'ist, n.

A

A

bibulous. See

bib.

bicameral, bl-kam'er-al, a. [L. prefix bi, twice, and camera, a chamber]. Pertaining to or consisting of two legislative or other

carbonates of copper.

bicentenary, bi-sen'tcnaTi, n. [L. E. centenary.] The bi, twice, and the period of two hundred years ;

pine, pin;

;

note, not,

commemoration of an event that happened two hundred years before.

—

a. Relating to a bicentenary; occurring once in two hundred years. biceps, bi''seps, n. [L., from bi, double, and caput, the head.] muscle having two heads or origins; the name of two muscles, one of the arm the other of the thigh. bi-

A

cipital,

bi-siph-al, a.

Having two

heads; two-headed; pertaining to a biceps.

bicker, bik'er,

[W.

v.i.

bicra, to fight,

To

skirmish; to quarrel; to contend in words; to scold; to run rapidly; to move quickly with some noise, as a stream to quiver; to be tremulous, like flame or water; to make a confused noise; to clatter. fight, especially n. bicre,

conflict.]

A

a confused fight.

biconcave, bi'kon'kav, a. Hollow or concave on both sides. bicorn, bi'korn, a. [L. bi, double, and cornu, a horn.] Having two horns or antlers; crescent-shaped. bicuspid, bi'kus'pid, a. [L. prefix

move;

bi

two, and cuspis, a prong.] With two, cusps or points; two-fanged: often applied to teeth, as to the two first pairs of grinders in each jaw. bicycle, bi'si-kl, n. [L. prefix bi, two, and Gr. kyklos, a circle or wheel.] A two-wheeled velocipede; a vehicle consisting of two wheels, one behind the other, connected by a light metal frame carrying a seat, the vehicle being propelled by the feet of the rider pressing on treadles which act directly or through gearing. bicyclist, bi'sik-list, n. One who rides on a bicycle. bid or bade (pret.), bid, bid, v.t. [Partly bid, bidden (pp.), bidding. from A. Sax. biddan, to pray, ask, Icel. bidja, G. declare, command bitten, Goth, bidjan, to ask, to pray; partly from A. Sax. beodan, to offer, Goth, biudan, G. bieten, to to bid offer, command.] To ask, request, or invite (a person); to pray; to wish; to say to by way of greeting or benediction (to bid good-day, farewell); to command; to order or direct; to enjoin: followed by an objective and infinitive without to (bid him come); to offer; to propose, n. An as a price at an auction. offer of a price, especially at an

—

—

bidder, bid er, n. One who auction. bids or offers a price. bide, bid, v.i. [A. Sax. bidan = Icc\. bida, D. beiden, Goth, beidan. Hence abide.] To be or remain in a place v.t. or state; to dwell; to inhabit. To endure; to suffer; to bear; to wait for (chiefly in phrase to bide one's time).

—

bidentate, bi-den'tat,

chambers.

bicarbonate, bi-kar'bon«at, n. A carbonate containing two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of a base. bice, bis, n. [Fr. bis; etymology un known.] A name given to two colors used in painting, one *blue, the other green, and both native

me, met, her;

— ———

—

biennial

lik-al-li,

biblion,

biangular, bi-ang'gu-ler,

bias, bi'as, n. [Fr.

——

78

bey, ba, n. [Turk, beg, pron. as bey,] A governor of a town or district in the Turkish dominions; also, a

bezel,

—

— ———

a. [L. bidens prefix bi, and dens, a tooth.] Having two teeth, or processes like teeth;

two-toothed. biennial, bi«en ni«al, a. [L. biennium, prefix bi, a space of two years

—

annus, a year.] Happening or taking place once in two years; bot. continuing for two years and then perishing; taking two years to produce its flowers and fruit. n. biennially, bi— biennial plant. twice,

A

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

——

— ;

—

bier

79

bill

en'ni«aMi, adv. Once in two years at the return of two years. bier, ber, n. [O.E. beere, bere, A. Sax. baer, a bier from the root of bear, to carry.] A carriage or frame of wood for conveying a corpse to the grave. biestings, best'ingz. See beestings. bifacial, bi-fa'shi-al, a. [L. prefix bi, twice, fades, a face.] Having the opposite surfaces alike.

the oath bi Gott (by God) common among the Norse settlers in Normandy.] A person obstinately and

bifid, bi'fid, a. [L. bifidus prefix bi, twice, findo, fidi, to split.] Cleft or divided into two parts; forked; bot. divided half-way down into two parts ; opening with a cleft. bifilar, bi-fi'ler, a. [L. prefix bi, twice, and filum, a thread.] Two-threaded; fitted or furnished with two threads

ions.

wedded to a particular religious creed, opinion, or practice ; a person blindly attached to any opinion, system, or party. bigoted, big'ot«ed, a. Having the character of a bigot; belonging to a bigot; showing blind attachment

to opinbig'ot«ed«li, adv. In a bigoted manner. bigotry, big'-

—

bifocal,

bi«f6'kal,

a.

Having

A

—

two

kets.

bijugous, bijugate, bi'ju»gus, bi'ju— gat, a. [L. bijugus bi, two, jugum,

—

a yoke.] Having two pairs of leaflets. bike, bik, n. bicycle. [Colloq.] bilabiate, bMa'bi«at, a. [L. bi, twice, and labium, a lip.] Bot. applied to a corolla having two lips, the one placed over the other. bilander, bi'lamder, n. [D. bijlander bij, by, near, and land, land.] small merchant vessel with two masts, used chiefly in the Dutch canals; a kind of hoy. bilateral, bHat'er-al, a. [L. bi, twice,

A

bifoliate, bi'fo'li'at, a. [L. bi, twice, two, and folium, a leaf.] In bot. having

formd, — twice,

a. [L. biformis,

and

bi,

bl'form,

bi'-

double-formed forma, form.]

— A

Having two forms, bodies, or shapes; double-bodied. bifurcate, bi-fer'kat, a. [L. bi, twice, and furca, a fork.] Forked; divided bifurcation, bi— into two branches. fer«ka'shon, n. A forking or division into two branches. big, big, a. [Etymology doubtful; perhaps connected with Sc. or North.

and

n.

importance. big'a«mi,

Gr.

[Prefix

n.

bi,

gamos,

marriage.] The crime, fact, or state of having two wives or husbands at once.

bigamist, big'a«mist, n. One who has committed bigamy. bigamous, big'a«mus, a. Of or pertaining to bigamy; guilty of bigamy. biggin, big'in, n. [Fr. beguin, the cap of the Beguines.] A child's cap; a nightcap; a coif. (Shak.) bight, bit, n. [A. Sax. byht, from bigan, bugan, to bow or bend = L.G. Dan. Icel. bugt, a bending, a bay. bow.] A bend in a coastline; a bay; the double of a rope when folded; a bend anywhere except at the ends;

—

n.

[After

M.

It.

bigozzo. Etymology uncertain ; Some suppose it a corruption of Visigoth, as intolerant Arians, persecuting in Spain, others refer it to bigotto,

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

[A. Sax.

bil,

bill,

etc.;

sl

bill,

bille,

beil,

a a

hatchet; root in Skr. bhil, to split.] A cutting instrument hook-shaped toward the point, or with a concave cutting edge, used in pruning, etc.; a billhook; an ancient military weapon, consisting of a broad hookshaped blade, having a short pike at the back and another at the summit, attached to a long handle. billhook, n. small variety of hatchet with a hook at the end of the cutting edge. bill, bil, n. [O.Fr. bille, a label or note, from L.L. billa, bulla, a seal, a letter, a roll, from L. bulla, a boss, a stud, whence bull, a papal edict.] sheet or piece of paper containing a statement of certain particulars; a sheet containing a public notice or advertisement; a note of charges for goods supplied, work done, or the like, with the amount due on each item; a declaration of certain facts in legal proceedings; a written promise to pay or document binding one to pay a specified sum at a certain date ; a bill of exchange (see below); a draft of a law presented

—

j,

n.

D. and G. pick; Dan. biil, D. bijI, G.

—

name

ch, chain;

a berry.]

bil,

sword,

a

—

trumpet-shaped flowers, hence

of trumpet flower. bigot, big'ot, n. [Fr. bigot, a bigot; their

bill,

—

Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV.] The generic name of a number of" plants, inhabitants of hot climates, usually climbing shrubs with beautiful

bolle,

and

The

beak of a fowl. v.t. To join bills or beaks, as doves; to caress fondly.

—

a loop.

bignonia, big-noni-a,

bill, bil, n. [A. Sax. bile, a beak.]

—

n.

and

bilberry

baer,

;

—

—bighorn, The Rocky Mountain sheep. — bigwig, A person of great twice,

Having two

of doubtful meaning, Any of several species of blueberry of the genus Vaccinium; the European whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). bilbo, X bil 'bo, n. [From Bilbao in Spain, famous for their manufacbilboes, ture.] A rapier; a sword. bil'boz, n. pi. A contrivance for confining the feet of prisoners long bar or bolt of iron with shackles sliding on it and a lock at the end. bile, bil, n. [Fr. bile, L. bilis, bile, also anger, spleen.] A yellow bitter liquid, separated from the blood by the action of the liver, and discharged into the gallbladder, its most obvious use being to assist in the process of digestion; ill-nature; bitterness of feeling; spleen. biliary, bil'i*a«ri, n. Pertaining to or containing bilious, bil'i-us, a. Consisting bile. of, or affected by bile; having an excess of bile; having the health deranged from excess of bile in the biliousness, bil'i«us«nes, n. system. The state or quality of being bilious, or of suffering from an excessive secretion of bile. bilge, bilj, n. [A different orthography of bulge.} The protuberant part of a cask; the breadth of a ship's bottom, or that part of her floor which approaches to a horizontal Naut. to spring a direction. v.i. bilge water, n. leak in the bilge. A water which enters a ship and lies upon her bilge or bottom. bilingual, bMing'gwal, a. [L. bidouble, and lingua, a linguis bi, tongue, a language.] Containing, or expressed in, two different lan-

E. to big, Icel. byggja, Dan. bygge, to build.] Having size, whether large or small; more especially, great; large; bulky; great with young; pregnant; hence, fig. full of something important; teeming; distended; full, as with grief or passion; tumid; haughty in air or mien; pompous.

bigamy,

latus, lateris, a side.]

sides; of or pertaining to two sides; two sided. bilberry, bil'beTi, n. [Dan. bolleboer,

dictionary).

bilingual

(a

[Probably a form of balk.] To deceive or defraud by nonfulfillment of engagement; to leave in the lurch to decamp without paying (a person).

—

The practice or tenets of a bigot; obstinate or blind attachment to a particular creed or to certain tenets; unreasoning zeal; intolerance. bijou, be'zho, n. [Fr.] jewel; something small and pretty. bijouterie, be«zho'tre, n. Jewelry; trin-

lens, a lens with two parts: one for near vision and one for distant vision. n. pi. Eyeglasses with bifocal lenses.

two leaves. biform, bi formed,

— bigotedly,

ot«ri, n.

micrometer).

—bifocal

focuses.

guages

bilk, bilk, v.t.

unreasonably

;

(a bifilar

—— — — — — —

a

th, thin;

A

A

to a legislature to be passed into an act also applied to various measures that are really acts. Bill of divorce, a writing given by a husband to his :

among

wife

the

by which

Jews

their marriage was dissolved. of entry, a written account of

entered

custom

the

at

Bill

goods

house.

Bill of exchange, an order drawn by one person (the drawer) on another (the drawee) who is either in the same or in some distant country, requesting or directing him to pay money at a specified time to some person assigned (the payee), who may either be the drawer himself

some other person. The person whom the bill is drawn becomes the acceptor by writing his name on it as such. Bill of fare, in a or

on

'

'

hotel, restaurant, etc., a list of refreshments ready to be supplied. Bill of health, a certificate signed by consuls or other authorities as to the health of a ship's company at the time of her clearing any port, a clean bill being given when no disorder is supposed to exist, and a

foul Bill

bill

when

it is

of lading,

a

known

to exist.

memorandum

of

goods shipped on board of a vessel, signed by way of receipt by the of the vessel. master Bill of mortality, an official return of the

number of deaths occurring in a place within a certain time. Bill of sale, a formal instrument for the transfer of personal property (as furniture, the stock in a shop), often given in security

w, wig;

for

a

debt,

hw, whig;

empowering zh, azure.

the receiver to sell the goods if the money is not repaid at the appointed time. billboard, n. board, fence, etc., on which advertisements are posted.

—

A

billet, bil'et, n. [A dim of M/=Fr. billet, bill.] small paper or note in writing; a short letter; a ticket directing soldiers at what house to

A

—

billet, bil'et, v.t. To quarter lodge. or place in lodgings, as soldiers in private houses. v.i. To be quartered; to lodge: specifically applied to soldiers. billet, bil'et, n. [Fr. billot, a log, from bille, the stock of a tree, from the Celtic] small stick or round piece of wood used for various purposes; arch, an imitation of a wooden billet placed in a hollow molding at intervals apart, usually equal to its own length.

A

billet-doux, biMe-do', n. pi. billetsdoux, biMe-doz'. [Fr., lit. sweet billet or note.] A love note or short love letter.

billiards, bil'yerdz, n. [Fr. billard, the game of billiards, a billiard cue, from bille, a piece of wood.] game played on a long rectangular, clothcovered table, without pockets, with three ivory balls. Scoring is made by the use of a cue to cause one ball to strike the other two. Pocket billiards are played on the same kind of table but having six pockets

A

and cue the

fifteen numbered balls and one ball, the object being to drive numbered balls into pockets

with the cue

ball.

billingsgate, bil'ingz«gat, n. [From a fish-market of this name in London, celebrated for the use of foul language.] Profane or foul language; ribaldry. billion, bil'yon, n. [Fr., contr. from L. bis, twice, and million.] thousand millions, in the U.S. and France; a million millions in Great Britain and

A

Germany.

An

billon, bil'on, n.

copper and

[Fr.] silver, used

countries for coins of low

billow, bolge,

Sw.

alloy of in some value.

bylgja, Dan. bolja, a swell, a billow, of bulge, belly, bellows.]

bil'6,

n.

[Icel.

from root great wave or surge of the sea. v.i. To swell; to rise and roll in or surges. billowy, large waves

A

—

Swelling into large waves; full of surges; belonging to billows; wavy. billy goat, bil'i'got, n. A he-goat, bil'16'i, a.

after the

man's name.

bilobate, bMo'bat,

a.

[Prefix

bi,

and

Divided into two lobes

(a bilobate leaf). bilocular, bI«lok'u«ler, a. [L. bi, twice, and loculus, a cell, from locus, a place.] Divided into two cells or lobate.]

biparous

80

billet

—

bimetallism, bi«met'in currency. al'izm, n. That system of currency

which recognizes coins of two metals, as silver and gold, as legal tender bimetallism met'to any amount.

—

al«ist, n.

One who

favors bimetallism.

bimonthly, bi*munth'li, a. [Prefix bi, twice, and monthly.] Occurring every two months. bin, bin, n. [A. Sax. bin, binn, a bin, a hutch; D. ben, G. benne, binne, a basket.] box or enclosed place used as a repository of any commodity; one of the subdivisions of

A

AM

FM

and receivers provides a stereophonic effect. bind, bind, v.t. bound (pret. pp.), binding. [A. Sax. bindan, pret. band, pp. bunden Icel. Sw. binda, Dan. binde, D. and G. binden, same root as Skr. bandh, to bind.] To tie or confine with a cord, or anything that is flexible; to fasten or encircle, as with a band or ligature; to put a ligature or bandage on; to put in bonds or fetters ; to hold in, confine, or restrain; to engage by a promise, agreement, vow, law, duty, or any other moral or legal tie; to form a border on, or strengthen by a border to sew together and cover (a book). v.i. To exercise an obligatory influence; to be obligatory; to tie up; to tie sheaves up; to grow hard or binder, bind'er, n. stiff (of soil). on

—

&

=

—

—

A

person who binds; one whose occupation is to bind books; one who binds sheaves; anything that binds, as a fillet, cord, rope, or band; bindery, bind'er«i n. A a bandage. place where books are bound. binding, bind'ing, a. Serving to bind; having power to bind or oblige;

—

obligatory ; making fast ; astringent. The act of one who binds; anything which binds; the cover of a book, with the sewing and accompanying work; something that secures bindingly, bind'the edges of cloth. ing-li, adv. In a binding manner; bindingness, bindso as to bind. ing«nes. n. The character of being binding or obligatory. bindweed, n.

—

—

—

n.

African

bimetallic, bi'me'tal'ik,

a. [Prefix bi,

twice, and metallic] Of or pertaining to two metals; pertaining to the use of a double metallic standard fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

habitaculum, dwell,

to

an abode, from habitation.] A

box on the deck of

a vessel, near the helm, containing the compass and lights by which it can be read at

night.

binocular, bi*nok'u*ler, a. [L. binus double, and oculus, an eye.] Involving two eyes. n. pi. Field glasses. binomial, bi'no'mi«al, n. [L. bi, two, twice, and nomen, a name.] Alg. an

AM

FM

The common name

waste places and overrunning hedges. bine, bin, n. [From the verb to bind.] The slender stem of a climbing

An

L.

habito,

—

for lean meat cut in strips and dried. bimensal, bi«men'sal, a. [L. bi, two, twice, and mensis, a month.] Occurring once in two months.

n.

house

—

for twining or trailing plants of the convolvulus

biltong, bil'tong,

bin'a*kl, n. [Formerly, Fr. habitude, a little for pilot and steersman, from

from

bittacle,

a cellar for wine bottles. expression or quantity consisting of two terms connected by the sign binary, bi'naTi, a. [L. binus, double, ). plus ( + ) or minus ( two and two.] Consisting or coma. Pertaining to binomials. Binomial theorem, a posed of two or of two parts; double; celebrated theorem by Sir Isaac twofold; dual. Binary compound, Newton, for raising a binomial to chem. a compound of two elements any power, or for extracting any or radicals. Binary system, math. root of it. a system of numerical notation with a base of 2, used in digital computers. bioastronautics, bi«6*as*tro«na tiks, n. [Gr. bios, life, and E. astronautics.] Binary star, a double star, one of The study of the effects of air flight two stars associated together so as and space travel on plant and animal to form a system, the one revolving life; space medicine. round the other, or both round biochemistry, bI«6«kem'istTi, n. [Gr. their common center of gravity. bios, life, and chemistry.] The science binaural broadcasting. Radio that studies the chemical processes broadcasting via both and of plant and animal life. microphones so arranged that pickup

name

small compartments.

binnacle,

family,

common

in

cornfields

and

plant: sometimes written Bind.

bing, bing,

n. [Dan. binge, Icel. bingr, a heap.] large heap, as of corn, coal, ore, etc.

me, met, her;

A

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

biodynamics,

bio'di'nam'iks, n. and E. dynamics (which see).] The doctrine of vital forces or energy. biogenesis, bi-6«jen'e«sis, n. [Gr. bios, [Gr.

life,

bios,

and

life,

genesis,

The

generation.]

what has life (vegetable or animal) from living matter; the doctrine which holds that living organisms can spring only from living parents: as opposed to abioorigin of

genesis ;

the

history

of

the

life

development of organized existences.

—biogenetic,

bi'6«je«net'ik, a.

Of

or

pertaining to biogenesis.

biography, bi-og'ra-fi, n. [Gr. bios, and grapho, to write.] The life, history of the life and character of a particular person a life a memoir.

—biographer,

;

;

bi«og'ra«fer,

—

n.

One

biograa biography. phic, biographical, bi«6«graf ik, bi— biographically, bi— 6«graf'ik«al, a. 6'graf 'ik-al-li, adv. biology, bi*ol'o«ji, n. [Gr. bios, life, and logos, a discourse.] The science of life, or which treats generally of the life of animals and plants, including their morphology, physiology, origin, development, and distribiologic, biological, bi«6— bution. loj'ik, bi«6'loj'ik»al, a. Pertaining to biological warfare. Warbiology. fare using bacteria or viruses or their products against man, domestic biologist, animals, or food plants. bi-ol'o-jist, n. One skilled in or who studies biology. bioluminescence, bi»6«lu«me«nes 'ens, n. [Gr. bios, life, and luminescence.] The emission of light from

who

writes

—

— —

—

living organisms such as fireflies. biopsy, bi op»si, n. [Gr. bios, life, and opsis, appearance.] The examination of specimens of fluid, cells, or tissue taken from a living body. biparous, bip a«rus, a. [L. bi, twice, and pario, to bear.] Bringing forth

two

at a birth.

Bot. bearing

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

two axes.

pound.

—

—

—

——— —

—

bipartible bipartible,

bipartite,

primrose

bi-par ti-bl,

and

bt

n.

[Prefix

Composed

partisan.]

or

representative of two parties. biped, bi'ped, n. [L. bipes bi, twice, and pes, pedis, a foot.] An animal having two feet, as man. bipedal,

— —

[L.

bi'ped«al, a.

two

bipedalis.]

A common

bi'pin'nat,

[L.

a.

n.

and

[Prefix bi,

A flying machine with an upper and an under plane or carrying

plane.]

surface.

bipropellant,

bl«pr6«pel'ant, n. [Prefix bi and propellant.] Rocket fuel consisting of two unmixed chemicals that combine in a com-

bustion chamber. biquadratic, bi'kwod«rat'ik, n. [L. double, twice, and quadratics, bi, squared.] Math, the fourth power, arising from the multiplication of a

square by

the square of the square. a. Pertaining to this power. birch, berch, n. [A. Sax. byre, beorc= itself;

bireme, bi'rem, n. two, and remus, an Greek or Roman

slender,

often

made of

birthday, n. The day on which any person is born, or the anniversary of the day; day or time of origin. birthmark, n. Some congenital mark or blemish on a person's body. birthplace, n. The place of one's birthright, birth; place of origin.

—

where birds resort. v.t. besmear with birdlime. bird

—

of primogeniture.

cuit

g,

(L.

cooked.

coctus),

cook.]

fancy, formed into flat cakes, and baked hard, commonly called cracker in the United States. bisect, bi-sekt', v.t. [L. bi, two, and

or

To

seco, section, to cut.]

cut or divide

parts, more especially into two equal parts, as a line, etc. bisection, bI«sek'shon, n. The act of bisecting; the division of a line, angle, etc., into two equal parts.

into

two

bisexual, bl-seks u«al. a. Having the organs of both sexes in one individual of two sexes hermaphrodite bot. having both stamen and pistil within the same envelope. bishop, bish'up, n. [A. Sax. biscop, a bishop, from Gr. episcopos, an

To

go;

A

in pieces from dough leavened with soda, yeast, or bakingpowder; unraised bread, plain, sweet,

;

;

overseer epi, over, and skopeo, to look. Bishop is the same word as Ft. eveque (a bishop), though they

—

ch, Sc. loch;

n.

Bread baked

n. One of a conirostral birds found in the islands of the Indian Archipelago, the male birds being celebrated for their gorgeous plumage. bird's-eye, n. The popular name of a species of

eh, chain;

—birthroot,

North American plant, the roots of which are esteemed as astringent, tonic, and antiseptic. biscuit, bis'ket, n. [Ft. bis, twice, and

of family of

paradise,

Any

right or privilege to which a person is entitled by birth; right n.

—

places

bi,

individual's coming into life; the act of bearing or bringing forth; parturition; the condition in which a person is born; lineage; extraction; descent; that which is born or produced; origin; beginning.

the tough, slender

—

—

ancient

whirring noise. v.i. To make a whirring noise. birth, berth, n. [A. Sax. beorth, byrth, from beran, to bear; Goth, gabaurths, G. geburt.] The act or process of being born; the occasion of an

branches,

twigs of the common birch. birchen, berch 'en, a. Made of birch; consisting of birch. bird, berd, n. [A. Sax. brid, a young bird, from the root of brood, breed. Fowl was originally the word for bird in general.] A feathered, warmblooded animal, with two legs and two wings, producing young from eggs; one of the feathered class (Aves) of the vertebrate animals. v.i. To catch birds. birdcall, n. An instrument for imitating the cry of birds in order to attract or decoy them. bird cherry, n. A species of cherry having the flowers in racemes and fruit only fit for birds. birdlime, n. A viscous substance prepared from holly bark, etc., used for entangling birds, twigs being for this purpose smeared with it at

An

A

and a smooth whitish bark; a kind of wine is made from its spring sap, its bark is much used in tanning, and its timber is employed in turnery; an instrument of punishment used by schoolmasters, generally

biremis

[L. oar.]

cardinals red: written also Birretta. birr, bir, n. [Imitative of the sound.]

A

drooping

n.

vessel with two banks or tiers of oars. biretta, beretta, be-ret'ta, ba-ret'ta, n. [It. berretta, L.L. birettum, birretum, dim. of birrus, a hood.] A square cap worn by ecclesiastics; priests have it black, bishops purple,

I eel. and Sw. bjork, Dan. and Sc. birk (comp. Sc. kirk, E. church), D. berk, G. birke, Rus. bereza, Lith. berzas, Skr. bhurja a birch.] graceful tree having small leaves,

—

— bird's-nest,

name

of several plants, especially a British orchid having a root resembling a nest.

bi,

are pinnate.

biplane, bi'plan,

for several plants,

the claws of a bird.

A

Having

double, and pinnatus, winged.] Bot. doubly pinnate ; having pinnae which

name

having legumes somewhat resembling

feet.

bipinnate,

have not a letter in common.] A of the highest order of the Christian ministry; a prelate having the spiritual direction and government of a diocese, the oversight of the clergy within it, and with whom rests the power of ordination, con-

germander and

wild

resembling birds' eyes, and is much used in cabinetmaking. Bird's-eye view, a. view or landscape shown as it might appear to a flying bird; hence, a rapid and comprehensive view of a subject. bird's-foot, n.

bipartite.

bipartisan, bi«par'ti«zan,

or

member

tobacco, the minute slices of the stems of which are marked somewhat like a bird's eye. Bird's-eye maple, the wood of the sugar maple, which is marked by little knotty spots

nearly to the base, as leaves. bipartition, bi'par'ti'shon, n. The

making

— bit

several other plants; a kind of cut

a.

bipartite, bi-par 'fit, a. In two parts; having two correspondent parts; double; bot. divided into two parts

act of

—

;

81

[L. prefix bi, twice, and partio, to divide.] Capable of being divided into two parts. bl'par'til,

—

j,

>ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

firmation, and consecration; a piece in the game of chess having its upper section cleft in the form of bishopric, bish'a bishop's miter. up-rik, n. [Bishop, and ric, jurisdiction A. Sax. rice, D. rijk, G. reich, realm, dominion.] The office or dignity of a bishop; the district over which the jurisdiction of a bishop extends; a diocese. bismuth, bis'muth or biz'muth, n. bismuth, wismuth.] Chemical [G. element. Symbol, Bi; at. no., 83; at. wt., 208.98U.

—

bison, bi'son,

n. [L. bison,

Gr. bison,

name borrowed from the ancient Germans.] The name of two bovine

a

quadrupeds, the European bison or aurochs, and the American bison, usually called the buffalo, having short, black, rounded horns, and on the shoulders a large hunch, consisting of a fleshy substance. bisque, bisk, n. [Ft.] Unglazed white porcelain; a reddish-yellow color; a rich soup, usually of meat or fish. bissextile, bis-seks'til, n. [L. bisextilis {annus), leap year, from bi, twice, and sextus, sixth, because the sixth day before the calends of March (our 24th Feb.) was reckoned twice every fourth year, a day (the bisextus) being intercalated.] Leap year. a. Pertaining to leap year. bistort, bis'tort n. [L. bistorta bis, twice, and tortus, twisted.] A plant, so called because of its twisted

—

roots.

bistre, bister, bis'ter,

n. [Ft. bistre.]

A

brown pigment prepared from the soot of wood, especially of the beech. bisulcate, bi«sul'kat,

and

double, Cloven-footed,

a. [L. bi,

sulcus, a furrow.]

or having two-hoofed digits, as oxen or swine. bisulfate, bi*sul'fat, n. In chem. a salt of sulfuric acid, in which onehalf of the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a metal.— bisulfite, bi«sul'fit, n. A salt of sulfurous acid, in which one-half of the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a metal. bit, bit, n. [From the verbal stem bite. In sense of piece it is the A. Sax. bita, bite, Icel. biti, a bite, a morsel; in sense of part of a bridle it corresponds to A. Sax. bitol, D. bit, Icel. bitill, G. gebiss.] A small piece of anything; a piece, morsel, fragment, or part; any small coin; the metal part of a bridle which is inserted in the mouth of a horse, and its appendages, to which the reins are fastened; a boring tool for wood or metal, fixed in a stock, brace, lathe, or the like; the part of a key which enters the lock and acts on the bolts and tumblers; the cutting blade of a plane. .'.In certain phrases a bit often means somewhat, a little, a whit; as, he is a bit of a painter; not a bit better. A bit of

xh, thin;

w,

«;ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —— ——

——

———

mind, one's candid opinions expressed in clear and unflattering terms. v.t. bitted, bitting. To put one's

— —

a horse's bit into the mouth of. bit, bit, n. [A blend of binary digir.] Communication theory,

and

the unit of the measurement of information. bitch, bich, n. [A. Sax. bicce — Sc. bick, basic

of canine

bikke.] The female animals, as of the dog, fox; a term of reproach

Dan.

wolf, and for a woman. bite, bit, v.t. biting.

(pp.),

bit

bit,

bitten

bitan

— Icel.

(pret.),

Sax.

[A.

D. bijten, Goth, beitan, G. beiszen; allied to L. findo, fidi, Skr. bhid, to split. Bit, bitter, beetle are from this stem.] To cut, break, or crush with the teeth; to penetrate or seize with the teeth; to cause a sharp or smarting pain to (pepper bites the mouth); to pinch or nip as with frost; to blast or blight; to grip or catch into or on, so as to act with effect (as an anchor, a file, etc.); to corrode or eat into, by aqua fortis or other acid. v.i. To have a habit of biting persons; to seize a bait with the mouth; to grip or catch into another object, so as to act on it with effect (the anchor bites). n. The seizure of anything bita,

—

teeth or with the mouth; a wound made by the mouth; a mouthful; a bit; a cheat, trick, frauds ; catch or hold of one object on another. biter, bit'er, n. One who or that which bites; an animal given to biting; one who cheats or deceives^: (in phrase now, ' the biter bit '). biting, bit'ing, a. Sharp; severe; cutting; pungent; sarcastic. bitingly, blt'ing«li, adv. In a biting manner; sarcastically; sneer-

by the

—

—

ingly. bitt, bit, n.

Icel. biti, a cross-

beam wood

or girder.] Naut. a piece of or frame secured to the deck, on which to make fast the cables. bitter, bit'er, a. [A. Sax. biter, from bitan, to bite, from causing the

tongue to smart = D. G. Dan. and Sw. bitter, Icel. bitr.] Acrid, biting, pungent to taste ; keen, cruel, poignant, severe, sharp, harsh, painful, distressing, piercing to the feelings or to the mind; reproachful, sarbitcastic, or cutting, as words. terish, bit'efish, a. Somewhat bitbitterly, ter, especially to the taste.

adv. In a bitter manner; keenly, sharply, severely, intensely. bittern, bit'ern, n. The residual brine in saltworks, used for making Epsom salts. bitterness, bit'er-nes, n. The state or quality of being bitter in all its senses, whether to bitters, the taste, feelings, or mind. bit'erz, n. pi. A liquor prepared with bitter herbs or roots, and used bittersweet, as a stomachic, etc. n. The woody nightshade, a trailing plant with small scarlet berries and strongly narcotic leaves, so called because the root and branches when bit'er«li,

—

chewed produce a sweet taste. bittern, bit«ern, bit tor,

first

a bitter, then

[O.E. bitore, bittour; Fr. butor, Sp. bitor; n.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—— ;

black

A

origin uncertain.] name given to several grallatorial or wading birds of the heron family, celebrated for the singular booming or drumming noise they make.

means, or aided by evil necromancy; magic. Black

[L.] A mineral substance of a resinous nature and highly inflammable, appearing in a variety of forms which are known by different names, naphtha being the most fluid, petroleum and mineral tar less so, and asphalt being solid. bituminization, bi«tu'min'iz'a"shon,

as distinguished

bitumen, bi«tu'men, n.

n.

Transformation into a bituminous

bituminize, bi'tu'min— substance. iz, v.t. bituminized, bituminizing. To form into or impregnate with bitumen; to convert (as wood) into a

—

bituminous body. bituminous, bi«tu'mhvus, a. Having the qualities of bitumen; containing or yielding bitumen. bivalve, bi'valv, n. [L. prefix bi, double, and valva, a valve.] An animal of the molluscous class, having two valves, or a shell consisting of two parts which open by an elastic hinge and are closed by muscles, as the oyster, cockle ; mussel, etc.; bot. a pericarp in which the seedcase opens or splits into two parts. bivalve, bivalvular, bi'valv, bi«val'vu«ler, a. Having two valves: said especially of the shells of mollusks. bivouac, biv'6«ak, n. [Fr. bivouac, bivac, from G. beiwache; lit. by- or

near-watch, wake, watch.] An encampment of soldiers in the open air without tents, each remaining dressed

and with his weapons by him; a similar encampment of travelers, hunters, etc.

—

v.i.

bivouacked, bivou-

To encamp

in bivouac; to night in the open air without tents or covering.

acking.

pass

the

Occurring or appearing every two weeks (a

biweekly,

[Comp.

— — ——

—

82

bit

Icel. bikkja,

——

bi«wek'li,

a.

biweekly magazine).

bizarre, bizarro, Old in

from Sp. of Basque origin.] a.

bi«zar', gallant,

appearance;

[Fr.,

fanciful;

fan-

formed of incongruous

parts. blab, blab, v.t. blabbed, blabbing. [Allied to L.G. blabben, Dan. blabbre, G. plappern, to gabble; Gael, blabaran, a stutterer; blubber-lipped, blob, etc.] utter or tell in a tastical;

—

To

thoughtless or unnecessary manner what ought to be kept secret; to let out (secrets). v.i. To talk indiscreetly; to tattle; to tell tales. n. One who blabs; a telltale. (Mil.) blabber, blab'er, n. blab; a

—

A

tattler; a telltale.

black, blak,

a. [A. Sax. blcec, bloc, black -Icel. blakkr, O.H.G plak, black; comp. D. and L.G. blaken, to burn or scorch, Gr. phlego, to burn, the original meaning perhaps referring to blackness caused by Of the darkest color; the fire.] opposite of white ; very dark in hue (though not absolutely incapable of reflecting light; destitute of light, or nearly so; dismal, gloomy, sullen, forbidding, or the like; destitute of moral light or goodness; mournful; calamitous; evil; wicked; atrocious. Black art, the art of performing wonderful feats by supernatural

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

spirits; beer,

a

kind of beer of a black color and syrupy consistence. Black cattle, oxen, cows, etc., reared for slaughter,

from dairy cattle; used without reference to color. Black death, an oriental plague

which

first

visited

Europe

in

the

fourteenth century, characterized by inflammatory boils and black spots Black flag, the all over the skin. flag formerly assumed by pirates. Black list, a printed list circulated among commercial men, containing the names of persons who have become bankrupt or unable to meet

Black snake, a name their bills, etc. given to some snakes of a black color, such as a large non-venomous North American snake which feeds on birds and small quadrupeds. Black spruce, a spruce tree belonging to North America, which furnishes n. the spruce deals of commerce. The opposite of white; a black dye or pigment or a hue produced by such; a black part of something, as of the eye; a black dress of mourning; frequently in plural; a small flake of soot; a member of one of the dark-colored races; a Negro or other dark-skinned person. v.t. To make black; to apply blacking to (shoes); to blacken; to blacken, blak'n, v.t. To make soil. black; to polish with blacking; to

—

sully; to stain; to defame; to vilify; black v.i. To become to slander. or dark. blacking, Making, n. composition for polishing boots, shoes, harness, etc., consisting usually of a mixture of lampblack, oil, blackish, blak ish, a. vinegar, etc. Somewhat black. blackly, blak li, adv. In a black manner; darkly; angrily; threateningly; gloomily; blackness, blak'nes, n. atrociously. The state or quality of being black black color; darkness; gloominess; somberness; sullen or severe aspect;

—

A

—

—

—

atrocity. a.

—blackamoor,

[Black,

and Moor,

blak'a«m6r, the old

in

sense of black man or Negro, formerly written also blackmoor.] A Negro; a black man or woman.

To reject, as a proof a club; to exclude by vote. blackberry, n. The berry of the bramble. blackbird, blak berd, n. An insessorial bird of the thrush family, the male bird being characterized by its black plumage and its rich mellow note; the merle. blackboard, n. A board painted black, used in schools and lecture rooms for writing or drawing lines on for instruction. blackcap, n. A dentirostral European bird of the warbler family, noted for the sweetness of its song, and so called from species its black tufted crown; a of raspberry having black fruit, blacknative to North America. cock, n. A bird of the grouse blackball,

posed

v.t.

member

—

—

—

—

—

so called from the glossy black plumage of the male; the Black heath cock or black grouse. Friar, n. A friar of the Dominican order, so called from the color of family,

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

——

—— —

bladder

—

blackdress; a Dominican. guard, black'gard or bla'gard, n. [Formerly a name given to the scullions and lowest menials connected with a great household, who attended to the pots, coals, etc.] A man of coarse and offensive manners a fellow of low character ; a

D. G.

to bladder.] botch; a blister.

pustule;

a

blamed, blaming. v.t. bldmer, O. Fr. blasmer, from L.L. blasphemare, from Gr. blasphemein, to calumniate. Blaspheme the same word.] To express is disapprobation of (a person or thing) to find fault with; to censure; to reproach; to chide; to condemn; to upbraid. .".In such phrases as { to blame has the he is to blame, passive meanings to be blamed, like ' n. An expresa house to let, etc. sion of disapprobation for something

artful caresses; flattering attention;

cajolery; endearment. blank, blangk, a. [Fr. blanc, white, blank, from G. blank, white, lustrous, blank, from blinken, to blink, to glimmer; cog. D. Dan. and Sw.

White or blink.] white, void of written or printed characters, as paper; wanting something necessary to completeness; vacant; unoccupied; void; empty; pale from fear or terror; hence, dispirited confused ; confounded unrhymed; applied to dejected; verse. n. A piece of paper without writing or printed matter on it; a void space on paper or in any written or printed document; a document remaining incomplete till blank,

palef;

;

something essential is filled in; any void space; a void; a vacancy; a ticket in a lottery on which no prize is indicated; a lot by which

—

state

a.

faulty; guilty;

Not meriting blame or censure; without fault; undeserving of reproof; innocent; guiltless. blamelessly, blam'les«li, adv. In a blamelessness, blameless manner. blam'les, a.

smith

— —blameworthy,

blam'les'nes,

and makes iron an ironsmith: opposed to a

blam'wer-THi,

n. a.

Deserving blame;

censurable, culpable; reprehensible.

—blameworthiness,

blackthorn, black vomit, n. A n. The sloe. blackish substance vomited in yellow black widow fever; the fever itself. spider, n. The name given to the female of an American spider that devours its mate. Its bite is poisonous.

whitesmith or tinsmith,

—

blam'wer«THi--

blanch,

blansh, v.t. [Fr. blanchir, from blanc, white. whiten, to blank.] To whiten by depriving of color; to render white, pale, or colorless (fear blanches the cheek); hart, to whiten or prevent from turning green by excluding the light, a process applied to kitchen vegeta-

[A. Sax. blcedr, blceddre, a bladder, pustule, blister Icel. blathra, Sw. bldddra, L.G. bladere, bledder, O.H.G pldtara, a bladder, G. blatter, a pustule; the root is probably in E. to blow.] n.

=

directed; hence, the object to which anything is directed; aim; a piece of metal prepared to be formed into something useful by a further operation; a plate, or piece of gold or silver, cut and shaped, but not stamped into a coin. v.t.% To make white or pale; confuse, confound, blankly, blangk'li, dispirit. (Shak.) adv. In a blank manner; with blankness, paleness or confusion. blangk'nes, n. State of being blank. blanket, blang'ket, n. [O.Fr. blanket, dim. from blanc, white, blank.] soft thick cloth made of wool loosely woven, and used as a covering in beds; any similar fabric used as covering, etc. v.t. To toss

—

—

A

nes, n.

—

nothing is gained; archery, the white mark in the center of a butt or target to which an arrow is

censurable. n.

in a blanket to cover or (Shak.).

as metals, j,

;ob;

by acids or other means.

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

by way of punishment; clothe with a

blanket

—

blare, blar,v.i. blared, blaring. [Probably an imitative word; comp. D.

bles, such as celery, lettuce, sea kale, etc. ; to whiten or make lustrous,

A

—

blandishment, soft words. blan'dish-ment, n. Words or actions expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart; with

deemed to be wrong; imputation of a fault; censure; reproach; reprehension; that which is deserving of censure (the blame is yours); blamable, blam'fault; crime; sin. Deserving of blame or a«bl, a. censure; faulty; culpable; reprehen-

—blamableness, or quality The blam'a-bhnes, blamable. — blamably, of being blam'a«bli, adv. In a blamable manner; culpably. — blameful, blam'ful, Meriting blame; reprehensible; criminal. — blameless,

very

—

'

sible;

is

—

&

'

in iron

go;

A

suave (his manner

blandbland); soothing; kindly. ness, bland'nes, n. State of being bland; mildness; gentleness. i. [O.Fr. blandish, blan 'dish, v.t. blandir, blandissant, L. blandior, to flatter, from blandus, bland.] To render pleasing, alluring, or enticing; to caress, soothe, fawn, or blandisher, blan'dish«er, n. flatter. One that blandishes ; one that flatters

blegen^T).

[Fr.

low habits or loose conduct.

g,

affable;

or

—

blame, blam,

The

—

ch, Sc. loch;

blade

a

[A.Sax.

n.

allied

—

ch, chain;

Having

Dan. blegn, a blain, a blister; probably from root of to blow, and

—

bladder, blad'er,

blath,

blein,

—

utensils;

Icel.

from root of to

allied to bloom,

blad'ed, a. blades. blain, blan,

blackmail, n. [-mail is from Icel. mdl, stipulation, agreement, mcela, to stipulate.] Money or an equivalent, anciently paid, in the north of England and in Scotland, to certain men allied with robbers, to be protected by them from pillage; hence, the act of demanding payment by means of intimidation ; also extortion of money from a person by threats of public accusation or black market, n. Trade censure. in violation of official prices or blackout, n. The dimquantities. ming of a city's lights as a precaution against air raids; temporary loss of Black Rod, n. In consciousness. England, the usher belonging to the order of the Garter and one of the official messengers of the House of Lords, so called from the black rod which he carries. black sheep, n. A member of a family or society distinguished from his fellows by

A

blad,

leaf;

—

—

n.

a

with a blade. v.i. To come into blade; to produce blades. bladed,

old English or Gothic type used in early printed books, being an imitation of the written character in use before the art of printing, still in general use in German books.

who works

and

[A.Sax. bleed, a leaf

the cutting part of an instrument; the broad part of an oar; a dashing or rollicking fellow; a swaggerer; a rakish fellow. v.t. To furnish

plumbago, graphite. graphite ; blackleg, n. [Origin undecided.] One who systematically tries to win money by cheating in connection with races, or with cards, billiards, or other game; a rook; a swindler; also same as Black-quarter, a disease

blacksmith, blak'smith,

blatt,

n.

blossom.] The leaf of a plant, especially the leaf or the young stalk or spire of grass or corn plants; a thing resembling a blade in shape, etc., as

Amorphous

n.

v.t.

Resembling or contain-

Sw.

Dan.

blow,

A

letter,

plants.

ing bladders.

in a prison; now more specifically applied to a place of confinement for blackjack, n. capacious soldiers. can, now made of tin, but formerly of waxed leather; the flag or ensign of a pirate; a small leather-covered club or billy weighted at the head and having an elastic shaft; a card

—black

a preparation of the consistency of variously composed of a jelly, arrow root, dissolved isinglass, cornstarch, etc., with milk and flavoring substances. bland, bland, a. [L. blandus, mild.] Mild; soft; gentle (bland zephyrs);

blade, blad,

—

cattle.

To

some

in

—

—

of

fluid,

v.i.

blanc -mange, blanc- manger, bla«manzh', blarfmari-zha', n. [Fr. blanc, white, and manger, food.] Cookery,

blad'er«i, a.

language of a blackguard. blackguardly, blak'gard'li or bla'gard«li, a. Characteristic of a blackguard; rasblack hole, n. villainous. cally; Formerly a dungeon or dark cell

;

To become white; to bleach. blancher, blansh'er, n. One who blanches or whitens.

in animals, receptacle of as the urine,

the

as

—

blare

put up in a bladder, as lard; to puff up; to fill with windf. bladdery,

scamp; a scoundrel. v.t. To revile low or scurrilous language. blackguardism, blak gard-izm, or bla'gard-izm, n. The conduct or

n.

——

the gall, etc.; any vesicle, blister, or pustule, especially if filled with air or a thin watery liquid; a hollow

appendage

in

— blacklead,

;

membranous bag

thin

which serves some secreted

;

game.

—

—

83

the

—

—

—

th, thin;

L.G. blarren, blaren, G. blaren, blarren, bldrren, to bellow, bleat, blare.] To give forth a loud sound w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— — — ——

— ——

— ——

blarney

—

roar.

[From

Castle Blarney, near Cork, in the wall of which is a stone said to endow any one who kisses it with skill in the use of flattery.] Excessively complimentary language; gross flattery; smooth, deceitful talk; gammon. (Colloq.) v.t. To talk over by soft delusive speeches; to flatter; to blar'ni,

n.

humbug

with talk (Colloq.). blas£, bla«za'. [Fr.] Lost to the power of enjoyment; used up; having the healthy energies exhausted.

blaspheme, blas«fem',z>.r.

blasphem-

blaspheming. blasphemare, [L. Gr. blasphemein, to calumniate from blapsis, injury, and phemi, to speak. Blame is a shortened form of this

ed,

—

word.] To speak in terms of impious irreverence of; to revile or speak reproachfully of instead of reverentially: used of speaking against God v.i. To utter or things sacred. blasphemy; to use blasphemous blasphemer, blas«fem'language. er, n.

plumule, with the intervening por-

blastocarpous, [Gr.

One who blasphemes; one who

of God in impious and blasphemous, irreverent terms. blas'fe-mus, a. Containing or exhibiting blasphemy; impiously irreverent or reproachful toward God. blasphemously, blas'fe»mus«li, adv. In a blasphemous manner. blasphemy, blas'fe«mi, n. The language of one who blasphemes; words uttered impiously againt God; grossly irreverent or outrageous language. blast, blast, n. [A. Sax. blaest, a puff of wind ; from blaesan, to blow — Icel. bldstr, Dan. blast, a blowing; Icel. blasen, to bldsa, Dan. bloese, G. blow; same root as E. blow, blase.] A gust or puff of wind; a sudden gust ot wind; the sound made by blowing a wind-instrument, as a horn or trumpet; the sound produced by one's breath; a blight or sudden pernicious influence on animals or plants; a forcible stream of air from the mouth, bellows etc.; a violent explosion of gunpowder or other explosive in splitting rocks, v.t. To injure by a blast; to etc. cause to fade, shrivel, or wither; to blight or cause to come to nothing; to ruin; to split by an explosion. v.i. To wither or be blighted. blast furnace, n. The smelt(Shaft.) ing furnace used for obtaining iron from its ores with the aid of a powerful blast of air, usually a lofty furnace of masonry, in which the iron is smelted from its ore by being mixed with coal and the whole mass kept burning, the melted metal being run off at the bottom. blast-pipe, n. The pipe of a locomotive steam engine which carries the waste steam up the chimney, and thus induces a stronger draught. blastema, blas-te'ma, n. [Gr. blastema, a shoot, growth, from blastano, to bud.] Bot. the axis of growth of an embryo; that part of the embryo comprising the radicle and speaks

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

to

blas'tO'kar'pus,

a.

germ, and karpos, Having the germ beginning

blastos,

grow

a

inside the pericarp of the

blastoderm, blas'td«derm, n. [Gr. derma, a skin.] Anat. the germinal skin or membrane; the fruit.

layer of the embryo in condition. blastodermic, blas't6«der'mik, a. Relating to the blastoderm. blastogenesis, blas«tosuperficial

its earliest

—

Biol, reproduction by germination or budding. blastula, blas'tu«la, n. [From Gr. blastos, a germ.] An embryo so far developed from a germ or ovum as to consist of a sack formed of a jen'e-sis,

n.

single layer of cells. blatant, bla'tant, a. [From Prov. E. blate, to bleat, with suffix -ant, as in errant, etc.] Bellowing; bawling; noisy. blaze, blaz, n. [A. Sax. bloese, a blaze, a torch, from root of blow; comp. Icel. blys, Dan. blus, a torch; akin to blast.] The stream of light and

heat from any body when burning; a flame; brilliant sunlight; effulgence; brilliance; a bursting out; an active or violent display (a blaze of wrath). v.i. blazed, blazing. To flame; to send forth or show a blazer, bright and expanded light. blaz'er, n. That which blazes; a bright-colored jacket or short coat suited for sports, etc. blaze, blaz, v.t. blazed, blazing, [A. Sax. blaesan, to blow Icel. bldsa, Dan. bloese, G. blasen, to blow, to sound as a trumpet, blast, blow.] To make known to all; to noise or bruit abroad; to proclaim. blaze, blaz, n. [D. bles, Icel. blesi, Dan. blis, a white spot or streak on the forehead.] white spot on the forehead or face of a horse or other quadruped; a white spot on a tree by removing the bark with a hatchet. v.t. To set a blaze on, by paring off part of the bark; to indicate or mark out, as a path, by paring off the bark of a number of trees in succession. blazon, bla'zn, n. [O.E. blasoun, blason, Fr. blason, heraldry, blasonner, to blazon, from a G. word equivalent to E. blaze, to spread abroad or make known.] The drawing or representation on coats of arms; a heraldic figure; show; pompous display, by words or other means (Shak.). v.t. To explain, in proper terms, the figures on ensigns armorial; to deck; to embellish; to adorn; to display; to publish; to celebrate. blazoner, bla'zn-er, n. One that blazons; a herald; one prone to spread reports; a propagator of blazonment, bla'zn-ment, scandal. The act of blazoning; emn.

— —

—

=

A

—

—

blazonry, bla'zn-ri, art of describing or explaining of arms in proper heraldic

blazonment. n.

The

coats

terms and method; emblazonry. bleach, blech, v.t. [A. Sax. blaecan, from blaec, pale, white, bleak.] To make white or whiter by taking out color; to whiten; to blanch; to

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

blemish

tion.

fruit.]

blarney,

— ———— — — ——

84

trumpet; to give out a brazen sound; to bellow. v.t. To sound loudly; proclaim noisily. n. to Sound like that of a trumpet; noise; like a

—

—

—

note, not,

move;

whiten by exposure to the action of the air and sunlight or of chemical preparations. v.i. To grow white in any manner. bleacher, blech'er, n. One who bleaches; one whose occupation is to whiten cloth. bleachers, blech 'erz, n. Seats, usually uncovered, for spectators at baseball and other outdoor sporting events. bleachery, blech'er«i, n. An establishment where bleaching textile fabrics or the like is carried on. bleaching powder, n. Chloride of lime made by exposing slaked lime to the action of chlorine. bleak, blek, a. [A. Sax. blaec^- Icel.

D.

bleikr, pallid, blican,

bleek,

G.

pale,

bleich,

white;

allied blikja, G.

A. Sax.

to

Icel. blicken, to shine, to gleam, E. to blink. Bleach is from this word.] Exposed to

cold and winds (situation, tract of land); desolate; ungenial; cheerless; dreary; cold; chill (bleak winds). bleakish, blek'ish, a. Moderately bleakly, blek'li, adv. In a bleak. bleakness, bleak manner; coldly. blek'nes, n. State of being bleak; bleaky, f blek'coldness ; desolation i, a. Bleak; unsheltered; cold; chill. bleak, blek, n. [So called from the bleak or pale color of its scales.] small river fish, 5 or 6 inches long, belonging to the carp family, occurring in many European rivers. .

—

A

blear,

bier,

[L.G.

a.

blarr,

blerr,

blear; Sw. blira, Dan. blire, plire, to twinkle, to wink; Dan. pliiroiet, blear-eyed.] Sore, with a watery rheum; said of the eyes. v.t. To make sore so that the sight is indistinct; to affect with soreness of eyes; to make rheumy and dim; blearfig. to hoodwink or deceive. eyed, a. Having sore eyes; having

the eyes dim with rheum; dimsighted; wanting in perception or understanding. bleat, blet, v.i. [A. Sax. blaetan = D. blaten, bleeten, L.G. blaten, bleten, to bleat, probably an imitative word.] utter the cry of a sheep or a bleat, n. The cry of a similar cry.

To

sheep.

bleater, blet'er, n.

One who

bleats; a sheep. bleed, bled, v.i. bled (pret. pp.), bleeding. [A. Sax. blidan, from blod, blood D. blceden, Icel. blcetha, Dan. blode, to bleed.] To lose blood; to be drained of blood; to run with blood; to let sap or other moisture flow from itself; to trickle or flow, as from an incision; to have money extorted, or to part with it freely to some wheedling or unworthy

—

&

=

party (colloq.).

v.t.

To

take blood

from by opening a vein; (a tree bleeds juice, sap, or

extort or extract

money from

blemish, blemish,

to

emit

gum);

to

(colloq.).

[O.Fr. blcmir, one blue, from Icel. bldman, the livid color of a wound, from blar, blue, livid. blue.] To injure or impair; to mar or make defective; to deface; to sully; to tarnish, as reputation or n. A defect, character; to defame. flaw, or imperfection; something that mars beauty, completeness, perfection, or reputation; a blot o r stain. v.t.

blemissant, to spot, to beat

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

— —

——

;;

blench

85

blensh, v.i. [Probably a softened form of blink, in old sense to wink; hence, to turn aside, to flinch; blanch seems to have been

ing a benediction or blessing; that which promotes temporal prosperity and welfare or secures immortal felicity; any good thing falling to one's lot; a mercy. blew, bio, pret. of blow. blight, blit, n. [Possibly from prefix be, and light, the original meaning being perhaps to scorch or blast

blench,

partly confounded with it.] To shrink; to start back; to give way; to flinch; to turn aside, as from pain,

repugnance, etc. n. A start back; a deviation; aberration. blend, blend, v.t. blended (pret.), blended or blent (pp.), blending. [A. Sax. blandan, to mix Icel. and fear,

—

Sw. blanda, Dan. blande,

mix;

to

turbid. blind.] To mix or mingle together; to confound so that the separate things mixed cannot be distinguished. v.i. To be mixed; to become united; to merge insensibly the one into the other (as colors). n. mixture, as of liquids, colors, etc.; a mixture of spirits from different distilleries. blende, blend, n. [G. blende, blend, from blenden, to blind, to dazzle.] An ore of zinc, of which there are several varieties; a native sulfide of zinc. This word is also employed in allied

to

blind,

originally

A

such compound terms as manganese blende, zinc blende, ruby blende. Blenheim, blen'em, n. One of a breed of dogs of the spaniel kind, preserved in perfection at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, England.

blenny,

blen'i, n. [L. blennius, from blennos, slime.] The name of several small fishes frequenting rocky coasts. blepharitis, blef •a-ri'tis, n. [Gr. blehparon, eyelid.] Inflammation of the eyelids.

Gr.

blesbok, bles'bok, n. [D. bles, a blaze or spot on the forehead, and bok, a

buck.]

An

antelope

Colony, with a white bless,

bles,

v.t.

—

Cape

of

face.

or

blessed

blest,

blessing. [A. Sax. bletsian, bledsian, to

bless, from blod, blood; originally perhaps to consecrate by sprinkling blood.] To invoke the divine favor on; to express a wish for the good fortune or happiness of; to bestow

happiness, prosperity, or good things of any kind upon {blest with peace

and plenty)

;

to

make and pronounce

holy; to consecrate; to glorify for benefits received; to extol for excellencies (to bless the Lord; to esteem or account happy: with the reflexive pronoun. Bless me! bless my soul\ expressions of surprise. blessed, bles'ed, a. [As pret. and pp. blessed is blest].

now commonly pronounced

Enjoying happiness; favored

with blessings; highly favored; happy; fortunate; enjoying spiritual blessings and the favor of God; fraught with or imparting blessings; sacred; hallowed; holy. blessedly, bles ed'li, adv. In a blessed or

—

—

fortunate manner; joyfully. blessedness, bles'ed«nes, n. The state of being blessed; happiness; felicity; heavenly joys; the favor of God. Single blessedness, the unmarried state; celibacy. blessing,

—

bles'ing, n. The act blesses; a prayer or

of one

who

solemn wish

imploring happiness upon another; a benediction; the act of pronouncch, cAain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

— ———— —

— —

—

bloat blinken, Dan. blinke, Sw. blinka, G. blinken, to shine, glance, twinkle; allied to A. Sax. blican, to gleam, D. blikken, Dan. blikke, G. blicken, to glance, to glimpse. Akin blank, wink; to twinkle; blench, bleach.] to see with the eyes half shut or with frequent winking; to get a glimpse; to peep {Shak.); to intermit light; to glimmer. v.t. shut one's eyes to; to avoid or purposely evade (to blink a question or topic). n. glance of the eye; a glimpse; a gleam; a glimmer; the gleam or glimmer reflected from ice in the blinker, bling'ker, Arctic regions. n. One who blinks; a leather flap placed on either side of a horse's head, to prevent him from seeing sideways or backward; a warning

To

To

as by lightning.] Something that nips, blasts, or destroys plants; a diseased state of plants; smut,

A

mildew, or other plant disease; fig. something that frustrates, blasts, destroys, brings to nought, etc. v.t. To affect with blight; to cause to wither or decay; to blast; to frustrate. v.i. To injure or blast as blight does. blimp, blimp, n. nonrigid airship

A

of the smallest size. blind, blind, a. [A. Sax. D.

Dan. G.

blind;

originally

light. Icel.

Sw.

meaning

or cloudy, and allied to blend, to mix.] Destitute of the sense of sight; not having sight; not having the faculty of discernment; destitute of intellectual, moral, or spiritual light; not easily discernible; dark; obscure {blind paths, blind mazes); indiscriminate; heedless {blind wrath); without openings for admitting light {blind window), or otherwise wanting something ordinarily essential; closed at one end;

turbid

having no outlet

(a blind alley). physically, morally, or intellectually blind; to render incapable of clear vision {blinded by passion) ; to darken ; to obscure to the eye or to the mind; to conceal ('to blind the truth'. Tenn.); to Something to hinder eclipse. n. sight, to intercept a view, or keep out light; a screen of some sort to prevent too strong a light from shining in at a window, or to keep people from seeing in; something ostensible to conceal a covert design blinder, blinda cover; a pretext. er, n. One who or that which blinds; a blinker on a horse's bridle. blindfold, blind fold, a. Having the eyes covered, as with a bandage; v.t.

To make

eye darkened v.t. To cover the eyes of; {Shak.). to hinder from seeing by binding something round the eyes. blinding, blinding, a. Making blind: preventing from seeing clearly; depriving of sight or of understanding. blindingly, blind'ingdi, adv. In a blinding manner; so as to blind. blindly, blind'li, adv. In a blind manner; without sight or understanding; without examination; re-

having

the

—

recklessly.

—blindman's

A play in which

one person is blindfolded and tries to catch some one of the company and tell who blindness, blind'nes, n. State it is. of being blind ; want of bodily sight mental darkness; ignorance. blindworm, n. [So called because, its eyes being very minute, it has popularly been supposed to be blind.] A small harmless wormlike reptile, called also slowworm, connecting the serpents and lizards. blink, blingk, v.i. [Same word as D. buff, n.

—

h job;

bliss, blis, n. [A. Sax. blis, bliss, joy, alacrity, exultation, from blithe, blithe, blithe.] The highest degree

of happiness; blessedness; felicity; often specifically heavenly felicity. blissful, blis'ful, a. Full of, abounding in, enjoying, or conferring bliss. blissfully, blis'fuMi, adv. In a

—

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

—

manner. blissfulness, blis'ful«nes, n. Exalted happiness ; felicity; fullness of joy. blissful

blister, blis'ter, n. [Connected with blast, to blow or puff, from same root as to blow. com. G. blase, a blister, a bladder.] thin vesicle on the skin, containing watery matter or serum; a pustule; an elevation made by the separation of an external film or skin, as on plants; something applied to the skin to raise a blister; a vesicatory. v.t. To raise a blister or blisters on. v.i. To rise in blisters blister beetle, or become blistered. beetle used to raise a blister n. on the skin; the Spanish fly. blister steel, n. Iron bars which, when converted into steel, have their covered with surface blisters. blistery, blis'ter-i, a. Full of blisters. blithe, bliTH, a. [A. Sax. blithe, blithe, joyful; O.Sax. blithi, clear, joyful; Goth, bleiths, merciful; Icel. blithr,

A

—

A

—

Dan.

blid,

Hence

mental

—

gardlessly ;

—

bland; D.

blijde,

blithe.

Gay; merry; joyous; mirthful; characterized by

bliss.]

sprightly; blithely, bliTH'li, blitheness or joy. adv. In a blithe, gay, or joyful

manner. Full

blithesome, bliTH'sum, a. of blitheness or gaiety; gay;

merry; cheerful. blitzkrieg, blits'kreg, n. [G. Blitz, lightning, and Krieg, war.] A technique of warfare developed by German strategists, consisting of swift strokes designed to pierce the enemy's lines, disrupt his communications and supply systems, and separate his forces so that they can be destroyed piecemeal. blizzard, bliz ard, n. [Akin to blaze, blast. Originally provincial English, but general in American literature since 880.] A biting-cold snowstorm. bloat, blot, v.t. [Allied to Icel. blautr, soaked and soft; Sw. blot, soaked, biota, to soak, to cure fish by soaking.] To make turgid or swollen, as with air, water, etc. to cause to swell, as in adenia; to inflate; to

xh, thin;

1

;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

——

—

——

;;

blob

86

make

vain; to cure by smoking, as herrings. v.i. To become swollen; to dilate.

blob, blob,

[Also in form bleb, and allied to blab, blubber.) small globe of liquid; a dewdrop; a blister. bloc, blok, n. [Fr. for block or lump.] combination of groups or nations united to further their joint interests. block, blok, n. [Same word as D. and Dan. blok, G. and Sw. block, a block, a log, a lump; Ir. blog, a fragment.] Any solid mass of matter, usually with one or more plane or approximately plane faces; a lump; a stock or stupid person die mass of wood on which criminals lay their necks when they are beheaded; any obstruction or cause of obstruction; a stop; the state of being blocked or stopped up; a casing or shell containing one or more pulleys over which a rope or chain works; a connected mass of buildings; a portion of a city enclosed by streets a mold or piece on which something is shaped, or placed to make it keep in shape ; a piece of wood on which n.

A

A

;

an engraving

is

cut.

To

v.t.

hinder

egress or passage from or to; to stop up or barricade; to obstruct; to act in opposition or by interfootball, boxing, as in ference, cricket; to mold, shape, or stretch on a block. To block out, to begin to reduce to the required shape; to shape out. blockade, blok«ad', n. [Comp. such words as barricade, stockade, palisade, etc.] The shutting up of a place by surrounding it with hostile troops or ships with a view to compel a surrender, by hunger and want, without regular attacks. To raise a blockade, to remove or break up a blockade. v.t. blockaded, blockading. To subject to a blockade to prevent ingress to or egress from by warlike means; to shut up or in by obstacles of any kind; to obstruct. block and tackle, n. A set of pulleys and ropes for lifting or hauling. blockhead, blok'hed, n. A stupid

— —

fellow.

— blockhouse,

Milit.

n.

a

building of one or more stories, so constructed chiefly of logs or beams of timber, having blockish, loopholes for musketry. blok'ish, a. Like a block; stupid; understanding. dull; deficient in system, The n. (Shak.) block system of working the traffic on a railroad, according to which the line is divided into short sections, and no train is allowed to enter

named because

—

—

upon

any

signalled

one section wholly clear,

till

so

it

is

that

between two successive trains there is an interval of time as well as one of space. block tin, n. Tin cast

—

into ingots or blocks.

blond, blonde, blond, a. [Fr. blond, blonde, a word of Teutonic origin; comp. D. and G. blond, fair, flaxen; A. Sax. blonden, grayish or grizzled; allied to blend.] Of a fair color or complexion. n. A person (especially a woman) of very fair complexion, with light hair and light-blue eyes. blood, blud, n. [O.E. blod, blode, etc., A.Sax. bldd~Goth. bloth, Icel. bloth, fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

color.]

its

The

fluid the arteries

which circulates through and veins of the human body and that of other animals, and which is essential to life and nutrition in man and the higher animals of a

—

more or less red color; relationship by descent from a common ancestor (allied by blood); consanguinity; lineage; kindred; family; birth; extraction; often high birth; good extraction; natural disposition; temper; spirit (to do a thing in hot blood or cold blood, that is in anger or deliberately) ; mettle; passion; anger (his blood was up). The blood, royal family or royal lineage; thus it is common to speak of princes of the blood. Flesh and blood, human

—

nature; mortal man. v.t. To let blood; to bleed; to stain with blood; to inure to blood; to give a taste of bloodguiltiness, n. The state blood. of being blood-guilty; the guilt or crime of shedding blood. bloodguilty, a. Guilty of murder. bloodhound, n. A large variety of dog with long smooth and pendulous ears, remarkable for the acuteness of its smell, and employed to recover game or prey by scent. bloodily, blud'i'li, adv. In a bloody manner; bloodiness, blud'i-nes, n. cruelly. The state of being bloody; disposition to shed blood; murderousness. bloodless, blud'les, a. Without blood; drained of blood; dead; without shedding of blood or slaughter (a bloodless victory); without spirit or activity. bloodlessly, adv. In a bloodless blud'les'li, bloodshed. without manner; bloodletting, blud'let-ing, u. The act of letting blood by opening a vein.

—

—

—

—

—

—

blood money,

n.

Money

earned by

the shedding of blood or by laying, or supporting, a charge implying peril to the life of an accused person.

— bloodshed,

blud 'shed,

shedding

spilling

or

n.

The

—

blood; blood-

of

waste of life. shedder, blud'shed«er, n. One who sheds blood; a murderer.— bloodshedding, blud shedding, n. The crime of shedding blood or taking human life. bloodshot, blud shot, a. Red and inflamed by a turgid state of the blood vessels: said of bloodstained, a. Stained the eye. with blood; guilty of slaughter. bloodstone, n. A stone worn as an amulet, to prevent bleeding at the nose; red hematite; a species of heliotrope dotted with spots of jasper. bloodsucker, n. Any animal that sucks blood, as a leech, a fly, etc.; a hard niggardly man an extortioner. slaughter;

—

—

—

;

—

bloodthirstiness, blud'thers«ti'nes, n. Thirst for shedding blood.

bloodthirsty, blud thers-ti, a. Desirous to shed blood; murderous. blood vessel, n. Any vessel in which blood circulates in an animal body; an artery or a vein. bloody, blud i. a. Of or pertaining to blood; consisting of, containing, or exhibiting blood; bloodstained; cruel; murder-

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

; ;

blotch

Dan. Sw. blod, L.G. blood, D. bloed, G. blut ; root probably seen in to blow (as a flower), bloom, from the brightness of

—— —

—

—

note, not,

move;

ous; given to the shedding of blood; attended with much bloodshed.

bloom, blom,

n.

[Same word

as Icel.

Sw.

blomma, Dan. Homme, Goth, bloma, D. bloem, G. blione, a flower, from stem of blow, to blossom; akin blossom.] A blossom; blom,

the flower of a plant; the act or state of blossoming; fullness of life and vigor; a period of high success; a flourishing condition; the delicate rose hue on the cheek indicative of youth and health; a glow; a flush; a superficial coating or appearance upon certain things, as the delicate powdery coating upon certain fruits when newly gathered. v.i. To produce or yield blossoms; to blossom; to flower; to show the beauty of youth; to glow. v.t.% To put forth, as blossoms. (O.T.) blooming, blom'ing, a. Showing blooms; glowing as with youthful bloomingly, blom'ingdi, adv. vigor. In a blooming manner. bloomy, bio 'mi, a. Full of bloom or blossoms flowery; having freshness or vigor

—

as

of

—

youth;

having

a

delicate

powdery appearance, as fresh fruit. bloom, blom, n. [A.Sax, bloma, a mass or lump of metal.] A lump of puddled iron, which leaves the furnace in a rough state, to be subsequently rolled into the bars or other material which, it may be desired into bloomery, to convert the metal. bl6m'er«i, n. The first forge through which iron passes after it is melted from the ore.

—

bloomers, blom'erz, n. A woman's knee-length undergarment originally ;

loose trousers, gathered at the ankles named for Amelia Bloomer, American, who advocated their use in 1 849. blossom, blos'om, n. [A.Sax. blostma, a blossom, from same root as bloom (which see).] The flower of a plant, consisting of one or more colored leaflets, generally of more delicate texture than the leaves; the bloom; blooming state or period (the plant v.i. To put forth is in bloom). blossoms or flowers; to bloom; to flourish. blossomy,f blos'om-i, a. Full of or covered with blossoms. blot, blot, n. [Same word as Icel. blettr, Dan. plet, a blot; Dan. dial. blat, a drop, a spot of something wet.] spot or stain, as of ink on paper; a blur; an obliteration of something written or printed ; a spot v.t. in reputation; a blemish. blotted, blotting. To spot, to stain, as with ink; to stain with infamy; to tarnish; to obliterate or efface: in this sense generally with out; to dry by means of blotting paper or blotter, blot'er, n. One the like. who or that which blots. blotting paper, n. species of unsized paper, serving to imbibe the superfluous ink from newly written manuscript, etc. blotch, bloch, n. [For blatch, block, a softened form of black (comp. bleak, bleach), the meaning being influenced by botch, a pustule.] pustule or eruption on the skin; an irregular spot. v.t. To mark with blotches. blotchy, bloch 'i, a. Marked with blotches, spots, or blurs.

—

—

A

—

—

—

A

A

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———— — ———

—

— — ———— —— — — — 87

blouse blouse, blouz or blous, n. [Fr.] A light loose upper garment, resembling a smock frock, made of linen or cotton, ;

blue.] stroke with the hand or fist, or a weapon; a knock; an act of hostility; a sudden calamity; a sudden or severe evil; mischief or damage received. At a blow, by one single action; at one

bldsa, Goth, blesan, G. blasen, to blow, to blow a wind instrument; also to E. blow, to Icel.

bloom, bladder,

blast,

etc.,

effort; suddenly.

blowze, blouz,

[From the same root as blush.] Obs. A ruddy fatfaced woman; a blowzy woman.

and L.

to breathe or blow.] To make a current of air, as with the mouth, a bellows, etc.; to constitute or form a current of air; to be a wind: often used with an indefinite it for the subject (it blew strongly yesterday); to pant; to puff; to breathe hard or quick; to give out sound by being blown, as a horn or trumpet; to boast; to brag: in this To blow over, to pass sense colloq. away after having spent its force To blow up, (the storm blew over). to be broken and scattered by an explosion. To blow upon, to bring into disfavor or discredit; to render stale, unsavory, or worthless; also to

flo, flare,

colored.

blubber, blub'er, n. [A lengthened form of blub, blob, bleb; perhaps from same root as that of blow, bladder.] The fat of whales and other large sea animals, from which train oil is obtained; a gelatinous mass of

v.t.

kinds;

jellyfish.

—

inform upon.

n.

blowzed, blowzy, blouzd, blou'zi, a. Ruddyfaced; fat and ruddy; high-

various

the

To

v.i.

sea-nettle;

a

weep, especially

such a manner as to swell the cheeks or disfigure the face. v.t. To disfigure with weeping. blucher, bloch'er, n. A strong leather half boot or high shoe, named after Field Marshal von Blucher. bludgeon, bluj'on, n. [Origin unknown; perhaps allied to G. blotzen, in

To throw or drive

a current of air upon; to drive by a current of air ; to sound by the breath (a wind instrument); to form by inflation (to blow a glass bottle); to swell by injecting air into; to put out of breath by fatigue; to scatter or shatter by explosives (to blow up, To blow out, to to blow to pieces).

D.

to strike,

blutsen, to bruise.]

A

short stick, with one end loaded or thicker and heavier than the other, and used as an offensive weapon.

blue, blu,

[Same as Sc. blue, Icel. Dan. blaa, D. blaauw, G.

n.

bldr, livid;

blau, blue;

scatter (one's brains) by firearms. To blow up, to fill with air; to swell; to inflate; to puff up; to blow into a blaze; to burst in pieces and scatter by explosion; to scold: in this sense colloq. n. gale of wind; a blast; the breathing or spouting of a whale. blower, blo'er, n. One who or that which blows; a blowing engine.

blow producing a blue color. Akin blemish.] One of the primary colors; the color of the clear sky or deep sea; azure; what is blue; a dye or pigment of this hue. a. Of the

— —blowy, blowfly,

blo'i, a.

n.

A name

color of blue; sky-colored; azure. blued, bluing. To make blue; bluely, to dye of a blue color. blu'li, adv. With a blue hue or shade. blueness, blu'nes, n. The quality of being blue ; a blue hue or color. blues, bluz, n. type of song of melancholy character and slow tempo bluish, written in characteristic key. blu'ish, a. Blue in a slight degree; somewhat blue. bluishness, blublue baby, An infant ish«nes, n. with a bluish color from congenital Bluebeard, n. Perheart disease. sonage in medieval tale, synonymous v.t.

gusty. of various species

A

of flies (dipterous insects) which deposit their eggs on flesh, and thus blowhole, n. The nostril of taint it. a cetacean, situated on the highest part of the head; a hole in the ice to which whales and seals come to blowpipe, n. An instrubreathe. ment by which a current of air or gas is driven through a flame so as

—

to direct it upon a substance, an intense heat being created by the rapid supply of oxygen and the concentration of the flame; a pipe

with

tube through which poisoned arrows are blown by the breath, used by South American Indians and natives of Borneo.

—

bio, v.i. blew, blown. [A. Sax. to bloom or blossom; D. bloeijen, G. bliihen ; allied to the

bldwan,

other verb to bloom.] to to

and to L. flbrere, flower; to blossom;

to blow,

To

bloom, as plants.

blow or blossom.

v.t%

To make

A

mass of blossoms; the state or condition of blossoming or flowering; the highest state of anything; bloom; an ovum or egg deposited by a fly; a flyblow. ch, chain;

n.

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

bluebird, n. red breast

very common in the United States. bluebook, n. In the U. S. a directory of persons of social prominence. In colleges, a blue-covered booklet for bluebottle, examinations. writing n. A composite plant found frequently in cornfields; a fly with a bluecap, n. The large blue belly. bluecoat, n. A perblue titmouse. son wearing a blue coat as a special bluefish, n. A name of certain dress. American fishes, one of them a food fish allied to the mackerel, common on the Atlantic coast of N. America. blue devils, n. pi. A colloquial phrase for dejection, hypochondria, or lowness of spirits; also for de-

or

blow,

wife-murderer.

A small bluish bird with a

—

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

A

A

the drug Eucalyptol. bluejacket, n. A sailor, from the color of his jacket. blueprint, n. A photographic printing method using sensitized paper for the reproduction of engineering drawings; the print itself. blue ribbon, n. The broad, dark-blue ribbon, worn by members of the order of the Garter; a piece of blue ribbon, usually with suitable words or markings, awarded as evidence of the winning of a highest award; hence a prize, a distinction. bluestone, blue vitriol, n. Sulfate of copper. bluff, bluf, a. [Perhaps from or allied to O.D. blaf, applied to a broad full face, also to a forehead rising straight up.] Broad and full: specially applied to a full countenance, indicative of frankness and good humor; rough and hearty; somewhat boisterous and unconventional; having a steep front (a bluff bank). v.t. To deceive or impose upon, by boisterous talk or action. n. high bank with a steep front; a bold headland; bold words or acts intended to daunt or test an

—

A

opponent. bluing, blu'ing, n. in laundering to

A

blue liquid used the yellow

offset

tinge of linen or cotton. v.i. [Allied to Icel. blunda, to doze, blundr, slumber, Dan. and Sw. blund, a nap, also to blind, blend.] To make a gross mistake, especially through mental confusion; to err stupidly; to move without direction or steady guidance to flounder; to stumble, literally or

blunder, blun'der,

—

—

Windy;

—

several grasses, more especially a grass of Kentucky, highly valued for blue gum, n. pasturage and hay. species of Eucalyptus or gum-tree with valuable medicinal properties, and now planted in malarious localities with beneficial results. It yields

connected with blow, a

extinguish by a current of air; to

A

;

lirium tremens. Often called simply bluegrass, n. the blues. name of

A

also with blue,

—

—

blur

blown, blon, p. and a. Fully expanded or opened, as a flower. blow, bio, n. [Akin to O.D. blauwen, to strike; D. blouwen, to beat flax; G. bleuen, to cudgel; and perhaps

and worn by men as a protection from dust or in place of a coat also, a garment of nearly the same form and of various materials worn by women and children. blow, bio, v.i. blew, blown, blowing. [A. Sax. bldwan ; allied to G. bldhen, to blow,

—— — — ———— —

figuratively.

n.

A

mistake through

precipitance or mental confusion; a gross and stupid mistake. blunderer, blun'der* er, n. One who is apt to blunder or to make gross blunderingly, blunder— mistakes. ing-li, adv. In a blundering manner. blunderbuss, blun'der*bus, n. [A humorous corruption of D. donderbus, a blunderbuss donder, thunder, and bus, a tube, gun, originally a box.] A short gun or firearm, with a large bore. blunt, blunt, a. [Akin to Prov. G. bludde, a dull or blunt knife; Dan. blunde, Sw. and Icel. blunda, to doze, E. blunder.] Having a thick edge or point, as an instrument; dull; not sharp; dull in understanding; slow of discernment; abrupt in address; plain; unceremonious.

v.t.

To

dull

the edge or point of, by making it thicker; to impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility of. bluntly, blunt 'li, adv. In a blunt manner; plainly; abruptly; without delicacy or the usual forms of civility. bluntness, blunt'nes, n. The state or quality of being blunt. blur, bier, n. [Probably a form of blear.] Something that obscures or

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— —— —

—————

blurt soils; a blot; a stain;

vision.

v.t.

blurring.

To

obscure without quite effacing; to render indistinct; to confuse and bedim; to cause imperfection of vision in; to dim; to sully; to stain; to blemish (reputation). blurt, blert, v.t. [Perhaps imitative of abrupt sound made by the lips.] To utter suddenly or inadvertently; to divulge unadvisedly: commonly

with out. blush, blush,

v.i. [A. Sax. blisian, blysian, allied to Dan. blusse, to blaze, to blush, D. bios, a blush, blozen, to blush; akin blaze, blow.] redden in the cheeks or over the face, as

To

from a sense of guilt, shame, confusion, or modesty; to exhibit a red or rosy color; to bloom. n. The act of blushing; the suffusion of the cheeks or the face generally with a red color through confusion, shame, diffidence, or the like; a red or reddish color; a rosy tint. At the first blush, at the first review or conblushful, sideration of a matter. blushful, a. Full of blushes. blushingly, blush'ing-li, adv. In a blushing manner; with blushes.

—

blus'ter, v.i. [A kind of intens. of blow ; akin to blast, blister.] To roar and be tumultuous, as wind; to be boisterous; to be loud, noisy, or swaggering; to bully; to swagger. v.t. To utter or effect in a blustering manner or with noise and violence; with out, or other prep. n. violent blast of wind; a gust; noisy talk; swaggering; boisterousness.

bluster,

—

A

blusterer, blus'tefer, n. One who blusters; a swaggerer; a bully. blusteringly, blus'ter-ing'li, adv. In blusterous, a blustering manner. blustery, blus'ter-us, blus'ter«i, a.

—

Noisy; tumultuous; tempestuous. boa, bo'a, n. [L., a water-serpent.] The generic and common name of certain

serpents

destitute

of fangs

and venom, having a prehensile tail, and including some of the largest species of serpents, the constrictor being 30 or 40 feet long; a long round article of dress for the neck,

made of fur. boar, bor,

O.H.G.

n.

per,

— — ;;

body

88 confused ap-

pearance, as produced by indistinct

— blurred,

—

—

[A. Sax. bar

D.

M.H.G.

a

ber,

beer,

boar;

perhaps akin to bear (the animal).] The male of swine when applied to the wild species the term is used without reference to sex. boarish, bor'ish, a. Pertaining to or resem:

—

bling a boar; swinish; brutal. n. [A. Sax. bor d, table, Icel. plank, deck or side of a ship Dan. G. bord, Goth, baurd, D. board; allied probably to verb bear. Border, broider, are akin.] A piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length and breadth compared with the thickness; a table; hence, what is served on a board or table; food;

board, bord,

diet; specifically, daily food obtained for a stipulated sum at the table of another; a council table; a number

of persons having the management, direction, or superintendence of some public or private office or trust; the deck or side of a ship or boat, or its fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

interior part (on board, to fall over board); a table or frame for a game, as chess, checkers, etc.; a kind of thick stiff paper; a sheet of substance

formed by layers of paper pasted together, usually in compounds (as, csurdboard, mill-board) ; one of the two stiff covers on the sides of a book. The boards, the stage of a theater. v.t. To lay or spread with boards; to cover with boards; to place at board, or where food or food and lodging are to be had; to furnish with food, or food and lodging, for a compensation; to go on board a vessel; to enter a vessel by force in combat.

v.t.

To

live as a boarder.

live at

board; to

— boarder, bord'er,

One

furnished with food or food at another's house at a stated charge; one who boards a ship in action. boarding-house, n. A house where board or board and lodging is boarding furnished. school, n. A school in which pupils are boarded and lodged as well as n.

and lodging

—

—

taught. boast, bost, v.i. [Probably of Celtic origin; comp. W. bost, a boast, bostio, to boast. Corn, bostye, to boast.] To speak in high praise of one's self or belongings; to use exulting, pompous, or pretentious language; to brag; to exult; to glory; to vaunt; to bluster. v.t. To display in ostentatious language; to speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation; to magnify or exalt (strength, genius); to vaunt; often refl. n. statement expressive of ostentation, pride, or vanity; a vaunting or bragging; a brag; the cause of boasting; occasion of pride, vanity, or laudable exultaboaster, bost'er, tion. n. One who boasts, glories, or vaunts with exaggeration or ostentatiously; a boastful, bost 'ful, a. Given bragger. boastfully, bost'ful-li, to boasting. boastadv. In a boastful manner. fulness, bost'fuhnes, n. boastingly, Boastfully; with adv. bost'ing'li, boasting. boat, bot, n. [A. Sax. bat— Icel. bdtr, D. L.G. and G. boot, a boat. Similar

—

A

—

—

—

—

—

forms occur also in Celtic, as Ir. W. bad. Cael. bata.] A small open vessel usually moved by oars or rowing; any sailing vessel, but usually described by another word denoting its use or mode of propulsion; as, a packet-foar, steamboat, etc. v.t. To transport in a boat. v.i. To go or sail in a boat. boat bill, n. bird of the heron family, inhabiting South America,

-

—

—

th, thin;

n. [L. cistcrna,

An

from

reservoir or receptacle for holding water, beer, or other liquor. citadel, sit'a»del, n. [Fr. atadellc. Same origin as city.] fortress or cista, a chest.]

artificial

A

castle in or near a city, keep the inhabitants in

w,

tvig;

hw, whig;

intended to subjection,

zh, acure.

—

— —

—

form

a final

cite

point of defense. cite,

sit, v.t.

from L. call, to

incite, recite.]

[Fr. titer,

cited, citing.

tito, titare, freq.

summon;

of

tieo, to

seen also in excite,

To

call

upon

officially

or authoritatively to appear; to summon before a person or tribunal; to quote, adduce, or bring forward; to refer to in support, proof, or confir-

—

mation

(to cite an authority). citable, sit'a«bl. a. Capable of being cited or quoted. citation, si»ta'shon,

A

—

summons; an

or notice given to a person to appear, as in a court; the act of citing a passage from a book or person; the passage or words quoted; quotation. n.

cithara, sith'a«ra,

whence

kithara,

n.

call

official

[L.,

from Gr.

git tern, guitar.]

An

ancient stringed instrument resembling the more modern cittern or guitar. cithern, cittern, sith'ern, sit tern, n. An old instrument of the guitar kind, strung with wire instead of gut. citizen, etc. See city. citron, sit'ron, n. [Fr. citron, from L. citreum, from citrus, the lemon or citron.] The fruit of the citron tree, a large lemonlike fruit; the tree

—

itself.

—

citric

acid,

sit'rik

as 'id,

n.

An

organic acid obtained from citrus fruits or by fermentation of sugars. Citric acid cycle, a series of chemical reactions occurring in the living organism, by which food is oxidized to create energy. citrus, sit'rus, n. Any of a genus of trees or shrubs that bear citrons, lemons, grapefruit, etc. a. Pertaining to such trees or shrubs. cittern, sit'tern, n. See CITHARA. city, sit'i, n. [Fr. cite, from L. civitas,

—

a

civitatis,

a

city,

from

civis,

also civil.]

In a

state,

whence

citizen,

general sense, a large and important town; in Great Britain, a town corporate that is or has been the seat of a bishop and of a cathedral church; in the United States an incorporated town governed by a mayor and aldermen ; the inhabitants a. Pertaining of a city collectively. citied, sited, a. Belonging to a city. to a city; having the qualities of a

—

city;

covered with

sit'i'zen, n.

from

cite,

cities.

—

citizen,

[O.E. citezein, from O.Fr.

(Mod.

citeain, citeien, etc.

a city.

The z

Fr. citoyen), a corrupused for y.] is

tion of the old symbol The native of a city, or an inhabitant who enjoys the freedom and privileges of the city in which he resides a member of a state with full political privileges. a. Having the qualities of a citizen; townbred. citizenship, sit'i«zen«ship, n. The state or principles of a citizen. civet, siv'et, n. [Fr. civette, It. zibetto, from Ar. zabad, the substance civet.]

—

A

—

——

150

or, in case of a siege, to

—

—— — ——

— ——

;

—

strong smelling substance taken

from the anal glands of the civet cats, and yielding a perfume; the animal v.t. To that yields this substance. civet cat, n. The scent with civet. name of several carnivorous mammals natives of North Africa and Asia, having a gland near the anus containing the odoriferous substance civet.

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

clamor

civic, siv'ik, a. [L. civicus, from civis, a citizen; whence also city.] Pertaining to a city or citizen: relating to civil affairs or honors. Civic crown, Rom. antiq. a crown of oak leaves given to a soldier who saved the life of a citizen in battle. civics, siv'iks, n. The science of the rights and duties of citizens. civil, siv'il, a. [L. civilis, from civis.] Relating to the community, or to the policy and government of the citizens and subjects of a state (civil rights,

—

—

government,

etc.); political;

muni-

cipal or private, as opposed to criminal; not ecclesiastical or military;

exhibiting some refinement of manners; civilized; courteous; obliging; well bred; affable; polite. Civil engineering, that branch of engineering which relates to the forming of roads, bridges, railroads, canals, aqueducts, harbors, etc. Civil law, law of a state, city, or country. Civil liberty, the absence of arbitrary governmental restraint on individual freedom. Civil marriage, marriage performed by a government official rather than a clergyman. Civil rights, the legal and political rights enjoyed by the inhabitants of a country; especially the rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution and bills passed by Congress. Civil service, that branch of the public service in which the nonmilitary employees of a government persons are engaged, or those collectively. Civil war, a war between the people of the same state. civilly, siv'il'h, adv. In a civil manner; as regards civil rights or privileges; civilian, in a well-bred manner. si'vil'yen, n. One skilled in the Roman or civil law; one whose pursuits are those of civil life, not civility, si»vil'military or clerical.

—

—

[L. civilitas, from civilis.] The being civilized^ ; good breeding; politeness, or an act of politeness; courtesy; kind attention. civilizable, siv'il«Iz»a«bl, a. Capable of being civilized. civilization, siv'il«iz«a"shon, n. The act of civilizing, or state of being civilized; the state of being refined in manners from the i«ti, n.

state of

—

rudeness of savage in arts Iz,

and

v.t.

—

life,

learning.

—

and improved

civilize, siv'il*civilizing. [Fr.

civilized,

with a single

flap,

—

A

or demanded; specifically, in America, Australia, etc., a piece of land allotted to one. claimable, klam a— bl, a. Capable of being claimed or demanded as due. claimant, claimer, klam'ant, klam'er, n. A person who claims; one who demands anything as his right.

—

—

clairvoyance,

klar»voi'ans, n. [Fr. seeing, ppr. of voir (L. videre), to see.] power attributed to persons in the mesmeric state, by which the person (called a clair, clear,

and voyant,

A

clairvoyant or clairvoyante) discerns objects concealed from sight, tells what is happening at a distance, etc. clairvoyant, klar«voi'ant, a. Of clairvoyance. or pertaining to clairvoyant, klar»voi'ant, n. man or woman in a certain stage of mesmerism, in which state the subject is said to see things not present to the senses.

—

A

clam,f klam,

v.t.

—clammed,

ming. [A. Sax. clam,

—

—

clam,

klam, n. [Shortened from clamp, the former name, given from the firmness with which some of animals adhere to rocks. these clamp.] The popular name of certain bivalvular shellfish, of several genera

to elevate in social life. clack, klak, v.i. [An imitative word; comp. Fr. claque, a clap or clack; D. klakken, to clap; E. clap, crack.) To make a sudden sharp noise, as by striking or cracking; to rattle; to utter sounds or words rapidly and continually, or with sharpness and abruptness. v.t. To cause to make a sharp, short sound; to clap; to speak without thought; to rattle sharp, abrupt sound, n. out. continually repeated a kind of small windmill for frightening birds; conclacker, klak'er, tinual talk; prattle. n. One who or that which clacks. clack valve, n. valve in pumps

clamber, klam'ber,

me, met, her;

A

;

—

A

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

clam-

clay, that

glutinous or viscous matter. i/.i.f To be glutinous or moist; to stick like clammy matter or moisture. clammy, klam 'mi, a. Viscous; adhesive; soft and sticky; glutinous; clamminess, klam'mi*tenacious. nes, n. The state of being clammy or viscous; viscosity; stickiness.

and many species. clamant, klam'ant,

To

mud,

which is clammy; Dan. klam, clammy, klamme, to clog.] To clog with

formerly also civilizer.] reclaim from a savage state; to introduce order and civic organization among; to refine and enlighten; civiliser,

hinged at one

edge. clad, klad, pp. Clothe. claim, klam, v.t. [O.Fr. claimer, from L. clamo, clamare, to shout, whence also clamor, acclaim, acclamation, exclaim, reclaim, etc.] To ask or seek to obtain by virtue of authority, right, or supposed right; to assert a right to; to demand as due. v.i. To be entitled to a thing; to have a right; to derive a right; to assert claims; to put forward claims. n. demand of a right or supposed right; a calling on another for something due or supposed to be due; a right to claim or demand; a title to anything ; the thing claimed

a. [claim.]

Clam-

orous; beseeching; pressing; urgent; crying. r.i. [O.E. darner, clammer, akin to clam, to adhere, clamp, and climb.] To climb with difficulty or with hands and feet; r.f.fTo to rise up steeply (7Vmt.)t. ascend by climbing; to climb with difficulty. (Shak.y—n. The act of clambering or climbing with diffi-

—

culty.

clamor, klam'er, n. [L. clamor, an outcry, from clamo, to cry out, whence E. claim.] A great outcry; vociferation made by a loud human voice continued or repeated, or by

number of voices; loud complaint; urgent demand; loud and continued v.t. To utter in a loud voice; noise. a

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— ——— ———— —

—

clamp

clamorous, klam'er»us,

a.

(as chains, iron ally expressing

clap,

bodies; a

clamorous-

etc.;

—

claque, klak, n. [Fr., from claquer, to clap the hands, to applaud.] A name applied collectively to a set of men

who

in theaters (as in those of Paris) are regularly hired to applaud the piece or the actors. clarabella, klara«bel'a, n. An 8-foot organ stop with open wooden pipes, giving a soft sweet tone. clarence, klar'ens, n\ [After the Duke closed of Clarence, William IV.] fourwheeled carriage, with inside

A

seats for four.

clarendon type, klar'emdon,

v.t.

to to

deaux

v.i.

claretto.]

The name

district.

a.

Having the color

v.t.

—

clarified, clari-

fying. [Fr. clarifier, from L. clarificlarus, clear, facio, to make.] care To make clear, to purify from feculent matter; to defecate; to fine

sound produced

clangor. to

In

given to the red wines of the Bor-

—

To

give out resound clang clank — To cause sound with —clangorous, klang'ger»us, Mak;

n.

printing, a style of type. claret, klar'et, n. [Fr. clairet, from

of claret wine. clarify, klar'i«fi,

v.i. (liquor). clear or free

;

a clang.

to

a.

To grow or become from feculent matter;

become pure, as liquors.

clarifier,

who

A

One or that klar'i«fl«er, n. which clarifies or purifies; a vessel which liquor is clarified. in

[clang.] The loud sound made by collision of metallic or other similarly sounding bodies

klar'i«fi«ka"shon, n. clarification, The act of clarifying; particularly the clearing or fining of liquid substances from all feculent matter. clarinet, clarionet, klar i«net, klar'i*-

ing a clangor; having a hard or ringing sound. clangor, klang'ger, n. [Directly from L. clangor.] sharp, hard, ringing sound as of a

trumpet. clank, klangk,

ch, chain;

n.

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

clarus,

A

perhaps imitative of sound.]

It.

— L.

of trumpet whose tube is narrower and tone more acute and shrill than that of the common trumpet. clash, klash, v.i. [An imitative word;

hasty or sudden motion (to clap the hand to the mouth, to clap spurs to a horse). To clap hands, to strike the palms of the hands together, as a mark of applause or delight. To clap the wings, to flap them, or to strike them together so as to make a noise. To clap hold of, to seize roughly and suddenly. v.i. To come together suddenly with noise; to clack; to strike the hands together in applause. n. A collision of bodies with noise; a bang; a slap; a sudden act or motion (in phrase at a clap, that is at a blow, all at once); a burst or peal of thunder; a striking of hands to express approbation. clapper, klap'er, n. A person who claps or applauds by clapping; that which claps or strikes, as the tongue of a bell; a kind of small noisy windmill to scare birds. claptrap, n. An artifice or device to elicit applause or gain popularity; highflown sentiments or other rhetorical device by which a person panders to an audience; bunkum. a. Designing or designed merely to catch applause.

especially that collision of metallic

clank;

clapt [Same as

clapping.

TH,

then;

clarinette

joint of the instrument. clarion, klar'i«on, n. [L.L. clario, clarionis, a clarion, Fr. clairon, from L. clarus, clear, from its clear sound.] kind

or

strike with a quick motion; to slap; to thrust; to drive together; to shut hastily; followed by to (to clap to the door); to place or put by a

clair, clear;

—

wind instrument of music, made of wood, having finger holes and keys, and a fixed mouthpiece, containing a reed, forming the upper

—

— clapped

[Fr.

A

clear.]

To

bodies,

a

pp.),

on«et, n.

:

and Sw. klappa, Dan. klappe, D. and "L.G.klappen, to clap, to pat,

destine, from clam, in secret.] Secret; private; hidden; withdrawn from public view; generally implying craft, deception, or evil design.—clandestinely, klan«des'tin»li, adv. In a clandestine manner; secretly; privately; in secret. clandestineness,f klan«des'tin«nes, n. The state or quality of being clandestine. clang, klang, n. [Imitative of sound, and akin to clank, clink, clack; G. klingen, to sound; Dan. Sw. G. klang, D. klank, a sound; L. clangor, Gr.

produced by the

&

v.t.

etc.)

less

Icel.

klam'er«us»nes, n. State of being clamorous. clamp, klamp, n. [Most closely connected with L.G. and D. klamp, Dan. klampe, G. klampe, a clamp; from root seen in E. climb, clamber, clem (to pinch with hunger), clam.] Something rigid that fastens or binds; a piece of wood or metal fastening two pieces together, or strengthening any framework; an instrument of wood or metal used by joiners, etc., for holding pieces of timber closely together until the glue hardens. v.t. To fasten with clamps; to fix a clamp on. clamp, klamp, n. [Imitative; comp. clank, clink.] A heavy footstep or tread; a tramp; a heap of turnips, potatoes, etc., covered over with straw earth for winter keeping; pile of bricks for burning. v.i. To tread heavily. (Thack.) clan, klan, n. [Gael, and Ir. clann, family, tribe.] A race; a family; a tribe; the common descendants of the same progenitor, under the patriarchal control of a chief; a clique, sect, society, or body of persons closely united by some common interest or pursuit. clannish, klan'ish, a. Imbued with the feelings, sentiments, and prejudices peculiar to clans ; blindly devoted to those of one's own clan, set, or locality, and illiberal toward clannishly, klan'ish«li, adv. others. clannishness, In a clannish manner. klan'ish»nes, n. The state or quality clansman, klanz'of being clannish. man, n. A member of a clan. clandestine, klan»des'tin, a. [L. clan-

loud

klap,

(pret.

ness,

A

armor,

generresounding sound than and a deeper and stronger sound than clink. v.t. To cause to sound with a clank. v.i. To sound with or give out a clank.

Making

—

class

a clang,

a clamor or outcry ; noisy ; vociferous klam'er«us«li, clamorously, loud. adv. In a clamorous manner; with

klangge.] from solid

—

—

151

v.i. To make a clamor; to to shout. utter loud sounds or outcries; to make importunate vociferate; to complaints or demands. clamorer, klam'er«er, n. One who clamors.

loud noise or words.

— —— — —

——— —

;

th, thin;

comp. D.

kletsen, G. klatschen, Dan. klatsche, to clap.] To make a loud, harsh noise, as from violent or sudden collision; to dash against an object with a loud noise ; to come into violent collision; fig. to act with opposite power or in a contrary direction; to meet in opposition (their opinions and their interests clash together). v.t strike against with sound ; to strike noisily together. .

—

The

n.

noise

To

made by

the meeting

of bodies with violence; a striking together with noise; collision or noisy collision of bodies; fig. opposition; contradiction, as between differing or contending interests. clasp, klasp, n. [By metathesis for O.E. elapse, to clasp, claps, a clasp: allied to O.E. clip, to embrace, in the same way as grasp, to grip, and gripe.] catch to hold something together; a hook for fastening, or for holding together the covers of a book, or the different parts of a garment, of a belt, etc. ; a clinging, grasping, or embracing; a close embrace; bar on medal ribbon for additional service in a campaign.

A

v.t.

To

a clasp

;

shut or fasten together with to catch and hold by twining

or embracing; to surround and cling to; to embrace closely; to catch with the arms or hands; to grasp. lu.f To cling. (Shak.) clasp knife, n. A knife the blade of which folds into the handle.

—

—

class,

klas,

[L.

n.

a

classis,

An

class.]

order or rank of persons a number of persons in society supposed to have some resemblance or equality in rank, education, property, talents, and the like; a number of pupils in a school, or students in a college, of the same standing or pursuing the ;

same studies;

nat. hist, a large

group

of plants or animals formed by the union or association of several v.t. To arrange in a class orders. or classes; to rank together; to refer to a class or group; to classify. To be arranged or classed. 0.1. classible, klas'i«bl, a. Capable of being classed. classic, klas'ik, n. [L. classicus, pertaining to the first or highest of the classes or political divisions

into

which

the

Roman

people were anciently divided, hence the use of the word in reference to writers.] An author of the first rank; a writer whose style is pure,

and refined: primarily, a Greek or Roman author of this correct,

character; a literary production of the first class or rank; the classics, specifically, the literature of ancient

Greece

and

w, wig;

Rome.

—

hw, whig;

a.

Same

zh, acure.

as

—— ———

— ———— —

— —— —

—

—— — —

clatter

152

clear

classical, klas'ik«al, a. Pertaining to writers of the first

spaces or closed rooms. clavate, claviform, kla'vat, klav'i— form, a. [L. clava, a club.] Bot. and zool. club-shaped; having the form of a club growing gradually thicker toward the top, as certain parts of

ous; adroit (a clean leap); complete or thorough; free from moral impurity, guilt, or blame; among the Jews, not defiled or polluted; not forbidden by the ceremonial law for use in sacrifice and for food. adv. Quite; perfectly; wholly; en-

Classical.

—

rank; being of the specifically

first

relating

more Greek and

order;

to

Roman authors of the first rank or estimation; pertaining to ancient Greece or Rome; relating to localities associated with great ancient or modern authors, or to scenes of great historical events; pure, chaste, correct, or refined (taste, style, etc.). Classic orders, arch, the Doric,

—

Ionic, and Corinthian orders. classicalism, klas'ik«al«izm, n. classic idiom or style; classicism; art, close adherence to the rules of Greek or Roman art. classicalist,

A

—

A

devoted admirer of classicalism; one who scrupulously adheres to the canons of klas'ik«al«ist,

n.

Greek or Roman

classicality,

art.

klas«i«kari«ti, n. The quality of being classical. classically, klas'ik«al'li,

—

adv. In a classical manner; according to the manner of classical authors. classicism, klas«i«sizm, n. classic idiom or style. classicist, klas'i«sist, n. One versed in the classics.

—

A

—

classify,

klas'i«fi,

v.t.

—

classified,

classifying. [L. classis, a class, and facio, to make.] To arrange in a class or classes; to arrange in sets. classifiable, klas'i«fl«a»bl, a. Capable of being classified. classification, klas'i«fi«ka"shon, n. The act of classifying or forming into a class or classes, so as to bring together those

beings or things which most resemble each other, and to separate those that

distribution into sets, classificatory, klas'Belonging to classification; concerned with distribution classified, into sets, sorts, or ranks. klas'i»fid, a. Confidential, restricted; classified ad, n. secret. want ad. differ;

sorts, or ranks. i«fi«ka«tOTi, a.

—

—

—

A

classifier,

mate,

n.

klas'i»fi«er,

One

n.

—

class-

of the same class at

school or college. clatter, klat'er, v.i. [From the sound. A. Sax. clatrung, a clattering, a

D. klater, a rattle; klateren, to rattle.] To make rattling sounds; to make repeated sharp sounds, as when sonorous bodies strike or are struck rapidly together; to rattle. v.t. To strike so as to produce a rattling noise from. n. rapid rattle;

A

succession of abrupt, sharp sounds; rattling

sounds;

confused noise.

tumultuous

and

clatterer, klat'er*-

One who

clatters; a babbler. clause, klaz, n. [Fr. clause, from L.L. clausa, for L. clausula, a conclusion, a clause, from claudo, clausum, to close, whence close, exclude, etc.]. er, n.

A member

of a compound sentence containing both a subject and its predicate; a distinct part of a contract, will, agreement, charter, commission, or the like; a distinct stipulation, condition, proviso, etc. claustral, klas'tral, a. [L.L. claustralis, from L. claustrum, an inclosure, a

cloister,

from claudo, to

shut.]

Relating to a cloister; cloister-like; secluded.

claustrophobia, klas"tro»fo'be»a, n. [L. claustrum, an enclosure, Gr. phobos, fear.] Morbid fear of narrow fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

;

a plant.

clave, klav, pret. of cleave.

stringed instrument, a precursor of the spinet and harpsichord. clavicle, klav'i«kl, n. [L. clavicula, a little key or fastener, from clavis, a key.] The collarbone. clavicular, kla«vik u«ler, a. Pertaining to the collarbone or clavicle.

clavicorn, klav'i«korn,

n. [L. clava, a club, and cornu, a horn.] member of a family of beetles, so named from the antennae being thickened at the apex so as to terminate in a club-

A

shaped enlargement. clavier, klav'i«er, n. [Fr. clavier, from L. clavis, a key.] The key board of a pianoforte or other instrument whose keys are arranged similarly; the instrument itself. claw, kla, n. [A. Sax. cldwu, eld, a claw = D. klaauw, Icel. kid, Dan. and Sw. klo, G. klaue, a claw; allied to cleave, to adhere.] The sharp hooked nail of a quadruped, bird, or other animal; the whole foot of

an animal with hooked nails; a hooked extremity belonging to any animal member or appendage; anything shaped like the claw of an animal, as the crooked forked end of a hammer used for drawing nails; bot. the narrow base of a petal. v.t. To tear, scratch, pull, or seize with claws or nails; to scratch. claw

hammer,

n.

A

hammer

furnished

with two claws, for convenience of drawing nails out of wood ; eveningdress coat, or coat with tails. kla, n. [A. Sax. claeg^Dan. klaeg, L.G. klei, D. klai, klei, G. klei, clay; same root as in cleave, clog, glue.] The name common to various earths, compounds of silica and alumina; earth which is stiff, viscid, and ductile when moistened, and many kinds of which are used in the arts, as pipe clay, porcelain clay, earth in general, especially etc.; as the material of the human body.

clay,

—

Formed

or consisting of clay. cover or mingle with clay; to purify and whiten (sugar) with clay. clayey, kla'i, a. Consisting of clay; abounding with clay; partaking of clay; like clay; bedaubed or besmeared with clay. claymore, kla'mor, n. [Gael, claidheammor claidheam, a sword, and mor, great.] Formerly the large twohanded sword of the Scottish Highlanders ; now a basket-hilted, doublea.

v.t.

To

—

—

edged broadsword. clean, klen, a. [A. Sax. claene, clean, pure, bright; cog. with W. glain, glan, Ir. and Gael, glan, clean, pure, radiant.] Clear of dirt or filth; having all impurities or foreign matter removed; pure, without fault, imperfection, or defect (timber, a copy); well-proportioned; shapely {clean limbs); not bungling; dexter-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

v.t. To make clean; to foreign matter from; to purify; to cleanse. To clean out, to exhaust the pecuniary resources of. (Colloq.) cleaner, klen'er, n. One who or that which cleans. cleanly, klen'li, a. Free from dirt, filth, or any foul matter; neat; carefully avoiding filth. cleanlily,f klen'li«li, adv. In a cleanly manner. cleanliness, klen'li«nes, n. The state or quality of being cleanly. cleanly, klen'li, adv. In a clean manner; neatly; without filth; adroitly; dexterously. cleanness, klen'nes, n. The state or quality of being clean. cleanhanded a. Having clean hands ; fig. free from moral taint or suspicion. clean-limbed, a. Having well-proportioned limbs. cleanse, klenz, v.t. cleansed, cleansing. [A. Sax. claensian, from claene, clean.] To make clean; to free from filth, or whatever is unseemly, noxious, or offensive; to purify. cleanser, klen'zer, n. One who or that which cleanses. clear, kler, a. [O.Fr. cleir (Fr. clair), from L. clarus, clear; akin claret,

tirely; fully.

clavichord, klav'i«kord, n. [L. clavis, a key, and chorda, a string.] An old

note, not,

move;

remove

all

—

—

clarify, clarinet.] Free from darkness or opacity; brilliant; fight; luminous; unclouded; not obscured; free from what would dim transparency or bright color {clear water); free from anything that confuses or obscures; acute, sagacious, or discriminating (intellect, head); perspicuous; lucid (statement); evident; manifest; indisputable; undeniable; free from accusation, imputation, distress, imprisonment, or the like; followed by of or from free from impediment or obstruction unobstructed (a clear view); sounding distinctly; distinctly audible; in full; net {clear profit or gain), Clear days (preceded by a numeral), days reckoned exclusively of those on which any proceeding adv. is commenced or completed. ;

;

Clearly; quite; entirely; clean; indiv.t. To cating entire separation. make or render clear; to free from brightness, whatever diminishes transparency, or purity of color; to free from obscurity, perplexity, or ambiguity: often followed by up; to free from any impediment or encumbrance, or from anything noxious or injurious; to remove; with off, away, etc. to free from the imputation of guilt; to acquit; to make by way of gain or profit beyond all expenses and charges; to leap over or pass without touching or failure; naut. to pay the customs on or connected with; to obtain permission to sail for (a cargo, a ;

ship).

v.i.

To become

free

from

clouds or fog; to become fair or serene; to pass away or disappear from the sky; often followed by up, off, or away; to exchange checks

and

bills

and

settle

tube, tub, bull;

balances, as

oil,

pound.

is

——

— ——

—

—— —

;

—

cleat

An iron club with a face and a long shaft used as a golf club. clef, kief, n. [Fr. clef, L. clavis, a key.] character in music, placed at the beginning of a staff, to determine the degree of elevation to be given to the notes belonging to it as a cleek, klek, n.

in clearing-houses; naut. to leave a port often followed by out or clearance, kle'rans, n. The outward. clearer, kle'rer, n. act of clearing. One who or that which clears. clearing, kler'ing, n. The act of one who clears; among bankers, the act of exchanging drafts on each other's houses and settling the differences; among railroads, the act of distributing among the different companies the proceeds of the through traffic passing over several railroads; a place or tract of land cleared of wood clearing-house, n. or cultivation. An institution through which the claims of banks against one another are settled. These claims are represented in the form of bank checks in the case of bank clearing-houses. At the Stock Exchange and the Board of Trade similar clearing-houses exist for the facilitation of trading clearly, in stocks and in grain. adv. In a clear manner; kler'li, brightly; luminously; plainly; eviclearness, kler'nes, n. The dently. state or quality of being clear. clearheaded, a. Having a clear head or understanding; having acute discernment or keen intelligence. clearsighted, a. Seeing with clearness; having acuteness of mental discernment; discerning; perspiclear-sightedness, cacious. n. clearstarch, v.t. To stiffen and dress with clear or colorless starch. cleat, klet, n. [Allied to G. Mate, klatte, a claw.] piece of wood or iron used in a ship to fasten ropes upon ; a piece of iron worn on a shoe a piece of wood nailed on transversely to a piece of joinery for the purpose of securing it in its proper position, or for strengthening. v.t.

—

narrow

:

A

whole.

&

cleft, kleft, pret. pp. of cleave, to divide. n. space or opening made by splitting; a crack; a crevice. cleft palate, n. malformation in which more or less of the palate is wanting, so as to leave a longitudinal gap in the upper jaw, often an accompaniment of harelip.

A

—

A

cleistogamic, cleistogamous, klis— to»gam'ik,

klis«tog'a«mus,

a. [Gr. or shut up, and gamos, marriage.] Bot. having minute, budlike, self-fertilizing flowers as well as other flowers conspicuously colored. clematis, klem'a«tis, n. [Gr. klematis.] The generic name of woody climbing plants of the crowfoot family having white or purple blossoms.

kleio, to close

clemency, klem'emsi, n. [L. dementia, from clemens, dementis, merciful.] Mildness of temper as shown by a superior to an inferior; disposition to spare or forgive; mercy; leniency; softness or mildness of the elements. clement, klem'ent, a. Mild in temper and disposition; gentle; lenient; merciful; kind; tender, compasclemently, klem'ent«li, aJi>. sionate.

— —

A

To

With mildness of temperature mer;

cifully.

clench, klench,

= Sc.

when it is driven anything; to rivet; to establish, settle, or confirm (a denial, argument, etc.); to bring together and set firmly; to double up tightly (the teeth or the hands); to grasp firmly. n. A catch; a grip; a per-

down

[A. Sax. clifian, cleofian, pret. clifodc, pp. clifod {cleaved is therefore historically the correct pret. and pp.); cog. D. and L.G. kleven, Dan. klaebe, G. kleben, to adhere, to cleave. Climb is akin.] stick; to adhere; to be attached physically, or by affection

sistent clutch; a clinch. v.t. pp. yclept. [A. Sax. clipian, cleopian.] To call or name.

(Shak.) [Gr. klepsydra klepto, to steal, to hide, and name common to hydor, water.] devices of various kinds for measuring time by the discharge of water; a water clock. clepto mania, klep«to«ma'ni«a, n. See

—

—

klev, v.t. pret. clove, or (the latter antiquated), also cleft; pp. cloven, cleft or cleaved; ppr. cleaving. [A. Sax. cleofan, pret. deaf, pp. clofen, (the historically correct conjugation is therefore cleave, clave or clove, cloven), to cleave or split; cog. D. kloven, Icel. kljufa, Dan. klove, G. klieben.) To part or divide by force; to split or rive; to sever forcibly; to hew; to cut. v.i. To divide; to split; to open. cleavable, kle'va»bl, a. Capable of being cleaved or divided. cleavage, kle'vij, n. The act of cleaving or splitting; the manner in which rocks or mineral substances regularly cleave or split according to their natural joints, or regular structure; in animals, early divisions of fertilized egg cell. cleaver, kle'ver, n. One who or that which cleaves; a butcher's instrument for cutting carcasses into joints or pieces.

KLEPTOMANIA. clergy, kler'ji, n. [O.Fr. clergie, from L. clericus, Gr. klerikos, clerical, from kleros, a lot, an allotment, the clergy. Akin clerical, clerk.] The body of men set apart and consecrated, by due ordination, to the service of God in the Christian church; the body of ecclesiastics, in distinction from the laity; law, benefit of clergy. Benefit of clergy, law, the exemption of clergymen from criminal process before a secular judge; in cases of felony, an immunity latterly extended to any person who could read,

—

ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

n.

A

—

though laymen could only claim it once abolished in 1827. clergyman, ;

kler'ji«man, n. j,

70b;

the minister of a Christian church. clerical, kler'ik»al, a. [L. clericus, clergy, clerk.] ReGr. klerikos. lating or pertaining to the clergy; relating to a writer or copyist. Clerical error, an error in the text of a document made by carelessness or inadvertence on the part of the writer or transcriber. cleric, kler'clergyman or scholar. ik, n. clericalism, kler'ik»al«izm, n. Clerical power or influence; undue influence of the clergy; sacerdotalism. clerisy,f kler'i«si, n. body of clerks or learned men; the literati; the clergy, as opposed to the laity. clerk, klerk, n. [A. Sax. clerc, a priest; O.Fr. clerc; from L. clericus. Gr. CLERGY.] klerikos. clergyman or ecclesiastic; a man in holy orders, especially in the Church of England

A

A

A

formerly also any

man

of education

the layman who leads in reading the responses in the service of the

Anglican Church; one who is employed in keeping records or accounts an officer attached to courts, municipal and other corporations, associations, etc., whose duty generally is

to keep records of proceedings, and transact business under direction of the court, body, etc., by whom he is

employed;

in

America, an assistant

shopman.

in a shop; a

St. Nicholas' (Shak.) clerkly, klerk'li, a. Pertaining to a clerk or to penmanship ; scholarly. adv.\ In scholarly manner. (Shak.) a clerkship, klerk'ship, n. The office or business of a clerk or writer. clever, klev'er, a. [Connected with O.E. diver, a claw, and with cleave, to adhere.] Performing or acting with skill or address; possessing ability of any kind, especially such as involves quickness of intellect or

a

clerk,

—

thief.

—

mechanical dexterity; indicative of or exhibiting cleverness; dexterous; cleverish, klev'er«ish,

adroit; able.

Tolerably clever. cleverly, klev'er«li. adv. In a clever manner; dexterously skillfully ably. cleverness, klev'ermes, n. The quality of being clever; dexterity; adroitness; a.

;

;

ingenuity; smartness. or v.t. See clue. cliche\ kle«sha', n. [Fr., from dicker, to stereotype, from older cliquer, to fasten, make firm, from root of clinch, clench (omitting the nasal).] Hackneyed jest or stereotyped phrase. A stereotype plate, especially one derived from an engraving. skill;

clepsydra, klep'si«dra,

clave

ch, chain;

—

clepe,± klep,

To

cleave,

the point

through

—

tie.

[Shortened form

Dan.

To

strengthen with a cleat or cleats. cleave, klev, v.i. pret. clave or cleaved; pp. cleaved; ppr. cleaving.

or other

v.t.

klinke, Sw. klinka, to clinch, to rivet; akin clink.] secure or fasten, as a nail, by beating clink,

;

client

153

done

—— — — ———

—

—

A man

ng, si«£;

TH,

in

holy orders;

then;

th, thin;

clew,

n.

[An imitative word a slighter sound than clack; comp. clack, duck, dink, clank; D. klikken, Fr. cliquer, to click.] To make a small sharp sound, or a succession of small sharp sounds, as by a gentle striking; to tick. v.t. To move with a clicking sound. n.

click,

klik,

v.i.

expressing

A

small sharp sound; the cluck of the natives of South Africa; the piece that enters the teeth of a ratchet wheel; a detent or ratchet; the latch of a door. client, kli cnt, ;;. [L. diens, clicntis, a client,

An

from O.L. duo.

ancient

Roman

citizen

to

hear.]

who put

himself under the protection of a

w,

trig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— ;

of distinction and influence (his patron); one whose interests are represented by any professional man

one

who

applies

to a lawyer, or commits his cause to his management. clientage, kli'en«tij, n. The state or condition of being a client; a body of clients. cliental, kli'en*tal, a. Pertaining to a client or clients. clientele, clientelage, kli'eiwel, kli«en'tel«ij, n. [L. clientela.] body of clients or dependents; one's clients collectively. cliff, klif, n. [A. Sax. clif, a rock, a cliff D. klif, Icel. klif, a cliff; comp. also Dan. klippe, Sw. klippa, G. klippe, a crag.] precipice; the steep and rugged face of a rocky mass; a steep rock; a headland. climacteric, kli«mak'ter«ik, n. [Gr. klimakter, the step of a ladder, from klimax, a ladder or scale, climax.] critical period in human life, or a period in which some great change is supposed to take place in the human constitution; the grand or great climacteric being the 63d year. a. Pertaining to a climacteric. climate, kli'mit, n. [L. clima, Gr. klima, klimatos, a slope, a zone of the earth, a clime, from klino, to bend, referring to the inclination of the earth from the equator to the pole.] The condition of a tract or region in relation to the various phenomena of the atmosphere, as

—

—

—

A

A

A

—

temperature, wind, moisture, miasmata, etc., especially as they affect climatic, the life of animals or man. kli«mat'ik, a. Pertaining to a climate

—

or climates; limited by a climate.

climatology, kli»ma»tol'o»ji, n. The science of climates; an investigation of the causes on which the climate of a place depends. climatological, kli'mat«o«loj"ik«al, a. Pertaining to clime, klim, n. A tract climatology. or region of the earth. (Poetical.) climax, kli'maks, n. [L., from Gr.

—

—

klimax, a ladder, from klino, to slope.

climate, climacteric] A figure of speech or rhetorical device in which the language rises step by step in dignity, importance, and force; the highest point of anything; the culmination; acme.

climb, klim,

—

{clomb for pret. v.i. pp. climbed is now only poetical). [A. Sax. climban, G. and D. klimmen; from same root as cleave, to adhere, clip, to embrace.] To mount or ascend anything steep with labor

&

and difficulty; especially, to ascend by means of the hands and feet; of things, to rise with a slow motion, to ascend, as certain plants, by

means of

tendrils,

—

etc.

— —

v.t.

To

climb up. climbable, kllm'a«bl, a. Capable of being climbed. climber,

One who

climbs; a plant attaching itself to some support; one of an order of birds, including the parrots, woodpeckers, etc., so called from their

kllm'er, n. that rises

—

154

cliff

man

especially

— ——

by

climbing habits. clime. See climate.

clinanthium, kli«nan'thi«um,

—

embracing. clinic, klin'ik, n. [Gr. klinikos, from Mine, a bed, from klino, to recline.] medical institution in which a group of physicians jointly examine and treat patients; also, the examination and treatment of patients in the presence of medical students. clinical, klin'i«kal, adj. Pertaining to a clinic or sickroom; pertaining to direct observation of a patient; analytical. clinically, klin'ik«aMi, adv. clink, klingk, v.i. [An imitative word, akin to click and clank; comp. D. klinken, to tinkle; Dan. klinge, to jingle; Icel. klingja, G. klingen, to ring, to chink.] To ring or jingle; to give out a small sharp sound or a succession of such sounds, as by striking small metallic bodies together; to rhyme. v.t. To cause to produce a small sharp ringing sound. sharp sound made by the coln. clinker, lision of sonorous bodies. klingk 'er, a. partially vitrified brick; a kind of hard brick used for paving; a mass of incombustible slag which forms in grates and furnaces. clinkstone, n. [From its sonorfeldspathic rock of the ousness.] trachytic group with a slaty structure, sometimes used as roofing slates. clinker-built, klingk'er, a. Naut. built with the planks of the side so disposed that the lower edge of each overlies the upper edge of the next below it, like slates on a roof. clinometer, klI«nom'et«er, n. [Gr. klino, to lean, and metron, measure.] An instrument for measuring the dip of rock strata. clinometric, clinometrical, klI«no«met'rik, kli«no»metrik«al, a. Of or pertaining to a clino-

A

—

—

A

—

A

—

meter; ascertained or determined by a clinometer; pertaining to crystals

which have oblique angles between the axes. Clio, kli'6,

n.

The muse who was

supposed to preside over history; the name of an asteroid; a genus of pteropodous mollusks.

—

clip, klip, v.t. clipped, dipt; clipping. [Icel. klippa, to clip, to cut the hair; Dan. klippe, Sw. klippa, to clip or shear.] To cut off or sever with shears or scissors; to trim or make shorter (the hair) with scissors to diminish (coin) by paring the edge; to curtail; to cut short (words); to pronounce shortly and indistinctly. n. The quantity of wool shorn at a single shearing of sheep; a season's shearing; a clasp or spring holder for clipper, klip er, letters or papers. full-rigged ship of a type develn. ;

—

[Gr. kline, a bed, anthos, a flower.] Bot. a term for the receptacle of a composite plant. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

clincher, klinsh'er, n. cling, kling, v.i. clung, clinging. [A. Sax. clingan, to adhere, to dry up or wither; Dan. klynge, to grow in clusters; klynge, a heap, a cluster.] To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast, especially by winding round or

A

n.

A

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

;

clog

clinch, klinsh, v.t. [A variant of clench.] To secure a driven nail, bolt, etc. by flattening the protruding point; to fasten in this way; to settle a matter conclusively. v.i. Boxing, to grasp firmly. n. The act of clinching; a grasp; a grapple.

—

—

note, not,

move;

oped

America about 1840, charby a sharp bow, graceful tall masts and a large sail area. in

acterized lines,

clique, klek,

n.

probably

[Fr. clique,

mere variant of claque, with a somewhat different sense, claque.]

a

A

party; a set; a coterie: used generally in a bad sense. cliquish, klek'ish, a. Relating to a clique or party;

—

disposed to form cliques; having a petty party spirit. cliquishness, klek'ish«nes, n. The state or quality of being cliquish. cloaca, klo»a'ka, n. [L., a common sewer.] An underground conduit for drainage; a common sewer; the excrementory cavity in birds, reptiles,

—

many

fishes, and lower mammalia, formed by the extremity of the intestinal canal and the outlet of the uri-

nary organs.

—cloacal,

klo«a'kal,

a.

Pertaining to a cloaca. cloak, klok, n. [O. and Prov.Fr. cjoque, L.L. cloca, clocca, a bell, a kind of horseman's cape of a bell-shape; same word as clock.] A loose outer garment worn over other clothes; fig. that which conceals; a disguise or pretext; an excuse. v.t. To cover with a cloak; to hide; to conceal. clock, klok, n. [Originally a bell. A. Sax. clucga, Icel. klukka, Dan. klokke, Sw. klocka, D. klok, G. glocke, a bell or clock; Ir. and Gael. clog, a bell or clock. Cloak is the machine for measursame word.]

A

ing time, indicating the hours, minutes, and often seconds by means of hands moving over a dial plate, and generally marking the hours by the strokes of a hammer on a bell, the motion being kept up by weights or springs, and regulated by a pendulum or a balance wheel. .'. O'clock, in such phrases as, ' it is one o'clock \ is contracted from of the clock. clockwork, n. The machinery of a clock; a complex mechanism of wheels producing regularity of move-

—

ment. clock, klok, n. [Possibly originally applied to a bell-shaped ornament or flower.] A figure or figured work embroidered on the side of a stocking.

clod, klod, n. [A slightly modified form of clot; comp. Dan. klode, a globe or ball, klods, a block or lump.] A lump or mass in general^; a lump of earth, or earth and turf; a lump of clay; a dull, gross, stupid cloddish, klod ish. a. fellow; a dolt. Clownish ; boorish doltish uncout h cloddy, klod'i, a. Conungainly. sisting of clods; abounding with clods; earthy; gross in sentiments or clodhopper, klod'hop«er, thoughts. n. A clown; a dolt; a boor. head.] clodpoll, klod pel, n. [Poll A stupid fellow a dolt a blockhead. clog, klog, n. [Comp. Sc. clag, a clog, an impediment, clag, to clog, as with something viscous or sticky, from A. Sax. cUeg, clay, clay.] An encumbrance that hinders motion, or renders it difficult, as a piece of wood fastened to an animal's leg; hindrance; encumbrance; impediment; a sort of shoe with a wooden sole; a wooden shoe; a sabot; a patten.

—

;

;

—

—

;

;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

— ———— To

clogged, clogging. impede a weight, or by something that sticks or adheres; to encumber, restrain, or hamper; to choke up (a tube, etc.); to obstruct so as to hinder passage through; to throw obstacles in the way of; to hinder; to burden; to trammel. v.i. v.t.

the

To become

in strict confinement; in contact, or very near in space or closely, klos'li, adv. In a close time. manner. closeness, klos'nes, n. closed circuit, a. Pertaining to television broadcasting that is limited to a specified group of interconnected closed shop, n. receivers. business in which an employer hires only members of labor unions. closefisted, klos'fis'ted, a. Stingy. close up, n. picture taken at close range;

—

—

A

an intimate view. closet, kloz'et, n. [O.Fr. closet, dim. close, «.] of clos, an enclosure, small room or apartment for retirement; any room for privacy; a small side room or recess for storing utensils, furniture, provisions, etc. v.t. To put in or admit into a closet, as for concealment or for private consultation: usually in pp. closeted. closure, n. See close, v.t. clot, klot, n. [Older form of clod, and formerly used in same sense; A. Sax. clot, a mass; D. kloot, a ball or globe; Sw. klot, a sphere; klots, a block; G. kloss, a clod, a lump, klotz, a block; akin cloud.] A coagulated mass of soft or fluid matter, as of blood, cream, etc. v.i. clotted, clotting. To coagulate, as soft or fluid matter, into a thick, inspissated mass. v.t. To cause to coagulate; to make or form into clots. clotty, klot'i, a. Full of clots; resembling a clot; coagulated. cloth, kloth, n. [A. Sax. cldth = D. deed,

(Shak.) cloke, klok, n. and v. Same as cloak. clonic, klon'ik, a. [From Gr. klonos, a shaking.] Pathol, convulsive, with alternate relaxation. Clonic spasm, a spasm in which the muscles or muscular fibers rapidly contract and relax alternately, as in epilepsy: used in contradistinction to tonic spasm. close, kloz, v.t. closed, closing. [Fr. clos, pp. of clore, to shut up; from L. claudo, clausum, to shut; seen also

A

—

in conclude, exclude, include, seclude,

To

bring together the parts of; to shut (a door, window, book, eyes, hands); make fast; to end, finish, conclude, complete ; to fill or stop up; to consolidate: often followed by up; to encompass or enclose; to shut in. v.i. To come

—

—

together; to unite; to coalesce; to end, terminate, or come to a period; to engage in close encounter; to grapple; to accede or consent to (to close with terms); to come to an agreement (to close with a person). n. Conclusion; termination; end; pause; cessation; a grapple, as in wrestling. closer, klo'zer, n. One who or that which closes. closure, klo'zher, n. The act of closing; an end or conclusion ; the act of bringing a parliamentary debate to an end, by special vote or otherwise. cloture, klo'cher, n. The act of bringing a parliamentary debate to an end. close, klos, a. [Fr. clos, L. clausus, shut, close, v.t.] Shut fast; made fast so as to leave no opening; strictly confined; strictly watched (a close prisoner); retired; secluded; hidden; private; secret; having the habit or disposition to keep secrets; secretive; reticent; confined within

—

Icel.

klcethi,

Dan. and Sw.

klcede,

A

fabric of wool or G. kleid, cloth.] hair, or of cotton, flax, hemp, etc.,

—

or of mineral filaments, formed by weaving ; frequently, a fabric of wool in contradistinction to that made of other material; a piece of linen for covering a table at meals ; a tablecloth a professional dress, specifically that of a clergyman; hence, with the definite article or other defining word, the office of a clergyman; the members of the clerical profession. clothed or clad; clothe, kloTH, v.t.

—

—

clothing. dress; to

To

garments on; to furnish or supply with put

fig. to cover or spread over with anything; to invest; clothes, kloTHz, to put on or over.

clothes or raiment;

—

[A plural of cloth, though it cannot now be said to have a singular.] Garments for the human body; dress vestments vesture the coverclothesing of a bed; bedclothes.

n. pi.

narrow limits; narrow; without motion

or ventilation; difficult to breathe; oppressive: of the air or _weather; in direct contact or nearly g, go;

A

words);

;

;

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

;

TH,

then;

something

resembling

a

cloud, as a body of smoke or flying dust ; a dark area of color in a lighter material; that which obscures, darkens, sullies, threatens, or the like; a multitude; a collection; a mass. v.t. To overspread with a cloud or clouds: hence, to obscure; to darken; to render gloomy or sullen ; to darken in spots; to variegate with colors. v i. To grow cloudy ; to become

—

A

—

A

ch, Sc. loch;

[Originally a mass or in general; A. Sax. clud, a rock, a hillock, the root being that seen in clod; so in O.D. klot, colleca clod, and klote, a cloud.] tion of visible vapor or watery particles suspended in the atmosphere at some altitude, the principal forms being designated as the cirrus, the cumulus, and the stratus (see these n.

rounded mass

—

—

—

cloistral, klois'tral, a. Of cloistress,! klois'tres, n. nun; a woman who has vowed religious retirement.

ch, chain;

clothes.

cloud, kloud,

no opening;

pertaining to a cloister.

cloister, etc.]

A

little

firmly attached; intimate; trusty; confidential (close friends); firmly fixed on a given object (close attention); keen and steady; not deviating from a model or original (a close translation) ; niggardly ; stingy penurious. n. [Fr. clos, an inclosed place.] An enclosed place; any place surrounded by a fence; specifically, the precinct of a cathedral or abbey; a narrow passage or entry leading off a street. adv. Tightly, so as to leave

cloisters.

or

A

dense;

cloister, klois'ter, n. [O.Fr. cloistre, Fr. cloitre; from L. claustrum, a bolt, enclosed place, from claudo, clausum, close.] An arched way or to shut, covered walk running round the walls of certain portions of monastic and collegiate buildings; a place of religious retirement; a monastery; a convent; any arcade or colonnade round an open court; a piazza. v.t. To confine in a cloister or convent; to shut up in retirement from the world; to furnish with a cloister or

—

horse, n. frame to hang clothes clothier, kloTH'i-er, n. seller on. clothing, of cloth or of clothes. kloTH'ing, n. Garments in general;

difference, as between antagonists or rival parties; almost evenly balanced (close contest) ; having the parts near each other; compact;

—

— ——

clove

with

loaded or encumbered extraneous matter. cloggy, klog'i, a. Clogging or having power clog to clog; adhesive; viscous. dance, n. A dance in which the feet, shod with clogs, are made to perform a noisy accompaniment to the music.

——

155 so;

movements of by

with

——

;;

adjoining; with little or no intervening distance in place or time

cloister

— —

— ——

—

——

cloudberry, kloud'beTi, n. A plant of the bramble family, with large and white flowers and orange-red berries of an agreeable cloudy, kloud'i, a. Overcast taste. with clouds; obscured with clouds, as the sky; consisting of a cloud or clouds; obscure; dark; not easily understood; having the appearance of gloom; indicating gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill-nature; not open or cheerful; marked with spots or areas of dark or various hues. cloudily, kloud 'Mi, adv. In a cloudy manner; with clouds; darkly; obscurely. cloudiness, kloud'i«nes, n. The state of being cloudy. cloudless, kloud'les, a. Being without a cloud; unclouded; clear; bright. cloudlet, kloud'let, n. A small cloud. cloudburst, n. A tremendous downpour of rain over a limited area. clout, klout, n. [A. Sax. clut, a clout, a patch; Dan. klud, Sw. klut, a clout; also W. clwt, Ir. and Gael, clud, a clout.] A patch or rag; a piece of cloth or the like used to mend something; any piece of cloth, especially a worthless piece; archery, the mark fixed in the center of a target a hard blow, struck usually with the fist; in baseball, a long hard-hit ball; a dull or stupid person. clout, clout nail, klout, klout' nil, n. [Fr. clouct, a dim. of clou, a nail.] A short, large-headed nail worn in the soles of shoes; also, a nail for securing small patches of iron, as on axle trees, etc. v.t. To stud or fasten with nails. clove, klov, pret. of cleave. clove, klov, n. [Sp. elavo, a clove, a nail, from L. claws, a nail, from

obscured with clouds.

—

;

resemblance to

a nail in shape.] dried flower bud of an evergreen tree of the myrtle tribe, a native of the Molucca Islands, such buds forming a very pungent aromatic spice; the tree yielding cloves. clove, klov, n. [A. Sax. clufc, a bulb.] One of the small bulbs formed in the axils of the scales of a mother bulb, as in garlic a denomination of weight of cheese, etc., being about 8 lbs.

th, f/iin;

its

The

;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, arure.

—— —

—

— ——

cloven

—

the ox; bisulcate. n. [A. Sax. clcefre

D.

klaver, L.G. klever, Dan. Mover, Sw. klofver, perhaps from root of cleave, from its trifid leaves.] her-

A

baceous leguminous plant of numerbearing three-lobed ous species leaves and roundish heads or oblong spikes of small flowers, several species being widely cultivated for fodder. To be or to live in clover, to be in most enjoyable circumstances; to live luxuriously or in abundance.

clown,

kloun, n. [Icel. klunni, a clumsy, boorish fellow; Fris. klonne, a bumpkin; allied to Sw. klunn, a block.] An awkward country fellow; a peasant; a rustic; a man of coarse manners; a person without refinement; a boor; a lout; a churl; a jester, merryman, or buffoon, as in a theater, circus, or other place of entertain-

ment.

v.i.

To

act as a clown; to

—

clownish, kloun 'ish, play the clown. a. Of or pertaining to clowns or rude; coarse; awkward; rustics; ungainly; abounding in clowns. clownishly, kloun'ish«li, adv. In a clownishness, clownish manner. kloun'ish«nes, n. Boorishness; rus-

—

ticity.

cloy, kloi, v.t. [O.Fr. cloyer, to stop up, equivalent to clouer, doer, originally to fasten with a nail, O.Fr. do, Fr. clou, from L. clavus, a nail.] To gratify to excess so as to cause loathing; to surfeit, satiate, or glut. club, klub, n. [A Scandinavian word; Sw. klubba, Icel. klubba, klumba, Dan. klub, a club.] A stick or piece of wood, with one end thicker and heavier than the other, suitable for being wielded with the hand; a thick heavy stick used as a weapon; a cudgel; a staff with a crooked and heavy head for driving the ball in the game of golf, etc. ; a card of the suit

that

the

is

marked with so marked;

trefoils;

a select number of persons in the habit of meeting for the promotion of some common object, as social intercourse, literature, science, politics; a club house. v.i. clubbed, clubbing. To form a club or combination for a common purpose; to combine to raise a sum of money; often with for before the object; to combine generally. v.t. To beat with a club; to convert into a club; to use as a club by brandishing with the small end; to add together, each contributing a certain sum. clubbable, klub'a«bl, a. Having the qualities that make a man fit to be a member clubfoot, n. of a club; social. A short, distorted foot, generally of congenital origin. clubfooted, a. Having a clubfoot or clubfeet. club moss, n. mosslike plant; a lycopod. cluck, kluk, v.i. [A. Sax. cloccian — 'D. klokken, Dan. klukke, an imitative word like clack, click, etc.] To utter the call or cry of a brooding hen. sound uttered by a hen; a n. similar sound, or click, characteristic pi.

suit

—

—

—

A

—

—— — —

;;

156

cloven, klov'n, pp. of cleave. Divided; parted. cloven footed, a. Having the hoof divided into two parts, as clover, klo'ver,

—— —

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

coal

of the languages of South Africa, especially the Kaffir and Hottentot. clue, clew, klu, n. [A. Sax. cliwe, cliwen, a ball of thread D. kiuwen, a clue; akin to L. globus, glomus, a mass.] A ball of thread; the thread that forms a ball fig. anything that guides or directs one in an intricate case (there being sundry stories of persons being guided in intricate mazes or labyrinths by a clue of thread); naut. the lower corner of a square sail. clump, klump, n. [Same as D. klomp, Dan. Sw. and G. klump, a lump, a ;

clod;

from same root

club,

etc.]

as clumsy, shapeless mass; a lump; a cluster of trees or shrubs. clumpy, klump'i, a. Consisting of clumps; shapeless. clumsy, klum'zi, a. [From old clumsen, clomsen, to benumb or stupefy;

A

Sw. klummsen, benumbed,

allied to

klumsa, lockjaw, D. kleumen, to be benumbed; the root being same as in clump, etc.] Awkward; unIcel.

gainly; without readiness, dexterity, or grace ; ill-made ; badly constructed awkwardly done; unskillfully performed. clumsily, klum'zi«li, adv. In a clumsy manner. clumsiness, klum'zi«nes, n. The quality of being

—

—

clumsy. clung, klung, pret.

& pp. of cling. cluster, klus'ter, n. [A. Sax. cluster; same root as Sw. and Dan. klase, Icel. klasi, a cluster.] A number of things, as fruits, growing naturally together; a bunch; a number of individuals of any kind collected or gathered into a body ; an assemblage a group; a swarm; a crowd. v.i. To grow or be assembled in clusters v.t. To collect into a or groups. cluster or group; to produce in a Clustered column, cluster or clusters. arch, a column or pier which appears to consist of several columns or shafts clustered together. clutch, kluch, v.t. [O.E. clucche, cloche, from cloche, a claw, a softened form of older cloke, a claw, Sc. cluik, duke, a claw; allied to claw.] To seize, clasp, or grip with the hand;

A

clench. n. gripping or pinching with the fingers seizure; grasp; a paw, talon, or grasping merciless hand; hence such phrases as, to fall into a person's clutches; mach. a contrivance for connecting shafts with each other or with wheels, so that they may be disengaged at pleasure. clutch, klutch, n. [A form of cluck, cry of a brooding hen.] The eggs laid and hatched by a bird at one time. clutter, klut'ter, n. [A modification of clatter.] Confused noise; bustle; to

confusion; clutter; to

—

v.i.

to

tightly;

close

litter.

v.t.

To

put in a

crowd together in disorder.

To make

a

bustle

or

dis-

turbance.

clypeate, clypeiform, klip'e»at, klip'-

intestines to purge or cleanse them, or to relieve from costiveness; an injection.

coach, koch,

n. [Fr. coche, from Hung. kocsi (pron. ko-chi), from Kocs, in

A

Hungary.]

vehicle

drawn

by

horses and intended to carry passengers; more particularly a fourwheeled, closed vehicle of considerable size; a two-door automobile; a railroad passenger car; a private tutor, often one employed to prepare pupils for examination; an instructor in athletics, expecially an adviser and trainer for contests. v.t. To carry in a coach; to prepare for an examination by private instruction ; to train for an athletic contest; to direct the actions of a player {Baseball). coach dog, n. A dog of Dalmatian breed, generally white spotted with black, kept to accompany carriages. coachman, koch 'man, n. The person who drives a coach. coachmanship, koch 'man* ship, n. Skill in coaching. coact, ko«akt', v.i. [Prefix co, and act.] To act together. coactive, k6«aktiv, a. Acting in concurrence; also forcing or compelling; compulsory (in this sense from L. cogo, coactum, to compel). coadjutor, ko«ad«ju'ter, n. [L. coad-

—

—

—

—

—prefix

jutor

co,

ad,

and juvo,

to,

jutum, to help.] One who aids another; an assistant; a fellow helper; an associate; a fellow worker; a colleague; the assistant of a bishop or coadjutress, coadother prelate.

—

ko«ad«ju'tres, k6«ad«ju'triks, female assistant or fellow helper. n. coadunate, kd«ad'u«nit, a. [L. coadunatus prefix co, ad, to, unus, one.] United or joined together especially used in bot. and applied to leaves united at the base. coagulate, ko«ag'u«lat, v.t. coagulated, coagulating. [L. coagulo, coagulatum, from coagidum, rennet con, together, and ago, to bring, drive, etc.] To change from a fluid into a curdlike or inspissated solid mass; to v.i. To curdle, congeal, or clot. jutrix,

A

—

:

—

curdle

or

congeal.

—coagulability,

The capacity' of being coagulated. coagulable, ko«ag'u«la«bl, a. Capable of becoming cocoagulant, ko»ag'u»lant, agulated. n. That which produces coagulation. coagulation, ko«ag'u«la"shon, n. The act of coagulating or clotting the state of being coagulated; the subcoastance formed by coagulation. gulative, kd«ag'u«la«tiv, a. Causing coagulator, ko«ag u«coagulation. la«ter, n. That which causes coagucoagulum, ko«ag'u»lum, n. lation. A coagulated mass, as curd, etc; med. a blood clot. ko»ag'u«la«biri«ti, n.

—

—

—

;

—

—

—

coal,

kol,

n.

[A. Sax.

col^D.

and Sw.

kol.

kool,

G. kohle.] A piece of wood or other combustible substance burning or charred; char-

Dan.

kul. Icel.

coal; a cinder;

now, usually,

a solid

shield.]

black substance found in the earth,

Shaped hke a round buckler; shieldshaped; scutate.

largely employed as fuel, and formed from vast masses of vegetable matter

clyster, klis'ter, n. [Gr. klyster, from klyzo, to wash or cleanse.] A liquid substance injected into the lower

deposited through the luxurious growth of plants in former epochs of

e»i«form,

me, met, her;

a.

[L.

clypeus,

pine, pin;

a

note, not,

move;

the earth's history. tube, tub, bull;

v.t.

oil,

To

pound.

supply

—

——

—— ———— —

———

——

— ——

—

—

—

coalesce

157

cock

with coal, as a steam vessel or locomotive engine. v.i. To take in coals.

hold a glass or bottle. coaster brake, n. A brake on the rear wheel of a bicycle, etc. coastwards, kost'werdz, adv. Toward the coast. coastways, coastwise, kost'waz, kost'wiz, adv. By way of or along the

mender of boots and shoes a clumsy workman; a cooling beverage, com-

to

— To haul,

{take, etc.) over the coals, to call to a strict or severe account; to reprimand. To carry coals to Newcastle, to take things where there are already plenty; to perform unnecoalfish, n. cessary labor. species

—

—

of cod, growing to the length of 2 feet or more, found on the northern coasts of Europe, and so named from the color of its back. coal gas, n. A variety of carbureted hydrogen which produces the ordinary gaslight. Gas. coal heaver, n. One who is employed in carrying coal, and especially in discharging it from coalships. coal measures, n. pi. Geol. the upper division of the carboniferous system, consisting of alternate layers of sandstone with thinly laminated beds of clay, between which the coal seams occur. coal mine, n. A mine or pit in which coal is dug. coal tar, n. A thick, black, viscid,

a coat,

O.G. a

ko»a«les',

and

[L. alesco, to

— —prefix

v.t.

coalesco

co,

grow up, from alo, to nourish.] To unite by growth into one body; to grow together physically; to combine or be collected into one body or mass; to join or unite into one body, party, society, or the like. coalescence, ko«a«les'ens, n. The act of coalescing or uniting; the state of being united or combined. coalescent, ko«a«les'ent, a. Growing together; uniting. coalition, k6«a«li'shon, n. Union in a body or mass; voluntary union of individual persons, parties, or states for a common object or cause. coali-

—

tionist, ko«a«li'shon«ist, n. favors or joins a coalition.

coaming, kom'ing,

One who

[For combing,

n.

from comb.] Nam. a raised border or edge round the hatches to keep out water. coarse, kors, a. [The same word as course, a thing of course, or in course, being what is natural, ordinary, common.] Of ordinary or inferior quality; wanting in fineness of texture or structure, or in elegance of form; rude; rough; unrefined; gross; indelicate {coarse language). coarsely, kors'li, adv. In a coarse manner; rudely; uncivilly; without art or polish; grossly. coarsen,! kor'sn, v.t. To render coarse or wanting in refinement ; to make vulgar. coarseness, kors'nes, n. The state or quality of being coarse. coast, kost, n. [O.Fr. coste, Fr. cote, rib, hill, shore, coast, from L. costa, a rib, side.] The exterior line, limit, or border of a country (O.T.); the edge or margin of the land next to the sea; the seashore. The coast is clear, a phrase equivalent to danger is over; the enemies have gone. v.i. To sail near a coast; to sail by or near the shore, or in sight of land;

—

—

without —coaster,downkos'ter,

to slide

go;

kob'web, n. [O.E., also copweb, A. Sax. coppe, a spider, seen in attor-coppe, a spider.] The network spun by a spider to catch its prey; something to entangle the weak or unwary; something flimsy and worthless; old musty rubbish. cobwebby, kob'web«i, a. Covered

—

with cobwebs; bot. covered with a thick interwoven pubescence. coca, ko'ka, n. [Native name.] The dried leaf of a South American plant

which

;

tions.

kok'us, n. [Gr. kokkos, a berry.] In bacteria, a spheroidal type. coccyx, kok'siks, n. [Gr. kokkyx.) An

coccus,

assemblage of small bones attached to the lower extremity of the backbone; the rump. coccygeal, kok-sij'e-al, a. Of or belonging to the

[From O.E.

cokes,

coccyx.

Cochin

mon

v.t.

and

n.

A

large

round

—

[O.Fr. cobler, to join or knit together, from L. copularc, to couple.] To make or mend coarsely (shoes); to botch; to make or do clumsily or unhandily. v.i. To work as a cobcobbler, bler; to do work badly. kob'ler, n. One who cobbles; a ;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

n.

America, found on the cochineal fig cochineal fig, n. A treelike tree. cactaceous plant, a native of America,

—

cultivated for the sake of the cochineal insect. cochlea, kok'lc«a, n. [L., a snail or bony structure in snail's shell.] the internal ear, so called from resembling a snail shell. cochleate, cochleated, kok'lc«at, kok'le»at«ed, a. Having a form like the spiral of a snail shell; spiral. Also Cochleous, kok'lc«us. cock, kok, n. [A. Sax. coc, cocc; comp. O.Fr. coc, Fr. coq, a cock; probably like cuckoo, a word of onomatopoetic origin.] The male of birds, particularly of the gallinaceous, domestic or barn-door fowls: often used adjectively and occasionally to signify the male of certain animals other than birds (a cock lobster); a kind of faucet or turn valve, for permitting or arresting the flow of fluids through a pipe; a prominent portion of the lock of a firearm, the hammer; the act of cocking or setting up, or the

A

cobalt, ko'balt, n. [G. kobalt, kobolt, the same word as kobold, a goblin, the demon of the mines.] A silverwhite metallic element occurring with iron and nickel. Symbol, Co; at. no., 27; at. wt., 58.9332; a blue pigment. Cobalt-M), a radioactive isotope of cobalt used in medicine. cobble, kob'l. n. [From cob, a lump.] A roundish stone: a stone rounded by the attrition of water; a boulder; a cobstone. cobble, kob'l, v.t. cobbled, cobbling.

j,

chl'na,

A

on which the grains of

cob coal, straw. piece of coal.

a.

louse, cochineal, dim. of cochina, a dyestuff consisting of the sow.] dried bodies of a species of insect, a native of the warmer climates of

cob, kob, n. [Probably, in some of the meanings, from W. cob, a top, a tuft.] A roundish lump of anything; the corn grow in rows; a short-legged stout horse or pony; clay mixed with

China, koch'in

A

term applied to a large variety of the domestic fowl, which was imported from Cochin China. cochineal, koch'i»nel, n. [Fr. cochenille, from Sp. cochinilla, a wood-

axis.

receptacle

chewed by the inhabitants

is

of countries on the Pacific side of South America, giving great power of enduring fatigue the plant itself. cocaine, ko«kan' n. The active principle of coca, which has invigorating properties, and is also used as a local anesthetic in minor surgical opera-

a fool; to coax one being thus to make a cokes, or fool, of him.] To soothe, appease, or persuade by flattery and fondling; to wheedle; coaxer, kok'ser, n. One to cajole. who coaxes; a wheedler. coaxingly, kok'sing'li, adv. In a coaxing manner. coaxial, k6«ak'si«al, a. Having a com-

One that coasts; a ship that trades between coastal ports; a sled; a tray or mat g,

:

cially in India.

cobweb,

coats.

coax, koks,

using power.

ch, Sc. loch;

An

ice.

venomous nature, found in different countries of Asia and Africa, espe-

from

mantle, G. kutte, allied to cot.} upper in modern times generally

pounded

finely

coble, kob'l, n. [W. ceubal, a coble.] A flattish-bottomed boat, clinkerbuilt, with a square stern. cobra, cobra de capello, kob'ra, kob'ra de ka«pel'16, n. [Pg., snake of the hood.] The hooded or spectacle snake, a reptile of the most

cotte, a coarse

cowl:

—

n.

ch, chain;

cota, a coat,

applied to the outer garment worn by men on the upper part of the body; an external covering; a layer of one substance covering another; a coating. Coat of arms, a representation of the armorial insignia which used to be depicted on a coat worn by knights over their armor; an escutcheon or shield of arms. Coat of mail, armor worn on the upper part of the body, and consisting of a network of iron or steel rings, or of small plates, usually of tempered iron, laid over each other like the scales of a fish, and fastened to a strong linen or leather jacket. v.t. To cover with a coat; to spread over with a coating or layer of any coat card, n. A card substance. bearing a coated figure, as the king, queen, or knave now corrupted into Court-card. coating, kot'ing, n. Any substance spread over for cover or protection; a thin external layer, as of paint or varnish; cloth for

coalesced,

posed of wine, sugar, lemon, and

[O.Fr. cote, Fr. cotte,

n.

from L.L.

garment,

opaque liquid which condenses in the pipes when gas is distilled from

coalescing.

That branch

immigration laws. coat, kot,

—

coalesce,

n.

of the U. S. naval service detailed to ice patrol, lifesaving, and enforcement of customs, navigation and

—

coal.

Coast Guard,

coast.

A

;

th, thin;

w,

u>ig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

— ——— —— ————

— ——

— ;

——

cock

158

effect or form produced by such an act (a cock of the head, nose, etc.).

for a beetle.] A lamellicorn beetle, the larvae or caterpillars of which feed on the roots of corn, etc., and the insects in their winged state do much injury to trees. cocker, kok'er, v.t. [M.Dan, kokre, Norweg. kokla, to pet, pamper, fondle.] To fondle; to indulge; to treat with tenderness; to pamper. cocker, kok'er, n. dog of the spaniel kind, used for raising woodcocks (whence probably the name) and snipes from their haunts. cockle, kok'l, n. [A.Sax. coccel, tares; comp. Gael, cogal, Fr. coquiole, cockle.] plant that grows among corn, the corn cockle. cockle, kok'l, n. [Dim. from Fr. coque, a cockle, a shell, from L. concha, Gr. kongche, a mussel or

Cock of v.t.

the wood, the capercailzie. [Probably from the strutting of

the animal.] To set erect (the ears); to turn up with an air of pertness; to set or draw back the cock in order to fire (to cock a gun). v.i. To hold up the head; to look big, pert, or menacing. cockerel, kok'er«el, n. young cock. cock and bull, a. [From some old tale about a cock and a bull; comp. Fr. coq-d-Vdne (cock-and-ass), a cock-and-bull story.] term applied to idle or silly

A

A

having no foundation cockcrow, cockcrowing, n. The time at which cocks crow; early morning. cockeye, n. A squinting eye. cockeyed, a. Having a squinting eye. cockfight, fictions, stories

canards. (Colloq.)

A

cockfighting, n. fight between gamecocks; the practice of fighting

gamecocks. cockhorse, n. A child's rocking horse: now commonly used in the adverbial phrase, a-cock-horse, on horseback; in an elevated position; on the high horse. cockloft, n. [Lit. a loft for cocks to roost in.] small loft in the top of a house; a small garret immediately under the roof. cockpit, n. pit or area where gamecocks fight; a space in the fuselage of an airplane for seating pilots or passengers. cockscomb,

A

A

—

koks'kom, n. A cock's crest; an annual plant with feathery red or gold flowers. cock, kok, n. [Dan. kok, a heap, a pile; Icel. kokkr, a lump.] A small conical pile of hay, so shaped for shedding rain. v.t. To put into cocks or piles. cock, kok, n. [O.Fr. cogue, a kind of boat; Sp. coca, It. cocca, from L. concha, a kind of shell, a vessel.]

A

small boat. (Shak.) cock, kok, n. [It. cocca, Fr. coche, a notch.] The notch of an arrow or

crossbow. ko«kad', n. [Fr. cocarde, O.Fr. coquarde, from coq, a cock, from its resemblance to the comb of the cock.] ribbon or knot of ribbon worn in the hat; a rosette of leather worn on the hat by gentlemen's servants. White Cockade, white rosette, the emblem of the French and English Jacobites. cockaded, ko«ka'ded, a. Wearing a cockade. cockatoo, kok»a«to', n. [Malay kaka-

A

from

cockle.] A heart-shaped mollusk with wrinkled shells, common on the sandy shores of Europe and much used as food; a kind of stove, a stove

which the fuel chamber is surrounded by an open space. v.t. and i. cockled, cockling. [Perhaps from cockle, the shell, marked with

in

—

wrinkles.] To wrinkle or ridge; to give or assume a wrinkled or ridged surface (as a piece of paper). cockney, kok'ni, n. [Usually connected with the old term Cockaigne, land

abundance,

perhaps

from

L.

A

native or resident of London: used slightingly or by way of contempt. a. Related to or like cockneys. cockneydom, kok'ni'dum, n. The region or home of cockneys, a contemptuous or humor-

ous name for London and its cockneyfy, kok'ni«fi, v.t. suburbs. To make like a cockney. cock-

—

neyish, kok'ni»ish, a. Relating to cockneyism, kok'or like cockneys. ni«izm, n. The condition, qualities, manner, or dialect of the cockneys a peculiarity of the dialect of the

—

Londoners.

cockade,

tua,

A

coquo, to cook.]

its cry.]

A name common

to numerous beautiful birds of the parrot kind, chiefly inhabiting Australia and the Indian islands, having crests composed of a tuft of elegant feathers, which they can raise or depress at pleasure. cockatrice, kok'a«tris, n. [O.Fr. cocatrice, L.L. cocatrix, a crocodile, a cockatrice, a corrupted form of L. crocodilus, crocodile. In time the first syllable was thought cock.] fabulous monster said to be hatched by a serpent from a cock's egg, and represented as possessing characters belonging to both animals; a basilisk. cockchafer, kok'cha«fer, n. [Cock is probably for clock, Prov. E. and Sc.

=

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

n.

[Sp. cucar-

wood louse, a cockroach.] orthopterous insect, the socalled black beetle, very troublesome in houses, where they often multiply to a great extent, infesting kitchens acha, a

An

and pantries. cocksure, kok'shor, a. [Said to be derived from the cock of a musket,

much more

reliable

than

the match of the old matchlock.] Perfectly secure (Shak.)%; confidently certain. (Colloq.) cockswain, kok'swan or kok'sn, n. [Cock, a boat, and swain.] The person who steers a boat; a person on board a ship who has the care of a boat. Also coxswain. coco, ko'ko, n. [Pg. coco, from coco, a bugbear, a distorted mask, from the monkey-like face at the base of the nut.] The coconut palm. coconut, ko'ko«nut, n. The large, egg-shaped fruit of the coconut palm. coconut palm, n. A tall, slender

—

tropical tree. ko'ko, n. [Corruption of cacao.] Roasted and pulverized cacao seeds; a drink made from this

cocoa,

powder. cocoon, ko-kon',

me, met, her;

—

from L. concha, a silky tissue or envelope which the larvae of many insects spin as a covering for themselves while they are in the chrysalis state. cod, codfish, kod, kod'fish, n. [D. kodde, a club, from its large clubshaped head.] species of fish of coque,

a

shell,

The

shell-fish.]

A

great commercial importance, inhabiting northern seas; used as food either fresh, salted, or dried, and yielding cod-liver oil. codling, kod ling, n. young cod. cod-liver

—

A

oil, n. An important medical oil obtained from the liver of the com-

mon

cod. kod, n. [A.Sax. cod, codd, a small bag; Icel. koddi, a pillow; Sw. kudde, a cushion.] Any husk, envelope, or case containing the seeds of a plant; a pod. v.t. To enclose in a cod. codling, kod'ling, n. A term applied to several cultivated varieties of kitchen apple. codling moth, n. A small moth, the larva of which feeds on the apple. coda, ko'da, n. [It., from L. cauda, a tail.] Music, an adjunct to the close of a composition, for the purpose of enforcing the final character of the movement.

cod,

coddle, kod'l, [O.Fr.

make much

—

coddled, coddling. to cocker, pamper,

v.t.

cadeler,

of, cadel,

an animal cast

or born out of time, from L. cado, to fall.] To make effeminate by

pampering; to make much of; to treat tenderly like an invalid; to pamper; to cocker. n. An overindulged, pampered being.

code, kod, n. [Fr., from L. codex, the trunk of a tree, a tablet, a book.]

A

systematic collection or digest, of laws; any system or body of rules or laws relating to one subject; a system of signals or the like agreed upon; teleg. a set of words representing others for purposes of codify, kod'i'fi, v.t. To to a code or digest, as codification, kod'i»fi«ka"shin, laws. n. The act or process of codifying. codifier, kod'i«f!»er, n. One who codex, ko'deks, n. codifies. pi. codices, ko'di-sez. manuscript volume, as of a Greek or Latin classic, or of the Scriptures. codger, koj'er, n. [Probably a form of secrecy.

cockroach, kok'roch,

as being

—— — —— coefficient

A

of

——

;

n.

[Fr. cocon,

pine, pin;

note, not,

from

move;

reduce

—

A

cadger (which see).] A mean miserly man; a curious old fellow; an odd fish; a character; a familiar term of address. (Slang.) codical, kod'i*kal, a. Relating to a codex or to a code. codicil, kod i»sil, n. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex.] A writing by way of supplement to a will, containing anything which the add, or any testator wishes to revocation or explanation of what codicillary, kod»the will contains. i*su"la*ri, a. Of the nature of a codicil.

coed, ko'ed, student.]

n. [Short for coeducational female student in a

A

coeducational institution.—coeducako ed«u«ka'shon, n. Joint education of both sexes in the same coeducational, ko'ed*institution. u«ka"shon»al. a. coefficient, ko«ef'fish'ent, a. Cooption,

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

——

—

—

—

coelenterate erating, acting in

end.

n.

adv. By constraint or coercion. coessential, ko«es«sen'shal, a. Having

in action

with something else to produce the

same

effect;

number

a

alg.

their

relative

before impact.

essence.

n.

The

fact

coeval.

— coetaneously,

adv. Of or from or beginning. us»li,

ko«e«ta'ne«the same age

coeternal, ko«e«ter'nal, a. Equally eternal with another. coeternally,

—

ko«e«ter'nal«li, adv. With coeternity coeternity, ko«or equal eternity.

—

Existence from eternity equal with another eternal being; equal eternity. coeval, ko«e'val, a. [L. cocevus con, and cevum, age.] Of the same age; having lived for an equal period; existing at the same time, or of equal antiquity in general {coeval with a person). n. One who is coeval; one who lives at the same e«ter'ni«ti, n.

—

se«len'ter«at, n. [Gr. hollow, enteron, an intestine.] of a group of aquatic inver-

time.

A

koilos,

coexecutor,

Any

coexecutrix, ko«ek«joint executor. sek'u«triks, n. joint executrix. coexist, ko«eg»zist', v.i. exist at the same time with another (to coexistence, ko«eg-coexist with). zis'tens, n. Existence at the same

—

—

phylum

time

consisting of the Hydrozoa, the Scyphozoa, and the Anthozoa. coelenteron, se«len'ter»on, n. The digestive body cavity of coelenterates. coeliac, celiac, se'li«ak, a. [Gr. koiliakos, from koilia, the belly, koilos, hollow.] Pertaining to the cavity of the abdomen. coelodont, se'lo«dont, a. [Gr. koilos, hollow, odous, odontos, a tooth.] Having hollow teeth said of certain coelom, se'lizard-like reptiles. lom, n. [Gr. koilbma, a cavity.] In animals, a secondary body cavity; the body cavity of metazoans. coenesthesis, se«nes»the'sis, n. [Gr. koinos, common, and aisthesis, perception.] The general sensibility of the system, as distinguished from the special sensations (sight, smell,

—

a. [L. cogens, cogentis, forcing, compelling, from cogo con, together, and ago, to lead or drive.] Compelling in a physical sensef; resistlessf; convincing; having the power to compel conviction; powerful; not easily resisted; forcible; irresistible: of arguments, proofs

with another;

as to exhibit

coextension. coffee, kof i, n. [Fr. cafe, from Turk. qahveh, coffee.] The berries or the ground seeds of a tree, a native of Arabia and tropical Africa, but now throughout cultivated extensively tropical countries, each berry containing two seeds, commonly called

beans; a drink made from the roasted and ground seeds of the coffee tree, by infusion or decoction. coffee bean, n. A coffee seed. coffeehouse n. A house of entertainment where guests are supplied with coffee and other refreshments. coffeepot, n. A covered pot in which the decoction or infusion of coffee is made, or in which it is coffee

bite.

—

—

who is equal to another. coequality, ko«e«kwori'ti, n. The state of being

—

—

coequal. coequally, ko»e'kwal«li, adv. With joint equality. coerce, ko«ers', v.t. [L. coerceo prefix co, and arcere, to shut up, con-

—

brought upon the table for drinking.

—coffeeroom

A

public room in an inn or hotel where guests are n. supplied with refreshments.

by

force, particularly by moral force, as by law or authority; to repress; to compel to compliance; to constrain. coercible, ko«er'si«bl, a. Capable of being coerced. coercion, kd*er'shon, n. The act of coercing; restraint; compulsion; constraint. coercive, ko«er'siv, a. Capable of coercing; restrictive; able to force

n.

—

—

The tree which tree, n. produces coffee. coffer, kof'er, n. [Fr. coffre, O.Fr. cofre, cofin, a coffer, from L. cophinus, Gr. kophinos, a basket. Coffin is chest, trunk, or the same word.] casket for holding jewels, money, or other valuables; a sunk panel or compartment in a ceiling of an ornamental character; a kind of coffee

—

A

into compliance. n. That which coerces; that which constrains or restrains. coercively, ko«er'siv«li,

—

j,

;ob;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

—

—

cogently, ko jent«li, reasoning, etc. adv. In a cogent manner; powerfully;

—

So

—

cogent, ko'jent,

—

coequal, ko-e'kwal, a. Equal With another person or thing ; of the same rank, dignity, or power. n. One

go;

or palm: now hardly used except in regard to dice, to cog a die being to load it so as to direct its fall, for the purpose of cheating. v.i. To cheat; to wheedle; to he. n. A trick or deception. cog, kog, n. [Sw. kugg, kugge, a cog.] The tooth of a wheel, by which it drives another wheel or body, or any similar mechanical contrivance. cogwheel, n. A wheel with cogs or teeth. v.t. cogged, cogging. To furnish with cogs.

—coextension,

eks'ten'sivli, adv.

A

—

to extend k6«eks«tenshon, n. The fact or state of being equally extended with something coextensive, ko«eks«ten'siv, a. else. Equally extensive; haying equal scope or extent. coextensively, ko»-

duration

equally.

etc.).

g,

ko«eg«zis'-

—

coextend, ko«eks«tend', v.t. and i. To extend through the same space or

coenobite, se'no«bit. Same as Ceno-

ch, Sc. loch;

—coexistent,

contemporary

Existing at the same time

tent, a.

—

ch, chain;

another;

wooden enclosure

for bridges, piers, etc. coffin, kof'in, n. [O.Fr. cofin, a chest, L. cophinus, a basket, coffer.] The chest or box in which a dead human body is buried or deposited in a vault; a casing of paste for a pie (Shak.)%; the hollow part of a horse's hoof.—v.i. To put or enclose coffin bone, n. in a coffin. small spongy bone enclosed in the hoof of a horse. cog, kog, v.t. cogged, cogging. [W. coegio, coegiaw, to trick, from coeg, empty, vain.] To flatter; to wheedle; to draw from by flattery; to foist

with another.

:

restrain

with

existence.

—

To

n.

To

anemones, jellycorals, sea fishes, etc. Coelenterata, se«len'ter«a"ta, n. pi. The coelenterate an-

fine.]

— A

body

but no head or segmentation, includ-

imals; the

ko«ek«sek'u«ter,

A

n.

To

v.t.

coffer.

formed in a river, etc., by driving two or more rows of piles close together, with clay packed in between the rows to exclude the water, and so obtain a firm and dry foundation

—

coelenterate,

ing

cofferdam,

of

having the same essence. coetaneous,f ko»e«ta'ne«us, a. [L. cocetaneus prefix co, and cetas, age.] Of the same age with another; beginning to exist at the same time;

velocity ^

tebrates having a hollow saclike

caisson or floating dock. deposit or lay up in a

—coessentiality,

k6»es«sen'shi«al"i«ti,

—

to

same

the

or

known quantity put before letters or quantities, known or unknown, into which it is supposed to be multiplied. Coefficient of expansion, in heat, for a given material a small fraction denoting the portion of its size by which it increases when heated through one degree of temperature. Coefficient of friction, the constant ratio of the retarding force of friction between two surfaces to the mutual pressure between them. Coefficient of performance (marine engineering), coefficient involving the efficiency of the engine and the efficiency of the screw, required in obtaining the speed of a ship in terms of engine power. Coefficient of restitution, the radio of the relative velocity of two bodies after impact

cognate

159

union to the same

That which unites

— —— —

—

—

forcibly.

—cogency,

ko'jens«si, n.

The

quality of being cogent; power of moving the will or reason; power of compelling conviction; force; conclusiveness. cogitate, koj'i«tat, v.i. cogitated, cogitating. [L. cogito, cogitatum co for con, together, and agito, to shake, to agitate, agitate.] To think; to meditate to ponder. cogitation, koj«i«ta'shon, n. The act of cogitating or thinking; thought; meditation; contemplation. cogitative, koj'i*ta«tiv, a. Thinking; having the power of cogitating; meditative; given to thought.—cogitatively, koj i»ta«tiv«li, adv. In a cogitative or thinking manner. cogitable, koj'i»ta«bl, a.

—

—

—

;

—

—

Capable of being thought; capable of being conceived. n. Anything capable of being the subject of thought. cognac, k6«nyak', n. [Fr.] A kind of French brandy, so called from the town of the same name, where large quantities are made. cognate, kog'nat, a. [L. cognatus prefix co for COM, with, and gnatus, old form of natus, born.] Allied by blood; kindred by birth; law, connected by the mother's side; related in origin generally; proceeding from

th, thin;

—

the

same stock or

family

(words,

w, ing;

root; of the same roots, languages);

hw, whig;

zh, azure

—

—— ——— —

—

—— — — ——

————

cognition

160

having

state of cohering; a cleaving together

any kind {cognate sounds). n. One connected with another by ties of kindred law, a relation connected by

of bodies by means of attraction; suitable connection or dependence; due agreement as of ideas; consistcoherent, ko»he'rent, a. Coency. hering or sticking together; united; having a due agreement of parts;

affinity

;

the mother's side; anything related to another by origin or nature. cognation, kog*na'shon, n. [L. cogRelationship descent natio.] by from the same original; affinity; resemblance in nature or character. cognition, kog«ni'shon, n. [L. cog-

and

—co

for con, nosco, anciently gnosco, to know.]

nitio; cognosco, cognitus

Knowledge from personal view or experience; perception; a thing known. cognitive, kog'ni-tiv, a. Knowing or apprehending by the understanding. cognizable, kog'«Capable of niz«a»bl or kon', a. falling under notice or observation; capable of being known, perceived, or apprehended; capable of falling under judicial notice. cognizably, kog'niz«a«bli or kon', adv. In a cognizable manner. cognizance, kog'ni'zans or kon', n. [O.Fr. cog-

—

noissance,

Knowledge

cormoissance.]

or notice; perception; observation; law, judicial or authoritative notice or knowledge, also right to try and determine causes; a crest; a badge; a badge worn by a retainer, soldier, etc., to indicate the person or party cognizant, to which he belongs. kog'ni«zant or kon', a. Acquainted

having obtained knowledge competent to take legal or

with;

of; judicial v.t.

—cognized; —cognize,Tokog»niz', recognotice.

cognizing.

nize as an object of thought; to perceive; to become conscious of; to know.

cognomen, kog«no'men,

n. [L. cogco for con, and nomen, formerly gnomen, a name.] Strictly the

nomen

—prefix

last of the three names by which a Roman of good family was known, indicating the family to which he belonged; hence a surname or distinguishing name in general. cognoscible, kog«nos'i«bl, a. [From

L. cognosce cognition.] Capable of being known; subject to judicial investigation.

—cognoscibility,

nos'i»bil"i»ti, n.

The

kog«-

quality of being

cognoscible.

cohabit, ko«hab'it,

v.i.

[L. cokabito,

with, and habito, to dwell.] To dwell or live together as husband and wife; often applied to persons not legally married, and suggesting cohabitation, sexual intercourse. ko«hab'l'ta"shon, n. The state of living together as man and wife.

from

eo,

coheir, ko«ar', n. A joint heir; one who succeeds to a share of an inheritance divided among two or more. coheiress, ko'ar«es, n. A

—

joint heiress.

cohere, ko»her',

—

v.i. cohered, coherco for con, and [L. cohcero stick heero, to stick together.] or cleave together; to be united; to keep in close contact as parts of the same mass, or as two substances that attract each other; to hang well together; to agree or be consistent (as parts of a discourse or

ing.

—

To

an argument).

coherence, coheren-

cy, k6«he'rens,

ko«he'ren-si, n.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

The

hanging well together; consecutive; observing due agreement; consistent (a coherent argument or discourse, a coherent speaker). coherently, ko— he'rent'li, adv. In a coherent manner. coherer, ko«her'er, n. In wireless telegraphy, the essential part of the receiving instrument. cohesion, k6«he'zhon, n. [Fr. cohesion.] The act or state of cohering, uniting, or sticking together; logical connection; physics, the state in which, or the force by which, the particles of bodies of the same nature are kept in contact so as to form a continuous mass. cohesion, ko«he'zhun, n. [L. cohcero, cohesum, I stick to.] In flowers, the union of like cohesive, ko«he'parts, e.g. petals. cohessiv, a. Causing cohesion. ively, ko«he'siv«li, adv. In a cohesive manner; with cohesion. cohesiveness, ko«he'siv«nes, n. The quality of being cohesive; the tendency to unite by cohesion. cohort, ko'hort, n. [L. cohors, cohortis.] In Roman armies, the tenth part of" a legion, a body of about 500 or 600 men; a band or body of warriors in general. coif, koif, n. [Fr. coiffe, L.L. cofia, cufia, from M.H.G. kuffe, kupfe, a kind of cap.] close-fitting cap or headdress worn usually by nuns, a hood without a cape; a cap of mail. v.t. To cover with a coif. coiffure, kwa«fur, n. style of

—

—

—

—

A

A

arranging the hair. coign, % koin, n. A corner; a coin or quoin. (Shak.) coil, koil, v.t.

[O.Fr.

coillir,

cueillir,

colto collect, lect.] To gather (a rope, chain, etc.) into a series of rings above one another; to twist or wind spirally. v.i. To form rings or spirals; to ring or series of rings wind. n. or spirals into which a rope or other pliant body is wound. coin, koin, n. [Fr. coin, a wedge, the die with which money is stamped, a coin, a corner, from L. cuneus, piece of metal, as gold, a wedge.]

from L.

colligere,

A

A

copper, or some alloy, converted into money by impressing silver,

some stamp on it; such pieces collectively; metallic currency; money; v.t. stamp and also, a quoin. convert into money; to mint; to make, fabricate, or invent. coinage,

To

koi'nij, n.

The stamping

of money;

coin; money coined; the act of inventing, forming, or producing; invention; fabrication; what is fabcoiner, koiricated or produced. ner, n. One who coins; a maker of money; often a maker of base or counterfeit coin; an inventor or

maker, as of words. coincide, ko«in«sid', v.i. coincided, coinciding. [L.L. coincido, from L.

—

prefix co, with, and incido, to fall in in, and cado, to fall.] To occupy

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

;;

cold

of

in nature;

allied

— — —

—

note, not,

move;

the same place in space, or the same position in a scale or series; to happen at the same point of time; to be exactly contemporaneous; to correspond exactly; to concur; to agree (to coincide with a person in an opinion). coincidence,! ko«in'si«dens, n. The fact of coinciding; exact correspondence in position; a happening or agreeing in time;

—

contemporaneousness; agreement in circumstance, character, etc.; exact

correspondence generally, or a case of exact correspondence. coincicoincidental, ko«in'si«dent, k6«in«si»den'tal, a. Coinciding; hapdent,

pening at the same time ; concurrent exactly corresponding. coincidently, ko«in'si«dent'li, adv. In a coincident manner; with coincidence.

coinheritance,

ko«in«her'it«ans,

Joint inheritance. in«her'it«er, n. koir, n.

coir,

coinheritor,

A joint heir; A species

n.

ko—

a coheir.

yarn

of

manufactured from the husk of cocoanuts, and formed into cordage, sailcloth, matting, etc. coition, ko«i'shon, n. [L. coitio

and

A

itum, to go.] together; copulation. eo,

—

con,

coming

[Perhaps from cook n. or cake; comp. caking coal.] Coal deprived of its bitumen, sulfur, or other extraneous or volatile matter

coke, kok,

by

v.t.

fire.

—coked,

coking.

into

col, kol, n. [Fr., neck.]

To

deprive

coke; to volatile matter, as coal.

convert

An

of

elevated

mountain pass between two higher summits; the most elevated part of a mountain pass. colander, kul'an«der or kol'an«der, n. [From L. colons, colantis, ppr. of colo, to strain, from colum, a colander.] A vessel with a bottom perforated with little holes for straining liquids; a strainer. colatitude, ko«lat'i«tud, n. [Abbrev. of complement and latitude.] The complement of the latitude, or what it wants of 90°.

colchicum, kolchi-kum,

n.

[L.,

a

plant with a poisonous root, from Colchis, the native country of Medea, the famous sorceress.] A genus of liliaceous plants, the most familiar species being the meadow saffron, a plant with a solid bulblike rootstock and purple, crocus-like flowers, found in various parts of Europe. colchicine, kol'chi«sin, n. An alkaloid obtained from colchicum bulbs, and used for the alleviation or cure of

gout and rheumatism. colcothar, kol'ko«thar,

n. [Probably of At. origin.] The brownish-red peroxide of iron, used for polishing glass and other substances. cold, kold, a. [A. Sax. cold, ceald, a,

and n.^Dan. kold, Icel. kaldr, Sw. kail, D. koud, Goth, kaldo, G. kalt from root of cool, chill, which also L. gelidus, gelid.] Not or hot; gelid; frigid; chilling; cooling; having the sensation of coolness; wanting warmth or animal heat; chill; wanting passion, zeal, or ardor; insensible; not animated or easily excited into action; not or friendly; cordial, affectionate,

appears in

warm

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

cole

In cold blood, excitement, emotion, or passion. To give, show, or turn the cold shoulder, to treat a person with studied coldness, neglect, or contempt. n. The relative absence or want of heat; the cause of the sensation of coolness; the sensation produced in animal bodies by the escape of heat; an indisposition occasioned by cold; a catarrh. coldly, kold'li, adv. In a cold manner; without warmth; without concern; without apparent passion, emotion, or feeling ; with indifference or negligence; dispassionately; calmcoldness, kold'nes, n. The state ly. or quality of being cold; frigidity; cold-blooded, a. Havindifference. ing cold blood; without sensibility or feeling; zool. a term applied to those animals the temperature of whose blood is a very little higher than that of their habitat. cold chisel, n. chisel for cutting metal cold cream, n. in its cold state. A kind of cooling unguent for the skin, variously prepared. cole, kol, n. [From L. colis, caulis, a cabbage-stalk, a cabbage.] The general name of all sorts of cabbage. coleslaw, kol'sla. salad made of sliced cabbage leaves. colemanite, kdl'manMt, n. A mineral.

to n.

spiritless.

without

lapse.

collar,

but

form

a

collate,

being

v.t.

—

collated,

—collator,

—

ed

latus,

a

side.]

At the

col-

side;

the

side;

acting

indirectly;

is

at

acting

through side channels; accompanying but subordinate; auxiliary; subsidiary; descending from the same ancestor, but not in a direct line, n. distinguished from lineal. as Pertaining to an obligation or security attached to another to secure its performance; hence, guaranteed by security as in a loan.

—

—

colleague,

kol'lcg, n. [L. collega, a col for con, and stem of lego, legation, to send on a mission.] partner or associate in the same

colleague

—

A

office, civil

employment, or commission,

or ecclesiastical.

kol'leg'Ship, n. j,

job;

ng, sing;

The

— colleagueship, state of

TH,

then;

being th,

kol»-

gathered

together (as picobjects of interest); that which is collected for a charitable, religious, or other purpose; the jurisdiction of a collector; a collectorship ; the act of deducing from premises, or that which is deduced collective, koMek'tiv, a. [L. (Mil.)$ collectivus, Formed Fr. collectif.] by collecting; gathered into a mass, sum, or body; aggregate, gram. expressing a number or multitude united, though in the singular number (a collective noun). Collective note, in diplomacy an official communication signed by the representatives of several governments. n. Gram, a noun with a singular form comprehending in its meaning several individuals, such as people, collectively, kol»infantry, crowd. lek'tiv'li, adv. In a collective manner; in a mass or body; in the aggregate; collectivism, koWlek'tivunitedly. izm, n. The socialistic doctrine that the land and means of production should belong to the people colcollectivist. lectively. colAlso lector, koMek'ter, n. One who or

tures

or

—

—

—

—

kol«la'ter, n.

belonging to the side or what

—collectible,

Capable of being colcollection, koMek'shon, n. a.

lected. The act or practice of collecting or of gathering; that which is collect-

—

—

from

collected.

lek'ti«bl,

collates. collateral, kol«lat'er«al, a. [L.L. collateral col for con, and L. lateralis,

An

g, go;

—

One who

—

ch, Sc. \och;

kol'lat',

light repast.

labore, to labor.] To work together, especially on scientific or literary efforts; to cooperate with the enemy. collaborator, kol«lab'oTa«ter, n. [Fr. collaborates L. col for con. together, and laboro, to labor.] assistant; an associate in labor,

ch, chain;

—

—

collaborate, koMab'o«rat, v.i. [L. collaborate, from com, together, and

—

—

place in order, as the sheets of a book for binding. collation, kol«la'shon, n. The act of collating; a comparison, especially the comparison of manuscripts or editions of books; the presentation of a clergyman to a benefice by a bishop who has the benefice in his own gift, or by neglect of the patron has acquired the patron's rights; the reading of passages in Scripture and in the Fathers, in Benedictine monasteries, followed by a discussion and

A

especially in literary or scientific pursuits. collaboration, koMab'o— ra'shon, n. collapse, koMaps', v.i. collapsed, collapsing. [L. collabor, collapsus col for con, and labor, lapsus, to slide or fall (whence lapse).] To fall in or together, as the two sides of a vessel; to close by falling together; hence,

A

bestow (a benefice) on (to collate a person to a church); to gather and

young

—

—

fero, latum, to carry.] To together and compare; to examine critically, noting points of agreement and disagreement (manuscripts and books); to confer or

—

colin, kol'in, n. [Ft.] The Virginian quail or American partridge.

A

bring

—

"

v.i. To run disconcerted state. together; to accumulate. n. (kol'lekt). short comprehensive prayer; a form of prayer adapted to a particollectanea, cular day or occasion. kol«lek«ta'ne«a, n. pi. [L., things collected.] selection of passages from various authors, usually made for the purpose of instruction; a collected, koMek'ted, miscellany. p. and a. Gathered together; not disconcerted; cool; firm; prepared; collectedly, kol«self-possessed. lek'ted«li, adv. In one view; together; in a cool, firm, or selfpossessed manner. collectedness, kol«lek'ted«nes, The state of n.

and

con,

and and

radicle of monocotyledonous plants. colic, kol'ik, n. colicus, Gr. [L. kolikos, from kolon, the colon.] painful spasmodic affection of the intestines. colicky, kol'ik«i, a.

—

lating. [L. confero, collatum, to bring together, compare, bestow col for

protection to the two posterior, are of a hard and horny or parchment-like coleopteran, nature. kol«e«op'ter'an, n. member of the order Coleoptera. coleopterous, kol«e«op'ter«us, a. Pertaining or belonging to the Coleoptera. coleorhiza, kole«OTi"za, n. [Gr. koleos, a sheath, and rhiza, a root.] Bot. the sheath which covers the

A

colleague in office or special work. colligo, collect, koMekt', v.t. [L. collect um col for con, and lego, to gather, which appears also in neglect, select, analect, etc., also coil, cull.] To gather into one body or place; to assemble or bring together; to gather; to infer or conclude (in this To collect one's sense now rare). self, to recover from surprise or a

collarbone, n. The clavicle; one of the two bones of the thorax in man and many quadrupeds joined at one end to the shoulder bone and at the other to the breastbone.

pi.

covering

Fr.

to escape or get free; to disentangle v.t. To one's self. seize by the collar; to put a collar on; to roll up and bind with cord (a piece of meat) for keeping for a time.

[Gr. koleos, a sheath, and pteron, a wing.] An order of insects commonly known by the name of beetles, and characterized by having four wings, of which the two anterior, called elytra, are not suited for flight,

collare,

something resembling a collar; anything in the form of a ring, especially at or near the end of something else. To slip the collar,

—

n.

[L.

or both, or it may be for restraint; the necklace or chain worn by knights, and having the badge of the order appended to it; part of the harness of an animal used for draft; an article of dress or part of a garment going round the neck

—

kol«e»op'ter«a,

n.

from L. collum, the neck.] Something worn round the neck, whether for use or ornament

A

Coleoptera,

kol'er,

collier, a collar,

—

—

A

collapsible, kol«lap'si«bl, a. Capable of collapsing or being made to col-

—

A

come

to nothing; to break down. falling in or together, as of the sides of a hollow vessel ; a more or less sudden failure of the vital powers; a sudden and complete failure of any kind; a breakdown.

not animated or animating; not able to excite feeling or unaffecting; interest;

college

161

collects; especially, one who collects objects of interest; an officer appointed to collect and receive customs, duties, taxes, etc., within a certain district. collectorship, kol«lek'ter«ship, n. The office or jurisdiction of a collector. college, kol'ej, n. [L. collegium, a society, guild, or fraternity, from collega, a colleague. COLLEAGUE.] society of men invested with certain powers and rights, performing certain duties, or engaged in some common pursuit, a guild, a corporation, especially a society or institution for purposes of instruction and scientific research in the higher

a

rhm;

—

A

branches of knowledge; the edifice belonging to a college. collegial,f

—

w, uig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

——

—

collenchyma kol«le'ji«al, a.

collegiate.

kol«le'ji«an, n.

A member

of a college, particularly of a literary institution so called; a student.

—collegiate,

kol«le'ji«at, a.

Pertaining to a college (collegiate studies) ; constituted after the manner Collegiate church, a of a college. church that has no cathedral, but does have a college of canons, or a dean, as Westminster Abbey; in the U. S., a church in an association of churches. collenchyma, kol«len'ki'ma, n. [Gr. kolla, glue, and enchyma, an infusion.] Bot. the cellular matter in which pollen is generated. collet, kol'et, n. [Ft. collet, a collar or necklace, from col. L. collum, the neck.] A band or collar; among jewelers, the horizontal face or plane at the bottom of brilliants, and the part of a ring containing the bezel in which the stone is set; bot. the neck or part of a plant from which spring the ascending and descending axes. collided, collidcollide, koMId', v.i. ing. [L. collido

—

—

and

col for con,

Icedo,

to strike.] To strike or dash against each other; to meet in shock; to meet in opposition or antagonism. collision, koMi'zhon, n. [L. collision The act of striking or dashing together; the meeting and mutual

—

of two or more moving bodies, or of a moving body with a stationary one; opposition; antagonism; interference. collie, kol'-i, n. [Origin doubtful.] variety of dog especially common in Scotland, and much esteemed as a sheep dog. collier, kol'yer, n. [From coal; comp. digger of coal; lawyer, sawyer.] one who works in a coal mine; a vessel employed in the coal trade. colliery, kol'yer»ri, n. The place where coal is dug; a coal mine or pit. colligated, colligate, kol'li«gat, v.t. striking

A

A

—

—

col for con, [L. colligo and ligo, to bind.] To bind or fasten together; to connect by observing a certain relationship or similarity colligating.

(to

colligate

—

—

162

Pertaining to a college;

—collegian,

—

phenomena).

—

colli-

koMi'ga'shon, n. The act of colligating; that process by which many isolated facts are brought together under one general concepgation,

tion or observation,

collimation, kol«li«ma'shon, n. [From a fancied L. verb collimare, really a false reading for collineare col,

—

together, and linea, a line.] The act of leveling or of directing the sight Line of collimation, to a fixed object. in an astronomical instrument, the straight line which passes through the center of the object glass, and intersects at right angles the fine wires which are fixed in the focus. Error of collimation, the deviation of the actual line of sight in a telescope from the focus and center of the object glass, or from the proper collimate, kol'li^mat, v.t. position. To adjust the line of collimation in.

—

—collimator,

A

kol«lim'a«ter, n. small telescope used for adjusting the line of collimation. collinear, koMin'e«er, a. [L. col for fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

color

con, and linea, a line.] Pertaining to or situated in a corresponding line.

collision. See collide. collocate, kol'lo«kat, v.t.

— —

collocated, [L. colloco col for con, together, and loco, to place, locus, a place.] To set or place; to set; to collocation, kol«lo«ka'shon, station. n. [L. collocatio.] The act of collocating, placing, disposing, or arranging along with something else; the manner in which a thing is placed with regard to something else ; disposition; arrangement. collodion, kol«16'di«on, n. [Gr. kolla, glue, and eidos resemblance.] collocating.

—

A

by

prepared

substance

dissolving guncotton in ether, or in a mixture of ether and alcohol, used as a substitute for adhesive plaster in the case of slight wounds, and as the basis of a photographic process. colloid, kol'loid, a Like glue or jelly; chem. applied to uncrystallizable liquids; geol. applied to partly amorphous minerals. n. The name given to a transparent, viscid, yellowish, structureless or slightly granular matter, resembling liquid gelatine.

loi'dal,

Of

a.

—

colloidal, kol— or pertaining to the

CRYSTALLOID.

nature of colloids. collogue, ko'log',

v.i.

To

gether. (Colloq.) collop, kol'op, n. [Perhaps

Sw. has

plot

a piece beating;

kollops, G. klopps, meat that been beaten; D. kloppen, G.

klopfen, to beat; E. to clap.]

or

to-

lit.

made tender by

of meat

A

slice

lump of flesh.

colloquy, kol'lo»kwi, n. [L. colloquium col, together, and loquor, to speak.] The mutual discourse of two

—

or more; a conference; a dialogue; colloquial, koMo'a conversation. kwi»al, a. Pertaining to conversation; peculiar to the language of common colloquialism, kol— conversation. word or phrase 16'kwi«al'izm, n. peculiar to the language of common colloquially, kol«16'conversation. kwi«al«li, adv. In a colloquial or conversational manner; in colloquial language. collotype, ko'lo«tIp, n. [Gr. kolla, glue.] Thin gelatinous plate etched by actinic rays and then printed from. collude, kol«lud', v.i. colluded, col-

—

—

A

—

—

—

together, [L. colludo col, luding. and ludo, to play, as in allude, delude.] To play into the hands of each other; to conspire in a fraud; to act in concert; to connive.

koMud'er,

colluder,

—collusion,

n.

One who

kol«lu'zhon, n. Secret agreement for a fraudulent Purpose. collusive, koMu'siv, a. colludes.

—

raudulently concerted between two collusively, kol»lu'siv«li, or more. adv. In a collusive manner; by collucollusiveness, kol«lu'siv«nes, sion. n. The quality of being collusive.

—

—

kol»lir'i«um, n. [L.] Eye salve; eyewash. colocynth, kol'o»sinth, n. [Gr. kolokind kynthis, a gourd or pumpkin.]

collyrium,

A

of cucumber, the fruit of the wild gourd, indigenous in the warmer parts of Asia, but now widely culti-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

note, not,

move;

vated on account of its medicinal properties, being a purgative. Cologne earth, ko«16n', n. A kind of ochre of a deep-brown color, used in watercolor painting. Cologne water, n. Eau de Cologne. colon, ko'lon, n. [Gr. kolon, the colon, a member or limb, a clause.] The largest portion of the human

—

middle section and terminating in the rectum; a punctuation mark formed thus [:], used to mark a pause greater than that of a semicolon, but less than that of a period. colonel, ker'nel, n. [Formerly also coronel, which is an old French form and has given the modern pronunintestine, forming the of the large intestine,

ciation; Fr.

colonel,

O.Fr. colormel,

from It. colonello, a colonel, a little column, dim. of colonna, L. columna, a column; the name was originally given to the leading company in a regiment.] The chief commander of a regiment of troops, in any branch of service. colonelcy, colo-

—

nelship,

The

ker'nel«ship,

ker'nel«si,

n.

rank, or commission of a

office,

colonel.

colonnade, kol»on»nad', n. [It colonfrom colonna, a column. nata, COLUMN.] Arch, any series or range of columns placed at certain intervals from each other, such intervals varying according to the rules of art and the order employed.

colony, kol'o«ni,

n. [L. colonia,

from

(hence cultivate, culture).] A body of people transplanted from their mother country to a remote province or country, and remaining subject to the jurisdiction of the parent state ; a body of settlers or their descendants; the country planted or colonized; a number of animals or plants living or growing colo, cultum, to till

together.

—

colonial,

ko«16'ni«al,

a.

n. A person Pertaining to a colony. belonging to a colony. colonist, kol'on«ist, n. An inhabitant of or settler in a colony; a member of a colonize, expedition. colonizing

—

—

—

colonized, colonizing. To plant or establish a colony in; to send a colony to; to migrate and

kol'on«iz, v.t.

v.i. To move and setde settle in. colonization, in a distant country. kol'on«iz«a"shon, n. The act of colonizing or state of being colonized, colonizationist. kol'on«iz«a"shon«ist, n. An advocate for colonization. colonizer, kol'on«Iz«er, n. One who colonizes; one who establishes colonies. colophon, kol'O'fon, n. [Gr. kohphon, device, a summit, top, finishing.] or printer's name, place of publication, and date, formerly put at the conclusion of a book; from the acme or finish of horsemanship displayed by the Ionians of Colo-

—

A

phon.

colophony, kol'o«fo«ni, n. [Gr. kolophdnia, from Colophon, a city of Ionia, whence the Greeks obtained it.]

Black resin or turpentine boiled

and dried, coloquintida, kol«o«kwin in water

ti«da,

The

n.

colocynth or bitter apple. color, kul er, n. [L. color, color.] tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

—

—

—

;

—

—

—

—

— —

;

colorate

163

combat

in respect of which bodies have different appearance to the eye independently of their form; any

los'sus«ez. [Gr. kolossos, a colossal statue.] statue of a gigantic size or of size much greater than the natural, such as the statue of Apollo which anciently stood at the entrance to the port of Rhodes. colossal, ko«los'sal, a. Like a colossus; much exceeding the size of nature ; very large ; huge ; gigantic. colostrum, ko«los'trum, n. [L.] The first milk secreted in the breasts after childbirth. colporteur, kol'por«ter, e long, n. [Fr. col, from L. collum, the neck, and porteur, a carrier, from L. porto, to carry.] hawker of wares; a

from front to rear; naut. a body of ships following each other; printing and writing, a division of a page; a perpendicular set of lines separated from another set by a line or blank columella, kol«u»mel'la, n. space. [L. columella, dim. of columen or columna, a column.] Bot. the central column in the capsule of mosses, from which the spores separate; the axis round which the parts of a fruit are arranged; conch, the upright pillar in the center of most of the columnar, ko»univalve shells.

That

A

a

hue distinguished from white which is used for coloring; a pigment; paint; the blood-red hue tint or

that

of the face; redness; complexion; false show; pretense; guise; pi. a flag, ensign, or standard borne in an army or fleet; a color used as a badge.

—Complementary

colors, colors

which

together make white; thus, any of the three primary colors is complementary to the other two. Primary colors, red, green, and violet (or blue); or in a looser sense the colors into which white light is divided by a glass prism. viz. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. v.t. To impart color to; to dye; to tinge; to paint; to stain; fig. to clothe with an appearance different from the real; to give a specious appearance to; to make plausible. v.i.To blush.— colorable, kul'er«a«bl, a. Specious; plausible; giving an appearance of right or justice (pretense, grounds); intended to deceive (a colorable imitation of a trademark). .'. Colorable, having such an appearance as would not lead to the suspicion of anything underhand; specious, having a fair outside show, and likely to mislead thereby; plausible, apparently reasonable or satisfactory, though not convincing;

put forward as having

kol'por'tij, n.

—

uting religious books,

—

—

otherwise

vision

colorate, kul'er«at, a. [L. coloratus.] [obs.] Colored; dyed or tinged with

some

color.

—coloration,

n.

[L.

tint.

when they form

go;

cleansing, and adjusting hair, wool, or flax; also, an instrument used by women for keeping the hair in its place when dressed; the crest, caruncle, or red fleshy tuft growing on a cock's head; the top or crest of a wave; honeycomb. v.t. To dress with a comb. v.i. To roll over, as the top of a wave, or to break with a white foam. comber, kom'er, n. One who combs; one whose occupation is to comb wool,

—

its

etc.

combat, kom

a solid central body, as in orchids; milit. a formation of troops, narrow in front, and deep j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

lethargic. [L., the hair.] Bot.

—

solid body of considerably greater length than thickness, standing upright, and generally serving as a

colossus, ko'los'sus, n. pi. colossi, ko'los'si, or rarely colossuses, ko«-

n.

nebulous hairlike envelope surroundcomate, ing the nucleus of a comet. ko'mat, a. [L. comatus.] Hairy; furnished with a coma. comb, kom, n. [A. Sax. camb, a comb, D. kam, Icel. kambr, a a crest comb, a crest; Dan. kam, a comb, a cam; G. kamm, a comb.] An instrument with teeth for separating,

A

support to something resting on

coma; drowsy;

the empty leaf or bract terminating the flowering stem of a plant, in a tuft or bush; also, the silky hairs at the end of some seeds; astron. the

columna, a

top; a pillar; anything resembling a column in shape (a column of water, air, or mercury); bot. the united stamens and styles of plants

g,

to

coma, ko'ma,

column, from root which appears in collis, a hill, culmen, a summit.]

;

ch, Sc. loch;

A

parts.

column, kol'um,

kul«er«a'shon, n. Coloring the state of being colored; the tints of an object. colorific, kul«er»if ik, a. Having the quality of tingeing; able to give color or tint to other bodies. colorimeter, kul«0'rim'et*er, n. An instrument for measuring the depth of color in a liquid by comparison with a standard liquid of the same

ch, chain;

burning in lamps, and for many other purposes. coma, ko'ma, n. [Gr. koma, lethargy.] state of more or less complete insensibility and loss of power of thought or motion; lethargy. comatose, k6'ma«tos, a. Pertaining

—

partial incapability of distinguishing colors, arising from some defect in

circles supposed to interat right angles in the

each other

A

kol«um«ba'ri«um, n. [L. columba, pigeon.] An ancient sepulchre with recesses for urns containing the ashes of the dead. Columbian, ko«lum'bi'an, a. [From Columbia, a name sometimes given to the United States, after Christopher Columbus.] Pertaining to the United States or to America. columbine, kol'um«bin, a. [L. columbinus, from, columba, a pigeon.] Like or pertaining to a pigeon or dove; of a dove color; resembling the neck of a dove in color. n. [L. columbina.} A plant of the buttercup family, so called from the curved petals being in shape somewhat like pigeons, the sepals forming the wings; [cap.] the name of the mistress of Harlequin in pantomimes. columbium, ko«lum'bi«um, n. [From Columbia, America.] A rare metal; niobium. columbite, ko«lum'bit, n. The ore of columbium. columella, kol«u«mel a, n. [L. dim. of columna, column.] A name for various plants having column-like

—

in a

poles of the world, one of them passing through the solstitial and the other through the equinoctial points of the ecliptic, the points where they intercept the ecliptic being called cardinal points. colza, kol'za, n. [Fr. colza, O.Fr. colzat, from D. koolzaad, lit. cabbage seed kool, cabbage, and zaad, seed.] variety of cabbage whose seeds afford an oil much employed for

columbarium,

—

eye, though be perfect.

sect

—

having an imperfect perception of colors. colorblindness, n. Total or

may

two great

—

colorist, kul'er»ist, n. One who colors; a painter whose works are remarkable for beauty of color. colorless, kul'er«les, a. Destitute of color. colorblind, a. Incapable of accurately distinguishing colors;

the

etc.,

A

a

of

shaft

—

colt, kolt, n. [A. Sax. colt, a young ass, a young camel; comp. Sw. kult, a young boar, a stout boy.] young horse, or a young animal of the horse genus; commonly and distinctively applied to the male, filly being the female ; a young camel or a young coltish, kol'tish, a. ass (O.T.)|. Like a colt; wanton; frisky; gay. coltsfoot, n. The popular name of a composite plant whose leaves were once much employed in medicine; Tussilago. colubrine, kol'u'brln, a. [L. colubrinus, from coluber, a serpent.] Relating to serpents; cunning; crafty.

—

—

tracts,

a.

ko'lum'ni«a"shon, n. Arch, the employment of columns in a design. colure, kol'ur, n. kolouros, [Gr. docktailed (with gramme, a line, and understood) kolos, stunted, oura, a tail, because a part is always beneath the horizon.] Either of the

of distrib-

by colporteurs.

—

show.

—

The system

Formed

columns; column. columned, kol'umd, a. Furnished with columns; supported on or adorned by columns. columniation,

hawker of books and pamphlets, a hawker of religious books and pamphlets. colportage,

particularly

character but not really having it. colorableness, kul'er«a»bl«nes, n. Speciousness. colorably, kul'er»a»bli, adv. In a colorable manner. colored, kul'erd, p. and a. Having a color; dyed, painted, or stained; having some other color than white or black; having a specious appearance; a term applied to the darker varieties of mankind; bot. applied to a leaf, calyx, seed, etc., to express any color except green. coloring, kul'er«ing, n. The act or art of applying colors; color applied; tints or hues collectively, as in a picture; a specious appearance; certain

—

lum'ner, like the

A

—

ostensible,

—

th, thin;

bat or kum'bat, — com, and battrc,

v.i.

[Fr. combattre beat, batter.]

or contend.

oppose by force to resist:

w,

u-ig;

to

To fight; to struggle v.t. To fight with; to

now

; to contend against chiefly fig. (he com-

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

—— —

—

————————— ———— ——— — —

combine

164

bated their scruples.) n. A fight; a struggle to resist, overthrow, or conquer; contest; engagement; battle. Single combat, a fight between two individuals; a duel. Syn. under BATTLE. combatable, kom«bat'a«bl, a. Capable of being comdisputed, bated, or opposed. combatant, kom'ba«tant, a. Contending; disposed to combat or contend. n. A person who combats;

komme, Sw. komma, G. kommen, Goth, kwiman: also from same root, L. venio, to come; Gr. baino, to go.]

— —

—

any person engaged a person who in argument

war; contends with another in active

controversy. or combative, kom«bat'iv, a. Disposed

to combat; showing such a discombatively, position ; pugnacious. kom«bat'iv«li, adv. In a combative manner; pugnaciously. combativeness, kom«bat'iv«nes, n. State of being combative; disposition to contend or fight. combine, kom«bin', v.t. combined, combining. [Fr. combiner, from the L.L. combino com, and L. binus, two and two, or double.] To unite or join; to link closely together. v.i. To unite, agree, or coalesce; to league together; to unite by affinity or chemical attraction. kom'bin, n. Group of persons or associations leagued together in a joint undertaking; a harvesting machine which cuts and threshes grain while traveling across a field. combinable, kom«bi'na«bl, a.

— —

—

—

—

combination, kom«bi«na'shon, n. act of combining; the act of

The

joining,

coming together, or uniting;

union of particulars; concurrence; meeting; union or association of persons or things for effecting some object by joint operation; commixture; union of bodies or qualities in a mass or compound; chemical union; math, the union of a number of individuals in different groups, each containing a certain number of the individuals. combinative,

—

kom«bi'na«tiv, bine; uniting. ner, n. One

Tending

a.

— combiner, who

or

com-

to

konvbi'-

that

which

combines.

combustible, kom«bus'ti«bl, a. [Fr. combustible, from L. comburo, combustum, to consume comb, for cum or con, and uro, to burn; same root as Gr. auein, to kindle; Skr. ush, to burn.] Capable of taking fire and burning; flammable; fig. fiery or n. subirascible; hot tempered. stance that will take fire and burn.

A

combustibleness, kom«bus'ti«bil"i«ti, kom«bus'ti«bl— nes, n. The state or quality of being kom«combustible. combustion, bus'chen, n. The operation of fire on flammable substances; burning; or, in chemical language, the union of a flammable substance with oxygen or some other supporter of combustion, attended with heat, and in most instances with light. Spontaneous combustion, the ignition of a body by the internal development of heat without the application of an external flame. come, kum, v.i. came (pret.), come combustibility,

—

—

(pP-)j

coming.

[A. Sax.

cwiman = D. komen,

Icel.

cuman or koma, Dan.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

To move

hitherward;

to

advance

formed

(knowledge comes): frequently with of (this comes of not taking heed). Come, in the imperative, is used to excite attention, or to invite to motion to

be

or joint action; or it expresses earnestness, or haste, impatience, remonstrance, etc. To come and go, to alternate ; to appear and disappear.

— To

come about, to happen; to

fall

(how did these things come about?). To come at, to reach; to out

—

within reach of; to gain. To come away, to leave ; to germinate to sprout. To come by, to pass near; arrive

obtain, gain, acquire. To come down, to descend; to be humbled To come home, to come or abased. to one's dwelling; to touch nearly; to touch the feelings, interest, or reason. To come in, to enter, as into an enclosure or a port; to become fashionable; to be brought into use. To come in for, to get a To come share of; to get; to obtain. to

to acquire by inheritance or To come near or nigh, to bequest. approach in place; to approach in quality; to arrive at nearly the same degree. To come off, to escape; to get free ; to emerge (to come off with honor); to happen; to take place. To come on, to advance ; to progress into,

To come out, to remove from within; to become public; to to thrive.

be introduced to general society said of a young lady; to appear after being obscured by clouds (the sun has come out); to result from calcula:

—

To come out of, to issue forth; to get clear of (he has come out of To come out that affair very well). with, to give publicity to; to let out To come over, to pass or disclose. above or across, or from one side To come round, to another. to recover; to revive; to regain one's To come former state of health. short, to fail; not to reach; to be To come to, to fall or inadequate. To be allotted to; to amount to. come to one's self, to get back one's To come consciousness; to recover. To come true, to pass, to happen. To come up, to to be verified. ascend; to rise; to spring; to shoot To come or rise above the earth. up to, to attain to; to equal; to amount to. To come up with, to overtake in following or pursuit. tion.

—

Come your hither.

me, met, her;

ways, come along; come To come, future; in future

pine, pin;

—

— ;;

comfort

nearer in any manner and from any distance ; to approach the person speaking or writing, or the person addressed; opposed to go; to arrive; to take place; to reach a certain stage or point of progress ; to arrive at: followed by an infinitive (I now come to consider the next subject); to get into a certain state or condition; especially followed by to be; to happen or fall out; to befall {come what will); to advance or move into view; to appear (color comes into the face); to accrue or result;

—

—

;

note, not,

move;

(time to come).

One and

—comer,

kum'er,

n.

that comes ; one who has arrived is present. All comers, any one

that may exclusion.

come; everybody, without p. and a. Drawing nearer or nigh approaching; moving toward; advancing; fu-

—coming, kum'ing, ;

ture; next in the future. n. [L. comcedia,

comedy, kom'cdi,

Gr. komodia, a comedy, from komos, a revel or feast,

A

and

ode, a song.]

dramatic composition of a light

and amusing

class,

characters

its

being represented as in the circumstances or meeting with the incident s of ordinary fife comedian, ko«me'di«an, n. An actor or player .

—

comedy; a player in general; a writer of comedy. comely, kum'li, a. [A.Sax. cymlic, in

comely, from cyme, suitable, from cuman, to corned Handsome; graceful; symmetrical; well proportioned; decent; suitable; proper; becoming. comeliness, kum limes, n. The quality of being comely. comestible, kernes 'ti-bl, n. [Fr. comestible, from L. comedo, comesum or comestum, to eat up com, and edo, to eat.] An eatable; an article

—

of solid food.

comet, kom'et,

n.

[L. cometa,

from

Gr. kometes, long-haired, a comet, from kome, hair from the appearance of its tail.] The name given to certain celestial bodies consisting of a starlike nucleus, surrounded by a luminous envelope, called the coma, and usually accompanied with a tail or train of light, appearing at irregular intervals, moving through the heavens in paths which seem to correspond with parabolic curves, ;

or in a few instances in elliptical orbits of great eccentricity. comet ic, cometary, ko-met'ik, kom et«a«ri, a. Pertaining to a comet. comfit, kum 'fit, n. [Fr. confit, pp. of confire, to preserve, to make into a sweetmeat, from L. conficere con, together, and facio, to make.] A dry sweetmeat; any kind of fruit or root preserved with sugar and dried

—

—

a bonbon; a lollipop. comfort, kum'fert, v.t. [O.E. confort, from O.Fr. conforter, to comfort, from L.L. confortare, to strengthen con, intens., and L. fortis, brave.] To raise from depression; to soothe

when

in grief or trouble; to bring solace or consolation to; to console; to cheer; to hearten; to solace; to enliven. n. Relief from affliction,

sorrow,

or

of any

trouble

kind;

solace; consolation; a state of quiet or moderate enjoyment, resulting

from the possession of what satisfies bodily wants and freedom from all care or anxiety; a feeling or state of well-being, satisfaction, or content that which furnishes moderate enjoyment or content. comfortable, kum'fert«a«bl, a. Being in comfort or in a state of ease or moderate enjoyment giving comfort affording

—

;

—

;

comforthelp, ease, or consolation. ableness, kum'fert«a«bl«nes, n. The comfortable. of being comfortably, kum fert«a«bli, adv. In a comfortable manner; in a manner state

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

——

—

— —

—

—

— ;;

comfrey

165

comment

to give comfort or consolation. comforter, kum'fert«er, n. One who comforts; a knit woolen fabric for tying round the neck in cold weather.

advantageous military position; the power of overlooking from elevated position ; a force under the command of a particular officer. commandant, kom'man«dant', n. [Fr.] A

state or character. v.t. To begin; to enter upon; to perform the first commencement, kom«act of. mens'ment, n. The act or fact of commencing ; beginning ; rise origin first existence; the day when, or the ceremonies at which, degrees are conferred.

—

comfortless, kum'fert«les, a. Without comfort; without affording or without being attended by any comfort.

man'der,

preme

Among and

[L.]

meetings

from Mildness and

kom'i«ti, n. [L. comitas,

command

com

compliments from approve; to praise. commendable, kom»men'da«bl, a. Capable or worthy of being comgreetings (Shak.).

—

of knights,

religious

orders, a a mem-

under the control of

or

kom»-

or praiseworthy manner.

or praised; praiseworthy; laudable. commendably, kom«men'da«bli, adv. In a commendable

—commanding, kom«-

mended

decalogue;

commeasure,f

To

coincide

sive with.

kom«mezh'ur,

is

commendatio.] The act of com; praise ; favorable representation in words ; declaration of esteem respects greeting message of love. n. [L.

au-

—

—commemoration,

fice in

—

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

commensurable, konvmen'shuTa— bl, a. [L. prefix com, and mensura, measure, measure.] Having a common measure; reducible to a common measure. commensurability, kom»men'shuTa«biri«ti, n. The state of being commensurable, or of having commensua common measure. rably, kom»men'shuTa«bli, adv. In a

—

— commensurable manner. —commensurate, konvmen'shu'rat,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

Redu-

corresponding in amount, degree, or magnitude; adequate. commensu-

—

—com-

rately,

konvmen

shu'rat'li, adv. In a manner; so as to be

commensurate commensurate correspondingly adecommensuration, kom«quately.

—

—

j,

a.

cible to a common measure; of equal size; having the same boundaries;

commemorator, kom»mem'or«at«er, n. One who commemorates.

order; power or control, as from holding an

[L.

One

same tabled; one of animals or plants that are always found together; an animal which fives on or in another without being parasitic. a. Having the character of a commensal. commensalism, kom'men'sal«izm, n. The state of being commensal.

—

commandment; mandate;

n.

two

;

menced, commencing. [Fr. commencer, from a (hypothetical) L.L. cominitiare L. prefix com, and initiare, initiate.] To begin; to to begin, take rise or origin; to have first existence; to begin to be, as in a new

kom«men'sal,

com, with, and mensa, table.] that eats at the

kom«mem'o«-

v.i.

commendam.

commensal,

ra"shon, n. The act of commemorating or calling to remembrance by some solemnity the act of honoring the memory of some person or event by solemn celebration. commemorative, kom«mem'or«at«iv, a. Tending to commemorate or preserve the remembrance of something.

commence, kom«mens',

kom«men'da«tori,

commend;

to

Commensurate;

—

Serving to

presenting favorable notice or reception; containing praise; holding a bene-

a.

commemorate,

—

;

;

commendatory,

v.t.

kom«mem'or«at. v.t. commemorated, commemorating. [L. commemoro com, and memoro, to memory.] To preserve mention. the memory of by a solemn act; to celebrate with honor and solemnity.

beneficed parson

mending

with; to be coextena.

care of a qualified a proper pastor

till

When a

provided.

An

com-

—

—commeasurable,f kom«-

mezh'ur«a«bl,

[L.L.]

was made a bishop, and was empowered to retain his benefice, he was said to hold it in commendam. commendation, kom«men«da'shon,

a

service among the Boers or other whites of South Africa; a military expedition undertaken by such a body of men.

to the

person to hold

— manner. —commandment, A command;

—commen-

n.

ecclesiastical benefice or living

kom«man'ding«li, adv. In a comn.

—

dam, konvmen'dam,

a.

commanding. commando, kom«man'do, n. [D. commando, lit. a command.] A body of armed men raised for military

and command.]

To

commandery.

a precept of the thority; power of

con,

or

v.i.

mended

equal.

authority, especially military authority, over; to have control over; to dominate through position, often specifically military position; to have within the range of the eye ; to overlook; to exact or compel by moral influence; to challenge (to command respect); to have at one's disposal and service (to command assistance). v.i. To act as or have the authority of a commander; to exercise influence or power. n. The power of governing with chief authority; supreme power; control ; exercise of authority;

ch, chain;

our attention); to mention with approbation; to mention by way of keeping in memory; to send itself to

mandate; an order or injunction given by authority; charge; precept;

mando, to commit To order with authority; to lay injunction upon; to direct; to charge; to have or to exercise supreme

a

orders

several certain

manding kom«mand'ment,

tone.

for to, to

or attention (this subject commends

ber of the order called a commander or preceptor; the office of such a member; the official building of a

ly,

mand', v.t. [Fr. commander, L. commendo, to entrust, later to enjoin, to

the the

Governing; bearing rule; exercising supreme authority; controlling by influence, authority, or dignity (commanding eloquence); dominating; overlooking a wide region without obstruction (a commanding eminence). commanding-

the ancient Romans. comitial, ko»mish'i«al, a. Pertaining to the comitia.

command, kom«mand'

—

man'ding,

among

minor

in

district

icality.

a

in

—

—

and

appointment

staff

different signification.] To commit, deliver, entrust, or give in charge (N.T.); to represent as worthy of confidence, notice, regard, or kindness; to recommend; with reflexive pronoun sometimes to call for notice

kom«mand'der«ship, n. The office of a commander. commandery, kom«man'der«i, n. [Fr. comrnanderie.)

—

a major

v.t. [L. commendo, to commit, to commend com, and mando, to commit to; the same word as command with a

—

In a comical manner; in a manner to raise mirth; laughably; ludicrously. comicalness, kom'ik«al»nes, n. The quality of being comical; com-

mild, affable.] suavity of manners; courtesy; civility; good breeding. Comity of nations (comitas gentium), that kind of courtesy by which the laws and institutions of one state or country are recognized and to some extent given effect to by the government of another within its territory. comma, kom'ma, n. [Gr. komma, a segment, from kopto, to cut off.] A punctuation mark [,] denoting the shortest pause in reading, and separating a sentence into divisions or members, according to the construction; mus. an enharmonic interval, being the difference between

commend, kom«mend',

British army. commandeer, kom«mand«er', v.t. [African-Dutch.] To impress or force men or stores for military purposes. commandership,

diverting; sportive; droll. comicality, kom«i«kal'i»ti, n. The quality of being comical; ludicrousness; that which is comical or ludicomically, kom'ik«al»li, adv. crous.

cotnis,

commander;

military

highest

able;

comity,

One who commands;

n.

one on whom is bestowed a commandery. Commander-in-chief, a su-

—

pi.

;

kom»-

a chief; one who has supreme authority; a leader; the chief officer of an army or of any division of it; a naval officer next in rank above lieutenant and under the captain;

supposed healing power.] A name given to several species of rough herbaceous European and Asiatic plants of the borage family. comic, kom'ik, a. [L. comicus, Gr. kdmikos. comedy.] Relating or belonging to comedy, as distinct from tragedy; also comical. n. A comic comical, kom'ik«al, actor or singer. a. Exciting mirth; ludicrous; laugh-

ko«mish'i»a, n. Legislative assemblies or

—commander,

commander.

comfrey, kum'fri, n. [Fr. conferve, L. conferva, from conferveo, to heal, to grow together, from prefix con, and ferveo, to boil, from the plant's

comitia,

—

—

;

;

men'shu'ra'shon, n. Proportion; a state of being commensurate. comment, kom-ment', r.i. [L. com-

th, thin;

w,

trig;

hw, whig;

zh, arure.

—

— —— ————

— —————

—

——— — — ——

commerce

166

mentor, from commentus, pp. of comminiscor, to reflect on com, with, together with, and stem min, seen in memini, to remember, and in E. mind.] To make remarks or observations, either on a book or writing, or on actions, events, or opinions; to write notes on the works of an author, with a view to illustrate his meaning, or to explain particular passages; to make annotations. n. (kom'ment). A remark or observation; a note intended to illustrate a difficult passage in an author; annotation; exposition; talk; discourse.

act of commiserating a sympathetic suffering of pain or sorrow for the afflictions or distresses of another; pity; compassion. commiserative,

commentary, kom'men«taTi, n. A series or collection of comments or annotations; a historical narrative; a memoir of particular transactions (the Commentaries of Caesar). commentator, kom'men«ta«ter, n. One who writes a commentary; one who writes annotations; an annotator.

commerce, kom'mers,

—

[Fr.

n.

com-

merce, L. commercium com, together with, and merx, mercis, merchandise.] An interchange of goods, merchandise, or property of any kind between countries or communities; mercantile pursuits; trade; traffic; mutual dealings in common life; intercourse. v.i. To carry on traded; to hold intercourse; to commune. commercial, kom«mer'shal, a. Pertaining to commerce or trade; dealing with or depending on commerce ; carrying

on commerce. Commercial announcement, an announcement made over the radio concerning the product of the advertiser who sponsors the

program.

—commercialism,

kom«-

mer'shal«izm, n. The doctrines, tenets, or practices of commerce or of commercial men.

commination, kom«mi»na'shon, [L. comminatio

— com, and

n.

minatio, a threatening, from minari, to threaten. threat or threatening; menace.] a denunciation of punishment or vengeance; an office in the liturgy of the Church of England, appointed to be read on Ash Wednesday or on comminatory, the first day of Lent.

A

kom«min'a«tOTi, a. Threatening; denouncing punishment. commingle, kom«ming'gl, v.t. or i. commingled, commingling. [Prefix

—

com, and mingle.]

To mix

together; to mingle in one mass or intimately; to blend.

comminute, kom'mi«nut,

v.t.

— com-

minuted, comminuting. [L. comminuo, comminutum, to make small com, with, and minuo, to lessen root min, as in minor, less.] To make small or ;

kom«miz'er«a«tiv, a. Compassionate. tiv«li,

kom»miz'er»a—

adv.

commissar,

kom'mis«sar,

n.

[Fr.

commissaire, L.L. commissarius, one to whom something is entrusted.] Communist party official in charge of teaching party doctrine ; formerly, the head of a government department Soviet in Russia.

A

commissary, kom'mis«aTi,

n.

[Fr.

commissaire, L.L. commissarius, one to whom any trust or duty is delegated; L. committo, commissum, to commit.] In a general sense, a

commissioner; one to whom is committed some charge, duty, or office

by a superior ; a representative ; a store that supplies provisions, as in a camp; Scots law, the judge in a commissary-court ; milit. a name given to officers or officials of various kinds, especially to officers of the commisdepartment.

sariat

commissarial,

kom«mis«sa'ri«al, a. Pertaining to a

commissariat, kom«The department of an army whose duties consist in commissary.

mis«sa'ri«at,

n.

supplying transport, provisions, forcamp equipage, etc., to the troops; also, the body of officers in that department ; the office or employment of a commissary; the district or country over which the authority or jurisdiction of a commissary exage,

commissio,

commissionis.

n.

[L.

commit.]

The

act of committing; the act of doing something wrong; the act of perpetrating (the commission of a

crime); the act of entrusting, as a charge or duty; the thing committed, entrusted, or delivered; a duty, office, charge, or piece of work entrusted to any one; the warrant by which any trust is held, or any authority exercised (as that of an officer in an army); mandate; authority given; a number of persons joined in an office or trust; commissioners; the state of acting in the purchase and sale of goods for another; position or business of an agent; agency; the allowance made to an agent for transacting business. Commission of the Justice of the Peace, a warrant of authority issued by the state for the granting of certain powers to, and the appointment of, Justices of the To put a ship into commisPeace.

comminution, kom«mi«nu'shon, n. act of comminuting or reducing to a fine powder or to small particles; pulverization.

mission; to send with a mandate or

The

commiserate, kom»miz'er«at,

v.t.

—

sion, to

place

equip and

it

To

authority. n.

compassionate; to pity. commiseration, kom«miz'er«a"shon, n. The

a kind of

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

— commission

One who buys

commiserated, commiserating. [L. commiseror com, and miseror, to pity. miserable.] To feel sorrow, pain, or regret for, through sympathy; to

—

merchant,

or sells goods for

another on commission. commissionnaire, kom«mes«y6n«ar', n. [Fr.]

At European hotels and terminals, messenger or light porter. commissioner, kom«mish'on»er, n.

—

me, met, her;

One who commissions; a person who has a commission or warrant from proper authority to perform some office or execute some business an officer having charge of some department of the public service, which is put into commission; a steward or agent who manages affairs on a large estate.

commissure, kom«e«shur'

,

n.

[Fr.

commissure, from L. commissura, a joining together, joint, seam com, together, and mitto, missum, to send.] joint or seam; the place where two parts of a body meet and unite a juncture; a suture: used chiefly in

A

—commissural,

kom«mis«shu'Belonging to a commissure. commit, kom«mit' v.t. committed, anat.

ral, a.

—

[L. committo, to make over in trust, to set to work, do wrong com, together, and mitto, to send, whence also admit, permit, dismiss, mission, missile, etc.] To give in trust; to put into charge or keeping; to entrust; to surrender, give up, consign: with to; refl. to bind to a certain line of conduct, or to expose or endanger by a preliminary step or decision which cannot be recalled to compromise ; to order or send into confinement; to imprison (the magistrate commits a guilty person); to refer or entrust to a committee or select number of persons for their consideration and report; to do (generally something wrong); to

committing.

perpetrate. To commit to memory, committable, to learn by heart. a. Capable of being commitment, comcommitted. mittal, kom«mit'ment, kom«mit'al, n. The act of committing; commission (but we do not say the committal or commitment of crimes, but the comcommittee, kom«mit'te, n. mission). A body of persons elected or appointed to attend to any matter or business referred to them, often a section of Committee of the a larger body. whole house, an arrangement by which

kom»mit'a«bl,

tends.

commission, kom«mish'on,

man a vessel, and in service after it has been give v.t. in dry dock for repairs. a commission to; to give special powers and instructions for the accomplishment of an act; to empower or authorize by special com-

fine; to reduce to minute particles or to a fine powder; to pulverize; to triturate; to levigate. a. Divided into very small parts or particles.

;;;

commodious :

—commiseratively,

——

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

—

matters are discussed in a particular in congress, the chair being occupied by the chairman of committee, and members being allowed to speak more than once on a ques-

manner

tion. of a

committeeman,

n.

A member

committee, as of the national,

county, and city district. kom«miks', v.t. or i. [L. commisceo, commixtus com, together, and misceo, to mix. Mix.] To mix or mingle; to blend. commixture, kom«miks'cher, n. The act of mixing; the state of being mingled; the mass formed by mingling; a compound. state,

commix,

—

commode, konvmod',

n.

[Fr.,

from

commoL. commodus, convenient, dious.] A kind of headdress formerly by ladies; a chest of drawers, often with shelves and other conveniences added; a night stool. commodious, kom«md'di«us, a. [L.L. commodiosus, from L. commodus, usecom, together, and modus, measful. ure, mode.] Roomy and convenient; spacious and suitable; serviceable. commodiously, kom«mo'di«us«li, comadv. So as to be commodious.

wom

—

modiousness, kom'm6'di'US«nes, tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

n.

———

——

— — —— —

commodore The

state or quality

modious. i»ti,

n.

—commonage,

kom'on«ij, n. The right of pasturing on a common ; the joint right of using anything in common with others. commonalty, kom'on«al«ti, n. The common people; all below the rank of nobility.

kom«mod'-

[Ft. commodite, convenience, fitness,

Suitableness or convenience:}:; what is useful; specifically, an article of merchandise;

convenience.]

commoner, kom'on«er,

anything movable that is bought and sold, as goods, wares, produce of land and manufactures.

commodore, kom'mo«dor,

n.

A

manner; usually; generally; ordinarily; frequently; for the most part.

detachment of ships in the absence of an admiral; a title given by courtesy to the senior captain when three or more ships of war are cruising in company, to the senior captain of a line of merchant vessels, and to the president of a yachting club; the leading ship in a fleet of mer-

or fact of being common. commonplace, kom'on«plas, a. Not new or extraordinary; common; trite. n. memorandum of something that is likely to be frequently referred to; a well-known or customary remark; a trite saying; a platitude.

officer

who commands

—commonness, kom'on«nes,

communicate, kom«mu'ni«kat,

—communicated,

—

in; to have a communication or passage from one to another

lowed by

(one room communicates with another); to have or hold intercourse or interchange of thoughts; to partake of the Lord's supper or com-

n.

politic;

—

commotion, kom«mo'shon,

kom«m6v',

v.t.

One who communicates or partakes of the sacrament at the celebration of the Lord's supper. communication, kom«mu'ni«ka"shon, n. The act of communicating; means of communicating; connecting passage; means of passing from place to place that which is communicated or imparted; information or intelligence imparted by word or writing; a document or message imparting informa-

— —commoved, commov-

—

—

commune,

kom«mun', v.i. communed, communing. [Fr. communier L. communico, to communicate, from common.] To communis, common, converse; to talk together familiarly; to impart sentiments mutually; to interchange ideas or feelings]. n.

—

communicative, kom'mu'ni«tion. ka«tiv, a. Inclined to communicate; ready to impart to others; free in communicating; not reserved; open.

(kom'mun). Familiar interchange of ideas or sentiments; communion; intercourse ; friendly conversation (to hold commune, to be in commune).

commune, kom'mun,

—communicatively, konvmu'ni'ka— adv. In communicative manner; by communication. —commu-

n.

commun, common.] A district in France and in some other countries, under the government of a mayor; the inhabitants of a commune the

members of a communal

— The

nicativeness,

kom'mu'ni«ka«tiv«nes, or quality of being communicative; readiness to impart

n.

nicates.

communion, konvmun'yon,

self-governing

bodies.

communalistic, Pertaining

;

—com-

faith

n.

[Fr.

theory which upholds the absorption of all proprietary rights in a common interest the doctrine of a community of

table, as at or fare in general.

Short commons, stinted allowance. Extra commons, increased allowance.

;

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

and

discipline;

[cap.]

the act

of partaking in the sacrament of the eucharist; the celebration of the Lord's supper. Communion elements, the bread and wine used in the sacrament of the Lord's supper.

communalism.

communism, kom'mun«izm, communisme.] The system or

;

;

kom'mu«na«lis"tik, to

[L.

communionis, participation.] Participation of something in common; fellowship; concord; bond or association; intercourse between two or more persons interchange of thoughts or acts; union in religious worship, or in doctrine and discipline union with a church a body of Christians who have one common

munalist, kom'mu«na«list, n. One who adheres to communalism. a.

n.

communio,

—

local

state

freedom from reserve. communicator, kom«mu'ni«ka«ter, n. One who or that which commu-

communalism. communalism, kom'mu-nal'izm, n. The theory of governments by communes or other to

The

to others;

council.

commune of Paris, a revolutionary committee which took the place of the municipality of Paris in the French revolution of 1789; also, a committee or body of communalists who in 1 87 1 for a brief period ruled over Paris after the evacuation of the German troops. ^-communal, kommu«nal, a. Pertaining to a commune or

a

tiv«li,

[Fr., from small territorial

common

g, go;

—

[L.

commoveo.} To put in motion; to disturb; to agitate; to unsettle.

:

ch, Sc. \och;

quality of capability of

—

ing. [L.

A

ch, cAain;

kom«-

The

being communicable; communicable, being imparted. kom«mu'ni«ka«bl, a. Capable of being communicated or imparted from one to another; capable of being recounted; communicative; ready to impart commuinformation, news, etc. nicableness, kom«mu'ni«ka«bl«nes, n. communicant, kom«mu'ni«kant, n.

move.] Agitation; tumult of people; disturbance; perturbation; disorder of mind; excitement. commove,f

—

colleges; food

n.

—communicability,

mu'ni'ka«bil"i«ti, n.

commotio, from commoveo, commotum — — com, with, and moveo, to move.

—

at a

munion.

state.

welth, n. [Here wealth means strictly well-being.] The body politic; the public; a republican state; the form of government which existed in England from the death of Charles I in 1 649 to the abdication of Richard Cromwell in 1 659.

universal ; public ; of frequent or usual occurrence; not extraordinary; frequent; usual; ordinary; habitual; not distinguished by rank or character; not of superior excellence; of low or mean rank or character; gram. applied to such nouns as are both masculine and feminine, and to those that are the names of all the objects possessing the attributes denoted by the noun (river, etc.). Common council, the council of a city or corporate town, empowered to make bylaws for the government of the citizens. Common law, the unwritten law, the law that receives its binding force from immemorial usage and universal reception, in distinction from the written or statute law. Common measure, a number or quantity that divides two or more numbers or quantities without leaving a remainder. Common Pleas, formerly one of the three superior courts of common law in England, now a division of the High Court of Justice. Common Prayer, the liturgy or public form of prayer prescribed by the Church of England to be used in all churches and chapels. Common seal, a seal used by a corporation as the symbol of their incorporation. —Common sense, sound practical judgment; the natural sagacity or under standing of mankind in general. Common time, musical time or rhythm with two, four, or eight beats to a bar. In common, equally with another or with others. n. tract of ground, the use of which is not appropriated to an individual, but belongs to the public or to a number; in all other senses pi. the common people; the untitled; the vulgar, the lower house of the British Parliament, consisting of the representatives of cities, boroughs, and counties; food

v.t.

—

A

—commonweal, kom'on«wel, A commonwealth; the body —commonwealth, kom'on*a

kom'on, a. [Fr. commun, L. communis com, together, and munis, ready to be of service, obliging.] Belonging or pertaining equally to more than one, or to many indefinitely; belonging to all; general;

in

communicating. [L. communico, from communis, common.] To impart to another or others; to bestow or confer for joint possession, generally or always something intangible, as intelligence, news, opinions, or disease; with to before the receiver. v.i. To share; to participate: fol-

The

n.

communism;

communistic way or form.

a

state

chantmen.

common,

provided

In accordance with

a stu-

a

An

—

—

Sp. commendador, a from Pg. capitao mor, superior cap-

kom'mun*-

mu'nis'tik, a. Relating to communists or communism, according to the commuprinciples of communism. nistically, kom»mu«nis'tik»al«li, adv.

dent of the second rank in the University of Oxford, not dependent on the foundation for support. commonly, kom'on«li, adv. In a common

n.

—communist, —

One who holds the doctrines of communism. communistic, kom«-

ist, n.

person

under the degree of nobility;

[From commander, or

tain.]

property.

—

commodity; L. commoditas,

;

communism

167

of being com-

— commodity,

—

—

;;

communique, konvmu»ni«ka', n. [Fr.] An official communication, a statement given to the press. etc. See commune.

communism,

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, arure.

— —

——

— — ;

community konrmu'ni'ti, n. [L. communitas. common.] Common possession or enjoyment (a community of goods); a society of people

having common rights and privileges a society of individuals of any kind the body of people in a state; the public, or people in general used in this sense always with the definite :

common

character (individuals distinguished by community of descent).

—commuted, commuting. [L. commuto— prefix com,

commute, konvmut', v.t.

and muto, to change. mutable, mutation.] To exchange; to put one thing in the place of another; to give or receive one thing for another; to exchange, as one penalty or punishment for one of less severity; to pay in money instead of in kind or in duty; to travel back and forth daily

between places, as to and from a city. commuter, one who travels to and from a city daily. commutability,

—

—

The quality of being commutable; interchangeable-

kom«mut'a'bil"i»ti, n. ness.

—commutation,

kom«mu«ta'-

shon, n. [L. commutation The act of commuting; the act of substituting one thing for another; the change of a penalty or punishment from a greater to a less. Commutation ticket. railroad ticket at a reduced rate

A

number of

for a tions.

trips,

between

sta-

— commutative, kom«mut'a«Relating to exchange; changeable; mutual. — commutator,

tiv, a.

inter-

kom'mu«ta«ter,

commutatio, a change.] Elect. A device for converting an alternating current into a direct one; the rotating terminal of the armature of an electric motor or generator. comose, ko«mos', a. [L. coma, hair.] Hairy; comate. compact, kom«pakt', a. [L. compactus, pp. of compingo, compactum, to join or unite together com, together and pango, to fix.] Closely and firmly united, as the parts or particles of solid bodies ; having the parts or particles close; solid; dense; not diffuse; not verbose; concise; composed; made up: with of (Shak.). v.t. To thrust, drive, or press closely together; to join firmly; to consolidate; to make close; to unite or connect firmly, as in a system. compactly, kom»pakt'li, adv. In a compact or condensed manner; closen.

[L.

—

ly; concisely; briefly; tersely; neat.

—compactness,

kom«pakt'nes, n. State of being compact. compact, kom'pakt, n. [L. compactum, a compact, from compaciscor, compacts, to make an agreement com,

knighthood

of the

(as

Bath).

—comparably, kom'pa«ra«bli, By comparison; so to be comparative, koimpar'— compared. —comparative.] Estimated a.

Accompanying; united with. v.t. To be a companion to; to accompany; to put on the same level (Shak.)$. companionable, konvpan'yon«a«bl, a. Fit for good fellowship; qualified to be agreeable in company; sociable. companionableness, kom«pan'yon«a«bl«nes,

n.

The

of being

quality

companionable ; sociableness.

— com-

panionably, kom«pan'yon»a«bli, adv. In a companionable manner. companionless, kom«pan'yon«les, a. Havcompanionship, ing no companion. kom«pan'yon«ship, n. The state or fact of being a companion; fellow-

—

—

—

ship; association. company, kum'pa«ni, n. [Fr. compagnie; O.Fr. also companie.] The state of being along with; companionship; fellowship; society; any assemblage of persons; a collection of men or other animals, in a very indefinite sense ; guests at a person's house; a number of persons united for performing or carrying on

anything

jointly, as

some commercial

enterprise, the term being applicable to private partnerships or to incorporated bodies; a firm (but this word usually implies fewer partners than company); the members of a firm whose names do not appear in the style or title of the firm usually :

when

written (Messrs. Smith & Co.); a subdivision of an infantry regiment or battalion commanded by a captain; the crew of To a ship, including the officers. bear or keep (a person) company, to accompany; to attend; to go with; To be good comto associate with. pany, to be an entertaining companion. v.t. and i.f To associate or associate with; to frequent the com-

contracted

pany

companion, kom«pan'yon,

n.

[Comp.

O.Sp. compana, an outhouse.] Naut. the framing and sash lights upon a quarter deck, through which light passes to the cabins below; a raised cover to the cabin stair of a merchant

Companion ladder, the steps or ladder between the main deck and Companion way, the quarter deck. the staircase at the entrance to the cabin of a vessel. compare, kom«par' v.t. compared, comparing. [L. compano, to put tocom, gether, unite, match, compare vessel.

—

together, and par, equal, whence peer, pair.] To set or bring pair, parity, together in fact or in contemplation, and examine the relations they bear to each other, especially with a view to ascertain agreement or disagree-

ment, resemblances or differences (t~ compare one thing with another);

tween

inflect n.

[O.Fr.

compainon, companion; Fr. compaL. com, together, and panis, bread; lit. a sharer of one's bread; a mess fellow.] One with whom a person frequently associates and con-

gnon

—

verses; a mate; a comrade; one who accompanies another; a person holding the lowest rank in an order of fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

U.I.

by the degrees of comparison. To hold or stand comparison;

n. Comparto contrast favorably. ison; scope or room for comparison beyond compare). compa(rich rable, kom'paTa«bl, a. [L. compara-

—

Capable of being compared; worthy of comparison being of equal comparableness, kom'pa*regard. bilis.]

—

;

ra«bl«nes, n. State of being

me, met, her;

rable.

adv.

as

a«tiv, a. [L.

by comparison; not positive or abby comparison; founded on comparison, especially founded on the comparison of different things belonging to the same solute; proceeding

science or study (comparative anatomy, etc.); having the power of comparing different things (the comparative faculty; gram, expressing a greater degree; expressing more than the positive but less than the superlative applied to forms of adjectives and adverbs. n. Gram, the comparacomparatively, kom«tive degree. par'a«tiv»li, adv. By comparison; according to estimate made by comparison; not positively, absolutely, or in itself. comparison, konvpar'i»son, n. [Fr. comparaison, L. comparatio.] The act of comparing; the act of examining in order to discover how one thing stands with regard to another; the state of being compared relation between things such as admits :

—

—

of their being compared; something with which another thing is compared a similitude, or illustration by similitude; a parallel; gram, the inflection of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of the original quality. ;

compartment,

pine, pin;

compa-

note, not,

move;

kom«part'ment, n. L.L. compartimen-

[Fr. compartiment,

tum, from L. compartior, to divide, share, from pars, partis, a part.] division or separate part of a general design, as of a building, railroad car, picture, plan, or the like.

A

compass, kum'pas,

n.

[Fr. compos, circuit L.

—

from L.L. compassus, a com, and passus, a step, passing

of.

to liken; to represent as similar for the purpose of illustration (to compare one thing to another); gram, to

parties.

;

compassion

together, and paciscor, to fix, settle, covenant.] An agreement; a contract, covenant, bargain, or settlement be-

companion, konvpan'yon,

—

168

community,

article;

—————

— —

pace.]

A

round; a circular course;

a circuit (to fetch a compass, that is, to make a circuit or round); limit

or boundary; extent; range: applied to time, space, sound, etc. ; moderate estimate; moderation; due limits (to keep within compass); an instrument consisting essentially of a magnet suspended so as to have as complete freedom of motion as possible, and used to indicate the magnetic meridian or the position of objects with respect to that meridian; a mathematical instrument for describing circles, measuring figures, distances between two points, etc. often with the plural designation compasses, or a v.t. To stretch pair of compasses. :

—

round; to encompass; to enclose, encircle, environ, surround; to go or walk about or round; to obtain; to attain to to accomplish (to compass ;

one's purposes); law, to plot; to corncontrive (a person's death). passable, kum'pas«a«bl, a. Capable of being compassed. compass plant,

—

—

n.

A

composite plant,

common on

the prairies of North America: so called from being disposed to present the edges of its leaves north and south.

compassion, konvpa'shon,

n.

[Fr.

PASSION.] compassion, L. compassio. suffering with another; sympathy; pity; commiseration; an act of mercy compassionate, konvpa(O.T.)$.

A

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

— —

—

—

—— —

compatible equivalent

to

pity;

have compassion

for.

—compassion-

In a

adv.

compassionate manner; with com-

—

— —

suitably; con-

sistently.

compeer, kom«per',

n. [L. com, and peer.] An equal; a companion; an associate; a mate. v.t.% To equal; to match. (Shak.) compel, kom«pel', v.t. compelled, compelling. [L. compello, compulsum, to drive together com, and pello, to drive; hence compulsion, compulsory, etc.] To drive or urge with force or irresistibly; to constrain; to oblige; to necessitate; to subject; to cause to submit; to take by force or violence (Shak.). compellable,

—

peller, kom«pel'er, n. One who comcompellingly, pels or constrains.

—

kom'pel'ing'li, adv. In a compelling

kom«pet'i«ter,

n.

[L. compellatio, the act of accosting, from compello, compellare, to address.] Style or manner of address ; word of salutation. compendium, kom«pen'di»um, n. [L. compendium, a shortening, abbreviating com, with, and pendo, to weigh.] brief compilation or composition

long).]

state

kom«-

sating.

—

superfluity.

compile,

com, tegether, and penso, freq. of pendo, pensum, to weigh; lit. to weigh together, hence to balance, give an ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

complacent.] portment; affability;

kom«pil'

v.t.

compiling. [L. compilo, com, together, pillage

sition.

complected,

kom*plek'ted, a. [L. com, and plecto, to weave.] Woven together; interwoven.

prefix

complement, kom'ple«ment,

j,

;'ob;

ng, sin^;

TH,

plunder,

and pilo,

then;

compla-

—

— compiled,

to

= L.

A

pleasing decivility; courtesy; desire of pleasing; disposition complaisant, kom'pla*to qblige. zant, a. Pleasing in manners; courteous; obliging; desirous to please; proceeding from an obliging dispocere.

;

compen[L. compenso, compensatum

ch, chain;

of complaire, to please

fit

petence, competency, kom'pe«tens, kom'pe«ten«si, n. State of being competent; fitness; suitableness; adequateness; ability; sufficiency; such a quantity as is sufficient especially, property or means of subsistence sufficient to furnish the necessaries and conveniences of life, without

kom«pen'di«us»of being com-

—compensated,

com-

—

compensate, konvpen'sat or kom'v.t.

accusation.

complaisance, kom'pla«zans, n. [Fr. complaisance, from complaisant, ppr.

—

pendious. pen«sat,

—

;

sufficient or

One who complains;

[Fr. complainte.] Expression of grief, regret, pain, censure, or resentment; lamentation; murmuring; a finding fault; the cause or subject of complaint or murmuring; a malady; an ailment; a disease: usually applied to disorders not violent; a charge; a representation of injuries suffered;

(i

for the purpose; adequate; having legal capacity or power; rightfully or lawfully belongkom'pe«tent«li, competently, ing. adv. In a competent manner; sufficomciently; adequately; suitably.

—

The

a. [Fr.

n.

one who finds fault; a murmurer. complainingly, kom«pla«ning«li, adv. In a complaining manner; murmur complaint, kom»plant', n. ingly.

from competer, to be sufficient; L. competo, to be meet or suitable com, together, and peto, to seek.] Answering all requirements suitable

pen'di'US, a. [L. compendiosus.] Containing the substance or general principles of a subject or work in a narrow compass; succinct; concise. compendiously, kom'pen'di«us«li, adv. In a compendious manner; summarily; concisely; in epitome. n.

—

kom«pla'ner,

rival.

fit;

nes,

a legal process against an offender; a complainer, plaintiff; a prosecutor.

;

competitor

[L.

n.

by complaint, or commences

cutes

One who competes; one who

competent, kom'pe«tent,

containing the principal heads or general principles of a larger work or system; an abridgment; a summary; an epitome. .'. Syn. under

compendiousness,

complainant, kom-pla'nant, n. One who complains or makes a complaint a complainer; law, one who prose-

—

petent,

—compendious,

the breast in sorrow, plaint.] To utter expressions of grief, pain, uneasiness, censure, resentment, or the like; to lament; to murmur; to bewail; to make a formal accusation against a person; to make a charge: now regularly followed by of before the cause of grief or censure.

endeavors to obtain what another seeks; one who claims what another competitory,f kom«claims ; a rival. pet'i»tOTi, a. Acting in competition;

A

abridgment.

—

—competed,

—

obedience.

kom«pla'sent«li,aifo.

In a complacent manner. complain, kom«plan', v.i. [Fr. complaindre, from L.L. complangere L. com, together, and plango, to beat

—

compul-

to force attention or

konvpeMa'shon,

—complacently,

—

kom«pera«bl, a. Capable of being compelled or constrained. com-

compellation,

A

[L. competo, to strive com, together, and peto, to To seek or strive for the same thing as another, to carry on a contest or rivalry for a common object; to vie (to compete with a person for a thing). competition, kom«pe«ti'shon, n. [L.L. competition The act of competing; mutual contest or striving for the same object; rivalry; a trial of skill proposed as a test of superiority or comparative fitness. .". In a competition the persons strive to attain a common end, and may have the most friendly feelings toward each other; in rivalry there is rather the desire of one to supplant or get before another, and usually a certain competitive, kom«pet'i«hostility. tiv, a. Relating to competition carried out by competition. competitor,

—

manner;

—

after seek.]

—

compiles. kom«pla'sent,

a. [L. complacens, complacentis, pleasing, com, ppr. of complaceo, to please and placeo, to please (whence pleasure).] Accompanied with a sense of quiet enjoyment; displaying complacency; gratified; satisfied. complacence, complacency, kom«plafeeling sens, kom«pla'sen«si, n. of quiet pleasure; satisfaction; gratification; complaisance or civility $.

competing.

par, equal,

way

v.i.

—compiler, kom—

One who

complacent,

—

amends.

compete, kom«pet',

triotic.

constraining

pil'er, n.

laws providing for the compensation of a workman by his employer in of accident. compensative, case kom«pen'sa«tiv, a. Making amends or compensation. n.f That which compensates; compensation. compensator, kom'pen«sa«ter, n. One who or that which compensates. compensatory, kom«pen'sa«tOTi, a. Serving for compensation; making

compatriot, kom«pa'tri«ot, n. [Fr. compatriote.] One of the same country. a.\ Of the same country; pa-

sively; in a

up by compiling.

amends; indemnity; recompense; that which supplies the place of something else or makes good a deficiency. Compensation Act for Workmen, any of a number of state

—

or

—

sation, kom«pen«sa'shon, n. The act of compensating; that which is given or serves as an equivalent for services, debt, want, loss, or suffering;

—

fitly;

compose by

To supply

v.i.

To draw

up, write out, or collecting materials from various sources; to collect or put together by utilizing the writings of compilation, others, kom«pi«la'shon, n. The act of compiling or collecting from written or printed documents or books; that which is compiled; a book or treatise drawn pillage.]

or serve as an equivalent: followed by for; to make amends. compen-

—

manner;

complement

give equal value

(losses, defects, etc.).

compassionpassion; mercifully. ateness, kom«pa'shon«it'nes, n. The quality of being compassionate. compatible, kom«pat'i«bl, a. [Fr. L. com, compatible, L.L. compatibilis together, and patior, to suffer.] Capable of coexisting or being found together in the same subject; capable of existing together in harmony; suitable; agreeable; not incongruous (things compatible with one another). compatibleness, compatibility, kom«pat'i«biri«ti, kom«pat'i»bl«nes, n. The quality of being compatible; consistency; suitableness, compatibly, kom«pat'i»bli, adv. In a compatible

To

for.]

valent to (to compensate a laborer for his work); to make up for; to counterbalance; to make amends for

commiserate; to

kom«pa'shon«it«li,

ately,

;

recompense; to give an equi-

to; to

— — To

;

169

shon«it, a. Characterized by compassion ; full of pity ; tender-hearted. compassionated, compassionatv.t. ing.

— —

—

to

th, thin;

n.

[L.

complementum, that which fills up or completes, from compleo, to complete, complete, Compliment is the same word.] Full quantity or number; full amount; what is wanted to complete or fill up some quantity or thing; difference; math, what is wanted in an arc or angle to make it up to 90°; outward show (Shak.)%; courtesy or compliment (Shak.)%.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

——

complete

—complemental,

kom«ple«men'tal,

Forming a complement; completing; complementary.—complemen-

tary, kom«ple«men'ta»ri, a. Completing; supplying a deficiency; com-

Complementary

colors.

COLOR.

complete, kom«plet', tus,

[L.

a.

compu-

of completo, completum, com, intens., and pleo,

pp.

up same root as E. fill.] Having no deficiency; wanting no part or to to

fill

fill;

element;

thorough; conevery respect; finished; ended; concluded. .". 'Nothing is whole that has anything taken from it; nothing is entire that is divided; nothing is complete that has not all its parts and those parts fully developed. Complete refers to the perfection of parts; entire to their unity; whole to their junction; total to their aggregate (Angus). perfect;

summate;

in

— —completed, completing. To make '

v.t.

complete; to finish; to end; to perfect; to fulfill, to accomplish; to completely, realize. kom«plet'li, adv. In a complete manner; fully; perfectly; entirely; wholly; totally; utterly; thoroughly; quite. com-

—

—

pleteness, kom«plet'nes, n.

—

The

state

of being complete. completion, konvple'shon, n. Act of completing, finishing, or perfecting; state of being complete or completed; perfect state; fulfillment; accomplishment. completive, kom«ple'tiv, a. Completing or tending to complete; making complete. complex, kom'pleks, a. [L. complexus, pp. of complector, complexus, to fold or twine together com, togeth-

—

er,

and stem

plec,

plic,

to

fold;

seen also in ply, apply, complicate, display, etc.] Composed of various parts or things; including sundry particulars connected; composite; not simple (being, idea); involved; intricate ; complicated ; perplexed (process). n. Assemblage of things related as parts of a system; Psychoanalysis (which see), a series of emotionally accentuated ideas in a complexity, comrepressed state. plexness, kom«plek'si«ti, kom'pleks— nes, n. The state of being complex; anything complex intricacy ; involve-

—

;

ment;

entanglement.— complexly, adv. In a complex

kom'pleks«li,

manner; not simply. complexion, kom'plek'shon, n. [L. complexio, complexionis, a combination, in

e

— —— — — — —

L.L. physical constitution,

comfrom complector, complexus. plex.] The temperament, habitude, or natural disposition of the body or mind; physical character or nature}:; the color or hue of the skin, particularly of the face; the general

appearance of anything; aspect complexioned, kom-plek'(Shak.). shond, a. Having a complexion of this or that kind; having a certain hue, especially of the skin; used in composition. compliance, etc. See comply. complicate, kom' pli«kat, v.t.— com-

—

—

plicated, complicating. [L. complico com, and plico, to fold, weave, or knit, complex, ply.] To intertwine; fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

to interweave ; to render complex or intricate; to involve. a. Composed of various parts intimately united;

complex;

involved; intricate; bot. folded together, as the valves of the glume or chaff in some grasses. complicated, kom'pli«kat«ed, p. and a. Complicate; involved; intricate.

—complicacy, of being complex or —complication, kom«pli«ka'shon, kom'pli«ka«si,

n.

A

state

intricate.

The

act of complicating or state of

n.

being complicated; entanglement; complexity; something complicated; an aggregate of things involved, mixed up, or mutually united; what complicates or causes complication. complice,:}: kom'plis, n. [Fr. complice, accomplice.] An accomplice. (Shak.)

—complicity,

kom«plis'i«ti, n.

The

of being an accomplice; partnership in crime. compliment, kom'pli»ment, n. [Fr. compliment, It. compltmento, from complire, to fill up, to satisfy, L. compleo, complere, to complete same word as complement, which formerly was used in this sense.] An act or expression of civility, respect, or regard; delicate flattery; expression of commendation or admiration; state

:

praise. v.t. To pay a compliment to; to flatter or gratify by expressions of approbation, esteem, or respect, or by acts implying the like.

complimentary,

kom«pli«men'ta»ri, Full of or using compliments; intended to express or convey a compliment or compliments ; expressive of civility, regard or praise. a.

complimentarily,kom«pli«men'taTi» li, adv. In a complimentary manner.

compline, kom'plin, n. [From Fr. complie, from L. completae (horae), '

complete hours so called because completes the religious '

:

this service

exercises of the day.] The last of the seven canonical hours in the Roman Catholic breviary; the last prayer at night, to be recited after sunset. complot, kom 'plot, n. [Fr. complot, a plot, from L. complicitum. compliplotting together; a plot; cate.] a conspiracy. (Shak.) v.t. To plan together; to contrive; to plot. v.i. complotted, complotting. To plot together; to conspire; to form a plot.

A

—

— —complotter,

kom«plot'er, n. One joined in a plot; a conspirator. comply, konvph", v.i. complied, complying. [From L. complere, to fill up, satisfy (whence complete, compliment), like supply from suppler com, with, and plere, to fill. The meaning has been affected by ply and pliant.] To adopt a certain course of action at the desire of another; to yield; to acquiesce; to consent; to agree; used alone or

—

—

followed

by

kom«pli'a»bl,

—compliance,

—

compilable,} Compliant. (Mil.)

with. a.

kom«pli'ans,

n.

The

act of complying; a yielding as to a request, wish, desire, etc; a dispocomsition to yield to others; compliancy, konvpli'plaisance. an«si, n. disposition to yield, or a habit of yielding to others. compliant, kom«pli'ant, a. Given to

me, met, her;

— A

pine, pin;

— ;;

compose

170

a.

plemental.

——

—

note, not,

move;

comply yielding to request or desire ready to accommodate; obliging. ;

compliantly, konvpli'ant«li, adv. In a compliant or yielding manner. component, konvpo'nent, a. [L. componens com, together, and pono,

—

to place.] Composing; constituting; entering into as a part. n. constituent part. component, konvpo'nent, n. [L. compono, I construct.] The effective part of a force, velocity, etc., in a given direction; one of any number of constituent forces, velocities, etc., of which the given force, velocity, etc., is the resultant.

A

—

comport, kom«p6rt', admit

v.i.

[Fr.

com-

allow, endure, from L. comportare, to bear or carry together com, and porto, to carry.] To be suitable; agree; accord; fit; suit: with with (pride comports ill with poverty). v.t. To behave; to

porter, to

of,

—

comportment, refl. kom* port 'ment, n. Behavior; demeanor; deportment. conduct; used

—

compose, konvpoz', v.t. composed, composing. [From Fr. composer, to compose, from prefix com, and poser, to place, L. pausare (see pose), but early identified with L. compono, compositum, to compound, from com, and pono, to place; so also dispose, expose.] To form by uniting two or more things; to form, frame, or fashion; to form by being combined or united; to constitute; to make; to write, as an author; to become the author of (a book, a piece of music) to calm; to quiet; to appease; to settle; to adjust (differences, etc.); to place in proper form; to dispose; fine arts, to arrange the leading features of; printing, to set in proper as types in a composing stick. v.i. To practice literary, musical, or artistic composi-

order for printing,

—

composed, kom«pdzd', a. Free from disturbance or agitation calm

tion.

—

;

compoquiet; tranquil. sedate; sedly, kom«p6'zed»li, adv. In a composed manner; calmly; without agicomposure, comtation; sedately. posedness, konvpo'zher, kom«po'zed«nes, n. The state of being composed; a settled state of mind;

—

sedateness;

calmness;

tranquillity.

composer, kom»p6'zer, n. One who or that which composes; one who writes an original work; most commonly, one who composes musical ftieces.

—composite,

kom

po«zit,

a.

L. compositus, from compono, compositum, to compound.] Made up of distinct parts, elements, or sub-

compounded;

stances;

arch, a

term

applied to one of the orders because the capital belonging to it is composed out of those of the other orders, exhibiting leaves, volutes, etc.; bot. applied to plants forming a vast order, and having flowers forming dense heads composed of many florets, as in the daisy, dandelion, Composite number A product etc. of two or more integers each greater Composite ship, a ship than having a wooden skin on an iron

—

.

1

framework.

n.

Anything made up

of parts or of different elements; compound; a composition. a tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

I

—

—

——

compost

expound, propound, sound, vulgar drownd, etc.), from L. compono com, together, and pono, positum, to set or put, whence position. compose.] To mix up or mingle together; to form by mingling two or more ingredients or elements into one; to combine.: to settle amicably; to adjust by agreement (a controversy); to fail to prosecute (an offense) for a consideration; to discharge (a debt) by paying a part. v.i. To agree upon concession; to come to terms of agreement; to arrange or make a settlement by

—

production ; the act of writing for practice in English or a foreign language; the act of making a mutual agreement for the discharge of a artistic

debt, or the agreement itself; the

amount or

rate paid in compounding with creditors; gram, the act of forming compound words, the arrangement of parts in a whole ; mode

of arrangement; a material compounded of two or more ingredients a compound; printing, the act of setting types or characters in the stick, to

form

lines,

—

[O.Fr. composte, It. composta, a mixture, from L. compositum, from compono. compound.] mixture or composition of various manuring substances for fertilizing land; a composition for plastering the exterior of houses. n.

A

in

from poto, drinking

to

or

with,

and

drink.] tippling

The

hot.

made up

of

which

—compression,

v.t.

the state of being compressed; concompressive,kom»pres'densation.

—

states).

A

a combination of two rival systems, principles, etc., in which a part of each is sacrificed to make the combination possible; what results from, or is founded on, such an agreement a mutual concession. v.t. compromised, compromising. To adjust or combine by a compromise; to settle by mutual concessions; to put to risk or hazard, or expose to serious consequences, by some act or declaration which cannot be recalled; to put in jeopardy; to endanger the interests of: often refl. (he compromised himself by his rash statements).

—

kom—

of being understood.

—comprehen-

sibly, kom'pre«hen'si«bli«, adv. In a

conceivcomprehensible manner konvpre— comprehension, hen'shon, n. [L. comprehensio.] The act of comprehending, including, or embracing; a comprising; inclusion capacity of the mind to understand; power of the understanding ably.

;

—

;

and contain ideas capacity comprehensive, kom— pre«hen'siv, a. Having the quality of comprehending or embracing a great number or a wide extent; of extensive application wide in scope comprehending much in a comparatively small compass; having the power to comprehend or understand. comprehensively, kom»pre«hento receive

of knowing.

—

—

;

—

;

—

v.i.

adv.

In

a

;

;

a

compromise.

komp'tom'e«ter, n. to a kind of calculating machine; hence, a machine bearing this trademark. comptroller, kon»tr61'er, n. A controller; an officer who examines expenditures. comptrollership, kon— trol'er-ship, n. The office of comp-

—

troller.

compulsion, konvpul shon,

comprehensive

manner with great extent of scope

To make

Comptometer, A name applied

—

siv-li,

so

n. [L. compulsionis, constraint, compulsion, from compcllo, compulsion, to compel, compel.] The act of compelling or driving by force,

compulsio,

physical or moral; an obsessive impulse. compulsive, k« wpul siv, Exercising compulsion; compulsory. compulsively, konvpul siv«li, adv.

—

small compass. as to contain much and — Compound word, a word —comprehensiveness, kom«pre— — com-

subtraction, multiplication,

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

in

divi-

g,

go;

j,

;ob;

ng, si«£;

TH,

then;

n.

—

quality of being comprehensible; the capability

smaller

various

compromis, a compromise, originally a mutual promise to refer to arbitration, from compromettre, L. compromitto com, and promitto, promissum, promise.] to promise, settlement of differences by mutual concessions;

comprehendible, kom«pre«hen'-

The

comprises

States

—comprisal,f kom«pri'zal,

The act of comprising; inclusion. compromise, kom'pro«miz, n. [Fr.

Capable of being comprehended; capable of being understood; conceivable by the mind; intelligible;

— comprehensibility,

—

United

[L.

pre»hen'si«bil"i»ti, n.

a.

—

—

di«bl.

Having power

to compress; tending to compress. compressor, kom»pres'er, n. [L.] One who or that which compresses. comprise, kom«priz', v.i. comprised, comprising. [Fr. compris, part, of comprendre, L. comprehendo, to comprehend, comprehend.] To comprehend; to contain; to include (the iv,

take in or include within a certain scope; to include by implication or signification; to embrace; to comprise; to take into the mind; to grasp by the understanding; to possess or have in idea; to undercomprehensible, kom»pre«stand. hen'si«bl, a. [L. comprehensibilis.]

also

n.

act of compressing; the act of forcing into closer union or density;

To

n. [L. potatio, act of

konvpresh'on,

The

isolated houses stand.

—

parts of like kind with or similar to the whole. Compound animals, animals, such as coral polyps, in which individuals, distinct as regards many of the functions of life, are yet connected by some part of their frame so as to form a united whole. Compound fracture, surg. a fracture in which a bone is broken and there is also laceration of the tissues. Compound interest, that interest which arises from the principal with the interest added. Compound quantities, alg. such quantities as are joined by the signs 4- and , plus and minus; arith. quantities which consist of more than one denomination (as of dollars and cents) ; hence the operations of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing such quantities are termed compound addition, sion.

—

comprehendo com, together, prce, before, and an obs, hendere, to catch.]

together. compotator, kom«p6«ta'ter, n. One who drinks with another. compote, kom 'pot, n. [Fr.] Fruit, generally stone fruit, stewed or preserved in syrup. compound, kom 'pound, a. [Originally a participle of O.E. compoune, compone, to compound. See the verb.] Composed of two or more elements, pans, or ingredients; not

simple;

n. The quality of being compressible, or yielding to pressure. compressible, kom«pres'i«bl, a. Capable of being compressed or forced into a narrower compass, yielding to pressure; condensable.

different

comprehend, kom«pre«hend'

with compost; to

composure. See COMPOSE. compotation, kom«po«ta'shon,

—com,

manner

— compressibility, kom«pres'i—

bil"i«ti,

enclosure the Orient, an In containing European establishments any large enclosed area; the enclosure

plaster.

compotatio

wise.

—

lines.

To manure

narrow compass; condensed; bot. and zool. flattened laterally or length-

from that stipulated or required by law (to compound with a person, and for a debt). compoundable, kom«poun'da«bl, a. Capable of being compounded. compounder, konvpoun'der, n. One who compounds. compound, kom'pound, n. [From Malay kampong, a yard or court.] a

—

v.t.

—

compromise; especially, to settle with creditors by agreement, and discharge a debt by paying a part of its amount; or to make an agreement to pay a debt by means or in

and

of arranging the lines in a galley to make a column or page, and from this to make a form. compositor, kom«poz'i»ter, n. Printing, one who sets types and makes up the pages and forms. composing stick, n. A printer's instrument in which types are arranged into words and

compost, kom'post,

—

—

;

;

hen'sivnes, n. The quality of being comprehensive. compress, kom«pres', v.t. [L. comprimo, compressum com, together, and premo, pressum, to press.] To press together; to force, urge, or drive into a smaller compass; to condense. n. (kom'pres). In surg. a soft mass formed of tow, lint, or soft linen cloth, so contrived as by the aid of a bandage to make due compressed, pressure on any part. kom«prest', p. and a. Pressed into

posed of two or more words. n. Something produced by compounding two or more ingredients, parts, or elements, as a substance or a word. v.t. (konvpound'). [O.E. compone, compoune, with d added (as in

composing or compounding, or the state of being composed or compounded the act of producing some literary or musical piece; what is composed, as a literary, musical, or

—

compulsion

171

composition, kom«po«zi'shon, n. [L. composition Fr. composition, in meaning akin partly to compose, partly to the verb compound.] The act of

composing

—

;;

;

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

compunction or under compulsion ; by force. compulsorily, kom»puTsO'ri»li, adv. In a compulsory manner; by force compulsory, kom»or constraint. pul'soTi, a. Exercising compulsion; compelling; constraining; enforced; due to compulsion; obligatory (a compulsory contribution).

—

compunction, konvpungk'shon, compungo — com,

n.

and [L. compunctioy pungo, to prick or sting, pungent.] The stinging or pricking of the conscience; contrition; remorse. compurgation, kom»per«ga'shon, n. com, and purgo, to [L. compurgo purge or purify.] An ancient mode of trial in England, where the accused was permitted to call a certain number of persons who joined their oaths to his in testimony to his innocence. compute, konvput', v.t. computed, computing. [L. computo, to calculate com, together, and puto, to reckon, esteem, whence also dispute, impute. To count is really the same as this word.] To determine by calculation; to count; to reckon; to calculate; to To reckon. comv.i. estimate.

—

—

—

putability, kom«pu'ta'bil"i«ti, n. The computable. of being quality

computable, kom»pu'ta«bl, a. Capable of being computed, numbered, computation, kom»or reckoned.

—

pu'ta'shon, n. [L. computation The act or process of computing, reckoning, or estimating; calculation; the computer, result of a computation. kom«pu'ter, n. One who computes; a reckoner; a calculator. comrade, kom'rad, n. [O.E. camarade, camerade, from Sp. camarada, Fr. camarade, one who occupies the same chamber, from L. camera, a

—

An

associate in occupation

or friendship; a close companion; comradeship, kom'rad*a mate. ship, n. The state or feeling of being

—

a comrade; ship.

companionship; fellow-

n. [From communiand satellite.] A satellite linked to a global communications network. Comtism, kom'tizm, n. The philosophical system founded by Auguste Comte; positivism. Comtist, kom'-

comsat, kam'sat, cations

—

A

disciple of Comte; a positivist. Used also adjectively. tist, n.

n. [Abbrev. from L. contra, against.] Against, in the phrase pro and con, for and against, as a noun, a statement, argument, point, or consideration supporting the negative side of a question (to

con, kon, adv. and

and — conned,

(discuss the pros v.t.

—

con, kon,tu. [From confidence.] (Slang)

To

swindle. a. Confidence. conation, ko»na'shon, n. [L. conor, conatus, to attempt.] Metaph. the faculty of voluntary agency, embracconative, ing desire and volition. kon'a«tiv, a. Relating to the faculty of conation.

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

kon«kat'e«nat, v.t. concatenated, concatenating. [L. concateno, concatenatum, to link together con, together, and catena, chain.] To link together; a chain, to unite in a successive series or chain, as things depending on each concatenation, other. kon«kat'e«-

an ill-grounded

na"shon, n. The state of being concatenated or linked together; a series of links united.

Out of

—

—

concave, kon'kav, a. [L. concavus cave.] con, and cavus, hollow. Hollow and curved or rounded, as the inner surface of a spherical body;

presenting a hollow or incurvation towards some direction expressed or understood; incurved. n. A hollow; an arch or vault; a cavity. concaved, concaving. To make v.t.f concavely, kon'kav«li, adv. hollow. So as to be concave; in a concave manner. concaveness, kon'kav«nes, n. The state of being concave. concavity, kon«kav'i«ti, n. Hollowness; a concave surface, or the space contained in it. concavo-concave, kon«ka'vo«kon«kav, a. Concave or

—

— —

—

hollow on both surfaces, as a

—concavo-convex,

—

—

;

concentrate

—

concatenate,

lens.

kon«ka'vo«kon«-

Concave on one side and convex on the other. conceal, kon«seT, v.t. [From L. concon, together, and celo, to conceal celo, to hide.] To hide; to withdraw from observation; to cover or keep from sight; to keep close or secret; to forbear to disclose; to withhold from utterance or declaration. concealable, kon«seTa«bl, a. Capable of being concealed, hid, or kept concealment, kon«seTment, close. veks, a.

—

The

opinion of one's importance; self-conceit; vanity; a witty, happy, or ingenious thought or expression; a quaint or

own

humorous fancy; now commonly

a

thought or expression intended to be striking or poetical, but rather farfetched,

insipid, or pedantic. conceit with, not now having favorable opinion of; no longer

a

with. v.t. To imagine wrongly; to err in believing: used

pleased

—

conceited, kon«se'ted, a. Entertaining a flattering opinion of one's self; self-conceited; vain; egorefl.

—

conceitedly, kon«se'ted«li, adv. In a conceited manner; with vanity or egotism. conceitedness, kon«se'ted»nes, n. The state of being conceited. tistical.

—

—

conceive,

kon»seV, v.t. conceived, conceiving. [O.Fr. concever, conceveir, Fr. concevoir, from L. concipere, to conceive, conceit.] To become pregnant with; to develop in the in an embryonic state; to form in the mind; to devise (an idea, a purpose); to realize in the mind; to form a conception of; to place distinctly before the thoughts; to comprehend; often used as a specific term in philosophy; to think; to imagine; to suppose possible. v.i. To have a fetus formed in the womb; to become pregnant; to have or form a conception or idea to think (to conceive of a thing).

womb

conceivable, kon«se'va«bl, a. Capable of being conceived, thought, imagconceivabiliined, or understood. ty, conceivableness, kon«se'va«bil"i»-

—

ti,

The

kon«se'va«bl«nes, n.

— —

quality

act of concealing, hiding, or keeping secret; the state of being hid or concealed; privacy; shelter

conceivably, of being conceivable. kon«se'va»bli, adv. In a conceivable conceiver, or intelligible manner.

from observation; cover from sight. concede, kon«sed', v.t. conceded,

concentrate, kon«sen'trat, or kon',

n.

—

conceding. [L. concedo, concessum, to con, together, and cedo, yield, grant cede.] To admit as true, to yield, just, or proper; to grant; to let pass undisputed; to grant as a privilege; to yield up; to allow; to surrender. v.i. To make concession; to grant a request or petition; to yield. conceder, kon«se'der, n. One who

concedes.

—concession,

kon»sesh'on,

The

act of conceding, admitting, or granting; a yielding to demand or claim; the thing yielded ; a grant ; a grant empowering some scheme or work to be done.

n. [L. concessio.]

—concessionary,

concessionnaire, kon«sesh'on«aTi, kon«sesh'on«ar ", n.

A

person to concessionnaire.] a concession for carrying out some scheme has been made; a member of a company to special powers have been granted by a government for carrying out some work. concessive, kon»ses'iv, [Fr.

cons).

conning. [A form of can.] To peruse carefully and attentively; to study over; to learn; to direct the steering of (a conning tower, a turret on ship). a ship from which the vessel's movements are directed.

con, kon,

—— — —

172

By

chamber.]

— —

—— — —

whom

whom

—

a.

Implying or containing concession.

conceit, kon«set', n. [O.E. conceipt, O.Fr. concept, from L. conceptus, a conception, from concipio, to con-

kon«se'ver, n.

One

that conceives.

—concentrated, concentrating. concentrer — L. con, together,

v.t.

[Fr.

and

centrum, a center.] To bring to a common center or point of union; to cause to come together to one spot or point; to bring to bear on one point; to direct toward one object; in chemical manipulations, to intensify by removing nonessential matter; to reduce to a state of great v.i. To apstrength and purity. proach or meet in a common point concentration, kon«scn«or center. tra shon, n. The act of concentrating; the act of collecting into a central point or of directing to one object; the state of being concentrated; the act of increasing the strength of fluids by volatilizing part oi their Concentration tamp. Barracks water. with stockade, patrolled by the military, used for the detention and punishment of people politically, economically, or morally adverse to the policies of the government, esp., concenter, kon«sen'ter, in Europe.

—

v.i.

— — amemu ndt

concentering.

To

Opinion, estimation,

converge to or meet in a common center; to combine or be united in one object. v.t. To draw or direct

view, or belief (wise in one's own conceit); an ill-grounded opinion; a baseless fancy; a crotchety notion;

—concentric, concentrical, kon«sen concen-

ceive

con,

and

deceit, receipt.]

me, met, her;

capio, to take;

pine, pin;

comp.

note, not,

move;

to a

common

center; to concentrate

'-

trik,

kon«sen'tri«kal, a.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

[L.

pound.

_

—

—

—

— —

;

concept tricus.]

Having

(circles, etc.).

a

common

concoct

adv.

—concentricity,

—conciliation, The

from

n.

(kon'-

[From above verb, but in musical meanings L. concentus, a singing together, seems to have had an influence.] Agreement of two or more in a design or plan; accordsert).

speak of a concise style or phrase; a succinct narrative or account. concisely, kon«sis'li, adv. In a concise

A

he is). Immaculate conception. IMMACULATE. conceptional, kon«sep'shon«al, a. Pertaining to or having the nature of a conception or notion. conceptive, kon«sep'tiv, a. Capable

—

—

—

—

of conceiving either physically or mentally. conceptual, kon«sep'chu»al, a. Pertaining to conception, mental or physical. concept ualism, kon«sep'chu«al«izm, n. The doctrine of the conceptualists, in some sense intermediate between realism and nominalism. conceptualise kon«sep'chu»al«ist, n. One who holds the doctrine that the mind has the power of assigning an independent existence to general conceptions. conceptualistic, kon»sep'chu«a«lis"tik, a. Pertaining to conceptualism or concep-

—

companiments

—

—

—

A

—

tualists.

concern,

kon«sern', v.t. [Fr. concenter, to concern, from L. concerno, to mix, as in a sieve con, together, and cerno, to sift, akin to Gr. krino, to separate. Akin decree, discreet, secret, etc.] relate, pertain, or belong to; to affect the interest, of; to be of importance to (that does not concern me); refl. to take or have an interest in, occupy or busy one's self; to disturb, make uneasy, or

depressions like

shells.

clude an agreement, a peace). v.i. To infer; to form a final judgment; to come to a decision; to resolve; to determine; generally followed by an infinitive or a clause; to end; concluder, kon«to make a finish. klu'der, n. One who concludes. conclusion, kon«klu'zhon, n. [L.

—concholo-

gical, kong«ko«loj'ik«al, a. Pertaining

to conchology. kol'o'jist, n.

ogy.

To

—conchologist, kong—

One

—

versed in conchol-

—conchology,

kong«kol'o'ji,

n.

That department of zoology which treats of the nature, formation, and classification of the shells with which

conclusio.]

selves.

concierge, kon«syarzh', n. [Fr.] A doorkeeper to a hotel, house, prison, etc.; a janitor, male or female; a

concilium, a council.] relating to a council.

conciliate, kon«sil'i'at,

—

—

Having concern ; interested ; engaged anxious. concerning, kon«ser'ning, prep. In regard to; regarding; with relation to; about. concernment, kon»sern'ment, n. thing in which one is concerned or inter-

concilium, plan, council, council.] To bring to entertain a friendly feeling; to make friendly from being antagonistic; to pacify; to soothe; to win, gain, or engage (to conciliate one's affection or regard); to show to be compatible (statements, etc.).

from

—

— A

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

—

try conclusions). to conclusive, kon«klu'siv, a. Putting an end to debate or argument; leading to a conclusion or determination; decisive; bringing out or leading to a regular logical conclusion. conclusively, kon«klu'siv«li, adv. In a

a. [From L. Pertaining or

conciliatv.t. ed, conciliating. [L. concilio, conciliaturn, to unite in thought or feeling,

end, close, or term-

phrase

porter.

conciliar, kon«sil'i«er,

The

ination; the last part: often in the phrase in conclusion finally, lastly, determination; final decision; inference; logic, the inference of a syllogism as drawn from the premises; an experiment (obsolete except in the

the bodies of many Mollusca are protected, or of the animals them-

cause concern to: in this sense generally in pp. n. That which relates or belongs to one; business; affair; matter of importance; that which affects one's welfare or happiness; solicitude; anxiety; agitation or uneasiness of mind; disturbed state of feeling; an establishment, such as a manufacturing or commercial estab.*. lishment. Syn. under care. concerned, kon«sernd', p. and a.

few words.

— —

Gr.

Skr. cankha, a shell.] marine shell, especially a large spiral shell of a trumpet shape, which may be blown like a trumpet; the external portion of the ear, more especially the hollow part of it. conchiferous, kong«kif'er«us, a. Belonging to the chonchifers. conchoidal, kong«koi'dal, a. Mineral, having convex elevations and concave

kongche,

briefly; in

—

for a full orchestra.

concession, etc. See concede. conch, kongk, n. [L. concha,

manner;

conciseness, kon«sis'nes, n. The quality of being concise. concision,}: kon«si'zhon, n. Conciseness; a sect or faction; those in the apostles' time who laid too much stress on circumcision (N.T.). conclave, kon'klav, n. [L. conclave, a private room, a closet con, together, and clavis, a key.] The assembly or meeting of the cardinals shut up for the election of a pope; hence, the body of cardinals; a private meeting; conclavist, kon'a close assembly. kla«vist, n. An attendant whom a cardinal is allowed to take with him into the conclave for the choice of a pope. conclude, kon«klud', v.t. concluded, con, and concluding. [L. concludo claudo, to shut; whence also clause, close.} To shut up or enclose^; to include or comprehend (N.T.)$; to infer or arrive at by reasoning; to deduce, as from premises; to judge; to end, finish, bring to a conclusion; to settle or arrange finally (to con-

musical instrument held between the hands in playing, and composed of a bellows, with two faces or ends, in which are the keys or stops by pressing which with the fingers air is admitted to the free metallic reeds producing the sounds. concerto, kon«char'to, n. [It.] A musical composition, usually in a symphonic form, written for one principal instrument, with ac-

notion, or idea in the loose sense (you have no conception how clever

go;

produced by conciseness; thus we

position in parts for several voices or instruments. concertina, kon— ser«te'na, n.

— —

—

ance in a scheme; cooperation; concord; the music of a company of players or singers, or of both united; a public or private musical entertainment, at which a number of vocalists or instrumentalists, or both, perfonn singly or combined. concerted, kon»ser'ted, p. and a. Mutually contrived or planned. Concerted piece, in music, a com-

;

—con-

Tending

concilto conciliate; conciliatory. iator, kon«sh"i«a'ter, n. One who concilconciliates or reconciles. iatory, kon«sil'i«a«tOTi, a. Tending to conciliate or bring to a friendly state of feeling; pacific. concise, kon«sis', a. [L. concisus, cut con, and off, brief, from concido caedo, to cut.] Comprehending much in few words; brief and comprehensive ; employing as few words as possible ;succinct. .'. Concise refers mainly to style or manner in speaking or writing; succinct refers rather to the result

from root of series.] To and settle by mutual com-

tions; to plan; to devise.

formation of the embryo of an animal ; the act or power of conceiving in the mind; that which is conceived in the mind; product of the imaginative or inventive faculty; philos. that mental act or combination of acts by which an absent object of perception is brought before the mind by the imagination the mental operation by which such notions or conceptions are formed; a general notion; that which constitutes the meaning of a general term ; thought,

g,

ciliative, kon«sil'i»a«tiv, a.

munication of opinions or proposi-

—

ch, Sc. loch;

or gaining favor or esteem.

It.

to join, contrive

—

ch, chain;

kon«sil'i«a"shon, n. act of conciliating; the act of making friendly; the act of winning

concertare, to concert, misspelled from L. consero, consertus, to join together con, and sero,

kon«sep'ta»kl, n. [L. concept aculum.) That in which anything is contained; a receptacle; bot. a hollow sac containing bodies connected with reproconcepduction or fructification! tion, kon«sep'shon, n. [L. ccmceptio.] The act of conceiving; the first .

ested;

interest;

concern; affair; business; importance; participation; concern; solicitude. concert, komsert', v.t. [Fr. concerter,

center

—concentrically, kon«-

—— —

—

173

In a concentric kon»sen«tris'i«ti, n. State of being concentric. concept, kon'sept, n. [L. conceptum, what is conceived, from concipio. conceive.] Philos. the subject of a conception; the object conceived by conceptacle, the mind; a notion. sen'tri«kal«li,

manner.

—

—

conclusiveness, conclusive manner. kon«klu'siv«nes, n. The quality of being conclusive or decisive. concoct, kon«kokt', v.t. [L. ccmcoquo, concoctum con, and coquo, to cook. cook.] To digest by the stomach^; to ripen or mature^; to form and prepare in the mind; to devise; to

th, thin;

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

— —

—— —

—

concomitant

— —

—

174

To

(a scheme); to mix different ingredients. concoction, kon«kok'shon, n. [L. concoctio.) Digestion^; the act of mixing ingredients, as for a dish in

creting.

by combining

thicken. adv. In

cookery.

of

growing together so as to form one mass; the mass or solid matter formed by growing together; a clot; a lump; geol. a lump or nodule formed by molecular aggregation as distinct from crystallization. Morbid concretions, hard substances which

A

occasionally

a.

—concoctive, % kon»kok'tiv,

Maturing; ripening.

concomitant, kon«kom'i«tant, a. [From L. com, together, and comitor, to accompany, from comes, a companion.] Accompanying; conjoined with;

concurrent;

attending:

things, circumstances, etc. n. thing, that accompanies another; an accompaniment ; an accessory.

—

concomitance, concomitancy, kon«kom'i«tans, kon«kom'i«tan«si, n. The state of being concomitant; a being together or in connection with another thing. concomitantly, kon«kom'i«tant«li, adv. So as to be concomitant; concurrently; unitedly. concord, kon'kord or kong'kord, n. [Fr. concorde, L. con, and cor, cordis, the heart, accord.] Agreement or union in opinions, sentiments, views, or interests; harmony; agreement between things; suitableness; music, the pleasing combination of two or more sounds ; the relation between two or more sounds which are agreeable to the ear ; gram, agreement of words in construction. concordance, kon«kor'dans, n. The state

—

—

of

being

agreement;

concordant;

harmony; a book in which the principal words used in any work, as the Scriptures, Shakespeare, etc., are arranged alphabetically, and the book, chapter, verse, act, scene, line, or other subdivision in which each occurs are noted. concordant, kon«kor'dant, a. [L. concordans, ppr. of concordare, to agree.] Agreeing; agreeable; correspondent; harmonious. concordantly, kon'kor'dant«li, adv. In a concordant manner. concordat, kon«kor'dat, n. [Fr.] An agreement; compact; convention; espe-

—

—

a formal agreement between see of Rome and any secular

cially,

the

government.

concourse, kon'kors or kong'kors, n. [Fr. concours, from L. concursus, from concurro, to run together con, and curro, to run.] A moving, flowing, or running together; confluence; a meeting or coming together of people; the people assembled; a throng; a crowd; an assemblage of things; agglomeration. concrete, kon'kret or kong'kret, a. [L.

grow grow;

from

to together con, and cresco, to seen also in decrease, increase,

concretus,

crescent,

etc.]

concresco,

Formed

by

union

of separate particles in a mass; united in a solid form; logic, a term applied to an object as it exists in nature, invested with all its attributes, or to the notion or name of such an object, abstract. n. A mass formed by concretion of separate particles of matter in one body; a compound; logic, a concrete term; a compact mass of gravel, coarse pebbles, or stone chippings cemented together by hydraulic or other mortar, employed extensively in

—

building.

v.i.

and

t.

—concreted, con-

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

coagulate; to congeal; to

—concretely, concrete manner; not —concretion, kon«kre'kon«kret'li,

a

abstractly.

shon,

n.

The

act of concreting or

make

their appearance

in

different parts of the body. concretionary, kon«kre'sho«na«ri, a. Pertaining to concretion; formed by concretion; consisting of concretions. concubine, kong'ku»bin, n. [L. concubina, from concumbo, to lie together con, and cumbo or cubo, to lie down.] A paramour, male or female^:; a woman who cohabits with a man without being legally married to him; a kept mistress; a wife of inferior condition, such as were allowed in ancient Greece and Rome; a lawful wife, but not united to the man by the usual ceremonies. concubinage, kon'ku»bi«nij, n. The act or practice of having a concubine or concubines; the state of being a concubine; a living as man and wife without being married. concubinary, kon«ku'bi«naTi, a. Relating to concubinage; living in concubinage.

—

—

concupiscence,

kon«ku'pi«sens,

n.

[L. concupiscentia, from concupisco, to lust after con, and cupio, to desire.] Lustful feeling; lust; sinful concupiscent, desire. kon«ku'pi«sent, a. Desirous of unlawful pleas-

—

ure; libidinous; lustful.

—concupis-

kon«ku'pis«i«bl, a. Concupiscent; lustful. concur, kon«ker', v.i. concurred, concurring. [L. concurro, to run together con, and curro, to run; seen also cible,-]-

—

—

in course, current, incur, recur, etc.] run or meet together}:; to agree, join, or unite, as in one action or opinion (to concur with a person in an opinion (to assent: with to (Af»7.)t; to unite or be conjoined;

To

to meet together; to be combined; to unite in contributing to a common object (causes that concur to an effect); to coincide or have points concurrence, of agreement (Shak.). concurrency, kon«kur'ens, kon«kur-

—

The act of concurring; n. conjunction combination of agents, circumstances, or events; agreement in opinion; union or consent as to a design to be carried out; approbation; consent with joint aid or contribution of power or influence. concurrent, kon*kur'ent, a. Concurring or acting in conjunction; agreeing in the same act; contributing to the same event or effect; operating with conjoined associate concomitant; joint and equal; existing together and operating on the en»si,

;

;

;

same objects

(the concurrent jurisdiction of law courts). n. One who concurs ; one agreeing to or pursuing the same course of action; that which concurs; joint or contributory concurrently, kon«kur'ent«cause.

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

;

condense

plan; to plot

—

— —

—

;

note, not,

move;

adv. So as to be concurrent; in union or combination; unitedly. concuss, kon-kus', v.t. [L. concutio, concussum, to shake, and as a law term to extort con, together, and quatio, quassum (in composition cutio, li,

cussum), to shake, quash.] To shake or agitate-}-; to force by threats to do something, especially to give up something of value; to intimidate into a desired course of action; to coerce. concussive, kon«kus'iv, a. Having the power or quality

—

—

of shaking; agitating. concussion, kon«kush'on, n. [L. concussio, concusa shock, extortion.] The act of shaking, particularly by the stroke or impulse of another body; the shock occasioned by two bodies sionis,

coming suddenly

into

collision;

a

shock; surg. applied to injuries sustained by the brain and other organs from falls, blows, etc.; the act of extorting by threats or force extortion.

condemn, kon«dem',

—

v.t.

[L.

con-

demno con, intens., and damno, to condemn, whence damn.] To pronounce to be utterly wrong; to utter a sentence of disapprobation against; to pronounce to be guilty; to sentence to punishment; to utter sentence against judicially: opposed to acquit or absolve; to judge or pronounce to be unfit for use or service, or to be forfeited. Condemned cell or ward, in prisons, the cell in which a prisoner sentenced to death is detained till his execution.

—condemnable,

bl, a.

kon«dem'na»-

Worthy of being condemned.

condemnation, kon»dem«na'shon,

n.

condemnatio.] The act of condemning; the state of being condemned; the cause or reason of a sentence of condemnation (N.T.). [L.

condemnatory, kon«dem na«tOTi a. Condemning; bearing condemnation condemner, kon«dem or censure. er, n. One who condemns. condense, kon«dens', v.t. condensed, con, and condensing. [L. condenso

—

—

—

make dense. DENSE.] To make more dense or compact; to denso, to

reduce the volume or compass of; to bring into closer union of parts; compress (to to to consolidate; condense a substance, an argument, etc.); to reduce (a gas or vapor) to the condition of a liquid or solid. v.i. To become close or more compact, as the particles of a body; to change from the vaporous to the condensed, kon«denst', liquid state. a. Made dense or close in texture or composition; compressed; com-

—

pact (a condensed style of

—condenser,

compo-

kon«den ser, n. One who or that which condenses; a pneumatic instrument or syringe in which air may be compressed; a vessel in which aqueous or spirituous vapors are reduced to a liquid form by coldness; a lens to gather and concentrate rays collected by a mirror and direct them upon an object; an instrument employed to collect and render sensible very sition).

of electricity. quantities small condensability, kon»den'sa'biri'ti, n. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

— —

;

condescend shond,

qualifying term, as well conditioned, conditioned; metaph. placed or cognized under conditions or rela-

—

The

act of

tions.

v.i. condoled, concondoleo con, with, and L. doleo, to grieve, whence doleful, dolor.] To express pain or grief at the distress or misfortunes of another; to express sympathy to one in grief or misfortune:

[L.L.

doling.

n.

condens-

—

—

followed by with. v.t.% To lament or grieve over. condolence, kon«do'lens, n. The act of condoling; expression of sympathy with another's grief. condoler, kon«do'ler, n. One who condoles. condominium, kon«do«min'i«um, n. [L. con, and dominium, rule.] Joint rule or control. condone, kon«don', v.t. condoned, condoning. [L. condonare, to pardon con, and donare, to present, from

—

—

—

:

—

—

—

donum, a gift, donation.]

To pardon

to overlook an offense (never with a personal object); law, to forgive, or to act so as to imply forgiveness of a violation of the to

—

forgive;

—

condonation, kon«doma'shon, n. [L. condonatio.] The act of condoning or pardoning a wrong act; law, an act or course of conduct by which a husband or a wife is held to have pardoned a matrimonial offense committed by the other, the party condoning being thus barred from a remedy for that marriage vow.

—

condign manner.

diction.] particular of being; situation; predicament; case; state; state with respect to the orders or grades of society or to property; rank in society; that which is requisite to be done, happen, exist, or be present in order to something else being done, taking effect, or happening; a clause in a contract embodying some stipulation, provision, or essential point. v.t. To form the condition or essential accompaniment of; to regulate or determine; to stipulate; to arrange. conditional, komdi'shon— al, a. Imposing conditions; containing or depending on a condition or conditions; made with limitations; not absolute; made or granted on certain terms gram, and logic, expressing or involving a condition. conditionality, kon«di'sho«nal"i— ti, n. The quality of being conditional or limited; limitation by certain

—conditioned,

kon«di

ch, Sc. \och;

g, go;

kon«du'Conduciveness. con-

n.

—

To (kon-dukt'). the way; to guide; to lead; to escort; to lead, commander; to direct; to a as protection.

kon«di'a conditional manner; with certain limitations; on particular conditions, terms, or

v.t.

accompany and show

In

stipulations.

—conducibleness,!

Con-

;

— conditionally, adv.

conducibilis.]

—

—

shon«al«li,

—conducible,^ kon«-

ducive, kon«du'siv, a. Having the quality of conducing, promoting, or furthering; tending to advance or bring about; followed by to. conduciveness, kon«du'siv«nes, n. The quality of being conducive. conduct, kon'dukt, n. [L.L. conductus, L. conductus, pp. of conduco. conduce, duke.] The act of guiding or commanding; mode of carrying on or conducting; mode of handing or wielding; administration; management ; personal behavior deportment: applied indifferently to a good or bad course of action; the or guarding; of convoying act guidance or bringing along under

;

command;

-

j,

electricity, etc.; the quality of being conductive; the quantity of heat that flows in unit time through unit area of a plate of any substance of unit thickness, with one degree of difference of temperature between its faces. conductor, kon«duk'ter, n. One who conducts; a leader; a guide; a commander ; one who leads an army a director or manager; the director of a chorus or orchestra the person who attends to the passengers in a bus or a streetcar, or the like, as contradistinguished from the driver;

heat,

;

physics,

a

body

that

receives

and

condyle, kon'dil,

a.

si«bl«nes,

—

—

[L.

ducive.

—

—

to.

—

conduce,

mode

—

du'si«bl,

found most commonly in the Andes

A

to declare,

A

at heights from 10,000 to 15,000 feet above the level of the sea.

dicio, condicionis (also conditio) situation, compact, etc. con, and dico,

musical conductor. v.i. To carry, transmit, or propagate heat, electricity, sound, etc. ; to act as musical conductibility, conductor. kon«duk'ti«bil"i«ti, n. Capacity of being conducted; conductivity. conductible, kon»duk'ti«bl, a. Capable of being conducted or conveyed. conduction, kon«duk'shon, n. Physics, the mode of transference of heat through the substance of solids and of electricity through any suitable body called a conductor. conductive, kon«duk'tiv, a. Physics, having the power or quality of conducting. conductivity, kon«duk«tiv'i«ti, n. Physics, the power of conducting

preceded by

cuntur.]

from Peruv. south American bird, one n. [Sp.,

of the largest of the vulture tribe,

condisciple, kon«di«si'pl, n. A comrade disciple or student associate; a fellow learner; a schoolmate. condition, kon«di'shon, n. [L. con-

to behave; physics, to carry, transmit, or propagate, as heat, electricity, etc.; to lead or direct as refl.

conduced, kon«dus', v.i. conducing. [L. conduco, to conduce con, and duco, to lead; conduct is from the same verb.] To combine with other things in bringing about or tending to bring about a result; to lead or tend; to contribute: followed by the infinitive or a noun

condor, kon'dor,

condimentum, from condio, to season, pickle.] Something used to give relish to food, and to gratify the taste; sauce; seasoning. n. [L.

;

or communicates heat, electricity, or force in any of its forms; hence, specifically, a lightning rod. conductor}-, komduk'Having the property of to«ri, a. conducting. conduit, kon'dit, or kon'duit, n. [Ft. conduit, pp. of conduire, L. conducere, conductum, to conduct.] A pipe, tube or other channel for the conveyance of fluids; a tube or pipe for protecting electric wires or cables. conduplicate, kon«du'pli«kat, a. Doubled or folded over or together; bot. applied to leaves in the bud when they are folded down the middle, so that the halves of the lamina are applied together by their faces.

offense.

condiment, kon'di«ment,

ch, c/jain;

—

condole, kon»d61',

ing or making more dense or compact ; the act of bringing into smaller compass; consolidation; the act of reducing a gas or vapor to a liquid or solid form. condescend, kon«de«send', v.i. [Ft. condescendre L. con, with, and descendo. descend.] To descend voluntarily for a time to the level of an inferior; to stoop; to lower one's self intentionally often followed by the infinitive or a noun preceded by to. condescending, kon«de«sen'ding, a. Marked or characterized by condescension; stooping to the level of one's inferiors. condescendingly, kon«de«sen'ding«li, adv. In a condescending manner. condescension, kon»de«sen'shon, n. The act of condescending; the act of voluntary stooping to an equality with inferiors; affability on the part of a superior. condign, kon* din', a. [L. condignus, well worthy con, and dignns, worthy. dignity.] Well deserved; merited; suitable: now always applied to punishment or something equivalent. condignly, kon«din'li, adv. In a

terms.

a certain state or

preceded by some

ill

sate,! kon«den'sat, v.t. and i. condensated, condensating. To condense.

—condensation, kon«den«sa'shon,

Having

a.

qualities, usually

——

cone

175

Quality of being condensable. condensable, condensible, kon*den'sa«bl, kon«den'si'bl, a. Capable of being condensed; capable of being compressed into a smaller compass, condenor made more compact.

[L. condensation

—

—

>ob;

to

manage

ng, sing;

TH,

(affairs, etc.);

then;

xh, thin;

transmits

—

n. [L. condylus, Gr. kondylos, a knuckle, a joint.] Anal, a protuberance on the end of a bone serving to form an articulation with another bone. condyloid, kon'di«loid, a. Anat. resembling or shaped like a condyle. cone, kon, n. [L. conus, Gr. konos, a cone, from root seen in E. hone, Skr. co, to sharpen.] solid figure rising from a circular base and regularly tapering to a point; anything shaped like, or approaching the shape of, a cone; one of the fruits of fir trees, pines, etc.; a strobilus; the name of certain molluscous shells; the hill surrounding the crater of a volcano, formed by the gradual accumulation of ejected material; a form of storm signal. conic, kon ik, a. [L. conicus, Gr. konikos.] Having the form of a cone conical pertaining to a cone. Conic sections., the figures formed by the outlines of the cut surfaces when a cone is cut by a plane, more

—

A

;

w,

trig;

;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

— —

—

——

coney

—

—

—

—

and

fero, to bear.] Bot. a

plant producing cones, or hard, dry, scaly seed vessels of a conical figure, as the pine, fir, etc. coniferous,

—

ko«nif'er«us, a. Bearing cones; belonging or relating to the conifers. conoid, ko'noid, n. Geom. a solid formed by the revolution of a conic section about its axis; anal, the pineal gland. conoid, conoidal, ko'noid, ko»noi'dal, a. Approaching to a conical form; nearly conical.

—

coney, n. See cony. confabulate, kon«fab'u«lat, v.i. [L. confabulor can, and fabulor, to

—

fable.] To talk familiarly together; to chat; to prattle. This talk.

word

is

sometimes shortened colcon-

loquially to confab, kon* fab'.

—

fabulation, kon«fab'u»la"shon, n. [L. talking together; easy, unrestrained conversation. Often shortened to confab, kon'fab. confabulatio.] familiar talk;

A

confect,^ kon«fekt', v.t. [L. conficio, confectum, to prepare con, and facio, to make, comfit.] To compose, mix, put together; to make into sweetmeats. n.% (kon'fekt). A confection; a sweetmeat. confection, kon»fek'shon, n. Anything prepared or preserved with sugar, as fruit; sweetmeat; a composition or a mixture^. confectionary,:}: kon«-

—

—

A

confectioner (O.T.). a. Relating to confections. confectioner, kon«fek'shon«er, n. One whose occupation is to make or sweetmeats or confections. sell confectionery, kon«fek'sho«ne«ri, n. Sweetmeats; things prepared or sold by a confectioner; confections. fek'sho«ne«ri,

n.

—

confederacy,

kon«fed'er«a«si, n.

—

[L.

L. confoederatio con, and L. foedus, a league. federal.] A contract between two or more persons, bodies of men or states, combined in support of each other, in some act or enterprise; a league; compact; alliance; the persons, states, or connations united by a league. federate, kon«fed'er«at, a. [L.L. confcederatus.] United in a league; allied by treaty; engaged in a confederacy; pertaining to a confederacy. ConStates the federate of America, alliance formed by eleven southern

—

states after secession from the United confederaStates in 1 860 and 86 tion, kon«fed'er«a"shon, n. confederacy; a league; alliance; [cap.] .

1

1

Government of

—

A

American

ferring.

[L. confero, to bring together, etc. con, together, and fero, to bring.] To give or bestow: with on or upon before the recipient. .". Confer differs from bestow, inasmuch as it always implies a certain amount of condescension or superiority on the part of the giver. v.i. To consult together on some special subject; to

compare, bestow, consult,

compare opinions; formerly often simply to discourse or

talk, but conimplies conversation on some serious or important subject. conferee, kon«fer»e', n. One on whom something is conferred. conference, kon'fer«ens, n. [Fr. conference.] The act of conferring or consulting together; a meeting for consultation, discussion, or instruction ; a meeting of the representatives of different foreign countries in

fer

now

regard to some matter of importance to all; talk or conversation (Shak.)%. conferrable, kon«fer'a«bl, a. Capable of being conferred or bestowed. conferrer, kon«fer'er, n. One who confers. conferva, kon«fer'va, n. pi. confervae, kon«fer've. [L.] name for various aquatic plants belonging to the algae, and chiefly composed of simple or confervoid, branching filaments. kon«fer'void, a. Resembling a conferva; partaking of the character of the confervae. confess, kon«fes', v.t. [Fr. confesser, from L. confiteor, confessum con, and fateor, to own or acknowledge.] To own, acknowledge, or avow, as a crime, a fault, a charge, a debt, or something that is against one's interest or reputation; to own to; to disclose; eccles. to disclose or recapitulate (sins) to a priest in private with a view to absolution: in this sense sometimes refl. ; to hear or receive the confession of: said of the priest; to acknowledge as having a certain character or certain claims; to declare belief in; to grant, concede, admit; not to dispute, to attest, reveal, let be known

—

—

A

—

—

(poet.).

—

Syn.

/.

under

acknowl-

edge. v.i. To make confession or avowal; to disclose faults; to make known one's sins to a priest. confessedly, kon«fes'ed«li, adv. By general confession or admission; confesser, admittedly. kon«fes'er, confession, n. One who confesses. kon»fesh'on, n. The act of confessing; the act of making an avowal; profession (N.T.); a disclosing of sins or faults to a priest; the disburdening of the conscience privately to a confessor. Confession of Faith, a formulary which comprises the articles of faith that a person, a church, etc., accepts as true. confessional, kon«fesh'on»al, n. [Fr.

—

confessional,

—

L.L.

compartment or

confessionale.] in which

cell

A a

1781-1789, previous

to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. confederative, kon«fed'er«a«tiv, a. Of or belonging to a confederation. confer, kon»fer', v.t. conferred, con-

through which the penitent, kneeling without, makes confession. a. Of or pertaining to a confession. confessionary, kon»fesh'o«ne«ri, a. Pertaining to auricular confession.

Colonies from

—

the

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

confine

priest sits to hear confession, having a small opening or hole at each side

the

—

176

especially the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola, the first of which is seen when the section is made parallel to the slope of the cone. n. A conic section. conical, kon'ik«al, a. Having the form of a cone; cone shaped. conically, kon'ik«al«li, adv. In the form of a cone. conies, kon'iks, n. That part of geometry which treats of the cone and the several curve lines arising from the sections of it. conifer, ko'ni»fer, n. [L. conns,

—— — —

note, not,

move;

confessor, kon«fes'er, n. One who confesses; one who acknowledges a crime or fault; a priest who hears confession and assumes power to grant absolution; one who made a profession of his faith in the Christian religion, and adhered to it in the face of persecution.

confide, kon-fid',

—

confided, concon, and fido, to To rely with full assurance of mind ; to rest the mind firmly without anxiety; to trust; to believe: followed by in. v.t. confided, confiding. To entrust; to commit with full reliance on the party to the thing is committed (to confide a thing to a person). confidant, kon'fi«dant, n. masc. confidante, kon«fi«dant', n. fern.

fiding. [L. confido trust, faith.]

—

v.i.

— —

whom

— —

[O.Fr.] A person entrusted with the confidence of another ; one to whom secrets are confided; a confidential confidence, kon'fi«dens, n. friend. [L. confidential Assurance of mind; firm belief; trust; reliance; reliance on one's own abilities, resources, or circumstances ; self-reliance ; assurance; boldness; courage; that in which trust is placed; ground of trust; a secret; a private or con-

—

fidential

communication

confidences kon'fi«dent,

together).

(to

exchange

—confident,

Full of confidence; fully assured; relying on one's self; full of assurance; bold, sometimes overbold. confidential, kon»fi«den'shal, a. Enjoying the confidence of another; entrusted with secrets or with private affairs; intended to be treated as private, or kept in confidence; spoken or written in confidence; confidentially, kon«fi«den'secret. shal«li, adv. In a confidential manconfidently, kon'fi«dent»li, ner. adv. In a confident manner; with firm trust; with strong assurance; confider, positively; dogmatically. kon«f!'der, n. One who confides; one who trusts in or entrusts to another. confiding, kon«fi'ding, p. and a. Trusting; reposing confidence trustconfidingly, kon— ful; credulous. fi'ding'li, adv. In a confiding manner; trustfully.

having

full

a.

belief;

—

—

—

—

;

—

configure,! kon«fig'ur,

—

—

v.t. configcon, ured, configuring. [L. configuro and figuro, to form; figura. figure.] To form; to dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape.—configuration, n. [L. kon«fig'u«ra"shon, configur a tio.] External form, figure. or shape of a thing as resulting

from the disposition and shape of its parts external aspect or appearance; shape or form. confine, kon fin, n. [L. confitiis, bordering, adjoining, confine, a border con, and finis, end, border, fixe.] Border; boundary; limit. frontier; the part of any territory which is at or near the end or extremity: generally in the plural and in regard to contiguous regions. ;

—

v.t.

confined, confining.

(kon-fin')

To

restrain within [Ft. confiner.] limits; to circumscribe; hence, to

imprison; to immure; to shut up; limit or restrain voluntarily in

to

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

— —

;

confirm some

row

confinement, komfin'ment, n. The of being confined; restraint within limits; any restraint of liberty by force or other obstacle or necessity; imprisonment; the lying-in of

—confiner,

komfi'ner,

—

that which confines. komferm', v.t. [L. confirmo con, and firmo, to make firm, from firmus, firm.] To make firm or more firm; to add strength

—

strengthen; to settle or to to; establish; to make certain; to put past doubt; to assure; to verify; to sanction; to ratify (an agreement, promise) ; to strengthen in resolution, purpose, or opinion; to administer

—

—

conform, komform',

—

—

form.] Conformable.

—conformabilThe

ity, kon«for'ma'bil"i«ti, n.

state

or quality of being conformable. conformable, kon«for'ma«bl, a. Corresponding in form, character, manners, opinions, etc.; in harmony or conformity; agreeable; suitable; consistent; adapted; compliant; submissive; disposed to obey; geol. lying in parallel or nearly parallel planes, and having the same dip and changes of dip: said of strata or groups of

shamefully; (Colloq.) der, n.

confiscated, confiscating. [L. concon, together, and fisco, confiscatum adjudge fiscus, the state treasury.] to be forfeited to the public treasury to appropriate to public use by way

—

To

—

to forfeiture. confiscation, kon«fis«ka'shon, n. The act of confiscating or appropriating confiscator, kon'fis— as forfeited. ka«ter or kon»fis', n. One who conliable

—

—

A

j,

which

A

—

Chinese philosopher. Confucianism, kon«fu'shian»izm, n. The doctrines or system of morality taught by Confucius, which has been long adopted in China, and inculcates the practice of virtue but not the worship of any god. confuse, komfuz', v.t. confused, con-

—

fusing.

[I.,

confusus,

from confundo.

To mix up

confound.]

The manner

fusio.]

—

in

which

body

a

—

is

>ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

A

state in

which things are

confused; an indiscriminate or disorderly mingling; disorder; tumultuous condition; perturbation of mind; embarrassment; distraction; abashment; disconcertment; overthrow; defeat; ruin.

confute, komfut',

—

v.t. confuted, confuting. [L. confute, to cool down by cold water, to confute con, together, and futis, a pitcher from root of {undo, to pour.] To prove (an argu-

ment, statement,

etc.) to be false, defective, or invalid; to disprove; to overthrow; to prove (a person) to be wrong; to convict of error by argument or proof. confutation, kon— fu«ta'shon, n. The act of confuting, disproving, or proving to be false or invalid. confutative, kon«fu'ta«tiv, a. Adapted or designed to confute.

—

—

—

—

that

kon«forma«bl»nes, n. State of being conformable. conformably, komfor 'maMi, adv. In a conformable manner; in conformity; suitably; agreeably. conformation, kon«for«ma'shon, n.

confound, kon«found\ v.t. [Fr. confondre, from L. confimdo con, together, and j undo, fusum, to pour out, whence fuse, confuse, refuse, etc.] To mingle confusedly together; to mix

mass of combustibles. conflict, kon'flikt, n. [L. conflictus, a conflict, from confligo con, together, and fligo, to strike, to dash.] fighting or struggle for mastery; a com-

komfoun-

or

—

or dictates; submission; accordance; compliance with the usages or principles of the English Church.

A

One who

in front of; to meet in hostility; to oppose; to set face to face; to bring into the presence of: followed by with. -confrontation,! confrontment,! kon«frun«ta'shon, kon«frunt'ment, n. The act of confronting. confronter, kon«frun'ter, n. One who confronts. Confucian, Confucianist, kon*fu'shi»an, kon«fu'shi«an«ist, n. follower of Confucius, the famous

—

—

confiscatory, fiscates. kon«fis'ka— tOTi, a. Confiscating; relating to confiscation. conflagration, kon«fla«gra'shon, n. [L. conflagratio con, with, and flagro, to burn, whence flagrant.} great fire, or the burning of any great

—confounder,

—

—conformableness,

formed; the particular disposition of the parts which compose it; form; structure. configuration; conformer, komfor'mer, n. One who conforms; one who complies with established forms or doctrines. conformist, komfor'mist, n. One who conforms or complies; one who complies with the worship of the Church of England, as distinguished from a Dissenter or Non-conformist. conformity, kon* form i«ti, n. Correspondence in form or manner; agreement; congruity; likeness; harmony; correspondence with decrees

of penalty; to appropriate under legal authority as forfeited. a. Confiscated. (Shak.) confiscable,! kon— fis'ka«bl, a. Capable of being con-

greatly; detestably.

confounds. confraternity, kon«fra«ter'ni«ti, n. A fraternity or brotherhood. confront, kon»frunt', v.t. [Fr. confronter L. con, together, and frons, fronds, the countenance or front.] To stand facing; to face; to stand

—

manner.

Enormously; odiously;

without order or clearness; to throw together indiscriminately; to derange, disorder, jumble; to confound; to perplex or derange the mind or ideas of; to embarrass; to disconcert. Syn. under abash. confusedly, kon— fu'zed»li, adv. In a confused manner; in a mixed mass; without order; indiscriminately; with agitation of mind. confusedness, kon«fu'zed— nes, n. A state of being confused. confusion, komfu'zhon, n. [L. con-

strata.

confiscate, kon'fis»kat or kon»fis'kat,

go;

con-

—

—

g,

[L.

v.t.

con,

to make like (to conform anything to a model); to bring into harmony or correspondence; to adapt; to submit: often refl. v.i. To act in conformity or compliance; eccles. to comply with the usages of the Established Church. a. [L. conformis con, and forma,

—

ch, Sc. loch;

—

and forma, form.] To make of the same form or character

formo

—

ch, chain;

A

tude collected.

—

fiscated;

A

—

conthe rite of confirmation to. firmable, kon«fer'ma«bl, a. Capable confirmation, of being confirmed. kon«fer»ma'shon, n. The act of confirming; the act of establishing; establishment ; corroboration; the act of rendering valid or ratifying; the ceremony of laying on hands by a bishop in the admission of baptized persons to the full enjoyment of Christian privileges, a rite of the Roman, Greek, and English churches; that which confirms; additional evidence; proof; convincing confirmative, kon»fer'testimony. ma«tiv, a. Tending to confirm or confirmestablish; confirmatory. atory, kon«fer'ma»to«ri, a. Serving to confirm ; giving additional strength, force, or stability, or additional confirmed, assurance or evidence. kon«fermd', p. and a. Fixed; settled; settled in certain habits, state of health, etc. (a confirmed drunkard or invalid); having received the rite confirmedly, conof confirmation. fer 'med«li, adv. In a confirmed

—

—

adv.

ded»li,

A

confirm,

v.t.

—

—

n.

mass or crowd so that individuals

cannot be distinguished; to throw into disorder; to confuse; to mistake one for another; to make a mistake between; to throw into consternation; to perplex with terror, surprise, or astonishment; to astound; to abash; to overthrow, ruin, baffle, or .'. bring to nought. Syn. under ABASH. confounded, komfoun'ded, a. Excessive; odious; detestable. (Colloq.) confoundedly, kon«foun-

—

state

woman. One who or

in a

—

confined scope or range).

a

congeal

bat; a striving to oppose or overcome; active opposition; contention; strife. kon-flikt', v.i. To meet in opposition or hostility; to contend; to strive or struggle ; to be in opposition; to be contrary; to be incompatible or at variance. conflicting, kon«flik'ting, a. Being in opposition; contrary; contradictory; incompatconnection,! kon«flik'shon, n. ible. Act of conflicting or clashing. confluence, kon'flu«ens, n. [L. confluentia, from confluo con, and fluo, to flow.] flowing together; the meeting or junction of two or more streams of water; also, the place of meeting; the running together of people; a crowd; a concourse. confluent, kon'flu«ent, a. [L. confluens.] Flowing together; meeting in their course, as two streams; meeting; running together; bot. united at some part. Confluent smallpox, smallpox in which the pustules run together or unite. n. tributary conflux, kon'fluks, n. stream. flowing together; a crowd; a multi-

— — —

(a

;

177

act or practice (to confine one's To be confined, a subject). confinable, kon— to be in childbed. fi'na«bl, a. Capable of being conconfined, kon— fined or limited. find', p. and a. Restrained within limits; limited; circumscribed; narself to

—

—

confuter, komfu'ter, n. One who confutes. congeal, kon-jcT, v.t. [L. congelare

th, thin;

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

—

—

— —

——

;

— — ——

congener

178

con, together, and gelare, to freeze, from gelu, cold, whence also gelid, jelly.] To change from a fluid to a solid state by cold or a loss of heat to freeze; to coagulate; to check the flow of; to make (the blood) run cold. v.i. To pass from a fluid to a solid state by cold; to coagulate.

—

congealable, kon*jeTa*bl, a. Capable of being congealed. congeal men t, kon«jel'ment, n. Congelation. con-

—

—

gelation, kon«je«la'shon, n. [L. con-

The act or process of congealing; the state of being congealed; what is congealed or solidified; a concretion. congener, kon'je«ner, n. [L. con, together, and genus, generis, a kind or race.] thing of the same kind or nearly allied; a plant or animal belonging to the same genus. congeneric, kon«je«ner'ik, a. Being of the same kind or nature ; belonging to the same genus. congenerous, kon«jen'er«us, a. Congeneric; anat. gelatio.]

A

—

applied to muscles which concur in the same action.

congenial, kon«je'ni«al,

and

a.

[L.

con,

Partaking of the same nature or natural characteristics; kindred; sympathetic; suited for each other. congeniality, kon-je'ni«al"i«ti, n. The state of being congenial; natural affinity; suitablecongenially, ness. kon«je'ni«al«li, adv. In a congenial manner. congenital, kon«jen'i«tal, a. [L. congenitus con, and genitus, born, root gen, to produce.] Belonging or pergenialis, E. genial.]

—

—

—

in

conglomerate, kon'glom'er»at,

—

a. [L.

conglomero, conglomeratum con, and glomus, glomeris, a ball, a clew.] Gathered into a ball or round body; crowded together; clustered. v.t. conglomerated, conglomerating. To gather into a ball or round body; to collect into a round mass. kind n. of rock made up of rounded fragments of various rocks cemented together by a matrix of siliceous, calcareous, or other cement; gravel solidified by cement into a rock;

—

A

pudding

stone.

—conglomeration,

kon»glom'er»a"shon, n. The act of conglomerating; collection; accumu-

what is conglomerated; mixed mass; a mixture. lation;

conglutinate,

a

—

kon«glu'ti«nat, v.t. conglutinated, conglutinating. [L. conglutino con, and glutino, from gluten, glue, glue.] To glue together; to

—

unite by some glutinous or tenacious substance; to reunite; to cement. v.i. To coalesce; to unite by the intervention of some glutinous subGlued together; bot. stance. a. united by some adhesive substance, but not organically united. conglutination, kon«glu'ti«na'shon, n. The act of gluing together; a joining by means of some tenacious substance; union; coalescence. congou, kong'go, n. [Chinese kung-fu, labor.] The second lowest quality of black tea, being the third picking from a plant during the season.

—

congratulate, kon«grat'u«lat,

v.t.

—

—

congratulating. congratulated, [L. con, and gratulor, from congratulor grace.] gratus, grateful, pleasing,

feet, and weighing 00 lbs. congeries, kon«je'ri«ez, ,«. sing, and pi. [L., from conger o, tofamass con,

addressed; to compliment upon an event deemed happy; to wish joy to; to felicitate ; also refl. to have a lively sense of one's own good fortune; conto consider one's self lucky. gratulant, kon«grat'u»lant, a. Congratulating; expressing pleasure in congratuanother's good fortune.

1

A

and

collection of bodies in one

gero, to bear.] several particles or

mass or aggregate; an aggregate; combination. congest, kon«jest', congestum

To

heap

—

con,

a

[L. congero, gero, to bear.] med. to cause an

v.t.

and

together:}:

;

unnatural accumulation of blood in. congested, kon«jes'ted, a. Med. containing an unnatural accumulation of blood; affected with congestion. congestion, kon«jest'yon, n. [L. congestio.] Med. an excessive accumulation of blood in an organ, the functions of which are thereby discongestive, kon«jes'tiv, a. ordered. Pertaining to congestion; indicating an unnatural accumulation of blood in some part of the body.

—

conglobate, kon'glo»bat, a. [L. conglobatus con, and globus, a ball.

—

globe.] Formed or gathered into a ball or small spherical body; combined into one mass. v.t.-\ conglobated, conglobating. To collect or

—

form into one mass.

combine into assume a round

a ball; to v.i.

To

—

conglobation, or globular form. kon«gl6'ba'shon, n. The act of forming or gathering into a ball; a round body. conglobe,f kon«glob', v.t.

and

—— conglobed, i.

conglobing.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

To

—

To address with expressions of sympathetic pleasure on some piece of good fortune happening to the party

—

—

lation, kon«grat'u«la'shon, n. The act of congratulating; words used in congratulating; expression to a person of pleasure in his good fortune felicitation.

—congratulator,

grat'u«la«ter, n. lates.

kon—

One who congratu-

—congratulatory,

la«to«ri, a.

kon«grat'u«-

Containing or expressing

congratulation.

congregate, kong'gre«gat,

—

v.t. congregated, congregating. [L. congrego con, and grex, gregis, a herd, gregarious.] To collect into an assemblage; to assemble; to bring into one place or into a crowd or united body. v.i. To come together; to assemble; to meet in a crowd. a.

—

—

Collected; compact; close. congregation, kong«gre«ga'shon, n. The act of congregating the act of bringing together or assembling; a collection or assemblage of persons or things; an assembly, especially an assembly of persons met for the worship of God; or a number of people organized as a body for the purpose of holding religious services

me, met, her;

;

pine, pin;

—

— conjecture

conglobate.

taining to an individual from hirth (a congenital deformity). conger, conger eel, kong'ger, n. [L. conger, a conger eel.] The sea eel, a large voracious species of eel, sometimes growing to the length of 1

——

;

note, not,

move;

common.

—congregational, kong«-

a. Pertaining to a congregation; [cap.] pertaining to the Independents or Congregationists, or to Congregationalism. Congregationalism, kong»gre«gashon«al»izm, n. A system of administering church affairs by which each congregation has the right of regulating the details of its worship, disci-

gre«ga'shon'al,

pline,

and

government.

—Congre-

gationalism

kong«gre«ga'shon«al«ist, n. One who belongs to a Congregational church or society; an Inde-

pendent.

congress, kong'gres, n. [L. congressus, a meeting, from congredior, congressum, to come together con, and gradior, to go gradus, a step, whence grade, degree, etc.] A meeting together of individuals; an assembly of envoys, commissioners, deputies, etc. ; a meeting of sovereign princes ;

or of the representatives of several courts, for the purpose of arranging international affairs; [cap.] the legislative assembly of the United States of America, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives. v.i.f To come together; to assemble; congressional, kon«greshto meet. on«al, a. Pertaining to a congress or to the Congress of the United States. congressman, n. member of the United States Congress. congrue, kon«grb', v.i. [L. congruo, to suit, to be congruous.] [obs^] To be consistent; to agree. (Shak.) congruence, congruency, kong'gru*ens, kong'gru«en«si, n. [L. congruentia.) Suitableness of one thing to another; agreement; consistency. congruent, kong'gru«ent, a. Suitcorresponding. agreeing; able; congruently, kong'gru*ent«U, adv. In a congruent manner. congruity,

—

—

A

—

—

congruousness, kong«gru'i«ti, konggru«us«nes, n. The state or quality of being congruous; agreement be-

tween

things;

suitableness;

perti-

nence; consistency; propriety. congruous, kong'gru-us, a. [L. congruus.] Accordant; harmonious; well adapted; appropriate; meet; fit. congruously, kong gru«us«li, adv. In a congruous manner; suitably; pertinently; agreeably; consistently. conic, conifer, etc. See con*e. conidium, -ia, komid i«um. n. [Gr. dim. of konis, dust.] In fungi, a minute asexual spore. coniine, kon«i'en, n. [From conium, the hemlock.] An alkaloid poison contained in hemlock.

conjecture, kon«jek'cher,

n. [Fr.

con-

jecture, L. conjcctura. a conjecture, lit. a throwing or putting of things together, from ccmjicio, to throw together con, and jacio, to throw.]

A

guess or inference based on the supposed possibility or probability of a fact, or on slight evidence; an opinion formed on insufficient or surmise. presumptive evidence ;

V.t.

-conjectured,

judge guess.

conjecturing.

To

by guess or conjecture; v.i.

To

to

form conjectures.

conjecturer, kon«jek'cher«er, n. One who conjectures; a guesser. conjecturable,kon«jek'cher«a»bl,a.Capa-

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

I

—

——

—

—

— ——

——

conjoin

conquer

179

—

—

—

— conjunctly, kon»jungkt'li, adv.

conning tower, n. An armored structure on a warship from which the

In a conjunct manner; in union; jointly; together.— conjuncture, kon«jungk'cher, n. Combination of circumstances or affairs; especially, a critical time, proceeding from a union of circumstances; a crisis of affairs.

in charge issues his orders during the time the ship is in action. connive, kon«niv', v.i. connived, conniving. [L. conniveo, to wink, to connive at con, together, and niveo, officer

—

—

conjure,

to wink.] To wink or close and open the eyelids rapidly % ; fig. to close the eyes upon a fault or other act; to pretend ignorance or blindness; to forbear to see to wink at or overlook a fault or other act and suffer it to pass unnoticed: followed by at.

v.t. conjured, conjuring. [L. conjuro, to swear together, to conspire con, with, and juro, to swear, whence also 7'wry, perjure.] With pron. kon-jur', to call on or summon by a sacred name or in a solemn manner; to implore with solemnity; to adjure: with pron. kun'jer, to affect or effect by magic or enchantment; to bring about by affecting the arts of a conjurer. To conjure (kun'jer) up, to call up or bring into existence by conjuring or as if by conjuring. v.i. (kun'jer). To practice the arts of a conjurer; to use magic arts.

—

—

—

;

—

connivance, komnl'vans, n. The act of conniving; voluntary blindness to an act. conniver, kon«m'ver, n. One

—

who

competent

upon anything.

'

—

Likeness

another word.

Connected by nature; united in nature; belonging to by nature.

expressed by a word. kon«no'ta«tiv, a.

to marriage; nuptial;

To

The

by marriage;

a

person con-

—

manner; as man and wife. conoid, conoidal, etc. See cone.

conquer, kong'ker, v.t. [O.Fr. conquerrc, conqucrrcr, Mod.Fr. conquerir, from L. ctmquiro, to seek for, procure con, and qwxro, to seek (whence quest and query).] To overcome and

nected with another by this relationship; circle of persons with whom j,

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

n.

state of

being connubial; anything pertaining to the state of husband and wife. connubially, kon«nu'bi«al«li, adv. In a connubial

—

fically

belonging to

the state of husband and wife. connubiality, kon»nu'bi»al"i«ti,

—

;

signif-

connubial, kon«nu'bi«al, a. [L. connubialis, from cormubium, marriage con, and nubo, to marry.] Pertaining

—

con, and necto, to bind.] fasten together; to join or unite; to conjoin; to combine; to associate. v.i. To join, unite, or cohere. connectedly, kon«nek'ted«li, adv. By connection; in a connected manner; connection, connexion, conjointly. kon«nek'shon, n. [L. connexio.] The act of connecting or state of being connected; also that which connects; union by something physical or by relation of any kind relationship by blood or marriage, but more speci-

Connoting;

icant.

;

connexum

—connotative, ;

connaturally, kon«nach'e«rel»li, adv. In a connatural manner; by the act of nature originally. connect, kon«nekt' v.t. [L. connecto,

—

kon«-

o«ta'shon, n. That which constitutes the meaning of a word the attributes

—

—

—connotation,

in nature; identity or similarity of connatural, kon«nach'e— character. rel, a.

conjunctional, kon«jungk'shon»al, a. Belonging or relating to a conjunction. conjunctionally, kon»jungk'shon«al«li, adv. In a conjunctional manner. conjunctiva, kon«jungk«ti'va, n. Anat. the mucous membrane which lines the inner surface of the eyelids, and is continued over the

—

connoted, connoting ; conconnotating. [L. con, and now, notatum, to mark, note.] To include in the meaning; to comprise among the attributes expressed; to imply. .*. Connote and denote are contrasted in logic. Thus the word 1 horse connotes the qualities that distinguish a horse from other animals, and denotes the class of animals which are characterized by having these qualities. c Thames ', however, connotes nothing, being simply the name of the particular river which it denotes. v.i. To have a meaning or signification in connection with 6»tat, v.t.

notated,

genital.

Conjoined; united; concurrent. conjunction, kon«jungk'shon, n. [L. conjunction Union; connection; association; astron. that position of a planet in which it is in a line with the earth or another planet and the sun; gram, an indeclinable particle, serving to unite words, sentences, or clauses of a sentence, and indicating their relation to one another.

one judgment

judge;

critical

to pass a critical

connote, connotate, kon«not', kon'-

birth; implanted at birth: applied chiefly in philos. to ideas or principles; hot. united in origin; growing from one base, or united at their bases (a leaf, an anther); med. con-

—

A

nizance.]

;

n.

[O.Fr.

n.

connaisseur, the verb connoitre, connaitre, L. cognoscere, to know, cog-

from from

connascency, kon«nas'en«si, n. [L. con, and nascor, natus, to be born.] The common birth of two or more at the same time the act of growing together or at the same time. connate, kon'nat, a. [L. con, and natus, born.] Belonging to from

connature, kon»na'cher,

kon'is-ser,

Mod.Fr.

connoisseur,

—

—

connives.

connoisseur,

conjuration, kon«ju«ra'shon, n. The act of conjuring or imploring with solemnity; the act of binding by an oath; adjuration; an incantation; a conjurer, conjuror, kun'jer— spell. er, n. An enchanter; one who practices legerdemain; a juggler.

—

go;

— —

Inflammation of the conjunc-

tion.]

is

connective, kon«nek'tiv, a. Having the power of connecting; tending to connect; connecting.— n. That which connects; gram, a word that connects other words and sentences; connectively, kon«a conjunction. nek'tiv«li, adv. In a connective manconnector, kon«nek'ner; jointly. ter, n. One who or that which connects.

kon«junk»tiv«it'is, n. [From conjunctiva, and Gr. -itis, inflammativa.

brought into contact. connection with now under consideration. is

this connection, in

what

tivitis,

—

g,

In

—

—

ch, Sc. loch;

any one

fore part of the globe of the eye. conjunctive, kon«jungk'tiv, a. [L. conjunctivus.) Uniting; serving to unite. Conjunctive mood, gram, the mood which follows a conjunction or expresses some condition or contingency; the consubjunctive. junctively, kon»jungk'tiv»li, adv. In conjunctive manner. conjunca

ble of being guessed or conjectured. kon«jek'cher«al, a. Depending on conjecture; implying guess or conjecture. conjecturally, kon«jek'cher»al«li, adv. In a conjectural manner; by conjecture; by guess. conjoin, kon«join', v.t. [Con and join; Fr. conjoindre.] To join together or in one; to unite; to associate or v.i. To unite; to join; to connect. conjoint, kon* joint', a. Unitleague. connected; associated. coned; jointly, kon«joint'li, adv. In a conjoint manner; jointly; unitedly; in union; together. conjugal, kon'ju«gal, a. [L. conjugalis con, together, and jugum, a yoke, from jug, root of jungo, to join, seen yoke.] Belonging also in E. yoke, to marriage or married persons ; maconjugally, trimonial; connubial. Matrimonially; kon'ju«gal»li, adv. connubially. conjugate, kon'ju»gat, v.t. conjugated, conjugating. [L. conjugo, conjucon, and jugo, to gatus, to couple conjugal.] Gram, to inflect yoke, (a verb) through its several voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and pera. United sons, or so many of them. in pairs; joined together; coupled; hot. applied to a pinnate leaf which has only one pair of leaflets; chem. containing two or more radicals acting the part of a single one; gram. applied to words from the same root, and having the same radical signification, but modified by the affix added, or to words which have the same form but are different parts of speech; math, applied to two points, lines, etc., when they are considered together, with regard to any property, in such a manner that they may be interchanged without altering the way of enunciating the property. Conjugate foci, in a mirror or lens, are two points such that rays proceeding from either are reflected or refracted to the other. n. What is conjugate; a conjugate word. conjugation, kon«ju«ga'shon, n. [L. conjugation The inflection of a verb in its different forms; a class of verbs conjugated in the same way; biol. the union of two sex cells (gametes) of similar appearance. conjugational, kon«ju»ga'shon«al, a. Of or belonging to conjugation. conjunct, kon«jungkt', a. [L. conjunctus, from conjungo. conjoin.]

—conjectural,

ch, chain;

——

—

th, thin;

—

bring to subjection in war; to reduce

by physical force w,

u-ig;

till

resistance

hw, whig;

is

zh, azure.

no

— ——— —

——

——

——

—

consanguinity

more commonly

to a

single

con,

and

scio, to

know,

conscience.]

Knowing what affects or what goes on in one's own mind; having direct knowledge of a thing; having such a knowledge as is conveyed by immediate sensation or perception; aware; sensible {conscious of something); having

become the

subject

of consciousness ;

gain the victory. conquerable, kong'ker«a«bl, a. Capable of being conquered, overcome, or subdued. conqueror, kong'ker«er, n. One who conquers or gains a victory. The Conqueror, an epithet applied to William I of England, as expressing his conquest of the country. conquest, kong'kwest, n. [O.Fr. conquest, Fr. conquete.] The act of conquering; the act of overcoming or vanquishing opposition by force, physical or moral; subjugation; that which is conquered; a possession gained by force. The Conquest, by preeminence the conquest of England by William of Normandy. conquistador, kong«kwis'ta«dor, n. [Sp.] term applied to the early Spanish leaders who conquered Spanish

operations or actions. consciousness, kon'shus«nes, n. The faculty of knowing what affects or what goes on in one's own mind; immediate knowledge, such as is given in sensation and perception; internal persuasion.

—

—

A

America. consanguinity, kon«sang«gwin'i«ti,

—

n.

[L. consanguinitas prefix con, and sanguis, sanguinis, blood.] The relation of persons by blood, the relation

or connection of persons descended from the same stock or common ancestor, in distinction from affinity consanor relation by marriage. guineous, kon«sang«gwin'i«us, a. [L. consanguineus.] Of the same blood; related by birth; descended from the same parent or ancestor. conscience, kon'shens, n. [L. conscientia, from conscio, to know, to be privy to con, with, and scio, to know, science.] Private or inward thoughts or real sentiments {Shak.); the faculty, power, or principle within us, which decides on the Tightness or wrongness of our own actions and affections; the sense of right and wrong; the moral sense; morality; what a good conscience would apbad conscience, a reproving prove. good conscience, an conscience. In all conapproving conscience. science, to be reasonable, to keep within the bounds of moderation: Conscience a form of asseveration. clause, a clause or article in an act or law which specially relieves persons having conscientious scruples in taking judicial oaths, or having their children present at school during the time of religious instruction conscientious, kon'shi*or service. en'shus, a. Influenced by conscience; governed by a strict regard to the dictates of conscience, or by the known or supposed rules of right and wrong. conscientiously, kon«shi«en'shus«li, adv. In a conscientious manner; according to the direction of conscience. conscientiousness, kon«shi«en'shus«nes, n. The state or quality of being conscientious. conscious, kon'shus, a. [L. conscius

—

A

A

—

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

known

—

to one's self

{conscious guilt). consciously, kon'shus«li, adv. In a conscious manner;

with knowledge of one's

own mental

—

conscript, kon'skript,

[L. conscriptus, from conscribo, to enroll con, with, and scribo, To write.] Enrolled. Conscript fathers, a title of the a.

—

senators of

Rome.

n.

One who

is

compulsorily enrolled for military or naval service. kon«skript', v.t. to

—

draft; to enroll by compulsion for conscription, kon«military service. skrip'shon, n. [L. conscriptio.] compulsory enrollment of individuals of a certain age, held liable to be drafted for military or naval service. consecrate, kon'se«krat, v.t. consecrated, consecrating. [L. consecro con, with, and sacro, to consecrate, from sacer, sacred. sacred.] To make or declare to be sacred with certain ceremonies or rites; to appropriate to sacred uses ; to enroll among deities or saints; to canonize; to give episcopal rank to; to dedicate with solemnity; to render venerable; to make respected; to hallow. consecrate, kon'se«krat, a. Sacred; consecrated; devoted; dedicated. [Obs. consecration, kon«se«or poet.] kra'shon, n. The act or ceremony of consecrating or separating from a common to a sacred use; dedication of a person or thing to the service and worship of God, by certain rites or solemnities; dedication; the ceremony of elevating a priest to the dignity of a bishop ; the giving of the bread and wine of the eucharist their sacred character in the mass or

—

A

—

—

—

—

communion kon'se«kra»ter,

service.

—consecrator,

One who con-

n.

secrates.

consecution, kon»se«ku'shon,

n. [L. con, and sequor, to follow (whence sequence); same root as following; a train or second.] series; the state of being consecutive.

consecutio

— A

—consecutive, kon«sek'u«tiv,

a.

Un-

interrupted in course or succession; succeeding one another in a regular order; successive; following; succonsecutively, kon»sek u«ceeding. tiv-li, adv. In a consecutive manner; in regular succession ; successively. consecutiveness, kon«sek'U'tiv«nes, n. State of being consecutive. consent, kon«sent v.i. [L. consentio, con, with, and sentio, sento agree sum, to feel, perceive, think; akin sense, sentiment, etc.] To agree; to accord; to yield, as to persuasion or entreaty; to comply; to acquiesce or Voluntary accordance n. accede.

me, met, her;

—

,

pine, pin;

;

conserve

and has regularly a personal object. Subdue implies a continued process and a complete and thorough subjection. v.i. To overcome; to conflict,

—

—

—

180

longer made; to vanquish; to gain by force; to overcome or surmount (obstacles, difficulties); to gain or obtain by effort. .'. Conquer is wider and more general than vanquish, denoting usually a succession of struggles or conflicts; while vanquish refers

——

note, not,

move;

with what is done or proposed by another; a yielding of the mind or will to that which is proposed; acquiescence concurrence compliance ; accord of minds agreement in opinion or sentiment; law, intelligent concurrence in the terms of a contract or agreement, of such a nature as to bind the party consenting. consensual, kon«sen'shu«al, a. ;

;

;

—

Law, formed or

by mere

existing

consent; physiol. excited or caused by sensation or sympathy and not by conscious volition. consensus, kon«sen'sus, n. [L.] Unanimity; agreeconsentaneous, ment; concord.

— —

kon«sen«ta'ni'US, a. [L. consent aneus.) Accordant ; agreeing ; consistent ; suitable.

—consentaneously, kon«sen»adv. Agreeably; con—consentaneous-

ta'ni«us»li,

sistently; suitably.

ness, kon«sen«ta'ni«us«nes, n. Agreement; accordance; consistency. consenter, kon«sen'ter, n. One who consentient, consents. kon«sen shi»ent, a. Agreeing; accordant; un-

—

animous.

consequence, kon'se-kwens, n. [L. conconsequentia, from consequor. secution.] That which follows from any act, cause, principles, or series of actions; an event or effect produced by some preceding act or cause; inference; deduction; conclusion from premises; importance (a matter of consequence, a man of In consequence great consequence). of, as the effect of; by reason of; through. consequent,kon'se«kwent, a. [L. consequens.] Following as the n. natural effect: with to or on.

—

—

—

That which follows

;

logic, that

mem-

of a hypothetical proposition contains the conclusion. consequential, kon«se»kwen'shal, a.

ber

which

Following as the

effect;

by the connection of

produced

effects

with

causes; affecting airs of great selfimportance, or characterized by such

An inaffectation; pompous. n. ference; a deduction; a conclusion. consequentially, kon«se«kwen'shal«li, adv. In a consequential manner; with just deduction of consequences

with

assumed

—

importance;

pom-

consequentialness, kon«pously. se'kwen'shal«nes, n. The quality of being consequential. consequently, By consekon'se«kwent»li, adv. quence; by necessary connection of effects with their causes; in consequence of something. conservatoire, kon«sar»va'twar, n.

—

[Fr.,

from

It.

conservatorio.]

A name

given to an establishment for promoting the study of any special branch, especially music. conserve, kon«serv v.t. conserved, ,

— —

con, and conserving. [L. conservo servo, to preserve.] To keep in a safe or unimpaired state; to uphold and keep from decay, waste, or injury; to guard or defend from violation buildings, customs, (institutions, etc.); to preserve with sugar, etc., as (kon'serv). That which fruits. n. is conserved; a sweetmeat made of the inspissated juice of fruit boiled with sugar.- conserver, kon«ser ver. n. One who conserves or preserves.

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

—

—

—

; -

consider

—

—

opposed

v.t. [L. consigno, to seal or sign con, and signum, a sign.] To give sign, seal, or mark, or hand over; to transfer or deliver over into the possession of another or into a different state (to consign a body to the grave); to deliver or transfer in charge or trust ; to entrust (as goods to a factor for sale); to commit for permanent preservation consigna(to consign to writing). tion,! kon«sig«na'shon, n. The act consignee, kon«si«of consigning. ne', n. The person to whom goods or other things are consigned for sale conor superintendence; a factor. signer, consignor, kon»si ner, kon«si'nor, n. The person who consigns.

changes or innovations; [cap.] pertaining to the Conservatives or their principles. n. One who aims to preserve from ruin, innovation, injury, or radical change; [cap.] one of the political party the professed object of which is to support and preserve all that is good in the existing institutions of a country, and to oppose undesirable changes. conservator, kon'ser«va«ter or kon«-

—

—

—

—

ser've«ter, n.

— consignment,

who

The

One who conserves; one preserves from injury or violation; one appointed to conserve conservaor watch over anything. tory, kon«ser've«toTi, a. Having the quality of preserving from loss, decay, or injury. n. A large greenhouse for preserving exotics and other tender plants. Same as conservatoire. consider, kon«sid'er, v.t. [L. considero, to view attentively, to consider: originally (like contemplof) an augurial term con, together, and

To

comprised

wise).

v.i.

To

think seriously, maturely, or carefully; to reflect. considerable, kon«sid'er«a«bl, a. Worthy of consideration on account of its amount ; more than a little; moderately large; somewhat important or valuable. considerably, kon«sid'er«a«bli, adv. In a degree deserving notice; in a degree not trifling or unimportant. con-

—

—

siderate, kon«sid'er«it, a. [L. consider atus.] Given to consideration or to sober reflection; circumspect; discreet; prudent; characterized by consideration or regard for another's

circumstances and feelings; thoughtful or mindful of others. considerately, kon«sid'er«it'li, adv. In a considerate manner. considerate-

—

—

—

ness, kon«sid'er«it«nes, n.

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

The

state

g, go;

—

j,

>ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

—

n. [Fr., from consense of to support.] variety of bracket, either useful or ornamental; an ornamental bracket projecting from a wall, employed to support a cornice, bust, vase, or the like; the desklike part of an organ containing keyboards, pedals, etc. consolidate, kon«sol'id»at, v.t. con-

console, kon'sol,

A

in

soler,

—

solidated, consolidating. [L. consolido, consolidatum con, and solidus, solid.] make solid or compact; to harden

—

To

or make dense and firm; to bring together into one close mass or body; to make firm or establish (power). v.i. To grow firm and hard; to unite

and become solid. a. Formed into consolidaa solid mass. (Tenn.). tion, kon«sol'id«a"shon, n. The act of consolidating; a making or process of becoming solid; the act of forming into a firm compact mass, body, or system. —consols, kon'solz, n. pi. [Contr. for consolidated annuities.] term used to denote a considerable portion of the public debt of Britain, more correctly known as the three per cent consolidated annuities.

—

A

consonance, consonancy, kon'so*kon's6«nan«si, n. [L. cotisofrom consono, to sound together con, and sono, to sound. sound.] Accord or agreement of

nans,

nantia,

sounds;

an accord of sounds

nuts,

which produces an agreeable sensation in the ear, as the third, fifth, and octave; hence, agreement; accord; congruity; consistency; suitableness. consonant, kon'so«nant, a. Like in sound agreeing generally according congruous; consistent: followed by to or with. n. letter that receives its proper sound only in connection with a vowel one of the closings or junctions of the organs of speech, which precede or follow the openings of the organs with which the vowels consonantal, kon»so«are uttered. nant al, a. Relating to or partaking of the nature of a consonant. consonantly, kon so«nant«li. ado. In a consonant manner; consistently; in

—

—

n. [L.

act

—

followed

or firmness; standing in agreement; compatible; congruous; not contradictory or opposed; not out of harmony with other acts or profesconsions of the same person. sistently, kon«sis'tent«li, adv. In a consistent manner; in agreement; suitably or agreeably to one's other acts or professions. consistory, kon»sis'tor«i, n. [L. consistorium, a place of assembly, a consist.] A spiritual or council, ecclesiastical court; the court of a bishop for the trial of ecclesiastical causes arising within the diocese; an assembly of prelates; the college of cardinals at Rome; a solemn assembly or council; in some Reformed churches, an assembly or council of consistorial, ministers and elders. kon«sis«to'ri«al, a. Pertaining or relating to a consistory-

The

of consoling; of misery or distress of mind; a comparative degree of happiness in distress or misfortune, springing from any circumstance that abates the evil or supports and strengthens the mind, as hope, joy, courage, and the like; comfort of the mind; that which comforts or refreshes the spirits; the cause of comfort. consolatory, kon«s61'a«tor«i, a. Tending to console or give comfort; refreshing to the mind; assuaging grief. consoler, kon«sol'er, n. One that consoles. consoling, kon«sol'ing, a. Adapted to console or comfort.

—

fix

Capable of receiving consolation.

consolatio.] alleviation

:

or respect to; to respect; to take into view or account, or have regard to, in examination, or in forming an estimate; to judge to be; to reckon

man

contained:

solor,

—consolation, kon«s61'a'shon,

n.

consistent, or harmonious ; to accord followed by with. consistence, consistency, kon«sis'tens, kon«sis'ten«si, n. An indefinite degree of density or viscosity; agreement or harmony of all parts of a complex thing among themselves, or of the same thing with itself at different times; congruity, agreement, or harmony. consistent, kon«sis'tent, a. [L. consistens.] Having a certain substance

mind on, with a view to a careful examination; to think on with care; to ponder; to study; to meditate on; to observe and examine; to regard with pity or sympathy, and hence relieve (the poor); to have regard

consider a

or

—consoled, con-

—

a.

by in; to be composed; to be made up followed by of; to be compatible,

the

(to

kon«sin'ment,

v.t.

console con, to comfort; akin solace.] To cheer the mind in distress or depression; to comfort; to soothe; consolable, kon«s61'a«bl, to solace.

and

—

—

;

soling. [L. consolor, to

act of consigning; the act of sending off goods to an agent for sale; goods sent or delivered to a factor for sale. consist, kon«sist', v.i. [L. consisto con, and sisto, to stand.] To hold together or remain fixed^; to be, exist, subsist^; to stand or be; to be

—

sidus, sideris, a constellation.]

console, kon«s61',

consign, kon«sin',

radical

to

——

— consort

or quality of being considerate. consideration, kon«sid'er»a"shon, n. [L. consider atio.] The act of considering; mental view; regard; notice; mature thought; serious deliberation; thoughtful, sympathetic, appreciative, or due regard or respect; contemplation ; meditation ; some degree of importance or claim to notice or regard ; motive of action ; ground of conduct; ground of concluding; reason; recompense or remuneration (colloq.). In consideration of, in respect or regard of; in return for.— considering, kon«sid'erMng, prep. Having regard to; taking into account; making allowance for.

—

ecclesiastical;

—

:

181

conservable, kon«ser'va«bl, a. That be conserved. conservation, kon«ser«va'shon, n. [L. conservatio.] The act of conserving, preserving, guarding, or protecting; preservation from loss, decay, injury, or violation. Conservation of energy, the principle that energy or force is indestructible, the sum of all the energy in the universe being constant. conservational, kon«ser«va'shon«al, a. Tending to preserve; preservative. conservatism, kon«ser'va«tizm, n. The political principles and opinions maintained by Conservatives; tendency to preserve what is established opposition to change.— conservative, kon«ser'va«tiv, a. Tending to conserve; traditional; cautious; inclining to keep up old institutions, customs, and the like; having a tendency to uphold and preserve entire the institutions of a country, both civil and

may

—

—

—

;

;

—

A

;

—

agreement. consort, kon

th, thin;

and

sors,

w,

twig;

—

sort, n. [L. consors con, a lot. sort.] partner;

A

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

————

——

—

——

—

;

—

;

—

—

conspectus

182

construct

an intimate associate; particularly, a wife or husband; nam. any vessel keeping company with another. Queen consort, the wife of a king, as distinguished from a queen regnant, who rules alone, and a queen dowager,

of mind under sufferings; steadiness in attachments; perseverance in en-

natural condition of body or mind; consistent with the constitution of a state; authorized by the constitution or fundamental rules of a

the

widow

To

sort).

company

of a king. v.i. (kon«associate; to unite in

keep company followed To marry; to unite in company; to accompany. conspectus, kon-spek'tus, n. [L.] A comprehensive view of a subject; an abstract or sketch.

by

with.

to

— ;

:

v.t.%

conspicuous, kon*spik'u*us, a. [L. conspicuus, from conspicio, to look or see con, and specio, to see. species.] Obvious or prominent to the eye; easy to be seen; manifest; clearly or extensively known, perceived, or understood; eminent; distinguished (conspicuous abilities). conspicuously, kon«spik'u«us«li, adv.

In a conspicuous manner; in a manner to be clearly seen; prominently; eminently; remarkably. conspicuousness, kon«spik'u«us»nes, n. The state of being conspicuous. conspire, komspir', v.i. conspired,

—

—

conspiring. [L. conspiro, to plot con, and spiro, to breathe; lit. to breathe together.] To agree by oath, covenant, or otherwise to commit a crime; to plot; to form a secret plot; to hatch treason; to agree, concur, or conduce to one end (circumstances v.t. conspired to defeat the plan). plot; to plan; to devise; to concontrive; to concur to produce. spiracy, kon»spir'a«si, n. [L. conspisecret comratio, from conspiro.] bination of men for an evil purpose an agreement or combination to commit some crime in concert; a conspirplot; concerted treason. ator, conspirer, kon«spir'at«er, kon«spi'rer, n. One who conspires; one who engages in a plot to commit a crime, particularly treason. constable, kun'sta«bl, n. [O.Fr. cone-

To

—

A

—

from L. comes

count of the stable.] An officer of high rank in several of the medieval monarchies; the keeper or governor of a castle belonging to the king or to a great baron; now usually a peace constaofficer. officer; a police stable,

stabuli,

—

bleship, kun'sta«bl«ship, n. The office constabulary, kon«of a constable. stab'u'le«ri, a. Pertaining to constan. bles; consisting of constables. The body of constables of a district, city, or country. constant, kon'stant, a. [L. constans, pp. of consto con, and sto, to stand.]

—

—

Not undergoing change; continuing the same; permanent; immutable; fixed or firm in mind, purpose, or principle; not easily swayed; firm or unchanging in affection or duty; n. That which faithful; true; loyal. is not subject to change; math, a quantity which remains the same throughout a problem. constantly, kon'stant»li, adv. Firmly; steadily; continually; perse verinvariably; constancy, kon'stamsi, n. [L. ingly.

—

—

constantia.]

Fixedness;

a

standing

firm; immutability; steady, unshaken determination; fixedness or firmness fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

terprise.

constellation, kon«stel«la'shon, a star.]

A

which

a

—

n. [L. con, together, and stella, group of the fixed stars to definite name has been

constellatio

an assemblage of splendors or excellences (a constellation of poetic

given

;

genius).

consternation, kon«ster«na'shon, n. [L. consternatio, from consterno con, and sterno, to throw or strike down.] Astonishment; amazement or horror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates a person for consultation and execution; excessive terror, wonder, or surprise. constipate, kon'sti«pat, v.i. consti-

—

—

pated, constipating. [L. constipo, constipatum, to crowd together con, together, and stipo, to crowd, to cram.] To stop up by filling a

passage^; to

make

costive.

—

con-

A

stipation, kon«sti«pa'shon, n. state of the bowels in which the evacuations do not take place as frequently as usual, or are very hard and expelled with difficulty; costiveness. constituent, kon«stit'u«ent, a. [L. constituens, ppr. of constituo con, and statuo, to set. statue, statute.] Forming or existing as an essential component or ingredient; composing, or making up as an essential part; component, elementary (the constituent parts of water); having the power of constituting or appointing. One who or that which n. establishes or determines; that which constitutes or composes, as a part, or an essential part; an essential ingredient; one who elects or assists in electing another as his representative in a deliberative or adminis-

—

assembly; one who empowers another to transact business for him. constituency, kon«stit'u«en«si, n. A body of constituents who appoint or elect persons to any office or trative

—

employment, especially

to

national offices.

state or

—

constitute,

kon'sti-tut, v.t. constituted, constituting. [L. constituo, constitutum con, and statuo, to set.

—

statue, statute.] To enact; to establish;

settle, fix,

to

form

or or

compose: to make up; to make a thing what it is; to appoint, depute, or elect to an office or employment; constitution, to make and empower.

—

kon»sti»tu'shon, n. The act of constituting, enacting, establishing, or appointing; the peculiar structure and connection of parts which makes or characterizes a system or body; natural condition of the human body as regards general health or strength the established form of government in a state; a system of fundamental rules, principles, and ordinances for the government of a state or nation. Constitution of the U. S., the document, ratified in 1789, creating

—

the federal system of government, with twenty-two amendments, embodying the fundamental law. constitutional, kon'Sti«tu'shon«al, a. Pertaining to a constitution; connected with the constitution, or

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

government.

A

n.

walk taken for

—

health and exercise. constitutionalism, kon«sti«tu'shon«al»izm, n. The theory or principle of constitutional rule or authority; constitutional principles; adherence to a constitution. constitutionalist, kon«sti«tu'shon«al«ist, n. An adherent to the constitution

of

government;

upholder

an

of

the constitution of his country. constitutionality, kon»sti«tu'shon»-

The

of being conkon«sti»tu'shon»al«li, adv. In a constitutional manner; in consistency with a national constitution in accordance with the constitution of mind or body; naturally. constitutive, kon'-

al"i«ti,

n.

stitutional.

state

—constitutionally, ;

—

sti«tut«iv,

Forming, composing,

a.

enacting, or establishing; constituting; instituting. Constitutively, kon'sti«tut«iv»li, adv. In a constitutive

manner. constrain, kon»stran',

v.t.

[O.Fr. con-

straindre, Fr. contraindre, from L. constringo, to bind together con, and stringo, to strain, strain.] To compel or force; to urge with a power sufficient to produce the effect; to drive; to necessitate; to confine by force; to restrain, check, repress,

confine, bind.

—constrainable, kon«-

stra'na»bl, a. Capable of being constrained; liable to constraint or to constrainedly, kon«strarestraint. ned«li, adv. In a constrained manner;

—

with constraint; by compulsion. kon«stra'ner, n. One constraint, kon«constrains. strant', n. constraining, compelling, or restraining; force; compulsion; restraint; confinement; feeling of reserve or being kept in check. constrict, kon»strikt', v.t. [L. constringo, constrictum. CONSTRAIN.] To draw together ; to cramp to contract or cause to shrink: said of canals, etc., of the body. constriction, kon«strik'shon, n. The state of being constricted or drawn together as by some spasm, as distinguished from compression or the pressure of exconstrictive, kon«traneous bodies. strik'tiv, a. Tending to contract or compress. constrictor, kon«strik-

constrainer,

—

who

A

;

—

—

—

That which draws together or contracts; a muscle which draws ter,

n.

together or closes an orifice of the body; one of the larger class of serpents which envelop and crush constringe, their prey in their folds. constringed, kon«strinj', v.t. con-

—

—

stringing.

compass

;

To strain to constrict

into a

.

narrow

—constringent,

komstrin'jent, a. Having the quality of constringing. construct, kon«strukt\ t.r. [L. construe, constructum con, and struo, structure.] To put to pile up. together the parts of in their proper place and order; to build up; to erect to form to form by the mind. constructor, constructor, kon«struk'ter, n. One who constructs or construction, kon«struk'frames. shon, n. [L. constructio.] The act of

—

—

;

;

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

—— — —— ———

—— ;

construe consulate, sulatus.]

intens.

structional, kon«struk'shon«al, a. Pertaining to construction; deduced from construction or interpretation. constructive, kon«struk'tiv, a. Pertaining to construction or building; having ability to construct; created or deduced by construction or mode constructively, of interpretation. kon«struk'tiv«li, adv. In a constructive manner, by way of construction or interpretation ; by fair inference. constructiveness, kon«struk'tiv«nes, n. State of being constructive; phren.

—

—

consume,

kon«sub«stan'shal, kon'Sub«stan'shi— at, a. [L. consubstantialis con and substantia, substance.] Having the same substance or essence; coessential. consubstantiality, kon«sub«stan'shi«aTi»ti, n. The quality of being consubstantial ; the existence of more than one in the same substance ; participation of the same nature. consubstantially, kon«sub«stan'shi»al'li, adv. In a consubstantial

—

kon«-

consumer, kon«sum'er,

The union of the body of the blessed Saviour with the sacramental elements; impanation. consuetude, f kon'swi»tud, n. [L. consuetudo, custom, custom.] Custom; usage. consuetudinary, kon«swi»tud'in«e«ri, a. Customary. Consuetudinary law, in contradistinction to written or statutory law, is that law

—

which is derived by immemorial custom from antiquity.

g,

go;

Pertaining to

summating;

n. [L. contactus, contingo, contactum, to touch con, and tango (root tag), to touch, whence also E. tact, tangent, etc.] state or condition of touching; touch; proximity or association; connection; junction a of two

A

electrical

—

in touch with. v.i. To be in contact. contagion, kon»ta'jon, n. [L. contagio con, and root tag. contact.] The communication of a disease by contact; infection; that which prop-

—

mischief (the contagion of conpestilential influence.

agates vice);

tagium, kon»ta'ji«um, the

carries

n.

infectious

That which element

in

a.

n.

taining

generating contagion; communicated by contagion or contact catching containing contagion containing mischief that may be propagated; spreading from one to another, or exciting like affections in others (contagious fear). contagiously, kon-tajusdi, adv. By contagion. contagiousness, kon«ta'jus«;

—

nes, n.

—

contain, kon»tan',

v.t. [L. contineo con, and teneo, to hold, seen also in attain, retain, tenant, tempt, etc.] To hold within fixed limits; to comprehend; to comprise; to include; to hold or be capable of holding; to comprise, as a writing; to have for contents; to keep in check an enemy's forces; to keep occupied, to hinder progress. To contain one's to restrain one's feelings or self,

prevent them showing themselves. containable, kon«ta'na«bl, a. Capable of being contained or comprised. container, kon-ta'ner, n. One who, or that which, contains.

—

contaminate,

kon«tam'in«at, v.t. contaminated, contaminating. [L. contamino, contaminatum, from contamen, contact, contamination contr. for contagmen, from root of tango, to touch, contagion, contact.] To defile; to pollute: usually in a figurative sense; to sully; to tarnish; to taint. contamination, kon»tam'in»a "shon, n. The act of contaminating, what contaminates pollution defile-

affected

;

;

ment;

taint.

contemn, kon«tem',

—

then;

or

;

One who

kon«sum'ed«li, adv. [Consumed formerly had sense of deuced, confounded.] Greatly; hugely; deucedly. consummate, kon'sum-at, v.t. consummated, consummating. [L. con-

TH,

conductors through which

current flows ; a carrier of contagion. v.t. To bring into contact; to get

consumedly,

ng, sing;

final.

from

—

;ob;

a.

diseases from one person to another. —consumed, — contagious, kon«ta'jus, Con-

consuming or dissipating;

j,

kon«sum'at«iv,

consummation; con-

contact, kon'takt,

with or having a tendency to the disease consumption. consumptively, kon«sum'tiv«li, adv. In a consumptive manner. consumptiveness, kon«sum'tiv«nes, n. A state of being consumptive or a tendency to consumption.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

—consummative,

exchangeable value. consumptive, kon«sum'tiv, a. Consuming, wasting, or exhausting; having the quality of

—

consul con, together, and root seen also in consulo, consul turn, to consult.] The title of the two chief magistrates of the ancient Roman republic, invested with legal authority for one year; the title given to the three supreme magistrates of the French republic after the dissolution of the Directory in 1799; a person commissioned by a sovereign or state to reside in a foreign country as an agent or representative, to protect the interests (especially the commercial interests) of his own country. consular, kon'sul»er, a. Pertaining to a consul.

consummation,

perfectly.

kon«sum«a'shon, n. [L. consummation Completion; end; termination; perfection of a work, process, or scheme.

or that which consumes; pol. econ. one who uses commodities as distinguished from the producer of them. consumption, kon«sum shon, n. [L. consumption The act of consuming, or state of being consumed a progressive wasting of the body, especially from pulmonary tuberculosis; a decline; pol. econ. the use or expenditure of the products of industry, or of all things having an

n.

ch, chain;

kon«surti', v.t.

to

to

pletely;

consuming. [L. consumo, to take wholly or completely con, intens., and sumo, to take, seen also in assume, resume, etc.] To destroy by separating the component parts and annihilating the form of the substance, as by fire or by eating; to destroy by dissipating or by use; to expend; to waste; to spend; to pass (time); to waste slowly; to bring to ruin. v.i. To waste away slowly; to be exhausted. consumable, kon«sum'a«bl, a. That may be consumed, destroyed, dissipated, or wasted.

sub'Stan'shi'St, v.t. and i. consubstantiated, consubstantiating. To unite in one common substance or nature, or regard as so united. consubstantiation, kon«sub«stan'shi«a"shon,

[L.

To

—

consubstantiate,

by com-

intended;

plete; perfect; carried to the utmost extent or degree; thorough. consummately, kon«sum'at«li, adv. Com-

kon«sul'tent, n. One who consults. consulting, kon»sult'ing, a. In the practice of giving advice ; making the giving of advice one's business (a consulting attorney) ; used for consultations (consulting room). consultive,f kon»sult'iv, a. Consultatory; advisory.

matically; as applied to a foreign language, to translate; to interpret or draw a certain meaning from; to explain (to construe actions wrongly).

n.

consulo, to consult.]

finish

bring or carry to the utmost point or degree; to make complete. a. (kon»sum'at). Com-

perfect;

—

grammatical bearing and meaning are apprehended; to analyze gram-

consul, kon'sul,

from

;

— con, and sum-

summo, consummatus ma, sum. sum.] To pleting what was

con-

—

a faculty supposed to produce constructive power. construe, kon'strb, v.t. construed, construing. [L. construe construct.] To arrange words so that their

—consubstantiate,!—

[L.

n.

office or jurisdiction

seek the opinion or advice of another to take counsel together ; to deliberate in common. v.t. To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of as a guide to one's own judgment; to have recourse to for information or instruction ; to regard or have reference or respect to, in judging or acting (to consult one's safety, one's means.) consultation, kon«sul«ta'shon, n. The act of consulting; deliberation of two or more persons with a view to some decision; a meeting of experts, as physicians or counsel, to consult about a specific case. consultatory, kon»sult'a«t6Ti,a. Having the privilege of consulting or deliberating; deliberative: often opposed to executive. consultant,

pose of any demonstration.— con-

manner.

kon'sul«it,

The

— ——

contemn

of a consul; the official dwelling or residence of a consul; consular government. consulship, kon'sul«ship, n. The office of a consul, or trie term of his office. consult, kon-sult', v.i. [L. consulto,

structure ; conformation ; the arrangement and connection of words in a sentence ; syntactical arrangement attributed sense or meaning to language ; explanation ; interpretation the manner of describing a figure or problem in geometry for the pur-

consubstantial,

;;

183

r

building, devising, or forming; fabrication; the form of building; the manner of putting together the parts;

—— — — —

—

th, thin;

v.t.

[L. contemno,

contemptum, to despise (whence also contempt)

—

con, intens., and ternno, to despise.] To despise; to consider and treat as mean and despicable;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

— contemplate

to scorn; to reject with disdain.

expressing

contemner, kon«tem'er, n. One who contemns; a despiser; a scorner. contemplate, kon'tenvplat, v.t.

—

contemplated, contemplating. [L. contemplor, contemplatus, to mark out a

templum, to view attentively, contemplate con, and templum, the space marked out by the augur as that within which the omens should be observed. temple.] To view or consider with continued attention; to study; to meditate on; to consider or have in view in reference to a future act or event; to intend. v.i. To think studiously; to study; to muse; to mediate. contemplation, kon»tem«pla'shon, n. [L. contemplation The act of contemplating; meditation; continued attention of

—

the

mind

to a particular subject; a forward to the doing or

looking

contingency

contempt

border.] Terminating at a common point; having common boundaries or limits; touching at the boundary.

—

contemptuously, insolent. kon— tem'tu«us«li, adv. In a contemptuous with

despitefully.

scorn

or

disdain;

—contemptuousness,

kon«tem'tu*us«nes, n. Disposition to contempt ; scornfulness ; haughtiness. contend, kon«tend', v.i. [L. contendo, to strive, contend con, intens., and tendo, stretch; whence E. tend, tent, attend, pretend; root also in tender.] strive; to struggle in opposition; absolutely, or with against or with preceding an object; to use earnest efforts to obtain, or to defend and preserve: with for before the object.

To

—contender, kon»tend'er, who contends; combatant or —contention, kon«ten'shon,

One

n.

a

rival.

[L. act of contending; contest, struggle, or strife; strife in n.

contentio.]

The

happening of something; expecta-

words; debate; angry contest; quar-

tion.

controversy; competition; emulation; a point that a person maintains, or the argument in support of it. contentious, kon«ten'shus, a.

—contemplative, kon«tem'plat»-

a. Given to contemplation, or continued application of the mind to a subject; thoughtful; meditative; having the power of thought or meditation (the contemplative faccontemplatively, kon«tem'ulty). plat«iv«li, adv. With contemplation; thoughtfully. contemplativeness, kon»tem'plat'iv«nes, n. State of being contemplative. contemplator,kon"iv,

—

— —

tem»pla'ter,

One who contem-

n.

plates.

contemporary, kon* tern 'poTe«ri, [L. con,

and tempus,

a.

temporis, time.]

Living, existing, or occurring at the same time of persons and things. n. One who lives at the same time contemporaneous, with another. kon«tem'pOTa"ne«us, a. [L. contemporaneus.) Contemporary: most commonly of things. contemporaneously, kon«tem'po«ra"ni«us«li, adv. At the same time with some other contemporaneousness, kon»event. tem'po«ra"ni«us«nes, n. Contempo:

—

—

—

raneity.

contempt,

kon«temt', n. [L. concontemn.] temptus, from contemno. The feeling that causes us to consider

and treat something as mean, vile, and worthless; disdain; scorn for what is mean; the state of being despised; law, disobedience to the rules or orders of a court, or a disturbance of its proceedings. contemptibility, kon'tem'ti«bil"i«ti, n. Quality of being contemptible. contemptible, kon«tem'ti«bl, a. [L. contemptibilis.) Worthy of contempt; deserving scorn or disdain; despicable; mean; vile; despised or neglected from insignificance (a contemptible plant). .'. Contemptible, de-

serving of being scorned or looked down upon from meanness or worthlessness; despicable, implies a stronger feeling, scorn, and loathing, often on moral grounds; paltry or pitiful, too insignificant to waken any active contemptibleness, feeling. kon*tem'ti«bl«nes, n. The state of being contemptibly, kon*contemptible. tem'ti'bli, adv. In a contemptible manner; meanly; in a manner deservcontemptuous, ing of contempt. kon'tem'tu«us, a. Manifesting or

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

rel;

—

contentieux.] Apt to contend; given to angry debate; quarrelsome; perverse ; relating to or characterized [Fr.

by contention or

strife; involving contentiously, taucontention. ten 'shus«li, adv. In a contentious manner. contentiousness, kon«ten'shus«nes, n. The state or quality of being contentious; a disposition to contend; peevishness; quarrelsome-

—

—

ness.

content, kon«tent',

[L. contentus, from contineo, to contain con, and contain.] Having teneo, to hold, a mind at peace; satisfied, so as not to repine, object, or oppose; not disturbed; contented; easy. v.t. To make content; to quiet, so as to stop complaint or opposition; to appease; to make easy in any situation; to

please or gratify.

being

contented;

a.

n.

The

state

contentment.

of n.

(kon«tent' or kon'tent.) That which contained; the thing or things is held, included, or comprehended within a limit or line; geom. the area or quantity of matter or space included in certain lines. [Usually in Table of contents, a sumthe pi.] mary or index of all the matters treated in a book. contented, kon«tented, a. Satisfied with what one has or with one's circumstances; easy

—

in

or

mind; not complaining, opposing, demanding more. contentedly,

—

kon«tent'ed«li, adv. In a contented manner; quietly; without concern.

contentedness, kon«tent'ed«nes, n. contentState of being contented. ment, kon«tent'ment,n. [Fr. contentement.] The state or feeling of being contented; content; a resting or satisfaction of mind without disquiet for something else; or craving acquiescence in one's own circumstances. .'. Contentment is passive, satisfaction is active. The former implies the absence of fretting or craving, the latter an active feeling of pleasure. contention, etc. See contend. conterminous, kon«ter'min«us, a. [L. conterminus con, and terminus, a

me, met, her;

—

184 or disdain; scornful; apt to despise; haughty;

manner;

——

—— ——

—

—

—

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

contest, kon«test', v.t. [Fr. contester, from L. contestari, to call to witness, to call witnesses con, together, and testis, a witness, detest.] To make a subject of contention or dispute; to enter into a struggle for; to struggle to defend; to controvert: to oppose; to call in question; to dispute (statements). u.i.f To strive; to contend; followed by with. n. (kon 'test). struggle for victory, superiority, or in defense; struggle in arms; dispute; debate; controversy; strife in argument. contestable, kon«tes'ta«bl, a. Capable of being disputed or debated; disputcontestant,! able; controvertible. kon»tes'tant, n. One who contests. context, kon'tekst, n. [L. contextus, connection, from contexo con, and texo, to weave.] The parts of a book or other writing which immediately precede or follow a sentence quoted. contexture, kon»teks'cher, n. The manner of interweaving several parts into one body; the disposition and union of the constituent parts of a thing with respect to each other; constitution. contiguous, kon«tig'u«us, a. [L. contiguus con, and tango, to touch. contact.] Situated so as to touch; meeting or joining at the surface or border; close together; neighborconing; bordering or adjoining.

—

—

A

—

—

—

—

—

—

tiguity,

kon«ti«gu'i«ti,

n.

The

state

of being contiguous; closeness of situation or place a linking together, contiguousas of a series of objects. ly, kon«tig'u«us«li, adv. In a contiguous manner; without intervening contiguousness, kon«tig u— space. us«nes, n. The state or quality of being contiguous contiguity. ;

—

—

;

continence, continency, kon'ti*nens, kon'ti«nen»si, n. [L. continentia, from CONcontineo, to hold or withhold. TAIN.] The restraint which a person imposes upon his desires and passions; the restraint of the passion for sexual enjoyment; forbearance conof lewd pleasures; chastity. tinent, kon ti«nent, a. [L. continens.] Refraining from sexual commerce; chaste; also moderate or temperate continently, kon ti— general. in nent«li, adv. In a continent manner; chastely. continent, kon ti«nent, n. [L. continens, a continent or mainland, lit. land holding together.] An arbitrary term applied to a connected tract of land of great extent; one of the great divisions of the land on the Continental, kon«ti«nent'al, globe. Pertaining or relating to the a. continent of Europe; pertaining to the confederated colonies at the time of the American Revolution; a soldier in the Continental Army; not worth a [not cap.} the least bit; Continental from the low value of Continental currency at the time. contingency, kon«tin jen«si, n. [L. contmgcns, ppr. of contingo to fall or happen to con, and tango, to contact.] The quality of touch,

—

—

—

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

—

;

continue rupted;

happening or coming to pass; fortuitousness; something that may happen; a possible occurrence; a fortuitous event, or one which may

parts;

dependent

upon what is undetermined or unknown; dependent upon the hapsomething

else.

A

tingent,

—con-

adv.

In

manner. continue, kon«tin'u,

tion.

v.i.

—continued,

continuing. [L. continuo, to carry on, to keep on, continue, from continuus, unbroken, continuous con, together, and teneo, to hold. contain.] To remain in a state or place; to abide for any time indefinitely; to last; to endure; to be permanent; to persevere; to be steadfast or constant in any course.

Proceeding without interruption or cessation; not intermitting; unceasing; of frequent retinuus.]

[Fr.

—

—

tractive, kon«trakt'iv, a. Tending contractor, kon«traktto contract. er, n. One who contracts; one of the bargain; one who parties to a covenants to do anything for another; one who contracts to perform any work or service, or to furnish supplies, at a certain price or rate. contradict, kon»tra«dikt', v.t. [L. contra, and contradico, contradictum dico, to speak, whence diction, etc.] To assert not to be so, or to assert to be the contrary to what has been asserted; to meet (a person, an assertion) with a statement quite different or opposite; to deny; to be directly contrary to. contradictable, kon«tra«dik'ta«bl, a. Capable of being contradicted; deniable; contradicter, kon«rra»disputable. n. One who contradicts dik'ter, contradiction, kon«tra«or denies. dik'shon, n. [L. contradictio.] The act of contradicting; an assertion of the contrary to what has been said or affirmed; denial; contrary direct opposition or declaration;

double bass. contract, kon«trakt', v.t. [Fr. concon, tracter, L. contraho, contractum and traho, to draw, whence also

—

tract,

treat,

trace,

train,

etc.]

To

closer; to draw into a less compass, either in length or breadth; to abridge, narrow, lessen; to wrinkle; to betroth or affiance; to bring on, incur, acquire (vicious habits, debts); to shorten by omission of a letter or syllable. To be drawn together; to v.i.

draw together or

one whose denominator is an integer with a fraction, which latter fraction has for its denominator an integer with a fraction, and so on. [L.

uninter-

go;

a.

—

tion,

g,

—

contrebande It. contra, against, and ban.] bando, a proclamation, a ban. Prohibited or excluded by proclamContraband ation, law, or treaty. goods are such as are prohibited to be imported or exported, either by the laws of a particular kingdom or state, or by the law of nations, Illegal n. or by special treaties. or prohibited traffic; articles prohibited to be imported or exported.— contrabandist, kon'tra«band«ist, n. One who deals in contraband goods. contrabass, kon'tra«bas, n. [It.] The largest of the violin species of instruments, of which it forms the lowest bass; usually called the

—

Sc. loch;

to

draw by the contour. contraband, kon'tra»band,

—

ch,

—

v.t.

periphery considered as distinct from To delineate or the object. v.t.

—

ch, chain;

contortum,

tourner, E. turn.] The outline of a figure or body; the line that defines or bounds a solid body; the

—

n.

kon«tort',

torqueo, intens.,

of the body.

—

Connection

—

adjec-

contour, kon'tor, n. [Fr. contour con, and tour, a turn, revolution, turner's lathe, from L. tornus, Gr. tornos, a lathe; hence also Fr.

currence; often repeated; incessant. .'. Syn. under continuous. continually, kon«tin'u«al«li, adv. Without pause or cessation; unceasingly; very often; in repeated succession; from time to time. Syn. under CONTINUOUSLY. continuance, kon«tin'u«ans, n. The state or continuing or remaining in a particular state or course ; permanence, as of habits, condition, or abode; a state of lasting: constancy; perseverance; duration; the act of continuing; continuation. .". Syn. under continuation. continuation, kon«tin'u«a"shon, n. [L. continuation The act of continuing or prolonging; extension or carrying on to a further point the portion continued or extended; a prolongation or extension. .*. Continuation is the act of continuing (also the part prolonged), continuance the state of continuing. continuative, kon«tin'u«at«iv, a. Tending to continue, extend, prolong, or persist. n. What is continuative. continuator, continuer, kon»tin'u«at«er, kon«tin'u«er, n. One who or that which continues; one who carries forward anything that had been begun by another. continued, kon«tin'ud, p. and a. Protracted or extended; proceeding without cessation; unceasing. Continued frac-

kon«ti«nu'i«ti,

—

—

contort,

j,

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

between two

more

—

—

—

continuity,

its

[L. contwist con, and torqueo, tortum, to twist, whence also torture, torment, extort, etc.] To twist together; to bend or curve in irregular forms; to contortion, kon«tor'shon, «. writhe. [L. contortio.] The act of contorting, or state of being contorted; a twist or twisting; a writhing, especially spasmodic writhing; a wry motion or position; med. a twisting or wresting of a limb or member of the body out of its natural situation. contortionist, kon«tor'shon«ist, n. An acrobat who practices contortions

To

continuitas.]

Continuously, like

as

n. (kon'trakt). An persons. agreement or mutual promise upon lawful consideration or cause which binds the parties to a performance; a bargain; a compact; the act by which a man and woman are betrothed each to the other; the writing which contains the agreement conof parties. contractibility, kon»trakt'i«bil"i'ti, tractibleness, kon«trakt'i«bl«nes, n. Quality of being contractible, kon«contractible. trakt'i«bl, a. Capable of contraction. contractile, kon«trakt'il, a. Tending to contract; having the power of shortening or of drawing into contractility, smaller dimensions. The inherent kon»trakt«iri«ti, n. quality or force by which bodies shrink or contract; physiol. that vital property which gives to certain parts the power of contracting. contraction, kon«trak'shon, n. [L. contractio.] The act of contracting, drawing together, or shrinking; the act of shortening, narrowing, or lessening dimensions by causing the parts to approach nearer to each other; the state of being contracted; an abbreviation employed with the view of saving labor in writing, as reed, for received; the shortening of a word by the omission of one conor more letters or syllables.

tinuous.

protract or lengthen out; not to cease from or to terminate; to extend; to make longer; to persevere in ; not to ease to do or use ; to suffer or cause to remain as before. continuable, kon«tin'u«a«bl, a. Capable of being continued continual, kon«tin'u«al, a. [Fr. continuel; L. conv.t.

.".

tive,

shorter or narrower; to bargain; to make a

to

mutual agreement or

denotes unbroken continuity, continually close succession. continuousness, kon«tin'u»us«nes, n. State or quality of being con-

contingent

a

shrink;

—

kon«tin'jent, n. continquota or suitable proportion, as of troops furnished for some joint enterprise, —contingently, kon«-

gency:}:; a

tin'jent'li,

become

—

;

—

rule; accidental; casual;

cohesion;

unbroken

Joined without intervening space or time proceeding from something else without interruption or without apparent interruption; uninterrupted; unbroken. .'. Continuous means unbroken, uninterrupted; continual does not imply unceasing continuity, but the habitual or repeated renewals of an act, state, etc. Perpetual is continuous with the idea of lastingness. continuously, kon«tin'u«us«li, adv. In a continuous manner; in continuation; without interrup-

Also contingence, kon«tin'contingent, kon«tin'jent, a. jens. Possibly occurring; liable to occur; not determinable by any certain

—

contradict

close union of contintexture. uous, kon«tin'u«us, a. [L. continuus.]

occur.

of

r

185

being contingent; the possibility of

pening

—

—— — —

th, thin;

—

—

—

—

—

with inconsistency incongruity or contrariety of things, words, thoughts, or propositions; the person who, or thing that, contradicts or is inconsistent with him, her, or its self. contra-

repugnancy

;

itself;

—

dictious, kon»tra«dik'shus, a. Contradictory; given to contradict. contradictive,f kon«tra«dik'tiv, a. conContradictory; inconsistent. tradictorily, kon«tra«dik tor'i-li, adv.

—

In a contradictory way; in a manner inconsistent with itself. contra-

—

dictoriness, kon«tra«dik tor»i«nes, n. The state or character of being contradictory contrariety in assertion ;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—— —

—

— — —

——

contradistinction

—

or effect. contradictory, kon»tra— dik'tofi, a. Contradicting ; given to contradict; affirming the contrary; implying a denial of what has been asserted; inconsistent with one another; directly opposite. n. proposition which denies or opposes another in all its terms.

A

contradistinction,

kon'tra«dis— tingk"shon,«. Distinction by opposite qualities or characteristics; a setting or bringing (terms, notions) into contrast or opposition. contradis-

—

tinctive,

kon'tra«dis«tingkt"iv, a. Haying the quality of, or characterized by, contradistinction; opposite in qualities. n. mark of contradistinction. contradistinguish, kon'tra«dis«ting"gwish, v.t. To distinguish or set distinctly forward, not merely by different but by opposite qualities; used of ideas,

—

A

terms, etc.

contraindicate, kon«tra«in'di«kat, or

v.t.

contraindicated, contraindicating. To indicate, suggest, or point to something contrary or opposite. contraindication, kon«tra«in'di«ka"shon, n. What contraindicates. contralto, kon«tral'to, n. [It.] Mus. the lowest voice of a woman or boy, called also the Alto; generally a female voice below the mezzo soprano and soprano; also the countertenor; the person who sings with this voice. a. Pertaining to, or possessed of the quality of, conI.

contraposition, kon'tra«po«zi"shon, n. A placing over against; opposite position.

contrapuntal, kon»tra«punt'al,a. Pertaining puntist,

to counterpoint. kon«tra«punt'ist,

—contran.

One

skilled in counterpoint. contrary, kon'tra«ri, a. [L. contrarius, from contra, against; Fr. contraire.] Opposite; adverse; mov-

ing against or in an opposite direction {contrary winds); contradictory; not merely different, but inconsistent or repugnant; perverse or froward (colloq.). [This adjective, in many phrases, is to be treated grammatically as an adverb, or as an adjective referring to a sentence or affirmation; as, this happened contrary to my expectations.] n. A thing that is contrary or of opposite qualities; a proposition contrary to another, or fact contrary to what is alleged. On the contrary, on the other hand; quite oppositely. To the contrary, to an opposite purpose or fact. contrariety, kon—

—

—

tra«ri'e«ti,

n.

[L.

contrarietas.)

The

or quality of being contrary; opposition in fact, essence, quality, or principle; repugnance; inconsistency; quality or position destructive of its opposite. contrarily, kon'tra— ri«li, adv. In a contrary manner; in opposition; on the other hand; in opposite ways. contrariness, kon— trar'i«nes, n. Contrariety; opposition. contrariwise, kon'tra«ri«wiz, adv. On the contrary; oppositely; on the other hand (N.T.). contrast, kon«trast', v.t. [Fr. contraster, from L. contra, opposite, and state

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

;

—— ;

186

contumacious

To set in opposition so as to show the difference between, and to exhibit the excellence of the one and the defects of the other; to compare so as to point out dissimilarity. v.i. To stand in contrast or opposition to something else; followed by with. n. (kon'trast). The viewing or comparing of things together in order to render any difference between them more vividly marked; comparison by contrariety of qualities; opposition or dissimilitude of things or qualities. contravallation, kon'tra«val«la"shon, n. [Fr. contrevallation L. contra, against, and vallum, a rampart.] Fort, a chain of redoubts and breastworks raised by the besiegers about a fortress to prevent sorties of the garrison. contravene, kon«tra«ven', v.t. contravened, contravening. [L. contravenio contra, against, and venio, to come, as in convene, etc.] To come or be in conflict with; to obstruct in operation; to act so as to violate; contravener, kon— to transgress. tra«ve'ner, n. One who contravenes.

contriving. [O.Fr. controver, Fr. controuver, to invent, to fabricate con, and trouver, to find.] To invent; to devise; to plan. v.i. To form schemes or designs; to plan; to

stare, to stand.]

—

—

—

—

—

—contravention,

n.

kon»tra«ven'shon,

The

act of contravening, violating, transgressing; violation; oppo-

or

sition.

contre-temps,

kon«tre«tari', n. [Fr.]

An

unexpected and untoward accident an embarrassing conjuncture ;

a hitch.

contribute,

tralto.

—

—

kon«trib'ut,

v.t.

—con—

tributed, contributing. [L. contribuo con, and tribuo, to grant, assign, or

impart, tribe, tribute.] To give or grant in common with others; to give to a common stock or for

purpose pay —common To give a part;

as a share. to lend a portion of power, aid, or influence; to have a share in any act or effect;

a

;

to

v.i.

with

to.

—contributable,

ut«a«bl. a.

—

kon-tribCapable of being contrib-

contribution, kon«tri«bu'uted. shon, n. The act of contributing; the payment of a share along with others that which is given to a common stock or purpose, either by an individual or by many; the sum contributive, or thing contributed.

— —

kon«trib'ut«iv, a. Tending to concontributor, tribute ; contributing. kon«trib'ut«er, n. One who contributes, one who gives or pays money to a common fund; one who gives conaid to a common purpose.

—

tributory, kon«trib'u«tOTi, a. Contributing to the same stock or purpose bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to some common stock. n. A contributor. contrite, kon'trit, a. [L. contritus, from contero, to break or bruise ;

con,

and

tero,

to

bruise,

trite.]

Brokenhearted for sin deeply affected with grief and sorrow for sin; ;

humble;

penitent,

—

n.

A

contrite

person; a penitent. contritely, konIn a contrite manner; trit-li, adv. with penitence. contriteness, con-

—

kon trit«nes, kon«trish'on, n. [L. contritio.] Grief of heart for sin; sincere penitence. contrive, koiwriv', v.t. contrived, trition,

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

scheme. contrivable, kon»tri'va— a. Capable of being contrived, planned, invented, or devised. contrivance, kon«tri'vans, n. The act of contriving, inventing, devising, or planning; the thing contrived; an artifice; scheme; invention. bl,

contriver, kon»tri'ver, n. One contrives, plans, or devises.

control, kon«tr61',

n.

who

controle,

[Fr.

counter-roll, from contre, against, and role, a roll, list, roll.] Restraining power or influence; check; restraint; power; authority; governlit.

ment;

command.

v.t.

—

controlled,

To

exercise control over; to hold in restraint or check; to subject to authority; to regulate; to govern; to subjugate. controllable, kon'trol'a-bl, a. Capable of being controlled, checked, or restrained; controller, subject to command. kon«tr61'er, n. One who controls; one that has the power or authority to govern or control; one who governs or regulates; an officer appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to oversee, control, or verify the accounts of other controllerofficers; a comptroller. ship, kon'trol'er'Ship, n. The office of a controller; comptrollership. controlling.

—

—

—

controlment, kon'trol'ment, n. The act of controlling; control;

power or restraint.

controvert,

kon'tro-vert, v.t. [L. contra, against, and verto, versum, to turn.] To dispute; to oppose by reasoning; to contend against in words or writings; to deny and attempt to disprove or confute. controversial, kon«tro»ver'shal, j. controRelating to controversy. versialist, kon«tro«ver'shal«ist, n. One who carries on a controversy; a

—

—

controversially, kon— disputant. tro'ver'shaMi, adv. In a controcontroversy, kon versial manner. tro«ver«si, n. [L. controver sia.] Debate ; agitation of contrary opinions a disputation or discussion between parties, particularly in writing; a controverter, kon'tro— litigation. ver«ter, n. One who controverts; controverta controversial writer. Capable ible, kon«tro«ver ti«bl, a. of being controverted or disputed; disputable not too evident to exclude difference of opinion. contumacious, kon«tu«ma shus, a. con, and [L. contumax, contumacis tumeo, to swell, seen also in tumid, tumult, contumely.] Resisting legitimate authority; disobedient; froward diswilfully lazv. perverse; or obedient to the orders of a court.— contumaciously, kon-tu»ma'shus»li, ado. In a contumacious manner; obstinately; stubbornly; in disobedience of orders. contumaciousness, kon«tu«ma shus«nes, n. State of being contumacious; obstinacy; contumacy. contuperverseness ; macy, kon tu«ma«si, n. [L. contumaciam Contumacious conduct char-

—

—

—

;

—

—

—

;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

— —

;

contumely

ni»ens, kon«ve'ni«en«si, n. [L. convenientia, from convenio, to convene; lit. a coming together.] The state or quality of being convenient;

Haughcontumacious.] and contempt in language or behavior; contemptuous or insulting conlanguage; haughty insolence.

of affairs; opportunity. convenient, kon«ve'ni«ent, a. Suitable or proper; giving certain facilities or

freedom from discomfort or trouble ease; comfort; that which gives ease or comfort; that which is suited to wants; opportune conjunc-

—

—

accommodation; commodious; opportune at hand or readily available

tumelious,

kon«tu«me'li«us, a. [L. contumeliosus.] Indicating or expres-

;

(colloq.).

—

—

contused, conv.t. con, [L. contundo, contusum and tundo, to beat, same root as wound or Skr. tud, to beat.] injure by bruising; to injure without

—

breaking the flesh. contusion, kon«severe tu'zhon, n. [L. contusio.] bruise on the body; a hurt or injury as to the flesh or some part of the body without breaking of the skin, as by a blunt instrument or by a fall. conundrum, ko«nun'drum, «. [Origin uncertain.] sort of riddle, in which

A

is proposed between things quite unlike, the answer involving a pun. convalescence, kon«va»les'ens, n. [L.

for discovery

conventio.

or

after

representatives

tical,

—

—

in mutual communication of thoughts and opinions; to chat; to discourse. n. [kon'vers). Acquaintance by frequent or customary intercourse;

The

act

or

ecclesiastical;

of an

polispecial

— —

Formed by agreement; tacitly understood; arising out of custom or tacit agreement; sanctioned by or depending on general concurrence and not on any principle; resting on mere usage. conventionalism,

—

kon«ven'shon«al»izm, n. That which is conventional; something received or established by convention or agreement; a conventional phrase; form, or ceremony; anything derules conventional pending on and precepts. conventionalist, kon»ven'shon«al«ist, n. One who adheres to a convention or agreement. conventionality, kon«ven'shon»ari«ti, n. The character of being convenwhat is conventional; a tional; conventional mode of living, acting or speaking, as opposed to what is conventionalize, kon«vennatural. conventionalized, contion«al«iz, v.t. ventionalizing. To render conventional; to bring under the influence of conventional rules; to render observant of the conventional rules

—

—

—

go;

— —

versationist, kon«ver«sa'shon«al«ist, kon«ver«sa'shon«ist, n. One who excels in conversation converse, kon'vers, a. [L. conversus, turned round, convcrto, conversum, to

— —

convenience, conveniency, kon«vej,

>ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

—

—

[L.

alist

—

mutual

;

—

who sick-

Disposed

ready or inclined communication of

—

previous to a definitive treaty; conventional, convention alityf. kon«ven'shon«al, a. [L. convention-

after

[Fr. conversable.]

conversation;

thoughts; sociable; free in discourse. conversableness, kon«ver'sa»bl«nes, n. The quality of being conversable; disposition or readiness to converse sociability. conversance, f conversancy, f kon'ver«sans, kon'ver«san»si, n. The state of being conversant, kon«ver conversant. sant, a. Keeping company; having frequent intercourse; intimately associating; followed by with or among; but the common meaning now is, acquainted by familiar use or study; having an intimate or thorough knowledge (of things); followed generally by with). conversantly, kon«ver'«sant«li, adv. In a conversant conversation, or familiar manner. kon«ver«sa'shon, n. [Fr. conversation, L. conversatio, intercourse.] Manners, behavior, or deportment, especially as respects morals; familiar discourse; general interchange of sentiments; chat; unrestrained talk, opposed to a formal conference (now the usual meaning); also sexual conversational, kon»intercourse. ver«sa'shon«al, a. Pertaining to conversation. conversationalist, con-

civil,

a

free

sa«bl, a.

to to

consultation

for

familiar-

interchange of thoughts conversable, kon«ver'or opinions.

secret

n.

communion;

intercourse; ity;

agreement or contract between two countries or parties; an agreement

Re-

a process of transmission, as of heat or electricity by means of particles of matter affected by them. convective, kon«vek'tiv, a. Resulting from or caused by convection. convectively, kon«vek'tiv«li, adv. In a convective manner; by means of convection. convene, kon«ven', v.i. convened, convening. [L. convenio con, and venio, ventum, to come: seen also in intervene, advent, event, revenue, etc.] To come together, to meet, to meet in the same place; to assemble: rarely said of things. v.t. To cause to assemble; to call together; to convoke; to summon judicially to meet or appear. convener, kon«ve'ner, n. One who convenes or meets with others; one who convenes or calls a meeting.

g,

convene.]

on important concerns,

—con-

ch, Sc. loch;

verge.] To tend vergo, to incline, to one point; to incline and approach nearer together in position; to approach in character. convergence, convergency, kon«ver'jens, kon«ver'jen»si, n. The quality of converging; tendency to one point. convergent, kon«ver'jent, a. Converging; tending to one point; approaching each other. converse, kon«vers', v.i. conversed, conversing. [Fr. converser; L. converses, to associate with con, and versor, to be engaged in anything, from verto, versum, to turn; seen also in convert, reverse, verse, version, etc. verse.] To associate, hold intercourse or communion; to talk familiarly; to have free intercourse

coming together; a meeting; assembly; an assembly of delegates

convection, kon«vek'shon, n. [L. convectio, from conveho, to convey.] The act of carrying or conveying;

ch, chain;

a

or frequents conventicles. kon«ven'shon,

—

better sickness; to recover health. valescent, kon«va«les'ent, a. covering health and strength sickness or debility. n. One is recovering his health after ness.

especially

convention,

gradual recovery of health and strength after disease ; the state of a person renewing his vigor after sickness or weakness. convalesce, kon«va«les', v.i. convalesced, con-

grow

—

—

convalesco, to grow stronger con, and valesco, to get strength, valeo, valid, avail.] The to be strong,

To

conventual. See convent. converge, kon«verj', v.i. converged, converging. [L. con, together, and

assembly; a meeting of dissenters from the established church for religious worship; a secret meeting for religious worship held by the conventicler, Scottish Covenanters. kon«ven'ti«kler, n. One who supports

some odd resemblance

valescing.

gathering,

or

A

—

—

conventionally, kon— of society. ven'shon«al«li, adv. in a conventional manner.

— —

To

—

kon«ve'ni'-

ent«li, adv. in a

—

tusing.

—conveniently,

convenient manner or situation: suitably; with adaptation to the end or effect; with ease; without trouble or difficulty. convent, kon'vent, n. [O.Fr. convent, from L. conventus, a meeting con, together, and venio, ventum, to come, convene.] A community of persons devoted to religion; a body of monks or nuns; a house for persons devoted to religion and celibacy; an abbey, monastery, or nunnery. conventual, kon«ven'tu«al, a. Of or belonging to a convent; conventual, kon«ven'tumonastic. al, n. One who lives in a convent; a monk or nun. conventicle, kon«ven'ti«kl, n. [L. conventiculum, dim. of conventus, a meeting, convent.] An assembly

of contumely; contemptuous; insolent; rude and sarcastic; disposed to utter reproach or insult; insolent; contumeliously, rude. proudly kon«tU'me'li«us«li, adv. In a contumelious manner; rudely; insolentcontumeliousness, kon»tu«me'ly. li«us«nes, n. State of being contusive

melious.

—

tion

tumeo. tiness

—

—

converse

187

acter or state of being contumacious willful and persistent resistance to legitimate authority; unyielding obstinacy; stubborn perverseness ; law, wilful disregard of the orders of a court. contumely, kon'tu«me«li, n. [L. concon, and tumelia, from contumeo

contuse, kon«tuz',

——

— —

;

th, thin;

turn round con, and verto, vtnimt, to turn, converse, v.i.] Turned so as to be transposed or inverted, put the opposite, reverse, or contrary way (converse statement, proposition, way). n. Something forming a counterpart; what is contrary or opposite; a statement or proposition produced by inversion or interchange of terms; thus the converse of '

religion

w, wig;

is

true

wisdom

hw, whig;

\

is

'

true

zh, azure.

———— — ——

——

——— — —

— — ——

convex wisdom

'.

To

converto.] [L. change or turn into another substance or form; to change from one state to another; to change or turn from one religion to another, or from one party or sect to another; change from heathenism to to Christianity; to turn from a bad life to a good, religious, and holy one; to turn from one use or destination to another; to interchange

kon«vert',

v.t.

To turn or be v.t. changed; to undergo a change. n. (kon'vert). A person who turns from one opinion or practice to another: a person who renounces one creed, religious system, or party, and embraces another; one who is turned from sin to holiness. .'. A convert is one who changes opinions, and thus goes over to another side, party, or religion; a proselyte is one who changes his religion; but proselytism does not, like conversion, connecessarily imply conviction. conversely.

verter, kon»ver'ter, n. One who converts; one who makes converts; that which converts, especially an iron retort used in the Bessemer convertiprocess of steelmaking. bility, convertibleness, kon«ver'ti«n. The kon«ver'ti'bl«nes, bil"i»ti, condition or quality of being convertible; the capability of being convertible, kon«ver'converted. ti-bl, a.

Capable of being converted;

susceptible of change, transmutable; transformable; capable of being used the one for the other, as terms of similar signification; interchangeable. convertibly, kon«ver'ti«bli, adv. In a convertible manner; with interchange of terms. convex, kon'veks, a. [L. convexus, con, tocarried round, rounded

—

gether, and veho, vexum, to carry; whence also vehicle.] Rising or swelling into a spherical or rounded form on the exterior surface: opconvex part. posed to concave. n. convexly, kon«veks'li, adv. In a convex form. convexity, kon«vek'si«ti, n. State of being convex; the exterior surface of a convex body;

—

—

A

—

roundness.

— convexo-concave,

a.

Convex on one on the other:

side and concave said of a lens.

convexo-convex,

a.

Convex on both

sides: said of a lens.

convey, kon«va', v.t. [O.Fr. conveier, convoyer, L.L. conviare, to convey, to convoy L. con, with, and via, a way; whence also voyage, devious,

—

deviate, obvious, etc.] To carry, bear, or transport; to transmit, hand over, or transfer from one person to fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

another (rights, landed estate); to transmit or carry by any medium (air conveys sound, words convey meaning). conveyable, kon«va'a«bl, a. Capable of being conveyed or transferred. conveyance, kon«va'ans, n. The act of conveying; the act of bearing, carrying, or transporting; transmission transference the transmitting or transferring of property from one person to another; the document by which property is ;

transferred;

;

the

means by which

anything

is conveyed, especially a vehicle or carriage of some kind. conveyancing, kon«va'ans«ing, n. The act or practice of drawing deeds, leases, or other writings for transferring the title to property from one person to another. conveyer, kon«va'er, n. One who or that which conveys. convict, kon«vikt', v.t. [L. convinco, convictum con, and vinco, to vanquish, convince.] To determine the truth of a charge against; to prove or find guilty of a crime charged; to determine or decide to be guilty: with of before the crime. person convicted or n. (kon'vikt). found guilty of a crime; a person undergoing penal servitude. conviction, kon«vik'shon, n. The act of convicting or the state of being convicted ; the act of a legal tribunal adjudging, finding, or determining a person to be guilty of an offense charged against him; strong belief on the ground of satisfactory evidence; settled persuasion. ..Conviction is assent founded on satisfactory proofs which appeal to the reason; persuasion is assent founded on what appeals to the feelings and convictive,f kon«vik'imagination. tiv, a. Having the power to convince or convict. convince, kon«vins', v.t. convinced, convincing. [L. convinco, convictum con, and vinco, to vanquish, whence victor, vanquish, evince.} To persuade or satisfy by evidence; to bring to full belief or acquiescence by satisfactory proofs or arguments; to compel to yield assent; to convict or prove guilty (N.T.)t; to overpower convincible, kon«vin'si«{Shak.)%. conbl, a. Capable of conviction. vincingly, kon»vin'sing«li, adv. In a convincing manner; in a manner to leave no room to doubt, or convincingness, to compel assent. kon«vin'sing«nes, n. The power of convincing. convivial, kon«viv'i«al, a. [L. conviva, a guest con, and vivo, victum, to

—

A

—

—

—

—

live,

whence

victuals, vital, vivid, etc.]

Relating to a feast or entertainment; conviviality, festal; social; jovial. kon'viv'i«al"i«ti, n. The good humor

or mirth indulged at an entertainment; a convivial spirit or disposiconvivially, tion. kon«viv i-al-li adv. In a spirit of conviviality; in a convivial

manner;

convoke,

festively.

—

kon»vok', v.t. convoked, convoking. [L. convoco, to convoke con, and voco, to call, voice, vocal.] To call together; to summon to

meet; to assemble by summons.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—— — — — .

cony

188

conversely, kon«vers'«li, adv. In a converse manner; with inversion of order; put the converse way. conversion, kon«ver'zhon, n. [L. conversio.] The act of turning or changing from one state to another; the state of being so turned or changed; transmutation; the act of changing or state of being changed in opinions or conduct; a change of heart or dispositions, succeeded by a reformation of life ; a change from heathenism or from convert, irreligion to Christianity. religion

is

—

—

,

note not, move;

convocation, kon«vo«ka'shon, n. The act of convoking or assembling by summons; an assembly; a convention; a congress; a council; in England, an assembly of the clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs a sort of eccle-

—

parliament. convocational, kon«vo«ka'shpn«al, a. Relating to a convocation. convolve, kon«volv', v.t. convolved, convolving. [L. convolvo con, and siastical

—

—

volvo, to roll, whence involve, revolve, volume, vault, wallow.] To roll or wind together; to roll one part on another; to coil up. convolute, kon'vo«lut, a. Rolled together,

or one part on another; presenting convolution, convolutions. kon«vo«lu'shon, n. [L. convolutio, convolutionis.) The act of rolling or winding together, or one thing on another; a winding motion; the state of being rolled round upon itself or rolled or wound together; a turn or winding; a twisted or tortuous part of something. convolvulus, kon«vol'vu«lus, n. [L., from convolvo, to entwine, in refer-

ence to their twining habit.] Bindweed, a genus of plants consisting of slender twining herbs, with milky juice,

and

flowers,

somewhat bell-shaped of them beautiful.

many

convolvulaceous, kon«vol'vu»la'shus, Relating to the convolvulus or

a.

allied plants.

convoy, kon«voi',

v.t.

[Fr. conveyer.

Convoys convey, convey.] To accompany on the way for protection, either by sea or land; to escort, as n. (kona guard against enemies. voi). protecting force accompanying ships or property on their way from place to place either by sea or land; that which is conducted by such a force. convulse, kon«vuls', v.t. [L. cOHDttto, convulsum con, and vello, to pull or pluck.] To draw together or contract spasmodically, as the muscular parts of an animal body; to affect by irregular spasms; to affect by violent irregular action to agitate

A

—

—

;

convulsion,kon«vul shon violently. violent and involn. [L. convulsio.]

A

untary contraction of the muscular parts of an animal body, with alternate relaxations ; violent and irregular motion; a violent and far-reaching disturbance in nature or among peoples; turmoil; a violent commoconvulsional,f convulsionation. ry,f kon«vul shon«al, kon«vul shon«Pertaining to convulsion; e«ri, a. of the nature of convulsion. convulsive, kon»vul siv, a. Producing or tending to produce convulsion; attended with, or characterized by, convulsion or spasms. convulsively, kon«vul siv-li, adv. In a convulsive manner; with convulsion. cony, coney, koni. n. [O.E. coning, cunning, perhaps from O.Fr. conil, conin, from L. cuniculus, a rabbit; comp. \\\ czitiing, Gael. cOfJMOfe, Ir. rabbit.] A rabCOMOIj Manx ctmnu

—

rabbit-like animal found in Syria and Palestine; the hydrax, or daman, a small Old World mammal. bit;

a

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

——

— ——

coo

n. An abbreviation of Raccoon. A raccoon (colloq.). coop, kop, n. [From L. cupa, a cask or vessel; akin cup.} A box of boards grated or barred on one side for keeping fowls in confinement; an enclosed place for small animals; v.t. To put in a coop; to a pen. confine in a coop; to shut up or confine in a narrow compass: followed by up, in, or within. cooper, ko'per, n. One whose occupation is

—

—

v.i.

cooper.

—

k6«op'er«at, v.i. coco-operating. To act or operate jointly with another or others to the same end; to work or labor to promote a common object; to unite in producing the same effect.

operated,

co-operation, ko«op'er«a"shon, n. The act of working or operating together to one end; joint operation; concurrent effort or labor. cooperative, ko«op'er«a«tiv, a. Operating jointly to the same end; established for the purpose of providing the members with goods at wholesale prices or at prime cost and cost of

—

management or stores). a»ter, n.

{co-operative

societies

— co-operator,

One who

co-opt, ko»opt',

A

[L. co-opto.]

v.t.

A coheir; one who has an equal portion of the inheritance of his or her ancestor with others. coparcenary, ko«par'sen«e«ri, n. Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship.

copartner, ko«part'ner, n. A partner with others; one who is jointly concerned with one or more persons in carrying on trade or other business; a

—

copartnership, sharer; a partaker. ko'part'ner'ship, n. The state of being a copartner; joint concern in business; the persons who have a joint concern. cope, kop, n. [A form of cap and cape, a hood.] An ecclesiastical vestment resembling a cloak, worn in processions, at vespers, at consecration, and other sacred functions; something spread or extended over the head; hence, the arch or concave of the sky, the roof or covering of a house, the arch over a door; a coping. v.t. coped, coping. To cover copestone, n. A head as with a cope. or top stone, as on a wall or roof. coping, ko'ping, n. The covering course of a wall, parapet, but-

—

—

co-ordinated, cosubordinate. v.t. ordinating. To make co-ordinate; to arrange in due and relative order; harmonize. n. What is coto ordinate; geom. any straight line which, with another or others, serves to determine the position of certain

—

under consideration. copoints ordinately, ko«or di«nat«li, adv. In the same order or rank; without subco-ordinateness, ko«ordination. or'di«nat«nes, n. The state of being co-ordination, ko«orco-ordinate. di«na"shon, n. The act of making co-ordinate or state of being coco-ordinative, ko«or'di«ordinated. na«tiv, a. Expressing or indicating co-ordination. coot, kot, n. [Same as D. koet, a coot; comp. W. cwta, short-tailed.] A wading bird of the rail family, with a bald forehead, a black body, short tail, and lobated toes, and about 5 inches in length. copaiba, ko»pa'ba, n. [Sp. and Pg.] liquid resinous juice or balsam, flowing from incisions made in the stem of certain South American

— —

sharp cold; in a cool or indifferent manner; without passion or ardor; without haste; calmly; deliberately. coolness, kol'nes, n. The state or quality of being cool; a moderate degree of cold; a moderate degree or a want of passion; want of ardor or zeal; indifference; want of affec-

—

—

tion.

coolie, ko'li, n. An East Indian porter or carrier; an emigrant laborer from India, China, and other eastern countries. coom, kom, n. [Perhaps from Fr. ecume, foam, dross.] Soot; dirty refuse matter; the matter that works out of the naves or boxes of carriage

tresses, etc.

To

equal terms or with equal strength;

match; to oppose with success; to encounter: followed by with. copeck, kopek, n. A Russian coin, the hundredth part of a silver rouble. Copernican, ko«per'ni«kan, a. Pertaining to Copernicus, who taught the solar system now received, called the Copernican system. coping. See cope, n. to

copious, ko'pi«us, from copia, plenty

trees, used in medicine, especially in affections of the mucous

mem-

cumb, a liquid measure, a valley Dan. and G. kumme, a bowl, a basin; D. kom, a trough, a chest.] An English dry measure of 4 bushels or half a quarter; a valley between hills (see comb).

branes.

copal,

ko'pal,

n.

[Mex.

copalli,

a

generic name of resins.] A hard, shining, transparent, citron-colored, and odoriferous resinous substance, the product of several different tropj,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

a.

co,

[L.

copiosus,

and

ops, opis,

property.] Abundant; plentiful; in great quantities; furnishing abundant matter: rich in supplies. copiously, ko'pi'US'li, adv. In a copious manner; abundantly; plentifully; in large quantities; fully; amcopiousness, ko pi»ply; diffusely. us«nes, n. The state or quality of being copious. copper, kop'er, n. [L.L. cuprum, from L. cyprium (aes), Cyprian brass, from Cyprus, whence the Romans got A malleable, their best copper.] ductile metallic element, red in color

A

n. [A. Sax.

—

v.i. coped, coping. [O.Fr. coper, to strike (Fr. couper, to cut), from colp, cop (Fr. coup), a blow. coppice.] strive or contend on

1

wheels; coal dust.

—

cope, kop,

To

co-ordinate, k6»or'din«at, a. [L. co for con, and ordinatus, from ordo, order, order.] Being of equal order, or of the same rank or degree; not

spirit

pars, a part.]

ko«op'er«co-operates.

by co-optation into some body of which the electors are members.

:

coparcener, ko«par'sen«er, n. [Prefix co, and parcener, ultimately from L.

elect

—

go;

a

co-operate,

affectionate. cooler, kol'er, n. That which cools; a vessel in which liquids or other things are cooled. coolish, kbTish, a. Somewhat cool. coolly, kol'li, adv. Without heat or

g,

ed with

done; the

coopery, ko'per«i, n. The trade of a cooper; a cooper's workshop.

To become

ch, Sc. loch;

is

when

dissolved and dilutof turpentine it forms a beautiful transparent varnish.

ical trees

A

where coopers' work work or business of

of excitement, passion, or emotion; become less ardent, zealous, or

ch, chain;

;'.

To do

less hot; to lose heat; to lose the heat

coomb, comb, kom, kom,

make

barrels, tubs, etc. v.t. and the work of a cooper. cooperage, ko'per«ij, n. place

to

—

——— copper

coon, kon,

—

to

—

—

189

coo, ko, v.i. [Imitative of the noise of doves; comp. D. korren, Icel. kurra, Fr. roucouler, to coo like a dove.] To cry or make the characteristic sound uttered by pigeons or doves; to act in a loving manner. cooey, cooee, ko'i, n. [Imitative.] The cry or call of the Australian aborigines. v.t. To cry or call like the aborigines of Australia. cook, kuk, v.t. [A. Sax. coc, a cock, borrowed, like Dan. koge, G. kochen, D. kooken, to boil, to cook, from L. coquo, to cook, coquus, a cook.] To prepare for the table by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, etc.; to dress, as meat or vegetables, for eating; to dress up or give a color to for some special purpose, especially, to tamper with accounts so as to give them a more favorable aspect than they ought to have; to garble; to falsify. n. One whose occupation is to cook or prepare cookery, victuals for the table. kuk'er«i, n. The art or the practice of dressing and preparing victuals for the table. cool, kol, a. [A. Sax. col=G. kuhl, cool; Icel. kul, D. koel, a cold blast; same root as in chill, cold, L. gelu, frost, gelidus.] Moderately cold; being of a temperature between hot and cold; not ardent or zealous; not excited by passion of any kind; not angry; not fond; indifferent; apathetic; chilling; frigid; deliberate; calm; quietly impudent and selfish: of persons and acts (colloq.). n. moderate state of cold; moderate temperature of the air between hot and cold (the cool of the day). v.t. To make cool ; to reduce the temperature of; to moderate or allay, as passion of any kind; to calm; to abate, as desire, zeal, or ardor; to

render indifferent.

—

th, thin;

—

a good conductor; symbol, Cu; no., 29 J at. wt., 63.546; %-essel made of copper, particularly a large boiler; a coin made of copper or

and at.

partly of copper;

pi.

the cast-iron

apparatus used on board ship for cooking, and erected in the cookhouse or galley. a. Consisting of or resembling copper. v.t. To cover or sheathe with sheets of copper; copperhead, as, to copper a ship. [From its color.] A poisonous n. American serpent. copperplate, n. A plate of polished coppc on which some figure or design has been engraved, and from which an im-

—

—

w,

trig;

hw, whig;

zh, arure.

— ——

—

———

—

;

— —

copperas

190

pression can be printed; a print or impression from such a plate.

manners, or course of life; take one's model. v.i. To make or produce a copy. copybook, n. book in which copies are written or printed for learners to imitate. copyhold, kop'i'hold, n. English law, a tenure for which the tenant has nothing to show except the copy of the rolls made on the tenant's being admitted to the possession of the subject; land held in copyhold. copyholder, kop'i»hol«der, n. One who is possessed of land in copyhold; a device for holding copy; a proofreader's assistant. copyright, kop'i»rit, n. The exclusive privilege which the law allows an author (or his assignee) of printing, reprinting, publishing, and selling his own original work; an author's exclusive right of property in his work for a certain time. a. Relating to, or protected by the law of copyright. v.t. To secure by copyright, as a

coppersmith, n. One whose occupais to manufacture copper utensils. coppery, kop'er«i, a. Mixed with or containing copper ; like copper in taste, smell, or color. copperas, kop'er«as, n. [From L. cuprirosa, rose of copper, It. coppation

—

rosa, Sp. Pg. caparrosa, Fr. couperose.] Sulfate of iron or green vitriol, a salt of a peculiar astringent taste and of various colors, but usually green. coppice, copse, kop'is, kops, n. [O.Fr. copeiz, coupiez, wood newly cut, from couper, coper, to cut, from L.L. colpus, L. colaphus, Gr. kolaphos, a blow.] wood of small

A

growth, or consisting of underwood or brushwood; a wood cut at certain times for fuel or other purposes. copra, kop'ra, n. The dried kernel of the coconut, from which the oil has yet to be expressed. coprolite, kop'ro«lit, n. [Gr. kopros,

and lithos, a stone.] The petrified dung of extinct animals, dung,

—

A

—

book.

—

coquet, k6»ket',

such as lizards or sauroid fishes, found chiefly in the lias and coal

v.t. coquetted, coquetting. [Fr. coqueter, lit. to demean one's self as a cock amongst hens, to swagger, to strut, from coq, a cock.]

measures.

To

coprophagous, kop«rof a«gus, a. [Gr. kopros, dung, and phdgo, to eat.] Feeding upon dung or filth: a term particularly applied to certain insects.

copse, kops,

n.

Copt, kopt,

n.

See coppice. A descendant of the ancient Egyptian race, and usual-

—

ly professing Christianity. Coptic, kop'tik, a. Pertaining to the Copts.

The

language of the Copts, an ancient Hamitic tongue, used in Egypt till superseded as a living language by Arabic. copula, kop'u«la, n. [L. copula, a band, a link, whence E. couple.] n.

Logic, the word which unites the subject and predicate of a proposition; as in 'man is mortal', where is is copulate, kop'u»lat, v.i. the copula. copulated, copulating. To unite in copulation, kop»sexual embrace. U'la'shon, n. [L. copulatio.} The act

—

—

—

of copulating; coition.

—copulative,

kop'u»la«tiv, a. Uniting or coupling. Copulative conjunction, gram, a conjunction (such as and) which

—

connects two or more subjects or predicates in an affirmative or nega-

A

copulative proposition. n. copulatively, kop'u»conjunction. la*tiv*li, adv. In a copulative manner.

tive

—

copy,

kop'i, n. copia, plenty.]

[Fr.

copie,

from L.

A writing like another writing; a transcript from an original; a book printed according to the original; one of many books containing the same literary matter; what is produced by imitating; a thing made in close imitation of another; that which is to be imitated a pattern; a model; an archetype; writing engraved or penned by a master to be imitated by a pupil; written or printed matter given to v.t. a printer to be put in type.

—

copying. To make a copy from; to write, print, engrave, construct, draw, paint, etc., according to an original; to transcribe; to imitate; to follow as in language, copied,

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

entertain with compliments and amorous tattle. v.i. To act the lover from vanity; to endeavor to gain

admirers.

—coquetry,

kok'etjri, n. arts of a coquette; attempts to attract admiration, notice, or love, from vanity; affectation of amorous advances. coquette, ko«ket', n. [Fr. coquette.] vain, airy, trifling girl, who endeavors to attract admiration and advances in love, from a desire to coquettish, gratify vanity; a flirt. ko'ket'ish, a. Of or pertaining to [Fr.

coquetterie.]

The

A

—

coquetry; characterized by coquetry; practicing coquetry. coquettishly, ko«ket'ish«li, adv. In a coquettish

—

manner. coquilla nut, ko«kel'ya, n. The seed of one of the coconut palms, a native of Brazil, extensively used in turnery. coracoid, kor'a«koid, a. [Gr. korax, korakos, a crow, and eidos, resem-

Shaped like a crow's beak. Coracoid process, in anat. a small sharp process of the scapula in mammals; coracoid bone, a bone connecting the shoulder joint and sterblance.]

num

Containing or consisting of coral; producing coralline, kor'aMn, a. Concoral. sisting of coral like coral containing coral. n. One of the coral polyps or other zoophytes; a seaweed with calcareous fronds; an orange-red coralloid, coralloidal, kor color. lif'er-us, kor*a«lij'er«us, a.

—

;

;

—

me, met, her;

form of coral; branching like coral. corban, kor'ban, n. [Heb. corbdn, an offering,

sacrifice.]

kor'al«oi«dal,

pine, pin;

a.

Having the

note, not,

move;

Jewish antiq. a

solemn consecration of anything to

God, as of one's self, one's services, or possessions; an alms basket; a treasury of the church. corbeil, kor'bel, n. [Fr. corbeille, from L. corbicula, dim. of corbis, a basket.] Fort, a basket, to be filled with earth and set upon a parapet to shelter men; arch, a carved basket with sculptured flowers and fruits. corbel, kor'bel, n. [L.L. corbella, a dim. from L. corbis, a basket.] Arch. a piece of stone, wood, or iron projecting from the vertical face of a wall to support some superincumbent object. v.t. corbelled, corbelling. Arch, to support on a corbel or corbels; to provide with corbels. cord, kord, n. [Fr. corde, from L. chorda, Gr. chorde, a string or gut, the string of a lyre.] A string or small rope composed of several strands twisted together; a quantity of wood, originally measured with a cord or line, containing 128 cubic feet, or a pile 8 feet long, 4 feet high, and 4 feet broad; fig. what, binds, restrains, draws, or otherwise in moral effects resembles a cord: corded cloth; corduroy. v.t. To bind with a cord or rope; to pile up for

measurement and

sale

cordage, kor'dij,

n.

by the cord. Ropes or cords

collectively; the ropes in the rigging

—

corded, kor'ded, p. and a. Fastened with cords made of cords {Shak.); striped or furrowed, as by cords {corded cloth). cordate, kor'dat, a. [L. cor, cordis, the of a ship.

;

heart.] Having the form of a heart; cordately, kor'dat-li, heart-shaped. cordiform, adv. In a cordate form. kor'di'form, a. Heart-shaped.

—

—

Cordelier, kor'de«ler, n. [Fr., from corde, a girdle or cord worn by the order.] A Franciscan friar under the strictest rules and wearing a girdle of knotted cord. cordial, kor'di»al, a. [Fr. cordial, from L. cor, cordis, the heart; same root as E. heart.] Proceeding from the heart; hearty; sincere; not hypocritical warm affectionate reviving the spirits; refreshing; invigorating ;

;

(a cordial liquor).

in birds.

coral, kor'al, n. [Fr. corail or coral, L. corallium or corallum, Gr. korallion.] A general term for the hard calcareous substance secreted by marine coelenterate polyps for their common support and habitation, exhibiting a great variety of forms and colors; a toy or plaything for an infant, made of coral; the unimpregnated eggs in the lobster, so called from being of a bright red color. a. Made of coral; resembling coral. coralllferous, coralligerous, kor«a«-

al«oid,

—

cordon

style,

as

— ——

-

;

n.

Anything

that

strengthens, comforts, gladdens, or exhilarates; an exhilarating liquor;

an aromatized and sweetened

—

employed

spirit

cordiality, as a beverage. cordialness, kor«di«ali«ti, kor'di«al«nes, n. The state of being cordial; sincere affection and kindness ; genial sincerity; hearty warmth of heart; cordially, kor di«al«li, heartiness. adv. In a cordial manner; heartily;

—

sincerely; without real affection.

hypocrisy;

with

cordiform. See cordate. cordillera, kor«dcl«ya ra, n. [Sp., from L. chorda, a string, cord.] A ridge or chain of mountains; specifically, the mountain range of the Andes in South America. cordite, kor'dit, n. [From being made in aW-like forms.] A smokeless gunpowder, for use in ordnance. cordon, kor don, n. [Fr. and Sp. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — —— — —

— — — —— cordovan

A

A

corkscrew, kork'skro, n. a cork. screw to draw corks from bottles. v.t. To direct or work along in a spiral; to wriggle forward. corky, kor'ki, a. Consisting of cork; resembling cork. corm, korm, n. [Gr. kormos, a stem.] Bot. a bulblike part of a plant, consisting of the dilated base of the stem, as in the crocus; a solid bulb.

cordwain, [O.Fr.

n.

cormorant, kor'mo«rant,

surface. core, kor, n.

[O.Fr. cor, coer, from the heart, whence cordial.] The heart or inner part of a thing; particularly the central part of fruit containing the kernels or seeds; a center or central part, as the iron bar of an electromagnet round which is wound a coil of insulated wire, the conducting wires of a submarine telegraph cable, the interior part of a column, the internal mold which forms a hollow in the casting of metals ; fig. the heart or deepest and most essential part of anything (the core of a question). v.t. To remove the core of. co-respondent, k6«ri'spon'dent, n. Law, a joint respondent, or one opposed, along with another or others, to the plaintiff; a person charged with adultery, and made a party to a suit for dissolution of marriage. coriacoues, kdTi«a'shus, a. [L. coriaceus, from corium, leather.] Consisting of leather or resembling cor,

Akin kernel, grain.] grown extensively in many

—

frieze.

Cornish, korn'ish,

Pertaining to Cornish engine, a single-acting steam engine used for pumping water. n. The ancient language of Cornwall, a dialect of the Celtic. cornucopia, kor«nu»ko'pi«a, n. [L. cornucopiae, the horn of plenty.] A wreathed horn, filled to overflowing

cornea,

kor'ni«a,

[L.

n.

with richest fruit, flowers, and grain, used in sculpture, etc., as a symbol of plenty, peace, and concord. corolla, koTol'la, n. [L. corolla, dim. of corona, a crown.] Bot. the part of a flower inside the calyx, surrounding the parts of fructification, and composed of one or more petals, generally to be distinguished from the calyx by the fineness of its texture and the gayness of its colors. corollate, corollated, kor'ol«at, kor'ol«at«ed, a.

corneus,

horny, cornu, a horn.] The horny transparent membrane in the fore part of the eye through which the rays of light pass. cornel, kor'nel, n. [L. cornus, from cornu, a horn, from the hardness of the wood.] A species of dogwood

Bot. like a corolla having corollas. corollary, kor'oMeTi, n. [Fr. corollaire, from L. corolla, a little crown, ;

as it were crowning what it refers to.] That which follows over and above what is directly demonstrated in a mathematical proposition; any consequence necessarily

from

found in Europe and Northern Asia, which produces a small, red, acid, cherry-like fruit, used in preserves and confectionery. Sometimes called Cornelian

concurrent with or following from the main one; an inference; a conclusion; a surplus (Shak.)$.

tree.

cornelian, kor«ne'li»an,

n.

Same

as

corona, koTo'na, n. [L., a crown. crown.] A technical term for various things supposed to have some resemblance to a crown; astron. a halo or luminous circle around one of the heavenly bodies; a luminous appear-

Cornelian.

corneous, kor'ni«us, a. [L. corneus. from cornu, a horn.] Horny; like horn; consisting of a horny sub-

skin.

cork, kork,

stance, or a substance resembling horn; hard. corner, kor'ner, n. [Fr. cornicre, from L. cornu, a horn, projection.] The

n. [G. Dan. and Sw. kork, Sp. corcho, from L. cortex, corticis, bark.] The outer bark of a kind of oak (the cork oak or cork tree) growing in Spain and elsewhere, stripped

ance observed during total eclipses of the sun, which lies outside the chromosphere; arch, the lower member or drip of a classical cornice

point where two converging lines or surfaces meet, or the space be-

into such articles as j,

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, ;/iin

a.

Cornwall, in England.

A

the work on his own or a friend's yacht, opposed to a paid hand; a gentleman jockey who rides his own horse; pi. two epistles written by St. Paul to the church of Corinth. corium, ko'ri«um, n. [L., leather.] Leather body armor worn by the Roman soldiers; the innermost layer of the skin in mammals; the true

go;

valves and pistons with which it is cornetcy, kor'net«si, n. furnished. The commission or rank of a cornet. cornice, kor'nis, n. [O.Fr. cornice, It. cornice, from Gr. koronis, a summit, crown.] from korone, a crown. Arch, any molded projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed; specifically, the highest part of an entablature resting on the

or malt. corn, korn, n. [L. cornu, a horn.] hard excrescence or induration of the skin on the toes or some other part of the feet, occasioned by the pressure of the shoes.

with acanthus leaves. n. An inhabitant of Corinth; a gay, fast, or spirited fellow. Corinthian, kor«in'thi«an, n. A gentleman who does

g,

A

In England, legislative enactments restrictions relating to the exportation and importation of grain. corny, kor'ni, a. Of the nature of, or furnished with, grains of corn; producing corn; containing corn; produced from corn; tasting of corn

koTin'thi'an, a. Pertaining to Corinth, a celebrated city of Greece. Corinthian order, an architectural order distinguished by fluted columns and capitals adorned

ch, Sc. loch;

—

and

in cookery.

ch, chain;

:

grain parts of the United States, particularly the central west (corn belt) and southwest, and also throughout the world in most temperate zones. It is used as food for human consumption, but its principal use is for stock food. In Great Britain, corn means any of a variety of grains such as wheat, barley, etc. v.t. To preserve and season with salt in grains; to sprinkle with salt (to corn beef.) corn cockle, n. The common name of a plant with purple flowers, a frequent weed among grain crops. corn crake, n. The crake or land rail, which frequents cornfields and is noted for its corn laws, n. pi. strange harsh cry.

Corinthian,

and made

n. [Fr. cor-

a seed.

leather; tough and leathery. coriander, kor«i«an'der, n. [L. coriandrum, from Gr. koriartnon, coriander, from koris, a bug, from the smell of its leaves.] An annual plant of the carrot family, the seeds of which have a strong smell, and are stomachic and carminative, being used in sweetmeats, in certain liqueurs, and also

off

In trading, to secure a monopoly or quantity of any stock or commodity, so that prospective buyers will be forced to pay the seller's cornerstone, n. The stone price. which forms the corner of the foundation of an edifice; hence, that which is of the greatest importance that on which any system is founded. cornet, kor'net, n. [Ft., dim. of come, L. cornu, a horn.] A kind of brass wind instrument; a cornet-a-pistons; a troop of horse said to be so called because each company had a cornet player; formerly the title of the officer who carried the ensign or colors in a troop of horse in the cornet-a-pistons, British army. [Ft., cornet kor'net«a«pis"tonz, n. with pistons.] A brass or silver wind instrument, capable of producing the notes of the chromatic scale from the sufficient

moran, from L. corvus marinus, sea raven.] A web-footed sea bird of the pelican family, of several species, catching fish by swimming and diving, and extremely voracious; fig. a greedy fellow; a glutton. corn, korn, n. [A. Sax. corn, a word found throughout the Teutonic languages, of same root as L. granum,

A

L.

tween; an angle; a secret or retired place; a nook or out-of-the-way place; any part (every corner of the forest); a combination to raise the v.t. price of goods in the market.

stoppers for bottles and casks; a stopper for a bottle or cask cut out of cork. v.t. To stop or fit with cork; to confine or make fast with

kor'do«van, cordouan, Sp. cordoban, from Cordova or Cordoba, in Spain, where it is largely manufactured.] Spanish leather; goat skin tanned and dressed. cordwainer, kord'wan«er, n. A shoemaker. corduroy, kor»du«roi', n. [Fr. corde du roy, the king's cord.] thick cotton stuff corded or ribbed on the

kord'wan,

;

corona

191

cordon, cord.] line or series of military posts enclosing or guarding any particular place; a line of posts on the borders of a district infected with disease, to cut off communication; a ribbon worn across the breast by knights of the first class of an order.

cordovan,

——— —

—

—

;

w,

trig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

— —

—

;

coronach

composite flower; also an appendage of the corolla or petals of a flower proceeding from the base of the coronal, koTo'nal, a. Perlimb. taining to a coronaf; belonging to the crown or top of the head in this sense pron. kor'o«nal. n. (kor'o«nal).

—

:

crown wreath garland. ;

;

—corona-

ry, kor'o«neTi, a. Relating to a crown of or like a crown; pertaining to either or both of the two arteries of the heart. n. A coronary artery; coronary thrombosis. coronary thrombosis, n. Clotting of blood in one of the arteries of the heart. coronation, kor«o«na'shon, n. The act or solemnity of crowning a sovereign or investing him; the pomp attendcoroner, kor'ing on a coronation. o«ner, n. [L.L. coronator, originally a crown officer of extensive powers, from L. corona, a crown.] An officer appointed to hold inquests on the bodies of such as either die, or are

—

—

—

—

supposed to

die, a violent death.

coronet, kor'o«net, n. An inferior crown worn by princes and noblemen, bearing crosses, fleurs-de-lis, strawberry leaves, pearls; the lower part of the pastern of a horse. v.t. To adorn with a coronet or something similar. coroneted, kor'o«net«ed, a. Wearing or entitled to wear a cor-

—

onet.

coronach, kor'oTiach, Ir.]

A

dead

n. [Gael, and dirge; a lamentation for the among the Highlanders and

Irish.

corporal, kor'po«ral, n. [Corrupted from Fr. caporal, It. caporale, from capo,

L.

caput,

the

The

head.]

noncommissioned officer of a company of infantry next below a sergeant ; in ships-of-war, a petty officer who attends to police matters.

corporal, kor'po«ral, a. [L. corporalis, from corpus, body.] Belonging or relating to the body; bodily; also material or not spiritualf. .'. Syn. under bodily. corporality, kor— poTal'i'ti, n. The state of being corporal; corporation; confraternity. corporally, kor'poTaMi, adv. Bodily; in or with the body (corporally

—

—

—

corporate, kor'po-rit, a. present). [L. corporatus.] United in a body, as a number of individuals who are empowered to transact business as an individual; formed into a body; united; collectively one (Shak.); belonging to a corporation. corporately, kor'po»rit»li, adv. In a corporation, corporate capacity. kor«po»ra'shon, n. body corporate, formed and authorized by law to act as a single person; a society having the capacity of transacting business as an individual; the body

—

A

—

—

or bodily frame of a man (colloq.). corporeal, kor«po'ri'al, a. Of or pertaining to a body; having a body; consisting of a material body; material; opposed to spiritual or immaterial. Syn. under bodily. corporeality, kor«p6'ri«ari«ti, n. The corpostate of being corporeal. really, kor«p6'ri»al«li, adv. In body;

—

.'.

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

in a bodily form or manner. corporeity, kor«p6Te'i»ti, n. The state of having a body or of being

embodied; materialityt. corposant, kor'po«zant,

n.

corpo

[It.

A

santo, holy body.] name given to a ball of electric light often observed

on dark tempestuous nights about the rigging; St. Elmo's light. n. pi. corps, korz. [Fr., from L. corpus, body.] body of troops; any division of an army. Corps d'armee, a large division of an army. corpse, korps, n. The dead body of a human being. corpsecandle, n. local name for the willo'-the-wisp. corpse gate, n. covered gateway at the entrance to

corps, kor,

A

—

—

A

—

A

churchyards, a lich gate.

corpulence,

corpulency,

kor'pu—

lens, kor'pu«len«si, n. [L. corpulentia, from corpulentus, corpulent, corpus, a body.] Fleshiness or stoutness of body; excessive fatness. corpulent, kor'pu«lent, a. Having a great bulk

—

of body; stout;

fat; obese.

A

corpus, kor'pus,

—

—

correspond

192

having a broad vertical face, usually of considerable projection; bot. the circumference or margin of a radiated

A

——

collected whole; n. a material substance; anat. a name for certain small bodies of various kinds.

point out an error, or substituted in the place of what is wrong; punishment; discipline; chastisement; critical notice; animadversion; the counteraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its effects. House of correction, a house where disorderly persons are confined; a bridewell. correctional, ko»rek'shon«al, a Tendcorrective, ko«ing to correction. rek'tiv, a. Having the power to correct; having the quality of removing or obviating what is wrong or injurious. n. That which has the power of correcting; that which has the quality of altering or obviating what is wrong or injurious. correctly, ko«rekt'li, adv. In a correct manner; according to a standard; in conformity with a copy or original; exactly; accurately; without fault or error. correctness, ko«rekt'nes, n. The state of being correct; conformity to a standard coror rule; exactness; accuracy. rector, koTek'ter, n. One who cor-

—

—

—

one who amends

rects;

who

one

faults;

punishes for correction; that

which

corrects.

correlate, kor'e«lat,

cor

[L.

n.

for

Corpus

and relatus. relate.] One who or that which stands in a reciprocal relation to something else, as father and son. v.i. correlated, correlat-

corpuscie, kor'pus«l, n. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus, body.] A minute particle, molecule, or atom; a minute animal cell generally enclosing granular matter, and sometimes

ing.

Christi, kor'pus kris'ti, n. [L., body of Christ.] R. Cath. Ch. the host or eucharist; an annual festival in its honor.

body

a spheroidal

called a nucleus.

corpuscular, kor«pus'ku«ler, a. Relating to corpuscles or small particles, supposed to be the constituent materials of all large bodies. Corpuscular theory, a theory which supposes light to consist of minute particles emitted by luminous bodies, and traveling through space with immense rapidity till they reach the eye. corral, kor«ral', n. [Sp., from corro, a circle; Pg. curral, a cattle-pen.] A pen or enclosure for horses or cattle, and also an enclosure formed of wagons employed by emigrants as a means of defense [Amer.]; a strong stockade or enclosure for capturing wild elephants in Ceylon. v.t.

—

corralled, corralling.

corral

;

to

by means correct,

form

To form

into a

a corral or enclosure

of.

ko«rekt', a. [L. correctus, from corrigo con, and rego, to set regent, right.] Set right right, or made straight; in accordance with a certain standard; conformable to truth, rectitude, or profree priety; not faulty; from v.t. To make correct or error. right; to bring into accordance with a certain standard; to remove error or defect from; to amend or emend; to punish for faults or deviations from moral rectitude; to chastise; to discipline; to counteract or obviate, as by adding some new

—

—

correction, ko«rekingredient. shon, n. [L. correctio.] The act of correcting; the removal of faults or errors; something written to

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

con,

—

To

have a reciprocal relation;

to be reciprocally related, as father and son. v.t. To place in reciprocal relation; to determine the relations between, as between several objects or phenomena which bear a resemcorrelation, blance to one another. kor«e«la'shon, n. Reciprocal relation; corresponding similarity or paralcorrellelism of relation or law. ative, ko«rel'a«tiv, a. Having a reciprocal relation, so that the existence of one in a certain state depends on the existence of another; reciprocal. n. That which is correlative; that of which the existence

—

—

implies the existence of something one of two terms either of which calls up the notion of the other, as husband and tvife; gram. the antecedent to a pronoun. correlatively, ko«rel a«tiv»li, adv. In

else;

a correlative relation.

correspond, kor«e«spond v.i. [Cor for con, and respond.] To be adapted or suitable; to have a due relation; .

to be adequate or proportionate; to accord; to agree; to answer; to fit: used absolutely or followed by with or to; to communicate or hold intercourse with a person by letters correspondence, sent and received.

—

kor«e«spon'dens, n. The state of corresponding or being correspondent mutual adaptation of one thing or part to another; intercourse between persons by means of letters sent and received; the letters collectively which pass between correspondents; friendly intercourse; reciprocal exchange of offices or ;

—

correspondency, kor«e«spon den«si, n. Correspondence, in sense of relation, congruity, adapcivilities.

tation,

friendly

intercourse.

respondent, kor«e«spon'dent, tube, tub, bull;

oil,

—cor-

a.

Cor-

pound.

I

——

—

—

— ——

—

;

corridor great

kor'i,

A

sive.

corrugate, ko'ru«gat,

'

pi.

disrupt, etc.] To change from a sound to a putrid or putrescent state; to cause to rot; fig. to deprave; to pervert; to impair; to debase; to defile, taint, pollute, or infect; to bribe; to debase or render impure by alterations or innovations (language); to

—

roborated, corroborating. [L. corroboro, corroboratum con, and roboro, to strengthen, from robur, strength.] To strengthen or give additional strength to; to confirm; to make more certain; to add assurance to (to corroborate testimony, news).

—

falsify

—

—

kor'set, n. [Dim. of O.Fr. tight, boned undergarment, reaching from the bust to below the hips, worn by women, occasionally by men, to support and mold the

(a corrupt text).

—corrupter,

— — —

corrupted or vitiated.

—corruption,

corruptio.] The act of corrupting, or state of being n.

[L.

corrupt, putrid, or rotten; putrid matter; pus; depravity; wickedness; loss of purity or integrity; debasement; impurity; depravation; pollution; defilement; vitiating influence, more specifically, bribery; law, an immediate consequence of attainder

by which a person was formerly disabled from holding, inheriting, or transmitting lands.

—corruptive, ko—

power of corrupting, tainting, or vitiating. corruptly, ko«rupt'li, adv. In a corrupt manner; with corruption; impurely; by bribery. corruptness, koTUpt'nes, n. Corrupt quality or state; putrid state. corsage, kor«sazh', n. [Fr.] A small bouquet for a woman; the waist of rup'tiv,

a.

Having the

—

—

—

forming a white an acrid poison of

a j,

A

cors.]

body. cortege, kor«tezh', corteggio,

from

n.

[Fr.,

corte, court.]

from

A

It.

train

of attendants to a great personage on a ceremonial occasion. Cortes, kor'tez, n. pi. [Sp., pi. of corte, court.] The present legislative assembly of Portugal and formerly, the single legislative chamber of Republican Spain. cortex, kor teks, n. [L. cortex, corticis, bark; whence cork.] Bark, as of a tree; hence, an outer covering; anat. a membrane forming a covering or envelope for any part of the body. Of brain, external layer of cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum: that of cerebral hemispheres divided into motor areas, controlling muscles,

and sensory

areas,

concerned with

—cortical,

Belonging to, consisting of, or resembling bark or rind; external; belonging to the external covering.

koTup'shon,

—

go;

thorax.

corset,

a. vitiated; to lose purity. from a sound to a putrid state; changed from the state of being correct, pure, or true to a worse state; vitiated; perverted; debased; impure; ready to be influenced by a bribe; infected with errors or

—

—

g,

A

sensations.

.

koTob'o«ra»to«ri, a. Corroborative. corrode, ko«rod', v.t. corroded, corroding. [L. corrodo cor for con, and rodo, to gnaw, whence also rodent, erode.] To eat away by degrees; to wear away or diminish by gradually separating small particles (nitric acid corrodes copper) ; fig. to gnaw or prey upon; to consume by slow degrees; to envenom or embitter; to poison, blight, canker. corrodible, ko«ro'di«bl, a. That may be corroded. corrosion, koTo'zhon, n. The action of corroding, eating, or wearing away by slow degrees, as by the action of acids on metals; fig. the act of cankering, fretting, vexing, envenoming, or blighting. corrosive, koTo'siv, a. Having the power of corroding or eating into a substance ; having the quality of fretting, envenoming, blighting. Corrosive sublimate, a compound of chlorine

ch, Sc. loch;

A

pirate; a sea robber; a rover; a piratical vessel. corselet, kors'let, n. [Fr., a dim. of O.Fr. cors, L. corpus, the body.] small cuirass, or armor to cover and protect the body; a type of lightly boned corset for women ; that part of a winged insect to which the wings and legs are attached; the

To become

v.i.

ko«rup'ter, n. One who or that which corruptibility, ko« rup 'ti« corrupts bil"i»ti, n. The possibility of being corruptible, ko«rup'ti«corrupted. bl, a. Capable of being made corrupt, putrid, or rotten ; subject to decay and destruction, debasement,depravation, corruptibleness, ko-rup'ti*etc. corruptibly, koTUp'ti*bl«nes, n. bli, adv. In such a manner as to be

oratory,

ch, c/?ain;

from

from

putrid; to putrefy; to rot; to

mistakes

—

mercury,

text).

(a

n. [Fr. corsaire, It. corsa, a course, a cruise, COURSE.] L. cursus, a course.

corsare,

become Changed

corroborant, koTob'o«rant, a. Strengthening the body; having the power or quality of giving strength. n. A medicine that strengthens the body when weak; a tonic. corroboration, koTob'oTa'shon, n. The act of corroborating; confirmation; that which corcorroborates. roborative, koTob'oTa«tiv, a. Having the power of corroborating or confirming. n. A medicine that strengthens; corroborant. corrob-

crystalline solid,

'

—

altered.

corrigible, kor'i«ji»bl, a. [Fr., from L. corrigo, to correct. CORRECT.] Capable of being corrected, amended or reformed; deserving punishment or correction; punishable. corroborate, koTob'o«rat, v.t. cor-

and

—

wrinkles or furrows. corrugated, ko'ru«ga«ted, p. and a. Wrinkled; furrowed or ridged. Corrugated iron, common sheet iron galvanized iron, bent into a or series of regular grooves and ridges by being passed between powerful rollers. Iron thus treated will resist a much greater strain than flat iron, each groove representing a half tube; it is used for roofing, etc. corrugation, ko«ru«ga'shon, n. A wrinkling; contraction into wrinkles. corrupt, ko«rupt', v.t. [L. corrumpo, corruptum con, and rumpo, ruptum, to break; whence also rupture, abrupt,

corrigenda, kor«i«jen'da, [L.] A thing or word to be corrected or

—

corsair, kor'sar,

showing

steep n.

v.t.

— corrugat-

corrugating. [L. corrugo, corrugatum cor for con, and rugo, to wrinkle.] To wrinkle; to draw or contract into folds. Wrinkled; a. ed,

hill.

corrigendum, kor«i»jen'dum,

—

—

—

[Gael.]

preys corrosively,

irritates,

or frets. koTo'siv'li, adv. In a corrosive manner. corrosiveness, ko»ro'siv«nes, n. The quality of being corro-

Answering; agree-

n.

anything which

upon one,

territory.

hollow in a

n.

quality of eating or wearing gradually;

correspondent. correspondingly, kor«e«spon'ding«li, adv. In a corresponding manner. corresponsive, kor«e«spon'siv, a. Answerable; adapted. (Shak.) corridor, kor'i«dor, n. [It. corridore, from correre, L. currere, to run, current.] Arch, a passage in a building leading to several chambers at a distance from each other; a strip of land through foreign corrie,

and a powerful That which has the

virulence,

antiseptic.

— —

a.

Corybant

193

responding; suitable; duly related; congruous ; agreeable ; answerable n. One who corresponds; adapted. one with whom an intercourse is carried on by letters or messages; a person who sends regular communications to a newspaper from correspondently, kor«a distance. e«spon'dent«li, adv. In a correspondcorresponding, kor*ing manner. e«spon'ding, ing; suiting;

—

woman's

>ob;

ng,

dress. sin,?;

TH,

then;

kor'ti«kal,

a.

—

corticate, corticated, kor'ti'kat, kor'ti'ka«ted, a. [L. corticatus.] Resembling the bark or rind of a tree. corticose, corticous, kor'ti»koz, kor'ti-kus, a. Barky; full of bark. cortisone, kor'ti»son, n. compound

—

A

extracted from the cortex of the adrenal gland of animals or produced synthetically and used in treatment of disease, as arthritis. corundum, koTun'dum, n. [Hind. kurand.] A mineral, next in hardness to the diamond, and consisting of nearly pure anhydrous alumina; the amethyst, ruby, sapphire, topaz, and emery are considered as varieties.

coruscate, kor'us«kat,

—

v.i. coruscat[L. corusco, coruscaTo flash; to lighten; to

ed, coruscating. tion, to flash.]

—

coruscation, kor— to glitter. us«ka'shon, n. [L. coruscatio.] sudden burst of light in the clouds or atmosphere; a flash; glitter; a

gleam

;

A

blaze.

corvette, kor«vet', n. [Fr. conctn\ from L. corbita, a ship of burden, from corbis, a basket.] A flush-decked vessel, ship-rigged, but without a quarter-deck, and having only one tier of guns. corvine, kor'vin, a. [L. corvus, a crow.] Pertaining to the crow, or the crow family of birds. Corybant, kor i«bant, H.pl. Corybants, or Corybantes, kor«i«ban'tez. [L. corybas, corybantis, Gr. ko^ybas.] A priest of Cybele who celebrated the mysteries with mad dances to the

th, thin;

w,

trig;

hw, whig;

zh, arrure.

—

—

——

— —

corymb of drum and cymbal. Corybantic, kor«i«ban'tik, a. Madly agitated like the Corybantes. corymb, ko'rimb, n. [L. corymbus, Gr. korymbos, a cluster of fruit or flowers.] Bot. an inflorescence in which the flowers or blossoms are so arranged as to form a mass of flowers with a convex or level top, as in the hawthorn, candytuft, etc. corym-

—

bose, ko»rim'boz, a. Bot. relating corymbous, to or like a corymb. ko'rim'bus, a. Corymbose. coryphaeus, kor«i«fe'us, n. [L. coryphceus, Gr. koryphaios, from koryphe, the head.] The chief of a chorus; the coryphee, ko— chief of a company. ri'fa', n. [Fr.] A ballet dancer. coryza, ko-ri'za, n. [Gr.] Med. a cold in the head. cosecant, ko«se'kant, n. [From com-

—

—

plement and secant.] Geom. in a rightangle triangle, the cosecant of the base angle that is not 90° is the number obtained after dividing the hypotenuse by the perpendicular. Multiplied by the sine it equals one. cosey, cosy, ko'zi. Same as cozy. kosh'er, levy

v.i.

coisir,

[Ir.

a

To

exactions in the shape of feasts and lodgings, as formerly Irish landlords with their trains did on their tenants. v.t. To treat with dainties or delicacies; to fondle; to pet. feast.]

cosignatory, k6«sig'na«to«ri, n. One who signs a treaty or other agreement along with another or others. Also used as an adj. cosine, ko'sin, n. [Complement and sine.] Geom. in a right-angle triangle, the cosine of the base angle that is not 90" is the number obtained after dividing the base by the hypotenuse. Multiplied by the secant it equals

one.

cosmetic, koz»met'ik, a. [Gr. kosmetikos, from kosmos, order, beauty.] Beautifying; improving beauty, particularly

the

plexion.

n.

beauty of the comAny preparation that

renders the skin soft, pure, and white, or helps to beautify and improve the complexion. cosmic, cosmical, koz'mik, koz'mi*kal, a. [Gr. kosmikos, from kosmos, the universe.] Relating to the universe and to the laws by which its order is maintained; hence, harmonious as the universe; orderly. cosmically, koz'mi«kal«li, adv. In a cosmic manner; with the sun at rising or setting; said of a star. cosmic ray, n. An electromagnetic ray of extremely high frequency and energy content that originates in outer space and bombards the earth, penetrating barriers impervious to all other radiation. Molecules of the earth's atmosphere are ionized upon

impact with cosmic

;

Cotswold

194

sound

cosher,

—

tion of the world or universe; the science which treats of the construction of the universe. cosmographer,

—

koz«mog'ra«fer, n. One who describes the world or universe; one versed in cosmography. cosmographic, cosmographical, koz«mo«graf'ik, koz— mo'graf ik«al, a. Relating to cosmography. cosmology, koz«mol'o«ji, n. [Gr. kosmologia kosmos, the universe, and logos, discourse.] The science of the universe; a theory relating to the structure and laws of the universe ; cosmogony. cosmological, koz«mo»loj'ik«al, a. Pertaining to cosmology. cosmologist, koz«mol'o«jist, n. One versed in cosmology. cosmonaut, koz'mo«nat, n. Traveler in interplanetary cosmospace.

—

—

—

—

—

nette, n. fern.

cosmopolitan, cosmopolite, koz«mo'pol'i'tan, koz«mop'o«lit, n. [Gr. kosmos, world, and polites, a citizen.] person who is nowhere a stranger, or who is at home in every place; a citizen of the world. a. Free from local, provincial, or national prejudices or attachments; at home all over the world; common to all the world. cosmopolitanism, cosmopolitism, koz«mo«pori«tan«izm, kos— mop'o'lit'izm, n. The state of being a cosmopolitan; disregard of local or national prejudices, attachments, or peculiarities. cosmos, koz'mos, n. [Gr. kosmos, order, ornament, and hence the universe as an orderly and beautiful system.] The universe as an embodiment of order and harmony; the

A

—

system of order and harmony combined in the universe.

Cossack, kos'ak, n. [Rus. kosak, Turk, kazdk, a robber.] One of a warlike people, very expert on horseback, inhabiting the steppes in the south of the Soviet Union. cosset,^ kos'et, n. [Comp. old coss, Icel. koss, a kiss.] A pet; a pet lamb. cost, kost, n. [O.Fr. cost, from coster,

(Mod.Fr.

couster

couter), to cost, constare, to cost con, and stare, to stand, state.] The price, value, or equivalent of a thing purchased; amount in value expended or to be expended ; charge ; expense law. the sum to be paid by the party losing in favor of the party prevailing, etc. ; outlay, expense, or loss of any kind, as of time, labor, trouble, or the like ; detriment pain suffering (he learned that to his cost). v.t. pret. and pp. cost. To require to be given or expended in order to purchase; to be bought for; to require to be undergone, borne,

from L.

:

— —

or suffered; often with two objects (to cost a person money or labor).

much;

costing

rays.

cosmogony, koz«mog'o«ni,

[Gr. kosmogonid kosmos, world, and root gen, to bring forth.] The origin or creation of the world or universe; the doctrine of the origin or formation of the universe. cosmography, koz»mog'ra»n, n. [Gr. kosmographia kosmos, the world, descripand graphs, to describe.]

—

n.

—

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Of

high price; expensive; dear.

costly, kost'li, a.

a

costliness, kost'li«nes, n. The state or quality of being costly, high in price, or expensive. costal, kos'tal, a. [L. costa, a rib.] Pertaining to the side of the body costate, kos'tat, j. or the ribs.

—

Ribbed marked with elevated lines. costard, kos'terd, n. [Lit. a ribbed apple, O.Fr. coste, L. costa, a rib.]

me, met, her;

;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

An

apple;

hence,

humorously

for

[Contr. from

It.

the head. (Shak.)

costive, kos'tiv,

a.

costipativo, from L. constipo, to cram, to stuff, constipate.] Suffering from a morbid retention of fecal matter in the bowels, in a hard and dry state; having the bowels bound;

—

constipated. costively, kos'tiv«li, adv. With costiveness. costiveness, kos'tiv«nes, n. The state of being costive; constipation.

—

costmary, kost'maTi,

[L. costus,

n.

Gr. kost os, an aromatic plant, and

Mary

(the

Virgin).]

A

perennial

composite plant, a native of the south of Europe, cultivated for the agreeable fragrance of the leaves. costrel, kos'trel, n. [L. costa, O.Fr. rib, side.] A small vessel, generally with ears for suspending at side, used by laborers in harvest time; a vessel for holding wine. costume, kos 'turn, n. [Fr. costume, custom, custom.] An established mode of dress; the style of dress peculiar to a people or nation, to a particular period, or a particular class of people; a dress of a particcostumier, costumer, ular style. koS'tu'mi«er, kos'tum«er, n. One who prepares costumes, as for theaters, fancy balls, etc.; one who deals in coste,

—

costumes. cosy, ko'zi,

Same as cozy. [A. Sax. cot, cott, a cot, chamber; Icel. and D. kot, a cot, G. kot, kote, a hut; cote is the same word. From this comes cottage.] small house; a hut or cottage; a small bed or crib for a child to sleep in; naut. a sort of bed frame a.

cot, kot, n.

A

suspended from the beams. cotangent, ko«tan'jent, n. [Complement and tangent.] In a right-angle triangle, the cotangent of the base angle that is not 90° is the number obtained after dividing the base by

the perpendicular. Multiplied by the tangent it equals one. cote, kot, n. [cot.] A shelter or habitation for animals, as a dovecot; a sheepfold; a cottage or hut.

cotemporaneous,

cotemporary,

k6«tem'po«ra "ni«us, kd«tem'poTeTi. See CONTEMPORANEOUS, CONTEMPORARY. cotenant, ko«ten'ant, n. A tenant in

common. n. [Fr., from L.L. an association of villagers,

coterie, ko'teTe, coteria,

A

cot.] set or circle are in the habit of meeting for social or literary intercourse or other purposes ; a clique. coterminous, ko«ter mi«nus, a. See cofa, a cottage,

of friends

who

CONTERMINOUS. cothurnus, cothurn,

kd«therhus.

A

buskin; ko'thern, n. [L. cothurnus.] a kind of high laced shoe, such as was anciently worn by tragic actors; hence, fig. tragedy. cotidal, ko'ti'dal, a. Marking an equality of tides. cotillion, cotillon, ko«tiryon, n. [Fr. cotillon.] kind of brisk dance; a tune which regulates the dance. large Cotswold, kots wold, n. sheep of a breed belonging to the Cotswold Hills in Gloucestershire.

A

A

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—— —

—— —

— ——

—

;

cottage

both by seed and by

A

A

A

lungs suddenly with noise. v.t. To expel from the lungs by a violent effort with noise; to expectorate; with up (to cough up phlegm). To cough down, to put down an unpopular or too lengthy speaker by simulated coughs. cougher, kof'er, n. One that coughs. could, kud, v., pret. of can. [O.E. coude, A. Sax. cuthe, pret. of cunnan, to be able. See can. L has been improperly introduced through the influence of would and should.] Was able, capable, or susceptible. coulee, ko'li, n. [Fr., from couler, to flow.] Geol. a stream of lava, whether flowing or consolidated. coulisse, ko«les', n. [Fr.] One of the side scenes of the stage in a theater or the space included between the

—

Downy

or soft like cotton; pertaining to or resembling cotton. cotton gin, n. A machine to separate the seeds from raw cotton. cotton grass, n. A name of plants of the sedge family with white cottonwood, n. cottony spikes. tree of the poplar genus, a native of North America. cotton wool, n. A name sometimes given to raw

—

A

cotton.

cotyledon, kot«i«le'don, n. [Gr. kotyledon, from kotyle, a hollow.] Bot. the seed leaf; the first leaf or leaves of the embryo plant, forming, together with the radicle and plumule, the embryo, which exists in every seed capable of germination; anat. a tuft of vessels adhering to the chorion of some animals. cotyledonal, kot«i»le'do»nal, a. Belonging to a cotyledon; resembling a cotycotyledonary, kot«i«le'do»ledon. ne«ri, a. Anat. having the tuft called cotyledon {cotyledonary placenta). cotyledonous, kot«i«le'do«nus, a. Pertaining to cotyledons; having cotyledons.

side scenes.

coulomb,

v.i. [Fr. coucher, O.Fr. colcher, Pr. colcar, It. colcare, from collocare, to lay, to place col for con, and locare, to place.] he

To

down,

as on a bed of place of repose to recline; to he or crouch with body close to the ground, as a beast; to stoop; to bend the body or back (O.T.); to he or be outspread (O.T.). v.t. To he down; to spread on a bed or floor (to couch malt); to express in obscure terms that imply what is to be understood: with under; to fix a spear in the rest in the posture of attack; surg. to cure of cataract in the eye by depressing the crystalline lens. n. bed; a seat for repose or on which one may lie down undressed; any place for repose, as the lair of a wild beast, etc. ; a heap of steeped barley spread out on a floor to allow germination to take place, and so convert the grain into malt. couchant, kouch'ant, a. Lying down; squatting. {Term.).

—

—

—

a missile, with the precise moment of firing designated as zero. counter, koun'ter, n. One who counts, numbers, or reckons; that which is used to keep an account or reckoning, as in games, such as a small plate of metal, ivory, wood, etc. ; a counterfeit or imitation of a coin; a registering apparatus or telltale; a table or board on which money is counted; a table in a store over which sales

exposed for

akin conciliate, is often improp-

council.

councilman,

n.

A member

of a city common council. counsel, koun'sel, n. [Fr. j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

conseil,

sale.

countless, kount

Not capable of being counted

les, a.

innumerable. countinghouse, n. A house or room appropriated by mercantile men to the business of keeping their books, accounts, etc. count, kount, n. [Fr. comtc, from L. comes, comitis, a companion, a companion of the emperor or a king com for con, with, and stem of eo, itum, to go, seen also in ambition, exit,

mander-in-chief of an army or admiral of a fleet on matters councilor, of supreme importance. koun'sil«er, n. The member of a council; specifically, a member of a common council or of the privy-

of quitch or quick grass.] species of grass which infests arable land, spreading over a field with great rapidity, being propagated

made, and on which goods are

are

council); act of deliberation; consulCcnincil of tation, as of a council. war, an assembly of officers of high rank called to consult with the com-

ruption

for direct-

ing the judgment or conduct of another; consultation; interchange of opinions; deliberation; the secrets entrusted in consultation; secret opinions or purposes (to keep one's counsel); intent or purpose; one who gives counsel in matters of law. v.t. counseled, counseling. To give advice or deliberate opinion to, for the government of conduct ; to advise, exhort, warn, admonish, or instruct; to recommend or give an opinion counselor, koun'sel«er, in favor of. n. Any person who gives counsel or advice; an adviser; one whose profession is to give advice in law, and manage causes for clients; a barrister. counselorship, koun'sel«er«ship, the office of a counselor. count, kount, v.t. [Fr. conter, compter, from L. computare, to compute. compute.] To tell or name one by one, or by small numbers, in order to ascertain the whole number of units in a collection; to reckon; to number; to compute; to esteem, account, think, judge or consider. To count out, to bring (a meeting) to a close by numbering the members and finding a quorum not present, as in the House of Commons, where this is done by the speaker. v.i. To be added or reckoned in with others to reckon; to rely; in this sense with on or upon (to count on assistance). n. The act of numbering; reckoning; number; law, a particular charge in an indictment, or narration in pleading, setting forth the cause of complaint. countable, koun'ta*bl, a. Capable of being counted or numbered. count down, the count by seconds prior to the firing of

This word confounded with cousel.] An assembly of men summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation, and advice (a common council, an ecumenical council, the privy-

[A cor-

g, go;

upon request or otherwise,

erly

A

ch, Sc. loch;

summon;

reconcile.

—

ch, chain;

to

from Akin

Opinion or advice, given

consult.]

—

col,

-;;

L. consilium, advice, consulo, to consult, deliberate.

council, koun'sil, n. [Fr. concile, from L. concilium con, together, and root

A

n.

[From Coulomb,

the absolute electromagnetic unit of quantity. coulter, kol'ter, n. [L. culter, a knife, a coulter.] An iron blade or knife inserted into the beam of a plow for the purpose of cutting the ground and facilitating the separation of the furrow slice by the plow-share. coumarine, ko'ma«ren, n. [From coumaron, a tree of Guiana.] A vegetable principle obtained from the tonka bean, used in medicine and to give flavor to the Swiss cheese called schabzieger.

couch, kouch,

couch grass, kouch 'gras,

ko»lom', n.

French

physicist.] In current elect., the practical unit of quantity, that transferred by a current of one ampere in one sec, equal to 1/10 of

the

—

from

creeping

A

cotter, cottier, kot'er, kot'i«er, n. cottager; one who inhabits a cot or cottage, dependent upon a farm, having sometimes a piece of land. Written also cottar. cotton, kot'n, n. [Fr. coton, from Ar. soft downy substance reqoton.] sembling fine wool, growing in the pods or seed vessels of certain plants, being the material of a large proportion of cloth for apparel and furniture; cloth made of cotton. a. Pertaining to cotton; made of cotton. 0.1. To fraternize; to agree or get on (with). (Colloq.) cottony, kot'n«i, a.

its

rootstock. cougar, ko'gar, n. [Native name modified.] quadruped of the cat kind, 7 or 8 feet in length, one of the most destructive of all the animals of America, particularly in the warmer parts. Called also puma and red tiger. cough, kof, n. [Imitative of the sound; like D. kuch, a cough; G. keichen, keuchen, to pant, cough.] deep inspiration of air followed by a spasmodic and sonorous expiration, excited by the sensation of the presence of some irritating cause in the air passages. v.i. To give a cough; to expel the air from the

;

——

countenance

195

cottage, kot'ij, n, [From cot.] A cot or small dwelling house a small country suburban residence or detached house, adapted to a moderate scale of living. cottager, kot'ij«er, n. One who lives in a hut or cottage.

—

— ———— —

—

transit,

perish,

foreign nobility,

English a

etc.]

A

equivalent

of

title

to

the

and whose domain —countess, koun'tes,

earl,

county.

is

n.

The wife of an carl or count, or a lady possessed of the same dignity in her own right. countenance, koun'te«nans, n. [Fr. contcnance, demeanor, way of acting or holding one's self, from contenir,

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

—— —— ———

counter contain.] The whole form of the face; the features considered as a whole; the visage; the

appearance or expression of the face; favor expressed toward In a person; good will; supportcountenance, in favor or estimation; Out free from shame or dismay. of countenance, confounded; abashed; countev.t. not bold or assured. face;

encourage; to aid; to

To

favor; to support; to

abet.

counter, koun'ter, adv. [Fr. contre, from L. contra con, and tra, denot-

—

ing

direction,

as

in

intra,

extra,

In an opposite direction; in The n. opposition; contrariwise. opposite; a stiffener around the heel of a shoe. v.t. To act in opposition ultra.]

to.— r.i. To make an opposing move.

—

Adverse; opposite; opposing. counteract, koun«ter«akt', v.t. To a.

opposition to; to hinder, or frustrate by contrary agency; to oppose. counteraction, koun'ter«ak»shon, n. Action in opposition; hindrance; resistance. counteractive, koun'ter«ak«tiv, a. act in defeat,

—

—

Tending to counteract. n. One who or that which counteracts. koun'ter«at— counterattraction, trak"shon, n: Opposite attraction. koun»ter«bal'ans, counterbalance, counterbalanced, counterbalancv.t. with equal ing. To weigh against Weight, n. force; to counteract. power, etc. balancing or counteracting another; counterpoise. counterchange, koun'ter«chanj, n. Exchange; reciprocation. (Shak.) v.t. To give and receive; to cause to make alternate changes; to alternate. (Tenn.) countercharge, koun'ter«charj, n. An opposite charge. koun'ter •klok'counterclockwise, wiz, adv. and a. In a direction opposite to that in which the hands of" a clock rotate. countercurrent, koun'ter«kur«ent, n. A current in an opposite direction. counterespionage, koun'ter«es'pi«o«nij, n. The measures taken by a nation to detect and defeat enemy espionage. counterfeit, koun'ter«fit, a. [Fr. con-

—

—

who makes

false pretenses.

counterfoil, koun'ter«foil,

n.

[Coun-

and foil, from L. folium, a leaf.] portion of a document, such as a bank check or draft, which is retained by the person giving the other part, and on which is noted the main particulars contained in ter,

A

the principal document. counterirritant, koun'ter»ir«i«tant, n. Med. an irritant substance employed to relieve another irritation or inflammation, as mustard, croton oil, Spanish flies. countermand, koun«ter«mand', v.t. [Fr. contremander contre, and mander, L. mando, to command.] To revoke, as a former command; to order or direct in opposition to an order before given, thereby annulling

—

n. A contrary order; revocation of a former order or command by a subsequent order. countermarch, koun«ter«march', v.i. it.

To march

back.

n.

A

marching

back; a returning; a change of measures. countermine, koun'ter»min, n. Milit. a mine sunk in search of the enemy's

mine or

till it

meets

it,

to defeat

its

stratagem or project to frustrate any contrivance; an opposing scheme or plot. v.t. To mine so as to discover or destroy effect; fig.

a

an enemy's mine; fig. to frustrate by secret and opposite measures. v.i. To make a countermine; to counterplot.

counterpane, koun'ter«pan,

n.

[From

older counterpoint, O.Fr. contrepoinct, corruptly derived from L.L. culcita puncta, lit. stitched quilt, quilt, point.] bedcover; a coverlet for

A

a bed; a quilt. counterpart, koun'ter'part, n. A part that answers to or resembles another, as the several parts or copies of an

indenture corresponding to the original; a thing or person exactly resembling another; a copy; a duplicate; the thing that supplements another thing or completes it; a

complement. counterplot, koun'ter «plot, v.t. To oppose or frustrate by another plot

to correspond contre, /aire, to make.] Made

ance of something; false; spurious;

harmony, which depends more for its effects on the composition and progression of whole chords than on the melody of each separate part; so called because the points which

made

against, and in imitation of something else, with a view to pass the false copy for genuine or original; forged; not genuine ; base ; assuming the appear-

hypocritical. n. One who pretends to be what he is not; an impostor; a cheat; that which is made in imitation of something with a view to defraud by passing the false for the true. v.t. To copy or imitate with a view to pass off as original or genuine; to make a likeness or resemblance of with a view to defraud; to forge; to imitate or copy generally; to sham or pretend. to dissemble; to v.i. To feign; carry on a fiction or deception. counterfeiter, koun'ter«fit«er, n. One who counterfeits; a forger; one who assumes a false appearance, or

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

formerly represented musical notes

were written under or against each other on the lines; often used, but improperly, as equivalent to har-

mony. counterpoise, koun'ter«poiz, v.t. To weigh against with equal weight; to equal in weight; to counterbalance; to act against with equal power or to balance. n. effect; A weight equal to and acting in opposition to another weight; equal power or force acting in opposition; state of being in equilibrium by being bal-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

——

—

;

country

n. A plot or artifice or stratagem. set afoot in order to oppose another. counterpoint, koun'ter«point, n. The art of writing music in several distinct parts or themes proceeding simultaneously, as distinguished from

trefait,

——

196

to contain,

nanced, countenancing.

—

— ——

—

note, not,

move;

anced by another weight or force. counterrevolution, koun'ter»rev«o— lu«shon, n. A revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things.

counterscarp,

koun'ter«skarp,

n.

Fort, the slope of the ditch nearest the enemy and opposite the scarp; the face of the ditch sloping down

from the covered way. countersign, koun'ter«sin, v.t. To sign (a document) formally or officially in proof of its genuineness ; to attest or witness by signature. n. A private signal, word, or phrase given to a guard with orders to let no man pass unless he first give that sign; a watchword; also, the signature of a subordinate to a writing signed by his superior, to attest its authenticity. countersignature, koun'ter •sig"ne«cher, n. The name of a secretary or other subordinate officer countersigned to a writing. countersink, koun'ter«singk, v.t. To form a cavity in timber or other materials so as to receive the head of a bolt, screw, etc., and make it flush with the surface; to sink below or even with a surface, as the head of a screw, bolt, etc., by making a depression for it in the material. n. drill or brace bit for countersinking; the cavity made by countersinking. countertenor, koun'ter«ten«er, n. Mus. the highest male adult voice, having about the same compass as the alto, with which term this is sometimes confounded; a singer with

—

A

this voice.

countervail, koun'ter«val, contrevaloir.

v.t.

[Fr.

avail.] To act with force or effect against

equivalent anything; to balance; to compensate; to equal. n. Equal weight, strength, or value; compensation; requital.

counterview,

koun

ter«vu,

n.

An

opposite or opposing view a posture in which two persons front each other; opposition; contrast. counterweigh, koun'ter-wa, v.t. To weigh against; to counterbalance. ;

counterweight, koun ter«wat, n. weight in the opposite scale;

A a

counterpoise.

counterwork, koun ter«\verk, r. To work in opposition to to counteract to hinder any effect by contrary operations. n. A work in opposition ;

;

or in answer to another. country, kun'tri, n. [Fr. contree, from L.L. contrata, country, from L. conopposite; country being thus literally the land opposite or before us. Akin counter, adv., encounter.] A tract of land; a region; the land occupied by a particular race of people; a state; a person's native or adopted land. The country, the rural parts of a region, as opposed to cities or towns; the inhabitants of a region; the people; the public; the parliamentary electors of a state, or the constituencies of a state, collectively. a. Pertaining to the country or to a district at a distance from countrified, a city; rural; rustic. kun'tri'fld, a. Having the airs or manner of a rustic. countryman, tra, against,

— —

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

I

— —————

———

—

——

;;

county n. One born in the same country with another; one who dwells in the country as opposed to the town; a rustic; an inhabitant or countrywoman, native of a region.

kun'tri«man,

kun'tri»wu«man,

n.

A woman belong-

ing to the country, as opposed to the town; a woman born in the same country; a female inhabitant or nacountry-dance, n. tive of a region. [Country and dance; not from Fr. contre-danse, which is a kind of quadrille.] dance in which the partners are arranged opposite to each other in lines. county, koun'ti, n. [L.L. comitatus, from comes, comitis, a count, count.] Originally, the district or territory of a count or earl; now, an administrative unit in various countries; in the United States, the political unit below a State: a shire (which see); a count; an earl or lord^:. a. Pertaining to a county. County town, the chief town of a county; that town where the various courts of a county are held. coup, ko, n. French term for stroke or blow, and used in various connections, to convey the idea of promptness, force, or violence. Coup d'etat (ko«da»ta), a sudden decisive blow in politics; a stroke of policy; specifically, a daring or forcible alteration of the constitution of a country without the consent or concurrence of the people. Coup de grace (kod«gras), the finishing stroke. Coup de main (kod«mah), a sudden attack or enterprise. Coup d'aeil (ko«de'i), glance of the eye ; a comprehensive or rapid view. Coup de soleil (k6d»so«la'i), sunstroke. coupe, coupe, ko«pa, kop, n. [From Fr. carosse coupe, cut-off coach.] An enclosed carriage seating two inside and a driver outside; an enclosed two-door automobile, generally seating two but sometimes four persons.

A

courier,

ko'ri»er, n. [Fr. courrier, courir, L. curro, to run.] messenger sent express with letters or

dispatches; an attendant on a party traveling abroad whose especial duty is

all

arrangements

—

at hotels

n.

[Fr.

cours,

—courteousness, —courtesan, courtezan, —courtesy, zan, A

n.

from L. cursus, L.L. also cursa, from curro, cursum, to run (whence current, incur, recur, etc.).] running, race, flight, career, a moving or motion forward in any direction; a continu-

respect;

(Fr.

[O.Fr. cort, from L. cors,

—

j,

;'ob;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

sense

—

courtcard, a. corruption of coat-card (which court hand, n. The old mansee). ner of writing used in records and courthouse, n. judicial proceedings. A house in which established courts court-martial, n. pi. are held. courts-martial. A court consisting of military or naval officers, for the trial of military or naval offenses. court plaster, n. A fine kind of sticking courtyard, n. A court or plaster. enclosure round a house or adjacent citing favor; wooing.

A

—

—

—

—

court

to

cortis,

contracted from cohors, cohortis, a yard, a court co fo r con, and hor,

this

—

or runners. n.

(in

kert'si); favor or indul-

—

in regular or natural order; naturally; without special direction or provicourser, kor'ser, n. One who sion. courses; a swift horse; a war horse: used chiefly in poetry; a swift-footed cream-colored bird of the plover tribe ; any bird of the cursorial order, kort, cour),

com-

gence, as contradistinguished from Courtesy of England, the husright. band's tenure of certain kinds of property after his wife's death. Courtesy title, a title assumed or popularly accorded and to which the individual has no valid claim, as the title marquis to the eldest son of a duke, viscount to the eldest son of an earl, etc. courtier, kor'ti«er, n. One who attends or frequents the court of a sovereign; one who courts or flatters another with a view to courtly, kort'li, a. obtain favor, etc. Relating or pertaining to a prince's court; refined and dignified; elecourtliness, gant; polite; courteous. kort'li«nes, n. The state or quality courtship, kort'of being courtly. ship, n. The act of courting or soli-

with greyhounds; to drive with speed; to run through or over. v.i. To move with speed ; to run or move about. Of course, by consequence;

court,

curtsy

a

pronounced

succession; stated or orderly method of proceeding; customary or established sequence; series of successive and methodical proceedings ; systematized order in arts or sciences for illustration or instruction (course of studies, etc.) ; way of life or conduct fine of behavior (to follow evil courses); the part of a meal served at one time; arch, a continued range of stones or bricks of the same height throughout the face or faces of a building; naut. one of the sails that hang from a ship's lowest yards; pi. the menstrual flux; catamenia. v.t. coursed, coursing. To hunt; to pursue; to chase; to hunt (hares)

—

Politeness of manners,

bined with kindness; polished manners or urbanity shown in behavior toward others; an act of civility or

ous progression or advance ; the direction of motion; the line in which a body moves; the ground or path marked out for a race ; continuous or gradual advance; progress; order or

Two

prostitute.

n.

ti«si, n.

A

together. couplet, kup'let, n. verses or lines of poetry, especially two that rhyme together; a pair of rhymes. coupling, kup'ling, n. The act of one who couples ; that which couples or connects; a coupler; a contrivance for connecting one portion of a system of shafting with

kert'i»us«nes, kor'ti*ker'-

ner.

course,

a course, a race, direction ; way, etc.

any two of the ranks of keys, or keys and pedals, of an organ are connected

go;

make

course, kors,

mechanism by which

g,

to

and on the journey.

; to marry. v.i. coupler, kup'ler, n. or that which couples;

ch, Sc. loch;

— —

A

from

copulate.

ch, chain;

from

—

husband and wife

—

kur'ij, n. [Fr. courage,

ku«ra'jus«nes, n.

—

One who

body of persons who comthe retinue or council of a sovereign; a hall, chamber, or place where justice is administered; the persons or judges assembled for hearing and deciding causes, as distinguished from the counsel or jury; any judicial body, civil, military, or ecclesiastical; the sitting of a judicial assembly; attention directed to a person in power to gain favor; civility; flattery; address to gain favor (to pay court to a person). v.t. To endeavor to gain the favor of or win over by attention and address; to flatter; to seek the affections or love of; to woo; to solicit for marriage; to attempt to gain by address; to solicit; to seek (to court applause); to hold out inducements to ; to invite. v.i. To pay one's addresses; to woo. courteous, ker'ti«us, a. Having courtly, refined, or elegant manners; characterized by courtesy; affable; condescending, polite. courteously, ker'ti'us-li, adv. In a courteous mancollective

pose

—

parallel forces acting in opposite directions; elect, one of the pairs of plates of two metals which compose a battery, called a galvanic or voltaic couple; carp, one of a pair of opposite rafters in a roof, united at the top where they meet. coupled, v.t. coupling. To link, chain, or otherwise connect; to fasten together; to unite,

specifically, the

a root seen in hortus, a garden, also in garden, garth.] An enclosed uncovered area, whether behind or in front of a house, or surrounded by buildings; a courtyard; an alley, lane, close, or narrow street; the place of residence of a king or sovereign prince; all the surroundings of a sovereign in his regal state; the

—

and

To

another; the chains or rods connecting the carriages, etc., of a train. coupon, kb'pon, n. [Fr., from couper, to cut.] An interest certificate printed at the bottom of transferable bonds, and so called because it is cut off or detached and given up when a payment is made; hence, generally one of a series of tickets which binds the issuer to make certain payments, perform some service, or give value for certain amounts at different periods, in consideration of money

L. cor, the heart, whence also cordial, etc.] That quality of mind which enables men to encounter danger and difficulties with firmness, or without fear; bravery; intrepidity; valor; boldness; resolution; disposition or frame of mind cou(Shak.)$. rageous, ku»ra'jus, a. Possessing or characterized by courage; brave; bold; daring; intrepid. courageously, kuTa'juS'li, adv. In a courageous manner. courageousness,

couple, kup'l, n. [Fr. couple, from L. copula, a band, bond, connection.] Two of the same class or kind, connected or considered together; a brace; a pair; a male and female connected by marriage, betrothed, or otherwise allied; mech. two equal

——

— cousin

received.

A

—

197

courage,

—

as

——

——

it.

cousin, kuz'n, n. [Fr. cousin, from L.L. cosinus, for L. consobrinus, a

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

——

—

——

——

—

—

—

—

couvade

198

cousin con, and sobrinus, akin to soror, a sister.] The son or daughter of an uncle or aunt ; in a wider and now less usual sense, one collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister; a kinsman or kinswoman;

the use of one person. plate, spoon, knife and fork, etc. coverer, kuver«er, n. One who or that which covcovering, kuv'er»ing, n. That ers. which covers; anything spread or laid over another, whether for security, protection, shelter, or concealment; clothing; dress; wrapper; envelope. coverlet, kuv'er«let, n. [O.Fr. covre-lit, couvre-lit, a bedcover covrir, to cover, and lit, L. lectus, a bed.] The upper covering of coverlid, kuv'er«lid, n. a bed. coverlet. (Tenn.) covert, kuv'ert, a. [O.Fr. covert, part, of covrir, to cover.] Kept secret or concealed; not open (covert fraud or enmity) ; law, under cover, authority, or protection. n. place which covers and shelters; a shelter; a defense; a thicket; a shady place or a hiding place; pi. feathers covering the bases of the quills of the wing covertly, kuv'ert'li, or tail of birds. adv. Secretly; in private; insidiously. coverture, kuv'er«cher, n. Covering; shelter; defense; law, the state of

a blood-relation; a title given by a monarch to a nobleman. cousin-

—

hood, kuz'n«hud, n. The state of being cousins; the individuals connected with a family regarded collectively. cousinly, kuz'n»li, a. Like

—

— —

or becoming a cousin. cousinship, kuz'n»ship, n. The state of being cousins; cousinhood. cousin-german, n. A first or full cousin. couvade, ko«vad, n. [Fr. couver, to hatch; L. cubare, to lie. covey.] A custom among primitive races (Basques, Corsicans, etc.) of men, by which, at the birth of a child, the father takes to bed and is attended by mother. Perhaps to prove paternity, by a survival from earlier days of promiscuity of intercourse. cove, kov, n. [A. Sax. cofa, a chamber, a cave; allied to I eel. kofi, Sw. kofwa, a hut.] A small inlet, creek, or bay; a sheltered recess in the seashore; arch, any kind of concave molding; the concavity of a vault. v.t. coved, coving. To arch over. covenant, kuv'e«nant, n. [O.Fr. covenant, for convenant, from L. convenire, to agree con, and venio, to come, convene.] A mutual consent or agreement of two or more persons to do or to forbear some act or thing; a contract; a compact; a bargain, arrangement, or stipulation; a writing containing the terms of agreement or contract between parties. v.i. To enter into a formal agreement; to contract; to bind one's self by contract. v.t. To grant or promise by covenant. [O.T.] covenantee, kuv'e«nan«te", n. The person

—

to

whom

a

covenanter,

covenant

is

kuv'e«nan«ter,

made.

One

n.

who makes

a covenant; [cap.] a term specially applied to those who joined in the Solemn League and Covenant in Scotland, and in particular those who resisted the government of

Charles II, and fought and suffered for adherence to their own form covenantor, kuv'e*of worship. nan»ter, n. Law, the person who makes a covenant and subjects himself to the penalty of its breach. cover, kuv'er, v.t. [O.Fr. covrir, con, Fr. couvrir, from L. cooperire

—

—

intens.,

and

operire,

to cover.]

To

overspread the surface of with another substance; to lay or set over; to overspread so as to conceal; to envelop; to wrap up; to clothe; to shelter; to protect; to defend; to cloak; to screen; to invest with; to brood over; to be sufficient for; to include; to comprehend; to be equal to; to be coextensive with. n. Anything which is laid, set, or spread over another thing; anything which veils or conceals; a screen; disguise; superficial appearance; shelter; de-

fense; protection; concealment and protection ; shrubbery, woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter and conceal game; the articles laid at table for fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

—

—

A

A

—

—

a married woman, who is considered as under the cover or power of her

husband. v.t. [From O.Fr. coveiter convoiter), from L. cupidus, desire desirous, cupio, to desire.] or wish for with eagerness ; to desire earnestly to obtain or possess; to desire inordinately; to desire with a greedy or envious longing; to long v.i. To have for; to hanker after. or indulge inordinate desire. covetable, kuv'e«ta«bl, a. That may be coveter, kuv'e«ter, n. One coveted. who covets. covetous, kuv'e«tus, a.

covet, kuv'et, (Fr.

To

—

—

Very desirous; eager

to obtain; inordinately desirous; excessively eager to obtain and possess; avaricious. covetously, kuv'e«tus«li, adv. With a strong or inordinate desire; eagcovetousness, erly; avariciously. kuv'e«tus«nes, n. The state or quality of being covetous; avarice; cupidity; greediness; craving. covey, kuv'i, n. [O.Fr. covee, Fr. couvee, a brood, from couver, cover, to sit on or brood, L. cubare, to lie; brood or seen also in incubate.] hatch of birds; an old fowl with her brood of young; a small flock: usually confined to partridges. cow, kou, n. pi. cows, kouz, old pi. kine, kin. [A. Sax. cu, pi. cy; G. kuh, D. and Dan. koe, I eel. kii; the same root appears in Skr. go, nom. gaus,

—

A

a

cow, an ox., Kine

is

a double plural,

the en form as in oxen being added to the older form.] The general term applied to the females of the bovine genus or ox, the most valuable to man of all the ruminating animals, on account of her milk, flesh, cowbane, n. A kind of hide, etc. hemlock, water hemlock, highly poisonous, being sometimes fatal to

—

who eat its leaves.—cowberry, Red whortleberry. cowboy, n. Boy who has charge of cows a man who looks after cattle on a large cattle

—

n.

;

stock farm and does this cow bunting, horseback. American bird belonging

—

starling tribe, remarkable

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

— —

— cowl

——

—

—

work on n.

An

to the for drop-

note, not,

move;

ping

its eggs into the nests of other birds to be hatched. cowcatcher, n. strong frame in front of locomotives for removing obstructions, such as strayed cattle, from the rails. cowhide, n. The hide or skin of a cow, made or to be made into leather; a strong whip made of such leather. v.t. To thrash or whip with cowpea, n. a lash of cowhide. kind of clover having bright red cowpox, n. flowers. disease which appears on the teats of the cow in the form of vesicles or blisters, the fluid or virus contained in which is capable of communicating the disease to the human subject, and of conferring, in the great majority of instances, security against smallpox. cowslip, kou'slip, n. [A. Sax. cu-slyppe, cu-sloppe, the latter part of the name apparently meaning dung.] perennial herb of the primrose family, growing in moist places in Britain. Cowslip wine, a beverage made by fermenting cowslips with sugar, and used as a domestic soporific. cow, kou, v.t. [Dan. kue, Icel. kuga, to depress, subdue, keep under.] To sink the spirits or courage of; dishearten, intimidate, to daunt,

—

A

—

—

—

A

A

A

—

overawe.

coward, kou'erd,

n. [Fr. couard, It. codardo, from L. cauda, a tail, the name being originally applied to the timid hare from its short tail.]

A person who

wants courage to meet poltroon; a craven; a faint-hearted, timid, or pusillanimous man. a. Destitute of courage; timid; of, proceeding from, or expressive of fear or timidity. cowardice, kou'er«dis, n. [Fr. couardise.] Want of courage to face danger; timidity; pusillanimity; fear of exposing one's person to danger. danger;

a dastard; a

cowardly, kou'erd«li, a. Wanting courage to face danger; timid; timorous; pusillanimous; fainthearted; mean; base; proceeding from fear of danger; befitting a coward. adv. In the manner of a coward. cowardliness, kou erd'li«nes, n. Cowardice.

cower, kou'er,

[Same word

v.i.

as

Sc. curr, to squat; Icel. kura, Dan. kure, Sw. kura, to doze, to rest; squat; to G. kauern, to cower.] stoop or sink downward, as from

To

terror, discomfort, etc. kou'ij,

cowhage, cowitch,

kou'ich,

[Hind, katvanch, cowhage.] The short, brittle hairs of the pods of a leguminous plant, which easily pene-

n.

trate the skin,

and produce an

intol-

erable itching; they are administered in honey or molasses as a vermifuge. cowl, koul. ;;. [A. Sax. O01r, Icel. kufl,

cowl; oomp. also O.Fr. coule, from L. cmadha, a cowl.] A hood, especially a monk's hood; a chimney covering designed to increase draft; the part of an automobile body on which the windshield and dashboard cowled, kould, a. are mounted. Wearing a cowl; hooded in shape of a cowl (cowled leaf). cowl, koul, n. [O.Fr. cuvel, dim. of CUP.] CMMj a tub, from L. cupa. A vessel to be carried on a pole kofi, a

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

_

co-work

199

betwixt two persons, for the conveyance of water. cowlstaff, n. Same as Colstqff.

ko«werk', v.i. To work co-worker, co-operate. k6»wer'ker, n. One that works with another; a co-operator. cowry, kou'ri, n. [Hind, kauri.] small univalve shell used for coin on the coast of Guinea, and in many parts of Southern Asia. coxa, kok'sa, n. [L.] Anat. the hip, haunch, or hip joint; entom. the joint of an insect's limb which is next the body. coxcomb, koks'kom, n. [Cock's comb.] The comb resembling that of a cock which licensed fools wore formerly in their caps; hence used often for the cap itself; the top of the head, or the head itself; a vain showy fellow; a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplishments; a coxcombical, koks«fop; a dandy. kom'i«kal, a. Like or indicating a coxcomb; conceited; foppish. coxcombry, koks'kom«ri, n. The manners of a coxcomb; foppishness. coxswain, n. Same as Cockswain. coy, koi, a. [O.Fr. coi, coy, coit, from L. quietus, quiet. QUIET.] Shrinking from familiarity; shy; modest; reserved; distant; backward; bashful. coyly, koi'li, adv. In a coy manner; jointly;

to

A

crab

tree.

Icel. and Dan. kraft, D. kracht, power, faculty; from root of which cramp is a nasalized form, akin to

Skr. grabh. to grasp.] Cunning art, skill, in a bad sense; artifice; guile; dexterity in a particular manual occupation; hence, the occupation or employment itself; manual art; trade; the members of a trade collectively; nam. a vessel often used in a collective sense for vessels of any craftsman, krafts'man, n. An kind. artificer; a mechanic; one skilled in a manual occupation. craftsmanship, krafts'man«ship, n. The skilled work of a craftsman. crafty, kraf'ti, a. Characterized by, having, or using craft; cunning; wily; sly; deceitful; subtle; dexterous; skillful. craftily, kraf'ti'li, adv. In a crafty manner; cunningly; slyly; deceitfully; skillfully; dexterously. craftiness, kraf 'ti-nes, n. The state or quality of

The

tree, n.

tree

or

that

bears crabs; the wild apple tree. crack, krak, v.t. [An imjtative word; A. Sax. cracian, to crack; G. krachen, to crack; D. krak, a crack; Gael. knac, a crack, as of a whip, etc.] To rend, break, or burst; to break

:

—

—

—

partially; to break without an entire severance of the parts ; to throw out or utter with smartness (to crack a joke); to snap; to cause to make a

—

sharp sudden noise (a whip). v.i. To break with a sharp sound; to burst; to open in chinks; to be fractured without quite separating into different parts; to give out a loud or sharp sudden sound; to boast or brag: with of (Shak.)%. n. A chink or fissure ; a partial separation of the parts of a substance, with or without an opening; a burst of sound; a sharp or loud sound uttered suddenly; a violent report; injury or impairment to the intellect or to the character; flaw; blemish; an instant; a trice. a. Having qualities to be

—

being crafty. crag, krag, n. [Gael, creag,

—

—

with disinclination to familiarity. coyness, koi'nes, n. The quality of being coy; bashfulness; shyness; reserve; modesty.

coyote,

koi»6t', koi«6'ti, n. [Sp. coyote, coyotl.] The American prairie

proud

of;

excellent

first-rate;

coypu, koi'po, n. The native name of a South American rodent, beaversemiaquatic

mammal, valued

for its fur. v.t. [A form of cousin; Fr. cousiner, to sponge upon people (under pretext of relationship), from cousin, a cousin.] To cheat; to defraud; to deceive; to beguile. v.i. To cheat; to act deceitfully. coz-

cozen, kuz'n,

—

—

To make slight cracks; to small abrupt noises, rapidly or frequently repeated; to decrepitate. noise crackling, krak'l«ing, n. made up of small cracks or reports frequently repeated; the browned skin of roast pig; a kind of cake used for dog's food, made from the refuse of tallow melting. cracknel, kraknel, n. A hard brittle cake or biscuit.

enage, kuz'n«ij, n. Trickery; fraud; cozener, kuz'mer, n. One deceit.

crack.]

who

—

—

usually of gravel and sand, of the older pliocene period. cragged, krag'ed, a. Full of crags or broken rocks; craggy. craggy, krag'i, a. Full of crags ; abounding with broken rocks ; rugged with projecting points of rocks. cragginess, krag'i«nes, n. The state of being craggy. cragsman, kragz, n. One who is dexterous in climbing or descending rocks ; one who takes seafowls or their eggs

—

—

—

[Akin to Norse koselig, cosy, kose sig, to enjoy one's ease.] Well sheltered; snug; comfortable; social. n. A kind of padded covering or cap put over a teapot to keep in the heat after the tea has a.

—crackbrained,

g,

go;

rail.

cram, kram,

a.

Having

a disor-

small bed, crib, or cot in which an infant is rocked; hence, the place where any person or thing is nurtured the

earlier

of existence;

stage

something resembling a cradle construction

which

a

or use,

in in placed after machine in

as

broken limb

is

a

set;

which

with

case

a rocking gold is washed from the earth, etc., containing it; a vessel or basket attached to a line or lines between a wrecked ship and the shore for bringing off the crew or cradled, crav.t. passengers, etc. dling. To lay in a cradle; to rock in

being

;ob;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

crude

facts.

n.

Information

got up hurriedly for an examination or other special purpose. crammer, kram'er, n. One who crams or stuffs; one who crams in study. crambo, kram bo, n. [Origin doubt-

—

j,

v.t.

[A. Sax.

to press; akin cramp.] To press or drive, particularly in filling or thrusting one thing into another; to stuff; to crowd; to fill to superfluity; to fill with food beyond satiety; to stuff; fig. to endeavor to qualify for an examination, in a comparatively short time, by storing the memory with only such knowledge as is likely to serve the occasion; to coach. v.i. To eat greedily or beyond satiety; to stuff; to prepare for an examination by rapidly storing the memory

A

in

—

crammed, cramcrammian, to cram; Dan. kramme, to crush; Sw. krama,

ming.

dered intellect; insane; lunatic; mad. cradle, kra'dl, n. [A. Sax. cradel, cradal; comp. G. krdtze, a basket.]

furnished with strong claws or pincers, and several species being highly esteemed as food; Cancer, a sign in the zodiac; a name given to various machines, as a kind of portable windlass or machine for raising weights, etc. crab, krab, n. [Sw. krabbdple, a crab apple, perhaps from crab, the animal, in allusion to its pinching or astringent juice.] A small, wild, very sour ch, Sc. loch;

A

crags.

family of the rails, the best known species being the corncrake or land

—

—

been infused. cozily, ko'zi«li, adv. crab, krab, n. [A. Sax. crabba = D. krab, I eel. krabbi, Sw. krabba, G. krabbe, a crab; all perhaps from L. carabus, Gr. karabos, a kind of crab.] A popular name for all the ten-footed, short-tailed crustaceans, having the tail folded under the body, the two forefeet not used for locomotion, but

ch, chain;

from

—

crake, krak, n. [Imitative of the bird's cry, hke croak, creak; comp. L. crex, Gr. krex, a landrail; Icel. kraka, to croak, etc.] A grallatorial bird of various species belonging to the

make

cozens.

cozy, cosy, ko'zi,

A

careg, a rock, stone.] steep, rugged rock; a rough broken rock, or point of a rock ; a cliff; geol. shelly deposits in Norfolk and Suffolk,

(a

regiment, a crack horse). cracked, krakt, p. and a. Burst or split; rent; broken; impaired; crazy, cracker, krak'as regards the mind. er, n. One who or that which cracks; a noisy, boasting fellow (Shak.); a small kind of firework filled with powder, which explodes with a sharp crack or with a series of sharp cracks crackle, krak'l, a small hard biscuit. crackled, crackling. [Dim. of v.i.

Ir. craig,

W.

crack

wolf.

like,

a

—

—

Mex.

cradle; to compose or quiet by rocking; to nurse in infancy. v.i. To he or lodge as in a cradle. (Shak.) craft, kraft, n. [A. Sax. craeft, craft, cunning, force, a craft ^G. Sw.

apple; the tree producing the fruit; a sour-tempered, peevish, morose person^:: crab apple, n. A wild crabbed, krab'ed, a. Rough apple. or harsh as regards temper or disposition; sour; peevish; morose; difficult; perplexing; uninviting (a crabbed author). crabbedly, krab'ed«li, adv. In a crabbed manner; peevishly; morosely. crabbedness, krab'ed»nes, n. The state or quality of being crabbed. crabstick, n. A walking stick made of the wood of the crab

co-work,

cramp

,

th, ;/iin;

A game

which one person which another finds a rhyme a word rhyming with another. cramp, kramp, n. [Same as P. fcrowfr ful.]

in

gives a word, to ;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

—

—

—

;

;

cranberry

200

Dan. krampe, Sw. kramp, krampa, G. krampf, krampe, cramp, a crampiron; from root seen in cram, crimp, crumple.] The contraction of a limb or some muscle of the body, attended with pain; spasm; a feeling of res-

the art of determining the intellectual and moral peculiarities of individuals by the shape of their skulls; phrenology. craniological, kra'ni«o«loj"ik»al, a. Pertaining to craniology. craniologist, kraTU'ol'o'jist, n. One who treats of or is versed in craniology. craniometer, kra«ni«om'-

traint; a piece of iron bent at the end, serving to hold together pieces of timber, stones, etc. ; a cramp iron a portable kind of iron screw press for closely compressing the joints of a timber framework. v.t. pain or affect with spasms or cramps; to confine, restrain, or hinder from action or expansion; to fasten, confine, or hold with a cramp or cramp iron. a. Difficult; knotty. crampon, kram'pon, n. [Fr. cram-

To

pon.] Bot. an adventitious root which serves as a fulcrum or support in climbing, as in the ivy. crampoon, kram'pon, n. An iron fastened to the shoes of a storming party, to assist them in climbing a rampart; an apparatus used in raising timber or stones for building, consisting of two hooked pieces of iron hinged together. cranberry, kran'be«ri, n. [That is craneberry, perhaps because the berries are eaten by cranes.] The globose, dark red berry > about the size of a currant, produced by several species

—

of small shrubs growing in peat bogs or swampy land in Europe and North America; the shrub producing this berry. Called also Mossberry and Moorberry. crane, kran, n. [A. Sax. cran; cog. D. kraan, G. krahn, kranich, Icel. trani, Dan. trane (with tr for kr), W. garan, Gr. geranos, L. grus, the bird, also the lifting apparatus ; from a root gar, seen in L. garrio, Gr. geryo, to call.] large migratory grallatorial bird of several species, having long slender legs, a long neck, and powerful wings; a machine for raising great weights, and depositing them at some distance from their original place, the most common form consisting of a vertical shaft, with projecting arm or jib, at the outer end of which is a fixed pulley, carrying the rope or chain to receive the weight, which is raised by coiling the rope or chain

A

cylinder; a movable iron arm or beam attached to the back or side of a fireplace for supporting a pot or kettle; a siphon or crooked pipe for drawing liquors out of a cask. v.i. craned, craning. To stretch out one's neck like a crane; hence, hunting, to look before one leaps; to pull up at a dangerous jump. crane fly, n. A dipterous insect having very long legs, and lanceolate spreading wings; the daddy longlegs is a well-known crane'sspecies.

round

a

— —

—

bill, n.

The popular name

given to

the species of Geranium, from the long slender beak of their fruit. cranium, kra'ni«um, pi. crania, kra'ni«a, n. [L.L. cranium, from Gr. kranion,

a

The bones which

skull.]

—

enclose the brain the skull. cranial, kra'ni«al, a. Relating to the cranium. craniofacial, kra'ni«o«fa«shal, a. Pertaining to the cranium and face. craniology, kra«ni«ol'o'ji, n. The knowledge of the cranium or skull; ;

— —

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

— An instrument for measuring —craniometrical, kra'ni«o«-

et«er, n. skulls.

met'ri'kal, a. Pertaining to craniomn.

—craniometry,

The

art of

kra«ni»om'etTi,

measuring

skulls.

crank, krangk, n. [Allied to cringe, crinkle; D. krinkel, something benda curve, krinkelen, to bend.] iron axis with the end bent like an elbow, serving as a handle for ing,

An

communicating circular motion (as in a grindstone), for changing circular motion into motion backward and forward or the reverse (steam engine), or for merely changing the direction of motion

hanging); any twisting or turning in speech a whim any perversity of action or manner a crotchety or perverse person. v.t. To bend into the shape of a crank; to furnish with a crank; to start by turning a crank. v.i. To turn a crank. crank, krangk, a. [A. Sax. crane, weak, sick; D. and G. krank, Icel. krankr, sick, ill.] Liable to be overset, as a ship when she has not sufficient ballast to cany full sail; in a shaky or crazy condition; loose; disjointed. cranky, krang'ki, a. Liable to overset; full of crotchets or whims; not to be depended on; unsteady; crazy. cranny, kran'i, n. [Fr. cran, a notch, from L. crena, a notch; comp. G. krinne, a rent.] A small narrow opening, fissure, crevice, or chink, as in a wall or other substance. v.i. To become intersected with or penetrated by crannies or clefts; to enter by crannied, kran'crannies (Shak.). id, p. or a. Having chinks, fissures, or crannies. crape, krap, n. [Fr. crepe, O.Fr. crespe, from L. crispus, curled, crisp.] A thin transparent cloth with a crinkled surface ; crepe ; a band of black crepe (as in bell

;

—

—

worn in mourning. crapulence, krap'u-lens, n. [L. crapulo, intoxication.] Drunkenness; the sickness occasioned by intemperance.

—crapulent, crapulous, krap'u«lent,

krap'u«lus, a. Drunk; sick by intemperance; connected or associated with drunkenness. crash, krash, v.t. [Imitative. Comp. crack, clash, crush, etc.] To break to pieces violently; to dash with tumult and violence. v.i. To make the loud multifarious sound of a thing or things falling and breaking; or to make any similar noise. »—w. The loud sound of a thing or things falling and breaking; a sound made by dashing; the collapse of a commercial undertaking; bankruptcy; failure. crash, krash, n. [L. crassus, thick.] A coarse kind of linen cloth, mostly used for towels. crasis, kra'sis, n. [Gr. krasis, a mixing.] Med. the mixture of the constituents of a fluid, as the blood; hence, temperament; constitution ;gram. a figure

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—— crawl

—

etry.

——

— —

note, not,

move;

by which two

different letters are

contracted into one long letter or into a diphthong

called also Synae-

:

resis.

crass, kras,

a.

[L.

coarse,* not applied to fluids

thick;

Gross; nor fine:

crassus.]

thin,

and

solids;

—

fig.

crasgross; dense; stupid; obtuse. situde, kras'i'tud, n. Grossness; crassness, coarseness; thickness. kras'nes, n. Grossness.

—

crate, krat, n. [L. crates, wickerwork.] A kind of basket or hamper of wickerwork, used for the transportation of china, glass, etc.; also for fruit framework made of wooden ;

To pack in a crate. crater, kra'ter, n. [L. crater, from Gr. krater, a great cup, a mixing vessel, from kerarmymi, to mix.] The orifice or mouth of a volcano; a hole made by a bomb or a slats.

v.t.

meteorite.

craunch, kransh,

v.t. [Imitative, same as crunch, scranch.] To crush with the teeth; to crunch. cravat, kra»vat', n. [Fr. Cravate, a Croat, and hence a cravat, because this piece of dress was adopted in

seventeenth century from the Croats who entered the French service.] A neckcloth; an article of muslin, silk, woolen, or other material worn by men about the neck. crave, krav, v.t. craved, craving. [A. Sax. crafian, to ask Icel. krefja, the

—

—

Sw. krdfva, Dan. kraeve, to crave, to ask.] To ask for with earnestness importunity; to ask (a thing) with submission or humility; to beg, or

entreat, implore, solicit; to call for, as a gratification; to long for; to require or demand, as a passion or appetite. v.i. To beg, ask, beseech, or implore; to long or hanker craver, kra'ver, eagerly: with for. craving, kran. One who craves. ving, n. Vehement or inordinate desire; a longing. a. Ardently or

— —

inordinately desirous or longing.

craven, kra'vn, n. [O.Fr. cravanter, to overthrow, from a L.L. crepantare, from L. crepare, to break; akin crevice, crepitate.] Formerly one vanquished in trial by battle, and yielding to the conqueror; hence, a recreant; a coward; a weak-hearted, spiritless fellow. a. Cowardly; base. craw, kra, n. [Of same origin as Dan. kro, D. kraag, G. kragen. the throat, craw.] The crop or first stomach of fowls; the stomach, in a general sense.

crawfish, n. The crayfish; also the spiny lobster, a marine crustacean. crawl, kral, v.i. [Of same origin as Sw. krala. also krafla. Icel. krafla, Dan. kravle, G. krabbeln, to crawl.]

To move

slowly by thrusting or drawing the body along the ground; to move on hands and knees; to

move

slowly or cautiously; to swarm with crawling things; to feel overrun by crawling things; to behave abjectly.— n. The act of crawling; a method of swimming consisting of

double

overarm

strokes

combined

with fluttering Ice movements; a crawler, kra'ler, creeping motion. n. One who or that which crawls;

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

——

crayfish

made with milk

—

to see by; in bookbinding, a tool for making the band impression distinct on the back or for making blind lines or creases on covers. create, kre«at', v.t. created, creating. [L. creo, creatum, to create; same root as Skr. kri, to make.] To originate or cause; to bring into being; to cause to exist; to make or form,

—

become

shattered; to break down. Craziness; an inordinate desire or longing; a passion; a wild fancy or notion. crazy, kra'zi, a. Decrepit; feeble; shattered; unsound: of the body or any structure; disordered, deranged, weakened, or shattered in mind. crazily, kra'zi«li, adv. In a crazy manner. craziness, kra'zi«nes, n. The state of being crazy; imbecility or weakness of intellect; n.

—

by investing with

To

creamy.

—

ch, chain;

n.

ch, Sc. \och;

go from

go;

bility

—

home

to

job;

ng, sing;

then;

th,

the

selling

of

—

Accompanied

with reputation or esteem; the cause of credit or honor; creditability, honorable; estimable. kred'i«ta«bil"i«ti, n. The quality of being creditable. creditably, kred'i»ta«bli, adv. Reputably; with credit; without disgrace. creditor, kred'i'ter, n. [L.] One who gives goods or money on credit; one to whom money is due one having a just claim

—

— —

;

money;

correlative to debtor. credulous, kred'u«lus, a. [L. credulus, from credo, to believe.] Apt to believe

work; an asylumn

TH,

solvency;

trust. v.t. To believe; to confide in the truth of; to sell, or lend in confidence of future payment; to trust; to enter upon the credit side of an account; to give credit for. Letter of credit, an order given by bankers or others at one place to enable a specified person to receive money from their agents at another creditable, kred'i»ta«bl, a. place.

for

j,

or

on

foundlings; a representation of the manger and the Holy Family.

of being A cheese g,

goods or lending of money in confidence of future payment; trust; bookkeeping, the side of an account in which payment or other item lessening the claim against a debtor is entered: opposed to debit; the time given for payment for goods sold

day, in cases where the mothers daily

—

—cream cheese,

creational, kri«a'shon«al, universe. creative, a. Pertaining to creation. kri«a'tiv, a. Having the power to create, or exerting the act of creating. creator, kri«a'ter, n. [L.] One who, or that which, creates, produces, causes, or constitutes; [cap.] distinctively, the almighty Maker of all creatorship, kri«a'ter«ship, things. n. The state or condition of a creator. creature, kre'cher, n. [O.Fr. creature, L.L. creatura.] Anything created:}:; a thing:}: ; a created being: any living being; a human being, in contempt or endearment; a person who owes his rise and fortune to another; one who is entirely subject to the will or influence of another; a. Of or belonging a mere tool. to the body (creature comforts). kreas, [Gr. creatic, kre«at'ik, a. kreatos, flesh.] Relating to flesh or animal food. creatin, krea«tin, n.

Substances obtained from animal by chemical processes. creche, krash, n. [Fr. creche, manger.] An institution or establishment where, for a small payment, children are fed and taken care of during the

gather cream; to gather on the surface; to flower or mantle. (Shak.) creamy, kre'mi, a. Full of cream; having the nature creaminess, ofor resembling cream state

confidence of others; esteem; honor;

what brings some honor or estimation; reputation for commercial sta-

flesh

To

The

veracity, integrity, abilities, and virtue; reputation derived from the

—

take the cream off by skimming; to take off the best part

n.

creed.] Reliance on testimony; belief; faith; trust; good opinion founded on a belief of a man's ditum.

—

to

kre'mi«nes,

;

—

—

.

ible.

—

—

—

credibly, kred'i«bli, adv. In a credible manner so as to command belief (to be credibly informed). credit, kred'it, n. [Fr. credit; L. cre-

character;

appointment; formation; the things created; that which is produced or caused to exist; the world; the

—

A

v.i.

—

—

—

crack; comp. Fr. criquer, to creak; W. crecian, to scream.] To make a sharp harsh grating sound of some continuance, as by the friction of hard substances. v.t. To cause to make a harsh protracted noise. n. sharp, harsh, grating sound. cream, krem, n. [Fr. creme, from L.L. cremum (or cremd), cream a word suggested by L. cremor, thick juice or broth; It. Sp. and Pg. crema, cream.] Any part of a liquor that separates from the rest, rises, and collects on the surface; more particularly, the richer and butyraceous part of milk, which rises and forms a scum on the surface, as it is specifically lighter than the other part of the liquor; the best part of a thing; the choice part; a sweetmeat prepared from cream (as, ice cream). Cream of tartar, the scum of a boiling solution of tartar; a salt obtained from the tartar of argol that forms on the inside of wine casks, frequently

a covering

new

credible, kred'i«bl, a. [L. credibilis.] Capable of being believed; such as one may believe; worthy of credit, reliance, or confidence as to truth and correctness: applied to persons and things. credibility, credibleness, kred«i«bil'i»ti, kred i«bl«nes, n. The state or quality of being cred-

to constitute; to appoint (to create a peer); to be the occasion of; to bring about; to cause; to produce creation, (create a disturbance). kri«a'shon, n. The act of creating, producing, or causing to exist; especially, the act of bringing this world into existence; the act of investing with a new character;

derangement. creak, krek, v.i. [Imitative of a more acute and prolonged sound than

of.

a

claimed

him among strangers, such as the documents given to an ambassador when sent to a foreign court. for

guides

crazy or insane ; to

v.t.

belief, credit, or authority is

sewing machine attachment for making creases on leather or cloth, as

break in pieces, grind or crush:}: to put out of order; to impair the natural force or energy of; to derange the intellect of; to render insane.

medicine.

-

A

crazing.

;

kri«tioned. (Shak.) credential, den'shal, n. That which gives a title or claim to confidence }-; pi. testimonials or documents given to a person as the warrant on which

creasy, kre'si, a. Full of creases; characterized by creases. (Tenn.) crease, kres, n. [Malay.] Malay dagger. creaser, kres'er, n. A tool, or a

To

in

—

by folding or doubling.

as

kri«-

n. pi.

—

game of cricket. v.t. creased, creasing. To make a crease or mark

in,

—credendum,

credenda, kri«den'da. [L.] A thing to be believed; an credent,! kre'dent, article of faith. a. Believing; giving credit; easy of belief; having credit not to be ques-

in the

[Same as Sw. krasa, to crush, break; Dan. krase, to crackle; from sound of crushing. Akin crush, crash, etc.]

skim;

Credence-table.

den'dum,

marking boundaries near the wickets

—

employed

of credo, to believe, creed.] Reliance evidence derived from other sources than personal knowledge, as from the testimony of others ; belief or credit (to give a story credence); the small table by the side of the altar or communion table, on which the bread and wine are placed before they are consecrated: called also

on

A

used in drawing upon paper; a composition pencil made of soap, resin, wax, and lampblack, used for drawing upon lithographic stones v.t. To sketch with a crayon;

—

credence, kre'dens, n. [L.L. credentia, belief, from L. credens, credentis, pp.

a certain

—

A

—

which

ates cream from milk. creamery, kre'mer«i, n. An establishment to which farmers send their milk to be made into butter and cheese. crease, kres, n. [Prob. related to O.Fr. creast, a line, ridge, or furrow.] line or mark made by folding or doubling anything; hence, a similar mark, however produced; specifically, the name given to certain lines

—

hence, to sketch roughly. craze, kraz, v.t. crazed,

to

of cream is added. creamer, kre'mer, n. A pitcher for holding cream ; a machine that separ-

O.H.G. krebiz, G. krebs crab. crab.] The river lobster, a ten-footed crustacean found in streams, and resembling the lobster, but smaller, used as food; also the spiny lobster. crayon, kra'on, n. fFr. crayon, from crate, L. creta, chalk, whence cretaceous.] pencil or cylinder of colored pipe clay, chalk, or charcoal,

To become

— credulous

quantity

crayfish, crawfish, kra'fish, kra'fish, n. [A curious corruption of comparatively modern origin; formerly crevise, creveys, from O.Fr. crevice,

v.i.

—

—

201

a creeper; a reptile; a mean, cringing crawlingly, kra'ling«li, adv. fellow. In a crawling manner.

—

—

—

;

thm;

for

without sufficient evidence; unsuspecting; easily credudeceived. lously, kred u«lus«li, adv. With cre-

—

w,

u-ig;

hw,

rr/iig;

zh, azure.

——

—— creed dulity.

credulity,

kred'u-lusTies, kre«du'li«ti, n. The state or quality of being credulous; disposition or readiness to believe without sufficient evidence. creed, kred, n. [A. Sax. creda, from L. credo, I believe, the first word of the Apostles' Creed, whence also credence, credit, credible, also grant, recreant.] brief and authoritative summary of the articles of Christian faith; hence, a statement or profession of fundamental points of belief; a system of principles of any kind which are believed or pro-

A

its

creek, krek, n. [O.E. creke, cryke, a creek, a bay; D. kreek, I eel. kriki, crack, a corner; akin to crook.] small inlet, bay, or cove; a recess in the shore of the sea or of a river; a stream of water smaller than a river but larger than a brook; a narrow winding passage. creel, krel, n, [Gael, craidhleag ; same root as cradle.] An osier basket or pannier; specifically, a large deep fish basket for carrying on the back. creep, krep, v.i. pret. et pp. crept. [A. Sax. creopan D. kruipen, Icel. krjtipa, Sw. krypa, Dan. krybe, to creep or crawl; akin cripple, cramp.] To move with the belly on the ground or any surface, as a reptile, or as many insects with feet and very short legs; to crawl; to move along a surface in growth (as a vine); to move slowly, feebly, or timorously; to move slowly and insensibly, as time; to move secretly or insidiously; to move or behave with extreme servility or humility; to cringe; to fawn; to have a sensation such as might be caused by worms or insects creeper, kre'creeping on the skin. per, n. One who or that which creeps; a creeping plant, which moves along the surface of the earth, or attaches itself to some other body, as ivy; an instrument of iron with hooks or claws for dragging the bottom of a well, river, or harbor; a popular name of birds which resemble the woodpeckers in their habits of creeping on the stems of trees in n. The act quest of insect prey. of creeping, or moving slowly and a

A

—

—

insensibly. n.

A

crease or

Malay

—

cremate,

cremated, kri-mat', v.t. cremating. [L. cremo, crematum, to burn.] To burn; to dispose of (a human body) by burning instead cremation, kri«ma'of interring. shon, n. The act or custom of cremating; the burning of a dead body crematory, kre'instead of burial. Connected with or ma»to«ri, a. place employed in cremation. n.

—

—

A

crib

margin cut into even and rounded

—

notches

or scallops. crenature, kren'a»cher, n. A tooth of a crenate leaf, or any other part that is crenate. crenel, crenelle, kren'el, kre«nel', n. [O.Fr. crenel, from L. crena, a notch.] An embrasure in an embattled parapet or breastwork to fire through; an indentation; a notch. crenelate, kren'e«lat, v.t. To furnish with crenels or similar openings; to emcrenelation, kre«nel«la'shon, battle. n. The act of crenelating a crenel or indentation. crenulate, crenulated,

—

—

—

:

kre'nu«lat, kre'nu«la«ted, a. Having the edge cut into very small scallops.

fessed.

dagger.

—

202

—credulousness,

creese, kres,

——

Creole,

kre'61,

[Ft.

n.

Sp.

creole,

be of Negro origin.] A white descendant of early French settlers in Louisiana ; a Latin American descended from French or Spanish conquerors; [often not cap.] a person of mixed Spanish, French, criollo; said to

and

Negro

ancestry. relating to Creoles.

creosote, kre'6«sot,

n.

of

liquid

colorless

Of

a.

or

A

heavy, oily strong odor

obtained from wood tar, used as a powerful antiseptic. crepe, krap, n. [Ft. crepe.] Thin crinkled fabric, often of silk, but also of other textiles; crape. Crepe paper, paper resembling crepe. crepitate, krep'i«tat, v.i. crepitated,

—

crepitating. [L. crepito, crepitatum, freq. from crepo, to crackle (whence crevice).] make a crackling noise; crepitation, to rattle. krep'i«ta"-

To

—

shon,

n.

crepuscular,

kri«pus'ku«ler,

a.

[L.

crepusculum, twilight.] Pertaining to twilight; glimmering; flying or appearing in the twilight or evening, or before sunrise, as certain insects.

crescendo, kreshen'do. [It.] Mus. a term signifying that the notes of the passage are to be gradually swelled: usually written Cres., and marked thus -ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

A

— ————— —

—————

—

cubeb

into the same and 16x4 64, Cube root, the num-

multiplied

number (4-4

16,

the cube of 4). ber or quantity which, multiplied into itself, and then into the product, produces the cube (thus 4 is the cube root of 64). v.t. cubed, cubing. To raise to the cube or third power by multiplying into itself twice. cubature, ku'ba«cher, n. The finding of the solid or cubic contents of a body. cubic, cubical, ku'bik, ku'bi«kal, a. [L. cubicus.) Having the form or properties of a cube; pertaining to the measure of solids (a cubic foot, cubic contents). cubically, ku'bi«kal«li, adv. In a cubical method. cubicalness, kub'i«kal«nes, n. The state or quality of

—

—

being cubical. cubiform, a. Having the form of a cube. cuboid, cuboidal, ku'boid, ku«boi'dal, a. Having the form of a cube or differing little from it. cubeb, ku'beb,

n. [Ar. kabdbah.] The small spicy berry of a kind of pepper, a native of Java and other East India

Isles.

cubicular, ku»bik'u«ler, a. [L. cubiculum, a sleeping room.] Belonging to a bedchamber. cubicule,^ ku'bi— kul, n. A bedchamber; a chamber. cubit, ku'bit, n. [L. cubitus, cubitum, the elbow, an ell or cubit, from root of L. cubo, to lie or recline.] Anat. the forearm; the ulna, a bone of the arm from the elbow to the wrist; a lineal measure, being the length of a man's arm from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger: usually taken at 8 inches. 1

cucking

stool, kuk'ing«stol, n. [Icel. kuka, to ease one's self, kukr, dung.] chair in which an offender was placed, usually before her or his own door, to be hooted at or pelted by the mob; or it might be used for

A

ducking its occupant. cuckold, kuk'old, n. [Lit. one who is cuckooed, from O.Fr. coucoul, L. cuculus, a cuckoo; from the cuckoo's habit of depositing her eggs in the nests of other birds.] man whose wife is false to his bed; the husband

A

of an adulteress. v.t. To make a cuckold of. cuckoldly, kuk'old«li, a. Having the qualities of a cuckold. (Shak.) cuckoldry, kuk'old«ri, n. The debauching of other men's wives; the state of being made a

—

—

cuckold.

cuckoo, ku'ko,

from

[Fr. coucou,

n.

L. cuculus, like G. kukuk, D. koekoek, Gr. kokkux, Skr. kokila, names derived from its cry.] A migratory bird remarkable for its striking call note and its habit of depositing its eggs in the nests of other birds; also the name of many allied birds in various cuckoo spit, parts of the world.

cuckoo

spittle, n. plants in summer,

formed

by the

A

— —— — ——

——

208

solid body that is exactly square; a regular solid body with six equal sides, all squares, and containing equal angles ; the product of a number multiplied into itself, and that

product

———

—

froth found

on

being a secretion larva of a small

insect.

cucullate, cucullated, ku«kul'at, fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

ku—

— ;

culpable

kul'a«ted, a. [L. cucullatus, from cucullus, a hood or cowl.] Hooded; cowled; covered as with a hood;

Bagdad.] Applied to the characters of the Arabic alphabet used in the time of Mohammed, and in which

having the shape or resemblance of a hood. cucumber, ku'kum«ber, n. [Fr. concombre, from L. cucumis, cucumeris, a cucumber.] An annual plant of the gourd family, extensively cultivated and prized as an esculent; in an unripe state used in pickles under

cuirass, kwi»ras', n. [Fr. cuirasse, from cuir, L. corium, leather. The cuirass was originally made of leather.] A breastplate; a piece of defensive armor made of iron plate, well hammered, and covering the body from

the

name

of gherkins.

cucumber

A

beautiful American tree, a species of Magnolia, abounding in the Alleghanies. cucumiform, ku«ku'mi'form, a. Shaped like a cucumber. cucurbit, ku«ker'bit, n. [Fr. cucurbite, L. cucurbita, a gourd.] chemical vessel originally in the shape of a gourd, but sometimes shallow, with a wide mouth, used in distillation. cucurbitaceous, ku«ker'bi«ta"shus, a. tree, n.

A

Resembling a gourd. cud, kud, n. [A. Sax. cud, the cud, what is chewed, from ceowan, to chew.] The food which going into the first stomach of ruminating animals is afterward brought up and chewed at leisure; a portion of tobacco held in the mouth and chewed; a quid. To chew the cud {fig.), to ponder; to reflect; to ruminate. cuddle, kud'l, v.i. cuddled, cuddling. [Origin doubtful; perhaps same as

—

To

close or snug; squat; to join in an embrace; fondle. v.t. To hug; to fondle; press close, so as to keep warm. coddle.]

A

lie

to to to n.

hug; an embrace.

kud'i, n. [Probably a word of East Indian origin.] Naut. a room or cabin abaft and under the poop deck; also a sort of cabin or cook

cuddy,

room

in lighters, barges, etc. kuj'el, n. [A. Sax. cycgel, perh. from cog, a short piece of wood.] short thick stick; a club. To take up the cudgels, to stand boldly forth in defense. cudgelled, cudgellv.t. ing. To beat with a cudgel or thick stick; to beat in general. To cudgel one's brains, to reflect deeply and laboriously. cue, ku, n. [Fr. queue, L. cauda, the

cudgel,

A

—

or partly from Q, the first letter L. quando, when, which was marked on the actors' copies of the plays, to show when they were to enter and speak.] The end of a thing, as the long curl of a wig, or a long roll of hair; a queue; the last words of a speech which a player, who is to answer, catches and regards as an intimation to begin; a hint on which to act; the part which any man is to play in his turn; turn or temper of mind; the straight tapering rod used in playing billiards. cuff, kuf, n. [Akin to Sw. kuffa, tail;

of

A

Hamburg

dialect kuffen, to cuff.] fist ; a stroke ; a box. v.t. To strike with the fist, as a man; to buffet. v.i. To fight; to scuffle. cuff, kuf, n. [Perhaps from Fr. coiffe, It. cuffia, a coif, hence a covering for the hand.] The fold at the end of a sleeve ; anything occupying the place of such a fold, as a loose band worn over the wristband of a shirt.

blow with the

Cufic, ku'fik,

me, met, her;

a.

[From Cufa, near note, not, move;

pine, pin;

Koran was

the

written; Kufic.

—

the neck to the girdle. cuirassier, kwi«ras«ser', n. soldier armed with a cuirass or breastplate.

A

cuisine, kwe«zen', n. [Fr., from L. coquina, art of cooking, a kitchen, from coquo, to cook. COOK.] A kitchen; the cooking department; manner or style of cooking; cookery. cul-de-sac, kul'dcsak, n. [Fr., lit. the bottom of a bag.] A place that has no thoroughfare; a blind alley; any natural cavity, bag, or tubular vessel, open only at one end.

culinary, ku'li«ne«ri,

a. [L. culinarius, culina, a kitchen.] Relating to the kitchen, or to the art of cooking used in kitchens. cull, kul, v.t. [Fr. cueillir, from L. colligere, to collect col, and legere, to gather, collect, coil.] pick out; to separate one or more things from others; to select from many; to pick up; to collect.

from

To

cullender, kul'en«der, cullet,

n.

A

colander.

Broken

glass for melting up with fresh materials. cullis, kul'is, n. [Fr. coulisse, a groove, from couler, to run.] Arch, a gutter in a roof. culm, kulm, n. [L. culmus, a stalk.] Bot. the jointed stem of grasses, which is herbaceous in most, but woody and treelike in the bamboo. kul'et,

n.

culmiferous, kul«mif'er«us, a. Bearing culms. culm, kulm, n. [Perhaps another spelling of coom; or akin to coal.] Anthracite shale, an impure shaly kind of coal. culmiferous, kul«mif er«us, a. Abounding in culm. culmen, kul'men, n. [L.] Top; summit highest ridge. culminant, kul mi«nant, a. Being vertical, or at the highest point of altitude; hence, predominating. culminate, kul'mi«nat, ;

—

v.i. culminated, culminating. To come or be in the meridian; to be in the highest point of altitude, as a planet; to reach the.highest point, as of rank, power, size, numbers, or quality. culminating, kul'mi^nat-ing, p. or a. Being at the meridian; being at its highest point, as of rank, power,

culmination, kul«mi«natransit of a heavenly body over the meridian, or highest point of altitude for the day fig. the condition of any person or thing arrived at the most brilliant or important point of his or its progress. culpable, kul'pa«bl, a. [L. culpabilis, from culpa, a fault.] Deserving censure; blamable; blameworthy; immoral: said of persons or their conduct. culpability, culpableness, size, etc.

shon,

n.

The

;

kul«pa«bil

i«ti,

kul pa«bl«nes, n. State

being culpable; blamableness; culpably, kul pa«bli, adv. In guilt. a culpable manner; blamably; in a faulty manner; criminally; immorally. of

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

— culprit culprit,

kul'prit,

n.

[Probably

— —

A

accuse.] person arraigned in court for a crime ; a criminal ; a malefactor. cult, cult, n. [Fr. culte, L. cultus, worship, from colo, cultum, to till, worship.] Homage; worship; a system of religious belief and worship

the rites and ceremonies employed in worship. cultch, kulch, n. The spawn of the

—

cultivate, kul'ti«vat, v.t. cultivated, cultivating. [L.L. cultivate, cultivatum, from L. cultus, pp. of colo, cultum, to till.] To till; to prepare for crops; to manure, blow, dress, sow, and reap; to raise or produce by tillage; to improve by labor or study; to refine and improve; to labor to promote and increase; to cherish; to foster (to cultivate a taste for poetry); to devote study, labor, or care to; to study (to cultivate literature); to study to conciliate or gain over; to labor to make better; to cultivable, cultivatable, civilize kul'ti«va'ta»bl,

a.

n. That which cumbers or encumbers; an encumbrance. cumbrous, kum'brus, a. Serving to cumber or encumber; burdensome troublesome render-

—

—

Ca-

cumber,.] To form a heap of; to heap together; to accumulate.

cumulation, ku«mu«la'shon, n. The heaping together; a heap. cumulative, ku'mu-lat'iv, a. Forming a mass; aggregated; increasing in

act of

force, weight, or effect

shelves to receive cups, plates, dishes, cupful, kup'ful, n. As like. much as a cup holds. cupping, kup'ing, n. Surg, a species of blood-

and the

—

—

pigeon; a dove. culverin, kul'ver«in, n. [Fr. couleuvrine, from L. coluber, a serpent.] A long, slender piece of ordnance or artillery, serving to carry a ball

—

cupidity, ku«pid'i«ti,

n. [L. cupiditas, cupidus, desirous, from cupio, to desire; akin covet.] An eager desire to possess something; inordinate or unlawful desire, especially of wealth or power; avarice;

from

covetousness.

cupola, ku'po«la,

cupola, dim. cup.] Arch, a spherical vault on the top of an edifice; a dome, or the round top of a dome; the round top of any structure, as of a furnace; the furnace

—

Wedge-shaped; cuneiform. cuneiform, cuniform, ku«ne'i«form, ku'ni'form, a. Having the shape or form of a wedge; wedge-shaped; the epi-

to a great distance.

thet applied to the arrow-headed inscriptions found on old Babylonian and Persian monuments, from the characters resembling a wedge.

ried under a road, railroad, canal, etc., for the passage of water.

[O.Fr. combrer, from L.L. combrus, cumbrus, a mass, from L. cumulus, a heap (whence also cumulate), by insertion of b (comp. number) and change of / to r.] To overload, to overburden; to check, stop, or retard, as by a load or weight; to make motion difficult; to obstruct ; to perplex or embarrass to distract or trouble; to cause trouble or obstruction in, as by v.t.

cunning, kun'ing, a. [O.E. cumxand, from A.Sax. cunnan, I eel. kunna, Goth, kunnan, to know; akin can, ken, know.] Having skill or dexterity; skillful; wrought with skill; ingenious; shrewd; sly; crafty; astute; n. Knowledge^; designing; subtle. skillj; artifice; artfulness; craft; de-

ceitfulness or deceit; fraudulent skill cunningly, kun'ing'li, or dexterity. adv. In a cunning manner; artfully; craftily; with subtlety; with fraudulent contrivance; skillfully; artis-

—

—

anything useless. cumber, kum'ber, n. Hindrance; burdensomeness; cumbersome, embarrassment.

—

j,

;cb;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

n.

[It.

of L. cupa, a cup.

itself.

cupreous, ku'pri«us, a. [L. cupreus, from cuprum, copper.] Coppery con;

sisting of copper;

resembling copper

or partaking of

qualities.

its

—cupric,

cuprous, ku'prik, ku prus, a. Of or belonging to copper. cupriferous, ku>prif er«us, a. Producing or afford-

—

culvert, kul'vert, n. [O.Fr. culvert; Fr. couvert, a covered walk, from couvrir, to cover, cover.] An arched drain of brickwork or masonry car-

[L. cupella, dim. of

n.

A

cupa, a tub.] small, shallow, porous, cuplike vessel: generally made of the residue of burned bones rammed into a mold, and used in cupellation, ku«refining metals. pel«la'shon, n. The refining of gold or silver by a cupel. Cupid, ku'pid, n. [L. Cupido, from cupido, desire, from cupio, to desire.] The god of love, and fig. love.

A

A

—

hausted.

cupel, ku'pel,

A

stratus, ku'mu'16'Stra'tus, n. species of cloud in which the cumulus at the top, mixed with cirri, overhangs a flattish stratum or base. species of cumulus, ku'mu'lus, n. cloud which assumes the form of dense convex or conical heaps, resting on a flattish base. cuneal, ku'ni«al, a. [L. cuneus, a wedge, whence also coin.] Having cuneate, the form of a wedge. cuneated, ku'ni«at, ku'ni«at«ed, a.

—

letting performed by a scarificator and a glass called a cupping glass from which the air has been ex-

by successive

(arguments, evidence). Cumulative system, in elections, that system by which each voter has the same number of votes as there are persons to be elected, and can give them all to one candidate or distribute them as he pleases. cumulo-

provement by mental or physical training; education; refinement; the way of life of a people; growth of bacteria, fungi, etc. in a prepared medium. v.t To grow in a prepared medium. cultural, kul'cher«al, a. cultured, kul'cherd, a. Enlightened; cultivated; produced under artificial conditions. culver, kul'ver, n. [A.Sax. culfre.]

go;

—

additions

cultum, to till.] Tillage; cultivation; intellectual development; im-

g,

—

n.

—

colo,

ch, Sc. loch;

kum'er«bund,

[Hind, kamar, the waist, and bandhna, to tie.] A girdle or waistband. cumshaw, kum'sha, n. [Chinese komtsie.] In the East, a present or bonus. cumulate, ku'mu«lat, v.t. cumulated, cumulating. [L. cumulo, cumulatum, to heap up, from cumulus, a heap, seen also in accumulate; akin

about the roots of growing crops. culture, kul'cher, n. [L. cultura, from

ch, chain;

—

perform the operation of cupping upon. cupbearer, n. An attendant at a feast who conveys wine or other cupboard, liquors to the guests. kub'berd, n. Originally, a board or shelf for cups to stand on; now, a case or enclosure in a room with

—

cummerbund,

—

cumber, kum'ber,

flower). In his cups, intoxicated; To tipsy. v.t. cupped, cupping.

;

ing action difficult or toilsome; unwieldy. cumbrously, kum'brus«li, adv. In a cumbrous manner. cumbrousness, kum'brus«nes, n. cumin, cummin, kum'in, n. [L. cuminum, Gr. kyminon, Heb. kamon, cumin.] An annual umbelliferous plant found wild in Egypt and Syria, and cultivated for the sake of its agreeable aromatic seeds, which possess well-marked stimulating and carminative properties.

tor, kul'ti«va«ter, n. One who cultivates ; especially, a farmer or agriculturist ; an agricultural implement used for the purpose of loosening the earth

—

A

used commonly to drink from; a chalice; the contents of a cup; the liquor contained in a cup, or that it may contain; anything formed like a cup (the cup of an acorn, of a

brance, kum'brans,

pable of being tilled or cultivated. cultivation, kul»ti»va'shon, n. The act or practice of cultivating; husbandry; study, care, and practice directed to improvement or progress; the state of being cultivated or recultivafined; culture; refinement.

.

cupa, a tub, a cask, in later times vessel of small capacity, a cup.]

—

;

—

cunningness, kun'ing«nes, Cunning. cup, kup, n. [A.Sax. cuppe, from L. tically.

n.

kum'ber«sum«li,a*fo. cumbersomeness, kum'ber«sum«nes, n. cum-

—

kul'ti'va»bl,

curacao

kum'ber«sum, a. Troublesome; burdensome; embarrassing; vexatious; unwieldy; unmanageable; not easily borne or managed. cumbersomely,

for

from old law Latin culpatus, one accused, from L. culpo, to blame,,

.

——

209

culpat,

oyster.

—

—

;;

—

—

cuprite, ku'prit, n. The ing copper. red oxide of copper; red copper ore. cupule,' ku pul, n. [From L. cupa. CUP.] Bot. a form of involucrum, occurring in the oak, the beech, and the hazel, and consisting of bracts

cohering by their bases, and forming kind of cup.- :upuliferous, ku«pu«lif er«us, In bot. bearing a. a

cupules.

cur, kcr, n. [Sw. kurrc, D. korre, a dog, from root of Iccl. kurrj. tO grumble or mutter.] A degenerate dog; a worthless or contemptible

—

man;

currish, kcr ish, a. a hound. Like a cur; having the qualities of a cur; snappish; snarling; churlish; quarrelsome; malignant. currishly, kcr ish'li, adv. In a currish manner. curable, kur'a«bl, a. See cure.

—

curacao, k6«ra«sou',

th, thin;

w,

trig;

hw,

n.

tvhig;

A

liquor or

zh, arure.

— — ———

—

—— —

——

curacy flavored with orange peel, cinnamon, and mace so named from the island of Curasao where it was first made. curacy. See curate. curari, curara, ku ra«ri, ku'ra-ra, n. A brown-black resinous substance obtained from a small tree of the nux-vomica family; and forming a deadly poison; used by the South American Indians for poisoning arcordial

:

rows, especially for hunting, the animals killed by it being quite

wholesome; a muscle curassow, ku-ras'so,

relaxant. n.

The name

given to several species of gallinaceous birds found in the warmer parts of America, about the size of turkeys, and easily domesticated and raised. ku'rit, n. [L.L. curatus, one intrusted with the cure of souls, from L. extra, care.] One who has the cure of souls; a clergyman in Episcopal churches who is employed to perform divine service in the place of the incumbent, parson, or vicar. curacy, ku'ra«si, n. The office or employment of a curate. curator, ku»ra'ter, n. [L., from cura, curatum, to take care of.] One who has the care and superintendence of anything, as a public library, museum, fine art collection, or the like; Scots curator ship, ku— law, a guardian. ra'ter«ship, n. The office of a curator. cur£, ku«ra, n. [Fr.] curate; a parson. curative, ku'ra«tiv, a. See cure. curb, kerb, v.t. [Fr. courber, to bend or crook, from L. curvare, to curve, from curvus, curved.] To bend to one's will; to check, restrain, hold back; to keep in subjection; to restrain (a horse) with a curb; to guide and manage by the reins; to strengthen by a curbstone. n. What checks, restrains, or holds back; restraint; check; hindrance; a chain or strap attached to a bridle, and passing under the horse's lower jaw, against which it is made to press tightly when the rein is pulled; the edge stone of a sidewalk or pavement; a curbstone. curb roof, n. roof formed with an upper and under set of rafters on each side, the under set being less inclined to the horizon than the upper; a mansard roof. curbstone, n. stone placed against earth or stonework to hold the work together; the outer edge of a foot

curate,

—

—

A

—

A

A

pavement. curd, kerd, n. [Probably connected with W. crwd, a round lump, and perhaps with crowd.] The coagulated or thickened part of milk the coaguto v.t. lated part of any liquid. ;

cause to coagulate; to turn to curd; v.i. To beto curdle; to congeal. come curdled or coagulated; to become curd. curdle, ker'dl, v.i. curdled, curdling. To coagulate or concrete; to thicken or change into curd; to run slow with terror; to

—

—

freeze; to congeal. v.t. To change into curd; to coagulate; to congeal or make run slow. cure, kur, n. [O.Fr. cure, L. cura, care.] Care^; a spiritual charge; care fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

—

—

;

— ——

;

210

current

of the spiritual welfare of people; the employment or office of a curate curacy; remedial treatment of disease; method of medical treatment;

Having the hair curled; curly. curler, kerl'er, n. One who or that which curls; one who engages in the amusement of curling. curliness, kerl'i«nes, n. State of being curly. curling, kerl'ing, n. winter amusement on the ice (especially in Scotland), in which contending parties slide large smooth stones of a circular form from one mark to another, curling irons, curling called the tee. tongs, n. An instrument for curling curling stone, n. the hair. stone shaped somewhat like a cheese with a handle in the upper side, used in curly, ker'li, a. the game of curling. Having or forming curls; tending to curl. curlew, ker'lu, n. [O.Fr. corlieu; imitative of the cry of the bird; Fr. courlis.] bird allied to the snipe and woodcock, with a long, slender, curved bill, longish legs, and a short

remedy for disease; restorative; that which heals; a healing; restoration to health from disease and to soundness from a wound. v.t. cured,

—

To

restore to health or to a sound state; to heal; to remove or put an end to by remedial means; to heal, as a disease; to remedy; to prepare for preservation, as by drying, salting, etc. v.i. To effect a curability, kur«a«bil'i«ti, n. cure. The quality of" being curable. curable, ku'ra«bl, a. Capable of being healed or cured; admitting a remedy. curableness, kur'a«bl«nes, n. Possibility of being cured. curative, ku'ra«tiv, a. Relating to the cure of diseases; tending to cure. cureless, kur'les, a. Incurable; not admitting of a remedy. curer, ku'rer, n. One who or that which cures or heals; a physician; one who preserves provisions, as beef, fish, and the like, from speedy putrefaction by means of salt, or in any other curing.

—

—

manner. cure, n. See curate.

curfew,

ker'fu, n. [Fr. couvre-feu, coverfire, from L. cooperire, to cover, and focus, hearth, fireplace.] bell formerly rung in the evening as a signal to the inhabitants to rake up their fires and retire to rest; a signal to withdraw from the streets; the time of such a signal. curious, ku'ri«us, a. [L. curiosus, from cura, care, attention, cure.] Eager to know things interesting; inquisitive; addicted to research or inquiry; wrought with care and art or with nice finish; singular; exciting surprise; awakening curiosity; odd or strange. curiosity, ku»ri«os'i«ti, n. [L. curiositas.] The state or feeling of being curious; a strong desire to see something novel or to discover something unknown; a desire to see what new or unusual, or to gratify is

A

—

the mind with new discoveries; inquisitiveness ; a curious or singular curio, ku'ri«6, n. object. curiosity; a small interesting article or curiously, ku'ri«us»li, adv. object. In a curious manner; inquisitively; attentively; in a singular manner; unusually. curiousness, ku'ri«us—

A

—

—

nes, n.

curium, ku'ri'um,

n. [From Pierre and Marie Curie.] A metallic element produced artificially by helium-ion bombardment of plutonium. Symbol,

Cm;

at.

no., 96.

curl, kerl,

v.t.

[Akin to D. krullen,

Dan. krolle, to curl.] To bend or twist circularly; to bend or form into ringlets; to crisp (the hair); to writhe; to twist; to coil; to curve; to raise in breaking waves or undulav.i. To bend or twist in curls tions. or ringlets ; to move in or form curves or spirals; to rise in waves; to writhe; to twist: to play at the game called curling. n. ringlet of hair or anything of a like form ; something

A

curled

or

bent round; a waving; curled, kerld, a.

sinuosity; flexure.

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

A

—

—

A

—

A

tail.

curmudgeon,

ker«muj'on, n. [Word of uncertain origin.] An avaricious churlish fellow; a miser; a niggard; a churl. curmudgeonly, ker«muj'on«li, a. Avaricious; covetous; niggardly; churlish. currant, kur'ant, n. [From Corinth, whence it was probably first brought.] small kind of dried grape, brought in large quantities from Greece; the name of several species of shrubs belonging to the gooseberry family, and of their fruits, as the red currant, the white currant, and the black

—

A

currant.

current, kur'ent,

a. [L. currens, currents, ppr. of curro, to run, seen also in concur, incur, occur, course,

cursive, etc.] Runningf; passing from person to person, or from hand to

hand

(report, coin); circulating; general, or fashionable; generally received, adopted, or approved (opinions, beliefs, theories);

common,

popular; established by common estimation (the current value of coin) fitted for general acceptance or cir(Shak.); now passing, or present in its course (the current month; often in abbreviated expresCurrent sions, such as, 20th curt.). n. coin, coin in general circulation. flowing or passing; a stream; a body of water or air moving in a certain direction ; course ; progressive motion or movement; connected series; successive course (the current of events); general or main course Electric (the current of opinion). current, the passage of electricity from one pole of an apparatus to the currency, kur'en«si, n. The other. state of being current; a passing from person to person; a passing culation at

—

A

—

from mouth

to

mouth among

the

public a continual passing from hand to hand, as coin or bills of credit; ;

circulation; that

which

is

in circula-

given and taken as having value, or as representing property; circulating medium (the currency of tion, or

is

Metallic currency, the country). gold, silver, and copper in circulation Paper currency, in any country. bank notes, or other documents serving as a substitute for money or a a

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

— ——

—

a

curricle

—

—

curriculum, kuTik'u«lum,

n. [L.]

—

ker'siv«li,

cursorial, ker«s6'ri«al, a. Adapted for running. cursorily, ker'soTi«li,a^z;. In a cursory or hasty manner; slightly; hasticursoriness, ly; without attention. ker'so«ri«nes, n. The state of being cursory, ker'so«ri, a. [L. cursory. cursorius.] Rapid or hurried, as if running; hasty; slight; superficial; careless; not exercising close attention (a cursory view, a cursory ob-

—

—

A

—

A

specified fixed course of study in a university, academy, school, or the

server).

like.

currish, ker'ish, a. See CUR. curry, kur'i, v.t. curried, currying.

—

[Fr. courroyer, corroyer, originally to

prepare, put right, or make ready in general, from the prefix con, and the Germanic stem to which belong E. ready, ray in array.] To dress leather after it is tanned by scraping, cleansing, beating, and coloring; to rub and clean (a horse) with a comb; to To beat, drub, or thrash (colloq.). curry favor, to seek favor by officiousness, kindness, flattery, caresses, and the like; the phrase being corrupted from 'to curry faveV, from favel, an old name for a chestnut horse. currier, kur'i«er, n. A man who curcurriery, ries leather or a horse. kur'i'er«i, n. The trade of a currier or the place where the trade is currycomb, n. An iron carried on. instrument or comb with very short teeth, for combing and cleaning horses. v.t. To rub down or comb with a currycomb. curry, currie, kur'i, n. [Per. khur, flavor, relish.] kind of sauce much used in India, containing cayenne pepper, garlic, turmeric, coriander seed, ginger, and other strong spices; a dish offish, fowl, etc.,

curst, a. See curse. curt, kert, a. [L. curtus, short, docked.] Short; concise; brief and abrupt; curtly, kert'li, short and sharp. adv. In a curt manner; briefly. curtness, kert'nes, n. Shortness; conciseness; abruptness, as of man-

—

ner.

curtail, ker«tal',

[O.Fr. courtault, Mod.Fr. courteau, from court, L. curtus, short.] To cut off the end or a part of; to make shorter; to dock; hence, to shorten in any manner; to abridge; to diminish. curtailer, ker«ta'ler, n. One who curcurtailment, ker'tal'ment, n. tails.

—

—

—

A

—

with

curry. v.t. curried, flavor with curry.

To

currying.

curry powder,

n.

making

—

A

condiment used

curry.

curse, kers,

cursed, cursing. [A. v.t. Sax. cursian, from curs, a curse word of doubtful connections.] To utter a wish of evil against one; to imprecate evil upon; to call for mischief or injury to fall upon; to execrate; to bring evil to or upon; to blast; to blight; to vex, harass, or torment with great calamities. v.i. To utter imprecations; to use blasphemous or profane language; to swear. n. malediction; the expression of a wish of evil to another; an imprecation; evil solemnly or in passion invoked upon one; that which brings evil or severe affliction; torment; great vexation; condemnation or sentence of divine vengeance on sinners. cursed, ker'sed, a. Blasted by a curse; deserving a curse; execrable; hateful; detestable; abominable ; wicked ; vexatious ; troublesome. cursedly, ker'sed«li, adv. In a cursed manner; miserably; in a manner to be cursed or detested. cursedness, ker'sed«nes, n. The state of being cursed. curst, kerst, a. Cursed; having a violent temper; snarling; peevish; forward. cursive, ker'siv, a. [L.L. cursivus, L.

—

A

—

cortina, a little court, a curtain,

running.

course,

a

Running; flowing:

—

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

—

curb.] Bending circularly, or so as in no part to be straight; having bending a bent form ; crooked. n. in a circular form; a bend or flexure such that no part forms a straight

A

a line which may be cut by a straight line in more points than one; a line which changes its every point. v.t. direction at curved, curving. To bend into the form of a curve; to crook. v.i. To have a curved or bent form; curvature, kerto bend round. line;

geom.

—

—

of

go;

consisting in bending the

knees and slightly dropping the body. v.i. curtsied, curtsying. To drop or make a curtsy. curule, ku'rol, a. [L. curulis.] Rom. antiq. applied to a chair of state, something like a campstool, which belonged to certain of the magistrates of the republic in virtue of their office; hence, privileged to sit in such a chair. curve, kerv, a. [L. curvus, crooked.

cur-

said

bounded by curved lines. cushat, kush'at, n. [A. Sax. cusceote.] The ring dove or wood pigeon. cushion, kush'on, n. [Fr. coussin, It. cuscino; from a hypothetical culcitinum, dim. of L. culcita, a pillow for a cushion, a quilt.] seat; a soft pad to be placed on a chair or attached to some kind of seat; any stuffed or padded appliance; the padded side or edge of a

A

from

L. cars, cortis, an enclosure, a court. court.] A hanging cloth or screen before a window, around a bed, or elsewhere, that may be moved at pleasure so as to admit or exclude the light, conceal or show anything; the movable screen in a theater or like place serving to conceal the stage from the spectators; what resembles a curtain ;fort. that part of a rampart which is between the flanks of two v.t. bastions, or between two gates. To enclose or furnish with curtains. curtain lecture, n. A lecture or reproof given behind the curtains or in bed by a wife to her husband. curtain raiser, n. In the theater, a short piece, usually of one scene with few characters, used to open a performance. curtsy, curtesy, kert'si, ker'te«si, n. [A modification of courtesy.] An obeisance or gesture of respect by

—

rent.]

—

act of curtailing. curtain, ker'tin, n. [Fr. curtine, L.L.

—

cursus,

v.t.

A

va«cher, n. bending in a regular the manner or degree in which a thing is curved. curvet, ker'vet or ker«vet', n. [It. corvetta, from L. curvare, to bend or curve.] The leap of a horse when he raises both forelegs at once, and as they are falling also his hind legs curvetted, v.i. a gambol; a leap. curvetting. To make a curvet; to bound or leap; to prance; to frisk or gambol. v.t. To cause to make a curvet. curvicostate, ker«vi«kos'tat, a. [L. curvus, crooked, and costa, a rib.] Marked with small bent ribs. curvilinear, curvilineal, ker«vi«lin'i«er, ker»vi»lin'«ial, a. [L. linea, a line.] Having the shape of a curved line; consisting of curved lines;

—

woman,

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

;

form;

The

a

—

custom

handwriting. cursively, adv. In a cursive manner.

—

cooked

— —— —

211

currently, kur'representative of it. ent-li, adv. Commonly; generally; popularly; with general acceptance. currentness, kur'ent«nes, n. The state of being current ; currency. curricle, kur'i'kl, n. [L. curriculum, chaise or from curro, to run.] carriage with two wheels, drawn by two horses abreast.

for

—— —

—

TH,

then;

billiard

table.

v.t.

To

furnish or

with cushion or cushions. cusk, kusk, n. A large edible marine fish, allied to the cod; the fit

burbot.

cusp, kusp,

n. [L. cuspis, a point, sharp projecting point; a spear.] the point or horn of the crescent moon or other similar point; a prominence on a molar tooth; a projecting point formed by the meeting of curves, as in heads of Gothic windows and panels, etc. cusped, kuspt, a. Furnished with a cusp or cusps; cusp-shaped. cuspidate, cuspidated, ku'spi«dat, kus'pi«da«ted, a. Cusp-shaped or having cusps; terminating in a cusp or spine (as leaves). cuspidor, kus'pi«dor, n. [Pg. from spittoon. cuspir, to spit.] custard, kus'terd, n. [Probably a corruption of old crustade, a kind of stew served up in a raised crust.] composition of milk and eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled, forming an agreeable kind of food. custard apple, n. [From the yellowish pulp.] The large, dark-brown, roundish fruit of a West Indian tree, now cultivated in all tropical coun-

A

A

A

tries.

custody, kus'to«di, n. [L. custodia, from custos, custodis, a watchman,

A keeping; a guarding; guardianship; care, watch, inspection, for keeping, preservation, or security; restraint of liberty; conimprisonment. custofinement; dial, kus«to'di«al, a. Relating to custody or guardianship. custodian, kus«t6'di«an, n. One who has the care or custody of anything, as of a library, some public building, etc. custodianship, kus't6'di«an«ship, n. The office or duty of a custodian. custom, kus'tum, n. [O.Fr. custume, from L. consuetudo, consuetudonis, custom con, with, and sueo, suetum,

th, thin;

a keeper.]

—

—

w,

trig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—— —

—

——— — — ———

cut

common use or practice; established manner; habitual practice; a practice or usage; an established and general mode of action, which obtains in a community; practice of frequenting a shop, manufactory, etc., and purchasing or giving orders; tribute, toll, or tax; pi. the duties imposed by law on merchandise imported or exported. Custom is the frequent repetition of the same act, habit being a custom continued so long as to develop a tendency or inclination to perform the customary act. customable, kus'tum«a«bl, a. Subject to the payment of the duties called cuscustomarily, kus'tum«e«ri«li, toms. adv. Habitually; commonly. customariness, kus'tum«e«ri'nes, n. State of being customary; frequency; commonness. customary, kus'tum«e«ri, a. According to custom or to established or common usage; wonted; usual; habitual; in common practice. n. book containing an account of the customs and municipal rights of a city, province, etc.

—

—

— A

A

customer,

kus'tum«er, n. purchaser; a buyer; a dealer; one that a person has to deal with, or one that comes across a person; a queer fellow.

—customhouse,

n.

An

office

where the customs on merchandise are paid or secured to be paid; the

whole establishment by means of which the customs revenue is collected and its regulation enforced. cut,

kut,

—

&

cut (pret. pp.), cutting. [Of Celtic origin; comp. W. cwt, a short piece, cwtogi, to curtail; Ir. cut, a short tail; cutach, bob-tailed.] To separate or divide v.t.

the parts of by an edged instrument, or as an edged instrument does; to make an incision in; to sever; to sever and cause to fall for the

of removing; to fell, as mow or reap, as corn; to sever and remove, as the nails or hair; to fashion by, or as by, cutting or carving; to hew out; to carve; to wound the sensibilities of; to affect deeply; to intersect; to cross (one line cuts another); to have no longer anything to do with; to quit (colloq.); to shun the To cut acquaintance of (colloq.). down, to cause to fall by severing; to reduce as by cutting; to retrench;

purpose

wood;

to

—

To cut (expenditure). curtail to sever from the other parts; to bring to an untimely end; to separate; to interrupt; to stop (communication); to intercept; to hinder from return or union. To cut out, to

off,

to to

remove by cutting or carving; shape or form by, or as by,

the preference or precedence of; naut. to seize and carry off, as a vessel from a harbor or from under the guns of the enemy. To cut short, to hinder from pioceeding by sudden interruption; to shorten; to abridge. To cut up, to cut in pieces; to criticize severely; to censure; to wound the feelings deeply; to affect cutting;

to

fashion;

——

;

212

wont or accustomed. Costume the same word.] Frequent or

to be is

——

—

to

take

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

To

cuttle

and

run, to cut the cable and set sail immediately; to be off; to be gone. To cut off with a penny; to bequeath one's natural heir a penny; a practice adopted by a person dissatisfied with his heir, as a proof that the disinheritance was not the result of neglect To cut capers, to leap or dance in a frolicsome manner. To cut a dash ox figure, to make a display. To cut a joke, to joke; to crack a jest. To cut a knot, to take short measures with anything; in allusion to the well-known story of greatly.

cut

—

Alexander the Great and the Gordian knot. To cut a pack of cards, to divide

it

into portions before begin-

ning to deal or for other purposes. cut one's stick, to move off; to be off at once. (Slang.) To cut the teeth, to have the teeth pierce

To

the

—

gums.

v.i.

To do

the

work

of an edge tool; to serve in dividing or gashing; to admit of incision or severance; to use a knife or edge tool; to divide a pack of cards, to determine the deal or for any other

purpose; to move off rapidly (colloq.). To cut across, to pass over or through in the most direct way

—

(colloq.).

— To

cut

in,

to

join

suddenly and unceremoniously loq.).

—

p.

and

a.

in

(col-

Gashed; carved;

intersected; pierced; deeply affected. Cut and dry, or cut and dried, prepared for use: a metaphor from hewn timber. Cut glass, glass having the surface shaped or ornamented by grinding and polishing. Cut nail, a nail manufactured by being cut from a rolled plate of iron by machinery. n. The opening made by an edged instrument; a gash; a notch; a wound; a stroke

—

or blow as with an edged instrument a smart stroke or blow, as with a whip; anything that wounds one's feelings deeply, as a sarcasm, criticism, or act of discourtesy; a part cut off from the rest; a near passage, by which an angle is cut off; the block on which a picture is carved, and by which it is impressed; the impression from such a block; the act of dividing a pack of cards; manner in which a thing is cut; form; shape; fashion; the act of passing a person without recognizing him, or of avoiding him so as not To draw to be recognized by him. cuts, to draw lots, as of paper, etc., cutter, cut of unequal lengths. kut'er, n. One who or that which cuts; one who cuts out cloth for garments according to measurements; naut. a small boat used by ships of war; a vessel rigged nearly

—

a sloop, with one mast and a cutting, straight running bowsprit. kut'ing, a. Penetrating or dividing by the edge; serving to penetrate or divide; sharp; piercing the heart; wounding the feelings; sarcastic; satirical; severe. The act or n. operation of one who cuts; a piece cut off; a portion of a plant from which a new individual is propalike

—

gated; an excavation made through a hill or rising ground in construct-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

ing a

road, railroad, canal, etc. cuttingly, kut'ing«li, adv. In a cutting manner. cutpurse n. One who cuts purses for the sake of stealing them or their contents; one who steals from the person; cutaway, n. a thief; a robber. coat, the skirts of which are rounded or cut away; used also adjectively. cutoff, n. That which cuts off or shortens; that which is cut off; steam engines, a contrivance for economizing steam. cutthroat, n.

—

—

A murderer;

A

—

an assassin; a

ruffian.

Murderous;

cruel; barbarous. cutwater, n. The fore part of a ship's prow which cuts the water; the lower portion of the pier of a a.

bridge formed with an angle or edge directed up stream. cutaneous. See cuticle. cutchery, kuch'er-i, n. In the East Indies, a court of justice or public office.

cute, kut,

Acute;

a.

[An abbrev. of

—

acute.)

cuteness, sharp. kut'nes, n. The quality or character of being cute; attractive by reason of daintiness, usually with the idea of smallness, as a child. cuticle, ku'ti«kl, n. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, skin.] Anat. the outermost thin transparent skin which covers the surface of the body; the epidermis or scarfskin; bot. the thin external covering of the bark of a plant; the outer pellicle of the cutaneous, ku»ta'ni«us, epidermis. a. Belonging to the skin; existing on or affecting the skin. cutin, ku'tin, n. peculiar modification of cellulose, contained in the epiderclever;

—

—

A

mis of leaves, cutis,

ku'tis,

petals, and fruits. Anat. the n. [L.]

dense resisting skin which forms the general envelope of body below the cuticle; the dermis or true skin. cutlass, kut'las, n. [Fr. coutelas, from O.Fr. coutel (Fr. couteau), a knife; from L. cultellus, dim. of culter, broad curving sword a knife.]

A

used by cavalry, seamen,

etc.

cutler, kut'ler, n. [Fr. coutelier, from cutlass.] One L. culter, a knife, whose occupation is to make or deal in knives and other cutting instruments; one who sharpens or repairs cudery; a knife grinder. cutlery, kut'ler«i, The business of a n. cutler; edged or cutting instruments. cutlet, kut'let, n. [Fr. cotelette, lit. a little side or rib, from cote, side. coast.} A piece of meat, especially veal or mutton, cut for cooking; generally cut from the short ribs or shank. cuttle, cuttlefish, kut 1, n. [A. Sax.

—

cudele, a cuttlefish;

A

G

kuttcl-Usch.}

two-gilled cephalopodous mollusk, having a body enclosed in a sac, eight arms or feet covered with suckers, used in locomotion and for seizing prey, a calcareous internal shell, and a bag or sac from which the animal has the power of ejecting a black inklike fluid (sepia) so as to darken the water and conceal it from pursuit. cuttlebone, n. The calcareous plate of the internal cuttlefish, used for polishing wood,

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — —

— ——

— —— —

pounce

for

also

and

a. [Gr. kyanos, blue.] or pertaining to the color blue; chem. containing cyanogen. cyanide, si'an«id, n. combination of cyanogen with a metallic base. Cyanide of potassium, a poisonous

—cycloidal,

Of

cyclone,

A

plants, resembling their general appearance, inhabiting India, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, and tropical America. cycadaceous, si«ka«da'shus, a. Belonging to the cycads. cycadiform, si«kad'i«form, a. Resembling in form in

Cyclops,

sik'la»men, n. [From Gr. circle, referring to the roundshaped rootstock.] genus of low-growing herbaceous plants, with fleshy rootstocks and very handsome flowers. cycle, si'kl, n. [Gr. kyklos, a circle or cycle.] circle or orbit in the heavens; a circle or round of years, or a period of time, in which a certain succession of events or phenomena a

A

A

completed; a long period of an age; the aggregate of legendary or traditional matter accumulated round some mythical or

cygnet, cygne,

and

to

cause

move

in

eleccircles

signet, [Dim. of Fr. from L. cygnus, a swan. A I

cylinder,

the

sil'in«der, n. [Gr. kylindros,

from kylindo, to roll.] A body shaped like a roller; an elongated, round, solid body, of uniform diameter throughout its length, and terminating in two flat circular surfaces which are equal and parallel; that chamber of a steam engine in which the force of steam is exerted on the

—

which the new and full moons return on the same days of the month.

piston; in certain printing machines, a roller by which the impression is made, and on which stereotype cylindric, plates may be secured. cylindrical, sMin'drik, si«lin'dri«kal, a. Having the form of a cylinder, or partaking of its properties. cylindrically, si»lin'dri*kal«li, adv. In the manner or shape of a cylinder. cylindroid, sil'in»droid, n. solid body resembling a cylinder, but having the bases elliptical. cyma, si'ma, n. [Gr. kyma, a wave, a sprout, from kyo, to swell.] Arch, a molding of a cornice, the profile of which is a double curve, concave joined to convex; an ogee molding; hot. a cyme. cymar, si-mar', n. [Fr. simmare.]

a period of twenty-

eight years, which having elapsed, the dominical or Sunday letters return to their former place according to the Julian calendar. v.i. cycled, cycling. To recur in cycles. cyclic, si'klik, a. Pertaining to or moving in a cycle or circle; connected with a cycle in the sense it has in literature. Cyclic poets,

—

—

Pertaining

to cycle; a cyclic. cyclist, sik'list, n. One who uses a cycle. cycloid, si'kloid, n. curve generated by a point in the circumference of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line and kept always in the same

A

Woman's light garment. cymbal, sim'bal, n. [L. cymbalum, Gr. kymbalon, a cymbal, from kymbos, hollow.] A musical instru-

plane, that is, such a line as a nail in the circumference of a carriage j,

>ob;

which the flowers are

in

successive central flowers expanding cymose, si'mos, a. Containing a cyme; in the form of a cyme. cymophane, si'm6«fan, n. [Gr. kyma, a wave, and phaino, to show.] siliceous gem of a yellowish-green color, the same as chrysoberyl. Cymric, kim'rik, a. Of or pertaining to the Cymry (kim'ri), the name given to themselves by the Welsh; Welsh; pertaining to the ancient n. race to which the Welsh belong. The language of the Cymry or ancient Britons; Welsh. first.

sin'ik, n. [L. cynicus, Gr. kynikos, from Gr. kyon, kynos, a dog.] [cap.] One of an ancient sect

cynic,

of Greek philosophers who valued themselves on their contempt of riches, of arts, sciences, and amusements; a man of a currish temper; a surly or snarling man; a sneering cynical, faultfinder; a misanthrope. sin'i«kal, a. surly; sneering; capcynically, sin'i«kal«li, adv. In tious. sneering, captious, or a cynical, morose manner. cynicalness, sini»kal«nes, n. The state or character of being cynical. cynicism, sin'i— sizm, n. The practice of a cynic; a morose contempt of the pleasures and arts of life. cynosure, si'no'shor, n. [Gr. kynosoura, lit. dog's tail, the Little Bear kyon, kynos, a dog, and our a, tail.] [cap.] An old name of the constellation Ursa Minor or the Little Bear, which contains the polestar, and thus has long been noted by mariners and others hence, anything that strongly attracts attention; a center of attraction. ;

cyperaceous,

si«per«a'shus, a. [Gr. kyperos, an aromatic plant.] Belonging to the sedge family of plants; having the characters of the sedges. cypher, si'fer, n. Same as cipher. cypress, si'pres, n. [O.Fr. cypres,

Gr. kyparissos.] The popular name of a genus of coniferous trees, some species of which have attained much favor in shrubberies and gardens as ornamental evergreen trees, while the wood of others is highly valued for its durability; the emblem of mourning for the dead, cypress branches having been anciently used

A

Greek poets who wrote on matters and personages connected with the Trojan war. cyclical, si'kli«kal, a.

in

class,

pi.

young swan.

siege of Troy or King Arthur); a bicycle or similar conveyance. v.i. cycled, cycling. To use a cycle ; hot. a complete turn of leaves, etc., arranged spirally. Cycle of the moon, or golden number, a period of nineteen years, after the lapse of

go;

sing,

n.

electrostatic means trified particles to at high speeds.

is

g,

si'klops,

cyclotron, si'klo«tron, n. Phys. an apparatus using electromagnetic and

years;

ch, Sc. loch;

si»klo—

—

the cycads.

ch, chain;

[Gr. kyma, a wave, cyma.] Bot. an inflorescence of the definite or determinate

sim, n.

A

cyclopaedia,

[Gr. kyklops, a Cyclops, pi. kyklopes kyklos, a circle, and dps, an eye.] Class, myth, a race of giants who had but one circular eye in the middle of the forehead. cyclostome, sI'klo»st6m, n. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and stoma, a mouth.] One of a family of cartilaginous fishes which have circular mouths, cyclostomous, si«as the lamprey. klos'to«mus, a. Having a circular mouth or aperture.

cyclamen,

is

cyme,

racemes, corymbs, or umbels, the

cyclolearning; an encyclopedia. pedic, cyclopaedic, cyclopedical, cyclopaedical, si«klo«pe'dik, si«klo»pe'di»kal, a. Belonging to a cyclopedia.

gymnospermous

plays the

varying from 20 to 40 miles an hour. In the northern hemisphere they rotate from right to left, and in the southern from left to right. cyclonic, si«klon«ik, a. Relating to a

A

si'kad, n. [Gr. kykas, a kind of plant.] One of a natural order of

One who

a sprout,

pe'di«a, n. [Gr. kyklos, circle, and work and paideia, discipline.] containing definitions or accounts of the principal subjects in one or all branches of science, art, or

cycad,

Cycle of the sun

storm

circular or rotary

n.

cymbals.

kyklos,

cyclone.

—

(as

A

sim'ba«list,

[From Gr.

cymbalist,

a sharp ringing sound.

immense force, revolving at an enormous rate round a calm center, and at the same time advancing at a

cyclopedia,

n.

character

which

or

rate

cyanosis, si'a«no'sis, n. condition in which the skin has a blue tint. cybernetics, si«ber»net'iks, n. [Gr. kybernetes, helmsman, from kybernan, to steer, govern.] The science that compares the communication and control systems in animals and machines. cybernetic, si«ber«net'ik, cyberneticist, a. si«ber«net'i«sist,

or

Of

a.

circular and hollow like a of brass or bronze, two of are struck together, producing

made

dish,

of

nitrogen.

event

si'kloi«dal,

si'klon, n.

a circle.]

substance used in photography and si«an'o— electrotyping.—cyanogen, jen, n. A gas of a strong and peculiar odor composed of carbon and

heroic

ment,

pertaining to a cycloid.

A

kyklos,

—— — — —— cypsela

wheel describes in the air while the wheel runs. a. Having a circular form; belonging to the Cycloidians.

tooth-

powder. cyanic, si«an'ik,

palms

—— —

213

cyanic as

— —— —

——

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

at funerals. sip ri«an,

Cyprian,

Belonging to term applied to a lewd woman, from the worship of Venus in Cyprus and women of this island having anciently a bad n. A native of Cyprus; character. lewd woman; a courtesan; a a Cypriot, sip'ri«ot, n. A strumpet. native of Cyprus. cypsela, sip'se«la, n. [Gr. kypscle, any hollow vessel.] Bot. the one-celled,

th, thin;

the island of Cyprus

w,

trig;

a. ;

hw, whig;

a

zh, azure.

—— —— —

——

————

———— 214

Cyrillic one-seeded, indehiscentj inferior fruit of composite plants. Cyrillic, si«ril'ik, a. [From St. Cyril, its reputed inventor.] The term applied to an alphabet adopted by all the Slavonic peoples belonging to the Eastern Church. cyst, sist, n. [Gr. kystis, a bladder.] close sac or bag of vegetable or animal nature; a bladder-like body; a hollow organ with thin walls (as the urinary bladder); a bladder-like bag or vesicle which includes morbid matter in animal bodies. cystic,

A

sis'tik, a.

Pertaining to, or contained

having cysts; formed shaped like, a cyst. cys-

cyst;

in,

a

in,

or

—

ticercus, sis«te»ser'kus. [Gr. kystis, a bladder, kerkos, a tail.] In tapeworms, a simple cyst with only one

head.

cystitis, sis«ti'tis, n.

mation of the bladder.

Inflam-

cystocele,

n. [Gr. kele, a tumor.] hernia or rupture formed by the protrusion of the urinary bladder. cystoscope, sis'to«skop. [Gr. kystis, a bladder, skopeo, I look at.] An instrument for inspecting the incystotomy, terior of the bladder. sis«tot'o«mi, n. The act or practice of opening encysted tumors; the operation of cutting into the bladder for the extraction of a calculus. sis'to«sel,

A

—

sith'eTe'an, a. [From Cythera, now Cerigo, where Venus was specially worshiped.] Pertaining

Cytherean,

to Venus. cytogenesis, sM6«jen'e«sis,

—cytology, doctrine — study of

si'tol'O'ji,

biological

of

The

n.

the

cells;

cytolysis, sit«oris«is. cells. [Gr. kytos, a cell, lysis, a loosing.] The dissolving of poisoned cells. cytoplasm, sit'o«plasm. [Gr. kytos, a cell,

plasma, anything formed.]

Of

a cell, the part of the protoplasm outside the nucleus. czar, zar or tsar, n. [Perhaps a title of corruption of L. Ccesar.] czarevna, the Emperor of Russia. za»rev'na, n. The wife of the czartitle czarina, za«re'na, n. evitch. of the Empress of Russia. czarevitch, za're«vich, n. The title of the eldest son of the Czar of Russia.

A

—

A

A

Bohemian; one of the Slavonic inhabitants of Bohemia; the language of the Czechs or Bohemians.

Czech,

chec/i, n.

the hand or some soft substance; a quick but light blow; an expert (colloq.); a small lump or mass of anything soft or moist; a name common to many species of the flatfish, but especially to a kind of flounder which is found along the European and American coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. dabber, dab'er, n. One who dabs. dabble, dab'l, v.t. dabbled, dabbling.

—

[A dim. and freq. from dab.) To wet; to moisten; to spatter; to sprinkle. v.i. To play in water, as with the hands; to splash in mud or water; to do or engage in anything in a slight or superficial manner; to occupy one's self with slightly; to dabbler, dab'dip into; to meddle. ler, n. One who dabbles in water

mud; one who partakes casually without going thoroughly into an or

activity; a superficial, casual participant, as one who dabbles in politics.

dabchick, dab'chik, n. [Dab, equivalent to dip, and chick, from its habit of dipping or diving below the

The

little grebe, a small bird of the diver family. dace, das, n. [O.Fr. dars, a dace, a dart; comp. also Fr. vandoise, the dace.] small river fish resembling the roach, chiefly inhabiting the deep and clear waters of quiet streams. dachshund, daks'hunt, n. [G. dachs, badger, hund, dog.] Badger dog; a long-bodied, short-legged dog, with pendulous ears and short hair, black with yellow extremities. dacoit, dacoity. See dakoit, daKOITY. dactyl, dak 'til, n. [Gr. daktylos, a

water.]

swimming

which, like a finger, consists of one long and two short members.] poetical foot consisting of three syllables, the first long and the others short, or the first accented, the others not, as in dactylic, dak«uTik, a. Perhappily. taining to or consisting chiefly or wholly of dactyls. n. dactylic dactylology, dak*ti*loro*ji, n. verse. The art of communicating ideas or thoughts by the fingers; the language of the deaf and dumb. dad, daddy, dad, dad'i, n. [Comp. W. tad, Skr. lata, Hind, dada, finger, a dactyl,

A

A

Gypsy dad, dada, L. tata, Gr. tata, Lapp dadda father.] A childish or daddy longpet name for father.

—

legs, n.

dado, dado, same word

D,

d, de, in the English alphabet, is the fourth letter and the third consonant, representing a dental sound; as a numeral equivalent to 500; mus. the second note of the scale, answering to the natural

French and Italian re. dab, dab, v.t. dabbed, dabbing. [Allied to O.D. dabben, to dabble, fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

kind of spider, called also

harvest-man.

D —

A

daemon, de'mon. Same daff,tt daf.

as Demon. [A form of doff.) To put off. (Shak.)

v.t.

toss aside, to

daffodil, daf'o.dil, n. [O.E. affodille,

O.Fr. asphodile, Gr. asphodelos. asphodel.] Common name of a plant of the amaryllis family with bright yellow bell-shaped flowers ; a variety of narcissus; grows in woods and

meadows

; called also Daffadowndilly, Daffodilly, Daffodilly.

dag, dag,

n.

[Probably from same

A

root as dagger.) loose end, as of a lock of wool. dagger, dag'er, n. [W. dagr, Ir. daigear, Armor, dager, dag. a dagger or poniard; Gael, daga, a dagger, a pistol; Fr. dague, a dagger.] weapon resembling a short sword, with usually a two-edged, sometimes a three-edged, sharp-pointed blade, used for stabbing at close quarters; printing, a mark of reference in the form of a dagger, thusf- At daggers drawn, on hostile terms; at war. To look or speak daggers, to look or speak fiercely, savagely. v.t. To stab with a dagger. daggle, dag'l, v.t. daggled, daggling. [A freq. form of the obsolete verb dag, to bedew, from Icel. dogg, Sw. dagg, dew.] To make limp by passing through water; to trail in mud or wet grass; to befoul; to draggle. v.i. To run through mud and water. Dago, da'go, n. [Sp. Diego, James.] name applied to Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian immigrants, often scornfully. Dagon, da'gon, n. [Heb. dag, a fish.] The national god of the Philistines, represented with the upper part of a man and the tail of a fish.

A

—

A

daguerreotype, da»gar'6«tip, n. [From Daguerre of Paris, the inventor.] A photographic process by which the picture is fixed on a chemically

coated metallic plate solely by the action of the sun's actinic or chemical rays; a picture

produced by

the- process.

dahabeah, da»ha«be

a, n. [Egyptian name.] A kind of boat in use on the Nile for the conveyance of travelers, and having one or two masts with a long yard supporting a triangular

sail.

dahlia,

Swedish

dal'ya, n. botanist.]

[From Dahl, a of Amer-

A genus

ican composite plants, consisting of tuberous-rooted herbs, putting forth solitary terminal flowers, well known from the varieties of one species being florists' plants. daily, da'li, a. adv. and n. See day. di'mi«6.. n. [Japanese.] The of a class of feudal lords in Japan, the greater number of whom, 1871, exercised the previous to authority of petty princes in their

daimio, title

n.

[It.,

a die, a dado,

as

die,

n.]

That part

of a pedestal which is between the base and the cornice; the finishing of the lower part of the walls in rooms, made somewhat to represent a continuous pedestal, and frequently formed by a lining of wood, by painting, or by a special wall paper. daedal, de'dal, a. [L. Dcedalus, Gr. an ingenious Daidalos, artist.] Formed with art; showing artistic skill; ingenious; mazy; intricate.

me, met, her;

—

dainty

probably also to dub.] To strike quickly but lightly with the hand or with some soft or moist substance. n. A gentle blow with

A

[Gr.

n.

kytos, a cell, and genesis, origin.] Biol, the development of cells in animal and vegetable structures. cytogenetic, si'to«je«net"ik, a. Biol. relating or pertaining to cell formation.

——

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

domains. dainty, dan'ti, dainte, thing,

from

a.

[From O.Fr.

daintie,

an

agreeable same word as dignity, or W. dantaidd, dantaeth, a pleasantness,

dainty, what is toothsome, from dant, a tooth.] Pleasing to the palate; of exquisite taste; delicious, as food; of acute sensibility; nice in selecting what is tender and good;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

——

— — — ——

dairy Dalmatia,

Daltonism, dal'ton«izm, from this defect, and to call attention to it.] ness.

and prepared milk,

used n.

an

The

dairy.

etc.,

adj.

business

female whose

dam, dam,

n.

dam, dam,

n.

in

Amstenftwz,

dairy.

—

Capable

(a

The name

One

silk

to moisten; to chill, deaden; depress, or deject; to check or restrain; to discourage; to dispirit; to abate.

n.

given to textile fabrics of

dampen, dampen,

and

damp

v.t.

To ornament

[Fr.

and

with designs produced by inlaying or incrusting with another steel)

metal, as gold, silver, etc., by etching, and the like; to damask. damask rose, n. pink species of rose. dame, dam, n. [Fr. dame, from L. domina, a mistress, fern, of dominus, a lord, whence dominate, dominion, damsel, etc.; same root as E. tame.] woman in authority; a title equivalent to Lady, Madam, Miss, used as a form of address; a woman in general; particularly, a woman of mature years; an honor similar to

dallies.

Dalmatian, dal«ma'shi«an,

a. Of or pertaining to Dalmatia. Dalmatian dog, a variety of dog of elegant shape, of a white color, thickly marked with black rounded spots; usually kept as a coach dog. dalmatic, dahmat'ik, n. The vestment used by the deacon at mass, and worn also by bishops under the chasuble, so called as coming originally from

—

A

—

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

damper,

—

being dampish.

The

—dampness, damp-

or condition of being damp; moistness; humidity. damsel, dam'zel, n. [Fr. demoiselle, O.Fr. damoisele, damisele, from L.L. dominicella, dim. of L. domina, domna, a mistress, dame.] A young nes,

n.

unmarried

knighthood bestowed on women. dammar, dam'ar, n. A gum or resin j,

—damper,

One who

—

—

A

To make To grow or

v.t.

v.i.

or that which damps; an iron plate sliding across a flue of a furnace, etc., to check or regulate the draft of air; a piece of mechanism in a pianoforte which, after the finger has left the key, checks a longcontinued vibration of the strings; a cake made of flour and water without fermentation (a colonial word). dampish, dam pish, a. Moddampisherately damp or moist. ness, dam'pish«nes, n. The state of

damasquiner .]

(particularly iron

or moist.

become damp. n.

—

dam'as«ken,

—

go;

issuing from the earth, and deleterious or fatal to animal life, such as exists in old disused wells, in mines and coal pits. v.t. To make damp;

materials, more especially linen, ornamented with raised figures of flowers, etc. ; a pink color, like that of the damask rose. v.t. To form or imprint the figures of flowers upon, as upon cloth; to variegate; to diversify; to adorn with damaskeen, figures, as steelwork.

—

g,

moisture; fog; dejection; depression of spirits; chill; a noxious exhalation

various

living in a dale or valley. dally, dal'i, v.i. dallied, dallying. [Probably allied to G. dalen, dallen, tallen, to speak or act childishly, to trifle, to toy; or perhaps E. doll.] To waste time in effeminate or voluptuous pleasures; to amuse one's self with idle play; to trifle; to linger; to delay; to toy and wanton; to interchange caresses; to fondle; to sport; to play; to frolic. dalliance, dal'yans, n. The act of dallying, caressing, fondling, trifling, deferring, or delaying. dallier, dal-

sin).

a. [Same word as D. and Dan. damp, G. damp/, steam, vapor, fog, smoke.] Being in a state between dry and wet; moderately wet; moist; humid; depressed or dejected. n. Moist air; humidity;

rabbit-like

used for sword blades.

ascus,

damning

damp, damp,

n. [L. damascenus, from Damascus.] A kind of plum; a damson. v.t. To damask; to damaskeen. damask, dam 'ask, a. Of or belonging to Damascus; of the color of the rose Damask so called; pink or rosy. steel, a fine steel chiefly from Dam-

low place between hills; a vale or valley.—dalesman, dalz'man, n.

—

abominable. damning, dam'ning, darning, a. Exposing to damnation; calling for damnation detestable;

ture.

A

Sc. loch;

;

damascene, dam'as»sen,

dakoit, da«koit', n. An East Indian name for robbers who plunder in bands, but seldom take life. dakoity, da«koi'ti, n. The system of robbing in bands. dale, dal, n. [A. Sax. dacl=lct\. Sw. Goth. etc. dal, G. thai, a valley. Dell is akin; the root may be in deal.}

ch,

—

animal, the hyrax, or cony of Scrip-

adorned with daisies. dak, dak, n. See dawk.

—

punishment; penalty inflicted for sin; condemnation. damnatory, dam'na«to«ri, a. Containing a sentence of condemnation condemning damnation ; condemnatory. to damned, damd, p. and a. Suffering punishment in hell; lost; hateful;

—

A

to

damnation, danvna'shon, n. Sentence to punishment in a future state, or the state in which such punishment is undergone; eternal nally.

person, property, character, or reputation; the value in money of what is injured, harmed, or lost; the estimated money equivalent for detriment or injury sustained: in this sense commonly in pi. v.t. damaged, damaging. To injure; to impair; to lessen the soundness, goodness, or value of. v.i. To become injured or impaired in soundness or value.

n.

send

or

—

dommage, from L.L. damnaticum, from L. damnum, loss, injury. damn.] Any hurt, injury, or harm to

daman, da'man,

consign

—

Fr.

a.

To

A

etc.);

of being injured or impaired; susceptible of damage.

give.]

bate severely; to condemn or destroy the success of by common consent, as by hissing in a theater or by criticisms in the press. n. profane damoath; a curse or execration. nable, dam'na-bl, a. Liable to be damned or condemned; deserving damnation; odious, detestable, or damnableness, dam'pernicious. na«bl«nes, n. The state or quality damnable. damnably, of being dam'na«bli, adv. In a damnable manner; odiously; detestably; infer-

—

damageable, dam'ij«a«bl,

damno, to con-

;

purposes. v.t. dammed, damming. To obstruct by a dam; to confine by constructing a dam. damage, dam'ij, n. O.Fr. damage;

daisies;

ch, chain;

Rotterdam,

[L.

punishment in a future state to send to hell; to condemn, censure, repro-

A

of da'ri«mad, n. A business is to milk

One who

to

Name

Lith. tama, a dam.] bank, mound of earth, wall, or other structure, built across a current of water, to raise its level for the purpose of driving millwheels, or for other

da'ri«ing, conducting a

duis, da'is, n. [O.Fr. dais, deis, a dining table, from L. discus, a dish, a qu6it. Disk, desk, are the same word.] The high table at the upper end of an ancient dining hall at which the chief persons sat; the raised floor on which the table stood; the chief seat at the high table ; often with a canopy ; a canopy. daisy, da'zi, n. [A. Sax. daeges-edge, day's eye, because it opens and closes its flower with the daylight.] The popular name of a composite plant, one of the most common wild flowers, being found in all pastures and meadows, and several varieties being cultivated in gardens; also the name of several other plants having a somewhat similiar blossom. North Carolina's state flower. daisied, da zid, a. Full of

i«er, n.

[Indian.]

v.t.

demn, from damnum, damage, a fine, penalty, from root da, as in dare,

n.

[Same word as Sw. and G. damm, Dan. and D. dam (as

processed

where ; a shop are sold; also

cows and work in the dairyman, da'ri«man, n.

a variety.

damn, dam,

of a small Indian coin of slight value rap. not worth a dam.

—dairying,

—dairymaid,

suffered was the first Color blind-

[A form of dame.) A female parent: used now only of quadrupeds, unless in contempt.

for sale

butter, as

dam, dam,

[From

n.

who

Dalton, the chemist,

delicious; a delicacy.—daintily, dan'ti'li, adv. In a dainty manner. daintiness, dan'ti»nes, n. The state or quality of being dainty. dairy, da 'ri,n.[ From O.E. dey, a dairymaid Sw. deja, a dairymaid. Icel. deigja, a maid servant, a dairymaid.] is

used as a colorless varnish, and produced by various species of coniferous trees (dammar or dammara-pine) belonging to the South Asiatic islands and New Zealand, kauri gum being

and wide-

loose,

sleeved.

is

place where milk

long,

— —

damson

215

delicate; squeamish; luxurious, as the palate or taste ; scrupulous ; affectedly fine; nice; ceremonious; elegant; pretty and slight; tender; effeminately beautiful. Somen. thing delicate to the taste ; that which

The

— —— —

state

woman;

a

maiden;

a

virgin.

th, thin;

damson, dam'zn, w, wig;

n.

hw, whig;

[Contr.

from

zh, azure.

— ——

—— ——

—

Dan

—

about; to

frisk

move nimbly,

up and down, backward and forward. v.t. To make to dance; to dandle. To dance attendance, to be assiduous in attentions and offias

—

cious civilities.

n.

A leaping or step-

ping with motions of the body adjusted to the measure of a tune; the regular movements of one who dances; a tune by which dancing is regulated. dancer, dan'ser, n. One

—

who

dances.

dandelion, dan'di-li»un, de

n.

[Fr. dent

A

well-known having a naked

lion, lion's tooth.]

composite plant, stalk, with one large bright yellow flower, and a tapering milky perennial root of aperient and tonic properties.

dandle, dan'dl,

v.t.

—dandled,

dan-

[Allied to G. tand, prattle, frivolity, tdndeln, to trifle, to dandle.] To shake or jolt on the knee, as an infant; to fondle, amuse, or treat as a child; to pet.—dandier, dand'ler, dling.

One who

dandles. dandruff, dan'druf, n. [Etym. unknown.] scurf which forms on the head and comes off in small scales or particles. dandy, dan'di, n. [Fr. dandin, a ninny, akin to E. dandle.] man who pays excessive attention to dress; one who dresses with special finery; a fop; a coxcomb. a. Finely or foppishly dressed; foppish; trim; dandify, dan'di'fi, v.t. To gay. make, form, or dress out as a dandy dandyish, dan'di«ish, a. or fop. Like a dandy.—dandyism, dan'di*izm, n. The manners and dress of a dandy; foppishness. Dane, dan, n. A native or inhabitant n.

A

A

—

—

of Denmark.

— Danegelt,

Danegeld,

dan'gelt, dan 'geld, n. [Gelt, geld A. Sax. geld, gild, a payment.] An annual tax laid on the English nation in early times for maintaining forces to oppose the Danes, or to furnish Danish, tribute to procure peace. da'nish, a. Belonging to the Danes

—

or Denmark. the Danes.

n.

The language

of

danger,

dan'jer, n. [Formerly control, Fr. danger, O.Fr. dangier, dongier, a feudal term for right to

power,

woods and waters, from L.L. dominiarium, from L. dominus, a lord; dominion, dame, damsel, etc.] Exposure to destruction, ruin, in-

akin

jury, loss, pain, or other evil; peril; risk; hazard; jeopardy.—dangerous,

dan'jer«us, a. Attended with danger; perilous; hazardous; unsafe; full of risk; creating danger, causing risk

— dangerously, dan'jer»us«li, manner or condition. — dangerousness, dan'jer«us«-

of

evil.

adv. In a dangerous nes, n.

The

——

;

— ——

216

damascene (which see).] A small black, dark-bluish, purple, or yellow plum. Dan, dan, n. [O.Fr. dan, dans, a master, from L. dominus. dame.] An old title of honor equivalent to master, sir, don {'Dan Chaucer'). dance, dans, v.i. danced, dancing. [Fr. danser, from O.H.G. danson, to draw.] To leap or move with measured steps, regulated by music ; to leap

and

——

state or quality

of being

dangerous. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

dangle, dang'gl,

v.i.

—dangled,

Dan.

dan-

dingle,

—

To

cause to dangle; to swing. dangler, dang'gler, n. One who dangles; a man who hangs about

women. dank, dangk, a. [Nasalized form allied to daggle and Sw. dagg, dew.] Damp; moist; humid. n.% Moisture; humidity; the watery element. (Mil.) danseuse, dan«sez', n. [Fr.] A female stage dancer. dap, dap, v.i. [Onomatopoeic] To drop or let fall the bait gently into the water; an angling word.

dapper, dap'er, a. [Same word as D. dapper, Sw. and Dan. tapper, G. Small and active; tapfer, brave.] nimble; brisk; lively; neat. dapple, dap'l, a. [Icel. depill, a spot; perhaps akin to dip, deep.] Marked with spots spotted; variegated with spots of different colors or shades of color. v.t. dappled, dappling. To spot; to variegate with spots. dare, dar, v.i. pret. dared or durst; pp. dared; ppr. daring. [A. Sax. ic dear, I dare, he dear, he dare, we durran, we dare; ic dorste, I durst; Goth, daursan, O.H.G. turran; cog. Gr. tharsein, Skr. dharsh, to be courageous.] To have courage for any purpose; to make up the mind to undertake something hazardous or dangerous; to be bold enough; to dared, daring. venture. v.t. To challenge, to provoke, to defy. daredevil, n. A desperado; one who fears nothing and will attempt anydaring, da 'ring, a. Bold; thing. audacious; courageous; intrepid; adventurous. n. Courage; boldness; daringly, fearlessness ; audacity. da'ring«li, adv. In a daring manner. daringness, da'ring«nes, n. Boldness. dare, dar, v.t. [A. Sax. darian; perhaps akin to Flemish verdaren, to amaze.] To stupefy by sudden terror; to

—

—

—

—

daze.

dare, dar, n. See dace. dark, dark, a. [A. Sax. deorc; not found in the other Teutonic languages; comp. Gael, and Ir. dorch, dark, black.] Destitute of light; not radiating or reflecting light; wholly or partially black; having the quality opposite to white; gloomy; disheartening; not cheerful; concealed; secret; mysterious; not easily

under-

stood; not enlightened with knowledge ; rude ; ignorant (the dark ages) morally black; atrocious; wicked; sinister; keeping designs concealed; not fair; said of the complexion. n. [Usually with the.] Darkness; the absence of light; a dark hue; a dark part; secrecy; obscurity; a state of darken, dar'kn, v.t. To ignorance. make dark or black; to deprive of light; to obscure, cloud, make dim; to deprive of vision; to render gloomy; to render ignorant or stupid; to render less clear or intelligible;

—

to sully; to taint.

dark or darker.

me, met, her;

v.i.

—dark

pine, pin;

;

dash

Sw. and Icel. dingla, to swing.] To hang loose, flowing, shaking, or waving; to hang and swing; to be a humble officious follower, or to hang about a person (with about or after). v.t.

gling. [Allied to

—

To grow horse,

note, not,

n.

A

move;

contestant about whom little is known or who unexpectedly wins. darkish, dark'ish, a. Somewhat dark. darkling, dark ling, adv. In the dark. a. Dark lowering; gloomy. (Thack.) darkly, dark'li, adv. In a dark manner; with imperfect light, clearness, or knowledge; obscurely; dimly; blindly; uncertainly. darkness, dark'nes, n. The state or quality of being dark; the want of physical light; gloom; obscurity; deepness of shade or color; physical, intellectual, or moral blindness. darkroom, n. A room with no light, or with a dim, colored light, used in treating and handling photographic or other

—

—

—

—

light-sensitive materials.

—darksome,

dark'sum, a. Poet, gloomy; dark. darling, dar'ling, a. [A. Sax. deorling deore, dear, and dim. term. -ling. dear.] Dearly beloved; dear; favorite. n. One much beloved; a favorite.

— —

v.t. [W. and Armor, darn, darne, a piece, a patch.] To mend a rent or hole in, by imitating the texture of the cloth or stuff with yarn or thread and a needle; to sew or repair by crossing and recrossing the stitches. place mended n. by darning. darnel, dar'nel, n. [O.Fr. darnelle; same root as D. door, G. thor, a fool, Lith. durnas, foolish, mad; from its narcotic properties.] troublesome weed in cornfields, with ryelike ears, which, when ground among corn, are said to be narcotic and stupe-

darn, darn, Ir.

A

A

fying.

dart, dart, n. [O.Fr. dart, Mod.Fr. dard; of Germanic origin = Sw. dart, A.Sax. daroth, O.H.G. tart.] A pointed missile weapon to be thrown by the hand; a short lance; anything

which pierces and wounds;

a

sudden

or rapid rush, leap, bound, spring, or v.t. To throw (a dart, etc.) a sudden thrust; to throw swiftly; to shoot. v.i. To fly, as a dart; to fly rapidly; to spring and run with velocity; to start suddenly

flight.

with

and run.

—darter,

darter,

n.

One

that darts ; a web-footed tropical bird of the pelican tribe, so called from darting after fish in the water. Darwinian, dar«win'i«an, a. Of or pertaining to Charles Darwin, the believer n. celebrated naturalist. Darwinism, darin Darwinism. win«izm, n. The doctrine as to the origin and modifications of the species of animals and plants taught by Darwin, the principal points being that there is a tendency to variation in organic beings, so that descendants

A

—

may

differ

very widely from pro-

genitors; that animals and plants tend naturally to multiply rapidly, so that if unchecked they would soon overstock the whole globe ; that there is thus a continual struggle for existence among all organized beings that the strongest and best fined for naturally surroundings particular survive, and the others die out; that from a few forms (perhaps even one) sprang all existing species, genera, orders, etc., of animals and plants. dash, dash, t-.r. [A Scandinavian

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— —

——

—— —

—— —

——

;.

dastard daske, to slap, dask, a cause slap, Sw. daska, to beat.] to strike or come against suddenly and with violence ; to strike or throw

A

Gram, a term applied to the case of nouns which usually follows verbs that express giving, or the doing of something to or for. n. The dative case. datum, da'tum, n. pi. data, data. [L.] Something given or admitted; some fact, proposition, quantity, or condition granted or known, from which other facts, propositions, etc., are to be deduced. Datum line, engin. the base line of a section from which all the heights and depths are measured in the plans of a railroad, and so forth. daub, dab, v.t. [O.Fr. dauber, to plaster, from L. dealbare, to whitewash de, intens., and albus, white.]

showy;

A

board brilliant.—dashboard, n or leathern apron on the fore part of a vehicle to intercept mud, etc.; a partition below the windshield of an automobile (instrument board). dastard, das'terd, n. [Icel. daestr, exhausted; akin to daze, the suffix coward; a poltroon; being -ard.] one who meanly shrinks from danger. a. Cowardly; meanly; shrinking from danger.—dastardliness, das'-

To

A

dasterd«li«nes, n. Cowardliness. tardly, das'terd'li, Cowardly a.

to be done; the

latest style.

Lith.

dukte,

A

—

—

dateless, dat'les, a. Having no date; undated; so old as to be beyond date; having no fixed limit;

;

A

date line, dat«lin, n. eternal. line in a newspaper, letter, etc., giving the

French crown along with

date and place of origin; an imagi-

this

prov-

ince, from L. delphinus, a dolphin, the crest of the lords of Dauphiny.j The eldest son of the King of France prior to the revolution of 1830. dauphiness, da'fin-es, n. The wife

line running north and south through the Pacific, approximately along the 180th meridian, where each calendar day begins.

nary

date, dat, n. [O.Fr. date, Fr. datte, from L. dactylus, Gr. daktylos, a go;

tion, etc.).

day, da, n. [A. Sax. daeg -D. Dan. and Sw. dag, Icel. dagr, Goth, dags, G. tag; not connected with L. dies, a day.] That space of time during which there continues to be light,

dominus, a lord. tame.] To repress or subdue the courage of; to intimidate; to dishearten; to check by fear.—dauntless, dant'les, a. Bold; fearless; intrepid; not timid; dauntlessly,dantnot discouraged. les«li, adv. In a bold fearless manner. dauntlessness, n. dant'les«nes, Fearlessness intrepidity. dauphin, da/fin, n. [Fr. dauphin, the title originally of the lords of Dauphiny, and afterwards attached to the

date.

g,

or expansion; beginning; rise; first appearance (the dawn of civiliza-

of

an appointment with a person of the opposite sex for a social engagement. v.i. To reckon time; to begin at a certain date (to date from the 10th century) to have a certain

ch, Sc. loch;

dak, n. [Hind.] In the East Indies, the post; a relay of men, as for carrying letters, despatches, etc., or travelers in palanquins. dawn, dan, v.i. [A. Sax. dagain, to dawn or become day, from daeg, day.] To begin to grow light in the morning; to grow light; to begin to show intellectual light or knowledge; to begin to become visible or appear (the truth dawns upon me). n. The break of day; the first appearance of light in the morning; first opening

dutiful.

write down the date on; to append the date to; to note or fix the time of; to make

ch, chain;

trifler.

dauk, dak, n. Same as Dawk. daunt, idant, v.t. [O.Fr. danter, Fr. dompter, to tame, from L. domitare, a freq. of domo, to tame, from root

the modern; — dated, dating. To

—

duhitri,

of the dauphin. davit, da'vit, n. j,

job;

ng, sing;

[Origin unknown.]

TH,

then;

lamp

dawk,

female child of any age; a female descendant, a title of affection given to a woman by a person whose age, position, or office entitles the speaker to respect or esteem; the female offspring of an animal or plant. daughter-in-law, daughterly, dan. A son's wife. ter«li, a. Becoming a daughter;

an appointment made for a specified time; a social engagement with one of the opposite sex. Out of date, obsolete; behind the times. Up to in

Skr.

tarah,

A

surrounded by wire,

A

daughter, da'ter, n. [A. Sax. dohtor= D. dochter, Dan. doner, Icel. dottir, G. tochter, Gr. thygater, Per. dok-

— daughter.]

da'vi lamp, n. is

Sir Humphry Davy to protect the miners from explosions of firedamp. jackdaw. daw, da, n. [From cry.] dawdle, da'di, v.i. [Akin to daddle, and probably to dowdy, a slattern.] To waste time ; to trifle ; to saunter. v.t. To waste by trifling.—dawdler, da'dler, n. One who dawdles; a

slimy; adhesive.

period of time at or during which one has lived or anything has existed;

v.t.

whose flame invented by

flatterer.—-dauby, da'bi, a. Viscous;

dasyure, da'si«ur, n. [Gr. dasys, hairy, and oura, a tail.] A carnivorous marsupial found in Australia. data. See datum. date, dat, n. [Fr., from L. datum, given, used in a Roman letter as 'given' (at such a place and such a time).] That addition to a writing which specifies the year, month, and day when it was given or executed; the time when any event happened, when anything was transacted, or

date,

Davy lamp,

soft adhesive matter, or slime; to plaster;

to defile; to besmear; to coarsely; to lay or put on without taste; to load with affected finery. n. smear or smearing; a dauber, da'ber, n. coarse painting. One who daubs; a builder of walls with clay or mud mixed with straw; a coarse painter; a low and gross

—

is

mud

paint

A

when anything

smear with

as with to soil;

;

Naut. either of the two projecting pieces of wood or iron on the side or stern of a vessel, used for suspending or lowering and hoisting the boats by means of pulleys.

fruit of the date

do, to give.]

dashes; the float of a paddle wheel, the plunger of a churn, and the like dashing, dash'also a dashboard.

—————

— day

palm, consisting of a soft fleshy drupe enclosing a hard seed and having a delicious flavor, used as food in North Africa and Western Asia, and imported into other coundate palm, n. A palm having tries. a stem rising to the height of 50 or 60 feet, crowned with large feathery leaves, the female plant bearing 180 to 200 dates. dative, da'tiv, a. [L. dativus, from

violently or suddenly; to sprinkle or mix slightly; to disturb or frustrate (to dash courage); to confound, confuse, abash. To dash off, to form or sketch out in haste carelessly; to execute hastily or with careless rapidity. v.i. To rush with violence; n. to strike or be cast violently. violent striking together of two bodsomething thrown ies; collision; into another substance; infusion; admixture; a sudden check; abashment; a rapid movement; a sudden onset; the capacity for unhesitating, prompt action; vigor in attack; a nourish or ostentatious parade; a mark or line [-] in writing or printing noting a break or pause.—dasher, dash'er, n. One who or that which

spirited;

The

finger, a date.]

To

Impetuous

———

217

word = Dan.

ing, a.

—

th, thin;

in

contradistinction

night;

to

the

time between the rising and setting of the sun the period of one revolution of the earth on its axis, or twenty- four hours; light; sunshine (in the open day) any period of time distinguished from other time (the authors of that day) ; age ; era ; epoch ;

;

in the plural often — lifetime, earthly existence; the contest of a day or

day of combat (to gain the day) ; an appointed or fixed time; time of commemorating an event; anniversary.

Days of grace,

a certain

num-

ber of days (usually three) allowed for the payment of a bill (not payable on demand) beyond the date marked on the face of it specifying when it becomes due. Astronomical, natural, or solar day, the interval between the sun's leaving the meridian and its Mean solar day, the return to it. mean of all the solar days in the Sidereal day, the time of one year. apparent revolution of the fixed Civil day, the day beginning stars. and ending at midnight. Jewish day, the interval between sunset and Day's journey, an indefinite sunset. measure of distance frequently mentioned in Scripture; the average distance one can travel in a day, say from 12 miles or more on foot, to 20 or over on horseback. daily, da'li, a. Happening, being, or appearing every day; done day by day; bestowed or enjoyed every day. adv. Every day; day by day. n. A newspaper published daily. day bed, n. A bed used for rest during the day; a couch; a sofa. (Shak.)

—

daybook, w, wig;

n.

A

book

hw, whig;

in

which are

zh, azure.

— —— ———— ——

———— —— — — — daze

218

recorded the debts and credits or accounts of the day. daybreak, da'brak, n. The dawn or first appearance of light in the morning. daydream, da'drem, n. A visionary fancy indulged in when awake. daydreamer, da dre»mer, n. day laborer,

—

—

One who works by the day. daylight, da lit, n. The light of the day; the light of the sun. Daylight saving time, a method of reckoning time that provides more daylight for daytime activities by setting clocks ahead one or more hours in the spring and returning them to standard time in the fall. day lily, n. liliaceous plant, the flowers of which rarely last more than a day. day nursery, n. nursery for the care and training of small children during the day; a nursery school. daytime, da'tim, n. The time of daylight. daze, daz, v.t. [The same word as Icel. dasa, to tire out; O.D. daesen, to be foolish; akin doze, dizzy.] To stun or stupefy, as with a blow, liquor, or excess of light; to blind by too strong a light. n. The condition of being dazed. dazzle, daz'l, v.t. dazzled, dazzling. [Freq. of daze.] To overpower or blind with light; to dim by excess of light; fig. to overpower or confound by splendor or brilliancy, or with show or display of any kind. 0.1. To be overpoweringly bright or brilliant; to be overpowered or dimmed by light (as the eyes). n. dazzlingly, dazzling light; glitter. daz'ling-li, adv. n.

A

A

—

—

DDT,

n.

A

[From dichloro-diphenylA symbol for a

trichloro-ethane.]

powerful water-soluble CuH,Cli.

deacon, de'kon,

insecticide,

[L. diaconus, Gr. diakonos, a minister or servant.] In n.

Roman and Anglican churches, member of the lowest of the three

the a

orders of priesthood (bishops, priests, and deacons) ; in Presbyterian churches, a functionary who attends to the secular interests of the church; among Congregationalists, Baptists and others, one who looks after the spiritual as well as temporal concerns of the congregation under the minister; in Scotland, the president of an incorporated trade. deaconess, de'kon«es, n. A female deacon in the deaconry, deaprimitive church. conship, de'kon«ri, de'kon«ship, n. The office of a deacon. dead, ded, a. [A. Sax. dead-^D. dood, Dan. dod, Icel. dauthr, Goth, dauths. death, die.] Deprived, devoid, or destitute of life; having lost the vital principle; lifeless; inanimate; hence, wanting animation, activity, spirit, vigor; numb; callous; void of perception; resembling death; deep

—

and sound

dead sleep); perfectly still or motionless (a dead calm); monotonous; unvarying or unbroken by apertures or projections (a dead (a

level, or wall);

—— — — — — —— — —

——

unemployed; useless

(dead capital or stock) ; unreverberatdull, heavy (a dead sound); tasteless, vapid, spiritless, flat, as liquors; producing death; sure or ing,

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

dear

unerring as death (a dead shot); in a state of spiritual death; under the power of sin ; cut off from the rights of a citizen; not communicating

motion or power (dead steam); no longer spoken, or in common use by a people (a dead language) ; having no gloss, warmth, or brightness (a dead color). The dead (sing.), the time when there is a remarkable stillness or gloom; the culminating point, as the midst of winter or of night; (pi.), those who are dead; the deceased; the departed. adv. To a degree approaching death; to the last degree; thoroughly; completely (dead tired, dead drunk). deaden, ded'n, v.t. To take away or lessen the vigor, force, feeling, etc., of; to make dull, flat, etc.; to soundproof.

—

—

—

v.i.

To

lose

vigor,

force,

etc.

deadly, ded'li, a. Causing death; fatal; implacable; deathlike; intense. deadness, ded'nes, n. dead-beat, deadbeat, n. One who a. Tired out. avoids paying his bills; a loafer.

—

;

—

—

dead center, dead point, n. A position in a link motion such as that when the crank and connecting rod of an engine are in a straight

line.

dead-end, a. Closed at one end; leading nowhere. dead end, n. An

deafness, def'nes, n. of being deaf, or of being unable to hear sounds; want of hearing; unwillingness to hear; inattention. deaf-mute, n. A person who is both deaf and dumb. deal, del, n. [A. Sax. dael, a portion, a share = D. dee I, a portion, a board or plank; Dan. deel, Sw. del, Goth. scurely heard.

The

state

G. theil, a part, a share. Dole, dale are akin.] portion or part; an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent, generally implying that the amount is considerable (often qualified by great which hardly adds to the sense) the division or distribution of playing cards; a board or plank of fir, of dails,

A

some length and

at least 7 inches or pine timber. v.t. dealt (delt), dealing. [A. Sax. daelan, to divide.] To divide in portions; to give out; to part; to distribute; to scatter; to hurl (blows, destruction).

wide;

—

fir

—

v.i. To distribute; to traffic; to trade; to negotiate; to transact; to have intercourse; to conduct one's self in relation to others ; to act ; to behave. dealer, del'er, n. One who deals; one who has to do or has concern with others; a trader, merchant, or trafficker; one who distributes cards to the players. dealing, de'ling, n. Conduct; behavior; prac-

end, as of a street or pipe, that has no opening deadeye, n. A round tice (double dealing, fair dealing); traffic; business; intercourse or busiblock without a pulley pierced with three holes and used to extend the ness of friendship; concern :comshrouds and stays, etc. deadhead, monly in pi. dealfish, n. [From deal, board.] ded'hed, n. A person who receives name for a fish with an extremely compressed body found free tickets for theaters, or passes in the northern seas. for conveyances. v.t. To treat as a deadhead. dead heat, n. The result, dean, den, n. [O.Fr. dean, deien, in a contest of speed, when two or Mod.Fr. doyen, from L. decanus, one more competitors finish at the same set over ten persons, from decern, time so that no one is the winner. ten.] An ecclesiastical dignitary rankdead letter, n. letter which cannot ing next to the bishop; an adminbe delivered from defect of address, istrative officer of a college or and which is sent to the general university, under the president, supost office to be opened and returned pervising students in regard to their to the writer; anything, as a condichoice of courses, heading the faction, treaty, etc., which has lost its ulty of a division or college, or force or authority, by lapse of time adviser to men or women; a senior or any other cause, and has ceased to member of a diplomatic corps; an be acted on. deadlight, n. Naut. a acknowledged leader in a profession. strong wooden shutter for protecting deanery, de'ner»i, n. The office the windows of cabins, etc. or jurisdiction of a dean the official deadline, n. A line or limit that deanship, denresidence of a dean. must not be crossed; the latest ship, n. The office or title of a possible time for doing something. dean. deadlock, n. A complete stand- dear, der, a. [A. Sax. deore, dyre, dear, still. v.t. To bring to a deadlock. beloved, high-priced; O.D. JrVr, v.i. To come to a deadlock. dead Mod.D. duur, Icel. dyrr, Dan. and reckoning, n. The calculation of the Sw. dyr, G. theuer, dear, beloved, position of a ship or airplane by log, high-priced, etc.] Bearing a high compass, etc., when celestial obserprice in comparison with the usual vation is impossible; guesswork. price or the real value; high-priced: dead weight, n. The unrelieved opposite to cheap; characterized by weight of inert matter. dead wood, high prices resulting from scarcity n. Dead branches or trees; anything (a dear year); greatly valued; belovthat is useless or unsatisfactory. ed; precious; heartfelt^; passionate deaf, def, a. [A. Sax. deaf D. doof, n. A darling; a term or intense^. taub deaf; Dan. dov, Icel. daufr, of affection or endearment. adv. Dearly; tenderly; at a dear rate. akin Sc. daft, stupid, Icel. dofi, dearly, der li, adv. At a high price; torpor.] Wanting the sense of hearwith great fondness; fondly; tening, either wholly or in part; disdearness, der hes, n. The derly. inclined to hear inattentive unheeddeafen, def'n, state or quality of being dear; high ing; unconcerned. value in price, or estimation; prev.t. To make deaf; to deprive of the dearth, love. tender ciousness; power of hearing; to stun; to prevent dearly, def li, derth, n. [Comp. warm-th, hcal-th, the passage of sound. slo(w)-th, etc.] Scarcity, which makes adv. Without sense of sounds; ob-

—

A

A

—

—

;

—

me, met, her;

—

—

—

G

;

pine, pin;

;

note, not,

move;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

— —

—

— —

death

or extinction (the

loss

for and against ; to dispute ; to argue; to contest. v.i. To discuss disputed points ; to examine different

arguments in the mind with one's self whether).

—

disputable; subject to controversy and contention. debater, di«ba'ter, n. One who debates; a disputant. debauch, di«bach', v.t. [O.Fr. desbaucher, Fr. debaucher de, des, and bauche, a workshop, a task; the original meaning would therefore

—

death

—

—

away from his duty.] To corrupt or vitiate (as principles, etc.); to corrupt with lewdness; to bring to be guilty of unchastity; to seduce; to lead astray from duty or allegiance. n. Excess or a fit of excess in eating or drinking; be

is

confined in his

person dies

last sickness.

—

deathblow, n. A blow causing death; a mortal blow; any thing which extinguishes hope or blights one's death rate, n. The proprospects.

intemperance; drunkenness. debauchedly, di«bach'ed«li, adv. In a debauchee, deb 'profligate manner. o»she, n. A man given to debauchery, debauchery, di«ba/cher«i, n. Excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures of any kind, as gluttony, intemperance, unlawful indulgence

—

—

—

portion of deaths among the inhabitants of a town, country, etc. death rattle, n. peculiar rattling in the throat of a dying person. death's-head, n. The skull of a human skeleton, or a figure representing one. Death's-head moth, the largest lepidopterous insect having markings upon the back of the thorax very closely resembling a skull or death's-head. death warrant, n. An order from the proper authority for the execution of a criminal. deathwatch, n. A vigil kept over the dead or the dying; a small insect that makes a clicking

A

of

A

the repayment of a person therein named, and with interest on the sum lent at a given rate; a certificate or drawback of customs duties on the exportation of certain goods. debilitate, di-bil'i-tat, v.t. debili-

with

property

money

noise. de,

lent

by

—

from denot, and

tated, debilitating. [L. debilito, debili-

from L. baculus, a bar.] sudden breaking up of ice in a river; geol. a sudden outbreak of water; the complete collapse of an bdcler, to bar,

tatum, to weaken, from

A

To weaken;

enterprise.

debar,

di«bar',

v.t.

—debarred,

di«bark',

—

v.t.

and

.

i.

—

de-

[Fr.

—

—

dignity, character, etc.; to degrade; to vitiate; to adulterate; to abase.

di»bas'ment, n. The act of debasing, or state of being debased. debaser, di«ba'ser, n. One who or that which debases. debate, di^bat, n. [O.Fr. debatre, to debate prefix de, and batre, to beat. BATtER, abate.] An argument or reasoning between persons of different opinions; dispute; controversy; quarrel; strife; contention. v.t. debated, debating. To discuss by argu-

—

—

—

go;

—

accomplished. debonairly, In a debonair deb«o«nar'li, adv. manner. debonairness, deb«o«narnes, n. The character of being debonair. debouch, di«bosh', v.i. [Fr. deboucher de, from, and bouche, mouth, L. bucca, the cheek.] To issue or ning;

—

g,

A

—

debasement,

ch y Sc. loch;

weak.]

—

debarquer de, and barque, a boat or bark.] To land from a ship or boat; to disembark. debarkation, di«bark«a'shon, n. The act of disembarking. debase, di«bas', v.t. debased, debasing. To impart a certain baseness to; to reduce or lower in quality,

ch, chain;

debilis,

to impair the strength of; to enfeeble; to make faint or debilitation, languid. di«bil'i'ta"shon, n. The act of weakening; debility, di«bil'i»ti, n. relaxation. state of general [L. debilitas.] bodily weakness; feebleness; languor of body; faintness. debit, deb'it, n. [L. debitum, something owed, from debeo, to owe de, from, and habeo, to have.] That which is entered in an account as a debt; a recorded item of debt; that part of an account in which is entered any article of goods furnished, or money paid to or on account of a person. v.t. To charge with as a debt (to debit a person for or with goods); to enter on the debtor side of a book. debonair, deb«o«nar', a. [Fr. debonnaire de, from, bon, good, and aire (L. area), place, extraction.] Characterized by courtesy, affability, or gentleness; elegant; well-bred; win-

barring. To bar or cut off from entrance; to preclude; to hinder from approach, entry, or enjoyment; to shut out or exclude. debarment, di«bar'ment, n. The act of debarring.

debark,

di'bach'-

bentur, there are owing (certain things), a word used in old acknowledgments of debt. Akin debt, debit.] deed or document charging certain

—

[Fr.,

— debauchment,

lust.

ment, n. The act of debauching. debenture, di»ben'cher, n. [L. de-

—

debacle, di»bak'l, n. bdcler, to break up

draw one

to

work or

—

or

Debating

purpose of debate and improvement in extemporaneous speaking. debatable, de« ba'ta«bl, a. Capable of being debated

of one's faculties); capital punishCivil death, deprivation of the rights of citizenship, as when a man is banished or becomes a monk. deathless, deth'les, a. Not subject to death, destruction, or extinction; undying; immortal. --deathly, deth'li, a. and adv. Resembling death; cadaverously; wanly. deathbed, n. a

debate

(to

society, a society for the

ment.

The bed on which

decalcomania

ments

—

—

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

—

—

—

;

219

food dear; want, or time of want; famine; lack or absence. death, deth, n. [A. Sax. death = Goth. dauthus, L.G. and D. dood, Sw. and dead, Dan. dod, G. tod death, die.] That state of a being, animal or vegetable, in which there is a total and permanent cessation of all the vital functions; the state of being dead; the state or manner of dying; cause, agent, or instrument of death; total

—— —

then;

th, thin;

march out of a narrow

place, or

from

defiles, as troops.

debris, da«bre', n. [Fr., from de, L. dis, asunder, apart, and briser, to break.] Fragments; rubbish; ruins; geol. any accumulation of broken and detached matter, as that which arises from the waste of rocks, and which is piled up at their base or swept away by water. debt, det, n. [O.Fr. debte (now dette), L. debita, things due. debit.] That which is due from one person to another; that which one person is bound to pay to or perform for another; what is incumbent on one to do or suffer; a due; an obligation; the state of owing something to another (to be in debt); a duty neglected or violated; a trespass; debtor, det'er, n. a sin (N.T.). [L. debitor.] A person who owes another either money, goods, or services: the correlative of creditor; one who has received from another an advantage of any kind; one indebted or in debt.

—

v.t. To show the error in false or high-flown state-

debunk, di«bunk', ments. [Colloq.]

debut, da«bu', n. [Fr. de, from, and but, mark, butt. Perhaps has its meaning from the bowl being brought from the butt on one

commencing to play Entrance upon anything;

bowls.]

at

appearance before the public, as that of an actor or actress on the stage. debutant, fern, debutante, da«bii»tan', da«bu«tant',

makes

a

One who

[Fr.]

n.

debut or

first

first

appearance

before the public.

decade, dek'ad, n. [L. decas, decadis, Gr. dekas, from deka, ten.] The

sum or number of ten an aggregate or group consisting of ten; specifically, an aggregate of ten years. decadence, decadency, dek'a«dens, dek'a«den«si, n. [Fr. decadence, L.L. decadentia, from L. de, down, and ;

cado, to fall.] a lower state.

Decay;

a falling into

—decadent, dek'a«dent,

In decadence; decaying; deteriorn. An artist or writer of a morally weak fiber and style. decagon, dek'a«gon, n. [Gr. deka, a.

ating.

ten,

and gonia,

a corner.]

Geom.

a

plane figure having ten sides and decagonal, de«kag'o«ten angles. nal, a. Of or belonging to a decagon.

—

decagram, decagramme, dekagram,

n. [Fr.

decagramme, Gr. deka,

A

Fr. gramme.] French weight of 10 grams, equal to 5.644

and

ten.

drams avoirdupois. decahedron, dek«a«he'dron, n. [Gr. deka, ten, and hedra, a seat, a base.] Geom. a figure or body having ten sides. a.

—decahedral,

dek«a«he'dral,

Having ten

decalcify,

sides. de«kal'si«fi, v.t. [L. de, calx, calcis, lime, chalk.]

not,

and

To

deprive

their

of lime, as bones of hardening matter, so as to

reduce them to gelatin.

—

decalcifide«kal'si'fi«ka"shon, n. The removal of calcareous matter, as

cation,

from bones.

decalcomania, de'kal'koTna "nia, [Fr.

decalcomanie.]

w, wig;

hw, whig;

A

process zh, azure.

n.

in

——

—

— —— —

—

decaliter

commandments. decameter, decametre, dek'a«me«ter, ;/. A metric measure of length equal to ten meters. decamp, di«kamp', v.i. [Fr. decamper de, from, and camp, a camp.] To remove or depart from a camp or

—

ground;

march

to

off;

to depart; to take one's self off, especially in a secret or clandestine

—

manner. decampment, di»kamp'ment, n. decant, de«kant v.t. [Fr. decanter, to decant de, and canter, from O.Fr. cant, a rim, an edge; lit. to pour out by canting or tilting, cant.] To pour off gently, as liquor from its sediment, or from one vessel ,

—

decantation, de«kan«into another. ta'shon, n. The act of decanting. decanter, de-kan'ter, n. One who decants; a vessel used to decant liquors, or for receiving decanted liquors; a glass vessel or bottle used for holding wine or other liquors for filling drinking glasses.

decapitate, di«kap'i«tat,

v.t.

—decap-

decapitating. [L.L. decapito, decapitatum, to behead L. de, and caput, head.] To behead; to cut decapitation, di«off the head of. kap'i«ta"shon, n. The act of beheaditated,

—

—

ing.

decapod, dek'a«pod, n. [Gr. deka, ten, and pous, podos, a foot.] One of an order of crustaceans (crabs, lobsters) having ten feet; one of that division of the cuttlefishes which have ten Having ten a. prehensile arms. feet; belonging to the decapods.

decarbonate, de«kar'bo«nat,

v.t.

—

To

deprive of carbonic acid. decarbonization, decarburization, de«kar'bo«ni«za"shon, de«kar'buTi«za"shon, n. The process of depriving decarbonize, decarbuof carbon.

—

rize, de«kar'bo»niz, de«kar'bu«riz, v.t.

—decarbonized, decarbonizing. To deprive of carbon. decasyllabic, dek'a«sil«lab"ik,

a. [Gr. deka, ten, and syllabi, a syllable.] Having ten syllables. decathlon, di-kathlon, n. [Prefix deca, ten, and Gr. athlon, contest.] An athletic contest having ten events. decay, di«ka', v.i. [O.Fr. decaer from L. de, down, and cadere, to fall; seen also in cadence, chance, casual, incident, etc.] To pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or perfect state, to a less perfect state, or toward weakness, or dissolution; to become decomposed or corrupted; to rot; to be gradually impaired; v.t. To to waste or molder away. impair. n. The state or process of decaying.

[Fr. deeds, from L. decessus, departure de, and cedo,

decease,

;

220

printing which permits the transfer of the ink, forming a design or picture, from the paper on which it is printed to some object. decaliter, decalitre, dek'a«le«ter, n. A metric measure of volume equal to ten liters. Decalogue, dek'a«log, n. [Gr. deka, ten, and logos, a word.] The ten

camping

—

—

—

di»ses', n.

cessum,

Departure

from

To

cede.] to go. v.i. this life; death.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

depart

from

this

life;

to

die.

—deceased, from

p.

deceit, di«set

as

life;

noun.

a

[O.Fr. deceit, L. deceptus, from decipio, deceptum, to deceive, lit. to take down de, down, and capio, to take, capable.] The quality or act of deceiving; guilefulness ; the act of misleading a person any artifice, stratagem, or practice, which misleads another, or causes him to believe what is false; act of fraud; cheat; fallacy. .'. Syn. under fraud. deceitful, di«set'ful, a. Given to deceive ; full of deceit ; tending to mislead, deceive, or ensnare; trickish; fraudulent; cheating. deceitfully, di'Set'fuMi, adv. In a deceitful manner. deceitfulness, di»set'ful«nes, n. Disposition or tendency to mislead or deceive; the quality of being deceitful. deceive, deceived, dedi«sev', v.t. and i. ,

n.

—

—

—

—

—

O.Fr. decever.] mislead, especially intentionally; to cause to believe what is false, or disbelieve what is true; to cause to mistake; to impose on; to delude; to frustrate or disappoint (the hopes, deceiver, di«se'ver, n. etc.).

ceiving. [Fr. decevoir,

To

—

decelerate, de«sel'er«at, de, not,

and

v.t.

[Prefix

To

decrease slow down.

accelerate.]

the velocity of. v.i. To deceleration, de«sel«er«a"shon, n. decelerator, de«sel'er«ater, n. December, di»sem'ber, n. [L. from decern, ten, this being the tenth month among the early Romans, who began the year in March.] The twelfth and last month in the year, in which the sun is at his greatest distance south of the equa-

— —

tor.

decemvir, di«sem'ver, n. pi. decemvirs, decemviri, di«sem'verz, di»senvvi«ri. [L. decern, ten, and vir, a man.] One of ten magistrates, who had absolute authority in ancient Rome, from B.C. 449 to 447. decemviral, di«sem'ver«al, a. Perdecemtaining to the decemvirs. virate, di«sem'ver«at, n. The office of the decemvirs; the decemvirs

—

[L. decennium, a period of ten years decern, ten, and annus, a year.] period of ten years. decennial, di«sen'ni»al, a. Continuing for ten years; consisting of ten years; happening every ten years. decent, de'sent, a. [L. decens, decentis, ppr. of decet, it becomes; akin decorate, decorum.] Becoming; having a character or show that gains general approval; suitable, as to words, behavior, dress, and ceren.

—

A

mony; seemly; decorous; moderate,

free

from

obscene; modest;

tolerable,

spectable (colloq.).

passable,

re-

—decency, de'sen*-

n. [L. decentia.] The state or quality of being decent; propriety in actions or discourse; decorum; modesty; freedom from ribaldry or obscenity; a decent or becoming ceremony or rite. decently, desent«li, adv. In a decent or becoming manner; tolerably, passably, or fairly si,

me, met, her;

(colloq.).

—decentness, de'sent«nes,

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

n.

The

state of being decent; decency. decentralize, de«sen'tral»iz, v.t.

To

distribute what has been centralized; to remove from direct connection or dependence on a central authority.

—decentralization,

de«sen'tra«li»-

za'shon, n. The act of decentralizing; politics, the act of distributing among a number of places throughout a country the administration of its internal affairs.

deception, di«sep'shon,

n. [L. decepdedeceptionis, a deceiving, ceive.] The act of deceiving or tio,

misleading; habit of deceiving; the state of being deceived or misled;

which deceives; artifice; cheat. under FRAUD. deceptive, di«sep'tiv, a. Tending to deceive; having power to mislead or impress that

—

Syn.

—

decepfalse opinious; misleading. tively, di«sep'tiv«li, adv. In a manner to deceive. deceptiveness, di«-

—

The state of being deceptive; tendency or aptness to deceive. decibel, des'i«bel, n. [Prefix deci, ten, and bel, from A.G. Bell.] A unit for measuring the relative intensity of sep'tiv«nes,

sound. decide,

n.

di«sid',

—

v.t.

—decided,

decid-

de, and ccedo, to cut, seen also in concise, precise, excision.] determine, as a question, controversy, or struggle, finally or authoritatively; to settle by giving the ing. [L. decido

To

victory to one side or the other; to determine the issue or result of; v.t. To deto conclude; to end. termine; to form a definite opinion; to come to a conclusion; to pronounce a judgment. decidable, di»-

—

Capable of being decided. decided, di«si'ded,a. Well marked; clear; unequivocal; that puts an end to doubt; free from ambiguity or uncertainty; unmistakable; resolute determined free from hesitation si'da«bl, a.

—

;

—

;

decidedly, de«si'ded«or wavering. li, adv. In a decided or determined manner; in a manner to preclude doubt.

deciduous,

collectively.

decency. See decent. decennary, di«sen'na'ri,

immodesty; not

;

decillion

Departed dead; frequently used di«sest',

—

di«sid'u«us, a. [L. dede, and cado, to fall ciduus, decido akin decay.] Not perennial or permanent; bot. applied to trees whose leaves fall in autumn and to leaves or other parts of the plant that

—

parts which a certain stage of an animal's existence, as hair, horns, decidua, di«sid u«a, n. [For teeth. fall

applied to

zool.

fall;

off

at

—

membrana,

decidua

the

membrane

A

membrane arising that falls off.] from alteration of the upper layer of the mucous membrane of the uterus, after the reception into the latter

of

the

impregnated

ovum,

name being

given to it because it is discharged at parturition. deciduousness, di«sid u«us«nes, n. The quality of being deciduous. decigram, decigramme, des i«gram, n. A French weight of one-tenth of the

a

gram.

i«le«ter,

—

deciliter,

n.

A

decilitre,

des'-

French measure of

capacity equal to one-tenth of a liter. decillion, di-sil yon, n. In English notation, the number denoted by a tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

———

— — —— —

—

decimal

221

unit with 60 zeros annexed, while in the French and American notation, 33 zeros are annexed. decillionth, de'sil'yonth, a. Being one of a

deck, dek, v.t. [Same word as D. dekken, Dan. dcekke, G. decken, to cover, with the nouns, D. dek, Dan. dcek, a cover, a ship's deck, G. decke, a cover, deck, a deck; closely akin

—

decillion equal parts. part.

n.

One such

to

decimal, des'i«mal, a. tenth, from decern,

[L. ten.]

decimus,

Of

or

tens; numbered or proceeding by tens ; having a tenfold Decimal fracincrease or decrease. tion, a fraction whose denominator is

pertaining

to

10, or some number produced by as the continued multiplication of a factor, such as 100, 1000, etc., but written with the denominator omitted, its value being indicated by a point placed to the left of as many figures of the numerator as there are ciphers in the denominator; thus 7 10, 3 1000, are written .7, .003.— Decimal system, a system of weights, 1

.001 fraction.

to

— decker). — deck

decimate, des'i«mat,

n. v.t.

A

hand,

n.

One whose

punishment, from decern, ten.] To select by lot and punish with death every tenth man of, as was done by the Romans in punishing bodies of troops, etc.; hence, to destroy a great but indefinite number of. decimation, des«i«ma'shon, n. A selection of every tenth by lot, as for punishment, etc.; the destruction of a great but indefinite proportion decimator, des'i«ma«ter, of people. n. One who or that which decimates.

—

equal to the tenth part of a meter, or 3.9371 inches. decipher, di«si'fer, v.t. To explain what is written in ciphers, by finding what each character or mark represents; to read what is written in obscure or badly formed characters; to discover or explain the meaning of, as of something difficult to be understood. decipherable, di«si'fer«a«bl, a. That may be deciphered or interpreted.—decipherment, di«si'fer'ment, n. The act of deciphering. decision, di»si'zhon, n. [L. decisio, decisionis. decide.] The act of deciding; determination, as of a question or doubt; final judgment or opinion in a case which has been under deliberation or discussion; determination, as of a contest or event; arbitrament; the quality of being decided in character; unwavering

harangue in public; the delivery of a speech or exercise in oratory, as

claiming

di«si'siv,

g,

—

from

clear.]

clarus, clear,

To make

known by words;

to tell explicitly; to manifest or communicate plainly in any way; to exhibit; to publish; to proclaim; to assert; to affirm; to make a full statement of, as of goods on which duty falls to be paid to the customhouse. To declare one's self, to throw off reserve and avow one's opinion; to show openly what one thinks, or which side he espouses. v.i. To make a declaration; to make known explicitly some determination; to proclaim one's self; to pronounce adhesion in favor of a party, etc. with for or against. To declare off, to refuse to cooperate in any undertaking; to break off from one's party engage-

a.

go;

—

declamasense. tory, di»klam'a«tOTi, a. [L. declamatorius.] Relating to the practice of declaiming; pertaining to declamation; merely rhetorical, without solid sense or argument. declare, di«klar', v.t. declared, declaring. [L. declaro, to declare de, intens., and claro, to make clear,

—

ch, Sc. loch;

The

more sound than

determining; final; conclusive; putting an end to controversy; marked by decision or prompt determination. decisively, di«si'siv«li, adv. In a decisive manner. decisiveness, di«si'siv«nes, n. The quality of being decisive ; conclusiveness ; decision of character. ch, c/zain;

decline, di»klin',

pretentious rhetorical language, with

Having the power or quality of

—

declension. See decline.

by the students of a college, etc.; a display of showy rhetorical oratory;

—

— decisive,

or

—

j,

job;

ng, sing;

:

TH,

then;

di»klar'a«to«ri, a.

declaration; distinctly expressive of opinions or intentions.

n. [L. act or art of demaking a rhetorical

declamatio.]

— declaratory,

Making

declamation, dek»la»ma'shon,

decimeter, decimetre, des'i«me«ter, A French measure of length n.

firmness.

tory.

—

decimating. [L. decimo, decimatum, to select by lot every tenth man for

— declarant, f de«kla rant,

—

A

— decimated,

etc.

declares.—-declaration, declaratio.) dek«la«ra'shon, n. [L. The act of declaring, making known, or announcing; affirmation; explicit assertion; open expression; avowal; that which is declared; the document or instrument by which an authoritatively announcement is made; law, that part of the process or pleadings in which the plaintiff sets forth at large his cause of complaint a simple affirmation substituted in lieu of an oath, solemn affirmation, or affidavit. declarative, di«klar'a«tiv, Making declaration, proa. clamation, or publication; declara-

A

decimal

;;

One who

n.

the root

thack),

duties are confined to the deck of a vessel, he being unfit for the work of a seaman properly so called. deck, dek, n. [Origin unknown.] pack of cards. deckle, dek'l, n. [G. deckel, dim. of decke, cover.] frame or rubber band upon a paper-making machine deckle to limit the size of sheet. edge, a. Rough uncut edge. declaim, di»klam' v.i. [L. declamo, to practice speaking in public de, and claim, clamor.] clamo, to cry out. To speak a set oration in public; to make a formal speech or oration; to harangue; to inveigh; to speak or write for rhetorical display. v.t. To utter with rhetorical force; to deliver with inflation of tone. declaimer, di«kla'mer, n. One who declaims; one who habitually speaks for rhetorical display; one who speaks clamorously; an inveigher.

number ranging

999.

(Sc.

ments,

serves as a ship's flooring; any surface similar to a ship's deck; a pack of cards. decker, dek'er, n. One or more decks (a double-decker, a three-

classes, indicating the specific subject

from

thatch

—

— decline

being that of L. lego, to cover. thatch.] To clothe; to dress the person; but usually, to clothe with more than ordinary elegance; to array; to adorn; to embellish; to furnish with a deck, as a vessel or other structure. deck, dek, n. [From D. dek, a covering; akin to D. dekken, G. decken, to cover, thatch.] A platform that

measures, and moneys based on multiples often; the metric system; in libraries, a classification for books, dividing all knowledge into ten of each book by a

E.

—

th, thin;

v.i.

—declined,

de-

clining. [L. declino, to

bend down or

down, and

a hypothetical

aside clino

de,

Gr. klino, to bend. Root seen sloping, and also in lean downward; over; to hang down, as

in

L.

clivus,

E. to

to

lean.]

To

bend from weakness, despondency, sub-

mission, or the like; to sink to a lower level; to stoop, as to an unworthy object; to lean or deviate from rectitude (O.T.); to approach or draw toward the close (day declines); to avoid or shun; to refuse; not to comply; to tend to a less perfect state; to sink in character or value ; to become diminished or impaired (as health, reputation); to fall; to decay. v.t. To bend downward; to cause to bend; to depress; to shun or avoid; to refuse; not to accept or comply with; gram, to inflect, through cases and numbers; to change the termination of a word, for forming the oblique cases. n. A falling off; a tendency to a worse state; diminution or decay; deterioration; a popular name for almost all chronic diseases in which the strength and plumpness of the body gradually dies; decrease until the patient consumption. decliner, di«kli'ner, declinometer, n. One who declines. dek'li«nom'et«er, n. An instrument for measuring the declination of the magnetic needle, and for observing

—

—

—

declension, di«klenvariations. n. [L. declinatio, declinationis, in the grammatical sense it refers to the leaning away or differing of the other cases from the nominative; so case is lit. a falling.] The act of declining; declination; slope; a falling or declining toward a worse state; refusal; nonacceptance ; gram. the inflection of nouns, adjectives,

its

shon,

and pronouns by change of termination to form the oblique cases; the act of declining a word; a class of nouns declined on the same type. declinable, di»kli na«bl, a. Capable

—

of being declined; having case indeclination, dek«li«na flections. shon, n. The act or state of declining;

—

a bending down; inclination; a falling into a worse state; a falling away; deterioration; a deviation from a straight line ; oblique motion

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

— ——

———

— ———

—

——

declivity

—

refusal.

declivity, di«kliv'i»ti, n. [L. declivitas, a declivity, from declivis, sloping de, and clivus, sloping; same root as in decline.) Slope or inclination downward ; a slope or descent of the ground: opposed to acclivity, or ascent. declivitous, di«kliv'i«tus, a.

—

Sloping downward. decoct, di«kokt', v.t.

[L. decoquo, decoction, to boil down de, and coquo, to cook, to boil, cook.] To prepare by boiling; to extract the strength or flavor of by boiling; to heat up or excite (Shak.)-f. decoction, di»kok'shon, n. The act of decocting; an extract obtained by

—

boiling a substance in water, for extracting its virtues; the water in which a substance has been thus boiled. decode, de«k6d', v.t. To decipher a telegram by code. code. decollating.

[L.

behead

de,

to

v.t.

decollo,

from,

—

decollated,

decollatum, and collum, decollation, act of be-

the neck.] To behead. de«kol«la'shon, n. The heading. decollete^ da«kol«ta', a. [Fr.] Lownecked style of dress. decoloration, de»kul'er«a"shon, n. [L.

decoloratio, decolor ationis, disde, from, and color, color.]

coloring

The removal

of color; abstraction decolorant, de«or loss of color. kul'er«ant, n. A substance which removes color, or bleaches. decolorization, de«kurer'i»za"shon, n. The process of depriving of color. decolorize, decolor, de«kul'er«iz, dekul'er, v.t. To deprive of color; to

—

bleach.

decompose, de»kom»p6z',

v.t.

—de-

composed, decomposing. [Fr. decomposer de, from, and composer, to compose, compose.] To separate the constituent parts or elementary

—

particles of; to resolve into original

elements. v.i. To become resolved into constituent elements; to decay, decomposable, de»rot, or putrefy. kom»p6'za«bl, a. Capable of being decomposed or resolved into condecomposition, stituent elements. de«kom'p6«zi"shon, n. The act of decomposing; analysis; resolution; the state of being decomposed; disintegration; decay; putrescence.

—

—

decompound,

de«kom«pound', a. [Prefix de, intens., and compound.] Composed of things or words already compounded; compounded a second

time;

hot.

;

decry

222

deviation from rectitude in behavior or morals; the act of refusing; refusal; astron. the distance of a heavenly body from the celestial equator, measured on a great circle passing through the pole and also through the body; physics, the variation of the magnetic needle from the true meridian of a place declination of the compass or magnetic declination. declinatory, di»kli'na«to«ri, a. Of or pertaining to declination; characterized by declining; intimating declinature or refusal. -declinature, di«kli'na«chur, n. The act of declining or refusing; a

decollate, di'kol'lat,

— — — — — ——— — ——

———

divided into a

number

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

of

compound

divisions,

panicle.

A

n.

decor, da«kor

as

a

leaf or

decomposite. n.

,

[Fr.

decor,

from

decor er, to decorate.] Decoration in general; stage scenery. decorate, dek'o«rat, v.t. decorated, decorating. [L. decoro, decoratum, from decus, decor, comeliness, grace; akin decent.] To deck with something becoming or ornamental; to adorn; to beautify; to embellish; to make attractive the interiors of dwellings; to award a decoration of honor to.

—

Decorated style, arch, a style of Gothic architecture distinguished by the flowing or wavy lines of its tracery, and generally by profuse florid ornamentation. decoration, dek'OTa'shon, n. The act of adorning; ornamentation; that which decorates or adorns; ornament; any badge, as a medal, cross of honor,

bestowed

distinguished for decorative, dek'o«ra«tiv, a. Adorning; suited to embellish. decorativeness, dek'o»ra«tiv»nes, n. Quality of being decorative. decorator, dek'o«ra«ter, n. One who decorates or embellishes. etc.,

services.

decorous, dek'oTus,

a.

[L. decorus,

crementum.] Decrease; waste; the quantity lost by gradual diminution or waste; math, the small part by which a variable quantity becomes less

and

crescens,

becoming

less by gradual diminution. di«kre', n. [L. decretum, from decerno, to judge de, and cerno, to judge; also seen in concern, discern,

—

etc.] Judicial decision or determination of a litigated cause; the judgment or award of an umpire in a case submitted to him; an edict, law, or order by a superior

secret,

authority as a rule to govern infeDecree nisi (decree unless), riors. law, the order made by an English court of divorce, after satisfactory proof is given in support of a petition dissolution for of marriage; it remains conditional for at least six

months,

after which, unless sufficient cause is shown, it is made absolute, and the dissolution takes effect.

—

v.t. decreed, decreeing. To determine judicially; to resolve by sentence; to determine or resolve legislatively; to fix or appoint; to determine or

decide on.

or to the time, place, and occasion; becoming; seemly; proper; befitting (speech, behavior, dress, etc.). decorously, dek'o«rus«li, adv. In a

mutably;

—

manner. decorousness, dek'oTUS«nes, n. Decency or prodecorum, di«priety of behavior. ko'rum, n. [L., what is becoming.] Propriety of speech or behavior; seemliness; decency; opposed to rudeness, licentiousness, or levity. decorticate, di»kor'ti«kat, v.t. de-

—

corticated, decorticating. [L. decor tico, de, not, and cortex, bark.] strip off the bark of; to

decorticatum

—

To

—

decortication, di— peel; to husk. kor'ti«ka"shon, n. The act of stripping off bark or husk. decoy, de«koi', n. [D. eende-kooi, a duck-cage.] place into which wild fowls are enticed in order to be caught, being a structure of network covering in a piece of water; a fowl, or the likeness of one, employed to entice other fowl into a net or within range of shot; a thing or person intended to lead into a snare; a stratagem employed to mislead or lead into danger; v.t. To lead or lure by a lure. artifice into a snare, with a view to catch; to entrap by any means which deceive; to allure, attract, or entice. decrease, di«kres', v.i. decreased, decreasing. [L. decresco de, down, and cresco, to grow, seen also in

A

— —

To

accrue.] be diminished gradually in extent, bulk, quantity, or amount, or in strength, influence, or excellence; to become v.t. lessen; to make smaller less. in dimensions, amount, quality, or excellence, etc.; to diminish gradincrease,

crescent,

To

ually

or

by small deductions.

A becoming less

n.

gradual diminution wane (as applied to the moon); decay.—decreasingly, di«kres'ing«li, adv. By decreasing or diminishing. decrement, dek'ri«ment, n. [L. de;

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

:

decree,

becoming.] Suitable to a character

becoming

—

opposed

to increment. a. [L. dedecrescentis.) Decreasing;

less

decrescent, di«kres'ent,

v.i.

To

make

to

determine iman edict; to

appoint by edict. decretal, di»kre'tal, a. Appertaining to a decree; containing a decree. n. An authoritative order of decree; a letter of the pope determining some point or question in ecclesiastical law; pi. the second part of the canon law, so called because it contains the decrees of sundry popes. decretist, di«kre'tist, n. One who studies or professes a knowledge of decretive, di«kre'tiv, the decretals. a. Having the force of a decree; decretory, pertaining to a decree. dek'ri»tOTi, a. Judicial; definitive; established by a decree. decrepit, di«krep'it, a. [L. decrepitus,

broken down, worn out

de, from crepare, to make a noise, hence akin crevice, originally noiseless; discrepant.] Broken down or weak-

and

ened with age; wasted or worn by the infirmities of old age; being dein the last stage of decay. The crepitude, di'krep'i'tud, n. state of being decrepit; the broken, crazy state of the body, produced by decay and the infirmities of age. decrepitate, di«krep'i«tat, v.t.—decrepitated, decrepitating. [L. decrepo, de and to break or burst, to crackle decrepit.] To roast or calcine crepo. in a strong heat with a continual bursting or crackling of the substance. v.i. To crackle when roasting. decrepitation, di«krep'i«ta"shon, n. ,

—

The

act

of flying asunder with a

crackling noise on being heated, or the crackling noise, attended with the flying asunder of their parts, made by several salts and minerals when heated. decrescendo, da«kre«shen'dd, n. [It.] Mus. a term which denotes the gradual weakening of the sound.

decry,

—

decried, decrying. di-kri', v.t. L. [Fr. dicrier, O.Fr. descrier—des ( cry down; dis). and crier, to cry.]

=

To

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — — ——— ——

—

—— —

decuman

from

[L. dccumtenth, from

a.

decimus,

large;

ten.]

Sometimes

immense.

used

substantively for the tenth or largest

wave.

decumbent,

di«kum'bent, a. [L. decumbens, from decumbo, to lie down de, and cumbo, for cubo, to lie.] Lying down; reclining; prostrate; recumbent; bot. declined or as a stem which on the earth and then rises decumbence, decumbency, again.

bending down,

rests

—

di«kum'bens, di«kum'ben«si, n. The state of being decumbent or of lying down; the posture of lying down. decuple, dek'u«pl, a. [L.L. decuplus, from L. decern, ten.] Tenfold; containing ten times as many. n. A number ten times repeated. v.t.

—

distinguished from inductive reasoning, by which we arrive at general laws or axioms by an accumulation of facts. deductively, di— duk'tivli, adv. By regular deduction; by deductive reasoning. deed, ded, n. [A. Sax. daed, a deed, from don, to do =^ Icel. dad, D. and Dan. daad, Goth, deds, G. that, a deed, do.] That which is done or performed; an act; a fact; anything that is done; an exploit; achievement; law, a writing containing some contract or agreement, and the evidence of its execution; particu-

[L. decurcurro, to run.] Bot. applied to a sessile leaf

decurrentis

—

de,

a.

and

having its base extended downward along the stem. decurrently, di— ker'ent«li, adv. In a decurrent manner.

decussate, di«kus'at,

v.t.

—decussated,

to divide crosswise in the form of a x from decussis, the number 10, which the Romans represented by X.] To intersect so as to make acute angles, thus x ; to intersect; to cross, as lines, rays of light, leaves, or nerves decussate, di«kus'it, in the body. Crossed; intersected; bot. ara. ranged in pairs alternately crossing each other at regular angles. decussately, di«kus'it«li, adv. In a decussate manner. decussation, di«kus«a'shon, n. The act of crossing at right or at acute angles; the crossing of two lines, rays, nerves, etc., which meet in a point and then proceed and diverge. decussating.

[L.

decusso,

,

dedicate,

an instrument conveying real In estate to a purchaser or donee. deed, in fact, in reality; often united to form the single word indeed. deem, dem, v.t. [A. Sax. deman, to deem, to judge, from dom, doom, judgment (same word as term, -dom) larly,

Icel. dcema, Dan. domme, Goth. (ga)domjan, to judge; from root of do.] To think, judge, believe, or consider to be so or so. v.i. To think or suppose. deep, dep, a. [A. Sax. deop D. diep, Dan. dyb, G. tief, deep; from root of dip. dive.] Extending or being far below the surface; descending far

—

ded'i«kat, v.t. dedicated, dedicating. [L. dedico de, and dico, dicare, to devote, dedicate; akin abdicate, diction, predict, etc.] To set apart and consecrate to a divine Being, or to a sacred purpose; to appropriate to any person or purpose; to give "wholly or earnestly up to (often refl.); to inscribe or address to a patron, friend, or public character dedicate a (to book). a.

—

downward; profound: opposed

g, go;

deeply, dep'li, adv. At or to a great depth; far below the surface; profoundly; thoroughly; to a great degree; intensely; gravely; with low or deep tone; with art or intricacy deepness, dep'(a deeply laid plot). deep-freeze, v.t. deep-froze, nes, n. deep-frozen. To put or store in a deep freeze.- deep freeze, n. refrigerator that preserves food at deep-sea, a. freezing temperatures. Of or in the deeper parts of the sea. deer, der, n. sing, and pi. [A. Sax. deor, any wild animal, a deer Goth, dius,

A

D. G.

cealing artifice; insidious; designing; in sound; great in degree; intense; profound (silence, grief, poverty); measured back from the

grave

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

Dan. dyr, Icel. dyr, Sw. diur, any animal or beast, espe-

dier,

thier,

cially a

wild beast.]

A name

of

many

ruminant quadrupeds, distinguished by having solid branching horns which they shed every year, and eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, and none in the upper; such as the red deer, fallow deer, roebuck, deerreindeer, moose, or elk, etc. hound, n. hound for hunting deer; deerskin, n. The skin a staghound. of a deer; the leather made from it. deerstalker, n. One who practices deerstalking, n. The deerstalking. hunting of deer (especially the red deer) on foot by hiding and stealing within shot of them unawares. deface, di«fas', v.t. defaced, defacing. To destroy or mar the face or surface of; to injure the beauty of; to disfigure; to erase or obliterate. defacement, di«fas'ment, n. The act of defacing; injury to the surface or exterior; what mars or disfigures. defacer, di«fa'ser, n. One who defaces. de facto, de«fak'to, a. and adv. [L.] In fact; actually existing. defalcate, di-fal'kat, v.i. defalcated, defalcating. [L.L. defalco, defalcatum, to cut off with a sickle, hence L. de, down, and falx, to deduct falcis, a sickle.] To take away or defalcation, di— deduct, as money. faUka'shon, n. Deduction; abatement; a fraudulent deficiency in money matters. defalcator, def'al—

A

—

—

—

—

ka«ter, n.

defame,

—

di«fam', v.t. defamed, defaming. [L.L. defamare de, not, and L. fama, fame.] To slander; to speak evil of; to calumniate to libel to bring into disrepute. defamation, def«a«ma'shon, n. The uttering of slanderous words with a view to injure another's reputation; slander; calumny. defamatory, di«fam'a— to«ri, n. Containing defamation; cadefamer, slanderous. lumnious;

—

;

to

absorbed; engrossed; wholly occunot superficial or obvious; hidden; abstruse; hard to penetrate or understand; profoundly learned; having the power to enter far into a subject; penetrating; artful; con-

— —

—

pied;

—

ch, Sc. loch;

n. Anything remarkable for depth; the sea; the abyss of waters; any abyss. adv. Deeply; to a great depth; profoundly. deepen, de'pn, v.t. To make deep or deeper; to sink lower; to increase; to intensify; to make more grave (sound). v.i. To become more deep, in all its senses.

front.

shallow (deep water, a deep pit); low in situation; being or descending far below the adjacent land (a deep valley); entering far (a deep wound);

Consecrated, devoted; appropriated. dedication, ded«i«ka'shon, n. The act of dedicating; consecration or devotion to a sacred use; solemn appropriation; an address prefixed to a book, and inscribed to a friend of the author, some public character, ch, chain;

—

ises, as

soldiers. rens,

—

ducted; sum or amount taken from another; abatement; the act or method of deducing from premises; that which is drawn from premises; inference; consequence drawn; condeductive, di«duk'tiv, a. clusion. Deducible; pertaining to deduction; that is or may be deduced from premises. Deductive reasoning, the process of deriving consequences from admitted or established prem-

decupled, decupling. To increase to a tenfold proportion. decurion, di«ku'ri«on, n. [L. decurio, from decern, ten.] An officer in the Roman army who commanded a decuria, that is, a body of ten

decurrent, di»ker'ent,

;

default

as a dedication. di«dus', v.t. deduced, deducing. [L. deduco de, and duco, to lead, duke.] To draw; to draw, bring out, or infer in reasoning; to attain or arrive at (a truth, opinion, or proposition), from premises; to infer from what precedes. deducible, di«du'si'bl, a. Capable of being deduced; inferable. deduct, di'dukt', v.t. To take away, separate, or remove, in numbering, estimating, or calculating; to subtract. deduction, di«duk'shon, n. [L. deductio, deductionis.] The act of deducting or taking away; that which is de-

deduce,

Tenth;

hence, from the ancient notion that every tenth wave was the largest in a series;

decern,

— ———— — —— — ————— —

;

or other person, as a mark of esteem. Dedication day, dedication feast, an annual festival commemorating the consecration of a church. dedicator, ded'i«ka«ter, n. One who dedicates. dedicatory, ded'i»ka— to«ri, a. Serving to dedicate; serving

censure as faulty, mean, or worthless; to clamor against; to decrial, discredit by finding fault. di'kri'al, n. The act of decrying decrier, di«kri'er, or crying down.

anus,

——— ——

223

to

n. One who decries. decuman, dek'u«man,

—

di«fa'mer, n. One who defames; a slanderer; a calumniator. default, di«falt', n. [Fr. dcfaut, for de, and default, from dcfaillir, to fail FAIL, FAULT.] faillir, to fail. failing or failure; an omission of that which ought to be done; law, a failure of appearance in court at a day assigned.

th, thin;

A

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —— ——

— —— ——

defeasance

— In want of.

To

an engagement, claim, contract, or agreement. v.t. Law, to give judgment against on account of failing to appear and answer. fying

defaulter, di»fal'ter, n. One who makes default ; a delinquent ; one who fails to meet his claims or to fulfill his engagements. defeasance, di«fe'zans, n. [Fr. defaisant, from defaire, to undo L. dis, and facio, to do.] A rendering null and void; law, a condition which being performed renders a deed null

or void; the writing containing a defeasance. defeasible, di«fe'zi«bl, a. Capable of being abrogated or annulled. defeasibleness, di»fe'zi«-

— —

bl«nes, n. defaire, to dis,

n.

[Fr.

defaite,

from

—

undo, O.Fr. desfaire L. to do.] An overthrow;

and facere,

loss of battle

check, rout, or destruction of an army by the victory of an enemy; a frustration by rendering null and void, or by prevention of success. v.t. To overcome or vanquish; to overthrow; to frustrate; to prevent the success of; to disappoint; to render null and void. defeatism, de«fe'tizm, n. An attitude of admitting defeat, as of one's own country, or of life itself, on the ;

ground

that failure is inevitable. defecate, def'e»kat, v.t. defecated, de, and fcex, defecating. [L. defceco dregs.] To clear from dregs or impurities; to clarify or purify; to void excrement. v.i. To become clear or pure by depositing impurities; to clarify. a. Purged from lees; defdefecation, ecated. def«e«ka'shon, n. The act of defecating or separating from lees or dregs; purification. defecator, def'e»ka«ter, n. One who or that which defecates. defect, di«fekt', n. [L. defectus, pp. of deficio, defectum, to fail de, from, and facio, to make, to do.] Want or

—

—

—

absence of something necessary or useful toward perfection; a fault; an imperfection; that which is wanting to make a perfect whole; blemish; deformity. v.i. To desert a cause or party in order to support another.

—defector,

di'fek'ter, n.

—defection,

di«fek'shon,«.Theactof abandoning a person or cause to which one is

bound by allegiance or duty, or to which one has attached himself; a falling

—

— —

defensibility,

away; apostasy; backsliding.

defective, di«fek'tiv, a. [L. deimperfect.] Having some defect; wanting either in substance, quantity, or quality, or in anything necessary; imperfect; faulty; gram. wanting some of the usual forms

fectivus,

of declension or conjugation (a defective noun or verb).—defectively, di— fek'tiv«li, adv. In a defective manner; defectiveness, di»fek'imperfectly. tiv«nes, n. The state of being defec-

—

tive; faultiness. defense, di«fens', n. [Fr. defense, from L.L. defensa, defense, from L. dede, and fendo, defensum, to defend fendo, to strike, a verb used also in offendo, to offend. 1 The act of defendfate, far, fare, fat, fall;

di'fen'si-bil

"i»ti,

n.

—

the state of being defensible. defensibleness.

——— ;

define

ing, upholding, or maintaining; anything that opposes attack, violence, danger, or injury ; fortification ; guard resistance against attack; protection; that which defends; means or methods of defense; the science or art of defending oneself, as in boxing, fencing, etc.; speech, action, etc. in favor of something; a defendant's answer to an accusation ; a defendant and his legal advisors.—-defenseless, di«fens'les, a. defenselessness, di— fens'les«nes, n. defense mechanism, n. An involuntary or subconscious process by which an individual copes with painful situations that are unacceptable at the conscious level.

—defensible,

di«fen'-

Capable of being defended,

di«fer'er,

One who

n.

defers

in

regard to opinion. defiance, defiant, etc. See defy. deficient, di«fish'ent, a. [L. deficiens, de, deficientis, ppr. of deficio, to fail

and facio, to

do.]

Wanting; defective;

imperfect ; not sufficient or adequate not having a full or adequate supply: with in (deficient in strength). deficiency, di»fish'en«si, n. The state of being deficient ; a failing or falling short; want, either total or partial; defect ; absence ; something less than deficiently, di«fish'is necessary. ent'li, adv. In a defective manner. deficit, def'i'sit, n. [L., there is wanting.] falling short of a requisite sum or amount; a deficiency (a deficit in revenue). defier, di«fi'er, n. See defy.

—

A

—

defilade,

Serving to defend.; proper for

def'i'lad, v.t. defilated, defilading. [Fr. defilade, defile, v.i.] Fort, to surround by defensive works so as to protect the interior when in

or suited to defense; carried on in resisting attack or aggression; in

danger of being commanded by an enemy's guns.

That

defile, di«fIT, v.t. defiled, defiling. [L. prefix de, and A.Sax. fylan (O.E. and Sc. file, to defile), from/u/, foul. foul.] To make unclean; to render foul or dirty; to soil or sully; to tarnish, as reputation, etc.; to make ceremonially unclean; to pollute; to corrupt the chastity of; to debauch; defilement, di«ffl'ment, to violate. n. The act of defiling, or state of

si«bl, a.

di«fet',

——

;

224

default of, in the absence or of; hence, in place of; in lieu v.i. fail in fulfilling or satis-

defeat,

—— — — ——

——

vindicated, maintained, or justified. defensive, di«fen'siv, a. [Fr. de-

—

fensif.]

—

distinction from offensive. which defends. To be on

n.

the defensive, or to stand on the defensive, to be or stand in a state or posture of defense or resistance, in opposition defensively, to aggression or attack. di»fen'siv»li, adv. In a defensive defend, di«fend', v.t. To manner. protect or support against any assault or attack; to ward off an attack upon; to protect by opposition or resistance; to vindicate, uphold, or maintain uninjured by force or by argument (rights and privileges); law, to come forward as defendant in (to defend an action). v.i. To make opposition; to make defense. defendant, di'fen'dant, a. Defensive

—

—

(Shak.)%; making defense. n. One who defends; law, the party that opposes a complaint, demand, or defender, di«fen'der, n. charge. One who defends; a vindicator, either by arms or by arguments; a champion or an advocate. Defender of the Faith, a title peculiar to the sovereigns of England, first conferred

—

by Pope Leo X on Henry VIII in 52 as a reward for writing against 1

1

,

Luther. defer, di«fer', v.t. deferred, deferring [O.Fr. differre, L. differo, to delay dis, from, and fero, to carry.] To delay; to put off; to postpone to a v.i. To delay; to profuture time.

—

—

deferment, di«fer'ment, crastinate. n. The act of deferring; postponement or delay. deferrer, di«fer'er. n. One who defers or delays. defer, di«fer', v.i. [L. defero, to carry down or away, hand over, refer de, down, and fero, to carry.] To yield to another's opinion; to submit or

—

give way courteously or from respect (to defer to a friend's judgment). deference, deferens, n. A yielding in opinion; submission of judgment to the opinion or judgment of another; respect; courteous consideradeferential, def— tion; obedience. er«en'shal, a. Expressing deference; accustomed to defer. deferentially, def'er«en'shal«li, adv. In a deferential manner; with deference. deferrer,

me, met, her;

—

—

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

—

—

being defiled. defiler, One who or that which defile,

di-fil',

—

v.i.

—

di»fi'ler,

n.

defiles.

defiled,

defiling.

a row or line, from L. filum, a thread.] To march off in a line, or file by file; n. to file off. v.t. Fort, to defilade. narrow passage or way, in which troops may march only in a file, or with a narrow front; a long narrow pass; as between hills, etc. define, di«fin', v.t. defined, defining. [L. definio de, and finio, to limit, from finis, end, whence also finaL [Fr.

defiler

de,

and

file,

A

—

—

To

determine or finish, finite, etc.] set down the limits of; to determine ; to mark the limit of; to circumscribe, mark, or show the outlines of clearly; to determine the extent of the meaning of; to give or describe the signification of; to enunciate or explain the distinctive properties of. v.i. To give a definidefinable, di»fi'na«bl, a. Cation.

with precision

—

pable of being defined; capable of having the limits ascertained, fixed, and determined; capable of having its signification expressed with cerdefiner, di— tainty or precision. definite, fi her, n. One who defines.

—

—

[L. defimtus.) Having fixed or marked limits ; bounded with precision; determinate; having wellmarked limits in signification; certain; precise; grants defining; limiting; applied to particular things; bot. same as centrifugal. The definite definitely, article, the article the. def'i«nit,

a.

—

—

adv. In a definite manner. deriniteness, def i«nit«nes, n. State or character of being definite. definition, def«i«nishon, n. [L. definitio. definiticnis.] The act of defining; a brief and precise descri ption

def

—

i«nit«li,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

— ——

— 225

of a thing by its properties; an explanation of the signification of a word or term; the quality or power in a telescope or other optical instrument of showing distinctly the outlines or features of any object.

to resist (an officer of the law) in the execution of official duty. deforcement, di»fors'ment, n. The act of deforcing. deforest, deforest, v.t. To clear of deforestation, de»forests or trees. for'es»ta"shon, n. deform, di«form', v.t. [L. deformo de, and forma, form.] To mar or injure the form of; to disfigure; to render ugly or unp leasing; to disfigure the moral beauty of (vices deform the character). deformation, disfiguring or di«for«ma'shon, n. deformed, di«formd', p. defacing. and a. Disfigured; distorted; misshapen; ugly. deformedly, di»for'med«li, adv. In a deformed manner. deformedness, di«for'med«nes, n. The state or character of being

[L. definiLimiting; deter-

tivus,

definitive.]

minate; positive; express;

conclu-

sive; final. n. Gram, a word used to define or limit the extent of the signification of an appellative or common noun, as this, the, etc. definitively di'fin'i«tiv»li, adv. In a definite manner; positively; expressly; finally; conclusively; unconditionally.

—

deflagrate,

def'le«grat, v.t. deflagrated, deflagrating. [L. deflagro, deflagratum de, intens., and flagro, to burn, whence flagrant.] To set fire

—

to;

deformed.

deflagration, def«le»gra'shon, n. The act or process of deflagrating; a rapid combustion of a mixture, attended with much evolution of flame and vapor; the process of oxidizing substances by means of niter; the rapid combustion of metals by the electric

To

—

—

pletely.

—

viriginity; to violate, ravish, seduce. defloration, di«flo«ra'shon, n. The act of deflowering or taking away a woman's virginity; rape. defluxion, di«fluk'shon, n. [L. defluxio, defluxionis, from defluo, defluxum, to flow down de, and fluo, to flow.] Med. a discharge, as from the nose or head in catarrh. defoliate, di»f6'li»at, a. [L. de, priv., and folium, a leaf.] Deprived of defoliation, di»f6'li«a"shon, leaves. n. The fall of the leaf or shedding of leaves.

—

di«fors',

g,

go;

di»fi', v.t.

defter,

O.Fr.

—

—

lit.

—

to

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

th, thin

to

n. [L. de-

swallow

The

de, act or

power of swallowing; the process by which animals swallow. degrade, di«grad', v.t. degraded, degrading. [Fr. degrader L. de, down, and gradus, a step, a degree, grade.] To reduce from a higher to a lower

— —

rank or degree; to strip of honors; to reduce in estimation; to lower or sink in morals or character; to debase. v.i. To degenerate; to become lower in character. degradation, degTa«da'shon, n. The act of degrading; a depriving of rank, dignity, or office; the state of being

—

reduced from an elevated or more honorable station to one that is meaner or humbler; a mean or abject state to which one has sunk; debasement; degeneracy; geol. the lessening or wearing down of higher lands, rocks, strata, etc., by the action of water, or other causes. degraded, di*gra'ded, a. Sunk to an abject or vile state; exhibiting degradegrading, dation; debased; low. degrading, a. Dishonoring; disgracing the character; causing degrada-

renounce

then;

Tending

a.

glutio, deglutitum, to and glutio. glutton.]

—

tion.

degree,

di«gre', n.

[Fr.

degre,

from

L. de, down, and gradus, a step. degrade.] A step or single movement, upward or downward, toward any end; one of a series of progressive

—

j,

di'jen'er»a'tiv,

cause degeneration. deglutition, de«glu«ti'shon,

defied, defying. [Fr.

L. dis, apart, or allegiance. and fides, faith, faith.] To provoke to combat or strife, by appealing to the courage of another ; to invite one to contest; to challenge; to dare; to brave ; to set at nought ; to despise or be regardless of. n. A challenge. defiance, di«fi'ans, n. [O.Fr.] The act of defying, daring, or challenging;

A

—

tive,

—

desfier,

faith

—

ch, Sc. loch;

—

froster, de»fros'ter, n.

defy,

The

state of degenerating or of being degenerate; deterioration; lowness; meanness. degenerately, di«jen'er»at«li, adv. In a degenerate deor base manner; unworthily. generateness, di«jen'er«at«nes, n. degenerate state.—degeneration, di— jen'er«a"shon, n. The state or process of becoming degenerate; degeneracy; gradual deterioration from a state degeneraphysiologically superior.

deft, deft, a. [A. Sax. daeft, fit, convenient from {ge)dafam, to become, to befit; Goth, gadaban, to befit.] deftly, apt. clever; Dexterous; deftness, deft'nes, n. deft'li, adv. defunct, di'fungkt', a. [L. defunctus, having finished, discharged, or performed, from defungor, to perform de, intens., and fungor, to perform.] Having finished the course of life; dead; deceased; used with reference to defunct periodicals, commercial organizations, or other enterprises.

Law,

ch, chain;

—

er«a«si, n.

—

v.t. deforced, deto keep out of lawful possession of an estate; Scots law,

forcing.

one's ancestors, or one's former self; having lower moral standards. n. (di«jen'er«et). One who has degenerdegeneracy, di»jenated ; a pervert.

— —

—

Having degenerated; in qualities from

having declined

discharge or bear; with cost, charge, defrayal, expense as the object. defrayment, di«fra'al, de«fra'ment, defrayer, n. The act of defraying. di'fra'er, n. One who defrays or pays expenses. defrost, de«frost', v.t. To remove defrost or ice from; to thaw.

—

deforce,

(di«jen'er«et).

whence fraction, fragile, etc.] To pay for; to disburse the amount of; to

A

deflower, di«flou'er, v.t. [Fr. deflorer; L.L. defloro L. de, from, and flos, floris, a flower.] To deprive of her

di«for'mi«ti, state of being

—

—

—degen-

degenerating. [L. degenero, degeneratum, to become unlike one's de, race, from degener, ignoble, base from, and genus, generis, race.] To fall off from the qualities proper to the race or kind, to become of a lower type, physically or morally; to pass from a good to a worse state. a.

—

flecto,

—

The

di»jen'er»at, v.i.

sets

erated,

—

—

de, [L. deflecto to turn or bend. flexible.] To turn away or aside; to deviate from a true course or right line; to swerve. v.t. To cause to turn aside; to turn or bend from a deflection, di«flek'straight line. shon, n. [L. deflecto, I bend down.] The strain produced by a transverse stress, such as the bending of a horizontal beam under a load; also used to denote amount of deflection. deflection, di«flek'shon, n. Deviation ; a turning from a true line or the deflective, di«flek'regular course. tiv, a. Causing deflection or deviadeflector, di«flek'ter, n. tion. diaphragm in a lamp, stove, etc., by means of which air and gas are mingled, and made to burn comv.i.

—deformity,

nought.

degenerate,

deception or artifice, or by taking something wrongfully without the knowledge or consent of the owner; to cheat; to keep out of just rights; with of before the thing. defraudation, de«fra«da'shon, n. The act of defrauder, di«fra'der, defrauding. n. One who defrauds ; one who takes from another his right by deception, or withholds what is his due; a cheat. defray, di«fra', v.t. [Fr. defrayer de, and frais, expense, from L.L. fr actus or fractum, expense, compensation, from L. frango, fractum, to break,

—

from, and

at

—

reduce from an inflated state by releasing of the distending gas or air. deflation, di»fla'shon, n. A deflating; a reduction in the volume of currency outstanding; a reduction in the volume of purchasing power.

deflect, di'flekt',

combat or encounter; one who

irregularity of shape or features; anything that destroys ugliness; beauty, grace, or propriety. defraud, di«frad', v.t. [L. defraudo de, intens., and fraudo, to cheat, fraus, fraud.] To deprive of right, either by obtaining something by

spark. di«flat', v.t.

—

deformed; some deformed or misshapen part of the body; distortion;

consume. v.i. with violent combustion.

deflate,

defiantly, di«fi'ant«li, adv. In a defiant manner; with defiance; dardefier, di«fi'er, n. ingly; insolently. One who defies; one who dares to

A

n. [L. deformitas.]

to

—

—

to

invitation

defiant, defiance, to defy; to brave. di»fi'ant, a. Characterized by defiance, boldness, or insolence.

—

burn rapidly; to To burn rapidly, or

cause

to

fight;

to

combat; a challenge to meet in any contest, or to make good any assertion; contempt of opposition or danger; daring that implies contempt for an adversary, or of any opposing power. To bid defiance to, or to set at

—

—

challenge

a

—

—

——— degree

deflagrate

definitive, di«nn'i«tiv, a.

——

——

—

;

w,

itig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

——————

——— ——— — —

— .

dehisce

;

degree); a certain distance or remove in the line of family descent, deter-

mining the proximity of blood

(a rela-

tion in the third or fourth degree); the 360th pan of the circumference of any circle, a degree of latitude being the 360th part of any meridian on the earth's surface, a degree of longitude the same part of any given parallel of latitude; an interval of musical sound, marked by a line on the scale; a division, space, or interval marked on a mathematical or

other instrument, as a thermometer or barometer; in universities, a title of distinction {bachelor, master, doctor) conferred as a testimony of proficiency in arts and sciences, or merely as an honor. By degrees, step by step; gradually; by moderate advances. To a degree, to an extreme; exceedingly. dehisce, de«his', v.i. [L. dehisco, to de, intens.,

and

hisco, to gape.]

Bot. to open, as the capsules or seed dehiscence, de— vessels of plants. his'ens, n. Bot. the splitting of an organ in accordance with its structure, as the opening of the parts of a capsule or the cells of anthers, etc. dehiscent, de«his'ent, a. Bot. opening; dehiscing. dehort, di«hort', v.t. [L. dehortor

—

to advise.] To dissuade; to exhort against. dehortation, de«hor«ta'shon, n. Dissuasion. dehortative, di«hor'ta«tiv, a. Dis-

de,

and honor,

—

suasive

dehortatory, Dissuading; be-

dehortatory.

;

de»hor'ta«to«ri, a. longing to dissuasion.

suasive

A

n.

dis-

argument or reason.

dehumanize, de«hu'man«iz,

v.t.

To

deprive of the character of humanity

—

dehumidify,

de«hu«mid'i»fl, v.t. dehumidifying To remove moisture from. dehydrate, de«hi'drat, v.t. dehydrated, dehydrating. To remove water To v.t. or water elements from. dehydralose water or moisture. tion, de«hi«dra'shon, n. The process of dehydrating; excessive loss of dehumidified,

.

—

body

fluids.

deicide,f de'i«sid,

— —

n. [Fr. deicide

— L.

existence of a God or supreme being but denies revealed religion, basing his belief on the light of nature and reason. .'. The term deist generally implies a certain antagonism to Christianity; while the similar term theist is applied to Christians, Jews, Mohammedans, and all believers in one god, being opposed to atheist or pantheist.

—deistic,

deistical, de«is'-

Pertaining to deism or to deists; embracing or containing deistically, deism. de«is'ti«kal«li, adv. In a deistical manner. deity, de'i'ti, n. [L.L. deitas, the Godhead, divine nature, from L. Deus, God, akin to Gr. Zeus (genit. Dios), the supreme divinity; L. Diespiter, Jupiter, and dies, a day; Skr. deva, a god; W. Duw, God, dyw, day; Gael, and Ir. dia, God; Tiw, the A. Sax. god whose name appears in Tuesday; all from a root implying brightness.] Godhead; divinity; the Supreme Being, or infinite selfexisting Spirit; God; a fabulous god or goddess; a divinity. deject, di'jekt', v.t. [L. dejicio, dejectum de, down, and jacio, to throw; seen also in abject, eject, jet, jut, etc.] To cast down; to depress the spirits of; to dispirit; discourage, dishearten. -dejected, di»jek'ted, p. and a. Downcast; depressed; sad; dejectedly, di»jek'ted»li, sorrowful. adv. In a dejected manner; sadly; dejectedness, di«jek'ted«heavily. dejection, di— nes, n. Dejection. jek'shon, n. The state of being downcast; depression of mind; melancholy; lowness of spirits occasioned by grief or misfortune. dejecta, tik, de«is'ti«kal, a.

—

di«jek'ta, n. pi.

Droppings; castings;

excrement. delaine, de«lan', n. [Fr. de, of, and laine, L. lana, wool.] A muslin made originally of wool, afterwards more commonly of a mixed fabric, generally cotton and wool, and used chiefly as a printing cloth. delation, di»la'shon,

from

n.

[L.

delatio,

down, and latus, part, of bear.] Law, accusation; act

de,

fero, to

of charging with a crime ; information against.

delay,

di«la', v.t. [Fr. delai, It. dilata,

delay, apart,

from L. dilatus, put and latus, pp. of

off dis, fero, to

carry.] To prolong the time of doing or proceeding with; to put off; to

the Saviour; one concerned in putting Christ to death.

defer; to retard; to stop, detain, or hinder for a time; to restrain the motion of. v.i. To linger; to move n. slowly; to stop for a time. lingering; a putting off or deferring; protraction ; hinprocrastination ; delayer, di«la'er, n. One drance. who delays.

—

de'i«fi, v.t. deified, deifying. [L. deus, a god, and facio, to make.] To make a god of; to exalt to the rank of a deity; to enroll among deities; to treat as an object of supreme regard; to praise or revere deificaas a deity; to make godlike. tion, de'if«i'ka"shon, n. deign, dan, v.i. [Fr. daigner, from L. dignor, to think worthy, from dignus, worthy, whence dignity, etc.] To vouchsafe; to condescend: generally

followed by an infinitive. v.t. To grant or allow. deism, de'izm, n. [Fr. deisme, from L. Deus, God. deity.] The doctrine or creed of a deist.—-deist, de'ist, n. [Fr. deiste.] One who believes in the fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

A

delectable, di«lek'ta«bl, tabilis,

from

delectare,

[L. delecdelight.

a.

to

delight.] Delightful; highly pleasing; affording great joy or pleasure. delectableness, di«lek'ta'bl«nes, n. delectably, di'lek'Delightfulness. ta«bli, adv. In a delectable manner; delectation, de«lek»giving delight; delight. delegate, dd'e-gat, v.t. delegated, de, delegating. [L. delego, delegatum delightfully. ta'shon, n.

A

and

lego, to

me, met, her;

—

—

send as an ambassador.

pine, pin;

—— ;

delicate

deus, God, and ccedo, to slay.] The act of putting to death JeSus Christ,

deify,

—

226

advances; measure, amount, or proportion (he is a degree worse); measure of advancement relative position attained, rank; station (men of low

gape

— —— —

note, not,

move;

legate.] To depute; to send on an embassy; to send with power to act as a representative; to entrust, commit, or deliver to another's care and

management (power, an

affair).

n.

A

person appointed and sent by another or by others, with powers to transact business as his or their representative; a deputy; a commissioner ; a representative .—-delegation, del«e«ga'shon, n. The act of delegating; appointment to act as deputy; a person or body of persons deputed to act for another or for others. delete, di«let', v.t. [L. deleo, deletum, to blot out, to destroy.] To blot out; to erase; to strike or mark out, as with deletion, di«le'a pen, pencil, etc. shon, n. [L. deletio.] The act of deleting; an erasure; a passage deleted.

deleterious, del«e»ter'e«us, a. [L.L. deleterius, from Gr. deleterios, nox-

from deleomai, to injure.] Having the quality of destroying life; noxious; poisonous; injurious; perious,

nicious. delf, delft, delf, delft, n.

Earthenware, covered with enamel or white glazing in imitation of chinaware or porcelain,

made

at Delft, in

Holland

glazed earthenware dishes. deliberate, di«lib'er«at, v.i.

—

deliberated, deliberating. [L. delibero, deliberatum de, and libro, to weigh, from libra, a balance; akin level.] To weigh consequences or results in the mind previous to action; to pause and consider; to ponder, reflect, cogitate, or debate with one's self.

—

deliberate, de«lib'er«it,

a.

Weighing

and arguments with

a view to a choice or decision; carefully confacts

sidering probable consequences ; slow in determining; formed with deliberation; well advised or considered; not sudden or rash; not hasty. deliberately, di«lib'er«it«li, adv. In a deliberate manner; with careful consideration; not hastily or rashly. deliberateness, di'liber-it-nes, n. The state or quality of being deliberdeliberation, di«lib'er«a"shon, ate. n. [L. deliberatio.] The act of deliberating; careful consideration; mature reflection; mutual discussion and examination of the reasons for and against a measure; the act or habit of doing anything coolly or without hurry or excitement. deliberative, di«lib'er«a»tiv, a. Pertaining to deliberation; proceeding or acting by deliberation or discussion; having or conveying a right or power to deliberate or discuss. deliberatively, di«lib'er«a«tivli. adv. By deliberation. delicate, del'i«kit, a. [Fr. delicat, L. delicatus, from deliciee, delight, de-

—

licio,

to allure

de,

and

lacio, to

draw

gently; akin delight, delectable.] Pleasing to a cultivated taste; refinedly agreeable; dainty; of a fine texture; fine; soft; smooth; tender; sensitive; easily injured; not capable of standing rough handling; nice; accurate; light or softly tinted; slender; minute; peculiarly sensitive to beauty, harmony, or their opposites; refined in

manner;

polite; nice.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

—delicately,

pound.

— ——

—— ——— — — ———— — adv. In a delicate manner; with nice regard to propriety and the feelings of others; tenderly; daintily ; luxuriously.— delicateness, del'i«kit»nes, n. The state of being delicacy, deri«ka«si, n. delicate. The quality of being delicate or highly pleasing to the taste or some other sense; fineness; smoothness; softness; tenderness; slenderness; that which is pleasing to the senses; a luxury; refined taste or judgment; nicety. delicious, di«lish'us, a. [Fr. delicieux, from L. delicice, delight.] Highly pleasing to the taste; most sweet or grateful to the senses; affording exquisite pleasure; charmdeliing; delightful; entrancing. ciously, di«lish'us«li, adv. In a delicious manner; exquisitely; delightfully. deliciousness, di«lish'us«nes, n. The quality of being delicious. delicatessen, del'i«ka«te"sen, n. [G. pi. of delikatesse, delicacy.] shop

demagogue

delinquency; an offender; a culprit; delinquency, di«ling'-

of that place; hence, oracular; in-

kwent«li, adv. So as to fail in duty. deliquesce, del»i«kwes', v.i. deliquesced, deliquescing. [L. deliquesco de, and liquesco, to melt, from liqueo, to become liquid, liquid.] To melt gradually and become liquid by attracting and absorbing moisture from the air, as certain salts, acids, and alkalies. deliquescence, del«i—

delphinine, delf'imln, n. [Gr. delphinion, larkspur.] A poisonous alkaloid used medicinally.

a malefactor.

—

—

becoming

delirium,

di«lir'i«um, n. [L., from draw the furrow awry in plowing, to deviate from the straight deliro, to

hence to be crazy, to rave de, from, and lira, a furrow.] A temporary disordered state of the mental faculties occurring during illness, either of a febrile or of an exhausting nature; violent excitement; wild enthusiasm; mad rapture. Delirium tremens (tre'menz), an affection of the brain which arises from the inordinate and protracted use of ardent spirits. delirious, di«lir'i«us, a. Affected with delirium; lightheaded; disordered in intellect; crazy; raving; frenzied; characterized by, or proceeding from, delirium. deliriously, di«lir'i«us«li, adv. In a

etc.

delight, di«lit', v.t. [O.E. delite, from O.Fr. deliter, deleiter, from L. delecto,

from

delicio,

to

allure.

delicate.] To affect with great pleasure; to please highly; to give or afford high satisfaction or joy. v.t. To have or take great pleasure; to be greatly pleased or rejoiced (to delight in a thing). n. A high degree of pleasure or satisfaction of mind; joy; rapture; that which gives great pleasure; the cause of joy; charm. delighted, di«li'ted, a. Experiencing

manner.

delirious

di«lir'i«us«nes, n.

The

deliriousness, state of being

delirious; delirium. deliver, di»liv'er, v.t.

[Fr. delivrer, L. delibero, to set free libero, to free, from liber,

—

overjoyed.—delightedly, di— li'ted'li, adv. In a delighted manner;

from L.L.

with delight. delightful, di«lit'ful, a. Giving delight; highly pleasing; charming; exquisite; delicious. delightfully, di»llt'ful«li, adv. In a delightful manner; charmingly;

also liberal, liberate.] release, as from restraint; to set at liberty; to free; to rescue or save; to transfer, hand over, or commit (a letter, a person to enemies); to surrender, yield, give up, resign: often followed by up; to disburden of a child; to utter, pronounce,

delight;

exquisitely.

delightfulness,

fuhnes, n. delimit, di«lim'it,

v.t.

de, from, free, whence

To

di«lit'-

To mark

or

(a sermon, address, etc.); direct, send forth, or discharge deliverable, (a blow, a broadside). di«liv'er«a«bl, a. Capable of being

speak

distinctly the limits of. delimitation, di«lim'i«ta"shon, n. The act of delimiting; the fixing or settling of limits or boundaries. delineate, di«lin'e«at, v.t. delineated, delineating. [L. delineo, delineatum de, down, and linea, a line. line.] To draw the lines which exhibit the form of; to make a draught of; to sketch or design; to represent in a picture; to draw a likeness of; to portray to the mind or understanding; to depict, sketch, or describe. delineation, di«lin'e— a"shon, n. The act or process of settle

to

—

di-liv'er— deliverance, delivered. ans, n. The act of delivering; in modern usage most commonly release or rescue, as from captivity, oppression, danger, etc., delivery being used in other senses. dewho liverer, di«liv'er»er, n. One delivers; one who releases or rescues; a preserver; a savior.—delivery, di— liv'er«i, n. The act of delivering; release; rescue, as from slavery, restraint, oppression, or danger; the act of handing over or transferring;

—

delineating;

representation or porpictorially or in words; sketch; description. delineator, di«lin'e«a«ter, n. One who trayal,

whether

surrender; a giving up; a giving or passing from one to another; specifically, the distribution of letters, etc., from a post office to a district or districts; utterance; pronunciation, or manner of speaking; child-

delineates.

delinquency, di«ling'kwen«si, n. [L. delinquentia, a fault, from delinquo, to abandon, fail, omit duty de, out, and linquo, to leave.] Failure or omission of duty; a fault; a misdeed; an offense. delinquent, di«lingkwent,

birth. small dell, del, n. [dale.] or hills valley between grounds; a ravine.

by

Delphian, Delphic,

A

a. Failing in duty; offending neglect of duty. delinquent, di'ling'kwent, n. One who fails

to perform his duty;

ch, chain;

g,

go;

delphinium,

;ob;

ng, sing;

then;

delta,

Greek

[Gr.

n.

letter

—

—

whence also play, ludus, sport, ludicrous, elude, illusion, etc.] To cause to entertain foolish or erroneous notions; to impose on; to befool; to lead from truth or into error; to mislead; to beguile; to cheat: often refl, (to delude one's deluder, di— deludes; a deceiver; an impostor; one who delusion, holds out false pretenses. di«lu'zhon, n. The act of deluding; a misleading of the mind; false impression or belief; illusion; error or mistake proceeding from false views; the state of being deluded delusive, di«lu'siv, a. or misled. Apt to delude; tending to mislead the mind; deceptive; beguiling. delusively, di»lu'siv»li, adv. In a delusiveness, di— delusive manner. lu'siv«nes, n. The quality of being delusory, di«lu'so«ri, a. delusive. Apt to deceive; deceptive. deluge, del'uj, n. [Fr. deluge, from L. di for diluvium, a flood, a deluge lavo, dis, asunder, away, and luo to wash; akin lave, ablution, etc.] An inundation; a flood; [cap.] but specifically, the great flood or overflowing of the earth by water in the days of Noah; anything resembling an inundation; anything that overself

with vain hopes).

lu'der,

One

n.

who

—

—

whelms,

v.t. as a great calamity. overflow, as deluging. water; to inundate; to drown;

To

deluged,

with to overwhelm.

de luxe,

de«luks', a.

;

|l

r.|

Elegant;

of superior quality. delve, delv, v.t. delved, delving. [A. Sax. delfan D. delvcn, to dig;

—

probably connected with

dell, a dale, to dig.] To turn up with a spade; to dig. v.i. To dig; delver, to labor with the spade. del'ver, n. One who delves. demagnetization, de«mag net«i«za "shon, n. The act or process of

Fris.

dollen,

depriving of magnetic or of mesmeric influence.

demagnetize,

de«mag-

ne«tiz, v.t.

demagogue, dem'a«gog,

narrow rising

del'fi«an, del fik,

TH,

n.

The name of the A, answering to the English D; the island formed by the alluvial deposits between the mouths of the Nile, from its resemblance in shape to this letter; any similar alluvial tract at the mouth of a river. deltaic, deNta'ik, a. Relating deltoid, del'toid, to or like a delta. a. Resembling the Greek A; triangular. delude, di«lud', v.t. deluded, deluding. de, and ludo, to [L. deludo delta,

Relating to Delphi, a town in Greece, and to the celebrated oracle

j,

dcNfin i-um,

delphinion, larkspur.] Larkspur.

a.

one guilty of a

ch, Sc. loch;

spired.

line,

sells

delight,

n.

moisture from the atmosphere. deliquescent, del«i«kwes'ent, a. Liquefying in the air; deliquescing.

A

to

—

The process of delia gradual melting or liquid by absorption of

kwes'ens, quescing;

prepared foods such as cooked meat, smoked fish, salads, that

—— —— ——— — —

— ——

227

delicatessen del'i'kit'li,

—— — —— —

th, thin;

magogos

— demos,

the

n. [Gr. dcpeople, and

agogos, a leader, from ago, to lead.] leader of the people; a person who sways the people by his oratory; generally, an unprincipled factious orator; one who acquires influence with the populace by pandering to their prejudices or playing on their

A

w,

a-ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

——

—

—

;

demand

—

—demagogism

dem'a«gog-

izm, n. The practices and principles of a demagogue.

demand, di«mand'

v.t. [Fr. demanfrom L. demando, in its late sense of to demand, the opposite of mando, to commit to, lit. to put into one's hand, from manus, the hand, and do, to give; akin mandate, command.] To claim or seek as due by right (to demand a thing of a

der,

person); to ask or claim generally (a price, a reward) ; to ask (a thing) by authority; to question authoritatively (O.T.); to require as necessary or useful; to necessitate (a task

demands industry). a

v.i.

To make

demand;

to inquire; to ask. n. asking for or claim made by virtue of a right or supposed right to

An

the thing sought ; an asking or request with authority; the asking or requiring of a price for goods offered for sale; question; interrogation; the calling for in order to purchase (there is no demand for the goods). In demand, in request; much sought after or courted (goods are in demand, his company is in great

—

demand). On demand, on being claimed; on presentation (a bill payable on demand). demander, di«man'der, n. One who demands. demarcation, de«mar«ka'shon, n. [Fr. demarcation de, down, and marquer, to mark, mark.] The act or process of marking off, or of defining the limits or boundaries of anything; separation; distinction. Also written Demarkation. demarcate,! di— mar'kat, v.t. To mark the limits or boundaries of. dematerialize, de«ma«te'ri'al«Iz, v.t. To divest of material qualities or

—

—

—

characteristics. n. [Gr. demos.] A subof ancient Attica and of modern Greece; a township. demean, di«men', v.t. [Fr. demener, formerly to behave de, intens., and mener, to lead, to manage, from L. minare, to drive with threats, from mina, a threat, whence also menace, minatory.] To behave; to carry; to conduct; used refl. From confusion with the adj. mean the word is also sometimes used in sense of to lower or degrade (one's self). demeanor, di«me'ner, n. Behavior, especially as regards air or carriage of the person, countenance, etc. carriage; deportment; conduct. demented, di«men'ted, a. [L. demens, dementis, out of one's mind de, out of, and mens, the mind.] Infatuated; mad; insane; crazy.

deme, dem, division

dementia, di»men'shi«a, n. [L.] A form of insanity; in psychiatry, any condition of impaired mentality. dementia praecox, pre'koks. Schizophrenia.

demon

228

ignorance. demagogic, demagogical, dem«a«goj'ik, dem«a«goj'i«kal, a. Relating to or like a demagogue; factious.

—

dimerite —

demerit, de«me'rit, n. [Fr. de, and merite, merit, merit.] Desert, or what one merits (Shak.)%; the opposite or absence of merit; that which is blamable or punishable in moral conduct vice or crime. ;

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

demesne,

de«man', n. [O.Fr. demaine, domaine, from L. dominus, a lord; akin dame, damsel, dominate,

etc.] Law, possession of land as one's own; an estate in land; the land adjacent to a manorhouse or mansion

kept in the proprietor's own hands, as distinguished from lands held

by his tenants. demi-, dem'i [Fr. dimidius, half

the middle.]

The hyphen

from L. and medius,

demi,

di for dis,

A prefix is

signifying half. not always inserted

—

these words. demibastion, dem'i»bas«ti«on, n. Fort, a bastion that has only one face and one flank. in

all

—demigod,

dem'i«god,

n.

Half a

god; an inferior deity; one partaking partly of the divine; partly of the human nature. demimonde, dem'i»mond, n. [Fr. monde, the world,

—

society.] Women of questionable reputation; courtesans; the society which these women frequent. demirep, dem'i«rep, n. [A contr. for demi-reputation.] A woman of doubtful reputation, an adventuress.

demisemiquaver, dem'i«sem«i»kwa— Mus. the half of a semiquaver, or one-fourth of a quaver.—demitasse, dem'i«tas, n. [Fr.] A small cup ver, n.

—

or for, black coffee. demivolt, dem'i»v61t, n. kind of leap or curvet of a horse. demijohn, dem'i«jon, n. [Fr. damejeanne, from Ar. damagan, from Damaghan, a town in Khorassan once famous for its glassworks.] glass vessel or bottle with a large body and small neck, enclosed in of,

A

A

wickerwork.

demise,

di»mlz', n. [Lit. a laying off or aside, from Fr. demettre de, L. dis, aside, and mettre, to put, L. mitto, to send.] The death of a person, especially of a person of distinction ; decease used with possessives ; law, a conveyance or transfer of an estate by lease or will. demised, demising. Law, to v.t. transfer or convey, as an estate; to bequeath; to grant by will. demisable, di«miz'a«bl, a. Capable

—

:

—

of being demised.

demit,

di«mit',

— — demitted, down, de,

resignation; transference.

demiurgus, dem'i«erj, dem'i«er"gus, n. [Gr. demiourgos, from demos, the* people, and ergon, a work.] A maker or framer; the maker of the world; the Creator; specifically, the name given by the Gnostics to the creator or former of the world of sense. demiurgic,

—

dem«i«er'jik, denvi— er'ji«kal, a. Pertaining to a demiurge or to creative power. demobilize, de«mo'bi«liz, v.t. demobilized, demobilizing. [L. de, not, and E. mobilize.] To disarm and dismiss (troops) home; to disband.

demiurgical,

—

demobilization, de«m6'bi«li'Za"shon, n. The act of demobilizing. di«mok'ra«si,

n.

note, not,

[Gr.

move;

as-

equality of all individuals, the right to private freedom, and to petition authority for redress of grievances; a country democrat, dem'o— so governed. krat, n. One who adheres to prinpolitical

—

ciples of

of

democracy; Democratic

[cap.] a

member

party in the U.S. democratically, dem«o«krat'i«kal«li, adv. In a democratical manthe

ner.

— —democratize,!

di«mok'ra«tiz,

To

render democratic. Demogorgon, de«mO'gor'gon, n. [Gr. daimon, a demon, and gorgos, terrible.] A mysterious divinity in classical or ancient mythology, viewed as an object of terror rather than of worship. (Mil.) v.t.

demography, di«mog

ra«fi, n. [Gr. demos, people, grapho, to write.] The description of peoples or communities in regard to their social

relations and institutions, especially as compared with other communities; study of the size, density,

composition, tions.

—

etc.

of

human

—demographer,

popula-

di«mog'ra»fer,

demographic, di«mo«graf ik, a. n. demoiselle, de«mwa»zer, n. [Fr. damsel.] A young lady; a damsel;

Numidian crane, so called gracefulness and symmetry

a bird, the

from

its

of form.

demolish, di'mol'ish, v.t. [Fr. demolir, demolissant, from L. demolior and molior, to build, not, de, from moles, mass, whence molecule.] To throw or pull down; to raze;

—

to destroy, as a structure or artificial demolisher, construction; to ruin.

—

di«morish»er, n. One who demoldemolition, dem«o«lish'on, ishes. The act of demolishing; den.

—

struction; ruin.

demiurge,

pine, pin;

modern concept of democracy sumes the

demon, de'mon,

—

democracy,

tos, strength, power.] That form of government in which the supreme power rests with the people, ruling themselves either directly, as in the New England town meetings, or indirectly, through representatives aptly expressed by Abraham Lincoln's phrase, " of the people, by the people, for the people. " The

de-

mitto, to send.] To lay down formally, as an office; to resign; to demission, relinquish; to transfer. di«mi'shon, n. The act of demoa laying down of office; ting;

me, met, her;

—demos, people, and kra-

and

v.t.

moting. [L. demitto

demokratia

n. [L. daemon, from Gr. daimon, a spirit, evil or good.] A spirit or immaterial being, holding

middle place between men and the celestial deities of the pagans; an evil or malignant spirit; a devil; a very wicked or cruel person. a

demoniac, demoniacal, di*mo

ni«-

Pertaining to or evil spirits; influenced

ak, di'mo-ni'a«kal, a.

demons by demons; produced by demons

or evil spirits; extremely wicked or demoniac, di«mo'ni«ak, n. cruel. A human being possessed by a

— demon. —demoniacally, di«m6«nidemoniacal manadv. In —demonian,f di«mo'ni»an, of Having the demon. (Mil.) —demonism, de'mon— a

a»kal«li,

a.

ner.

a

characteristics

izm,

n.

The

belief

in

demons.

de'mon«ist, n. A worshiper of or believer in demons. demonize, de'mon«iz, v.t. To render demoniacal or diabolical; to control

demonist,

by

a

demon.

—demonology,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

de-

—

—

——

demonetize mon'ol'oji,

and

spirits

A

treatise on evil n. their agency, or beliefs

regarding them.

from

demonetization, shon,

n.

The

circulation.

de«mon'e«ti«za"-

act of demonetizing.

demonstrate,

—

dem'on«strat, v.t. demonstrated, demonstrating. [L. demonstro de, intens., and monstro, to show, from monstrum, a portent, a monster.] To point out with perfect clearness; to show clearly; to make evident; to exhibit; to exhibit the merits and operation of; to show or prove to be certain; to prove beyond the possibility, of demonstrable, di«mon'doubt. stra«bl, a. Capable of being demondestrated, proved, or exhibited. monstrability, di«mon'stra«bil"i«ti, n. The state or quality of being

—

—

—

during which any common carrier, such as a vessel, railroad car, or express truck, is detained beyond that originally stipulated for loading or unloading; the payment made for such detainment; the charge made for the storage of freight or luggage beyond the collection period. de-

—demonstrably, mon'stra«bli, adv. In a manner so doubt. —demonpreclude demonstrable.

—

di«-

di«mer'er, n. One who law, a pleading which claims that the contentions submitted by the opposing party are insufficient in law to warrant his justification in bringing action. demure, di«mur', a. [From Fr. de moeurs, of manners, having manners, from L. mores, manners, whence moral, etc.] Affectedly modest or coy; making a show of gravity or decorousness; grave or reserved deconsciously and intentionally. murely, di«mur'li, adv. In a demure manner; with a show of solemn

;

exhibition of parts dissected the study of anatomy; milit. an operation, such as the massing of men at a certain point, performed for the purpose of deceiving the enemy respecting the measures which is intended to employ against it him. demonstrative, di«mon'stra«-

the for

—

—

Serving to demonstrate; or proving by certain

evidence invincibly conclusive ; characterized by or given to the strong exhibition of any feeling; outwardly expressive of feelings or emotions. Demonstrative pronoun, one that ;

clearly indicates the object to which refers, as this man, that book. demonstratively, di»mon'stra«tiv«li, adv. In a demonstrative manner; by

it

—demoralization,

li*za"shon, n.

The

de«ni'trat, nitric acid free from.

The

a. [L. demulcens, demulcentis, ppr. of demulceo, to stroke down de, down, and mulceo, to stroke, to soften.]

crystallization,

room

de»na'-

act of de-

—

resembling the

work on our windows. j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

set

—

—

—

epithet to; to name, call, style, denomination, di»or designate.

—

n. The act of naming; a name or appellation; a class, society, or collection of individuals called by the same name ; a religious

nom'i«na"shon,

—

denominational, di«nom'i«sect. Pertaining to or a. na*shon«al, characterizing a denomination; pertaining to particular religious denomdenominationinations or bodies. alism, di»nom'i«na'shon«al«izm, n. denominational or class spirit; adherence or devotion to a denomination; the principle or system of

—

A

A

demulcent, di«mul'sent,

To

v.t. To deprive of niter. denitrification, de«ni'tri«fi«ka"shon, [L. de, from, facio, I make (nitrogen)] Liberation of nitrogen from organic matter by the action of bacteria. Cp. NITRIFICATION. denizen, den'i«zn, n. [O.Fr. deinzein, one living within a city, from deins, dens, Fr. dans, in, within, a contr. of L. de inius, from within, and thus opposed to foreign.] An alien who is admitted to the privileges of citizenship; one granted membership in a society or fellowship; stranger admitted to hence, a residence and certain rights in a foreign country; a citizen; a dweller; an inhabitant. v.t. To make a denizen. denominate, di«nom'i«nat, v.t. denominated, denominating. [L. denomintens., and nomino, to ino de, nominate.] To give a name or

—

n,

A

v.t.

—denitration,

disengaging of de«ni«tra'shon, n. denitrify, de-ru'tri'ii, acid.

nitric

nature; to deprive of naturalization or acquired citizenship in a foreign denature, de«na'cher, v.t. country. To change the nature of; to render unfit for human consumption, without impairing usefulness for other purposes, as alcohol. dendriform, den'dri'form, a. [Gr. dendron, a tree.] Having the form dendrite, or appearance of a tree. den'drit, n. stone or mineral, on or in which are figures resembling shrubs, trees, or mosses, the appearance being due to arborescent

—

g,

denitrate,

denaturalize, de»nat'u«ra«liz, v.t. To render unnatural; to alienate from

di«mor'a«-

go;

—denationalization,

shon«al«i«za"shon, n. nationalizing.

act of demoraliz-

ch, Sc. loch;

A

serge of Nimes, France.] heavy, twilled cotton fabric used for upholstery, overalls, sports clothes, etc.

denationalize, de«na'shon«al«Iz, v.t. To divest of national character or

ing; the state of being demoralized. di-mot', v.t. [Prefix de, and mote, from promote.] To reduce to a lower rank or class. demotion, di—

ch, chain;

Indies, with symptoms resembling those of scarlet fever and rheumatism combined. denial, denier. See dexy. denigrate, den i«grat, v.t. To blacken, to soil, or to defile; to defame. denim, den cm, n. [Fr. serge de Ximes,

West

or 10 lbs. of copper.

demote,

mo'shon,

—

An

rights.

—

—

di«na'ri«us, n. [L., from ancient Roman decern, ten.] silver coin originally worth 10 asses

—

den»drit'i«-

dendroid, dendroidal, etc. den'droid, den«droi'dal, a. Resemdenbling a small tree or shrub. drology, den'drol'O'ji, n. The natural dendrologist, den«history of trees. drol'o'jist, «. One versed in dendrology. dengue, deng'ga, n. [Sp.] A febrile epidemic disease of the East and

moss,

denarius,

di«mor'a«liz, v.t. demoralized, demoralizing. [Prefix de, not, and moral.] To corrupt or undermine the morals of; to destroy or lessen the effect of moral principles on; to render corrupt in morals; milit. to deprive (troops) of courage and self-reliance, to render them distrustful and hopeless.

state

a quiet, private retreat, as a for reading.

—

or radio.

The

A

demonstration; with proof which cannot be questioned; with energetic outward exhibition of feeling. demonstrativeness, di»mon'stra«trvnes, n. Quality of being dedemonstrator, dem'monstrative. on«stra«ter, n. One who demonstrates or exhibits the merits or operation of something to the public, as a device or food product; an article or product used for purposes of demonstration, such as an automobile

demoralize,

— demureness,

di-mur'nes, or quality of being demure; gravity of countenance, real or affected. den, den, n. [A. Sax. denn. a cave or lurking-place; akin denu, E. dene, cave or hollow place in a valley.] the earth; a cave, pit, or subterranean recess, used for concealment, shelter, protection, or security; any squalid place of resort or residence a dell, wooded hollow, or ravine; gravity.

n.

den«drit'ik,

Resembling a tree; treelike; marked by figures resembling shrubs, kal, a.

murrer, demurs;

to stration, dem«on«stra'shon, n. The act of demonstrating an exhibition as

a.

dentritical,

n.

the

—

—

showing

lenient.

lessens

of irritation, as gums and other mucilaginous substances. demur, di«mer', v.i. demurred, demurring. [Fr. demeurer, to delay, to stay, from L. demorari de, and mora, delay.] To pause in uncertainty; to hesitate; to have or to scruples or difficulties; to state object hesitatingly; to take exceptions; law n. Stop; pause; hesitation as to the propriety of proceeding; suspense of proceeding or decision; exception taken; objection stated. demurrage, di«mer'ij, n. The time

—

tiv,

mollifying;

Any medicine which effects

To

v.t.

deprive of standard value, as money;

withdraw

Softening;

—

denominate

229

demonetize, de«mon'e«tiz, to

—

;

;

frost

—dendritic,

then;

th, thin;

religious sects having each their own denominationally, di«schools.

—

nom'i«na"shon«al«li, adv. By denomdenominative, sect. ination or di«nom'i«na«tiv, a. Giving or conferring a name or distinct appellation. n. That which has the character

—

denomination; gram, a verb a noun or an adjective. denominatively, di«nom i-na*By denomination. detiv«li, adv. nominator, di«nom'i«na«ter, n. One who or that which denominates; the number placed below the line in vulgar fractions, showing into how

of a

formed from

—

many

—

parts the

w, wig;

integer

hw, whig;

is

divided.

zh, azure.

—

—

——

—

—

denote di«not', v.t. denot[L. denoto, to mark, to point out, to denote de, intens, and nolo, to mark, from nota, a mark.] To signify by a visible sign; to indicate, mark, or stand for; to be the name of or express; to be the sign or symptom of; to show; to indicate. .'. ing.

Syn.

—

under

di»no'ta«bl, a.

—

connote. denotable, That may be denoted

denotation, de«no«ta'or marked. shon, n. [L. denotatio.) The act of denoting or marking off; what any word or sign denotes. denotative,

—

di-no'ta-tiv,

Having

a.

power

to

denote.

denouement, da«no«moh', from denouer, and nouer, to

untie

[Fr.,

n.

not, tie, from L. nodus, a knot.] The winding up or catastrophe of a plot, as of a novel, drama, etc.; the solution of any mystery; the issue, as of any course of conduct; the event. denounce, di«nouns', v.t. denounced, denouncing. [Fr. denoncer, L. denuntiare de, and nuntiare, to declare, nuntius, a messenger; seen also in announce, pronounce, renounce.] To declare solemnly; to proclaim in a threatening manner; to announce or declare, as a threat; to threaten; to inform against; to accuse. denouncement,! di«nouns'ment, n. The act of denouncing; denunciation. denouncer, di»noun'to

de,

—

—

—

—

ser,

One

n.

who

denounces.

denunciate,| di»nun'shi«at, v.t. To denounce. denunciation, di«nun'shi«a"shon, n. The act of denouncing; proclamation of a threat; public menace. denunciative, denunciatory, di«nun'shi«a»tiv, di«nun'shi—

—

—

Relating

a«to«ri, a.

to,

containing, or

implying denunciation; ready or prone to denounce. denunciator,

—

One who

denounces, or solemnly and publicly di«nun'shi«a«ter,

n.

dense, dens, a. [Fr. dense, L. densus, thick, whence, condense.] Having constituent parts closely united; compact; thick; crass; gross; crowded. ^densely, dens'li, adv. In a dense manner; compactly.- denseness, dens'nes, n. Density. denits

—

—

—

sity,

den'si»ti, n.

quality

of being

[L. densitas.] The dense, close, or

compact; closeness of constituent parts; compactness; either the mass unit volume of a substance (absolute density) or the ratio of the mass of a given volume of the substance to that of an equal volume of some standard substance (relative density). The standard for solids and liquids is water (see specific gravity); for gases, either air or (usually in chem.) hydrogen.

of

[A form of dint.] A mark made by a blow; especially, a hollow or depression made on the surface of a solid body. v.t. To make a dent on or in. dental, den'tal, a. [L. dentalis, dental, from dens, dentis, a tooth, a word

dent, dent,

dental letters).

—A

n.

akin to E. tooth.] Of or pertaining to the teeth; having the characteristic sound given by the teeth and tip of the tongue (d and t are fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

dental letter,

n.

ber and kinds of teeth of an animal thus the dental formula of cats is:

3—3

I

3

—

1—1

.

3

C — 1

which

3—3 .P.M. 2

1

signifies

1—1 -30; 1—1 they have on

—2

that

M.

.

each side of each jaw three incisors and one canine tooth, three premo-

and two

the upper

in

lars

the

in

lower jaw on each side, and behind these one true molar. dentate,

—

den'tat,

[L.

dentatus, toothed.] Toothed; having sharp teeth, with concave edges, as a leaf. denticle, den'ti«kl, n. [L. denticulus.] small tooth or projecting point. denticulate, denticulated, den«tik'u»lat, den«tik'u«la«ted, a. Having small teeth, as a leaf, calyx, or seed. denticulation, den«tik'u«la"shon, n. The state of being denticulate. a.

— A —

dentiform, den'ti«form,

a.

—

form of

the

Having

a tooth. dentifrice, den'ti'fris, n. [L. dens, and frico, powder, paste, or liquid, to rub.] to be used in cleaning the teeth. dentil, den'til, n. Arch, the name

A

of the little cubes or square blocks often cut for ornament on Greek dentin, den'ten, n. The cornices.

—

hard tissue lying below the enamel

and constituting the body of the dentist, den'tist, n. One who tooth. makes it his business to clean and extract teeth, repair them when diseased, and replace them when necessary by artificial ones. den-

—

—

den'tist-ri, n. The art or dentition, profession of a dentist. den«tish'on, n. [L. dentitio.] The breeding or cutting of teeth in infancy; the time of growing teeth; the system of teeth peculiar to an denture, den'cher, n. animal. dentist's term for one or more

tistry,

—

—

A

artificial teeth.

—

di«nud', v.t. denuded, denuding. [L. denudo de, and nudus, naked.] To divest of all covering; to make bare or naked; to strip; to uncover or lay bare.

—

denunciate, denunciation, denunciator, etc. See denounce. deny, di»ni', v.t. denied, denying. denier, from [Fr. L. denego de, intens., and nego, to say no, from

—

—

negation.] To declare nor. not to be true; to affirm to be not so; to contradict; to gainsay; to refuse to grant; not to afford; to withhold (Providence denies us many things); to refuse or neglect to acknowledge; not to confess; to disavow; to disown; to reject. To deny one's self, to decline the gratification of appetites or desires. nee,

To

deny

abstain it.

to

v.i.

one's

self

something,

to

from it although desiring To answer in the negative;

refuse; not to comply.

di«ni'al,

n.

The

contradiction; a

—denial,

of denying; contradictory stateact

ment;

refusal; rejection; disownment. deniable, di»ni'a«bl, a. Capadenier, di«ble of being denied.

—

ni'er, n.

—

One who

denies.

deodand,

de'6«dand, n. [L. Deo dandus, to be given to God.] Law,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

depend

as d, t, and th. Dental formula, a formula for showing briefly the num-

denude,

threatens.

close;

;

230

—denoted,

denote,

— —

—

note, not,

move;

formerly a personal chattel which had been the immediate occasion of the death of a rational creature (as a horse that killed a man), and for that reason forfeited to the king to be applied to pious uses. deodar, de'6«dar, n. [Skr. devaddru, that is, divine tree.] A kind of Indian cedar, closely akin to the cedar of Lebanon, yielding valuable timber, and introduced into Europe and elsewhere as an ornamental tree.

—

deodorize, de«6'der«iz, ized, deodorizing.

deodorv.t. deprive of odor

To

or smell, especially of" fetid odor deodorresulting from impurities. izer, deodorant, de«6'der«i«zer, de«6'der«ant, n. That which deodorizes; a substance which has the power of destroying fetid effluvia, as chlorine, chloride of lime, etc.—deodorization, de«6'der«i«za"shon, n. The act or process of deodorizing. deontology, de«on«tol'o»gi, n. [Gr. deon, deontos, that which is binding or right, duty, and logos, discourse.] The science of duty; that doctrine of ethics which is founded on the principle of judging of actions by

—

their ness.

tendency to promote happi-

—deontological,

de«on'to«loj'-

Relating to deontology. deontologist, de«on«tol'o«jist, n. One versed in deontology.

i«kal,

a.

deoxidize, de»ok'si«diz, de, not,

and

[Prefix v.t. oxide, or the first part

of oxygen.] To deprive of oxygen, or reduce from the state of an oxide; also called deoxygenate (de«ok'si«je— deoxidize, de«ok'si«diz, v.t. nat). deoxidized, deoxidizing. To deoxidate. depart, di«part', v.i. [Fr. departir PART.] de, and partir, to separate. To go or move away; to go elsewhere; to leave or desist, as from a practice ; to forsake, abandon, deviate, not to adhere to or follow (commonly with from in these senses); to leave this world; to die; to v.t. To leave; to retire decease.

— —

—

—

with ellipsis of from. departed, di«par'ted, p. and a. Gone; vanished; dead; with the definite

from;

article

used as a noun for

—

a

dead

department, di»part ment person. n. A separate branch of business; a distinct province, in which a class of duties are allotted to a particular person; a distinct branch, as of science, etc.; a division of territory,

into

as in France; a district a country is formed for

which

governmental or other purposes. Department store, a store that sells a wide variety of goods arranged in departmendifferent departments. tal,

di'pan-men'tal,

a.

— —departure,

di«par cher, n. The act of leaving a place; death; decease; a forsaking; abandonment; deviation, as from a standard, rule, or plan. depasture, de«pas cher, v.t. To put out in order to graze or feed; to pasture; to graze; to eat up by To feed or pasture; cattle. —v.i. to graze. depend, di«pend', v.i. [L. dependeo, de, down, and pendeo, to hang down hang, seen also in pendant. to

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———— — — — —— — ——

——

— — ——

depict

deploro—

ploring. [L. de, intens., and ploro, to wail, to let tears flow (same root as flow, flood); seen also in explore, implore.] To feel or express deep and poignant grief for; to lament; to mourn; to grieve for, to bewail; to bemoan. deplorable, di»plo'ra«bl, a. Lamentable; sad;

existence, operation, or effects; be contingent or conditioned:

followed by on or upon (we depend on air for respiration); to rest with confidence; to trust, rely, or confide; to believe fully; with on or upon.

calamitous; grievous; miserable; wretched; contemptible or pitiable. deplorably, di«plo'ra«bli, adv. In a manner to be deplored; lamentably. deploy, di«ploi', v.t. [Fr. deployer de, not, and ployer (as in employ), equivalent to plier, to fold, from L.

— —

dependable, di-pen'da«bl, a. Capable of being depended on; trustworthy. dependability, di«pen'da«depenReliableness. bil"i«ti, n. dent, dependant, di«pen'dent, de«-

—

extend in a

state of

being dependent; connec-

—

depriving of polarity; the restoring of a ray of polarized light to its

former

The

dependency,

di«pen'den«si, n.

To give testimony; to depose: chiefly a Scots law term. deponent, di«po'nent, a. Laying down. Deponent verb, in Latin gram. a verb which has a passive termination, with an active signification. n. One who depones; a deponent

being

verb.

de«pop'u«lat, v.t. depopulating. [L. de, from, and populus, people.] To deprive of inhabitants, whether by death or by expulsion; to dispeople; to greatly diminish the inhabitants depopulation, de«pop'u«la"of. shon, n. The act of depopulating. depopulator, de«pop'u«la«ter, n. One who or that which depopulates. deport, di«port', v.t. [Fr. ddporter, to banish; O.Fr. se deporter, to amuse one's self; L. deporto, to banish de, down, away, and porto, to carry.] To carry, demean, or behave: used refl.; also, to transport; to carry away; to eject undesirable aliens from a country, under compulsory deportation, de«por— edict. (Mil.) ta'shon, n. removal from one country to another, or to a distant deportplace; exile; banishment. ment, di'port'ment, n. Manner of acting in relation to the duties of life; behavior; demeanor; carriage;

—

depopulated,

—

depilation,

dep«i»la'shon, n. depilatory, di«pira«to«ri, a. Having the quality or power to remove hair from the skin. n. An application which is used to remove hair without injuring the texture of the skin; a cosmetic employed to remove superfluous hairs from the human skin. deplete, di«plet', v.t. depleted, depleting. [L. depleo, depletum, to empty out de, not, and pleo, to fill, as in complete, etc.] To empty, hair.

The removal

of hair.

or

exhaust

by

conduct.

n.

depose, di«poz',

act

of diminishing the quantity of blood in the vessels by bloodletting. depletive, di«ple'tiv, a. Tending to deplete; producing depletion. n. That which depletes; any medical agent of depletion. depletory, di»ple'to»ri, a. Calculated to deplete or exhaust.

deplore,

di«plor', v.t.

ch, chain;

[Fr. poser, to ing.

The

deplored, deg, go;

de«po«zish'on, n. [L. act of depositing, laying, or setting down; placing; that which is deposited, lodged, or thrown down. See also under depose. depositor, di-poz'i«ter, n. One who makes a deposit. depository, di»poz'i«to«ri, n. A place where anything is lodged for safekeeping; a person to whom a thing is entrusted for safekeeping. depot, de'po or dep'6, n. [Fr. depot, O.Fr. depost, from L. depono, deplace of positum, to deposit.] deposit; a depository; a building storage for receiving goods for or sale; milit. the headquarters of a

j,

yob;

act

—

A

where station also a recruits for different regiments are received and drilled; a railroad station. deprave, di-prav', v.t. depraved, depraving. [L. depravo, to make crooked, to -deprave de, intens., regiment;

—

and pravus, crooked, perverse, wicked.] To make bad or worse; to impair the good qualities or; to depravation, to corrupt. dep«ra«va'shon, n. [L. depravatio.] The act of depraving or corrupting; the state of being depraved; cordepraved, deterioration. ruption; di«pravd', p. and a. Vitiated; tainted; corrupted (depraved taste); destitute of good principles; vicious; vitiate;

immoral

abandoned. n.

One who

depravity, di«prav i«ti, n. The state of being depraved; a vitiated state; especially, a state of corrupted morals; destitution of

good principles; sinfulness; wickedness

de,

then;

;

depraves.

— depos— deposed, from, and

TH,

profligate di«pra'ver,

;

depraver,

vice

profligacy. depredep're«kat, v.t. cated, deprecating. [L. deprccor, deprecatus, to pray against, to ward off by prayer de, off, and precor, to pray.] To pray deliverance from, or that something may be averted to plead or argue earnestly against; to urge reasons against; to express ;

—

;

deprecate,

of deposing or divesting

ng, sing;

The

depositio.)

v.t.

deposer

To compose.] place. remove from a throne or other high station; to dethrone; to divest of office ; to give testimony on oath, especially in a court of law. deposable, di»po'za»bl, a. That may be deposed. deposal, di»po'zal, n.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

—deposition,

A

draining

away.—depletion, di«ple'shon, The act of depleting; med. the

—

—

—

reduce,

—

depopulate,

depict, di-pikt', v.t. [L. depingo, depictum de, and pingo, to paint. paint, picture.] To form a likeness of in colors; to paint; to portray; to represent in words; to describe; depicture, di«pik'to delineate. tur, v.t. To depict; to picture; to imagine. depilate, dep'Mat, v.t. depilated, depilating. [L. depilo, depilatum de, not, and pilus, hair.] To strip of

—

—

position.]

dependent; dependence; now generally a territory remote from the kingdom or state to which it belongs, but subject to its dominion (Malta is a dependency of Britain). dependably, di»pen'da»bli, adv. In a dependent manner. of

state

state.

depone, di«pon', v.i. [L. depono de, down, and pono, positum, to place.

down; any

laid

;

—

plumage. depolarize, de«p6'ler«Iz, v.t. To dedepolarization, prive of polarity. de»po'ler'i«za"shon, n. The act of

operation of any other cause; reliance; confidence; trust; a resting on.

—

is

matter laid or thrown down, or lodged; matter that settles down and so is separated from a fluid, as (geol.) an accumulation of mud, gravel, stones, etc., lodged by the agency of water anything entrusted to the care of another; a pledge; a thing given as security or for preservation; a sum of money lodged depositary, di»poz'i«te»in a bank. ri, n. A person with whom anything is left or lodged in trust; a guardian.

n. The act of deploying. di«plum', v.t. deplumed, depluming. [L.L. deplumo L. de, not, and pluma, a feather.] To strip of feathers; to deprive of

ploi'ment,

deplume,

That which

n.

which has been previously formed in one or more columns; to display; to open out. v.i. To form a more extended front or deployment, di»line; to open out.

tion and support; mutual connection; interrelation; a state of relying on another for support or existence; a state of being subject to the

;;

deposition, dep'o«zish"un, of office. «, The act of deposing or giving testimony under oath; the attested written testimony of a witness; declaration; the act of dethroning a king, or removing a person from an See also under office or station. DEPOSIT. deposit, di«poz'it, v.t. [L. depositum, something deposited, a deposit, from depone, posidepono, depositum. tion.] To lay down; to place; to put ; to lay in a place for preservation to lodge in the hands of a person for safekeeping or other purpose; to entrust; to commit as a pledge.

battalion

a. Hanging follower; a servant. down; relying on something else for support; subject to the power of or at the disposal of another; not able to exist or sustain itself alone; relying for support or favor (dependent on another's bounty); in grammar, subordinate, as a dependent dependence, di»pen'denSj n. clause.

A

fold, ply.] Milit. to line of small depth, as a

to

plicare,

pen'dant,n. One who is sustained by another, or who relies on another for support or favor; a retainer; a

—

deprecate

231

pendulum, pendulous, impend, etc.] To be sustained by being fastened or attached to something above; to hang down; followed by from; to be related to anything in regard to to

—— — — ———

—

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

— —

——

—

——

—

——

——

;

depreciate

232

derma

strong disapproval of (as of anger, a deprecatingly, scheme, etc.)dep're«ka«ting«li, adv. In a deprecating manner. deprecation, dep«re«ka'shon, n. The act of deprecating; a praying against; entreaty; disapproval; condemnation. deprecatory, deprecative, dep're«ka«tOTi, dep're«ka«tiv, a. Serving to deprecate; having the character of deprecation.

priving. [L. de, intens., and privo, to take away, private.] To take from; to dispossess; to despoil; to bereave of something possessed

embarrassment; confusion; disorder; delirium; insanity; mental disorder.

—

—

—

—

depreciate,

di«pre'shi«at, v.t. depreciated, depreciating. [L. depretio, to lower the price of de, down, and pretium, price, price.] To bring down the price or value of; to cause to be less valuable; to represent as of little value or merit, or of less is commonly supposed; to in estimation, undervalue, decry, disparage, or underrate. v.i. To fall in value; to become of less worth. depreciation, di«pre'shi«a'shon, n. The act of depreciating; reduction in value or worth; a lowering or undervaluing in estimation; the state of being undervalued. depreciative, depreciatory, di«-

value than

lower

—

—

pre'shi«a«tiv, di«pre'shi«a«to«ri, a. Tending to depreciate. depreciator, di«pre'shi«a«ter, n. One who

—

depreciates.

—depre-

depredate,

dep'ri«dat, v.t. dated, depredating. [L. depraedor, to pillage de, intens., and praedor, to plunder, from praeda, prey, prey.] To plunder; to pillage; to waste; depredation, dep«ri«da'to spoil. shon, n. The act of depredating; a robbing; a pillaging by men or animals; a laying waste. depredator, dep'ri«da»ter, n. One who depredates; a spoiler; a waster. depredatory, dep'ri«da«to«ri, a. Con-

—

—

sisting in pillaging.

depress, di«pres',

v.t. [L. deprimo, depression, to depress de, and premo, pressum, to press, press.] press down; to let fall to a lower state or position; to lower; to render dull or languid; to deject or make sad; to humble, abase, bring into adversity; to lower in value. depressed, di«prest', p. and a. Dejected; dispirited; discouraged; sad; humbled; languid; dull; nat. hist, flattened in shape; flattened as regards the under and upper surfaces. depressingly, di»pres'ing»li, adv. In a

To

—

—

depressing

manner.

—depression,

di«presh'on, n. The act of pressing down or depressing; a sinking or falling in of a surface; a hollow; the state or feeling of being depressed in spirits; a sinking of the spirits; dejection; a low state of strength; a prolonged period of financial

and commercial stagnation characterized

by unemployment, restricted credit, low prices, and general social disAngle of depression. Astron. angle by which a straight line drawn from the eye to any object depressive, dips below the horizon. di»pres'iv, a. Able or tending to depressor, depress or cast down. di»pres'er, n. One who or that which depresses; anat. a muscle which depresses or draws down the part to which it is attached.

tress.

The

— —

deprive,

di«priv', v.t.

— deprived,

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

de-

or enjoyed: followed by of (to deprive a person of a thing) ; to divest of an ecclesiastical preferment, dignity, or office. deprivation, dep«ri»va'shon, n. The act of depriving; a taking away; a state of being

—

deprived; loss; want; bereavement; the act of divesting a clergyman of

promotion or dignity; the taking away of a preferment; deposition. depth, depth, n. [From deep; comp. width, breadth, length, etc.] The distance or measure of a thing from the highest part, top, or surface to the lowest part or bottom, or to the extreme part downward or inward; the measure from the anterior to the posterior part; deepness: in a vertical direction opposed to height; a deep place; an abyss; a gulf; the inner, darker, or more concealed part of a thing; the middle, darkest, or stillest part (the depth of winter or of a wood); abstruseness; obscurity; immensity; infinity; intensity (the depth of despair or of love) depth charge, his spiritual

.

n.

A bomb

—

designed to go off under

water.

depurate, dep'u«rat,

v.t.

—depurated,

depurating. [L.L. depuro, depuratum, to purify L. de, intens., and puro, puratum, to purify, from purus, pure.] To free from impurities, heterogeneous matter, or feculence; depuration, to purify; to clarify. dep'u«ra'shon, n. The act of depurating; the cleansing of a wound. depurator, dep'u«ra»ter, n. One who or that which depurates. depute, di«put', v.t. deputed, deputing. [Fr. diputer, from L. deputo, to destine, allot de, and puto, to prune, set in order, reckon, as in compute, dispute, etc.] To appoint as a substitute or agent to act for another; to appoint and send with a special commission or authority to act for deputy; the sender. n. (dep'ut). as, a sheriff-depute. (Scotch.)—deputation, dep«u«ta'shon, n. The act of deputing or sending as a deputy; a special commission or authority to act as the substitute of another; the person or persons deputed to another. transact business for

—

—

—

A

deputy, dep'Q'ti, n. [Fr. dipute.] A person appointed or elected to act for another; a representative, delegate, agent, or substitute.

deracinate,! deraciner root,

—

from

pluck up by

deTas'i«nat,

v.t. [Fr. racine, a L. radix, a root.] the roots; to extirpate.

de,

from,

(Shak.)

and

To

— —

derange,

di«ranj', v.t. deranged, dede, not, and ranging. [Fr. ddranger ranger, to set in order, to range.

To put out of order; to throw into confusion; to disorder; range.]

to confuse; to disturb; to unsettle; deto embarrass; to discompose. rangement, di«ranj ment, n. The act of deranging or state of being deranged; a putting out of order;

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

derelict, der'e«likt, a. [L. derelictus, left behind, abandoned de, intens., re, behind, and linquo, to leave.] Left;

abandoned, at

sea.

abandoned abandoned

especially

An

n.

article

by the owner, especially a vessel abandoned at sea. ^dereliction, der«-

—

The

act of leaving with an intention not to reclaim; desertion; relinquishment; abandonment e«lik'shon, n.

(a dereliction

deride,

of duty).

—

v.t. derided, derid[L. derideo de, intens., and rideo, to laugh.] laugh at in contempt; to turn to ridicule or make sport of; to treat with scorn by laughter; to mock; to ridicule. derider, de«ri'der, n. One who derides; a mocker; a scoffer.

di«rid',

—

ing.

To

deridingly, di«ri'ding«li, adv. way of derision or mockery.

By

—de-

rision, di«rizh'on, n. The act of deriding,

[L.

derisio.)

or the

state

of being derided; contempt manifested laughter; mockery; by ridicule; a.

scorn.

—derisive,

di«ri'siv,

Expressing or characterized by

derision; mocking; ridiculing. derisively, di-ri'siv*li, adv. With mockery or contempt. derisiveness, di»ri'siv«nes, n. The state of

—

being derisive. derive, di«riv', v.t.

—

derived, deriving. [L. derivo, to divert a stream from its channel, to derive de, from, and rivus, a stream, whence also rivulet, rival.] To divert or turn aside from a natural course}:; to draw from, as in a regular course or channel; to receive from a source or as from a source or origin (to derive power, knowledge, facts); to deduce or draw from a root or primitive word; to trace the etymol-

ogy

Derived

of.

units.

Units based

upon and determined by the fundamental units (which see). r.i'.f To come or proceed. (Term.)

— —

derivable,

di«ri'va«bl,

of being derived.

Capable

a.

—derivation, der«-

n. The act of deriving, drawing, or receiving from a source the drawing or tracing of a word from its root or origin etymology.

i«va'shon,

;

derivational, der«i«va'shon«al, a. Rederivative, lating derivation. to Taken or having di'riv'a«tiv, a. proceeded from another or something preceding; derived; secondary. n. That which is derived; that which is deduced or comes by derivation from another; a word which takes its origin in another word, or is formed from it. derivatively, di— nv a«tiv«li, adv. In a derivative manner; by derivation. deriver,

—

—

—

di-ri ver, n.

One who

derives.

derma, dermis, derma, dermis, n. [Or. derma, skin.l The true skin, or under layer of the skin, as distinguished from the cuticle, epidermal, derdermis, or scarf skin. mal, a. Pertaining to skin; consisting dermatitis, der-ma'titis. of skin. [Gr. derma, skin, -itis, inflammation.] Inflammation of the skin. dermatogen, der«mat'o«jen. [Gr. derma, dermatos, skin, gen, to produce.]

—

—

—

A

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

—

— —

:

derogate

—

—

—

parasitic plant, infesting the cuticle

and epidermis of men and animals, and giving rise to various forms of dermic, skin disease, as ringworm. derogate, der'o«gat,

skin.

v.t.

—

extent or operation; a lessening of value or estimation; detraction; disparagement. derogatory, di— rog'a«to«ri, Having the effect a. of derogating or detracting from; lessening the extent, effect, or value with to. derogatoriness, di«rog'a— to»ri«nes, n. The quality of being derogatorily, di»rog'derogatory. a«to»ri«li, adv. derrick, der'ik, n. [The name of a London hangman of the 17th century, applied first to the gallows, and hence to a contrivance resembling it.] An apparatus for hoisting heavy weights, usually consisting of a boom supported by a central post; a framework over an oil well, gas well, etc., that holds drilling and hoisting tackle. derringer, der'nvjer, n. [After the inventor, an American gunsmith.] A small pistol of large caliber.

in

vish.]

A Mohammedan

friar

or

in monasteries, partly itinerant.

descant, des'kant, n. [O.Fr. deschant, from L.L. discantus L. dis, and

—

A

cantus, singing, a song.] discourse, discussion, or disputation; mus. an addition of a part or parts to a subject or melody; a song or tune

with various modulations. kant').

To

discourse,

animadvert freely; to variation to a melody. descend, di»send', v.i.

—

v.i.

di«skrib', v.t. described, describing. [L. describo, to write down, to delineate de, down, and scribo, to write, as in ascribe, inscribe, etc.; akin scribe, scripture.] delineate

To

or

—

go;

person of this

description.)

—

descriptive, di«skrip'tiv, a. Containing description; having the quality of representing. descriptively, di— skrip'tiv'li, adv. In a descriptive manner. descriptiveness, di«skrip'tiv«nes, n. State of being descriptive. descry, di«skri', v.t. descried, descrying. [O.Fr. descrier, to decry, to make an outcry on discovering something, decry.] To espy; to discover by the sight; to see or behold from a distance; to examine by the sight (O.T.).

—

—

To quit a service or post without permission; to run away. deserter,

desecrate, des'i«krat,

v.t.

quits the service without permission. —desertion, di«zer'shon, n. The act

of deserting; the state of being deserted or forsaken. desert, di«zert', n. [O.Fr. deserte, merit, from deservir, to deserve. deserve.] The quality of deserving either reward or punishment; merit or demerit; what is deserved on account of good or evil done ; reward or punishment merited; due return. deserve, di«zerv' v.t. deserved, deserving. [O.Fr. deservir, desservir, from L. deservio, to serve diligently de, intens., and servio, to serve.] To merit; to be worthy of, whether of good or evil; to merit by labor,

—

—

services, or qualities; to be worthy of or call for on account of evil acts or qualities (actions that deserve censure). v.i. To merit; to be worthy of or deserving (to deserve deservedly, di — well of a person).

—

According to desert, whether of good or evil; justly. zer'ved-li, adv.

deserver, di«zer'ver, n. One who deserves or merits: used generally deserving, di— in a good sense. zer'ving, a. Worthy of reward deservingly, or praise meritorious. di«zer'ving'li, adv. Meritoriously;

—

—

:

with just desert. deshabille, dez»a«beT,

—

n. [Fr. des prefix dis, and habiller, to dress akin habiliment.] The state of being in ;

undress, or of not being properly or fully dressed. desiccate, des'i«kat, v.t. desiccated,

—

desiccating. [L. desicco, to dry up de, intens., and sicco, to dry, from exhaust of moisture; siccus, dry.]

To

to exhale or remove moisture from; v.i. To become dry. to dry. desiccant, desiccative, des ik«ant, de«sik'a«tiv, a.

Drying.

n.

A

medi-

cine or application that dries a sore. desiccation, des»ik«ka'shon, n. The act of making dry; the state of being

—desecrat-

[From L.

from, away, and sacer, sacred, being thus the opposite of consecrate.] To divert from a sacred purpose or sacred character; to render unhallowed; to profane. desecration, des«i«kra'shon, n. The act of desecrating; proed, desecrating.

—

di'zer'ter, n. One who deserts; particularly, a soldier or seaman who

—

—

de,

dried.

desiderate, di«sid'er«at,

v.t.

[L. desi-

desegregate,

desideratum, to long for, to feel the want of, whence also desire.] To feel the want of; to miss; to want; to desire. desiderative, di— sid'er«a«tiv, a. Having or implying desire; expressing or denoting desire.

desensitize,

n. A verb formed from another verb and expressing a desire of doing the action implied in the

dero,

—

[Fr. descendre

g,

(a

forsake; to leave

v.i.

an account of the properties or appearance of a thing, so that another may form a just conception of it; the combination of qualities which

kind

To

abandon; to quit, leave, or depart from in defiance of duty.

—

constitute a class, species, or individual; hence, class, species, variety,

(di«zert').

utterly; to

—

comment, or add a part or

ch, Sc. loch;

mark the form or

figure of; to trace out ; to form or trace by motion to show or represent orally or by writing; to depict or portray in words. v.i. To use the power of describable, describing. di«skri'ba«bl, a. Capable of being described. describer, di«skri'ber, n. One who description, describes. di«skrip'shon, n. [L. descriptio, descriptionis.] The act of describing; delineation;

—

fanation.

de«seg're»gat, v.t. To abolish racial segregation.— desegregation, de«seg're«ga"shon, n.

upon

ch, chain;

—

describe,

make

hostilely; to proceed from a source or origin; to be derived; to pass from one heir to another; to pass, as from general to particular considerations; to lower or degrade one's self; to stoop. v.t. To walk, fall

the

tion ; lineage ; pedigree ; a generation a single degree in the scale of genealogy; issuef; descendants!.

(des—

L. descendere de, down, scando, to climb. scan.] To move from a higher to a lower place; to move, come, or go downward; to sink; to run or flow down; to invade or

or

quality,

an incursion, invasion, or sud-

den attack on a country; transmission by succession or inheritance; a proceeding from a progenitor; extrac-

—

monk, who professes extreme poverty, and leads an austere life, partly

virtue,

station,

like;

—

n. [Turkish dervish, Per. darwesh, poor, indigent, a der-

v.t.

ward; slope; declivity; decline, as

—

dervish, der'vish,

—

—

— the —derogated,

derogating. [L. derogo, derogatum, to repeal part of a law, to restrict, to modify de, not, and rogo, to ask, to propose.] To repeal, annul, or revoke partially, as a law: distinguished from abrogate; to lessen the worth of; to disparage:}:. v.i. To detract; to have the effect of lowering or diminishing, as in reputation; to lessen by taking away a part: with from (something derogates from a derogation, der— person's dignity) O'ga'shon, n. The act of derogating; a taking away from, or limiting in

Lying waste; uncultivated and uninhabited; in the natural state and unimproved by man; pertaining to n. An a wilderness (the desert air). uninhabited tract of land ; a wilderness; a solitude; often a vast sandy, stony, or rocky expanse, almost destitute of moisture and vegetation.

—

—

Relating to

— —— — design

move, or pass downward upon or along; to pass from the top to the bottom of. descendable, di«sen'da»bl, a. Capable of descending by inheritance; descendescendible. dant, di'sen'dant, n. An individual proceeding from an ancestor in any degree, offspring. descendent, di— sen 'dent, a. Descending. descendible, di«sen'di«bl, a. Capable of being descended or passed down; capable of descending from an ancestor to an heir. descent, di— sent', n. [Fr. descente.] The act of descending or passing from a higher to a lower place; inclination down-

—

a.

——

;

233

cellular layer at the tip of a root or stem from which the epidermis dermatologist, der— is produced. ma«tol'o«jist, n. One versed in dermatology. dermatology, der«ma— tol'o'ji, n. The branch of science which treats of the skin and its dermatophyte, der ma— diseases. to»fit, n. [Gr. phyton, a plant.] A

der'mik,

—

de»sen'si«tiz,

v.t.

less sensitive; photog. to

—

To

—desideratum,

make

primitive verb. sid'er«a"tum, n.

a. [L. desertus, pp. of desero, desertwn, to forsake de, not, and sero, sertum, to unite, to join together, from root seen in series.]

desert, dez'ert,

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

di—

desiderata, di— sid er«a"ta. [L.] That which is not possessed, but which is desirable;

less sensitive to light.

pi.

something much wanted. design, di-zin^ v.t. [L.

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

designo,

zh, azure.

——

— desire

mark

to

—

and

de,

out, contrive to seal or stamp, sign, sign.] To

signo,

from signum, a plan and delineate

by

drawing

the outline or figure of; to sketch, as for a pattern or model; to project or plan; to contrive for a purpose; to form in idea (a scheme); to set apart in intention; to intend; to purpose. v.i. To intend; to purpose. n. A plan or representation of a thing by an outline; first idea represented by lines, as in painting or architecture; a sketch; a drawing; a tracing; a scheme or plan in the mind; purpose; intention; aim; the adaptation of means to a preconceived end ; contrivance. designate,

—

dez'ig«nat,

v.t.

— —designated, designat-

To mark out or indicate by visible lines, marks, description, etc.; to name and settle the identity of; to denominate; to select or distinguish for a particular purpose; to appoint, name, or assign. designation, dez«ig«na'shon, n. The act of designating; a distinguishing from others ; indication ; appointment ; assignment distinctive appellation. designative, dez'ig«na«tiv, a. Serving to designate or indicate.—designator, dez'ig»na«ter, n. One who designates or points designedly, di«zi'ned«li, adv. out. By design; purposely; intentionally. ing.

—

—

—

— designer,

di«zi'ner,

—

One who

n.

designs. designing, di»zi'ning, and a. Artful; insidious.

pp.

—

desire,

di»zir', v.t. desired, desiring. [Fr. desirer, from L. desidero, desideratum, to desire {desiderate being thus the same word) prefix de, and sidero, as in considero. consider.] wish for the possession or enjoyment of; to long for; to hanker after; to covet; to express a wish to obtain; to ask; to request; to petition. v.i. be in a state of desire or anxiety. n. [Fr. desir,

—

To

To

from

An

the

verb.] excitement of the

emotion

or

mind, directed to the attainment or possession of an object from which pleasure is expected; a wish, craving, or longing to obtain or enjoy; the object of desire; that

which

is

desired.

—desirability,

desirableness, di»zi'ra»bir'i«ti, di— zI'ra'bNnes, n. The state or quality of being desirable. desirable, di— zi'ra«bl, a. Worthy of desire; calculated or fitted to excite a wish to desirably, di'zl'ra«bli, adv. possess. In a desirable manner. desirous,

—

—

—

with a desire; wishing to obtain wishful covetous often with of. di»zi'rus,

a.

Filled ;

desist,

di«zist',

;

v.i.

— ——

;

234

point

out,

—

— —

—

; :

[L.

desisto,

to

de, away from, and sisto, to stand, as in assist , consist, persist, etc.

desist

stand.] To cease to act or proceed; to forbear; to leave off; to discontinue; to cease. desistance, de-

—

sistance,f di«zis'tans, di«zis'tens, n. ceasing to act or proceed; a stopping. desk, desk, n. [A. Sax. disc, a table, a dish; L.L. discus, a desk, from L. discus, Gr. diskos, a disc, a quoit; dais, dish, disk are the same word.] kind of table or piece of furniture for the use of writers and readers;

A

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

dessert

a frame or case to be placed table for the same purpose.

desolate,

on

a

—

des'o«lit,

v.t. desolated, [L. desolo, desolatum, to leave alone, to forsake de, intens., and solo, to lay waste, from solus, alone. sole, a.] To deprive of inhabitants; to make desert; to lay waste; to ruin; to ravage. a. [L. desolatus, pp. of desolo, desolatum.]

desolating.

Destitute or deprived of inhabitants desert; uninhabited; laid waste; in a ruinous condition; without a companion; solitary; forsaken; forlorn; desolately, des'o«lit«h, adv. lonely. In a desolate manner. desolateness,

—

—

A

des'o«lit«nes, n. state of being desolater, desolator, des'desolate. o«la«ter, n. One who or that which desolates. desolation, des«o»la'shon, n. The act of desolating; devastation;

— —

havoc; ravage; a place depopulated, ravaged, or laid waste; the state of being desolate gloominess ; sadness melancholy; destitution; ruin. despair, di«spar', v.i. [O.Fr. desperer ;

—

(now

desesperer), from L. despero not, and spero, to hope, allied to Skr. root sprih, to desire. Prosper is from same root.] To give up all hope or expectation: followed by of; to be sunk in utter want of hope. de,

—

The

n.

state of

combined with

being without hope, a dread of

coming

evil; hopelessness; desperation; that

which causes despair; theol. loss of hope in the mercy of God. despairing, di«spar'ing, a. Indulging despair; prone to despair; indespairingly, di— dicating despair. spar'ing«li, adv. In a despairing

in

—

manner. desperado, a"do,

n.

fearless

A or

des'per«a"do, des'per— desperate fellow; one regardless of safety; a

reckless ruffian.

desperate, des'per«it,

a.

[L. despeto despair.

pp. of despero, despair.] Without hope:}:; regardless

ratus,

of safety; fearless of danger; reduced to extremity and reckless of consequences; frantic; proceeding from despair; reckless; beyond hope; irretrievable; past cure; hopeless (desperate disease, situation, undertakdesperately, des'per«it«li, adv. ing). In a desperate manner; recklessly; violently; furiously; madly. desperateness, des'per«it«nes, n. The state or quality of being desperate. desperation, des«per«a'shon, n. The state of being desperate; a giving up of hope; disregard of safety or danger; fury; rage; violence. despicable, des'pi«ka«bl, a. [L.L. despicabilis, from L. despicor, despicatus, to despise, from despicio. despise.] Deserving of being despised; contemptible; base; mean; vile; worthless. .". Syn. under contemptible. despicableness, des'pi'ka«bl«nes, n. The quality or state of being despicable. despicably, des'pi«ka«bli, adv. In a despicable manner; basely; vilely.

—

—

—

—

despise, di«spiz',

v.t.

—despised,

des-

[O.Fr. despiz, pp. of despire, to despise, from L. despicere, to despise de, down, and specio, to

pising.

look,

me, met, her;

species.

Akin

pine, pin;

despicable, des-

note, not,

move;

To look down upon; to have the lowest opinion of; to contemn; to disdain; to scorn. despite, di«spit', n. [O.Fr. despit, Mod. Fr. depit, from L. despectus, a looking down upon, a despising, pite.]

from

despicio, to despise,

despise.

Hence

the shorter form spite.] Extreme malice; malignity; contemptuous hate; aversion; spite; defiance with contempt, or contempt of opposition; contemptuous defiance; an act of malice or contempt. v .r.f To vex; to offend; to spite; to tease. prep. In spite of; notwithstanding. despiteful, di«spit'ful, a. Full of despite or spite; malicious; malignant. despitefully, di«spit'fuMi, adv. With despite; maliciously; contemptuously.—despitefulness, di'spit-

—

ful«nes, n.

despoil, di'spoil', v.t. [O.Fr. despoiller, L. despolio, to rob, plunder de,

and spolio, to spoil, spoil.] take from by force; to rob; to strip; to divest; to deprive (to despoil a person of a thing).—despoiler, di— spoi'ler, n. One who despoils; a despoliation, di»spo'li— plunderer. a"shon, n. The act of despoiling; a stripping. despond, di«spond', v.i. [L. despondeo, to promise in marriage, to promise away, to give up, to despond de, away, and spondeo, sponsum, to promise solemnly, whence sponsor, spouse, respond.] To be quite cast down; to feel depressed or dejected in mind; to lose hope, heart, or despondency, di«sponresolution. den«si, n. The state or quality of intens.,

To

—

—

—

—

being despondent. despondent, di— spon'dent, a. Losing courage at the loss of hope; sinking into dejection. despondently, despondingly, di— spon'dent»li, di«spon'ding«li, adv. In a despondent manner. despot, des'pot, n. [Gr. despotes. petit being from same root as Gr. posis, Lith. and Skr. patis, lord, husband; L. potior, to be master of, potis, able, potestas, power; Slav, hospodar, gossovereign or podar, lord, master.]

A

monarch

ruling absolutely or without control; a tyrant; one who enforces his will regardless of the interests despotic, desor feelings of others. potical, des«pot'ik, des«pot i«kal, j. Absolute in power; unrestrained by constitution, laws, or men; arbitrary; tyrannical.—despotically, des«pot i«kal«li, adv. In a despotic manner. despotism, des pot«izm, n. Absolute power; unlimited or uncontrolled authority; an arbitrary government; the rule of a despot; absolutism; autocracy tyranny. [L. desquamate,! des k\va«mat. I

—

;

.;'.

—

desquamo, desquamatum tit", off, and squama, a scale.] To scale off; to peel off.

—desquamation,

des»kwa«ma

-

shon, n. A scaling off. dessert, di«zert'. n. [Fr. dessert, from des dessen-ir, to clear the table L. dis), and servir, to serve] A ( service of fruits or sweetmeats at the close of a dinner or entertainment. dessertspoon, n. A spoon inter-

mediate in size between a tablespoon and teaspoon, used for dessert. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

———

.

— —— —

;

v.i.

—destined,

stan, a stronger form of sta, root of stare, to stand, E. stand, stay, being of the same root.] To set, ordain, or appoint to a use, purpose, state or place; to fix unalterably, as by a divine decree; to doom; to devote;

—

destination, to appoint inevitably. des»ti«na'shon, n. [L. destinatio.] The act of destining; the purpose for which anything is intended or appointed; predetermined object or use; the place to which a thing is appointed; the predetermined end of a journey or voyage. destinist, believer in destiny. des'ti«nist, n. destiny, des'ti«ni, n. person's destined fate or lot ; ultimate fate ; doom fortune; invincible necessity; fate; order of things fixed or established by divine decree, or by connection

—

customary; disuse; discontinuance of practice, custom, or fashion. desulfurate, desulfurize, de«sul'fe— rat, de»surfe«riz, v.t. To deprive of desulfuration, desulfurizasulfur. tion, de«surfeTa"shon, de«suTfe— ri«za"shon, n. The act of depriving of sulfur. desultory, des'ul'to-ri, a. [L. desultorius, pertaining to a desultor, or

—

rider in the circus, from desilio, desultum, to leap down de, down, and salio, to leap.] Leaping or hopping about^:; passing from one thing or subject to another without order or natural connection; rambling; unconnected; immethodical inconstant; unsettled; hasty. desultorily, des'ul«to«ri«li, adv. In a

—

A

of causes and effects.

pi.

desultory.

detach,

di«tach', v.t. [Fr. detacher

not,

de,

—

detective, di»tek'tiv, a. Fitcovery. ted for or skilled in detecting; employed in detecting crime. n. species of police officer, having no specific beat nor uniform, whose special duty it is to detect offenses and to apprehend criminals; also a private person who engages to investigate cases, often of a delicate detector, di«tek'nature, for hire. ter, n. One who, or that which, detects or brings to light; a revealer; a discoverer.

A

—

—

and the root from which

English noun tack is derived tack, attach.] To separate or disunite; to disengage; to part from;

the

to

sever; to separate for a special

purpose or service, especially some detached, di«military purpose.

—

a. Separated; disunited; standing apart or separately; drawn

tacht',

and sent on a separate service. detachment, di'tach'ment, n. The act of detaching; a body of troops

—

something anticipated as

number

dangerous,

and

cause

employed

some

on

distinctly; particular

appoint

to

milit.

service.

n.

to

(de'tai).

deters.

—

—

—

or state of growing worse.

determine,

—

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

—de-

in quality; to be impaired in quality; to degenerate. v.t. To make worse; deterioration, to reduce in quality. di«te'ri»OTa"shon, n. The process

detainer, di«ta'ner, n. One who detains; law, a holding or keeping possession of what belongs to andetainment, di»tan'ment, n. other. The act of detaining; detention. detent, di'tent', n. [L. detentus, a keeping back.] A pin, stud, or lever forming a check in a clock, watch, j,

v.i.

teriorated, deteriorating. [L. deterioro, deterioratum, from deterior, worse, from de, as exterior from ex, interior from in.] To grow worse or inferior

;

—

or

which

gent.

To

withhold; to retain or keep what belongs to another; to keep or restrain from proceeding; to hinder; to stay or stop to hold in custody.

act

— —

deteriorate, di«te'ri«OTat,

v.t. [Fr. detenir, L. detineo, to detain de, off, and teneo, to hold, as in contain, retain, etc., seen also in tenant, tenacious, tenant.] keep back or from; to

—

The

that

—

detain, di«tan',

ruinous; mischievous; fatal; deadly: with of or to. Destructive distillation, the distillation of organic products at high temperatures, by which the elements are separated or evolved in new forms, as in making gas from coal. destructively, di«struk'tiv«li, adv. In a destructive manner. destructiveness, di«struk'tiv«nes, n. The quality of being destructive; a propensity to destroy. destructor, di'Struk'ter, n. A destroyer; a furnace for burning refuse. desuetude, des'wi»tud, n. [L. desue-

a.

—

particulars; minutely recited; exact; minute; particular.

tructive, di'Struk'tiv, a. Causing destruction; having the quality of destroying; having a tendency to destroy; delighting in destruction;

and

deterring;

or offending matter from. detergence, detergency, di«ter'jens, di«ter'jen»si, n. The state or quality of being detergent; cleansing or purging power. detergent, di«ter'jent, a. Cleansing; purging. n. Anything that has a strong cleansing power. detersive, di»ter'siv, a. Having power to cleanse; cleansing. n. That which has the power of cleansing; a deter-

a

—

difficult,

—deter-

unpleasant.

di«terj', v.t. deterged, de[L. detergeo de, from, and tergeo, tersum, to wipe. TERSE.] To cleanse (a sore); to clear away foul

terging.

fact,

—

of

deterge,

A

circumstance, or portion going along with others; an item; a particular; a minute account; a narrative or report of particulars; milit. an individual or small body; small detachment on special service. In detail, circumstantially; item by item; individually; part by part. detailed, di«tald', p. and a. Related in

or

rent, di«ter'ent, n.

special

service or expedition. detail, di«taT, v.t. [Fr. detailler, to cut in pieces de, and tailler, L.L. taleare, taliare, to cut, from L. talea, a cutting, retail, tailor.] To relate, report, or narrate in particulars to recite the particulars of; to particularize; to relate minutely and

—

detent, detention. See detain. deter, di«ter', v.t. deterred, deterring. [L. deterreo, to frighten from, de, from, and terreo, to prevent terror.] To discourage to frighten, and prevent from acting or proceeding, the preventing agency being

of vessels selected or taken from the main army or fleet or

—

go;

—

—

—

g,

—

desultory manner; without method; desultoriness, loosely. des'uhto*ri«nes, n. The character of being

[cap] the

destitute, des'ti«tut, a. [L. destitutus, pp. of destituo, destitutum, to set down, to forsake de, down, and statuo, to set. state, statue, etc.] Not having or possessing; wanting: with of; not possessing the necessaries of life; in abject poverty; entirely without the means of subsistdestitution, des«ti«tu'shon, n. ence. The state of being destitute; a state of utter want; poverty; indigence; deprivation! destroy, di«stroi', v.t. [O.Fr. destruire (now detruire), from L. destruo, to destroy de, not, and struo, to pile, to build, structure.] To pull down; to knock to pieces; to demolish; to" ruin; to annihilate; to put .an end to; to cause to cease; to kill or slay; to ravage; to spoil. destroyer, di«stroi'er, n. One who or that which destroys; a swift class of vessel intended for the destruction of torpedo craft, and itself armed with guns and torpedoes. destructible, di»struk'ti«bl, a. Liable to destruction ; capable of being destroyed. destructibility, di«struk'ti«bil"i«ti, n. The state of being destructible. destruction, di»struk'shon, n. [L. destructio.] The act of destroying; demolition; a pulling down; subversion; overthrow; ruin, by whatever means, extermination; death; murder; slaughter; the state of being destroyed; cause of destruction; a destroyer (O.T.). des-

ch, Sc. loch;

tumblerlock, or other machine; a detention, di»ten'click or pawl. shon, n. The act of detaining; a wrongful keeping of what belongs to another; state of being detained; confinement; restraint; delay from necessity or from accident. detect, di«tekt', v.t. [L. detego, detectum, to uncover, expose de, not, and tego, to cover. DECK.] To discover; to find out; to bring to light (an error, crime, criminal). detectable, detectible, di«tek'ta«bl, di«tek'ti«bl, a. Capable of being or detection, liable to be detected. di»tek'shon, n. The act of detecting; the finding out of what is concealed, hidden, or formerly unknown; dis-

—

Fates.

ch, chain;

;

determine

tudo de, not, and suesco, to accustom one's self, custom.] A state of being no longer practiced or

des-

tining. [L. destino, to place down, to make firm or secure de, and a root

A

— — — —— — — —

; ;

235

destine destine, des'tin,

—

th, thin;

di«ter'min,

v.t.

—deter-

mined, determining. [L. determino, to de, intens., and to limit terminus, a boundary', whence terminate, term.} To fix the bounds of; to set bounds or limits to; to mark off, settle, fix, establish; to end or settle conclusively, as by the decision of a doubtful or controverted point to settle ultimately; to come to a fixed resolution and intention in respect of; to give a bent or direc-

bound,

w,

u>ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

——

deterrent

to settle on some line of conduct; to cease; to determinable, di«ter'terminate.

decide;

to

—

Capable of being de-

mi-na'bl, a.

termined, ascertained, decided, brought to a conclusion. determinant, di«ter'mi«nant, a. Serving to determine; determinative. n. That which determines or causes determination; math, the sum of a series of products of several numbers, these products being formed according to certain specified laws; a group of biophores (which see). determinate, di«ter'mi«nit, a. [L. detcrminatus.] Limited; fixed;

—

—

definite; established; settled; positive; decisive; conclusive; fixed in purpose; resolute. Determinate inflorescence, in hot. same as centrifugal inflorescence. v.t.% To bring to an end; to terminate (Shak.). deter minately, di«ter'mi«nit«li, adv. In a determinate manner; precisely; with exact specification; resolutely. determinateness, di«ter«mi«nit'nes, n. The state of being determinate.

—

—

determination, di«ter'mi«na"shon, n. The act of determining or deciding; decision in the

mind; firm resolution;

settled purpose; the mental habit of settling upon some line of action with a fixed purpose to adhere to it;

adherence

to aims or purposes; resoluteness; chem. the ascertainment of the exact proportion of any substance in a compound body; med. afflux; tendency of blood to flow to any part more copiously

than

is

normal.

ter'mi'ni'tiv,

—determinative, di— Having power

to determine or direct to a certain end; directing; conclusive; limiting; a.

bounding; having the power of ascertaining precisely; employed in determining.

mind,

—determined,

Having

di«ter'-

firm or fixed manifesting firmness or

a.

purpose;

a

—

determinedly, resolution ; resolute. di«ter'mind«li, adv. In a determined manner. determiner, di«ter'mi«ner, n. One who decides or deterdi«ter'mi«mines. determinism,

—

—

nizm,

A

n.

system of philosophy

which denies liberty of action to man, holding that the will is not free,

but

is

invincibly

determined

by motives. deterrent. See deter. detersive, etc. See deterge. detest, di«test', v.t. [L. detestor, to invoke a deity in cursing, to detest

and testor, to call to witness, from testis, a witness; so de,

intens.,

attest, contest, also testify, testament.]

To

abhor; to abominate; to hate

—detestable,

extremely. a.

di«tes'ta«bl,

Extremely hateful; abominable;

very odious; deserving abhorrence.

—detestableness,

detestability, di»-

tes'ta«bl«nes, di«tes'ta»bil"i«ti, n. The state or quality of being detestable;

—

extreme

detestably, hatefulness. di«tes'ta«bli, adv. In a detestable manner. detestation, de«tes«ta'-

—

shon, rence;

n.

Extreme hatred;

loathing.

—detester,

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

abhordi»tes'-

ter, n.

One who

develop

detests.

dethrone, de«thr6n', dethroning.

v.t.

—dethroned,

from, and or drive from to depose; to divest of royal authority and dignity; to divest of rule or power, or of [Prefix

de,

To remove

throne.] a throne;

—

supreme power. dethronement, de«thron'ment, n. Removal from a throne; deposition. dethroner,

—

de«thr6'ner, n. One who dethrones. detonate, det'6«nat, v.t. and i. detonated, detonating. [L. detono,

—

detonatum, to thunder de, and tono, to thunder.] To explode or cause to explode; to burn with a sudden report. detonation, det»o«na'shon, n. An explosion or sudden report made by the inflammation of certain combustible detonator, bodies. det'o»na«ter, n. That which detonates ; the device by which fulminate of mercury is made to explode the charge in a torpedo or submarine mine.

—

—

detour,

debtor', n. [Fr. detour and tour E. turn.]

A

—prefix

roundabout or circuitous way; a going round instead of by a direct road de,

or route. detract, di«trakt', v.t. [L. detracto de, from, and tracto, to draw, from traho, tractum, to draw, whence

—

tract, trace, etc.] To take away from a whole; to withdraw; to disparagef. v.i. To take away a part; especially, to take away reputation; to

—

derogate,: followed by from (this detracts from his merit). detractor, di«trak'ter, n. One who detracts; detraction, di«trak'a detractor. shon, n. [L. detractio.] The act

—

—

of detracting; an attempt, by calumny, or injurious or carping statements, to take something from the reputation of another; envious or malicious depreciation of a person, detractive, or denial of his merits.

—

di«trak'tiv, a. Having the quality or power to take away; having the character of detraction. detractor, di«trak'ter, n. One who uses detraction; one who tries to take somewhat from the reputation of another injuriously; a muscle that draws the part to which it is attached away from some other part. detractory, di«trak'to«ri, a. Containing detraction; depreciatory.

—

de«tran', v.t. To remove from a railroad train; to cause to leave a train: said especially ofbodies of men (to detrain troops). v.i. To quit a railroad train. detriment, det'ri*ment, n. [L. detrimentum, from detero, detritum, to rub off or down, to wear de, down, and tero, to rub, whence trite.] certain degree of loss, damage, or injury injurious or prejudicial effect; harm; diminution. detrimental, det«ri«-

detrain,

A

—

mcn'tal, a. detritus, di'tri'tus,

n.

[L.

detritus.

worn down,

detriment.] Geo/, a mass of substances worn off or detached from solid bodies by attrition; disintegrated materials of rocks. detrude, di-trod', v.t. detruded, de-

— —

de, down, and truding. [L. dctrudo trudo, to thrust.] To thrust down;

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

——

—

;

236

tion to; to influence the choice of; to cause to come to a conclusion or resolution. v.i. To resolve; to

conclude;

—

——

note, not,

move;

—

to push down. detrusion, di«tro'zhon, n. The act of thrusting or driving down. detruncate, di«trung'kat, v.t. detruncated, detruncating. [L. detrunco

—

—

de,

and

trunco, to

maim,

truncus,

cut short, trunk.] To" cut off; to lop; to shorten by cutting. detruncation, di«trung«ka'shon, n. The act of detruncating. deuce, dus, n. [Fr. deux, two.] A playing card or a die with two spots; the two at dice, being the lowest throw. deuce, dus, n. [Perhaps from L.

—

God, used as an interjection; but comp. L.G. dims, G. daus, used

deus,

similarly; Armor, dus, teuz, a goblin.] The devil; perdition: used only in exclamatory or interjectional phrases.

deuterium, du«ter'i«um, from Gr.

[N.L.,

n.

A

deuteros, second.]

non-

radioactive isotope of hydrogen that has twice the mass of ordinary

hydrogen.

deuterogamy,

du-ter«og a«mi, n. [Gr. second, and gamos, marriage.] A second marriage after the death of the first husband or wife. deuterogamist, du»ter«og a«mist, n. One who marries a second time. deuteron, du'ter»on, n. Phys. the nucleus of the deuterium atom; a particle with one positive charge. Deuteronomy, du«ter«on'o'mi, n. [Gr. deuteros, second, and nomos, law.] Lit. the second law or second statement of the law, the fifth book of the Pentateuch. deutoplasm, du'to«plazm, n. Biol. that portion of the yolk of ova which furnishes nourishment for the deuteros,

embryo

(the protoplasm).

devaluate, de«val'u«at, v.t. [Prefix de, and value.] To reduce the value of; to fix a lower legal value on currency.

—

—devaluation,

de«val'u«a"shon, n. devalue, de»val'u, v.t. To devaluate.

—

devastate,

dev'as«tat, v.t. devastated, devastating. [L. devasto, devattatum, to lay waste de, intens., and waste.] To lay vasto, to lay waste, waste; to ravage; to desolate. devastation, dev«as«ta'shon, n. [L. devastatio.] The act of devastating; the state of being devastated; ravage; havoc; desolation. devastator, dev--

—

as«ta'ter,

;/.

develop, di«vel'up,

[Fr.

v.t.

—

dezeLip-

per O.Fr. desveloper prefix des, L. dis, apart.] To unfold gradually, to lay open part by part; to disclose or

show all the ramifications of; biol. make to pass through the process

to

of natural evolution; in photography. to bring out the latent image on a sensitized

by

surface

the

action

of chemical agents. v.i. To be unfolded; to become manifest in all parts; to advance from one stage to another by a process of natural or inherent evolution; to grow or expand by a natural process; to be evolved; to proceed or come forth its

naturally from

some

vivifying source.

up«a«bl, —developable, Capable of developing or of being up«developed. —developer, One who or that which develops or unfolds. —development, di«vel

a.

di«vel

er,

n.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— ———

——

——

— —

— — — —— —

di«vel'up«ment, n. The act or process of developing unfolding the unraveling of a plot; a gradual growth or advancement through progressive changes; the organic changes which take place in animal and vegetable

—

common way

Development thevisible. ory, biol. the theory that plants and animals are capable of advancing, in successive generations and through an infinite variety of stages, from a lower to a higher state of existence, and that the more highly organized forms at present existing are the

or track; following circuitous or winding paths; rambling; erring; going deviously, astray. de'vi«us«li, adv. In a devious mandeviousness, de'vi»us«nes, n. ner. The character or state of being devious.

—

v.t. devised, devising. [Fr. deviser, to devise or invent, to

dispose

—

To

v.t.

divide.]

which

That

is

tor.

gives

a

devise

One

by

will.

tion.

devour,

v.t. [Fr. devorer, intens., and voro to eat greedily, whence voracious.] eat up; to eat with greediness; to eat ravenously; to destroy or consume; to waste. v.i.f To act as a devourer; to consume (O.T.).

respectful notice due to another. devolution, dev«6«lu'shon, n. [L.L. devolutio.] The act of rolling down; the act of devolving, transferring, or handing over; a passing to or falling upon a successor. devolve, di«volv', v.t. devolved, dede, volving. [L. devolvo, devolution and volvo, to roll, seen also in revolve,

—

convolve,

volume, voluble,

—

etc.]

To

roll down; to move from one person to another; to deliver over, or from one possessor to a successor. v.i. To roll down; hence, to pass from one to another; to fall by succession from one possessor to his successor. Devonian, de«vo'ni«an, a. Of or pertaining to Devonshire in England geol. a term applied to a great

portion of the

paleozoic

strata

—

of

'

stone

;

'.

—

devote,

di«vot', v.t. devoted, devot[L. devoveo, devotum, to vow anything to a deity, to devote de, vow, intens., and voveo, to vow. ing.

vote.] j,

job;

To

appropriate

ng, sing;

TH,

by

then;

di«vout',

a.

[Fr.

devot,

devote.] Yielding a solemn and reverential devotion to God in religious exercises; pious; devoted to religion ; religious expressdevotion or piety; solemn; ing devoutly, di«vout'li, adv. earnest. In a devout manner; piously; relidevoutness, degiously; earnestly. vout nes, n. The quality or state of being devout. dew, du, n. [A. Sax. dedw, D. dauw, Dan. dug, G. thau dew.] The aqueous vapor or moisture which is deposited in small drops, especially during the night, from the atmosphere, on the surfaces of bodies when they have become colder than the surrounding atmosphere.

North and South Devon, lying between the Silurian and carboniferous rocks, and sometimes used as synonymous with old red sand-

—

de,

devourer, di-vou'rer, n. One who devouringly, di«vou'devours. ring«li, adv. In a devouring manner.

devout,

absent.

—

To

:

;

di«vour',

devorare

L.

from, and void.] Destitute; not possessing with of before the thing

devoir, dev«war', n. [Fr., from L. debere, to owe, whence debt.] Service or duty; an act of civility or respect;

The

—

devises; a contriver; an invendevisor, di»vi'zer, n. One who

devitrification, de«vit'ri«fi«ka"shon, n. The act of devitrifying. devoid, di«void', a. [Prefix de, out,

being; the evil one, represented in Scripture as the traducer, father of lies, tempter, etc.; a very wicked person ; a ferocious marsupial animal of Tasmania; a printer's errand boy; a machine through which cotton or wool is first passed to prepare it for the carding machines a teasing machine a machine for cutting up rags and old cloth into flock and for other purposes; cookery, a dish, as a bone with some meat on it, grilled and seasoned with pepper. The devil, is used as an expletive and also in various colloquial expressions, being equivalent to ruin or destruction, something very annoying or harassing, the deuce. Devil's advocate, R. Cath. Ch. a person appointed to raise doubts against the claims of a candidate for canonization. v.t. devilled, devilling. To pepper or season excessively and broil to tease or cut up by an instrument called a devil. devilish, devilfish, a. Partaking of the qualities of the devil; pertaining to the devil; diabolical; very evil and mischievous. dev-

go;

whom

di«vi«ze',

di«vi'zer, n.

n.

:

.

spirit or

g,

to

—deviser,

di»vot'ment,

meditation; devoutness; performance of religious duties now generally used in the plural; ardent attachment to a person or a cause; attachment manifested by constant attention; earnestness; ardor; eagerdevotional, di«v6'shon«al, a. ness. Pertaining to devotion; used in dedevotion; suited to devotion. votionally, di«vo'shon«al«li, adv. In a devotional manner; toward devo-

—

is

scheme, contrivance, stratagem, proj-

ch, Sc. loch;

—devisee,

devitalize, de«vi'tal«iz, v.t. To deprive of vitality; to take away life from. devitrify, de«vit'ri»fl, v.t. devitrified, devitrifying To deprive of the character or appearance of glass.

ect; invention or faculty of devising (Shak.); something fancifully conceived, as an ornamental design; an emblem or figure representative of a family, person, action, or quality, with or without a motto. devil, dev'il, n. [A. Sax. deofol, from L. diabolus, Gr. diabolos, the accuser, from diaballo, to accuse.] An evil

ch, chain;

made.

who

formed by design or invented; a

;

The person

n.

device; Fr. deviser, to imagine, devise; from L. divido, divisum, to divide.

invent,

Capable

di«vi'za«bl, a.

of being devised.

a

devise,

To

form in the mind; to by thought; to plan;

—devisable,

A

[O.Fr.

See device.]

strike out to scheme; to excogitate; law, to give or bequeath by will. v.t. To consider; to contrive; to lay a plan; to form a scheme. n. The act of bequeathing by will; a will or testament; a share of estate bequeathed.

deviation, deviate. de«vi»a'shon, n. turning aside from the right way, course, or line; variation from a common or established rule or standard. Deviation of the compass, the deviation of a ship's compass from the true magnetic meridian, caused by the near

presence of iron. device, di«vis', n.

of.

contrive, or

convey, obvious, voyage, etc.] To turn aside or wander from the common or right way, course, or line; to diverge; to err; to swerve; state.

devotement,

devoter, di«vo'ter, act of devoting. devotion, di«n. One that devotes. vo'shun, n. The state of being devoted or set apart for a particular purpose; a yielding of the heart and affections to God, with reverence, faith, and piety, in religious duties, particularly in prayer and

—

devise, di«viz',

descendants of lower forms. deviate, de'vi-at, v.i. deviated, dedevio, deviatum de, viating. [L. from, and via, way; seen also in

uniform

—

—

rendered

vary from cause to

;

n.

the process following exposure, by which the image on the plate is

to

dev'il*-

Devilment; extreme wickedness; wicked mischief. devious, de'vi«us, a. [L. devius de, and via, way. deviate.] Out of the

from

—

—devilishness,

ish«nes, n. The quality of being devilish. devilment, dev'il«ment, n. Trickery; roguishness; devilry; prank. (Colloq.) devilry, dev'il«ri,

their embryo state until they arrive at maturity; photog.

bodies,

manner.

;

to set apart or dedicate by a solemn act ; to consecrate to give up wholly to direct the attention wholly or chiefly (to devote one's self or one's time to science); to give up; to doom; to consign over (to devote one to destruction). devoted, di— vo'ted, a. Strongly attached to a person or cause; ardent; zealous. devotedness, di«vd'ted«nes, n. The devotee, state of being devoted. dev«6«te', n. One who is wholly devoted; a votary; particularly, one who is superstitiously given to religious duties and ceremonies.

Jn a dev-

ilishly, dev'il«ish«li, adv. ilish

;

—

dew

237

deviate

;

————— ——

——

;

vow; th, thin;

devout; L. devotus.

;

—

— To wet —dewberry,

with dew; to bedew. n. A species of bramble, the fruit of which is black, with a bluish bloom, and an agreeable acid taste. dewclaw, n. The uppermost claw in a dog's foot, smaller than the rest, and not touching the ground. dewdrop, du— drop, n. A drop or spangle of dew. dewlap, du lap, n. The fold of skin that hangs from the throat of oxen or cows, or a similar appendage in v.t.

dewlapped, du lapt, Furnished with a dewlap, or similar appendage. (Shak). dew point, n. other animals. a.

w, wig;

—

hw, whig;

zh, a~ure.

——

——— — ——

———— —— — dexter

The temperature when dew

begins

be deposited, varying with the humidity of the atmosphere. dewy, to

du'i, a. Of or pertaining to dew; partaking of the nature or appearance of dew; like dew; moist with, or as with, dew; accompanied with

dew; abounding in dew; falling gently, or refreshing, like dew {dewy sleep).

dexter, deks'ter,

a. [L. dexter, right, right side, akin to Gr. dexios, Skr. daksha, on the right hand.] Pertaining to or situated on the right hand; right as opposed to left. dexterity, deks«ter'i«ti, n. [L. dexteritas.] Ability to use the right hand more readily than the leftf;

on the

—

righthandednessf that

action rience ity or

mind

;

expertness;

skill;

performing an which proceeds from expeor practice, united with activquick motion; readiness of or mental faculties, as in

readiness

in

contrivance, or inventing

means

to

accomplish a purpose; promptness dexterous, in devising expedients. deks'ter«us, Characterized by a. dexterity; skillful and active with the hands ; adroit ; prompt in contrivance and management; expert; quick at inventing expedients; skillful; done with dexterity. Sometimes written dextrous, dexterously, deks'trus. deks'ter 'US'li, adv.

With

dexterity; dexterousness, deks'ter*adroitly. dextral, deks'us«nes, n. Dexterity. tral, a. Right as opposed to left. dextrin, deks'trin, n. carbohydrate formed when starch is decomposed by heat, acids, or enzymes. dextrorse, deks»trors', a. [L. dextrorsum, towards the right side dexter, right, and vorsum, for versum, turned.] Turned towards the right; rising from left to right, as a spiral line, dextrose, helix, or climbing plant. name for grape sugar, deks'tros, n. from its solution rotating the plane of polarization of a ray of light to the

A

A

right.

dextran,

deks'tran.,

n.

A

polymer

of glucose, produced by enzyme action of Leuconostoc bacteria in sucrose; used as a blood-plasma substitute.

[Turk, ddi, an uncle.] of the old governors or sovereigns of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, under the Sultan of Turkey. dhole, dol, n. The Singalese name for the wild dog of India. dhow, dou, n. An Arab vessel, generally with one mast, from 150 to 250 tons burden, employed in mercantile trading, and also in carrying slaves. diabetes, di«a«be'tez, n. [Gr. diabano,

dey, da,

The

n.

title

—

dia, and bano, to pass through.] An abnormal metabolic condition marked by an excessive discharge of urine.

Diabetes insipidus, a disorder of the marked by excessive thirst. Diabetes mellitus, a disorder of metabolism marked by excessive amounts of sugar in the blood. diabetic, di«a«be'tik, a. Pertaining

pituitary gland,

to diabetes.

diablerie, [Fr.

diablery,

diablerie,

from

di«ab'ler«i, n. diable, devil.]

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

— — — — ———

—————

— ;;

238

dialogue

Devilry; mischief; wickedness; sorcery; witchcraft. diabolic, diabolical, di-a'bol'ik, di«a'bol'i'kal, a. [L. diabolus, the devil. devil.] Devilish; pertaining to the

drawn between the opposite angles of a quadrilateral figure. diagonally, di»ag'o«nal«li, adv. diagram, di a«gram, n. [Gr. diagramma dia, and grapho, to write.] A figure or drawing for the purpose of demonstrating the properties of any geometrical figure, as a triangle,

devil; infernal; impious; atrocious. diabolically, di'a»bori»kal«li, adv. In a diabolical manner. diabolicalness, di»a«bori»kal«nes, n. The state or quality of being diabolical. diacaustic, di«a»kas'tik, a. [Gr. prefix dia, through, and E. caustic] Math. belonging to a species of caustic curves formed by refraction. n. Math, a diacaustic curve; med. cautery by a burning glass. diachylon, diachylum, di»ak'i«lon, di«ak'i«lum, n. [Gr. dia, through, and chylos, juice.] Med. a plaster originally composed of the juices of herbs, now made of olive oil and finely

pounded

litharge.

diaconal, di«ak'o«nal, a. [L. diaconus, Gr. diakonos, a deacon.] Pertaining diaconate, di«ak'o«nat, or dignity of a deacon; a body of deacons. diacritical, diacritic, di*a*krit'i*kal, dia, di»a«krit'ik, a. [Gr. diakritikos and krino, to separate.] Separating Diaor distinguishing; distinctive. to a deacon. n.

The

office

—

mark, a mark used in some languages to distinguish letters which critical

are similar in form. diactinic, di«ak«tin'ik, a. [Gr. dia, through, and aktis, aktinos, a ray.] Capable of transmitting the actinic or chemical rays of the sun. diadelph, di'a«delf, n. [Gr. di, twice, and adelphos, a brother.] Bot. a plant the stamens of which are united into two bodies or bundles by their diadelphous, di«a«derfilaments. fus, a. Bot. having the stamens united in two bundles. diadem, di'a»dem, n. [Gr. diadema

line

—

circle,

etc.;

any

illustrative

that explains something.

v.t.

—figure dia-

gramed, diagrammed, diagraming, diagramming. To represent by, or make, a diagram, —diagrammatic,

di'a«gram«mat"ik,

a.

Pertaining

to or partaking of the nature of a

diagrammatically,

diagram.

di'-

a«gram«mat"i«kal»li, adv. dial, dial, n. [L.L. dialis, daily, from L. dies, a day, whence also diary, diurnal, journal, etc.] An instrument for showing the hour of the day from the shadow thrown by means of a stile or gnomon upon a surface the face of a watch, clock, or other timekeeper; any somewhat similar plate or face on which a pointer or index moves, as in a gas meter or telegraphic instrument. v.t. dialed, dialing. To use or measure with, or dialing, di'aUing, as with, a dial,

—

n. The art of constructing dials; the science which explains the principles of measuring time by the

sundial.

dialect,

di'a«lekt,

from Gr.

n.

dialektos

—

[Fr. dialecte, dia, and lego,

The form or idiom of a language peculiar to a province or to speak.]

a limited region or people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people ; language speech or manner of speaking. dialectal, di»a«lek'tal, a. Pertaining to

from diaireo, to divide.] Separation of one syllable into two; a mark which signifies such a division, as in

dialectic, dialectical, to a dialect. dTa-lek'tik, di«a«lek'ti«kal, a. Pertaining to a dialect or dialects; dialectipertaining to dialectics. cally, adv. In a di«a'lek'ti«kal«li, dialectician, di— dialectic manner. a«lek«tish"an, n. One skilled in dialectics; a logician; a reasoner. dialectics, di«a«lek'tiks, n. [Gr. dialektike (techne), the art of discussing.] The art of reasoning or disputing; that branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning,

naive, aerial.

or

—

A

head band or fillet formerly worn as a badge of royalty; anything worn on the head as a mark or badge of royalty; a crown; a coronet. v.t.f To adorn with or as with a diadem; to crown. dia,

and

deo, to bind.]

diaeresis, di«e're«sis,

n.

[Gr. diairesis,

diagnosis, di«ag«no'sis, n. [Gr. diadia, through, and gignosko, gnosis to know.] Scientific discrimination of any kind med. the discrimination of diseases by their distinctive marks diagnose, di«ag«nos', or symptoms.

—

;

distinguishing truth from the art of using forms of reasoning so as to make fallacies pass for truth; wordfence. Also

of

error;

dialectic, in

same

sense.

criminate or ascertain from symptoms the true nature of. diagnostic, di«ag«nos'tik, a. Distinguishing; characteristic; indicating the nature of n. A sign or symptom a disease.

diallage, di'a«lij, n. [Gr. diallage, an interchange, difference.] A silicomagnesian mineral of a lamellar or foliated structure, akin to augite and exhibiting sometimes a beautiful green color, at other times brownish or yellowish; it includes bronzitc and hypers thene.

by which a disease is known. pi. The department of medicine which

dialogue, from Gr.

v.t.

—diagnosed,

treats of the

diagnosing.

To

dis-

diagnosis of diseases;

symptomatology. diagonal, di«ag'o«nal, a. [Gr. diadia, gonios, from angle to angle and gonia, an angle or corner.] Extending from one angle to the opposite of a quadrilateral figure, and dividing it into two triangles; lying in this direction.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

n.

A

straight

note, not,

move;

di a«log, n. [Fr. dialogue, dialogos, dialogue, from dia, and lego, dialegomai, to dispute

A conversation between or more persons; a formal conversation in theatrical performances; a composition in which two or more persons are represented as conversing on some topic. dialogistic, di«alo«jis"tik, a. Pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of, to speak.]

two

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— —

— —— ——— —

———— — — ;

a dialogue; having the form of a dialogue. dialogist, dI«al'o«jist, n. speaker in a dialogue; a writer of dialogues. dialysis, dl-al'i-sis, n. [Gr. dialysis, a separation dia, and lyo, to dissolve.] Chem. the act or process of separating the crystalloid elements of a body from the colloid by diffusion through a parchment-paper septum; med. debility; also, a solution of continuity; in writing or printing, same as Diaeresis. dialyze, di'adiz, vt. To separate by a dialyzer. dialyzer, di'-

The parchment

A

pattern is produced; an infant's breechcloth. v.i. To furnish with a diaper pattern; to put a diaper

paper, a ring

colorless figures. af 'a«nus, a. Having rays of light, as

when

nomena of diamagnetic

bodies. diameter, di«am'e«ter, n. [Gr. diametros dia, and metron, measure.] straight line passing through the center of a circle or other curvilinear figure, terminated by the circumference, and dividing the figure into two equal parts; a straight line through the center of any body; the measure transversely through a cylindrical body; thickness. diamet-

riff,

noetikos,

from

dia,

a.

and

ch, Sc. loch;

enclose.]

[Gr. dia-

and phrasThe mid-

shells.

diatoms.

diatomic, di»a«tom'ik, a. [Gr. di, twice, and atomos, an atom.] Chem. diatomite, consisting of two atoms.

A name

dI»at'o«mit, n. deposits, minute siliceous

earthy

n.

[Gr.

di,

pottery, polishing, etc.

frequent evacuation of the — diarrhetic,

double,

intestines.

di»a»re'tik, a.

Produc-

ing diarrhea.

diarthrosis,

di«ar«thro'sis,

n.

[Gr.,

through, asunder, and arthron, a joint.] Anat. a joint in which the bones revolve freely in every direction, as in the shoulder

from

diatonic, di«a«ton'ik, a. [Gr. dia, by or through, and tonos, sound.] Mus. applied to the major or minor scales, or to chords, intervals, and melodic progressions belonging to one scale.

A

—

dia,

—diatonically,

di*a*ton'i*kal*li, adv. In a diatonic manner. diatribe, di'a«trib, n. [Gr. diatribe, a discussion, amusement, passing of time dia, through, and tribo, to rub.] A continued disputation; a lengthy invective; a harangue in which a person inveighs against something. dibasic, di«ba'sik, a. [Gr. di, two

joint.

and basis, base.] Containing two hydrogen atoms that can be replaced by basic atoms or radicals. dibble, dib'l, n. [From dib, a form

diary, di'a«ri, n. [L. diarium, a daily allowance of food, a journal, from

whence A book

also dial, diurnal, journal.] in which daily events or transactions are noted; a journal; a blank book dated for the record of daily memoranda. diarist, di'a«rist, n. One who keeps a diary. dies, a

day,

diastase, di'as«tas, n. [Gr. diastasis, separation dia, asunder, and root sta, to stand.] A substance existing in barley and oats after germination so called because in solution it possesses the property of causing starch j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

for certain consisting of the parts of diatoms,

forming when dry a fine powder, and used in making dynamite, glaze for

diaphragmatic, Appertaining to

form of government in which the supreme power is invested in two persons. diarrhea, di«a«re'a, n. [Gr. diarrhoia dia, through, and rhed, to flow.] An ailment consisting in a morbidly

[Gr. dianoed, to

go;

I

dia,

muscle separating the chest thorax from the abdomen, a

phragm. diarchy, di'ar«ki, and arche, rule.]

diamond;

g,

Hav-

di'a»frag«mat"ik, a. or having the character of a dia-

revolve in the mind.] Capable of thought; thinking; intellectual. diapason, di«a«pa'zon, n. [Gr. diapason, lit. through all (notes).] Mus. an old Greek term for the octave; proportion in the constituent parts of an octave; harmony; the entire compass of a voice or an instrument;

c, chain;

and

a

molluscous

diamant,

stamens. diandrous, Bot. having two sta-

mens. dianoetic, di'a»n6'et"ik,

[Gr.

or partition or dividing substance, as a circular ring used in telescopes, etc., to cut off marginal portions of a beam of light; a calcareous plate which divides the cavity of certain

A

di-an'drus, a.

fence in,

so, I

consisting of diamonds; set with a diamond or diamonds. diamond type, kind of printing type. diander, di«an'der, n. [Gr. di, twice, and aner, andros, a male.] Bot. a plant

two

di'a«fram, n.

phragma, a partition

corrupted from adamant (which see).] A most valuable gem of extreme hardness, usually clear and transparent, but sometimes yellow, blue, green, black, etc., consisting of pure carbon; a small diamond fixed to a handle and used for cutting glass; a very small variety of printing type a four-sided figure with the sides equal or nearly so, and having two obtuse and two acute angles, called also a lozenge or rhomb; one of a set of playing cards marked with one or more such figures in red. Black diamond, a term applied colloquially

having

is

;

—

dorific.

diaphragm,

diametrical, diametral, di»a«-

a

n. [Gr.] Med. disposition or habit of body, good or bad predisposition to certain diseases rather than to others. diathetic, di«a«thet'ik, a. Pertaining to diathesis; constitutional. diatom, di'a«tom, n. [Gr. dia, through, and tome, a cutting, from forming often loosely connected chains.] One of a natural order of microscopic vegetable organisms with siliceous coverings, found in fresh and salt diatowater, and in moist places. maceous, di'a«to«ma"shus, a. Pertaining to diatoms; containing or made up of the siliceous parts of

particular

ing the power to increase perspiradiaphoretic, n. A medicine tion. which promotes perspiration; a su-

met'rik, di«a«met'ri«kal, di»a»met'ral, a. Of or pertaining to a diameter; directly opposed. diametrically, di— a«met'ri-kal«li, adv. In a diametrical direction or position.

Resembling

poses.

greater natural.

di'a»fo»ret"ik, a.

A

a.

a

degree of perspiration than — diaphoretic,

—

n.

[Gr. diastole,

diathesis, di'ath'e-sis,

—

dia,

n.

diathermy. diathermy, di"a«ther'mi, n. The application of electric current to produce heat in tissues below the skin for therapeutic pur-

dia,

di»to transmit glass; pellucid;

di'a»fo«re"sis,

transformand then

:

diaphanous,

diaphoresis, perspiration phoreo, to carry.] Med.

into dextrin

or contraction ;gr am. the lengthening of a syllable that is naturally short. diastolic, di*a*stol'ik, a. Pertaining to or produced by the diastole. diatessaron, di«a«tes'ar«on, n. [Gr. dia tessaron, by four.] A harmony of the four gospels. diathermic, di«a«ther'mik, a. [Gr. dia, and therme, heat.] Pertaining to

diaphanously, clear. di«af'a«nus«li, adv. In a diaphanous

manner. diaphoresis,

at 150° Fahr.,

dia, and stello, a drawing asunder to set.] Physiol, the dilatation of the heart with blood opposed to systole,

power

transparent;

—

to coal.

[Gr.

n.

up

first

into sugar.

woven

under the influence of magnetism, and freely suspended, take a position at right angles to the magnetic meridian, that is, point east and diamagnetism, west. di^a-mag'nctizm, n. The characteristic phe-

n. [Fr.

di'a«fan,

it

diastole, di«as'to«le,

through, and phaino, to show.] A silk stuff with transparent and

dialysis.

diamagnetic, di'a«mag«net"ik, a. [Prefix dia, and magnetic] Applied

diamond, di'a«mond,

ing

on.

diaphane,

dialytic, di«a«lit'ik, a. Pertaining to

to a class of substances which,

to break

flutes, etc.,

are correctly adjusted; a name of certain stops in the organ, given because they extend through the scales of the instrument. diaper, di'a«per, n. [Fr. diapre, pp. of diaprer, to variegate with colors; from L.L. diasprus, a kind of precious cloth, from It. diaspro, jasper. jasper.] fabric, either linen or cotton, or a mixture of the two, upon the surface of which a figured

septum, stretched over used in the operation of dialysis. or

by which the pipes

a rule or scale

—

ric,

dicast

of organs, the holes of

A

n.

— — — — —— —

—

:

239

dialysis

a«li«zer,

—

th, thin;

of in

dip.] A pointed instrument used gardening and agriculture to make

holes for planting seeds, bulbs, etc. Also called Dibber (dib'er). v.t. dibbled, dibbling. To plant with a dibble; to dig with a dibble. dibranchiate, di«brang ki«at, a. [Gr. di, double, and branchia, gills.] Havn. A member of ing two gills.

—

an order of cephalopods in which the branchiae are two in number, one situated on each side of the body. dicast, di'kast,

w,

tt'ig;

hw,

n.

[Gr. dikastes, from

uTiig;

zh, azure.

— ——

——

—

———— ——— ———

—

240

dice dike justice.] Greek antiq. an officer nearly to the modern

answering juryman. dice, dis,

n.

pi.

of

die,

diced, dicing. dicer, di'ser, n.

v.i.

dichogamy,

for

gaming.

To play with

A

di«kog'a«mi,

player at n.

[Gr.

parts, and gamos, marriage.] Bot. a provision in hermaphrodite flowers to prevent selffertilization, as where the stamens

dicha,

and

in

two

within the same flower matured at the same time. dichogamous, di»kog'a«mus, a. Bot. exhibiting or characterized by dichogamy. pistils

are not

dichotomous, di«kot'o«mus, a. [Gr. dicha, doubly, by pairs, and temno, to cut.] Bot. regularly dividing by dichotpairs from top to bottom. omy, di«kot'o«mi, n.—A cutting in two$ division:): ; division or distribution of ideas by pairs; bot. a mode of branching by constant forking, as when the stem of a plant divides into two branches, each branch into two others, and so on. ;

dichroism, di'kro«izm, n. [Gr. di, twice, and chroa, color.] Optics, a property possessed by several crystallized bodies of appearing under two distinct colors according to the direction in which light is transmitted through them. dichroic, di«kro'ik, a.

(an action dictated gate.

Characterized

by

dichroism.

A

dichroite, di'kro«it, n. mineral generally of a blue color, but exhibiting different colors in different posidichromatic, dl«kr6«mat'ik, tions. a. [Gr. di, and chroma, color.] Having or producing two colors.— dichroscope, di'kro»skop, n. [Gr. di, chroa, and skoped, to see.] An instrument in which a prism of Iceland spar is used for testing the dichroism dichroscopic, di»kro»of crystals. skop'ik, a. Pertaining to the dichroscope. dickens, dik'enz, inter). [Probably a

euphemism for devil; comp. L.G. duker, duks, the deuce.] Devil; deuce: used interjectionally. (Shak.) dicker, dik'er, n. [L.G. and Sw. deker, G. decker, ten hides, from L.L. fanciful

dacra, decora, L. decern, ten.] The number or quantity of ten, particularly ten hides or skins. dickey, dicky, dik'i, n. [Origin doubtful.] An article of dress like the front of a dress shirt, and worn instead. diclinous, di'kli«nus, a. [Gr. di, double, and Mine, a bed.] Bot. having the stamens in one flower and the pistil in another. dicotyledon, di'kot«i«le"don, n. [Gr. plant whose di, and kotyledon.] seeds contain a pair of cotyledons or seed leaves, which are always opposite dicotyledonous, di'to each other. kot«i«le'do«nus, a. Having two cotyledons. dictated, dictatdictate, dik'tat, v.t. ing. [L. dicto, dictatum, a freq. of dico, dictum, to say. diction.] To deliver or enounce with authority, as an order, command, or direction; to instruct to be said or written; to utter, so that another may write out; to direct by impulse on the mind

A

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

An

n.

mand;

— —

die. dice. dice.

—— — ——

—

a

by

fear); to insti-

maxim, or precept,

delivered with authority; rule or direction suggested to the mind (the dictates of reason). dictation, dik«ta'shon, n. The act of dictating; the act or practice of speaking or reading that another may write down what dictator, dik'ta«ter, n. is spoken. [L., a supreme magistrate appointed on special occasions with unlimited power.] One invested with absolute authority; a supreme leader or guide to direct the conduct or opinion of others.

dictatorial,

dik«ta«to'ri'al,

Pertaining to a dictator; imperious; dictatorially, dik»ta— overbearing. to'ri«al»li, adv. In an imperious mandictatorship, dik'ta«ter«ship, n. ner. The office of a dictator; authority; dictatress, dik«ta'imperiousness. tres, n. A female dictator. diction, dik'shon, n. [L. dictio, from dico, dictum, to speak, appearing in a great many English words, as dictate, addict, contradict, edict, condition, preach, etc.] A person's choice or selection of words in speaking or writing, general mode of expressing one's self; style. .". Diction refers chiefly to the words used; phraseology refers more to the manner of framing the phrases, clauses, and sentences; style includes both, referring to the thoughts as well as the words, and especially comprehends the niceties and beauties of a composition. dictionary, dik'shon«e«ri, n. (L.L. book containing the dictionarium.) words of a language arranged in alphabetical order, with explanations or definitions of their meanings; a lexicon; a word book; any work which communicates information on an entire subject or branch of a subject, under entries or heads arranged alphabetically. a. Pertaining to, contained in, or given by a dictiondictum, dikary or dictionaries. a.

A

A

tum, n. pi. dicta, dik'ta. [L.] positive assertion; an authoritative saying or decision. did, did, pret. of do. didactic, didactical, di*dak'tik, di— dak'ti«kal, a. [Gr. didaktikos, from didasko, to teach.] Adapted to teach; containing doctrines, precepts, principles, or rules; intended to instruct. didactically, di«dak'ti»kal«li, adv. In a didactic manner; in a form to didactics, di«dak'tiks, n. The teach. art or science of teaching. didapper, did'a»per, n. [For divedapper (Shak.), from dive, and dap dip. dabchick.] The dabchick or little grebe. diddle, did'l, v.t. [A. Sax. dyderian, to deceive or delude, originally perhaps by rapid movements or sleight of hand.] To cheat or trick, especially in money matters (slang); to dandle (provincial). didymium, di«dim'i«um, n. [Gr. dirare metal dymos, double, twin.] discovered in IH4I in the oxide of cerium, and so named from being, as it were, the twin brother of lantha-

—

A

num, which was previously found the

same body.

me, met, her;

— didymous,

pine, pin;

;

diet

order delivered; a com-

rule,

—

in

did'i—

note, not,

move;

mus, a. Bot. twin; growing double. die, di, v.i. died, dying. [Not an A. Sax. word; closely allied to the O.Fris. deja, deya, Icel. deya, deyja, Dan. doe, to die; A. Sax. dead, dead, a kind of participial form, death, death.] To cease to live; to expire; to decease; to perish; to become dead ; to lose life said of both animals and plants; to come to an end; to cease to have influence or effect (his fame will not die); to sink; to faint (his heart died within him); to languish with pleasure, tenderness, affection, or the like; to become gradually less distinct or perceptible to the sight or hearing. die, di, n. [Fr. de, O.Fr. de, from L. datum, something given, hence what is thrown or laid on the table.] small cube marked on its faces with numbers from one to six, used in gaming by being thrown from a box a square body: in the above senses the plural is dice; arch, the cubical part of a pedestal between its base and cornice ; a stamp used in coining money, in foundries, etc. in the last two senses the plural is regular,

—

:

A

:

dies.

— The

now

die

is

cast,

put to hazard;

everything

all will

is

depend

diesinker, ;/. An enfortune. graver of dies for stamping or emdiesinking, n. The process bossing. of engraving dies. dielectric, di*e*lek'trik, n. [Gr. dia, through, and E. electric] Elect, any medium through or across which electric induction takes place between two conductors. dieresis, di-e're«sis, n. Same as Diae-

upon

—

resis.

diesel, de'zel, n. [From Rudolf Diesel, the inventor.] A type of internalcombustion engine, in which high pressure of air or fuel causes the ignition also diesel engine. diet, di et, n. [O.Fr. dtete, L.L. dicta, ;

Gr. diaita, a way of living, diet.] person's regular food or victuals: manner of living as regards food and drink; course of food prescribed and limited in kind and quantity; allowance of provision. v.t. To furnish diet or meals for; to prescribe a

A

v.i. To eat PCparticular diet for. cording to rules prescribed; to eat; dietary, di e»te»ri, j. Perto feed. taining to diet or the rules of diet.

—

n. A system or course of diet; dieter, di et-er. allowance of food.

One who diets; one who prescribes rules for eating. (Shak.)—dietetic, dietetical, di«e«tet lk, di«e«tet i«kal. a. Pertaining to diet, or to the rules dietetically, di— for regulating diet. adv. In a dietetical ctet'i'kal'li, manner. dietetics, di«e«tet iks, n. n.

—

That department of medicine which relates to the regulation of diet. dietitian, dietician, di«e«ti'shon, H.

One versed in dietetics; one who arranges diets. diet, diet, n. [Fr. dicte, from L.L. ditto, the space of a day, from L. dies, a day. whence also diah diary.) A meeting, as of dignitaries or delegates, held from day to day for ecclesiastical, or other legislative, purposes; session; specifically [often tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—————

— — ————— — —

difficultas,

difficult

—

v.i. [L. differo prefix fero, to bear, to carry, seen also in confer, offer, refer, suffer, infer, etc.; root also in fertile.] To be unlike, dissimilar, distinct, or various, in nature, condition, form, or qualities (men and things differ greatly; they differ from each other); to disagree; not to accord; to be of

differ, dif'er,

L.

cultd;

and

dis, priv.,

ment of

affairs; trouble; objection; cavil; obstacle to belief; an embroilment; a falling out; a controversy; difficult, dif'i«kult, a. a quarrel.

another opinion (we differ with or from a person); to contend; to be at

Hard

make, do, or perform; not easy; attended with labor and pains; arduous; hard to understand. difficultly, difi«kult»li, adv. Hardly;

variance; to dispute; to quarrel. difference, dif'er«ens, n. The state or condition in virtue of which things differ from each other; a point or feature of disagreement; the being different; want of sameness; variation; dissimilarity; distinction; a dispute, contention, quarrel, controversy; the point in dispute; the remainder of a sum or quantity after a lesser sum or quantity is subtracted; the quantity by which one quantity differs from another. v.t. differenced, differencing. To cause a difference or distinction in; to distinguish; to discriminate. different, dif'er«ent, a. Distinct; separate; not the same; various; of various natures, forms, or qualities; unlike;

to

with difficulty. diffidence, dif'i«dens,

diffi-

faith.] Distrust; want of confidence; especially distrust of one's self; a

doubt respecting some personal quamodest reserve. diffident, dif'i»dent, a. Characterized by diffi-

lification ;

dence; distrustful of one's self; not confident; backward; bashful. diffidently, dif'i«dent«li, adv. In a diffident

manner.

diffract, dif«frakt', v.t. [L. diffringo, prefix dif, dis, and frango, diffractum to break.] To break; to bend from diffraca straight line; to deflect. tion, dif«frak'shon, n. Optics, the peculiar modifications which light undergoes when it passes by the edge

—

differential, dif«er«en'dissimilar. shal, a. Making a difference; discrim-

inating; distinguishing; math, an epithet applied to an infinitely small quantity by which two variable quantities differ ; pertaining to mathematical processes in which such quantities are employed. Differen-

opaque body;

of an

deflection.

diffractive, dif«frak'tiv, diffraction.

an important branch of

diffuse, dif»fuz',

v.t.

—

a.

Causing

diffused, diffus-

—prefix

the higher mathematics which deals largely with the infinitely small differences of variable and mutually

ing.

dependent

spread, as a fluid; to cause to flow to send out or extend in all directions (light, information, happiness). (dif«fus'). Widely a. spread; using too many words to express meaning; wanting conciseness and due condensation; verbose; prolix; hot. spreading widely, hori-

quantities.

Differential

and spread;

manufactures of different countries, as when a heavier duty is laid on certain commodities from one country than on the same commodities from another country. n. A coupling used to connect shafts, as in the driving axle of an automobile, so that a union is effected when moving straight, but allowing independent motion on a curve; math, an infinitesimal difference between two states

—

and prepare by

a heated liquid fig. bear with patience or with an effort; to brook; to put up with. v.i.

n.

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

A

digestion, as food. collection of Roman

or arranged under by order of the Emperor Justinian; any orderly or systematic summary, as of laws. digester, di«digested

laws,

titles

One who digests or disposes order; that which assists the digestion of food; a vessel in which bones or other substances may be subjected to heat in water or other jes'ter, n.

in

liquid.

The

ti,

n.

digestibility, di*jes'ti«bil"i«quality of being digestible.

The

—digestible, di«jes'ti«bl, a. Capable digestion, di«of being digested. jes'chon, n. [L. digestio.] The act of methodizing or disposing in order; the process which food undergoes in the stomach, by which it is prepared for nourishing the body; chem. the operation of exposing bodies to heat in a liquid to prepare them for some action on each other; or the slow action of a solvent on any digestive, di-jes'tiv, a. substance. Having the power to promote digestion in the stomach. n. Any preparation or medicine which increases the tone of the stomach and aids digestion; a stomachic.

in all

directions; widely reaching {diffusive charity); diffuse as regards expression.—diffusively, dif«fu'siv«li, adv. In a diffusive manner; widely; extendiffusiveness, dif«fu'siv»nes, sively. n. The character of being diffusive.

To undergo (di'jest).

proper

and

becoming diffused; extending

;

to

or scattering; dispersion; dissemination; extension; propagation; the tendency of two different gases to mix when separated by a porous dif«fu'siv, a. partition, —diffusive, Having the quality of diffusing or

diffi-

g, go;

jaw downward and backward. digest, di«jest', v.t. [L. digero, digestum, to distribute, dispose, digest food di for dis, asunder, and gero, gestum, to bear; also in congest, suggest, gesture, etc.] To arrange in suitable divisions or under proper heads or titles; to dispose in due method for being conveniently studied or consulted ; to arrange methodically in the mind; to think out; to separate or dissolve in the stomach, preparing the nutritious elements for entering the system; chem. to soften

diffusibility, dif«fu'zi«bil"quality of being diffusible. diffusible, dif»fu'zi«bl, a. Capable of being diffused or spread in all diffusion, dif«fu'zhon, n. directions. The act of diffusing or process of being diffused; a spreading abroad

evolution or development; math, the operation of finding the differential of any function. [Fr.

A

diffuses.

i«ti, n.

differentiation, dif»er«en'shi«a"shon, n. The act of differentiating; the production or discrimination of differences or variations; the assignment of a specific agency to the discharge of a specific function ; biol. the formation of different parts, organs, species, etc., by the production or acquisition of a diversity of new structures, through a process of

n.

n. One who or that digs; specifically, one who digging, dig'ing, n. digs for gold. The act of one who digs ; pi. a word applied to the different localities in California, Australia, Zealand, etc., where gold is obtained by excavations in the earth. digamma, di'gam«ma, n. [Or., lit. double gamma (gamma E. g hard), because in form it resembled two gammas, the one set above the other, somewhat like our F.] letter which once belonged to the alphabet of the Greeks, and appears to have had the force of v or /. digastric, di«gas'trik, a. [Gr. di, double, and gaster, belly.] Having a double belly. Digastric muscle, a double muscle that pulls the lower

digger, dig'er,

which

widely; extensively; with too many words. diffuseness, dif«fus'nes, n. The quality of being diffuse ; want of conciseness or due concentration in expressing one's meaning. diffuser, dif«fu'zer, n. One who or that which

differentiate, dif«er«en'shi«at, v.t. To produce, or lead to, a difference in or between; to mark or distinguish by a difference; to set aside for a definite or specific purpose; math, to obtain the differential of. v.i. To acquire a distinct and separate character.

ch, Sc. loch;

etc.). v.i. To work with a spade or other similar instrument.

fossils,

diffusely, irregularly. dif«fus'li, adv. In a diffuse manner; zontally,

of a variable quantity.

dif'i.kutoi,

diffusum

and fundo, fusum, to pour, whence fusion.] To pour out and

which are not levied equally upon the produce or

ch, chain;

diffundo,

dif, dis,

duties, pol. econ. duties

difficulty,

[L.

dig, dig, v.t.— digged or dug, digging. [Probably connected with dike or dyke, ditch; A. Sax. die, a dike or a ditch, dician, Dan. dige, to make a ditch.] To open and break, or turn up, with a spade or other sharp instrument; to excavate; to form in the ground by digging and removing the loose soil; to raise from the earth by digging (to dig coals,

New

[L.

n.

dentia, diffidens, ppr. of diffido, to distrust dis, not, and fido, to trust.

—

—

digger

from difficilis, and facilis, easy to be made or done.] Hardness to be done or accomplished; the state of anything which renders its performance laborious or perplexing: opposed to easiness or facility; that which is hard to be performed or surmounted; perplexity; embarrass-

cap.] the legislative or administrative assemblies, as the Japanese, etc.

tial calculus,

—— — —— ————

—

241

differ

dif, dis,

———

digger,

th, thin;

w, wig,

digging,

n.

hw, whig;

See

dig.

zh, arure.

———— —

—

———

————

;;

dight dight,

To put (Now only

poet.) digit, dij'it, n. [L. digitus, a finger; akin Gr. daktylos, a finger; root dik, to point out, as in Gr. deiknymi, to show, L. dico, to say.] finger: sometimes used scientifically to sig-

A

nify toe, when speaking of animals the measure of a finger's breadth or 3 4 inch; astron. the twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or moon arith. any integer under 10: so called from counting on the fingers. digital, dij'i«tal, a. [L. digitalis.] Pertaining to the fingers or to digits. n. One of the keys of instruments of the organ or piano class. digital computer. calculating machine with

A

numbers

expressed

as

digitalin,

dij'i«ta»lin,

n.

poison

obtained

from

digits.

A

strong

digitalis.

digitalis, dij«i«ta'lis, n. Any of a genus of Eurasian herbs of the figwort family; the dried and powdered leaf of the common foxglove, containing several important glucocides and serving as a powerful heart stim-

ulant

and

a

diuretic.

digitately,

adv. In a digitate manner. digitation, dij«i«ta'shon, n. division into finger-like processes. digitiform, dij'i«ti«form, a. Formed like fingers. digitigrade, dij'i«ti«grad, n. [L. digitus, and gradior, to go.] An animal that walks on its toes, as the lion, wolf, etc. a. Walking on the toes. dij'i«tat«li,

—

A

dignify, dig'ni«fi, nifying.

[Fr.

v.t.

— —L.

dignified, dig-

dignifier

dignus,

worthy, and facere, to make.] To invest with honor or dignity; to exalt in rank; to elevate to a high office; to honor; to make illustrious. dignified, dig'ni»fid,p. and a. Invested with dignity; honored; marked with dignity or loftiness; noble; dignitary, stately in deportment. dig'ni«teTi, n. One who holds an dignity, dig'exalted rank or office. ni«ti, n. [L. dignitas.] Nobleness or elevation of mind; loftiness; honorable place or rank; degree of elevation; elevation of aspect; grandeur of mien; height or importance; an elevated office; one who holds high rank; a dignitary. digraph, di'graf, n. [Gr. di, twice,

and grapho,

to write.]

— —— ———— ——

—

dim

242

—

dight. [A.Sax. dihtan, dictare, to dictate, dictate.] in order; to dress; to array.

dit, v.t.

from L.

— — ———

A union of two

vowels or of two consonants, representing a single sound of the voice (as ea in head). digress, di«gres', v.i. [L. digredior, digressus, to step apart prefix dis, GRADE.] apart, and gradior, to step. To depart or wander from the main subject or tenor of a discourse, argument, or narration. digression, di«gresh'on, n. [L. digressio.] The act of digressing; a departure from the main subject; the part or passage of a discourse, etc., which deviates from the main subject; transgression digressional, digressive, (Shak.)$. di«gresh'on«al, di»gres'iv, a. Pertaining to or consisting in digression. digressively, di«gres'iv«li, adv. By way of digression. dihedral, di«he'dral, a. [Gr. di, twice,

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

and hedra, a seat or face.] Having two plane faces, as a crystal. dike, dyke, dik, n. [A.Sax. die, D, dijk, Dan. dige, a bank of earth, a ditch, the ditch being excavated and the bank formed by the same operation. Ditch is a softened form of this.]

A

ditch or channel for water; a barrier of earth, stones, or other materials, intended to prevent low lands from being inundated by the sea or a river; a low wall forming a fence; geol. a vein of igneous rock which has intruded in a melted state into rents or fissures of other rocks. v.t. diked, diking. To surround with a dike; to secure by a bank; to drain by one or more dikes or ditches. dilacerate, dMas'er«at, v.t. [L. dilacero prefix di for dis, asunder, and lacero, to tear.] To tear; to rend dilaceration, di«las'er«a"asunder. shon, n. The act of dilacerating.

—

—

dilapidate, di»lap'i«dat,

v.i.

—

dilapi-

dated, dilapidating. [L. dilapido, dilapidatum prefix di for dis, asunder, and lapis, lapidis, a stone.] v.t. To suffer to go to ruin (buildings) by misuse or neglect; to waste; to squander. v.i. To fall to ruin. dilapidated, di«lap'i«da«ted, p. and a. In a ruinous condition; suffered to go to ruin. dilapidation, di«lap'i«da"shon, n. The act of dilapidating; eccles. the ruinous neglect or actual

—

wasting, by an incumbent, of any building or other property in his possession. dilated, dilating. dilate, di»lat', v.t.

—

[L. dilato, to

make wider

di for dis,

asunder, and latus broad.] To expand or swell out, especially by filling; to distend; to enlarge in all directions: opposed to contract; to tell copiously v.i. To exor diffusely (Shak.)$. pand, swell, or extend in all directions; to speak largely and copiously; to dwell in narration; to descant: with on or upon. dilatability, di— la'ta«bil"i«ti, n. The quality of being

—

—

dilatable.

dilatable,

di«la'ta«bl,

a.

Capable of being dilated; possessing dilatation, dila-

elasticity; elastic. tion, di«la«ta'shon,

dMa'shon,

n.

The

act of expanding, dilating, or state of being expanded or distended. dilater, dilator, dHa'ter, n. One who or that which dilates. dilative, di»la'tiv, a.

Tending

to dilate.

dilatory, dil'a«tOTi, a. [Fr. dilatoire, L.L. dilator ius, from L. differ o, diMarked with or latum. delay.] given to procrastination or delay; making delay or resulting in delay; slow; tardy; not proceeding with diligence: of persons or things. dilatorily, dil'a«tOTi'li, adv. In a dilatodilatory manner; tardily. riness, dil'a«toTi«nes, n. The quality of being dilatory; delay in proceeding; tardiness. dilemma, di«lem'ma, n. [Gr. dilemma prefix di for dis, double, and

—

lemma, an assumption, from iambano, to take.] Logic, an argument in which the adversary is caught between two difficulties, by having two alternatives presented to him, each of

which is equally conclusive against him hence, a state of things in which ;

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

evils or obstacles present themselves side, and it is difficult to

on every

determine what course to pursue. dilettante, dil*e*tant', n. pi. dilettanti, dil»e»tan'te. [It., from L. delectare, delight.] An admirer to delight, or lover of the fine arts ; an amateur or trifier in art; one who pursues

and for amusement. dil»e«tan'tizm, n. The quality characteristic of a dilettante. diligence, dil'i'jens, n. [L. diligentia, carefulness, diligence, from diligo, to love earnestly di for dis, intens., and lego, to choose.] Steady application in business of any kind; constant effort to accomplish what is undertaken; due attention; industry; assiduity; care; heed; needfulness; Scots law, a kind of warrant, and also a an — dilettantism,

art desultorily

process by which persons or effects diligent, dil'i'jent, a. are attached. [L. diligens, diligentis.] Steady in application to business; constant in effort to accomplish what is undertaken; assiduous; attentive; industrious; not idle or negligent: of persons or things. diligently, dil'i*jent«li, adv. In a diligent manner. kind diligence, de«le«zhans, n. [Fr.] of four-wheeled stagecoach.

A

[A.Sax. dil, Sw. dill, G. possibly from its soothing qualities in dilling or dulling pain. Comp. prov. E. dill, Icel. dilla, to plant of the parsley lull a child.] family, seeds of which are moderately pungent and aromatic, and are used as a seasoning. dillydally, dil'i«dal«i, v.i. [A reduplication of dally.] To loiter; to delay;

dill, dil, n. dill, dill;

A

to

trifle.

dilute, di«lut',

— —

v.t.

diluted, diluting.

prefix di for dis, [L. diluo, dilutus and luo, to wash, as in ablution. deluge.] To render liquid or more liquid, especially by mixing with water; to weaken (spirit, acid, etc.)

by an admixture of water.

a.

Di-

luted; reduced in strength by interdiluteness, di«lut nes, n. mixture. The state or quality of being diluted. dilution, di«lu'shon, n. The act of diluting. diiuent, dil'u«ent, a. [L. diluens, diluentis.] Having the

—

of diluting. n. That which med. a substance which increases the proportion of fluid in effect

dilutes;

the blood. diluvial, diluvian, di«lu Vi»al, di«lu vi«an, a. [L. diluvium, a deluge, from dilute.] Pertaining to a flood diluo. or deluge, more especially to the Diluvial deluge in Noah's days. formation, geol. a name of superficial deposits of gravel, clay, sand, etc., conveyed to their present sites by any unusual or extraordinary rush of water. dim, dim, a. [A.Sax. dim, dark, obscure = O.Fris. dim, Icel. dimmr, dim; comp. Lith. tamsa, Skr. tamos, darkness.] Not seeing clearly; having the vision indistinct; not clearly seen; obscure; faint; vague; somewhat dark; not luminous; dull of apprehension; having the luster obscured; tarnished. v.t. dimmed, dimming. To render dim or less clear or distinct; to becloud; to obscure;

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ———

—

—————

—

dime

—

a

single

direction,

as

—

—

—

A

resound; from same root as Skr. dhvan, to sound.] Noise; a clattering, or rumbling sound, long continued.

—

to soft:

diminutif.)

being

embowered

di«mis'o«ri, a. [L.L. didismiss.] Sending away; dismissing to another jurisdiction; granting leave to depart. dimity, dim'i«ti, n. [It. dimito, L.L. dimitum, from Gr. dimitos, dimity di, double, and mitos, a thread.] stout cotton fabric ornamented in the loom by raised stripes or fancy figures, rarely dyed, but usually missorius.

go;

A

jurisdiction; an ecclesiastical division of a state, subject to the authordiocesan, di«os'ity of a bishop. es«an or di«6«se'san, a. Pertaining bishop as related to a diocese. n. to his own diocese one in possession of a diocese, and having the ecclesiastical jurisdiction over it. dioecious, di«e'shus, a. Bot. having

— A ;

stamens on one plant and pistils on another; zool. having the germ cell or ovum produced by one individual (female), and the sperm cell, or spermatozoid, by another (male). diopside, di«op'sid, n. [Gr. dia, through, and opsis, a view, from being sometimes transparent.] A variety of augite, of a vitreous luster and greenish or yellowish color.

dioptase, di«op'tas, n. [Gr. dia, through, and optazo, from optomai, Emerald copper ore, a to see.] translucent mineral of a beautiful green, occurring crystallized in sixsided prisms.

diopter,

di«op'ter, n. [Gr. diopter, a spy.] In lenses, the unit of refractive power, being that of a lens with meter. a focal length of one dioptric, dioptrical, di«op trik, di«op'tri«kal, a. [Gr. dioptrikos, from dia, through, and the root op, to see.] Pertaining to dioptrics, or to the passing of light through instruments Dioptric system, the or substances. mode of illuminating lighthouses in

valley.

—

A

g,

also spelled Dei-. dint, dint, n. [A. Sax. dynt, a blow, O.E. and Sc. dunt, Icel. dyntr, a stroke; perhaps akin to din and ding. Dent is the same word.] blow or stroked; the mark made by a blow; a cavity or impression made by a blow or by pressure on By dint of, a substance; a dent. by the force or power of; by means of. v.t. To make a dint in; to dent. diocese, di'6«ses, n. [Gr. dioikesis, administration, a province or jurisdiction dia, and oikesis, residence, from oiked, to dwell, oikos, a house.] The circuit or extent of a bishop's

;

n. The wild Australian dog, of a wolflike appearance. dingy, din'ji, a. [Probably connected with dung.] Of a dirty white or dusky dincolor; soiled; sullied; dusky. giness, din ji«nes, n. dinkey, dinky, dingk'i, n. [Amer.] A small locomotive used for hauling logs, shunting freight cars, etc.

dimissory,

ch, Sc. loch;

curving downward. These words are

which the illumination is produced by a central lamp, sending its rays

dingo, ding'go,

littleness.

dinky, dingk'i, a. [Sc. dink, neat.] Small; insignificant. dinoceras, dI«nos'e«ras, n. [Gr. deij,

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

[Gr.

A

and dimple .] A narrow dale or valley between hills; a small secluded and

di«min'u«tiv«nes, n. State diminutive; smallness;

ch, chain;

di'no*sar, deinos, and One of a group of huge, terrestrial, fossil reptiles peculiar to the upper secondary formations, some of them carnivorous. dinothere, di'no»ther, n. [Gr. deinos, gigantic and therion, wild beast.] extinct mammal allied to the elephant, occurring in the strata of the tertiary formation, with two tusks

East Indian boat varying in size in different localities; a small boat used by a ship; a sailboat or yacht used in racing; a rubber life raft. dingle, ding'gi, n. [Apparently a form of O.E. dimble, a dell or dingle,

—diminu-

fossil

dinosaurian,

di'n6«sa'ri'an, n. sauros, a lizard.]

An

small; little. n. Anything of very small size (Shak.)%; gram, a word formed from another word to express a little thing of the kind (as manikin, a little man). diminutively, di«min'u»tiv«li, adv. size;

tiveness,

—

dingdong, ding'dong n. The sound of bells, or any similar sound. dinghy, dingey, ding'gi, n. [Hindi] bell.

Considerably smaller than the nor-

of

—

A

—

In a diminutive manner.

—

take dinner elsewhere than at one's residence. v.t. To give a dinner to; to supply with dinner; to afford convenience for dining. diner, di'ner, n. One who dines; a dining car; a restaurant shaped like dinette, di«net', n. a railroad car. small dining room.—dining car, n. A railroad car in which meals are served. dining room, n. A room used for dinner and other meals. dinner, diner, n. The chief meal of the day; a formal meal in honor of a person or an event. ding, ding, v.t. and i. dung or dinged. [Icel. dengja, Dan. daenge, Sw. danga, to knock, to beat.] To sound as a

diminution, opposite of crescendo. dim«i«nu'shon, n. [L. diminutio.] The act of diminishing; a making smaller; the state of becoming or appearing less; discredit; loss of diminutive, dignity; degradation.

mal

confused

own

—

[Fr.

dinned, dinning.

din, v.i. dined, dining. [Fr. diner, O.Fr. disner, L.L. disnare L. de, intens. (as and in devour), ccenare, to dine, from cozna, dinner.] To eat the chief meal of the day; to take dinner. To dine out, to

—

a.

i.

—

dine,

impair, degrade, or abase (O.T.). v.i. To lessen; to become or appear diminishless or smaller; decrease. able, di«min'ish«a«bl, a. Capable of being diminished. diminuendo, di«min'u»en"d6. [It.] Mus. an instruction to the performer to lessen the

di»min'u«tiv,

and

strike with continued or sound; to stun with noise.

posed to increase and augment; to

—

v.t.

To

A

three horns.

dinosaur,

—

length,

terrible, keras, horn.]

animal as large as an elephant, with

dI«mor'fizm, n. [Gr. di, double, and morphe, form.] The property shown by some mineral bodies of crystallizing in two distinct forms not derivable from each other; the condition when analogous organs of plants of the same species appear under two very dissimilar forms; difference of form between animals of the same species. dimorphous, dimorphic, di«mor'fus, dI«mor'fik, a. Characterized by dimorphism. dimple, dim'pl, n. [Probably a diminutive form connected with dip or deep; comp. G. diimpel, tumpel, a pool.] A small natural depression in the cheek or other part of the face, as the chin; a slight depression or indentation on any surface. v.i. dimpled, dimpling. To form dimples; to sink into depressions or little inequalities. v.i. To mark with dimples. dimply, dim'pli, a. din, din, n. [A. Sax. dyn, dyne, noise, thunder; I eel. dynr, din, dynia, to

breadth, and thickness or depth, a solid body having thus three dimensions ; pi. measure, size, extent, capacity; fig. consequence; importance ; alg. same as degree. dimerous, dim'er«us, a. [Gr. di, twice, and meros, part.] Having its parts in pairs; composed of two unrelated pieces or parts; entotn. having the tarsi two- jointed. dimeter, dim'e«ter, a. [Gr. dimetros di, twice, and metron, a measure.] Having two poetical measures. n. verse of two measures. dimidiate, di«mid'i»at, a. [L. dimidiatus, from dimidium, half dis, asunder, and medius, the middle.] Divided into two equal parts; halved; hot. applied to an organ when half of it is so much smaller than the other as to appear to be missing; zool. having the organs of one side of different functions from the corresponding organs on the other. diminish, di«min'ish, v.t. [O.Fr. demenuiser, from L. diminuo, to lessen di for dis, asunder, and minuere, to lessen, from root min, in minor, less.] To lessen; to make less or smaller by any means: op-

volume of sound from loud

nos,

etc.

dimorphism,

Extension

mete, measure.]

—

—

diorama

employed white for beds, dimly, dimness. See dim.

—

A

in

— — ——

243

dimly, dim'li, to tarnish or sully. dimness, adv. In a dim manner. dim'nes, n. The state of being dim. dime, dim, n. [Fr. dime, a tenth, a tithe, O.Fr. disme, from L. decimus, silver tenth, from decern, ten.] coin of the United States, value ten cents; the tenth of a dollar. dimension, di»men'shon, n. [L. dimensio, from dimetior, to measure di for dis, and metior, mensus, to mete,

——

through a combination of lenses surrounding it. dioptrics, di»op'triks, n. That part of optics which treats of the refractions of light passing through different mediums, as through air, water, or glass, and especially through lenses. diorama, di«OTa'ma, n. [Gr. dia, through, and horama, a view.] A painted scene in three dimensions,

th, thin;

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, arure.

—— —

——

— —

—

———

——

244

diorite viewed through an aperture

; a specpicture or scene of any with or without translucent

——

—

;

dirigible

tacular

licensed to practice their profession, and the like. v.t. To furnish with

line of father and son; opposed to collateral; straightforward; open; in-

size,

a

diploma; to fortify by a diploma. diplomacy, di»plo'ma«si, n. The science or art of conducting nego-

genuous; plain; not ambiguous, v.t. To point or aim in a straight line toward something; to make to act or work, towards a certain end

features.

[Gr. dia, through, the stone being formed of distinct portions.] tough crystalline trap rock of a whitish color, speckled with black or greenish black.

diorite, di'o«rit,

and

n.

boundary,

horos,

A

dioxide, di«ok'sid, n. [Prefix di, double, and oxide.] An oxide consisting of one atom of a metal and two atoms of oxygen. dip, dip, v.t. dipped or dipt, dipping. [A. Sax. dippan, dyppan, to dip;

—

Fris. dippe, D. doopen, G. taufen, to dip, to baptize, akin deep, dive.] To plunge or immerse in water or other liquid; to put into a fluid and withdraw; to lift with a ladle or other vessel; often with out; v.i. To to baptize by immersion. plunge into a liquid and quickly emerge; to engage in a desultory way; to concern oneself to some little extent (to dip into a subject); to read passages here and there (to dip into a volume); to sink, as below the horizon ; geol. to incline immersion in any or slope. n. liquid; a plunge; a bath; a candle made by dipping the wick in tallow; inclination or slope. Dip of the needle, the angle which the magnetic

An

needle makes with the plane of the horizon. The dip of strata, in geol. the inclination or angle at which strata slope or dip. dipper, dip'er, n. One who or that which dips, especially, a kind of ladle or scoop; [cap.] either of two croups of seven stars in the Northern Hemisphere resembling a dipper. diphtheria, dif«the'ri«a, n. [Gr. diphthera,

a

membrane.]

An

epidemic

inflammatory

disease of the air and especially of the passages, throat, characterized by the formation of a false membrane. diphtheritic, dif-the«rit'ik, a. Connected with, relating to, or formed by diphtheria. diphthong, dif 'thong or dip 'thong, n. [Gr. diphthongos di, twice, and union of two phthongos, sound.] vowels pronounced in one syllable diphthongization, (as in bound, oil). dif'thong«gi«za"shon or dip-, n. The the formation of a diphthong; conversion of a simple vowel into diphthongize, difa diphthong. thong«giz or dip-, v.t. To form into

—

A

—

—

diphthong. diphyllous, dl«fil'us, a

a. [Gr. di, twice, a leaf.] Bot. having two leaves, as a calyx, etc. diplococcus, dip'lo«kok"us, n. [Gr. diploos, double, kokkos, a berry.] Of bacteria, a form consisting of a pair of cocci. See coccus.

and phyllon,

diploma, di«plo'ma, a

n.

[Gr. diploma,

paper folded double, a license,

from

A

seal ity,

diploo, to fold, diploos, double.]

or writing, usually under and signed by competent authorconferring some power, privilege,

letter

or honor, as that given to graduates of colleges on their receiving the usual degrees, to physicians who are fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

arranging

tiations,

treaties,

between nations ; the forms of

etc.,

inter-

national

negotiations; dexterity or skill in managing negotiations of any kind; artful management or maneuvering with the view of securing advantages. diplomat, dip'lo«mat, n. diplomatist. diplomatic, dip*lo»mat'ik, a. Pertaining to diplomacy or to the management of any negotiations; skillful in gaining one's ends by tact and cleverness; conferred by diploma; relating to diplomatics. diplomatically, dip»lo«mat'i»kal«li, adv. In a diplomatic

—

A

—

—

manner

;

artfully.

—diplomatics, dip—

lo«mat'iks,n. The science of deciphering old writings, to ascertain their authenticity, date, etc. ; paleography. diplomatist, di«pl6'ma«tist, n. person skilled in diplomacy; a

—

A

diplomat. diplopia, di«plo'pi«a, n. [Gr. diploos, double, and dps, the eye.] A disease of the eye, in which the patient sees an object double or even triple. dipper, dipping. See dip. dipsomania, dip«so«ma'ni«a, n. [Gr. dipsa, thirst, and mania, madness.] That morbid condition to which habitual drunkards of a nervous and sanguine temperament are liable to reduce themselves, and in which they manifest an uncontrollable dipsomacraving for stimulants. niac, dip«so»ma'ni«ak, n. A victim of dipsomania. dipsomaniacal, dip— so»ma'ni«a«kal, Pertaining a. to dipsomania. dipteral, dip'ter«al, a. [Gr. di, double, and pteron, a wing.] Entom. having two wings only; dipterous; arch, a term applied to a temple having a double row of columns on each of its flanks. n. Arch, a dipteral temdipteron, dip'ter«an, n. A dipple. dipterous, dip'ter«us, terous insect. a. Entom. having two wings, bot. a term applied to seeds which have

—

—

—

their

—

margins prolonged in the form

of wings.

diptych,

dip'tik, n. [Gr. diptychos

—

double, and ptysso, to fold.] Anciently, a kind of register or list as of magistrates or bishops consisting usually of two leaves folded, a design, as a painting or carved work, on two folding compartments or tablets. dire, dlr, a. [L. dirus, terrible.] Dreadful; dismal; horrible; terrible; di,

evil

in

a

great

—direful, — direfully,

degree.

dir'ful, a. Same as Dire. dir'fuhli, adv. In a direful

manner. adv. In a dire manner.

direly, dir'li, dir'nes, n. The state or quality of being dire. (Shak.) direct, di»rekt', a. [L. dirigo, directum, di to set in a straight line, to direct for dis. intens., and rego, rectum, to

—direness, make

right, regent.] Straight, right; opposite to crooked, straight.

circuitous,

winding,

appearing to east;

me, met, her;

oblique;

astroti.

move from west

opposed to retrograde; pine, pin;

to in the

note, not,

move;

or object; to show the right road or course; to prescribe a course to; to order or instruct; to prescribe to; to inscribe (a letter) with the address. v.i. To act as a guide; to point out a course. n. Mus. the sign *» placed at the end of a stave to direct the performer to the first note of the next stave. direct current, Elect. A current flowing in one direction in a circuit; abbreviated D.C. direction, di«rek'shon, n. The act of directing; the course or line in which anything is directed; a being directed toward a particular end ; the line in which a body moves, or to which its position is referred; course; the act of governing; administration; management; guidance; superintendence instruction in what manner, to proceed; order; behest; the address on a letter, parcel, etc ; a body or board of

—

—

;

—

directors;

directorate directive, Having the power of directing. directly, di«rekt'li, adv. In a direct manner; in a straight

a

di«rek'tiv,

—

or course; straightway; immediately; instantly; soon; without delay; openly; expressly; without circumlocution or ambiguity. directness, di«rekt'nes, n. direct object, n. Gram, the person or thing that receives the action expressed by the verb. director, di«rek ter, ;/. One who or that which directs; one who superintends specifically, one of a body appointed to direct, control, or superintend the affairs of a company.—directorate, di«rekter«it, n. The office of a director; a body of directors. directorship, di— rek'ter«ship, n. The condition or directory-, di— office of a director. line

—

—

—

—

—

A

rule to direct; a book containing directions for public worship or religious services; a book containing an alphabetical list of the inhabitants of a city, town, etc., with their places of business and abode; board of directors; directorate; [cap.] during the French Revolution, a body established by the Convention in 795, and composed of five memdirectress, di»rek'tres, n. bers. female who directs or manages. directrix, di«rek'triks, n. directress ; geom. a straight line of importance in the doctrine of conic sections. direful. See dire. rek'te«ri, n.

1

—

A

A

dirge, derj,

n.

[A contraction of L.

dirige ('direct', imperative of dirigere, to direct), the first word in a psalm or hymn formerly sung at

A

funerals.] song or tune intended to express, grief, sorrow, and mourning.

dirigible, di ri«ji«bl, a. That may be directed, turned, or guided in any direction. n. A balloon or airship driven by motors whose course directed by means of can be apparatus. directing steering or tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———— —— — — — —

— —— ——

;

to stab.

dirt, dert, n. [Icel. drit, dirt, excrement, drita, Sc. drite, A. Sax. (ge) dritan, to go to stool.] Any foul or

discern

a superior tribunal. disafforest, dis«af«for'est, v.t. To reduce from the privileges of a forest to the state of common ground; to strip of forest laws and their oppressive privileges.

peace footing, as an army or navy; to deprive of means of attack or defense, or of annoyance, or power to v.i. To terrify; to render harmless. lay down arms; to disband armed disarmament, dis«ar'ma«forces.

—

disagree, dis«a«gre', v.t. disagreed, disagreeing. To be not accordant or coincident; to be not exactly similar; to differ; to be of an opposite or different opinion; to be unsuitable to the stomach; to be in opposition; not to accord or harmonize; to

excrement, mud, mire, dust; whatever, adhering to anything, renders it foul or unclean a gold-miner's name for the material, as earth, gravel, etc., put into his cradle to be washed. v.t. To soil; dirtily, der'tidi, adv. In a to dirty. filthy substance, as

become

unfriendly; to quarrel. disagreeable, dis«a»gre'a«bl, a. The reverse of agreeable; unpleasing; offensive to the mind or to the dissenses; repugnant; obnoxious. agreeableness, dis«a«gre'a«bl«nes, n. The state or quality of being disagreeably, dis«a— disagreeable. gre'a«bli, adv. In a disagreeable disagreeunpleasantly. manner; ment, dis«a«gre'ment, n. Want of agreement; difference, as of form or character; difference of opinion or sentiments; a falling out; a quarrel; discord. disallow, dis«al«lou', v.t. To refuse permission or sanction for; not to grant; not to authorize; to disapprove of; to reject, as being illegal, unnecessary, unauthorized, and the disallowance, dis«al«lou'ans, n. like. Disapprobation; refusal; prohibi-

dirty manner; nastily; filthily; meandirtiness, der'ti«nes, sordidly. n. The condition of being dirty; filthiness; foulness; nastiness.— dirly;

Fcul; nasty; not clean; impure; turbid; ty,

der'ti,

despicable; sloppy (weather). base;

tying.

To

filthy;

a.

—

make

to

defile;

mean;

sleety, rainy, or dirtied, dirv.t.

filthy; to soil.

dirty or

—

disable,

disabled, disdis«a'bl, v.t. [Prefix dis, priv., and able.] render unable; to deprive of

abling.

To

competent strength or power, phyor mental; to injure so as to be fit for duty or service; to deprive of adequate means, instruments, or resources; to impair; to deprive of legal qualifications; to incapacitate; to render incapable. sical

no longer

disability, dis«a«bil'i»ti, n.

The

state

tion; rejection.

disannul, dis«an«nur,

or quality of being disabled or unable; weakness; impotence; incapacity; inability; want of legal qual-

disablement,^

ifications.

bl»ment,

The

n.

act

disabusing. buse.] To

[Fr. free

Annulment. disappear, dis«ap«per',

— disabused,

v.t.

desabuser,

from

dis«ad«van'tij, n.

or

desappointer,

Ab-

from

sence or deprivation of advantage; which prevents success or renders it difficult; any unfavorable circumstance or state, prejudice to interest, fame, credit, profit, or other good; loss; injury; harm;

disadvantageous, dis«ad'Attended with disadvantage; unfavorable to success or disadvanprosperity; prejudicial.

damage.

van»ta"jus, a.

dis«ad'van«ta"jus«li,

adv.

ta'jus»nes, n.

disaffect, dis«af«fekt', v.t. To alienate the affection of; to make less friendly or faithful, as to a person, party, or cause; to make discontented or unfriendly. disaffected, dis«af— fek'ted, and a. Having the p. affections alienated; indisposed to favor or support; unfriendly; hostile to the governing power. disaffection, dis«af«fek'shon, n. Alienation of affection, attachment, or good

by

ch, chain;

a contrary

judgment of

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

Compare the astrological origin. adj. disastrous with ill-starred.] Any unfortunate event, especially a great sudden misfortune; mishap; discalamity; adversity; reverse. astrous, diz«as'trus, a. Occasioning or accompanied by disaster; calamdisastrously, diz«as'trusdi, itous. adv. In a disastrous manner. and

disavow,

originally

to

remove

appointment

job;

ng, sing;

act of disbanding.

disbar, dis«bar',

then;

To deny

v.t.

— disbarred,

dis-

To

expel from being a member of the bar; to remove from the list of lawyers. disbelief, dis«bi«lef, n. Refusal of credit or faith; denial of belief; unbelief; infidelity; scepticism. disbelieve,

dis«bidev',

v.t.

—disbe-

To

refuse belief to; to hold not to be true or not v.i. to exist; to refuse to credit. To deny the truth of any position; disbeliever, to refuse to believe. dis'bide'ver, n. One who disbelieves or refuses belief; an unbeliever. disburden, dis«ber'den, v.t. To remove a burden from; to lay off or aside as oppressive; to get rid of. lieved, disbelieving.

disburse,

dis«bers',

v.t.

—disbursed, —

[O.Fr. desbourscr prefix purse.] dis, and L.L. bursa, a purse, To pay out, as money; to spend or disbursement, lay out; to expend. dis«bers'ment, n. The act of disbursdisburser, ing; a sum paid out. dis«ber'ser, ft. One who disburses. disc. See disk. disbursing.

discard, dis«kard', v.t. and I. To throw out of the hand such cards as are not played in the course of the game; to dismiss from service or employment, or from society; to cast off.

—

discern, diz«zern',

manner.

TH,

v.t.

disretire from military service. bandment, dis«band'ment, n. The

force or authority; to reduce to a j,

dis«a«vou',

be true, as a fact or charge respecting one's self; to disown; to disavowal, to reject. repudiate; dis«a«vou'al, n. Denial; repudiation. disband, dis«band', v.t. To dismiss from military service, to break up, as a band or body of men; to disperse. v.i. To break up and to

disarm, disarm', v.t. To take the arms or weapons from, usually by

deny;

to contradict; to annul, as a judicial

decision,

an

a disapproving

To

cease

—

will; disloyalty. v.t.

To

—

In a disadvantageous manner. disadvantageousness, dis«ad'van«-

disaffirm, dis«af»ferm',

v.i.

or office.] To defeat of expectation, wish, hope, desire, or intention; to frustrate; to balk; to hinder from the possession or enjoyment of that which was hoped or expected (disappointed of the expected legacy). disappointed, dis«ap«poin'ted, p. and a. Having suffered disappointment balked; unprepared (Shak.)%. disappointment, dis«ap»point'ment, n. The act of disappointing or feeling of being disappointed; defeat or failure of expectation, hope, wish, desire, or intention. disapprobation, dis«ap'ro«ba"shon, n. The reverse of approbation; disapproval; censure, expressed or unexdis«a«prov', disapprove, pressed. v.t. disapproved, disapproving. To censure; to regard as wrong or To express or objectionable. v.i. feel disapproval: with of before the object. ^disapproval, dis«a«pro'val, disapn. Disapprobation; dislike. provingly, dis»a»pro'ving«li, adv. In

that

tageous!^,

—

barring.

appear or to be perceived; to vanish from the sight; to go away or out of sight; to cease, or seem disappearto cease, to be or exist. ance, Act of dis«ap«pe'rans, n. disappearing; removal from sight. disappoint, dis«ap«point', v.t. [Fr.

erroneous notions or beliefs; to undeceive; to set right. disaccustom, dis«ak«kus'tum, v.t. To destroy the force of habit in by disuse; to render unaccustomed.

disadvantage,

To put out of order; to unsettle or disturb the order or due arrangement of. disarrangement, dis»aTanj'ment, n. The act of disarranging; disorder. disarray, dis«a«ra', v.t. To undress; to divest of clothes; to throw into disorder.—n. Disorder; confusion; disordered dress. disaster, diz-as'ter, n. [Fr. desastre dis, and L. astrum, a star; a word of

To make

to

disa-

to

mistaken

ment, n. Act of disarming. disarrange, dis«aTanj', v.t.

—

of disabling;

disability.

disabuse, dis»a«buz',

v.t.

void; to annul; to deprive of force or authority; to cancel. (Shaft.) disannulment, dis^an^nul'ment, n.

dis«a'-

— ——— — —— —

—— —

;

245

dirk dirk, derk, n. [Origin doubtful.] A kind of dagger or poniard ; a dagger worn as essential to complete the Highland costume. v.t. To poniard;

—— —— —

th, thin;

v.t. [L. disccrno cento, to separate or distinguish, akin to Gr. krmo, to judge (whence critic); Skr. kri, to separate. crime.] To perceive or note as being different; to discriminate by the eye or the intellect; to distinguish or mark as being distinct; to dis-

dis,

and

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

— —

—

——

;

;

discharge

246

cover by the eye; to see. v.i. see or understand differences;

make ness

distinction;

to

of mental vision.

diz«zer'ner, n. a clearsighted

To

to clear-

have

— discerner,

One who

discerns;

observer; one who knows and judges; one who has the power of distinguishing. discernible, diz«zer'ni«bl, a. Capable of being discerned ; discoverable by the eye or the understanding; distinguishable. discernibleness,diz«zer'ni»bl»nes, n. discernibly, diz»zerni«bli, adv. So as to be discerned. discerning, diz«zer'ning, p. and a. Having power to discern; capable of discriminating, knowing, and judging; sharp-sighted; acute. discerningly, diz'zer'ning'li, adv. In a discerning manner. discernment, diz'zern'ment, n. The act of discerning ; the power or faculty of discerning by the mind; acuteness of judgment; power of perceiving differences of things or ideas, and their relations ; penetration.

—

—

—

—

—

discharge,

dis«charj',

v.t.

—

dis-

charged, discharging. To unload (a ship); to take out (a cargo); to free from any load or burden ; to free of the missile with which anything is charged or loaded; to fire off; to let fly; to shoot; to emit or send out ; to give vent to, lit or fig. ; to deliver the amount or value of to the person to whom it is owing; to pay (a debt); to free from an obligation, duty, or labor; to relieve (to discharge a person from a task); to clear from an accusation or crime to acquit; to absolve; to set free; to perform or execute (a duty or office); to divest of an office or employment; to dismiss from service (a servant, a soldier, a jury); to .

to liberate from confinement. get rid of or let out a or contents. The act n.

release — To ;

v.i.

—

—

charge of discharging, unloading or freeing from a charge; a flowing or issuing out, or a throwing out; emission; that which is thrown out; matter emitted; dismissal from office or release from obligation, debt, or penalty; absolution from a crime or accusation; ransom; price paid for deliverance; performance; execution, as of an office, trust, or

service;

duty; liberation; release from confinement; payment of a debt; a written acknowledgment of payment; a substance used in calico printing to remove color, and so form a pattern. discharger, dis«-

—

One who or that which discharges. disciple, dis»si'pl, n. [L. discipulus, from disco, to learn.] One who receives instruction from another; a learner; a scholar; a pupil; a discipleship, follower; an adherent. char'jer, n.

—

diS'Si'pl'Ship, n. The state of being a disciple. discipline, dis'si-plin, n. [L. disciplina, from discipulus, a disciple, from disco, to learn.] Training,

education; instruction and the government of conduct or practice; the training to act in accordance with rules; drill; method of regufate, far, fare, fat, fall;

the like; correction; chastisement.

—

To

disciplined, disciplining. subject to discipline; to apply discipline to; train: to teach rules and practice,

and accustom

to order and subor; to correct, chastise, punish.—discipliner, dis'si«plin»er, n. One who disciplines. disci-

dination ; to

drill

—

plinable, dis'si«plin«a«bl, a. Capable of instruction and improvement in learning; capable of being made matter of discipline; subject or liable to discipline. disciplinarian,

—

One who disciplines; one who instructs in military and naval tactics and maneuvers one who enforces rigid discipline; a martinet. a. Pertaining to discipline. disciplinary, dis'si'pli«naTi, a. Pertaining to discipline; intended for discipline; promoting discipline. disclaim, dis«klam', v.t. To deny or relinquish all claim to; to reject as not belonging to one's self; to renounce; to deny responsibility for or approval of; to disavow; disclaimer, dis«kla'mer, to disown. n. person who disclaims; an act dis'si«pli«na"ri«an, n.

—

—

A

of disclaiming; abnegation of pretensions or claims; law, a renunciation, abandonment, or giving up of a claim. disclose, dis»kl6z', v.t. disclosed, dis-

—

closing.

to to

To

uncover and lay open

the view; to cause to appear; allow to be seen; to bring to

fight; to make known, reveal, tell, discloser, dis«klo'zer, n. One utter. who discloses. disclosure, dis»kl6'zher, n. The act of disclosing; exhibition ; the act of making known

—

—

or revealing; utterance of what was secret; a telling; that which is disclosed or made known.

discoid. See disk. discolor, dis«kul'er,

hue or color different to tinge.

of;

To

v.t.

to

alter the

change to a

color or shade; to stain;

—discoloration, dis«kul'er—

The act of discoloring; alteration of color; a discolored spot a"shon, n.

or marking. discomfit, dis'kum'fit, L. disconfire, discomfit

[O.Fr. dis, not, and conficere, to achieve, comfit.] To rout, defeat, or scatter in flight; to cause to flee; to vanquish; to disconcert, foil, or frustrate the defeat; an overthrow. plans of. n. discomfiture, (Mil.) dis«kum'fi— cher, n. Rout; defeat; overthrow;

—

v.t.

A

—

frustration; disappointment.

discomfort, dis«kum'fert,

n.

Absence

or opposite of comfort or pleasure; uneasiness; disturbance of peace; pain, annoyance, or inquietude. v.t. To disturb the peace or happiness of; to make uneasy; to pain. discomfortable,f dis«kum'fefta«bl, a.

Wanting

in comfort;

uncomfort-

able.

discommend,! dis«kom«mend',

v.t.

To

blame; to censure; to expose to censure or bad feeling. discommode, dis«kom«mod', v.t. discommoded, discommoding. To put

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

—

discord

lating principles and practice; punishment inflicted by way of correction and training; instruction by means of misfortune, suffering, and v.t.

—

note, not,

move;

inconvenience; to incommode. dis-kom'on, v.t. To make to cease to be common land; to deprive of the right of a common. discompose, dis«kom«poz', v.t. discomposed, discomposing. To disorder, disturb, or disarrange to disturb the peace and quietness of; to agitate, ruffle, fret, or vex. discomposure, dis»kom«p6'zher, n. The state of being discomposed; a certain agitation or perturbation of mind. disconcert, dis»kon«sert', v.t. To throw into disorder or confusion; to undo, as a concerted scheme or to

discommon,

—

;

—

plan;

defeat;

to

to frustrate; to disturb the selfdisconpossession of; to confuse. certion, dis«kon»ser'shon, n. The act of disconcerting; the state of being disconcerted. disconformable, dis«kon«for'ma«bl, disco nformia. Not conformable.

discompose

or

—

—

ty,

diS'kon«for'mi«ti,

n.

Want

of

agreement or conformity; inconsistency. dis«kon«nekt', v.t. To sever the connection between; to disunite; to detach.

disconnect,

or

separate

disconnection, dis*kon«nek'shon, n. The act of disconnecting; separation; want of union. disconsolate, dis*kon'so*lit, a. [L. not, and consolatus, pp. of dis, consolor, to console, to be consoled. console.] Destitute of consolation; hopeless; sad; dejected; melancholy; cheerless; saddening; gloomy. disconsolately, dis»kon'so«lit«li, adv. In a disconsolate manner; without disconsolateness, comfort. dis«-

—

kon'so«lit«nes, n. discontent, dis «kon« tent', n.

Want of content; uneasiness or inquietude of mind ; dissatisfaction ; one who is discontented; a malcontent (Shak.). v.t. To a.% Uneasy; dissatisfied. discontented, dissatisfied. make dis«kon«ten'ted, a. Not contented; dissatisfied; not pleased with one's circumstances; given to grumble. discontentedly, dis«kon«ten'ted»li, adv. In a discontented manner or mood. discontentedness, dis»kon«ten'ted«nes, n. The state of being disdiscontented; dissatisfaction.

—

—

—

—

contentment, dis -ken* tent ment, n. The state of being discontented; discontent.

discontinue, dis«kon«tin'u,

v.t.

—

dis-

continued, discontinuing. [Prefix dis, neg., and continue.] To continue no longer; to leave off or break off; to give up, cease from, or abandon; v.i. To to stop; to put an end to. discontinuance, dis«cease ; to stop. kon«tin'u«ans, n. Want of continuance; breaking off; cessation; interdiscontinuamission; interruption. tion, dis'kon«tin u-a'shon, n. Disdiscontinuity, dis»continuance.

—

—

—

Want of continuity uninterrupted connection; disunion of parts; want of cohesion. discontinuous, dis«kon«tin'u«us, a. kon'ti«nu"i»ti, n.

or

Broken

off; interrupted.

discord, dis'kord, n. [Fr. discorde, L. discordia, disagreement, from discors, discordant dis, and cor, cordis, the heart, as in concord, accord, cordial.] tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

,

————

—

;

——

Want of concord or agreement; opposition of opinions ; difference of qualities ; disagreement ; variance contention; strife; mus. a union of sounds disagreeable or grating to the ear; dissonance; each of the two sounds forming a dissonance. v.i. (dis-kord')- To disagree; to be out of harmony or concord; to clash. discordance, discordancy, dis«kor'dans, dis«kor'dan«si, n. Disagreement; opposition; inconsistency. discordant, dis«kor'dant, a. Disagreeing; incongruous; being at variance; dissonant; not in unison; not harmonious; not accordant; discordantly, dis— harsh; jarring. kor'dant'li, adv. In a discordant

manner;

to hold forth; to expatiate; converse. v.t. To talk over or discuss^; to utter or give forth. discourser, dis«kor'ser, n. One who discourses.

to

discourteous, dis«ker'te«us,

—

esteem; disrepute; want of belief, v.t. trust, or confidence; disbelief. To give no credit to; not to credit or believe; to deprive of credit or good reputation; to bring into some degree of disgrace or disrepute; to deprive of credibility. discreditable,

—

dis»kred'i«ta«bl, n. Injurious to reputation; disgraceful; disreputable. discreditably, dis«kred'i«ta«bli, adv. In a discreditable manner.

—

discreet, dis«kret', a. [Fr. discret, from L. discretus, pp. of discerno, to discern, discern.] Wise in avoiding errors or evil, and in selecting the best course or means; prudent in cautious; conduct; circumspect; discreetly, dis— heedful; guarded. kret'li, adv. In a discreet manner; discreetness, dis«kretprudently. nes, n. The quality of being discreet.

dis«kur'ij, v.t. discourdiscouraging. To check the courage of; to dishearten; to deprive of self-confidence; to attempt to

aged,

repress or prevent

by pointing out

—

disdissuade. dis«kur'ij«ment, n. The act of discouraging; the act of deterring or dissuading from an undertaking; that which discourages or damps ardor or hope; the state of difficulties,

etc.;

to

—

couragement,

—

—discretion,

— discourager, One who or that discourages. — discouraging,

being

discouraged.

dis'kur'i«jer,

which

discretion,

a.

Tending

to

dis-

courage or dishearten disheartening. discouragingly, dis«kur'i«jing«li, adv. In a discouraging manner. discourse, dis'kors, n. [Fr. discours, from L. discursus, a running about,

—

;

from discurro, to and curro, to run. CURrunning over a subject in

conversation,

a

ramble

v.i.

(

that

in

writing,

ch, chain;

is

[Fr.

quality

surrender at discretion, without stipulating for terms).

to one's

a.

own

discretion (discretionary

powers).

—

g, go;

n.

Left to a person's own discretion or judgment; to be directed according

discrepance, discrepancy, dis»krep

-

ans, dis«krep'an«si, n. [L. discrepantia, from discrepo, to give a different

thoughts

ch, Sc. loch;

The

—discretionary, dis«kresh'on«e«ri,

discoursing. To orally or especially in a formal

dis-kors' )

communicate

dis«kresh'on, discretio.]

discretion, to

dis,

RENT.] A speech; hence, a talking together or discussing; conversation; talk; speech; a treatise; a dissertation; a homily, sermon, or other production.

—

L.

or attribute of being discreet; discernment to judge critically of what is correct and proper, united with caution; prudence; sound judgment; circumspection; wariness; caution; liberty or power of acting without other control than one's own judgment (to leave an affair to one's

n.

dis-kur'i'jing,

— discovery, dis—

kuv'er«i, n. The act of discovering; a disclosing or bringing to light; a revealing or making known ; a finding out or bringing for the first time to sight or knowledge; what is discovered or found out. discredit, dis«kred'it, n. Want of credit or good reputation; some degree of disgrace or reproach; dis-

dis»koun'te«nans,

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

number

consists of

discriminate, dis«krim'i«nat,

—

put out of countenance; to put to shame; to abash; to set one's countenance against; to discourage, check, or restrain by frowns, censure, arguments, cold treatment, etc. n. Cold treatment; disapprobation.

a

discretion. See discreet.

discoverer, out, or made known. dis«kuv'er»er, n. One who discovers; one who first sees or espies ; one who finds out or first comes to the knowl-

To

to

units.

Capable of being discovered, brought to light, exposed, found

bills, etc.

discourage,

number, since

er«a«bl, a.

—

crepo,

—

— discoverable, dis«kuv'-

edge of something.

and

dis,

crepitate.] A difference or inconsistency between facts, stories, theories, etc.; disagreement; diverSnce. discrepant, dis«krep'ant, a. iffering or diverging; not agreeing or according; disagreeing; dissimilar. discrete, dis«kret', a. [L. discretus, separated, set apart, discreet.] Separate; distinct; disjunct; disjunctive. A discrete quantity, quantity not continued in its parts, as any

;

or other document not presently due; the act of discounting. At a discount, below par; hence, in low esteem; in disfavor. v.t. (diskount'). To lend or advance the amount of (a bill or similar document), deducting the interest or other rate per cent from the principal ; to leave out of account or disregard; to estimate or take into account beforehand; to enjoy or suffer by anticipadiscountable, dis«koun'ta«bl, tion. a. Capable of being discounted. discounter, dis'koun«ter, n. One

v.t.

—

sound, to vary

knowledge of; to come to the knowledge of; to detect. .\ We discover what before existed, though to us unknown we invent what did not before exist.

:

creak,

first

bill

discounts

Want-

discover, dis«kuv'er, v.t. [Prefix dis, not, and cover; O.Fr. descouvrir.] To lay open to view; to disclose or reveal; to espy; to have the first sight of; to find out; to obtain the

manner. discount, dis'kount, n. [Prefix dis, neg., and count; O.Fr. descompte.] A certain sum deducted from the credit price of goods sold on account of prompt payment, or any deduction from the customary price, or from a sum due or to be due at a future time; a charge made to cover the interest of money advanced on a

who

a.

ing in courtesy; uncivil; rude. discourteously, dis«ker'te«us»li, adv. In a discourteous manner. discourteousness, dis«ker'te«us«nes, n. discourtesy, dis«ker'te«si, n. Want of courtesy; incivility; rudeness of manner; act of disrespect.

—

— ——

disdain

247

discount

discountenance,

——

—

th, thin;

v.t.

—

discriminated, discriminating. [L. discrimino, discriminatum, to distinguish, from discrimen, difference dis, asunder, and the root seen in crimen, accusation, cerno, to sift or separate. crime, discern, discreet.] To dis-

tinguish from other things by observing differences; to perceive by a distinction; to discern; to separate; to select; to distinguish by some note or mark. v.i. To make a difference or distinction; to observe or note a difference; to distinguish. discriminate^, dis»krim'i«nit«li, adv. With minute distinction; particdiscriminating, dis«krim'ularly.

—

i«na«ting, p.

and

a.

Serving to dis-

criminate; distinguishing; distinctive ; able to make nice distinctions. discrimination, dis«krim'i«na"shon, n. The act of discriminating; the faculty of distinguishing or discriminating; penetration; discernment; the state of being discriminated or discriminative, dis«krim'set apart. i«na«tiv, a. Discriminating or tending to discriminate; forming the mark of distinction or difference; characdiscriminatively, dis— teristic. krim'i«na«tiv«li, adv. By discriminadiscriminatory, dis«krim'i— tion. na«to«ri, a. Discriminative. discrown, dis«kroun', v.t. To deprive of a crown. discursive, dis«ker'siv, a. [Fr. disdiscourse.] cursif, from L. discursus. Passing rapidly from one subject to another; desultory; rambling; digressional ; argumentative; reasondiscursively, dis«ker'ing; rational. siv«li, adv. In a discursive manner. discursiveness, dis«ker'siv«nes, n. discus, dis'kus, n. See disk. discuss, dis'kus', v.t. [L. discutio,

—

—

—

—

dis, discussum, to scatter, dissipate asunder, and quatio, to shake, as in QUASH.] To drive away, concussion. dissolve, or resolve (a tumor, etc. a medical use); to agitate by argument; to examine by disputation; to reason on; to debate; to argue; to make an end of, by eating or drinking ;toconsume(co//o^.). -discussion, dis«ku'shon, n. The act of discussing; debate; disquisition; the agitation of a point or subject with a view to elicit truth. disdain, dis«dan', v.t. [O.Fr. desdaigner, Fr. dedaigner, from L. dis, not, and dignor, to deem worthy, from dignus, worthy, deign.] To deem or regard as worthless; to consider to be unworthy of notice, care, regard, esteem, or unworthy

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— — —— —

— ——

— —————

;;

disease of

one's

character;

scorn;

to

to

dainful, dis-dan'ful, a. Full of or expressing disdain ; contemptuous scornful haughty. disdainfully, dis-dan'ful'li, adv. In a disdainful manner. disdainfulness, dis«dan'ful«nes, n. The quality of being ;

—

disdainful; haughty scorn.

disease, di»zez', n. Want or absence of ease:}:; uneasiness, distress, or discomfort^ any morbid state of the body, or of any particular organ or part of the body; ailment; distemper; malady; disorder; any morbid or depraved condition, moral, mental, social, political, etc. diseased, di— zezd', a. Affected with disease; having the vital functions deranged; disordered; deranged; distempered; ;

—

sick.

disembark, dis«em«bark', v.t. To remove from on board a ship to the land; to put on shore; to land. v.i. To leave a ship and go on shore; to

disembarkation, disembarkment, dis«em'bar«ka"shon, disembark 'ment,- n. The act of disem-

land.

barking.

disembarrass, dis«em»bar'as, v.t. To free from embarrassment or perto

clear;

to

extricate.

disembarrassment, dis«em«bar'as«ment, n. The act of disembarrassing. dis«em«bod'i, v.t. To (a disembodied ghost); to set free from

disembody, divest

the

—

of the body

a flesh;

spirit

to

disband

{military).

—

disembodiment, dis«em«bod'i«ment, The act of disembodying; the

n.

condition of being disembodied. disembogue, dis«em«b6g', v.t. and i. disembogued, disemboguing. To pour out or discharge at the mouth, as a stream; to discharge water diseminto the ocean or a lake. boguement, dis«envb6g'ment, n. Discharge of waters by a stream. disembowel, dis«em«bou'el, v.t. disemboweled-, disemboweling. To deprive of the bowels or of parts analogous to the bowels; to eviscer-

—

—

disenchanter, delusion. dis«en— chan'ter, n. One who or that which disenchantment, dis— disenchants.

en«chant'ment,

n.

Act of disenchant-

ing.

disencumber, free

dis«en«kum'ber,

from encumbrance,

and impediments. disendow, dis«en«dou',

v.t.

v.t.

clogs,

To

de-

endowment

or endowments, as a church or other institudisendowment, dis«en«dou'tion. ment, n. The act of disendowing. prive of an

disenfranchise, dis«en«fran'chiz,

To

as from difficulties or perplexities; to free, as from anything that occupies the attention; to set free by dissolving an engagement. disengagement, dis«en«gaj'ment, n. The act or process of disengaging; the state of being disengaged; freedom from engrossing occupation; leisure.

disentail,

dis«en«taT,

from being entailed;

To

v.t.

to

v.t.

disfranchise. disengage, dis«en«gaj', v.t. disengaged, disengaging. To separate or set free from union or attachment; to detach; to disunite; to free; to disentangle; to extricate; to clear,

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

free

break the

entail of.

disentangle, dis»en«tang'gl, v.t. To free from entanglements ; to unravel to extricate plications;

from perplexity or comto

disengage.

disen-

tanglement, dis«en«tang'gl»ment, n. Act of disentangling. disenthrone, dis«en«thr6n', v.t. To dethrone; to depose from sovereign authority. (Mil.) disentomb, dis«en«tom', v.t. out of a tomb ; to disinter.

To

take

v.t. To withdraw a disobliging act. or withhold favor, friendship, or

v.t.

—

disfigured,

To mar

the external figure of; to impair the shape or form of; to injure the beauty, symmetry, or excellence of; to deface; disfiguration, dis«fig'to deform. u«ra"shon, n. The act of disfiguring; disfigurement, disdisfigurement. figurement, n. The act of disfiguring or state of being disfigured; that which disfigures. disfigurer, dis— disfiguring.

fig'u»rer, n. One who disfigures. dis«for'est, v.t. Same

disforest,

disfranchise, dis«fran'chiz,

v.t.

—

dis-

—

—

as what has been taken wrongfully; to give up; to surrender. v.i. To give up plunder or ill-gotten gains. disgrace, dis«gras', n. state of being out of favor; disfavor; state of

A

ignominy; dishonor; shame; infamy; cause of shame. v.t. disgraced, dis-

—

me, met, her;

To

bring into disgrace; to

pine, pin;

note, not,

humiliate or humble; to dishonor. disgraceful, dis«gras'ful, a. Entailing disgrace; shameful; infamous; disdisgracefully, dis»gras'honorable. fuMi, adv. In a disgraceful manner. disgracefulness, dis«gras'ful«nes, n. The state or quality of being disgraceful. disgracer, dis«gra'ser,

— n.

One who

disgraces.

—

disguise, dis«giz', v.t. disguised, disguising. [O.Fr. desguiser, Fr. deguiser prefix dis, and guise, way, fancy, manner, guise.] To conceal the ordinary guise and appearance of by an unusual habit or mask; to hide by a counterfeit appearance to cloak by a false show, false language, or

—

;

an

artificial

etc.);

manner to

(anger, inten-

change in manners

or behavior by the use of spirituous liquor; to intoxicate. n. A counterfeit dress; a dress intended to conceal the identity of the person who wears it ; a counterfeit show ; artificial or assumed language or appearance intended to deceive. disguisedly, dis»gi'zed»li, adv. With disguise. disguiser, dis»gi'zer, n. One who

—

disguises.

disgust, dis'gust',

n. [O.Fr. desgoust, Fr. degout, from L. dis, not, and gustus, taste.] Aversion to the taste of food or drink; distate; disrelish; nausea; aversion in the mind excited by something offensive in the manners, conduct, language, or opinions of others; loathing; repugnance; strong dislike. v.t. To cause to feel disgust; to excite aversion in the stomach of; to offend the taste of; to stir up loathing or repugnance in. disgustful, dis«gust'ful, a. Exciting the feeling of disgust. --disgusting, dis'gus'ting, a. Producing or causing disgust; nauseous; loathsome; nasty. disgustingly, dis «gus ting* li, adv. In a disgusting manner. dish, dish, n. [A. Sax. disc, a dish; like D. disch, G. tisch, a table, from L. discus, Gr. diskos, a quoit or disk. desk, disk.] broad open vessel made of various materials, used for serving up meat and various kinds of food at the table; the meat or provisions served in a dish; hence, any particular kind of food; the concavity of certain wheels, as those of vehicles. v.t. To put in a dish

—

—

A

as

franchised, disfranchising. To deprive of the rights and privileges of a free citizen; to deprive of any franchise, more especially of the right of voting disfranchisement, in elections, etc. dis'fran'chizTnent, n. The act of disfranchising, or state of being disfranchised. disgorge, dis«gorj', v.t. disgorged, disgorging. [O.Fr. desgorger, to vomit dis, and gorge, gorge.] To eject or discharge from, or as from, the stomach, throat, or mouth; to vomit; to belch; to discharge violently (a volcano disgorges lava); to yield up,

gracing.

—

put out of favor; to dismiss with dishonor; to treat ignominiously; to bring shame or reproach on; to

tions,

disestablish, dis«es»tab'lish, v.t. To cause to cease to be established; to withdraw (a church) from its connection with the state. disestablishment, dis'es«tab'lish»ment, n. The act of disestablishing; the act of withdrawing a church from its connection with the state. disesteem, dis«es«tem', n. Want of esteem; slight dislike; disregard. v.t. To dislike in a moderate degree; to regard as unworthy of esteem. disfavor, dis»fa'ver, n. A feeling of some dislike or shght displeasure; unfavorable regard; disesteem; a state of being unacceptable, or not favored, patronized, or befriended;

support from. disfigure, dis«fig'ur,

—

dishevel

Disafforest.

ate; to gut.

disenchant, dis«en«chant', v.t. To free from enchantment; to deliver from the power of charms or spells to free from fascination or pleasing

To

;

248

contemn. n. A feeling of contempt, mingled with indignation; the looking upon anything as beneath one; haughtiness; contempt; scorn. dis-

plexity;

— —— —

——— —

move;

after bein'g cooked ; to make (a wheel) concave in the center; to damage, ruin, completely overthrow (slang).

—

A

cloth used for washing and wiping dishes. dishwater, n. Water in which dishes are washed.

dishcloth, dishclout,

dishabille,

n.

dis'a«bel,

n.

Same

as

Deshabille.

dishearten, dis«har'tn,

v.t.

To

dis-

courage; to deprive of courage; to depress the spirits of; to deject; to dispirit.

dishevel, di»shev'el,

—

disheveled, v.t. descheveler, Fr. disheveling. [O.Fr. decheveler, to put the hair out of order des for dis, not, and O.Fr. chevel, Fr. cheveu, hair, from L. capillus,

the hair of the headj

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

To

——

—— — ——— —— — — — —

dishonest

249

spread the locks or tresses of loosely and negligently; to suffer (the hair) to hang negligently and

n. The act of disinterring; exhumation. disinterested, dis«in'ter«es«ted, a. Free from self-interest; having no personal interest or private advantage

— ———— —

uncombed. dis«on'est, a. Void of honesty, probity, or integrity; not honest, fraudulent; inclined or apt to deceive, cheat, pilfer, embezzle, or defraud; proceeding from or marked by fraud; knavish; unchaste^. dishonestly, dis«on'est»li, adv. In a dishonest manner; fraudulently; dishonesty, dis«on'es«ti, knavishly. n. The opposite of honesty; want of probity or integrity; a disposition to cheat, pilfer, embezzle, or defraud; violation of trust; fraud; treachery; deviation from probity or integrity; unchastity or incontinence^:. dishonor, dis«on'er, n. The opposite of honor; want of honor; disgrace;

by

joints; to put out of joint; to dislocate; to break the natural order and relations of; to put out of order; to derange; to render incoherent. v.i. To fall in pieces.— disjointed, dis-join'ted, a. Unconnected; inco-

disjointed.

—

or contagion.

disinfection, dis«in«fek'shon, n. Purification from infecting matter.

Not

ingenuous; not open, frank, and candid; meanly artful; insincere; sly; uncandid. disingenuously, dis«in«jen'u«us'li, adv. In a disingenuous manner. disingenuousness, dis«in«-

part surrounded by what called the ray. discoid, dis'koid, Shaped like a disk; resembling

the

—

jen'u«us«nes, n.

The

swoon, but no doubt directly from French; from prefix dis, and O.H.G. magan, to be able ( E.

may).] To deprive entirely of strength or firmness of mind; to discourage, with some feeling of dread or consternation; to confound; to daunt; v.i. To be daunted; to strike aghast. comn. to stand aghast. (Shak.) plete giving way of boldness or

—

of courage together with consternation; a yielding to fear.

dismember, dis«mem'ber,

a.

mitto, dimissum, to dismiss di, dis, mitto, as in admit, commit, etc.] send away; to permit to depart, implying authority in a person to retain or keep ; to discard ; to remove from office, service, or employment; law, to reject as unworthy of notice,

and

To

—

dismissal, dis— of dismissing; discharge; dismission; liberation; dismission, manumission. dis*mish'on, n. The act of dismissing or sending awav; leave to depart; removal from office or employment; discharge; law, rejection of some-

or of being granted.

dislocation, dis»lo»ka'shon, n. The act of dislocating; particularly, the act of removing or forcing a bone from its socket; luxation; geol. the displacement of parts of rocks, or portions of strata, from the situations which they originally occupied.

mis'al,

tion.

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, r/iin

To

kingdom, etc.). dismemberment, dis«mem'ber«ment, n. The act of dismembering. dismiss, dis«mis', v.t. [From L. di-

To

;'ob;

v.t.

divide limb from limb; to separate the members of; to mutilate; to sever and distribute the parts of; to divide into separate portions (a

a

dislocated, displace ; to shift from dislocating. the original site; particularly, to put out of joint; to move (a bone) from its socket, cavity, or place of articula-

j,

A

spirit; loss

is

dislikable,f against; to disrelish. dis«h"ka«bl, a. Worthy of, or liable to dislike; distasteful; disagreeable. v.t.

as into

a

—

dislocate, dis'lo«kat,

fall

the

dis«lik', n. A feeling the opposite of liking; disinclination; aversion; distaste; antipathy; repugnance. v.t. disliked, disliking. To feel dislike toward; to regard with some aversion; to have a feeling

;

g, go;

Sp. and Pg. desmayar, to

dislike,

—

ch, Sc. loch;

carry away the masts from. dismay, dis«ma', v.t. [Same word

disk.

state or quality

of being disingenuous. disinherit, dis'in«her'it, v.t. To cut off from hereditary right; to deprive of the right to an inheritance. disinheritance, dis«in«her'i«tans, n. Act of disinheriting. disintegrate, dis«in'te«grat, v.t. [L. dis, not, and integer, entire, whole.] To separate the component particles of; to reduce to powder or to fragments. disintegration, dis«in'te«gra'shon, n. The act of separating the component particles of a substance; the gradual wearing down of rocks by atmospheric influence. disinter, dis«in«ter', v.t. disinterred, disinterring. To take out of a grave or out of the earth; to take out, as from a grave to bring from obscurity into view. disinterment, dis«in«ch, chain;

like.

dismast, dis«mast', v.t. To deprive of a mast or masts; to break and

A

means of propagating which spread by infection

a.

strip; to divest; more generally, to deprive or strip (a thing) of furniture, equipments, fortifications, and the

to each other by means disjunctives. n. Gram, a word that disjoins (as or, nor, neither); logic, a disjunctive proposition. disjunctively, dis«jungk'tiv«li, adv. In a disjunctive manner. disk, disc, disk, n. [L. discus, a quoit. desk, dish.] kind of ancient quoit; any flat circular plate or surface, as of a piece of metal, the face of the sun, moon, or a planet as it appears to our sight, etc.; bot. the whole surface of a leaf; also, the central part of a radiate compound flower,

or

disingenuous, dis«in«jen'u»us,

—

opposed

A

;

;

of"

in«fek'tant, n. substance that disinfects, or is used for destroying the

diseases

dis«joint'li,

—

disillusion, dis«il»lu'zhon, v.t. To disenchant; to free from illusion. Disenchantment. —disillusionn. ment, dis»il«lu'zhon«ment, n. disincline, dis«in«klin', v.t. To excite slight aversion in; to make unwilling; to cause to hang back; to alienate. disinfect, dis«in«fekt', v.t. To cleanse from infection; to purify from condisinfectant, dis«tagious matter.

power

disjointly,

adv. In a disjointed manner or state. disjunct, dis«jungkt', a. [L. disjunctus, pp. of disjungo dis, and jungo, to disjoin.] Disjoined; separated. junction, dis«jungk'shon, n. The act of disjoining, disunion; separation. disjunctive, dis«jungk'tiv, a. Tending to disjoin or separate; gram. marking separation or opposition, a term applied to a word or particle which unites words or sentences in construction, but disjoins the sense (as neither, nor); logic, applied to a proposition in which the parts are

of exchange).

dis-

day of paying tithes.] Dark, gloomy, or cheerless to look at; depressing; sorrowful; dire; horrid; melancholy; frightful unfortunate calamitous dismally, diz'mal*li, adv. horrible. dismalness, In a dismal manner. diz'mal»nes, n. The state of being dismal; gloominess; horror. dismantle, dis»man'tl, v.t. dismantled, dismantling. [O.Fr. desmanteler, desmanteller, lit. to deprive of cloak or mantle.] To deprive of dress; to

herent; out of joint; out of order; disjointedness, ill-joined together. disjoin 'tedmes, n. State of being

dishonorable, dis»on'er«a«bl, a. Shameful; disgraceful; base; bringing shame; staining the character and lessening reputation; unhonored (Shak.).— dishonorableness, dis'on'er«a»bl«nes, n. Quality of being dishonorable. dishonorably, dis«on'er«a«bli, adv. In a dishonorable manner. (a bill

—dislodged,

—

dictated by private advantage; disinterunselfish ; uninterested. estedly, dis«in'ter«es'ted'li, adv. In a disinterestdisinterested manner. edness, dis«in'ter«es«ted«nes, n. The state or quality of being disinterested. disjoin, disjoin', v.t. To part asunder; to disunite; to separate; to detach; to sunder. v.i. To be sepadisjoint, disjoint', rated; to part. v.t. To separate, as parts united

that disgraces. v.t. disgrace; to bring shame on; to stain the character of; to lessen in reputation; to treat with indignity; to violate the chastity of; to debauch; to refuse or decline to accept or pay

dis-loj', v.t.

drive from the fixed position or place occupied; to drive (enemies) from any place of hiding or defense, or from a position seized. v.i. To go from a place of rest. dislodgment, dis«loj'ment, n. The act of dislodging. disloyal, dis«loi'al, a. Not loyal or true to allegiance ; false to a sovereign or country; faithless; false; perfidious ; treacherous ; not true to the mardisloyally, riage bed; false in love. dis-loi'al*li, adv. In a disloyal mandisloyalty, dis«loi'al«ti, n. The ner. character of being disloyal; want of fidelity to a sovereign; violation of allegiance ; want of fidelity in love. dismal, diz'mal, a. [Etym. doubtful. According to one derivation, from L. dies malus, an evil day; according to another, from O.Fr. dismal, L. decimalis, decern, ten, referring to the

in a question or affair; not influenced

To

;

To

lodging.

or

shame; anything

—

dismiss dislodge,

ter'ment,

dishonest,

—— — —— —

— —

n.

The

act

—

;

w,

a'ig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

—

— —

— ———

—

dismount

250

thing as unworthy of notice or of being granted. dismount, dis«mount', v.i. To alight from a horse or other animal; to come or go down. v.t. To throw or remove from a horse; to unhorse; to throw or remove (cannon or other artillery) from their carriages. disobedience, dis«o»be'di«ens, n. Neglect or refusal to obey; violation

of a command or prohibition; the omission of that which is commanded to be done, or the doing of that which is forbidden. disobedient, dis'0«be'di«ent, a. Neglecting or refusing to obey; guilty of disobedience; not observant of duty or rules prescribed by authority. disobediently, dis«o«be'di»ent«li, adv. In a disobedient manner. disobey, dis«o«ba', v.t. To neglect or refuse to obey; to omit or refuse obedience to; to transgress or violate an order or injunction. v.i. To refuse obedience; to disregard orders. disoblige, dis«o«blij', v.t. To offend by acting counter to the will or desires of; to offend by failing to oblige or do a friendly service to; to be unaccommodating to. dis-

—

—

—

obliging, dis«o«bli'jing, a. Not obliging; not disposed to gratify the

wishes of another; unaccommodating. n. Want of order or regular disposition; irregularity; unmethodical distribution; confusion; tumult; disturbance of the peace of society; disturbance or interruption of the functions of the animal economy or of the mind; distemper; sickness; derangement. v.t. To break the order of; to derange; to throw into confusion; to disturb or interrupt the natural functions of; to produce sickness or indisposition in; to disturb as regards the reason or judgment; to disordered, dis«or'derd, p. craze. and a. Disorderly; irregular; dedisorderliness, ranged; crazed. dis«or'der«li«nes, n. State of being disdisorderly, dis«or'der«li, a. orderly. Being without proper order; marked by disorder; confused; unmethod-

disorder, dis«or'der,

—

—

—

ical; irregular;

violating law

disorganize,

tumultuous; unruly;

and good order. dis«or'ga»niz,

v.t.

To

disturb or destroy organic structure or connected system in ; to throw out of regular system; to throw into confusion or disorder (a government, disorganization, dis*society, etc.). or'ga«ni«za"shon, n. disorient, dis'6'ri«ent, v.t. To cause bearings; to confuse. lose to disorientate, dis«6'ri«en«tat, v.t. To disorientation, dis»6'ri«disorient. en»ta"shon, n. disown, dis«6n', v.t. To refuse to acknowledge as belonging to one's self; to refuse to own; to deny; to repudiate.

—

—

disparage,

— —

—

dispardis«par'ij, v.t. aged, disparaging. [O.Fr. desparager, to offer to a woman, or impose on her as husband, a man unfit or unworthy; to impose unworthy conand ditions prefix des dis, for parage, equality, from L. par, equal,

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

less value or excellence; to treat

with

detraction or in a depreciatory manner; to undervalue; to decry; to vilify; to lower in estimation. disparagement, dis«par'ij«ment, n. The act of disparaging; the act of undervaluing or depreciating; detraction; what lowers in value or esteem; disgrace; dishonor. dis-

—

parager, dis«par'i»jer, n. One who disparages. disparagingly, dis«par'Hing»li, adv. In a manner to dis-

—

parage.

disparate,

dis'pa-rit, a. [L. disparatus, pp. of disparo, to part, separate dis, asunder, and paro, to prepare.] Unequal; unlike; dissimilar. n. One

—

of two or more things so unequal or unlike that they cannot be compared with each other. disparity, dis«par'i«ti, n. [Fr. disparite, from L. dispar, unequal dis, and par, equal, disparage.] Inequality; difference in degree, in age, rank, condition, or excellence; dissimilitude; unlikeness. v.t. To divide into parts; to separate, sever, burst, rend. v.i. To separate; to open; to cleave. n. (dis'part). The difference

dispart, dis«part',

—

between the semi-diameter of the base ring at the breech of a gun, and that of the ring at the swell of the

muzzle. dispassionate, dis*pash'on*it, a. Free from passion; calm; composed; unmoved by feelings; not dictated by passion ; not proceeding from temper

—

dispassionately, or bias; impartial. dis»pash'on«it«li, adv. Without passion; calmly; coolly. dispatch, despatch, dis«pach', des«[O.Fr. despecher, Fr. pach', v.t. depecher, to despatch, to expedite, from L.L. dispedico L. dis, apart, and pedica, a snare, or from a L.L. dispactare, from L. dis, and pango, pactum, to fasten, as in compact, a.) To send or send away; particularly applied to the sending of messengers, agents, and letters on special business, and often implying haste; to hasten; to expedite; to speed; to send out of the world; to put to death; to slay; to kill; to perform or execute speedily; to finish. n. The act of dispatching; the getting rid of or doing away with something; dismissal ; riddance ; speedy performance; speed; haste; expedition; a letter sent or to be sent with expedi-

—

by a special messenger; a letter on some affair of state or of public tion

concern; a letter, message, or document, sent by some public officer on public business. dispatcher, dis*-

—

pelling.

and

[L.

who v.t.

—dispatches. dispelled,

—

dispello

dis,

dis-

asunder,

drive, as in compel, scatter by force; to disperse; to dissipate; to drive away (clouds, doubts, fears, etc.). v.i. To be dispersed; to disappear. dispense, dis»pens', v.t. dispensed, dispensing. [L. dispenso, to weigh out or pay, to manage, to act as steward dis, distrib., and penso, freq. of pendo, pello,

repel, etc.]

me, met, her;

to

To

—

pine, pin;

;;

dispirit

whence also peer, pair.] To dishonor by a comparison with something of

pach'er, n. One dispel, dispel',

——

note, not,

move;

to

whence

weigh,

pension,

poise,

expend, spend.] To deal or divide out in parts or portions; to distribute; to administer; to apply, as laws to particular cases; to grant dispensation to; to relieve, excuse, or set free from an obligation. v.i. To bargain for, grant, or receive a dispensation; to

To

compound.

dispense with, to

permit the neglect or omission of, as a ceremony, an oath, and the like to give up or do without, as services, attendance, articles of dress, etc. dispenser, dis«pen'ser, n. One who or that which dispenses or distribdisutes; one who administers. pensable, dis«pen'sa«bl, a. Capable of being dispensed or administered; capable of being spared or dispensed dispensableness, dis«pen'sa«with. bl«nes, n. The capability of being dispensed with. dispensary, dis— pen'seTi, n. shop in which medi-

—

—

—

A

cines are

compounded and

sold; a

house in which medicines are dispensed to the poor, and medical

—

dispensation, advice given gratis. dis'pemsa'shon, n. The act of dispensing or dealing out; the distribution of good and evil in the divine government; system established by God settling the relations of man towards him as regards religion and morality (the Mosaic dispensation); the granting of a license, or the license itself, to do what is forbidden by laws or canons, or to omit somedisthing which is commanded. pensator, dis«pen«sa'ter, n. [L.] dispensatory, dis«pen'dispenser. sa«to»ri, a. Having power to grant book containing dispensations. n. the method of preparing the various kinds of medicines used in phar-

—

—

A

A

macy; a pharmacopoeia. dispeople, dis«pe'pl, v.t. ulate; to

empty of

disperse, dis«pers'

To

depop-

inhabitants.

—

dispersed, disv.t. persing. [Fr. disperser, L. dispersus, from dispergo di for dis, distrib., and spargo, to scatter, whence also sparse.] To scatter; to cause to separate and go far apart; to dissipate; to cause to vanish. .'. Dissipate is said of things that vanish or are not afterwards collected: disperse and scatter are applied to things which

—

do not necessarily vanish, and which

may To

again be brought together.

v.i.

scatter; to separate or move apart; to break up; to vanish, as fog or vapors. dispersedly, dis«per'-

— dispersed manner; In separately. —disperser, One who disperses. —dispersion,

sed«li, adv.

a

dis*per'ser, n.

dispersal dis«per'shon, dis«per'sal, n. The act of dispersing or scattering; the state of being scattered or separated into remote parts; optics, the separation of the different colored rays of a beam of light by means of a prism, prisms of different materials causing greater or less dispera. dispersive, dis«per siv, sion. Tending to scatter or dissipate. dispirit, dis'pir'it, v.t. To depress the spirits of; to deprive of courage to discourage; to dishearten; to

—

—

dispirited, to cast down. dis«pir'i«ted, p. and a. Discouraged; deject;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

——

;

displace in spirits; spiritless; tame. dispiritedly, dis»pir'i«ted»li, adv. dis«Dejectedly. -dispiritedness, pir'i»ted«nes, n. Want of courage;

management

remove from any

—dispossession,

office,

dispossesses.

dispraise, dis-praz', n. The opposite of praise, blame; censure. v.t. dispraised,

censure.

[O.Fr. desployer, des, equal to L. dis, v.t.

symmetry

—

ified, disqualifying. To make unfit; to deprive of natural power, or the qualities or properties necessary for any purpose (weakness disqualifies a person for labor) ; to deprive of legal capacity, power, or right ; to incapac-disqualification, dis«kwol'itate. i«fi«ka"shon, n. The act of disqualifying; the state of being disqualified; disability; legal disability or incapacity; that which disqualifies or incapacitates. disquiet, dis«kwi'et, n. Want of quiet; uneasiness; anxiety. v.t. To deprive of peace, rest, or tranquility; to make uneasy or restless; to disturb, harass, fret, or vex. a. Unquiet; disquieting, dis»restless. (Shak.). kwi'e»ting, a. Tending to disquiet; disturbing the mind.—disquietly, dis«kwi'et«li, adv. Unquietly; in a

—

disquieting manner.—disquietude, dis«kwi'e»tud, n. Want of peace or tranquility; uneasiness; disquiet. disquisition, dis«kwi«zish'on, n. [L.

from disquiro, disquisitum, to investigate dis, distrib., and quaero, quaesitum, to ask, whence query, question, inquire, etc.] formal or systematic inquiry into any subdisquisitio,

—

erroneous; to confute; to refute. disprovable, dis«pro'va«bl, a. Capable of being disproved or refuted. disproof, dis'prof, n. Confutation; refutation; a proving to be false or erroneous. dispute, dis«put', v.i. disputed, dis-

dispose,

—

puting.

[L. disputo, to

compute, to

weigh, examine, investigate, discuss dis, asunder, apart, and puto, to clean, prune, clear up, reckon. compute.] To contend in argument; to reason or argue in opposition; to debate; to altercate; to wrangle; to contend in opposition to a competitor. v.t. To attempt to disprove by arguments or statements; to attempt to overthrow by reasoning; to controvert (an assertion, a claim, etc.); to call in question; to strive to maintain; to contest (to dispute every inch of ground). n. Strife

—

—

make terms (Shak.). To dispose of, to part with; to alienate; to sell; to put into another's hand or power; to bestow; to do with, make use of, use, or employ (one's self, one's time, etc.); to put away or get rid ^disposable, dis«p6'za«bl, a. Subof. ject to disposal; free to be used or employed as occasion may require. disposal, dis«p6'zal, n. The act of disposing; a setting or arranging;

—

power of ordering, arranging, or distributing; government; management; power or right of bestowing;

or contest in words or by arguments a difference of opinion vigorously maintained; controversy in words; a wordy war; contention; strife; disputer, n. dis«pu'ter, contest. One who disputes or who is given to disputes.—disputable, dis»pu'ta«bl, a. Capable of being disputed; liable to be called in question, controverted, or contested; controvertdisputible; disputatious (Shak.). ant, dis pU'tantjrt.One who disputes; one who argues in opposition to another; a reasoner in opposition

the act of selling or parting with; alienation. disposer, dis«p6'zer, n. One who or that which disposes. disposition, dis«po«zish'on, n. [L. dispositio, arrangement.] The act of disposing or state of being disposed; manner in which things or the parts of a complex body are placed or arranged; order; method; distribution; arrangement; natural fitness or tendency; temper or natural constitution of the mind ; inclination propensity; Scots law, disposal or

—

g, go;

disproportional, dis-

unequally.

arrange prefix dis, and poser, to place (E. pose), compose.] To arrange, place out, or distribute; to set in a particular order; to apply to a particular end or purpose; to set the mind of in a particular frame; to incline. v.i. To regulate, determine, or settle; to bargain or

ch, Sc. \och;

in.

opinion, proposition, or argument. disputatious, disputative, dis*pu«ta'shus, dis«pu'ta»tiv, a. Inclined to dispute; fond of arguing; characterdisputatiously, ized by disputes. dis«pu«ta'shus«li, adv. In a disputatious manner. disputatiousness, dis»pu'ta'shus«nes, n. disqualify, dis«kwori«fi,f.f. disqual-

A

disprove, dis«pr6V, v.t. disproved, disproving. To prove to be false or

—

ch, chain;

dis-

dis«pro»por'shon«al, diS'pro«p6r'shon'it, a. Not having due proportion to something else; not having proportion or symmetry of parts; unequal; inadequate. disproportionateness, dis«pro«por'shon»it«nes, n. Want of proportion or symmetry; unsuitableness in form, bulk, or value to something disproportionately, dis«pro«else. por'shon«it«li, adv. With want of proportion or symmetry; unwith respect to form, suitably quantity, or value; inadequately;

offense.

to

See

proportionate,

disport, dis«p6rt', n. [O.Fr. desport, Fr. deport, properly diversion resorted to in order to divert the thoughts prefix dis, and L. porto, to carry (whence export, etc.). Sport is an abbrev. of disport.] Play; sport; pastime. v.i. To play; to sport. dispose, dis«p6z', v.t. disposed, disdisposer,

n.

disproportion, dis«pro«p6r'shon, n. Want of proportion of one thing to another, or between the parts of a thing; want of symmetry; want of proper quantity; according to rules prescribed; want of suitableness or adequacy; disparity; inequality. v.t. To violate due proportion or

displeased; dissatisfaction; vexation; annoyance; that

[Fr.

blame; to dis'pra'zer, n.

prove.

—

—

To

dispraises. disproof, dis«pr6f',

displease, dis«plez', v.t. displeased, displeasing. To offend somewhat; to dissatisfy; to annoy; to make angry, usually in a slight degree; to excite aversion in; to be disagreeable to displeasure, (the taste, the sense). dis«plezh'ur, n. The feeling of one

posing.

dispraising.

—dispraiser,

One who

Fr. deployer not, and ployer, same as plier, from L. plicare, to fold, as in deploy, employ.] To spread before the view; to set in view ostentatiously; to show; to exhibit to the eyes or to v.i. the mind; to make manifest. To make a show or display. n. An unfolding; an exhibition of anything to the view; ostentatious show; exhibition; parade.

which displeases;

dis«poz«zesh'on, n.

act of dispossessing. dispossessor, dis«poz»zes'er, n. One who

floating at rest, as a ship.

is

to dislodge

The

disor dignity. dis«plas'ment, n. The act of displacing; removal; the quantity of water displaced by a body

anger;

a. Disputing; engaged in controdisputation, dis«pu«ta'shon, versy. n. [L. disputatio.] The act of disputing; controversy; verbal contest respecting the truth of some fact,

distribution ; allotment.

with of before the thing taken away.

state,

—

j,

yob;

ng, sing;

;

disrespect

occupancy or ownership ;

placement,

who

;

—

—

dispossess, dis«poz»zes', v.t. To put out of possession ; to deprive of the

—

—

;;

settlement of property or effects. disposure,f dis«po'zhur, n. Disposal;

depression of spirits. displace, dis«plas', v.t. displaced, displacing. To put out of the usual or proper place; to remove from its

display, dis«pla',

—— ——— ————— ——— —

—

251

depressed —

place; to condition,

—— —

— —— —

——— —

TH,

then;

th,

ject, by discussion of the facts and circumstances bearing on it; an argumentative inquiry; a formal discussion or treatise on any matter;

dissertation; essay. dis'ri«gard', n. Want of regard, notice, or attention; neglect; slight. v.t. To omit to take notice of; to neglect to observe; to pay no heed to; to treat as unworthy of regard or notice. disregardful, dis— ri«gard'ful, a. Neglectful; heedless. disrelish, dis*rel'ish, n. Distaste; dislike of the palate; some degree of disgust; dislike of the mind; aversion; antipathy. v.t. To dislike the taste of; to feel some disgust at.

disregard,

disrepair, dis«ri«par', n. A state of being not in repair or good condition; state of requiring to be repaired. disreputable, disTep'u«ta«bl, a. Not reputable disgracing reputation dishonorable; discreditable; low; ;

mean.

—disreputability, The

dis«rep'u«-

of being disreputably, dis«rep'u«ta«bli, adv. In a disreputable manner. disrepute, dis»ri«put', n. Loss or want of reputation; disesteem; discredit; dishonor. disrespect, disTi«spekt', n. Want of respect or reverence; incivility, irreverence, or rudeness; a slight or neglect. v.t. To have no respect or esteem for; to show disrespect

thm;

ta«bil"i«ti,

n.

state

disreputable.

to.

—disrespectability,

w,

ii>ig;

hw, whig;

dis«ri«spek'-

zh, arure.

—

—

— — ——

—

disrobe ta-bil

being

n.

The

state or quality

able, disTi«spek'ta«bl, a. Not respectable; unworthy of respect. disrespectful, disTe«spekt ful, a. Wanting in respect; manifesting disrespect; irreverent; uncivil. disrespectfully, dis«ri«spekt'fuMi, adv. In a disrespectful manner. disrespectfulness, disTi«spekt'ful«nes, n. disrobe, dis«rob', v.t. disrobed, disrobing. To divest of a robe; to divest of garments; to undress; to strip of covering; to uncover. disroot, disTot', v.t. To tear up the roots of, or by the roots; to uproot. disrupt,! disTupt', v.t. [L. disruptus, pp. of disrumpo (dirumpo), to break

— —

—

or burst asunder

asunder, and

dis,

to burst, whence rupture, tear or rive away; to rend; to sever; to break asunder. disruption, disTup'shon, n. [L. disruptio.] The act of rending asunder; the act of bursting and separating; breach; rent; breakup; the rupture which took place in the Established Church of Scotland in H43, resulting

rumpo,

etc.]

To

—

1

in

the

foundation

of the Free Church. disruptive, disTup'tiv, a. Causing, or tending to cause, disruption; produced by or following on disruption.

—

dissatisfaction, dis«sat'is«fak"shon,

n.

The

feeling caused by want of satisfaction; discontent; uneasiness

proceeding from the want of gratification, or from disappointed wishes

and

expectations.

—dissatisfactory,

dis«sat'is«fak"tOTi,a. Causing dissatisfaction; giving discontent; mortifying; displeasing. dissatisfy, dis»sat'is'fi,

v.t.

— —

dissatisfied,

dissatisfy-

To fail to satisfy; to render discontented; to displease; to excite displeasure in by frustrating wishes or expectations. dissect, dis«sekt', v.t. [L. disseco, dissectum dis, asunder, and seco, ing.

—

seclum, to cut, whence section, segment, intersect, etc.] To divide (an animal body) with a cuttirg instrument, by separating the joints; to cut up (an animal or vegetable) for the purpose of examining the structure and character of the several parts, or to observe morbid affections; to anatomize; fig. to analyze for the purpose of criticism; to

describe with minute accuracy. dissection, dis»sek'shon, n. The act or art of dissecting or anatomizing. dissector, dis»sek'ter, n. One who dissects; an anatomist. disseize, dis-sez', v.t. disseized, dis-

—

[Prefix dis, neg., and seize; Fr. dessaisir, to dispossess.] Law, to dispossess wrongfully; to deprive of actual seizin or possession: with disseizee, disof before the thing. seize', n. One who is disseized. disseizin, dis«se'zin, n. The act of disseizing. disseizor, dis«se«zer', n.

seizing.

—

—

One who

dispossesses another. dissemble, dis«sem'bl, v.t. dissembled, dissembling. [O.Fr. dissembler (Fr. dissimuler), from L. dissimulo

—

—

dis,

and

simulo,

to

——

252

of disrespectable.—disrespect-

"i-ti,

——

;;

make

like,

simulate, from similis, like. ble, similar. Dissimulate fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

to

assemis

the

dissipate

same word.] To hide under an assumed manner; to conceal or disguise by a false outward show; to hide by false pretenses (to dissemble love, hate, opinions, etc.).

To

v.i.

try to

appear other than reality; to put on an assumed manner or outward

show;

conceal

to

the

motives,

real

fact,

intention, or sentiments under some pretense. dissembler, dis«sem'bler, n. One who dissembles; one who conceals his real thoughts

—

or feelings.

—

disseminate,

dis'sem'i-nat, v.t. disseminated, disseminating. [L. dissemino, disseminatum, to scatter seed dis, and semen, seed.] To spread by diffusion or dispersion ; to diffuse to spread abroad among people; to cause to reach as many persons as possible (religious doctrines,

—

knowledge,

etc.).

—

—dissemination,

dis«sem'i«na"shon, n. The act of disseminating. disseminative, dis— sem'i»na«tiv, a. Tending to disseminate or become disseminated. disseminator, dis«sem'i»na»ter, n. One who disseminates. dissent, dis«sent', v.i. [L. dissentio, to think otherwise, to dissent dis, asunder, and sentio, to perceive, as

—

ta«ter,«.

One who writes dissertations.

disserve, dis«serv', v.t. To do the reverse of a service to; to do an injury or ill turn to.—disservice, n. An ill turn or injury; something

done

to one's injury.

dissever, dis«sev'er, v.t. To part in two; to divide asunder; to separate; disseverance, dissevto disunite ;

—

erment, dis«sev'er«ans, dis«sev'er— ment, n. The act of dissevering; separation.

dissident, dis'si«dent, a. [L. dissidens, dissidentis, ppr. oidissiizo, to disagree dis, asunder, and sedeo, to sit; seen also in supersede, sedentary, session, etc.] Dissenting; specifically, dissenting from established an church. n. One who dissents from others; a dissenter; one who separates from an established religion. dissidence, dis'si-dens, n. Disagreement; dissent; nonconformity. dissilient, dis«sil'i«ent, a. [L. dissilio, to leap asunder dis, and salio, to leap, whence salient.] Starting asunder; bursting and opening with an elastic force, as the dry pod or capsule of a plant.

dissimilar, dis«sim'i«ler,

a.

Not sim-

nature, properform. ^dissimi-

ilar; unlike, either in

—

in consent, resent, etc. sense.] To disagree in opinion; to differ; to think in a different or contrary manner; with from; eccles. to differ from an established church in regard to doctrines, rites, or government. n. Difference of opinion; disagreement; declaration of disagreement in opinion; eccles. separation from an established church. dissension, dis«sen'shon, n. [L. dissensio.] Disagreement in opinion, usually a dis-

i»la«shon, n. The act or process of rendering dissimilar or different; philol. the change of a sound to another and a different sound when otherwise two similar sounds would come together or very close to each other. dissimilitude, dis«si— rruTi'tud, n. [L. dissimilitudo.] Unlike-

agreement producing warm debates or angry words; strife; discord; quarrel; breach of friendship and

ness want of resemblance. dissimulation, dis«sim'u«la'shon, n. [L. dissimidatio, from dissimulo, dis-

—

union.—dissentious, a.

dis«sen'shus,

Disposed to dissension or discord.

—dissentaneous,

dis«sen«ta'ne«us, a. dissenter, dis«sen'ter, n. One who dissents;

Disagreeing ; inconsistent.

—

one who

differs in opinion, or one declares his disagreement; eccles. one who separates from the service and worship of any established church.—dissentient, dis-sen'shi— ent, a. Disagreeing; declaring dissent; voting differently. One n. who disagrees and declares his dissenting, dis«sen'ting, p. dissent.

who

—

and

Disagreeing

a.

in

opinion;

having the character of dissent; belonging to or connected with a body of dissenters.

dissepiment, dis«sep'i«ment,

—

n.

[L.

asunder, and sepio, to enclose, from sepes, a hedge.] A kind of small partition in certain hollow parts of animals and plants one of the partitions in the ovary of some plants formed by the sides of cohering carpels. dissertation, dis«ser«ta'shon, n. [L. dissepimentum

dissertatio,

dis,

from

disserto,

a

freq.

of dissero, to argue, discuss dis, asunder, and sero, to join, from root of series.] A formal discourse, intended to illustrate or elucidate a subject a written essay, treatise, or dissertator, disquisition. dis'ser—

me, met, her;

;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

or

ties,

external

larity, dis'sim'i«lar"i«ti, n. Want of similarity; unlikeness; want of re-

semblance.

—dissimilation, dis«sim—

—

;

simulatum, to feign that a thing is not what it is dis, and simulo, to

make

like,

from

similis,

like,

dis-

semble.] The act or practice of dissembling, usually from a mean or unworthy motive; a hiding under a false appearance; false pretension; dissimulate, dis«sim u— hypocrisy. To dissemble; to make lat, 0.1. dissimulator, pretense; to feign.

—

—

dis«sim'u«la"ter,

n.

One who

simulates or dissembles. dissipate, dis'si«pat, v.t.

—

dis-

dissipated, [L. dissipo, dissipation dis, asunder, and the rare sipo, supo. to throw, allied probably to E. verb to sweep.] To scatter, to disperse, to drive away (mist, care, energy, etc.); to scatter in wasteful extrav.'. Syn. under agance; to waste. disperse. v.i. To scatter, disperse, dissipating.

—

—

separate into parts and disappear; to vanish; to be wasteful or dissolute in the pursuit of pleasure.—dissipated, dis si«pa«ted, a. Given to extravagance in the expenditure of property; devoted to pleasure and dissipation, dis— vice; dissolute. si'pa'shon, n. The act of dissipating; the insensible loss of the minute

—

particles of a body, which fly off, so that the body is diminished or

may gence

altogether disappear; indulin dissolute and irregular

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ———

———— —

—— —

courses; a reckless and vicious pursuit of pleasure; dissolute conduct. Dissipation of energy, the running down of energy from higher to lower or less available forms, a process constantly going on in nature, and tending to the ultimate production of an earth uninhabitable by man as at present constituted. dissodissociate, dis«s6'shi»at, v.t.

from

—

dis,

[L. dissocio, dissocio, to unite,

and companion.

To

dissoluble, dis«sol'u«bl,

a.

[L.

dis-

incongruous.

dissuaded, v.t. dissuading. [L. dissuadeo, to advise against dis, not, and suadeo, to advise.] To advise or exhort against; to attempt to draw or divert from a measure by reasons or offering motives; to divert by persuasion; to turn from a purpose by argument to render averse; the opposite of dissuader, dis»swa'der, persuade.

v.t.

—

One who dissuades. dissuasion, dis«swa'zhon, n. Advice or exhortation in opposition to something; dehortation ; the opposite of persuadissuasive, a. dis«swa'siv, sion Tending to dissuade. n. Reason, argument, or counsel, employed to deter one from a measure or purpose; that which tends to dissuade. dissuasively, dis«swa'siv«li, adv. In

A

dissolved,

break up,

g, go;

disrelish; disinclination; a want of liking (a distaste for rural sports). distasteful, dis«tast'ful, a. Causing distaste; unpleasant to the taste or liking; disagreeable; slightly repuldistastefully, dis«tast'ful«li, sive. In a distasteful manner. adv. distastefulness, dis«tast'ful«nes, n. The state or character of being distasteful.

syllabe,

[Gr.

n.

a

dis,

syllable.]

distemper, dis«tem'per, n. Any morbid state of an animal body or of any part of it; derangement of the animal economy; a disorder; malady; a disease of young dogs, commonly

word

consisting of two syllables dissyllabic, dis«sil«lab'ik, a. Consisting of two syllables only. distaff, dis'taf, n. [A. Sax. dist.f, that

considered as a catarrhal disorder. To derange the bodily functions of; to deprive of temper or modera-

or dise-staff dis- = O.E. dise, to put the flax on the distaff, allied to L.G. diesse, the flax on the distaff, G. dusse, tow, oakum.] The staff to which a bunch of flax or tow is tied, and from which the thread is drawn to be spun by the spindle; woman's work; woman or women. distain, dis«tan', v.t. [O.Fr. desteindre, Fr. deteindre, to cause to lose color des for L. dis, not, and teindre, from L. tingere, to stain.]

ill-humored.

is,

also solve, soluble, solution, absolve, To melt; to liquefy; to convert from a solid or fixed state to a fluid state, by means of heat or moisture; to disunite, break up, separate, or loosen; to destroy any connected system or body (parliament, a government); to break or make no longer binding (an alliance, etc.); to solve, explain, or resolve (doubts); to destroy the power of or '

reserve.

distaste, dis«tast', n. Aversion of the dislike of food or drink; taste;

only.

etc.]

ch, Sc. loch;

and

twice,

to separate dis, asunder, and solvo, solutum, to loose, to free, whence

ch, chain;

manner.

dis-

To

stain; to defile, tarnish. distal, distal,

v.t.

tion; to ruffle; to disturb; to

—

discolor;

to

distemper, dis«tem'per,

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

n.

make

[It.

dis-

temperare, to dissolve or mix with liquid.] Painting, a preparation of color, ground with size and water; tempera; a kind of painting

opaque

which the pigments are mixed size, and chiefly used for scene painting and interior decoration. in

with

—

distend, dis«tend', v.t. [L. distendo dis, asunder, and tendo, to tend, as in

sully,

[From distant: a. formed on the type of central.] Applied to the end of a bone, limb, or organ in plants and animals farthest removed from the point of attach-

j,

—distanced,

characterized by haughtiness, coldindifference, or disrespect; distantly, dis'tant«li, reserved; shy. adv. Remotely; at a distance; with

—

a dissuasive

v.t.

ness,

n.

dissyllable, dis'sil«la«bl,

a post.

To

slight; faint (a distant resemblance);

—

dissolute manner; profligately; in dissodissipation or debauchery. luteness, dis'so«lut«nes, n. The state or character of being dissolute; looseness of manners and morals, vicious indulgence in pleasure, as in intemperance and debauchery; dissolution, dis«so«lu'dissipation. shon, n. [L. dissolutio, a breaking up, a loosening, from dissolvo.] The act of dissolving, liquefying, or changing from a solid to a fluid state by heat; liquefaction ; the reduction of a body into its smallest parts, or into very minute parts; the separation of the parts of a body by natural decomposition; decomposition; death; the separation of the soul and body; the separation of the parts which compose a connected system or body; the breaking up of an assembly, or the putting an end to its existence. diz«zolv',

—

dissuade, dis«swad',

n. [Fr. distance,

disto, to

place at a distance or remote; to leave at a great distance; behind; to outdo or excel distant, dis'tant, a. [L. greatly. standing apart, ppr. of distans, disto.] Separate or apart, the intervening space being of any indefinite extent; remote in place; in time, past or future; in a line of succession or descent; in natural connection or consanguinity; in kind or nature, etc.; as if remote or far off; hence, distancing.

—

dissolute, dis'so«lut, a. [L. dissolutus, dissolve.] Loose pp. of dissolvo. in behavior and morals; given to vice or profligacy; debauched; devoted to or occupied in dissipation. dissolutely, dis'so«lut«li, adv. In a

dissolving. [L. dissolvo, to

marked by

sonance, L. dissonantia, discordance dis, asunder, and sono, to sound. sound.] Discord; a mixture or union of harsh, inharmonious sounds dissoincongruity; inconsistency. nant, dis'so«nant, a. Discordant; harsh; jarring; unharmonious ; unpleasant to the ear; disagreeing;

dissolve.] Capable of being dissolved or melted; having its parts separable, as by heat or moisture; susceptible of decompodissolubility, dis— sition or decay. sol'u«bil "i«ti, n. The state or quality of being dissoluble.

dissolve,

L. stand apart state, sto, to stand, dis, STATUE, etc.] An interval or space between two objects; the length of the shortest line which intervenes between things that are separate; remoteness of place; space of time, past or future; ideal space or separation, as between things that differ from each other; the remoteness or ceremonious avoidance of familiarity which respect requires; the remoteness or reserve which one assumes from being offended, from dislike, etc.; mus. the interval between two notes; horse-racing, a length of 240 yards from the winning post,

from apart, and

distantia,

[Fr. dis-

n.

away most

or

distance, dis'tans,

solves.

dissonance, dis'so«nans,

solubilis.

——

insertion; situated the extremity at distant from the center.

from

being converted into a fluid. dissolvent, diz»zol'vent, a. Having power to melt or dissolve. n. Anything that dissolves; a substance that has the power of converting a solid substance into a fluid, or of separating its parts so that they mix with a liquid. dissolver, diz»zol'ver, n. One who or that which dis-

—

—

ment or

verted from a solid to a fluid state; to fall asunder; to crumble; to waste away; to be decomposed; to be dismissed; to separate; to break up; motion pictures, to fade out one shot while fading in the next, causing the two shots to overlap during the n. Motion pictures, a scene process, made using the process of dissolving dissolvable, diz«zol'va«bl, a. Capable of being melted; capable of

SOCIAL.] separate or take apart; to disudissociable,! dis«so'nite; to part. shi«a«bl, a. Not well associated, united, or assorted; not sociable; incongruous; not reconcilable. dissocial, dis«so'shal, a. Disinclined to or unsuitable for society; not social. dissociation, dis«s6'shi»a"shon, n. The act of dissociating; a state of separation; disunion; chem. the decomposition of a compound substance into its primary elements. dissociative, dis«so'shi«a»tiv, a. Tending to dissociate; chem. resolving or reducing a compound to its primary elements. socius, a

— — distend

render ineffectual (a spell or enchantment); to destroy or consume (O.T.). v.i. To melt; to be con-

—

sociatum

———

;;

253

dissociate

ciated, dissociating.

— — ——

th, thin;

tent.] To stretch extend, contend, or swell out by force acting from within; to dilate; to expand; to swell; to puff out (a bladder, the v.i. To become inflated lungs). distenswell. or distended; to sibility,

dis«ten'si'biri«ti,

quality or

w,

tvig;

capacity

hw, whig;

of

n.

being

The dis-

zh, azure.

——

—

—

—

—distensible,

dis«ten'si«bl, a. Capable of being distended or dilated.—distention, distension, dis«ten'shon, n. [L. distentio.] The act of distending; the state of being

distended; extent or space occupied by the thing distended. distich, dis'tik, n. [Gr. distichon di, twice, and stichos, a row, a line, a verse.] A couplet; a couple of verses or poetic lines making complete

—

sense.

—distichous,

dis'ti«kus, in

a.

Having two rows, or disposed

two

rows, as the grains in an ear of barley. distill, distil, dis«til', v.i. distilled, distilling. [Fr. distiller, from L. destillo, to trickle down de, down,

—

and in

to

stillo,

from

stilla,

a

drop; to fall in drops or small stream; to trickle; to

a

use a

drop,

To

drop.]

to practice distillation. yield or give forth in drops or a small stream; to let fall in drops; to drop; to obtain or extract by distillation; to subject to the distillable, process of distillation. dis«til'a«bl, a. Capable of being distilled; fit for distillation. distillate, dis'til»at, n. fluid distilled, and found in the receiver of a distilling apparatus. distillation, dis«ti«la'shon, n. The act of distilling or falling in drops; the volatilization and subsequent condensation of a liquid by means of an alembic, or still and refrigeratory, or of a retort and receiver; the operation of extracting spirit from a substance by evaporation and condensation. disv.t.

still;

To

— —

A

—

—

tiller, dis«til'er, n.

One who

distills;

one whose occupation

is to extract distillery, dis— til'efi, n. The act or art of distilling; the building and works where dis-

spirit

by distillation.

—

tillation is carried on.

distinct, dis«tingkt', a. [L. distinctus, distinguish.] Seppp. of distinguo. arated or distinguished by some mark, note, or character; marked out; not the same in number or kind; different; having well-marked characteristics; standing clearly or boldly out; well defined; obvious; distinction, plain; unmistakable. dis«tingk'shon, n. [L. distinctio.] The act of separating or distinguishing; that which distinguishes or marks as different; a note or mark of difference; distinguishing quality; eminence or superiority; elevation or honorable estimation; that which confers or marks eminence or superiority; a title or honor of some

—

kind.—distinctive, dis«tingk'tiv, a. Marking or indicating distinction or difference.

—distinctively, dis«tingk'-

adv. In a distinctive manner. distinctiveness, dis«tingk'tiv«nes, n. The state or quality of being distinctive; distinctive character. distinctly, dis«tingkt'li, adv. In a tiv«li,

distinct manner; clearly; obviously; plainly; precisely, —distinctness, dis«tingkt'nes, n. The quality or state of being distinct; clearness; precision. distinguish, dis-ting'gwish, v.t. [L. distinguo, to mark off, to distinguish di for dis, asunder, and stinguo, to

—

mark,

stigma.]

To mark

or set apart as different or separate from fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

district

others; to perceive or recognize the individuality of; to note as differing from something else by some mark or quality; to know or ascertain difference by the senses or the intellect; to classify or divide by any mark or quality which constitutes difference; to separate by definitions; to separate from others by some mark of honor or preference; to make eminent or

known; to signalize. v.i. To make a distinction; to find or show the difference. distinguishable, dis— ting'gwish«a«bl, a. Capable of being distinguished or recognized ; capable of being defined or classified; worthy of note or special regard. distinguishableness, dis«ting'gwish«a— bl«nes, n. State of being distindistinguishably, guishable. dis— ting'gwish«a«bli, adv. So as to be disdistinguished, tinguished. dis— ting'gwisht, p. and a. Separated from others by superior or extraordinary qualities; eminent; extraordinary;

—

—

— —

transcendent; noted; famous; celedistinguishing, brated. dis«ting'gwish«ing, a. Constituting difference or distinction from everything else;

—

peculiar; characteristic. distort, dis«tort', v.t. [L. distorqueo, distortum dis, asunder, and torqueo,

—

to twist, as in contort (which see).] To twist out of natural or regular shape; to force or put out of the true bent or direction; to bias (the judgment); to wrest from the true meaning ; to pervert. distorted, dis-

—

torted, p. and a. Twisted out of natural or regular shape; shaped abnormally or awry.—distortion, dis'tor'shon, n. The act of distorting a twisting or writhing motion; an unnatural direction of parts from a curved spine, squinting, etc.; a perversion of the true meaning of

whatever cause, as a

wry mouth,

words. distract, dis«trakt',

v.t.

[L. distraho,

distractum, to pull asunder, to perplex dis, asunder, and traho, to

draw; whence

——

—

254

distich tensible.

——

;

tractable, trace, etc.]

To draw

apart or pull separate^; to turn or draw from any object or point; to divert toward various other objects (the attention); to perplex, confound, or harass (the mind); to disorder the reason of; to render insane or frantic—distracted, dis«trak'ted, p. and a. Disordered in intellect; deranged; perplexed crazy ; frantic. distractedly, dis«trak'ted«li, adv. In a distracted manner; insanely; wildly. distraction, dis«trak'shon, n. The act of distracting; the state of being distracted; confusion from multiplicity of objects crowding on the mind and calling the attention different ways; perplexity; embarrassment; madness; frenzy; insanity; extreme folly; extreme perturbation or agony of mind, as from pain or grief; mind a the anything giving

apart, bind, molest, later to exact a pledge dis, asunder, and stringere, to strain (as in constrain,

strain. Akin distress, disseize or take possession of (Shak.)%; specifically, law, to seize, as goods and chattels, for debt. distrainable, dis«tra'na«bl, a. Capable of being or liable to be disdistrainer, trained. distrainor, restrain), trict.]

To

—

—

dis«tra'ner, n. He who seizes goods distraint, dis— for debt or service. trant', n. distress or distraining.

—

A

distrait, dis»tra', a. [Fr.] Abstracted;

absent minded; inattentive. dis-trat', a. [Old pp. of distract.] Distracted; perplexed. distress, dis«tres', n. [O.Fr. destresse, destrece, oppression, from destrecer, to oppress, from a hypothetical L.L. destrictiare, from L. districtus, pp. of distringo, to draw apart, hinder, molest, distrain.] Extreme pain; anguish of body or mind that which causes suffering; affliction; calamity; adversity; misery; a state of danger; law, the act of distraining, the seizure of any personal chattel as a pledge for the payment of rent or debt, or the satisfaction of a claim. v.t. To afflict with pain or anguish; to harass; to grieve; to perplex; to make miserable. dis-

distraught,

;

—

tressful,

dis«tres'ful,

a.

Inflicting

bringing distress; calamitous; proceeding from pain or anguish; or

indicating

distress.

—

distressfully,

adv. In a distressful manner. distressing, dis«tres'ing, a. Very afflicting; affecting with severe distressingly, dis«tres'ing«li, pain. adv. In a distressing manner; with great pain. dis«tres'ful'li,

—

—

distribute, dis«trib'ut,

v.t.

—

distrib-

uted, distributing. [L. distribuo, disdis, tributum, to divide, distribute and tribuo, to give, tribute.] To divide among two or more; to deal out; to give or bestow in parts or portions; to dispense; to administer; to divide, as into classes, orders, genera; printing, to separate types and place them in their proper boxes or compartments in the cases. distributable, dis»tri'bu«ta«bl, a. Capable of being distributed. dis-

—

dis«trak'tiv,

tributer, dis'trib'u«ter, n. One who or that which distributes or deals distribution, dis— out; a dispenser. tri«bu'shon, n. [L. distributw.] The act of distributing or dealing out; the act of dispensing or administering; the act of separating into distinct parts or classes; printing, the separating of the types and arranging of them in their proper places in the case the manner of being distributed or spread over the earth (the distribudistion of animals or plants). tributive, dis'trib'O'tiv, a. Serving to distribute; expressing separation or division; specifically, gram, an epithet applied to certain words (as each, every) which denote the persons or things that make a number taken n. Gram, a separately and singly. distributive word, as each and every.

distrain, dis«tran', v.t. [O.Fr. destraindre, from L. distringere, to draw

In a distributive manner. district, dis'trikt, n. [L.L. districtum,

—

;

—

new and diversion, a.

less

onerous occupation; a

—distractive,

Causing perplexity.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

—

;

—

—

distributively,dis«trib'u«tiv«li,oig;

baffle

by

shifts

overreach

A

trick;

hw, whig;

by an

and

tricky artifice;

zh, azure.

— ——— — — ————

—

— ———— ——— ———— — —

an evasion. dodger, doj'er, n. One who dodges or evades; one who

Barbarous Latin; a jargon having a superficial resemblance to Latin. dog paddle, n. A form of swimming in which the arms, remaining in the water, alternately reach forward

dodo

practices artful shifts or dodges. n. [Pg. doudo, silly.] An extinct bird of Mauritius, having a

massive, clumsy body, covered with down, short and extremely strong legs, and wings and tail so short as to be useless for flight. doe, do, n. [A. Sax. da, Dan. daa.] The female of the fallow deer, the goat,

the sheep, the hare, and the rabbit: corresponding to the masculine buck. doeskin, n. The skin of a doe; a compact twilled woolen cloth. doff, dof, v.t. [Contr. for do off, like don for do on.) To put, take, or lay v.i. To off, as dress; to lay aside. lay off some article of dress ; to take off the hat. dog, dog, n. [A. Sax. dogga (very rare), a dog; same as D. dog, Dan. dogge, Sw. dogg, a large kind of dog. Hound (A. Sax. hund) was originally and long the common English word for dog.] well-known domesticated carnivorous quadruped, closely allied to the wolf and the fox, noted for its sagacity, acute senses, and great attachment to man; a term of reproach or contempt given to a man ; a mean, worthless fellow; a gay young

—

A

a buck; a name applied to several tools, articles, etc., generally iron; as, an andiron, or kind of trestle to lay wood upon in a fireplace, an iron bar, with one or more sharp fangs or claws at one end, for fastening into a piece of wood or other heavy article, for the purpose of dragging or raising it, and the like. .'. Dog is often used in composition for male; as, dog-fox, dogotter, etc.; as also to denote meanness, degeneracy, or worthlessness; To give or as, dog-Latin, dog-rose. throw to the dogs, to throw away as useless. To go to the dogs, to go to dogged, dogging. ruin in life. v.t. To follow insidiously or indefatigably; to follow close; to hunt; to

man;

—

—

worry with importunity. dogged, dog'ed, a. Having the bad qualities of a dog; sullen; sour; morose; doggedly, surly; severe; obstinate. dog'ed'li, adv. In a dogged manner.

—doggedness,

dog'ed«nes, n. The doggish, quality of being dogged. dog'ish, a. Snappish; surly; brutal. doggishness, dog'ish«nes, n. dog-

—

n.

A

North American

bitter

plant used instead of ipecacuanha. dogberry, n. The berry of the dogwood, —dogcart, n. A carriage with for holding sportsmen's dogs; a sort of double-seated gig, the occupants before and behind sitting

a

box

back to back. dog days, n. pi. The days when Sirius or the Dog Star (whence the term) rises and sets with the sun, extending from about July 3 .—dog-eared, to about August 1

1

Having the corners of the leaves turned down from careless handling dogfight, n. A (a dog-eared book.) fight, as of dogs; tenacious combat a.

between fighter airplanes.

dogfish,

A name

given to several species of fishes closely allied to the sharks, but of no great size. dog Latin, n. n.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

while the legs kick. dog tag, n. A metal identification disk worn around the neck. Dog Star, n. Sirius, a star of the first magnitude, whose rising and setting with the

sun gives name — dog's-tooth

to the violet, n.

dog days.

A

bulbous

garden plant with spotted leaves and purple flowers. dog-tired, a. Quite tired. dogtooth, n. A sharppointed human tooth situated between the foreteeth and grinders a canine tooth; an eyetooth. dog;

trot,

A

n.

— — ;

dolmen

258

dodo, do'do,

bane,

— — —

gentle

trot

like

that

dog.— dogvane, n. Naut. a small vane placed on the weather gunwale of a vessel to show the direction of

of a

dogwatch, n. Naut. the the two watches of two hours each instead of four (between 4 and 8 p.m.) arranged so as to alter the watches kept from day to day by each portion of the crew, otherwise the same men would form the watch during the same hours for the whole dog-weary, a. Quite tired; voyage. much fatigued. dogwood, dog'wud, n. name of several trees or shrubs. doge, doj, n. [It.] The chief magistrate of the former republics of Venice (697-1797) and Genoa (1339-1797). dogger, dog'er, n. [D. dogger-boot dogger, a codfish, and boot, a boat.] Dutch fishing vessel having two masts, employed in the North Sea especially in the cod and herring the wind.

name of

A

—

A

mental mat used at table to put glasses on during dessert. doit, doit, n. [D. duit, from Fr. d'huit, of eight, as the eighth part

A

small Dutch copper eighth part of a stiver, in value half a farthing; the ancient Scottish penny piece, of which twelve were equal to a penny sterling; any small piece of money;

of a

coin,

a

stiver.]

being the

trifle.

doldrums, dol'drumz, the

parts

equator squalls,

abound

that

and

n.

ocean

of the

light baffling

Naut. near the in calms, pi.

winds low ;

spirits; the dumps (colloq.). dole, dol, n. [deal.] That

which

is

dealt out or distributed; a part, share, or portion; lot; fortune; that which is given in charity; gratuity; especially money distributed by the government during a financial depression. v.t. To deal out; to distribute. dole, dol, n. [O.Fr. dole, Fr. deuil, mourning, from L. dolco, to grieve.] doleful, dol'ful, a. Grief; sorrow.

Full of dole or grief; sorrowful; expressing grief; mournful; melandolecholy; sad; dismal; gloomy. fully, dol'fuhli, adv. In a doleful manner.—dolefulness, dol'ful-nes, n. The state or quality of being doleful. dolesome,f dol'sum, a. Doleful. dolerite, dol'er«it, n. [Gr. doleros, deceptive.] A variety of traprock composed of augite and labradorite so named from the difficulty of discriminating its component parts.

dolichocephalic, dolichocephalous,

epithet originally applied to dog.] a kind of loose irregular measure in

dol'i«k6«se«fal'ik, dol'i«k6«sef "a«lus, a. [Gr. dolichos, long, and kephale, the head.] term used in ethnology to denote skulls in which the diameter from side to side bears a less propor-

burlesque poetry, but now more generally to mean verses defective

tion to the diameter from front to back than 8 to 10, as seen in the West

fisheries.

doggerel, dog'er»el,

a.

[Possibly

from

An

in

rhythm and

mean verses. dogma, dog'ma,

sense.

n.

Doggerel

or

which seems

n.

true,

[Gr. dogma, that an opinion, from

A

doked, to seem.] settled opinion or belief; a tenet; an opinion or doctrine received on authority, as opposed to one obtained from experience or demonstration. dogmatic, dogmatical, dog«mat'ik, dog«mat'i— kal, a. Pertaining to a dogma or dogmas; having the character of a

dogma; disposed to assert opinions with overbearing or arrogance dicta;

torial; arrogant; authoritative; posi-

tive.—dogmatically, dog«mat'i»kal— li, adv. In a dogmatic manner. dogmatics, dog«mat'iks, n. Doctrinal theology; the essential doctrines of Christianity.

dogmatism, dog'ma—

tizm, n. The quality of being dogmatdogmatist, ic: arrogant assertion. dog'ma«tist, n. One who is dogmatic; an upholder of dogmas; an arrogant advancer of principles or opinions. dogmatize, dog'ma«tiz, v.i. To teach

opinions with bold and undue confidence; to assert principles arrodogmagantly or authoritatively. tizer, dog'ma«ti»zer, n. One who dogmatizes. doily, doi'li, n. [Said to be named from the first maker.] A small orna-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

A

African negro tribes. dolichocephalism, dol'i«k6»sef"a«lizm, n. The condition of being dolichocephalic. doll, dol, ;/. [Of doubtful origin; perhaps for Doll, contr. of Dorothy.] A puppet or small image in the

human form

the

for

amusement

of children; a girl or woman more remarkable for good looks than intelligence.

dollar, dol'er,

n.

G

[D. Dan. and Sw.

thaler, from thai, daler, from because first coined in dale, a Bohemia, in in Joachim's- Thai, 1519.] silver coin of the United States, of the value of 100 cents.

A

Dollar-diplomacy, a diplomacy used to promote the financial or commercial interests of a country abroad. dolly, dol'i, n. A child's name for a doll; a small, low platform on rollers, used for transporting heavy objects.

dolman, dolman,

n.

[Fr.

dolman.

doHmam, from Turk, ddldman.) A long outer robe, open in front, and having narrow sleeves buttoned at the wrist, worn by Turks; a kind of garment somewhat of the nature of a wide jacket, worn by ladies.

dolmen, dolmen,

n.

—

men; Gael, tolmcn and men, a stone.] tube, tub, bull;

[Armor,

dol-

dol, tol, a table,

A

oil,

rude ancient

pound.

—

—

—

———— —— —

— ——

dolomite

A

place of residence; a dwelling house; the place where one lives in opposition to the place where one only remains for a time. v.t.

—

domiciled, domiciling. To establish in domiciliary, a fixed residence. dom«i»sil'i«aTi, a. Pertaining to a Domiciliary visit, a visit domicile. to a private dwelling, particularly for the purpose of searching it undomiciliate, dom— der authority. i«sil'i«at, v.t. domiciliated, domici-

—

liating.

monks. [Fr. domaine, a form of L.

scale of

rule;

—

to invest one's self with.

donation, dd«na'shon, n. [L. donatio, an offering, from dono, to give donum, a gift, from do, to give.]

predominate over. v.i. To predomdomination, dom«i»na'shon, inate. n.

from

The

power government;

exercise of

in ruling;

arbitrary dominion; dominations, authority; tyranny. n. The fourth rank or order in the dominative, angelic hierarchy. dom'i«na«tiv, a. Presiding; governing; imperious; insolent. dominator, dom'i«na'ter, n. One that dominates; a ruler or ruling power; the presiding or predominant power. domineer, dom«i«ner', v.i. To rule with insolence or arbitrary sway; to bluster; to hector. v.t. To govern harshly or overbearingly; to order or command insolently. domineering, donvi»ne'ring, p. and a. Given to domineer; overbearing. dominical, do»min'i«kal, a. [L.L.

Eccles, L. dema, a house, from Gr. doma, a house, from demo, to build.] A roof rising up in the form of an inverted cup; a large cupola; the hemispherical roof of a building; anything shaped like a dome, as the steam chamber of a locomotive, rising above it with a rounded top, etc.—domical, do'mi«kal, a. Shaped like a dome or cupola. domestic, do«mes'tik, a. [L. domesticus, from domus, a house ; from root seen in Gr. demo, to build, and in E. timber; akin domicile.] Belonging to the house or home; pertaining to one's place of residence and to the family; devoted to home duties

go;

—

dom'i«nan«si, n. Asdomauthority. inate, dom'i«nat, v.t. dominated, dominating. To have power or sway over; to govern; to prevail or

exercised; the territory ruled over; a dominion; an estate in land; the land about a mansion house and in the immediate occupancy of the owner; a demesne.

g,

— dominance, dominancy.

cendency;

is

ch, Sc. loch;

played with twenty-eight flat, oblong pieces of ivory or bone, dotted, after the manner of dice, with a certain number of points. don, don. [From L. dominus, a lord. The feminine is donna or dona.] A title in Spain, formerly given to noblemen and gentlemen only, but now used much more widely; a fellow or one holding high office in an English college {colloq.). don, don, v.t. donned, donning. [To do on: opposed to doff.] To put on;

dom'i«nans,

dominium, ownership, property, from dominus, a lord.] The territory over

ch, chain;

a.

D

G.

—

—

dominicalis, j,

;'ob;

connected

ng, sing;

TH,

with then;

The

act

that'

which

or bestowing; gratuitously given;

of giving is

—

donative, don'a»tiv, a grant; a gift. gift; a largess; a gratuity; a n. present; a dole; law, a benefice given to a person by the founder

A

—

—

dominoes,

half mask worn by ladies as a partial disguise for the features; a person wearing a domino; pi. a game

domicile.

G

of the Carthusian and Benedictine

pi.

lord.] A masquerade dress, consisting of an ample cloak or mantle, with a cap and wide sleeves; frequently, though incorrectly, applied to a

ing; prevailing; governing; predominant. Dominant chord, mus. that which is formed by grouping three tones, rising gradually by intervals of a third from the dominant or fifth tone of the scale. n. Mus. the diatonic scale; fifth tone of the thus is the dominant of the scale the dominant of the of C, and

—

n.

dom'i«noz. [Fr., a covering for the head worn by priests, from dominus,

[L. dominans, ppr. of dominor, to rule, from dominus, lord, master. DAME.] Rul-

doltish, dol'tish, a. thickskull. doltishly, intellect; stupid. dol'tish'li, adv. In a doltish manner. doltishness, dol'tish'nes, n. dom, dom, n. [L. dominus, lord.] Roman Catholic title of dignitaries

dome,

To

dominant, dominant,

Dull in

[Fr.

domino, dom'i«no,

——

a

n.

A

domicile, dom'i«sil, n. [L. domicilium, a mansion, from domus, a house, and root of cella, a cell, domestic]

A

dome, dom,

from the called also Blackfriar, color of the dress. dominie, dom'i«ni, n. [From L. domine, vocative case of dominus, schoolmaster; a lord or master.] a pedagogue. [Scotch.] dominion, do«min'yon, n. [L. dominium. See domain.] Sovereign or supreme authority; the power of governing and controlling; government; sway; rule; ascendency; predominance ; territory under a government; country or district governed, or within the limits of the authority of a prince or state; pi. an order of angels (N.T.).

—

n. [O.Fr. daulphin, dauphin, a dolphin, the dauphin, from L. delphinus, a dolphin.] A name of several species of cetaceous mammals having numerous conical teeth in both jaws, as the dolphin proper, a peculiarly agile animal, the grampus, etc.; a fish about 5 feet long, celebrated for its swiftness and the brilliant and beautiful colors which it assumes in the act of dying; a spar or buoy made fast to an anchor, and usually supplied with a ring to enable vessels to ride by it; a mooring post placed at the entrance of a dock or along a quay or wharf. dolt, dolt, n. [Probably connected with E. dull, A. Sax. dol, dull, stupid; dwelan, to err, to be stupid.] heavy, stupid fellow; a blockhead;

which dominion

accustom to to accustom

—

Fr.

from L.L. domanium,

order founded by him. n. A member of a religious order instituted in 1216 at Toulouse, by Dominic de Guzman (afterward St. Dominic) with the special purpose of combating the doctrines of the Albigenses

(animals) to live near the habitations of man; to tame; to reduce from a wild to a cultivated condition (plants). domestication, do-mes'ti'ka'shon, n. The act of domesticating; the state of being domesticated. domesticity, do«mes-tis'i«ti, n. State of being domestic.

dolphin, dorfm,

n.

the Sundays throughout the year. do«min'i»kan, a. Of or pertaining to St. Dominic or the

Dominican,

——domesticated, domesticating.

To make domestic; to remain much at home;

sorrow; lamentation. [Now only poetical.]—dolorous, dol'er«us, a. Sorrowful; doleful; exciting sorrow or grief; painful; expressing pain or grief.—dolorously, dol'er*us'li, adv. In a dolorous manner. dolorousness, dol'er«us«nes, n. The state or quality of being dolorous. doleful.] Grief;

domain, dolman',

—

to our Lord. Dominical letter, one of the seven letters, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, used in almanacs, etc., to mark

—

kat, v.t.

;:

day, from L. dominicus {dies dominica, Sunday), pertaining to a lord or dommaster, from dominus, lord, inant.] Noting or marking the Lord's day or Sunday; relating

or pleasures; living in or about the habitations of man; kept for the use of man; tame; not wild; pertaining to one's own country; intestine; not foreign. Domestic economy, the economical management of all household affairs; the art of managing domestic affairs in the best and thriftiest manner. n. One who lives in the family of another, and is paid for some service; a household domestically, servant. do«mes'ti«kal«li, adv. In a domestic manner. domesticate, do«mes'ti»-

A

—

—

donjon

259

structure (probably of sepulchral origin) consisting of one large unhewn stone resting on two or more others placed erect; also applied to structures where several blocks are raised upon pillars so as to form a sort of gallery ; a cromlech. dolomite, dol'o»mit, n. [After the granFrench geologist Dolomieu.] ular, crystalline, or schistose stone or rock, being a compound of carbonate of magnesia and carbonate of lime. dolor, dolour, do'ler, n. [Fr. douleur, from L. dolor, doloris, grief, pain, from doleo, to grieve. Akin dole,

Mod.

— —

without presentation, induction by the Vested or vesting ordinary. a. by donation. donee, do«ne', n. The recipient of a gift or grant. donor, doner, n. One who gives, grants, or bestows; a giver. done, dun, pp. of do. donjon, donjon, n. [Fr., from L.L. domnio, Jomnionis, for L. dominio, dominion.] The principal tower of

Sunth, thin;

or

patron,

institution,

or

a castle, which was usually situated in the innermost court, and into

which

the

w, uig;

garrison

hw, whig;

could

retreat

zh, acure.

—— —— —— —

— —— ———— —

——— ;

donkey

animal, from dun and diminutive term, -key.] An ass; a stupid or obstinate and wrong-headed fellow. donkey engine, n. A small steam engine used where no great power is required, and often to perform some subsidiary operation, as on

—

board ships.

from L. dom-

n. [It.,

A

ina, a lady or mistress.]

lady; as,

prima donna, the first female singer in an opera, oratorio, etc. donor. See donation. dooly, doolie, do'li, n. [Hind.] Light liner used in India. n. [A.Sax. dom = O.Sax., O. Fris. dom, Goth, doms, Icel. domr, the same word as the suffix -dom in kingdom, etc., and derived probably from verb to do. Akin

doom, dom,

deem.] tence; final

A

judgment or

passing

of

judgment; the

judicial sen-

sentence; state

to

the

which

is doomed or destined; fate; fortune, generally evil; adverse issue; ruin; destruction. Crack of doom, dissolution of nature. v.t. To con-

one

demn

to

any punishment;

to consign

by a decree or sentence; to pronounce sentence or judgment on;

characterized by the columns having no base, and the flutings few, large, and not deep, the capital of simple character. Dorian or Doric mode, mus. a composition in which the second note of the normal scale acquires something of the dignity or force of a tonic, and upon it the melody closes. Doric, n. The language of the Dorians, a Greek dialect characterized by broadness and hardness; hence, any dialect

with similar characteristics, especially to the Scottish.

dorking, dor'king, n. A species of domestic fowl, distinguished by having five claws on each foot, so named because bred largely at Dorking in Surrey. dormant, dor'mant, a. [Fr., from dormir, L. dormio, to sleep.] Sleeping; sunk in the winter sleep or torpid state of certain animals; at rest; not in action {dormant energies); neglected; not claimed, asserted, or insisted on (a dormant title or privileges); in heraldry, of beast with head on paws. Dormant partner, a partner who takes no active part dormanin a commercial concern. cy, dor'man»si, n. State of being,

dormant. dor'mer, sleeping

dormer, dormer window, [Lit. the apartment.]

n.

window of a A window

standing vertically on a sloping roof of a dwelling house, and so named because such windows are

—

found chiefly in attic bedrooms. dormitory, dor'mi«to»ri, n. [L. dor-

doomsday, domz'da, n. The day of doom or final judgment a day of sentence or condemnation (Shak.). Doomsday Book, a book compiled by order of William the Conqueror containing a survey of all the lands in England, giving the areas of estates, the amount of land under tillage, pasture, woods, etc., the number of villeins, etc. door, dor, n. [A.Sax. dor, duru O.Sax. dur, dor, Icel. dyr, Goth. daur, G. thiir, L. fores, Gr. thura, Ir. dorus, Skr. dvdra, door.] An opening or passage into a house or apartment by which persons enter; the frame of boards or other material that shuts such an opening, and usually turns on hinges; means of approach or access. To lie or be at one's door {fig.), to be imputable or chargeable to one. Next door to

=

bordering on — Out near out of door or to;

(colloq.).

of the In house; in the open air; abroad. doors, within the house; at home. doorkeeper, n. A porter; one who guards the entrance of a house or apartment. doornail, n. The nail on which, in ancient doors, the knocker struck. doorplate, n. A plate upon a door bearing the name of the resident. doorstep, n. The doors,

stone at the threshold. doorway, dor'wa, n. The passage of a door; the entrance-way into a room or house. dope, dop, v.t. To drug; to dose. n. narcotic; a dull or stupid person.

A

(Slang.)

Doric, Dorian,

— ——— — — — — ;

double

to destine.

to ordain as a penalty; to decree;

(fig.),

—

260

in case of necessity, the lower part of it being commonly used as a prison: also called the Keep. donkey, dong'ki, n. [Perh. a little dun

donna, don'na,

—

.

dor'ik,

d6'ri«an, a.

Pertaining to the Dorians, a people of ancient Greece. Doric order, arch, the oldest and simplest of the three orders of Grecian architecture, fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

A

place, building, or mitorium.] room to sleep in. dormouse, dor -

mous,

n.

dormice,

pi.

dor 'mis.

[Prov. E. dorm, to sleep, and mouse, small ht. the sleeping-mouse.] rodent animal which passes the winter in a lethargic or torpid state, only occasionally waking and applying to its stock of provisions hoarded up for that season.

A

dorsal, dor'sal,

[From L. dorsum,

a.

the back.] Of or pertaining to the dorsispinal, a. Of or perback. taining to the back and the spine. dory, do'ri, n. [Also called John-

Dory, probably from Fr. jaune doree, golden yellow, from its color.] A European fish of a beautiful yellow color, with a curious protrusible mouth, valued as food. dory, do'ri, n. A canoe or small

a

giving,

n.

[Fr.,

from

from Gr.

diddmi,

to

by doses. dosimeter, do«sim'e«ter, n. An apparatus for measuring minute amounts of liquid. dossal, dos'al, n. [L.L. dorsale, from L. dorsum, back.] An ornamental cloth hung at the back of an altar or a seat. not,

A

—

To mark

with dots; to mark or diversify with small detached objects (as clumps of trees). v.i. dotting.

To make dots or spots. dotal, do'tal, a. [Fr., from L. dotalis, from dos, dower. dower.] Pertaining to dower or a woman's marriage portion; constituting dower, or comprised in it. dote, dot, v.i. doted, doting. [The same word as O.D. doten, to dote; akin to D. dut, a nap, dutten, to take a nap; Icel. dotta, to nod with sleep.] To have the intellect impaired by age, so that the mind wanders or wavers; to be in a state of senile silliness; to be excessively in love; to love to excess or extravagance (to dote on a person). doter, do'ter, n. One who dotes. dotage, do'tij, n. Feebleness or imbecility of understanding or mind, particularly in old age; childishness of old age; senility; weak and dotard, do'terd, foolish affection.

—

A man whose intellect is impaired by age; one in his second childhood.

n.

—dotingly,

do'ting»li, adv. In a doting manner; foolishly; in a manner characterized by excessive fond-

dotterel, dottrel, dot'er«el, ness. dot'rel, n. [From the bird's supposed species of plover, stupidity.] breeding in the highest latitudes of

A

Asia and Europe, and migrating to the shores of the Mediterranean; a booby; a dupe; a gull. double, dub'l, a. [Fr. double, from L. duo, two, and term. duplus, double -plus, from root of pleo, to fill. fill.]

Forming

pair;

a

consisting

of two in a set together; coupled; composed of two corresponding pans; twofold; twice as much; multiplied by two (a double portion) acting two parts, one openly, the other in secret; deceitful; bot. having two or more rows of petals pro-

To make

—

note

containing information about a person or incident. dot, dot, n. [A.Sax. doit, a spot or speck (whence Sc. dottle, a small lump): comp. L.G. dutte, a plug, a stopper; D. dot, a small bundle.] small point or spot made with a pen or other pointed instrument; a speck, used in marking a writing or other thing; a spot. v.t. dotted,

give].

—

pine, pin;

word, from

duced by cultivation from stamens and carpels. v.t. doubled, doubling.

The quantity of medicine given or prescribed to be taken at one time; anything given to be swallowed; as much as a man can take; a dosed, dosquantity in general. v.t ing. To form into suitable doses; to give a dose or doses to; to physic. dosage, do'sij, n. Med. act of dosing; administering of medicine

me, met, her;

[Fr.

n.

A collection of documents

dos, back.]

dosis,

boat.

dose, dos,

dossier, dos'e«a,

move;

—

double or twofold; to fold one part upon another part of; to increase by adding an equal sum, value, or quantity; to contain twice as or by; to

much

as;

march or

to pass

round

round, so as to proceed along both sides of (to sail

To increase double a cape). v.i. or grow to twice as much; to turn back or wind in running. n. Twice much;

a turn in running to pursuers; a trick; a shift; an artifice to deceive; something precisely equal or like ; a counterpart a duplicate; a copy; a person's apparition or likeness; a wraith; a fold or plait; milit. the quickest step in marching next to the run. as

escape

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

——

——

doubloon

two

A kind of bath

deeg, I eel. and Dan. deig, Goth. daigs, G. teig, dough; akin Goth. deigan, to mold, to form.] Paste of

parts.

different

or

n. [Fr.]

consisting in a jet or current of water or vapor directed upon some part of the body. dough, do, n. [A.Sax. dag, ddh = D.

—

double entry, n. Mode of bookkeeping in which two entries are made of every transaction, one on the Dr. side of one account, and the other on the Cr. side of another account, in order that the one may check the other. double-faced, a. Deceitful; hypocritical; showing two faces.— doubleheader, n. Two games

bread; a mass composed of flour or meal moistened and kneaded but not baked. doughboy, n. During World War I the nickname for an infantryman in the U.S. army. doughnut, n. A small roundish cake, usually with a hole in the

—

— —

—

——

down

Unquestionably.

douche, dbsh,

other and button. -double cross, n. An act of deception or cheating. double-dealer, n. One who deceitacts

—

261

double bass, n. The largest musical instrument of the viol kind. double-breasted, a. Applied to a waistcoat or coat, either side of which may be made to lap over the

fully

——

——

center.

L.L.

socket;

a

ductile,

from L. duco, to

lead.]

A

gutter,

wooden

or iron pin or tenon used in joining together two pieces of any substance edgewise (as the pieces of a barrel end); a piece of wood driven into a wall to receive nails of skirtings, etc.

v.t.

— dowelled,

To

dowelling.

by means of dowels, as two boards together by pins inserted in the edges. dowel pin, n. A pin fasten

—

inserted in the edges of boards to fasten them together. dower, dou'er, n. [Fr. douaire, from L.L. dotarium, from L. doto, dotatum, to endow, from dos, dotis, a dower, whence also dotal, dowager.]

doughty, dou'ti, a. [A.Sax. dohtig, dyhtig, from dugan (Sc. dow), to played consecutively on the same double-jointed, Having be able; Dan. dygtig, G. tuchtig, day. a. able, fit. Do, v.i.] Brave; valiant; joints that allow unusual freedom of noble; illustrious; now seldom used motion. double-time, n. Milit. the

That with which one is endowed; the property which a woman brings to her husband in marriage; law, the right which a wife has in the

except in irony or burlesque. doughtily, dou'ti«li, adv. With doughtiness. doughtiness, dou'ti»nes, n. The character of being doughty; valor; bravery. dour, dour, dur, a. [L. durus, hard.] Sullen; gloomy; dourly, stern. dour'li, dur'li, adv. douse, dous, v.t. doused, dousing. [Origin doubtful; comp. Sw. dunsa,

which her husband died possessed v t. To furnish with dower or a dowry, dou'ri, portion; to endow. n. The money, goods, or estate which a woman brings to her husband in marriage; dower.

—

—

next to the run; a pace of 180 36-inch steps per minute; payment of twice one's normal wage. double star, n. Astron. two stars so near each other that they are distinguishable only by the help doublet, dub let, of a telescope. n. [Dim. of double.] A close-fitting garment covering the body from the neck to a little below the waist; one of a pair; one of two (or more) words really the same but different in form (as ant and emmet). doubletalk, n. Purposely meaningless language that is made to appear sensible by mixing normal words with nonquickest

step

—

—

—

—

to

sense syllables; deliberately ambig-

uous language.

doubloon, dub«l6n',

A

n. [Fr. doublon, coin of Spain and the

Spanish American States. doubt, dout, v.i. [O.Fr. doubter, from L. dubitare, to doubt, from same stem as dubius, doubtful, from duo, two. Akin dubious, dual, etc.] To waver or fluctuate in opinion;

To

prefixed, etc.; a

at right angles

dowager,

when

a and his a wife,

—

dou'a«jer, n.

one piece,

[From

duke dies leaving

awkward,

man

form

a

a

widow,

ill-dressed

woman;

a

with no elegance or grace.

woa.

Awkward;

illdressed; vulgar looking; applied to females. dowdyish, dou'di«ish, a Like a dowdy.

—

—

go;

letting

successor in the title has the widow becomes the duchess-dowager. dowdy, dou'di, n. [Akin to O.E. dowde, dowd, dull, sluggish; E. dawdle, L.G. dodeln, to be slow; Prov. E. daw, a sluggard.] An

;

g,

by

dowage, from Fr. douer, to endow. dower.] A name given to the widow of a person of title, as a prince or nobleman, to distinguish her from the wife of her husband's heir bearing the same title; thus

belief; unsettled state of opinion; suspicion; apprehension. doubtable, dou'ta«bl, a. Liable to be doubted. doubter, dou'ter, n. One who doubts. doubtful, dout'ful, a. Entertaining doubt; not settled in opinion; undetermined; wavering; dubious; ambiguous; not clear in its meaning; not obvious, clear, or certain; questionable; not without suspicion ; not confident not without fear; not certain or defined. doubtfully, dout'fuMi, adv. In a doubtful manner. doubtfulness, dout'ful«nes, n. The state or quality of being doubtful; uncertainty; suspense ambiguity. doubtless, dout'les, adv. Without doubt or question; unquestionably. doubtlessly, adv.

Sc. loch;

turtle-dove,

cut into projections somewhat like a dove's tail spread, into corresponding cavities in another.—v.t. Carp. to unite by the above method; fig. to fit or adjust exactly and firmly.

want of

ch,

ring-dove,

A

A

ch, chain;

as

word

of endearment. dovecot, dovecote, n. small building or box in which domestic pigeons breed; a house for doves. dovetail, n. Carp, a method of fastening the ends of boards together

question or hold question-

;

plunge

pigeon, some varieties being distinguished by an additional term

able; to withhold assent from; to hesitate to believe; to suspect; to be inclined to think (governing clauses: I doubt you are wrong) (Scot.); to distrust; to be diffident of (to doubt a person's ability), n. fluctuation of mind respecting the truth or correctness of a statement or opinion, or the propriety of an action; uncertainty of mind;

—

or

thrust

A

to be in uncertainty respecting the truth or fact; to be undetermined. v.t.

doesen,

to strike.] into water; to immerse; to dip; naut. to strike or lower in haste; to slacken suddenly; to put out or extinguish (slang). v.i. To fall or be plunged suddenly into water. dove, duv, n. [A.Sax. ditfa, dufe, from dufan, to dive, to dip, probably from its habit of ducking the head, or from its manner of flight; D. duif, Dan. due, Sc. doo, G. taube.]

—

Sp. doblon.]

plump; D.

To

dowel, dou'el, j,

job;

n. [Fr. douille, a

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

groove th, thin;

third

of

part

down, doun,

n.

the

real

estate

—of

[A.Sax. dun, a hill;

L.G. diinen, Fris. dunen, D. duin, a dune; O.H.G. dun, duna, promontory, Sw. dial, dun, a hill; also W., Ir., and Gael, dun, a hill, hillock.] A hill or rising ground; a low, rounded, grassy hill; a tract of naked, used chiefly for pasturing term commonly used in the south of England; also a dune or sand hill near the sea. down, doun, prep. [A.Sax. adune, hilly land, sheep; a

for of-dune, off or down the in descent; from a higher to a lower part of; toward the mouth of and in the direction of the current. adv. In a descending direction; from a higher to a lower position, degree, or place in a series ; from the metropolis of a country to the provinces, or from the main terminus of a railway to the subordinate stations; on the ground, or at the bottom; in a low condition; in humility, dejection,

adown, hill,

down, a hill.] Along

calamity, etc.; below the horizon (the sun is down); into disrepute or disgrace (to write down folly, vice, an author); from a larger to less bulk (to boil down); from former to more recent times; extended or prostrate on the ground or on any flat surface; paid or handed over in ready money (a thousand dollars down). It is often used elliptically or interjectionally for go down, kneel down, etc. (down ! dog, down !) also with with, in

a

;

energetic commands; as, down with the sail, that is, take it down. Up and down, here and there;

Down in the mouth, (Colloq.) dispirited; dejected. To be down at heel, to have the back part of the upper, or heel, turned down, or to have on shoes with the heel turned down to be slipshod or slovenly. n. downward fluceverywhere.

—

;

A

—

tuation (ups and downs). downcast, doun'kast, a. downward; Cast directed to the ground (downcast eyes); in low spirits; dejected. n.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—— —

—

——— ;;

down down

Mining, the ventilating shaft

which the

air passes

through

mine.

fal,

a

A

n.

in circulating

—downfall,

falling

down;

doun'-

sudden

a

descent or fall from a position of honor, wealth, fame, or the like; loss of rank, reputation, or fortune; loss of office; ruin; dedownfallen, doun'fal'n, struction. a. Fallen; ruined. downhearted, doun'har»ted, a. Dejected in spirits. downhill, doun'hil, n. A declivity; slope. a. Sloping downwards; descending; sloping. adv. Down a hill or slope. downpour, doun'por,

power,

—

—

—

—

——

—

doyley, doi'li, n. Same as Doily. doze, doz, v.i. dozed, dozing. [Akin to Dan. dose, to doze; dos, drowsiness; G. doseln, doseln, to doze; Prov. G. dosen, to slumber; allied to dizzy and to daze.] To slumber;

amount taken in one drink; the U.S., draught is sometimes the spelling for the fishing term, the drinking term, and air current. v.t. To make a draft of; to make a rough sketch of; to outline; to

to sleep lightly; to live in a state of drowsiness; to be dull or half asleep. v.t. To pass or spend in drowsiness; to make dull; to stupefy. n. light sleep; a slumber. dozy, do'zi, a. Drowsy; heavy; inclined to sleep; sleepy. dozen, duz'n, n. [Ft. douzaine, from

select for a special purpose, as for draftee, draf'te, military service. n. One who is conscripted for milidraftsman, drafts'service. tary

—

—

A

—

—

A

—

—

—

A

—

downwards,

doun'werd, doun'werdz, adv. From a higher place to a lower; in a descending course; in a course or direction from a spring or source; in a course of descent from an ancestor. downward, a. Moving or extending from a higher to a lower place (a downward course) descending from a head, origin, or source; tending to a lower condition

—

or state.

down, doun,

[Same word as Icel. dun, Dan. duun, G. daune, down.] The fine soft covering of birds under the feathers, particularly on the breasts of waterfowl, as the duck and swan; the soft hair of the n.

human

yellow color. a. Being of a dull brown or pale brown color; like the cloth so called.

drachma, drak'ma,

n. [L. from Gr. drachme, a drachm, from drassomai, to grasp with the hand. Dram is the same word.] An ancient Greek silver coin; the monetary unit of modern Greece; an ancient Greek unit of weight; a small modern weight, especially a dram.

Draconic,

(slang).

—downy, dou'ni,

a.

Covered

with down or nap; covered with pubescence or soft hairs, as a plant;

made

of down;

(sleep); (slang).

dowry,

soft,

calm, soothing

knowing, cunning, or artful n.

doxology,

See dower. dok«sol'o«ji, n. [Gr. doxodoxa, praise, glory,

logia, a praising

and lego, to speak.] A short hymn or form of words ascribing glory to God, and used in worship. doxo-

—

logical, dok«so'loj'i«kal, a. Pertaining to doxology. doxy, dok'si, n. [Comp. G. docke, Sw. docka, a doll, a plaything.] An old low term for a sweetheart or mistress.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Draconian,

dra«kon'ik,

dra«k6'ni«an, a. Relating to Draco, the Athenian lawgiver; hence (applied to laws), extremely severe; sanguinary. draff, draf, n. [Icel. draf, D. draf, also drab, Dan. drav, dregs, hog's-wash; drab, a slut.] Refuse: to allied dregs; hogwash; the refuse of malt which has been brewed or distilled from, given to swine and cows. draffy, draf i, a. Like, or consisting of draff; waste; worthless.

when beginning to face appear; the pubescence of plants, a fine hairy substance; any fine feathery or hairy substance of vegetable growth. v.t. To cover, stuff, downiness, dou'or line with down. ni«nes, n. The quality of being downy; knowingness or cuteness draft

—

;

dragon

A

—

—

262

douze, twelve, from L. duodecim n. pouring down; especially a duo, two, and decern, ten.] colheavy or continuous shower. lection of twelve things of a like downright, doun'rit, adv. Right kind, or regarded as forming an down; perpendicularly; in plain aggregate for the time being; an terms; completely; thoroughly. a. indefinite or round number comDirected straight or right down; prising more or less than twelve coming down perpendicularly; diunits, as the case may be. rectly to the point; plain; open; drab, drab, n. [A Celtic word; Ir. mere; sheer (downright nonsense); drabhog, z slut, dregs, from drab, a straightforward ; unceremonious spot, a stain; Gael, drabach, dirty, blunt (a downright man). downslovenly; drabag, a drab; akin to rightly, doun'rit'li, adv. Plainly. strumpet; a prostitute; draff.] downstairs, a. Pertaining or relating a low, sluttish woman; a slattern. to the lower floor of a house. v.i. To associate with strumpets. down town, n. The main part or drabble, drab'l, v.t. drabbled, drabdown- bling. To draggle; to make dirty; to business section of a town. town, a. Pertaining to, or located wet and befoul. in, the business section of a town. drab, drab, n. [Ft. drap, L.L. drappus, cloth, from a Teut. root seen adv. To or in the business section of a town. downtrodden, down- in E. trappings, horse furniture.] thick woolen cloth of a dun or trod, a. Trodden down; trampled upon ; tyrannized over. downward, dull-brown color; a dull brownish-

A

—

draft,

or, n.

mainly

Brit.,

[From draw,

draught,

drag.]

The

of pulling or hauling; that which is hauled; an outline, drawing, sketch, map, or plan; a written order from one person to another, directing payment; a check; a demand or drain on anything; a selection of persons or things for purpose; the persons special a selected; a current of air; a device for regulating the flow of air; the drawing in of a net to catch fish; the quantity of fish caught; the depth of water required to float a ship, especially when loaded; the depth a ship sinks in water; the drawing of liquid from a keg, etc., when ordered; the act of drinking; action

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

the in

—

—

One who makes drawings or diagrams, as of buildings or ma-

man,

n.

chinery.

—

drag, drag,

dragged, dragging. v.t. [A.Sax. dragon, to drag, to draw; Icel. draga, to drag, to carry; Goth. dragon, to draw, to carry; D. dragen,

G.

tragen, to carry, to bear.

Draw

is

form of the same word, draggle is a dim., and drawl, dray, another

dredge, are akin.] To pull; to haul; to draw along the ground by main force; to draw along slowly or heavily, as anything burdensome or troublesome; hence, to pass in pain or with difficulty; to search (a river, pond, etc.) with a net, hooked infor drowned perdrag the anchor, to draw or trail it along the bottom when it will not hold: said of a ship. v.i. To be drawn along or trail on the ground, as a dress or as an anchor that does not hold; to move or proceed slowly, heavily, or laboriously; to move on lingeringly or with effort. n. The act of dragging any device used in dragging; that which is dragged a sled for carrying

strument,

sons, etc.

etc.,

— To

—

;

heavy loads; a horse-drawn vehicle like a stage coach; an instrument for breaking up ground; anything that retards, hinders or obstructs; aerodynamics, the total force of the air acting parallel and opposite to an aircraft's direction of flight; a draw

a cigarette, etc.; a puff; an automobile race. dragnet, n. A net drawn along the bottom of the water or along the ground to catch something; any system for catching or drawing in, as a police dragnet. draggle, drag'l, v.t. draggled, draggling. [Dim. from drag, or, as some think, a form of drabble.] To wet and dirty by drawing on damp ground or mud, or on wet grass; to drabble. v.i. To be drawn on the ground; to become wet or dirty by being drawn on the mud or wet grass. dragoman, dragOTnan, n. pi. dragomans. [Sp. dragoman, from Ar. tarjuman, an interpreter, from tarjama, to interpret; Chal. targem, to interpret.] An interpreter in Eastern

on

—

—

—

countries.

dragon, drag'on,

n. [Ft. dragon, from L. draco, Gr. drakdn, from root drak or derk, as in derkomai, to see; Skr.

dare, to see; so called from its fiery eyes.] fabulous animal, conceived as a sort of winged crocodile, with fiery eyes, crested head, and enor-

A

mous

claws, spouting fire, and often regarded as an embodiment of watchfulness a kind of small lizard, having an expansion of the skin on each side, which forms a kind of wing, serving to sustain the animal when it leaps from branch to branch; a ;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

—

—

—

;;;

dragoon shooting meteor, or imaginary serpent (Shak.); a fierce, violent person, male or female; more generally now, a spiteful, watchful woman a short carbine, carried by the original dragoons, having the representation of a dragon's head at the muzzle ; a dragonet, variety of carrier pigeons. drag'o«net, n. little dragon; a small fish of the goby family.—dragonfly, n. The popular name of a family of insects, having large strongly reticulated wings, a large head with enormous eyes, a long body, and strong horny mandibles. dragon's blood, n. The popular name of the inspissated juice of various plants, used for coloring spirit and turpentine varnishes, for tooth tinctures and powders, for staining marble, etc. dragon tree, n. An evergreen tree of the Canary Islands, one of the plants that produce dragon's blood. dragoon, dra«gon', n. [From dragon, the carbine carried by the original dragoons raised by Marshal Brissac in 660, on the muzzle of which, from the old fable that the dragon spouts fire, the head of the monster was worked.] Originally a soldier serving

—

—

masculine of A. Sax. ened, a duck, the termination ric, being the thetical

same Goth,

Ened

a duck.] The male of the duck kind; a species of fly used as bait in angling.

dram, dram,

n. [Contr. from drachma.] Apothecaries' weight, a weight of the eighth part of an ounce, or 60 grains; avoirdupois weight, the sixteenth part of an ounce ; as much spirituous liquor as is drunk at once.

invested

dramatic,

dramatical, dra«mat'ik, dra'mat'i'kal, a. Of or pertaining to the drama or plays represented on the stage; appropriate to or in the form of a drama; theatrical; characterized by the force and fidelity appropriate to the drama (a dramatic striking, dramatics, description); dra«mat'iks, n. sing. The art of producing or acting plays; pi. amadrateur theatrical productions. adv. matically, dra«mat'i«kal«li, dramatis personae, dram'a«tis per«so'ne, n. pi. [L.] The characters in dramatist, dram'a-tist, n. a play.

— —

submit by violent drag«o— measures. dragonnade, nad', n. A persecution of French Protestants in the reign of Louis XIV, from dragoons generally leading the to

—

upon

civilians.

[Probably from A.

v.t.

— —

Sax. drehnigean, to strain, and allied to drag.] To cause to pass through

some porous substance; to filter; to exhaust any body of a liquid; to exhaust (land) of excessive moisture by causing it to flow off in channels to exhaust; to deprive by drawing off gradually (to drain a country of men). v.i. To flow off gradually; to be emptied or deprived of liquor by flowing or dropping. n. The act of draining or drawing off, or of emptying by drawing off; gradual or continuous outflow or withdrawal; a channel through which water or other liquid flows off; a trench or ditch to convey water from wet land a watercourse ; a sewer ; pi. the grain from the mash tub. drainage, dra'nij, n. A draining; a gradual flowing off of any liquid the system of drains and other works by which any town,

—

dramaturgist, dram»a«ter'jist, skilled in dramaturgy.

and the

drastic,

like, is

g,

go;

dras'tik,

a.

[Gr.

drastikos,

from drao, to do, to act.] Acting with strength or violence powerful ;

A

strong purgative. efficacious. n. draught, draft, n. [From draw, drag.] The act of drawing; the capacity of being drawn (a cart or plough of easy

—

ch, Sc. loch;

One

drab.] To cover or invest cloth, with clothing or cloth; to dispose drapery about for use or ornament. draperied, dra'per«id, a. Furnished with drapery.—drapery, draper«i, n. [Fr. draperie.] Cloth or textile fabrics; the clothes or hangings with which any object is draped or hung.

freed from water; the mode in which the waters of a country pass off by its streams and rivers; the water carried away from a district by natural or other drainer, dra'ner, n. One channels. who or that which drains; one who constructs channels for draining land; cookery, a perforated plate for letting fluids escape. drake, drak, n. [Contr. from a form enedrice, endrake (I eel. andrika, O. H.G. antrecho, antricho), a hypoch, chain;

n.

—

;

draught) ; the drawing of liquor into the mouth and throat; the act of drinking; the quantity of liquor drunk at once. Dravidian, dra«vid'i«an, a. Of or pertaining to Dravida, the name of an old province of India applied to ;

j,

>ob;

ng, sing;

;

a distinct family of tongues spoken in South India, Ceylon, etc. draw, dra, v.t. drew (dro), drawn (dran), drawing. [A softened form of drag (which see).] To pull along after one; to haul; to cause to advance by force applied in front of the thing moved or at the fore end; to pull out ; to unsheathe ; to bring out from some receptacle (to draw water); to let run out; to extract (blood, wine); to attract; to cause to move or tend toward; to allure; to lead by persuasion or moral influence; to lead, as a motive; to induce to move; to inhale; to take into the lungs; to pull more closely together, or apart (to draw a curtain); to lengthen; to extend in length; to form by extension (to draw wire); to form (a line) between two points; to represent by lines drawn on a plain surface; to form a picture or image; to describe in words or to represent in fancy; to derive, deduce, have, or receive from some source; to receive from customers or patrons; to receive or take (to draw money from a bank); to extort; to force out (groans, tears); to write in due form; to form in writing; to take out of a box or wheel, as tickets in a lottery; to receive or gain by such drawing; to require (so many feet of water) for floating; to bend (to draw the bow); to eviscerate; to finish, as a game, battle, etc., so as neither party can To draw a badger, claim the victory. fox, etc., to drag or force it from its cover. To draw in, to contract; to pull back; to collect or bring toTo gether; to entice, or inveigle. draw off, to draw away; to withdraw; to abstract (the mind); to draw or take from; to cause to flow from. To draw on, to allure; to entice; to To draw over, occasion; to cause. to persuade or induce to revolt from an opposing party, and to join one's own party. To draw out, to lengthen; to extend; to compose or form in writing; to cause to issue forth;

drank, pret. of drink. drape, drap, v.t. draped, draping. [Fr. draper, to drape, from drap,

—

surface,

A

— —

dramatize, dramwriter of plays. dramatized, dramatizing. a«tiz, v.t. To compose in the form of the drama ; to adapt to the form of a play. dramaturgy, dram'a«ter«ji, n. [Gr. dramatourgia, dramatic composition drama, and ergon, work.] The science which treats of the rules of composing dramas and representing them on the stage. dramaturgic, dram«a»ter'jik, a. Pertaining to dramaturgy; theatrical; hence, unreal.

persecuting force; a military attack

drain, dran,

with dramatic unity and

interest; dramatic composition or literature ; dramatic representation and all that is connected with it.

of soldiers; to harass; to persecute;

—

A shop where spirits A

both on foot and horseback; now a cavalry soldier, there being in the British army heavy and light dragoons, now nearly alike in weight of men, v.t. To horses, and appointments. harass with or abandon to the rage

compel

n.

are sold in small quantities. drama, dra'ma, n. [Gr. drama, from drao, to do, to act.] poem or composition representing a picture of human life, and accommodated to action, generally designed to be spoken in character and represented on the stage; a series of real events

1

to

as that in bishopric, and akin to reiks, ruling, G. reich, empire. is cog. with L. anas, anatis,

—dramshop,

— ——

draw

263

fiery,

A

— ———— ———

;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

—

to elicit, by questioning or address; to cause to be declared; to call forth. To draw together, to collect or be collected. To draw up, to raise; to lift; to form in order of battle; to array; to compose in due form, as a v.i. To writing; to form in writing. pull; to exert strength in drawing; to act or have influence, as a weight to shrink; to contract; to advance; to approach; to resort or betake one's self to; to unsheathe a sword; to use or practice the art of delineating figures; to form a picture; to make a draft or written demand for payment of a sum of money upon To draw back, to retire; a person. To to move back; to withdraw. draw near or nigh, to approach; to come near. To draw off, to retire; to retreat. -To draw on, to advance; To draw up, to form to approach. themselves in regular order (as troops); to assume a certain order or arrangement; to stop a horse by pulling the reins. n. The act of drawing; the lot or chance drawn; drawback, dra bak, a drawn game.

—

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

— —

—

— — —

— —

; ;

drawl

264

What detracts from profit or pleasure; a discouragement or hindrance; a disadvantage; a certain amount of duties or customs dues paid back or remitted, as duty on spirits when they are sent abroad. drawbridge, dra'brij, n. bridge which may be drawn up or let down or dpened or shut horizontally, to admit or hinder communication, as before the gate of a town or castle, or over a navigable river. drawee,

printed work chiefly devoted to the narration of stories of criminal life,

n.

A

—

dra»e', n.

The person on whom an

bill of exchange is drawn. drawer, dra'er, n. One who draws or pulls; one who takes water from a well; one who draws liquor from a cask; a waiter (Shak.); one who draws a bill of exchange or an order

order or

for the payment of money; a sliding box in a table, desk, etc., which is drawn out at pleasure; one of a set of such boxes in a case or bureau;

an under garment worn on the and lower part of the body by both sexes, chest. drawing, dra'ing, n. The act of one who draws;

pi.

legs

—

the representation or delineation of an object on a plain surface, by means of lines and shades, as with a pencil, crayon, pen. etc.; the

amount of money taken in a shop

—

for sales or other trading establish-

ment. drawing room, n. [For withdrawing room, a room to which the company withdraws from the dining room.] A room in a house appropriated for the reception of company; a room in which distinguished personages hold levees, or private persons receive parties; the formal reception of evening company at a drawn, dran, p. and a. royal court. Pulled, hauled, allured; unsheathed; extended; delineated, etc.; not decided, from both parties having equal advantage and neither a victory (a drawn battle). drawplate, n. A stout plate of steel, pierced with a graduated series of conical holes, for drawing wire through in order to reduce and elongate it.

—

—

drawl, dral, v.t. [A dim. form from draw or drag. DRAG.] To utter or pronounce in a slow lengthened tone to while away in an indolent manner.

— —

To

speak with slow utterance. lengthened utterance of the drawlingly, dra'ling«li, adv. voice. In a drawling manner. dray, dra, n. [A. Sax. drcege, from dragan. drag, draw.] A low cart or carriage on heavy wheels, such as drayage, those used by brewers. dra'ij, n. The use of a dray; charge drayman, n. for the use of a dray. v.i.

n.

A

—

—

A man who

—

attends a dray. dread, dred, n. [A. Sax. draedan, ondraedan, to fear.] Great fear or apprehension of evil or danger; terror; awe; fear united with respect; the cause of fear; the person or the thing dreaded (O.T.). a. Exciting great fear or apprehension; terrible; frightful; awful; venerable in the highest degree. v.t. To fear in a great degree. v.i. To be in great dreadful, dred'ful, a. Imfear. pressing dread or great fear terrible formidable; awful; venerable. n.

—

;

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

accidents,

frightful

etc.

{Colloq.)

—

—

—

—

dreams; a visionary; one who forms dreamor entertains vain schemes. ful, drem'ful, a. Full of dreams. dreaminess, dre'mi«nes, n. (Tenn.) dreamland, State of being dreamy. drem'land, n. The land of dreams; the region of fancy or imagination; dreamless, the region of reverie. drem'les, a. Free from dreams. dreamy, dre'mi, a. Full of dreams; associated with dreams; giving rise to dreams; dreamlike. dreary, dre'ri, a. [A. Sax. dreorig, bloody, sad, sorrowful, dreor, blood, from dreosan (Goth, driusan), to fall, with common conversion of s into r; akin to G. traurig, sad, trauern, to

—

—

—

—

mourn.] Dismal; gloomy; waste and oppressively monotonous. drear, drer, a. Dismal ; gloomy with solitude.—drearily, dre'ri«li, adv. Gloomily; dismally. dreariness, dre'ri«nes, n. The state of being dreary. drearisome,f dre'ri«sum, a. Very dreary. dredge, drej, n. [From the stem of drag, the g being softened as in bridge, from older brig.] A dragnet for taking oysters, etc. ; an apparatus for bringing up shells, plants, and other objects from the bottom of the sea for scientific investigation; a machine for clearing the beds of canals, rivers, harbors, etc. v.t. dredged, dredging. To take, catch, or gather with a dredge; to remove sand, silt, etc., from by the use of a dredge, —dredger, drej'er, n. One who or that which dredges. dredging machine, n. A machine used to take up mud or gravel from the bottoms of rivers, docks, etc. distressing;

—

—

—

—

dredge, drej, n. [Fr. dragee, mixed provender for horses and cattle; It. treggia, from Gr. tragemata, dried fruits.] A mixture of oats and barley together. v.t. To sprinkle dredger, drej'roast meat. utensil for scattering flour er, n. on meats when roasting.

sown flour

—

on

me, met, her;

A

pine, pin;

;;

dress

dreadfully, dred'fuMi, adv. In a manner to be dreaded.—dreadfulness, dred'ful«nes, n. The quality of being dreadnought, dred'nat, n. dreadful. A person that fears nothing; a thick cloth with a long pile, used for warm clothing or to keep off rain; a garment made of such cloth; general term for battleship of the highest class. dream, drem, n. [A. Sax. dream, joy, melody; O.Fris. dram, D. droom, G. traum, O.Sax. drom, dream.] The thought or series of thoughts of a person in sleep; Scrip, impressions on the minds of sleeping persons made by divine agency; a matter which has only an imaginary reality; a visionary scheme or conceit ; a vain fancy; an unfounded suspicion. dreamed or dreamt (dremt), v.i. dreaming. To have ideas or images in the mind in the state of sleep; with of before a noun; to think; to imagine; to think idly. v.t. To see in a dream. To dream away, to pass in reverie or inaction; to spend idly. dreamer, dre'mer, n. One who

desolate;

——

—

note, not,

move;

dregs, dregz,

Sw.

[Icel. dregg,

n. pi.

drdgg, dregs, lees ; probably connected with drag, drain the dregs being what remains after the liquor is

—

drained off.] The sediment of liquors; lees; grounds; feculence; any foreign matter of liquors that subsides to the bottom of a vessel; dross; sweepings; refuse; hence, the most vile and worthless among men. Dreg, in the singular, is found in Spenser and Shakespeare. drench, drensh, v.t. [A. Sax. drencan, drencean, to give to drink, to drench, from drincan, to drink, drink.] To wet thoroughly ; to soak to saturate to purge violently (an animal) with medi;

;

[A. Sax. drenc, a draught.] a dose of medicine drencher, for a beast, as a horse. cine.

A

n.

draught;

dren'sher,

dress,

n.

—

One who

dres,

v.t.

—

drenches. dressed or drest,

dressing. [Fr. dresser, to make right, prepare, from a L.L. verb directiare, drictiare, to make straight, from L. directus, straight, direct.] make straight or in a straight line (troops) to put to rights; to put in good order; to till or cultivate; to treat (a wound or sore) with remedies or curative appliances; to prepare, in

To

a general sense; to make suitable or for something (leather, a lamp, etc.); to put clothes on; to invest with garments; to adorn; to deck. To dress up or out, to clothe elaborately, pompously, or elegantly. v.i. Milit. to arrange one's self in proper position in a line; to clothe n. one's self; to put on garments. Clothes, garments, or apparel; collectively, a suit of clothes: a costume; a lady's gown. dress circle, portion of a theater, concert n. room; first gallery in a theater, etc. fit

—

A

—dress

parade, n. A ceremonial parade of soldiers or sailors in dress rehearsal, n. dress uniforms.

—

The

rehearsal of a play, etc., before the first performance. dresser, dres'er, n. One who dresses; one employed in preparing, trimming, or adjusting anything; a hospital assistant, whose office is to dress wounds, ulcers, etc. [Fr. dressoir.] table or bench on which meat and other things are dressed or prepared for use; a kind of low cupboard for dishes and cooking dressing, dres ing, n. The utensils. act of one who dresses; what is used to dress; an application to a wound or sore ; manure spread over land gum, starch, paste, and the like, used final

—

A

—

in stiffening or preparing silk, linen, fabrics cookery, the stuffing of fowls, pigs, etc., or the unctuous ingredients to complete a

and other

;

round doors, windows, and other openings on an dressing gown, n. A light elevation. gown or wide and flowing coat worn by a person while dressing, in the salad; arch, moldings

—

—

A

dressing table, ti. etc. conveniences table provided with the toilet; a toilet table. for study,

dressmaker, dres mak«er, of ladies* dresses.

n.

A maker

—dressy, dres

Very attentive to dress wearing or especially showy dresses. ;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

i,

a.

rich

— ——— ——— — —

———— ———— ———

—

drew drew,

who

drift, a

snow

drift

;

>/.

it

flows.

v.i.

m

ac-

A

be driven along by a current of water or air; to be carried at random by the force of the wind or tide; mining, to make a drift; to search for metals or ores. v.t. To drive into heaps. a. Drifted by wind or currents (drift sand, drift drifter, drifter, n. A boat ice). that uses drift nets. driftwood, n. Wood drifted or floated by water. drifty, drif'ti, a. Forming or characterized by drifts, especially of snow.

float or

D. G.

from same root

bore;

thrill, -tril in nostril.

machine armed with one or drills for

—

cumulate in heaps by the force of wind; to be driven into heaps; to

drill, dril, v.t. (From bore, to drill soldiers;

drills

press,

A

Dan.

To

who drill

threefold way.] kind of coarse linen or cotton cloth. drily. See dry. drink, dringk, v.i. drank or drunk (pret.), drunk or drunken (pp.). [A. D. drinken, Icel. drekSax. drincan ka, G. trinken, Goth, drigkan, to drink. Hence drench and drown.] To swallow liquor, for quenching thirst or other purpose; especially, to take intoxicating liquor; to be intemperate in the use of intoxicating liquors; to To drink be an habitual drunkard. to, to salute in drinking; to drink taking in honor of; to wish well to, v.t. To swallow (liquids; the cup. to imbibe; to suck in; to absorb; to take in through the senses (to drink To drink down, delight); to inhale. to take away thought or consideration To drink of (care, etc.) by drinking. off, to drink the whole at a draught. To drink in, to absorb; to take or receive into. To drink up, to drink the whole. To drink the health, or to the health of, to drink while expressing good wishes for; to signify good will to by drinking; to pledge. n. Liquor to be swallowed; a draught In of liquor; intoxicating liquors. drinkable, drink, drunk; tipsy. dring'ka«bl, a. Fit or suitable for drink; potable. liquor that n. may be drunk. drinker, dring'ker, n. One who drinks, particularly one who practices drinking spirituous liquors to excess; a drunkard. drip, drip, v.i. dripped, dripping. [A. Sax. drypan, to drip, to drop Dan. dryppe, Icel. drjupa, D. druipen, G. triefen. Akin drop.] To fall in drops; to have any liquid falling from it in drops. v.t. To let fall in drops. n. falling or letting fall in drops; a dripping; that which falls in drops; dripping, or melted fat from meat while roasting; the edge of a roof; the eaves; arch, a large flat member of the cornice projecting so as to throw off water; a dripstone. dripping, drip'ing, n. The fat which falls from meat in roasting. dripstone, n. Arch, a projecting molding or cornice over doorways, windows, etc., to throw off the rain.

impulse, drove; D. drift, drove, drive, and comp. rive, rift; course, shrive, shrift; thrive, thrift.] A drove or flock:}:; a heap of matter driven together by the wind or water (a snow drift); a driving or impulse; overbearing power or influence; course of anything; tendency; aim (the drift of one's remarks); intention; design; purpose; a name in South Africa for a ford; milit. the deflection of a shell to the right of its proper course, due to the resistance of the air and the right-hand spin or rotation imparted by the rifling; the deviation of an aircraft due to the wind; mining, a passage cut between shaft and shaft; naut. the which a vessel drives distance through wind or current when lyingto or hove-to during a gale; geol. earth and rocks which have been conveyed by icebergs and glaciers and deposited over a country while submerged. Drift of a current, the

which

marching.

boring holes in metal. drill, drilling, dril, dril'ing, n. [G. drillich, from drei, three, a fabric in which the threads are divided in a

drift,

rate at

A

more

—

A

drillen, to drillen, to

through, (In the agriculas

—

tural sense, however, perhaps of different origin.)] To pierce or perforate by turning a sharp-pointed instrument of a particular form; to bore and make a hole by turning an instrument; agri. to sow in rows, drills, or channels ; to teach and train soldiers or others to their duty by frequent exercises; hence, to teach by repeated exercise or repetition

—

drive,

driv, drove (formerly v.t. drave); driven, driving. [A. Sax. drifan Goth. dreiban, D. drijven, Dan. drive, G. treiben, to drive, to urge

=

or

carry

on.

Drift

and drove are

To

of acts.

impel or urge forward, or away from, by force; to

—

force or move to propel; to

derivatives.]

v.i. To go through the exercises prescribed to recruits, etc. n. pointed instrument used for boring holes, particularly in metals and other hard substances; the act of training soldiers, etc., to their duty, or the exercises by which they are trained; agri. a row of seeds deposited in the earth, or the trench or channel in which the seed is deposited; also a machine for sowing seeds in rows. drillmaster, n. One

A

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

by physical means; compel or urge by

other means than absolute physical force, or by means that compel the will; to constrain; to press or carry to a great length (an argument); to chase or hunt; to keep horses or other animals moving onward while directing their course; to guide or regulate the course of an automobile or other vehicle ; to guide or regulate

—

ch, chain;

),

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

———

;;

dromedary

others; one

trains soldiers in

—

I eel.

;

265

of draw. dro, v. pret. dribble, drib'l, v.t. dribbled, dribbling. [A dim. from drip, and properly dripple.] To give out or let fall in drops. v.i. To fall in drops or small particles, or in a quick sucdribblet, driblet, cession of drops. drib'let, n. One of a number of small pieces or parts; a small sum doled out as one of a series. drier, dri'er, n. See dry. drift, drift, n. [From drive; A. Sax. drifan

— ———— — ——

——

then;

th, thin;

a machine; to convey in a vehicle; to carry on, prosecute, engage in (a trade, a bargain); mining, to dig horizontally; to cut a horizontal v.i. To be forced gallery or tunnel. along or impelled (a ship drives before the wind); to rush and press with violence (a storm drives against the house); to go in an automobile; to travel in a vehicle drawn by horses or other animals; to aim or tend; to aim a blow; to make a stroke. n. journey or airing in a vehicle; a course on which vehicles are driven; a road prepared for driving; a strong or sweeping blow or imdrive-in, a. pulsion. theater, restaurant, bank, etc., that caters to customers who remain in their automobiles. driver, driver, n. One who or that which drives the person who drives a vehicle, one who conducts a team; naut. a large fore-andaft quadrilateral sail, called also the Spanker, on the mizzen mast; mach. the main wheel by which motion is communicated to a train of wheels driver ant, n. a driving wheel. singular species of ant in West Africa, so named from its driving before it almost every animal that comes in its way. drivel, driv'el, v.i. driveled, driv-

A

A

;

A

—

eling.

[A modification of dribble, from

root of drib.] To slaver; to let spittle drop or flow from the mouth, like a child, idiot, or dotard; to be weak or foolish; to dote. n. Slaver; saliva flowing from the mouth; silly unmeaning talk; senseless twaddle. driveler, driv'el«er, n. One who drivels; an idiot; a fool. drizzled, drizdrizzle, driz'l, v.i. zling. [A dim. from A. Sax. dreosan, Goth, driusan, to fall; like Prov. G. dreary.] To rain drieseln, to drizzle, in small drops; to fall from the clouds in very fine particles. v.t. To shed in small drops or particles. small or fine rain; mizzle. n. drizzly, driz'li, a. Shedding small rain, or small particles of snow. droit, droit, n. [Fr., from L. directus.] Right; law; justice; a fiscal charge Droits of admiralty, peror duty. quisites attached to the office of admiral of England, or lord highadmiral. droll, drol, a. [Same word as Fr. drole, D. drol, G. droll, a thick, short person, a droll; Gael, droll, a slow,

—

—

A

awkward person; perhaps from Icel. and Sw. troll, a kind of imp or hobgoblin.] Odd; merry; facetious; comical ludicrous queer laughable ridiculous. n. One whose occupation or practice is to raise mirth by odd tricks; a jester; a buffoon; something exhibited to raise mirth or v.i. To jest; to play the sport. ;

;

;

drollery, drd'lefi, n. The buffoon. quality of being droll; something done to raise mirth; sportive tricks; buffoonery; fun; comicalness; hu-

mor.

dromedary,

drom'e«da»ri, n. [L. dromedarius, a dromedary, formed from Gr. dromas, dromados, running, from stem of dramein, to run.] A species of camel, called also the

w,

it'ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

——

— — — ——

—

dromond

Sw. dron, dronje, G. drohne, from the sound it makes; comp. humblebee, G. hummel, and the verb hum.] The male of the honeybee; an idler; a sluggard; one who earns nothing by industry; a humming or low sound, or the instrument of humming; one of the largest tubes of the bagpipe, which emit a continued deep tone. v.i. droned, droning. [Dan. drone, Sw. drona, to drone; akin Goth, drunjus, a sound.] To give forth a low, heavy, dull sound; to hum ; to snore ; to make use of a

—

dull monotonous tone; to live in idleness. v.t. To read or speak in a dull, monotonous, droning manner.

drool,

drol, v.i. [Contraction of drivel.] To slaver; to drivel. droop, drop, v.i. [A form of drip, drop.] To sink or hang down; to bend downward, as from weakness or exhaustion; to languish from grief or other cause; to fail or sink; to decline; to be dispirited; to come towards a close (Tenn.). v.t. let sink or hang down. n. The act of drooping or of falling or hanging down; a drooping position or state.

—

n.

that which droops. dro'ping»li, adv. In

manner. drop, drop,

To

One who

or

droopingly, drooping a

Sax. dropa, O.Sax. D. drop, G. tropfe, a drop; akin dribble, drip, droop.] A small portion of any fluid in a spherical form, falling or pendant, as if about to fall; a small portion of water falling in rain; what resembles or hangs in the form of a n. [A.

dropo, Icel. dropi,

drop, as a hanging diamond ornament, a glass pendant of a chandelier, etc.; a very small quantity of liquid; a small quantity of anything (a drop of pity: Shak.); that part of a gallows which sustains the criminal before he is executed, and

which

;

266

Arabian camel, with one hump or protuberance on the back, in distinction from the Bactrian camel, which has two humps. dromond, ^drom'ond,«.[Gr. dramein, to run.] Fast-sailing ship of war. drone, dron, n. [A. Sax. drdn, the dronebee; L.G. and Dan. drone,

drooper, dro'per,

————— —— — ——

— — —

to

druid

come unexpectedly: with in or To drop astern (naut.), to

into.

—

slacken speed so as to let another vessel get ahead. To drop down, to sail, row, or move down a river.

Dropping fire (milit.), a continuous irregular discharge of small arms. droplet, drop 'let, n. little drop. dropper, drop'er, n. One who or dropping, drop'that which drops. ing, n. The act of one who drops; a falling in drops; that which drops; pi. the dung of animals. drop kick, n. kick given to a football by dropping the ball and kicking it

A

A

dropout, n. One who complete a course, etc. dropsy, drop'si, n. [Formerly hydropsy, from Gr. hydrops, dropsy, from hydor, water.] Med. an unnatural collection of water in any cavity of the body, or in the cellular as

it

rises.

fails to

dropsical,

tissue.

drop'si«kal,

a.

Diseased with dropsy; inclined to dropsy; resembling or partaking of the nature of dropsy. dropsied, drop'sid, a. Affected with dropsy; exhibiting an unhealthy inflation. dropwort, drop'wert, n. A kind of spiraea or meadowsweet with finecut leaves.

drosky,

dros'ki, n. [Rus. drozhki.]

A

kind of light four-wheeled carriage used in Russia and Prussia. dross, dros, n. [A. Sax. dros, drosn,

from dredsan,

D.

to fall;

droes, Icel.

rubbish; Sc. drush, dregs; Dan. drysse, to fall, dreary.] The refuse or impurities of metals; rust; waste matter; refuse; any worthless matter separated from the better part. drossy, dros'i, a. Like dross; pertaining to dross full of or abounding with refuse matter; worthless; foul; impure. tros,

;

drought,

drout,

[Contr.

n.

from

A. Sax. drugath, drugoth, from drige, like D. droogte, from dry.] Dry weather; dry. want of rain; such a continuance of dry weather as affects the crops; aridness; thirst; want of drink; droughty, drou'ti, a. scarcity; lack. Characterized by drought or the absence of rain or moisture; arid;

dryge, droog,

dry;

thirsty.

suddenly dropped; also the distance which he has to fall; the

drove, drov, pret. of drive. drove, drov, n. [A. Sax. drdf, from

curtain which conceals the stage of a theater from the audience; pi. a liquid medicine, the dose of which is regulated by a certain number of dropped, dropping. [A. v.t. drops. Sax. dropian, from the noun = D. droppen, G. tropfen.] To pour or let fall in drops ; to let fall, lower, or let down (to drop the anchor); to let go, dismiss, lay aside, break off from; to quit, leave, omit; to utter (words) slightly, briefly, or casually; to send in an off-hand informal manner v.i. To fall {drop me a few lines). in small portions, globules, or drops, as a liquid; to let drops fall; to drip; to discharge itself in drops; to fall; to descend suddenly or abruptly; to sink lower; to cease; to die sud-

number of anidrifan, to drive.] mals, as oxen, sheep, or swine, driven in a body; a collection of animals moving forward; a crowd of people in motion; a flock.

is

—

fall, as in battle; to come to an end; to be allowed to cease; to be neglected and come to nothing;

denly; to

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

A

drover, dro'ver, n. One who drives cattle or sheep to market, or from

one

[From A. Sax.

v.t.

druncnian, to sink in water, to be drunk, from druncen, pp. of drincan, to drink; Dan. drukne, to drown. drink, drench.] To deprive of life by immersion in water or other fluid to overflow, overwhelm, or inundate to

put an end

to, as if

by drowning

or overwhelming; to overpower (to drown care; to drown one's voice). v.i. To be suffocated in water or other fluid; to perish in water. drowse, drouz, v.i. drowsed, drowsing. [A. Sax. driisan, drusian, to be

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

slow, to languish; allied to dredsan fall, to droop; D. droosen, to doze, to slumber. dreary.] To sleep imperfectly or unsoundly; to slumber; to be heavy with sleepiness; to be heavy or dull. v.t. To make heavy with sleep; to make dull or stupid. n. slight sleep; a doze; slumber. drowsily, drou'zi«li, adv. to

A

—

In a drowsy manner. drowsiness, drou'zi«nes, n. State of being drowsy. drowsy, drou'zi, a. Inclined to sleep; sleepy; heavy with sleepiness; lethargic; sluggish; stupid; disposing to sleep; lulling. drub, drub, v.t. drubbed, drubbing. [Prov. E. drab; akin to Icel. and Sw. drabba, to beat; G. treffen to hit.] To beat with a stick; to thrash; to cudgel. n. blow with a stick or cudgel ; a thump ; a knock. drubber, drub'er, n. One who drubs or beats. drubbing, drub'ing, n. cudgeling; a sound beating. drudge, druj, v.i. drudged, drudging. [Softened form of O.E. drugge, drug, to work laboriously; origin doubtful.] To work hard; to labor in mean offices; to labor with toil and fatigue. n. One who labors hard in servile employments; a slave. drudgery,

—

—

A

—

A

—

—

druj'er«i, n. Ignoble toil; hard work in servile occupations. drug, drug, n. [Fr. drogue; Pr. Sp. Pg. It. droga; all from D. droog, the same word as A. Sax. dryge, dry

because the ancient medicines were chiefly dried herbs.] Any substance, vegetable, animal, or mineral, used in the composition or preparation cf medicines; any commodity that lies on hand or is not saleable; an article of slow sale or in no demand in the market. v.i. drugged, drugging. To prescribe or administer drugs or

—

medicines. v.t. To mix with drugs; to introduce some narcotic into with the design of rendering the person who drinks the mixture insensible; to dose to excess with drugs or medicines; to administer narcotics to; to render insensible with a narcotic drug.— druggist, drug ist, n. One who deals in drugs; a pharmacist. drugstore, ?;. A store where drugs, medicines, meals, etc., are sold. u. [Fr. droguet, dim. DRUG.] A of drogue, drug, trash. cloth or thin stuff of wool, or of wool and thread, used for covering carpets, and also as an article of

drugget, drug'et,

clothing. dru'id, n. [Ir. and Gael. druidh, W. derwydd.] [often cap.] priest or minister of religion who superintended the affairs of religion and morality, and performed the office of judges among the ancient Celtic nations in Gaul, Britain, and

druid,

A

locality to another.

drown, droun,

—

note, not,

move;

A

Germany.

i»des, n.

female

druidical, Pertaining stones, the

druidess, dru druidic, druid. drii'id'ik, dru«id i«kal, a. Druidical to the druids.

name popularly given

to large upright

found in various localities and sometimes forming circles, from an uncertain assumption that they were druidical places of worship. druidism, dru'i«dizm, n. The docstones,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— —

— —

————— — ———— — — —

— ;;

drum

word of

n.

[Probably, like drone,

Dan. tromme, G. trommel, a drum, Dan. drum, a booming sound; Goth. a

imitative

drunjus, a sound.]

An

origin;

instrument of

goods, cloths, stuffs, silks, laces, ribbons, etc., in distinction from groceries. Dry steam, superheated Dry stone walls, walls built steam. of stone without mortar. Dry wines, those in which no sweetness is perceptible. v.t. dried, drying. To make dry; to free from water or from moisture of any kind; to desiccate; to expose in order to evaporate moisture; to deprive of natural juice, To dry up, to sap, or greenness. deprive wholly of water; to scorch or parch with thirst. v.i. To grow dry; to lose moisture; to become free from moisture or juice; to evaporate wholly: sometimes with up. drier, dri'er, n. One who or that which dries or makes dry; a desiccative; specifically a preparation to increase the hardening and drying properties of paint. dry cell, n. An electric cell the contents of which dryare in the form of a paste. clean, v.t. To clean textiles with dry dock, solvents other than water.

a mechanical contrivance resembling a drum in shape, and used in con-

nection with machinery of various kinds, etc.; the tympanum or barrel of the ear; a quantity packed in the form of a drum; a round box containing figs; a tea before dinner; a kettledrum; a name formerly given to a fashionable and crowded evening v.i. drumparty; a storm drum. med, drumming. To beat a drum; to beat with rapid movements of the fingers; to beat with a rapid succession of strokes; to throb; to resound

—

dully. v.t. To perform on a drum; to expel with beat of drum (he was drummed out of the regiment); to summon by beat of drum; to din. To drum up, to assemble or call to-

—

drumhead, gether by beat of drum. n. The head or top of a drum; a variety of cabbage having a large, rounded, or flattened head. Drumhead court-martial, a court-martial called suddenly on the field. Drumhead service, religious service on the drum major, n. field, at the front. The chief or first drummer of a regiment; the leader of a band in marching. drumlin, drum'lin. [Celtic name.] An elongated mound of glacial material sorted by water drummer, drum'er, n. One action.

—

to exhaust moisture; having the quality of rapidly becoming dry and dryly, drily, dri'li, adv. Withhard. out moisture; coldly; frigidly; without affection; severely; sarcastically;

office is to

without embellishment; without anything to enliven, enrich, dryness, dri'nes, n. or entertain. The state or quality of being dry. dry measure, n. Measure for dry commodities by quarts, etc.; in this system two pints make one quart, eight quarts make one peck, four pecks make one bushel. dry nurse, n. A nurse who attends and feeds a v.t. To act as dry child by hand. nurse to; to feed, attend, and bring up without the breast. dry point, n. A. sharp etching needle, used to cut fine lines in copper without the plate being covered with etching ground barrenly;

traveler. stick with which a drum is beaten; what resembles a drumstick, as the upper joint of the leg of a turkey.

The

—

drunk, drungk,

a. [From drunken. drink.] Intoxicated ; inebriated ; overcome, stupefied, or frenzied by alcodrunkard, drung'kerd, holic liquor. n. One given to an excessive use of strong liquor; a person who habitually or frequently is drunk. drunken, drung'ken, a. [Part, of drink, but now used chiefly as an adjective.] Intoxicated; drunk; given

—

to drunkenness; proceeding from intoxication; done in a state of drunkenness (a drunken quarrel). drunkenly,f drung'ken«li, adv. In drunka drunken manner. (Shak.)

by acid. dry rot, well-known disease dri 'rot, n. affecting timber, occasioned by various species of fungi, the mycelium or the lines bit in

A

—

enness, drung'ken«nes, n. The state of being drunk; the habit of indulging in intoxication ; intoxication

of which destroying

n. [Fr. drupe, L. drupa, Gr. dryppa, an overripe olive.] Bot. a stone fruit, such as the cherry or plum a fruit in which the outer part is fleshy while the inner hardens like a nut, forming a stone with a kernel. dry, dri, a. [A. Sax. dryge, drige, drie (D. droog, G. trocken), dry, whence dryan, drigan, to dry. Drought and drug are derivatives.] Destitute of moisture free from water or wetness ;

go;

—

timber,

A

trial;

woods. dual, dual, a. [L. dualis, from duo, two; akin duel, double, doubt, dubious, etc.] Expressing the number two; existing as two; consisting of two; twofold; a term applied to a special form of a nou n or verb used

;

g,

—

dry-shod, a. practice session. and adv. Without wetting the feet. dryad, dri'ad, n. [Gr. dry as, dry ados, from drys, an oak, a tree.] Myth, a deity or nymph of the woods; a nymph supposed to preside over

inebriety.

ch, Sc. loch;

penetrates the dry run, n.

it.

a

drupe, drop,

ch, chain;

repairing

or

A

drum; commercial n.

—

Dry ships. trademark for solidified Ice, n. carbon dioxide used as a substitute drying, dri'ing, a. Adapted for ice. structing

—

—drumstick,

—

A

dock from which water may be shut or pumped out, used in con-

n.

'),

job;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

number which

is

used when two

persons or things are spoken of. dualism, du'a«lizm, n. A twofold division; philos. any system holding that all phenomena in the universe can be explained in terms of two

fundamental and exclusive prinsuch as mind and matter, being and nonbeing, etc. theol. the doctrine that there are two distinct eternal principles, one good and the ciples,

;

other

—

—

beat the

that

;

music commonly in the form of a hollow cylinder, covered at the ends with vellum, the ends being beaten with sticks to produce the sound;

who drums; one whose

in some languages when two persons or things are spoken of. n. Gram.

free from juice, sap, or aqueous matter; not moist; arid; not giving milk; thirsty; craving drink; barren; jejune; plain; unembellished ; destitute of interest; quietly sarcastic; caustic; discouraging; expressive of a degree of displeasure cold and not friendly (a dry reception). Dry

druids.

drum, drum,

ducal

267

and ceremonies of the

trines, rites,

— ———— —

—— ——

evil;

the

belief

man

that

embodies two irreducible elements such as body and soul doctrine ;

of those who maintain the existence of spirit and matter as distinct substances, in opposition to idealism, which maintains we have no knowledge or assurance of the existence of anything but our own ideas or sensations.

dualist, du'a«list, n.

One

who

holds the doctrine of dualism dualistic, du— in any of its forms. a«lis'tik, a. Pertaining to dualism; duality, characterized by duality. du'al'i'ti, n. The state of being two or of being divided into two. dub, dub, v.t. dubbed, dubbing. [A. Sax. dubban, to strike, to dub knight; Icel. dubba, to dub.] To strike with a sword and make a knight; to nick-

—

name; ing; to

make smooth by hammermake a blunder. n. Some-

to

thing done poorly; a clumsy person. dub, dub, v.t. [Shortening of double.]

To

insert music, dialogue, etc., into the sound track of a film. dub, dub, n. IProbably of same root as dip and deep.] A puddle; a small pool of foul stagnant water. dubious, du'bi«us, a. [L. dubius, moving alternately in two opposite directions, from root of duo, two. doubt.] Doubtful; wavering or fluctuating in opinion; uncertain; not ascertained or known exactly; not clear or plain ; occasioning or involving doubt; of uncertain event or dubiously, du'bi«us«li, adv. issue.

In a dubious manner.

—dubiousness,

du'bi«us»nes, n. The state of being dubiety, du«bi'e«ti, n. [L. dubious. dubietas.] Doubtfulness; a feeling of doubt.

—

swallowing up sometimes other times a rocking or heaving of the earth: probably due to internal igneous forces. earthshine, n. The illumination of the dark portion of the moon, due

open,

whole

cities; at

the sunlight reflected from the earth.—earthwork, n. A term applied to all operations where earth has to to

be removed or collected together, as in cuttings, embankments, etc.; fortification constructed of earth.

earthworm,

n.

tube, tub, bull;

An

annelid

oil,

pound.

a

worm,

———— —

—

— ——— —

————

273

living in wet soil, that is characterized by a long cylindrical body

To move in the direction of the east; to veer from the north or south toward the east. adv. In an easterly direction; eastward. easterling, es'ter«ling, n. An old name for a native of some country lying eastward of Britain, especially a trader from the shores of the easterly, es'ter«li, a. ComBaltic. ing from the east; moving or directed eastward; situated or looking toward the east. adv. On the east; in the direction of east. eastern, es'tern, a. [A.Sax. eastern.] [cap.] Being or dwelling in the east; oriental; [not cap.] situated toward the east; on the east part; going toward the east, or in the direction of east. Eastern Church, the Greek Church, established in Russia, into which v.i.

ayse, aize, ease; Pr. aise, It. agio, O.It. asio, ease; all words of very doubtful origin.] Freedom from labor or exertion, or from physical

pain,

disturbance,

excitement,

or

annoyance; freedom from concern, anxiety, solicitude or anything that frets or ruffles the

mind;

tranquility;

repose; freedom from difficulty or great labor; facility; freedom from constraint, formality, stiffness, harshness, forced expressions, or unnatural arrangement; unaffectedness. Chapel of ease, a chapel taking off the burdens of a large parish, and having right to most part of ecclesiastical duties. v.t. eased, easing. To free from pain, suffering, anxiety, care, or any disquiet or annoyance; to relieve; to give rest to; to mitigate; to alleviate; to assuage; to allay; to abate or remove in part (to ease pain, grief, burden, etc.); to render less a difficult; to facilitate; to release from pressure or restraint by moving gently; to shift a little. easeful, ez'ful, a. Giving ease. [Poet.]

it

easement, ez'ment, n. Convenience; accommodation; that which gives

Eastern Hemisphere, the half of the earth east of the Atlantic Ocean, comprising the land masses of Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe. eastward, eastwards, est'werd, est'werdz, adv. Toward the east; in the direction of east from some point

—

or place. eastward, a. Facing, pointing, or having its direction toward the east. Easter, es'ter, n. [A.Sax. edstre, Easter, from A.Sax. Edstre, Edstre, O.H.G. Ostard, a goddess of light or spring, in honor of whom a celebrated in April, festival was

whence

free ing,

calendar);

is

the

the full

:

A

hardness, heavier than water, and capable of taking on a fine polish, being much used in inlaid work and turnery; the most valuable variety is the heartwood of a large tree growing in Ceylon. ebon, eb'on, a. Consisting of ebony; black like ebony; dark. ebonite, eb'o«nit, n. Same as Vulcanite. ebonize, eb'o«niz, v.t. To make black or tawny; to tinge with the color of ebony.

eat,

celebrated one

ebracteate,

et, v.i. pret.

pp. eat or eaten

etan^D. Goth,

eten,

itan,

G.

eat or ate (et, at); e'tn).

(et,

Icel.

essen;

[A.Sax.

Dan. cede, from root seen

eta,

L. edo, Gr. edo, Skr. ad, To masticate and swallow; to partake of as food: said especially of solids; to corrode; to wear away; also in to eat.]

To eat one's to gnaw into gradually. heart, to brood over one's sorrows To eat one's or disappointments. words, to retract one's assertions. v.i. To take food; to feed; to take a meal; to have a particular taste or character when eaten; to make way by corrosion; to gnaw; to enter by

G. ost, Icel. aust; connected with L. aurora (anc. ausosa), Lith. auszra, the red of morning, Skr. ushas, the dawn, from a root us, to burn, as in L. urere, to burn.] One of the four cardinal points, being the point in the heavens where the sun is seen to rise at the equinox, or the corresponding point on the earth; that point of the horizon lying on the right hand when one's face is turned toward the north pole; [cap.] the regions or countries which lie east of Europe; the oriental countries. a. Toward or in the direction of the rising sun; opposite from west.

gradually wearing or separating the eatable, e'ta«parts of a substance. bl, a. Capable of being eaten;

Anything that may be eaten; that which is used as food; an edible or comestible.

esculent.

n.

eater, e'ter, n. One who eats; that which eats or corrodes. Eau de Cologne, 6«de«ko'16n', n. [Fr., from L. aqua, water.] perfumed spirit, originally invented at Cologne, and consisting of spirits of wine flavored by a few drops of different essential oils blended so as to yield a fine fragrant scent.

A

j,

yob;

ng, sing;

—

moon happens

is

G. and Dan.

ebbe, Sw. ebb; to E. even, G. aben, to fall off, to sink, evening.] The reflux of the tide; the return of tidewater toward the sea opposed to flood or flow, a flowing backward or away; decline; decay (the ebb of prosperity or of life). v.i. To flow back; to return, as the water of a tide toward the ocean: opposed to flow; to recede; to decrease; to decay; to decline. ebb tide, n. The reflux of tidewater; the retiring tide. ebony, eb'o«ni, n. [L. ebenus, Gr. ebenos.] black colored wood of great

ebbe, allied

first

easy. See ease.

easadv. In an easy manner. easiness, e'zi«nes, n. The state or quality of being easy. easel, e'zel, n. [G. esel, an ass, a wooden horse, or stand.] The wooden frame on which painters place pictures while at work upon them. east, est, n. [A. Sax. edst = Y}. oost,

go;

if

on Sunday, Easter week later.

affluent; comfortable.

g,

—

Sunday after the first full moon that falls on or next after the vernal equinox (March 21 in the Gregorian

ily, e'zi'li,

ch, Sc. loch;

Easter

resurrection.

annoyance, care, trouble, concern, anxiety, or the like; quiet; tranquil; giving no pain or disturbance; requiring no great labor or exertion; not difficult; not steep, rough, or uneven; gentle; not unwilling; ready; not constrained, stiff, or formal; not rigid or strict; smooth; flowing; not straitened or restricted as regards money or

ch, chain;

called easter-

[A.Sax. efese, yfese edge, whence same efesian, to shave, to trim; word as Goth, ubizva, O.H.G. obisa, a portico, a hall; from root of over.] That part of the roof of a building which projects beyond the wall and casts off the water that falls on the roof. eavesdrop, v.i. eavesdropped, eaves-dropping. To stand under the eaves, or near the windows of a house to listen and learn what is said within doors ; to watch for an opportunity of hearing the private conversation of others. The n. water which falls in drops from the eavesdropper, eaves of a house. n. One who stands near the window or door of a house to catch what is said within doors; one who tries to hear private conversation. ebb, eb, n. [A.Sax. ebbe, ebba; D. eb, n. pi.

(sing.), the eave, the

connected with east.] A movable festival of the Christian church observed in March or April in commemoration of the Saviour's

a. Being at rest; having ease; from pain, disturbance, suffer-

means;

month was

this

eaves, evz,

mondth;

or relief; law, a privilege without profit which one proprietor has in the estate of another proprietor, distinct from the ownership of the soil, as a way, watercourse, etc.; Scots law, servitude (q.v.). easy, ease

e'zi,

was introduced from Constan-

tinople.

—

:

eccentric

ease

tapering at each end, minute bristles used in movement, and the digesting of decayed organic material obtained from the soil; a mean sordid wretch. ease, ez, n. [Fr. aise, ease; O.Fr. eise,

———— —— — —

——

TH,

then;

e«brak'te«at, a. [L. e, not, and bractea, a thin plate.] Bot. without bracts. ebullition, eb«u»lish'on, n. [L. ebullitio; from ebullio e, ex, out, up, and bullio, to boil, from bulla, a bubble, boil.] The operation or phenomenon of boiling; the bubbling up of a liquor by heat; the agitation produced in a fluid by the escape of a portion of it converted into an aeriform state by heat; effervescence; an outward display of feeling, as of anger; a sudden burst; a pouring ebullience, forth; an overflowing. ebulliency, e-bulyens, e»bul'yen«si, n. boiling over; a bursting forth; overflow. ebullient, e-bul'yent, a. Boiling over; hence, over-enthu-

—

A

siastic; over-demonstrative. ecartS, a»kar'ta', n. [Fr., discarded.] A game of cards for two persons with thirty-two cards, the small cards from two to six being excluded so called because the players may discard or exchange their cards

for others.

eccentric, ek«sen trik, a. [L. eccentricus ex, from, and centrum, center.] Deviating or departing from the center; not having the same center; not concentric though sit-

th, thin;

—

w,

«>ig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

—— — — ————

—

—— ——

—

——

274 other serpents. echinate, echinated, ek'i«nat, ek'ina«ted, a. [L. echinus, Gr. echinos, a hedgehog, a sea-urchin.] Set with

in a way peculiar to one's self and different from other people; anomalous; singular; odd. n. eccentric person; a term applied to several mechanical contrivances for converting circular into reciprocating rectilinear motion, consisting of variously shaped disks, attached to a

An

eccentrically, ek— revolving shaft. sen'tri«kal«li, adv. With eccentricity; in an eccentric manner. eccentricity, ek«sen«tris'i«ti, n. The state of having a center different from that of another related circle; the ratio, to the semi-major-axis, of the distance of the center of a planet's orbit (an ellipse) from the center of the sun (a focus); eccentric conduct; departure or deviation from what is regular or usual; oddity; whimsicalness. ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical, ek»kle'zi»as"tik, ek«kle'zi»as"ti»kal, a. [Gr.

from ekklesia, an assembly, the church, from ekkaleo, to call forth or convoke ek, and ekklesiastikos,

kaleo, to call.] Pertaining or relating to the church ; not civil or secular. ecclesiastic, n. person in orders or consecrated to the services of the church and the ministry of religion.

A

—

ecclesiastically,

ner.

ek«kle'zi«as"ti—

In an ecclesiastical

kal»li, adv.

—Ecclesiastes,

man-

ek»kle'zi«as"tez,

A canonical book of the Old Testament, placed between the book of Proverbs and the Song of Solon.

mon;

translation of Koheleth, the ecclesiasticism, ek«kle'zi»as"ti»sizm, n. Strong adherence to the principles of the Church, or to ecclesiastical observances, privEcclesiasticus, n. Book ileges, etc. in the Apocrypha, but allowed for use in the Church. ecclesiology, ek«kle'zi»ol"o«ji, n. [Gr. ekklesia, the church, and logos, discourse.] The science of antiquities as applied to

Preacher.

churches

—

and

other

prickles; prickly, like a hedgehog; having sharp points. echinoderm, e»ki'no«derm, n. [Gr. echinos, sea urchin, and dermos, skin.] Any marine animal of the phylum Echinodermata, having radial appendages, symmetrical body structure, and a spiny calcareous exoskeleton, such as the sea urchin, starfish, etc. echinus, e«ki'nus, n. The generic name for the sea urchin arch, a rounded molding at the top of a Doric column. echinoid, cki'noid, a. echo, ek 6, n. pi. echoes, ek'oz. [L. echo, from Gr. echo, an echo, a nymph, who, for love of Narcissus,

pined away of her but

till

nothing remained

her

voice;

a

A

sound.]

sound reflected or reverberated from a distant surface; sound returned; repercussion of sound; rep-

etition with assent; close imitation either in words or sentiments; a person who slavishly follows another in uttering sentiments. v.i. give forth an echo; to resound; to reflect sound; to be sounded back; to produce a sound that reverberates;

To

give out a loud sound. v.t. To reverberate or send back the sound of; to repeat with assent. echolocation, ek"6«16«ka'shon, n. A process by which the location or distance of an object is determined by the reflecting of sound waves off the object. eclair, a«klar', n. [Fr. esclair, lightning, and esclairier, to lighten.] An oblong pastry usually iced with chocolate and rilled with custard. eclat, a«kla, n. [Fr., a splinter, noise, brightness, magnificence, from dclater, to split, to shiver, to glitter; to

from O.H.G. skleizan, G. schleissen, schlitzen, to split; E. slit, slice, slate.] burst, as of applause ; acclamation

A

approbation; brilliancy of success; foundations; the science and theory splendor of effect; luster; renown; of church building and decoration. glory. ecdysis, ek'di«sis, n. [Gr., from eclectic, ek«lek'tik, a. [Gr. eklektikos ekdyo, to strip off ek, out of, and ek, and lego, to choose.] Proceeding dyd, to enter.] The act of shedding by the method of selection choosing or casting an outer coat or integuwhat seems best from others; not ment, as in the case of serpents, original nor following any one model certain insects, etc. or leader, but choosing at will from echelon, esh'e«lon, n. [Fr., from the doctrines, works, etc., of others; echelle, a ladder, from L. scala, a specifically applied to certain philadder.] Milit. the position of an losophers of antiquity who selected army in the form of steps, or in from the opinions and principles of various schools what they thought parallel lines, each line being a n. One who folsolid and good. little to the left or right of the lows an eclectic method in philopreceding one. sophy, science, religion, and the like. echidna, e»kid'na, n. [Gr., an adder, eclectically, ek«lek'ti«kaMi, adv. a fabulous monster.] A burrowing mammal of Australia belonging to In an eclectic manner. eclecticism, ek»lek'ti«sizm, n. The doctrine or the Monotremata and resembling practice of an eclectic. the hedgehog, except that the muzzle slender, with a eclipse, i'klips', n. [L. eclipsis, from is protracted and Gr. ekleipsis, defect, from ekleipd, small aperture at the extremity for ek, out and leipo, to leave.] to fail the protrusion of a long flexible An interception or obscuration of tongue, by means of which it the light of the sun, moon, or other catches its insect prey; the porcupine luminous body, by the intervention echidnine, e«kid'nin, n. anteater. of some other body either between Serpent poison; the secretion from and the eye or between the it the poison glands of the viper and ecclesiastical

—

;

—

'

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

—— —

;

economy

ecclesiastic uated one within the other; having the axis out of the center deviating from usual practice; given to act ;

—

;;

note, not,

move;

luminous body and that illuminated by it; an eclipse of the moon, for instance, being caused by the earth coming between it and the sun ; fig. a darkening or obscuring of splendor,

or

brightness,

glory.

v.t.

—

To

cause the eclipse or obscuration of; to cloud; to darken, obscure, throw into the shade; to cloud the glory of. v.i. To eclipsed,

eclipsing.

ecliptic, i»klip'tik, suffer an eclipse. [L. linea ecliptica, the ecliptic line, or line in which eclipses take place.] great circle of the celestial sphere supposed to be drawn through n.

A

the middle of the zodiac, making an angle with the equinoctial of about 23° 21'; the path which the sun, owing to the annual revolution of the earth, appears to describe

among

the

fixed

stars;

a

great

on the terrestrial globe, answering to and falling within the circle

plane of the celestial ecliptic. a. Pertaining to or described by the ecliptic; pertaining to an eclipse. eclogue, ek'log, n. [L. ecloga, Gr. ekloge,

selection,

select,

eclectic]

position

in

introduced

from

A

eklego,

poetical

to

com-

which shepherds are conversing with each

other; a bucolic.

ecology, ek«ol'o«je,

n. [Gr. oikos, a dwelling, logos, a discourse.] The branch of biology that deals with the relation between organisms and their natural environment. economy, i«kon'o«mi, n. [L. oeconomia, Gr. oikonomia oikos, house, and nomos, law, rule.] The management, regulation, and government of a household; especially, the management of the pecuniary concerns of a household; hence, a frugal and judicious use of money; that v management which expends money to advantage and incurs no waste; a prudent management of all the means by which property is saved or accumulated; a judicious application of time, of labor, and of the instruments of labor; the disposition or arrangement of any work or the system of rules and regulations which control it; the operations of nature in the generation, nutrition, and preservation of animals and plants; the regular,

—

harmonious system in accordance with which the functions of living animals and plants are performed; the regulation and disposition the internal affairs of a state nation, or of any department

government,

economic,

of or of

econom-

ek.o«nom'ik, ek«o«nom'i»kal, a. Managing domestic or public pecuniary concerns with frugality frugal thrifty; relating to the science of economics, or the pecuniary and other productive resources of a country; relating to the means of living. economically, e«ko»nom'i«kal«li, adv. economics, e«ko»nom'iks, n. A ical,

;

science that investigates the conditions and laws affecting the production, distribution, and consumption of the national wealth; formerly political economy, economist, i^kon'o«mist, n. One who social

tub, tube, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

—

—

—

—

of the senses are suspended by the contemplation of some extraordinary or supernatural object; a kind of trance; excessive joy; rapture; a degree of delight that arrests the

whole mind; extreme delight; mad-

—

ec(Shak.)$. static, ecstatical, ek»stat'ik, ek»stat'i— kal, a. Pertaining to or resulting from ecstasy; suspending the senses; entrancing; rapturous; transporting; beyond measure. ecdelightful statically, ek«stat'i«kal«li, adv. In an

ed'i, n. [From Icel. itha, an eddy, from prefix ith, Goth, id, A. Sax. ed, again, back.] A current of air or water turning round in a direction contrary to the main stream; a whirlpool; a current of water or air moving circularly. v.i.

manner. n.

[Gr. ektos,

—eddied,

outside, and blastos, bud, germ.] Physiol, the membrane composing the walls of a cell, as distinguished from mesoblast, the nucleus, and entoblast, the nucleolus. ectoderm, ek'to«derm, n. [Gr. ecto, outermost, and dermos, skin.] Zool. the outermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo. ectodermal, ek'to«derm'al, a. Belonging ectoparasite, ek— to the ectoderm. to»par'a»sit, n. parasitic animal infesting the outside of animals; as opposed to endoparasite, which lives in the body. ectosarc, ek'to— sark, n. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh.] Zool. the outer transparent sarcodelayer of certain Protozoa, such as the

larly,

edible, ed'i«bl, a. [L.L. edibilis, from L. edo, to eat.] Fit to be eaten as food; eatable; esculent. n. Anything that may be eaten for food; an article of food; a comestible. edibility, edibleness, ed'i-bil'i-ti, ed'i«bl«nes, n. The quality of being edible. e'dikt, n. [L. edictum, from edico, utter or proclaim e, out, and dico, to speak, diction.]

edict,

To move circuv.t. To cause

An

issued by a prince to his subjects, as a rule or law requiring obedience; a proclamation of command or prohibition; a decree. edictal, e«dik'tal, a. Pertaining to an

order

edict.

edify,

i«de'ma, n. [Gr. oidema, a swelling, from oideo, to swell.] Med. a pufhness or swelling of parts

from water collecting. edematous, edematose, i«de'ma— arising

i»de'ma«tos,

a.

Relating

to

Eden,

amoeba. ectoplasm, ek'to«plazm, n. [Gr. ektos, outside, and plasma, plasm.] Biol. the exterior portion of a cell; matter forming a cell wall. ectype, ek'tip, n. [Gr. ektypos, worked in high relief ek, out, and typos,

A

order Edentata. [A. Sax. ecg, edge, whence ecgian, eggian, to sharpen, to egg D. egge, Icel. and Sw. egg, G. ecke,

edge,

—

or embossed. ectypal, ek»ti'pal, a. Taken from the original ; imitated. ecumenic, ecumenical, ek»u-men'-

ej, n.

=

edge, corner; from an Indo-European root ak, seen in L. acies, an edge, acus, a needle, acuo, to sharpen akin acid, acute, eager.] The thin cutting side of an instrument; the abrupt border or margin of anything; the brink; the border or part adjacent to a line of division; the part nearest some limit; sharpness of mind or appetite; keenness; intenseness of To sharpness; acrimony. desire; set the teeth on edge, to cause a tingling or grating sensation in the edged, edging. To sharpv.t. teeth. en; to furnish with an edge, fringe, or border; to exasperate; to embit-

ek«u»men'i»kal, a. [L. cecumenicus, Gr. oikoumene, the habitable earth, from oikos, a habitation.] General; universal; specifically, an epithet applied to an ecclesiastical council regarded as representing the whole Christian Church, or the whole Catholic Church. eczema, ek'ze»ma, n. [Gr., from ekzeo, to boil out ek, out, and zed, to boil.] An eruptive disease of the skin, characterized by minute vesicles which burst and discharge a thin acrid fluid, often giving rise to excoriation; one form is popularly known as grocers' itch. eczemaik,

—

—

ter; to incite; to j,

;'ob;

ng, sin^;

provoke; to

TH,

then;

v.t.

—

edified,

from L.

edifying.

cedificare,

edifier, ed'i«fl«er, n. One who edifies. ed'i«fi«ing, a. Adapted to edify; having the effect of in-

—edifying,

—edifica-

and improving.

structing

—

type.] reproduction of, or very close resemblance to, an original; opposed to prototype; a copy in relief

edifier,

—

edema. e'den, n. [Heb, and Chal, eden, delight, pleasure, a place of pleasure.] The garden in which Adam and Eve were placed by God; hence, a delightful region or residence. edentate, e«den'tat, a. [L. edentatus e, ex, out of, and dens, dentis, a tooth.] Destitute or deprived of teeth; pertaining to the Edentata. An animal belonging to the n.

ed'i»fi,

to build, erect, construct cedes, a house and facio, to make.] To build or construct^:; to instruct and improve in knowledge generally, and particularly in moral and religious knowledge, or in faith and holiness. v.i. To cause or tend to cause a moral or intellectual improvement. [Ft.

edema,

tus,

n.

;

lucre.

—

—

—

adv. edginess, ej'e»nes, Nervousness irritability.

i»li,

A

A

g, go;

—

or as an eddy.

a'dl«vis, n. [G. edel, composite noble, zveiss, white.] plant inhabiting the Alps, and having a specially woolly foliage and invo-

—

with. edgy, ej'e, a. Having an edge; nervous or anxious; eager; impatient; snappish. edgily, ej'-

edelweiss,

—

ch, Sc. loch;

eddying.

move by move

To

v.i.

—

to move in an eddy; to collect as into an eddy.

—

ch, chain;

[From

eddy,

—

ectoblast, ek'to»blast,

n.

little.

—

A

state in which the mind is carried away as it were from the body; a state in which the functions

ecstatic

cheesej e'danvchez,

the village of Edam, near Amsterpressed, fine-flavored, yeldam.] low, Dutch cheese made in balls, weighing three to four pounds, and colored dark red on the outside. Edda, ed'a, n. [Icel., great-grandmother; a name given to indicate that it is the mother of all Scandinavian poetry.] The name of two Scandinavian books, dating from the eleventh to the thirteenth century: first, the Elder or Poetic Edda, a collection of pagan poems or chants of a mythic, prophetic, mostly all of a religious character; second, the Younger or Prose Edda, a kind of prose synopsis of Scandinavian mythology.

sideways; to

sideways or gradually; to advance or retire gradually. edgewise, ej'wiz, adv. With the edge turned forward or toward a particular point; in the direction of the edge; sideways; with the side foremost. edging, ej'ing, n. That which is added on the border or which forms the edge, as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament; a row of small plants set along the border of a flower edgebone, n. aitch-bone. bed. edge tool, n. An instrument having a sharp or cutting edge; fig. something dangerous to deal or sport

—

Edam

move

and

little

[L. edax, from edo, to eat.] Eating; given to eating; greedy; voracious. edacity, i«das'n. [L. edacitas.] Greediness; i«ti, voracity; ravenousness ; rapacity.

A

or distraction

gate; to

produced by eczema. edacious, i«da'shus, a.

—

—

edit

tous, ek«zem'a«tus, a. Pertaining to or

manages domestic or other concerns with frugality; one who practices economy; one versed in economics or the science of political economy. economize, i»kon'o«miz, v.i. economized, economizing. To manage pecuniary concerns with frugality; to make a prudent use of money, or of the means of having or acquiring v.t. To use with pruproperty. dence ; to expend with frugality. ecstasy, ek'sta«si, n. [Gr. ekstasis, a standing out, a displacement, disout, astonishment ek, traction, and histemi, to stand (from root of

ness

;

275

ecstasy

stand).]

—— — — —

—— —

tion, ed'i«fi«ka"shon, n.

The

act of

edifying; improvement and progress of the mind in knowledge, in morals or in faith and holiness. edifice, ed'i«fis n. [L. eedificium, a building. edify.] building; a structure; a fabric: chiefly applied to houses and other large structures. edificial, ed«i«fish'al, a. Pertaining to an edifice or structure; structural. edile, e'dil, n. [L. cedilis, from cedes, a building.] magistrate of ancient Rome who had the superintendence of buildings of all kinds, especially public edifices, and also the care of the highways, public places,

—

A

—

A

weights and measures,

etc.

edit, ed'it, v.t. [L. edo, edition, to give forth, to publish e forth, and do, datum, to give, whence date, dative.] To superintend the publication of; to prepare, as a book or paper, for the public eye, by writing, correcting, or selecting the matter; to conduct

insti-

th, thin;

manage as regards literary contents or matter; to publish. edition, or

w, wig;

—

hw, whig;

zh, a^ure.

— —

—

—

educate

A

a

first

work

work as or form

published or subsequently;

as characterized

by

editorial

labors; the whole number of copies a work published at once. editor, ed'i«ter, n. One who edits; a

of

who

person

superintends, revises, prepares a book, newspaper, or magazine for publi-

and

corrects, cation.

—

editorial,

ed«i«to'ri«al,

a.

Pertaining to, proceeding from, or written by an editor. n. An article, as in a newspaper, written by the editor; a leading article. editorially, ed»i«t6'ri«al'li, adv. In the manner or character of an editor. editorship, ed'i«ter«ship, n. The business of an editor; the care and superintendence of a publication. educate, ed'u«kat, v.t. educated, educating. [L. educo, educatum, from educo, eductum, to lead forth, to bring up a child e, out, and duco, to lead, duke.] To inform and enlighten the understanding of; to cultivate and train the mental powers of; to qualify for the business and duties of life; to teach; to

—

—

—

—

instruct; to train; to rear. education, ed«u«ka'shon, n. The act of educating, teaching, or training; the act or art of developing and cultivating the various physical, intellectual, aesthetic, and moral faculties; instruction and discipline; tuition; nurture; learning; erudition.

—educational,

ed«u»ka'shon«al, a. Pertaining to education; derived educationalist, from education. educationist, ed»u»ka'shon«al«ist,

—

ed'U»ka'shon«ist, n. One who is versed in or who advocates or promotes education. educative, ed'u»ka«tiv, a. Tending or having the power to educate. educator, ed'u»ka»ter, n. One who or that which educates. educe, i«dus', v.t. educed, educing. [L. educo, eductum out, and e, educate.] To bring duco, to lead, or draw out: to cause to appear; educible, i«du'si«bl, a. to extract. Capable of being educed. educt,

— —

—

—

i'dukt,

n.

—

—

Extracted matter; a sub-

stance brought to light by separation, analysis, or decomposition; anything educed or drawn from another; an eduction, i«duk'shon, n. inference. The act of educing, drawing out, or bringing into view.

—

edulcorate,

;

;;

276

i«dish'on, n. literary bearing a special stamp

when

—— — — —

—

—

i«dul'ko«rat, v.t. edulcorated, edulcorating. [L. e, out, and dulcoro, dulcoratum, to sweeten, from dulcor, sweetness, dulcis, sweet.] To remove acidity from; to sweetenf; chem. to free from acids,

or impurities by washing. edulcoration, i«durko«ra"shon, n. The act of sweetening by admixture of some saccharine substancef ; chem. the act of freeing from acid or saline substances, or from any soluble impurities, by repeated affusions of edulcorative, water. i«dul'koTa«tiv, a. Having the quality of sweetening or removing acidity. eel, el, n. [A. Sax. ael Dan. D. and G. aal, Icel. all; not connected with Gr. echis, Skr. ahi, a serpent; L. salts,

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

effigy

an eel, anguis, a snake.] characterized by its slimy serpent-like elongated body, by the absence of ventral fins, and the continuity of the dorsal and anal fins round the extremity of the tail some species are marine, some fresh- water; all are remarkable for their voracity and tenacity of life, many are considered excellent food. eelpout, n. [A.Sax. aele-puta.] The name of two different species of fish the viviparous blenny and the burbot. e'en, en, adv. contraction for anguilla,

A

fish

—

—

A

Even. e'er, ar, adv.

A

contraction for Ever. eerie, e'ri, a. [A.Sax. earh, timid.] Calculated to inspire fear; dreary; lonely; weird; superstitiously affectfear, especially when lonely. eeriness, e'ri«nes, n. The state or quality of being eerie. efface, ef«fas', v.t. effaced, effacing. [Ft. effacer L. e, out, and fades, a face. Comp. deface.] To destroy, as a figure, on the surface of anything, so as to render it invisible or not distinguishable; to blot out; to erase, strike, or scratch out; to remove from the mind; to wear away. effaceable, ef«fa'sa«bl, a. Ca-

ed by

—

—

—

—

pable of being effaced. effacement, ef'fas'ment, n. Act of effacing; state of being effaced.

feminatus, from effeminor, to

make womanish, from

grow or and

ex, out,

femina, a woman.] Having the qualities of a woman instead of those of a man; soft or delicate to an unmanly degree; weak and unmanly; womanish; voluptuous. v.t.

—effeminated, effeminating. To make To —effemi-

womanish or effeminate. grow womanish or weak.

v.i.

nacy, ef«fem'i«na«si, n. The state or character of being effeminate. effendi, ef«fen'di, n. [Turk.] A title of respect frequently attached to the official title of certain Turkish officers, especially learned men and ecclesiastics.

efferent, efferent,

[L. ef for ex,

a.

out of, and fero, to carry.] Physiol. conveying outward or discharging. effervesce, ef«fer«ves', v.i. effer-

—

—

vesced, effervescing. [L. effervesco ef, ex, out of, and fervesco, to begin boiling, from ferveo, to be hot. fervent.] To bubble and hiss or froth and sparkle, as fermenting liquors or any fluid when some part escapes in a gaseous form ; to work, as new wine fig. to exhibit signs of excitement; to exhibit feelings which cannot be effervescence, ef«fer«suppressed. ves'ens, n. That commotion, bubbling, frothing, or sparkling of a fluid which takes place when some part of the mass flies off in a gaseous

—

[L. effectus, from and facio, to make. fact.] That which is produced by an operating agent or cause; the

form, producing innumerable small bubbles; strong excitement or manifestation of feeling; flow of animal

consequence of the action of a cause or agent; consequence; result: power to produce consequences or results; force, validity, or importance; purport, import,

a.

effect, ef«fekt', n.

—

efficio

ex,

result or

—

effervescent, ef«fer«ves'ent, Effervescing.

spirits.

effete, ef«fet', a. [L. effetus, exhausted, worn out by bearing ex, and fetus,

Having the enerworn out or exhausted; having

fruitful, pregnant.]

gies

or general intent; reality not mere appearance; fact: preceded by in; the impression pro-

the vigor lost or dissipated; barren. efficacious, ef»fi«ka'shus, a. [L. effi-

by natural

productive of effects; producing the effect intended; having power adequate to the purpose intended. efficaciously, ef«fi«ka'shus'li, adv. In an efficacious

tenor,

and

duced on the mind,

as

scenery, a picture, musical composition, or other work of art, by the object as a whole, before its details

are examined; pi. goods; movables;

personal estate. v.t. To produce, as a cause or agent; to bring about or cause to be; to bring to pass; to effecter, achieve ; to accomplish. ef«fek'ter, n. One who effects, produces, causes, or brings about.

—

effectible,f ef«fek'ti«bl, a. Capable of being effected. effective, ef«fek'tiv, a. Having the power to cause or produce effect ; efficacious ; operative; active; efficient; having the power of active operation; fit for effectively, ef«fek'tiv«li, adv. duty. In an effective manner. effectiveness, ef«fek'tiv«nes, n. The quality of being effective. effectual, ef«-

—

—

—

—

Producing an effect, or the effect desired or intended ; having adequate power or force to produce effectually, ef«fek'chu«the effect. al'li, adv. In an effectual manner. effectuate, ef«fek'chu«at, v.t. effecfek'chu«al, a.

—

—

effectuating. bring to pass;

tuated,

To

accomplish; to

fulfill.

ef«fek'chu«a"shon,

n.

[Fr. effectuer.] to achieve; to

—effectuation, Act of

effec-

tuating.

effeminate, ef«fem'i«nit,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

a.

[L.

note, not,

ef-

move;

cax, efficacious, fect.] Effectual;

from

ef-

efficio.

—

manner.

—efficaciousness, The quality — ef

shus«nes,

n.

efficacy, [L. efficacia, efficacy.]

efficacious.

ef«fi«ka'-

of being

'fi«ka«si,

Power

n.

to pro-

duce effects ; production of the effect intended; effectiveness; efficiency; efficiency, ef«fishvirtue; energy.

—

en«si,

n.

[L.

efficientia.]

The

state

or character of being efficient ; effectual agency; power of producing the effect intended; active competent power; competence for one's duties; in any mechanical contrivance, the ratio of the useful work obtained to efficient, ef«the energy expended. fish'ent a. Causing effects; causing

—

anything to be what it is efficacious competent; able; operative. ;

effectual;

—

n. One who is competent to perform the duties of a service. efficiently, ef'fish'ent-li, adv. In an efficient manner. effigy, ef'fi«ji, n. [L. effigies, from effingo, to fashion ef for ex, and fingo, to form or devise, feign.] The

image, likeness, or representation of a person or thing; a likeness in sculpture, painting, or otherwise; an tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———— — — —

— ——— —— — ——

——

figures

applied

frequently

to

the

Exhibiting or pertaining to an effigy. effloresce, ef'flo«res', v.i. effloresced, effigial,f ef«fij'i»al, a.

efflorescing.

— —ef

[L. effloresco

for ex,

and floresco, from floreo, to blossom, flower.] To from flos, a flower, burst into bloom, as a flower; to break out into florid or excessive ornamentation; chem. to change over the surface or throughout to a whitish, mealy, or crystalline powder, from a gradual decomposition, on simple exposure to the air; to become covered with a whitish crust or light crystallization, from a slow chemical change. efflorescence, ef»floTes'ens, n. The act or process of efflorescing; hot. the time of flowering; the production of blossoms; me d. a redness of the skin; eruption; chem. the formation of a whitish substance on the surface of certain bodies, as salts; the powder or crust thus formed. efflorescent, ef»flo«res'ent,

art.

A

egghead, n. An intellecleaves. drink eggnog, n. tual; highbrow.

on

A

of eggs beaten with sugar, milk, and sometimes whiskey. eggplant, n. A plant of the potato family (Solanum melongena) with egg-shaped fruits, which are boiled, stewed in sauces, etc., and served as a vegetable. e gg> e g v -t- [A.Sax. ecgian, eggian, to incite, to sharpen; Icel. eggja, to egg. edge.] To incite or urge on; to stimulate; to instigate; to provoke.

—

Making

egis,

Same

as Aegi%.

philos. the

complete

man

e«go«tis'ti«kal,

egregious,

TH,

egredior

—

e,

and gradior,

to

step.

grade.] The act of going or issuing out ; the power of departing from any enclosed or confined place; astron. the passing of an inferior planet from the disk of the sun in a transit. v.i. (e«gres') To go out; to depart; to egression,! e«gresh'on, n. [L. leave. egressor, e«gres'egressio.] Egress. er, n. One who goes out. egret, e'gret, n. [Fr. aigrette, a dim. from an old form aigre, from O.H.G. heigro, a heron, Sw. hdger, Icel. hegri, a heron. Heron has the same origin.] A name of those species of herons which have the feathers on the lower part of the back lengthened and the barbs loose, so that this part of the plumage is very soft and flowing; the small white heron; a plume of heron's feathers, or of feathers,

Egyptian,

comprising

then;

i«gre'ji«us, a. [L. egregius,

out of the common flock or herd e or ex, out, and grex, gregis, a flock (whence gregarious).] Extraordinary; remarkable; enormous: now mostly used in a bad or ironical sense (an egregious fool, blunder, impudence). egregiously, i»gre'ji— us«li, adv. In an egregious manner. egregiousness, i«gre'ji«us«nes, n. egress, e'gres, n. [L. egressus, from

—

—

ng, sing;

e«go«tis'tik,

Addicted to ego-

lit.

soul; psych, that part of man that experiences and reacts to egocentric, e'go*the outside world. sen'trik, a. Concern with the individual rather than society; selfish.

70b;

a.

egotistism; manifesting egotism. tically, e«go»tis'ti'kal»li, adv. In an egotistical or self-conceited manner.

body and

j,

egotistical,

egotistic,

prickle, acus, a needle, acid.] An old and poetical name for the sweetbrier or wild rose. ego, e'go, n. [L. ego, I.] The self; the self as distinguished from any other self; one's will; self-esteem;

—

go;

e'jis, n.

eglantine, eg'lan«tin, n. [Fr. eglantine, O.Fr. aiglent, from a form aculentus, prickly, from L. aculeus, a spine, a

A

g,

besides

— —

effuse, ef'fuz', v.t. effused, effusing. [L. effundo, effusum, to pour out ef for ex, out, and jundo, fusum, to pour. ch, Sc. loch;

animals

leave the egg till after it is laid are called oviparous; those in which the eggs are retained within the parent body until they are hatched are called ovoviviparous.] Egg and anchor, egg and dart, egg and tongue, egger, eg'er, arch, same as Echinus. n. Any of various moths (family Lasiocampidae) whose larvae feed

flood of light; a shining forth of light or glory; great luster or brightness; splendor. effulgent, ef»ful'jent, a. Shining; bright; splendid; diffusing a flood of light. effulgently, ef-ful'jent«li, adv. In a bright or splendid

ch, chain;

female

;

To

manner.

egotist, e'go«tist, others think of us. n. One who repeats the word / very often in conversation or writing; one who speaks much of himself or magnifies his own achievements.

a

and in which the development of the young animal takes place an ovum. [Animals whose young do not

—

ef»ful'jens, n.

[Probably

birds,

effulged, effulging. [L. effulgeo ef for ex, out, and fulgeo, to shine.] send forth a flood of light; to shine with splendor.

—effulgence,

exclam.

bl, a. [L. exorabilis, from ex, and oro, to pray.] That may be moved or persuaded by entreaty. exorbitance, exorbitancy, ig*zorbi«tans, ig«zor'bi«tan«si, n. [L.L.

—

exorbitantia,

exist, ig»zist',

exigence,

—

exostosis

exile,

out

exiguous, ek«sig'u«us,

—

;

308

one's manufactures or productions at a public exhibition. n. Anything exhibited, as at a public exhibition; a document or other thing shown to a witness when giving evidence, and referred to by him in his evidence. exhibitor, exhibiter, ig»zib'i'ter, n. One who exhibits; one who presents a petition. exhibition, eg'zi«bish"on, n. [L. exhibitio.) The act of exhibiting; a showing or presenting to view; that which is exhibited; especially a public display, as of works of art, natural products, manufactures, feats of skill, and the like ; formerly an allowance, pension, or salary; hence, a benefaction settled for the maintenance of scholars exhibitiin English universities onism, eg zi»bish on»izm, n. The perversion of attaining gratification by indecent exposure; attempting to attract attention to oneself by boasting.

exhilarate, ig«zira«rat,

—

——

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

of the track

from

—L.

exorbito, to go out ex, out, and orbita,

a rut made by a wheel, from orbis, a circle, orb.] going beyond rule or ordinary limits; excess; extravagance {exorbitance of demands, of exorbitant, ig«zor'bi«tant, prices).

A

—

a.

Going beyond the established

limits of right or propriety; excessive; extravagant; enormous. exorbitantly, ig»zor'bi«tant«li, adv. In an

—

exorbitant manner.

exorcise, exorcising.

—

exorkizo

—

ek'sor«siz, v.t. exorcised, [Fr. exorciser, from Gr. ex, intens., and horkizo,

to bind by oath, from horkos, an oath.] To expel or cast out by conjurations, prayers, and ceremonies; to purify from unclean spirits by adjurations and ceremonies; to deliver from the influence or presence

of malignant spirits or demons. exorciser, exorcist, ek'sor«si«zer, ek'sor«sist,

n.

One who

exorcises.

exorcism, ek'sor«sizm, n. The act of exorcising a prayer or charm used ;

to expel evil spirits.

exordium,

ig«zor'di«um, n. [L., from exordior, to begin a web, to lay the warp ex, and ordior, to begin a web, to begin.] The beginning of

anything; specifically, the introductory part of a discourse, which prepares the audience for the main

—

exordial, ig«zor'di«al, a. subject. Pertaining to an exordium; introductory; initial. exoskeleton, ek'so«skel«e«ton, n. [Gr. exo, without, and skeleton.] The external skeleton ; all those structures which are produced by the hardening of the integument, as the shells of the Crustacea, the scales and plates of fishes and reptiles; dermoskeleton. exosmose, exosmosis, ek'sos*mos, ek«sos«mo'sis, n. [Gr. exo, outside, and osmos, impulsion, from otheo, to thrust, to push.] The passage of gases or liquids through membranes or porous media, from within outward, the reverse process being called exosmotic, ek«sos«motendosmose. ik, a. Pertaining or relating to exos-

—

mose.

exosphere, ek outside, and

so«st'er.

sphatra*

[Gr. globe.]

n.

exo,

The

outermost region of the atmosphere. exostosis, ek«sos«to'sis, n. [Gr. ex, and osteon, a bone.] Path. Any protuberance or enlargement of a bone which is not natural; bot. which in of trees, a disease knots or large tumors are formed. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

———

———

;;

—

a. [Gr. exoterexoteros, exterior exo, without.] Suitable to be imparted to the public; hence, capable of being readily or fully comprehended; public; opposed to esoteric or secret.

from

exothermic, eks»o«ther'mik,

a.

upon.

exo, outside, thermos, heat.] Of chemcompounds or reactions, formed with or involving evolution of heat.

—expectance,

iks«pek'tans, iks«pek'tan«si, n. The act or state of expecting; expectation;

See ENDOTHERMIC.

something on which expectations or hopes are founded; the object of

eg«zot'ik, a. [Gr. exotikos, exo, outward.] Introduced from

a foreign country ; not native ; foreign exotic, n. Anything of extraneous. foreign origin, as a plant, tree, word, practice, introduced from a foreign country. expand, iks«pand', v.t. [L. expando ex, and pando, to spread out, to extend, to open (seen also in pace, pass, etc.).] To spread out so as to give greater extent to; to open out; to cause the particles or parts of to spread or stand apart, thus increasing the bulk; to dilate; to enlarge in bulk; to distend; to widen or extend.

—

rise to expectation; anticipatory.

expectorate, iks«pek'toTat,

[L.

A

widely expanded surface or space; a wide extent of space. expansible, iks«pan'si«bl, a. Capable of being expanded, extended, dilated,

pectorated, expectorating.

—

To

—

matter, by coughing, hawking, and

—

—

discharges from the mucous membrane of the lungs or trachea. n.

A

nes, n.

ex parte,

eks«par'te, a. [L.] Proceeding only from one part or side of a matter in question; one-sided; par-

law, made or done by or on behalf of one party in a suit. expatiate, iks«pa'shi«at, v.i. expa-

—

tiated, expatiating. [L. exspatior, exspatiatus ex, and spatior, to walk

—

about, from spatium, space, space.] To move at large; to rove without prescribed limits; to enlarge in discourse or writing; to be copious in argument or discussion. expatiation, eks»pa'shi«a"shon, n. Act of

—expa-

—

ch, Sc. loch;

go;

v.t.

ex, out,

To

drive or force out from any enclosed place, or from that within which anything is contained or situated; to cast or thrust out; to banish; to exclude; to drive out, as from any society or institution. expellable, iks»pel'a»bl, a. That may be expelled or driven out. expend, iks«pend', v.t. [L. expendo ex, out, and pendo, to weigh out, to pay. The same word takes another form in spend.] To lay out in paying, purchasing, etc.; to disburse; to spend; to deliver or distribute, either in payment or in donations; to use, employ, consume (time, labor, maexpenditure, iks«pen'di— terial). cher, n. The act of expending or laying out; disbursement; that which expense, expense. is expended; iks»pens', n. [L. expensum, from exlaying out pensus, pp. of expendo.] or expending; that which is expended, laid out, or consumed;

—

—

—

A

especially, money expended; cost; charge; cost, with the idea of loss, damage, or discredit (he did this at the expense of his character). expensive, iks»pen'siv, a. Requiring much expense; costly; dear; extravexpensively, iks— agant; lavish. pen'siv«li, adv. In an expensive manexpensiveness, iks«pen'siv— ner. nes, n. The quality of being ex-

—

—

pensive.

experience, iks«pe'ri«ens, n. [Fr. experience, L. experientia, from experior, ex, and a root per, to try, to prove to try, to pass through, same as in E. ferry, etc.] Personal trial, proof,

v.t.

a.

speed; j,

—

expelled, expeland pello, to drive, as in impel, repel, compel, etc.]

—

ling. [L. expello

v.t.

—expedited,

Clear

of

impediments;

expedition, eks— easy; expeditious. pi'dish'on, n. Promptness in action

exspecto, g,

expel, iks'pel',

contrivance; resort; plan; device.

from being [L.

—

accomplish an end; means devised or employed in an exigency; shift;

ress.

exile. v.t.

—

expeditiously, acting with celerity. eks-pi'dish'us'li, adv. In an expeditious manner. expeditiousness, eks«pi»dish'us'nes, n. The quality of being expeditious.

expediting. [L. expedio, expeditum, to free one caught by the feet in a snare ex, out, and pes, pedis, the foot, seen also in pedal, pedestal, pedestrian, despatch, etc.] To free from impediments; to accelerate or facilitate the motion or progress of; to render quicker or easier in prog-

triated, expatriating. [L. ex, out, and patria, one's fatherland, from patrius, fatherly, from pater, a father.] To banish from one's native country; to exile often refl. expatriation, eks— pa'tri«a"shon, n. The act of banishing or state of being banished; banish-

iks«pekt',

—

ditious, eks«pi«dish'us, a. Performed with expedition or celerity; quick; hasty; speedy; nimble; active; swift;

or test; frequent trial; continued and varied observation; the knowledge gained by trial, or repeated trials, or observation; practical wisdom taught by the changes and trials of life.

expedite, eks'pi«dit,

—

ch, chain;

—

—

tial;

ment;

medicine which promotes such

expectoration, iks— discharges. pek'to«ra"shon, n. The act of expectorating; the matter expectorated. expediency, expedience, iks«pe'di— en«si, iks»pe'di«ens, n. [L. expediens, expepp. of expedio, to set free, dite.] Propriety under the particular circumstances of a case ; advisability, all things being duly considered or taken into account; the seeking of immediate or selfish gain or advantage at the expense of genuine prinexpedient, ciple; time-servingness. iks»pe'di«ent, a. Tending to promote the object proposed; proper under the circumstances ; conducive or tending to selfish ends. n. That which serves to promote or advance; any means which may be employed to

—

expect,

v.i.

matter by coughing and expectorant, iks«pek'tOTant, spit. a. Having the quality of promoting

—

:

To

eject spitting; to

spitting; to spit out.

—

v.t.

—

exexpec-

v.t.

[L.

toro, expectoratum ex, and pectus, pectoris, the breast (whence pectoral).] eject from the trachea or lungs; to discharge, as phlegm or other

expansile, iks«pan'sil, or diffused. a. Capable of expanding or of being expansion, dilated. iks«pan'shon, n. The act of expanding or spreading out; the state of being expanded; the increase of bulk which a body undergoes by the recession of its particles from one another so that it occupies a greater space, its weight remaining still the same; enlargement; dilatation; distention; an expanse or extended surface; extension. expansive, eks«pan'siv, a. Having the power of expanding or dilating; having the capacity of being expanded; embracing a large number of objects wide extending. expansively, eks«pan'siv'li, adv. In an expansive manexpansiveness, ner. eks«pan'siv»-

expatiating.

—

sense usually in the plural; the value

v.i.

expatriate, eks«pa'tri«at,

a.

of anything depending on the happening of some uncertain event; prospect of reaching a certain age. expectative, iks«pek'ta«tiv, a. Giving

— To become opened, spread distended, or enlarged. —expanse, expansion.]

or

iks'pek'tant,

—

—

apart, dilated, iks«pans', n.

expectation

;

—

hope. expectant, Expecting; looking for. n. One who waits in expectation; one held in dependence by his belief or hope of receiving some expectation, eks-pek'ta'shon, good. n. The act of expecting or looking forward to an event as about to happen; the state of being expected or awaited; prospect of future possessions, wealth, or other good fortune; wealth in prospect: in this

exotic,

place for hostile

fleet to a distant

purposes; any important journey or voyage made by an organized body of men for some valuable end such a body of men, together with their expeditionary, equipments, etc. eks«pi«dish'on«eTi, a. Pertaining to expeor composing an expedition.

expectancy,

ical

from

march of an army or the voyage of a

for to happen; to entertain at least a slight belief in the happening of; to anticipate; to reckon or count

[Gr.

—

experiment

exspectatum ex, and specto, to behold, from specio, to look, species.] To wait for:):; to await|; to look forward to in the future; to look

exoteric, ek«so»ter'ik,

—

—

309

exoteric ikos, external,

——

job;

free

from encumbrance;

quickness;

ng, sing;

TH,

dispatch; then;

the

th, thin;

—experienced,

make

practical

experiencing.

To

acquaintance with;

to try, or prove, oy use, by suffering, or by enjoyment; to have happen to experienced, iks«pe ri— or befall. enst, p. and a. Taught by experience; skillful or wise by means of trials, use, or observation. experiential, iks«pe'ri«en"shal, a. Relating to experience; derived from or based on experience, trial, or observation; empirical. experiment, iks«per'i«ment, n. [L. experimentum, from experior. experience.] An act or operation de-

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

—— —

— — —

expert

To make

v.i.

experiment.

to

trial;

make an

—experimental,

iks—

per'i«men"tal, a. Pertaining to, derived from, founded on, or known by experiment; given to or skilled in

experiment.

—experimentally,

iks— In an experiby experiment.

per'i«men"tal«li, adv.

mental manner; experimentation,

iks'per'i«men»ta"-

shon, n. The act or practice of making experiments. experimenter, iks— per'i«men*ter, n. One who makes experiments.

expleo, expletum, to fill full ex, intens., and pleo, to fill (as in complete, etc.).] Added to fill a vacancy; superfluous: said of words. n. word or syllable inserted to fill a vacancy; an oath or a needless expletory, eks'pIe«to— interjection.

—

A

—

ri, a.

Expletive.

—

explicate, eks'pli»kat,

v.t. explicatexplicating. [L. explico, explicatum, to unfold ex, not, and plico, to fold, as in complicate, implicate,

ed,

A skill-

person; a scientific witness who gives evidence on matters connected with his profession.—expertize, eks'per«tiz, v.i. To give an expert opinion. expertly, eks«pert'li, adv. expert-

disentangled, from explico, explicitum, to unfold, to disentangle, explicate.] Not implied only, but distinctly stated; plain in language; open to the understanding; clear; not obscure or ambiguous; open;

ness, eks«pert'nes, n.

unreserved;

eks«pert',

made

[L.

a.

experius,

experienced, from experience.] Experienced; taught by use or practice; skillful; dexterous; adroit; having a facility of operation or performance trial,

experior, to try.

from

practice.

n. (eks'pert).

ful or practiced

or

professional

—

expiate, eks'pi«at,

—

v.t. expiated, expiating. [L. expio, expialum, to make satisfaction ex, out, and pio, to appease, to propitiate, from pins, pious.] atone for; to make satis-

To

faction or reparation for.

—expiable,

eks'pi«a«bl, a. Capable of being expiated. expiator, eks'pi«a»ter, n. One who expiates. expiatory, eks'pi«a«to«ri, a. Having the power to make atonement or expiation. expire, iks«pir', v.t. expired, expiring. [L. exspiro ex, out, and spiro, to breathe, spirit.] To breathe out; to expel from the mouth or nostrils in the process of respiration: opposed to inspire; to emit in minute particles; to exhale. v.i. To emit breath; to emit one's last breath; to die; to come to an end; to close or conclude, as a given period; to expiration, eks— terminate; to end. pi«ra'shon, n. [L. exspiratio.) The act of breathing out, or forcing the

—

—

—

—

—

from

the lungs; emission of breath; exhalation; close, end, conclusion, or termination; expiry. expiratory, iks«pi'ra«tOTi, a. Pertaining to the emission or expiration of breath. expiry, ik«spi'ri, n. Expiration; termination. explain, iks«plan', v.t. [L. explano ex, and piano, to make plain, from planus, level, plain. plain.] To make plain, manifest, or intelligible; to clear of obscurity; to make clear or evident; to expound; to give or show the meaning or reason of. v.i. To give explanations.—explainable, iks«pla'na«bl, a. Capable of being explanation, explained. iks«pla— na'shon, n. [L. explanation The act of explaining; a making clear or understood; exposition; interpretation; the clearing up of matters air

—

—

—

between parties who have been at variance. explanatory, iks«plan'a—

—

to«ri,

a.

Serving to explain; con-

taining explanation.

expletive, eks'pli«tiv,

apply >

etc.

meaning or sense

— —

—

iks'plis'it'li,

ner expressly ; plainly. ;

being

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—explicitness,

The

n.

explicit.

quality

of

—exploded, ex-

explode,

iks«pl6d', v.i. ploding. [L. explodo, to hoot off the ex, and stage, to cast out, reject plaudo, to clap, as in applaud, plaudit, etc.] To burst with a loud report; to burst and expand with force and noise ; to detonate ; to burst v.t. into activity or into a passion. To cause to explode or burst with a loud report; to drive from notice or practice and bring into disrepute; to cause to be no longer practiced, held, or believed in (generally in pp. ; an exploded custom or theory). explodent, iks»pl6'dent, n. Philol. same as explosive. exploder, iks— plo'der, n. One who or that which explosion, iks«plo'zhon, explodes. n. [L. explosio.] The act of exploding; a bursting or sudden expansion of any elastic fluid with force and a

—

—

loud report; a sudden and loud discharge caused by the application of fire, as of gunpowder or a flammable gas ; fig. a violent outburst of feeling, as of rage, generally accompanied by excited language or by explosive, iks«ploviolent actions. ziv, a. Causing explosion; readily exploding; philol. mute, forming a complete vocal stop: said of certain consonants. n. Anything liable or with a tendency to explode, as

—

gunpowder, dynamite, etc. philol. a mute or noncontinuous consonant, ;

—

explosively, iks«plo'ziv«li, t, b. adv. In an explosive manner. exploit, eks'ploit, eks«ploit', n. [Fr. exploit, O.Fr. exploict, from L. explico, explicatum, explicitum, to unexplicate.] A deed or fold, finish, act of note; a heroic act; a deed of renown; a notable feat; a great or as k,

noble achievement. [Fr. exploiter.]

a. [Fr. expletif,

—

outspoken. explicitly, adv. In an explicit man-

iks«plis'it«nes,

To

v.t.

pine, pin;

eks«ploit'.

utilize; to

use of basely for one's

me, met, her;

—

;

expose

from L.

ply.] To unfold the of; to explain; to explicable, eks'pli«ka«bl, interpret. a. Capable of being explicated or explication, eks«pli«ka'explained. shon, n. The act of explicating or explicaexplaining; explanation. tive, explicatory, eks'pli«ka«tiv, eks'pli«ka«tOTi, a. Serving to unfold or explain. explicit, iks«plis'it, a. [L. explicitus,

—

expert, having

— —

—

310

signed to discover some unknown truth, principle, or effect, or to establish it when discovered; a trial.

—

— ——

own

make

advan-

note, not,

move;

—exploitation, eks«ploi«ta'shon,

tage. [Fr.]

Utilization; the successful application of industry on any object, as in the cultivation of land, the working of mines, etc.; now, esp., selfish or unfair utilization. explore, iks«plor', v.t. explored, exploring. [L. exploro, to cry aloud, to explore ex, out, and ploro, to bewail, as in deplore.] To travel or range over with the view of making discovery, especially geographical discovery; to search by any means; to scrutinize; to inquire into with care; to examine closely with a view to exploration, iks— discover truth. plo«ra'shon, n. The act of exploring; close search; strict or careful examexplorative, exploratory, ination. n.

—

—

—

iks«pl6'ra»tiv,

iks«plo'ra«tOTi,

a.

Serving

or searching;

tending to explore; examining. explorer,

iks'plo'rer, n.

One who

—

explores.

explosion. See explode.

exponent, iks«po'nent,

n. [L. exponens, exponentis, ppr. of expono, to expose or set forth ex, out, and pono, to place.] One who expounds

or explains anything; one who stands forth to explain the principles or doctrines of a parry; alg. a small number placed above a quantity at the right hand to denote to what power the quantity must be understood to be raised: thus a 2 denotes a raised to the second power. exponential, eks«p6«nen'shal, a. Of or pertaining to an exponent or exponents. export, eks«port', v.t. (often eks port, esp. in contrast with import). [Fr. ex, out, exporter, from L. exporto

—

and

porto, to bear, to carry, as in import, report, support, sport.] To send for sale or consumption in foreign countries; to send or furnish for conveyance to distant places, n. (eks either by water or land. port). The act of exporting; exportation; the gross quantity of goods exported; that which is exported; a commodity that is exported. exportable, eks«p6r'ta'bl, a. Capable

—

of being exported. exportation, eks«p6r'ta'shon, n. The act of exporting the act of conveying or sending abroad commodities in the course of commerce. exporter, eks«por ter, n. ;

—

(in

contrast, eks'p6r»ter).

One who

exports.

expose, iks«p6z', prefix ex, pose; also

—

[Fr. exposer

v.t.

and poser, to set, to place. compose, depose, etc.] To

set out or leave in a place unprotected and uncared for; to abandon; to make bare; to uncover; to disclose; to put forward or place in a position to be seen; to exhibit; to set out to view; to lay open to examination; to subject or place in the way of something to be avoided (this exposed him to danger); to put in

danger; to hold up to censure by disclosing the faults of; to show the expose^ eks— folly or ignorance of. po»za', n. [Fr.] Exposure; the ex-

—

posure of something which it was exdesirable to keep concealed. posed, iks'pozd', p. and a. Put in danger; unprotected; liable; subject

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ————— ——— —

——

— ;

— ———

ex post facto

——— —— extend

311

to the wind or the cold; unexposer, iks«po'zer, n. sheltered. One who exposes. exposition, eks«po«zish'on, n. [Fr. exposition, L. expositio.] laying open; a setting out to public view; explanation; interpretation; a laying open the

uttering, declaring, or representing; utterance; declaration; power of expressing one's thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc.; something uttered; a

sense or meaning; an exhibition or show. expositor, iks«poz'i«ter, n. One who expounds or explains; an expository, iks«poz'i«interpreter. to«ri, a. Serving to explain; tending exposure, iks«po'zher, to illustrate. n. The act of exposing; abandonment; the state of being exposed; openness to view; openness or liability to danger, inconvenience, etc.; position in regard to the free access of light, air, etc. ex post facto, eks«p6st«fak'to, a. [L.] Law, done after another thing; after the deed is done; retrospective. expostulate, iks«pos'che«lat, v.i. expostulated, expostulating. [L. expostulo, expostulatum, to demand vehemently, to find fault ex, and postulo, to demand, from posco, to ask urgently, to beg. postulate.] To reason earnestly with a person on some impropriety of his conduct; to remonstrate. v.t.% To rer.son about; to discuss. (Shak.) expostulation, iks»pos'che«la"shon, n. The act of expostulating; the act of pressing on a person reasons or arguments against the impropriety of his conduct; an address containing expostuexpostulator, iks«pos 'che«lation. la«ter, n. One who expostulates. exposiulatory, ikS'pos'che«la«to«ri, a. Consisting of or containing expos-

countenance, as indicative of character; play of features, as expressive of feeling or any emotion ; the natural and lively representation of any state or condition, as in a picture by the pose of the figure, the conformation of the features, etc. ; the power or quality in a picture or other work of art of suggesting an idea; mus. sound suited to any particular subject; alg. any algebraic quantity,

open

—

A

phrase or

simple or compound, as 3a, \Z4a+b, expressionism, iks«presh'on«izm, n. Art, the depiction of subjective qualities by an artist. expressive, iks«pres iv, a. Serving to express, utter, or represent (words expressive of gratitude); full of expression; emphatic. expressively, iks«pres'iv«li, expressiveness, adv. etc.

expound, iks«pound',

v.t. [O.Fr. exL. exponere, to set forth, to explain ex, out, and pono,

from

pondre, to

place.

Compound

similarly is explain; to lay open the meaning of; to clear of obscurity; to expounder, interpret. iks«poun'-

formed.]

der, n.

One who expounds.

express, presser.

To

[O.Fr. exprimo, expressum

iks«pres',

L.

v.t.

ex-

—

ex,

out, and premo, to press, press.] To press or squeeze out; to force out by pressure; to give utterance to or declare by words; to represent in words; to intimate; to indicate; to make known; to tell; to represent; to exhibit; to denote; to send or convey by special fast system; refl. to speak what one has got to speak. a. Given in direct terms not implied or left to inference ; clearly expressed not ambiguous; plain; explicit; intended or sent for a particular purpose or on a particular errand; traveling with special speed (an express train). n. messenger sent with haste on a particular errand or occasion; any regular provision made for the speedy transmission of parcels, money, goods; any vehicle or other conveyance sent on a special mission; a railroad train which travels at a specially high rate of speed; that sent by express. expression, iks«presh'on, n. The act of expressing or forcing out by pressure, as juices and oils from plants; the act of :

A

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

—

—

—

—

—expressly,

eks'kwi«zit«nes, n. exscind, ek«sind', v.t. [L. exesindo, to cut out.] To cut out or off. exsect, ek«sekt', v.t. [L. exseco, to cut out.] To cut out or away. exsert, exserted, ek«sert', ek«ser'ted, a. [L. exsertus, from exsero, to stretch out or forth, exert.] Standing out; projected beyond some other part. exsertile, ek«ser'til, a. Capable of

being protruded. exsiccate, ek'sik«at, exsiccating.

to dry

ex, intens.,

ing no stipules.

v.t.

driving out, from expello, to expel.] The act of driving out or expelling; a driving away by violence; the state of being expelled, driven out, or away. expulsive, iks«pul'siv, a. Having the power of expelling. expunge, iks«punj', v.t. expunged, expunging. [L. expungo, to prick out, ex, out, and to cross or blot out point.] To blot pungo, to prick, out, as with a pen; to rub out; to efface; to erase; to obliterate; to wipe out or destroy; to annihilate. expurgate, eks'per«gat, v.t. expurgated, expurgating. [L. expurgo, expurgatum ex, and purgo, to purge. purge, pure.] To purify from anything noxious, offensive, or erroneous; to purge; to cleanse; to strike obscene, coarse, or offensive passages out of (a book). expurgation, eks— per«ga'shon, n. The act of expurgating, purging, or cleansing; purificaexpurgator, eks«per'ga«ter, n. tion. One who expurgates. expurgatory, iks«per'ga«to«ri, a. Cleansing ; purifying; serving to expurgate. exquisite, eks'kwi»zit, a. [L. exquisitus, carefully sought out, exquisite, from exquiro, exquisitum ex, out, and qucero, to seek, whence question, quest, query, etc.] Of great excellence or fineness; choice; select; consummate; perfect; of keen or delicate perception; keen; nice; refined; delicate; pleasurable or painful in the

stand

—

extemporaneously,

manner.

—extemporaneousness,iks»-

tem'po»ra"ni«us«nes, n. The qualof being extemporaneous. ity extempore, iks«tem'poTi, adv. [L. phrase ex tempore, same meaning.] Without previous thought, study, or meditation; without preparation. a. Extemporary; extemporaneous. extemporization, iks«tem'po»ri«za"shon, n. The act of extemporizing. extemporize, iks«tem'po*riz, v.i. extemporized, extemporizing. To speak without previous thought, study, or preparation; to discourse without notes or written composition. v.t. To make without forethought; to provide for the occasion; to prepare in great haste with the means within one's reach (to extemporize a speech extemporizer, iks— or a dinner). tem'poTi'Zer, n. One who extem-

—

—

porizes.

extend, iks«tend',

—

then;

extemporarily,

iks«tem'poTa"ni«us«li, iks«tem'po— ra«ri«li, adv. In an extemporaneous

—

TH,

extemporary,

iks'tem'poTa"ni«us, iks«tem'po«ra— ex, not, ri, a. [L. extemporaneus and tempus, temporis, time.] Performed, uttered, or made at the time without previous thought or study; unpremeditated; off-hand.

—

ng, sing;

sicco, to

a. [L. extans, exstans, exstantis, ppr. of exsto, to out ex, out, and sto, to stand.

extemporaneous,

pulsio, a

;'ob;

and

state.] Still existing; in being; now subsisting; not destroyed or lost.

[L.

from, and proprius, one's own. proper, propriety.] To disengage from appropriation; to give up a claim to the exclusive property expropriation, eks«pro'pri«a"of. shon, n. The act of expropriating; the act of dispossessing the owner of a property wholly or to a great extent of his proprietary rights. expulsion, iks«pul'shon, n.[ L. ex-

exsiccated,

exsiccatum,

extantis,

—

ex, out of,

—

To

extant, eks'tant,

expropriate, eks«pr6'pri«at,

v.t.

exsicco,

exhaust of moisture; to dry up completely. exsiccation, ek«sik— ka'shon, n. The act or operation of exsiccating or drying; dryness. exsiccator, ek«sik'ka«ter, n. An apparatus or contrivance for drying moist substances. exstipulate, eks«tip'u«lat, a. Bot. havdry.]

iks«-

n.

pres'li, adv.

j,

up

[L.

In an express manner; of set purpose; in direct terms; expressway, iks«pres'wa, n. plainly. A high-speed, nonstop highway.

iks'pres'iv«nes,

—

exposure. See expose.

n. One highest degree; extreme. excessively nice in his dress; a dandy; a swell; a fop; a coxcomb. exquisitely, eks'kwi»zit«li, adv. In an manner. exquisiteness, exquisite

of speech; the pe-

manner of utterance suited to the subject and sentiment; cast of culiar

—

tulation.

mode

— ——

th, thin;

v.t. [L. extendo, to ex, out, and tendo, to stretch out stretch (as in contend, pretend, tend); same root as L. tenuis, thin, tenax, tenacious, E. thin.] To stretch in any direction; to carry forward or continue in length, as a line; to spread in breadth; to expand or dilate in size; to hold out or reach forth; to expand; to enlarge; to widen; to diffuse; to continue; to prolong; to

communicate, bestow, or impart. To stretch; to reach; to be con-

v.i.

tinued

become

in length, or breadth; to larger or more compre-

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— extensometer

—

—

—

Capable

iks'ten'si«bl,

of

being

iks«ten'sil,

extended.

a.

—ex-

tension, iks«ten'shon, n. The act of extending; the state of being ex-

tended; enlargement; expansion; prolongation; that property of any body by which it occupies a portion of space, being one of the properties of matter; logic, the extent of the application of a general term, that is,

the

objects

which

collectively

are included under it; compass. extensive, iks«ten'siv, a. Having great or considerable extent; wide; large; embracing a wide area or a great number of objects ; diffusive. extensively, iks«ten'siv»li, adv. In an extensive manner. extensiveness, iks«ten'siv«nes, n. The state or qualextensor, ity of being extensive.

—

—

iks«ten'ser, n. Anal, a muscle which serves to extend or straighten any part of the body, as an arm or a finger opposed to flexor. extent, iks«tent', n. [L.L. extentus, a stretching out; L. extentus, extended.] Space or degree to which a thing is extended; extension; length; compass; bulk; size;

—

terminate; marked by extermination.

external, iks«ter'nal,

[L. externus, from exter, on the outside. exthe outside: opposite to terior.] internal; on the exterior; superficial; not being or arising within; outside of ourselves ; relating to or connected a.

On

with foreign nations; foreign.— External-combustion engine, an engine that derives its energy from the

combustion

of

cylinder.

Something

outward nality,

n.

rite

fuel

outside

the exterior; an

or ceremony.

iks«ter«nal'i«ti,

n.

—exter-

The

state

of being external; separation from the perceiving mind; exteriority. externalize, iks«ter'nal»iz, v.t. To embody in an outward form ; to give shape and form to. externally, iks— ter'naMi, adv. Outwardly; on the outside; apparently; exteriorly. exterritorial, eks«ter'i«to"ri«al, a.

—

and

[Prefix ex,

territorial.]

Beyond

the jurisdiction of the laws of the

country in which one resides. exterritoriality, eks •ter'i'to'ri'ari'ti, n. Immunity from a country's laws, such as that enjoyed by an ambassador. extinct, iks«tingkt', a. [L. extinctus, extinpp. of extinguo, exstinguo. Extinguished; quenched; guish.]

having ceased; being at an end; no longer in existence; having died out family or race is extinct). (a

—

extinction, iks«tingk'shon, n. The act of putting out or quenching flame or fire; the state of being extinguished; a putting an end to, or a coming to an end. extinguish, iks«ting'gwish, v.t. [L. ex, and stinguo, extinguo, exstinguo to scratch out, as in distinguish.] To put out; to quench; to stifle; to put an end to; to suppress; to destroy; to crush; to eclipse. extinguishable, iks«ting'gwish«a«bl, a. Capable of being quenched, destroyed, or supextinguisher, pressed. iks«ting'gwish«er, n. One who or that which extinguishes ; a hollow conical utensil to put on a candle or lamp to extinguish it. extinguishment,-}- iks«ting'gwish«ment, n. The act of extinguishing; extinction.

exterior, iks«te'ri»er, a. [L., compar. of exter or exterus, on the outside, outward, from ex, out of; akin ex-

extirpate, eks'ter«pat,

extreme, estrange, strange.] External; outer; outward; bounding or limiting outwardly; situated beyond the limits of; on the outside; not arising or coming from within. n. The outer surface; the outside; exteriorly, the external features. iks»te'ri«er»li, adv. In an exterior manner; outwardly; externally. exterminate, iks«ter'mi«nat, v.t. exterminated, exterminating. [L. extermino, exterminatum, to remove ex, and termino, to terminate, from terminus, a limit, term.] To destroy utterly; to extirpate; to root out;

pull or pluck root out; to eradicate; to destroy totally; to exextirpation, eks«ter«pa'terminate. shon, n. The act of rooting out; exeradication; total destruction. tirpator, eks«ter'pa«ter, n. One who or that which extirpates. extol, iks'tol', v.t. extolled, extolling. [L. extollo, to raise up ex, out, up, and tollo, to raise; from same root as in tolero, to endure, to tolerate.] To speak in laudatory terms of; to praise; to laud; to applaud; to eulogize; to magnify; to celebrate; extoller, iks«t61'er, n. to glorify. One who extols; a praiser or mag-

—

—

—

—

ternal,

—

—

eradicate.

—extermination,

iks«-

ter'mi«na"shon, n. The act of exterminating; destruction; eradication;

—exterminator, mi«na«ter, One who or that which exterminates. —exterminatory,

iks«ter'-

extirpation.

n.

iks«-

ter'mi«na'toTi,

a.

Tending

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

to ex-

—

—

—

—

v.t.

—

tree.]

up by the

To

roots;

to

—

—

—

—

nifier.

extort, iks-tort', v.t. [L. extorqueo, extortum ex, and torqueo, to twist, seen in contort, distort, retort, torture, etc.] To obtain from a person

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

by

force or compulsion; to wrest or wring by physical force, by menace,

torture, or authority (to extort contributions, a confession, a promise, etc.).

who

—extorter, —extortion,

iks«tor'ter,

extorts.

n.

One

iks«tor'-

shon, n. The act of extorting; the act or practice of extorting or wringing

money from

people by any undue

exercise of power; illegal compulsion to pay money; rapacity; that which extortionary, iks«tor'is extorted. shon«e«ri, a. Practicing extortion; extortionate, containing extortion. iks«tor'shon«at, a. Characterized by extortion; oppressive in exacting money. extortioner, extortionist, iks«tor'shon«er, iks«tor'shon«ist, n. extra, eks'tra, a. and adz. [Contr. from extraordinary, or directly from L.

—

—

—

Beyond what is due, appointed, or expected; supplemen-

extra, beyond.]

tary;

additional.

Something

n.

in

addition to what is due, expected, or usual; a special edition of a newspaper; one who plays small parts in a movie or stage show.

extract, iks-trakt',

—

retract,

trace,

[L. extractus, traho, to contract, detract,

v.t.

from extraho ex, draw; seen also in

tract,

and

etc.]

To draw

out; to pull out or remove from a fixed position; to draw out by distillation or other chemical process; to select as a specimen or sample; to take (a passage or passages) from a book or writing; to ascertain the root of a

out;

to

number.

take

n. (eks'trakt).

That which

extracted or drawn from something; a passage taken from a book or writing; an excerpt; a quotation; anything drawn from a substance by heat, distillation, or a chemical process, as an essence, a tincture, and extractable, extractible, the like. is

—

iks«trak'ta«bl,

iks«trak'ti«bl,

pable of being extracted.

a.

Ca-

—extraction,

iks«trak'shon, n. [L. extractio.] The act of extracting or drawing out; descent; lineage; derivation of persons from a stock or family; the stock or family from which one has descended; operation of rinding the root of a given number or quantity. extractive, iks«trak tiv, a. Capable of being extracted; extracting. n. That which is extracted or extractextractor, iks«trak ter, n. able. extracurricular, eks tra«ker«ik u«ler, [Prefix extra, and curriculum.] a. Being outside one's routine activities; not being in the regular school curriculum, such as athletics, clubs, etc. extradition, eks«tra«dish on, n. [L. ex, and traditio, a giving up, surrender, from trade, traditum, to give up.] Delivery of a criminal or fugitive from one state or nation, usually under a treaty or statute, to another having jurisdiction to try the charge. extradite, eks tra«dit, v.t. To deliver or give up for extradition. extragalactic, eks tra«gal«ak"tik, a. [Prefix extra, and galaxy.] Lying outside or bevond a calaxv, especially

—extirpat- —

ed, extirpating. [L. extirpo, exstirpo, exstirpatum ex, out, and stirps, the

trunk of a

——

— extrajudicial

valuation of land; seizure of land for debt. extensometer, eks«ten«som'e«ter, n. [L. extensio, stretching, Gr. metron, a measure.] An instrument of precision for measuring small lengths. extenuate, iks«ten'u«at, v.t. extenuated, extenuating. [L. extenuo, extenuatum, to make thin or small, to lessen ex, and tenuis, thin, fine (whence tenuity); same root as E. thin.] To lessen or diminish; to weaken the import or force of; to extenuation, palliate; to mitigate. iks»ten'u«a"shon, n. The act of extenuating; palliation; mitigation, as opposed to aggravation. extenuator, iks«ten'u«a»ter, n. One who exextenuatory, iks'ten'u*tenuates. a«to«ri, a. Tending to extenuate.

to

—

312

hensive; to value land; to seize land for debt. extendedly, eks«ten'ded— li, adv. In an extended manner. extendible, iks«ten'di«bl, a. Capable of being extended. extensibility, iks«ten'si«bil'i«ti, n. The quality of being extensible. extensible, extensile,

—

—

—

:

note, not,

move;

—

—

the Milky Way. extrajudicial, eks tra«ju«dish"al, a. Out of the proper court, or the ordinary course of legal procedure. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — — —

— — ;

extramundane

extramundane, eks»tra«mun'dan, a. Beyond the limit of the material world or mundane affairs. eks«tra«mu'ral,

uttermost; ultra. n. The utmost point of a thing; extremity; utmost limit or degree that can be supposed or tolerated; height or extravagant pitch; math, the first or the last term of a proportion. extremely, iks— trem'li, adv. extremism, iks»trem'izm, n. The quality or state of being extreme. extremist, iks»trem'ist, n. supporter of extreme doctrines extremity, iks«trem'or practice.

—

—

adv. In an extraneous manner. extraofficial, eks'tra«of«fish"al, a. Not within the limits of official duty.

—

—

tra«or'di«ne«ri«li, adv.

extraphysical, eks'tra«fiz'i'kal, a. Not subject to physical laws or methods. extrapolate, eks»trap'o«lat, v.t. [L. extra,

To

shon,

[Prefix

eks'tra«sen"so«ri, a. and sensory.} Being

extra,

beyond the ordinary sense perceptions; clairvoyant.

extraterritorial,

eks'tra«ter'i«to"ri— [Prefix extra, and territorial.] Beyond the territorial limits of juextraterritoriality, eks 'risdiction. al,

a.

—

tra'ter'i«to'ri«ari'ti,

n.

Immunity

from a country's laws. extravagance, extravagancy, iks— trav'a«gans, iks«'trav'a«gan'si, n. [Fr. extravagance L. extra, beyond, and vagans, ppr. of vago, vagor, to wander, vagabond.] Want of restraint wildness; irregularity; unreasonableness; prodigality; lavish spending or waste; excess; profusion; bombast. extravagant, iks«trav'a«gant, a. Ex-

—

ceeding due bounds; unreasonable; excessive; not within ordinary limits of truth or probability or other usual bounds; unrestrained; profuse in expenses. extravagantly, iks«trav'a«gant«li, adv. extravaganza, iks— trav'a'gan"za, n. literary or musical

—

—

A

extrinsic,

not intrinsic; not contained in or belonging to a body. extrinsically, eks«trin'si«kal«li, adv. In an extrinsic manner; from without. extrorsal, extrorse, eks«tror'sal, ekstrors', a. [Fr. extrorse, from L. extra, on the outside, and verto, versum, to turn.] Bot. turned or directed outward, or turned away from the axis opposed to introrse. extroversion, eks«tro«ver'shon, n. Path, a malformation consisting in an organ being turned inside out, as the bladder. extrovert, ek'stro»vert, n. [L. extro,

—

—

extra,

A

vertere,

turn.]

to

One

—

Eyas-musket, a young sparrow hawk. eye, i, n. [O.E. ye, eighe, A. Sax. edge, Dan. die, D. oog, Icel. auga, G. auge, Goth, augo; cog. L. oculus, Skr. akshi eye; from a root meaning sharp, acid.] The nearly spherical hollow organ of sight filled with

exuberancy,

—

tity;

exuberant; superfluous an overflowing quan-

richness; excess; redundance; exuberant, igz«ucopiousness. ber«ant, a. [L. exuberans, exuberantis, ppr. of exubero.] Characterized by abundance, richness, or luxuriance; plenteous; rich; overflowing; over-

—

j,

;"ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

Cast

A

igz«u'ber«ans, igz«u'ber«an«si, n. [Fr. exuex, berance, from L. exuberantia intens., and ubero, to be fruitful, from uber, rich, fruitful.] The state

being

from

tion, ig«zu'vi«a"shon, n. The rejection or casting off of exuviae. eyas, i'as, n. [Fr. niais, lit. a nestling falcon, from L.L. nidax, nidacis, still in the nest, L. nidus, a nest; with loss of n as in adder.] young hawk just taken from the nest, not able to prey for itself. (Shak.)

—

abundance;

[L.,

strip.]

any parts of animals which are shed or cast off, as the skins of serpents, exuvial, ig«zu'vi«al, a. Relating etc. exuviato or containing exuviae.

— —

exuberance,

pi.

skins, shells, or coverings of animals;

extroversion, ek'stro«ver"zhun, n. extrude, eks«trod', v.t. extruded, exex, and trudo, truding. [L. extrudo to thrust, as in intrude.] To thrust out; to urge, force, or press out; to expel; to drive away; to displace. extrusion, eks«tro'zhon, n. The act of extruding; expulsion.

out of the proper vessels, as out of the blood vessels. extravasation, iks«trav'a«sa "shon, n. The act of extravasating; the state of being forced or let out of the vessels or ducts of the body that contain it; effusion. g, go;

and

whose attentions are turned toward that which is outside the self.

of

exulta-

triumphantly.

—

and secus, by, along with.] External; outward; coming from without;

—

ch, Sc. loch;

Rejoicing tion,

rior),

travasated, extravasating. [L. extra, beyond, and vas, a vessel.] To force or

ch, chain;

of being

eks«trin'sik, eks«trin'si«kal, a. [L. extrinsecus, from without exter, outward (as in exte-

composition noted for its wildness and incoherence; a burlesque. extravasate, iks«trav'a»sat, v.t. ex-

let

—

exuviae, ig«zu'vi«e, n. exuo, to put off, to

Capable

—extrication,

n.

—exuded, exuding.

[L. exsudo, to discharge by sweating ex, and sudo, to sweat, from same root as E. sweat.] To discharge through the pores, as moisture or other liquid matter; to give out, like sweat or juice; to let ooze out. v.t. To flow from a body through the pores; to ooze out like sweat. exudate, eks'u«dat, n. [L. exudare, to sweat.] Material passing through the wall of a blood vessel into surrounding parts. exudation, eks— ii'da'shon, n. The act of exuding; that which is exuded. exult, ig'zult', v.i. [L. exulto, exex, and sulto, to leap or jump about salio, sal turn, to leap, seen also in insult, result, salient, etc.] To rejoice in triumph; to rejoice exceedingly; to be glad above measure; to triumph. exultant, ig«zul'tant, a.

extrinsical,

a.

eks-tri-ka'act of extricating, disentangling, or setting free.

extricated.

exuberant manner. exude, eks«ud', v.t.

The

—

tricce, trifles,

eks'tri«ka«bl,

—

extrasensory,

and

exuberansuperfluous. In an adv.

eg«zul'ta'shon, n. The act of exulting; great gladness; rapturous exultingly, eg— delight; triumph. zul'ting'li, adv. In an exulting manner. exurb, ek'serb, n. [L. ex, outside, residential region and urb, city.] located beyond the city and suburbs and usually inhabited by wealthy exurbanite, ek«serb'an«it, n. people.

perplexity. See intricate.] To free, as from difficulties or perplexities; to disembarrass; to disengage; to disentangle; extricable, relieve. clear; to to ex,

inter-

project into an unknown field for the sake of knowledge by drawing parallelisms with a field that is known, under the assumption that they correspond. extrapolation, eks-trap'O'la'shon, n. extraprofessional, eks tra«pro«fesh"on«al, a. Not within the ordinary limits of professional duty or business.

polate.]

The utmost

point or side; the verge; the highest degree; the most aggravated or intense form; extreme or utmost distress, straits, or difficulties; a limb or organ of locomotion. extricate, eks'tri«kat, v.t. extricated, extricating. [L. extrico, extricatum

—

to polish or refine polio, polish,

[L. extremitas.]

n.

i«ti,

ordinary or common order or method; remarkable; uncommon; rare; wonderful; special; particular; sent for a special purpose or on a particular occasion (an ambassador exextraordinarily, ekstraordinary).

beyond, and

—

A

eks«tra«or'di«ne«ri, a. extra, and ordo, [L. extraordinar ius ordinis, order.] Beyond or out of the

— ——— — — —

igz»u'ber«ant«li,

tly,

iks«trem', a. [Fr. extreme, extremus, superl. of exter or exterus, on the outside, external. exterior.] Outermost; furthest; at the utmost point, edge, or border; worst or best that can exist or be supposed; carrying principles to the

a.

abundant;

a.

extreme, from L.

us'li,

expolire,

— eye

extravascular, eks«tra«vas'kuler, Being out of the proper vessels.

[L. extra, beyond, and mums, a wall.] Without or beyond the walls, as of a fortified city or a university. extraneous, eks«tra'ni«us, a. [L. extraneus, from extra, without, beyond; akin strange.] Foreign; not belonging to a thing; existing without; not extraneously, eks«tra'ni— intrinsic.

extraordinary,

:

313

extrajudicially, eks'tra«ju«dish"al'li, adv. In an extrajudicial manner; out of court.

extramural,

—— ——

—

th, thin;

—

vitreous fluid and located in a orbit in the anterior skull, consisting in man and the higher animals of the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and retina that aid in transmitting, through the optic nerve, images to the brain; the faculty of seeing with the eye; delicate and accurate perception anything resembling or suggesting an eye; the hole or aperture in a needle; the center of something thus, the eye of a dome is the circular aperture at its apex. The wind's eye, the direction right opposite to that of the wind. v.t. eyed, eying or eyeing. To fix the eye on; to look on; to observe narrowly, or with fixed attention. eyed, Id, a. Furnished with eyes; having eyes of this or that chara

bony

;

;

—

acter.

eyes.

—eyeless, eyeball,

w, wig;

i

les,

i'bal,

hw, whig;

a. n.

Without

The

ball,

zh, acure.

—— —— — —— —— —— —

—— — — — —— ———— —

eyre

314

globe, or apple of the eye. bright, i'brit, n. A pretty

—eyelittle

common

annual European herb

in

meadows, heaths, etc., which formerly enjoyed a great reputation in diseases of the eyes.

brou,

eyebrow,

I'-

The brow

or hairy arch eyeglass, n. glass to assist the sight; the lens of a telescope, microscope, etc., to which the eye is applied. eyelash, i'lash, n. One of the hairs that edge the eyelet, I'let, n. eyelid. small hole or perforation to receive a lace or small rope or cord, or for other eyelid, purposes. i'lid, That n. portion of movable skin that serves eye as a cover for the eyeball. opener, n. Startling news ; a drink of liquor, particularly the first of the day (Slang), eyepiece, n. In an optical instrument the lens or combination of lenses to which the eye eyeservant, n. is applied. servant who attends to his duty only when watched. eyeservice, n. Service performed only under inspection eyesight, or the eye of an employer. i'sit, n. The sight of the eye; view; observation; the sense of seeing. eyesore, i'sor, n. Something offeneyetooth, sive to the eye or sight. i'toth, n. tooth under the eye; eyewash, a fang; a canine tooth. n. lotion to cleanse or treat the eyewitness, n. One who sees eye. a thing done; one who has ocular view of anything. eyre, ar, n. [O.Fr. erre, eirre, a journey, from L. iter, itineris, a journey.] journey or circuit of a court; a court of itinerant justices. Justices in eyre, itinerant justices who formerly traveled to hold courts in the different English counties. eyrie, eyry, a'ri, n. Same as Aerie. n.

A

above the eye.

A

A

—

—

A

—

A

A

F, f, ef, the sixth letter of the English alphabet, a consonant, formed by the passage of breath between the lower lip and the upper front teeth; mus. the fourth note of the diatonic scale. fa, fa, n.

Mus. the

Italian

name

of the

fourth note of the diatonic scale.

fabaceous, fa«ba'shus, a. [L. faba, a bean.] Having the nature of the bean;

like the bean.

Fabian,

fa'bi«an, a.

Like the gener-

of Fabius Maximus, who harassed the troops of Hannibal but took care to avoid a battle (Fabian strategy). fable, fa'bl, n. [Fr. fable, L. fabula, from fari, to speak; akin fate.] fictitious narration intended to enforce some useful truth or precept; a fabricated story; a fiction; the plot or connected series of events an epic or dramatic poem; in v.i. subject of talk (Tenn.). fabled, alship

A

— —

—

v.i.

speak

To To

fables or falsehoods. invent or fabricate; to fabled, of as true or real.

fabling,

tell

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

fact

fa'bld, p. and a. Celebrated in fables ; fabulously imagined. fabler, fabler, n. One who fables; a writer fabliau, fab'li-6, n. pi. of fables.

A

fabliaux, fab'li»6. [Fr.] kind of metrical tale common in French literature of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. fabulist, fab'u— list, n. The inventor or writer of fabulous, fab'u«lus, a. Havfables. ing the nature of a fable ; fictitious invented; not real; mythical; hardly to be received as truth; incredible. fabulously, fab'u«lus»li, adv. In a fabulous manner. fabulousness, fab'u«lus«nes, n. The quality of being fabulous. fabric, fab'rik, n. [Fr. fabrique, L. fabrica, from faber, a worker; same root as facio, to make. Forge is really the same word.] structure; a building, edifice, or construction; the frame of a building; cloth manufactured; the structure of anything; the manner in which the parts fabriare put together; texture. cant, fab'ri'kant, n. [Fr.] manufacfabricate, fab'ri'kat, v.t. turer. fabricated, fabricating. [L. fabrico, fabricatum.] To frame, build, make, or construct; to form into a whole by connecting the parts; to form by art and labor; to invent and form; to fabricaforge; to devise falsely. tion, fab'ri'ka'shon, n. The act of fabricating ; construction ; making the act of devising falsely; forgery; that which is fabricated; a falsehood.

A

A

—

—fabricator,

fab'ri«ka»ter, n. One fabricates. facade, fa-sad' or fa«sad', n. [Fr., from It, faciata, a facade, from faccia, L. facies, the face.] The face or front view or elevation of an edifice; exterior front or face. face, fas, n. [Fr., from L. facies, face, figure, form, from facio, to make.]

who

The front part of an animal's head, particularly of the human head, made up of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, etc.; the visage; aspect or air of the face; cast of features; look; countenance; expression of the face; the surface of a thing, or the side which presents itself to the view of the spectator; the front; the forepart; a plane surface of a solid; one of the sides bounding a solid, appearance ; aspect effrontery; boldness; assurance; the dial of a clock, watch, compass card, or other indicator; the sole of a plane; operating edge or surface in To make a certain implements. face, to distort the countenance; To fly in the to make a grimace. face of, to act in direct opposition Face to or disregard of; to defy. to face, both parties being present and confronting each other. v.t. faced, facing. To turn the face or front full toward to meet in front to stand up against in hostile encounter; to confront; to stand with the face or front toward; to finish or protect with a thin external covering over the front of; to smooth or dress the face of (a stone, etc.). To face down, to oppose boldly or impudently. To face out, to persist

me, met, her;

— —

;

pine, pin;

—— ————— —

—— — —

;;;;

note, not,

move;

an assertion which is not true; to brave (an accusation) with effrontery. To face tea, to adulterate it by mixing it with coloring matter and other substances. v.i. To turn the face (to face to the right or left). faced, fast, a. Having a face ; marked with a face (as a court card). facial, fa'shel, a. Of or pertaining to the face. Facial angle, an angle in, especially to persist in

formed by lines drawn from nose and from nose to forehead; an angle formed by lines drawn to show to what extent the jaws are protruding and the forehead recedto ear,

A

facing, fas'ing, n. ing. covering in front for ornament, protection, defense, or other purposes; a mode of adulterating tea by mixing with coloring matter and other substances; the movement of soldiers in turning round to the left, right, etc.; pi. the distinctive trimmings on a regimental coat jacket. Put or through his facings, to be cross questioned; to be examined. facet, fas'et, n. [Fr. facet te, dim. small flat portion of a of face.] surface; one of the small smooth v.t. surfaces on a gem or crystal, To cut a facet or facets on. faceted,

A

fas'et«ed, a.

Having

facets;

formed

into facets. n. pi. [L., from facetus, merry, elegant, from root of facio, to make.] Witty or humorwitticisms. jests; ous sayings; facetious, fa«se'shus, a. Merry; jocwitty; of pleasantry; ular; full facelaughter. playful; exciting tiously, fa«se'shus«li, adv. In a facefacetiousness, fa— tious manner. se'shus«nes, n. The quality of being facetious; pleasantry. facial. See face. facile, fas'il, a. [L. facilis, easy to be done or made, from facio, to make.] Easy to be done or performed; not difficult; easy to be dealt with;

facetiae, fa«se'shi«e,

easy

of

access

converse;

or

not

haughty or distant easily persuaded to good or bad; yielding; ductile ;

fault; ready; dexterous (an facileness,f facile pencil). fas'ihnes, n. The state of being facilitate, fa«sil'i«tat, v.t. facile. facilitated, facilitating. [Fr. faciliter, make from L. facilitas, easiness.] easy or less difficult; to lessen the facilitation, fa*sil i-ta"labor of. shon, n. The act of facilitating. facility, fa-sil'i-ti, n. [Fr. facilite,

to

a

artist's

—

To

Easiness to be perfreedom from difficulty; ease; ease in performance; readiness proceeding from skill or use; dex-

L.

facilitas.]

formed;

terity; pliancy or ductility in character; easiness to be persuaded, usually implying a disposition to yield to solicitations to evil; the means by

which the accomplishment of anything is rendered more easy: in this sense usually in the

facsimile, fak-sim

pi.

i«li.

n. [L. facio, to

make, and similis, like.] An exact copy or likeness; an imitation of an original in all its proportions, traits, and peculiarities. fact, fakt, n. [L. factum, a thing done.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——— — ——— a deed, a fact, from facio, to do or make, a stem which appears in many

A

expense of the public good; discord; factious, fak'shus, a. dissension. Given to faction; prone to clamor against public measures or men; pertaining to faction; proceeding from faction. factiously, fak'shus— li, adv. In a factious, turbulent, or disorderly manner. factiousness, fak'shus«nes, n. The state or character of being factious; disposition to clamor and raise opposition; clamorousness for a party. factitious, fak«tish'us, a. [L. factitius, made by art, from facio, to make. fact.] Made by art, in distinction

fad,

is factitive).

factor, fak'ter, n. [L., a maker, doer, from facio, factum, to do. fact.] An agent employed by merchants residing in other places to buy and sell or transact other business on their account; in Scotland, a person appointed by a landholder or house proprietor to manage an estate, collect rents, etc.; arith. the multiplier or multiplicand, from the multiplication of which proceeds the product; alg. any expression considered as part of a product; hence, generally, one of several elements or influences which tend to the production of a result. Factor of safety, the ratio of the breaking load to the working load in any factorage, fak'ter«ij, n. structure. The allowance to a factor for his

To

to cease to be abundant for supply; to come short; not to have the due measure or degree; to decay, decline, sink, or be diminished; to become weaker; to become extinct; to be entirely wanting; to be no longer

produced, furnished, or supplied; not to produce the effect; to miscarry; to be unsuccessful; to be guilty of omission or neglect; to become insolvent or bankrupt. v.t. To cease or to neglect or omit to afford aid or strength to; to be wanting to; to disappoint; to desert; not to be at hand when required. n.

who as preposition or abl. absol. failingly, fal'ing«li, adv. By failing '. failure, fal'yer, n. failing. failing;

successful.

deficiency; cessation of supply or total defect; omission; nonperformance; decay, or defect from decay;

performs menial services

next

trees. n. [Fr. fagot, It.

fagotto, a faggot, from L. fax, facis, bundle of a faggot, a torch.] sticks or small branches used for fuel, or for filling ditches, and other purposes in fortification; a fascine; a bundle of pieces of iron or steel in bars ; a person formerly hired to take

A

kinds of matters for his employer. faculae, fak'u«le, n. pi. [L. facula, a little torch, dim. of fax, a torch.] Astron. spots sometimes seen on the sun's disk, which appear brighter than the rest of its surface.

doubt; certainly. failing, faring, n. Imperfection; a weakness in char-

fair; comp. G. fugen, D. voegen, Sw. foga, to fit.] To suit; to fit; to be found suitable or

fagot, faggot, fag'ot,

factotum, fak'to'tum, n. [L. facio, to do, and totum, the whole.] A confidential agent that manages all

Miscarriage; failure; deficiency; want. Without fail, without omission to perform something; without

akin to faeger,

[A. Sax. fcegian, to

boy who is in the highest highest form or class; a fag end, n. [The end cigarette. which flags or hangs loose.] The end of a web of cloth; the latter or meaner part of anything. fagaceous, fa«ga'shus, a. Pertaining to the beech family of shrubs and

tory.

c

A

the act of failing or state of having failed to attain an object; want of success; a becoming insolvent or bankrupt. faille, fal or fi'y', n. [Fr.] A heavy silk fabric of superior quality. fain, fan, a. [A. Sax. fcegen, joyful, fcegnian, to rejoice; Goth, faginon, Icel. fagna, to be glad. Fawn (verb) is of same origin, and fair (adj.) is akin.] Glad or pleased under some kind of necessity; inclined; content to accept of or do something for want of better. adv. Gladly; with joy or pleasure with would. faineant, fa'ni«ent, n. [Fr. faire, do, neant, nothing.] An idler, a donothing, a puppet or phantom king in the Merovingian dynasty of the Franks. faint, fant, v.i. [O.Fr. faint, sluggish, negligent, pp. of feindre, L. fingere,

the place of another at the muster of a military company or to hide deficiency in its number; a term of contempt for a dry, shriveled To bind in a v.t. old woman. j,

from L. whence also

acter or disposition; foible; fault. Failing whom. Failing used either

or

A

deceive,

befalse, fallible, fault, falter.] come deficient; to be insufficient;

Unfading.

faj, v.i.

a boy who for another

factorial,

to

fallere,

whim,

faecal, fe'kal, a. See feces. fag, fag, v.i.—fagged, fagging. [Probably from verb to flag, by omission of /.] To become weary; to fail in strength; to be faint with weariness; to labor hard or assiduously; to work till wearied; to act as a fag. v.t. To use or treat as a fag or drudge; to exhaust. n. A laborious drudge; in certain English schools,

or pertaining to a factor or factors. factory, fak'te«ri, n. name given to establishments of merchants and factors resident in foreign countries; (contr. from manufactory) a building or collection of buildings appropriated to the manufacture of goods; a manufac-

in Italy.

fit,

fad'les, a.

fadge,

Of

go;

passing

from Faenza

fail, fal, v.i. [Ft. faillir, to fail,

—

—

g,

A

n.

212o.

faience, fa«ans' or fa«yans', n. [Fr.] A sort of fine pottery or earthenware glazed with a fine varnish, and painted in various designs, named

One who is enthusiastic over faddish, fad'ish, a. Pertaina fad. ing or given to fads, faddy. fade, fad, v.i. faded, fading. [O.E. vade, to fade; comp. Fr. fade, insipid, from L. vapidus, vapid.] To wither; to lose strength, health, or vigor gradually; to decay; to lose freshness, color, or brightness; to tend from a stronger or brighter color to a more faint shade of the same color, or to lose color entirely; to grow dim or indistinct to view. v.t. To cause to wither; to deprive of freshness or vigor. fadeless,

is produced by nature; factitiousconventional. ly, fak«tish'us«li, adv. In a factitious manner. factitiousness, fak«tish'us«nes, n. factitive, fak'ti«tiv, a. [From L. facio, factum, to make, fact.] Causative; tending to make or cause; gram. expressing the result of an action that produces a new condition in the object (in c he struck him dead ',

ch, Sc. loch;

fad,

180 degrees; the freezing point being marked 32°, and the boiling

ist, n.

from what

ch, chain;

The name

hobby, style or fancy, pursued for a time with undue zeal. faddist, fad'-

artificial ;

commission.

thermometers about 1720.] distinguishing that kind of thermometer in which the space between the freezing and the boiling points of water is divided into silver in

fact.] Any mental or bodily power; capacity for any action or function; skill derived from practice, or practice aided by nature; special power or endowment; a right or power granted to a person by favor or indulgence, to do what by law he may not do; the body of individuals constituting one of" the learned professions, and more specifically the medical profession; the teachers and professors of the several departments of a university, or one of the departments themselves, a Faculty of Arts, Law, Medicine ; the teaching staff of any institution of learning.

based upon objective factual, fak'chu«al, a. faction, fak'shon, n. [L. factio, from party FACT.] facio, factum, to do. combined or acting in union, in opposition to another party or a government; a party unscrupulously promoting their private ends at the statement

reality.

services ;

fagot or bundle; to collect promiscuously. Fahrenheit, fa'ren»hit, a. [After Fahrenheit, who first employed quick-

a. [L. facapability.] Of bacteria and parasites, able to adapt themselves to certain conditions of life. faculty, fak'ul«ti, n. [Fr. faculte, L. facultas, from facio, to do, to make.

Anything done or that comes to something known to exist; pass;

——

—— faint

cultas,

affect, affair, counterfeit, defeat, difficult, faculty, profits, etc.]

fak«to'ri»al, a.

———

facultative, fak'ul«ta"tiv,

words, as

struck

—

315

faction

a

—— —

———

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

:

to feign, etc.]

or

whence

also feign, fiction, feeble; to decline strength and vigor; to

To become

fail

in

become

temporarily unconscious, powerless, and motionless; to swoon; sink into dejection; to lose to courage or spirit; to become gradually weak or indistinct; to decay; to fade, disappear, or vanish. a.

w,

u>ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

—— —

—

——

inclined

to

feeble;

exhausted;

swoon; hardly percep-

tible by, or feebly striking, the senses; indistinct; wanting in brightness

or vividness, loudness, sharpness, or force; not well defined; feeble; slight; imperfect; not carried on with vigor or energy; dejected; depressed; dispirited. n. A fainting fit; a swoon; pi. the impure spirit which comes over first and last in the distillation of whisky. fainthearted, a. Cowardly; timorous; having lost courage; yielding to faintheartedly, adv. In a faintfear. hearted manner. faintheartedness, n. Want of courage. faintish, fan'tish, a. Slightly faint. faintishness, fan'tish«nes, n. A slight degree of faintly, fant'li, adv. In a faintness. faint, weak, feeble, or languid manner; without vigor or activity; without vividness or distinctness. faintness, fant'nes, n. The state of

—

—

—

— —

—

being

faint.

fair, far, a. [A. Sax. fceger, fair, pleasant, beautiful; Icel. fagr, Dan. feir, Sw. fager, Goth, fagrs, bright. fain.] Pleasing to the eye; beautiful; handsome; white or light colored in respect of skin or complexion;

not dark or swarthy; not stormy or wet; not cloudy or overcast; clear (fair weather) ; free from obstruction, obstacle, or anything to impede (on the fair way to success) open, frank, or honest; not resorting to anything tricky or underhand; just; equitable; free from unfair or unfavorable circumstances or influences; civil, pleasing, or courteous (fair words); ;

from deletions,

free

blots, easily

perfectly or (a fair copy); free

like;

from

and the legible stain or

blemish;

unspotted; untarnished (one's fair name); passably or moderately good; better than indifferent. Fair way, the track or course that is clear of obstacles and is therefore taken by vessels in navigating a narrow bay, river, or

—

harbor. adv. Openly; frankly; civcomplaisantly (especially in

illy; c

to speak a person fair ') ; on good terms (to keep fair with the world). To bid fair, to promise well; to be in a fair way; to be likely. n. Elliptically, a fair woman; a handsome female. (Poet.) The fair, the female sex; specifically, the loveliest of that sex. v.t. To make fair or fairish, far'ish, a. Reabeautiful. sonably fair. fairly, far'li, adv. In a

—

—

fair

—

manner; beautifully; handsome-

ly; honestly; justly; equitably; fairness, far 'nes, n. erably.

—

tol-

The

quality or character of being fair; lightness of complexion, beauty;

honesty;

Using

—

fair-spoken, a. speech; bland; civil,

justice.

fair

—

316

fair

Weak; languid;

——

—

courteous, plausible.

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

with sundry superhuman

attributes; an elf or fay;

sonage

any persuperhuman powert;

with

fairyland:}:.

Pertaining to or in

a.

some manner connected with fairies; coming from fairies; resembling fairy. Fairy ring, a ring (from a fungus) formed by the grass in certain places growing noticeably greener than that around, popularly supposed to be caused by fairies in their dances. fairyland, n. The imaginary land or abode of fairies.

a

—

fairy

tale,

A

n.

tale

relating

to

fairies.

faith, fath, n. [O.E. feid, feith, O.Fr.

from L. feid, fidelity, confide,

The

fides,

faith;

akin

defy,

infidel,

etc.]

of the mind to the truth of what is declared by another; firm and earnest belief on probable evidence of any kind; belief; belief in what is given forth as a revelation of man's relation to God and the infinite; a settled conviction in regard to religion; a system of religious belief; that which is beassent

lieved on any subject, whether in science, politics, or religion; a doctrine or system of doctrines believed; faithfulness; fidelity; word or honor pledged; promise given. In good faith, in real honesty; with perfect

—

faithful, fath'ful, a. Firm sincerity. in faith; firmly adhering to religious or other duty; of true fidelity; loyal; true and constant to a person to one is bound; true to one's word; in conformity to the letter and spirit; conformable to truth; conformable to a prototype; true or exact; worthy of belief. The faithful, those who adhere to the true faith, as contrasted with the adherents of another faith. faithfully, fath'ful«li, adv. In a faithful manner; sincerely; with strong assurance; earnestly; conformably to truth or fact; conformably to an example or faithfulness, prototype. fath'ful— nes, n. The quality or character of being faithful; fidelity; truth; loyfaithless, fath'les, alty; constancy. a. Without faith; not adhering to allegiance, vows, or duty; disloyal; not observant of promises. faithlessly, fath'les»li, adv. In a faithless fath'les— manner. faithlessness, nes, n. State of being faithless. fake, fak, n. [A. Sax. faec, a space or One of the circles or interval.] windings of a rope as it lies in a coil. fake, fak. v. t. [E. dial., to patch, alter.] To impart a false character to; to counterfeit or imitation deceive, n. offered as genuine a fraud. fakir, fa«ker', n. [Ar., lit. a poor man.] An oriental ascetic or begging

whom

—

—

—

—

—

—

A

;

fair, far, n. [Fr. foire, a fair, market; It. feria; 'L.ferice, holidays, festivals.] stated market in a particular town or city; a stated meeting of buyers and sellers for trade. fairing, far'ing, n. present given at a fair. fairy, fa'ri, n. [O.Fr. faerie, Fr.feerie, the power of a fairy, enchantment;

A

fall

from O.Fr. foe, Fr. fie, It. fata, a fairy, lit. a fate, from L. fatum, fate. FATE.] An imaginary being or spirit having a human form, though of a stature much below

human and

monk. falcate, fal'kat, a. [L. falcatus, from falx, folds, a sickle.] Hooked; in shape like a sickle or scythe. falciform, fal 'si-form, a. In the shape of a sickle or reaping hook. falchion, fal'shon, n. [L. falx, folds, a

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

;

note, not,

move;

sickle.]

A

broad short sword with

a slightly curved point. falcon, fal'kn, n. [O.Fr. falcon, Fr. faucon, L.L. falco, probably from L. falx, a reaping hook, from the curved claws and beak.] The common name of various raptorial birds inferior in size to the eagles and vultures, and remarkable for their

elegant form and powers of flight; especially, one trained to hunt wild fowl or other game; a hawk. [The term falcon is by sportsmen restricted to the female, the male, which is smaller and less courageous, being called tersel or tiercel.] A small cannon, musket. falconer,

—

A

fa'kn«er, n. person who breeds and trains falcons or hawks for sport; one who follows the sport

—

with hawks. falconfemale of the goshawk. falconry, fa'kn«ri, n. The art of training falcons to attack wild birds or game ; the sport of pursuing wild fowls or game by means of falcons or hawks. faldstool, fald'stol, n. [Fold or fold, of

fowling

gentle, n.

—

and a

The

stool.]

A

folding stool similar to

campstool;

a

kind

of stool

at

which the kings of England kneel at their coronation; a small desk at which in churches litany is said. fall, fal, v.i. fell (pret.), fallen (pp.). [A. Sax. feallen D. vallen, Dan.

—

=

falde, Icel. folia, G. fallen, to fall. Fell is the causal of this.] To sink from a higher to a lower position; to descend by the power of gravity; to drop down; to sink; to ebb; to drop from an erect posture; to

empty,

disembogue,

or

discharge

said of a stream; to depart from the faith or from rectitude; to sink into sin; to die, particularly by violence; to come to an end suddenly; to perish, be overthrown, or ruined; to sink into weakness; to become faint or feeble (our hopes fall) ; to sink into disrepute or disgrace ; to decline in power, wealth, or glory; to pass into a new state, with or especially suddenness itself;

through inadvertence or ignorance (to fall asleep, to fall into error); decrease; to be diminished in

to

value, or intensity size, (the price falls, the wind falls); to assume an expression of dejection,

weight,

discontent, sorrow, shame, etc.; applied to the countenance ; to happen to befall; to take place; to pass or be transferred by lot, inheritance, or otherwise (something falls to one's share); to belong or appertain; to have to be reckoned to; to be dropped or uttered carelessly; to To fall sink in tone or loudness. among, to come among or into the society of, accidentally or unexpectedly. To fall away, to lose flesh; to become lean or emaciated; to renounce or desert allegiance, faith, or duty; to revolt or rebel; to apostatize; to decline gradually; to To fall languish or become faint. back, to recede; to give way; to go from better to worse; to retrograde; to fail of performing a promise To fall or purpose; not to fulfill.

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — — — ——

——

— — —

fallacious

an assault upon. recede from; to depart; not to adhere to. To fall in, to take one's place in an organized

purpose or in

as soldiers; to termilapse (an annuity falls in

nate or when the annuitant dies).

meet

fallible,

which

falls;

ladies'

veil;

autumn;

shower;

lapse

in vice;

counterfeits or gives to

one a

who

thing a

falsity, fol'deceptive appearance. si«ti, n. The quality of being false; that which is false; a falsehood; a false assertion.

—

—

fail.]

g, go;

falsifier, fol'si«fI«er, falsifies;

—

that

—

—

Pertaining to or embodying something deceptive or misleading; producing error or mistake; tending to ch, Sc. loch;

not.

who

—

A

ch, chain;

it is

One

—

a

to deceive,

which n.

—

A

—

fallo,

L. falsus, and facio, to make. J To represent falsely; to vitiate with false and misleading elements; to garble; to make not genuine ; to disprove ; to prove to be false; to cause to turn out false (to falsify a prediction) ; to v.i. violate or break by falsehood. To violate the truth. falsification, forsi«fi«ka"shon, n. The act of falsifying; a counterfeiting; the giving to a thing an appearance of something

—

ruined; overthrown. fallout, n. Particles of radioactive matter from nuclear explosions carried by air currents and dropped at a distance; the descent of such particles. falling sickness, Epin. lepsy, a disease in which the patient suddenly loses his senses and falls. falling star, n. meteor appearing as a luminous point darting through the sky, and followed by a long train of light. fallacious, faMa'shus, a. [Fr. fallacieux, from L. fallax, fallacis, deceit-

from

fallibilis,

from

falsetto, fohset'to, n. [It., from L. falsus, false.] The tones above the natural compass of the voice. falter, fol'ter, v.i. [A freq. connected fallibility, fal«i»biri«ti, n. The state with fault, from a supposed Fr. verb of being fallible ; liableness to deceive corresponding to Sp. faltar, It. falor to be deceived. fallibly, fal'i«bli, tare, to fail, from L. fallere, to adv. In a fallible manner. deceive, fault, fail.] To hesitate Fallopian tube, fa«lo'pe«en tub, n. in the utterance of words; to speak with a broken or trembling utterance [From Gabriel Fallopius, a 16th to stammer; not to be firm and century Italian anatomist.] Either of steady; to tremble. n. The act the pair of tubes, arising from the of faltering; hesitation; trembling; uterus and each connected to an quavering. faltering, fol'ter«ing, a. ovary, which conduct the egg into Trembling ; hesitating. falteringly, the uterus. fol'ter-ing'li, adv. With hesitation; fallow, fal'6, a. [O.E. fealo, fealu, with a trembling, broken voice. pale yellow or dun; akin to G. fahl, pale, and Gr. polios, gray.] Of a pale fame, fam, n. [Fr. fame, from L. yellow-brown; dun. fallow deer, n. fama, fame, renown, from fori, to speak; whence also fate. fate.] small, pale yellow, European deer. Public report or rumor; report or fallow, fal'6, a. [O.E. fealg, feahl, opinion widely diffused; renown; plowed land.] Left to rest without famed, famd, notoriety; celebrity. a crop after plowing; untilled; uncultivated; neglected; unoccupied; p. and a. Much talked of; renowned; famous, fa'mus, a. [L. celebrated. unused. n. Land that has lain a year famosus, Fr. fameux.] Celebrated in or more untilled or unsown; land fame or public report; renowned; plowed without being sowed; the much talked of; distinguished in plowing of land, without sowing it, story, —famously, fa'mus«li, adv. In for a season. v.t. To leave fallow famous manner. famousness,! a or plowed but not sown in crop. fa'mus«nes, n. The state of being false, fols, a. [L. falsus, false, from famous; renown; celebrity. fail.] Not fallo, falsum, to deceive, true; not conformable to fact; ex- familiar, fa«mil'yer, a. [L. familiaris, from familia, a household, the servpressing what is contrary to that ants of a family, from famulus, a which exists, is done, said, or servant, family.] Well acquainted; thought; intended to mislead; counclosely intimate; well versed (in a terfeit; forged; not real or genuine; subject of study); exhibiting the hypocritical; feigned; not agreeable manner of an intimate friend; to rule or propriety {false construcaffable; accessible; characterized by tion in language); not honest or just; ease or absence of stiffness of pedfraudulent; not faithful or loyal; antry; easy; well known; well undertreacherous; perfidious; deceitful; well stood; of everyday occurrence or use. not inconstant; unfaithful; Familiar spirit, a spirit or demon founded or based {false hopes); consupposed to be constantly at the structed for show or a subsidiary command of some person. n. An purpose {a. false bottom, a false keel). intimate; a close companion; a fafalsehearted, a. Treacherous; defalsehood, fols'miliar spirit; an officer of the Inquisiceitful; perfidious. tion employed in apprehending and hod, n. Contrariety or want of imprisoning persons accused. faconformity to fact or truth ; falseness miliarity, fa«mil'i«ar"i«ti, n. The want of truth or veracity; untruthstate of being familiar; unconstrained fulness; what is false or untrue; a intercourse ; intimate acquaintance lie; an untrue assertion; want of or knowledge; intimacy; pi. actions honesty; deceitfulness ; perfidy; imcharacterized by too much license; falsely, fols'li, adv. In a posture. familiarization, fa»mil'liberties. manner contrary to truth and fact; yer«i«za"shon, n. Act or process of not truly; untruly. falseness, fols'making or becoming familiar. nes, n. The state or quality of being familiarize, fa«mil'yer«iz, v.t.—fafalse ; untruthfulness ; want of verac-

lost to virtue;

ful,

[L.L.

a.

—

falsified, falsifying. [Fr. falsifier,

fallacimistake; liable to deceive or to be deceived; liable to error or going astray.

or

Dropped; degraded; sunk

A

duplicity; deceit; unfaithfulfalsify, fol'si'fi, v.t. ness ; perfidy.

ity;

fallo, to deceive, ous, fail.] Liable to fail or

kind of declension from innocence or goodness; [cap.] specifically the lapse into sin of our first parents Adam and Eve; naut. the part of a tackle to which the power is applied in hoisting. To try a fall, to try a bout at wrestling. fallen, fal'en, or a. pp. a

fal'i-bl,

;

from L.

crease of price or value; a sinking of tone; cadence; descent of water; a cascade or cataract; extent of descent; the distance through which anything falls or may fall ; amount of slope; declivity; the season when trees;

manner

misleading or mistaken argument; an argument or proposition apparently sound but really containing some undetected error, and therefore misleading; any unsound but specious mode of arguing.

throw; downfall; degradation; declension of greatness, power, or dominion; ruin; diminution; de-

from

a

—

To fall casually; to happen to meet; to concur, agree, or comply with. To fall off, to be broken or detached from something; to apostatize; to fall away; to get into disuse; to decline from former excellence; to become less valuable or interesting; to become less; to decrease; naut. to deviate from the course to which the head of the ship was before directed. To fall on or upon, to begin suddenly and eagerly; to begin an attack on; to assault; to assail; to come upon, usually with some degree of suddenness and unexpectedness; to drop on; to light on; to come upon. To fall out, to quarrel; to begin to contend; to happen; to befall; to chance; to turn out; to prove. To fall short, to be deficient. To fall to, to begin hastily and eagerly; to apply one's self to. To fall under, to come under or within the limits of; to be subjected to; to become the subject of. n. The act of one who or that which falls; a dropping or descending; descent; a tumble; death; destruction; over-

fall

manner;

sophistically; with to deceive. fallaciousness, fal«la'shus»nes, n. State of being fallacious. fallacy, fal'la«si, n. [L. fallacia, deceit.] fallacious

body of men,

——— — — —

familiar

mislead. .'. Fallacious reasoning consists of arguments that deceive or mislead one, though not necessarily purposely. Sophistical reasoning is intendedly false reasoning, consisting of arguments so subtle as not to be easily detected and controverted, advanced purposely to mislead. fallaciously, fal«la'shus«li, adv. In a

to attack; to make To fall from, to

leaves

;

317

back upon, to have recourse to, generally to some support or expedient formerly tried. To fall down, to prostrate one's self in worship or supplication; to sink; to come to the ground. To fall foul of,

in with, to

— ——

——

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, axrure.

—

—

——

——

;

family

and under one head; the parents and children alone; the children as distinguished from the parents; those who descend from one house

common

progenitor; a tribe or race; kindred; lineage; line of ancestors; honorable descent; noble or respectable stock (a man of family); in scientific classifications, a group of individuals more comprehensive than a genus, and less so than an order. familial, fa«mil'yal, a. Of or pertaining to the family; hereditary Family Compact, the compact formed in 1 733 between the divisions of the Bourbon family, Philip of Spain and Louis of France, against British supremacy. family man, n. One who has a family or household; .

V

a married man. famine, fam'in,

—

famine, from L. fames, hunger.] Scarcity of food; dearth; a general want of provisions

destitution.

[O.Fr. fames.]

n. [Fr.

—famish,

famis,

fam'ish, v.t. starving, from L.

To kill or destroy with hunger; to starve; to cause to suffer from hunger or thirst; to distress with hunger; to force or compel by famine. v.i. To die of hunger; to suffer extreme hunger or thirst; to suffer by the deprivation of any necessary.

fan, fan, n. [A. Sax. farm, fan, from L. vannus, a fan for winnowing; akin to L. ventus, wind, and E. wind, tvimtow.] The name of various instruments for exciting a current of air by the agitation of a broad surface, vanes or disks; a machine for winnowing grain; an instrument used by ladies to agitate the air and cool the face; anything resembling this; what fans or excites. v.t. fanned, fanning. To move or agitate as with a fan ; to cool and refresh by moving the air with a fan; to winnow; to separate chaff from, and drive it away by a current of air; fig. to produce effects on analogous to those of a fan in exciting flame, to excite or stir up

—

to activity; to stimulate.

A

—fanlight,

fan-shaped window situated over a door in a circular-headed opening. fanner, fan'er, n. One who fans; a rotatory contrivance with vanes for ventilating the interior of a chamber ; an arrangement of vanes for blowing fires; pi. a fan or n.

A

person n. affected by excessive enthusiasm and devotion. fan, fan, n. [From fanatic] An admirer or devotee of someone or something. fanatically, fa«nat'i— kaNli, fanaticism, adv. fa«nat'i«sizm, n. The state or character of a fanatic ; wild and extravagant notions of religion; religious frenzy; fervid fanaticize, fa«nat'i«siz, v.t. To zeal.

—

— —

—

make fancy,

fanatic. fan'si, n. [Contr. for fantasy,

phantasy, from L. and Gr. phantasia, a fancy, from Gr. phantazo, to make visible, from phaino, to show; akin phantom, phenomenon.] phase of the intellectual faculty of a lighter and less impressive cast than the imagination, or the active play of

A

—

for winnowing grain. fantail, n. variety of the domestic pigeon; a form of gasburner. fanwindow, n. window having a semicircular outline and a sash formed of radial bars.

machine

A

A

fate, far, fire, fat, fall;

new and

this lighter faculty; a

pleas-

ing thought or conception due to this faculty; the happy and poetical embodiment of such conception in words; a poetical illustration or ornament, as a simile, metaphor, and the like; an opinion or notion; an impression or supposition; a whim or conceit; inclination; liking; fondThe fancy, a name ness; preference. for sporting characters, especially prize fighters. a. Fine; elegant; ornamental (fancy goods); beyond intrinsic value ; extravagant (a fancy price). v.i. fancied, fancying. To imagine; to figure to one's self; to believe or suppose without proof. v.t. To form a conception of; to portray in the mind; to imagine; to fancier, like; to be pleased with.

—

—

fan'si«er, n.

who

is

One who

influenced by

fanciful,

famous. See fame.

far

fanatic, fanatical, fa«nat'ik, fa«nati«kal, a. [L. fanaticus, inspired, enthusiastic, from fanum, a place dedicated to some deity, a temple.] Reckless and extravagant in opinions.

fan'si«ful,

fancies; one his fancies.

a.

Guided by

fancy rather than by reason and experience; subject to the influence of fancy; whimsical: applied to persons; dictated or produced by fancy; appealing to or pleasing the fancy; full of wild images; curiously shaped applied to things. fancifully, fansi«ful*li, adv. In a fanciful manner.

—

fancifulness, fan'si«ful«nes, n. The fanciless, quality of being fanciful. fan'si»les, a. Destitute of fancy.

—

fancy ball, n. A ball in which persons appear in fancy dresses, imitations of antique costumes, etc. fancy-free, a. Free from the power of love. fancywork, n. Ornamental knitting, embroidery, etc., performed by

—

ladies.

fandango, fan«dang'go, n. A lively Spanish dance borrowed from the Moors, danced by two persons, male and female, the music being in triple time.

fanfare, fan'far, n. [Fr.] A flourish of trumpets ; a short tune of a cheerful cast, played with hunting horns; an ostentatious parade or boast; fanfaron, fan'fa«ron, n. bravado. [Fr.] A bully; a hector; a swaggerer; an empty boaster. fanfaronade, fan«far'o«nad", n. [Fr.] A swaggering;

—

—

ostentation; bluster. fang, fang, n. [A. Sax. fang, a taking,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—— —— ——

—

:

318

miliarized, familiarizing. To make familiar or intimate; to habituate; to accustom; to make intimately acquainted; to render conversant or fully acquainted by practice or customary use, or by intercourse. familiarly, fa»mil'yer»li, adv. In a familiar manner. family, fam'i«li, n. [L. familia, a household, the slaves or servants of a house; from famulus, a servant, a slave, from Oscan famel, a servant, from faama, Skr. dhdman, a house.] The body of persons who live in one

XV

—

——

note, not,

move;

from fon (for fahan), to seize feng, pp. fangen) = G. fangen, Goth, fahan, D. vangen, to take.] The tusk of a boar or other animal by which the prey is seized and held; a long pointed tooth; the hollow poison tooth of a serpent; a claw or talon; the catch of a pump. Off the grasp, (jpret.

fang, out of sorts,

listless.

v.t.

To

pump by

pouring water on fanged, fangd, p. and a. Furit. nished with fangs, tusks, or something resembling these. fangled, fang'gld, a. [From old J angle, a gewgaw, something to catch the start a

—

r

eye

from

old fangen,

to

catch.]

Gaudy; showy; fond of finery. (Used by Shakespeare, but now only in the

compound

new-fangled.')

fanon, fan'on, n. [Fr. fanon, from Goth, fana, cloth, a banner.] Eccles. a kind of napkin of handkerchief used by the priest at mass; also an ornament attached to a priest's left arm. fan palm, n. A name for the taliput and one or two other palms. fantasia, fan*ta'ze«a, n. [It., lit. a fantasy or fancy, from L. and Gr. phantasia, a fancy, whence also E. fancy.] species of musical fancy,

A

composition having no particular theme, but ranging amidst various airs and movements. fantasm, fan'tazm, n. Same as Phantasm. fantast,

—

—

One whose mind

fan'tast, n.

of fantastic notions.

is

full

—fantastic, fan-

tastical, fan«tas'tik, fan«tas'ti«kal, a. [Fr. fantastique, from Gr. phantastikos, from phantasia, vision, fancy.]

existing only in imagiimaginary; chimerical; whimsical; capricious; indulging the vagaries of imagination ; having oddness of figure or appearance; whimsically shaped; grotesque. n. A whimsical person; a fop. fan-

Fanciful; nation;

—

tasticality, fan«tas'ti»kari«ti, n. Fanfantastically, fan«tas'tasticalness. ti«kal'li, adv. In a fantastic manner;

—

—

fantascapriciously; whimsically. ticalness, fan«tas'ti«kal«nes, n. State of being fantastical. fantasy, fan'mental image, especially ta«si, n.

—

A

of the unrestricted imagination; a daydream; a visionary idea; a caprice.

fantoccini, fan«to«che'ni, n. pi. [It.] Puppets worked by concealed wires or strings; a puppet show; marionettes.

fantom, fan'tom,

n.

Same

as

Phan-

tom. far, far, a. [A. Sax. /ear; D. ver, Icel. fjarri, Goth, fairra, G. fern, far allied to fore, ferry, fare; the root being same as that of L. per, through; G. pera, beyond; Skr. para, other.] Distant; separated by a wide space; hence, remote as regards wishes, more distant affections; feelings, of the two applied to the right side of a horse. adv. To a great extent or distance of space; to a remote period; in great part (the day far spent); in a great proportion; by many degrees ; very much (far better or higher) to whatever point, degree, By far, in or distance (as far as). From a great degree ; very much. :

;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— —— — —— —

—

— ———— — — ——— —

farad from a great distance; from a remote place. Far other, very diffar-fetched,

p.

and

a.

orately strained (a far-fetched explafar-off, a. Faraway; disnation). tant; remote in space or time. farsighted, a. Seeing to a great distance; calculating carefully the distant results of present conduct or action; not capable of perceiving objects near at hand distinctly.

farsightedness, n. The state or farther, quality of being farsighted. far'THer, a. compar. [Not the original compar. of far, which was far-er {ferrer), but assimilated to further.]

—

[L. farina, flour, from far, a sort of grain.] Meal or flour; a soft, tasteless, and com-

far'THer»most, a. superl. Being at the farthest distance; most remote. farthest, far'THest, a. superl. At the greatest distance either in time or place. adv. At or to the greatest distance. far 'ad, n. [In honor of Faraday.} The unit of electrical capacity in the practical system of units, being the capacity of a condenser

farad,

which one coulomb of electricity raises to a potential of one volt. faTad'ik,

a.

Applied

to

induction electricity. faradization, faradism, far'a«di«za"shon, far 'ad— izm, n. The medical application of the magneto-electric currents which Faraday discovered in 1837. farce, fars, v.t. farced, farcing. [Fr. farcir, L. farcio, to stuff.] To stuff with forcemeat; to fill with mingled

—

farinose, far'i»nos, a. Yielding farina. farm, farm, n. [A. Sax. feorm, fyrm, food, provisions, a feast, entertainment; hence, a piece of land that has to supply a certain quantity of provisions ; from L.L. firma (from L. firmus, firm, established), farm rent, sum settled or fixed.] tract of land cultivated by either the owner of the land or a tenant, and usually divided into fields. v.t. To let to a tenant on condition of paying rent; to hold and cultivate either as tenant or as owner; to lease or let, as taxes or other duties, at a certain sum or v.i. To be a certain rate per cent. employed in agriculture ; to cultivate farmer, far'mer, n. One the soil.

who

farms; one who cultivates a farm; an agriculturist; a husbandman; one who takes taxes, customs, excise, or other duties, to collect for a certain gross sum or a rate per cent. farmhouse, farm'hous, house attached to a farm for n. farming, the residence of a farmer. far'ming, a. Pertaining to agriculture.

or crammed with humor.] dramatic composition of a broadly comic character; a comedy full of extravagant drollery; ridiculous parade; empty pageantry; mere show. farcical, far'si«kal, a. Belonging to a farce; of the character of a

A

A

—

The business of a farmer; n. husbandry. farmstead, farm'sted, n. The system of buildings connected with a farm; a homestead. farmyard, farm 'yard, n. The yard or enclosure surrounded by or connected with the farm buildings. faro, fa'ro, n. [Said to be from Pharaoh having formerly been depicted on one of the cards.] A game at cards in which a person plays against the bank. farrago, fa«ra'go, n. [L. from far,

—

farce; droll; ludicrous; ridiculous. farcically, far'si«kal«li, adv. In a

manner.

A

far'si, n. disease of horses intimately connected with glanders, the two diseases generally running into each other.: farcy bud, n. tumor which appears early in the disease farcy. fare, far, v.i. fared, faring. [A. Sax. Icel. Sw. fara, Dan. faran, to go fare, D. varen, G. fahren, to go, same root as L. per, through, porta, gate, Gr. poros, passage, peiro, to pierce; E. far, ferry, etc.] To go; to pass; to move forward; to travel; to be in any state, good cr bad; to be in a certain condition as regards bodily or social comforts; to be entertained with food; to happen; to turn out or result; to be; with it impersonally. n. The sum paid or due for conveying a person by land, air, or water; food; provisions of the table; condition; treatment by circumstances; fortune; the person

A

— =

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

farther. See far. farthing, far'THing,

n. [A. Sax. ferthfeorthing, the fourth part of a thing, from feorth, fourth, from feower, four.] The fourth of a penny, a small copper coin of Britain, the fourth of a penny in value. farthingale, far'THing«gal, n. [O.Fr. vertugalle, vertugade, from Sp. verdugo, a rod or shoot of a tree, hence a hoop.] hoop petticoat formerly

ing,

worn by

A

mass composed of various meal.] materials confusedly mixed; a medfa«raj'i«nus, a. farraginous, of various materials mixed. farrier, far'i«er, n. [O.Fr. ferrier, from ferrer, to shoe a horse, from L. ferrum, iron.] A shoer of horses; one who combines the art of horseshoeing with the profession of vetv.i. To practice as erinary surgery. ley.

Formed

farriery, far'i«er«i, n. The a farrier. art of shoeing horses; the art of curing the diseases of horses, oxen, sheep, pigs, etc. ; veterinary surgery. farrow, far '6, n. [A. Sax. fearh, a little pig; akin to O.H.G. farah, G. j,

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

ladies,

or the

circles

of

hoops used to extend the petticoat. fasces, fas'sez, n. pi. [L.] A bundle of rods, with an ax bound in along with them, anciently borne before the superior Roman magistrates as a badge of their power over life and limb ; the symbol of the Fascist party in Italy.

fascia, fash'i-a,

n. pi.

fasciae, fash'i-c.

A

band, sash, or fillet, or something resembling this in shape; a surgical bandage; arch, a long band of stone or brick forming a [L.]

slight projection. at,

a.

fasciate, fash'i—

Banded or bound together;

fasciated, fash'i«a«ted, a. a fillet, sash, or bandage hot. applied to the peculiar flattened fasciated.

A

n. [Fr. farce, It. farsa, farcio, to stuff, from being

farcy,

of the

seeds of cereal plants, and of some farinaceous, roots, as the potato. far»i»na'shus, a. Consisting or made of meal or flour; containing or yielding farina or flour; mealy. trituration

stuffed

farcical

A

To

and leguminous

ingredients.

from L.

ferkel, D. varken, a pig; L. porcus, litter of a pig, being also allied.] bring forth pigs. pigs. v.t. and i.

n.

monly white powder, obtained by

distant than something else; tending to a greater distance; additional. adv. At or to a greater distance; more remotely; beyond; by way of progression in a subject; moreover. farthermost,

;

A

dictory.

farina, fa«re'na,

More remote; more

——— — — — — fashion

or persons conveyed in a vehicle. farewell, far'wel, [From fare, in the imper., and well.] May you fare or prosper well; a wish of happiness to those who leave or those who are left: it sometimes has the pronoun inserted between its two elements; as fare you well. Sometimes it is an expression of mere separation (like ' good-bye ' or ' adieu ')• n. Good-bye; adieu; leave; departure; final look, reference, or attention. a. Leave-taking; vale-

Brought from a remote place; not easily or naturally introduced; elab-

faradic,

— ——

319

far,

ferent.

—

Bound with stems

or

branches

which

occur

fasciation, occasionally in trees. fash«i«a'shon, n. The state of being fasciated; the act or manner of binding up diseased parts; bandage. fascicle, fas'si«kl, n. [L. fasciculus, little bundle from fascis, a bundle.] or collection; hot. a form of cyme in which the flowers are clustered together in a more or less compact fasciculate, fasciculated, bundle fascicled, fascicular, fas«sik'u*lat, fas«sik'u«la»ted, fas'si«kld, fas«sik'u— ler, a. Bot. growing in bundles or bunches from the same point: said of leaves, stems, roots, etc. fasciculately, fas«sik'u«lat«li, adv. In a fascicule, fas'fasciculate manner. fasciculus, si«kul, n. fascicle. fas«sik'u'lus, n. fascicle; one of the separate divisions or numbers in which a book is published. fascinate, fas'si«nat, v.t. fascinated,

A

.

A

A

—

fascinating. [Fr. fasciner, L. fascino, fascinatum, to fascinate, bewitch.] To bewitch; to enchant; to operate

on by some powerful or irresistible influence; to charm; to captivate; to allure irresistibly or powerfully. v.i. To exercise a bewitching or fascinating, fas'captivating power. si«na«ting, p. and a. Bewitching; enchanting; charming; captivating. fascination, fas«si«na'shon, n. The act of fascinating, bewitching, or enchanting; enchantment; a charm. fascism, fash'Izm, n. totalitarian form of government in Italy administered by the Fascisti (a political organization) which advocated the building of a highly nationalistic state, recognizing private ownership

—

A

except when the state determined Fascist, fash'ist, a. Of otherwise. or pertaining to fascism. n. A member of the Fascisti. fashion, fash 'on, n. [O.Fr. fachon,

th, thin;

—

w,

u>ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

——

—

—

facton, from L. /actio, a making, from facio, to make, fact.] The make or form of anything; external form; shape; pattern; make according to the custom of the time; prevailing

mode

of

dress

or

ornament; manner, sort, way, or mode; custom; prevailing practice; genteel life or good breeding; genteel society. v.t. To form; to give shape or figure to; to mold. fashionable, fash'on*a*bl, a. Conforming to the fashion or established mode; taking the public taste and being in vogue; established by custom; current; prevailing; dressing or behaving according to the prevailing fashion; genteel; wellbred. n. A person of fashion. fashionableness, fash'on«a«bl«nes, n. The state of being fashionable. fashionably, fash'on«a«bli, adv. In a manner according to fashion; according to the prevailing mode. fashioner, fash'on«er, n. One who fashions. fast, fast, a. [A. Sax. fast, fest, fast, firm D. vast, Icel. fastr. Dan. fast, G. fest, firm, solid. Hence fast, quick, and verb to fast.] Firmly fixed; close; tight; closely adhering; made close; strong against attack; firm in adherence; not easily alienated (a fast friend); steadfast; faithful; lasting; durable (a fast

=

adv. Firmly; immovably. fast and loose, to act in an inconstant manner; to say one thing and do another. fasten, fas'n, v.t. [A. Sax. fcestnian, to secure.] To fix firmly; to make fast or close; to secure, as by lock, bolt, or the like; to join in close union; to unite v.i. closely; to attach; to affix. To fix one's self or itself, to become fastener, fas'n«er, n. One attached. who or that which fastens. fastening, fas'n»ing, n. Anything that fastfastens, binds, attaches, etc. ness, fast'nes, n. [A. Sax. fcestnes, firmness, a fortification.] The state of being fast, firm, or secure; strength; security; a stronghold; a castle; a fortified place; a color).

To play

—

—

— —

fortress.

fast, fast, a. [The same word as fast, fixed firm or steadfast (one who runs fast runs steadfastly) Icel. fast, rapidly, quickly, from fastr, firm.] Swift; moving rapidly; quick in motion; rapid; dissipated; devoted to pleasure ; indulging in sensual vices: said of a man; imitating the manners or habits of a man: said of a female. adv. In a fast or quick manner; swiftly; rapidly; with quick steps or progression; prodigally and fastwastefully; with dissipation. ness, fast'nes, n. The state or quality

=

—

of being

v.i.

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

father

from food; a withholding from the usual quantity of nourishment; voluntary abstinence from food as a religious mortification or tion; the time of fasting.

fastidious, fas«tid'i«us,

humilia[L. fasti-

a.

from fastidium, loathing, fastidiousness, from fastus, haughti-

diosus,

ness.]

Hard or

to please; squeamish; delicate to a fault; overnice; difficult to suit. fastidiously, fas«tid'i«us«li, adv. In a fastidifficult

—

dious manner. tid'i«us«nes,

fastigiate,

— fastidiousness,

fas»-

n.

fastigiated,

fas«tij'i«at,

fas«tij'i«a-ted, a. [L.fastigiatus, point-

ed, from fastigium, a top or peak.] Peaked or pointed at top; hot. tapering to a narrow point like a pyramid, as a plant when the branches become gradually shorter from the base to the apex. fat, fat, a. [A. Sax. fcet — T>. vet, Dan. fed, Icel. feitr, G. fett, fat. Hence, to fatten, fading.] Fleshy; plump; obese; corpulent; the contrary to lean; oily; greasy; unctuous; coarse; heavy; dull; stupid (especially in such compounds as /ar-brained, fatwitted); producing a large income; rich; fertile; nourishing. solid n. oily substance of whitish or yellow color, a compound of carbon,

A

oxygen, found in certain parts of animal bodies, lard and tallow being varieties of it; the v.t. best or richest part of a thing.

and

hydrogen,

—

fatted, fatting.

—

To make

—

fat; to fatten.

To grow fat. fatling, fat 'ling, Any young animal fattened for

v.i.

n.

slaughter, as a lamb, kid, or the like. fatly, fat'li, adv. In a fat manner; fatness, fat'nes, grossly; greasily. n. The state or quality of being fat;

—

—

corpulence;

plumpness; unctuous-

ness; oiliness; richness;

fertility.

fatten, fat'n, v.t. To make fat; to feed for slaughter; to enrich; to make fertile. v.i. To grow fat; to become plump or fleshy. fattener, fat'n«er, n. One who or that which fattens; that which gives fatness, fatty, fat'i, a. richness, or fertility. Having the nature or qualities of fat; greasy. fatty acid, n. Any of

—

—

—

numerous saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic, monocarboxylic, organic acids, such as palmetic acid and stearic acid, that naturally occur as esters in fat. fatal, fatal, a. [L.fatalis, from fat ion, fate. fate.] Mortal; destructive; calamitous fatalism, disastrous. fa'tal«izm, n. The doctrine that all events take place by inevitable necessity, and man is powerless to change them; the belief in, or the attitude of mind determined fatalist, faby, such a doctrine,

—

;

talist,

fast.

[A. Sax. fcestan, to fast; probably from fcest, firm, steadfast, the meaning being to be steadfast D. vasten, Dan. faste, in abstaining Icel. and Sw. fasta, G. fasten, Goth. fastan, to fast.] To abstain from food beyond the usual time ; to go hungry; to abstain from food, or particular kinds of food, voluntarily, especially n. Abstinence for religious reasons.

fast, fast,

— — ——

320

fast

the

— — —

n.

Pertaining

—

fatalism. state of

fatalistic,

fa*ta«lis'tik,

a.

to fatalism; implying fatality, f'a-tali-ti, n. The

being

fatal;

a

rixed

unalterable course of things; a fatal occurrence; a calamitous accident. fatally, fa'tal-li, adv.

morgana,

fata mor«ga'na, n. supposed to be the [It., because work of a fata or fairy called Morgana.] A striking optical illusion

fata

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note,

not,

move;

remarked in the Strait of Messina, between the coasts of Sicily and Calabria a variety of mirage. principally

—

fate, fat, n. [L.

fatum

(lit.

that

which

has been spoken), destiny as pronounced by the gods, fate, from fari, to speak (whence also fama, fame,

and fanum,

a fane),

from

a root

which

appears also in Gr. phanai, to speak, and phaos, light; akin fable, fairy, fay, affable, etc.] A fixed decree or sentence, by which the order of things is prescribed; inevitable necessity settling how events are to befall ; unavoidable concatenation and succession of events; destiny; predetermined lot; human destiny; the final fortune of anything; final event; death; destruction; [cap.] pi. {myth.) the Destinies or Parcae [cap.] the three goddesses supposed to preside over the birth and life of men, called Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. fated, fa'ted, a. Assigned or gifted with a certain fate; doomed; ;

—

—

fateful, destined; regulated by fate. fat'ful, a. Bringing or deciding fate or destiny; fatal. father, fa'THer, n. [A.Sax. feeder = D. vader, Icel. fathir, Dan. and Sw. vater, L. fader, Goth, fadar, pater, Gr. pater, Per. padar, Skr. pitri father; perhaps from a root pa. to feed.] He who begets a child; a male parent; a male ancestor more remote than a parent, especially the first ancestor; the founder of a race, family, or line; a respectful mode of address to an old man; one who exercises paternal care over another; a guardian, protector, or preserver; the first to practice any art; a distinguished example; a teacher; originator; cause; [usually cap.] the appellation of the first person in the Trinity; the title given to dignitaries of the church, confessors, and priests; the eldest member of a Father profession, or other body. of the House, in England the member in the Commons who has sat the Fathers of longest period of time the Church, the name given to the early teachers and expounders of Christianity, whose writings have thrown light upon the history, doctrines, and observances of the Chrisv.t tian church in the early ages. To beget as a father; to assume as one's own work; to profess or acknowledge one's self to be the author of; to ascribe or charge to one as his offspring or production (to father fatherhood, a book on a person). fa THer«hud, n. The state of being a father; the character or authority father-in-law, n. The of a father. father of one's husband or wife. fatherland, fa THer«land, n. [A literal Vaterland.] translation of the G. One's native country; the country of one's fathers or ancestors. fatherless, fa THer«les, a. Destitute

G

—

—

—

of a living father; without a author.

known

— fatherliness, fa'THer«li«nes,

The state or quality of being fatherly; parental kindness, care, and fatherly, fa'THefli, a. tenderness. Like a father in affection and care; paternal; protecting; pertaining to a n.

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound,

— ——

—

———

fathom adv.

father. father.

In the

manner of

—

deities, differing little from satyrs. fauna, fa'na, n. [N.L. Fauna, sister

—fathomable, —

of Faunus.] The animals peculiar to a region, epoch, or geological stratum; the animals adapted to a

faTH'um«a«bl, a. Capable of being fathomed or comprehended. fathomless, faTH'um«les, a. That of which no bottom can be found; bottomless; not to be penetrated or

comprehended. fa«teg', v.t. tiguing. [Fr. fatiguer,

to weary.]

—fatigued, from L.

To weary

environment. faveolate, fa«ve'o«lat, a. [L. favus, a honeycomb.]. Formed like a honeyspecific

comb;

fa-

with labor or

to befriend.] Kind regard; friendly disposition; a state of being looked on with good will or kindness ; a kind act or office; kindness done or granted; an act of grace or good will; leave; good will; pardon; a token of love; a knot of ribbons worn at

;

tion of strength; the cause of weariness; labor undergone; toil; the labors of military men distinct from the use of arms. fatigue duty, n. The work of soldiers distinct from the use of arms. fading, fatten, etc. See fat. fatuity, fa«tu'i»ti, n. [L. fatuitas, from fatuus, silly.] Weakness or imbecility of mind; feebleness of intellect; foolishness. fatuous, fat'u«us, a. [L. fatuus.] Feeble in mind; weak; idi-

—

a marriage or on other festive occasions; something worn as a token of affection; convenience afforded for success (under fav or of darkness); partiality; bias; aspect, look, or appearance {Shak.)%. v.t. To regard with favor or kindness; to support; to aid or have the disposition to aid; to be propitious to; to befriend; to show favor or partiality to; to afford advantages for success to; to render favorable, fa'easier; to facilitate. ver«a«bl, a. Kind; propitious; friendly; affectionate; manifesting partiality; conducive; contributing; tending to promote; advantageous; affording favorableness, fa'ver«a«facilities. bl«nes, n. The condition or quality of being favorable. favorably, fa'ver— a«bli, adv. In a favorable manner. favored, fa'verd, a. Regarded or treated with favor; having special advantages or facilities; featured, now only in the compounds wellfavored, ill-favored.—favorer, fa'-

—

—

otically silly; foolish.

the

gullet.]

n. pi.

Anat.

[L., the throat, the gullet or

—

windpipe; the posterior part of the mouth, terminated by the pharynx

and larynx.

—

faucal, fa'kal, a. Pertaining to the fauces.

faucet,

from L. spout fitted with a

fa'set, n. [Fr. fausset,

falsus, false.]

A

—

valve, for drawing liquids through a pipe; a spigot.

—

fa. Exclamation of contempt or abhorrence. fault, folt, n. [O.Fr. faulte, Fr. faute, It. and Sp. falta, fault, defect, from a Romance verb (not recorded in French), from a L. freq. fallitare,

faugh,

A

from

alveolate; cellular.

favonian, fa«vo'ni«an, a. [L. favonius, the west wind.] Pertaining to the west wind. favor, fa'ver, n. [Fr. faveur, from L. favor, favoris, from faveo, to favor,

fatigo,

any bodily or mental exertion; to harass with toil; to exhaust the strength by severe or long-continued exertion; to tire or wear out. n. Weariness from bodily labor or mental exertion lassitude or exhaus-

fauces, fa'sez,

faults,

—

ginally the space to which a man may extend his arms. v.t. To try the depth of; to find the bottom or extent of; to sound; fig. to pene-

fatigue,

Containing

blemishes, or defects; defective; imperfect; guilty of a fault or of faults; blamable. faultfinder, n. One who censures or objects. faun, fan, n. [L. Faunus, a deity of the woods and fields.] Rom. myth, one of a kind of demigods or rural fol'ti, a.

ver'er, n.

propriety; something worthy of some blame or censure; a defect; a blemish; a flaw; among sportsmen, the act of losing the scent ; a lost scent geol. and mining, a break or dislocation of strata ; an interruption in the continuity of strata such that the strata on either side appear elevated or depressed. At fault, puzzled; in some difficulty or perplexity; also, to blame; deserving censure. To find fault, to express blame ; to take exception. To find fault with, to take exception to; to censure. faultily, fol'tMi, adv. In a faulty

ed with peculiar favor, preference, and affection; one greatly beloved; often one unduly favored one treated with undue partiality. The favor-

— faultiness, The of being or erroneous. — manner.

state

fol'ti«nes,

the horse favored by betting on Regarded with a. a horse race. particular affection or preference. favoritism, fa'ver«itMzm, n. The disposition to patronize favorites, or to promote the interest of a person or persons to the neglect of others having equal claims.

favus, fa'vus, n. [L., a honeycomb.] A kind of ringworm, a disease attacking the scalp, and characterized by yellowish dry incrustations some-

fault; not defective or imperfect; free from blemish, vice, or faultlessly, folt'offense; perfect.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

— —

fawning,

first j,

;'ob;

year.

v.i.

ng, siw^;

To bring TH, then;

forth

servile

way;

with

mean

flattery.

fay, fa, n. [Fr. fee, L.L. fata, a fairy. fairy.] fairy; an elf. fay, fa, v.t. [A. Sax. fcegian, to fit.] To fit two pieces of timber together so that they lie close and fair. fayalite, fa'yaMt, n. [Fayal, one of the Azores, where it is found.] black, greenish, or brownish mineral, consisting mainly of silicate of iron. fealty, fe'al«ti, n. [O.Fr. fealte,feaute, fealty, from L. fidelitas, faithfulness, fidelity; it is thus the same word as fidelity.] Fidelity to a superior; faithful adherence of a tenant or vassal to the superior of whom he holds his lands; faithfulness of any person to another; faith. fear, fer, n. [A. Sax. faer, fear, peril; Icel. far, harm, mischief; O.H.G. fdra, danger, fright; Mod.G. gefahr, danger; from root of E. fare, to travel; seen also in L. periculum, painful emotion danger (E. peril).] excited by an expectation of evil or the apprehension of impending danger; anxiety; solicitude; holy awe and reverence for God and his laws; respect; due regard, as for persons of authority or worth. v.t. To feel fear or a painful apprehension of; to be afraid of; to suspect; to doubt; to reverence; to have a reverential awe of; to venerate; to affright or to v.i. To be in fear; terrify {Shak.)%. to be in apprehension of evil; to be fearer, fe'rer, n. One who afraid. fearful, fer'ful, a. Affected fears.

A

A

A

—

— —

by fear; apprehensive with

solicitude afraid; timorous; wanting courage; impressing fear; terrible; dreadful; fearfully, fer'fuMi, adv. In a awful. fearful manner.— fearfulness, fer'ful«nes, n. The quality of being fearless, fer'les, a. Free fearful. from fear; bold; courageous; infearlessly, fer'trepid; undaunted. les«li, adv. In a fearless manner. fearlessness, fer'les«nes, n. The state

—

—

—

—

fearor quality of being fearless. some, fer 'sum, a. Alarming, terrible. feasible, fe'zi»bl, a. [Fr. faisible, from faire, faisant, to do or make, L. fact.] facere, to do, to make. Capable of being done, performed, executed, or effected; practicable. feasibility, feasibleness, fe«zi«bu"i— fe'zi«bl«nes, n. The quality of ti,

being

—

feasibly, fe'zi«bli, feasible. adv. In a feasible manner. feast, fest, n. [O.Fr. feste (Fr. fete), from L. festum, a holiday, a feast,

what resembling a honeycomb. fawn, fan, n. [Fr. faon, from a form fetonus, from L. fetus, progeny.] A young deer; a buck or doe of the

Without

ch, chain;

A

A person or thing regard-

ite,

faulty, defective, faultless, folt'les, a.

;

Resembling a fawn in a. color; light brown. fawn, fan, v.i. [A. Sax. fcegnian, Icel. fagna, to rejoice, flatter, fain.] To show a servile attachment; to court favor by low cringing, and the like; to flatter meanly; to cringe and bow to gain favor; to cringe and frisk about a person (as a dog). n. servile cringe or bow; mean flattery. fawner, fa'ner, n. One who fawns. fawningly, fa'ning«li, adv. In a

;

n.

— —

fawn.

One who favors.— favorite,

fail.] fallo, to deceive, slight offense; a neglect of duty or

fa'ver«it, n.

—

— feast

les-li, adv. In a faultless manner. faithlessness, folt'les«nes, n. Freedom from faults or defects. faulty,

a

extended; Icel. fathmr, D. vadem, Sw. famn, G. faden, from a root meaning to stretch.] A measure of length containing 6 feet, being ori-

comprehend.

—

321

fathom, faTH'um, n. [A. Sax. fcethm, the bosom, the space of both arms

trate or

—

— —

;

a

th, thin;

from festus, solemn,

festive.]

A sump-

repast or entertainment of which a number of guests partake; a banquet; a delicious meal; something particularly gratifying to the

tuous

w,

u>ig;

hw, whig;

zh, a^ure.

— ———— ———

—— ——— feat

or the mind; a festival in commemoration of some great event, or in honor of some distinguished

personage;

a periodical or stated celebration of some event. v.i. To take a meal of rich or sumptuous viands; to dine or sup on rich provisions; to be highly gratified or delighted. v.t. To entertain with sumptuous food; to treat at the table magnificently; to pamper; to gratify feaster, fes'ter, n. One luxuriously. feasts.

feat, fet, n. [Fr. fait, from L. factum, a deed, from facio, factum, to do. fact.] An act; a deed; an exploit; in particular, any extraordinary act of strength, skill, or cunning. a. [Fr. fait, made.] Neat; skillful ; in-

—

genious; deft. (Shak.) featly, fet'li, adv. Neatly; dexterously. feather, feTH'er, n. [A. Sax. fether =

D. veder, Sw. fjdder, Icel. fjothr, G. feder; same root as L. penna ( ^peina), a feather: Skr. pattra, a wing, from root pat, to fly.] One of the growths which form the distinguishing covering of birds; a plume, consisting usually of a stem hollow at the lower part (called the quill), and having on each side of the upper part (called the shaft) the barbs, which with the shaft constitute the vane; something resembling a feather a projection on the edge of a board which fits into a channel on the edge of another board. A feather in the cap, an honor or mark of distinction. To be ;

in

high feather, to appear in high

spirits; to

be elated.

——— —

To show

the

white feather to give indications of cowardice (a white feather in the tail of a fighting cock showed that it was not of the true game breed). v.t. To dress in feathers; to fit with feathers; to cover with feathers. To feather one's nest, to collect wealth, particularly from emoluments deTo rived from agencies for others. feather an oar, to turn the blade horizontally, with the upper edge pointing aft as it leaves the water, to lessen the resistance of the air upon it. feathered, feTH'erd, a. Clothed or covered with feathers; fined or furnished with feathers; furnished with wings; winged. featheredge, n. Carp, the thinner edge of a board or plank. featheredged, a. Having one edge thinner than the other and overlapping. featherless, feTH'er«les, a. Destitute of feathers ; unfledged. feathery, feTH'er«i, a. Clothed or covered with feathers; resembling feathers in appearance, softness, or lightness. feather grass, n. wiry grass whose flowers are produced in loose panicles, which, when dried and colored, form ornaments for rooms. feather star, n. A beautiful crinoid, consisting of a central body or disk, from which spring slender radiating arms, furnished on both sides with processes that give a feather-like appearfeatherweight, n. A weight ance. as light as a feather; the lightest weight that is placed on a race horse; a weight classification in boxing, wrestling, etc.

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

feed

feature,

fe'cher, n. [O.Fr. failure, faicture from L. factura, a making, from facio, factum, to make, fact.] The make, form, or cast of any part of the face; any single lineament; the make or form of any part of the surface of a thing, as of a country or landscape; the prominent part of something. v.t. To depict; to delineate the characteristics of; to be a distinctive mark of; to give prominence to. featureless, fe'cher«les, a.

febricula, fe»brik'u'la, n. [L., dim. of febris, fever.] A slight fever. febrifacient, feb'ri»fa'shi»ent, a. [L. febris, and facio, to make.] Causing febriferous, fe«brif'er'US, a. fever. [L. febris, and fero, to bring.] Producing fever. febrifuge, feb'ri»fuj, n. [L. febris, and fugo, to drive away.] Any medicine that mitigates or removes fever. a. Having the qual-

of mitigating or subduing fever. febrile, fe'bril, a. [L. febrilis.] Pertaining to fever; indicating fever, or derived from it. February, feb'ru«aTi, n. [L. februarius, from februa, purification, because a great feast of purification was held on the 5th.] The second month in the year, consisting in common years of twenty-eight days, in leapyear of twenty-nine. feces, fe'sez, n. pi. [L. faeces.] Excrement ; also, settlings ; dregs ; sediment. fecal, fe'kal, a. Pertaining to feces. feckless, fek'les, a. [Sc. for effectless.] Weak; impotent. fecula, fek'u-la, n. [L. fcecula, lees of wine, dim. of fax, feeds, dregs.] Powdery matter obtained from plants by crushing, washing with water, and subsidence; starch or farina. feculence, fek'u»lens, n. [L. fceculentia.] The quality or state of being feculent; sediment; dregs. ity

1

—

feculent,

fek'u«lent,

a.

[L.

fcecu-

Abounding with sediment, dregs, or impure and extraneous

lentus.]

matter;

dreggy;

muddy;

turbid;

foul.

fecund, fe'kund, a. [L.fecundus, fruitful, from root/e (as in fetus), meaning to produce or bring forth.] Fruitful fecundate, fe'fecundating. To make fruitful or prolific; to impregnate. fecundation, fe«kun— da'shon, n. The act of fecundating. fecundity, fe«kun'di'ti, n. [L. fcecunditas.] The state or quality of being fecund or of bringing forth young abundantly; fertility; richness of in children; prolific.

kun«dat,

v.t.

—fecundated,

invention. fed, fed, pret.

& pp. of feed. federal, fed'er«al, a. [Ft. federal, from L. foedus, foederis, a league, seen also in confederate.] Pertaining to a league or contract, particularly between states, as the federal government of United States is located in Washington, D.C. united in a federation; founded on alliance between several states which unite for national or general purposes, each the

;

state retaining control of its

home

civil and criminal law, etc. of or relating to the central government of a federation; fust, applied to an early American political party

affairs,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—— ——

—

322

palate

who

—

— ————— —

note, not,

move;

advocating strong federal government. n. [cap.] A supporter of the United States government during the Civil War; a soldier of the northern army during the Civil War. federalism, fed'er«al«izm, n. The principles of federal government the upholding and strengthening of the

—

;

central government in a federal republic. federalist, fed er«al«ist, n. One who upholds federalism; a member or supporter of the Federal federalize, fed'er«al«iz, v.t. party. or v.i. federalized, federalizing. To unite in a federal compact. federate, fed'er«at, a. Leagued; united by compact, as states or nations. federation, fed'er-a'shon, n. The act of uniting in a league; a federal government; a league. fedora, fa«do'ra, n. [From Fedora, drama by V. Sardou.] soft felt hat with the crown creased lengthwise. fee, fe, n. [A. Sax. feoh, fed, cattle,

—

—

A

=

money D. vee, Icel. fe, vieh, cattle; Goth, faihu, goods, money allied to L. pecus, cattle property,

G.

—

(whence pecuniary). Fief is really the same word.] A reward or compensation for services; recompense: applied particularly to the reward of professional services; a fief or piece of land held of a superior on certain conditions; a feud; law, a freehold estate liable to alienation at the pleasure of the proprietor, who is absolute owner of the soil; hence, absolute property, possession, or ownership; an inherited or heritable estate. v.t. feed, feeing. To give a fee to; to reward; to hire; to bribe. fee simple, n. An estate in lands or tenements liable to alienation at the will of the owner: also called a fee tail, n. An estate limited fee. to a man and the heirs of his body, or to himself and particular heirs of

—

—

—

his body.

feeble,

fe'bl,

a.

[Fr.

foible,

fleble, floible, foible, It. flevole,

O.Fr.

from

L. flebilis, lamentable, from fleo, to weep.] Destitute of physical strength; infirm; debilitated; weak; wanting force, vigor, vividness, or energy. feebleness, fe'bl«nes, n. The quality or condition of being feeble. feebly, fe'bli, adv. In a feeble man-

feeble-minded, a. Weak in wanting firmness or confeeble-mindedstancy; irresolute.

ner.

mind;

ness, n.

—

feed, fed, v.t. pret. & pp. fed. [A.Sax. fe'dan, to feed, from fdda, food.] To give food to; to food,

supply with nourishment; fig. to entertain, indulge, delight (to feed one's self with hopes); to furnish with anything of which there is constant consumption, waste, use, or application for some purpose (to feed v.i. To a lake, a fire); to supply. take food; to eat; to subsist by eating; to pasture; to graze; to n. satisfy a longing or craving.

That which

is

eaten; food; fodder;

an allowance of provender given to a horse, cow, etc. the material supplied at once to a machine or other ;

contrivance to feder, n. One

make

who

tube, tub, bull;

feeder, it act. feeds; one who

oil,

pound.

— —

—— — —

—

—— ——

——

feel supplies something. —feedback,which fed"bak', Elect,

n.

system in which part of the output of electric oscillation is returned and the input.

to

— feeding,

fee-

propriate, suitable, or well expressed; managed with extreme skill and sucfelicitously, fe«lis'i'tus«li, adv. cess. In a felicitous manner. felicitousness, fe'lis'i«tus«nes, n. The state of

—

being

feint,

fant,

;

happy turn; appropriateness. feline, fe'lin, a. [L.felinus, from felis, a cat.] Pertaining to cats or to their species; like a cat; belonging to the family Felidae. of fall. fell, fel, a. [A.Sax. fell, D. fel, O.Fr. fel, felle, sharp, fierce, cruel, a word perhaps of Celtic origin.] Cruel; barbarous; inhuman; fierce; savage; rancorous; bloody. fellness, fel'nes, n. The state or quality of being fell; fell, fel, pret.

cruelty; ruthlessness. fell,

a feint or

feldspar,

mock

v.i.

attack.

and spath,

spar.]

fell, fall.

G.

Cog. L. skin or hide of an skin.

One who

n.

deals in fells

[A.Sax. fellan, from causative form of

v.t.

to

fall;

Comp.

sit,

To

set;

lie,

lay;

rise,

bring to the ground, either by cutting or raise; etc.]

cause to

fall; to

by striking; to hew down; to knock down. feller, fel'er, n. One who fells or knocks or hews down. fellah,

fel'la,

fellahin.]

An

n.

[Ar., a peasant; pi.

Egyptian peasant or

agricultural laborer. felloe, fel '6. See felly.

fellow, fel'6, n. [Icel. felagi, a partner, a sharer in goods, from felag, a community of goods (lit. a fee-laying),

and lag, partA companion; an associate; one of the same kind; an equal in rank, endowments, char-

from

money,

fee, nership, a laying.] fe,

acter, qualifications, etc.; a peer; a compeer; one of a pair, or of two

things used together and suited to each other; an appellation of con-

joint partnership companionship an association of persons having the same tastes, occupations, or interests; a brotherhood; a foundation for the maintenance, under

certain requirements, of a scholar fellow feeling, n. called a fellow. Sympathy; a like feeling. Dan. felly, fel'i, n. [A.Sax. felg,felge fcelge, D. velg, G. felge, a felly.] One of the curved pieces of wood which, joined together, form the circumference or circular rim of a wheel; the circular rim of a wheel. Written also felloe. felon, fel'on, n. [Fr. felon, a traitor, from L.L./e/o, a felon; origin doubt-

=

A

ful.] person who has committed felony; a person guilty of heinous crimes; a criminal; a malefactor; a. Malignant; fierce; a whitlow. felonious, fe— traitorous; disloyal. 16'ni«us, a. Villainous; traitorous; perfidious; law, done with the deliberate purpose to commit a crime. feloniously, fe«16'ni«us«li, adv. In a felonious manner. feloniousness, fe«16'ni«us»nes, n. The quality of being felonious. felony, fel'o«ni, n. A serious crime, such as murder, burglary, etc., punishable by death or more than a year's imprisonment. felsite, fel'sit, n. [From the fels of feldspar (q.v.).] An eruptive rock, made up of quartz and orthoclase feldspar, and very hard. felsitic, fel'sit'ik, a. Pertaining to or containing felsite. felspar. See feldspar. felt, felt, pret. & pp. of feel. felt, felt, n. [A.Sax. felt=D. vilt, G. filz, Telt; allied to Gr. pilos, wool wrought into felt, and to L. pileus, cloth a felt hat or cap. Akin filter.] or stuff made of wool, or wool and hair or fur, matted or wrought into a compact substance by rolling, beating, and pressure; a hat made of wool felted. v.t. To make into felt; felting, fel'ting, to cover with felt. n. The process by which felt is made the materials of which felt is made, or the felt itself.

—

universities

and

colleges,

A

felucca, fe«luk'a, n. [It. felucca, feluca, from Ar. felukah, from fulk, a ship.]

a

of the corporation or governing body; also a graduate appointed to a fellowship; a member of any incorporated society (as of the American College of Surgeons). [Used in composition to denote community in nature, station, or

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

A long,

narrow vessel, once common in the Mediterranean, with two large lateen sails, and capable of being propelled by oars. female, fe'mal, n. [Fr. femelle, L. femella, a young girl, from femina, a woman.] An animal of that sex

member

j,

—

—

tempt

some

;

;

for a man without good breeding or worth; an ignoble man; also, familiar for person, individual; in

To

go;

fel,

feallan,

—

g,

A

= Icel. fell,

fill,

or hides.

A

ch, Sc. loch;

Goth,

skin.]

mung«ger,

—

ch, chain;

vel,

animal; a seam or hem sewed down level with the cloth. v.t. To lay a seam or hem and sew it down level with the cloth. fellmonger, fel'-

[G. feldspath mineral, widely distributed, and usually of a foliated structure, consisting of silica and alumina, with potash, soda, or lime; it is a principal constituent in granite, gneiss, porphyry, etc. Called also felspar, feldspath. feldspathic, feldspathose, feld«spath'ik, field 'spar, n.

feld, field,

D.

pellis,

A

intended to be struck.

make

[A.Sax. fell

fell, fel, n.

pretense; a mock attack ; an appearance of aiming or thrusting at one part when another

is

bliss;

blissfulness blessing; source of happiness; skillfulness; a skillful or

[Fr.

n.

fe«lis'i«ti,

extreme enjoyment; happiness;

passions; possessing great sensibility; easily affected or moved. n. The sense of touch; the sense by which we perceive external objects which come in contact with the body, and obtain ideas of their tangible qualities; the sensation conveyed by the sense of touch; physical sensation not due to sight, hearing, taste, or smell (a feeling of warmth, pain, or drowsiness); mental sensation or emotion; mental state or disposition; mental perception; consciousness; conviction; tenderness of heart; nice sensibility; the quality of exciting or expressing emotion; pi. the emotional part of our nature; sensitiveness; susceptibility. feelingly, fe'ling«li, adv. In a feeling manner; tenderly; acutely; keenly. feet, fet, n. pi. of foot. feign, fan, v.t. [Fr. feindre, from L. fingere, to shape, invent, feign, from root seen also in figment, figure, fiction, faint, etc.] To invent or imagine; to make a show of; to pretend; to assume a false appearance of; to counterfeit. v.i. To represent falsely; to pretend. feigned, fand, p. and a. Devised; assumed; simulated; feindre.]

felicity,

felicitous.

[L. felicitas, from felix, happy.] The state of being happy or in

n.

feeler, fe'ler, n. One who feels; an organ of touch in insects and others of the lower animals, as antennae, palpi, etc. ; any device for the purpose of ascertaining the designs, opinions, or sentiments of others. feeling, fe'ling, a. Expressive of great sensibility; affecting; tending to excite the

from

Happy; extremely ap-

fe«lis'i«tus, a.

—

interest;

felicitation, fe-lis'i«ta"shun, n. The act of felicitating; expression of joy at another's good fortune. felicitous,

—

counterfeit.

as, fellowfellow-laborer; bed-fellow, fellowship, fel'6— school-fellow.] ship, n. The condition of being a fellow or associate; mutual association on equal and friendly terms;

citizen,

from L.

t—

feinte,

equal or friendly terms:

felix, felicis, happy.] To congratulate ; to express joy or pleasure to another at his good fortune; to congratulate one's self. refl.

ding, n. Food; that which furnishes food, especially for animals. feel, fel, v. felt, feeling. [A. Sax. felon, D. voelen, G. fuhlen, to feel; root and connections doubtful.] To perceive by the touch; to have sensation excited by contact with the body or limbs; to have a sense of; to be affected by; to be sensitive of (pain, pleasure, disgrace); to experience; to suffer; to examine by touching. v.i. To have perception by the touch, or by the contact of any substance with the body; to have the sensibility or the passions moved or excited; to produce an impression on the nerves of sensation (iron feels cold); to perceive one's self to be (to feel sick or well); to know certainly or without misgiving. n. The act of feeling; sensation or impression on being touched.

;

employment; mutual association on

feld'spath«6s, a. Pertaining to feldspar or containing it: written also felspathic, felspathose. felicitate, fe«lis'i»tat, v.t.—felicitated, felicitating. [Fr.feliciter; L.L.felicito,

a

—

—

female

323

eats; that

added

— — ———

—

th, thin;

which conceives and brings forth young; that plant which produces fruit; the flower that bears the pistil

and receives the pollen of the male flowers.

a.

Belonging to the

sex

which produces young; feminine; delicate; weak; bot. pistil-bearing; producing pistillate flowers. Female rhymes, double rhymes, such as motion, notion, the second syllable being unstressed. Female screw, a

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

—

—

—

——

——

;;

femoral

324

ferret

concave screw, corresponding to the convex or male screw which works feminine, fem'uvin, a. [L. in it. femininus, feminine, from femina, a

fenestra, fe«nes'tra, n. [L.] A window; an aperture; a foramen.

ferment, fer'ment, n. [L. fermentum, for fervimentum, from fervo or ferveo,

—

to a woman or to the female sex; having the qualities belonging to a

woman.] Pertaining to

women, or

effeminate; womanish; gram, denoting the gender of words which signify females, or the terminations of such words. femininely, fem'in«in«li, adv. In a

woman; womanly;

—

feminine manner. feminineness, femininity, fem'in«in«nes, fem«in— in'i'ti, n. The quality of being feminine.

femoral, fem'o«ral, a. [L. femoralis, from femur, the thigh.] Belonging to femur, fe'mer, n. [L.] the thigh. The first bone of the leg or pelvic

—

extremity; the thighbone. fen, fen, n. [A. Sax. fen, fenn, marsh, mud, dirt; D. veen, G. fenne, Icel. fen, fen, peatbog, Goth, fani, mud, clay.] Low land covered wholly or partially with water, but producing sedge, coarse grasses, or other plants; boggy land; a marsh. fenny, fen'i, a. Having the character of a fen; marshy; boggy; inhabiting or growing in fens. fence, fens, n. [Abbrev. from defence] wall, hedge, bank, railing, or paling forming a boundary to or enclosing some area; that which defends; defense; the art of fencing; skill in fencing or swordsmanship; hence, skill in argument and repartee; receiver of, or place for receiving, stolen goods. v.t. fenced, fencing. To enclose with a fence; to secure by an enclosure; to guard; to hedge in ; to ward off or parry by argument or reasoning. v.i. To use a sword or foil for the purpose of learning the art of attack and defense; to practice fencing; to fight and defend by giving and avoiding blows or thrusts; to parry arguments; to equivocate; to prevaricate. fenced, fenst, p. and a. Enclosed with a fence; guarded; fortified. fenceless, fens'les, a. Without a fencer, fence; unenclosed; open. fen'ser, n. One who fences; one who teaches or practices the art of fencing with sword or foil.

—

A

—

—

—

fencible, fen'si«bl, n.

A

soldier for defense of the country against invasion, and not liable to serve abroad. fencing, fen 'sing, n. The art of using skillfully a sword or foil in attack or defense; material used in making fences; that which fences; a protection put round a dangerous piece of

machinery. fend, fend,

v.t.

[Contr. from defend,

de, and obs. L. fendo, to thrust, to strike; seen also in offendo, to offend.] keep off; to ward off;

from

To

to shut out: usually followed by off fender, fen'der, (to fend off blows). n. One who or that which fends or wards off; a low metal screen in front of a fireplace to stop falling coals; the stamped, metal part covering the wheels of an automobile; a

—

piece of timber, foam plastic, etc., hung from the side of a boat for protection in docking. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

fenestral,

fe«nes'tral,

a.

[L. fenes-

from fenestra, a window.] Pertaining to a window. fenestrate, fe«nes'trat, a. Having windows or tralis,

—

openings;

applied to leaves in cellular tissue does not completely fill up the interstices between the veins, thus leaving fenestration, fen«es»tra'openings. shon, n. The series or arrangement of windows in a building. Fenian, fe'ni«an, n. [A name assumed hot.

which the

—

from

Fionna, a race of superheroes in Irish legendary history.] A person belonging to a secret society having for its principal object the erection of Ireland into an independent republic. a. Of or belonging to the Fenians. Fenianism, fe'ni«an«izm, n. The principles or politics of the Fenians. fennec, fen'ek, n. [Moorish name.] A North African animal allied to the Ir.

human

—

fox.

fennel, fen'el, like

G.

n. [A. Sax. finol, finugl,

borrowed from the

fenchel,

L. fceniculum, fennel, dim. from faenum, hay.] A fragrant, umbelliferous, perennial, cultivated plant, having seeds which are carminative, and frequently employed in medicine, and leaves that are used in sauces. fenugreek, fen'u«grek, n. [L. fcenum graecum, Greek hay.] A leguminous annual plant resembling clover, and whose bitter and mucilaginous seeds are used in veterinary practice. feod, feodal, feodary, fud, fu'dal, fu'da«ri. Same as Feud, etc. feoff, fef, n. [A form of fief.] A fief or feoffee, fef'fe, n. A person fee. who is invested with land in fee.

—

feoffer, feoffor, fef'er, n. One who feoffment, enfeoffs or grants a fee. fef'ment, n. The legal gift or transference to a person of a fee or freehold estate; the instrument or

—

deed by which such property is conveyed. feracious,f fcra'shus, a. [L. ferax, feracis, from fero, to bear.] Fruitful; producing abundantly. feral, feral, a. [L. fera, a wild beast.] Relating to, or having the nature of, a wild beast; uncultivated; undomesticated; barbarous; wild.

fer-de-lance, far«de»lans', n. [Fr., iron of a lance, lance-head.] The lance-headed viper, a very venomous serpent of tropical America. feretory, fer'e»to»ri, n. [From L. feretrum, a bier or litter, from fero, to bear.] A shrine or repository for the relics of saints, variously adorned, and usually in the shape of a chest,

with a roof-like top. ferial,

fe'ri»al,

a.

[L. ferialis,

from

Pertaining to holidays or days in which business is not transacted. ferine, fe'rin, a. [L.ferinus, from fera, a wild beast.] Relating to or resembling a wild beast; wild; unferice, holidays.]

tamed; savage. Feringee, Feringhee, fe«ring'ge,

pine, pin;

note, not,

pable

of fermentation.

—fermenta-

The act or process of fermenting; the decomposition or conversion of an organic substance into new compounds in presence of a ferment, generally indicated by a sensible internal motion, the development of heat, and the liberation of bubbles of gas; in common language, the process by which grape juice is converted into wine, and the wort of malt into beer; fig. the state of being in high activity or commotion fermentaagitation; excitement. tion, fer«men»ta'shon, n.

—

Causing fermentation consisting in or produced

tive, fer«men'ta«tiv, a. ;

by fermentation.

fermium, fer'mi«um, rico Fermi,

[After

n.

American

En-

physicist.]

A

radioactive element. Symbol, Fm; at. no., 100. fern, fern, n. [A. Sax. fearn=G. farn, farren, D. varen fern; allied to Skr. parna, a wing or feather.] The name of many pteridophytes, consisting of herbaceous, shrubby, or arborescent plants, producing which are fjronds, leaves called simple or more or less divided, and bear on their under surface or edge the capsules containing fernery, ferthe minute spores. place where ferns are artiner«i, n. fern seed, n. The ficially grown seed, or more correctly the spores, of fern, supposed to render the bearer invisible. To walk by fern ferny, fer'ni, a. seed, to steal. Abounding or overgrown with

—

A

—

—

—

fern.

ferocious, fe«ro'shus,

a. [Fr. feroce; ferox, ferocis, fierce, allied to fierce.] Fierce; savage; ferus, wild, barbarous; ravenous; rapacious; indicating, or expressive of, ferocity. ferociously, feTo'shus»li,aob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

L. ferus, wild, rude, cruel, whence fera, a wild beast; akin feral and ferocious.] Vehement; violent; furious; savage; ferocious; easily enraged; indicating ferocity or a ferocious disposition; very eager; vehement in anger or cruelty. fiercely, fers'li, adv. In a fierce manner; furiously; with rage; with a fierce fierceness, expression or aspect. fers'nes, n. The quality of being fierce, furious, or angry; violence; fury; ferocity; savageness. fiery, fi'er«i, a. See fire. [Fr. fifre, a fife, from G. pipe), a word of onomatopoetic origin, pipe.] small mu-

fife, fif, n.

pfeife,

= E.

(

A

instrument of the flute kind, having but one key, and a compass of two octaves. v.i. To play on a sical

fife.— lifer, fi'fer, n. One who plays on a fife; an inhabitant of the county of Fife. fifteen, fif 'ten, a. [A.Sax. fiftyne, lit.

number which ten;

the

representing

Lords of Session.

of 1715.

'

The and this

The Fifteen, law court with

Scottish

fifteen

fifteen, the

n.

15 or xv.

as

old

ten.

consists of five

symbol

a

number, its

and

Five

five-ten.]

1

5,

-The

the Jacobite rebellion

fifteenth,

fif 'tenth, a.

The

order after the tenth; being one of fifteen equal parts into which fifth in

A

fifteenth a whole is divided. a. fifth, fifth, a. The ordinal part. of five ; next after the fourth ; being one of five equal parts of a whole. n. One of five equal parts into which anything is divided; mus. an interval

of three tones and a Fifth-monarchy men, believers in the last of the great monarchies of Daniel, ii. 44, expecting the advent of Christ, and denying all human organizations. fifth column, n. The practice of sabotage and espionage by citizens of one country for the benefit of a consisting semitone.

power; traitorous

foreign activity. tig.]

fifty, fif'ti, a.

Five times ten.

n.

political

[A.Sax. fif-

The number

which consists -of five times ten; a symbol representing this number. fiftieth, fiftieth, a. and n. fig, fig, n. [Fr. figue, like D. vijg, G. feige, from L. ficus, fig.] A fruit

—

consisting of a hollow receptacle containing a great multitude of minute flowers, the ripe carpels of which, erroneously called the seed, are embedded in the pulp; the tree that bears this fruit; used also as a term of scorn or contempt (I do not care a fig for him; in this usage perhaps from O.Sp. figo, a motion

denoting contempt.) [A contr. for figure.] Dress;

fig, fig, n.

employed phrase dress. fight,

chiefly

in

the colloquial or official

in full fig, in full

fit,

v.i.

&

pret.

[A.Sax. feohtan =

G

.

pp. fought. D. vech-

fechten,

Dan. fegte, Icel. flkta, to fight.] contend for victory in battle or in single combat; to contend in arms or otherwise; to carry on ten,

To

active opposition; to strive or struggle to resist: with with or against b efore an o bject. To fight shy of,

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —— —

—

—

;

——

figment

A

—

feigned or imagined. figure, fig'ur, n. [Fr. figure, from L. figura, figure, shape, from fig, root of jingo, to fashion, to shape ; whence also jeign, fiction, etc. feign.] The form of anything as expressed by the outline or contour; shape; fashion;

form; any form made by drawing, painting, carving, embroidering, etc.

human body

so repre-

appearance or impression the conduct of a person (to cut a poor figure); logic, the form of a syllogism with respect to the relative position of the middle term; arith. a character denoting or standing for a number; hence, value, as expressed in numbers; price; theol. type or representative; rhet. a mode of speaking or writing sented;

made by

in which words are deflected from their ordinary use or signification; a trope; a peculiar expression used for impressiveness as a metaphor, antithesis, etc. To cut a figure, to make one's self celebrated or notorious; to appear to advantage or disadvantage. v.t. figured, figuring. To make a figure or likeness of; to represent by drawing, sculpture, carving, embroidery, etc.; to cover or adorn with figures or ornamental designs; to mark with figures; to represent by a typical or figurative resemblance; to typify; to imagine; to image in the mind. v.i. To make a figure ; to be a prominent figurant, fig'figure or personage. UTant, n. masc; figurante, fig'u*rant, n. fern. [Fr.] One who dances at the opera in groups or figures; a character on the stage who figures in its scenes, but has nothing to say. figurate, fig'uTat, a. [L. figuro, figuratum, to form, to fashion.] Of a certain determinate form or shape. Figurate numbers, such numbers as

—

—

— —

do or may represent some geometrical figure, being thus called triangular, square, pentagonal, etc., numfiguration, fig«u«ra'shon, n. bers. The act of giving figure or determfigurative, fig'u«ra«tiv, inate form.

—

—

[Fr. figuratif.] Representing by means of a figure or type; typical; symbolical: used in a metaphorical sense; having the character of a a.

figure literal.

trope; metaphoric; not figuratively, fig'u»re»tiv«li,

or

—

— —

328

to avoid from a feeling of dislike, fear, mistrust, etc. v.t. To carry on or wage (a battle) ; to win or gain by struggle (to fight one's way); to contend with; to war against; to manage or maneuver in a fight (to fight one's ship). To fight it out, to struggle till a decisive result is attained. n. contest; a battle; an engagement; a struggle for victory. Syn. under battle. fighter, fi'ter, n. One that fights; a combatant. figment, figment, n. [L. figmentum, from jingo, to feign, feign.] An invention; a fiction; something

especially the

—

adv. In a figurative manner; by a figure; in a sense different from that which words originally imply figurativein a metaphorical sense. ness, fig'uTC'tiv-nes, n. State of

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

a.

figures.

The ornamental figure on a ship immediately under the bowsprit. figurine, fig»u»ren', n. [Fr. dim. of figure.] A small ornamental figure or n.

filibuster, fil'i«bus«ter, n. [Sp. filibuster o, freebooter.] Any lawless adventurer who invades, with the view of occupying, a foreign country

piece of statuary; a statuette.

filament, filament, n. [L.L. filamentum, a slender thread, from L.

A

filum a thread.] or fiber from erals,

fine single thread

min-

roots,

flesh,

thread-like

a

etc.;

conductor made

metallic incandescent by the

flow of electricity, as in an electric bulb or electron tube. filamentary, fil«a»men'te«ri, a. Having the characfilater of or formed by a filament,

—

mentous, fil«a«men'tus,

a.

Like

a

thread; consisting of fine filaments; filar, filer, bot. bearing filaments. a. Pertaining to a thread: applied to a microscope, or other optical instrument, into whose construction one or more threads or fine wires are introduced. filature, fil'a«cher, n. A forming into threads; the reeling off filisilk from cocoons; a filatory. form, fil'i'form, a. Having the form of a thread or filament. filose, f 116s, a. Zool. and bot. applied to a part when it ends in a threadlike process.

—

—

—

[From

filbert, fil'bert, n.

whose

day

feast

;

fillister

— figured, fig'urd, — figurehead,

being figurative.

Adorned with

——— ——

in

is

St. Philibert,

the nutting

European

two

season.] Either of hazels; the hazelnut.

filch, filch, v.t. [For filk, from O.E. fele, Icel. fela, to steal, like talk and tell, stalk (verb) and steal.] To steal, especially something of little value; to pilfer; to take in a thievish manner. filcher, filch'er, n. One who filches. file, fil, n. [Fr. file, from L. filum, collection of a thread, string.]

—

A

papers arranged for ready reference; a container in which records are kept in order; a row of soldiers arranged one behind another, from front to rear; hence, rank and file {milit.), the lines of soldiers from side to side, and from front to back; an old file, a sharper. v.t.—filed, filing. To arrange or place in a file; to bring before a court by presenting the proper papers (to file a bill in

an extreme

stalling

measure used

to delay, legislation. v.i. To engage in filibuster; to endeavor to defeat or to delay legislation by obstructionist tactics, as long speeches or motions. filigree, fil'i»gre, n. [Formerly filigrane, from Fr.filigrane, It. filigrana, from L. filum, a thread, and granum, a grain: originally it is said to have had beads in it.] Ornamental open work executed in fine gold or silver wire, formed into flowers and ara-

prevent

action

or

on,

to

besques. [A. Sax. fyllan, to fill, adjective ful, full = Icel.

fill, fil, v.t.

the

from and

Sw. fylla, Goth, fulljan, G. fullen, D. vullen, to fill.] To make full; to cause to be occupied so that no space is

vacant; to put in so as to a space ; to occupy the whole or capacity of; to repair

left

occupy space

in teeth; to to glut; to dilate (a ship's sails); to

cavities

satisfy;

content;

press

to

and

supply with an occupant or holder; to possess and perform the duties of; to officiate in; to hold or occupy. To fill in, to pour or put in for the purpose of filling something; to write in (items in a list). To fill out, to distend or enlarge from within. To fill up, to make quite full to occupy or take up; to occupy the whole extent of; to engage or employ (time). iu". To grow or become full; to make something full. To fill out, to become enlarged or distended. To fill up,

—

;

—

to

grow

much that

as fills

n.

fil'er,

or

become

full.

n.

As

or satisfies; material filler, a cavity or hole. One who or that which fills

a utensil tor conveying a liquid filling, into a bottle, cask, etc. fil'ing, a. Calculated to fill, satisfy, or satiate. n. Materials used for fills;

—

occupying some vacant space, stopping up a hole, or the fillet, filet, n.

like.

[Fr. filet, a thread, a

v.i. To march in a file chancery). or line; to register as a candidate in

band, the chine of an animal, etc., dim. of fil, thread, from L. filum,

an

a thread,

election.

[A.Sax.feol = D.

file, fil, n. viil,

A

G.

steel

feile,

O.H.G.

—

—

filing, filing, file; to polish. particle rubbed off by a file. filet, fi'la', fe»la', a. Indicating a lace

A

or net of square mesh. filial, fil'i«al, a. [Fr. filial,

from L.

from L.L.

a son, filia, a daughter.] Pertaining to a son or daughter; becoming a child in relation to his parents; bearing the relafilius,

—

tion of a child. adv. In a filial fil'i«at,

v.t.

daughter.

To

filially,

fil'i*al*li,

—

manner. filiate, adopt as a son or

— filiation,

fil«i»a

shon,

n.

The

relation of a child to a father; adoption the fixing of the paternity of a child.

me, met, her;

;

pine, pin;

to tie

strip; cookery, fi«la', a boneless piece of lean meat, sometimes rolled and tied; fillet of beef, a slice of tenderloin; fillet of veal, a slice from the Arch. fleshy part of the calf's thigh. A small molding having the appearance of a narrow band, generally used to separate ornaments and moldings; also the ridge between the flutes of a column, v.t. To bind or adorn with a fillet to cut into

wood, etc. v.t. filed, filing. To rub smooth, or cut with a file, or as

filialis,

band

vihila, a file.]

teeth upon the surface for cutting, abrading, and smoothing metal, ivory,

n.

little

about the head; a band or narrow

instrument, having minute

with a

A

file.]

Dan.

vijl,

note, not,

move;

;

fillets.

fillip,

strike

fil'ip,

v.t.

[Same

as flip.]

To

with the fore or middle finger

by jerking it away from the ball of thumb; to strike with a smart

the

stroke.

n.

A jerk of the finger forced

suddenly from the thumb; a smart blow or stroke; something which sharply

rouses

or

fillister, filis'ter, n.

A

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

stimulates.

kind of plane used for grooving timber.

pound

— —

— —— —

—

—— — —

——

film, film,

clouds or rain; sunshiny {fine weathfinically or affectedly elegant; aiming too much at show or effect. Fine arts, the arts which depend chiefly on the labors of the mind or imagination, generally restricted to the imitative arts which appeal to us through the eye, such as painting er);

—

[A. Sax. filmen, a skin; nal«li, adv. At the end or conclusion; allied to fell, a skin.] thin skin or ultimately ; lastly ; completely ; beyond membrane; a pellicle; a lamina; a recovery. thin layer for receiving a photo- finance, fi«nans', n. [Fr., from L.L. graphic negative; a motion picture. financia, a money payment, from v.t. To cover with a film; to finare, to pay a fine, from L. finis, take a motion picture of. v.i. To end. fine, n.\ The system or science become covered as with a film; of public revenue and expenditure; to be suitable for photographing. pi. funds in the public treasury, or rilminess, filmfil'mi«ness, n. accruing to it; public resources of strip, film 'strip, n. strip of film, money. v.t. and i. To raise or provide showing diagrams, charts, or photo- money for a charity or business; to graphs, for still projection. filmy, provide on credit. financial, fi«nan'fil'mi, a. shal, a. Pertaining to finance or n.

A

—

—

—

A

— —

financially, fi-nan'adv. In relation to finances or public funds. financier, fin«an»ser',

any substance or apparatus through which liquids or gases are passed to separate sus-

One who

skilled

in financial matters or in the principles or system n.

is

of public revenue.

pended matter; a device that selects finch, finsh, n. [A.Sax. finc^G. Dan. certain wave frequencies to pass and Sw. fink, finke, Gr. spiza.] through it. v.t. To remove by A large family (Fringillidae) of through v.t.

a

—

To pass

filtrate,

—filtrated, filtrating. To

v.i.

filter.

filter.

[L.L.

filtro,

The

which filter.

filtration, fil«tra'shon, n.

—

n.

filter.

small song-birds, including the bunting, sparrow, and goldfinch, having a small conical beak adapted to cracking seeds. find, find, v.i. pret. and pp. found. [A.Sax. findan, to find = D. vinden G. finden, Dan. finde, Icel. finna

fil'trat,

liquid has been passed through a

filtratum.]

—

The

act or process of filtering. filth, filth, n. [A. Sax. fylth, from fid, foul, foul.] Anything that soils or

(for finda),

—

n.

The

state

of being filthy; filth; foul matter; filthy, filth'i, a. Dirty; impurity. foul; unclean; nasty; morally impure; licentious. fimbriate, fim'bri«at, a. [L. fimbria, threads, a fringe.] Fringed; having a sort of fringe or border; having the edge surrounded by fibers, hairs, or

—

bristles.

v.t.

fimbriated,

briate. fin, fin, n. [A. Sax. fin, jinn, L.G. and Dan. finne, D. vin, Sw. fena; allied to L. pinna, penna, a feather.] One

of the

projecting winglike organs which enable fishes to balance themselves in an upright position, and assist in regulating their movements in the water. finless, fin'les, a. Destitute of fins. finned, find, a. Having a fin or fins or anything resembling a fin. finback, fin'bak, n. name given to several whales from their possessing a dorsal hump finny, fin'i, a. Furnished or fin. with fins; relating to or abounding

A

A

— —

—

with

final, final, a. [L. finalis, from finis, end; seen also in fine, adj. and noun, confine, define, affinity, finance, finish, etc.] Pertaining to the end or

conclusion; last; ultimate;

A

made

ist, n.

One who

finality,

is

finalist, fi'nal—

—

in a final contest. n. The state of

ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

of fine threads or material;

handsome; beauti-

ful;

accomplished

(a.

fine gentleman);

elegant; showy; splendid; free from

fi«naTi»ti,

ch, chain;

in reserve.

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

v.i.

finger, fing'ger,

—

ities {fine taste);

—fined, fining.

To

set a fine to punish

finesse, fi«nes', n. [Fr., lit. fineness.] Artifice; stratagem; subtlety of contrivance to gain a point; in bridge, the attempt to win a trick by playing a low card while having a high card

cerning minute beauties or deform-

;

—

v.t.

on by judgment of a court; by fine.

delicate; pure; of excellent quality; refined; elegant; perceiving or dis-

Mus. the last part of a sonata, symphony, or opera the closing part of any performance.

all.

Slender; final.] an end. minute; very small; of very small diameter; not coarse; in very small grains or particles; thin; keen; sharp;

conclu-

—

A

finis,

sive; decisive; respecting a purpose or ultimate end in view. final n. contest, test, etc. finale, fe«na'la, n.

—

into what is called a finespun, or square bar. fin'spun, a. Drawn to a fine thread; minute, hence, overrefined; overelaborated; subtile. fine, fin, n. [From L. finis, an end, and in later times and in a feudal sense, a final settlement of a claim by composition or agreement, finance, final.] payment of money imposed upon a person as a punishment for an offense. In fine, in conclusion; to conclude; to sum up

bloom

fine, fin, a. [Fr.fin, fine, delicate, etc. G. fein, D. fijn, Dan. fiin, Sw. fin, Icel. jinn, from L. finitus, finished, perfect, pp. of finio, to finish, from

fins.

n.

hammered

is

—

To hem; to fringe. fim'bri'a«ted, a. Fim-

—

at, to seek.]

—

Fineness; ornament; showy or excessive decoration; the forge in ironworks at which the iron

fl'ner«i,

find.

root as in L. peto, to To discover; to gain first sight or knowledge of (something lost); to recover; to get; to meet; to come or light upon; to gain, acquire, or procure (leisure, happiness); to supply, provide, or furnish (to find money for a purpose); to catch; to detect; law, to determine and declare by verdict. To find one's self, to fare in regard to ease or pain, health or sickness; to provide one's necessaries at one's own exTo find one in (something), pense. to supply, furnish, or provide one To find out, to with (something). detect; to discover, as something before unknown, a mystery, secret, To find fault trick, etc.; to solve. v.i. Law, to give with, to censure. judgment on the merits or facts of discovery of anything n. a case. finder, valuable; the thing found. fin'der, n. One who or that which finds; astron. a smaller telescope attached to a larger, for the purpose of finding an object more readily. finding, fin 'ding, n. Discovery; that which is found; law, the return of a jury to a bill; a verdict.

filthily, filth'corruption; pollution. i«li, adv. In a filthy manner; foully.

filth'i«nes,

Goth, finthan, to

the

—

From same

aim

defiles; dirt; foul matter; nastiness;

filthiness,

that

money matters. shal«li,

—

To sew up

with so much nicety rent is not perceived. finely, fin'li, adv. In a fine or finished manner; admirably; beautifully; delfineness, fin'nes, n. The icately. finery, state or quality of being fine. v.t.

public revenue; having to do with

strainer;

passing through a

sculpture. v.t. fined, fining. refine; to purify; to free from fine-draw, fin'dra, foreign matter.

—

filose, a. See filament. filter, fil'ter, n. [Fr. filtre, from L.L. filtrum, feltrum, felt or fulled wool, used originally as a strainer, felt.]

—

and

To

—

A

—

—

finial

being final; philos. the doctrine that nothing exists or was made except for a determinate end. finally, fi'-

n.

fil'i,

— ———

—

;

329

filly

[A dim. form of foal = Icel. jylja, a filly, from foli, a foal. foal.] A young mare; a young girl.

filly,

—

th, thin;

To

n.

use finesse. [A.Sax. finger = D.

vinger,

G. Sw. and Dan. finger, Goth.

figgrs;

same root

as in fang.]

One

of the five extreme members of the hand; any of them but the thumb; a digit; something resembling or serving the purpose of a finger; an index. To have a finger in, to be

—

in. To have at one's finger ends, to be quite familiar with; to be able to make available readily. v.t. To touch with the fingers; to handle; to toy or meddle with; to touch or take thievishly; to apply the fingers to in order to produce musical effects. v.i. To use the fingers in playing on an instrument. ringer board, n. The board at the neck of a violin, guitar, or the like, where the fingers act on the strings; also the whole range of keys of a piano, organ, etc; a. keyboard. fingerer, fing'ger«er, ft. One who fingers or handles; a pilferer. fingering, fing germing, n. The act of touching lightly or handling; mus. the management of the fingers in

concerned

—

—

playing on an instrument of music; the marking of the notes of a piece of music to guide the fingers in playing; a thick loose worsted used finger post, for knitting stockings. n. A post set up to guide travelers, generally where roads cross or divide. fingerprint, n. An impression made by fingers, often serving to identify the person. finial, fin'i«al, n. [From L. finio, to

—

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

— —

—— —

The

final.]

ornamental

termination of a pinnacle, canopy, gable, or the like. finical,

fin'ikal,

a.

[From

fine.]

Affecting great nicety or elegance; overnice; unduly particular about trifles.

State

— of —

finical.

finicality,

being

fuvi'kal'i'ti,

manner.

kaNnes,

n.

n.

something

finical;

finically, fin'i«kal«li, adv.

a finical

— finicalness,

Quality of being

In

fin'i*-

finical.

finicking, finicky, finicking, fin'i«ki, [Equivalent to finical.] Precise in trifles; idly busy. finis, finis, n. [L.] An end; conclusion: often placed at the end of a book. finish, finish, v.t. [Ft. finir, ppr. finissant, from L. finio, finitum, to a.

from finis, end. final.] To bring to an end; to make an end of; to arrive at the end of; to bestow the last required labor upon; to finish,

perfect; to polish to a high degree; to elaborate carefully. v.i. To come to an end; to terminate; to expire. n. The last touch to a work; polish; careful elaboration; a name for denatured alcohol. finished, fin'isht,p. and a. Polished to the highest degree of excellence; complete; perfect. finisher, fin'ish«er, n. One who finishes; something that gives the finishing touch to or settles anything

—

(colloq.).

finite, f l'nit, a. [L. finitus, from finio, to finish, from finis, limit. FINAL.] Having a limit; limited; bounded: opposed to infinite; gram, a term applied to those moods of a verb

which are limited by number and person, as the indicative, subjunctive, finitely, imperative. fi'nlt«li, adv. In a finite manner; limitedly; to a certain degree only. finiteness, fi'nlt«nes, n. State of being finite. finitude, fin'i«tud, n. State of being

—

and

—

finite; limitation.

[O.E. Fintias.] A native of Finland; person of the same race. Finnish, fin'ish, a. Relating to the Finns or Finland. n. A language spoken by the Finns.

Finn,

fin, n.

—

finnan haddie,

fin'an had'i, n.

river Findhorn.]

A

haddock. fiord, fjord, fyord,

split

[From

and cured

[Dan

fiord;

Icel. fjorthr. firth.] An inlet from the sea, usually long, narrow, and very irregularly shaped, such as are common on the coast of Norway. fir, fer, n. [A. Sax. furh = Icel. Sw. fura, Dan. fyr, fyrre, G. fohre. Fir represents an ancient word, which appears in L. as quercus, an oak, and

probably meant originally tree in

A

general.] general name for several species of coniferous trees, sometimes used as coextensive with the term pine (Pinus), but often restricted to trees of the genus Abies, which differ from the true pines in their leaves growing singly on the stem, and the scales of the cones being smooth, round, and thin. firry, fer'i, a. Of or pertaining to firs; consisting of fir; abounding in

—

firs.

fire,

fir,

n.

/yr^ Icel. fyri, fyr, G.feuer, fire; cog.

[A. Sax.

Dan. and Sw.

—

Gr. pyr, fire; allied to Skr. pu, to purify, as fire is the great purifying

The evolution of heat and during combustion; fuel in combustion; the burning of a house or town; a conflagration; the discharge of a number of firearms; a spark from hot iron accidentally lodged in the eye; light; luster; splendor; ardor of passion, whether of love, hate, anger, etc; consuming violence of temper; liveliness of imagination; vigor of fancy; animation; vivacity; force of sentiment or expression. On fire, ignited; burning; hence, fig. eager; ardent. element.] light

St.

Anthonys

erysipelas.

fire,

v.t.

—fired, firing. To set on fire; to kindle; to inflame or irritate; to animate; to give life or spirit to; to cause to explode; to discharge (a gun, a shot). v.i. To take fire; to be irritated or inflamed with passion; to discharge artillery or firearms. To fire away, to begin; to go on. (Colloq.) Fireout, to discharge or expel from office. To fire up, to become irritated or angry;

—

to

into

fly

a

passion.

(Colloq.)

—

Consisting of fire; burning; flaming; blazing; highly flammable; hot; ardent; vehement; impetuous ; irritable passionate ; fiery, fi'er«i, a.

like fire; bright; glaring. Fiery cross, a light wooden cross, the extremities of which were set fire to and then extinguished in blood; used in ancient times in Scotland as a signal to assemble under arms. fierUy, fi'er-i-li, adv. In a fiery manner. fieriness, fi'er— i»nes, n. The state or quality of being

fierce;

—

fiery.

—

firing,

—

fi'ring,

The

n.

act

of discharging firearms ; a setting on fire; material for burning; fuel. firearm, flr'arm, n. A weapon whose charge is expelled by the combustion of powder, as cannon, pistols, muskets, etc. fireball, fir'bal, n. ball filled with combustibles to be

—

A

thrown among enemies;

a meteor having the appearance of a globular mass of light. firebox, n. The box (generally made of copper) in which the fire in a locomotive is placed. firebrand, fir'brand, n. piece of

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

wood kindled; an incendiary; one who inflames factions, or causes con-

—

firebrick, n. tention and mischief. A brick of clay that will sustain firebug, intense heat without fusion.

—

—

An

A

fire clay, n. arsonist. kind of clay capable of sustaining intense heat, and used in making firebricks, firegas retorts, crucibles, etc. n.

cracker,

—

A

firework consisting of a paper cylinder enclosing powder, through which a fuse is passed, and exploding with a sharp report when ignited.

n.

— firedamp,

n.

Light

car-

buretted hydrogen gas, sometimes very abundantly evolved in coal mines, and productive of the most dreadful results when brought into contact with a naked flame, being firedog, n. An highly explosive. fire-eater, n. A juggler andiron. who pretends to eat fire; a fighting character or duelist; a fireman fire engine, n. An engine, (Colloq.).

me, met, her;

—

—

—

pine, pin;

—

firman

A

n.

—

;

330

finical finish.

— — ——

note, not,

move;

acting on the force-pump principle, for throwing jets of water to extinguish fire and save buildings. fire escape, n. An apparatus for escaping from the upper part of a building when on fire, a common form consisting of an arrangement of long ladders capable of being drawn out after the manner of a

—

A

firefly, fir'fli, n. telescope. name for any winged insect which possesses much luminosity. fireguard, n. framework of iron wire, to be placed in front of a fireplace to fire irons, n. protect against fire. pi. Poker, tongs, and shovel. firelock, fir'lok, n. musket or other gun with a lock furnished with a flint

—

A

—

A

and

steel.

—fireman,

man whose

business

fir 'man, is

n.

A

to extinguish

towns; a member of a fire brigade; a man employed in tending fireplace, fires, as of a steam engine. fir'plas, n. The lower part of a chimney which opens into an apartfires in

—

ment and a hearth.

in

which

—fireplug,

fuel is n.

A

burned; plug for

drawing water from the pipes in the

—

fireproof, street to extinguish fire. fir'prof, a. Proof against fire; in-

combustible ; rendered incombustible

—

A

by some process. fire ship, n. vessel filled with combustibles to be set on fire for burning an enemy's fireside, fir'sid, n. The side ships. of the fireplace; the hearth; home: firestone, often used adjectively.

—

— —

fir'ston, n. Any kind of stone which fireweed, resists the action of fire.

A

plant which appears abundantly on land over which a fire has firewood, fir'wud, n. Wood passed. firework, fir'werk, n. for fuel. preparation of gunpowder, sulfur, and other flammable materials to be let off for the purpose of making n.

— —

A

a show. firkin, fer'kin, n.

dim.

[From four, with being the fourth of old measure of capacity

suffix -kin,

a barrel.]

An

equal to 7 * 2 gallons ; a small wooden vessel or cask. firm, ferm, a. [L. firmus, firm, seen also in affirm, confirm, firmament, farm.] Closely compressed; compact; hard; solid; fixed; steady; constant; stable; unshaken in purpose or will; resolute in mind; not easily moved; not giving way. n. [Originally a signature by which a writing was firmed or rendered valid.] A partnership or association of two or more persons for carrying on a business; a commercial house; the name or

—

under which a company transacts business. v.t. To make firm or v.i. To become solid; to solidify. firmly, ferm'li, adv. firm or solid. title

—

In a firm manner.

— firmness, ferm-

nes, n. The state or quality of being firm; compactness; solidity; stabilfirity; steadfastness; resolution. mament, fer'ma«ment, n. [L. firrnamention, from firmo, firmatum, to

—

firm.] The region of the air; the sky or heavens. firman, fer man or fer •man', n. [Per. fermdn, farmdn, a decree.] A decree, order, or grant of an Oriental sovereign, as of Turkey, etc., issued for

make

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — ————

—

—

——

——

;

331

first

lence.

mixed with fried.

fishes

series; the lowest

first

quality.

tal,

ferst'li,

a.

first.

eldest.

first-class, a.

(Colloq.).

a.

Obtained direct from the first source obtained direct from the producer, maker, etc. At firsthand, directly; without the intervention of an agent.

—

first-rate, a. Of the first class or rate; of the highest excellence. n.

A

—

pearls. firth, ferth, n.

Dan.

N.

fiord,

fiscus,

the

to the public treasury or revenue; financial. Fiscal year, the twelve months for which a complete financial account-

—

ing

is

made.

=

fisks; cog. L. piscis, W. pysg, Gael, and Ir. iasg, fish.] vertebrate animal that lives in water, breathes by gills, and has cold blood, with limbs in the form of fins; popularly applied also to whales and various other marine animals; a contemptuous or familiar term for a person (in such phrases as, a queer or strange fish; a loose fish); the flesh of fish used as food; nam. a purchase used to raise the flukes of an anchor up Neither flesh nor to the gunwale. fish, neither one thing nor another; having no decided character or qualities; nondescript. v.i. To employ one's self in catching fish; to endeavor to take fish by a rod and line or other means; to seek to obtain by artifice, or indirectly (to fish for compliments). v.t. To catch or attempt to catch fish; to draw out or up, especially when in water; to search by dragging, raking, or sweeping; to strengthen or unite by a piece that extends on both sides of a joint or a crack. fish cake, n. A small

Goth,

A

ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

ularly a sudden and violent attack, accompanied with convulsions and

A

loss of consciousness, as in hysteria,

a.

Shaped

like

a

fish's

—

apoplexy, etc. fitful, fit'ful, n. Full of fits; varied by paroxysms; spas-

tail.

—

Fishtail burner, a gas burner whose jet takes the form of a fish's tail. fishy, fish'i, a. Pertaining to fishes;

modic; varied by events. fitfully, fit'fuhli, adv. In a fitful manner; by

consisting of fish; inhabited by fish; having the qualities offish; as a slang term, worn out, as if by dissipation; seedy; applied to persons; equivocal; unsafe; unsound; applied to a project or speculation; dull; without luster

nes,

fits; at intervals.

v.t.

and i.—fissured, As-

To

suring. cleave or make a fissure in; to crack or fracture. fist, fist, n. [A. Sax. fyst G. faust, D. vuist, Rus. pjast; same root as L.

—

—

ification. The state of fitter, fit'er, n. One

who

j,

then;

being

who

fitted. fits;

one

of machinery fitting, fit'ing, a. Fit or together. appropriate ; suitable ; proper. n. Something fitted on or attached as fitsubsidiary to another thing. tingly, fit'ing'li, adv. In a fitting

puts the

—

parts

—

manner; fitch,

suitably.

fich,

n.

[O.D.

vitsche,

O.Fr.

a polecat; akin foist.] The fitchet, fitchew, polecat ; also its fur. fich'et, fich'u, n. The polecat. five, fiv, a. [A. Sax. /i/=Goth. fimf,

A

musical pipe; surg. a channel excavated between an internal part (as the rectum) and the skin surface, show-

TH,

fitful;

—

—

ng, sing;

fitfulness, fit'ful—

—

—

;'ob;

—

state

[Allied to Icel. fitja, to knit together, Goth, fetjan, to arrange, to adorn, E. fettle; or equivalent to feat (adj.), O.Fr. feit, L. factum, made.] Conformable to a standard of right, duty, taste, or propriety; of suitable kind; meet; becoming; appropriate; adapted to an end, object, or design; suitable; qualified; competent; prepared; ready. v.t. fitted, fitting. To make fit or suitable; to bring into some required form; to adapt; to suit; to furnish or accommodate with anything; to prepare; to put in order for; to qualify; to be properly fitted for or adjusted to; to suit; to become. To fit out, to furnish; to equip; to supply with To fit up, to necessaries or means. furnish (a house, etc.) with things suitable; to make proper for the reception or use of any person. v.i. To be proper or becoming; to be adjusted to the shape intended; to suit or be suitable; to be adapted. n. Nice adjustment; adaptation. fitly, fit'li, adv. In a fit manner; suitably; fitness, fit'nes, n. The properly. state or quality of being fit ; suitableness; adaptation; preparation; qual-

pugnus, Gr. pygme, the fist.] The hand clenched; the hand with the v.t. fingers doubled into the palm. To strike or grip with the fist. fistic, Pertaining to fis'tik, a. boxing; pugilistic— fisticuffs, fis'ti«kufs, n. pi. Blows or a combat with fisty, fis'ti, a. Pertaining the fists. to the fist or fists, or to pugilism. fistula, fischu^la, n. [L., a pipe.]

n.

fit, fit, a.

A

thought.

The

of being impulsiveness; waywardness.

fissirostral, fis«si«ros'tral, a. [L. findo, fissum, to divide, and rostrum, a beak.] Characterized by a deeply-cleft bill, as swallows, goat suckers, etc., in which the gape is extended beneath the eyes. fissure, fish'er, n. [Fr., from L. fissile.] fissura, from findo, to split, cleft; a crack; a narrow chasm made by the parting of any substance; a longitudinal opening; a disagreement separation or in

—

ch, chain;

or attack; a paroxysm; a temporary attack of a disease or pain; partic-

reproduction or multiplication by means of a process of self-division seen in animals of a low type, the body becoming divided into two parts, each of which then becomes a separate and independent indiNuclear fission, phys. the vidual. splitting of an atomic nucleus, either spontaneously or by bombardment with neutrons, etc., to release energy.

Pertaining

fish, fish, n. pi. fishes, fish'ez, instead of which the sing, is often used collectively. [A. Sax. fisc Icel. fiskr, Dan. and Sw. fisk, D. visch, G.fisch,

porary but violent mental affection

fission, fish'on, n. [L. fissio.] The act of cleaving, splitting, or breaking up into parts; biol. a species of

same

A

[From L.

A

—

—

name given to root as fare, ferry.] several estuaries or bays into which rivers discharge themselves in Scotland; a channel or arm of the sea (the Pentland Firth): written also Frith. fiscal, fis'kal, a. state treasury.]

A

or motion followed by an interval of relaxation; a temactivity,

effort,

the root being same as in E. bite.] Capable of being split in the direction of the grain (like wood), or in certain planes; readily splitting in fissility, fis«sil'i'ti, flakes or plates. n. The quality of being fissile.

Icel. fjorthr,

fjord, a firth;

—

fish.

fissure,

first

[From

one employed in catching

(fishy eyes).

first or most water, n. The first or highest quality; purest luster: applied principally to diamonds and

class.

—

One who

fissile, fis'sil, a. [L.fissilis, from findo, fissum, to split or cleave, whence also

war ship of the

powerful

n.

—

First or last, at firstling, ferst'ling, n. a

firstly,

fistular, fiVarising from abscesses. chu«ler, a. Hollow, like a pipe or fistulous, fis'chu«lus,a. Formreed. ed like a fistula; fistular. fit, fit, n. [Of doubtful origin; comp. A. Sax. fit, fitt, a fight, a struggle, sudden Icel. fet, a pace, a step.]

fish'er,

—

— one time or another. — produce or offspring of The — adv. In the —first-born, First place; — brought forth; First-rate; of the highest excellence —firsthand, or first

;

—

forward

adv. Before all others in place, time, etc. At first, at the first, First and at the beginning or origin. last, within the whole time or period;

beast.

ing no tendency to heal, and generally

as

fish'er«man, n. One whose occupation is to catch fish. fishery, fish'er«i, n. The business of catching fish; a place where fish are regularly caught, or other products of the sea or rivers are taken from the fishhook, n. water. hook for fishing, fish'ing, n. catching fish. The art or practice of catching fish. a. Used or employed in fishery or by fish joint, n. railway fishermen. contrivance for connecting two rails meeting end to end. fishtail, fish'-

gear.

altogether.

codfish,

seasoned, and

fish,

potato,

— fisher,

five

— fisherman,

The beginning; number

n.

of shredded

ball

various special purposes; a license or grant of privileges. first, ferst, a. [A superlative, of which fore may be regarded as the positive. A. Sax. fyrst, first, most to the fore. fore.] The ordinal of one; preceding all others in a series ; advanced before or further than any other in progression; foremost in place; preceding all others in time, rank, dignity, or excel-

one in a

—— —————

th, thin;

fissau,

Icel. vijf,

—

fimm, Sw. and Dan. fern, D. G. fiinf, Lith. penki, W. pump,

Gael,

coig,

pente, Skr.

L. quinque, Gr. pempe,

panchan

—

five.]

Four and

n. The number which consists of four and one; the number of the fingers and thumb of one hand; a symbol rep-

one added; the half of

ten.

—

this resenting number. fivefold, flv'fold, a. Consisting of five in one; five times repeated; in fives. fives, fivz, n. kind of play with a ball,

—

A

originally

w, wig;

called

hand

hw, whig;

tennis:

zh, azure.

so

—

—

— — — —

— — — — —

named probably because

the ball

is

struck with the hand or five fingers. fix, fiks, v.t. [Fr. fixer, from L. figo, fixum, to fasten, seen also in affix,

To

make stable, firm, prefix, suffix.] or fast; to set or place permanently; to establish firmly or immovably; to fasten; to attach firmly; to direct steadily, as the eye, the mind, the attention, etc.; to make solid; to congeal; to deprive of volatility; to stop or keep from moving.—v.i. To become firm or stable. n. A predicament; dilemma; the position of an object (as a ship) determined by fixate, radio signals, bearing, etc.

—

—fixated,

To fixating. make fixed; to focus intently upon. v.i. To concentrate one's attention. fixation, fiks«a'shon, n. The act or state of being fixed; an obsessive preoccupation upon an object. fixative, fiks'a«tiv, n. substance that fixes or sets. Fixed stars, such stars as always retain the same v.t.

— —

A

flame

has taken place. White flag, a flag of truce. Yellow flag, flag as sign of infection or disease on board a vessel. Flag of truce, a white flag displayed as an invitation to the enemy to confer, and in the meantime as a notification that the fighting v.t. To signal with a shall cease. flag; to signal to stop (to flag a

—

— Flag Day, June a day the United — flag officer, States The for an admiral of any grade. — flagship, The ship that bears

train).

n.

1

4,

commemoration of

in

flag.

n.

title

n.

the flag officer and displays his flag. flagpole, n. A pole used to display the flag. flag, flag, v.i.—flagged, flagging. [Formerly written flack, and connected

with

I eel.

G. flacken, flaggeren,

flaka, to hang loosely, to become languid, O.D. to be loose; akin also

To

flicker.]

hang

without

loose

stiffness; to be loose to grow spiritless or

and yielding; dejected;

to

apparent position and distance with respect to each other, and are thus

droop; to grow languid; to grow stale or vapid; to lose interest or

distinguished from planets.

relish.

ly,

fik'sed«li,

manner.

A

adv.

— fixedness, of

state

n.

fik'si«ti,

In

— fixed-

fixed fik'sedmes, n. a

—

being fixed. State of being

fixity,

fixed;

fixed character; fixedness; stability. fixture, fiks'cher, n. Anything placed in a firm or fixed position; that which is fixed to a building; any appendage or part of the furniture of a house which is fixed to it, as by nails, screws, etc. fizz, fiz, v.i. [Imitative.] hissing sound; effervesce.

To make

hissing sound. failure.

v.i.

—

fizzle, fiz'l, n.

a

A

n.

Fizz; a

To fail after starting well.

[Akin to flap, and to G. flabbe, Sw. flabb, Dan. flab, hanging lips.] Soft and yielding to the touch; easily moved or shaken; hanging loose by its own weight; flaccid: said especially of flesh. flabbily, flab'Mi, adv. In a flabby

flabby,

flab'i,

manner.

a.

— flabbiness,

flab'imes,

State of being flabby. flabellum, fla^bel'lum, n. [L.]

A

n.

fan;

an ecclesiastical fan anciently used to drive away flies from the chalice during the Eucharist. specifically,

flabellate, flabelliform, fla'bel'lat, fla'bel'li'form, a. Fan shaped. flaccid, flak'sid, a. [L. flaccidus, from flaccus, flabby; comp. W. llac, slack,

loose;

weak;

fluich, flabby.] Soft and limber; lax; drooping; hanging Ir.

down by

—

own weight. flaccidly, adv. In a flaccid manner.

its

flak'sid'li,

—

332

fix

fiks'at,

——

—

flaccidity, flak«sid'i«ti, n.

The

state

of being flaccid. flag, flag, n. [Not found in A. Sax.; same as D. vlag, Sw. flagg, flagga, Dan. flag, G. flagge, banner; connected with flag, to hang loose.] cloth, usually bearing emblems or figures and employed as a symbol or signal; any material used like a flag; an indication on a musical beat; a note of less than a deer's tail.— Black flag, a flag of a black color displayed on a piratical vessel as a sign that no mercy will be shown to the vanquished, or on a prison to indicate that an execution

A

%

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

— flaggingly,

In a drooping or flag,

n.

flag,

flag'ing«li,

[From

adv.

manner.

listless

Icel.

flaga,

a

Sw. flaga, a flake or scale; allied to L.G. flage, a flat marshy place, and Gr. plax, a tablet.] A flat stone used for paving. v.t. flagged, To lay with flags or flagging. flag,

—

flat

stones.

— flagstone,

n.

Any

fissile

sandstone that splits up into flags; a large flat paving stone; a flag. flag, flag, n. [Probably named from its broad leaves resembling flags or standards.] A popular name for many endogenous plants with swordshaped leaves, mostly growing in moist situations; particularly appropriated to a species of iris. flagellate, flaj'eMat, v.t. [L. flagello, flagellatum, to beat or whip, from flagellum, a whip or scourge, akin to a. Havflail.] To whip; to scourge. flagellant, flaj'eMant, ing flagella. n. One who whips himself, specifically, one of a fanatical sect founded in Italy a.d. 1260, who maintained that flagellation was of equal virtue with baptism and other flagellation, sacraments. flaj«el«la'shon, n. flogging; the discipline flagelliform, fla«of the scourge.

—

—

—

A

—

jel'li«form,a. [L. flagelliformis.] Long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a whip. flagellum, fla^jel'lum, flagella, pi. n. fla«jel'la. Bot. a

—

runner or creeping branch sent out from the bottom of a stem, as in the strawberry; zool. the lashlike appendage exhibited by many infusoria. flageolet, dim. of flauta,

[Fr. flageolet,

flaj«el»et', n.

O.Fr.

flautus,

from

flajol, flute.

,

L.L.

flute.]

A

wind instrument of music, played by a mouthpiece inserted in small

vicious ;

nous;

abandoned flagrant.

jish'us«li,

Deeply

me, met, her;

criminal; pine, pin;

in

flagrant).]

grossly

wicked;

note, not,

move;

n. [Fr. flacon, flascon,

same as in flamma, flame, flagitium, a flagitious act.] Flaming into notice; glaring; notorious; enormous. flagrantly, fla'grant'li, adv. In a fla-

—

—

flagrancy, fla grangrant manner. si, n. The quality of being flagrant; heinousness; enormity. flail, flal, n. [O.Fr. flael, flaiel, flaial, from L. flagellum, a whip or scourge,

whence also flagellate.] An instrument for thrashing or beating grain from the ear, consisting of the hand staff, which is held in the hand; the swiple, which strikes the grain; and a thong which connects the two. v.t. and i. To beat as if with a

flail.

flair,

flar,

n.

[O.Fr. odor, from L.

Talent for discernment; taste and aptitude combined.

fragrare.] flak,

also

abbrev.

flack,

of

flak,

n.

[From G.

flieger-abzvehr-kanone.]

Anti-aircraft fire. flake, flak, n. [Allied to Icel. flakna, to flake off, flyka, a flake; E. flag, a stone for paving, and flaw, Sw. loose filmy or scaleflaga, a flake.] like mass of anything; a scale; a small fleecy or feathery particle; a flock. v.t. and i. flaked, flaking. To break or separate in layers; to peel or scale off.— flaky, fla'ki, a. flakiness, fla'kimes, n. The state of

A

—

—

being

flaky.

flambeau, flam'bo, n. pi. flambeaux, flam'boz. [Fr., from flambe, a blaze, for flamble, from L. flammula, dim. of flamma, a flame.] A flaming torch; a light made of thick wicks covered with wax or other flammable material.

— flamboyant,

flanvboi'ant,

a.

Characterized by waving curves resembling flames, as in windows of French Gothic style of

[Fr., flaming.]

showy; ostentatious. flamboyance, flam«boi ancc, n. Os-

architecture; tentation.

flame, flam, n. [Fr. flamme, from L. flamma, a flame, for flagma. from

whence flagro, to bum, to blaze, as in flagrant, conflagration ; root also in Gr. phlego, to burn.] blaze; burning vapor or gas rising from matter in a state of visible combustion; fire in general; heat of passion; violent contention; passionate excitement or strife; a state of ardor; warmth of affection; the passion of love; one beloved. the root flag,

A

blaze; to

(as

n.

flagrant, flagrant, a. [L. flagrans, flagrantis, ppr. of flagro, to burn (seen in conflagration), the root being

—

burn

fla«jish'us«nes,

L.L. flasca, a flask, flask.] A vessel with a narrow mouth, used for holding and conveying liquors.

flute.

to

heifla—

flagitious.

flagon, flag on,

the bulb-shaped head of the pipe, is holed and keyed like the

flagro,

;

condition or quality of being

which

flagitious, fla«jish'us, a. [L. flagitiosus, from flagitium, a shameful act, from flagito, to demand or urge hotly or violently, from root flag, whence

;

adv. In a flagitious manner.

— flagitiousness, The

profligate

— flagitiously,

v.t.

send

and i.—flamed, flaming.

To

make

a flame or blaze; to out a flame or blaze; to shine

burning gas or any other luminous body; to break out in like

—

flaming, flaviolence of passion. ming, a. Of a bright red or yellow burning; ardent; violent; color; tube, tub, bull,

oil,

pound.

— ——

———

flamen vehement.

— flamingly, n. [L.]

The name

—

in

ancient Rome for any priest devoted to the service of one particular deity. flamingo, fla»ming'go, n. [Sp. and Pg. flamenco, from L. flamma, flame, web-footed from its red color.] tropical bird, with long neck and long slender legs, standing from 5 to 6 feet high, and having scarlet

A

A

sembling light, as wit, merriment, passion, etc.; a short and brilliant burst; momentary brightness or show; the time occupied by a an instant.— v.i. To break or burst forth with a flash or flame; to give out a flash or gleam; to break forth into some new and dazzling condition; to burst out violently; to come, appear, or pass suddenly; to dart (a thought flashes through the mind). v.t. To emit or send forth in a sudden flash or flashes; to convey or send instantaneously or startlingly. a. Vulgarly showy or gaudy; forged; counterfeit flash of light;

—

with a flange; to make a flange on. flank, flangk, n. [Fr. flanc, Sp. and Pg. flanco, It. fianco, the flank; of Germanic origin ultimately, same as O.H.G. hlanca, side, loin, flank; akin G. gelenk, joint.] The fleshy or muscular part of the side of an animal, between the ribs and the hip; the side of anything, particularly the extreme right or left of an army, brigade, regiment, etc., the outer ships of a fleet, or the place occupied by such forces; any part of a fortified work defending another work by a fire along its face. v.t. and i. To stand at the flank or side of; to place troops so as to command or attack the flank of; to pass round or turn the flank of. flanker, flangk'er, n. One who or that which flanks; one employed on the flank of an

vapor from

flappy> slack.

v.i.

up; a long shallow basket. flat, a. [Not in A.Sax. = Icel. flatr, Sw. flat, Dan. flad, G. flach, akin Gr. platys, Skr. prithus, broad.] Having an even and horizontal, or nearly horizontal surface, without elevations or depressions, hills or valleys; level without inclination; level with the ground; prostrate; fallen; laid low; tasteless; stale; vapid; insipid; depressed; without interest, point, or spirit; frigid; dull; peremptory; absolute; flat;

positive; downright (a flat denial); mus. below the natural or the true pitch; not sharp or shrill; not acute; gram, applied to consonants, in the enunciation of which voice (in contradistinction to breath) is heard; opposed to sharp; as, b, d,g, z, v. n. flat surface; a surface without relief or prominences; a level; a plain; a low tract of land; a shoal; a shallow; a sandbank under water; the flat part or side of anything (the flat of the hand, of a sword); mus. a mark (b) placed on a line or in a space of the staff, which indicates that all notes on the same degree

manifested

of conduct

—

—flared, flaring. [Comp. A

Dan.

flagre, G. flackern (freq. of flacken), to flicker, to flare; perhaps akin to flash.] To waver or flutter in burning; to burn with an unsteady light; hence, to flutter with gaudy show; to shine out with sudden and unsteady light or splendor; to give

ch, chain;

—

flat,

and dress years after World War I. flap'e, a. Likely to flap;

flare, flar,

or gaseous objects

by sportsmen. flasket, flas'ket, n. vessel in which viands are served

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

flatr,

E. flat;

favorable notice or by favorable representations or indications (to flatter hopes); to inspire with false flatterer, flat'er«er, n. One hopes.

which

—

; one who praises another with a view to please him, to gain his favor, or to accomplish some purpose. flatteringly, flat'er«ing«li, adv. In a flattering manner.

who

flatters

—

flattery,

flat'er«i,

n.

[Fr. flatterie.]

act of one who flatters; false, insincere, or venal praise; adulation; cajolery.

The

A

A

Icel.

also Icel. flathra, to fawn or flatter, flathr, flattery.] To gratify by praise or obsequiousness; to please by applause, favorable notice, respectful attention, or anything that confirms one's good opinion of one's self; to encourage by

comp.

a.

flask, flask, n. [A. Sax. flasc, flasca, flaxa, Dan. flaske, Sw. flasca; ultimate origin doubtful; comp. O.Fr. flasche, flascon; Sp. fiasco, It. fiasco, L.L. fiasco, flasca, a flask; L. vasculum, dim. of vas, a vessel; also W. jflasg, a vessel of wickerwork, a basket.] kind of bottle; a narrownecked globular glass bottle; a metal or other pocket drambottle; a vessel for containing gunpowder, carried

—

1

oil

at

from

perhaps

ignites.

—

women who

Temperature

—

—

—

flash point, n.

—

flaps; young a freedom

manner; horizontally; evenly; flatness, flat'positively; plainly. flatten, flat'n, v.t. To make nes, n. flat or level; to lay flat; mus. to lower in pitch; to render less acute or sharp. v.i. To grow or become flat. flattop, n. An aircraft carrier. flatwise, flat'wiz, a. and adv. With the flat side downward or next to another thing. flatter, flat'er, v.t. [Fr. flatter, Pr. flatar, to pat, stroke, caress, flatter; flat

—

—

—

—

flash'i,

—

—

or gaudy; tawdry; fiery. flashily, flash'i»li, adv. flashiness, flash bulb, n. Flash flash'i«nes, n. lamp that burns metal foil or wire to give momentary daylight brilliance flash point, in taking photographs.

army.

A

—flashy,

Showy

flannel, flan'el, n. [O.E. and Sc. flannen, from W. gwlanen. from gwlan, wool.] soft nappy woolen cloth of loose texture. flannelette, flan«el«et', n. cotton cloth with a soft nap. flap, flap, n. [Probably onomatopoetic, being imitative of a blow with a pliant flat surface ; flabby is a kindred form.] Anything broad and flexible that hangs loose or is attached by one end or side and easily moved; a lappet, a lobe, a skirt or tail of a coat; the motion of anything broad and loose, or a stroke with it. v.t. flapped, flapping. To beat with or as with a flap; to move, as something broad or flaplike. v.i. To move as wings, or as something broad or loose; to wave loosely or flapdragon, n. A play in flutter. which the players snatch raisins out of burning brandy; snapdragon. flapjack, n. A sort of broad, flat pancake; a fried cake. flapper, flap'er, n. One who or that which

A

notes).

(flash

—

during

flatfish, n.

burst of something regarded as re-

plumage.

A

bulky materials on shallow waters. One of a group of fish, having a flattened body, that swim with the flattened side up and- have both eyes on one side. flatiron, n. An iron. flatly, flat'li, adv. In a

light instantaneously appearing and disappearing; a gleam; a sudden

flange, flanj, n. [A form of flank.] projecting edge or rim on any object, as the rims by which cast-iron pipes are connected together, or those round the wheels of railroad carriages to keep them on the rails. v.t. flanged, flanging. To furnish

—

—

flash, flash, n. [Comp. Icel. flasa, to rush, flas, a rush; also E. flare.] sudden burst of light; a flood of

A

;

(or their octaves) are lowered a semitone; a story or floor of a building; a foolish fellow; a flat section of theatrical scenery; a tire that has been punctured; a flat-bottomed boat. v.t. and v.i. flatted, flatting. To flatten. flatboat, n. flatbottomed boat used to transport

out a dazzling light. To flare up, to become suddenly angry or excited. n. A bright unsteady light; a bright patch in the middle of a photographic print, caused by lens reflection; dazzling light used to signal.

fla'ming«li,

—

flavescent

333

adv. In a flaming manner.

flamen, flamen,

——— —

—

flatulent, flat'u«lent, a. [L.L. flatulentus, from L. flatus, a blowing, from flo, flatum, to blow (as in inflate).] Affected with gases generated in the alimentary canal; generating or apt to generate wind in the stomach; windy. flatulence, flatulency, flat'u«lens, flat'u«len«si, n. [L. L. flatulentia.] The state of being flatulent, or affected with an accumulation of gases in the alimentary flatulently, flat'u«lent«li, adv. canal. In a flatulent manner. flaunt, flant, v.i. [Connected with prov. G. flander, a rag or tatter, flandern, to flutter, G. flattern, to flirt, to flutter.] To make an ostentatious display; to move or act ostentatiously; to be glaring or gaudy. v.t. To display ostentatiously; to display impudently or offensively. n. The act of flaunting bold or impudent parade. flaunter, flauntflan'ter, n. One who flaunts. ingly, flan'ting»li, adv. In a flauntflaunty, flaunting, flan'ti, ing way. flan'ting, a. Ostentatious; vulgarly or offensively showy; gaudy.

—

—

— —

—

flautist, fla'tist, n.

[It.

flauto, a flute.]

A

player on the flute; a flutist. flavescent, fla«ves'ent, a. [L. flavesco, to become yellow, from flavus, yellow.] Bot. yellowish or turning

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——— —————

——

——

—

;

flavor

334

yellow.

dye

flavin, flav'in, n. of vegetable origin.

A

yellow

flavor, fia'ver, n. [O. F. flauor, flaveur , flaur , flair , an odor; all used also in reference to taste.] The quality of any substance which affects the taste; that quality which gratifies the palate; relish; zest; the quality of a substance which affects the smell; odor; fragrance. v.t. To communicate flavor or some quality of taste or smell to. flavoring, fla ver-ing, n. Any substance used for imparting flavor; seasoning. flavorless, fla'ver«les, a. Without flavor; tasteless. flavorous, fia'ver— us, a. Having a rich or pleasant flavor.

flaw, fla, n. [A. Sax. floh, that which has flown off, a fragment; Goth. fiaga, a fragment; Sw. flaga, a flaw, flaga sig, to scale off, akin to flake and flag; comp. also W. fflaw, a splinter, ffla, a parting from.] crack; a defect of continuity or cohesion; a gap or fissure; any blemish or imperfection; a defect; a fault; a sudden burst of wind; a sudden gust or blast of short duration. v.t. To make or produce a flaw in. flawless, fla'les, a. Without flaw or defect. flawy, fla'i, a. Full of flaws; defective; faulty; subject to sudden gusts. flax, fiaks, n. [A. Sax. fleax D. vlas, Fris. flax, G. flachs, flax; allied to Bohem. vlas, Rus. volos, Lith. plaukas, hair, from a root meaning to comb, weave, or twist, seen in L. plecto, Gr. plekd, to weave or

A

—

=

plait.]

A wiry,

erect-stemmed annual

plant, the fiber of which is used for making linen thread and cloth, lace, etc.; the fibrous part of the plant

when broken and

cleaned by scutching and hackling. flaxen, flak'sn, a. Made of flax; resembling flax; of the color of flax ; fair. flay, fla, v.t. [A. Sax. fledn, to flay; O.D. vlaegen, vlaen, to flay; akin flake, flaw.]

To

skin; to strip off flayer, fla'er, n. One

the skin of.

who

flays.

flea, fle, n. [A. Sax. fled, from fledn, fleogan, to fly; D. vloo, Icel. fid, Sc. hardbodied, flech, G. floh, a flea.] wingless insect, with remarkable powers of leaping, that feeds on

A

warm-blooded animals. the

ear,

an

annoying,

A

flea

in

unexpected clean from

hint or reply. v.t. To name fleabane, fle'ban, n. fleas. popularly given to several composite plants from their supposed power of destroying or driving away fleas. fleabite, fle'bit, n. The bite of a flea; a trifling wound or pain; a slight inconvenience; a thing of no

A

—

A

flyja,

Dan.

flye,

Sw.

fly,

G.

fliehen,

To

hasten or run away, as from danger or evil; to resort to shelter; sometimes apparently transitive, from being omitted before the object. to

flee,

fleece,

fly.]

fles,

[A. Sax. fleds, flys, a

n.

wool = D. vlies, G. fliess; root meaning doubtful.] The coat of wool that covers a sheep or that is shorn from a sheep at one time; any covering resembling wool. Golden Fleece, the object of the Argonauts under Jason. Order of Golden Fleece, the Flemish and Spanish order, commemorating the wool trade of Flanders, a sheep suspended by ribbon from the neck. fleece,

—fleeced,

To

deprive of of money or property; to rob or cheat heartlessly. v.t.

—

fleecing. the fleece; to strip

fleecer, fle'ser, n.

or strips of money.

One who

— fleecy,

fleeces

fle'si, a.

Covered with wool; woolly; resembling wool or a fleece. fleer, fler, v.i. [Comp. Dan. dial, flire, to laugh, to sneer, N. flira, to titter.] To make a wry face in contempt; to grin, sneer, mock, or gibe. v.t. To mock; to flout at. n. The act of one who fleers. fleet, flet, n. [A.Sax.fledt, fliet, a ship, from fledtan, to float; akin D. vloot,

G. flotte, fleet, float.] A body or squadron of ships; a number of trucks,

ships,

operating

etc.,

in

company; old London

prison, from the ditch or stream of the Fleet, giving its name to Fleet Street, crossing it at right angles, and entering the city by the fleet-gate, Fleet Street, n. Newsflood-gate.

—

paper headquarters

in

London.

fleet, flet, a. [Icel. fljdtr, A.Szx.fledtig. quick; allied to flit, and float, flit,

moving or able rapidity; nimble; light

float.] Swift of pace; to

move with

n.

[D. vlijm, Fr. flamme,

in motion. v.i. To fly swiftly; to hasten; to flit, as a light

To

O.H.G. fliedimd, from L.L. flevotomum, flebotomum, from Gr. phlebs,

substance. surface; to

and tomos, a cutting. phlebotomy.] A sharp instrument used by farriers for opening veins

fleeting, fle'ting, p. and a. Passing rapidly; transient; not durable (the

phlebos, a vein,

for letting blood; a lancet. slight fieldn. [Fr.] work, with two faces forming an spire at angle pointing forward. the intersection of the nave and

fleche, flash,

A

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

v.t.

pass

skim over the over

rapidly.

moments). Syn. under TRANSIENT.— fleetly, flet'li, adv. In a manner; rapidly; swiftly. fleet

fleeting

fleetness, flet'nes, n.

being

The

fleet; swiftness;

quality of rapidity; ve-

locity; celerity; speed.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

— —

flex

transepts of a church. fleck, flek, n. [Icel.flekkr, D. vlek, G. fleck, a spot; allied to flick.) A spot; a streak; a dapple; a stain. v.t. To spot ; to streak or stripe ; to variegate to dapple. flection, flek'shon, n.. [L. flectio.] The act of bending or state of being bent; inflection. fled, fled, pret. & pp. oiflee. fledge, flej, v.t. fledged, fledging. [Icel. fleygr, able to fly, from fljuga, to fly; comp. G.fluck, flugge, feathered, from fliegen, to fly.] To furnish with feathers; to supply with the feathers necessary for flight: chiefly fledgling, flej 'ling, n. in pp. young bird just fledged. flee, fle, v.i. pret. and pp. fled; ppr., fleeing. [A. Sax. fledn, to flee, ic fled, I flee; akin to fleogan, to fly, Icel.

and quick

moment. fleam, flem,

— ——— — ———

——— — —

note, not,

move;

A

Fleming,

flem'ing, n. native of Flemish, flem'ish, a. PerFlanders. taining to Flanders. n. The language of the Flemings, closely akin to Dutch; pi. the people of Flanders. flense, flens, v.t. flensed, flensing. [Dan. flense; D. vlensen.] To cut up and obtain the blubber of a whale. flesh, flesh, n. [A. Sax. flaesc = D.

—

vleesch,

Dan.

G.

flesk,

flesh; Icel. and bacon or pork; further

fleisch,

connections are doubtful.]

The

sub-

stance which forms a large part of an animal, consisting of the softer solids, as distinguished from the bones, the skin, and the fluids; animal food, in distinction from vegetable; beasts and birds used as food, in distinction from fish; the body, as distinguished from the soul; the bodily frame; the human race ; mankind ; human nature bodily appetite; kindred; family; the soft pulpy substance of fruit; also that part of a root, fruit, etc., which is fit to be eaten. v.t. To initiate to the taste of flesh (as dogs used in hunting); to accustom to flesh; to imbrue a sword in blood for the fleshed, flesht, p. and a. first time. Fat; fleshy; having flesh of a particflesher, flesh er, n. ular kind. knife used for scraping flesh from flesh fly, n. Same as Blowhides. fleshiness, flesh'i«nes, n. State fly. ;

A

—

of being fleshy; plumpness; corpufleshing, fleshing, n. [Generlence. ally in plural.] A kind of drawers

worn by

actors,

sembling

the

dancers, etc., refleshnatural skin. liness, flesh'limes, n. State of being fleshly; carnal passions and appetites. fleshly, flesh li, a. Pertaining to the flesh; corporeal; carnal; lascivfleshpot, flesh pot, n. ious; human

—

—

living; a luxurious abundance. fleshy, flesh i, a. Full of flesh; pulpy, as fruit; plump; fat; corpulent; corporeal; human.

High

—

fleur-de-lis, fler«de«le, n. [Fr., flower of the lily.] heraldic figure representing either a lily or the head of a lance or some such weapon; the distinctive bearing of the kingdom of France ; bot. the iris. flew, flu, pret. of fly.

A

flex, fleks, v.t. [From "L.flecto, flexion, to bend; seen also in deflect, inflect, bend. flexed, flekst, reflect, etc.]

To

p.

—

and

a.

Bent; having a bent shape.

flexible, flek'si-bl, a. [L. flexibilis,

Capable of flecto, flexum.] being flexed or bent; pliant; yielding to pressure; not stiff; capable of yielding to entreaties, arguments, or other moral force; manageable; tractable; easy and compliant; capable of being molded into different forms or styles; plastic; capable of being adapted or accommodated.

from

—

flexibility,

flek-si»bil i«ti,

n.

The

quality of being flexible; pliancy; easiness to be persuaded; readiness to

comply;

si»bli,

adv.

facility.

flexibly, flek

-

In a flexible manner.

flexile, flek'sil, a. [L. flcxihs.] Pliant; flexion, flek shon, pliable; flexible. n. [L. flexio.] The act of bending; the bending of a joint which brings the connected parts closer together;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — — — — — ———

——

;;

a bending; a part bent; gram, an flexor, flek'ser, n. Anat. inflection. a muscle whose office is to produce

or contemptuous remark; enjoyment of pleasure to the full

A

—

A

a bend. flick, flik, n.

[Akin to flip, flap.] A sharp sudden stroke, as with a whip v.t. and i. To strike or move a flip.

with a flick; to flip. flicker, flik'er, v.t. and i. [A. Sax. flicerian, to flutter or move the wings; G. flackern, to flare, to blaze, to flutter; D. flikkeren, to twinkle; Icel. flaka, to flap.] To flutter or flap the wings; to fluctuate or waver, as a flame in a

flintiness, flin'ti»nes, n.

A

—

fleipinn,

population).

Speaking floccose,

petulant.]

flippancy,

flippantness,

flip'an«si,

adv. In a flippant manner; volubly. flipper, flip'er, n. [Equivalent to flapper, from flap.] The paddle of a sea turtle; the broad fin of a fish; the arm of a seal ; broad, flat, finlike rubber shoe used in skin diving. flirt, flert, v.t. [A. Sax. fleard, trifle, ant'li,

To

move with short, quick movements; to make coquet-

fickle.

flimsy, flim'zi, a. [Origin doubtful.] Without strength or solid substance of loose and unsubstantial structure without reason or plausibility. n. A thin sort of paper. flimsily, flim'zi»li, adv. In a flimsy manner. flimsiness, flim'zi«nes, n. State or quality of being flimsy. flinch, flinsh, v.t. [Perhaps corrupted from blench, or from O.E. flecche, Fr. flechir, L. flectere, to bend.] To draw back from pain or danger; to show signs of yielding or of suffering; to shrink; to wince.

fling

suddenly; to

tish

motions with

(a fan).

run and dart about; to or coquette.

levity

giddiness;

to

v.i.

act

play

To

with the

A

sudden jerk; a quick throw or cast; one who flirts; n.

a woman who plays at courtship; flirtation, fler«ta'shon, a coquette. flirting; a playing at courtship; n. flirtatious,! fler»ta'shus, coquetry. a. Given to flirtation.

A

flit,

v.i.—flitted, flitting. [Dan. Sw. flytta, to remove akin to

flit,

flytte,

;

flee, fleet, flutter, etc.]

To

fly

away

with a rapid motion; to dart along, as a bird; to move with celerity through the air; to move rapidly about; to flutter; to migrate. n. The act of one who flits.

flincher, flinsh 'er, n. One who flinches or fails. flinchingly, flinsh'ing«li, adv. In a flinching manner. flinder, n. Fragment; splinter. fling, fling, v.t. flung, flinging. [Akin to O.Sw. flenga, to strike or beat; Dan. flenge, to slash.] To cast, send, or throw; to hurl; to send or shed forth; to emit; to scatter; to throw to the ground; to prostrate. v.i. To flounce; to throw out the legs violently; to start away with a sudden motion, as in token of displeasure; to rush away angrily. n. throw; a gibe; a sarcasm; a

—

j,

(a

floating

Floating dock.

Under

flok«6s',

[L. floccosus.]

a.

flocke, O.G. floccho, D. vlok, lock of flocka, Dan. flokke.] or hair; the refuse of cotton

A

Sw. wool

and

wool, or shreds of woolen goods,

used for stuffing mattresses,

etc.

flocky, flok'i, a. Abounding with flocks; floccose. flock, flok, n. [A.Sax. floe, flocc, a flock, a company of men Dan. flok, Sw. flock, Icel. flokkr, flock; perhaps same as folk.] company or collection of living creatures, especially applied to birds and sheep; a Christian congregation in relation to their pastor, who takes charge of them in spiritual things. v.i. To gather in flocks or crowds. floe, flo, n. [Dan. flage, Sw. flaga, a floe; akin to flake.] large mass of ice floating in the ocean. flog, flog, v.t.—flogged, flogging. [Allied to Prov. E. flack, to beat; flacket, to flap about; perhaps also to flap or flag.] To beat or whip; to chastise with repeated blows. To flog a dead horse, to try to revive interest in a stale subject. flogger,

=

A

A

flog'er, n.

One who

flood, flud,

n.

flogs.

[A.Sax. flod, a flood

=

flitch, flich, n. [A. Sax. flicce, a flitch of bacon; Icel. flikki, a flitch.] The side of a hog salted and cured; carp, a plank fastened side by side

Dan. and Sw. flod, Icel. flod, D. vloed; from the root of flow.] A great flow of water; a body of water rising and overflowing the

with others to form a compound beam.

land; a river {poet.); the flowing in of the tide: opposed to ebb; a flow or stream of anything fluid; a great quantity ; an overflowing ; abundance superabundance. The Flood, the deluge in the days of Noah. v.t. and i. To overflow; to inundate

float, flot, v.i. [A.Sax. flotian, to float, fleotan, to fleet ; fleet , flow, flood are flow.] To rest or closely allied, glide on the surface of a fluid; to swim or be buoyed up; to move

A

fishes);

Bot. composed of or bearing tufts of woolly, or long and soft, hairs. flocculence, flok'u«lens, n. The state of being flocculent; adhesion in flocculent, flok'u«lent, small flakes. a. Coalescing and adhering in locks or flakes. flock, flok, n. [From O.Fr. floe, L. floccus, a lock of wool; comp. G.

flip'ant'nes, n. The state or quality of being flippant. flippantly, flip'-

folly; fleardian, to trifle; comp. G. flirren, trifles, flirren, to make a throw with confused noise.] a jerk or sudden effort or exertion ; to

un-

in

DOCK.

tattle,

and confidently, without knowledge or consideration; heedlessly pert; showing undue levity.

flighty,

g, go;

pert,

disconnected;

{floating ribs fluctuating; unsettled

[Formed from

Icel. fleipr,

debt);

attached

fluently

indulging in flights or sallies of imagination, humor, caprice, etc.; volatile; giddy;

ch, Sc. loch;

comp.

flip, flap;

Fleeting:}:;

ch, chain;

floating

ment. a.

float-

Anything that

floats

v.i. in the air, as to flip a coin. To make a small, abrupt move-

flippant, flip'ant,

flo'tij, n.

on the water. floatation, flo'ta'shon, n. The science of floating floater, flo'ter, n. One that bodies. floating, flo'ting, p. and a. floats. Resting on and buoyed up by a fluid; circulating; not fixed or invested ; opposed to sunk {floating capital

to strike against steel ignite

—

or soaring; an extravagant excursion or sally, as of the imagination; scheduled airplane trip; basic unit of military air forces; series of steps or stairs from one platform or landing to another. flightily, fli'tMi, adv. In a flighty, wild, capricious, or imaginative manner. flightiness, fli'ti«nes, n. The state of being volatility.

age, flotage,

[A form of flap.] A smart blow, as with a whip; a flick; a drink. v.t. To flick; to put into motion quickly so as to cause to turn over

n.

extreme

fixed

flint

the charge.

[A. Sax. fligt, from fly.] The act of fleogan, to fly. fleeing; hasty or precipitate departure; the act or power of flying; volitation; the manner or mode of flying; a flock of birds flying in company; the birds produced in the same season; a discharge; a mounting

a.

water wheel or paddle wheel.

flintlock, n.

flip, flip, n.

pecker marked with red at the back of the neck and having speckled underparts.

fli'ti,

fish; a plasterer's tool for producing a plane surface; the float board of a

and produce sparks which

A

flighty;

hammer

in the

wavering or current of air. n. fluctuating gleam, as of a candle; a flutter; North American wood-

flit,

—

musket gunlock with

supported by a fluid; to move

as if

gently and easily through the air. v.t. To cause to float; to cause to rest or be conveyed on the surface of a fluid; to flood; to inundate; To float a scheme, to overflow. to bring it prominently before public notice; to raise funds for carrying it on. n. That which floats on the surface of a fluid; a collection of timber fastened together and floated down a stream; a raft; a buoy; the cork or quill on an angling line, to support it and indicate the bite of a

extent of one's opportunities (to take one's fling: colloq.); a Scotch dance, the Highland fling. flint, flint, n. [A. Sax. and Dan. flint, Sw. flinta; same root as Gr. plinthos, a brick.] species of quartz, of a yellowish or bluish-gray or grayishblack color, very hard and used to form an ingredient in fine pottery; a piece of flint used to strike fire with steel or in a flintlock. flinty, flin'ti, a. Consisting or composed of flint; containing flints; like flint; very hard; cruel; unmerciful.

flexuous, flek'su«us, a. [L. flexuosus.] Winding or bending; having turns or windings; bot. changing its direction in a curve, from joint to joint, from bud to bud, or from flower to flower; in this sense written flexure, flek'sher, n. also flexuose. [L. flexura.] bending; the form in which a thing is bent; part bent;

;;;

flood

severe

flexion.

— ———— —

—— —— —

335

flick

flight,

—— ————

—

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

Fris.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— ——— —— —— — ——

——

;

—

floor to cause to be covered with water. floodgate, n. A gate to be opened for letting water flow, or to be shut to prevent it. floodlight, n. Lighting

unit that casts a bright, broad beam. floor, flor, n. [A. Sax. flor, a floor D.

=

vloer, a floor; G. flur, a field, a floor; W. llawr, the ground, a floor.]

That part of a building or room on which we walk; a platform; a story in a building; a suite of rooms on a level. v.t. To furnish with a floor; to strike or knock down level with the floor (colloq.). floorer, flo'rer, n. One who or that which floors; a blow which floors a person (colloq.). flooring, flo'ring, n. floor; materials for floors.

—

—

A

flop, flop, v.t. [A form of flap.] To clap; to flap; to let fall or sink

down suddenly. with

To strike about

something

to fail; to n.

v.i.

broad and flat; plump down suddenly.

A sudden sinking to the ground.

floppy, flop'i, a.

Having

to flop.

Flora,

flo'ra, n. [L.,

flower

(whence

from

also

flos, floris,

flower,

a

flour,

Roman

flourish, etc.).] The goddess of flowers; (not. cap.) a list of plants of a certain district or region a collective term for the plants

indigenous to any district, region, or period. floral, flo'ral, a. Containing or belonging to the flower; pertaining to flowers in general; made of flowers. florally, flo'ral«li, adv. In a floral manner. floriated,

Decorated with floral ornament; having florid ornaments. flo'ri»a»ted, a.

—florescence,

florescens,

pp.

flo«res'ens,

n.

[L.

of floresco.] Bot. a flower; the season

bursting into when plants expand their flowers;

—

inflorescence. florescent, fl6«res'ent, a. Bursting into flower; flowerfloret, flo'ret, n. ing. single small flower in a compact inflorescence. floriculture, flo'ri«kul«cher, n. [L. flos, floris, and cultura.] The culture or cultivation of flowers or flowering plants. floricultural, fl6»ri«kul'cher«al, a. Relating to floriculture. floriculturist, floTi'kul'cher>ist, n. One interested in floriculture. florid, flor 'id, a. [L. floridus, from flos, floris.] Flowery; bright in color; flushed with red; of a lively red color; embellished with profuse ornamentation, especially with flowers of rhetoric, or high-flown or elaborately elegant language. floridity, floridness, floTid'i«ti, flor'id«nes, n. The quality or condition of being florid. floridly, flor'id«li, adv. In a showy imposing way. floriferous, flo'rif'er'us, a. Producing flowers. florist, flor'ist, n. [Fr. fleuriste, a florist.] cultivator of flowers; one who deals in flowers; one who writes a flora. Florence, flor ens, n. kind of wine from Florence in Italy; a gold coin of the reign of Edward III, of Britain, value 6 shillings. Florence flask, a globular bottle of thin transparent glass with a long neck. Florentine, flor en«tin, a. Of or pertaining to Florence. n. native of Florence; a kind of silk cloth.

A

—

—

A

A

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—— — —

;

—

— ;

336

flower

florin, flor'in, n. [Fr. florin, from It. florino, first applied to a Florentine coin, because stamped with a lily; It. fiore, a flower, from L. flos, floris, a flower.] name given to different coins of gold or silver, of different values, and to moneys of account, in different countries; a British coin, value 2 shillings.

with anything showy; to give a fair appearance to (Shak.); to make bold or irregular movements with; to hold in the hand and swing about; to

A

floss, flos, n. [It. floscio, flosso, soft, flaccid, from L. fluxus, flowing, loose.] downy or silky substance in the husks of certain plants; untwisted filaments of the finest silk, etc. floss silk, n. Floss; silk fibers broken off in unwinding the cocoons, and used for coarser fabrics.

A

—

under

floatation,

See

flotation.

FLOAT. flotilla,

A

[Sp.

n.

fld'til'la,

flota, a fleet.] of small vessels.

dim.

of

little

fleet;

a fleet

n.

[From

float.]

flotsam, flot'sam,

Such

tendency

a

—

a portion of the wreck of a ship and the cargo as continues floating on the surface of the water.

JETSAM. flounce, flouns, v.i. flounced, flouncing. [Akin N. and O.Sw. flunsa, to plunge about in water.] To throw one's self about with jerks, as if in displeasure or agitation. n. A sudden jerking motion of the body. flounce, flouns, n. [Originally frounce,

—

from Fr.frOftcis, a plait, from fr oncer, fronser, to wrinkle, from L. frons, the front forehead. frontis, or front.] strip of cloth sewed horizontally round a frock or gown, with the lower border loose and spreading. v.t. To deck with a flounce or flounces. flounder, floun'der, n. [Gr. flunder, Sw. flundra, Dan. flynder, flounder.]

A

One of the

most common of the found in the sea and near

the

flat fishes,

mouths of

rivers.

flounder, floun'der,

v.i.

[Akin to D.

flodderen, to flap like a loose garment.] To fling arms and body in clumsy struggle to move, stand or swim; to struggle, as a fish on land. flour, flour, n. [Fr. fleur, a flower, fleur de farine, flour, lit. ' flour of meal ', the finest part of the meal comp. flowers of sulfur. Flower is merely another form.] The finely

ground meal of wheat or of any other grain; the finer part of meal separated by bolting; the fine and soft powder of any substance. v.t.

To with

convert into flour; to sprinkle flour.

— floury,

flou'ri, a.

Con-

sisting of or resembling flour; covered with flour. flourish, flur'ish, v.i. [Fr. fleurir, fleurissant, L. florere, to flower, to bloom, from flos, floris, a flower. flora.] grow luxuriantly; to increase and enlarge; to thrive; to be prosperous; to increase in wealth,

To

comfort, happiness, or honor; to prosper; to live at a certain period (said of authors, painters, etc.); to use florid language; to make ornamental strokes in writing; to move or be moved in fantastic irregular figures; to play a bold prelude or fanfare. v.t. To adorn with flowers or beautiful figures; to ornament

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

brandish. n. An ostentatious embellishment; parade of words and figures; show; a fanciful stroke of the pen or graver; a brandishing; the waving of a weapon or something held in the hand; the decorative notes which a singer or instrumental performer adds to a passage. Flourish of trumpets, a trumpet call, fanfare, or prelude performed on the approach of any person of distinction; hence, any ostentatious preliminary sayings or doings. flourish-

—

es

flur'ish«er, n. ishes. flourishing,

One who

flourflur'ish«ing, p.

—

and a. Prosperous; thriving. flourishingly, flur'ish«ing»li, adv. In a flourishing manner. flout, flout, v.t. [D. fluiten, fluyten, to play on the flute, to whistle, to jeer, from fluit, a flute, flute.] To mock or insult; to treat with contempt or disrespect; to jeer at; to jibe. v.i. To behave with contempt: often with at. n. A mock; an insult. flouter, flou'ter, n. One

—

—

who

flouts.

flow,

flo, v.i.

D.

vloeijen,

[A.Sax.flowan, to flow =

to flow; I eel. floa, to flood; O.H.G. flawan, to wash; from a root seen in L. pluvius, rain, Gr. pled, to swim ; Skr. plu, to flow. Akin are flood, float, fleet, etc.] To move along in the manner of liquids; to run like water; to melt; to proceed or issue as from a source ; to abound to have or be in abundance ; to glide

along smoothly, without harshness or roughness; to be smooth or pleasant to the ear; to be easily or smoothly uttered; to hang loose and waving; to rise, as the tide: opposed v.t. To cover with water; to ebb. n. A stream of water to overflow. or other fluid ; a current ; an outflow the rise of the tide; abundance; copiousness; undisturbed and even movement. flowage, flo'ij, n. Act of flowing; state of being flowed. flowingly, flo'ing«li, adv. In a flowing manner. flowingness, flo'ing«nes, n. flower, flou'er, n. [O.Fr. flour, Mod. Fr. fleur, from L. flos, floris, a

—

—

—

flower,

whence

also

floral,

florid,

Flour is really the same word though it has taken a different

florin, etc.

signification and spelling.] The delicate and gaily-colored leaves or petals on a plant; a circle of leaves or leaflets of" some other color than green; a bloom or blossom; more strictly, in bot. the organs of reproduction in a phenogamous plant, consisting of, when complete, stapistils together with two of leaves which surround and protect them, the calyx and corolla; the early part of life or of manhood; the prime; youthful vigor; youth; the best or finest part; a figure of speech; an ornament of style; pi. a powdery or mealy substance (as flowers of sulfur); the menstrual v.i. To blossom; to discharge.

mens and sets

v.t. To embelto flourish. with figures of flowers; to adorn

bloom; lish

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ———

—

—

imitated

flowers.

Flowers

— flowerage,

general. small flower; floweret, flou'er«et, n. flower head, n. Bot. a a floret. capitulum or head of sessile flowers, floweriness, flou'as in the daisy. er«i«nes, n. The state of being flowflowering, ery; floridness of speech. flou'er«ing, p. and a. Having or producing flowers. flowerless, flou'Having no flowers. a. er«les, flowerpot, n. pot in which flowering plants or other plants are grown. flowery, flou'er«i, a. Full of flowers; abounding with blossoms; richly embellished with figuraflou'efij,

n.

A

—

—

—

—

cattle, etc. n. [Connected with flow.] passage or channel for the water that drives a mill wheel; an artificial channel for gold washing.

flume, flom,

The

flum'er»i, n. [W. llymry, flummery, oatmeal steeped until from llymyr, harsh, llym, sour,

influenza.]

Contagious respiratory ailment.

—fluctuated,

sort of jelly made of flour or meal; flour from oats steeped in water until sour and then boiled; flattery; empty compliment; nonsense.

flunk, flungk, v.t. and i. [Colloq. U.S.] To fail, as in an examination or course of study. flunky, flung'ki, n. [L.G. flunkern, to

To

—

fluctuant, flukwavelike motion. chu«ant, a. [L. fluctuans, fluctuantis.] Moving like a wave; wavering; un-

—fluctuation,

D. flonkeren, flinkeren, to from flank, one that keeps master's flank.] A male servant

flaunt;

fluk«chu»a'-

shon, n. [L. fluctuation] A motion like that of waves ; a moving in this and that direction; a rising and falling; a wavering; unsteadiness. flue, flo, n. [Comp. O.Fr. flue, a flowing, from fluer, L. fluere, to flow.] A passage for smoke in a chimney; a pipe or tube for conveying heat, as in certain kinds of

steam boilers, etc. flue, flo, n. [fluff.]

Downy

A

sharp.]

fluctuating. [L. fluctuo, fluctuatum, from fluctus, a wave, from fluo, to flow, whence fluent, etc. fluent.] To move as a wave; to wave; to float backward and forward; to be in an unsettled state. v.t. put into a state of fluctuating or

steady.

consisting of a tube with six holes for the fingers, and from one to fourteen keys which open other holes; a perpendicular furrow or channel cut along the shaft of a column or pilaster; any similar groove or channel in any material. v.i. fluted, fluting. To play on a flute. v.t. To play or sing in notes resembling those of a flute ; to form fluted, flo'ted, flutes or channels in. p. and a. Channeled; furrowed; mus.

Calcium fluoride, a crystalline sometimes colorless and

absorption

—

of light

—

—

A

sent.

at.

wt., 18.9984.

— fluoride,

flo'oTid,

n. Fluorine combined with another element; salt of hydrofluoric acid.

as fugleman. fluid, flo'id, n. [L. fluidus, from fluo, to flow, fluent.] Capable of flowing

fluoridate, flo'or«i«dat, v.t. To add a fluoride to, as to drinking water. fluoridation, fl6«o»ri«da'shon, n. flurry, flur'i, n. [Of doubtful origin

or moving like water; liquid or gaseous. n. fluid body or substance; a body whose particles on the slightest pressure move and change their relative position without separation. fluid dram, flo'id dram, unit equal to 1 / 8 fluid ounce. n. fluid ounce, flo'id ounce, n. unit of liquid capacity equal to Vie pint.

A

and connections; comp. Sw.

A

motion;

A

agitation

;

To v.t. bustle. to excite or alarm.

put

in

flush, flush, v.i. [Perhaps akin to flash; or from O.Fr. flux, a flowing, a flush flux.] To at cards, from L. fluxus. flow and spread suddenly, as the blood to the face; to become suf-

fluidity, flo«id'i«ti, n.

fluke, flok, n. [Akin to G. flunk, a wing, the fluke of an anchor; comp. also Sw. flik, Dan. flig, a flap or j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

and mellow;

A

flutelike.

flutist;

—

one

—

fluter,

who makes

grooves or flutes. fluting, flo'ting, n. The act of forming a groove or flute flutist, flo'tist, n. A fluted work.

—

performer on the

flute.

flutter, flut'er, v.i. [A. Sax. floterian, to fluctuate, from flot, the sea; allied to float, and to L.G. fluttern, G. flattem, to flutter.] To move or flap the wings rapidly, without flying, or with short flights; to move about with bustle; to move with quick vibrations or undulations; to be in agitation. v.t. To agitate; to disorder; to throw into confusion. n. Quick and irregular motion; vibration; agitation of the mind; flutterer, flut'confusion disorder. flutterer«er, n. One who flutters. ingly, flut'er«ing«li, adv. In a flutter-

—

—

;

—

ing manner. fluvial, flo'vi«al, a. [L. fluvialis, fluviaticus, fluviatilis, from fluvius, a river, from fluo, to flow.] Belonging to rivers; produced by river action; growing or living in fresh-water fluviomarine, flo'vi«6«ma»rivers.

—

flurig,

disordered hair.] sudden blast or gust of wind; a comagitation; snowfall; short disordered, flur,

—

go;

clear

flo'ter, n.

from another

fluorescent, flo«o«res'ent, a. source. fluorescent lamp, flo«o«res'cent lamp, n. An electron tube, coated on phosphor and with the inside containing mercury vapors, that converts ultraviolet discharge into fluoroscope, flo'ro*visible light. machine for examining skop, n. the body internally by studying shadows cast on a fluorescent screen by structures through which X-rays are

fluff; fluey.

g,

—

radiation in the form of light as the result of (and only during) the

flugelman. Same

ch, Sc. loch;

—

L. fluor, L. flux, fr. fluere, to flow.] Property of emitting electromagnetic

fluff; giv-

A musical wind instrument

flageolet.]

—

ch, chain;

v.t. [Icel. flauster, to be in a fluster; Norweg. flosa, passion.] To make hot with drinking; to heat; to agitate; to confuse. n. Heat; glow; agitation; confusion of mind. flute, fiot, n. [Fr. flute, O.Fr. flaiite, from flaiiter, from a L.L. flatuare (giving flautare by metathesis), from L. flatus, a blowing, from L. flo, flatum, to blow (as in inflate); akin

at his in livery; a toady.

L.G. flog, flok, flue.] Light down fluorine, flo'o«rin, n. [L. fluor.] A or nap such as rises from beds, nonmetallic, gaseous element, yellow fluffy, fluf'i, a. cotton, etc.; flue. and corrosive. Symbol, F; at. no., 9; Containing or resembling

doubtful.]

fluster, flaustra,

transparent, but more frequently exhibiting tints of yellow, green, blue, and red, manufactured into various ornamental articles. fluorescence, flo«OTes'ens, n. [From

—

[Origin

a.

jacent surface. fluster, flus'ter,

mineral

matter;

flush,

Fresh; full of vigor; well supplied with money (slang); having the surface even or level with the ad-

glitter; or

spar.]

fluff.

A

suit.

flush,

fluorite, flo'or«it, n. Fluorspar. fluorspar, flo 'or* spar, n. [L. fluor, a flowing (from fluo, to flow), and

fluent, flo'ent, a. [L. fluens, fluentis, ppr. of fluo, fluxum, to flow, as influence, confluence, in affluence, flux, etc.; akin Gr. phlyo, to bubble over.] Flowing; ready in the use of words ; having words at command and uttering them with facility and smoothness; voluble; smooth. n. Math, the variable or flowing quantity in fluxions which is continually fluently, increasing or decreasing. flo'entdi, adv. In a fluent manner. fluency, flo'en«si, n. The quality of being fluent; readiness of utterance; volubility. fluff, fluf, n. [Also flue; akin to flock,

ing off

A

flummery,

tive language; florid. flu, flo, n. [Short for v.i.

redden suddenly; to elate; to excite; to animate with joy; to wash out by drenching with copious supplies of water; sporting, to cause to start up or fly off; to spring. n. sudden flow of blood to the face; the redness so produced; any warm coloring or glow; sudden thrill or shock of feeling; bloom; vigor; a rush or flow of water; a run of cards of the same

A

—

fluctuate, fluk'tu«at,

fused; to become suddenly red; to blush. v.t. To cause to blush or

fluky, flo'ki, a. fluke, flok, n. [A. Sax. floe, a flatfish.] flounder; a leaflike parasitic worm which infests the livers of sheep,

A

;

flux

lappet; Dan. anker-flig, anchor fluke.] The part of an anchor which catches in the ground; one of the two triangular divisions constituting the tail of a whale; billiards, an accidental successful stroke; hence, any unexpected or accidental advantage.

in

—

—

337

flu

with

—— ——

—

ren", a. Geol. formed or deposited in estuaries or on the bottom of the sea at the embouchure of a river. flux, fluks, n. [Fr., from L. fluxus, from fluo, to flow. FLUENT.] The act of flowing ; a flow; the flow of the tide, in opposition to the ebb; med.

th, thin;

an extraordinary evacuation from the bowels or other part; that which flows or is discharged; metal, any w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —— ————

— —

——

——

substance or mixture used to promote the fusion of metals or minerals; a liquid state from the operation of To melt or to fuse; v.t. heat. make fluid. v.i. To flow. fluxion, flux or flowing; a flow or n. determination of blood or other fluid toward any organ with greater force than natural; math, a differential, fluxions being an old method of

A

mathematical analysis superseded by

—

fluxional, the differential calculus. fluxionary, fluk'shon«al, fluk'shon— e«ri, a. Pertaining to fluxions; varfly,

fli, v.i.

— pret.flew, pp. flown, ppr.

flying. [A. Sax. fleogan, G. fliegen, Icel. fljuga, Dan. flyue, to fly; akin move flee, flight, fledge, etc.] through air by the aid of wings; to move through the air by the force of wind or other impulse ; to rise in air, as light substances; to run or pass with swiftness; to depart swiftly; to run away; to flee; to escape; to

To

or operate an airplane; quickly from mouth to mouth; to burst in pieces; to flutter, vibrate, or play, as a flag in the

ride in to pass

wind. To fly at, to rush on; to fall on suddenly. To fly in the face of, to set at defiance; to act in direct opposition to. To fly open, to open suddenly or with violence. To let fly, to discharge; to throw or drive with violence. v.t. To flee from; to shun; to avoid; to cause to fly or float in the air; to transport by winged insect whose airplane. n. distinguishing characteristics are that the wings are transparent and have no cases or covers; a fishhook dressed so as to resemble a fly; hit by batter and baseball, ball caught by defensive fielder before

A

it

hits

ground, automatically putting

an arrange-

the batter out; ment of vanes upon

a revolving axis or other contrivance to regulate the motion of machinery; a flier; one of the arms that revolve round the bobbin in a spinning frame, and twist the yarn as it is wound on the

bobbin; a light carriage formed for rapid motion; a hackney coach; a cab; a gallery in a theater running along the side of the stage at a high level, where the ropes for drawing up parts of the scenes, etc., are

worked.

—

flier,

flyer, fli'er, n.

One

or flees; a runaway; a fugitive; a part of a machine which by moving rapidly equalizes and regulates the motion of the whole; a contrivance for taking off or delivering the sheets from a printing maflyblow, fli bio, n. The egg chine. of a fly. v.t. To deposit a fly's egg in ; to taint with eggs which produce that

flies

—

maggots.

— flyboat,

n.

A

large flat-

bottomed Dutch vessel with a high stem; a long narrow passage boat, swifter than the cargo boats, formerly flycatcher, canals. that which catches flies; especially, a name of various insessorial birds which feed on flies and other winged insects the phoebe, fly-fishing, bee-bird, or kingbird. n. The a rt or practice of angling for

much used on n. One who or

——

338

fly

iable.

——

——

— ;

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

A

ning or end of a book, pamphlet, etc. flypaper, n. A kind of porous paper impregnated with poison for destroying flies. flytrap, n. A trap to catch or kill flies; an American sensitive plant, the leaves of which close upon and capture insects. flywheel, n. A wheel with a heavy rim placed on the revolving shaft of any machinery put in motion by an

—

—

irregular or intermitting force, for the purpose of rendering the motion equable and regular by means of its momentum flying boat, n. sea-

—

hull.

A

on water by

supported

— flying buttress,

n.

A

its

buttress

from a solid mass of masonry, and abutting against and springing

serving to support another part of the structure. flying fish, n. One of those fishes which have the power of sustaining themselves for a time in the air by means of their large pectoral fins. flying fox, n. A bat found in the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, so named from the resemblance of its head to that of a fox. Flying Dutchman, n. A spectral or phantom ship seen off the Gape of Good Hope, believed to import foul weather or danger.

—

—

—

flying jib, n. Naut. a sail extended of the jib, upon a boom called the flying- jib boom. flying lemur, n. An insectivorous mammal having the limbs connected by wide lateral folds of skin, which serve to bear it up when taking great leaps from tree to tree. flying phalanger,

outside

n.

—

—

A

nocturnal

marsupial.

—

Any

flying saucer, n.

of the unidentified flying objects, usually said to be saucer shaped, reported as seen in the sky. flying squirrel, n. One of those squirrels that have a fold of skin extending between the fore and hind legs, so as to bear

—

them up

for a

moment

leaps;

also

a

in the air,

make very great name of the flying

and enable them

to

phalanger. foal, fol, n. [A. Sax. fola, a foal; Icel. foli, Dan. fole, D. veulen, G. fohlen, fallen; Cog. Gr. polos, a foal; L. pullus, a young animal. Filly is a dim. from foal.] The young of the equine genus of quadrupeds, and of either v.t. To bring sex; a colt; a filly. forth her young: said of a mare or v.i. To bring forth a foal. a she-ass. foam, fom, n. [A. Sax. fdm = G. feim, and dial, faum, foam; allied to L. spuma, foam, from spuo, to spit.] Froth; spume; the aggregation of bubbles which is formed on the surface of liquids by fermentation or violent agitation. v.i. To gather foam; to froth; to be in a violent foam v.t. To cause to foam. fage.

—

rubber, n. Fine-textured, spongy rubber used for mattresses, cushions, foamy, fo'mi, a. Covered with etc.

—

foam; frothy. n. [Allied to Prov. G. fuppe, a pocket.] Small ornament or weight worn at the end of a watch chain. fob, fob, v.t. fobbed, fobbing. [Comp. G. foppen, to mock, to banter.] To

fob, fob,

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

—

foil

fish with flies, natural or artificial. flyleaf, n. blank leaf at the begin-

plane

—

note, not,

move;

cheat; to trick; to impose on. (Shak). focus, fo'kus, n. pi. focuses, fo'kus-ez, or foci, fo'si. [L. focus, a fire, the

A

hearth, whence also fuel, fusil.] point of concentration; a central point; a center of special activity; optics, a point in which any number of rays of light meet after being reflected or refracted; geom. a name of two important points on the principal axis of the ellipse (which v.t. and i. To bring to a focus; see). to adjust to a focus; to focalize.

—

focalize, fo'ksMz, a. bring to a focus; to focus. fodder, foder, n. [A.Sax. fodder, foder, from foda, food Icel. fothr, focal,

fo'kal,

To

v.t.

L.G. foder, D. voeder, G. futter, fodder. food.] Food for cattle, horses, and sheep consisting of entire plants, such as corn. v.t. To feed with fodder. foe, fo, n. [A.Sax. fd, fdh, an enemy, from same stem as fiend, fiend, feud.] An enemy; one who entertains personal enmity; an enemy in war; a hostile or opposing army; an adversary; one who opposes anything (a foe to virtue). foeman,

—

fo'man, n. An enemy personal antagonist.

in

war;

a

fog, n. [Comp. Dan. snee-fog, snow storm fyge, to drive with the

fog, a

wind, Dan. dial, fuge, to rain fine and blow, Icel. fok, snow storm.] A dense watery vapor exhaled from the earth or from rivers and lakes, or generated in the atmosphere near the earth ; a state of mental confusion or uncertainty. v.t. To envelop with or as with fog. v.i. To obscure by enclosing in fog; confuse; perplex; befog. foggily, fog'i«li, adv. In a foggy manner. fogginess, fog'i«nes, foggy, fog'i, a. Filled or n. abounding with fog; damp with humid vapors; misty; dull; stupid; beclouded. foghorn, n. A horn to

—

—

—

—

as a warning signal in foggy weather; a sounding instrument for warning vessels of their proximity to the coast during a fog. fog, fog, n. [W. ffwg, dry grass.] Aftermath; a second growth of grass;

sound

long grass that remains on land through the winter. fogey, fogy, fo'gi, n. [Lit. one who is in a fog; or from fog, after grass.] One who is behind the times; a dull fogeyism, fellow, usually with old. fogyism, fo gi-izm, ;;. The habits or

—

practices of a fogev. foible, foi'bl, n. [O.Fr. weak, feeble.] The weak part of a sword opposed to forte; a particular moral weakness; a weak point; a fault of not a very serious character. foil, foil, v.t. [Fr. fouler, to press, to crush, to oppress, from stem of L. To frustrate; to fullo, a fuller.] defeat; to render vain or nugatory, as an effort or attempt; to baffle; n. Defeat; frustration; a to balk. blunt sword, or one that has a button at the end, used in fencing. foil, foil. ;;. [Fr. feuille, L. folium, leaf or a leaf (whence foliage).] thin plate of metal; a thin leaf of metal placed under precious stones ;

A

to

improve their appearance; any-

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

— —

—

thing of a different character which serves to set off something else to advantage; that which, by comparison or contrast, sets off or shows more conspicuously the superiority of something else; arch, one of the small arcs or hollow curves in the tracery of a Gothic window, panel,

—

foiled,

foild, a.

crowd; but further connections doubtful.] People in general; a separate class of people; though plural in signification it is frequently used with the plural form especially with a qualifying adjective (rich folks); group of people forming a nation. folk song, n. A song that originates among the common people of a country. folk tale, n. A legend begun by the common people of any land, handed down by word of mouth. folklore, n. Rural superstitions, tales, traditions, or legends. folk way, n. Any way of acting or thinking that is characteristic of a people or social group. folksy, fok'sy, a. Sociable;

—

Arch, having

—

movements of the fist; compare to palm off.] To insert surreptitiously, or without warrant; to pass off as genuine, true, or worthy. n. A trick; an imposition. Fokker, fok'er, n. A type of airplane named after the designer. clever

—

—

—

friendly. follicle, fol'li'kl, n. [L. folliculus, dim. little of follis, a bag or bellows.] bag or vesicle in animals and plants; a dry seed vessel or pod opening on one side only; a vessel distended with air; a gland; a minute secreting follicular, fol«lik'u»ler, a. cavity.

fold, fold, n. [A. Sax. fold, feald, a plait, a fold, fealdan, to fold; cog. fald,

A

falte, Goth, faiths, a plait; Icel. falda, Dan.

G.

a doubling, folde, Goth, falthan, to fold; same as fold in twofold, fivefold.] The doubling or double of any flexible substance, as cloth; a plait; one part turned or bent and laid on another; a clasp; an embrace (Shak.). [Often used following a numeral in com-

pounds, and then signifying c times

licles.

a.

v.t. [A. Sax. folgian, folgen, Dan. folge, Icel. fylgja, to follow. By some regarded as connected with folk, full, etc.] To go or come after or behind; to move behind in the same direction; to pursue; to chase; to pursue as an object of desire ; to go with (a leader) to be led or guided by; to accept as authority; to take as an example; to copy; to come after in order of time, rank, or office; to result from, as an effect from a cause or an inference from premises; to keep the attention fixed upon while in progress (a speech, piece of music, etc.); to

— To become folded or doubled. —folder, An outer cover v.i.

fol'der, n.

for loose papers ; a brochure. fold, fold, n. [A. Sax. fald Dan. fold, pen or Sw. falla, a fold, a pen.] enclosure for sheep or like animals; a flock of sheep; hence, Scrip, the church, the flock of Christ. v.t. To confine in a fold. foliaceous, fo«li«a'shus, a. [L. foliaceus, from folium, a leaf, akin to Gr. phyllon, a leaf.] Leafy; of the nature or form of a leaf; consisting of leaves foliage, fo'li»ij, n. or thin laminae.

=

A

course); to practice (a trade or callTo follow suit, in card playing, to play a card of the same suit as that first played; hence, to follow the line of conduct adopted by a predecessor. v.i. To go or come after another; to be posterior in time; to result, as Follow an effect or an inference. and succeed are applied to persons or things ; ensue, in modern literature, to things only. Succeed implies a coming into the place previously occupied by another; ensue, generally that which follows is an effect or follower, fol'6«er, n. One result. who follows ; an adherent ; a disciple an imitator ; a dependent. following, body of followers or fol'6«ing, n. retainers. p. Being next after; succeeding; related, described, or exing).

—

—

—

foliate, fo'li»at, a book. beat into a leaf, thin plate, or lamina; to cover with tinfoil, etc.; furnish with leaves. v.i. To form

To

.

—

leaves. foliation, f6'li«a"shon,n. The leafing of plants; vernation; the act of beating metal into a thin plate or

the operation of spreading foil a surface; the property in certain rocks of dividing into laminae or plates; the numbering of leaves in a book; arch, the foils, cusps, etc., in the tracery of Gothic windows. folio, fo'li«6, n. [Ablative case of L. folium, a leaf, short for in folio.] book formed of sheets of paper folded once; a case for loose papers; bookkeeping, a page, or rather both the right and left hand pages, of an account book, expressed by the same figure ; printing, the number appended to each page; law, a written page of a certain number of words. folk, fok, n. [A. Sax. folc, folk, a people or nation = L.G. Fris. Dan. foil;

—

A

A

plained next after. folly, fol'i, n.

g,

go;

a

from

fool,

instigate; to bathe with warm medicated liquids or warm water; to encourage; to abet, used especially to

Icel. folk;

ch, Sc. loch;

[Fr. folie, folly,

fool.] Weakness of intellect; imbecility of mind; a weak or foolish act; foolish, weak, or lightminded conduct; criminal weakness. foment, fo«ment', v.t. [Fr. fomenter, L. foment o, from foment urn, for /;;mentum, a warm application, from foveo, to warm, to cherish.] To rouse; fol,

D. and G. volk; probably connected with E. ch, chain;

.

—

over

and Sw. folk;

= G.

understand the meaning, connection, or force of; to walk in (a road or

Leaves collectively; the leaves of a plant; leafy growths represented by sculpture, etc.; the numbering of in

fol«lik'u«la«ted,

follicles; follicular.

fol'6,

fyligean

To

v.t.

Having

follow,

as in twofold, fourfold, tenfold.] v.t. lap or lay double or in plaits; to lay one part over another part of; to lay one over the other, as the hands or arms; to enfold; to embrace.

leaves

— —folliculated,

Pertaining to, or consisting of fol-

',

—

fool

flock; Lith. pulkas, multitude,

foils (a foiled arch). foist, foist, v.t. [D. vuist, fist; originally, it would appear, to insert by

Fris.

— ——

339

foist

etc.

—

;;

j,

;'ob;

ng,

sirz^;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

bad sense {to foment quarrels). fomentation, f6«men»ta'shon, n. The act of fomenting; encouragement; what is used to foment; a warm fomenter, f6«men'ter, n. lotion. One who foments. fond, fond, a. [O.E. fonne, to be in a

—

fond, stupid; fon, a fool; fdna, to play the fool; Sw. fane, fatuous. The word is properly a past participle, whence the final d.] Foolish; indiscreet; imprudent; foolishly tender and loving; doting; relishing highly; loving ardently; delighted with: followed by of; foolishly or extravagantly fondle, fon'dl, v.t. prized (Shak.). fondled, fondling. To treat with fondly, fond'tenderness; to caress. li, adv. In a fond manner; with indiscreet or excessive affection; affondness, fectionately; tenderly. fond'nes, n. The state of being fond; great affection or liking. font, font, n. [From L. fons, fontis, a fount.] The vessel used fountain, in churches as the receptacle of the baptismal water. fontal,f fon'tal, a. Pertaining to a fount, source, or foolish,

akin to

Icel.

—

—

—

—

—

origin.

font, font, n. [Fr. fonte, from fondre, to melt or found, from L. fundo, to pour out, whence also found, foundcomplete assortment of printry.] ing types of one size. fontanel, fon'ta«nel, n. [Fr.fontanelle, lit. a little fountain, from L. fons, a fountain.] Anat. a vacancy in the infant cranium between the frontal and parietal bones, and also between the parietal and occipital. food, fod, n. [A. Sax. foda, food, whence fedan, to feed; Dan. fode, Sw. foda, food; from root meaning to feed, seen in L. pasco, to feed, pastor, a shepherd.] Whatever supplies nourishment to organic bodies; nutriment; aliment; victuals; provisions; whatever feeds, sustains, or nourishes.

A

fool, fol, n. [Fr. fol,fou, foolish, a fool,

from

L.L.

follus,

from

L.

folles,

bellows, cheeks puffed out, the follus or fool being originally one who made grimaces.] One who is destitute of reason or the common powers of understanding; an idiot; a natural; a person who acts absurdly, irrationally, or unwisely; one who does not exercise his reason; a professional jester or buffoon. To make a fool of, to cause to appear ridiculous. v.i. To act like a fool. v.t. To make a fool of; to befool; to deceive; to impose on; to cheat. To fool away, to waste or spend foolishly. foolery, f6l'er«i, n. Folly; the practice of folly; an act of folly; foolhardiness, foTobject of folly. har«di»nes, n. Quality of being foolhardy; mad rashness. foolhardily, fdl'har'dMi, adv. With foolhardiness. foolhardy, fol'har-di, a. [O.Fr.

—

—

—

—

—

fol-hardi.]

Daring without judgment;

madly rash and adventurous;

foolishly bold. .'. Syn. under rash. foolish, fol'ish, a. Characterized by

—

or exhibiting folly; weak in intellect; unwise; silly; vain; trifling; ridifoolishly, fol'ish'li, adv. In culous.

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— — —— — —

—

—

foot

340

— —

a foolish manner. foolishness, fbTish«nes, n. The quality or condition of being foolish; folly. foolscap, folzkap, n. Paper of the smallest regular size but one, its watermark in early times being the outline of a fool's head and cap. fool's errand, n. An

—

absurd or

—

fruitless search or enter-

fool's-parsley, n. A British plant resembling parsley, commonly believed to be poisonous, but if so only in certain localities. foot, fut, n. pi. feet, fet. [A. Sax. fot, pi. fet = led. fotr, Sw. /or, Goth. fottis, G. fuss; the same word also as L. pes, pedis, Gr. pous, podos, Skr. pdda, a foot, from a root pad, to go.] The terminal part of the leg upon which the body rests while standing; the muscular organ of locomotion in mollusks; step; tread; footfall; the part of a stocking, boot, etc., which receives the foot; the lower end of anything that supports a body; the part opposite to the head or top; the prise.

bottom soldiers who march and fight on foot; infantry, as distinguished from cavalry; a measure consisting of 12 inches, taken from the length of a man's foot; pros, a certain number of syllables forming a dis;

forbid

A note of reference at the bottom of a page footpace, n. A slow step, as in walking. footpad, fut'pad, n. A highwayman that robs on foot. footpath, fut'path, n. A narrow path for foot-passengers only. footpound, n. In mechanics, a unit of work or energy; the work done in raising one pound of weight through a height of one foot against the force of gravity. footprint, fut'print, n. The mark of a foot. n.

—

—

—

—

A

foot soldier, n. soldier that serves on foot. footsore, a. Having the feet rendered sore or tender, as by much walking. footstalk, fut'stak, n. Bot. a petiole; the stalk supporting a leaf; zool. a process resembling the footstalk in botany; a peduncle. footstep, fut'step, n. The mark or impression of the foot; footprint; tread; footfall; sound of the step. footstool, fut'stol, n. stool for the feet when sitting. footway, fut'wa, n. path for passengers on

— —

A

—

A

foot.

—footworn,

p.

and

a.

Worn by

the feet; footsore. fop, fop, n. [D. foppen, to banter, to make a fool of, fopper, a wag.] vain man of weak understanding and much ostentation; a gay, trifling

A

—

Square foot, one foot or any equivalent area; 144 square inches. Cubic foot, a cube whose side is one foot, and which therefore contains 1728 cubic inches or any equivalent solid. By foot, on foot, by walking. To set on foot, to originate; to begin; to put in motion. To put one's best foot foremost, to adopt all the means at command. Foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious infection of cattle. v.i. To dance; to walk: commonly followed by it. v.t. To sum up; to pay (a

man; a coxcomb; a dandy. foppery, fop'er«i, n. The characteristics of a fop; showy folly; idle affectafoppish, fop'ish, a. tion; dandyism. Pertaining to a fop; vain of dress; dressing in the extreme of fashion; affected in manners. foppishly, fop'ish'li, adv. In a foppish manner. foppishness, fop'ish«nes, n. for, for, prep. [A. Sax. for, for, because of, instead of; D. voor, G. fiir, Goth, four, for allied to E. fore, far, fare; L. pro, for or in place of; Skr. pra, before: before, in advance, is the root-meaning. The prefix

to tread; to add or make a foot to (to foot a stocking or boot). footage, fut'aj, n. Length measurement expressed in feet. football, fut'bal, n. An inflated oval ball made of a rubber bladder encased in pigskin; a field game in which each -member teams seeks to of two kick or carry the ball through or to footbridge, the opposite goal line. narrow bridge for fut'brij, n. footfall, fut'fal, n. foot passengers. footstep; tread of the foot. footgear, fut'ger, n. The covering of the feet; shoes or boots.

for- in forbid, etc., is different from this.] In the place of; instead of: indicating substitution or equivalence; corresponding to; accompanying (groan for groan); in the character of; as being (he took it for truth); toward; with the intention of going to; with a tendency to (an inclination for drink); con-

tinct part of a verse. a square whose side is

—

—

bill);

—

—

1

1

—

A

—

A

foothill, fut'hil, n. Any of the minor hills at the base of a mountain.

foothold, fut'hold, n. That on which one may tread or rest securely; firm standing. Milit. a position that provides a base for further

advancement.

Ground

for

— footing, the

fut'ing,

foot;

n.

established place; permanent settlement; foothold; basis; foundation; state (on footlights, a footing of equality). n. pi. A row of lights in a theater on the front of the stage, and serving footman, fut'man, to light it up. n. An infantry soldier; a male servant whose duties are to attend the door, the carriage, the table, etc. ; a man footmark, fut'mark, n. in waiting. A track; mark of a foot. footnote,

—

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

—

—

—

ducive to; tending toward, in expectation of; with a view to obtain; in order to arrive at, get, or procure (to wait for money, he writes for money); suitable or proper to; against; with a tendency to resist and destroy (a remedy for the headache); because of; on account of; by reason of {for want of time) [in this usage but comes very often before the for]; on the part of; in relation to (easy for you, but difficult for me); in proportion to (tall for his age); through a certain space; during a certain time; according to; as far as; so far as concerns; notwithstanding (it may be so for anything I know); in favor of; on the part or side of (to vote for a person); desirous to have; willing to receive [in this sense often in interjections: O for revenge!]; to take up the part or character of (nature intended him for a usurer) having so much laid to

me, met, her;

;

pine, pin;

——

—— — — —

note, not,

move;

one's account; to the amount of (he failed for ten thousand). .\ For was at one time common before the infinitives of verbs to denote pur-

pose but this usage is now vulgar. For all the world, of everything else in the world; in every respect; exactly (an animal for all the world like a mouse). For ever. ever. conj. For the cause or reason that; because a word by which a reason is introduced of something before advanced, being really a preposition governing a clause. For as much as, or forasmuch as, in consideration ;

—

:

that; seeing that; since. for'ij, n. [Fr. fourrage, O.Fr. forrage, from forre, forage; from

forage, the

German

old

word equivalent

or

Scandinavian

to E. fodder.]

Food

of any kind for horses and cattle; the act of searching for provisions.

—

foraged, foraging. To collect forage ; to roam in search of food or provender. v.t. To collect forage v.i.

from;

to

supply

with

forage.

forager, for'i«jer, n. One that forages. foramen, f6«ra'men, n. pi. foramina, fo«ram'i»na. [L., from for o, to bore.] small natural opening or perforation in parts of animals or plants; an opening by which nerves or bloodvessels obtain a passage through foraminifer, bones. fo«ra«min'i— fer, n. [L. foramen, foraminisj a hole, and fero, to bear.] An individual of Foraminifera, the Foraminifera. foTam'i«nif"er«a, n. pi. An order of minute animals belonging to the protozoa, furnished with a shell, simple or complex, usually perforated by pores (whence the name). foraminiferal, foraminiferous, fo«ram'i«nif"er«al, f6Tam'i«nif"er«us, a. Belonging to the Foraminifera. forasmuch, for«az«much', conj. See FOR. foray, for 'a, v.t. [A form of forage.] To ravage; to pillage. n. The act of foraging; a predatory excursion; forayer, for'a«er, n. One booty. who takes part in a foray; a marauder. forbade, for«bad', pret. of forbid. forbear, for«bar', v.i. forbore (pret.), forborne (pp.). [Prefix for, intens., and bear; A. Sax. forberan, forbceran.] To cease; to refrain from proceeding; to pause; to delay; to be patient; to restrain one's self from action v.t. To avoid volunor violence. tarily; to abstain from; to omit; to avoid doing; to treat with indulforbearance, for«bar'ans, gence^. n. The act of forbearing; restraint indulof passions; longsuffering gence toward those who injure us; forbearer, for«bar er, n. One lenity. who forbears. forbearing, for«baring, p. and a. Having forbearance;

A

—

—

—

—

—

;

—

—

long-suffering.

forbid, for«bid',

—

v.t. pret. forbade; forbidden; forbidding. implying negation, and bid.] To prohibit; to interdict; to command to forbear or not to do; to refuse access; to command not to enter or approach; to oppose; to hinder; to obstruct (a river forbids approach). forbiddance,f for«bid'-

forbid, [Prefix for,

pp.

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— —— —

— ——— —

——— ——

—— — —

341

ans, n. Prohibition; command or forbidden, edict against a thing. Prohibited; for«bid'n, p. and a. forbidder, for«bid'er, interdicted. forbidding, n. One who forbids.

forceps, for'seps, n. [L., from for in formus, warm, and capio, to take.] A two-bladed instrument on the principle of pincers or tongs for holding anything difficult to be held by the hand used by surgeons, den:

tists,

n. [Fr.,

from L.L.

forcia,

fortia, from L. fortis, strong; seen also in fort, fortitude, fortress, comfort,

Active power; vigor; etc.] might; strength; energy; that which is the source of all the active phenomena occurring in the material world; that which produces or tends change; one of the to produce modes or forms in which energy effort,

—

exhibited in nature, as heat or electricity; momentum; the quantity of energy or power exerted by a moving body; violence; power exerted against will or consent; moral power to convince the mind; influence; validity; power to bind or hold (the force of an agreement); a military or naval armament; a body of troops; an army or navy; a body of men prepared for action in other is

ways

police force).

(a

— — v.t.

first in time: anterior; prior; antecedent; in front or toward the face; situated towards the stem of a ship. Fore and aft (naut.), in a direction from stem to stern; foreand-aft sail, a sail, such as a jib or spanker, that has a position more or less in this direction. n. Toward the front as compared with another location; golf, warning cry to persons who may be in the path of a

forced,

evidence

force conviction to ravish; to violate (a female); to twist, wrest, or overstrain; to assume, or compel one's self to give utterance or expression to (to force a smile); to ripen or bring to maturity by heat artificially applied. In contract bridge, to demand a bid from one's partner, as by bidding one more of a suit (to

on the mind);

ball.

for«arm', v.t. To arm or prepare for attack or resistance before the time of need. forearm, for'arm, n. That part of the

is between the elbow and the wrist. forebear, for'bar, n. [Prefix fore, and

arm which

required by the preceding bid, or by making an opening bid of two. forced, forst, p. and a. Unnaturally assumed; constrained; affected; overstrained; unnatural. forceful, fors'ful, a. Possessing force; powerful; driven with force; acting with power; impetuous

than

is

beer, be,-er.]

forebode,

(Shak.).

pump,

A pump

n.

which

meat chopped

fine

and

sailors live. foreclose, f6r«kloz',

or

used

by

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

To

forgo (which

—

beforehand. for 'ground, n. The part of a picture which is represented so as to appear nearest the eye of the observer. forehand, for 'hand, n. The part of a horse which is before the rider; tennis, etc., a stroke made with palm forward (by a righthanded player on his right). a. Anticipa-

foreground,

tive; referring to a

forehand stroke.

forehead, for'hed or for'ed, n. The part of the face which extends from the usual line of hair on the top of the head to the eyes; the brow. foreign, for'in, a. [Fr. forain, from L.L. foraneus, from L. foras, out of doors (also in forest) same root as E. door. As in sovereign the g has been improperly inserted.] Be-

—

longing or relating to another nation or country; not of the country in which one resides; alien; extraneous; not our own; remote; not belonging; not connected; irrelevant; not to the purpose: with to or from. foreigner, for'in«er, n. A person bom in or belonging to a foreign country; an alien. foreignism, for'in«izm, n. Foreignness; a foreign idiom or custom. foreignness, for'in«nes, n. The quality of being

—

foreign.

forejudge, for«juj', v.t. To judge beforehand or before hearing the facts

and

proof;

to

prejudge.

forejudgment, for«juj'ment, ment previously formed.

th, thin;

n.

Judg-

—

foreknow,

foreclosure, for«kl6to the estate. zher, n. The act of foreclosing. ;'ob;

as

v.t. forewent (pret.), foregone (pp.). To go before; to foregoer, for«go'er, n. One precede. who goes before another; an anforegoing, cestor; progenitor. a for«g6'ing or for'go-ing, p. and a. Preceding; going before, in time foregone, or place; antecedent. for«gon' or for'gon, p. and a. Past; preceding; predetermined; made up

To

j,

Same

—

forego, fdr«go',

—foreclosed,

foreclosing. [Fore for Fr. prefix for (as in forfeit), from L. foris, away, preclude; to stop; out of doors.] To foreclose a mortgage, to prevent. to compel the mortgager to pay the money due on it, or forfeit his right

corruption. ch, chain;

v.t.

v.t.

see).

—

sea-

either served up alone as stuffing, farced meat,

soned,

forego, for 'go',

weather forecast). forecaster, (a for'kas'ter, n. One who forecasts. forecastle, for'kas»l; sailors' pronunciation, fok'sl, n. A short raised deck in the forepart of a ship; the forepart of a vessel where the

v.i.

Forgather.

—

delivers

the water by means of pressure or force directly applied, so as to eject it forcibly to a great elevation; in contradistinction to a pump that raises water by the pressure of the forcer, for'ser, n. One air simply. who or that which forces. forcible, for'si«bl, a. Having force; exercising force; powerful; strong; marked by force or violence; violent. forcibleness, f6r'si«bl«nes, n. The condition or quality of being forcible. force, fors, v.t. [Same as farce; or perhaps from force, in old sense of to season, forcemeat being thus highly seasoned meat.] Obs. To stuff; to farce. forcemeat, fors 'met, n. Cookery,

foregather, for«gaTH'er,

of approaching evil. pret. & pp. forecast, for«kast', v.t. forecast. To cast or scheme beforehand; to plan before execution; to calculate beforehand; to estimate To form a v.i. in the future. scheme previously; to contrive be(for'kast). Prediction forehand. n.

force

impetuously.

—

for«bod',

—

— forcefully, fors'fuMi, adv. or

Ancestor; forefather.

v.t. foreboded, foreboding. To feel a secret sense of a misfortune about to happen. foreboder, f6r«b6'der, n. foreboding, foreboding, n. Presentiment

—

Violently

to forbid or prohibit. forefinger, for'fing«ger, n. The finger next to the thumb; the index. forefoot, for'fut, n. One of the anterior feet of a quadruped or multiped. forefront, for'frunt, n. The foremost part or place.

after;

forearm,

an-

forefend, for«fend', v.t. To fend off; to avert; to prevent the approach of;

hind or hinder; coming to

An

cestor.

Advanced, or, locally, in advance of something: opposed to

opposed

To doom

v.t.

beforehand; to predestinate. forefather, for'fa«THer, n.

tives.]

compel; to constrain to do or to forbear, by the exertion of a power not resistible; to impel; to press, drive, draw, or push by main strength; to compel by strength of

—

—

To

forcing.

foredate, for«dat', v.t. To date before the true time; to antedate. foredeck, for'dek, n. The forepart of a deck of a ship. foredo, for«d6', v.t. foredid (pret.), foredone (pp.). To do beforehand.

foredoom, f6r«ddm',

jewelers, etc.

ford, ford, n. [A.Sax. ford, connected with faran, to go, to fare; comp. G. furt, a ford, fahren, to go; allied to Gr. poros, a passage; E. ferry.) A place in a river or other water where it may be passed by man or beast on foot or by wading. v.t. To pass or cross (a stream) by wading; to wade through. fordable, for'da«bl, a. Capable of being forded. fordo, for-do', v.t. fordid (pret.), fordone (pp.). [Prefix for-, intens., and do.] To exhaust, overpower, or overcome, as by toil. fore, for, a. [A.Sax. fore, for an, before; D. voor, Dan. for, G. vor, before; Goth, faura, for; L. prce, before, pro, for, por (as in porrigere, to extend), Gr. paros, Skr. pra, puras before. Akin far, for, fare. First and foremost are its superla-

ness, for«bid'ing«nes, n.

force, fors,

—

foreknow

force

fbfbid'ing, a. Repelling approach; repulsive; raising abhorrence, averforbiddingly, for— sion, or dislike. bid'ing«li, In a forbidding adv. manner; repulsively. forbidding-

—— — —— — —

for«no', v.t. foreknew foreknown (pp.). To have previous knowledge of; to know beforehand. foreknowable, for— no'a«bl, a. Capable of being foreknown. foreknowledge, f6r«nol'ij, n. Knowledge of a thing be(pret.),

fore

it

w, wig;

takes

place;

hw, whig;

prescience. zh, azure.

——

—— —

———— —

—

—

foreland foreland, for land, n. or cape; a headland.

A

342 promontory

foreleg, for leg, n. One of the front or anterior legs, as of an animal, a chair, etc. forelock, for'lok, n. The lock or hair that grows from the forepart of the head. To take time by the forelock, to make prompt use of anything ; to let

no opportunity escape.

foreman, for 'man, n. The first or chief man; the chief man of a jury

who acts as their speaker; a chief workman who superintends others. foremast, for mast, n. The mast of a ship or other vessel which is placed before the other or the others. foremost, for most or for'most, a. [Should have been formest (to correspond with former), being the A. Sax. formest, a double superlative,

from forma,

foremost

first,

(itself

a superlative), and the -est of superlatives: the spelling has been modified

by confusion with most; so

also hindmost, inmost, outmost.} First in place, station, honor, or dignity; most advanced ; first in time. forename, for nam, n. name that

A

precedes the family

name

or sur-

forenamed, for'namd, a. Named or mentioned before. forenoon, for'non, n. The part of the day that comes before noon; the part from morning to mid-day. name.

forensic, forensical, fo«ren'sik, fo«ren'si«kal, a. [From L. forensis, from forum, a court, a forum; akin forest.] Belonging to courts of justice or to public discussion and debate; used in courts or legal proceedings, or in public discussions. Forensic medicine, medical jurisprudence. foreordain, for'or«dan, v.t. To ordain or appoint beforehand; to preordain; foreordination, to predestinate. for«or'di»na'shon, n. Predetermination; predestination. forepart, for 'part, n. The most advanced part, or the first in time or place; the anterior part; the

beginning.

forepeak, for'pek,

n. Naut. the part of a vessel in the angle of the bow. forerun', forerun, v.t. foreran

—

forerunning (ppr.). To run before; to come before, as an earnest of something forerunner, forTun'er, to follow. n. A messenger sent before to give notice of the approach of others; a harbinger; a sign foreshowing (pret.),

forerun

(pp.),

something to follow. foresaid, for'sed,

a.

Spoken of or

mentioned before.

v.t.

—foresaw

(pret.),

foreseen (pp.). To see beforehand; to see or know before it happens; to have prescience of; to foreknow. foreseer, v.i. To exercise foresight. for«se'er, n.

foreshadow,

ow

position.

foreshow,

for-sho', v.t.—foreshowed, foreshown (pp.). To show, represent, or exhibit beforehand; to (pret.),

prognosticate; to foretell. foreside, for'sld, n. The front side. foresight, for 'sit, n. The act or power of foreseeing; prescience; foreknowledge; provident care for the future; prudence in guarding against evil; wise forethought; the sight on the muzzle of a gun. foresighted, for'si'ted, a. Having foresight; prescient; provident. foreskin, for 'skin, n. The fold of skin that covers the anterior extremity of the male member of generation; the prepuce. forest, for 'est, n. [O.Fr. forest, Mod. Fr. foret,

from L.L.

foresta, a forest, from L. foris, foras, out of doors, abroad; akin foreign, forensic] extensive wood, or a Large tract of land covered with trees; a tract of

An

mingled woodland and open uncultivated ground; Eng. law. a district wholly or chiefly devoted to hunting, and usually a royal domain. a. Of or pertaining to a forest; sylvan; rustic. v.t. To convert into a forestation, for'es«ta"shon, act or process of planting forester, for'es«ter, n. a forest. person who possesses a knowledge of forestry, particularly one appointed to inspect and care for forests or trees; various moths; the giant kangaroo. forestry, for'est«ri, n. The art of forming or of cultivating growing forests, or of managing timber. forestall, for»stal', v.t. [A. Sax. foresteall, an intercepting, a placing before from fore, before, and steall, a place, a stall.] To take too early action forest. n.

The

A

to realize beforehand; to anticipate; to take possession of in advance of something or somebody else; to hinder by preoccupation or To forestall the market, prevention. to buy up merchandise on its way to market with the intention of selling it again at a higher price; formerly an offense at law. forestalled f6r«stal'er, n. One who fore-

regarding;

stalls.

foretaste, for'tast,

hand;

One who

foresees. for«shad'6, v.t. To shad-

or typify beforehand.

foreshore, for'shor, n. The sloping part of a shore between high and low watermark. foreshorten, for«shor'tn, v.t. Persp. to represent or depict (as an arm, fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

A

n.

taste before-

enjoyment

anticipation;

in

advance. v.t. (for-tast'). To taste before possession; to have a foretaste of.

&

To

v.t.

—foretold

(pret.

before happening; to predict; to prophesy; to foretoken v.i. or foreshow; to prognosticate. To utter prediction or prophecy. pp.).

foreteller,

tell

for-tel'er,

n.

One who

foretells.

forethought, for 'that, beforehand;

n.

provident

A

thinking

care;

fore-

sight.

foretoken, for-to'kn, v.t. To betoken beforehand; to foreshow; to presignify; to prognosticate.

fore-tooth, for'toth, n. pi. fore-teeth, for'teth. One of the teeth in the forepart of the mouth an incisor.

me, met, her;

;

pine, pin;

.

forget

branch,

directed towards the spectator) with the due impression of length, prominence, and relative a

foretell, for«tel',

foresail, for 'sal, n. Naut. the principal sail set on the foremast.

foresee, for«se',

— — — — — ——

——— —

note, not,

move;

for'top, n. Hair on the forepart of the head; naut. the platform erected at the head of the fore-topmast, n. foremast. The mast above the foremast, and below the foretop-gallant mast.

foretop,

forewarn, for«wam',

v.t.

To warn

beforehand ; to give previous notice to forewoman, for'wu«man, n. A woman who superintends others in a

workshop or other establishment. foreword, for'werd, n. A preface, an introduction to a book or reprint. forfeit,

for 'fit,

[Fr.

v.t.

forfait,

a

misdeed, from forfaire, to transgress, L.L. forisfacere, to offend L. foris, out of doors, beyond (seen crime,

also in foreclose, forest), and facere, to do.] To lose the right to by some fault, crime, or neglect; to become by misdeed liable to be deprived of (an estate, one's life). n. The act of forfeiting; that which is forfeited; a fine; a penalty; a sportive fine or

—

whence the game of forfeits. and a. Forfeited or subject

penalty,

—p.

to be forfeited; liable to deprivation or penal seizure. forfeitable, for'fit»a«bl, a. Liable to be forfeited; forfeiter, for'forfeiture, for'fi«cher, n. The act of forfeiting; the losing of some right, privilege, estate, honor, etc., by an offense, crime, breach of condition, or other act; that which is forfeited. forfend, for-fend'. Same as Forefend. forgather, for«gaTH'er, v.i. [For., intens., and gather; comp. OFris. forgathera, to assemble.] To meet; to convene; to come or meet together accidentally. forgave, for«gav', pret. of forgive. forge, forj, n. [Fr. forge, It. forgia, from L. fabrica, a workshop, from faber, a workman, a smith. So that furnace in which forge fabric] iron or other metal is heated to be hammered into form; a workshop v.t. for this purpose; a smithy. forged, forging. To work into shape in a forge; to form or shape out in any way; to invent; to produce, as that which is counterfeit or not genuine; to counterfeit, as a signa-

subject to forfeiture.

fit«er, n.

One who

=

forfeits.

A

—

or document. mit forgery. forger, ture

v.i.

To com-

for'jer, n.

One

who

forges; especially, a person forgery, for'jer«i, guilty of forgery. n. The act of forging, fabricating, or producing falsely; the crime of counterfeiting a person's signature on a document; that which is forged, fabricated, or counterfeited. forge, forj, v.i.—forged, forging. [Perhaps from Icel. farga, to press.] Naut. to move on slowly and laboriously; to work one's way; usually with ahead, off, past, etc. forget, for«get', v.t—forgot (pret.), forgetting forgot, forgotten (pp.), (ppr.). [A. Sax. forgitan for, not, or get.] To neg., and gitan, to get. lose the remembrance of; to let go from the memory; to cease to have in mind; not to remember or think of; to slight; to neglect; reft, to be guilty of something unbecoming; to commit an oversight. forgettable,

—

for«get'a«bl,

a.

tube, tub, bull;

Capable oil,

of

pound.

being

— —

—

—

——

—

—

n. [Fr. forme, form, shape, manner, bench, bed of a hare, from L. forma, form, whence conform, inform, reform, etc.] The shape or external appearance of a body, as distinguished from its material; the figure, as defined by lines and angles appearance to the eye; configuration; a shape; a phantom; manner of arranging particulars; disposition of particular things (a form of words) general system or arrangement (a particular form of government); something on or after which things are fashioned; a model, draught, pattern; proper shape or trim; high condition or fitness for any undertaking; external appearance without the essential qualities; stated method; established practice; ceremony; a long seat; a bench; the bed of a hare; printing, the pages of type or stereotype plates arranged for printing a sheet, and fastened in an iron frame or chase. v.t. To give form or shape to; to shape; to mold; to arrange; to combine in any particular manner; to model by instruction and discipline; to mold; to train; to devise; to con-

—

—

One who

forgets.

forget-me-not, n. A well-known plant, having bright blue flowers with a yellow eye, and considered to be the emblem of friendship and fidelity in

many

forgive, for«giv',

lands. v.t.

—forgave (pret.),

forgiven (pp.), forgiving (ppr.) [A. Sax. forgifan for, intens., and gifan, to give.] To give up resentment or claim to requital on account of; to remit, as an offense, debt, fine, or penalty; to pardon; to cease to feel resentment against; to free from a claim or the consequences of an injurious act or crime. Syn. under pardon. forgivable, for«giv'a«bl, a. Capable of being forgiven; pardonforgiveness, for»giv'nes, n. able. The act of forgiving; disposition or forgiver, willingness forgive. to

—

—

—

—

for«giv'er,

One who

n.

frame; to create; to be an element or constituent of; to combine to make up; to answer as; to take the shape of. v.i. To take a form. formal, for'mal, a. Given

forgives.

trive; to

forgiving, for«giv'ing, p. and a. Disposed to forgive; inclined to overlook offenses; mild; merciful; compasibrgivingness, for«giv'ing«sionate. nes, n.

—

forgo, for«go',

v.t.

—forwent

—

outward forms, observances, or ceremonious strictly done or made in due form or according to regular method; acting ac-

to

ceremonies ;

(pret.),

forgone (pp.). [Also spelled less correctly for ego; from prefix for, intens., or with sense of away, and^o; A. Sax. forgan, to forgo, pass over, neglect.] To forbear to enjoy or possess; to voluntarily avoid enjoying or possessing; to give up, renounce, resign. forgoer, for«go'er, n. One who

cording to rule or established mode; having the form or appearance without the substance or essence; formalformative. conventional; ism, for'mal'izm, n. The quality of being formal or addicted to mere forms; outside and ceremonial reli-

—

—

forgoes.

gion.

—

uncommon

lost;

form; inflexional. n. Gram, that which gives form to a word and is no part of the root. former, for'mer, n. One who forms. formless, form'les, a. Wanting form or shape;

—

peril.

shapeless. nes, n.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

—

ticular event. a. [L. formica, an Pertaining to or produced by ants. Formic acid, a pungent acid with a peculiar odor, and acting as a corrosive on the skin, originally obtained from ants. formicary, for'mi»ka«ri, n. colony of ants; an fo-micate, for'mi«kat, a. anthill. Pertaining to an ant. formidable, for'mi«da«bl, a. [L. formidabilis, from formido, fear.] Exciting fear or apprehension; adapted to excite fear or deter from approach, encounter, or undertaking. formidableness, for'mi«da«bl«nes, n. The forquality of being formidable. midably, for'mi«da«bli, adv. In a formidable manner. formula, for'mu«la, n. pi. formulae, for'mu«le, or formulas, [L. formula, dim. of forma, a form.] A prescribed form; a prescribed form of words in which something is stated; med. a prescription; eccles. a written confession of faith; a formal enunciation of doctrines; math, a rule or principle expressed in algebraic symbols; chem. an expression by means of symbols and letters of the conformustituents of a compound. larization, for'mu«ler«i«za"shon, n. The act of formularizing. formu-

formic, for'mik, act.]

—

—formlessness,

formaldehyde, j,

70b;

—

ng, sing;

form'les*-

form 'al'de* hid,

TH,

then;

n.

A

—

—

—

— — —

larize, for'mu«ler«iz, v.t. formularized, formularizing. To reduce to a formula; to formulate. formulary, for'mu«le«ri, n. book containing stated and prescribed forms; a book

A

—

of precedents. a. Prescribed; ritual. formulate, for'mu«lat, v.t. formulated, formulating. To reduce to or express in a formula; to put

—

—

into

a

precise

and comprehensive

—

statement; to state precisely. formulation, for«mu«la'shon, n. The act of formulating. formulization, for'mu'li«za"shon, n. The act of formuformulize, for'mu»liz, v.t. lizing. To reduce to a formula or formulas; to formulate. fornicate, for'ni«kat, v.i. [L. fornicor,

—

—

fornicatus, from fornix, a vault, a brothel, brothels in Rome being generally in vaults or cellars.] To have unlawful sexual intercourse. fornication, for»ni«ka'shon, n. [L.

to

forlornly, for«lorn'li, adv. In a forlorn manner. forlornness, for— lorn'nes, n.

ch, chain;

long past {former ages); preceding; earlier, as between two things mentioned together; first menformerly, for'mer«li, adv. tioned. In time past, either in time immediately preceding or at an indefinite distance; of old; heretofore. .'. Formerly means before the present time; previously, before some parancient;

—

A

with

compar. [A for'mer, a. compar. from A. Sax. forma, first. foremost.] Before or preceding another in time: opposed to latter;

—

helpless; wretched; solitary; bereft; destitute. Forlorn hope. [D. verloren hoop hoop, a troop.] detachment of men appointed to lead in an assault, or perform other service

attended

—

former,

—

divisions like a fork; opening into two or more prongs, points, or shoots; furcated. forlorn, for«lorn', a. [A. Sax. forloren, pp. of forleosan, to lose; prefix for, intens., leosan, to lose; comp. D. and G. verloren, forlorn, lost. lose.]

—

A

colorless [formic and aldehyde.] gas, with a strong odor, used chiefly in solution, as a preservative and disinfectant.

— —

—

Deserted; forsaken; abandoned;

—

formalist, for'mal" ist, n. One given to formalism. formality, formal'i'ti, n. The condition or quality of being formal; form without substance; established order; rule of proceeding; mode; method; customary ceremony; ceremonial; conformalize, for'mal*ventionality. Iz, v.t. formalized, formalizing. To reduce to a form; to give a certain form to; to render formal. formally, for'maMi, adv. In a formal manner; ceremoniously; stiffly; preformat, for 'mat, n. [Fr.] cisely. Size of a book as regards length and breadth. formation, for«ma'shon, n. The act of forming, making, creating, composing, shaping, etc.; production; the manner in which a thing is formed; geol. any series of rocks referred to a common origin or period; milit. an arrangement of troops, as in a square, column, formative, for'ma«tiv, a. Givetc. ing form; having the power of giving form; plastic; gram, serving

fork, fork, n. [A. Sax. fore, furc, from L. furca, a fork, which is also the parent of G. furke, D. vork, Fr. fourche.] An instrument, consisting of a handle with a shank, terminating in two or more parallel prongs, used for holding or lifting something; anything similar in shape ; one of the parts into which anything is bifurcated; a prong. Forks of a road or river, the point where a road parts into two, the point where two rivers meet and unite in one. stream. v.i. To divide into forks or branches. v.t. To raise or pitch with a fork; to dig and break with a fork. forked, forkt, a. Having prongs or

—

— forsake

form, form,

forgetful, for«get'ful, a. forgotten. Apt to forget; easily losing remembrance; careless; neglectful; inatforgetfully, for»get'ful«li, tentive. forgetadv. In a forgetful manner. fulness, for«get'ful«nes, n. The quality of being forgetful; a ceasing to remember; oblivion; neglect; negforgetter, ligence; inattention. n.

—

;;

343

forgive

for«get'er,

—

The incontinence or lewdness of unmarried persons, male

fornicatio.]

—

fornicator, for'ni«ka»ter, or female. n. One guilty of fornication. forsake, for«sak', v.t.—forsook (pret.), forsaken (pp.), forsaking (ppr.). [A. Sax, forsacan, to oppose, to renounce;

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

— —

——

——

;

forsooth

344

prefix intens., and sacan, for, to contend; Dan. forsage, D. versaken, to deny, sake.] To quit or leave entirely, often to leave that to which we are bound by duty or natural affection; to desert; to abandon; to depart or withdraw from; to renounce; to reject. forsooth, for«soth', adv. [For and sooth, that is, for or in truth. A. Sax. forsoth.] In truth; in fact; certainly. forswear, for«swar', v.t. forswore (pret.), forsworn (pp.). [Prefix for with negative sense.] To reject or renounce upon oath; to renounce earnestly or with protestations; refl. to swear falsely; to perjure one's self. v.i. To swear falsely. forswearer, for«swa'rer, n. forsythia, for«sith'«i«a, n. [After W. Forsyth, Brit, botanist.] Shrub of the

—

—

oleaceous genus Forsythia, having bell-shaped yellow flowers that appear before the leaves in spring. fort, fort, n. [Fr. fort, lit. strong place from fort, L. fortis, strong. FORCE.] A fortified place, usually small, occupied only by troops. forte, for'ta, a. Mus. direction to sing or play with force of tone. adv. Loudly, powerfully. n. Mus. a passage played or sung powerfully. forte, fort, n. [Fr. fort, strong part, also a person's forte (the final e being an English insertion).] The strong portion of a sword blade or rapier; peculiar talent or faculty a person has; a strong point; chief excellence.

—

—fortress,

fort'res, n. [Fr. forteresse,

O. Fr. for telesse: same word as fortalice.) A fortified place, especially one of considerable extent and complia stronghold; a place of security. forth, forth, adv. [A. Sax. forth, from fore, before; G. fort, on, further; cation;

D. voord, forward,

fore.]

Onward

in time, place, or order (from that time forth) in advance from a given ;

point; forward; out; abroad; from a state of concealment; from an inforthcoming, terior; out into view. forth'kum'ing, a. Ready to appear; making appearance. forthright, forth'rit, adv. Straightforward; straightway. Straightforward a.

—

—

fortifier,

for'ti«fi«er,

One who

n.

fortifies.

fortissimo, for«tis'se«mo, adv. Mus. a direction to sing with the utmost strength or loudness. fortitude, for'ti«tud, n. [L. fortitudo,

from

force.] That fortis, strong, strength or firmness of mind or soul which enables a person to encounter danger or to bear pain with coolness and courage; passive courage; resolute endurance. fortnight, fort'nit, n. [Contr. from fourteen nights, time being formerly often reckoned by nights. se'nnight.] The space of fourteen days; two weeks. fortnightly, fort'nit'li, adv. Once a fortnight; every fortnight. a. Occurring or appearing once a fortnight. fortress. See fort. fortuitous, for«tu'i»tus, a. [L. fortuitus, from fors, fortis, chance, fortune.] Accidental; happening by chance ; occurring without any known

—

—

fortuitously, for«tu'i»tus«li, cause. adv. In a fortuitous manner; accidentally; by chance. fortuitousness, fortuity, for«tu'i«tus«nes, forn. tu'i«ti, n. Accident; chance; casualty. fortune, for'chen, n. [L. fortuna, a

—

—

lengthened form from stem of fors, fortis, chance, hap, luck, from fero, to bring (as in fertile).] Chance; accident; luck; fate; also, the personified or deified power regarded as determining the lots of life ; the good or ill that befalls or may befall man; success, good or bad; what the future may bring; good success; prosperity; good luck; estate; possessions; especially, large estate; great wealth. v.i. To befall; to fall out; to happen; to come casually fortunate, for'che«nit,a. [L. to pass. fortunatus.] Coming by good fortune or favorable chance; bringing some

—

unexpected good; having good tune; lucky; successful. refers to that

which

yond our own

is

.".

for-

Fortunate

deemed be-

control;

successful

—

forth'with, adv. [Forth and with, forth along with that.] Immediately; without delay; direct-

fortunately, for'che«nit«li, matters. adv. In a fortunate manner; luckily; fortunateness, for'che»-» happily.

ly.

nit«nes,

immediate. n. A straight to meanders. (Shak.)

way opposed ;

forthwith,

—

fortify, for'ti«fI, v.t. fortified, fortifying. [Fr. fortifier, from L.L. fortiL. fortis, strong, and facio, to fico make.] To add strength to; to strengthen reso(an argument, lution); to furnish with strength or means of resisting (to fortify one against cold); to surround, with a wall, ditch, palisades, or other works, with a view to defend against the attacks of an enemy; to increase the alcoholic strength of (wine) by means of adventitious spirit. fortification, for'ti«fi«ka"shon, n. The act of fortifying; the art or science of strengthening military positions in such a way that they may be readily defended; the works constructed for

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

— —

n.

—fortune

hunter,

n.

A

seeks to marry a woman with a large fortune, with a view fortuneless, for'to enrich himself. chemles, a. Luckless; also, destitute of a fortune or wealth. fortuneteller, n. One who pretends to tell people their fortune in life. fortunetelling, n. The act or practice of telling fortunes. forty, for'ti, a. [A. Sax. feowertig four.] feower, four, and tig, ten. Four times ten; thirty-nine and one

man who

—

—

—

—

added. n. The number which consists of four times ten; or a symbol expressing it. The roaring forties, the stormy area of the Atlantic

between 39" and 50° N. forty-five,

me, met, her;

lat.

The

the Jacobite rebellion of

pine, pin;

— ;;

foster

the purpose of strengthening a position; a fortified place; a fort.

denotes that effective effort has been made to gain the object; prosperous leaves both these notions out of account, simply conveying the fact of there being a flourishing state of

direct;

—— — —

— —

—

note, not,

move;

—

745, following on the 5 of 7 5 The forty thieves, the tale of Ali Baba in the Arabian Nights. Forty winks, short nap. fortieth, for'ti*eth, a. Following the thirty-ninth; being one of forty equal parts into which anything is divided. n. One of forty equal parts into which a whole is divided. forum, fo'rum, n. [L., connected with forts, out of doors; hence forensic] A public place in Rome where causes were judicially tried and orations delivered to the people; a tribunal; a court. forward, for'werd, adv. [A. Sax. foreweard fore, before, and weard, used to signify direction. Comp. G. vorwdrts.] Toward a part or place before or in front; onward; progres'

1

1

1

1

—

—

—

opposed

sively;

Being

backward.

to

—

a.

the front; anterior; fore; ready; prompt; ardent; eager; over bold; self-assertive; pert; saucy; advanced beyond the usual degree; advanced for the season. n. One in advance; a front player in a game, at

such as basketball.

v.t.

To

advance

or help onward; to further, promote, accelerate, hasten; to send toward the place of destination; to transmit; bookbinding, to prepare for the finforwarder, for'wer«der, n. isher. One who forwards. forwardly, forwerd«li, adv. In a forward manner; forwardeagerly; pertly; saucily. ness, for'werd«nes, n. The quality of being forward ; promptitude ; pertforwards, adv. Forward; toness. ward the front. fosse, foss, fos, n. [Fr. fosse, L. fossa, a ditch, a trench, from fodio, fossum, to dig, whence also fossil.] Fort. a ditch or moat, commonly full of water, outside the walls or rampart of a fortified place or post to be defended; anat. a kind of cavity in a bone with a large aperture.

—

—

—

—

fossil, fos'sil, a. [Fr.fossile, h.fossilis, from fodio, fossum, to dig. fosse.] Dug out of the earth; petrified and preserved in rocks. n. Originally

any substance -dug out of the earth;

now

specifically applied to the petri-

remains of plants and animals which occur in the strata that compose the surface of our globe; an antiquated person, a petrified fied

fogey. a.

— fossiliferous,

fos«si«lif er«us,

Producing or containing

fossils.

n. fos'sil»i«za"shon, fossilization, The act or process of fossilizing;

the state of being fossilized. fossilize, fos'siMz, v.t. fossilized,

—

To

convert into a fossil; to render permanently antifig. quated; to cause to be out of harmony with present time and cirr.i.To become a fossil cumstances. to become antiquated, rigid, and fossilizing.

—

fixed.

fossorial a digger,

a. [L. fossor, fodio, fossum, to dig.]

fos«so'ri«al,

from

Pertaining to animals which dig dwellings and seek their food in the earth; adapted for digging. foster, foster, v.t. [A. Sax. fostrian, to nourish, from foster, nourishment, from foda, food, food, fodder.] To nourish or nurture to bring up ;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

— —

—

who

a

is

charity.

who

brother, n. One brother only by being

at

A

founder, foun'der, n. One who founds; one who casts metals in various forms. foundry, foun'dri, n. [Fr. fonderie.] The art of casting metals; the buildings and works occupied for casting metals.

—

founder, foun'der,

[O.Fr.fondrer, fond, ground, bottom, from L. fundus, bottom. found, to establish.] To fill or be filled and sink; to go down: said of a ship; to fail; to miscarry; to go lame: said of a horse. n. Farriery, a lameness occasioned by inflammation within the hoof of a horse; an inflammatory fever or acute

—

my own

—

—fourscore,

g,

for'skor, a.

twenty; eighty; often

wild

—

— j,

;'ob;

A

cunning trick.

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

fellow.

— foxglove,

v.t.

and

foks'gluv,

i.

To

n.

A

common tall

plant, conspicuous by its spike of large showy flowers in

long one-sided racemes;

foxhound,

A

digitalis.

hound

for chasing foxtail grass, n. Any of cerfoxes. tain grasses with tail-like spikelets. fox terrier, n. small, smooth-haired or wire-haired dog, first bred to dig out foxes. fox trot, n. form of ballroom dance in four-four time. foxy, foks'i, a. Wily, as of one who is cunning or sly as a fox.—-foxily, foks'«i«li, adv. In a foxy manner. foxiness, foks'«i«nes, n. Slyness.

—

n.

A

—

A

foyer, fwa'ya, n. [Fr., L.L. focarium, a hearth, L. focus.] A lobby or anteroom in a public building, as a theater.

elliptically for

fourscore years. n. Twenty taken foursome, four times; eighty units. for 'sum, n. Game of golf between two pairs; dance or reel of two pairs. fourteen, for 'ten, n. [A.Sax. feowertyne.] The number consisting of ten and four, or the symbol

—

gun

for shooting fowls or birds of any kind. fox, foks, n. [A.Sax. fox; G. fuchs, L.G. voss, vos, Prov. E. faws, Goth. fauho, fox. Fixen (E. vixen) was the A.Sax. for she-fox.] carnivorous animal closely allied to the dog, remarkable for his cunning; a sly

A

Four times

sportsman who pursues fowling piece, n. A fowls.

light

ped-

A

—

A

fou'ler, n.

A

—

fly.]

bird: often unchanged in the plural (the fowl of the air); now very commonly a cock or hen; a barnyard or domestic fowl. v.i. To catch or kill wild fowls. fowler,

—

—

little

can hardly be connected with

A

—

;

go;

W.

An

n.

A

ceathair,

—

found upon

ch, Sc. loch;

Russ. cetvero,

Skr. chatvdr.] Twice two; three and one. n. The number consisting of twice two; the symbol representing this numfour-stroke four-cycle, a. ber. cycle, as for an internal-combustion fourflusher, n. One who engine. fourbluffs, boasts or deceives. fold, for'fold, a. Four times folded; vequadruple. four-in-hand, n. hicle drawn by four horses and guided by one driver holding all the reins; a necktie tied with a slipknot at the collar and hanging down the shirt front. fourpence, fourpenny, for 'pens, for'pen«i, n. British silver coin of an earlier era; the sum of four British pennies. large bed having four-poster, n. four posts or pillars for the curtains. It.

fo'ri«er«it,

[L. fovea, a pit.] Bot. marked depressions or pits ; pitted. fowl, foul, n. [A.Sax. fugel, fugol, a fowl, a bird=D. and G. vogel, Icel. and Dan. fugl, Goth, fugls, a bird;

by

A

tettares,

fo'ri«er'ist,

lat, a.

—

war,

observation). foundation, foun»da'shon, n. The act of founding, establishing, or beginning to build; the masonry or the solid ground on which the walls of a building rest; the basis or groundwork of anything; that on which anything stands and is supported; fund invested for a benevolent purpose endowch, chain;

A

Gr.

social-

—

erite,

flower, Icel. fjorir, Dan. fire, G. and D. vier, Goth, fidwor, L. quatuor,

hence

(I

adherent of this system. foveate, foveolate, fo've«at, fo've»6—

fo'ri«er'izm, n.

system or form of communism propounded by Charles Fourier, a Frenchman. Fourierist, Fouri-

istic

continuous supply of ink. four, for, a. [A.Sax. feower^Fris.

also fund, founder.] To lay the basis of; to base; to establish on a basis literal or figurative; to take the first steps in erecting or building up; to originate. v.i. To rest or rely:

followed by on or upon

take care of it. fount, fount, n. [L. fans, fontis. font.] spring of water; a fountain. font, in this Fount of types. fountain, foun'ten, n. [Fr. sense. fontaine, L.L. fontana, from L. fons, spring or natural source fontis.] of water; the head or source of a river; an artificial spout, jet, or shower of water; a basin or other structure kept constantly supplied with water for use or for ornament; the origin or source of anything. fountainhead, n. Primary source; fountain pen, n. writing origin. pen with a reservoir for furnishing a

—

&

A

Fourierism,

A

—

anything;

—

rheumatism. foundling, foundling, [Dim. n. formed from found, as bantling from band, darling from dear.] A child found without a parent or any one to

—

—

of

v.i.

afondrer, to founder

birth.

bottom

—

pour out (hence fuse, etc.).] To form by melting a metal and pouring it into a mold; to cast.

— —

foul, foul, a. [A.Sax. fill, foul Icel. full, Dan. fuul, D. vuil, G. faul, Goth, fuls, putrid, corrupt; same root as L. puteo, Skr. puy, to be putrid.] Covered with or containing extraneous matter, which is injurious, noxious, or offensive; filthy; dirty; not clean; turbid; muddy; scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive; stormy, rainy, or tempestuous vile; detestable; (foul weather); shameful; odious; unfair; not lawful; sports, denoting, or pertaining to, an act committed contrary to the rules of the game; nam. entangled or in collision; opposed to clear. Foul ball, baseball, a batted ball that falls or rolls outside the field of play bounded by two straight lines (foul lines) that extend from home plate past first base and third base to the boundary of the field. To run or fall foul of, to rush upon; to attack; to run against; to stumble over or upon. v.t. To make filthy; to defile; to dirty; to soil. v.i. To become foul or dirty; to commit a foul; to hit a ball foul; naut. to come into collision; to become entangled or clogged. n. The act of fouling; a colliding, or otherwise impeding due motion or progress. foully, foul'li, adv. In a foul manner. foulness, foul'nes, n. The quality or state of being foul or filthy. foulmouthed, a. Using foul or vile language; uttering abuse, or profane or obscene words. found, found, pret. pp. of find. found, found, v.t. [Ft. fonder, from L. fundo, to found, from fundus, the

—

origi-

to

A

A

fixes,

v.t. [Fr. fondre, to melt, to cast, from L. fundo, fusum,

—

—

who

representing it. a. Four and ten; fourteenth, for'tenth, twice seven. The ordinal of fourteen; the a. fourth after the tenth. n. One of fourteen equal parts in which a whole is divided. fourth, forth, a. [A.Sax. feortha.] The ordinal of n. four; the next after the third. One of four equal parts into which a whole is divided; mus. an interval composed of two tones and a semitone. The Fourth of July, in the U.S., the holiday celebrating the Declaration of Independence. fourth dimension, n. The dimension that converts a three dimensional aggregate (length, breadth and thickness) into a space-time relationship; a thing outside the range of customary meaning. fourthly, forth'li, adv. fourchette, for«shet', n. [Fr. dim. of fourche, fork, fork.] A small forkshaped piece or implement; the furculum, or wishbone, of a bird.

or

One

n.

found, found,

—

A A

founds; one

institution

foun'der,

nates, or establishes.

—

foster the same breast. child, n. child nurtured by one who is not its mother or father. foster daughter, n. One who is a daughter only by nursing. fosterer, fos'ter«er, n. One that fosters. foster father, n. One who takes the place of a father in bringing up and educating a child. fosterling, fos'foster child.— foster ter«ling, n. mother, n. woman who takes the place of a mother in bringing up a foster parent, n. foster child. foster father or foster mother. sister, n. female, not a sister, nursed by the same person. foster son, n. One brought up like a son, though not the person's son by

nursed

— founder,

———

—

fraction

ment; an endowed

to cherish; to promote the growth of; to encourage; to sustain and

—foster

——

—

345

foul

promote.

—

— —— —

fracas, fra'kes, to

An

crash;

It.

uproar;

n. [Ft., from fracasser, fracassare, to break.] a noisy quarrel; a

disturbance. fraction, frak'shon, n. [Fr. fraction, from L. fractio, a breaking, from frango, fr actum, to break akin frail,

th, thin;

;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

fractious

frap

decay; easily destroyed; perishable; not firm or durable; not strong against temptation to evil; liable

whole number is divided supposed to be divided (as 2 /s>

adv.

A

or

or 1

U>

decimal fractions); chem. one of several separable portions of a mixture or chemical compound. .56, .004,

— —

To

divide into fractions. fracfrak'shon»al, a. Fractional distillation, the distillation of a mixture of liquids that have different boiling points, so that the most volatile comes over first, the others as more heat is applied, as in refining shale oil or petroleum. fractionary, frak'shon«a«ri, a. Fractional; pertaining to a fraction or small portion of a thing. fractionize, fractionate, frak«shon«iz', frak»shon'at, v.t. To separate into fractions. fractious, frak'shus, a. [From Prov. E. fratch, to quarrel or chide.] Apt to quarrel; cross; snappish; peevish; fretful. fractiously, frakshus«li, adv. In a fractious manner; snappishly. fractiousness, frak'shus«nes, n. fractious temper. fracture, frak'tur, n. [L. fractura, from frango, fr actum, to break. fraction.] breakage; a breach tional,

—

—

—

—

virtue.

frail

—

frailly,

fral'li,

manner; weakly.

frailness, fral'nes, n. The condition or quality of being frail. frailty, fral'ti, n. The condition or quality of being frail ; weakness of resolution; infirmity; liableness to be deceived or seduced; a fault proceeding from weakness; a foible. frail, fral, n. [O.Fr. frail, frayel.] basket made of rushes, in which dried fruit is occasionally imported. fraise, fraz, n. [Fr., same word as frieze (on a building).] Fort, a defense consisting of pointed stakes driven into the ramparts in a horizontal or inclined position.

—

A

framboesia,

fram«be'si«a, n. [Fr. framboise, a raspberry.] The yaws, a contagious disease prevalent in the Antilles and some parts of Africa, characterized by raspberry-like excrescences whence the name. :

frame, fram,

v.t.

—framed,

framing.

A

mian, O.Fris. frema, Icel. fremja, to accomplish.] To construct by fitting and uniting together the

—

broken;

easily destroyed; frail. fragilely, fraj'iMi, adv. In a fragile manner. fragileness, fragility, fraj'-

—

fra«jil'i«ti, n. The condition or quality of being fragile; brittleness; delicacy of substance. fragment, fragment, n. [L. fragmentum, from frango, to break. fraction.] A part broken off; a piece separated from anything by breaking anything left uncompleted a part separated from the rest.

il«nes,

;

fragmental, frag«men'tal, a. Consisting of fragments fragmentary. fragmentarily, frag'men«te«ri'li,a starch, etc. glucoside, gl6'k6«sid, n. One of those substances that yield glucose. glue, glo, n. [O.Fr. glu, from L.L. glutis, L. gluten, glutinis, glue; comp. W. glyd, viscous matter.] or impure gelatin, ob-

glucose, glykys

or

Common

tained by boiling animal substances, as the skins, hoofs, etc., of animals, with water; used for uniting pieces of wood or other materials. v.t. glued, gluing. To join with glue or other viscous substance; to hold together, as if by glue; to fix; to gluey, glo'i, a. rivet. glum, glum, a. [Akin to gloom, and Sc. gloum, a frown.] Frowning; glumly, glum'li, sullen. adv.

—

—

—

—

glumness, glum'nes, n. glume, glom, n. [L. gluma, a husk, from glubo, to peel, akin to Gr. glypho, to hollow out.] The husk or chaff of grain ; the palea or pale. glumaceous, glo«ma shus, a. Having or bearing glumes; of or pertaining to the glumales. glut, glut, v.t. glutted, glutting. [L.

To burn

then;

n.

tentness.

=

j,

glowing manner.

werm,

—

superficial luster to; to make smooth and shining; hence, to give a specious appearance to; render to ch, Sc. loch;

the

—

—

ch, chain;

of

—

a.

qualities,

glos«ot'-

the upper part of the windpipe, and between the vocal chords, which, by its dilatation and contraction, contributes to the modulation of the glottal, glot'al, a. Relating voice. glottology, glot«ol'to the glottis. o«ji, n. [Gr. glotta, language, and logos, discourse.] The science of language; comparative philology; glottic, glottological, glossology. glot»0'loj'i*kal, glot'ik, a. Pertaining

A

of

glossotomy, — Anat. dissection

glottis, glot'is, n. [Gr. glottis, from glotta, glossa, the tongue, whence also glossary, etc.] The opening at

gloriole, glo'ri«61, n. [Formed on type of aureole.} circle, as of rays, in ancient paintings surrounding the

heads of

—

a

A

glorifying.

with

gloxinia, glok«sin'i»a,

n.

or renown; pomp; magnificence; brightness; luster; splendor; brilliancy; the happiness of heaven; celestial bliss; distinguished honor or ornament; an object of which one is or may be proud; painting, the radiation round the head or figure of a deity, saint, angel, etc. v.i. gloried, glorying. To exult with joy; to rejoice; to be boastful; tohave pride. glorification, gl6'ri»fi«ka'shon, n. The act of glorifying or the state of being glorified. glorify,

—

Shining

glos'a«rist,

L.

—

a.

annotation; explanation. v.t. To render clear by comments; to anglossarial, notate; to illustrate. glos«sa'ri«al, a. Connected with, or

glos'a«ri, n.

—

and

wingless female of a kind of beetle, emitting a shining green light to attract the male. glower, glou'er, v.i. [M.L.G. gluren to watch, D. glaren to peep, Nor. dial, glyra.] To look intently; to stare angrily or with a scowling in-

— consisting in a glossary. —glossarist, One who compiles a glossary. — glossary, [L. glossarium.] vocabulary of words

to

p.

intense heat; bright in color; red; ardent; vehement; fervid; heated; glowingly, glo'ing«li, adv. In fiery.

A

hear.] Praise, honor, admiration, or distinction, accorded by common consent to a person or thing; honorable fame; renown; celebrity; a state of greatness

v.t.

—

glo'ing,

th, thin;

—

glutio, gluttio, to swallow; whence swallow, also englut, glutton.] or to swallow greedily (Shaft.); to cloy, sate, or disgust; to feast or delight to satiety. To glut the

To

market, to furnish an oversupply of any article, so that there is no rale for it all. n. Plenty even to loathing; superabundance; an over-

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— — — — — —— —

——

—

supply of any commodity in the market. gluteal, glo'ti«al, a. [Gr. gloutos, the buttock.] Anal, of or pertaining to certain parts connected with the buttocks. gluteus, glo'te«us, n. Anai. the three muscles of the buttocks.

gluten, glo'ten, n. [L. See GLUE.] A tough elastic substance of a grayish brittle

flour

which becomes brown and by drying, found in the of wheat and other grain.

glutinous,

glo«ti«nus,

a.

[L.

gluti-

Gluey; viscous; viscid; tenacious; resembling glue; boi. besmeared with a slippery moisture. nosus.]

glutinousness,

The

glo'ti«nus«nes,

n.

being

of

quality

glutinous. glutton, glut'n, n. [Fr. glouton, from L. gluto, glutto, a glutton, from GLUT.] One who glutio, to swallow. indulges to excess in eating, or eating and drinking; a gormandizer; a carnivorous quadruped, 2V2 feet long, yielding a valuable fur, and inhabiting Northern Europe and America, known also as the Wolverine. gluttonize,f glul'n«iz, v.i. To eat gluttonously. gluttonous,

—

glut'mus, a. Characterized by gluttony; given to excessive eating; gluttonously, glut'n— insatiable. us«li, adv. In a gluttonous manner. gluttony, glut'n«i, n. The act or practice of a glutton; excess in eating, or eating

glycerin,

and drinking. [From n.

glis'er»in,

Gr.

A

transparent, sirglykeros, sweet.] upy trihydric alcohol used as a solvent in cosmetics, explosives, etc., obtained from fatty acids and as a by-product in soapmaking. glycerol, glis'er«61, n. The same as glycerin.

glycogen, gli'ko«jen, n. [Gr. glykys, sweet, and root gen, to produce.] starch, (CeH 10 O s )x, a carbohydrate that serves as a sugar reserve for animals, formed in the liver and other organs.

Animal

glyph, glif, n. [Gr. glyphe, carving, from glypho, to carve.] Sculp, and arch, a channel or cavity, usually vertical, intended as an ornament

—glyphic,

glif ik, a. Of or pertaining glyphocarving or sculpture. graph, glif 'o*graf, n. A plate formed

to

by glyphography. a.

art

[Gr. glyptikos.] of sculpture

glyptic, glip'tik, Pertaining to the

or

engraving.

glyptographer, glip«tog'ra«fer, n. An glypengraver on precious stones. tographic, glip«to«graf'ik, a. Of or glyppertaining to glyptography. tography, glip«tog'ra«fi, n. The art or process of engraving on precious

—

stones.

gnarl, narl, knot, also D. knorre,

[From old gnar,

a knarr, knurr; akin to a knot, G. knorren, a n.

— ——— ——— ——

370

gluteal

color,

——

lump.] A protuberance on the outgnarled, side of a tree; a knot. narld, a. Having many knots or knotty protuberances; cross-grained; gnarly, nar'li, a. Having perverse. knots; knotty. gnarl, narl, v.i. [O.E. gnerr, found in similar forms in the other Teut. languages, and probably imitative

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

To

of snarling.]

go

growl; to

murmur;

to snarl.

gnash, nash, v.t. [O.E. gnaste,gnayste, akin to Dan. knaske, D. knarsen, G. knirschen, Sw. knastra, gnissta, to

To strike together (the teeth), as in anger or pain. v.i. To strike or dash the teeth together, as in rage or pain. gnat, nat, n. [A. Sax. gnaet, L.G. gnid, a gnat; perhaps akin to G. gnatze, gnash.]

A

the itch.]

whose

small two-winged fly is furnished with

mouth

which

bristly stings

inflict irritating

wounds. gnathic,

nath'ik, a. [Gr. gnathos, jaw.] Pertaining to the jaw or jaws. gnaw, na, v.t. [A. Sax. gnagan D.

—

knagen, G. gnagen, Dan. gnave, nage, Icel. and Sw. gnaga, naga, to gnaw; akin verb to nag.] To bite by little

and

little;

to

wear away by biting;

nibble at; to bite in agony or rage; to fret; to corrode. v.i. To use the teeth in biting; to bite with repeated efforts; to cause or be affected with steady annoying pain. gnawer, na'er, n. One who or that which gnaws; a rodent. gneiss, nis, n. [G. gneiss, gneiss.] kind of hard tough crystalline rock, having a structure exhibiting layers either straight or curved, and like granite composed in the main of quartz, feldspar, and mica. gneissoid, nis'oid, a. Resembling gneiss; having the characteristics of gneiss. Also gneissic, nis'ik. gnome, nom, n. [Gr. gnome, formed from Gr. gnome, intelligence; see next art.] An imaginary being, fabled to inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and to be the guardian of mines, quarries, etc.; a goblin; a small misshapen person. gnome, nom, n. [Gr. gnome, a maxim, from stem of gnonai, to know. know.] A brief reflection or maxim; gnomic, gnoa saw; an aphorism. mical, no'mik, no'mi-kal, a. [Gr. gnomikos.] Containing or dealing in maxims (the ancient Greek gnomic poets). gnomon, no'mon, n. [Gr. gnomon, an index, from stem of gnonai, to know; whence also gnome, Gnostic] The style or pin of a sun dial, to

A

which by

its

shadow shows the hour

of the day; a style consisting of a pillar, pyramid, etc., erected perpendiculary to the horizon, in order to find the altitudes, declinations, etc., of the sun and stars; the index of the hour circle of a globe.

gnomonic, gnomonical, no«mon n6»mon'i«kal, a. art of dialing;

Pertaining to

ik,

the

bot. bent at right angles. Gnomonic projection, a projection of the surface of the sphere, in which the point of sight is taken at the center of the sphere. Gnostic, nos'tik, n. [L. gnosticus, Gr. gnostikos, from stem of gnonai. to know, cog. with E. know.] One o\' several sects arising in the 2d century whose members claimed to have the only true knowledge of Christianity, actually basing their beliefs on a blend of several Christian and nonGnosticism, Christian doctrines.

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

———— —

note, not,

move;

nos'ti'sizm, n. The doctrines or principles of the Gnostics. gnu, nu, n. [Hottentot gnu or nju.]

A ruminant quadruped, partaking of the form of the antelope, ox, and horse, inhabiting South Africa. go, go, v.i. pret. went, pp. gone. [A. Sax. gdn, gangan, O. and Prov. E. and Sc. gang, to go; Dan. gaae, D. gaan, G. gehen, Goth, gaggan (that is gangan), Icel. ganga, O.H.G. gangan. Went though now used as the pret., is really the past tense of wend, A. Sax. wendan, to turn, to go.] To walk; to pass, proceed, move, or be in motion; to depart or move from a place; opposed to come; to have currency or use; to circulate (the story goes); to be reckoned or esteemed ; to proceed or happen in a given manner; to have course; to turn out (the case went against him); to have recourse (to go to law); to be about to (in this usage a kind of auxiliary and usually in ppr. going to say, going to begin) ; to be guided or regulated (to go by some rule); to be with young; to be pregnant; to be alienated, sold, or disposed of (it went for a trifle); to extend, reach, lead (this road goes to London); to extend in effect, meaning, or purport; to be of force or value; to proceed or tend toward a result or consequence; to contribute, conduce, concur (frequently with to, towards, etc.); to perish; to sink or die; to become (she has gone mad). To go about, naut. to tack; to turn the head of a ship. To go about to, to set one's self to; to. take a circuitous way to. To go against, to march to attack; to be in opposition; to be disagreeable. To go ahead, to make rapid progress; to be enterprising. (Colloq.) To go between, to interpose or mediate between; to attempt to reconcile. To go beyond, to overreach. To go by, to pass near and beyond (by being a prep.); to pass away unnoticed or disregarded

—

—

(by adv.). To go down, to descend; to come to nothing; to be received as true or correct. Togo for nothing, to have no value, weight, or efficacy. To go hard with, to bring danger of a fatal issue to; to be all but

—

To ruinous for: used impersonally. go in for, to be in favor of; to make the object of acquirement or of attainment. To go in to (Scrip.), to have sexual commerce with. To go to leave a place; to die; to decease; to be discharged, as fireTo go arms; to explode; to be sold. on, to proceed; to advance forward; To go to be put on, as a garment. off,

out,

to

issue

forth;

to

go on an

expedition; to become extinct, as light or life. To go over, to read; to peruse; to examine; to view or review footr being the prep."); to change sides; to pass from one party To go to another (over adv.). through, to pass or penetrate through; to accomplish; to perform thoroughly; to undergo; to sustain to the end. To go through with, to execute To go upon, to proceed effectually. as on a foundation; to take as a

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — — ——

——

goad

in smell or lustfulness.

n.

lustfulness.

one species

lump. gobbet, gob'et,

v.t.

—gobbled,—

gobbling.

To

gob'l, v.i. [Imitative.] To a sound in the throat, as a turkey gobbles. n. noise made in the throat, as that made by the turkey cock. gobbler, gob'ler, n.

gobble,

make

—

A

—

A

turkey.

Gobelin,

gob'e«lin,

a.

[From

the

Paris, Gobelins establishment in tapestry, etc., is made, named from, and originally belonging to a family of dyers called Gobelin.] term applied to a species of rich tapestry, also to a printed worsted cloth for covering chairs, sofas, etc., in imitation of tapestry.

where

A

any manner; departure; procedure; behavior, or course of life: chiefly in the pi. Goings-on, actions; conduct; used mostly in a bad sense. gone, gon, pp. Passed; vanished away; consumed; finished; dead; lost or destroyed; worn out, exhausted, or overpowered. go-ahead, a. Characterized by or disposed to progress; enterprising. (Colloq.) go-between, n. An intermediary: often an agent in disreputable nego-

goblet, gob'let, n. [Fr. gobelet, dim. of O.Fr. gobel, a drinking glass, from L.L. gobellus, from L. cupa, a tub, a cask, cup.] kind of cup or drinking vessel without a handle. goblin, gob'lin, n. [Fr. gobelin, from L. cobalus, Gr. kobalos, a kind of malignant being or goblin; whence also G. kobold.] An evil or mischievous sprite; a gnome; an elf; a malicious fairy. goby, go'bi, n. [L. gobius, Gr. kobios, the gudgeon.] A name given to various rather small fishes. god, god, n. [A. Sax. god = D. god, Icel. goth, guth, Dan. and Sw. gud,

—

—

A

—

—

A framework —gocart, support children while n.

casters, to learning to walk; a

baby carriage with front wheels smaller than the rear. goad, god, n. [A. Sax. gad, a point of a weapon, a goad, gad.] pointed instrument used to stimulate a beast to move faster; hence, anything that urges or stimulates. v.t. To drive with a goad; hence, to incite; to stimulate; to instigate; to urge

A

Goth, guth, G. gott, God; root unknown; not connected with good.]

A

being conceived of a possessing divine power, and therefore to be propitiated by sacrifice, worship, and the like; a divinity; [cap.] the Supreme Being; Jehovah; the eternal Spirit, the Creator, and the Sovereign of the universe ; any person or thing exalted too much in estimation, or deified and honored as the chief godchild, god'child, n. good. godson or goddaughter. goddaughter, god'da«ter, n. A female for whom one becomes sponsor at baptism. goddess, god'es, n. female deity; a woman of superior charms or godfather, god'fa-THer, excellence. n. In the Anglican, Roman Catholic, and several other churches, a man who at the baptism of a child makes a profession of the Christian faith in

forward. goal, gol, n. [Fr. gaule, a pole, a word of Germanic origin, from Goth. walus, Fris. walu, Icel. voir, staff, rod.] The point set to bound a race; the space between the two upright posts in the game of football; also the act of driving the ball through between the posts; the end to which a design tends, or which a person aims to reach or accomplish. goat, got, n. [A. Sax. gat = lce\. L.G., D., and Fris. geit, G. geiss, goat; cog. with L. haedus, a kid.] A well-

—

—

A

A

—

known horned ruminant quadruped, nearly of the size of a sheep, but stronger, less timid, and more agile. goatee, go«te', n. beard that hangs down from the chin without whiskers. goatherd, got'herd, n.

name, and guarantees its religious education; a male sponsor. v.t. To act as godfather to; to take under godhead, god'one's fostering care. hed, n. [God, and suffix -head, same its

A

—

—

One whose occupation

is to tend got'ish, a. Resemin any quality, especially

—goatish, bling goat

go;

i.

hastily.

in

g,

and

swallow in large pieces; to swallow

to a horse, and to a watch or clock. going, go'ing, n. The act of moving

ch, Sc. loch;

from mouthful;

[Fr. gobet,

n.

O.Fr. gob, a mouthful.] A morsel; a lump. gobble, gob'l,

a

—

ch, c/iain;

n.

of which (salsify) is cultivated in gardens for its root. gob, gob, n. [Origin unknown.] A sailor of the U.S. Navy. gob, gob, n. [O.Fr. gobe.] A mass or

durance; spirit; animation; fire. Great go, little go, university cant terms for the examination for degrees and the previous or preliminary examination. goer, go'er, n. One who or that which goes; one that has a gait good or bad; often applied

a

n.

per.

—

goats.

—goatishly,

— The quality of being goatish; A —goat pepper, species of capsicum or Cayenne pep—goatsbeard, The name of herbaceous perennials,

become unsound, as meat, fruit; to leave the paths of virtue; to take a wrong way. Go to! come; move; begin; a phrase of exhortation; also a phrase of rebuke or reproof; tush; nonsense. [In the following usages the verb may be construed as transitive.] To undertake (to^o a journey, to go equal risks). To go one's way, to set forth; to depart; to move on. To go an errand, to go a drive, to go circuit, to go on an errand; to go upon or for a drive; to go upon circuit. n. [As a noun the word is colloq. or slang.] The fashion or mode; a glass or other measure of liquor called in when drinking; stamina, bottom, or power of en-

—

—

as -hood.] Godship; deity; divinity; divine nature or essence. The Godj,

job;

ng, sing;

——

—

;:

gold

got'ish'li, adv. In a goatish manner; lustfully. goatishness, got'ish«nes,

agree with; to suit. It goes ill or well with a person, he has ill or good fortune. To go without, to be or remain destitute. To go wrong, to

on

——

371

principle supposed or settled. To go with, to accompany; to side with; to be in party or design with; to

tiations.

—

——

TH,

then;

th, thin;

head, the Deity; God; the Supreme godless, god'les, a. Having Being. or acknowledging no God; impious; ungodly; irreligious; wicked. god-

—

—

lessness, god'les«nes, n. The state or godlike, quality of being godless. god'lik, a. Resembling a god or God; divine; of superior excellence. godlikeness, god'lik»nes, n. The state of being godlike. godlily, god'li»li, adv. In a godly manner; piously; righteously. godliness, god'li«nes, n. The condition or quality of being godly, god'li, a. Pious; revgodly.

—

—

—

—

erencing God and his character and laws; devout; religious; righteous; conformed to or influenced by God's law. adv. Piously; righteously.

godmother, god'muTH>er, n. A woman who becomes sponsor for a child in baptism. godsend, god'send, n. Something sent by God; an unlooked-for acquisition or piece of good fortune. godship, god'ship, n. Deity; divinity; the rank or character of a god. godson, god sun, n. A male for whom one has been sponsor Godspeed, god'sped, n. at baptism. [A contraction of c I wish that God

—

—

— —

may speed you.']

Success; prosperity; prosperous journey: usually in phrase to bid a person godspeed. Godward, Godwards, god'werd, god'werdz, adv. Toward God. God's acre, n. The churchyard. godwit, god 'wit, n. [A. Sax. god, good, a

—

and

wiht, creature, wight, from the excellence of their flesh.] name of several grallatorial birds of no great size, the flesh of which is highly

A

esteemed. goffer, gofer, v.t. [gauffer.] To plait goffer, gofer, or flute; to gauffer.

—

An

ornamental plaiting, used for the frills and borders of women's n.

caps, etc.

and i. [M.E. gogelen, stare or roll the eyes. a. Prominent and rolling or staring said of the eyes. n. strained or affected rolling of the eye; pi. a

goggle, gog'l, to squint.]

—

v.t.

To

A

kind of spectacles with fixed plain glasses surrounded by leather for protecting the eyes from wind, debris, intense light. goiter, goitre, goi'ter, n. [Fr. goitre, from L. guttur, the throat.] An enlargement of the thyroid gland, forming a tumor or protuberance on the front part of the neck. goitrous, goi'trus, a. Pertaining to goiter;

—

affected with goiter. gold, gold, n. [A. Sax. gold~=D. goud, Sc. gowd, Sw. guld, Icel. gull, Goth. gulth; from root of yellow. Hence gild.] A heavy yellow metallic element, the most malleable and ductile of all metals symbol, Au (Latin, aurum); at. no., 79; at. wt., 196.967; sp. gr., 19.3 money riches ; wealth a symbol of what is valuable or much prized; a bright yellow color, like that of the metal; archery, the exact center of the target, marked with gold, or of a gold color. a. Made of gold; consisting of gold. goldbeater, n. One whose occupation is to beat gold into thin leaves for gilding. Goldbeater's skin, the prepared out side membrane of the large

— —

;

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, a^ure.

————— — ——— — —

—

—

— —

golf

—

of the metal while they beat it. gold digger, n. One who digs for gold; a woman whose relations with men are for selfish mercenary adgolden, gol'dn, a. Made vantages. of gold; of the color or luster of gold; yellow; shining; splendid; excellent; most valuable; precious; happy; marked by the happiness of mankind; pre-eminently favorable or auspicious (a golden opportunity). Golden age, an early period in the history of the human race, fabled to have been one of primeval innocence and enjoyment; any period of great brilliancy prosperity. or Golden balls, the three gilt balls placed in front of a pawnbroker's place of business; the arms of Lombardy, and the bankers settled in Lombard Street. Golden bull, the edict issued in 1356, at Nuremberg, regulating the special form for election to the

Holy Roman Empire.

Golden calf its worship. Golden fleece, an order of knighthood, the toison d'or; the order of Flanders and Spain, commemorating the wool trade of the Flemish towns; in Greek myth, the fleece of gold in quest of which Jason undertook the Argonautic expedition. Golden Horn, the inlet of the Bosporus in European Turkey forming the harbor of Istanbul. Golden legend, a collection of lives and legends of saints in high repute in the Middle Golden-mouthed, eloquent, apAges. plied to John Chrysostom of Antioch, 347-407. A.D. Golden number, in chron. a number showing the year of the moon's cycle. Golden wedding,

money and

the fiftieth anniversary of a marriage, the seventy-fifth being the diamond species of wedding. goldeneye, n. duck; the garrot. golden pheasant, beautiful species of pheasant n.

A

A

belonging to China. goldenrod, n. A name of certain composite plants with rodlike stems and terminal spikes or racemes of small yellow

Golgotha,

A

n. [Heb.] charnel house; scene of the Lord's

gol'go'tha,

crucifixion.

A

golly wog,

go'li'wog, n. blackfaced, staring-eyed doll of hideous

or whimsical appearance. golosh, g6«losh', n. See galosh.

gomphosis,

gom«fo'sis, n. [Gr.,

from

Anat. an immovable articulation, as in the insertion of

gomphos, a

nail.]

the teeth in their sockets.

gomuti, goTnu'ti,

n.

The Malayan

name

for the sago palm, yields a bristly useful fiber

which resem-

bling black horsehair, known by the same name. gonad, gon'ad, n. [Gr. gone, that which generates.] Anat. a primary sex gland; ovary; testis. gondola, gon'do«la, n. [It., origin unknown.] flat-bottomed boat,

A

very long and narrow, and having toward the center a curtained chamber for the passengers, used chiefly at Venice; a freight car, having sides and ends but no top, for carrying gondolier, bulk loads. gon«do«ler', n.

gone, gon, pp. of go. gonfalon, gonfanon,

gon'fa-lon,

gon'fa»non, n. [Fr. gonfalon, O.Fr. gonfanon, from O.G. guntfano gunt, a combat (=^A.Sax. guth), and fano, a banner.] An ensign or standard, the bearer of which in many of the medieval republican cities of Italy was often the chief personage in the gonfalonier, state. gon'fal»o»ner", n. One entrusted with a gonfalon; a chief magistrate in medieval Italian

—

cities.

n. [Malay.] A Chinese percussion instrument, made of a mixed metal and shaped like a large

gong, gong,

round

flat

dish.

gonidia, go«nid'i«a,

[Gr. gone, generation, and eidos, appearance.] Bot. the secondary, reproductive, green, spherical cells in the thallus of lichens. goniometer, g6«ni«om'et«er, n. [Gr. gonia, angle, and metron, measure.]

An

n. pi.

instrument for measuring solid

goldfinch, gold'finsh, n. songbird begoldfinc] longing to the finches, so named from the yellow markings on its goldfish, n. species of wings. carp, so named from its color, now largely bred in ponds, tanks, or glass

angles, particularly the angles formed by the faces of mineral crystals. goniometric, goniometrical, go'ni*o«met"rik, g6'ni«o«met"ri«kal, a. Pertaining to or determined by a go-

gold leaf, n. Gold beaten into an exceedingly thin sheet or leaf. goldsmith, gold'smith, n. An ar-

angles.

flowers. [A. Sax.

A

A

vessels.

niometer.

ewi,

n.

goniometry, go«ni«om'art of measuring solid

The

gonophore, gon'o«for, n. [Gr. gonos, seed, and phoreo, to bear.] Bot. the short stalk which bears the stamens tisan who manufactures vessels and and carpels in some plants; zool. one ornaments of gold, gold standard, of the generative buds or receptacles n. Monetary standard, in which the

—

basic currency standard equals a goldspecified amount of gold, thread formed of flatthread, n. tened gold laid over a thread of silk by twisting it. golf, golf, n. [D. kolf, a club to drive balls with; Dan. and G. kolbe, a club.] game played with clubs and balls, generally over large commons, downs, or links; the object being to drive the ball, with as few strokes as possible, into holes placed at golfer, considerable distances apart. gol'fer, n. One who plays golf.

A

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

of the reproductive elements in the Hydrozoa. gonorrhea, gon«o«re'a, n. [Gr. gonorrhoia gonos, semen, and rheo, to flow.] An inflammatory infection of the male urethra or the female vagina, attended with secretion of mucus intermingled with pus. good, gud, a. [A. Sax. god, good D. goed, Dan. and Sw. uod, Icel. gothr, Goth, gods, G. gut; not connected with god.] The opposite of bad; conducive, in general, to any useful end or purpose; serviceable; advan-

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

; ;

good

372

intestine of the ox, used by goldbeaters to lay between the leaves

{Exodus, xxxii),

———— —— — — ——

—

note,

not move;

tageous; beneficial; wholesome; suitable; useful; fit; proper; right; possessing desirable or valuable physical or moral qualities; virtuous, righteous, dutiful, pious, or religious; excellent, valuable; precious; kind, benevolent, humane, merciful, or friendly; clever, skillful, or dexterous; adequate, sufficient, or competent; valid; of unimpaired credit; able to fulfill engagements; real, actual, serious {good earnest); considerable; more than a little; not deficient; full or complete; not blemished; unsullied; immaculate; honorable. Good Friday, a feast of the Christian Church, in memory of the Saviour's crucifixion, kept on the Friday before Easter. In good time, opportunely; not too soon nor too late; in proper time. To make good, to perform; to fulfill; to verify or establish (an accusation); to supply deficiency in; to make up for defect; to maintain or carry out successfully. To stand good, to be firm or valid. To think good, to see good, to be pleased or satisfied; to think to be expedient. As good as his word, equaling in fulfillment what was promised. n. What is good, especially a result that is so (no good can come of it); what is serviceable, fit, excellent, kind, benevolent, or the like (to do good ) ; benefit ; advantage opposed to evil, ill, harm, etc. welfare or prosperity (the good of the state); a valuable possession or piece of property: almost always in the plural in this sense, and equivalent to wares, commodities, movables, household furniture, chattels, effects. For good, for good and all, to close the whole business ; for the last time finally. good-by, gud«bi'. [Corruption of God be with you.] form of salutation at parting; farewell. :

—

—

A

Good Conduct Medal, gud kon'dukt medal, as a

n.

A medal given

reward for

irreproachable

to a soldier

long service with character and con'

A man

duct '. good esteemed for

fellow,

ant

good-fellowship,

n.

his companionable or social qualities; a good-natured pleas-

person.

n.

Merry

society; companionableness; good humor, n. friendliness.

A

cheerful temper or state of mind.

good-humored, a. Characterized by good-humoredly, good humor. adv. In a good-humored manner;

— in a cheerful way. — goodish, gud'ish, Pretty good; tolerable;

a.

fair.

goodliness, gud'li«nes, n. The quality of being goodly. goodly, gud'li, a. Being of a handsome form; fair to look on; beautiful; graceful; wellfavored; pleasant; agreeable; large; considerable. goodman, gud man, n. Archaic. A familiar appellation of civility; a husband; the head of a family. goodwife, gud'wif, n. The mistress of a household: correlative to goodman. good nature, n. Natural mildness and kindness of disposi-

—

—

—

tion. good-natured, a. Having good-nature; naturally mild in temgood-naturedly, adv. In a per. good-nagood-natured manner. turedness, n. The quality of being

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

——

—

goosander good-natured. n.

a

The

euphemism

gud'nes, — goodness,being good; for

God

—good-tempered, good temper; not annoyed. — good lence; kindly

red grouse. gorhen, n. The female of the red grouse. Gordian, gor'di«an, a. Pertaining to Gordius, king of Phrygia, or the knot tied by him, and which could not be untied, but which was ultimately cut by Alexander the Great; hence, the term Gordian knot is applied to any inextricable difficulty; and to cut the Gordian knot is to remove a difficulty by bold or unusual measures. gore, gor, n. [A. Sax. gor, gore, filth,

a. Having a easily irritated or

n.

Benevo-

feelings; heartiness; earnestness; zeal; com. the custom of any trade or business; the right to take up a trade or business con-

nection, purchased of one who gives it up. goody, gud'i, n. [Probably contr. from goodwife, as housewife, hussy.] term of civility applied to women in humble life. goody, gud'i, goody-goody, a. Affected with mawkish morality; excessively squeamish in morals.

—

A

Icel.

—

that

the ducks and divers; the merganser. pi. geese, ges. [A. Sax.

or disgust; a narrow passage between hills or mountains; the entrance into a bastion or other outwork of a fort; arch, the narrowest part of the

Tuscan and Doric

—

cavetto.

a

To

—

—

service.

parently applied period at which monly observed, goose-summer, the

Gorgon,

—

A

Gorgonzola, a village near Milan. gorilla,

gOTil'la,

n.

[Originally

an

African name, found in use by the Phoenician navigator Hanno in the ng, sing;

TH,

then;

the

A

fine filmy substance, a kind of delicate cobwebs, floating in the air in calm clear weather, '.]

especially in autumn, formed by gossasmall species of spiders. mery, gos'a«mer«i, a. Like gossamer; flimsy; unsubstantial.

—

n.

—

to

'

summer

offi-

[Gr. gorgo, gorgon, from gorgos, fierce, grim.] Greek myth, one of several monsters of terrific aspect, the sight of which turned the beholder to stone; hence, some one like a Gorgon. a. Very ugly or terrific. Gorgonian, gor»Gorgonian, gor«go'ni«an, a. [From Gr. gorgas, fierce, grim, and Gorgon, a Greek mythological monster.] Like a Gorgon ; pertaining to Gorgons or monsters. a. Very ugly. gorgonize, gor'go«nIz, v.t. To turn into stone; to petrify. kind Gorgonzola, gor«gon«zo'la, n. of Italian ewe-milk cheese made at

gor'gon,

[A name ap-

n.

originally

gossamer is comand equivalent to term having perhaps arisen from geese being then driven out to the stubble and from their well-known connection with Michaelmas; comp. the German names for gossamer, c our lady's summer ', c flying summer ', old wives

cers

job;

—

gospeler, gos'pel»er, n. An evangelist; the priest or minister who reads the gospel in the church

pel).

—

ornament formerly worn by on the breast.

gos-

from

—

showy;

Exceedingly

[A. Sax. called

falconry.

A

j,

n.

— so

gosling, goz'ling, n. [A. Sax. gos, goose, and the dim. term, -ling/] A young goose ; a kind of catkin. Gospel, gos 'pel, n. [A. Sax. godspell god, good, and spell, history, narration answering to the Gr. euangelion, L. evangelium; a good or joyful message, evangel; or compounded of A. Sax. god, God, and lit. God's word.] The history spell of Jesus Christ; any of the four records of Christ's life left by his apostles ; the whole scheme of salvation as revealed by Christ and his apostles; some portion of one of the Four Gospels appointed to be read in the service of the Anglican Church. a. Accordant with the Gospel; relating to the Gospel; evangelical; [not. cap.] system of gospel doctrine or of religious truth any general doctrine (a political gos-

gor'jet, n. [Fr. gorgette, from piece gorge, the throat, gorge.] of armor for defending the throat or neck; a small crescent-shaped metallic

goose-hawk

being flown at geese.] A kind of large hawk, formerly much used in

gorget,

—

go;

see).]

—

perhaps

g,

also,

hafoc,

splendid; magnificent; glittering with gay colors. gorgeously, gor'jus«li, goradv. In a gorgeous manner. geousness, gor'jus«nes, n.

gorbelly, gor'beMi, n. [A. Sax. gor, dirt, dung, E. gore, and belly.] A prominent belly; a person having a big belly. gorbellied, a. Big-bellied. gorcock, gor'kok, n. [From its red color; or from gorse, furze.] ch, Sc. loch;

eater.

goshawk, gos'hak,

gossamer, gos'a»mer,

(which

Southern States.

ch, chain;

—gorged,capital; gorging.

——

—

gor'jus, a. [O.Fr. gorgias, gaudy, flaunting, from gorgias, a ruff for the neck, from gorge, the throat

gopherwood, gofer, n. [Heb. gopher.] A species of wood used in the con-

—

—

gorgeous,

g6s'be»ri, n. [A corruption of gossberry for gorseberry, from prickles on the bush giving it a resemblance to gorse; or for groseberry, from Fr. groseille, a gooseberry, from G. krausbeere, krduselbeere, a gooseberry kraus, frizzled, curled, crisp, and beere, a berry.] The fruit of a prickly shrub either red, yellow, or green in color, and hairy or smooth on the surface, well known and much esteemed; also the shrub itself; a small ball of barbed wire. gopher, go'fer, n. [Fr. gaufre, honeycomb.] The name given in America to several burrowing animals from their honeycombing the earth; also a species of burrowing tortoise of the

ark,

v.t.

self.

A

of Noah's

n. [Fr. gourmand.] A gourmand. gormandism, gor'man«dizm, n. Gluttony. gormandize, gor'man»diz, v.i. gormandized, gormandizing. To eat greedily; gormanto swallow voraciously. dizer, gor'man«di«zer, n. A voracious

—

gooseberry,

struction cypress.

gormand, gor'mand,

swallow, especially with greediness or in large quantities; to fill the stomach of; to satiate: often refl. v.i. To feed greedily; to stuff one's

A

—

geiri,

—

=

a goose Icel. gas, Dan. gaas, D. and G. gans, Rus. gus; cog. with L. anser, Gr. chin, Skr. hansa; from a root meaning to gape, seen in E. yawn.] The name of several well-known swimming birds larger than ducks; a silly, stupid person, from the popular notion as to the stupidity of the goose; a tailor's smoothing iron; a game formerly common in England, played with dice on a card divided into small compartments, on certain of which a goose was figured. To cook one's goose, to do for one; to finish a person (slang). v.t. To hiss out; to condemn by hissing. (Slang.)— goose flesh, goose skin, n. peculiar roughness of the human skin produced by cold, fear, and other depressing causes, as dyspepsia. gooseneck, n. pipe shaped like the letter S. goose-step, n. The act of a soldier marking time by raising the feet alternately without advancing; the stiff German parade step. (pi. ges, gees),

Icel.

A

A

gos

gor, Sw. gorr.] Blood shed; thick or clotted blood.

a triangular piece, from geirr, a spear.] triangularshaped piece, as of cloth, let into or regarded as let into a larger piece a gusset. v.t. To cut a gore in; to piece with a gore. gore, gor, v.t. gored, goring. [Directly from A. Sax. gar, a spear or dart; Icel. geirr.] To stab; to pierce with a pointed instrument, as a spear, or with the horns (as an ox). gorge, gorj, n. [Fr. gorge, from It. gorgia, L. gurges, a whirlpool; akin gargle, gurgle, etc.] The throat or gullet; that which is swallowed; food caused to regurgitate through nausea like

genit. of and, A. Sax. ened, a duck. drake.] swimming bird allied to

MERGANSER. goose, gos, n.

century B.C.] The largest of the apes, very strong and fierce, found chiefly in the woody equatorial regions of Africa, sometimes living in trees, and feeding on vegetable substances.

gory, go'ri, a. Covered with gore; bloody. gore, gor, n. [A. Sax. gdra, a point or corner of land, from gar, a spear;

goosander, gos'amder, n. [Lit. gooseduck, from goose, and Icel. andar,

;

fifth

and Dan. is

—

Goth

—

The

(thank Good-

will,

—

—

;

373

state or quality of

ness).

—

n. Mining, an oxide of iron and quartz, a sure indication of ore at greater depth. gossip, gos'sip, n. [From God and prov. E. sib, relation, related, lit. related in the service of God.] An idle tattler or carrier of tales; mere tattle; groundless rumor. v.i. To

gossan, gos 'an,

prate; to chat; to tell idle tales. gossiper, gos'sip«er, n. One who gosgossipry, gos'sip«ri, sips; a gossip. gossipy, gos'n. Idle talk or gossip. sip«i, a. Full of gossip. got, gotten, got, got, pret. of get. got'n, pp. of get. Goth, goth, n. [L. Gothi, Goths.] One of an ancient Teutonic race of people,

th, thin;

—

w, wig;

— —

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— ——

— ;

gothamitc

374 to require a particular case. v.i. To exercise authority; to administer the laws; to maintain the superiority; to have the control. governable, guv'er«na»bl, a. Capable of being governed; submissive to law or rule.

deficient in wisdom, so called from Gotham, in Nottinghamshire, noted for some pleasant blunders; a term sportively applied to the inhabitants

ince or division of territory ruled by a governor ; the persons or council who administer the laws of a kingdom or state; the administration; the executive power; gram, the influence of a word in regard to governmental, guv'construction. ern»men«tal, a. Pertaining to govern-

—

;

—

—

—

of New York, then pron. go tham-it. gouge, gouj, n. [Fr. gouge, LL. guvia, a gouge; origin uncertain.] A chisel with a hollow or grooved blade, used

To

scoop out or turn with or as with a gouge. gourd, gord, n. [Fr. gourde, O.Fr. gouorde, gougorde, from L. cucurbita, a gourd.] The popular name of the family of plants represented by the melon, cucumber, pumpkin, vegetable marrow, etc., or for their fruits.

gourmand, gor'mand,

n.

[Fr.,

of

Celtic origin; comp. W. gormant, that which tends to overfill ; gormodd, excess, from gor, excess.] glutton; a greedy feeder; a dainty feeder; an epicure; a gourmet. gourmet, gor ma or gor 'met, n. [Fr., a wine taster, for groumet, from the

A

O.D. word^E. groom.]

A man

of keen palate; a connoisseur in wines and meats; a nice feeder; an epicure. gout, gout, n. [Fr. goutte, L. gutta, a drop, from the old medical theory that diseases were due to the deposition of drops of morbid humor in the part.] A disease giving rise to paroxysms of acute pain with inflammation, affecting the small joints, and generally the first joint of the great toe, and often accompanied by calculi or concretions at the joints; a drop; a clot or coagulation {Shak.). goutily, gout'i«li, adv. In a gouty manner. goutiness, gout'i«nes, n. The state of being gouty; gouty gouty, gout'i, a. Disaffections. eased with or subject to the gout; pertaining to the gout. govern, guv 'em, v.t. [Fr. gouverner, from L. gubernare, to govern, a form of Gr. kybernao, to govern.] To

—

— —

and control; to regulate by authority; to keep within the limits prescribed by law or sovereign will; to influence; to direct; to restrain; to keep in due subjection; to steer or regulate the course of; gram, to cause to be in a particular case, or direct

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

governance, guv'er«nans,

n. Government; exercise of authority; control; management. governess, guv'er—

— A female that governs;

a lady has the care of educating or teaching children in their homes.

who

government, guvern-ment,

n.

The

act of governing; regulation; control; restraint; the exercise of authority; direction and restraint exercised over the actions of men in communities, societies, or states; the administration of public affairs; the system of polity in a state ; the mode or system according to which the sovereign powers of a nation, the legislative, executive, and judicial powers, are vested and exercised; a body politic

governed by one authority; a prov-

—

ment; made by government.

to cut holes, channels, or grooves.

—gouged, gouging.

—

nes, n.

—gov-

ernor, guv'er«ner, n. One who governs; the supreme executive magistrate of a state, community, corpora; a tutor to a boy at home a contrivance in mills and machinery for maintaining a uniform velocity with a varying resistance; a contrivance in a steam engine which automatically regulates the admission of steam to the cylinder. governor general, n. governor who has under him subordinate or deputy governors ; a viceroy. governorship, guv'er«ner'Ship, n. The office of a

tion, etc.

—

A

—

governor.

gown, goun,

n. [O.Fr. goune, L.L. gunna, furred robe, fur.] A woman's outer garment; a dress; a dressing

gown

or a nightgown; the official dress worn by members of certain professions, as divinity, medicine, law, by magistrates, university professors and students, etc. ; sometimes used as the emblem of civil life, as the sword of military. Gowns not arms' {Milton, Sonnets, xvii); collectively, the students of a university or college (the town and gown). v.t.

—

To put a gown on; to clothe or dress in a gown. v.i. To put on a gown; to wear a gown Gowned, gowning.

—

gownsman, gounz'man, One whose professional habit is

n.

gown,

or

or robe.

as a lawyer, professor, student of a university.

a

gra'fi»an,a. [From Regnier de Graaf, a Dutch physician.] Applied to certain vesicles developed in the ovaries of mammals for the special purpose of expelling the

Graafian,

ovum. Graal,

;

—

A

grip suddenly. {Colloq.) n. sudden grasp or seizure; a catch; an

advantage

{colloq.)

;

an implement for

—

clutching objects. grabber, grab'er, n. One who or that which grabs. grace, gras, n. [Ft., from L. gratia, favor, from gratus, pleasant (seen also in grateful, gratitude, agree, ingrate, etc.); from a root seen in Gr. chairo, to rejoice, Gael, gradh, love, and E. yearn.] Favor, goodwill, or kindness; disposition to oblige another; the love and favor of God; divine influence renewing the heart and restraining from sin; a state of reconciliation to God; virtuous or religious affection or disposition proceeding from divine influence; mercy; pardon; favor conferred; a license, dispensation, or peculiar privilege; a short prayer before or after meals acknowledging the grace or goodness of God; [usually cap.] (with possessive pronouns) a title used in addressing or speaking of a duke or duchess; that external element in acting or speaking which

renders it appropriate and agreeable elegance with appropriate dignity; a beauty or element in what pleases the eye; an embellishment; an affectation of elegance, dignity, or refinement (a person's airs and graces)-, dispensation by university authorities to take a degree; [cap.] Greek myth, beauty or elegance deified; one of three goddesses in whose gift

were grace, loveliness, and favor;

mus. a turn, trill, shake, etc., introduced for embellishment. Days of grace, com. three days immediately following the day when a bill becomes due, which days are allowed to the debtor or payer to make payment in. A person's good graces, a person's With a favor or friendly regard. good grace, graciously; with at least With a bad an air of graciousness. grace, ungracefully; ungraciously. v.t. graced, gracing. To lend or add grace to; to adorn; to serve to embellish or dignify; to honor. grace cup, n. A final parting cup, graceful, after grace has been said. gras'ful, a. Displaying grace in form or action; possessing a peculiar elegance or attraction in mien or appearance: used particularly of mogracefully, tion, looks, and speech. gras'ful'li, adv. In a graceful manner. gracefulness, gras fuNnes, n. The condition or quality of being gracegraceless, gras'les, a. Void of ful. grace; somewhat careless in regard to religious matters; not at all devout; unregenerate unsanctified. gracelessly, gras'les«li, adv. In a graceless manner. gracelessness,

—

—

—

—

—

—

;

a note

— note, —grace

n. Mus. added by way of ornament,

gras les«nes, n.

and printed or written in smaller gracharacters; an appoggiatura.

—

cious, gra'shus, a. [Fr. gracieux, L.

Favorable; benevolent; benign; kind; friendly; proceeding from, produced by, or associated with divine grace, virtuous; good; polite.- graciously, gra -

gratiosus.]

merciful;

gral, n.

grab, grab,

Same

v.t.

as Grail. —grabbed, grabbing.

[Sw. grabba, to grasp; D. grabbelen, akin grapple, gripe, graip, grope, etc.] To seize; to snatch; to to snatch

me, met, her;

—

grace

heard of as inhabiting the shores of the Baltic, and who afterward overran and took an important part in subverting the Roman empire ; a barbarian; a rude ignorant person; one defective in taste. Gothic, goth'ik, a. Pertaining to the Goths; rude; barbarous; the term applied to that style of architecture, the characteristic feature of which is the pointed arch and the subserviency of the other parts to this feature: originally used in a depreciatory sense. n. The language of the Goths printing, the name of a boldfaced type, used for titling and jobbing work; the Gothic style or order of architecture. Gothicism, goth'i«sizm, n. A Gothic idiom; conformity to the Gothic style of architecture rudeness of manners; barbarousness. Gothicize, goth'i»siz, v.t. Gothicized, Gothicizing. To make Gothic; to bring back to barbarism. gothamite, got'anvit, n. A person first

v.t.

——

;

;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

shus«li, adv.

In a gracious manner. gra'shus«nes, n.

—graciousness,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——— — ——

—

——

——

from gradior,

graffiti,

graft,

[O.Fr. graffe, Fr. shoot of a tree for grafting, originally a pointed instrument, from L. graphium, a style for writing on waxen tablets, from Gr. grapho, to write.] small shoot or scion of a tree, inserted in another tree and becoming part of it, but retaining the characters of its own parent; surg. living tissue implanted, as in a lesion, to become an organic part; the act of grafting; corrupt gains or practices in politics. v.t. To insert a graft on; to propagate by a graft; to incorporate after the manner of a graft. v.i. To practice grafting or engage in corrupt but grafter, grafprofitable pursuits.

—

ter,

of being graded; arrangement by grades or ranks; a regular advance from step to step; a degree or relative position in any order or series; the gradual blending of one tint into another. gradational, gra— da'shon«al, a. Of or pertaining to, gradient, or according to gradation.

cratella, dim. of L. crater, Gr. krater, a cup.] The holy vessel used by Christ in the Last Supper

Holy Grail), said to have been found by Joseph of Arimathea, who had caught the last (called

state

granum, a grain, seed, kernel. Of same origin are granite, grange, garner, etc.]

at

One who

a.

successive

of being graduated; the marks made on an instrument to ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

on

from gradior, to go. grade.] order of birds generally characterized by very long legs, long necks, and long bills, including the

A

j,

job;

cranes, plovers, snipes, rails, coots, the waders. grallatorial, gral»a«to'ri«al, a. Pertaining to the Grallatores. gram, gram, n. The name of a chickpea extensively cultivated in the East Indies.

single seed of a plant,

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

stilts,

An

particularly of those plants whose seeds are used for food of man or beast; used collectively for edible seeds in general, or the fruits of cereal plants, as wheat, rye, oats, etc., as also for the plants themselves; pi. the husks or remains of grain used in brewing or distilling; any small hard particle, as of sand, sugar, salt, etc.; a minute particle; a small amount (not a grain of sense); the twentieth part of the scruple in apothecaries' weight, and the twentyfourth part of a pennyweight troy; the substance of a thing regarded with respect to the size, form, or direction of the constituent particles; the fibers of wood or other fibrous substance, with regard to their arrangement or direction; texture (stone or wood of a fine grain); formerly the scarlet dye made from the kermes or cochineal insects, from their round, seedlike form; hence, a red-colored dye; also, a permanent color of any kind. To dye in grain, originally, to dye with kermes; then, to dye deeply or permanently; now usually to dye in the fiber or raw Grain side of leather, the material. side from which the hair has been removed. Against the grain, against the fibers of wood; hence, against the

or lines

ch, chain;

the

drops of Christ's blood in it. grain, gran, n. [Fr. grain, from L.

steps or degrees. graduation, grad»u«a'shon, n. The act of graduating, or

—

gral'e, n. pi. [L. grallce, stilts, grallator (pi. grallatores), one who goes

from

has been admitted to a degree in a college or university, or by some incorporated society; a vessel with

by

A

flour, gra'am, wheat flour made from the whole kernel. grail, gral, n. [O.Fr. graal, greal, L.L. gradalis, gradale, etc., perhaps

—

Arranged

A

Grallatores, Grallae, gral«a«to'rez,

graft.

gradually, the steps of the altar. grad'u«al»li, adv: In a gradual manner; by degrees; step by step; graduate, grad'u«at, v.t. regularly. graduated, graduating. [Fr. graduer, from L. gradus.] To mark with degrees, regular intervals, or divisions; to divide into small regular distances (to graduate a thermometer); to temper or modify by degrees; to characterize or mark with degrees or grades, as of intensity; to confer a university degree on ; to reduce to a certain consistency by evaporation. v.i. To receive a degree from a college or university; to pass by degrees; to change grad-

graduated measurement marks.

natural temper; unwillingly; unpleasantly; reluctantly. Grains of Paradise, the pungent, somewhat aromatic seeds of a plant of the ginger family, a native of tropical Western Africa. v.t. To form into grains, as powder, sugar, and the like; to paint so as to give the appearance of grains or fibers; tan. to give a granular appearance to the surface; to prepare the hairy side as the outer side. To form v.i. grains or to assume a granular form, as the result of crystallization. grainer, gra'ner, n. One who or that which grains; a peculiar brush or a toothed instrument used by paintgrainy, gra'ni, n. Full of grains ers. granary, or corn; full of kernels. gran'a»ri, n. [L. granarium, from granum.] storehouse for grain after it is threshed. graniform, gran'i— form, a. Bot. formed like grains of granivorous, gra»niv'o«rus, a. corn. [L. granum, and voro, to eat.] Eating grain; feeding or subsisting on seeds. grain, gran, n. [Same word as Dan. green, a branch, a prong; I eel. grein, a branch; akin groin.] tine, prong, or spike ; pi. a kind of harpoon with four or more barbed points.

graham

regular and slow; progressive. n. An ancient servicebook of the church: also called Grail; [cap.] song

n.

One who grafts; one who money or material profit by

n.

gains

gra'di«ent, a. [L. gradiens, gradientis, ppr. of gradior.] Moving by stepsf; walkingf; rising or descending by regular degrees of inclination. n. The degree of slope or inclination of the ground over which a railway, road, or canal passes; the rate of ascent or descent; the part of a road which slopes. gradual, grad'u«al, a. [Fr. graduel.] Proceeding by steps or degrees; advancing step by step;

off.

n.

A

—

shade

graft,

greffe, a slip or

years of work; the group of pupils in one of these sections; a mark rating a pupil's work; the rate of ascent or descent; the part of a road which slopes. v.t. graded, grading. To arrange in order according to size, quality, rank, degree of advancement, and the like; to reduce (the line of a railway, etc.) to such levels or degrees of inclination as may make it suitable for being used. gradation, gra«da'shon, n. [L. gradatio.] The act of grading; the state

to

It.

Pompeii, the Catacombs etc., dating from ancient Roman times.

A

ually;

of

graffiare,

A

gressus,

and Gospel

[PI.

from

to scribble.] class of rude scribblings or figures on the walls of

to go, seen also in congress, degrade, degree, egress, ingredient, progress, retrograde, etc.] degree in any series, rank, or order, relative position or standing; one of the sections of a school system, as divided into

epistle

gra«fe'te, n. pi.

graffito, a scribbling,

——

grammar

indicate degrees or other divisions. graduator, grad'u«a«ter, n. One who or that which graduates; an instrument for graduating; a contrivance for accelerating evaporation.

gracile,f gras'il, a. [L. gracilis, slengracility, gra«sil'i«ti, der.] Slender. n. Slenderness. grackls, grak'l, n. [L. graculus, a jackdaw, imitative of the cry.] Any of various birds of Asia and Africa of the starling family; any of certain blackbirds of the U.S., as the purple grackle. grade, grid, n. [Fr. grade, from L.

sung between

———— ————

——

375

gracile

gradiis, a step,

——

th, thin;

etc., etc.;

gram, gram, n.

[Fr.,

from Gr. gramma,

a letter, also the weight of a scruple, from grapho, to write.] The unit of weight in the metric system equivalent to a cubic centimeter of water.

gram molecule, gram mol'e'kul, n. The quantity of a substance having a weight in grams numerically equal to its molecular weight; also gram-

molecular weight.

gramineous, gramineus,

gra«min'i«us,

a.

[L.

from grarnen, graminis,

Like or pertaining to grass or to the tribe of grasses. grammar, gram'mar, n. [Fr. grarnmaire, from a hypothetical L.L. form grammaria, from Gr. gramma, a letter, from grapho, to write (whence GRAVE, v.t.] The exgraphic, etc.). position of the principles which underlie the use of language; a system of general principles and of particular rules for speaking or writing a language; a book containing such principles and rules; language as regulated by rules or usage; propriety of speech (to violate grammar; good grammar, bad grammar, correct or incorrect language); a treatise on the elements or principles of any science; an outline of the principles of any subject. a. Belonging to or contained in grammar. grammarian, gram«ma'ri«an, n. One versed grass.]

in

grammar.

w, wig;

grammatical, gram«-

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

— ——

Belonging to grammar;

jury whose duty is to examine into the grounds of accusation against offenders, and if they see just cause, to find a true bill against them. grandly, grand'li, adv. In a grand or lofty manner. grandness, grand'nes, n. Grandeur; greatness with beauty; magnificence. grand opera, opera that compares with serious drama in characterization and plot and has a completely sung text. grandstand, n An elevated system

grampus mat

i«kal, a.

376

according to the rules of grammar. grammatically, gram«mat'i«kaMi, adv. In a grammatical manner; according to the rules of grammar. grammar school, n. A grade school; a school including the intermediate grades between the primary grades and high school; a school in which Latin and Greek are more especially taught.

grampus, gram

pus,

n.

[Sp. gran pez,

from L. grandis, great, and piscis, a fish; comp. porpoise, porpus.] A marine mammal of the dolphin family, which grows to the length of 25 feet, and preys on fish; in

—

—

who

granadilla, gran»a«diria, n. [Sp., dim. of granada, a pomegranate.]

grange, granj, n. [Fr. grange, a barn, from L.L. granea, granica, a barn, from L. granum, grain, grain.] A

sense,

person

a

snores.

The

of a

fruit

species

of passion

flower much esteemed in countries; also the plant.

tropical

granary. See grain. grand, grand, a. [Fr. grand, from L. grandis, great, grand, seen also in aggrandize.] Great; illustrious; high in power or dignity; noble; splendid; magnificent; principal or chief: used largely in composition {grand juror, grand master); conceived or expressed with great dignity; implying an additional or second generation, as in grandfather, grandchild,

—grandam, gran'dam, [Grand and dame An old woman grandmother. — grandaunt, The aunt of one's father or mother. — grandchild, grand'child, A son's or daughter's child or offspring — granddaughter, grand The daughter of a son or daughter. — grandfather, grand fa«THer, A father's or mothgrandmother, grand'— muTH«er, A father's or mother's mother. — grandnephew, The grandson of brother or etc.

n.

a

;

]

n.

n.

'da«ter,

n.

n.

er's

father.

n.

n.

a

sister.

grandniece, n. The granddaughter grandparent, of a brother or sister. grand'pa«rent, n. The parent of a grandsire, grand 'sir, n. parent. grandfather; any ancestor preceding grandson, grand'sun, n. a father. The son of a son or daughter. granduncle, n. The uncle of one's grand duke, the father or mother. title of former sovereigns of certain German states; also applied to members of the former imperial family of Russia. grandee, gran«de', n. [Sp. grande, a nobleman.] A Spanish nobleman of the first rank; hence a nobleman or man of high rank in grandeur, grand'yer, a. general. [Fr.] The state or quality of being grandiloquence, gran«dil'o— grand. kwens, n. The quality of being grandiloquent, grandiloquent. gran«dil'o«kwcnt, a. [L. grandiloquens

—

— —

A

—

—

— —

—

—grandis,

and loquor, to speak.] Speaking in a lofty style; expressed in high-sounding words; bombastic;

pompous.

—

grandiose, gran'di«6s, a. Impressive from inherent grandeur; imposing; commonly, aiming at or affecting grandeur; grandiloquent; bombastic; turgid. gran[Fr.]

diosity, gran»di«os'i»ti, n.

of being grandiose.

—quality

The

— grand

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

jury, a

—

farm,

with

the dwelling house, stables, barns, etc. ; one of the local lodges of the secret farmers' organization called " The Patrons of Husbandry. " Nationally, the Grange dates from 1867, and includes both

men and women. Its social, fraternal, and educational aims were later expanded to become an effective influence in political and legislative matters, both state and national, in the interest of the farm population. granite, gran'it, n. [Fr. granit, from It. granito, lit. grained stone, from L. granum, a grain, grain.] An unstratified rock, one of the most abundant in the earth's crust, composed generally of grains or crystals of quartz, feldspar, and mica, united

— grapertaining

without regular arrangement. nitic, gra«nit'ik, a.

Of

or the nature of of granite.

to granite; having granite; consisting granitoid, gran'i-toid, a. Resembling granite. graniteware, n. Articles

— iron

made of

enamel. grant, grant,

coated with vitreous

v.t.

[From O.Fr. graan-

graunter, craanter, creanter, to promise, to agree, to guarantee, from ter,

L.L. credentare, to to believe or trust, from L. credens, pp. of credo, to believe. creed.] To transfer the title or possession of; to convey, give, or make over; to bestow or confer, particularly in answer to prayer or request; to admit as true though not proved; v.i. to allow; to yield; to concede. To make a grant; to consent (Shak.). n. The act of granting, bestowing, (hypothetical

make

—

or conferring; the thing granted or grantable, gran'ta«bl, a. bestowed. Capable of being granted or congrantee, gran«te', n. The perveyed. son to whom a grant or conveyance granter, gran'ter, n. One is made. who grants grantor, gran tor, n. Law, the person who makes a grant or conveyance. granular, gran'u«ler, a. [From L. granum, grain, grain.] Consisting of or resembling granules or grains. granulate, gran'u«lat, v.t. granulated, granulating. [Fr. granuler.] To form into grains or small masses; to raise in granules or small asperities; to make rough on the surface. v.i. To collect or be formed into grains;

—

—

— —

—

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

-

grasp

of seats arranged one row above another at a racecourse or athletic field, usually with a roof, whence a good view can be obtained grand vizier, the chief minister of the former Turkish Empire.

secondary

—

——

—

note, not,

move;

—

to become granular. granulation, gran«u»la'shon, n. The act of granulating; a reducing to the form of small grains; surg. a process by which little granular fleshy bodies form on sores when healing; the fleshy grains themselves granule, gran'ul, n. [Fr., dim. from L. granum, a grain.] A little grain; a small particle; a minute round body of vegetable or animal matter. grape, grap, n. [O.Fr. grape, grape, Mod.Fr. grappe, a bunch or cluster, originally a hook, from O.G. krapfe, a hook.] smooth-skinned berry from a vine of the Vitaceae family, ranging in color from white to deep red and blue-black, eaten fresh or dried, as raisins, and used for making wine; milit. grapeshot. Sour grapes, things professedly despised because they are beyond our reach from Aesop's fable of • The Fox and the Grapes '. grapery, gra'per«i, n. place where grapes are grown; a vinery. grapefruit, n.

—

A

—

:

—

A

—

A large, yellow

citrus fruit developed from the shaddock; the tree bearing this fruit. grapeshot, n. Iron balls held in a frame and fired from a

— cannon. — grapestone, The stone or seed of the grape. — grape sugar, variety of sugar from grapes; glucose. —grapevine, The vine that bears grapes; some n.

a

n.

also

secret

means of communicating rumor. graph, graf, n. [Gr. grapho, I write.]

A

diagram representing the relation between two varying magnitudes by

means of

a curve referred to fixed graphic, graphical, graf'ik, axes. graf'i'kal, a. Pertaining to the art of writing, engraving, or delineating; written; pictorial; describing with accuracy or vividly; vivid; portraying in vivid and expressive language. Graphic granite, a variety of granite which when cut in one direction exhibits markings resembling Hebrew characters. graphically, graf i'kaNli, adv. In a graphic manner. graphite, graf it, n. [Gr. graphein, to write.] One of the forms under which carbon occurs, made into pencils, and used as a moderator in atomic reactors. grapnel, grapnel, n. [Dim. from Fr. grappin, a grapnel; of same origin as grape.] small anchor with four or five flukes or claws, used to hold boats or small vessels; a grappling iron.

—

—

—

A

grapple, graph

v.t.

—grappled, grap-

pling. [Directly from O.Fr. grappil, a grapnel; or from grab or gripe.] lay fast hold on, either with the hands or with hooks; to seize contend in close and hold. v.i. To grapple with, fight, as wrestlers. to contend with; to struggle with;

To

To

A

close n. confront boldly. to seizure or hug; the wrestler's hold; close fight or encounter; a hook by which one ship fastens on grappling iron. n. An another.

—

instrument consisting of four or more iron claws for grappling and holding fast.

grasp,

grasp,

v.t.

grope,

gripe,

or

tube, tub, bull;

[From stem of comp. G.

grab] oil,

pound.

—— ———

377

grass

—

;

—

Icel. D. and G. gras, Dan. Sw. gras; probably akin to

green.) In common usage without a plural), herbage; the verdurous covering of the soil; also any plant of the family to which belong the grain-yielding and China grass, a Chipasture plants.

who

(and

emotion awakened by

plant, of the nettle family, fiber of which grass cloth Esparto grass, esparto. v.t. To cover with grass; to furnish with grass; to bleach on the grasshopper, grass. gras'hop«er, leaping orthopterous insect n. allied the locusts, commonly to living among grass. grassiness,

— The condition of being

who

n.

rots,

regarded as a source of independent popular opinion. To get down to grass

down

pense; free; voluntary; not required, called for, or warranted by the circumstances; adopted or asserted without any good ground (a gratuigratuitously, tous assumption). gra«tu'i«tus»li, adv. In a gratuitous manner.—gratuitousness, gra»tu'i«-

gras'i, a.

—

tus«nes, n.

A

work; a grating; a metallic receptacle for holding burning fuel, and formed

To

furnish with a grate or grates; to fill in or cover with crossbars. grating, gra'ting, n. partition or frame of parallel or cross bars. gratelike, grat'lik, a. grate, grat, v.t. grated, grating. [O.Fr. grater, Fr. gratter, to scratch, to rub; from the Teutonic; comp. O.H.G. chrazon, G. kratzen, to scratch; Dan. kratte, kradse, to scratch; E. scratch.] To rub hard or roughly together, as a body with a rough surface against another body; to wear away in small par-

—

or

irritate.

g,

go;

—

—

—

the surface in contact (a body grates upon another); to have a galling or annoying effect (to grate upon the feelings); to make a harsh sound by friction; to sound disach, Sc. \och;

n.

—

gratulatoCongratulation. ry, grat'u»la«tOTi, a. Congratulatory. n. A congratulation. gravamen, gra«va'men, n. [L., from gravo, to weigh down, from gravis, heavy, grave, a.] That part of an accusation which weighs most heavily against the accused; ground or burden of complaint in general. grave, grav, v.t. graved (pret.), graven or graved (pp,), graving (ppr.). [A. Sax. grafan, to dig, to grave or carve ^D. graven Dan. grave, Icel. grafa, G. graben, to dig, to engrave; cog. Ir. grafaim, to engrave, to scrape; Gr. grapho, to grave, to write.] To carve or cut; to form tulatio.]

rubbing with anything indented; to offend or v.i. To rub roughly with

ch. chain;

gra»tu'i«ti,

—

A

by

—gratuity,

free gift; a present; a donation. gratulate,f grat'u«lat, v.t. gratulated, gratulating. [L. gratulor, gratulatus, from gratus, pleasing, agreeable. grace.] To salute with declarations of joy; to congratulate. gratulant, gr-atgrat'u'lant, a. Congratulatory. ulation, grat«u«la'shon, n. [L. gra-

to a greater or less extent of bars.

rough

and interesting import; mus. low; depressed; opposed to sharp, acute,

j,

job;

ng, sing;

Small stones or very small pebbles collectively; small stones, sand, etc., combined; pathol. small concretions or calculi in the kidneys or bladder;

the disease occasioned by such graveled, gravelconcretions. v.t. ing, or gravelled, gravelling. To cover with gravel; to cause to stick in the sand or -gravel; hence, to perplex and bring to an intellectual standstill; to puzzle; to hurt the foot of (a horse) by gravel lodged under the gravel-blind, a. [A mistaken shoe. coinage, as in Shak., Merchant of Venice, ii, 2, 38, on the supposed analogy of sand-blind.] More blind and less than than sand-blind gravelly, grav'ehi, a. stoneblind. Abounding with gravel; consisting of gravel. graven, gra'vn, pp. of grave, to carve. gravid, grav'id, a. [L. gravidus, from gravis, heavy, grave, a.] Being with gravidity, pregnant. gra— child,

—

—

—

—

vid'i«ti, n.

then;

pregnancy; impregnation.

gravimeter,

gra«vim'et«er,

n.

[L.

heavy, and Gr. metron, a measure.] An instrument for determining the specific gravities of bodies, whether liquid or solid,

gravis,

r

TH,

—

gravely, grav'H, adv. In high. a grave manner.— graveness, grav'nes, n. The state or quality of being grave; gravity. gravel, grav'el, n. [Fr. gravele, from O.Fr. grave, sand or gravel, from the Celtic; Armor, grouan, sand; W. grou, pebbles, coarse gravel.] or

from gratus, pleasing, agreegrateful, grace.] Given without an equivalent or recom-

grate, grat, n. [It. grata, a grate, lattice, hurdle, from L.L. grata, crata, L. crates, a hurdle, crate.] A series of parallel or cross bars, with interstices > a kind of lattice-

ticles

—

gratifies.

able,

—

over with dock, n. See

it

to Gr. barys, heavy, baros, weight (in barometer); Skr. guru, heavy.] Solemn; serious; opposed to light or jovial; plain; not showy; important; momentous; having a serious

tuitus,

—

—graving

aggravate, gravid, gravitate); allied

gratitude. See grateful. gratuitous, gra«tu'i«tus, a. [L. gra-

to the

tar.

DOCK. grave, grav, a. [Fr. grave, from L. gravis, heavy (whence also grief,

ing.

fundamental part, close to, or emerging from, grass widow, n. Forthe people. merly, an unmarried woman who had a child: now applied to a wife grassy, separated from her husband.

v.t.

—

and pay

etc.,

pitch or

—

districts

roots, to get

weeds,

gratis, gra'tis, adv. [L., from gratia, favor, grace.] For nothing; freely; without recompense (to give a thing gratis). a. Given or done for noth-

Land kept — grassland, grass roots, gras under — The rural and farming grass.

friendly favor re-

—

—

n.

a

delight, humor, satisfy. gratification, grat'i«fi«ka"shon, n. [L. gratification The act of gratifying or pleasing; that which affords pleasure; enjoyment; satisfaction; degratifier, grat'i«fl«er, n. One light.

—

n.

A

warm and

—

from the is made.

grassy.

grateful; a

excavation in

A

ceived; thankfulness. gratify, grat'i«fi, v.t. gratified, gratifying. [Fr. gratifier, L. gratificor gratus, pleasant, agreeable, and facio, to make, grateful.] To please; to give pleasure to; to indulge,

nese

gras'imes,

is

An

the earth in which a dead human body is deposited; hence, any place of interment; a tomb; a sepulcher. graveclothes, n. pi. The clothes in which the dead are interred. gravestone, n. stone placed at a grave as a monument to the dead. graveyard, n. yard or enclosure for the interment of the dead. grave, grav, v.t. [From the graves or dregs of melted tallow with which ships' hulls were formerly smeared.] To clean a ship's bottom of sea-

— —

grow and

A

grave, to carve.]

—

—

Goth.

burin.

grave, grav, n. [A. Sax. grcef, a grave, a trench, from stem of grafan, to dig or grave Dan. graf, Ice), grof, D. graf, G. grab, Rus. grob, a grave.

grateful, grat'ful, a. [From O.Fr. grat. L. grams, pleasing, and E. adjectival term, ful. grace.] Having a due sense of benefits; having kind feelings and thankfulness towrrd one from whom a favor has been received; expressing gratitude; indicative of gratitude; affording pleasure; agreeable; pleasing to the taste grateor the intellect; gratifying. fully, grat'fuhli, adv In a grateful manner. gratefulness, grat'ful«nes, n. The state or quality of being gratitude, grat'i»tud, n. grateful. [L.L. gratitudo.] The feeling of one

grasper, gras'per, n. of intellect. One who or that which grasps. grasping, grasping, a. Covetous; rapacious; avaricious; greedy; migraspingly, gras'ping'li, adv. serly. In a grasping manner. grass, gras, n. [A. Sax. grces, gees grces,

—

manner.

power

wide-reaching

shape by cutting with a tool; to delineate by cutting; to engrave; hence, to impress deeply. graver, gra'ver, n. One who carves or engraves; an engraving tool; a or

—

—

—

—

gravitate

greeably. grater, gra'ter, n. One who or that which grates. grating, gra'ting,/). and n. [Sp. guia, a guide, a small rope used on board ship, guide.] rope used to steady anything; a rope to steady an object which is being hoisted; a rope or rod to steady a suspension bridge. v.t. To steady or direct by means of a guy. fright a person of queer £u y> gij n. looks or dress: from the effigy of

to move or going gyration, a circle. turning or whirling

central a.

jiTa'shon, n.

on which the

stands in certain flowers; zool. the generative bud of a hydrozoon containing ova. gyp, jip, n. [Said to be a sportive application of Gr. gyps, a vulture, from their alleged rapacity.] college servant (English usage). n., v.t. and i. U.S. slang, to cheat; to swindle. gypsum, jip'sum, n. [L. gypsum, from

a

spirally.

gynophore,

guttur,

go;

age to trees. gyrate, ji'rat, v.i. [L. gyro, gyratum, from gyrus, Gr. gyros, a circle.] To turn round circularly; to revolve

[L.

jim«no»kar'pus, a. [Gr. gymnos, naked, and karpos, fruit.] Bot. having a naked fruit. gymnogynous, jim«noj'i»nus, a. [Gr. gyne, female.] Bot. having a naked gymnosophist, jinvnos'o*ovary. fist, n. [Gr. sophistes, a philosopher.] One of a sect of ancient Hindu ascetics who lived solitarily, and wore little or no clothing. gymnosperm, jim'no-sperm, n. [Gr. gymnos, and sperma, seed.] A plant that produces seeds not enclosed in an ovary. gymnospermous, jim«-

dizer.

g,

a.

gymnocarpous,

A

ch, Sc. loch;

jim«nas'ti«kal,

—

guttate, gut'at, a. Bot. spotif discolored by drops. gutta-percha, gut'ta per'cha, n. [Malay gutta, gum, and percha, the tree.] The hardened milky juice of a large tree which grows in the Malayan Peninsula and in some of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, resembling caoutchouc in many of its properties, but stronger, more soluble, and less elastic. gutter, gut'er, n. [Fr. gouttiere, from goutte, L. gutta, a drop.] channel at the side of a road, street, or the like, also at the eaves of, or on, a roof of a building for conveying away water. v.t. To cut or form gutters in. v.i. To become channeled. guttle, gut'l, v.i. [A form of guzzle.] To swallow greedily; to gormandize. guttler, gut'ler, n. gorman-

ch, chain;

n. A European tussock moth, now found in the East, the caterpillars of which do much dam-

gymnastic, gymnastical,

gymnastics, a gymnastic manner. jim«nas'tiks, n. The art of performing athletic exercises; athletic exercises; feats of skill or address.

order. ted, as

—

One

n.

sies.

gypsy moth,

gymnasticus; Gr. gymnastikos.] Pertaining to athletic exercises. gymnastically, jim«nas'ti«kal«li, adv. In

and under the triglyphs of the Doric

Guy Fawkes burned on November

jim'nast,

teaches or practices gymnastic

exercises. jim»nas'tik,

series of pendent ornaments attached to the under side of the mutules

A

gymnast,

ties.

who

A

—

their origin from India; a name of slight or humorous reproach to a young woman; the language of the gypsies. a. Pertaining to the gyp-

Indian origin.] A meeting for athletic or other sport contests. gymnasium, jinrna'zi«um, n. pi.

—

—

habeas corpus

A

or driving of the wind, of short duration; a sudden violent burst gusty, gus'ti, a. Subject of passion. to gusts or sudden blasts of wind; tempestuous; given to sudden bursts of passion. gut, gut, n. [A. Sax. gut, gutt, gut, guttas, entrails; comp. Prov. E. gut, a water channel, a drain; O.E. gote, a drain; from stem of A. Sax. geotan, Goth, giutan, to pour out. GUSH.] The intestinal canal of an animal from the stomach to the anus; an intestine; pi. the stomach and digestive apparatus generally, the viscera or entrails; a preparation of the intestines of an animal used for various purposes, as for the strings of a fiddle; a channel or passage. v.t. gutted, gutting. To take out the entrails of; to eviscerate; to plunder of contents; to destroy or take out the interior of. gutta, gut'ta, n. pi. guttae, gut'te, [L.] drop; specifically, arch, one of a

——

—

385

gust gust, gust,

— ——

aspiration or breathing.

ha, ha. prise,

An

exclamation, denoting surjoy, or other sudden

wonder,

emotion. haaf, haf,

n. [N. haf, high sea.] Deepsea fishing ground. habeas corpus, ha'bi«as kor'pus, [L., you may have the body.] Law, a common-law writ designed to safeguard citizens from unjust imprisonment, directed to any person who

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —— ——

——

— haberdasher

386

custody and produce the body of this person with a statement of the day and cause of his apprehension and detention that the court may deal with him.

detains

another

in to

commanding him

—

haberdasher, hab'er«dash«er, n. [Lit. a seller of hapertas, from O.Fr. hap-

;;

haggis

dwells '.] The natural abode or of a plant or animal. habitation, hab«i«ta'shon, n. [L. habitation Act of inhabiting; occupancy; place of abode; a settled dwelling; a house or other place in which man or any animal dwells. habitude, habitue. See habit. '

—

it

locality

hade, had, n. [A. Sax. heald, inclined, bent; G. halde, declivity.] Mining, a slope or inclination; inclination of a

vein or bed from — To slope or

a vertical direction. incline from the

v.i.

vertical.

Hades, ha'dez, aides,

Hades,

[Gr.

n.

i.e.

invisible, unseen, from a and idein, to see.] The invis-

kind of cloth.] The proprietor of a store which deals principally in men's furnishings; formerly a dealer in drapery goods, woolens, linens, silks, ribbons, etc. haber-

hachure,

dashery, hab'er«dash«er«i,

hacienda, ha«se«en'da, n. [Sp.] In Spain, Spanish America, etc., a hadji, haj'e, n. A Mussulman who has farmhouse; a farm. performed his pilgrimage to Mecca. hack, hak, v.t. and i. [A. Sax. haccan or haemal, he'mal, a. [Gr. haima, haihaccian — E. hatch (in engraving), matos, blood. Some of the words hatchet, hash.] To cut irregularly in which this forms part are spelled and into small pieces; to notch; indifferently he- or hce-; in others to mangle; to chop; to cough in a there is a preference. See also under short, dry manner. he.] Pertaining to the blood; conn. A notch; a hack saw, cut; a hacking cough. nected with the blood vessels or circulation. haematite, he'ma»tlt, n. n. A fine-toothed saw fixed in a HEMATITE. haematocryal, he«ma«frame, used to cut metal. hacking, tok'ri«al, a. [Gr. cryos, cold.] Zool. hak'ing, a. Short and interrupted

ertas, a

—

n.

habergeon, ha«ber'jon, n. [Fr. haubergeon, from heuberc, a hauberk.

A

hauberk.]

short coat of mail or

armor consisting of

a jacket without

sleeves.

habiliment,

ha«bil i«ment,

from

habillement,

[Fr.

n.

habiller, to dress,

from L. habilis, fit, proper, habit.] garment; clothing: usually plural.

A

— habilitate,

To

ha«bil i«tat, v.t. equip for operation, as a mine.

n. [Fr. habit, from L. habitus, state, dress, manner, condition, etc., from habeo, habitum, to have, to hold; of similar origin are habiliment, habitation, inhabit, exhibit, prohibit, also able, debt, duty, etc.] The ordinary state or condition of the body, either natural or acquired; capacity resulting tendency or from frequent repetition of the same usage; a way of acts; practice; acting; a peculiar practice or custom; a characteristic item of behavior; dress; garb; the outer dress worn by ladies while on horseback. Syn. under custom. v.t. To dress; habited, habto clothe; to array. it»ed, a. Clothed, as with a habit. habitual, ha«bit'u«al, a. [Fr. habituel.] Formed or acquired by habit, frequent use, or custom; constantly practiced; customary; regular; as a

habit, habit,

— —

—

matter of course. habitually, ha«bit'u«al«li, adv. In a habitual manner. habitualness, ha«bit'u«al«nes, n. habituate, ha«bit'u«at, v.t. habitu-

—

—

[L. habituo, habituatum.] To accustom; to make familiar by frequent use or practice; to familiarize.— a. Formed by habit.

ated, habituating.

— habituation, The

ha»bit'u«a"shon,

n.

act of habituating, or state of

— habitude,

hab'i«tud, n. [Fr. habitude, from L. Customary manner or habitudo.] mode of living, feeling, or acting; habitue, ha«long custom; habit. bi'tu«a, n. [Fr., pp. of habituer, to accustom.] A habitual frequenter of any place, especially one of amusement, recreation, and the like.

being habituated.

—

habitable, hab'i'ta«bl,

a.

[Ft.,

from

L. habitabilis, from habito, to dwell, a freq. of habeo, to have.] Capable of being inhabited or dwelt in; capable of sustaining human beings. habitability, habitableness, hab-

—

i«ta«bil"i«ti,

hab'i«ta-bl«nes, n.

State

of being habitable; capacity of being habitably, hab'i»ta«bli, inhabited. adv. So as to be habitable. habitant, hab'i«tant, n. [L. habitans, habitantis, ppr. of habito.] An inhabitant; a dweller; a resident. habitat, hab'i-tat, n. [L. habitat,

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

ha«shbr', n. [Fr., from hacher, to hack, hack, v.t.] Short

which mark half-tints and shadows in designing and engraving. lines

—

v.t.

To

cover with hachures.

not,

ible abode of the dead; the or state of departed souls ; the

of spirits. hadj, haj, n. [Ar.] The Mohammedan pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina.

—

— —

—

hacking cough). n. [Short for hackney.] A horse kept for hire; a horse much worked; a worn-out horse; a person overworked; a writer employed in the drudgery and details of bookmaking. a. Much used or worn, like a hired horse; hired. v.t. To use as a hack; to let out for hire. (a

hack, hak,

hackberry,

hak'be«ri,

n.

[Same

as

Prov. E. hag-berry, bird-cherry — haw-berry, hedge-berry.] North American tree bearing sweet edible fruits as large as bird cherries. hackbut, hak'but, n. Same as ar-

A

[D. hekel, G. hechel, Dan. hegle, a hackle for flax or hemp; akin to hook. The secondary senses are from similarity to tufts of hackled fibers.] hatchel, heckle, or comb for dressing flax; raw silk; any flimsy substance unspun; a long pointed feather on the neck of a fowl, or any similar feather. v.t. To comb (flax or hemp); to hatchel hackler, hak'ler, n. One or heckle. who hackles. hackmatack, hak'ma«tak, n. [Amer. Indian.] The American black larch. hackney, hak'ni, n. [O.Fr. haquenee, a pacing horse, Sp. hacanea, a nag; probably from O.D. heckeneye, hakn.

A

—

hackney;

perhaps a hacked or dock-tailed nag.] A horse kept for riding or driving; a pad; a nag; a horse kept for hire; a hack; a person accustomed to drudgery, often literary drudgery. a. Let out much used; common; for hire; To use as a hackney; trite. v.t. to devote to common or vulgar use. hackney coach, n. A coach kept for hackneyed, hak'nid, p. and a. hire. Discussed or talked of without end; in everybody's mouth; trite; commonplace. had, had, pret. & pp. of have. haddock, had'ok, n. [Comp. O.Fr. hadot, hadou, Ir. codog, a haddock.] A well-known fish of the cod family, smaller than the cod, and having a dark spot on each side just behind kenei,

a

lit.

—

— haematothermal,

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

he'ma*-

to»ther"mal, a. [Gr. thermos, warm.] Of or pertaining to the warm-

blooded vertebrates. he«ma«tok'si»lin,

— haematoxylin,

hematoxylin.—

haematozoa, he'ma«to»z6"a, n. pi. [Gr. zbon, an animal.] The entozoa which exist in the blood of mammals, birds, reptiles, etc.

hafnium, haf 'ni«um, n. [From Hafnia, L. for Copenhagen.] A metallic element found in zirconium ores. Symbol, Hf; at. no., 72; at. wt., 178.49. haft, haft, n. [A. Sax. haft, a haft-=D. a handle; Icel. hepti a haft, from the stem of have or heave.] A handle; that part of an instrument which is taken into the hand, and by which it is held and used. v.t. To set in a haft; to furnish with a handle. hag, hag, n. [Shortened from A. Sax. hcegtesse; akin to G. hexe, D. heks, a witch; probably from A. Sax. haga, a hedge, G. hag, a wood (the meaning being woman of the woods).] An ugly old woman ; a witch ; a sorceress a she-monster; an eel-shaped fish which eats into and devours other haggish, hagish, a. Perfishes. taining to or resembling a hag ; ugly (

— hefti),

heft,

—

horrid.

hagbut, hag'but,

n.

Same

as

Ar-

quebus.

haggard, hag'ard, originally

a

wild

a. [Fr. falcon,

haggard,

from G.

a wood, and afflix -ard. In secondary sense perhaps for hogged, hedge, haw.] Wild that is /u^-like. intractable (a haggard hawk' having the expression of one wasted by want or suffering; having the face

hag,

;

worn and n.

—

pale; lean-faced; gaunt.

An

untrained or refractors- hawk. haggardly, hag ard«li, adv. In a

haggard manner. haggis, hag'is, n. [From hag, to chop, a form of hack; comp. Fr. hachis, Scotch dish, commonly a hash.] made in a sheep's stomach, of the heart, lungs, and liver of the animal minced with suet, onions, oatmeal,

A

and seasoned with

the head.

me, met, her;

applied to the cold-blooded vertebrates.

and G.

quebus.

hackle, hak'l,

place

world

tube, tub, bull;

salt oil,

and pepper.

pound.

——— — — — —

——

—————— ——— ——— — —

haggle haggle, hag'l,

v.t.

minute distance. a. Of the breadth of a hair; very narrow (a hairbreadth hairbrush, n. A brush for escape). dressing and smoothing the hair. haircloth, n. A kind of cloth made of hair or in part of hair. hairdresser, n. One who dresses or cuts

[Freq. of hag, for hack, to hack.] To cut into small pieces; to notch or cut in an unskillful manner; to mangle. v.i. To be difficult in bargaining; to hesitate and cavil; to stick at small matters; to higgle.

—

One who hag-

n.

people's hair; a barber. hairiness, ha'ri«nes, n. The state of being hairless, har'les, a. Destitute hairy. of hair; bald. hairline, n. line made of hair; a very slender line made in writing or drawing; a hair stroke. hairpin, n. pin used to keep the hair in a certain position; especially, a doubled pin or bent wire used by women. hair shirt, n. Shirt or belt made of horsehair and worn by way of self-mortificahair space, n. The thinnest tion. space used by printers. hairsplitting, n. The act or practice of making minute distinctions in reahair splitter, n. One given soning. to hair-splitting. -hairspring, n. The fine hairlike spring giving motion to the balance wheel of a watch. hair stroke, n. The fine up-stroke in penmanship. hair trigger, n. trigger to a gunlock, so delicately adjusted that the slightest touch will discharge the piece.

gles.

Hagiographa,

ha«gi«og'ra«fa, n. pi. hagios, holy, and graphe, a writing.] The last of die three Jewish divisions of the Old Testa-

A

[Gr.

A

ment, comprehending Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra,

Nehemiah,

Ruth, Esther, Chronicles, Canticles, Lamentations, and Ecclesiastes. hagiography, ha«gi«og'ra»fi, n. Sacred writing; the hves of the saints or holy hagiographic, ha'gi»o«graf "ik, haa. Pertaining to hagiography.

men.

giographer, ha«gi«og'ra«fer, n. One of the writers of the hagiography; a writer of lives of the saints. hagiologist, ha«gi«ol'o«jist, n. One who writes or treats of the sacred writings; a writer of hves of the saints.

—hagiology,

ha-gi'Ol'O'ji,

n.

[Gr. hagios, and logos.] Sacred literature; that branch of literature which has to do with the hves and legends of the saints. ha-ha, ha'ha, n. [Reduplicated form of haw, a hedge.] sunk fence or ditch; a hawhaw. haiku, hi'ko, n. pi. haiku. [Japanese.]

A

hairy,

A

ha'ri,

a.

Overgrown

with

hair; covered with hair.

hake, hak, n. [Pro v. E. hake, a hook, from the hook-shaped jaw of the A 3-line unrhymed Japanese poem of fish.] A fish of the cod family, one 5, 7 and 5 syllables, respectively, species of which is known as king containing a seasonal reference. of herrings, on which it preys. hail, hal, n. [A. Sax. hagal, hagol= hakim, ha-kem' n. [Ar.] An Oriental G., D., Dan. and Sw. hagel, Icel. name for a physician. hagl, hail; root doubtful.] The small halberd, halbert, halberd, hal'bert, masses of ice or frozen vapor falling n. [Fr. hallebarde, from O.G. helmfrom the clouds in showers or parte, helmbarte, a halberd helm, storms; frozen rain. v.t. and i. To a handle, a helm, and parte, barte, pour down hail. hailstone, hal'ston, an ax.] An ancient military weapon, n. A single ball or pellet of hail. a kind of combination of a spear hailstorm, n. A storm of hail. and battle-ax, with a shaft about 6 hail, hal, interj. [Same as hale, adj.; feet long. halberdier, hal«ber«der', Icel. heill, Dan. heel, hale, hale, n. One who is armed with a halberd. health.] A term of greeting or halcyon, halsi«on, n. [L. halcyon, salutation expressive of well-wishing. from Gr. halkyon, a kingfisher, said v.t. To call to; to greet from a to be from hals, the sea, and kyo,

—

—

conceive.] An old or poetical of the kingfisher, which was fabled to have the power of charming the winds and waves during the period of its incubation, so that the weather was then calm. a. Pertaining to or connected with the halcyon; calm; quiet; peaceful. Halcyon days, the seven days before and as many after the winter solstice, when the halcyon was believed to brood, and the weather was

distance; to call to in order to arrest attention; to designate as; to salute or address as. v.i. Used only in the phrase to hail from, originally used of a ship, which is said to hail from the port whence she comes; hence, to have as one's residence or birthplace; to belong to. n. Call.

to

name

Within hail, within call; within reach of the sound of the voice. hair, har, n. [A. Sax. haer, her = Icel. hdr,

O.D.

haar,

hair;

h'drr,

flax,

A

small of

skin

bulbous mass of

hair,

D. Dan. and G.

perhaps

akin to Icel. E. hards (which see).] filament issuing from the an animal, and from a root; the collection or filaments growing from the

calm;

whole, sound, whence E. whole; cog. with Gr. kalos, beautiful. Akin heal,

;

nicety.

To

split

hairs,

to

down to

ch, Sc. loch;

a

hale, hal,

go;

hollow,

robust;

health.

be un-

g,

health,

healthy;

holy.]

not

—haled,

Sound;

impaired

in

[haul.] force; to haul. n. violent pull; a haul. half, haf, n. pi. halves, havz, [A. Sax.

To

duly nice in making distinctions. hairbreadth, hairsbreadth, n. The diameter or breadth of a hair; a ch, chain;

and

tranquillity. hale, hal, a. [Same as Icel. heill, Dan. heel, Goth, hails, in good health, sound, etc. (hence, hail in salutations); closely akin to A. Sax. hal,

skin of an animal and forming an integument or covering; such filaments in the mass a filament resem-

bling a hair; hot. a species of or pubescence. To a hair,

of peace

days

hence,

pull

v.t.

or

haling,

draw with

A

j,

job;

ng, sin^;

TH,

—————

half

387

—haggled, haggling.

haggler, hag'l«er,

————————— ————— —

then;

xh, thin;

and Sw. G. thing which

half or healf=O.Fris., D., half,

Icel.

halfr,

Goth,

One

halbs,

part of a into two equal parts, either in fact or in contemplation; a moiety (we usually say half a pound, half a mile, etc., omitting of). To cry halves, to claim an equal share. To go halves, to agree with another for the division of anything adv. In an equal into equal parts. part or degree; by half; to some extent; much used in composition and often indefinite (half-learned, a. Consisting of a half-hatched). halb, half.]

is

divided

—

—

—

half-and-half, n. of two malt liquors, especially porter and sweet or bitter halfback, n. Player in football, ale. immediately behind the forwards. half binding, n. A style of binding books in which the back and corners

moiety or A mixture

half.

are in leather and the sides in paper half blood, n. One born or cloth. of the same mother but not the same father as another, or vice versa; half-bound, a. A a half-breed. term applied to a book in half half-bred, a. Imperfectly binding. bred; mixed; mongrel; partially or imperfectly acquainted with the rules of good breeding. half-breed, n. One born of parents of different races; specifically applied to the offspring of American Indians and half brother, n. A brother whites. by one parent, but not by both. half-caste, n. One born of a Hindu and a European; a half blood or half cock, n. The pohalf-breed. sition of the hammer of a gun when it is elevated only halfway and half retained by the first notch. crown, n. A silver coin of Britain valued at 2s, 6d. half dollar, n. silver coin of the United States, halfhearted, a. value fifty cents. Devoid of eagerness or enthusiasm; half-hourly, indifferent; lukewarm. a. Occurring at intervals of half an half life, n. The time it takes hour. one-half the atoms of a radioactive halfdisintegrate. to substance moon, n. The moon at the quarters, when half its disk appears illuminated; anything in the shape of a half-moon. half note, n. Mus. a minim, being half a semibreve; a

—

—

A

semitone. half pay, n. Half wages or salary; a reduced allowance paid to an officer in the army or navy when not in actual service. a. Receiving or entitled to half pay. halfpenny, ha'pen»i, n. pi. halfpence, haf 'pens or ha'pens. A British copper coin of the value of half a penny or cent. a. Of the price or value of a halfpenny. half sister, n. sister by the father's side only, or by the mother's side only. half sovereign, n. A British gold half tide, n. The coin, value 10s. tide when halfway between the ebb and flood. half-timbered, a. Built half of timber, as a dwelling. half tone, n. A tone intermediate between the extreme lights and shades of a picture; a kind of photoengraving. halfway, adv. In the middle; at half the distance. a.

one

A

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

——

———

—

halibut

Midway; tremes.

equidistant from the exhalfwitted, a. Weak in

[From

;

and but D. heilbot, G.

halt, that is, holy,

or butt, a flounder

heilbutt, heiligbutt.] One of the largest of the flat-fish family, allied

much

to the turbot, but

less

comparatively, valuable as food. halite, hal'it, ha'lit, n. [Gr. hals, salt.] Mineral, native salt. halitosis, hal»i«t6'sis, n. [L. habitus, breath, and osis.] Condition of having foul or offensive breath. halitus, hal'i'tus, n. [L. from halo, to breathe out (in exhale).] Physiol. the breath or moisture of the breath; vapor exhaled from the body. hall, hal, n. [A. Sax. heal, heall -Icel. holl,

Sw.

hall,

hall,

D.

hal,

of a

from

or corporate bodies are held ; a large room at the entrance of a house; lobby; a manor house. hallmark, official

stamp

affixed

to

of gold and silver; a distinguishing mark or characteristic. hallelujah, halleluiah, hal«le«l6'ya, n. and interj. See alleluia. halliard, hal'yard, n. See halyard. halloo, hal«l6', interj. and n. [Comp.

G. halloh

!

and

Fr.

halle,

hallow,

an ex-

hal'lo, v.t. [A. Sax. hdlgian, to

hallow, from hdlig, holy, holy.] To make holy; to consecrate; to set apart for holy or religious use; to reverence; to honor as sacred. Halloween, n. The eve or vigil of Allhallows or All Saints' Day. [Sc] hallowmas, hal'16«mas, n. [A. Sax. hdlga, a saint, and mcesse, mass, festival.] The feast of All Saints or the

—

time at which it is held. hallucination, hal«lu'si«na"shon,

n.

[L. hallucinatio, from hallucinor, to wander in mind, to talk idly.] An

unfounded

and

mistaken notion; an entire misconception; a mere dream or fancy; med. a morbid condition of the brain or nerves, in which objects are believed to be seen and sensations experienced; the object or sensation thus erroneously perceived.

—hallucinatory,

si«na«to«ri,

a.

hablu'Partaking of halluci-

nation.

hallux, hal'uks, n. [Erroneous form, for L. hallex, the thumb or great toe.] The great toe or corresponding digit of an animal; the hind toe of a bird.

halm, ham,

n.

Same

as

Haulm.

n. pi. halos, haloes, ha[Gr. halos, a round floor, the

halo, ha'16, loz,

A

luminous ring, sun's disk, a halo.] either white or colored, appearing round the sun or moon; any circle of light, as the glory round the fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

hal'o«fit,

n.

A

n.

Dan. and Sw. halt, Goth, halts, lame; Dan. and Sw. halte, to limp. In sense of to stop in marching, probably of German origin, from halten, E. to hold.] To limp; to be lame; to limp or be defective in regard to meter, versification, or connection of ideas; to stop in marching or walking; to cease to advance; to stand in doubt whether to proceed or what to do; to hesitate. v.t. To stop; to cause to cease marching. a. Lame; not able to walk without limping. n. Lameness; a limp; a stopping; a stop in walking or marching. halter, hal'-

articles

clamation used to cheer on dogs; holler, to encourage dogs.] An exclamation, used as a call to invite attention; also, a hunting cry to set v.i. To call a dog on the chase. halloo; to shout; to cry, as after dogs. v.t. To shout to.

—

haloid salt. [Gr. hals, halos, the sea, salt, and phyton, a plant.] One of the plants which inhabit salt marshes, and by combustion yield barilla or Spanish soda. halt, halt, v.i. [A. Sax. healtian, to be lame, healt, lame, from Icel. haltr, salt is a haloid salt.

halophyte,

A

The

common salt in compoformed by the combination halogen and a metal; common

sembling sition;

root signifying to cover, seen also in E. hell.] large room, especially a large public room; a room or building devoted to public business, or in which meetings of the public

n.

name given

to substances (such chlorine or iodine) which form compounds of a saline nature by their union with metals. halogenous, ha«loj'e«nus, a. Having the nature of halogens. haloid, hal'oid, a. [Gr. hals, sea-salt, and eidos, resemblance.] Chem. rea as

broad

—

ter, n. One who halts or limps. haltingly, hal'ting«li, adv. In a halting manner. halter, hal'ter, n. [A. Sax. hoelfter, headstall, noose ^D.L.G. and G. halfter; origin doubtful.] cord or strap forming a headstall for leading or confining a horse or other animal a rope specially intended for hanging malefactors. v.t. To put a halter on. halteres, haNte'rez, n. pi. [Gr. halteres, weights held while leaping, from hallomai, to leap.] The balancers of insects; the aborted second pair of wings. halve, hav, v.t. halved, halving. [From half.] To divide into two halves or equal parts; to join (timbers) by lapping or letting into each halves, havz, n. pi. of half. other. halyard, hal'yard, n. [Hale or haul, and yard.] Naut. a rope or tackle for hoisting and lowering sails, yards, gaffs, etc.; halliard. ham, ham, n. [A. Sax. ham, hamm, the ham -D. ham, Icel. horn, G. hamme, a ham.] The inner bend or hind part of the knee; the thigh of an animal, particularly of a hog, salted and cured; an unskilled actor; a showoff. v.t. To overplay a scene in a play; overact (to ham it up.) hamstring, ham'string, n. One of the tendons of the ham. v.t. To lame or disable by cutting the tendons of the ham; to make

A

—

•

—

—

ineffective.

me, met, her;

hamburger, ham'ber*-

pine, pin;

— —

hamster

head of saints a colored circle round the nipple; an ideal glory investing an object (a halo of romance). v.i.. To form itself into a halo. v.t. To surround with a halo. halogen, hal'o«jen, n. [Gr. hals, salt, and root gen, to produce.] Chem.

intellect; silly; foolish.

—

— —

;

388

halibut, holibut, hal'i«but, hol'i»but, n.

—— — — —

note, not,

move;

ger,

ground

Hamburg

[From

n.

Ground

steak.]

beef; a sandwich of cooked beef placed between halves

of a bun.

hamadryad, hama'dri-ad,

[Gr.

n.

hamadryas, from hama, together, and drys, a tree.] In classical mythology a wood nymph, fabled to live and die with the tree to which she was attached.

hamal, ham'al,

A

n.

porter in the

Orient.

hame, ham, n. [Same as D. haam, a hame.] One of two curved pieces of wood or metal in the harness of which the traces are fastened, and which lie upon the collar or have pads attached to them fitting the horse's neck. hamite, ham'it, n. descendant of Ham; an Ethiopian. hamitic, ham«it'ik, a. Relating to or his descendants; appellative of a class a draft horse, to

A

—

Ham

of African tongues, comprising Coptic, Ethiopian or Abyssinian, etc. hamlet, ham'let, n. [Dim. of A. Sax. ham, dwelling, enclosure; akin home.] small village; a little cluster of houses in the country. hammer, ham'er, n. [A. Sax. hamor D. homer, G. and Dan. hammer, Icel.

A

An instrufor driving nails, beating met-

hamarr; root doubtful.]

ment als,

and the

like,

consisting usually

of an iron head, fixed crosswise to a handle; a striking piece in the mechanism of a clock and a piano; that part in the lock of a gun, etc., which when the trigger pulled falls with a smart blow, and causes the explosion of the detonating substance in connection with the powder. To bring to the rifle,

is

To

v.t. to sell by auction. beat, form, or forge, with a hammer; to contrive by intellectual labor; to excogitate: usually with out; to declare bankrupt or defaulting a mem-

hammer,

ber of the Stock Exchange. v.i. To strike anything repeatedly, as with a

hammer;

to

work; to labor

in

hammerer, ham er»er, n. One who works with a hammer. hammerhead, n. The iron head of a hammer; a genus of sharks with a head like a double-headed hammer. contrivance.

—

hammock, ham a

ok, n. [Sp. hamaca,

word of West Indian

origin.]

A

kind of hanging bed, consisting of a piece of cloth suspended by cords and hooks.

hamper, hamper,

n.

[Contr.

from

hanaper (which see).] A kind of rude basket or wickerwork receptacle, chiefly used as a case for packing articles. v.t. To put into a hamper. hamper, ham per, v.t. [A nasalized form corresponding to D. hapcrcn, to stammer, falter, stick fast; comp. Sc. hamp, to stammer; Goth, hamfs, hanfs,

To impede

mutilated.]

motion or progress, or

in

render

to

progress difficult to; to shackle; to embarrass; to encumber. n. Something that hampers or encumbers; a clog.

A

burfamily common in Germany, having a short pouches. tail and large cheek

hamster, hamster, rowing

animal

tube, tub, bull;

of

[G.] the rat

n.

oil,

pound.

i

———————— — — ——— —— —

———— ——— ——————— ———

hamstring hamstring, n. and hamulus, ham'u«lus,

See ham.

hook, dim. of hamus, a hook.] A little hook; a hooklike process in animals

change owners. To come to hand, be received; to come within one's reach. To have one's hands full, to be fully occupied; to have a great deal to do. To lay hands on, to seize; to assault. Laying on of hands, a ceremony used in consecrating one

and plants. hanaper, han'a«per, perium,

to

n. [L.L. hanareceptacle for cups,

a

lit.

—

from L.L. hanapus, a cup, from O.H.G. hnap, A. Sax. hnaep, a cup; hence hamper, n.] A kind of basket used in early days by the kings of England for holding and carrying with them their money; the king's

To lend a hand, to give assistance.— 7o set the hand to, to engage in; to undertake. To shake hands, to clasp the right hand mu-

hand, hand,

n.

[Common

tually (with or without a shake), as a greeting or in token of friendship or reconciliation. To strike hands, to make a contract or to become surety for another's debt or good behavior (O.T.). To take by the hand, to take under one's protection. To take in hand, to attempt; to undertake; to seize and deal with (a person). To wash one's hands of, to have nothing more to do with; to renounce all connection with or interest in. v.t. To give or transmit with the hand {hand me a book); to lead, guide, and lift with the hand To hand down, to transto conduct. mit in succession, as from father to son, or from predecessor to successor. a. Belonging to or used by the hand: much used in composition for that which is manageable or wrought

in similar

the Teutonic tongues; allied to Goth, hinthan, to capture;

forms, to

all

O.E. hent, to seize; perhaps also hunt. Handsel, handle, handy, handsome are derivatives.] The extremity of the arm, consisting of the palm and fingers, connected with the arm at the wrist; the corresponding member in certain of the lower animals; a measure of 4 inches; a palm; applied chiefly to horses; side or direction, either right or left (on the one hand or the other); handiwork; style of

—

penmanship; power of per-

formance; performing chief);

.

agency; part in have a hand in mis-

skill;

(to

possession;

power

(in

the

that which office of the hand or of a finger in pointing (the hands of a clock) ; a male or female in relation to an employer; a person employed on board ship or in factories; a person with some special faculty or ability (a good hand at a speech); in card playing, the cards held by a single player; one of the players. At hand, near in time or place;

hands of the performs the

owner);

by the hand.

announcement. handbook, n. A small book or treatise such as may be easily held in the hand; an establishment where bets are accepted on horse races. handbreadth, n.

A

space equal to the breadth of the handcart, n. A a palm. cart drawn or pushed by hand.— handcuff, hand'kuf, n. [Modified from A. Sax. handcops hand, the hand, cops, a fetter.] A manacle or fastening for the hand. v.t. To put handed, a handcuff on; to manacle. han'ded, a. Having a hand possessed of any peculiar property used espe-

hand;

—

:

in compounds {right-handed, left-handed, empty-handed, full-handhandfasting, n. An irreged, etc.). ular marriage by agreement or mutual pledge. handful, hand'ful, n. As much as the hand will grasp or contain; a small quantity or number. hand glass, n. Hort. a glass used for placing over plants to protect them or forward growth. hand grenade, n. grenade to be cially

or management; as a burden upon one. Out of hand, at once; directly; without delay or hesitation; off one's hands. To one's hand, already prepared; ready to be received. Under one's hand, with the proper writing or signature of the name. Hand in hand, with hands mutually clasped: hence, in union; conjointly; unitedly. Hand to hand, in close union;

thrown by the hand. handmade, a. Manufactured by the hand and not by a machine. hand organ, n. A

handicap, han'di«kap, n. [For hand i' cap, hand in the cap, the allusion being to drawing a lot out of a cap, from the fairness of both principles.] In sports, an advantage given to inferior competitors, or a disadvantage placed upon superior competichances of tors, to equalize the

winning; a disadvantage that makes

—

handiv.t. success more difficult. capped, handicapping. To place at a disadvantage; to assign handicaps to; put a handicap on; to equalize by handicapper, han'di— a handicap. kap«er, n. One who handicaps. handicraft, han'di«kraft, n. [Equivalent to hand-craft, the i representing old prefix ge, as in handiwork.] Manual occupation; work performed by the hand. handicraftsman, han'man employed di«krafts«man, n. in manual occupation; an artisan. handiwork, han'di«werk, n. [A. Sax. handgeweorc, from hand, the hand, and geweorc = weorc, work, with prefix ge.] Work done by the hands; hence, the work or deed of any person.

A

handkerchief, hang 'ker* chef, [Hand and kerchief, kerchief.]

—A

action.

handsel, hansel, hand'sel, han'sel, n. [From hand, and stem sell, sale; Icel. handsal (from hand, and sal, sale), a bargain by shaking hands; Dan. handsel, hansel, earnest.] An earnest, or earnest penny; a sale, gift, or using, which is regarded as the first of a series the first money received v.t. To give for the sale of goods. a handsel to; to use or do for the first time. ;

handsome, hand 'sum,

various purposes, as in raising weights, heaving about a windlass,

v.t. j,

;'ob;

handwork,

n.

Work done by

hands. handwrite,f hand'rit, To express in handwriting; to ng, sing;

TH,

then;

—

A

handsaw, n. A saw to be used with the hand. handspike, hand'spik, n. A bar used as a lever for

etc.

A

—

by.

the

n.

piece of cloth, usually silk, linen, or cotton, carried about the person for wiping the face, hands, etc.; a similar piece worn round the neck. handle, han'di, v.t. handled, handling. [A. Sax. handlian, to handle, a kind of freq. from hand^=D. handelen, Dan. handle, Icel. hondla, G. handeln.] To bring the hand or hands in frequent contact with; to finger; to touch; to feel; to manage, ply, or wield; to treat of or deal with, as v.i. To use a person or a topic. n. the hands; to feel with the hands. That part of a thing which is intended to be grasped by the hand in using or moving it; the instrument To or means of effecting a purpose. give a handle, to furnish an occasion. handle to one's name, a title handler, han'dler, n. One {colloq.). who handles. handling, han'dling, touching or using by the hand; n. a treating in discussion; dealing;

A

—

go;

cast of writing peculiar to each person; chirography; writing.

handrail, portable or barrel organ. hand'ral, n. rail or railing to hold

provision or having an abundant previous supply. Hands off! keep off; forbear; refrain from blows. Clean hands, innocence; freedom from guilt. To ask the hand of, to ask in marriage. To be hand and glove with, to be intimate and familiar, as

The

ing, n.

A

close fight. Hand to mouth, as want requires; without making previous

g,

A

A

within reach or not far distant. At hand, from the producer or seller directly; at second hand, or simply second hand, from an intermediate purchaser; old or used. By hand, with the hands and not by the instrumentality of tools, etc. For one's own hand, on one's own account; for one's self. From hand to hand, from one person to another. In hand, in ready money; in possession; in the state of preparation or execution. Off hand, without hesitation or difficulty; without previous preparation. Off one's hands, out of one's care or attention; ended. On hand, in present possession. On one's hands, under one's care

ch, Sc. loch;

n.

handbill, n. printed persons. paper or sheet to be circulated for the purpose of making some public

first

ch, chain;

handbarrow,

kind of litter or stretcher, with handles at each end, carried between two

handwriting, hand'rlt«-

write out.

to office.

Clerk of the hanaper.

treasury.

——

handsome

friends or associates. To bear a hand {nam.), to give assistance quickly; to hasten. To change hands, to

[L., a little

——

———

;

389

v.t.

n.

—

th, thin;

and

term.

a.

[From hand,

-some~=Y).

handzaam,

tractable, serviceable, mild; G. handsam, convenient, favorable.] Possessing a form agreeable to the eye or to correct taste; having a certain share

of beauty along with dignity ; having symmetry of parts; well formed; shapely; becoming; appropriate; ample or large (a handsome fortune); characterized by or expressive of

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, a-zure.

—

——— — ——— — —

—

handy hand'sum-li, adv.

manner. sum«nes,

handy,

handsomeIn a handsome

— handsomeness,

hand'-

[From hand; comp.

D. and L.G. handig, handy.] hands with ease; dexterous; ready; adroit; ready to the hand; near; convenient. handthe

Skilled to use the

adv. In a handy manner. handiness, han'di«nes, n. hang, hang, v.t. pret. & pp. hung or hanged (the latter being obsolete except in sense to put to death by the rope). [A. Sax. hangian, to hang or be suspended, and hon (contracted for hahan), pret. heng, pp. hangen, ily, han'di'li,

—

to suspend; O.H.G. hahan, G. hangen, hangen, Dan. hcenge, Icel. hanga, hengja. Goth, hahan, to suspend, to hang. Akin hank, hanker, hinge.] To suspend; to fasten to some elevated point without support from below: often with up; to put to death by suspending by the neck; to fit up so as to allow of free motion (a door, a gate, etc.); to cover, furnish, or

decorate by anything suspended (to

hang an apartment with curtains); to cause or suffer to assume a drooping attitude (to hang the head). To hang fire, to be slow in communicating fire through the vent to the charge: said of a gun; hence, to hesitate or be slow in acting; to be slow in execution. To hang out, to suspend in open view; to display; to suspend in the open air. To hang up, to suspend; to keep or suffer to remain undecided. v.i. To be suspended; to be sustained wholly or partly by something above; to dangle; to depend; to bend forward or

downward;

to lean or incline; to

be attached to or connected with in various ways; to hover; to impend (dangers hang over us); to linger, lounge, loiter; to incline; to have a steep declivity; to be put to death by suspension from the neck. To hang back, to halt; to incline to retire; to go reluctantly forward. To hang on or upon, to weigh upon; to drag; to rest; to continue (sleep hung on his eyelids); to be dependent on; to regard with the closest attention (he hung upon the speaker's words). To hang together, to be closely united; to be self-consistent.— n. The way a thing hangs; slope or declivity; inclination, bent, or tendenhangdog, n. A base and decy. graded character, fit only to be the

—

hangman

of dogs.

taining to a

a.

Of

or per-

hangdog; having a low,

degraded, or blackguard-like appearance. hanger, hang'er, n. One who hangs; a short broad sword, incurvated at the point, which was suspended from the girdle; that from which something is hung. hanger-on, n. pi. hangers-on. One who hangs on or sticks to a person,

—

a place, society, etc.; a parasite; a

dependent.

hanging,

hang'ing,

a.

Such as to incur punishment halter (a hanging matter). n.

by the Death hung up to

by suspension; what is drape a room, as tapestry or the like:

——— — — —— —

used chiefly in the plural. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

n.

One who

[Fr.

hangar, a

hangs another.

hangar, hang'ar,

n.

A

shed for housing airplanes. hangnail, hang'nal, n. [Corruption of

A

agnail.] tiny strip of skin peeling loose at the fingernail base.

hank, hangk, n. [Same as Icel. honk, a hank or skein; Dan. hank, a hook, a clasp; Sw. hank, a band; akin to hang.] A parcel consisting of two or more skeins of yarn or thread tied together; nam. a ring of wood, rope, or iron, fixed to a stay to confine the staysails.

hanker, hang'ker,

v.i.

[Allied to

D.

hunker en, to desire, to long after; probably to hang.] To long for; to be uneasily desirous. hankering, hang'ker«ing, n.

hanky-panky, hang'ki pang'ki, n. [From hocus-pocus, pretended incantation of jugglers.] Trickery; chief; questionable activity.

mis-

han'serd, n. The published debates of the British Parliament, originally issued by the Messrs.

Hansard, Hansard.

[G. hanse, hansa, league.] A league; a confederacy. Hanse, Hanseatic, han«se*at'ik, a. Of or pertaining to a confederacy of commercial cities, associated together as early as the twelfth century; the name Hanse towns is still applied to Liibeck, Hamburg, and Bremen. n.

hansom, hansom cab, han'sum, n. A two-wheeled cab, so named after the inventor.

hap, hap, n. [Icel. happ, good fortune, luck; comp. A. Sax. geheep, fit; D. happen, to snatch at; seen also in mishap, perhaps.] Chance; accident; casual event; vicissitude. v.i. To happen to befall to come by chance.

—haphazard, ;

;

Chance; accident. hapless, hap'les,a. happen, hapn, v.i. [From hap.] To be or be brought about unexpectedly or by

—

n.

—

chance; to chance; to take place; to To happen on, to meet with; to fall or light upon.— happily, hap'i»li, adv. In a happy manner, state, happiness, hapor circumstance. i«nes, n. The state or quality of being happy; felicity; contentedness along with actual pleasure; good

occur.

—

—

happy, hap'i, a. [From fortune. hap.] Contented in mind; highly pleased; satisfied; fortunate; successful; secure of good; bringing or attended with good fortune; prosperous; favorable; well suited for. a purpose or occasion; well devised; felicitous living in concord hara-kiri, ha'ra-ke'ri, n. [Jap. hara, traditional belly, and kiri, cutting.] Japanese method of suicide, ceremonially performed by slashing across the abdomen with a dagger and then twisting it upward; simultaneously, the second, previously selected by the suicide, swings a sword on his friend's neck. Originally it was voluntarily practiced by nobles defeated ;

A

battle, by men as a mark of loyalty to a deceased noble, by men who had lost face or prestige; and obligatorily practiced, as an honorable way out, by men guilty of

in

me, met, her;

treachery or disloyalty to the mikado. It is now practiced chiefly as a mark of protest against a national policy.

harangue,

ha«rang', n. [Fr. harangue It. aringa, a harangue, made to a ring, or crowd, of people.] loud address to a multitude; a popular oration; a Pr. arengua, lit. a speech

A

bombastic or pompous address;

a

or declamation. rangued, haranguing. To

a

tirade

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

ha-

v.i.

make

harangue; to make a bombastic or pretentious speech.

by

rang'er, n. One harass, har'as,

v.t.

To

address

haranguer,

harangue.

a

who

ha»-

harangues. harasser;

[Fr.

v.t.

probably connected with Fr. harier, to harry; vex; harer, to set a dog on.] To weary, fatigue, or tire with bodily labor; to weary with importunity, care, or perplexity; to perplex; to annoy by repeated attacks. n.-f Disharasser, har'tress; devastation. haras«er, n. One who harasses. assment, har'as«ment, n. The act of harassing or state of being harassed.

—

—

harbinger, harbinger, harbergeour,

begier,

hanse, hans,

;

hard

hangman, hang'man, shed.]

n.

han'di, a.

—

.

390

liberality or generosity. ly,

—

—

[O.E. har-

n.

harbesher,

etc.,

one who provides harborage or lodging, a harbinger; for the insertion of the n compare messenger, passenger. harbor.] One who went before to provide lodgings and other accommodations; hence, a forerunner; a precursor; that which precedes and gives notice of the expected arrival of something else. v.t. To precede as harbinger; to presage or predetermine, as a harbinger.

harbor, har'ber, n. [Same harbarge, D. herberg, Icel.

as L.G. herbergi,

army-shelter, the elements being same as A. Sax. here, an army, and beorgan, bergan, to shelter or place of borough.] protect. shelter, protection, or refuge; a port v.t. To shelter or haven for ships. or take under protection; to protect; to entertain or cherish in the mind v.i. To lodge (to harbor malice). or abide for a time for shelter or proharborage, tection; to take shelter. har'ber»aj, n. State of being harlit.

the

A

lodgment. harshelter; One who a. har'ber»er, harborless, har'ber«les, a. harbors. Without a harbor; destitute of shelbored; borer,

ter.

—

—harbor

master,

An

n.

officer

who

attends to the berthing, etc., of ships in a harbor. hard, hard, a. [A. Sax. heard^ Goth. hardus, Icel. hardr, Dan. hoard, D. hard, G. hart ; cog. Gr. kratos, kartos, strength (as in aristocrat, democrat, Hence hardy.] Not easilyetc.). penetrated or separated into parts; not yielding to pressure; applied to material bodies, and opposed to soft; difficult to the understanding; not easy to the intellect; difficult of accomplishment ; not easy to be done or executed; laborious; fatiguing; difficult to endure; oppressive; severe cruel distressing painful unfeeling insensible ; harsh obdurate exacting; avaricious; grasping; harsh or abusive (hard words); pinching with cold; rigorous (a hard winter); austere; rough; acid or sour (hard cider); forced; constrained; unnat;

;

tube, tub, bull;

;

;

;

;

oil,

pound.

— ————— ———— ———— —

——— — —— — —

—

;

hards

—

Sw. hare,

n.

—

n.

ch, Sc. loch;

Ar-

etc.;

origin quite uncertain.]

The

portion of a pantomime in which the harlequin and clown play

wood

g, go;

lip consist-

performer in a pantomime, masked, dressed in tight particolored clothes, covered with spangles, and armed with a magic wand or sword; [not. cap.] a buffoon in general. harlequinade, har'le«kwin'ad", n.

the principal parts.

of a close and solid texture, as beech, oak, ash, maple, ebony, etc. hards, hardz, n. pi. [Also written hurds; from A. Sax. heordan (pi.), hards, tow; I eel. horr, flax; same root as L. caro, to card, carduus, thistle, coma, hair; perhaps E. hair.] The refuse or coarse part of flax or wool. hardy, har'di, a. [Fr. hardi, bold, daring, properly the pp. of the old verb hardir, to make bold, from O.H.G. hartjan, from hart (E. hard), hard, bold, hard.] Bold; brave; stout; daring; resolute ; intrepid ch, chain;

a.

mad

A malformation of the

lekin,

of flour and

Any

districts to the

harebrained,

A

of iron or other metal, as pots, kettles, saws, knives, etc. hard-

hard'wud,

n. [Arabic extremely dry and hot wind which blows periodically from the interior parts of Africa toward the Atlantic Ocean. harmony, har'mo«ni, n. [L. and Gr. harmonia, from Gr. harmos, a suiting

n. [Fr. harlequin, arlequin; O.Fr. hellequin, hier-

ticles

wood,

harmattan, har-mat'tan,

Harlequin, har'le«kwin,

—

n.

many

harlot, har'lot, n. [O.Fr. harlot, herlot, Pr. arlot, Sp. arlote, It. arlotto, a glutton, a lazy good-for-nothing, a word of uncertain origin; comp. W. herlawd, a stripling, herlodes, a damsel.] A woman who prostitutes her body for hire; a prostitute. harlotry, har'lot'ri, n. A trade or practice of prostitution. harm, harm, n. [A.Sax. hearm, harm, evil, grief = Dan., Sw., and G. harm, grief, offense; Icel. harmr; comp. Skr. cram, to weary.] Physical or material injury; hurt; damage; detri-

ment; moral wrong; j,

job;

ng, si«^;

TH,

evil; mischief;

then;

hurt; to injure;

—

as a March hare '.] volatile; heedless. harelip, c

v.t.

damage.

—

ing of a fissure or vertical division of one or both lips, sometimes extending also to the palate. harem, ha 'rem, n. [Ar. har am, anything prohibited, from hharram, to prohibit.] In a Muslim household, a group of women who are the wives and concubines of one man ; the apartments occupied by these women. haricot, har'i»ko, n. [Fr., a ragout; O.Fr. harigoter, to mince, harigote, a morsel ;haricot-bezn = ragout-bean.] A kind of ragout of meat and roots the kidney bean or French bean (in this sense short for haricot bean). hark, hark, v.i. [Contr. from hearken.] To listen; to hearken: now only used in the imperative. Hark ! a hunting cry used with various adjuncts to stimulate or direct the hounds. harken, HEARKEN. harl, harl, n. [Probably =hardle, from hards.] A filament, as of flax or hemp ; a barb of one of the feathers from a peacock's tail, used in dressing fly hooks.

ly, hard'li, adv. Not easily; severely; harshly; scarcely; barely; not quite. hardness, hard'nes, n. The state or quality of being hard ; mineral, the capacity of a substance to scratch another or be scratched by another. hardpan, n. Agri. the name given to a hard stratum of earth below the soil proper. hardship, hard'ship, n. Something hard, oppressive, toilsome, distressing; want or privation; grievance. hardtack, hard'tak, n.

made

to

hyacinth.

[Comp. Giddy;

Shrewd;

hardware, hard* war,

gac,

also applied in

wild

clearheaded and firm. hardhearted, a. Pitiless; unfeeling; inhuman; inexorable. hard landing, n. The deliberate destruction of an experimental space capsule upon impact with a predetermined target. hard-

saltless biscuit

Icel. heri, D. haas, G. hase; allied to Skr. caga, a hare,

hunted for sport or for its flesh, which is excellent food. harebell, har'bel, n. A species of the campanula or bellflower, also termed the common bellflower and Scottish bluebell;

hardnsted, hardhanded, a. Having hard hands; closefisted; cov-

water.

to

n.

jump.] A mammal of the genus Lepus, with long ears, a short tail, soft hair, a divided upper lip, and long hind legs, often

from

nance.

a.

harmful, harm'ful, a. Full of harm; hurtful; injurious; harmfully, harm'fuMi, noxious. harmadv. In a harmful manner. harmless, fulness, harm'ful«nes, n. harm'les, a. Free from harm; uninjured; free from power or disposition to harm; not injurious; innocuous; inoffensive. harmlessly, harm'les'li, adv. In a harmless manharmlessness, harm'les«nes, n. ner.

probably

—

— hardheaded,

wickedness.

Boldness; bravery; intrepidity; venturesomeness ; audachardily, har'di«li, adv. In a ity. hardy manner. hardiness, har'di*nes, n. The state or quality of being hardy. hare, har, n. [A.Sax. hara = Dan. and

salts of lime or magnesia in solution. Hard cash, gold or silver coin, as distinguished from paper money. (Colloq.) adv. Close; near (hard by); with urgency; vehemently; vigorously; energetically; violently; with great force; with difficulty or labor. To die hard, to die, as it were, reluctantly, and after a struggle for life; to die unrepentant. Hard up, in want of money; needy; without resources. Hard up for, having difficulty in getting anything; at a loss how to find. Hard aweather! hard a-port ! etc., naut. a direction for the helm to be turned as much as possible to the weatherside, the port-side, etc. harden, har'dn, v.t. To make hard or more hard; to confirm in effrontery, obstinacy, wickedness, opposition, or enmity; to make insensible or unfeeling; to make firm; to inure. v.t. To become hard or more hard; to acquire solidity or mere compactness; to become unfeeling; to become inured. hardener, haT'dmer, n. One who or that which hardens. hard-featured, a. Having a hard or stern face. hard-favored, a. Having coarse features ; harsh of counte-

To

confident; full of assurance; inured to fatigue; proof against hardship; capable of bearing exposure to cold weather (a hardy plant). hardihood,

har'di'hud,

from holding

A

harmony

391

ural; coarse; unpalatable, or scanty (hard fare); gram, applied to the consonants (also called surd) f, k, p, s, t, and the sound of th in thin, and also to the sound of c as in corn and g as in get, as distinguished from the sounds in city and gin; applied to water not very suitable for washing

etous.

— ————— — ——— —— —

;

th, thin;

name.]

An

or fitting together a joint, from aro, to fit, to adapt, the same root being seen in E. arm.] The just adaptation of parts to each other, in any system or combination of things, or in things intended to form a connected

whole; concord; consonance; concord or agreement in facts, views, sentiments, manners, interests, and the like; peace and friendship; mus. musical concord; the accordance of two or more sounds, or that union of different sounds which pleases the ear, or a succession of such sounds called chords; the science which treats of such sounds ; the agreement or consistency of the accounts of the first three (synoptic) Gospels with harmonic, the fourth by St. John. Relating to harmony concordant; musical; harmonious. Acoustics, a secondary tone heard along with a fundamental tone, produced by secondary or Harmonical propartial vibrations. portion, math, the relation between

har«mon'ik, or music;

a.

four quantities when the first is to the fourth as the difference between the first and second is to the difference between the third and fourth; also a similar relation between three Harmonical series, a sequantities. in continued ries of numbers harmonical proportion. Harmonic triad, mus. the chord of a note consisting of its third and perfect fifth, or in other words, the common chord. n. Mus. a secondary and less distinct tone which accompanies any principal and apparently simple tone. harmonica, har«mon'i«ka, n. A collection of musical glass goblets; also an instrument, the tones of which are produced by striking rods or plates of glass or metal with hammers; a mouth organ. harmonically, har«mon'i'kal'li, adv. In a harmonic manner. harmonicon, har«mon'i»kon, n. large barrel organ, containing, in addition to the common pipes, others to imitate the different wind instruments, and an apparatus to produce the effects of drums, triangles, cymbals, etc.; also, a toy musical instrument with free reeds blown by the mouth. harmonics, har«mon'iks, n. The doctrine or science of musical sounds. harmonious, har-mo'ni'us. a. Exhibiting or characterized by harmony. harmoniously, har»m6'ni'US«li, adv. In a

A

w,

twig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

— ——

—

harness

—harmonious— harhar«m6'ni«us«nes, n.

monist, har'mon«ist n. One who harmonizes; one skilled in the principles of

mony.

A

harmony;

a writer of har-

— harmonium, har«m6'ni»um,

musical instrument resembling a small organ, and much used as a substitute for it, the tones of which are produced by the forcing of air

n.

through free reeds.

— harmonization,

har'mon»i«za'shon, n. The act of harmonize, harmonizing. harmon«iz, v.i. harmonized, harmonizing. To unite harmoniously or in harmony; to be in peace and friendship to agree in action, effect, sense, or purport; to be musically harmonious. v.t. To bring to be harmonious; to cause to agree; to show the harmony or agreement of; to reconcile the contradictions between; mus. to combine according to the laws of counterpoint; to set accompanying parts to, as to an air or melody. harmonizer, har'mon«i«zer, n. One who harmonizes; a harmonist.

— —

;

harness,

har'nes, n. [W. harnais, haiarnaez, harness, from haiarn, iron. iron.] A person's armor and military furniture ; the gear or tackle by which a horse or other animal is yoked and made ro work; the apparatus in a loom by which the sets of warp thread are shifted alternately. harp, harp, n. [A. Sax. hearpe D. harp, Icel. harpa, Dan. harpe, Gr. harfe, a harp; perhaps same root as L. carpo, to pluck or twitch.] A stringed musical instrument of great antiquity, now usually nearly triangular in form, with wire strings stretched from the upper part to one of the sides, played with both hands while standing upright, the strings being struck or pulled by fingers and thumb. v.i. To play on the harp; to dwell on a subject tiresomely and vexatiously: usually with on or upon. To harp on one string, to dwell too exclusively upon one subject, so as to weary or annoy the hearers. harper, harpist, har'per, har'pist, n. harpoon, har«pon', n. [Fr. harpon, a harpoon, from harper, to clutch, from harpe, a claw, a hook, from Gr. harpage, a hook, harpazo, to seize.] spear or javelin used to strike and

—

A

whales and large fish. v.t. To harpooner, strike with a harpoon. kill

—

har«po'ner,

n.

One who

uses

a

harpoon.

harpsichord, harp'si-kord,

n.

[From

—

haste

harquebus, harquebuse, harquebuss, har'kwe«bus. See arquebus. n. [Akin to Fr.

harridan, har'i«dan,

haridelle, Prov. Fr. hardele, harin, a wornout horse, a jade.] hag; an

A

woman;

odious old

a vixenish

wom-

an; a trollop.

pillages;

name

for several

hawks which strike their prey upon the ground and generally species of fly

very low.

ha«ro'vi«an, a. Of or pertaining to Harrow, an exclusive boys' school in England. n. One who attends, or is a graduate of,

Harrovian,

Harrow.

harrow,

har'6, n. [Same word as Dan. harve, Sw. harf, a harrow; akin to D. hark, G. harke, a rake.] An agricultural implement, usually formed of pieces of timber or metal crossing each other, and set with iron teeth, called tines, used for covering seed when sown, etc. v.t. To draw a harrow over; fig. to lacerate (the feelings); to torment; to harass. harrower, har'6«er, n.

—

who

One

harrows.

— harrowing,

har'6«ing, a. Causing acute distress to the

mind.

—

harry,

har'i, v.t. harried, harrying. [A. Sax. hergian, to ravage, from here (genit. herges), an army; Icel. herja, to lay waste, to oppress; Dan. hcerge, hcerje, G. (ver) heeren, to ravage. Akin herring, herald.] pillage; to plunder; to rob; to

To

harass |.

harsh, harsh, a. [O.E. and Sc. harsk, harsh, acid; same as Dan. and O.Sw. harsk, rancid; G. harsch, harsh, rough; root doubtful; perhaps akin hard.] Grating, either to the touch, to the taste, or to the ear; austere; crabbed; morose; rough; harshen, rude rigorous ; severe. har'shn, v.t. To render harsh. harshly, harsh'li, adv. In a harsh manner. harshness, harsh'nes, n. harslet, hars'let, n. See haslet. hart, hart, n. [A. Sax. heort - L.G. to

—

;

—

and D. Icel.

hert,

hjortr,

Dan. hiort, Sw. kjort, G. hirsch, stag; lit.

horned animal;

allied to Gr. keras, L. cornu, a horn, horn.] A stag or male deer, especially when he has passed his fifth year, and the surroyal or crown antler is formed. hartshorn, harts'horn, n. The horn of the hart or stag; an ammoniacal preparation obtained from the horn, and used medicinally; solution of

O.Fr. harpechorde, It. arpicordo harp and chord.] A keyboard stringed instrument of the 15th century still used in concert, having strings which are plucked with quills. ammonia. harpy, har'pi, n. [Fr. harpie, from L. harpyia, Gr. harpuia, from root of hartal, har'tal, n. [Hindi, var. of hattal.] An organized cessation of Class, [cap.] harpazo, to seize.] business to protest against governmythol., the name given to three foul ment policy or action; noncooperamonsters having the face of a woman tion. and the body of a bird, with feet and fingers armed with sharp claws, who hartebeest, har'te-best, hart'best, n. [Dutch.] An antelope common in were sent to punish Phineus for his

—

harpy eagle, cruelty to his children. A large and very powerful raptorial bird of Mexico and South n.

America. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

South Africa.

harum-scarum,

hi runvska rum, a. [Perhaps from O.E. hare, to fright, or from hare, the animal, and scare]

me, met, her;

Harebrained; unsettled; giddy; rash.

—

n. A giddy, harebrained, or rash person. (Colloq.) haruspice, haruspicy. See aruspex. harvest, harvest, n. [A. Sax. haerfest O.Fris. harvest, G. herbst, D.

Icel. haust, Sw. and Dan. autumn, harvest; cognate with

herfst,

harrier, har'i«er, n. [From hare.] A small kind of dog of the hound species employed in hunting the hare; also, a cross-country runner. harrier, har'i«er, n. [A. Sax. hergian, to afflict with an army, to ravage.]

One who

—

—

392

harmonious manner. ness,

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

host,

Gr.

karpos, fruit, L. carpo, to pluck.] The season of gathering a crop of any kind; the time of

reaping and gathering corn and other grain; that which is reaped and gathered in; the product of any labor; gain; result; effect; consequence. v.t. To reap or gather harvest bug, n. (corn and fruits). A species of tick which infests the harvester, skin in the autumn. har'ves«ter, n. One who or that which harvests ; a mower a reaper. harvest home, n. The bringing home of the harvest; the harvest harvest moon, n. The full feast. moon at the time of harvest, or about the autumnal equinox, when it rises nearly at the same hour for

—

— ;

—

several days.

has, haz. The 3rd pers. sing. pres. of the verb have. has-been, hazbin, n. One who has had his day; that which has passed its usefulness.

—

(Colloq.)

hash, hash,

v.t. [Fr. hacher, E. to hack.] To chop into small hack, pieces; to talk over again a previous conversation (to hash it over). n. Food previously cooked, as meat and potatoes, chopped up and cooked again; a restating of facts already well discussed (making a hash of

—

them) a jumble a hodgepodge. hashish, hash'esh, n. A narcotic ;

;

plant of Asia, similar to marijuana, the dried leaves of which are smoked in cigarettes.

haslet, haslet, n. [For hastelet, from Fr. hastille, the pluck of an animal, lit.

a

little

roast,

from

haste, a spit,

L. hasta, a spear.] The cooked heart, liver, etc., of a hog. hasp, hasp, n. [A. Sax. hoepse, the hook of a hinge - Icel. hespj, G.

Dan. haspe, haspe, a fastening; haspe, a hasp, a reel.] A clasp that passes over a staple to be fastened by a padlock; a metal hook for fastening a door; the fourth part of a spindle (of yarn). v.t. To shut or fasten with a hasp. hassle,

has'l,

n.

mix-up. (Slang) hassock, has ok.

An argument;

a

[Origin doubtful; sedge, also Sw. hwass, rushes.] A thick mat or hard cushion on which persons kneel

comp.

W.

n.

hesg,

in church; a footstool stuffed with flock or other material. hastate, has tat, a. [L. hastatus, from hasta, a spear.] Spear-shaped; resembling the head of a spear; triangular. haste, hast, n. [Same word as G.Sw. and Dan. hast, haste, whence O.Fr. haste, Mod. Fr. hate, haste; akin to hate.] Celerity of motion; speed;

swiftness; dispatch; expedition; apvoluntary beings, plied only to as men and animals; sudden excitement of passion; quickness; pre-

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — ———

——— —

hat

down. Naut. dead, opposed to gone aloft.

—goneTobelow, hatch or hatches. — hatchway,

cipitance; the state of being pressed

— haste,

[Sw. hasta, Dan. haste, G. hasten, to haste.] To drive or urge forward; to push on; to hurry; to expedite; with me, him, etc., to make haste; to be speedy or quick. v.i. To move with celerity; to hurry. hastener, ha'sn«er, n. One that hastens; a metal kitchen stand for keeping in the heat of the fire to a hastily, has'roast while cooking. hastiti«li, adv. In a hasty manner. ness, has'ti«nes, n. The state or quality of being hasty. hasty, has'ti, a. Moving or acting with haste; quick; speedy: opposed to slow; precipitate; rash; inconsiderate; opposed to deliberate; irritable; easily excited to wrath; passionate; arising from or indicating passion {hasty words); early ripe (O.T.). hasty pudding, v.t.

—

A

from

—

front of a house, in a church, or elsewhere at funerals, notifying the death and the rank of the deceased. Also called Achievement.

hatchway, hate, hat,

A

Goth, Icel.

— —

antlia.

and fish. hatch, hach, v.t. [Fr. hacher, to hack, to shade by lines, hack.] To shade by lines crossing each other in drawing and engraving. hatching, hach ing, n. hatch, hach, n. [A. Sax. hcec, a grating; Dan. hcek, D. hek, a grating; G. heck, a fence of laths.] The frame of crossbars laid over the opening in a ship's deck; the cover or a hatchway; the opening in a ship's deck; the hatchway; a similar open-

ha'ti,

a.

[O.Fr,

hauteur,

haughty. haul, hal,

hautain,

—

[Same as D. halen, hala, Dan. hale, to haul; G. holen, to fetch, to tow (whence Fr. haler, to haul); hence halliard, halyard.] To pull or draw with force; to transport by drawing; to drag; to tug. To haul over the coals, to bring to a reckoning; to take to Icel.

ing in a floor; a trap door; a half door or a door with an opening over it; a floodgate; a frame or weir in a river for catching fish. To be under hatches, to be in the interior of aship with the hatches j,

;'ob;

v.t.

and Sw.

ng, si«^;

TH,

then;

proboscis

or

has'tel«lat,

a.

a

haustellum

or

n.

[Fr.

—

hautbois

6'ter,

n.

[Fr.

haughty.]

Pride; haughtiness; insolent manner or spirit. Havana, ha«van'a, n. A kind of cigar largely manufactured at Havana, the capital of Cuba. have, hav, v.t. pret. & pp. had, ppr. having. Ind. pres. I have, thou hast, he has; we, ye, they have. [A. Sax. habban, from hafian {fi becoming regularly bb between vowels) = Dan. have, Icel. hafa, Goth, haban, G. haben, to have; cog. L. capio, to take

lofty and arrogant; disdainful; supercilious. haughtily, ha'ti«li, adv. In a haughty manner. haughtiness, ha'ti-nes, n. The quality of being

—

from

haut (in E. haughty), high, and bois (E. bush), wood, from the high tone of the instrument.] An oboe; a wind instrument of wood, sounded through a double-reed.

haughty, from haut, hault, from L. altus, high (whence altitude, exalt); gh was inserted through influence of high.] Proud and disdainful; having a high opinion of one's self, with some contempt for others;

—

with

[L.,

sucker; suctorial.

woven.

haughty,

the

called

hautboy, ho'boi,

A

—

organ of

abiding

up.] The certain insects,

—haustellate,

Provided

healsbeorga, Icel. hdlsbjorg, a gorget. Habergeon is a diminutive, hawse, borough.] coat of mail without sleeves, formed of steel rings inter-

the act of hatching. hach'er, n. hatchery, hach'er«i, n. A place for hatching eggs, especially those of poultry

g, go;

suctorial

otherwise

—

scheme, mischief, etc.). perform or undergo the process of incubation. n. A brood; as many young birds as are produced

common

haustellum, haS'telTum, n. haurio, haustum, to draw

tipathy.

(a

ch, Sc. loch;

a favorite resort; a place.

hated;

hauberk, ha'berk, n. [O.Fr. hauberc, from O.H.G. halsberg hals, the throat, and bergen, to defend; A. Sax.

To

ch, chain;

being

—

[Same word

shell.] To produce young from eggs by incubation, or by artificial heat; to contrive or plot; to originate and

at once; hatcher,

A

—

hat'er, n.

with hack, from the chipping of the

produce

—

odious. —hateful, hat'ful, a. Causing hate; exciting great dislike; odious; detestable; hatefeeling hatred; malevolent. fully, hat'ful-li, adv. In a hateful manner. hatefulness, hat'ful-nes, n. The quality of being hateful. hater, ha'ter, n. One that hates. hatred, ha'tred, a. [Hate, and suflix -red, as in kindred. = A. Sax. -raeden, condition, state.] Great dislike or aversion; hate; detestation; active an-

of

as Dan. hcekke, to hatch, or nidificate, from hcek, a hatching; Sw. hdcha, to hatch; G. hecken, to hatch, hecke, the pairing of birds, a brood; connected

v.i.

hatis, hate; Goth, hatan, and Sw. hata, D. haten, G.

—

—

v.t.

n.

hassen, to hate.] To dislike greatly or intensely; to have a great aversion to; to detest. n. Great dislike or hatable, hateaaversion; hatred. ble, ha'ta«bl, a. Capable or worthy

one a hat, to lift the hat to one. hatband, n. A band round a hat. hat box, n. A box for a hat. hat tree, n. A rack or stand of various forms furnished with pegs for hanging

hatch, hach,

hatch, —Seehated,

hating. [A. Sax. hate, hete, hate, hatred, hatian, to hate; D. haat, Sw. hat, Icel. hatr,

;

—hatter,

n.

v.t.

hdlmr;

The stem or stalk of grain of all kinds, or of peas, beans, hops, etc. dry stalks in general. haunch, hansh, n. [Fr. hanche, the haunch, from the Teutonic; Fris. hancke, hencke, haunch; G. hanke, the haunch of a horse.] The hip; the bend of the thigh; part of the body of a man and of quadrupeds between the last ribs and the thigh; arch, the middle part between the vertex or crown and the springing of an arch; the flank. haunt, hant, v.t. [Fr. hanter, to frequent, from Armor, hent, a way, henti, to frequent.] To frequent; to resort to much or often, or to be much about; to visit customarily; to appear in or about, as a specter; to be a frequent spectral visitant of. v.i. To be much about a place; place to make frequent resort. n. to which one frequently resorts;

from achievement.] The coat of arms of a dead person, placed on the

=

Icel.

cog. L. calamus, Gr. kalamos, a reed.]

hatchment, hach'ment, n. [Corrupted

worn by men and women the dignity of a cardinal: from the broadbrimmed scarlet hat which forms part of a cardinal's dress. To give

hats on.

Dan. and Sw. halm,

—

[A. Sax. hcet Dan. hat hattr hat, from a root meaning to cover.] covering for the head; a headdress with a crown, sides, and continuous brim, made of different materials, and Icel.

A

cut. hack.] small ax with a short handle, used with one hand. To take up the hatchet, to make war; to bury the hatchet, to make peace; phrases derived from the customs of the American Indians. hatchet-faced, a. Having a thin face with prominent features.

oatmeal and water boiled together; n.

hach'et, n. [Fr. hachette, hacher, to cut, from G. hacken,

to

—

pudding made of milk and

hett,

—

hatchet,

flour boiled quickly together; also,

Sw.

— haulage,

hackle or heckle for flax. v.t. To clean by drawing through the teeth of a hatchel; to hackle or heckle.

—

porridge. hat, hat,

taken, gained, or received at once. ha'lij, The act of n. hauling or drawing; the force expended in hauling; dues or charges hauler, ha'for hauling or towing. ler, n. One who pulls or hauls. haulm, halm, n. [A. Sax. healm = D. is

A

hackle or heckle.]

—

n.

to reprimand. v.i. Naut. to change the direction of sailing: with off, up, etc. n. A pulling with force; a violent pull; a draught of fish in a net; that which is caught by one haul; hence, that which

task;

close

v.t.

with a hach'wa, n. A square or oblong Opening in a ship's deck for communication with the interior. hatchel, hach'el, n. [A form of

hasten, hast, ha'sn,

;

have

393

by business; hurry; urgency. To make haste, to hasten; to proceed rapidly.

— ——

—

th, thin;

—

(whence capable, etc.). Behave, haft, haven are connected.] To possess; to hold; to be in close relation to (to have a son, a master, a servant); to accept; to take as husband or wife; to hold or regard (to have in honor); to maintain or hold in opinion; to be under necessity, or

impelled by duty (to have to do it); to procure or make to be; to cause (he had him murdered); to gain, procure, receive, obtain; to bring forth (a child); to experience in any way, as to enjoy, to participate in,

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

———— ——

——

—

—

——

haven

us pursue! Have at! go at! encounter! as have at him! Have with you ! come on agreed To have away, to remove; to take away. To have in, to contain. To have on, to wear; to carry, as apparel or weapons. To have a care, to take care; to be on guard, or to guard. To have a person out, to meet him in a duel. To have it out of a person, to punish him; to let

assail!

!

!

retaliate on him; to take him to task. [Have is used as an auxiliary

to form certain compound tenses, as the perfect and pluperfect of both transitive and intransitive verbs.] haven, ha'vn, n. [A. Sax. hcefen D. and L.G. haven, Icel. hofn, Dan.

verb

G.

havn,

hafen;

connected

with

A

have.] harbor; a port; a bay, recess, or inlet which affords anchorage and a station for ships ; a shelter, asylum, or place of safety. v.i. To shelter, as in a haven. haversack, hav'er»sak, n. [Ft. havresac, from D. haver zak, G. hafersack, a haversack, literally a sack for oats, from D. haver, G. hafer, bag of strong Dan. havre, oats.] cloth worn over the shoulder by soldiers in marching order for carrying their provisions. havoc, hav'ok, n. [From O.Fr. havot,

A

pillage, plunder.] Devastation;

and general

destruction.

v.t.

wide

To

destroy; to lay waste (Mil.). [A. Sax. haga, an enclosure, Icel. hagi, Sw. hage, an a yard enclosure, akin hedge, haggard.] hedge; an enclosure; the hawthorn and its berry or seed. haw, ha, n. [Origin unknown.] The nictitating membrane in the eye of a dog, horse, etc. haw, ha, v.i. [Imitative.] To equivocate (to hem and haw). hawk, hak, n. [A. Sax. hafoc^ D. havik, G. habicht, Icel. haukr, a hawk.] A rapacious bird of the falcon family; a falcon. v.t. and i. To hunt by means of trained hawks or falcons; to practice falconry; to fly in hawker, the manner of the hawk. ha'ker, n. One who hawks; a falconhawk moth, n. A moth, so er.

haw, ha, n.

A

—

—

from

hovering motion. hawksbill, n. A turtle with a mouth like the beak of a hawk. hawk, hak, v.i. [Probably imitative, called

Comp. D.

its

harke,

and W.

hochi, to hawk.] To make an effort to force up phlegm with noise. v.t. To n. An effort to raise by hawking. force up phlegm by coughing. hawk, hak, v.t. [From D. heukeren, to retail, to huckster, heuker, a retailer; akin to G. hoken, hocken, to retail, hoker, hocker, a hawker, from hocken, hucken, to take upon the back, to squat. Akin huckster.] To sell, or try to sell, by offering the goods at people's doors ; to convey through fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

town or country ha'ker,

n.

One who

for sale. hawker, [D. heuker, a retailer.] travels selling wares; a

peddler; a packman.

hawse,

has, n. [O. and Prov. E. halse, the neck.] Naut. that part of a vessel's bow where the hawseholes are cut ; the hole in the vessel's bow; the distance between a ship's head and her anchors. hawsehole, n. A hole in a vessel's bow through which a cable

—

passes.

hawser,

[M.E. haucer, from from L. altus, large rope used in making a

ha'ser, n.

O.Fr. haucier,

A

raise,

high.] ship secure.

hawthorn,

ha'thorn, n. [A. Sax. hagahag-thorn, haw-thorn, lit. hedgethorn; like G. hagedorn, D. haagedoorn. haw, hedge.] A kind of small tree, one species of which is an excellent hedge plant, while some of its varieties are very beautiful when in full blossom. hay, ha, n. [A. Sax. hig^O.Fris. hai, thorn,

Dan.

ho, Icel. hey, Goth, havi, G. hay; connected with verb to hew. hew.] Grass cut and dried for fodder; a small sum of money; a reward. haycock, n. A conical pile or heap of hay. hay fever, n. A summer ailment caused by allergy to pollen and marked by sneezing and other symptoms of a cold. hayfork, n. A two-pronged fork for turning or lifting hay, etc. haystack, n. A large pile of hay in the

heu,

—

—

—

open

up

air, laid

haywire,

for preservation.

Tangled; confused.

a.

hazard, haz'erd,

n. [Fr. hasard, from Sp. azar, an unlucky throw of the dice, from Ar. az-zahr, a die.] A fortuitous event; chance; danger; peril; risk; a game played with dice.

—

v.t. To expose to chance; to put in danger of loss or injury; to risk. hazardous, haz'er«dus, a. Exposing to peril or danger of loss or evil;

dangerous;

risky.

adv.

haz'er«dus«li,

manner.

— hazardously,

In a hazardous

—hazardousness,

haz'er*dus»nes. haze, haz, n. [Allied to A. Sax. haso, dusky, dark; Icel. hoss, gray, dusky.] Fog; a grayish or dusky vapor in the air, hence, obscurity; dimness; mental fog. haze, haz, v.t. To make hazy. v.i. To be hazy. hazy, ha'zi, a. Foggy; misty; thick with haze; mentally obscure. haze, haz, v.t. [M.Fr. haser, to irritate, to vex.] To harass or annoy by

—

—

practical jokes.

hazel, ha'zl, Icel.

n. [A. Sax. hasel, hcesl

Dan.

hasl,

hazel;

cog.

cosylus,

with

hazel.]

a

hassel, G. hasel, L. corylus, for

A

tree

growing

wild and yielding edible nuts, while the wood is employed for hoops, a. fishing rods, walking sticks, etc. Of a light-brown color like the hahazelly, ha'zMi, a. hazelnut. zelnut, pi. The nut of the hazel.

—

—

H-bomb.

See hydrogen bomb.

he, he, pron. possessive

his,

objective

(also dative). [A. Sax. he, hed, hit, he, she, it; D. hij, Dan. and Sw. han, Icel. haan, he; akin hence, her, here, hither. She is of different origin.]

him

The masc.

me, met, her;

sing,

pine, pin;

—

—

— ;

head

394

suffer from; to understand. / had as good, it would be as well for me; / had better, it would be better for me; / had best, it would be best for me ; / had as lief or lieve, I would as willingly; / had rather, Have after! purI should prefer.

to

sue!

——

form of the pronote, not,

move;

noun of

the 3rd person. It is sometimes used as a noun, being equivalent to man or male person, and is often prefixed to the names of animals to designate the male kind (a he-goat). n. Male person or animal. head, hed, n. [A. Sax. heafod -Dan. hoved, Icel. hdfuth, G. haupt, Goth. houbith, head; cog. L. caput (whence chief), Gr. kephale, head.] The name applied generally to the anterior part or extremity of animals; the part which forms the seat of the brain and mental faculties; hence, understanding, intellect, will or re-

—

solution, mind, an individual; a unit (a thousand head of sheep: used only in sing.); a chief; a leader; a commander; what gives a striking appearance to the head, as the hair, antlers of a deer, etc.; part of a thing resembling in position or otherwise the human head (the head of a spear, of a nail) ; the main point or part; the forepart (the head of a ship); the upper part (of a bed, etc.); the top; the principal source of a stream; the part most remote from the mouth or opening; a head-

land; promontory; the foremost place; crisis; height; pitch; division of discourse; title of a subdivision. Hydraulics, the height of water or other fluid above a given level, regarded as producing pressure. Head and ears, deeply; wholly; Head and shoulders, by completely. force; violently (to drag in a topic

head and shoulders);

by

as

much

the height of the head and broken head, a flesh shoulders. wound in the head. To make head against, to resist with success. To give, to get, etc., the head, used literally of a horse that is not held in by the reins, and hence figuraas

A

head means license, freedom from check, control, or restraint. v.t. To be or put one's self at the head of; to lead to direct to behead to decapitate; to form a head to; tively

;

;

with a head; to fit or furnish go in front of, so as to keep from advancing (to head a drove of cattle). a. Belonging to the head; chief; principal: often used in composition (head workman, a head master, etc.). headache, hed'ak, n. Pain in the headband, hed band, n. A head. band for the head; the band at each end of a bound book. headcheese, hed'ehez, n. A jellied to

— —

—

mass or loaf consisting of parts of the head and feet of hogs, cut up, cooked and cooled. seasoned, headdress, H. The dress of the head; the covering or ornaments of a woman's head. headed, hed'ed, p.

—

Furnished with a used chiefly in composition

and

a.

head; (clear-

header, headed, longheaded, etc.). hed'er, n. One who puts a head on anything; one who stands at the head of anything; a leader; a plunge or dive into water headforemost. headforemost, adv. With the head headily, first; rashly; precipitately. hed i'li. ado. In a heady manner. headiness, hed'imes, n. The quality

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — — ———— ——————— — —

— ——

of being heady. heading, hed'ing, The act of one who heads; what stands at the head a title of a section

n.

;

in a book; a compass direction used by ships or airplanes in aiming at headland, hed'land, a destination. cape; a promontory. headless, n. hed'les, a. Having no head; destitute of a chief or leader. headline, hed'line, n. Title above a news story,

—

summarizing line

at

gives

the

its

top

contents; print, the of the page that

page number,

title,

etc.

v.t.

To

provide a headline for a news headlong, hed'long, adv. With the head foremost; rashly; precipitately; without deliberation. story.

— Precipitous headmaster, The principal master of school. —headmost, hed'most, Most a.

;

rash.

a

n.

a.

advanced; first. headpiece, n. A helmet; a morion; the head, especially the head as the seat of the understanding. headquarters, n.

The

quarters of the commander of an army; a center of authority or order; the place where one headship, hed'ship, chiefly resides. n. The state or position of being a head or chief; authority; supreme

pi.

power; government. headsman, hedz'man, n. One that cuts off heads ; an executioner. headstall, n. That part of a bridle which encompasses the head. headstone, chief or corner stone; the keystone of an arch; the stone at the head of a grave. headstrong, hed'strong, a. Obstinate; ungovernable; bent on pursuing one's own course. headwater, n. The part of a river near its source, or one of the streams headway, that contribute to form it. hed'wa, n. The progress made by a ship in motion; hence, progress or headwind, success of any kind. n. wind directly opposed to a ship's course. headwork, n. Mental or intellectual labor. heady, hed'i, a. Rash; hasty; precipitate; headstrong; apt to affect the mental faculties; intoxicating; strong. heal, hel, v.t. [A. Sax. haelan, to heal, from hdl, whole, sound ( E. whole); comp. the related words hale, hail, whole, holy, health.] To make hale, sound, or whole ; to cure of a disease or wound and restore to soundness; to reconcile, as a breach or difference. v.i. To grow sound; to return to a sound state; sometimes with up or over. healer, he'ler, n. One who or that which heals. healingly, he'ling»li, adv. In a healing manner. health, helth, n. [A. Sax. haelth, from haelan, to heal.] That state of a being in which all the parts and organs are sound and in proper condition; moral or intellectual soundness; salvation or divine favor or grace (O.T.). [It is often used in

A

=

v.t. To lay in a heap; to pile; to amass; often with up or with on; to round or form into a heap. hear, her v.t. pret. pp. heard. [A. Sax. hyran, her an, to hear O.Fris. hera, hora, Icel. heyra, D. hooren, G. horen, Goth, hausjan; hence hearken, hark.] To perceive by the auditory sense; to take cognizance of by the ear; to give audience or allowance to speak; to listen to; to heed; to obey; to try judicially (a cause) in a court of justice; to listen to one repeating or going over, as a task or the like. v.i. To enjoy the sense or faculty of perceiving sound; to listen; to hearken; to attend; to be told; to receive by report. hearer, he'rer, n. One who hears; an auditor; one who

sits

g,

go;

guish

— —

har'ti«nes,

hjarta, Dan. cog. Gael, cridhe, L. cor, cordis, Gr. kardia, Skr. hrid, heart; from a root meaning to leap.]

D. hart, G. herz;

Icel.

A

muscular organ, which is the propelling agent of the blood in the animal body, situated in the thorax of vertebrated animals; the mind, the soul, the consciousness; the thinking faculty; the seat of the affections and passions; the moral side of our nature in contradistinction to the intellectual; courage; spirit; the seat of the will or inclination; hence, disposition of mind; tendency; conscience, or sense of good and ill; the inner part of anything; the part nearest the middle or center; the vital or most essential part; the core; the very essence;

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

n.

The

state

of being

heartless, hart'les, a. Withhearty. out a heart; destitute of feeling or heartlessly, hart'affection; cruel. les«li, adv. In a heartless manner. heartlessness, hart'les«nes. n. The quality of being heartless. heartrending, a. Breaking the heart;

hear.] To listen; to lend the ear; to give heed to what is uttered; to hear with obedience or compliance.

hairto,

n.

content. n. Discontent; secret enhearted, har'ted, a. Having a mity. heart; frequently used in composition (hard-hearted, faint-hearted, etc.) hearten, har'tn, v.t. To encourage; to incite or stimulate the courage of. heartfelt, a. Deeply felt; deeply heartily, har'ti'li, adv. affecting. In a hearty manner. heartiness,

the transaction or fact in question.

hjerte,

heartbreak,

heartburn, n. An uneasy burning sensation in the stomach from indigestion and excess of acidheartburning, a. Causing disity.

hearken, har'kn, v.i. [A.Sax. heorcnian, hyrcnian, from hyran, to hear.

v.t. To hear by listening; to hear with attention; to regard. hearse, hers, n. [O.Fr. herce, a harrow, a kind or portcullis, a herse, from L. hirpex, hirpicis, a harrow; hence rehearse (which see).] A bier; a bier with a coffin; a carriage for conveying the dead to the grave. v.t. To put on or in a hearse. heart, hart, n. [A.Sax. heorte = Go\h.

mind.

despair.

talk.

—

of

Overwhelming sorrow or grief. heartbroken, a. Deeply grieved; in

Hearsay evidence, evidence repeated at second hand by one who heard the actual witness relate or admit what he knew of

and hence sometimes means

ch, Sc. loch;

—

=

under the ministry of another.

common

toast.]—healthful, helth'ful, a. Full of health; free from disease; promoting health ; wholesome. healthfully, helth 'fuhli, adv. In a healthful manner. healthfulness, helth'ful— nes, n. The state of being healthful or healthy. healthily, hel'thi«li, adv. ch, chain;

&

hearing, he'ring, n. The act of perceiving sound; the faculty or sense by which sound is perceived; audience; an opportunity to be heard; a judicial investigation before a court; reach of the ear; extent within which sound may be heard. hearsay, her'sa, n. Report; rumor;

—

toasts,

—

—

—

—

that which has the shape or form of a heart or is regarded as representing the figure of a heart ; one of a suit of playing cards marked with such a figure. At heart, in real character or disposition; at bottom; substantially; really (he is good at heart). To break the heart of, to cause the deepest grief to; to kill by grief. To find in the heart, to be willing or disposed. To get or learn by heart, to commit to memory. To have in the heart, to purpose; to have design or intention. To have the heart in the mouth, to be terrified. To lay or cake to heart, to be much affected by; to be zealous, ardent, or solicitous about. To wear the heart upon the sleeve, to expose one's feelings, wishes, or intentions to every one. v.i. To form a close compact head, as a heartache, hart'ak, n. Anplant.

A

—

—

heat

In a healthy manner or condition. healthy, hei'thi, a. Being in health; enjoying health; hale; sound; conducive to health; wholesome; saluhealthiness, hel'thi«nes, n. brious. State of being healthy. heap, hep, n. [A. Sax. heap, a pile, a crowd ^D. hoop, Dan. hob, Icel. hopr, G. haufe. Akin hip.] pile or mass; a collection of things piled up; a large quantity; a great number.

The

n.

———————— ———— ———— ——

—

395

heal

A

—

overpowering

with

anguish;

very

heartsease, n. Ease of distressing. heart; a plant of the violet genus; heartsick, a. Sick at the pansy. heart; pained in mind; deeply depressed. heartsome, hart 'sum, a. Inspiring with heart or courage; heartexhilarating ; cheerful ; lively. sore, a. Sore at heart. heartstring, hypothetical nerve or tendon, n. supposed to brace and sustain the heart-whole, a. Not affected heart. with love; having unbroken spirits or good courage. heartwood, n. The central part of the wood of exogens ; the duramen. hearty, har'ti, a. Having the heart engaged in anything; proceeding from the heart; sincere; warm; zealous; cordial; sound and healthy; large to satisfaction (a hearty meal); loud and unrestrained (a hearty laugh). hearth, harth, n. [A.Sax. hearth, hearth D. hoard, G. heerd, herd, area, floor, hearth; root doubtful.] That portion of the floor of a room on which the fire stands, generally a pavement or floor of brick or stone below a chimney; the fireside; the domestic circle. hearthstone, n. The stone forming the hearth. heat, het, n. [A.Sax. haetu, haete, from hat, hot; root in Gr. kaid,

xh, thin;

—

A

=

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— ——— — —

——— — ——— —

heath to

burn (whence

energy measuring an inch; the bodies that of

1

A

caustic).]

form

of waves inch to 81/1,000,000 of sensation produced by are hot; the bodily is

exposed

to

the sun's rays, etc.; the reverse of cold; high temperature, distinguished from low; as hot weather; a hot period; a single effort, as in a race; utmost ardor or violence; rage; vehemence; agitation of mind; inflammation or excitement; exasperation; animation in thought or discourse; fervency; sexual excitement in animals; fermentation. v.t. To make hot; to communicate heat to; to cause to

fire,

grow warm; excite; desire;

to to

make

to

feverish;

to

warm

with passion or animate. v.i. To grow

warm or hot. heater, he'ter, One who or that which heats.

n.

heath, heth, n. [A. Sax. haeth L.G., D., Fris., and G. heide, the plant, also a moor; Goth, haithi, a field; Icel.

heithi,

heithr,

a waste, a

fell.

Hence heathen, heather.] A name of numerous shrubby plants, many of them having beautiful flowers, and

three

species

being

common

in Britain; a place overgrown with heath; a waste tract of land.

heathberry, n. The crowberry. heath cock, n. The blackcock (under heathy, he'thi, a. Of, perblack). taining to, or resembling heath; covered or abounding with heath. heathen, he'THen, n. [A. Sax. haethen, lit. one inhabiting a heath, from

—

haeth, a heath, so that it is similar in meaning to the L. paganus, a pagan, originally a countryman.] One who worships idols or does not acknowledge the true God; a pagan; an idolater; a rude, barbarous, or irreligious person. a. Gentile; pagan.

heathendom, he'THen«dum,«. Those world in which parts of the heathenish, prevails. Belonging to he'THen«ish, a. heathens or their religions; barbairreligious. uncivilized; rous; heathenishness, he'THen«ish«nes, n.

heathenism

— heathenism, he'THen«izm,

n.

The

system of religion or the manners and morals of a heathen nation; paganism; barbarism. heathenize, he'THen»iz, v.t. To render heathenish heathenry, he'THen«ri, n. Heathenism; heathens collectively. heather, heTH'er, n. [Formerly hadder; comp. G. heiter, gay.] Common heath, a low shrub with clusters of rose-colored flowers, covering immense tracts of waste land in Britain. heathery, heTH'er«i, a. Abound-

—

—

ing in heather; heathy. hev, v.t. heaved or hove (pret. and pp.), heaving. [A. Sax. Goth. hebban, pret. hof, pp. hafen O.Fris. heva, D. heffen, hafjan, heven, Dan. hceve, Icel. hefja, G. heben, to lift; akin heavy, heaven.]

heave,

To

lift;

———— —— —

—

to raise; to elevate; to raise

or force from the breast (to heave a sigh); to throw; to cast; naut. to apply power to, as by means of a windlass, in order to pull or force in To heave to, to bring any direction. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

wind and stop

Hebrew,

her motion. v.i. To be thrown or raised up; to rise; to rise and fall with alternate motions; to swell up; to pant, as after severe labor or exertion; to make an effort to vomit; to retch. To heave in sight, to appear; to make its first appear-

hebneus,

a ship's head to the

ance, as a ship at sea. n. An upward motion; swell, as of the waves of the sea; an effort of the lungs, etc.;

an

effort to raise something; pi. a disease of horses, characterized by difficult and laborious respiration. heaver, he'ver, n. One who or that which heaves. heaven, hev'n, n. [A. Sax. heofon, heaven; O.Sax. hevan, L.G. heben, Icel. hifinn; from root of heave.]

The

blue expanse which surrounds the earth, and in which the sun,

moon, and

seem

stars

to

be

set;

the sky; the upper regions; often in the plural; the final abode of the blessed; the place where God manifests himself to the blessed; [cap.] often used as equivalent to God or

Providence; supreme felicity; bliss; a sublime or exalted condition. heavenliness, hev'n«li«nes, n. The quality condition or of being heavenly, hev'n«li, heavenly. a. Pertaining to heaven; inhabiting heaven; celestial; supremely blessed; supremely excellent. adv. In a heav-

heavenward, hev'n*enly manner. werd, adv. Toward heaven. heavy, hev'i, a. [A. Sax. hefig, heavy, from the stem of hebban, to heave Icel. hofigr. heave.] That can be lifted only with labor; ponderous; weighty: the opposite of light; large in amount or quantity (a heavy rain, a heavy crop) ; not easily borne ; hard to endure; burdensome; oppressive; severe; hard to accomplish; weighed or bowed down; burdened with sorrow, sleep, weariness, or the like; slow; sluggish; inactive; dull; lifeless; inanimate; impeding motion or action (heavy roads); acting or moving with violence (a heavy sea); cannonade; dark; gloomy; threatening; lowering (a heavy sky); not easily digested (food); deep and voluminous (sound). heavily, hev'i«li, adv. In a heavy manner. heaviness, hev'i«nes, n. The state or quality of being heavy; weight; severity; sadness; dullness or Bfeheavy spar, n. The sulfate lessness. of barium, occurring in veins massive, fibrous, lamellar, and in prismatic crystals. heavyweight, n.

A

boxer or wrestler,

etc.,

of what

is

usually the heaviest class; one weighing not less than 175 pounds. hebdomadal, heb«dom'a»dal, a. [Gr. hebdomas, the number seven, seven days, from hepta, seven.] Weekly; consisting of seven days, or occurring every seven days. Hebe, he'be, n. The goddess of youth among the Greeks hence, a beautiful ;

young woman. hebetate,

heh

:

he'brd, n.

[Ft. hebreu, L. Gr. hebraios, from Heb. supposed to mean a person from beyond (the Euphrates).] One of the descendants of Jacob; an Israelite; a Jew; the language of the Jews, one of the Semitic tongues. a. Pertain-

Hebraic he'ing to the Hebrews. bra'ik, a. Pertaining to the Hebrews or their language. Hebraism, hebra«izm, n. A peculiarity of Hebrew or the Hebrews. Hebraist, he'bra*ist, n. One versed in the Hebrew

language.— Hebraize, — hebraized, hebraizing.

he'bra»iz, v.t.

into

To

Hebrew idiom;

the

Hebrew.

convert

To

conform Hebrew idiom, manners, etc. v.i.

make

to

the

to

hecatomb, hek'a«tom,

n. [Gr. hekatombe hekaton, a hundred, and bous, an ox.] A sacrifice of a hundred oxen or other beasts; hence, any great sacrifice of victims; a great number of persons or animals slaughtered. heckle, hek'l, n. [Same as hackle.] A sort of comb for flax or hemp; a

—

hackle

or

hatchel.

with a heckle

;

To

dress or vex to heckler, hek'ler, v.t.

fig. to tease

;

catechise severely. n. One who heckles. hectare, hek'tar, n. [Ft.]

A

measure containing 100

French or

ares,

2.47 acres.

hectic, hek'tik, a. [Gr. hektikos, habitual, hectic or consumptive, from hexis, habit of body, from echo, future hexb, to have.] Relating to or affected with a fluctuating, but persistent, fever; characterized by excitement or feverish activity; restiess. hectically, hectic fever. n. hek ti«kal'li, adv. In a hectic manner. hectocotylus, hek«to«kot'i«lus, n. [Gr. hekaton, a hundred, and kotyii, a small cup, a sucker.] The reproductive arm of certain of the male

—

A

cuttlefishes.

hectogram,

hek'to«gram,

[Fr.,

;/.

from Gr. hekaton, a hundred, and gramma, a gram.] A metric measure of weight containing 100 grams, or hecto3.527 ounces avoirdupois. liter, hek to«le«ter, ;;. A metric containing liquids, measure for 100 liters, or 26.418 gallons. hectometer, hec to>me»ter. n. A metmeasure o\ length containing ric li» meters, or 109.36 yards. hector, hek'ter, n. [From Hector, the son of Priam, a brave Trojan i

warrior.] A bully; a blustering, tur,.\ To treat bulent, noisy fellow. with insolence; to bully. --:•.;. To play the bully; to bluster; to he turbulent or insolent. heddle, hed '1, n. [By metathesis for heald; perhaps from A. Sax. heald, hold.] Wear, one of the parallel double threads with a center loop or eve which raises the warp threads to form the shed and allow the shuttle to pass; a heald. hedge, hej, n. (A. Sax. hecg, a hedge, closely akin to haga, an enclosure; Icel. hagi, an enclosed held D. a hedge, haag, a hedge whence the /';

;

—hebetated, [L. hebetatum, hebetating. hebeto, from hebes, dull.] To dull; to blunt; e»tat,

v.t.

hebetude, heb e«tud, n. to stupefy. [L. hebetudo.] Dullness; stupidity.

me, met, her;

—

hedge

396

consisting

when one

feeling

—

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

Hague thorn.)

;

E. hawthorn, that

A

fence formed

:

is

lu

by bushes

or small trees growing close together; any line of shrubberv closely planted. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— — —— —— — —— —

— —— — —

—

—

397

v.t. hedged, hedging. To enclose or fence with a hedge; to obstruct with a barrier; to stop by any means; to surround for defense ; to hem in. To hedge a bet, to bet upon both sides, thus guarding one's self against great loss, whatever may be the result. v.i. To hide in a hedge; to skulk (Shak.); to protect one's self

heeltap, n. small piece of leather for the heel of a shoe; the small portion of liquor left in a glass when

A

D.

Dan. helde, Sw. halla, to incline or cant over from a vertical position, as a ship.— n. The act of so inclining; a cant. heft, heft, n. [From heave, to lift.] The act of heaving; violent strain or heft, hefty, exertion; effort (Shak.). a. Vigorous, strong. (Colloq.) Hegelian, he«ge'li«an, a. Pertaining to Hegel (ha'gl) or his system of

by cross bets. hedgehog, hej'hog, n. An Old World insectivorous quadruped about 9 inches long, the upper part of whose body is from

loss

n.

n.

The system of philosophy of Hegel. hegemony, hej'e«mo«ni or he«jem'o— hegemonia, from hegemon, guide, leader, from hegeomai, to lead.]

ni, n. [Gr.

Leadership; predominance; preponderance of one state among others. hegemonic, hej«e«mon'ik, a. Ruling; predominant; principal. hegira, hej'i«ra, n. [At. hijrah, departure, from hajara, to remove.] [Often cap.] The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, adopted by the Mohammedans in reckoning their time, their era beginning July 16, 622, hence, [not cap.] any similar flight.

hedgerow, hej'ro, n. A row or series of shrubs or trees forming a hedge between fields. hedge sparrow, a red-brown European warbler. hedonic, he«don'ik, a. [Gr. hedonikos, from hedone, pleasure.] Pertaining to pleasure; pursuing, or placing the chief good in, sensual pleasure. hedonics, he«don'ikSj n. That branch of ethics which treats of active or positive pleasure or enjoyment.

heifer, hef'er, n. origin doubtful.]

heigh-ho!

hedonism, he'don«izm, n. The doctrine that the chief good of man in the pursuit of pleasure. hedonist, he'don«ist, n. One who professes hedonism. heed, hed, v.t. [A. Sax. hedan, to heed; D. hoeden, to care for, hoede, care; G. hiiten, to look after, from hut, protection; akin hood.] To regard with care; to take notice of; to attend to; to observe.— n. Care; attention; notice; observation; regard; usually with give or take. heedful, hed'ful, a. Full of heed; attentive; watchful; cautious; wary. heedfully, hed'fuldi, adv. In a heedful manner. needfulness, hed'ful«nes, n. The quality of being heedful; attention; caution. heedless, hed'-

Without heed;

—

heir;

To take

To lay by the shackle; to confine.

heels, to flee; to to the heels, to

run

the ancestor should die, but whose rights may be cut off by the birth of a nearer relative or some other contingency. heiress, ar'es, n.

A

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

heritage,

right to inherit is unforfeitable, if he survives the ancestor. Heir presumptive, one who will be the heir if

betake

one's self to flight. v.t. To perform by the use of the heels, as a dance (Shak.); to add a heel to. heelpiece, n. piece of leather on the heel of a shoe ; armor for the heel. ch, chain;

hereditary,

One who

A

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

[From

A

exclamation

succeeds or is to succeed another in the possession of property; an inheritor; one who receives any endowment from an ancestor. Heir apparent, one whose

cayed circumstances.

show the

whence

inherit.]

n.

helicoptere, from Gr. helix, spiral, plus pteron, wing.] -ikos, heavier-than-air craft, sustained in the air solely by propellers revolving around a vertical axis. heliport, hel'i'port, n. take-off and landing place for helicopters.

Fr.

heahfore;

O.Fr. hadir, to hate, from Teut. verb = E. to hate.] Hateful; odious; hence, notorious; enormous; aggravated (sin or crime, sinner). heinously, ha'nus«li, adv. In a heinous manner. heinousness, hanus»nes, n. The condition or quality of being heinous. heir, ar, n. [O.Fr. heir, L. hceres, an

part. To be at the heels, to pursue closely; to follow hard; also, to attend closely. To be down at heel, to be slipshod; hence, to be in de-

away.

muses. helicopter, hel'i«kop«ter,

A

heliocentric, heliocentrical, he'li«o«sen"trik, he'li«o«sen"tri«kal, a. [Gr. helios (akin L. sol, W. haul), the sun, and kentron, center.] Astron. relating to the sun as a center; appearing as if seen from the sun's center.

heliochrome, he'li«o«krom,

rc,

[Gr.

chroma, color.] A colored photograph. heliochromic, he'li«o«kr6m"ik, a. Pertaining to heliochromy. heliograph, he'li«o»graf, n. [Gr. grapho, to write.] A photograph; an instrument for taking photographs of the sun; a sun telegraph; a heliostat.

—

:

hed'les«nes, n. heel, hel, n. [A.Sax. hel=lof a plant

to direct its growth toward the sun or toward light; a phototropism.

helium, he'li«um, n. A nonflammable gaseous element, inert and colorless, the lightest gas next to hydrogen. Symbol, He; at. no., 2; at. wt., 4.0026. helix, he'liks, n. pi. helices, hel'i«sez. [Gr. a winding, a spiral.] A spiral line, as of wire in a coil; something that is spiral; a circumvolution; geom. such a curve as is described by every point of a screw that is turned round in a fixed nut; arch. a small volute or twist under the abacus of the Corinthian capital; anal, the whole circuit of the external body of the ear; zool. a genus of mollusks, comprising the land shell snails.

— helical,

hel'i«kal,

Of

a.

or

pertaining to a helix; spiral. helically, hel'i'kaMi, adv. In a helical

—

manner. helicoid, helicoidal, hel'i«koid, hel'i«koi«dal, a. Spirally curved like the spire of a univalve shell. helicoid, hel'i«koid, n. Geom. a spirally curved surface. hell, hel, n. [A. Sax. hel, from helan, to cover, conceal, lit. a place of concealment- D. and

I eel.

hel,

G.

same root as L. celo, to conceal. Akin helmet, perhaps hole.] holle, hell;

The

place of the dead, or of souls after death; the place or state of punishment for the wicked after death; the infernal powers; the domain of the devil; verbal castigation; unrestrained sportiveness (they raised hell): haunt of the vicious or depraved. hellish, hel'ish, a. Pertaining to hell; infernal; malignant;

—

—

wicked; detestable. hellishly, hel'ish«li, adv. In a hellish manner. hellishness, hel'ish«nes, n. The state hell-fire, or quality of being hellish. n. The fire of hell; the torments of

—

—

hellhound, n. A dog of hell; an agent of hell; a miscreant. hellebore, h.el'le«b6r, n. [L. helleborus, Gr. helleboros.] A name applied hell.

two very

different genera, hellebore or Christmas rose, and the white hellebore; the powdered root of white hellebore

to plants of

the

black

used by gardeners for

— helleborin,

killing cater-

herie«bo«rin, n. A resin obtained from the root of black hellebore. Hellenes, heMe'nez, n. pi. [Gr.] The inhabitants of Greece; the Greeks. Hellenic, hel'len'ik, a. [Gr. hellenikos.] Pertaining to the Hellenes; pillars.

—

Greek; Grecian. Hellenism, hellen«izm, n. A Greek idiom; the type of character usually considered peHellenist, culiar to the Greeks.

—

One who affiliates with Greeks; one skilled in the Greek

hel'len«ist, n.

language.

— Hellenistic,

Hellenisti-

cal, hel»len«is'tik, heMen«is'ti«kal, a. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

Pertaining to Hellenists. Hellenization, herien«i«za"shon, n. Act of Hellenizing. Hellenize, hel'len-iz, 0.1. To use the Greek language or

—

adopt Greek manners. [Apparently, a form of hollo, an exclamation.] A greeting or exclamation to call attention or show surprise, etc. helm, helm, n. [A. Sax. helma, a helm; D. helm, a tiller; G. helm, a helve, a tiller; akin to helve.] The instrument by which a ship is steered, consisting of a rudder, a tiller, and in large vessels a wheel; in a narrower sense, the tiller; fig. the place or post of direction or management. hello,

he«lo',

—

v.t.-f

To

interj.

steer; to guide.

— helms-

man, helmz'man, n. The man at the helm or wheel who steers a ship. helm, helm, n. [A. Sax. helm, what covers, a helmet, from helan, to cover; D. and G. helm, Goth, hilms, Icel. hjdlmr, Dan. hjelm; helmet is a helmet. dim. form, hell.] [obs.] (Poet.) v.t. To cover with a helmet. helmeted, hel'met«ed, a. Furnished with a helmet. helmet, hel'met, defensive covering for the head; n. head armor composed of metal, leather, etc.; bot. the upper part of a ringent corolla.

A

—

—

—

A

helminthagogue, hel«min'tha»gog, n. [Gr. helmins, helminthos, a worm, and Med. a remedy ago, to expel.] against worms; an anthelmintic. helminthiasis, hel'min»thi'a«sis, n. Med. the disease of worms in any helminthic, hel«part of the body. min'thik, a. Relating to worms; ex-

—

A

medicine for pelling worms. n. expelling worms; a vermifuge. helminthology, hel«min«thoro«ji, n. The knowledge or natural history of worms. Helot, he'lot,

n.

—

—

Helots collectively; bondsmen. help, help, v.t. [A. Sax. helpan Goth. hjelpe,

D. helpen, Icel. hjdlpa, Dan. G. helfen, to help from same

—

root as Skr. kalp, to suit, to be of service.] To give assistance or aid to; to aid ; to assist ; to succor, to relieve to cure or mitigate (pain or disease); to prevent; to to avail against; remedy; to forbear; to avoid (to help doing something). To help forward, to advance by assistance; to assist in making progress.— 7o help on, to forward; to aid. To help out, to aid in delivering from difficulty, or to aid To help in completing a design. To over, to enable to surmount. help (a person) to, to supply with; to furnish with. v.i. To lend aid; n. [A. Sax. to be of use; to avail. helpe, Icel. hjdlp.] Aid furnished; deliverance from difficulty or distress; assistance; that which gives assistance; one who or that which contributes to advance a purpose; remedy; relief; a domestic servant helper, helper, n. One that (U.S.). helps, aids, or assists; an assistant; an auxiliary. helpful, help'ful. a. Furnishing help; useful. helpful-

me, met, her;

ness, help'fuNnes, n. The quality of being helpful. helpless, help'les, a. Destitute of help or strength ; needing help; feeble; weak; affording no helplessly, help; beyond help. help'les«li, adv. In a helpless manner. helplessness, help'les«nes, n. The helpmate, state of being helpless. help'mat, n. An assistant; a helper; a partner; a consort; a wife. helpmeet, help 'met, n. helpmate. helter-skelter, herter«skel'ter, adv. [A term formed to express hustle; comp. G. holter-polter, D. hulter de

—

—

—

—

A

Sw.

bulter,

huller

om

buller, etc.]

—

—

pine, pin;

—

note, not,

move;

An

expression denoting hurry and confusion. n. [A. Sax. helfe, O.H.G. halbe, helbe; same root as helm (of a ship), hilt.] The handle of an ax helved, helving. To or hatchet. v.t. furnish with a helve, as an ax. Helvetic, hel-vet'ik, a. [L. Helveticus, from Helvetii, the ancient inhabitants of Switzerland.] Of or pertaining to

helve, helv,

—

Switzerland. n. [A. Sax. hem, a hem; akin to Icel. hemja, Dan. hemme, O.Fris. hemma, D. and G. hemmen, to stop, check, restrain.] The border of a garment, doubled and sewed to strengthen it; edge, border, margin.

hem, hem,

—

To form a to border; to edge. To hem in, to enclose and confine; to surround closely; to hemmed, hemming.

v.t.

hem

or border on;

environ. interj. [Imitative and more correctly hm.] An exclamation consisting in a sort of half-cough, loud or subdued as the emotion may sugr.i. gest; sometimes used as a noun. To make the sound hem; hence, to hesitate or stammer in speaking.

hem, hem,

—

hemachrome, he'ma»kr5m,

[Gr. heilotes.] A slave in ancient Sparta; [often not cap.] helotism, hence, a slave in general. he'lot'izm, n. The condition of a Helot; slavery. helotry, he'lot«ri, n.

hilpan,

—

hcmihedral

398

a turning, trepo, to turn.]

of

— —

;

n.

Same

Haemachrome, some words of which Gr. haima, blood, forms the as

—

being written He or Hae. hemastatics, he»ma«stat'iks, n. The doctrine as to the circulation of the hemathermal, he«ma«ther blood. mal, a. Warm-blooded.— hematoxylin, he«ma«tok'si«lin, n. [Gr. haima, haimatos, and xylon, wood.] The coloring principle of logwood. hematite, he ma«tlt, n. [Gr. haimatites, from haima, blood.] A name of two ores of iron, red hematite and first part,

—

brown

hematite.

— hematitic,

he—

ma»tit'ik, a.

hematosis, he»ma«t6'sis, n. [N.L. from Gr. haimatosis, from haimablood.] into to change toein, Arterialization of blood in the lungs; hemthe formation of the blood. atology, hem«a'tol'o«gy, n. The science that deals with the blood. hemicrania, hem-i«kra ni-a, n. [Gr.

—

ham,

half,

cramon. the skull. A pain one side of the head. 1

that affects only

hemicycle, hem i«sl«kl, n. [Gr. ham, half, and kyklos, a circle.] A half circle;

a semicircle;

a semicircular

area.

hemihedral, henvi'he

dral,

a.

[Gr.

and hedra, a face.] hani, half, Mineral, applied to a crystal having only half the normal number of faces.

—hemihedrally, adv.

In

a

henvi'he draMi, manner. hemihedral

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound

——— ——

———

—

————— —

hemiplegia, hemiplegy, hem*i*ple'-

and

hem'i*plej*i, n. [Gr. hemi, half, plege, a stroke.] Paralysis of one

hemiplegic, hem— Relating to hemiplegia.

half of the body. i-plej'ik, a.

hemipter, he*mip'ter, n. [Gr. hemi, half, and pteron, a wing.] One of an of four-winged insects, so named because many of them have the outer wings leathery at the base and transparent toward the tips, including the locusts, bugs, plant

order

hemipterous, he*mip'ter—

lice, etc.

us, a. Pertaining to the hemipters. hem'i*sfer, n. [Gr. hemisphairion hemi, half, and sphaira, a half sphere; one half of a globe.]

hemisphere,

—

sphere or globe; half the terrestrial Hemispheres or the celestial globe. of the brain, the two parts, one on each side, which constitute great hemispheric, part of the brain.

hem—

hemispherical, hem*i*sfer'ik,

Pertaining to a hemihemispheroid, hem*i*sfer'sphere. oid, n. The half of a spheroid. hemistich, hem'i*stik, n. [Gr. hemistichion hemi, half, and stichos, a verse.] Half a poetic verse, or a verse not completed. hemistichal, hemis 'ti*kal, a. Pertaining to or written in hemistichs. hemlock, hem'lok, n. [A.Sax. hemledc] A poisonous plant of the carrot family, with small white flowers; various evergreen trees native to North America. Ground hemlock, the American yew. hemoglobin, he'mo*glo*bin, n. [Gr. haima, blood, and L. globus, globe.] Protein pigment of the red corpuscles of vertebrates, which contains iron and carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues. i*sfer'i*kal, a.

—

hence.]

hinnd-a.]

among henry,

Testament. heptose, hep'tos, n. [Hept and ose.] Any of several monosaccharides obtainable from lower sugars, containing 7 carbon atoms in the molecule. her, her, pron., a form answering to several cases of she. [O.E. hire, A.Sax. genit. and dat. case of the pronoun hed, she, the feminine of he, he. he.] The possessive case of she (her face); the dative case of she (give her that book); the objective hers, herz, case of she (I love her). pron. [From her, with s of the possessive case.] possessive pronoun used instead of her and a noun, as subject, object, or predicate. herself, her*self, pron. An emphasized or reflexive form of the third pers. pron. fern., used in the same way as himself (which see). herald, her'ald, n. [O.Fr. herault, hire, heore,

—

A

Fr. heraut, from O.H.G. hariwalt (G. herold), an officer of an army hari, heri, an army (akin E. harry), and waltan, to rule (E. wield).] An officer whose business was to denounce or proclaim war, to challenge to battle, to proclaim peace, to

n.

The

practical

claimed a forerunner. v.t. To introduce or to give tidings of, as by a heraldic, he— herald; to proclaim. heraldry, her'ald*ri, n. ral'dik, a. The art or office of a herald; the art of blazoning arms or ensigns armorial, or the knowledge pertaining

electrical

—

and mutual

hepatic, hi*pat'ik, a. [L. hepaticus, Gr. hepatikos, from hepar, hepatos, the

A

liver.]

Pertaining to the

liver.

medicine that acts on the

hepatica, hi*pat'i*ka, n. A species of anemone with trilobed leaves ; any one of the genus of plants {Hepatica) allied to the mosses, and called liverhepatitis, hep*a*ti'tis, n. Inworts. flammation of the liver. hepatiza-

rheo, to flow.]

Piles.

hemostat, he'mo*stat, n. [Gr. haima, blood, and stat, from Gr. statikos, causing to stand.] An instrument that checks the flow of blood by compressing a bleeding blood vessel. hemp, hemp, n. [A.Sax. henep, hanep ; cog. L. cannabis, Gr. kannabis, Skr. cana, hemp.] An annual herbaceous plant, the prepared fiber of which,

tion, hep'a*ti*za"shon, n.

The

thereto.

n.

liver.

herb, erb or herb, n. [Fr. herbe, L. herba, herb, from a root meaning to

state

of being hepatized; the condensation of a texture so as to resemble the

hepatotomy, hep'a*to"to*mi, [Gr. tome, cutting.] The operation of cutting into the liver. heptachord, hep'ta*kord, n. [Gr. hepta, seven, and chorde, chord.] Anc. mus. a diatonic octave without the upper note; an instrument with liver.

n.

also called hemp, is made into sailcloth, ropes, etc.; the hangman's rope. hempen, hem'pn, a.

[A.Sax. hen, henn = D. hen, Icel. haena, G. henne, hen the feminines corresponding to A.Sax. and Goth, hana, D. haan, G. hahn, Icel. hani, a cock, the root being

—

seven strings.

heptad, hep'tad, n. [Gr. heptas, heptados, from hepta, seven.] A sum of 70b;

eat or nourish, seen in Gr. phorbe, pasture, fodder.] Any plant with a soft or succulent stem which dies to the root every year, as distinguished from a tree and a shrub,

which have woody stems.

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

herba-

ceous, her*ba'shus, a. [L. herbaceus.] to herbs.— Herbaceous Pertaining plants, plants which perish annually down to the root; soft, succulent herbage, erb'ij or herb'vegetables. ij,

n.

Herbs

collectively; green food for herbal, her'-

beasts; grass; pasture.

A book containing the names and descriptions of plants a collection of plants dried and preserved; bal, n.

;

—herbarium. herbalist, a

who makes

seven. j,

bear messages, etc.; an officer marshals processions; a pro-

who

others.

unit of self-induction induction.

he'mor*oidz, n.. pi. haimorrhoidos, a gushing of blood haima, blood, and

go;

Saxon kingdoms into which England was once divided. Heptateuch, hep'ta'tuk, n. [Gr. hepta, seven, and teuchos, book.] The first seven books of the Old

A

henotheism, hen'o*the*izm, n. [Gr. heis, henos, one, and theos, god.] The worship of one deity as supreme

haimorrhols,

g,

[Ar.

[Gr.

hemorrhoids,

ch, Sc. loch;

country governed by seven persons: usually applied to the seven Anglo-

herald, n.

tropical plant of the Old World, the leaves of which yield a rich reddishorange dye; the color henna, a rich, brownish red. v.t. To color with henna dye or paste.

A

ch, chain;

A

adjective.

henna, hen'a,

—

n.

a. [Gr. hepta, seven, and meros, a part.] Bot. consisting of seven parts; having its' parts in sevens. heptarchy, hep'tar*ki, n. [Gr. hepta, governseven, and arche, rule.] ment by seven persons, or the

A

he'mor*ij, n. [Gr. haimorrhagia haima, blood, and rhegnymi, to break, to burst.] discharge of blood from the blood vessels. hemorrhagic, he*mo*raj'ik, a. Pertaining to hemorrhage.

hen, hen,

sides.

heptamerous, hep*tam'er*us,

speech by which two nouns are used instead of one, or one and an

The coughing up

from

a plane figure having heptagonal, hep— as many angles. tag'on*al, a. Having seven angles or

A

of blood.

rhoos, a flowing,

n. [Gr. hepta, angle.] Geom. seven sides and

a syllable.] metrical line of eleven syllables. hendecasyllabic, hen— dek'a*sil*lab"ik, a. hendiadys, hen*di'a*dis, n. [Gr. hen dia dyoin, one by two.] figure of

hemorrhage,

[Gr.

heptagon, hep'ta*gon, seven, and gonia, an

and as many angles. hendecasyllable, hen*dek'a*sil*la*bl, n. [Gr. hendeka, eleven, and syllabi,

with hemophilia. n.

this

time (a week a consequence, inference, or deduction. henceforth, henceforward, hens'forth, hens*for'werd, adv. From this time forward. henchman, hensh'man, n. [M.E. henchemanne, henxtman, probably meaning groom, apparently from O.E. hengest, stallion, and E. mann, man.] A trusted follower; a political follower, particularly one who desires personal gain. hendecagon, hen*dek'a*gon, n. [Gr. hendeka, eleven, and gonia, an angle.] Geom. a plane figure of eleven sides

he*mo*fil'i*a, n. Med. constitutional tendency, usually hereditary, to excessive bleeding. hemophiliac, he*mo*fil'i*ac, n. One

ptysis, a spitting.]

from

this place; hence); as

A

hemophilia,

afflicted

From

—

herb

same as in L. cano, to sing.] The female of any kind of bird; especially, the female of the domestic or barnyard fowl. henbane, hen'ban, n. A poisonous Old World plant found in waste ground, and sometimes fatal to domestic fowls, but yielding a juice that is used as a sedative and narcotic. hennery, hen'er*i, n. An enclosed place for hens. henpeck, hen'pek, v,t. To govern or rule: said of a wife who has the upper hand of her husband. hence, hens, adv. [O.E. henries, a genit. form from older henne; A.Sax. heonan, hence; G. hin, Goth, hina,

A

hemoptysis, he* mop 'tis* is,

——— — ——— —

——

399

hemiplegia ji-a,

——

w, wig;

a. Pertaining to herbs. her'bal*ist, n. person collections of plants;

hw, whig;

A

zh, azure.

—

——

——

—— —

—

;

herculean dealer

in

;

—

—

—

—

subsisting on plants animal).

herculean, her«ku

herbivorous

(a

Pertaining

li-an, a.

to Hercules; resembling Hercules in

strength; very difficult or dangerous (a

Herculean

task).

herd, herd, n. [A. Sax. heord, herd Goth, hair da, D. herde, Dan. hjord, Icel. hjdrth, G. herde, a herd, flock,

A

drove, etc.] number of beasts feeding or driven together; a company of men or people, in contempt or detestation; a crowd; a rabble. v.t. and i. To form in a herd; to feed or run in herds; to associate; herdsman, to unite in companies. herdz'man, n. A man attending a herd. herd, herd, n. [A. Sax. hirde, a herdsman or shepherd, from heord, a flock or herd; Goth, hairdeis, Icel. hirdi, Dan. hyrde, G. hirt; same origin as the preceding.] keeper of cattle or sheep: now mostly in composition, as shepherd, goatherd, swineherd. here, her, adv. [A. Sax. her -Dan.

—

A

and Goth,

her, Icel. her,

G. and D.

here; based on the pronominal element seen in he.] In this place; in the place where the speaker is present: opposed to there; in the present life or state; to this place, hither (come here). Here in Here's for you, Here goes, etc., is a sort of exclamation to attract attention to something about to be done, the subject in familiar phrases having been dropped out. Neither here nor there, neither in this place nor in that; hence, unconnected with the matter in hand; irrelevant; unimhier,

Here and there, in one portant. place and another; thinly or irreguhereabout, herelarly dispersed. abouts, her'a-bout, her'a«bouts, adv. About this place; in this vicinity or neighborhood. hereafter, her«af'ter, adv. In time to come; in some future n. future time or state. hereat, her»at', adv. At or by state. hereby, her«bl', adv. reason of this. By this; by means of this; close by; herein, her«in', adv. In very near. hereinafter, her«in«af 'ter, adv. this.

—

—

A

—

—

—

—

In this afterwards: applied to something afterwards to be named or hereinto, described in a writing. hereof, her»in'to, adv. Into this. her«ov', adv. Of this; concerning this from this. hereon, hereon', adv. On hereto, her»to', adv. To this. this. heretofore, her«t6»for', adv. Before or up to this time; formerly. hereunto, her«un*to', adv. Unto this hereupon, or this time; hereto. her»up»on', adv. Upon this; hereon. herewith, herewith', adv. With this; by means of this.

— —

—

—

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

hero

hereditable, he«red'i»ta«bl, hereditabilis,

a.

— [L.L.

from L.

hereditas, hereditatis, the act of inheriting, from heres, heredis, an heir, heir.] Capable of being inherited. hereditability, he«red'i«ta«bil"i«ti, n. State

—

— hereditament,

of being hereditable. he«re«dit'a-ment, n.

[L.L. heredita-

mentum.] Any species of property that may be inherited. hereditarily, he—

—

By

adv.

inheritance. hereditary, he«red 'i«teTi, a. [L. hereditaria.) Descended by inheritance; descending from an ancestor to an heir; descendible to an heir-atlaw; that is or may be transmitted from a parent to a child. heredity, he«red'i«ti, n. [L. hereditas.] Hereditary transmission of qualities of like kind with those of the parent; the doctrine that the offspring inherits the characteristics of the parent or parents. red'i«te«ri«li,

—

heresy,

her'e«si,

hceresis,

n.

from Gr.

[Fr.

heresie,

L.

hairesis, a taking,

a principle or set of principles, from haired, to take.] doctrine, principle, or set of principles at variance with established or generally received principles; especially an opinion or opinions contrary to the established religious faith, or what is regarded as the true faith; heterodoxy. heresiarch, he«re'si«ark, n. [Gr. hairesiarchos, hairesis, heresy, leader in heresy; and arche, rule.] prominent or arch heretic. a heretic, her'e«tik, «. [L. hcereticus.] person who holds heretical opinions; one who maintains heresy heretical, he«ret'i»kal, a. Containing or pertaining to heresy. heretically, he«ret'i'kal«li, adv. In a heretical manner. heriot, her 'i«ot, n. [A. Sax. heregeatu, military equipment, a heriot here,

A

—

A

A

—

—

an army, and geatu, equipment.] Eng. law, a chattel or payment given to the lord of a fee on the decease of the tenant or vassal. heritable, her 'i«ta«bl, a. [O.Fr. heritable, abbrev. from L.L. hereditahereditable.] Capable of bilis. being inherited; inheritable. Heritable property, the name in ScotHeritable land for real property. security, security constituted by he-

—

ritable tij,

n.

tage.]

property.— heritage, her'i*from L. hereditas, heriThat which is inherited;

[Ft.,

heritable inheritance; Scots law, heritor, her'i»ter, ;/. estate or realty. An inheritor; in Scotland, a proprietor or landholder in a parish.

—

hermaphrodite, herTnafro«dIt, n. [From Hermaphroditos of Greek mythology, son of Hermes and Aphrodite, who became united into one

nymph.] An animal in characteristics of both sexes are either really or apparently combined; bot. a flower that contains both the stamen and the

body with which the

a

or the male and female organs. Including or being of both sexes. Hermaphrodite brig, a brig that is square-rigged forward and hermaphroaft. schooner-rigged ditic, hermaphroditical, her«maf pistil,

—

a.

—

ro«dit"ik, her«maf'ro«dit"i»kal, a.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

——

—

400

medicinal plants. herbarium, her«ba'ri«um, n. A collection of dried plants systematically arranged a book or other contrivance for preserving dried specimens of herbary, herba-ri, n. A plants. garden of plants. herb bennet, n. Common avens, an aromatic, tonic, and astringent plant. herbivore, her'bi«v6r, n. A herbivorous animal. herbivorous, her«biv'o«rus, a. [L. herba, and voro, to eat.] Eating herbs; a

—

note, not,

Of

move;

or pertaining to a hermaphrodite. hermaphroditic-ally, her»maf ro«dit"i»kal-li, adv. After the manner of hermaphrodites. hermaphroditism, her«maf'rod«it«izm, n. The state of being hermaphrodite. hermeneutics, her«mi«nu'tiks, n. [Gr. hermeneutikos, from hermeneus,

—

an interpreter, from Hermes, Mercury.] The art or science of interpretation; especially applied to the interpretation of the Scriptures; exe-

—

hermeneutic, gesis. hermeneutical, her«mi«nu'tik, her'mi«nu'ti«kal, a.

Interpreting; explaining; exegetunfolding the signification.

ical;

hermetic, hermetical, her«met her«met 'i»kal,

a.

ik,

hermetique,

[Fr.

from the ancient Hermes Trismewho was regarded as skilled in alchemy and occult science.]

gistus,

Appellative of or pertaining to alchemy or the doctrines of the alchemists; effected by fusing together the edges of the mouth or aperture, as of a bottle or tube, so that no air, gas, or spirit can escape (the hermetic method of sealing). hermetically, her'met'i«kal«li, adv. In a hermetic manner; by fusing the edges together. hermit, hermit, n. [Fr. ermite, O.Fr. hermite, Gr. eremites, from eremos, lonely,

who

solitary,

retires

desert.]

A

person

from society and

lives

in solitude; a recluse; an anchorite. hermitage, her'mi«tij, n. The habitation of a hermit; a kind of French wine.— hermit crab, n. species of crab which takes possession of and occupies the cast-off shells of

A

various mollusks, carrying this habitation about with it, and changing for a larger one as it increases hermitical, her«mit i«kal, a. in size. Pertaining or suited to a hermit or to retired life. hernia, her'ni«a, n. [L.] Surg, a it

—

protrusion of some part from its natural cavity by an abnormal aperture; commonly the protrusion of viscera through an aperture in the wall of the abdomen; rupture. hernial, her 'ni«al, a. Pertaining to hernia. hero, hero, n. pi. heroes, he roz. [L. heros, from Gr. herds; akin to L. zir (seen in virile, virtu*), A. Sax. wer, a man; Skr. vara a hero.] A kind of demigod in ancient Greek mythology; hence, a man of distinguished valor or intrepidity; a prominent or central personage in any remarkable action or event; the principal personage in a poem, play, novel, heroic, he«r6 ik, a. [L. hcroietc. cus.] Pertaining to a hero; becoming a hero; characteristic of a hero; brave; magnanimous; intrepid and noble; reciting the achievements of Heroic treatment, remheroes; epic. treatment or remedies edies. DM. Heroic verse, of a violent character. in English poetry, the iambic verse of ten syllables, in French the iambic of twelve, and in classical poetry the hexameter, —heroically, he-ro i-kal-li, adv. In a heroic manheroine, her 6«in, n. [Fr. hener, roine.] A female hero. heroism,

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— —

—

——

—

—— —

heroin

—

hexameter

401

myth, the daughters of Hesperus, he'r6«izm, n. The qualities of a hero; possessors of the garden of golden bravery; courage; intrepidity. heroin, her'6«in, n. [From Heroin, a fruit, watched over by a dragon, at Diacetyl-morphine, a the western extremities of the earth. trademark.] white crystalline drug used as a Hessian, hesh'n, a. Relating to Hesse in Germany. Hessian boot, sedative, limited in distribution by a kind of long boot originally worn law because it is habit-forming. heron, her 'un, n. [Fr. heron, O.Fr. native by the Hessian troops. n. hairon, from O.H.G. heigro, heigero, Hessianof Hesse; a Hessian boot. Icel. hegri, Sw. hdger, a heron; fly, n. small two-winged fly nearly hence also Fr. aigre, dim. aigrette, black, the larva of which is very E. egret.] grallatorial bird with destructive to young wheat. a long bill cleft beneath the eyes, hetaera, hetaira, he«te'ra, he«ti'ra, n. long slender legs and neck, formerly [Gr. hetare, hetaira] courtesan of the special game pursued in falthe superior class. hetaerism, heheronry, her'un«ri, n. conry. tairism, he«ter'izm, he«ti'rizm, n. place where herons breed. Concubinage; a supposed primitive herpes, her'pez, n. [Gr. herpes, from social state, in which women of a herpo, to creep.] skin disease tribe were held in common. characterized by the eruption of heterocercal, het'e«ro«ser'kal, a. [Gr. inflamed vesicles, such as shingles. heteros, other, kerkos, a tail.] Having herpetic, her«pet'ik, a. Pertaining to the vertebral column running to a or resembling herpes. point in the upper lobe of the tail, herpetology, her«pe«tol'o»ji, n. [Gr. as in the sharks and sturgeons; herpeton, a reptile, from herpo, to contrasted with homocercal. creep, and logos, discourse.] des- heteroclite, het'e«ro'klit, n. [Gr. cription of reptiles; the natural heterokliton heteros, other, and kliherpetological, history of reptiles. no, to incline, to lean away from the her«pet'o»loj"i«kal, a. Pertaining to normal form.] word which is herpetologist, herpetology. her«irregular or anomalous either in pe-tol'O'jist, n. declension or conjugation; someherring, her'ing, n. [A. Sax. haering —thing abnormal. D. haring, G. hdring, Icel. haeringr, heterodox, het'eTO«doks, a. [Gr. herring; from A. Sax. here, G. heer, heteros, other, and doxa, opinion.] an army, herald.] common Contrary to established or generally fish, which is found in incredible received opinions; contrary to some numbers in the North Sea, the recognized standard of opinion. northern parts of the Atlantic, etc., heterodoxy, het'e«ro«dok«si, n. The of great importance as an article of holding of heterodox opinions. food or commerce. herringbone, n. heterodyne, het'er«o«din, n. [Gr. heteros, other, and dyne, from Gr. pattern made of rows of parallel lines, each with a reverse slant from dynamis, power.] The beating togeththe next, as in the spinal bones of the er in an electrical circuit of two herring. frequencies, one of a signal-carrying v.t. To produce a herringbone pattern, as in a fabric. v.i. To current, and one of an uninterrupted climb a slope on skis, imprinting a current, to produce new frequencies. herringbone pattern on the snow. heteroecism, het'er«es"ism, n. [Gr. hers, herz, pron. See her. heteros, different, oikos, a house.] In

A

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—

A

A

heteromorphic, heteromorphous, het'e»ro«mor"fik, het'e«ro«mor"fus, a. [Gr. heteros, other, morphe, form.] Of an irregular or unusual- form; having two or more diverse shapes.

heteromorphism,

het'e«ro«mor"or quality of being heteromorphic; existence under different forms at different stages of development. heteronomy, het«er«on'o«mi, n. [Gr. heteronomie, from Gr. heteros, and nomos, law.] Subjection to another's rule; not self-governed. heteronym, het'er«o«nim, n. [Gr. fizm,

—

A

het«e»rof'i«lus or het«e«ro«fiTlus, a. [Gr. heteros, other, phyllon, leaf.] having two Bot. different kinds of leaves on the

same stem. heterosexual,

Of

de-frise;

a

whereon

framework

heterogeneous,

Long electromagnetic waves. hesitate, hez'i«tat, v.i. hesitated,

—

n. [Pol., from G. hauptman, head-man, chieftain.] The title of the head (general) of the

hetman, het'man,

Cossacks. heuristic, hu«ris'tik, kein, to find out.]

fell with an ax or other like instrument; to shape with a sharp instrument: often with out. hewer, hu'er, n. One who hews. hex, heks, n. [Gr. hexe, witch.] A spell v.t. To put a curse on. or curse.

cut or

—

hexacord, hek'sa«kord, n. [Gr. hex, six, and chorde, a chord.] Mus. a series of six notes, each rising one

—

degree over the other.

hexagon, hek'sa«gon, n. [Gr. hex, six, and gonia, an angle.] Geom. a figure of six sides and six angles.

neity, het'e«ro«je"ni'US'nes, het'e«ro»-

— hex-

hexagonal, hek«sag'on«al, a. agonally, nek«sag'on«aMi, adv.

hexahedron, hek«sa«he'dron,

—

A

a cube.

—

a.

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

j,

/ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

than;

Of

[Gr. seat.]

sides;

hexahedral, hek»sa«he'dral, the figure of a hexahedron.

hexameter, hek«sam'e«ter,

—

ch, chain;

n.

and hedra, a base or regular solid body of six

hex, six,

—

—

[Gr. heuris-

—

a.

stop or pause respecting decision ji"ne«i«ty, n. or action; to be doubtful as to fact, heterogenesis, heterogeny, het'e— principle, or determination; to stamro«jen"e«sis, het'e«roj'e«ni, n. [Gr. mer; to stop in speaking. hesitaheteros, other, and genesis, generatingly, hez'i«ta«ting«li, tion.] Biol, spontaneous generation; hesiadv. tation, hez»i»ta'shon, n. The act of also, same as alternate generation. hesitating ; stammering. hesitative, heterologous, het«e«roro«gus, a. [Gr. hez'i«ta«tiv, a. hesitancy, hez'i»tan— heteros, other, and logos, analogy, si, n. hesitant, hez'i«tant, a. proportion.] Different; not analoHesperian, hes«pe'ri«an, a. [L. hesgous or homologous. heterology, perius, western, from Gr. hesperos het«e'rol'o»ji, n. The state or quality ( = L. vesper), the evening.] Western; of being heterologous; biol. want situated at the west. (Poet.) Hesor absence of relation or analogy perides, hes«per'i«dez, n. pi. Greek between parts.

a.

Aiding or leading

on toward discovery or finding out. hew, hii, v.t. pret. hewed, pp. hewed D. hedwan, [A. Sax. hewn. or houwen, G. hauen, Icel. hoggva, Dan. hugge, to hew; akin hoe, hay.] To

—

To

of

sexual.]

A

het'e«ro«je"ni«us, a.

:

persons

and

relationships the opposite

het'er«o«sphere, n. [Gr. heteros, other, and sphere.] layer of the atmosphere stretching about 22,000 miles. heterosporous, het'er«o«spor"us, a. [Gr. heteros, different, sporos, seed.] With spores of different kinds. heterotaxy, het'e«ro»tak"si, n. [Gr. heteros, other, and taxis, arrangement.] Arrangement other than normal; confused or abnormal arrangement or structure.

elements opposed to homogeneous. heterogeneously, het'e«ro«je"ni«us«li, heterogeneousness, heterogeadv.

hesitating. hcesito, [L. hcesitatum, intens. from hczreo, hcesum, to stick, as in adhere, cohere, inherent.]

to

heterosphere,

[Gr. heteros, other, and genos, kind.] Differing in kind; composed of dissimilar or incongruous parts or

hertzian waves, hert'si«an wavz, n. [From Heinrich Hertz, G. physicist.]

relating

sex.

—

herself. See her.

or

between

[Gr. heteros, other, gamos, marriage.] Bot. irregular in regard to the arrangement of the sexes; having florets of different sexes in the same heterogamy, het«e— flower head. rog'a«mi, n.

lighted candles were placed in some of the ceremonies of the church, and at the obsequies of distinguished persons ; sometimes a hearse.

het*er*0'seks'shu«al,

adj. [Gr. heteros, other,

history.

heterogamous, het«e«rog'a'mus,

A

heterophyllous,

fungi, life

state

other, onoma, name.] the same spelling as another but a different pronunciation; a different name for the same thing.

living on more than one kind of host in the course of the

herse, hers, n. [Fr. herse, O.Fr. herce, a harrow, a portcullis; same as hearse.] A portcullis in the form of a harrow, set with iron spikes; a similar structure used for a cheval-

The

word with

A

A

n.

heteros,

A

A

—

——

th, thin;

n. [Gr. and metron, measure.] six, hex, Pros, a verse of six feet, the first four of which may be either dactyls or spondees, the fifth normally a dactyl, though sometimes a spondee, and the sixth always a spondee.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

— —— —

——

——

—— —

hexangular

—

a.

Having

402

metrical

six

nobility; a

feet.

hexametric, hexametral, hek«sa«met'rik, hek«sam'ewal, a. Consisting of six metrical feet; forming a hexameter.

hexangular, hek«sang'gu«ler, a. [Gr. hex, six, and E. angular.] Having six angles.

[Gr. hexaplous, sixfold hex, six, and term, as in double.] An edition of the Holy Scriptures in six languages or six versions in parallel columns. hexaplar, hek'sa»pler, a. Pertaining to a hexapla. hexapod, hek'sa«pod, a. [Gr. hex, six, and pous, podos, a foot.] Having six n.

pi.

feet. n. An animal having six feet. hexastich, hexastichon, hek'sa-stik,

hek»sas'ti«kon,

[Gr.

n.

stichos, a verse.]

A poem

six, hex, consisting

of six lines or verses.

hey, ha. [Comp. G. and D. hei.] An exclamation of joy or to call attention.

heyday,

ha'da,

interj.

[Comp. G.

heyda, heidi, heia, huzzah! heyday!] An exclamation of cheerfulness and sometimes of wonder. heyday, ha'da, n. [Equivalent to highday.] frolic; the wildness, or frolicsome period of youth. hiatus, hi«a'tus, n. [L., from hio, to open or gape.] An opening; a gap; a space from which something is wanting; a lacuna; pros, the coming together of two vowels in two successive syllables or words.

A

hibernal, hi«ber'nal, a. [L. hibernalis, from hibernus, wintry, akin to hiems, winter; Gr. chion, Skr. hima, snow.] Belonging or relating to winter; hibernate, hi'ber«nat, v.i. wintry. hibernated, hibernating. [L. hiberno, hibernatum.] To winter; to pass the winter in sleep or seclusion, as some animals. hibernation, hi«ber«na'shon, n. The act of hibernating. hibernaculum, hi«ber«nak'u«lum, n. The winter retreat of an animal. Hibernian, hi«ber'ni«an, a. [L. Hibernia, Ireland.] Pertaining to Hin. bernia, now Ireland; Irish. native or inhabitant of Ireland.

— —

A

Hibernianism,

Hibernicism,

hl«-

ber'ni«an«izm, hi«ber'ni«sizm, n. An idiom or mode of speech peculiar to the Irish. hibiscus, hi«bis'kus, n. [Gr. hibiskos.] Any of a large genus (Hibiscus) of herbs, shrubs or small trees of the mallow family, having showy flowers. hiccup, hiccough, hik'up, n. [Imitative.] A spasmodic catching in the breath with a sudden sound; a convulsive catch of the respiratory muscles repeated at short intervals. v.t. and i. To have, or say with, hiccups.

hickory, Indian.]

hide, hid,

hik'o«ri,

A

n.

North

[North Amer.

American

tree

of the walnut family with pinnate leaves, growing from 70 to 80 feet high, the wood of which is heavy, strong, tenacious, and very valuable. hidalgo, hi-dal'go, Sp. pron. e«daTgo, n. [Sp., contr. for hijodalgo, hijo de hijo, from algo, son of somebody L. filius, son, and algo, from L. aliquod, something, somewhat.] In Spain, a man belonging to the lower fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

gentleman by

v.t.

—hid

hieroglyph, hieroglyphic,

birth.

(pret.), hid,

keep secret; to conceal.

v.i.

To

conceal one's self; to lie concealed. hid, hidden, hid, hid'n, p. and a. Concealed; placed in secrecy; secret; unseen; mysterious. hider, hi'der, n. One who hides or conceals.

hide, hid,

n. [A.Sax. hyd=T>. huid, huth, Dan. and Sw. hud, G. haut, hide; cog. L. cutis, Gr. skutos, the skin of a beast, from root meaning to cover, as in hide, v.t.] The skin of an animal; especially, the undressed skin of the larger domestic animals, as oxen, horses, etc. ; the human skin, in contempt. v.t. To beat; to flog. (Colloq.) hiding, hi 'ding, n. flogging or beating. hidebound, (Colloq.) hid'bound, a. Having the skin tight on the body, said of horses or cattle;

Icel,

—

—

A

narrowminded unyielding ;

in opin-

[A.Sax. hid, contr. from higid, a hide; same root as hive.] An old measure of land variously estimated at 60, 80, and 100 acres. hideous, hid'e«us, a. [Fr. hideux, O.Fr. hisdous, rough, shaggy, hideous, from L. hispidosus, for hispidus, rough, shaggy.] Frightful to the sight; dreadful; shocking to the eye; shocking in any way; detestable; hideously, hid'e«us«li,acfo. horrible. In a hideous manner. hideousness, hid'e«us«nes, n. hideout, hid 'out, n. A place of refuge

hide, hid,

n.

—

and concealment.

—

hi, [A.Sax. v.i. hied, hieing. higian, to endeavor, to hasten; per-

hie,

haps from hyge, hige, the mind, thought; comp. D. hijgen, Dan. hige, to covet.] To move or run with haste; to go in haste (often with him, me, etc., reflexively; as, he hied him home). hierarch, hi'er»ark, n. [Gr. hieros, sacred, and arche, rule.] One who rules or has authority in sacred hierarchical, hierarchic, things. hi«er«ar'kik, hi«er«ar'ki«kal, a. Pertaining to a hierarch or hierarchy. hierarchically, hi«er«ar'ki«kal«li, adv. In a hierarchic manner. hierarchy, hi'er«ar'ki, n. Authority in sacred things; a ranking of individuals, as of officials according to their power in government or in the church; arrangement of scientific items according to their logical relationships. hieratic, hieratical, hi«er«at'ik, hi--

—

hieratikos, from hieros, holy.] Consecrated to sacred uses; pertaining to priests; sacred; sacerdotal; especially applied to the er«at'i«kal,

a.

[Gr.

characters or mode of writing used by the ancient Egyptian priests, a development from the hieroglyphics.

hierocracy,

hi«er»ok ra«si,

n.

[Gr.

and kratos, power.] Government by ecclesiastics; hierholy,

archy.

me, met, her;

hi'er«o«glif"ik,

glif,

hi'er«o«-

[Gr.

n.

hieros,

sacred, and glypho, to carve.] The figure of an animal, plant, or other object intended to convey a meaning or stand for an alphabetical character; a figure implying a word, an idea, or a sound, such as those in use among the ancient Egyptians; a figure having a hidden or enigmatical significance; a character difficult to decipher. hieroglyphical, hi'er»o«glif"i«kal, a. Forming a hieroglyphic; consisting of hieroglyphics; expressive of meaning by hieroglyphics. hieroglyphically, hi'er«o»glif"i«kal-li, adv. In a hieroglyphic manner. hieroglyphist, hi'er«o«glif«ist, n. One versed in hieroglyphics. hierology, hi«er«ol'o«ji, n. [Gr. hieros, sacred, and logos, discourse.] Sacred lore; knowledge of hieroglyphics or sacred writing. hierophant, hi'er«o«fant, n. [Gr. hierophantes hieros, sacred, and phaino, to show.] priest; one who teaches the mysteries and duties of religion. hierophantic, hi'er«0'fan"tik, a. Belonging to hier-

—

—

A

ophants.

ion.

hieros,

— —

high

hidden (pp.), hiding (ppr.). [A. Sax. hydan, to hide; cog. W. cuddiaw, to cover, cudd, darkness, Gr. keutho, to hide; akin hide, skin.] To withhold or withdraw from sight or knowledge; to

hexapla, hek'sa«pla,

——— —— ——

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

[Abbrev. for high n. Life-like sound reproduction or high fidelity; the .radio or phonographic equipment that repro-

hi-fi,

hi'fi,

fidelity.]

duces

sound

with

comparatively

slight distortion.

higgle, hig'l, v.i.—higgled, higgling. [A weaker form of haggle, to chaffer.]

To

haggle.

high,

hi, a.

higgler, hig'l«er, n.

[A.Sax. hedh,

heh^Goxh.

hauhs, Icel. hdr, Dan. hoi, D. hoog, G. hoch, high; hence height.] Having a great extent from base to summit; rising much above the ground or some other object; elevated, lofty, tall; exalted, excellent, superior (mind, attainments, art); elevated in rank, condition, or office; difficult to comprehend; abstruse; arrogant, boastful, proud; loud, boisterous, threatening, or angry (high words); extreme, intense, strong, forcible; exceeding the common measure or degree (a high wind; high color); full or complete (high time); dear; of a great price, or greater price than usual; remote from the equator north or south (a high latitude); mus. acute or elevated in tone; capital; committed against the king, sovereign, or state (high treason); cook- tending towards putrefaction; strong-scented (venison kept till Used substantively for it is high). people of rank or high station (high and low). lofty position.

On

high, aloft; in a

High and dry, out

of the water; out of reach of the current or waves. High altar, the chief altar a church. High in Church, that branch of the Church of England known as the AngloCatholic Church, in contradistinction to the Protestant Episcopal Church. High day, a festival or gala day. High day, high noon, the time when the sun is in the meridian. High Dutch, High German, dutch, germax. High life, the style of High living of the upper classes.

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

— —— —

———

——

living, indulgence in rich or costly food and drink. High Mass, principal Mass, a solemn ceremony in which the priest is assisted by a deacon and subdeacon. High place,

eminence or mound on were offered, espeheathen deities. High to the school next above a

in Scrip, an cially

school,

who

hip

robs on the public road or highway. high-wrought, a. Agitated to a high degree. hike, hik, v.i. [Perhaps from hitch.] To walk or tramp for some distance, usually in the country; to march,

sacrifices

or elementary school, usually public and offering a four-year To be on the high horse, to course. mount one's high horse, to stand on one's dignity; to assume a lofty tone adv. In or manner; to take offense. a high manner; to a great altitude; highhighly; richly; luxuriously. ball, hi'bal, n. An iced alcoholic drink, made of spirits mixed with soda or ginger ale, etc., and served

soldier;

To

v.t.

to

as

raise,

a

lift

price. to

A

;

hilarity,

from L. rus,

hi«lar'i«ti,

n.

[Fr.

from

hilaritas,

Gr.

hilarite,

hilaris, hila-

cheerful; hence pleasurable excitement

hilaros,

exhilarate.]

A

of the animal spirits; mirth; merriment; gaiety. Hilary term, a law term beginning near the festival of St. Hilary, which is January 13. hilarious, hi«la'ri«us, a. Mirthful;

O.D.

[A.Sax.

hille, hil;

the southern Appalachians or the Ozarks. (Colloq.) hilliness, hil'i— hillside, hil'sld, n. The side nes, n. a. ners. (Colloq.) hilltop, hil'or declivity of a hill. top, n. The top or summit of a hill. freadj. hilly, hil'i, a. Consisting of hills. quency above the audible hillock, hfl'ok, n. [Dim. of hill.] particularly a radio frequency. small hill. highhanded, a. Oppressive; violent; hilt, hilt, n. [A.Sax. hilt, hilt = Icel. highland, hi'land, n. An arbitrary. hjalt, Dan. hjalte, O.H.G. helza; region: elevated or mountainous same root as helve.] The handle of [cap.] generally in plural (the Higha sword, dagger, etc. a. Pertaining to lands of Scotland). hilum, hi'lum, n. [L.] The mark or highlands, [cap.] especially the Highscar on a seed (as the black patch on a highlander, hi'lands of Scotland. bean) produced by its separation land«er, n. An inhabitant of highlands, from the placenta. [cap.] particularly the Highlands of him, him, pron. [In A.Sax. the dative Highland fling, n. A Scotland. and instrumental of he and hit, he sort of dance peculiar to the Scottish and it, afterwards used instead of Highlanders, danced by one person. hine, the real accusative sing, masc; high-hat, n. snob. v.t. To is properly a dative suffix, as in snub someone. highly, hi'li, adv. them, whom.] The dative and objecIn a high manner or to a high himself, him»self, tive case of he. degree; greatly; decidedly; markedly. pron. An emphatic and reflexive high-minded, a. Characterized by, form of the 3rd pers. pron. masc; or pertaining to, elevated principles he himself, the man as, himself, and feelings. : high-mindedness, n. himself, told me; it was himself, or highness, hi'nes, n. [cap.] A title he himself; he struck himself. It of honor given to princes or other often implies that the person has persons of rank: used with poss. command of himself, or is possessed high-pressure, pron. his, her, etc. of his natural frame or temper; a. Having a pressure much greater as, he is not himself at all; he soon than that of the normal pressure of came to himself. By himself, alone; the atmosphere; pressing, intense, unaccompanied. high priest, n. A chief Himyaritic, him»yaTit'ik, a. [From urgent. highroad, n. priest. highway, Himyar, an ancient king of Yemen.] hence, an easy way. high seas, n. pi. Pertaining to the ancient Arabic of The open sea or ocean; the ocean Southeast Arabia. n. The language beyond the limit of 3 miles from the of Southeast Arabia. shore. high-sounding, a. Pompous; bin, hin, n. [Heb.] Hebrew measostentatious bombastic. high-spirure containing about 5 quarts. ited, a. Having a high spirit; bold; hind, hind, n. [A.Sax. hind^G. and manly. high-strung, a. Having D. hinde, Icel., Dan., and Sw. hind.] some intense emotion. high tension, The female of the red deer, the stag adj. Having a high voltage; capable being the male. of operating under a voltage of ,000 hind, hind, n. [A.Sax. hine, hina, with volts or more. high tide, n. High d affixed, as in lend, sound; akin water. high-toned, a. High in tone hive.] In England an agricultural or pitch; high-principled; dignified; laborer. chic. highway, hi'wa, n. A public hind, hind, a. [A.Sax. hind, hind, road; a way open to all travelers. hindan, behind; Goth, hindana, hin-

One who —highflier, extravagant in pretensions or man—high-flown, Elevated; proud; turgid; extravagant. Any — high frequency, range, is

—

—

—

A

—

—

—

A

—

—

—

A

—

—

— —

highwayman, ch, chain;

A

—

;

—

—

hi'wa«man, ch, Sc. loch;

1

n.

One

g, go;

dar, j,

job;

O.H.G. ng, siw^;

hintar,

TH,

G. then;

hinten,

is

sometimes

omitted). v.i. To interpose obstaimpediments. hinderer, cles or hin'der«er, n. One who hinders. hindrance, hin'drans, n. The act of hindering; that which hinders; impediment; obstruction; obstacle. Hindu, Hindoo, hhvdo' or hin'do, n. disciple of Hinduism; an Asiatic hindooism, Hinduism, Indian. hin'd6»izm, n. The doctrines and rites of the Hindus; Brahmanism.

—

A

—

Hindustani, hin«do»stan'i, n. A language of Hindustan, akin to Sanskrit, but having a large admixture of Persian and Arabic words, spoken more or less throughout nearly the whole Peninsula. Hindi, hin'di, n. A language of Northern India akin Hindustani, but much more to purely Sanskrit. hinge, hinj, n. [Probably from hang, O. and Prov. E. and Sc. hing; comp. Prov. E. hingle, a small hinge; D.

—

hengsel, a hinge.] The hook or joint on which a door, lid, gate, or shutter, and the like turns; the joint of a bivalve shell; fig. that on which anything depends or turns; a governing principle, rule, or point.

—

—

—

from going; the from

m

—

— —

to stop; to interrupt; to obstruct; to impede; to check or retard in progression or motion; to debar; to shut out; to balk; often with from and a verbal noun (to hinder him

a hill; as L. collis,

—

Sound reproduction by radio or phonograph to closely approximate the original; shortened form,

ity.

—

—

hill, hyll,

same root

natural a hill, columna, a column.] elevation less than a mountain; an eminence rising above the level of the surrounding land; a heap (a hillbilly, One who molehill), n. lives in a rough, hilly region, such as

—

n.

—

A

high explosintellectual. (Slang) Explosives of extremely ives, n. powerful class, especially such as are based on nitroglycerine. high fidel-

hi-fi.

behind, hinter, hind; hence to hinBackward; pertaining to the part which follows or is behind; hinder, hin'der, opposite of fore. a. In the rear; following; after. hindmost, hlnd'most, a. [A.Sax. hindema, hindmost; the -most is a corruption as in foremost (which see).] Farthest behind; behind all hindsight, hind'sit, n. others; last. Rear sight on a gun; judgment of an incident after it has passed; opposite of foresight. hinder, hin'der, v.t. [A.Sax. hindrian, to hinder, from hinder, compar. of hind, a. (which see).] To prevent from proceeding or from starting; der.]

merry. hill, nil, n.

An

—

—

up with a jerk; n. increase an amount suddenly. walk or tramp a march.

—

highborn, a. Being in a tall glass. highbrow, n. of noble birth.

a

as

—

grammar

— —

— —— ——

403

hike

which

—

— —

—

To furnish with hinges. v.i. hinged, hinging. To stand, depend, or turn, as on a hinge. hint, hint, n. [Perhaps from O.E. hente, A.Sax. hentan, to seize; comp. also Icel. ymtr, a muttering.] motive or occasion (Shak.); a distant allusion or slight mention; a word or two suggesting or insinuating something; a suggestion. v.t. To bring to notice by a hint; to suggest indirectly. .'. To hint is merely to make some reference or allusion that may or may not be apprehended; to suggest is to offer something definite for consideration. v.i. To make or utter a hint. To hint at, hinter, hin'ter, n. to allude to. One who hints. hintingly, hin'ting«li, adv. In a hinting manner. hinterland, hin'ter»land, n. [G.] The outlying region, remote from any v.t.

A

—

—

towns. hip, hip, n. [A.Sax. hype = Icel. huppr, Dan. hofte, Goth, hups, D. heup, G. hufte; akin to heap, perhaps^ to hump.] The fleshy projecting part of the thigh; the haunch; arch, the

th, thin;

w, wig,

hw, whig;

zh, a^ure.

— ———— ——

— ——

—— —— — ———

;

—

hip

404

external angle at the junction of two sloping roofs or sides of a roof. To have a person on the hip, to have the advantage over him; to have got some catch on him. To smite hip

engage in service for a stipulated reward; to grant the temporary use or service of for compensation; to let: in this sense usually with out,

and

thigh,

the

ends of which slope inwards

pensation given for the temporary use of anything; the reward or recompense paid for personal service; hireling, hir'ling, n. [A.Sax. wages. hyreling.] One who is hired or who serves for wages; a venal or mercenary person. a. Venal; merce-

to overthrow completely with great slaughter (O.T.). v.t.— hipped, hipping. To sprain or dislocate the hip. hip joint, n. The joint of the hip, a ball-andhip roof, n. socket joint. roof,

A

with the same inclination to the horizon as its two other sides. hipshot, a. Having the hip dislocated; lame; awkward. hip, hip, n. [A. Sax. heope.] The fruit of the dog rose or wild brier. hip, hip, n. [Contr. of hypochondria.] Hypochondria. v.t. To render hypochondriac or melancholy. hipped,' hipt, p. and a. Rendered

melancholy characterized by melan;

hippish, hip'ish, a. Somewhat melancholy or hypochondriac. hip, hip, inter]. An exclamation expressive of a call to any one or to arouse attention {hip, hip, hip, hurcholy.

rah!).

hippocras, hip'o«kras, n. [Fr., lit. wine of Hippocrates.] A medicinal drink, composed of wine with an infusion of spices and other ingredients, used as a cordial. Hippocratic, hip«o«krat'ik, a. Pertaining to Hippocrates, a Greek physician, born 460 B.C. Hippocratic oath, pledge to a code of ethics taken

by

those

entering

upon

medical

practice.

Hippocrene,

hip'o«kren,

n.

[Gr.

horse fount.] Fountain on Mount Helicon, the seat of the Muses in Boeotia, produced by the stamp of the foot of the winged horse Pegasus source of poetic inspiration. hippodrome, hip'o«dr6m, n. [Gr. hippodromos hippos, a horse, dromos, a course.] Anciently, a place in which horse races and chariot races

—

were performed; a

circus.

hippogriff, hippogryph, hip'o«grif, [Gr. hippos, a horse, and gryps, a griffon.] A fabulous monster, half horse and half griffon. hippophagy, hip«pof'a«ji, n. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and phago, to eat.] The act or practice of feeding on n.

horse-flesh.

pof'a«gus,

hippophagous, a. Feeding on

hip— horse

flesh.

hippopotamus, hip«o«pot'a'mus, pi.

n.

hippopotamuses or hippopotami,

hip«o«pot'a»mus«ez, hip«o«pot'a»mi. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and potamos, a river.] A hoofed quadruped of great bulk inhabiting lakes and rivers in Africa, being an excellent swimmer and diver, and feeding on herbage. hircine, her 'sin, a. [L. hircinus, from hircus, a goat.] Pertaining to or resembling a goat; having a strong, rank smell like a goat; goatish. hire, hlr, v.t. hired, hiring. [A. Sax. hyrian, from hyr, hire; Dan. hyre, to hire, hyre, wages, Sw. hyra, G. heuer, hire.] To procure from another person and fcr temporary use at a certain price or equivalent;

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

————

nary.

reflexively.

hirer,

hi'rer,

n.

of

n.

history; a historical writer. historic, historical, his«tor'ik, his»tor'i«kal, a. [L. historicus.] Pertaining to or connected with history; containing or contained in, deduced from, suitable to, representing, etc., history. historically, his«tor'i«kal«li, adv. In a historic manner. historied,f his'to«rid, a. Recorded in historiographer, history. his«to'ri«og"ra«fer, n. historian; particularly, a professed or official hishistoriography, his«to'n«torian.

The com-

One

—

A

that

hires.

The art or employment of a historian; the writing of history. histrionic, histrionical, his«tri»onog"ra«fi, n.

hirsute, her«sut', a. [L. hirsutus, shaggy, from hirtus, hairy, connected with horrid.] Rough with hair; hairy; shaggy. hirsuteness,

ik, his'tri'on'i'kal, a. [L. histrionicus,

from

swallow. his, hiz, pron. [In A.Sax. the genit. sing, of he, he, and of hit, it.] The possessive case singular of the personal pronoun he ; of or belonging to him; formerly also used for its. hispid, his'pid, a. hispidus, [L. hairy, hideous.] Rough; rough, shaggy; bristly; hot. beset with hispidity, his«pid'i«ti, stiff bristles. n. The state of being hispid. hispidulous, his«pid'u«lus, a. Bot. having short stiff hairs. hiss, his, v.i. [A.Sax. hysian, O.D. hissen, imitative of sound.] To make a sound like that of the letter s, in contempt or disapprobation; to emit a similar sound; said of serpents, of water thrown on hot

metal,

etc,

to

v.t.

disapproval

manners or deportment. hit,

with.]

—

—

hishistologist, his'tol'o'jist, n. tology, his«toro«ji, n. The science which deals with the microscopic structure of the tissues and organs. history, his'to«ri, n. [L. historia, a history, from Gr. historia, a learning by inquiry, from G. histor, knowing, learned.] That branch of knowledge which deals with events that have taken place in the world's existence; the study or investigation of the past; a narrative or account of an event or series of events in the life of a nation, or that have marked the progress or existence of any community or institution; a verbal relation of facts or events; a narrative; an account of things that a description; an account exist; of an individual person. historian, his»t6'ri«an, n. A writer or compiler

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

[Same as meet or touch with some

hit,

strike

hitting.

hitte, to hit, to

; not to miss ; to give to; to reach or attain to an object desired; to light upon; to get hold of or come at (to hit a likeness);

to suit; to agree with. v.i. To strike; to meet; to clash: followed by n. The against or on-, to agree; suit. act of hitting; the blow which successfully strikes the target aimed at; a person or thing that is a noted success; baseball, a blow by which the ball is knocked, permitting the batter to get on base; an effective

hit-and-miss, a. sometimes not; hit-and-run, a. Baseball, a

phrase or remark.

Sometimes

A

histological, his«to«loj'i«kal, a. [Gr. histos, tissue.] Pertaining to histology.

To

—

Dan.

blow

a

pronouncing the

gastric secretions in treating certain diseases.

v.t.

degree of force

of

histamine, his'taTnen, n. [Histadine and amine.] A substance occurring in animal and vegetable tissues, used to dilate blood vessels and stimulate

hit,

Icel. hitta,

by hissing.—n. The sound made by propelling the breath between the tongue and upper teeth, as in letter s, especially as expressive of disapprobation ; any similar sound. hist, hist, exclam. [Origin unknown.] word silence, commanding equivalent to hush, be silent.

an actor; same root

A

To condemn by

express

histrio,

as Skr. has, to laugh at.] Pertaining to an actor or stage player; belonging to stage playing; theatrical; stagey; feigned for purposes of effect. histrionic,f his'tri«on'ik, n. dramatic performer. histrionically, his«tri«on'i«kal»li, adv. In a histrionic manner. histrionics, his«tri«on iks, n. The art of theatrical representation. histrionism, histrionicism, his'tri'On'izm, his«tri«on'i«sizm, n. Stage playing; theatrical or artificial

her«sut'nes, n. hirundine, hi«run'din, a. and n. [L. hirundo, a swallow.] Swallow-like; a

hissing;

—

hither

to

and often

——— — —

careless.

effective,

play in which a runner starts for the next base, as the pitcher starts to pitch and the batter tries to hit the ball behind the runner; a term for motor vehicle drivers who leave the scene of an accident in which they are hitter, hit'er, n. involved. hitch, hich, v.i. [Comp. Prov. E. hick, to hop or spring; G. dial. hiksen, to limp; Sc. hatch, to move by jerks, to hobble; Prov. E. huck, to shrug.] To move by jerks or with stops; to become entangled; to be caught or hooked (the cord hitched on a branch); to be linked or yoked. v.t. To fasten; to yoke; to make fast; to hook; to raise or pull up; to raise by jerks (to hitch up one's trousers).— n. A catch; an impediment; a breakdown, especially of nature; a casual and temporary a heave or pull up; temporary help or assistance (to give one a hitch); matt, a kind of knot or noose in a rope for fastening it to an object. hitchhike, hich hik. v.i. To travel by getting free rides, especially in automobiles. hitchhiker, passing hich hik»er, n. hither, hiTH'er, adv. [A.Sax. hider,

move;

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — — ————————

— — —— —

——

—

Dan. hob, a heap; hump is akin, and hobnail is a compound.] The part of a grate or fireplace on which

Goth, hidre, Icel. hethra, hither, from stem of he with comparative suffix.] To this place; here: with verbs signifying motion. Hither and thither, to this place and that. a. On this side or in hitherto, this direction; nearer. hiTH'er«to, adv. To this time or hitherward, adv. place; until now. Toward this place. hive, hiv, n. [A. Sax. hyf, hyfe, hyfi, a hive; probably of same root as L. cupa, a cup, whence E. cup, cupola, hither,

things are placed kept warm.

hobble, hob'i,

—hobbled,

mortar and bricks to masons and bricklayers, fixed to the end of a a pole, and borne on the shoulder. hod carrier, hodman, a worker who carries bricks or mortar in

hobbling.

D. hobbelen, to hobble, to stammer.] walk lamely, bearing chiefly on one leg; to limp; to walk awkwardly; to wabble or wobble; fig. to halt or fication.

move

hopple.

n.

—

uncertain origin.] A raw gawky youth approaching manhood.

To

hobby,

[Comp.

hob'i, n.

Fr. hoberau,

dim. of O.Fr. hobe, a little bird of prey.] A small but strong- winged

Old World falcon. hobby, hob'i, n. [M.E. hoby, hobyn, perhaps for Hobbin, nickname of

A

Robert or Robin.] A favorite pursuit; an interest apart from one's regular work, as painting or gardening, en-

[A. Sax. hdr, hoary, grayhaired; Icel. hdrr, hoar, hcera, gray hair, hoariness; comp. Sc. haar, a whitish mist.] White (hoara.

hoj'poj, n. [Corruption of hotchpot.] A mixed mass; a medley of ingredients; in Scotland, a thick soup of vegetables boiled with beef or mutton (in this sense always

A

halting gait; a difficulty; a scrape; a clog; a fetter. hobbler, hob'ler, n. One that hobbles. hobblingly, hob'ling'li, adv. hobbledehoy, hob'l«di«hoi, n. [Of

To

a hod.

hodgepodge,

irregularly in versi-

To

v.t.

hotch-potch). n. [O.Fr. hoe, Fr. houe, from the German; O.H.G. houwa, G. hew.] An instrument for haue. cutting up weeds and loosening the earth in fields and gardens. To cut, dig, hoed, hoeing. v.t. v.i. scrape, or clean with a hoe. To use a hoe. hog, hog, n. [W. hwch, Corn, hoch, Armor, houch hoch, a sow, swine, hog.] swine; a pig, or any animal of that species; a castrated boar; a sheep of a year old; a brutal fellow;

hoe, ho,

—

A

particles

corruption of Robin, Robert.] goblin; an elf; an imp. hobnail, hob'nal, n. [Hob, a projection, and nail.] nail with a thick strong head used for shoeing horses, or for the soles of heavy boots. hobnailed, hob'nald, a. Set with hobnails; rough. hobnob, hob'nob, v.i. [Lit., have or not have, drink if it please you A. Sax. habban, to have, and nabban, for ne habban, not to have.] To drink familiarly; to clink glasses; to be boon or intimate companions. hobo, ho'bo, n. [From hey and beau.] elf;

=

A

A migratory hock, hok,

—

hoarder,

hor'der,

n.

One

n.

Icel.

who

[O.Fr. horde, a

hockey,

[Same

as

hogshead, hogz'hed, n. [Corrupted from D. okshoofd, Dan. oxehoved, the measure called a hogshead, and

hok'i,

n.

[From

ice (ice

hook.]

meaning.] A large cask, especially a cask containing from 63 to 140 gallons; a liquid measure of 63 gallons or 238.5 liters; abbreviated to hhd.

hoiden, hoi'dn. See hoyden. hoist,

—

vented

word

A juggler's trick jurers. j,

job;

v.t.

imitative of Latin.] ; trickery used by con-

and

ng, sing;

To cheat; TH, then;

i.

hoist,

v.t.

[O.E.

hoise,

Sc.

heese^D. hijsschen, hysen, L.G. hissen, Dan. heise, hisse, to hoist; the t was added as in against, amongst.]

A

hocus, ho'kus, v.t. hocussed, hocussing. [The hocus of hocus-pocus.] To impose upon; to cheat; to hoax; to stupefy with drugged liquor for the purpose of cheating or robbing; hocusto drug for this purpose. pocus, ho'kus«p6'kus, n. [An in-

head; probably modified term of quite other

some

from

hockey) or

a field (field hockey) in which opposing teams try to send a rubber disk or a ball into each other's goal. hockey stick, a club curved at the lower end, used in the game of

hockey.

ox's

lit.

in

hub; comp. g, go;

D.

game played on

grating voice, as when affected with a cold; giving out a harsh, rough cry or sound. hoarsely, hors'li, adv. In a hoarse manner. hoarsen, hor'sn, v.t. and i. To make or to grow hoarse. hoarseness, hors'nes, n. The state or quality of being hoarse. hoax, hoks, n. [For hocus.] Something done for deception or mockery; a trick played off in sport; a practical joke. v.t. To play a trick upon for sport or without malice. hoaxer, hok'ser, n. One that hoaxes. ch, Sc. loch;

nane, O.Fr. aguillanneuf, a cry used in connection with New Year's gifts, and the last day of December, meaning perhaps 'to the mistletoe the New Year'.] The name given in Scotland to the last day of the year.

still.

husky = Icel. hdss, Dan. haes, D. heesch, G. heiser, hoarse: the r is intrusive.] Having a harsh, rough,

n.

hogmanay, hog'ma«na, n. [Of French origin, and same as Norman hogui-

the fetlock.

hurdle.] A timber enclosure round a building when the latter is in the course of erection or undergoing alteration or repair. hoarse, hors, a. [A. Sax. has, hoarse,

ch, chain;

ha,

[From Navaho

n.

qoghan, a hut.] The dwelling of the Navaho Indian, a hut made of earth and branches.

[A. Sax. hoh, the heel; hak.] The joint of

hock, hok, v.t. [D. hok, hovel, prison.] To hamstring; to pawn; to pledge. hock, hok, n. [G. Hochheimer, from Hochheim, in Nassau, where it is produced.] A light sort of Rhenish wine which is either sparkling or

barrier,

hob, hob,

hogan, ho'gan,

an animal between the knee and

hoards.

hoarding, hor 'ding,

— — hoggishness, hog'-

worker; a tramp.

n.

filthy.

hogwash, n. The reish«nes, n. fuse of a kitchen or a brewery, or like matter given to swine; swill.

A

hairs; canescent. hoard, hord, n. [A. Sax. hord O.Sax. and G. hort, Icel. hood, Goth, huzd, hoard, treasure; from root of house, and of L. custos, a guardian.] store, stock, or large quantity of anything accumulated or laid up; a hidden stock. v.t. To collect and lay up in a hoard; to amass and deposit in secret: often followed by up. v.i. To collect and form a hoard ; to lay up store of money.

and

hoggish manner.

A

hoariness, ho'ri«nes, n. The state of being hoary. hoary, ho'ri, a. White or gray with age; hence, fig. remote in time past; hot. covered with short, dense, grayish-white

mean

is

hog'ish, a. Having the qualities of a hog; brutish; filthy. hoggishly, hog'ish»li, adv. In a

hoggish,

joyed as a relaxation.

hoarfrost, n. The white of frozen dew, rime.

who

one

hobbyhorse, hob'i«hors, n. [Comp. D. hoppe, a mare.] A figure of a frost); gray or grayish white; white horse on which children ride. with age; hoary. n. Hoariness; hobgoblin, hob'gob'lin, n. [From antiquity.—v.i. To become moldy hob, formerly a rustic, a clown, an or musty.

A

hold.]

order to be

To

A

hor,

v.i.

in

n. [Northern English for kind of trough for carrying

hod, hod,

[From or connected with hop; comp.

goblet, etc.] box or kind of basket for the reception and habitation of a swarm of honeybees; the bees inhabiting a hive; a place swarming with busy occupants. v.t. hived, hiving. collect into a hive; to cause to enter a hive; to lay up in store for future use. v.i. take shelter together; to reside in a collective body. hives, hlvz, n. [Perhaps akin to heave.) The eruption of urticaria. ho, hoa, ho' ho'a, interj. [Fr. ho, Icel. ho.] cry or call to arrest attention.

hoar,

hokum

405

hive

———

—

To

heave

raise

by means of block and

The

or

raise;

especially

to

tackle.

of hoisting; that by is hoisted a machine for elevating goods, passengers, etc., in a warehouse, hotel, and the like; an elevator. pp. Hoisted. hoity-toity, hoi'ti«toi'ti. An exclamation denoting surprise or disapprobation, with some degree of contempt; equivalent to pshaw! a. Elated; flighty; petulant. hokum, hokum, n. [hocus-pocus.] Material, especially speech, given a deliberate simulation of significance in order to excite interest and emotion; pleasing and effective non-

to trick. th, thin;

n.

act

which anything

sense; bunk;

w, wig;

empty

hw, whig;

;

talk; claptrap.

zh, azure.

— —— ——

— ——

—

hold

capacity to receive and contain; to retain within itself; to keep from running or flowing out; to keep possession of; to maintain, uphold, preserve; not to lose; to be in possession of; to possess, occupy, own, keep; to have or to entertain (to hold enmity) ; to derive or deduce title to (he held lands of the king); to stop, restrain, withhold; to keep fixed, as to a certain line of action; to bind or oblige (to hold one to his promise); to keep in continuance or practice (to hold intercourse); to prosecute or carry on, observe,

pursue

(a course, an argument); celebrate, solemnize, carry out (a feast, a meeting); to occupy or keep employed; to engage the attention of. To hold in play, to keep occupied so as to withdraw from

to

something else. To hold water {fig.), to be logically sound or capable of standing investigation, To hold in, to guide with a tight rein; hence, to restrain, check, repress. To hold off, to keep off; to keep from touching.— 7o hold out, to extend; to stretch forth; hence, to propose; to offer. To hold up, to raise; to keep in an erect position; to sustain, support, uphold; to show, exhibit, put prominently forward. To hold one's own, to keep good one's present condition; not to lose ground. To hold one's peace, to keep silence. To hold the plow, v.i. To to guide it in plowing. take or keep a thing in one's grasp; to maintain an attachment; to continue firm; not to give way or break; to adhere; to stand, be valid, apply argument holds good, this (the holds true); to stand one's ground; generally with out (the garrison held out); to refrain; to be dependent

on

for possessions, to derive right

or

title:

of,

sometimes from;

to stop, stay, or wait; to cease or give over chiefly in the imperative. To hold forth, to speak in public. To hold off, to keep at a distance; To hold on, to avoid connection. to continue; to keep fast hold; to cling; to proceed in a course. To hold to, to cling or cleave to; to adhere. To hold with, to side with; to stand up for. To hold together, not to separate; to remain Hold on! hold hard! in union. grasp, gripe, stop; cease. «. clutch (often in to take hold, to lay hold) ; fig. mental grasp ; grasp on or

—

:

—

A

working on the mind; something which may be seized for influence

support; power of keeping; authorto seize or keep; claim; a ity place of confinement; a position of strength, a keep, stronghold; fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

— —

406

hold, hold, v.t. pret. & pp. held. [A. Sax. healdan Dan. holde, D. houden, I eel. ha Ida, Goth, haldan, G. halten, to hold; hence behold.] To have or grasp in the hand; to grasp and retain (to hold a sword, a pen, a candle); to bear, put, or keep in a certain position (to hold the hands up); to consider; to regard (I hold him in honor); to account (I hold it true); to contain, or to have

with

——

——

—

holy

the whole interior cavity of a ship between the bottom and deck or lowest deck (in this sense seems modified from D. hoi, a hole, a hold).

ship's

who

One

— holder,

or

hol'der,

n.

which holds; of exchange or a

that

a payee of a bill promissory note.

— holdfast,

hold'-

Something used to secure and hold in place something else. fast,

n.

holding,

A

tenure; a farm held of a superior; that which holds, binds, or influences. hole, hoi, n. [A. Sax. hoi, hollow, hole ; D. hoi, Icel. hoi, hola, a hollow, a cavity; G. hohl, hollow; of same root as A. Sax. helan, to cover, whence hell; or as Gr. koilos, hollow.] A hollow place or cavity in any solid body; a perforation, orifice, aperture, pit, rent, fissure, crevice, etc.; the excavated habitation of certain wild beasts; a mean habitation; a wretched abode. v.i. holed, v.t. holing. To go into a hole. To make a hole or holes in; to drive into a hole; mining, to undercut a hoi 'ding,

n.

—

coal seam. holily, holiness. See holy.

holiday, hol'i'da, n. [M.E. from O.E. haligdaeg, holy day.] Any day in which, by custom or law, ordinary business is suspended; a religious feast day; a day or several days

exempt from

labor.

holla, hollo, holloa, hoMa', hol-16'. [Fr. hold ho! ho! and la, there.] An exclamation to some one at a distance, in order to call attention or in answer to one that hails. v.i. To call, shout, or cry aloud. hoi land, hol'and, n. A kind of fine linen originally manufactured in Holland; also a coarser linen fabric used for covering furniture, carpets, Hollander, hol'an»der, n. A etc. Hollands, hol'native of Holland. andz, n. A sort of gin imported from Holland. hollow, hol'6, a. [A. Sax. holg, holh, a hollow space, from hoi, a hole. hole.] Containing an empty space within; having a vacant space within; not solid; concave; sunken (eye, cheek); sounding as if reverberated from a cavity; deep or low; not sincere or faithful; false; deceitful. n. A depression or excavation below the general level or in the substance v.t. To make of anything; a cavity. a hollow or cavity in, to excavate. adv. Utterly; completely (in certain phrases, as he beat him hollow). hollowhearted, a. Insincere; deceithollowly, hol'6«li, ful; not true. hollowadv. In a hollow manner. ness, hol'6«nes, n. The state or quality of being hollow. holly, hol'i, n. [O.E. holin, A.Sax.

—

—

—

—

—

holegn,

holen,

—

holly, allied to holly.] cuilionn,

W. An

Gael, evergreen tree or shrub with indented thorny leaves, and which produces clusters of beautiful red berries; also a name sometimes given to the holm oak, an evergreen oak. kneeholly, butcher's-broom. hollyhock, hol'i»hok, n. [Lit. holy hock hock being A.Sax. hoc, W. hocys, mallow; so called because celyn,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

brought from the Holy Land.] A tall single-stemmed biennial plant of the mallow family, a frequent ornament of gardens.

holm, holm

or horn, n. [A.Sax. L.G., G., and Dan. holm, a small island in a river; Sw. holme, Icel. holmr, an island.] A river island; a low flat tract of rich land by the side of a river.

holmium, hol'mi-um, n. [From

Stockholm, Sweden.] A metallic element, one of the rare-earth series. Symbol, Ho; at. no., 67; at. wt., 164.930. holm oak, holm or horn, n. [Lit. hollyoak, holm being from A.Sax. holen, holly, the leaves resembling those of the holly, holly.] The evergreen oak.

holoblast, hol'O'blast, n. [Gr. holos, whole, and blastos, a bud or germ.] Zool. an ovum consisting entirely of germinal matter, meroblast.

—

holoblastic, hol'0'blas*tik, a. Pertaining to a holoblast; of fertilized ova from which the embryo is formed by complete division or cleavage. holocaust, hol'o'kast, n. [Gr. holos,

whole, and kaustos, burned.] A burnt sacrifice or offering, the whole of which was consumed by fire; a great slaughter or sacrifice of life.

holograph, hol'o«graf, n. [Gr. holos, whole, and graphein, to write.] Any document, as a letter, deed, etc., wholly written by the person in whose name it appears. Used also holographic, holograph as an adj.

—

ical, a.

hol«o«graf'ik,

hol«o«graf'i«kal,

Being holograph; written by the

grantor or testator himself.

holophotal, hol»o«fo'tal, a. [Gr. holos, whole, and phos, photos, light.] Optics, reflecting the rays of light in one unbroken mass without

perceptible

loss.

holothurian, hol«o»thu'ri«an,

n. [Gr. holothourion, a sea animal; origin doubtful.] One of the sea cucumbers or sea slugs. Holstein, hol'stin, n. [From Holstein, a region in northwest Germany.] breed of black and white dairy cattle that produces low-fat milk. holster, hol'ster, n. [D. holster, a pistolcase^ A.Sax. hoolster, a cover, a recess; Icel. hulster, Dan. hulster, a case; root seen in A.Sax. helod, leather to cover, whence also hell.] case for a pistol, usually hung on a belt or saddle. adv. holus-bolus, holus-bolus, [From whole, and bolus, a pill.] All at a gulp; altogether; all at once. (Vulgar.) holy, ho'li, a. [A.Sax. hdlig, holy, from hdl, whole; similarly D. and G.

A

A

Dan. hellig, holy; akin hale, heal, hallow, whole, etc., same root also in Gr. kalos, beauti-

heilig, Icel. heilagr,

from sin and sinful pure in heart; pious; godly; hallowed; consecrated or set ful.]

Free

affections;

—

sacred use. holily, a adv. In a holy manner. holiness, ho li«nes, n. The state or quality of being holy or sinless; sanctity; godliness; sacredness; his Holy holiness, a title of the pope. apart

ho

to

li-li,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— ——— — ——

——————— —

—————— —— — —— — —

homage

Day; — Holy

also

Thursday

in

sided

A

Holy Week.

[Gr. homos, Bot. having

homespun, hom'spun, a. Spun or wrought at home; hence,

same

home.

finish.

hom'werd, hom'werdz, adv. Toward home; toward one's abode or native

v.t.

diately contiguous; a home. home stretch, the section of a racecourse between the last curve and the

To

country. of home.

homager, hom'ij «er, n. One who does or is bound to do homage. home, horn, n. [A. Sax. ham, home, house, dwelling = L.G. and Fris. ham, D. and G. heim, Icel. heimr, Goth,

haims,

Gr.

abode, village,

done

koine,

a

etc.;

village,

an orphan's home, etc.). At home, in or about one's own house or abode; in one's own country. At home in or on a subject, conversant, familiar, thoroughly acquainted with it. To make one's self at home, to conduct one's self in another's house as unrestrainedly as if at home. a. Connected with one's home; domestic; often opposed to foreign. Home economics, the domestic science of making and caring for a home. ,

—

—

To one's home or one's native country; often opposed to abroad; to one's self; to the point; to the

mark aimed at; so as to produce an intended effect; effectively; thoroughly (to strike home). homebred, hom'bred, a. Bred at home; originating at home; not foreign; not polished by travel. homeless, hom'les, a. Destitute of a home. homelessness, hom'les«nes, n. The state of being homeless. homeli-

Made

ch, chain;

at

plate,

ch, Sc. loch;

—homogamy, ho«mog'a«mi,

n.

The

being homogamous. homogeneous, ho«mo«je'ne«us, a. [Gr. homogenes homos, like, and genos, kind; root gen, cog. with E. kin.] Of the same kind or nature; consisting of similar parts, or of elements of the like nature ; opposite homogeneousof heterogeneous. ness, ho«mo«je'ne«us«nes, n. The state or character of being homogeneous. state of

—

—

;

homiletic, homiletical, discourse. hom«i«let'ik, hom«i«let'i«kal, a. [Gr. homiletikos.] Relating to homilies Homiletic or homiletics; hortatory. homiletics, theology, homiletics. hom«i«let'iks, n. The art of preaching; that branch of practical theology which treats of sermons and the best mode of composing and deliverhomilist, hom'i«list, n. ing them. One that composes homilies; a preacher.

a fiveg, go;

a.

to ratify. from homilos, a throng same (cog. with E. same), homologous, h6»mol'o«gus, a. [Gr. homos, same, and logos, proportion.] and He, a throng.] A discourse or Having the same relative position, sermon read or pronounced to proportion, or structure correspondan audience; a sermon; a serious

home; of domestic

home

ho«mog'a«mus,

[Gr. homos, same, gamos, marriage.] Bot. having all the florets of a flower head, or the florets of the spikelets in grasses, hermaphrodite.

homos,

ness, hom'li»nes, n. The state or quality of being homely. homely, hom'li, a. Pertaining to home; domestic^; of plain features; not handsome; like that which is made for common domestic use; plain; coarse; not fine or elegant. homea.

of the

a sermon,

—

manufacture.

Being in the direction

homework, work to be home, especially that as-

the florets

all

color.

—

adv.

made,

at

a.

homewards,

a. color.]

signed by a teacher to students. homing, hom'ing, a. Coming home; homogenize, ho«moj'e»niz, v.t. To a term applied to birds, such as the make homogeneous; to pass milk, carrier pigeon. homeopathy, ho«me«op'a»thi, n. [Gr. cream, etc., through an apparatus that breaks up the fat globules to homoios, like, pathos, feeling, sufmake the product the same throughfering.] The system of treating disout. ease by administering in minute ho«mo«jen'e«sis, n. quantities drugs which would, if given homogenesis, [Gr. homos, same, genesis, birth.] in larger doses, to a healthy person, Sameness of origin; reproduction produce symptoms similar to those of offspring similar to their parents. of the disease. homeopathist, ho»me«op'a«thist, n. One who practices homograph, ho'mo«graf, n. [Gr. homos, same, grapho, to write.] A or supports homeopathy. homer, ho'mer, n. [Heb.] A Hebrew word which has exactly the same measure equivalent to about 75 form as another, though of a differgallons or to 11 bushels. and signification; a ent origin Homeric, ho«mer'ik, a. Pertaining to homonym. nomographic, h6»mo»graf 'ik, a. Relating to homographs. Homer, the great poet of Greece; Homoiousian, ho«moi«6'si«an, n. resembling Homer's verse or style. homicide, hom'i«sid, n. [L. homici[Gr. homoios, similar, and ousia, dium, the crime, homicida, the perbeing.] A person holding the belief that the nature of Christ is not the petrator homo, man, and ccedo, to same with, but only similar to, that strike, to kill.] The killing of one man or human being by another; of the Father, homoousian. another; a homologate, hoTnol'O'gat, v.t. hoa person who kills manslayer. homicidal, hom«i«si'mologated, homologating. [L.L. homodal, logo, homologatum, from Gr. homos, n. Pertaining to homicide; same, and logos, discourse, from murderous. to speak.] To approve; to lego, homily, hom'i»li, n. [Gr. homilia, express approval of or assent to; intercourse or converse, instruction,

keimai, I rest; probably L. quies, quiet, etc.] One's own abode or dwelling; the abode of the family or household of which one forms a member; abiding place; one's own country; the seat (the home of war) ; an institute or establishment affording to the homeless, sick, or destitute the comforts of a home (a sailors' home, cog.

homeward,

same, chroma,

homogamous,

homely. n. Cloth made at home. homestead, hom'sted, n. A house or mansion with the grounds and buildings immecoarse;

plain;

Corn

corn.]

homochromous, ho«mok'ro«mus,

separation from one's home or native land; nostalgia; longing for

external action; reverence directed to the Supreme Being; reverential affection.

parched

hulled and coarsely ground, prepared with for food by being boiled water. homocentric, ho«mo«sen'trik, a. [Gr. homos, same, kentron, a center.] Having the same center; concentric. homocercal, ho«mo«ser'kal, a. [Gr. homos, same, kerkos, tail.] Ichthyol. having the lobes of the tail diverging symmetrically from the backbone, as in the cod, herring, etc. heteroCERCAL.

affected with homehomesickness, sickness. n. Intense and uncontrolled grief at a

hommage,

hom'i»ni, n. [Amer.-Indian

auhuminea,

—

O.Fr. homenage, L.L. hominaticum, homage, from L. homo, hominis, a man, in late times a vassal, human.] Acknowledgment of vassalage made by a feudal tenant to his lord on receiving investiture of a fee; hence, obeisance; respect paid by

worship; devout pay homage to.

hominy,

in the batter

from home;

holystone. [Fr.

the

—

-

n.

—

set

stands (Baseball). homer, ho'mer, n. home run (Colloq.) home rule, government of a district, colony, territory, etc., by the inhabitants themselves, particularly with regard to local matters. home run, a hit which, unaided by error, allows the batter to circle the bases and return to the home plate (Baseball). homesick, a. Ill from being absent

—

hom'ij,

of rubber, beside which

plate

ground,

Saturday, Saturday in Holy Week. Holy water, in the Roman Catholic Church, water consecrated by the priest, and used in various rites and ceremonies. Holy week, the week before Easter (the last week of Lent). Holy Writ, the sacred Scriptures. holystone, n. A soft sandstone used by seamen for cleaning the decks of ships. -*-©.*. To scrub with

homage,

homologous

407

of holies, the innermost apartment of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, where the ark was kept. Holy Ghost or Holy Spirit, the Divine Spirit; the third person in the Trinity. Holy Office, the Inquisition. Holy Thursday, Ascension

—

— ——

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

ing in use or general character; of

homologue, ho'mo— That which is homologous; an organ of an animal homologous with another organ. homology, ho«mol'o»ji, n. The quality of being homolsimilar type.

log, n.

ogous; correspondence in character or relation; sameness or correspondence in organs of animals as regards general structure and type, thus the human arm corresponds to the foreleg of a quadruped and the

w,

«>ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— ——

——

—

homomorphous

—

homologically hd«mo»loj 'i«kal*li, adv. In a homological manner. ,

homomorphous,

homomorphic,

h6«mo«mor'fus, ho«mo«mor'fik, a. [Gr. homos, same, morphe, shape.] Having the same external appearance

hook

adv. In an honest manner.

est«li,

honesty, on'es«ti, n. The state or quality of being honest; integrity; uprightness ; fairness ; candor. honey, hun'i, n. [A.Sax. hunig = D. and G. honig, Icel. hunang, honey.]

A

homon-

sweet, viscid juice, collected from flowers by several kinds of insects, especially bees; fig. sweetness or pleasantness; as a word of endearment, sweet one, darling. v.t. To become sweet; to become complimentary or fawning. v.i. To become tender and coaxing, also, to fawn (to honey up a person). honeybee, bee that produces honey; the n. hive bee. honeycomb, n. The waxy structure formed by bees for the reception of honey, and for the eggs

ymy, ho«mon'i«mi, n. Sameness of name with a difference of mean-

which produce their young. honeydew, n. A sweet saccharine substance found on the leaves of trees and other plants in small drops like dew. honeydew melon, a very

or form.

— homomorphism, ho«mo—

mor'fizm,

n.

The

condition of being

homomorphous.

homonym,

h6'mo«nim, n. [Gr. homos, same, onoma, name.] A word which agrees with another in sound,

and perhaps in spelling, but differs from it in signification; a homograph; homonymic, as fair, a. and fair, n.

—

ho«mo«nim'ik,

a.

ymy

homonyms.

Relating to

— homonymous, h6«mon'i«mus, Having the same sound or spelling. — homonor

to

a.

ing; ambiguity;- equivocation. h6«m6«6'si«an, n. [Gr. homos, same, and ousia, being.] person who maintains that the nature of the Father and the Son is the same, in opposition to the Homo-

Homoousian,

A

iousians.

homophone,

[Gr. ho'mo'fon, n. homos, same, phone, sound.] A letter or character expressing a like sound with another; a word having the same sound as another; a homonym. homophonous, ho«mof'o«nus, a. Of like sound; agreeing in sound but differing in sense. homophony, ho«mof o«ni, n. Sameness of sound. homoplasmy, ho'mo»plaS'mi, n. [Gr. homos, same, plasso, to form.] Biol. resemblance in form or structure with difference in origin. homoplastic, Similar in form or a.

—

—

—

structure.

Homo

sapiens, ho'mo sa'pi»ens. [From O.L. hemo, man, and sapio, wise.] Modern man, the surviving species of the genus Homo. homosexual, hd'm6«sek"shu«al, a. [Homo and sexual.] Sexual attraction toward those of the same sex. n. One who is attracted toward someone of the same sex. homotaxis, ho«mo«tak'sis, n. [Gr. arrangement.] Agreement in arrangement; geol., agreement in the arrangement of

homos,

same,

taxis,

strata in different localities.

homuncule,

——

;

408

homological, ho— a bird. m6«loj'i«kal, a. Pertaining to homology; having a structural affinity.

wing of

—— ——

homunculus,

ho—

mung'kul, ho«mung'ku«lus, n. [L., dim. of homo, a man.] A manikin; a dwarf.

hone, hon, n. [A. Sax. hdn, Icel. hein, Sw. hen, a hone, a whetstone; root seen in Skr. co, to sharpen, and in L.

A

conus, a hone.] stone of a fine grit, used for sharpening instruments v.t. To that require a fine edge.

sharpen on a hone. honest, on 'est, a. [O.Fr. honeste (Fr. honnete), from L. honestus, from honor.] Fair honor, honos, honor, in dealing with others; free from trickishness, fraud, or theft; upright; just; equitable; sincere, candid, or unreserved; honorable; reputable; chaste or virtuous; pleasanthonestly, onlooking in features.

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

A

—

—

—

muskmelon

sweet

smooth

with

—honeyed,

a

white,

honied, hun'id, p. and a. Covered with or as with honey; hence, sweet; full of compliments or tender words. honeymoon, hun'i«m6n, n. The first month after marriage; the interval spent by a newly married pair before settling down in a home of their own. honeysuckle, hun'i— suk«l, n. [From children sucking the honey out of the nectary.] The popular name for a genus of upright or climbing shrubs with fragrant flowers of a tubular shape. hong, hong, n. [Chinese hong, hang.] The Chinese name for foreign factories or mercantile houses. honor, on'er, n. [O.Fr. honor, honeur, Fr. honneur, from L. honor, honos, honor, whence honestus, honest.] Esteem paid to worth; high estimation; reverence; veneration; any mark of respect or estimation by skin.

—

words or actions; dignity; exalted rank

distinction; repua nice sense of what is right, just, and true; scorn of meanness; a particular virtue, as bravery or integrity in men and chastity in females; one who or that which is a source of glory or esteem; he who or that which confers dignity (an honor to his country) title or privilege of rank or birth; one of the highest trump cards, as the ace, king, queen, or knave, and, in bridge, ten; a title of address or respect now restricted, except among the vulgar, to the holders of certain offices (e.g. judges): with his, your, etc.; (pi.) civilities paid, as at an

or

tation;

place;

good name;

entertainment;

(pi.)

academic and

university distinction or pre-eminence. Honors of war, distinctions

granted to a vanquished enemy, as of marching out of a camp or intrenchments armed and with colors flying. An affair of honor, a dispute to be decided by a duel. Word of honor, a verbal promise or engagement which cannot be violated without disgrace. Debt of honor, debt, as a bet, for which no security is required or given except that implied by honorable dealing. a

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

Maid

of honor, a lady whose duty it is to attend a queen in public; chief attendant, if unmarried, of a bride at a wedding; if married, matron of honor. v.t. To regard or treat with honor; to revere; to respect; to reverence; to bestow honor upon; to elevate in rank or

—

station; to exalt; to render illustrious; com. to accept and pay when due (to honor a bill of exchange). honorarium, on«e»ra'ri«um, or hon', n. [L. honorarium (donum, gift).] A fee to a professional man for profes-

—

honorary, oner— services. [L. honorarius.] Done or made in honor; indicative of honor; intended merely to confer honor (an honorary degree); possessing a title or post without performing services, sional

e«ri,

a.

without receiving benefit or reward (an honorary secretary or treasurer). honorable, on'er«a»bl, a. Worthy of being honored; estimor

—

able; illustrious or noble; actuated by principles of honor; conferring honor; consistent with honor or

reputation;

regarded with esteem;

accompanied with marks of honor or

of esteem;

testimonies

upright

and laudable; directed

to a just and proper end; not base; a title of distinction applied to certain members of noble families, persons in high position, etc., right honorable being a higher grade. honorablenes3, on'er«a»bl«nes, n. The state of

—

—

being honorable. honorably, onan honorable man-

er«a»bli, adv. In

ner.

hood, hud,

n. [A.Sax. hod^-D. hoed, G. hut, a hat; allied to D. heed; G. hiiten, D. hoeden, to protect; Skr.

A

soft covering for chad, to cover.] the head worn by females and children; the part of a monk's outer garment with which he covers his head; a cowl; a similar appendage to a cloak or overcoat ; an ornamental fold at the back of an academic

gown; a covering for a hawk's head or eyes, used in falconry; anything that resembles a hood in form or use. v.t. To dress in a hood or cowl; to put a hood on; to cover or hide. hooded, hud'ed, p. and a. hoodwink, hud'wingk, v.t. To blind by covering the eyes; to blindfold; to deceive by external appearances.

—

—

hoodlum, hod'lum,

n.

A

rowdy;

a rough. (Colloq.)

hoodoo, ho do, n. voodoo. Something which brings misfortune. v.t. To bring bad luck. (Colloq.) hooey, hoi, n. and interj. Nonsense. (Slang.)

hoof, hof, hovz. hoef,

The

n. pi.

hoofs, rarely hooves,

hof, Icel. hofr. D. Dan. hoo} G. huf, a hoof.] horny substance that covers

[A.Sax.

the feet or the digits of the feet of certain animals, as horses, oxen, hoofbound, a. sheep, deer, etc. Farriery, having a dryness and contraction of the hoof, which occahoofed, sions pain and lameness. hbft, a. Furnished with hoofs. hook, huk, n. [A.Sax. hoc, a hook, a crook D. hoek, Icel. haki, G. haken, O.H.G. hako, a hook: same

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———— ——

—— —

— — — —

;

hookah root as hang.] A piece of iron or other metal bent into a curve for catching, holding, or sustaining anything; any similar appliance; baseball, a curve; boxing, a short, swinging blow delivered with elbow bent but rigid. By hook or by crook, by some means or other. v.t. To catch or fasten with a hook or hooks to bend into the form of a hook; to furnish with hooks; to catch by artifice; to entrap. v.i. To bend; to be curving; to catch into somehookedness, huk'ed«nes, n. thing. hooker, huk'er, n. hookah, ho'ka, n. [Ax.] tobacco pipe with a long pliable tube and water vase so constructed that the smoke passes through the water before being inhaled. hooker, huk'er, n. [D. hoeker, hoekboot.] An Irish fishing smack. hooky, huk'i, n. [Probably from M.E. haken, from hak, hook.] word used in the phrase to play hooky, to play truant.

— ——

—————— — — —— — — ;

409

horn

n. [D. hop, hoppe, G. climbing plant of hopfen, hop.] the hemp family, whose female flowers are used to flavor malt liquors and make them keep. v.t. hopped, hopping. To mix hops with. v.i. To pick or gather hops. hope, hop, n. [A. Sax. hopa T>. hoop, Sw. hopp, Dan. haab, hope; G. hoffen, to hope; possibly akin to L. cupio, to desire.] desire of some

same horizon, geol. said of fossils or strata which appear to be of the

hop, hop,

A

—

=

A

accompanied

good,

with

least

at

a slight expectation of obtaining it, or a belief that it is obtainable; expectation of something desirable; confidence in a future event; trust; that which gives hope; one in whom trust or confidence is placed; the object of hope; the thing hoped for. Forlorn hope. Under forlorn. -r-v.i. hoped, hoping. [A. Sax. hopian. D. hopen, to hope.] To entertain or indulge hope; to have confidence; to trust. v.t. To entertain hope for; to desire with expectation. hopeful, hop'ful, a. Full of or entertaining hope; having qualities which excite hope; promising. n. young person whose prospects are promising; one in whom another hopefully, hop'fuMi, places hope. hopefulness, hop'ful«nes, n. adv. hopeless, hop'les, a. Destitute of

— —

A

—

A

—

hooligan, ho'li«gan, n. [Irish personal name.] A street rough or rowdy. hoop, hop, n. [A. Sax. hop, Fris. hop, D. hoep; akin hump.] A band of wood or metal used to confine the staves

A

—

—

of casks, tubs, etc., or for other similar purposes; a combination of circles of thin whalebone or other elastic material used to expand the skirts of ladies' dresses; a farthingale; a crinoline. v.t. To bind or fasten with hoops. hooper, ho 'per, n. hoopoe, ho'po, n. [Fr. huppe, L. upupa, Gr. epops, hoopoe: names given from its cry.] A beautiful bird with a crest, which it can erect or depress at pleasure, and a long,

hope; giving no ground of hope. hopelessly, hop'les«li, adv. hope-

—

horizontal, hor«i«zon'tal, age. Pertaining to the horizon; on the same or a parallel plane with the horizon; on a level; measured or contained in the plane of the horizon {horizontal distance) horizontally, hor«i«zon'tal«li, adv. In a horizontal direction or position. hormone, hor'mon, n. [Gr. hormao, I excite.] An internal secretion of the endocrine glands, such as insulin, epinephrine, etc., carried by the blood to other organs, where it stimulates them to physiological substances activity; bot. similar operating in like manner in plants. hormonal, hor»mon'al, a. horn, horn, n. [A. Sax. horn, a horn, a trumpet = Icel., Sw., Dan., and G. horn, D. hor en, Goth, haurn; cog. W. and Armor, corn, L. cornu, Gr. keras horn. Hornet is a derivative, and hart is akin.] A hard projecting appendage growing on the heads of certain animals, and particularly on cloven-hoofed quadrupeds the material of which such horns are composed; a wind instrument of music, originally made of horn; a drinking cup of horn; a utensil for holding powder for immediate use, originally made of horn; a powder

lessness, hop'les«nes, n. hoplite, hop'lit, n. [Gr. hoplites, from hoplon, a weapon.] heavy-armed soldier of ancient Greece. hopple, hop'l, v.t. [From hop, to leap; also in form hobble.] To tie the feet of (a horse) near together to prevent leaping or running; to hobble. n. fetter for the legs

A

A

sharp, curved bill, found in Europe and North Africa and named for its

of grazing horses or other animals. whooping cry. horary, horal, ho'ra'ri, ho'ral, a. [L. hoosegow, hoosgow, hos'gou, n. [Sp. hora, an hour.] Pertaining to the hours; occurring once an hour; juzgado, a court.] A place of conhourly. finement; a jail. (Slang) Hoosier, ho'zher, n. A person from Horatian, ho»ra'shan, a. Relating to or resembling the Latin poet Hothe state of Indiana, which is race (Horatius) or his poetry. nicknamed the Hoosier State. hoot, hot, v.i. [From the sound; horde, hord, n. [Fr. horde, from

comp. Fr.

Turk, and Per. ordu, court, camp, horde.] tribe, clan, or race of Asiatic or other nomads ; a wandering tribe; hence, a gang; a migratory crew; rabble. v.i. To five in hordes; to huddle together. horehound, hor 'hound, a. [A. Sax. hdrahune hdr, hoar, and hune, the generic name of these plants.] The popular name of several plants of the mint family, one of which, white horehound, has an aromatic smell

houter, to call, to cry.]

A

To

cry out or shout in contempt; to cry as an owl. v.t. To utter cries or shouts in contempt of; to utter contemptuous cries or shouts at. n. cry or shout in contempt; the cry of an owl. hootenanny, hot'nan«i, n. [Origin unknown.] An informal folksinging party, sometimes with dancing. hop, hop, v.i. hopped, hopping. [A. Sax. hoppian IceL and Sw. hoppa, D. huppen, G. hiipfen, to hop; akin hobble, hobby.] To hop or leap; to leap or spring on one foot. v.t. To move by successive leaps, as a frog. n. A leap on one leg; a short trip; an informal dance. hopper, hop'er, n. One who hops; a wooden

A

—

—

=

and

bitter taste, and has been in use for coughs and asthma. Written also Hoarhound.

much

horizon, ho«ri'zon, n. [Gr. horizon, from horizo, to bound from horos, a limit; lit. that which bounds.] The circle which bounds that part

trough through which grain, coal, etc.,

from

pass its

similar

into

so

mill,

of the earth's surface visible to a spectator from a given point;- the apparent junction of the earth and sky; called the visible or apparent horizon; an imaginary great circle parallel to this whose plane passes through the center of the earth; On the called the celestial horizon.

named

moving or shaking; any contrivance; a box that

holds legislative

A

a

children's

bills.

hopscotch,

game which

n.

consists in

hopping over scores or scotches on

—

the ground. ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

j,

job;

ng, siw^;

TH,

then;

same

th, thin;

a.

—

flask; something similar to a horn; the feeler of an insect, snail, etc.;

an extremity of the moon when waxing or waning. Put to the horn, to outlaw by three blasts on a horn at the Cross of Edinburgh for refusal to answer summons (in Scots law). To draw in the horns, to repress one's ardor, or to restrain pride, in allusion to the habit of the snail withdrawing its feelers when

hornbeam, horn'bem,

startled.

n.

A

small bushy tree of the oak family, with a hard white wood. hornbill, name of certain birds horn'bil, n. with very large bills surmounted by an extraordinary horny prohornblende, horn'tuberance. blend, n. [G. horn, horn, and blende, blende (from blenden, to dazzle),

A

—

its horny and glittering appeardark green or black ance.] lustrous mineral of several varieties, an important constituent of several hornblendic, horn«blen'dik, rocks.

from

A

Containing hornblende; resemhornbook, horn'buk, n. In former times a child's alphabet book or primer, with a transparent sheet of horn placed over the single page of which it usually consisted, the whole being horned, fixed to a wooden frame. hornd, a. Having horns or projections resembling them (the horned moon); wearing horns; made a a.

bling hornblende.

cuckold.— hornless, horn'les, a. Havhornmad, a. Outraing no horns. geous; stark mad: in allusion to a

mad

hornpipe, horn 'pip, n. bull. musical instrument formerly popular in Wales; a lively dance tune; a sprightly dance, usually performed by one person. hornstone, horn'-

A

ston, n.

A

of quartz.

w, wig;

—

siliceous stone, a variety horny, hor'ni, a. Con-

—

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— ————— —

—

—— ————— —— —

— —

:

hornet

410

or composed of horn; resembling horn in appearance or composition exhibiting hardened skin. horned toad, horn'd tod, n. A small, harmless North American lizard of the genus Phrynosoma, having hornlike spikes. hornet, hornet, n. [A. Sax. hyrnet, from horn, a horn, from its antennae or horns, or because its buzzing is compared to the blowing of a horn; sisting

;

—

G.

A

horse, hors,

n.

hort=lcdL

[A.Sax.

hross, hors, O.H.G. hros, G. ross, D. ros, allied to Skr. hreca, neighing, or to L. curro, to run.] well-known

A

quadruped, the most important to man of all animals that are used as beasts of burden and of draft; the male animal, in distinction from the female called a mare; cavalry; troops serving on horseback (in this sense

no

termination);

plural

wooden

a

frame with legs for supporting something; nam. a rope attached to a yard to support the sailors while they

horologe, ho'ro«l6j, n. [Fr. horologe, L. horologium, Gr. horologion hora, hour, and lego, to tell.] A piece of mechanism for indicating the hours of the day; horologer, a timepiece of any kind.

horsed, horsing. To provide with a horse; to supply a horse or horses for; to sit astride; to bestride (Shak.).

a

horology.

—

horologist, h6«rol'o«jer, h6«rol'o«jist, maker or vender of clocks and watches; one versed in or who horologic, writes on horology. horological, hd«ro«loj'ik, h6«ro«loj'i— kal, a. Pertaining to horology; hot. opening and closing at certain hours horology, ho«rol'said of flowers. o«ji, n. The science of measuring time; the art of constructing machines for measuring time, as clocks, watches, dials. horoscope, ho'ro«skop, n. [Gr. horoskopos hora, hour, scheme or and skoped, to view.] figure of the heavens at a given time, used by astrologers to foretell future events and the fortunes of persons, according to the position of the stars at the time of their birth. horoscopy, ho»ros'ko«pi, n. The predicting of future events by the disposition of the stars and planets. horrible, hor'ri«bl, a. [L. horribilis, from horreo, to bristle or stand on end, to be terrified; akin to hirtus, shaggy, hirsutus, hirsute.] Exciting or tending to excite horror; dreadful; terrible; shocking; hideous. horrent, hor'ent, a. [L. horrens, horhorribleness, hor'rentis.] Bristling. ri«bl«nes, n. The state or quality of being horrible. horribly, hor'ri«bli, adv. In a horrible manner; exceshorrid, hor'rid, sively; very much. a. [L. horridus, from horreo.] Fitted to excite horror; dreadful; hideous; shocking; very offensive (colloq.). horridly, hor'rid«li, adv. In a horrid manner. horridness, hor'rid«nes, n. The quality of being horrid. horrific, horTif'ik, a. [L. horrificus.] Causing horror. horrify, hor'ri'fi, v.t. horrified, horrifying. [L. horror, and facio, to make.] To strike or imhorripilation, press with horror. n.

A

—

—

A

—

—

hor'ri»pi«la"shon, bristle,

pilus,

n.

hair.]

horreo, to The bristling

[L.

or standing on end of the hair.

horror, hor'rer, n. [L., from horreo.] A powerful feeling of fear, dread, and abhorrence; a shuddering with terror and loathing; that which excites horror. hors d'oeuvre, ar»de'vr. [Fr.] An appetizer or relish (usually in pi.). fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

loose, reef, or furl the sails. [Horse, in compounds, often implies largeness or coarseness ; as horse chestnut, horseplay.] To take horse, to mount

—

or

set

out

on

horseback.

—horseback, hors'bak,

n.

v.t.

—

The back

of a horse; that part on which the rider sits: generally in the phrase on horseback, that is, mounted or riding on a horse. horse chestnut, n. well-known tree with beautiful flowers, often planted for ornament, the nuts of which have been used as food for animals. horsecloth, n. horseflesh, cloth to cover a horse. hors 'flesh, n. The flesh of a horse; horses generally; a species of mahogany. horsefly, hors'fli, n. large fly that sucks the blood of horses. Horse Guards, n. pi. A body of

A

A

—

A

cavalry for guards.

A

— horsefly,

large fly that sucks the blood of horses. horsehair, n. sing, and pi. The hair of horses, more particularly of the mane and tail. horse latitudes, hors latitudes, n. Naut. either of two belts of calms and light winds, 35° north and 35° hors'fli,

n.

south of the Equator.

horselaugh,

A loud, coarse, boisterous laugh. horse mackerel, n. A fish about the n.

of a mackerel, with oily rank horseman, hors 'man, n. A man who rides on horseback; one who uses and manages a horse; a soldier who serves on horseback. horsemanship, hors'man«ship, n. The art of riding and managing horseplay, horses; equestrian skill. n. Rough or rude practical jokes or horsepower, the like; rude pranks. n. The power of a horse or its equivalent; the force with which a horse acts when drawing; the standard for estimating the power of a steam engine, each horsepower being estimated as equivalent to 33,000 lb. raised one foot high per minute. horse-radish, n. A perennial plant of the cabbage family, the white cylindrical root of which has size

flesh.

—

—

pungent taste, and condiment with roast a

used as a horsebeef. is

—

shoe, n. A shoe for horses, commonly a piece of iron, in shape resembling the letter U, nailed to the horse's foot; anything shaped like a horseshoe. Horseshoe magnet, an artificial steel magnet nearly in the form of a horsetail, n. The tail horseshoe. of a horse; a standard of rank and honor among the Turks, consisting of one or more tails of horses mount-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—— —— ;

hospitable

hornet.] large, powerful wasp, the sting of which is very painful; hence, anyone who gives particular annoyance. horography, ho«rog'ra«fi, n. [Gr. hora, hour, and graphd, to write.] An account of the art of constructing instruments for showing the hours; horniss,

— — ——— —

note, not,

move;

ed on a lance; an equisetum (which horsewhip, hors'hwip, n. A see).

whip v.t.

driving or striking horses. —for horsewhipped, horsewhipping. To

lash or strike with a horsewhip.

horsewoman,

woman who

hors'wunvan, n. A on horseback; an

rides

horsy, hor'si, a. Conequestrienne. nected with, fond of, or much taken up with horses. horsiness, hor 'sines, n. The quality of being horsy. hortation, hor«ta'shon, n. [L. hor-

from

tatio,

hortor, to exhort.]

The

of exhorting; exhortation. hortative, hor'ta«tiv, a. Giving exhortation. n. A precept given to incite or encourage; exhortation. hortatory, hor'ta«to«ri, a. Exhortaact

tive.

horticulture, hor'ti»kul«tur, n. [L. hortus, a garden (same root as garden,

and cultura, culture.] The cultivation of a garden; the art of cultivating or managing gardens. horticultural, hor«ti»kul'tur«al, a. hortiPertaining to horticulture. culturist, hor«ti»kul'tur«ist, n. One who practices horticulture. hortus siccus, hor'tus sik'kus, n. [L.] Lit. a dry garden; a collection of specimens of plants carefully dried and preserved; a herbarium. hosanna, ho«zan'na, n. [Heb., save, I beseech you.] An exclamation of praise to God, or an invocation of blessings. hose, hoz, n. [A.Sax. hosa (pi. hosan), a leg covering = D. hoos, I eel. hosa, G. and Dan. hose; comp. A.Sax. hose, Dan. hose, a husk; perhaps allied to house.] Stockings; socks (in these senses now used as a plural); close-fitting trousers or breeches reaching to the knee ; covering for the lower part of the legs, including the feet; a flexible tube or pipe for conveying water or other fluid to any required point. v.t. To apply water, etc., by means of a hose, as to hosiery, ho'zhi«er«i, hose a garden. Stockings, or goods similarly n. knitted; also a place where knit goods are made or sold. hospice, hos'pis, n. [Fr., from L. hospitium, hospitality, a lodging, an place of refuge and entertaininn.] ment for travelers on some difficult road or pass, as among the Alps. [Fr. hos'pi«ta«bl, hospitable, a. hospitable, L. hospitalis, from hospes, host.] hospitis, a host, a guest. Receiving and entertaining strangers yard),

A

with kindness and without reward; kind to strangers and guests; pertaining to the liberal entertainment hospitably, hos'pi«ta«bli, of guests. adv. In a hospitable manner. hos'pi'tal, n. [O.Fr. hoshospitale. Hotel, hostel institution for doublets of this.]

hospital, pital,

L.L.

An

the reception and treatment of the old, sick, etc., for the education and support of orphans, or for the benefit of any class of persons who are more or less dependent upon public help an institution of medical service for the sick and injured, where medical and surgical treatment are given. hospitality,

kind

and

hos«pi«tal'i«ti,

generous

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

n.

reception

pound.

The of

———————

—— — —

———

;

hospodar hospitalihoszation, hos«pi'tal«i«za'shon, n. pitalize, hos'pi«tal«iz, v.t. To place hosin a hospital for medical care. member pitaler, hos'pi«tal«er, n. of a religious body whose office it was to relieve the poor, the stranger,

—

A

A

and the sick; one of an order of knights who built a hospital at Jerusalem in a.d. 1042 for pilgrims, called Knights of St. John, and, after their removal to Malta, Knights of Malta. hospodar, hos«p6«dar', n. A Slavonic title formerly borne by the princes of Moldavia and Wallachia, etc. host, host, n. [O.Fr. hoste, Fr. hote; from L. hospes, hospitis, a host, for

A

A

from hostis, an enemy, a stranger (akin E. guest), and root pa,

division.

from

hostire, to strike.]

The

certain conditions. hostel, hos'tel, n. [hotel.] An inn; a lodginghouse. hostile, hos'til, a. [L. hostilis, from hostis, an enemy. See host, army.] Belonging to an enemy; holding the position of an enemy or enemies; showing ill will and malevolence. hostilely, hos'tiMi, adv. In a hostile

manner.

hostility, hos«til'i-ti, n. [L. State of being hostile; an act of an open enemy; an act of warfare (in this sense generally pi.). hostler, hos'ler, n. [O.Fr. hostelier, hostilitas.]

from from

Mod.

Fr. hotel, an inn, a hospital. hotel.] The person who has the care of horses at an inn, formerly the innkeeper; a stableboy. hot, hot, a. [A.Sax. hdt Sc. het. D. heet, Sw. het, Dan. hed, heed, Icel. hostel,

L.L.

hospitale,

=

HEAT.] Having much exciting the feeling of warmth in a great or powerful degree; very warm; ardent in temper; easily excited or exasperated; vehement; violent; furious; animated; brisk; keen; lustful; lewd; acrid; biting; stimulating; pungent; wanted by the police; phys. and chem. radioactive; electrically energized {hot wire). hotbed, hot'bed, n. Hon. a bed of earth heated by fermenting substances, and covered with glass,

heitr,

G.

sensible

heiss.

heat;

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

ho'tel',

sions; a large town mansion (French usage). Hottentot, hot'n«tot, n. [From D. hot en tot, hot and tot, syllables intended to imitate sounds frequent in their language.] member of a primitive tribe or race of South Africa; the language of this people,

A

.

bread or wafer in the Eucharist, or in the Roman Catholic sacrament of the Mass. hostage, hos'tij, n. [O.Fr. hostage, Fr. otage. L.L. hostagius, obstagius, obsidaticus, from L. obses, obsidis, hostage ob, at, near, sedeo, to sit.] A person handed over to an enemy as a pledge for the performance of

hodge-

hostel,

.

victim,

n.

n. [Fr. hotel, O.Fr. an inn; same word as hospital, hostel.] A house for entertaining strangers or travelers; an inn; especially, one of some style and preten-

hotel,

and entertains

altar

hotchpotch,

podge.

to protect, as in L. pater, a father, potens, powerful. From hospes are also derived hospital, hostler, hotel, etc.]

another at his own house; a landlord: the correlative of guest; an animal or organism in or on whose organs a parasite exists. hostess, hos'tes, n. A female host. host, host, n. [O.Fr. host, from L. hostis, a stranger, an enemy, in later usage an army; guest is cog, with hostis See also host, above ] An army a number of men embodied for war; any greater number or multitude. host, host, n. [L. hostia, a sacrificial

—

—

hostipes,

receives

house

used for growing early or exotic plants; a place which favors rapid growth or development. hot-blooded, a. Having hot blood; having warm passions; irritable. hot dog, a hot frankfurter, usually served in hotheaded, a. Violent; rash; a roll. impetuous. hothouse, hot'hous, n. greenhouse or house to shelter tender plants, artificially heated; a conservatory. hot war, n. shoothotly, hot'li, adv. hoting war. ness, hot'nes, n. The condition or quality of being hot. hotchpot, hoch'pot, n. [Fr. hochepot hooker, to shake (from D. or Flem. hotsen), and pot, a pot or dish.] hodgepodge or mixture; law, a commixture of property for equality of

hospitable

characterized by curious clicking or clucking sounds. hough, hok, n. [Written also hock, which see.] The hock of a horse; the back part of the human knee joint; the ham. v.t. To hamstring; to disable by cutting the sinews of the ham. (O.T.) hound, hound, n. [A.Sax. hund, a dog or hound = G. Dan. and Sw. hund, D. hond, Icel. hundr, Goth, hunds; cog. W. cun, Gael, cii, L. canis, Gr. term kyon, Skr. cvan, a dog.] restricted to particular breeds or varieties of dogs used in the chase, as in hunting the deer, the fox, the hare; sometimes used as a term of contempt for a man. v.t. To set on the chase; to incite to pursuit of animals; hence, to urge, incite, or spur to action: usually with on. hour, our, n. [O.Fr. hore, houre, from L. hora, from Gr. hora, a season, an hour; seen also in horologe, horoscope.] The twenty-fourth part of a day; sixty minutes; the particular time of the day; a fixed or appointed time; a time, period, or season; pi. certain prayers in the Roman Catholic Church, to be repeated at stated times of the day. To keep good hours, to be at home regularly in good season, or not after the usual hours of retiring to rest; to The keep bad hours, the opposite. small hours, the early hours of the morning, as one, two, etc. hour-

A

houri, hou'ri or

n. A glass in two compartments connected by a narrow neck, for measuring time by the running of a quantity of sand from one compartment to the other. hourly, our'li, a. Happening or done every

hour; frequent; often repeated; continual. adv. Every hour; frequently; continually. ./'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

ho'ri, n. [Ar.]

Among

the Mohammedans, a nymph of paradise. house, hous, n. pi. houses, hou'zez. [A.Sax. hus = Icel. Ms, Dan. Sw. and Goth, hus, D. huis, G. haus; from root meaning to cover, as in hide, hose, sky, etc. Akin husband, hussy.] A building serving or intended to' serve as an abode; a building for the habitation of man, or for his use or accommodation; a dwelling; an abode; a household; a family; a family regarded as consisting of ancestors, descendants, and kindred; especially a noble or illustrious family; a legislative body of men (the House of Representatives) ; a legislative quorum; the audience at a place of entertainment; a firm or commercial establishment; a twelfth part of the astrological heavens. House of Representatives, the lower branch of the United States Congress. House organ, a publication brought out by a business concern, etc., for its members. House party, a social gathering, lasting one or more nights, usually at a country house. To bring down the house, to draw forth a universal burst of applause, as in a theater. To keep house, to maintain an independent family establishment. v.t. housed, housing (houz). To put or receive into a house; to provide with a dwelling or residence; to shelter; to cause to take shelter. v.i. To take shelter or lodgings; to houseboat, n. take up abode. boat with a wooden house, for lodgings by river in summer. housebreaker, n. One who breaks into a house with a felonious intent; housebreaking, n. Bura burglar. housecarl, n. [Hus-carl.] A glary. member of the bodyguard of king or nobleman, e.g., of Harold at housefly, wellHastings. n.

glass,

j,

——— — —

——————— ———

411

guests; or strangers treatment or disposition.

One who

——————

th, thin;

—

A

A

known two-winged

fly

common

in

dwelling houses. -household, hous'hold, n. Those who dwell under the same roof and compose a family; those under the same domestic government; house; family. a. Pertaining to the house and family; Household gods, gods predomestic. siding over the house or family among the ancient Romans; hence, objects endeared to one from being Household associated with home. Household brigade, troops troops, whose special duty it is to attend the sovereign and guard the metropolis. householder, hous'hol«der, n. The chief of a household the occupier of housekeeper, hous'ke«per, a house. n. A householder; a head female servant in a household ; a female who looks after a person's household. housekeeping, hous'ke«ping, n. The management of domestic concerns; the maintenance of a household. houseleek, n. A well-known plant which grows on the tops of houses and on walls, and the fleshy leaves of which are applied to bruises and other sores. houseless, hous'les, a. Destitute of a house or habitation; without shelter. housemaid, housmad, n. A female servant employed

—

;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— — —

— ——— — — housing to

keep a house clean,

house-

etc.

a family enters a new house. housewife, hous'wif, n. The mistress of a family; the wife of a householder; a female manager of domestic affairs;

a little scissors,

case

for

needles,

housewifely, hous'wif-li, a. Pertaining to or like a housewifery, housewife; thrifty. hous'wif«ri, n. The business or management of a housewife. housing, hou'zing, n. [house.] Act of sheltering; the providing of houses and other dwelling quarters, as by a government; a frame to support machinery, etc., or parts of a maetc.

chine.

hou'zing, n. [From Fr. housse, a covering, a horsecloth; from D. hulse, a husk or shell; akin holster, hull, husk.] A cloth laid over a saddle; a saddlecloth; a horsecloth. hove, hov, pret. of heave. hovel, huv'el, n. [Dim. of A. Sax. hof, a house, a dwellings Icel. hof, a hall, G. hof, a court, a farm.] A poor cottage; a small mean house. hover, huv'er, v.i. [Perhaps from O.E. hove, to abide, to linger, same

housing,

origin as hovel.] To hang fluttering in the air or upon the wing; to be in doubt or hesitation; to be irresolute; to move to and fro threateningly or watchingly (an army hovering on our borders). hoveringly, huv'er«ing«h, adv. In a hovering manner. how, hou, adv. [A. Sax. hit, hwu, hwy, instrumental case of hwd, hwcet, who, what; really the same word as why.) In what manner; by what means or method; to what degree or extent; by what measure or quantity (how long, how much better); in what state, condition, or plight. Besides being used as an interrogative, direct

—

indirect, it is sometimes used interjectionally, or even substantively howbeit, (the how and why of it). hou«be'it, adv. [How, be, and if.] However it be; be it as it may;

or

however. however, nevertheless ; hou«ev'er, adv. In whatever manner conj. or degree; in whatever state. Nevertheless; notwithstanding; yet; howsoever, hou«so«still; though. ev'er, adj. or conj. In what manner soever; however. howdah, hou'da, n. [Hind, and Ar. haudah.] A seat erected on the back of an elephant for two or more persons to ride in: usually covered

—

overhead.

howitzer, hou'it«ser, n. [From G. haubitze, from Bohem. haufnice, orig-

A

short gun firing inally a sling.] a heavy shell with a low velocity, fired at a high angle, reaching objects not to be reached with direct fire; it

——— ——

—— — —

412

room, hous'rom, n. Room or accommodation in a house. housewarming, pi. A merrymaking at the time

thread,

——

—

represents the old mortar.

howl, houl, v.i. [An imitative word D. huilen, G. heulen, Dan. hyle, to howl; comp. L. ululo, Gr. ololyzo, to wail, to howl; akin owl, L. ulula, an owl.] To utter a loud, protracted, mournful cry, as that of a dog or wolf; to produce any similar sound, as the wind to wail or lament (N.T.). ;

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

hull

To

utter in a loud or mournful The cry of a dog or wolf or other like sound; a cry of distress. howler, hou'ler, n. One who howls; a name given to a monkey of South America from its cry; an error that cries aloud for correction. hoy, hoi, n. [D. and G. heu (pron. hoi); Dan. hoy.] heavy barge; f a v.i.

tone.

n.

—

A

small coasting vessel. hoyden, hoiden, hoi'dn, n. [O.D. heyden, a heathen, a gypsy, a vagabond, heathen.] A rude, bold girl.

Romping,

a.

roistering.

v.i.

To romp

rudely; to act like a hoyden. hub, hub, n. [hob.] The central cylindrical part of a wheel in which the spokes are set; the nave; a block of wood for stopping a carriage

wheel; a mark at which quoits, etc., are cast; the hilt of a weapon. hubble-bubble, hub'l«bub'l, n. kind of tobacco pipe so arranged that the smoke passes through water, making a bubbling noise hence its name; a hookah. hubbub, hub'ub, n. [Imitative of noise of many confused noise.] confused voices; a tumult; uproar. huckaback, huk'a«bak, n. [Originally linen hawked or huckstered by being kind of linen carried on the back.] cloth with raised figures on it, used principally for towels. huckle, huk'l, n. [Connected with hook; lit. a thing bent or hooked; akin huckster.] The hip; a bunch or part projecting like the hip. huckleberry, huk'l«be«ri, n. [Corruption of whortleberry.] name for North American plants allied to the

A

—

A

A

A

whortleberry. hipbone.

hucklebone,

n.

huff,

A

—

To crowd

or press together

without order or regularity; to hustle. v.t. To crowd together without order; to produce in a hurried man-

—

ner; to hunch one's body together, often with up. n. crowd or confused mass; a gathering of football players behind the line of scrimmage to receive instructions, etc. hue, hu, n. [A. Sax. hiw, heow, appearance; Sw. hy, color: Goth, hiwi, shape, show.] Color, or shade of

—

A

dye; tint; painting, a compound of one or more colors forming an intervenient shade. hued, hud, color;

a. Having a hue or color. hue, hu, n. [Fr. huer, to hoot,

to

shout; akin hoot.] A shouting or clamor: used only in the phrase hue and cry, which is the outcry raised, or public warning at once given, by a person who has been robbed, pine, pin;

note, not,

that a felony has

move;

been

imitative

word

lit.

to blow, to puff;

comp.

fit

of peevishness or petu-

huf,

meaning whiff.]

A

n.

[An

lance; anger at some offense, real or fancied; one filled with a false opinion of his own importance. To take huff, to take offense. v.t. To swell or puff up:}:; to treat with insolence; to bully; to make angry. v.i. To swell up; to bluster; to take huffiness, huf i«nes, n. The offense. huffish, huf'state of being huffy. ish, a. Inclined to huff; insolent. huffishly, huf'ish-li, adv. In a huffish manner. huffishness, huf ish«nes, n. huffy, huf'i, a. Puffed up; swelled; arrogant or insolent; easily offended. hug, hug, v.t.— hugged, hugging.

—

—

—

[Origin doubtful; comp. Icel. hugga, to soothe, to comfort; D. hugen, to coax; Dan. huge, to squat.] To press closely with the arms; to embrace closely; to clasp to the breast; to grasp or gripe, as in wrestling; to cherish in the mind (to hug delusions); to keep close to (to hug the land in sailing); refl. to congratulate one's self. To lie close; to v.i. crowd together (Shak.). n. close embrace; a clasp or gripe. hugger, hug'er, n. One who hugs. huge, huj, a. [O.E. huge, also hogge; comp. O.Fr. ahuge, huge; origin

—

A

unknown.] Having an immense bulk; very large or great; enormous; very great in any respect (a huge differhugely, huj'li, adv. In a huge ence). manner. hugeness, huj'nes, n. The state of

being huge. hug'er«mug'er,

[Comp. hug,

retailer huckle, hook, are also akin.] of small articles; a hawker; one who higgles. v.i. To deal in small articles v.t. or in petty bargains; to higgle. To hawk or peddle; to make a matter of bargain. huddle, hud'l, v.i. huddled, huddling. [Same word as G. hudeln, Dan. hutle, D. hoetelen, to bungle; akin

me, met, her;

who knows

committed.

The huggermugger,

huckster, huk'ster, n. [Akin to hawker; the name was given from the bending of the back in carrying a pack; comp. D. hukken, to squat, heuker, a hawker; G. hocken, to take on the back; Dan. hbkre, to huckster;

hustle.]

or

to

lie

close;

n.

obsolete

hugger, to lurk; N. mugg, secrecy.] fConcealment; privacy; secrecy. a.

Clandestine; sly; confused; slov-

enly.

Huguenot,

hu'ge«not, n. [Fr. probably corrupted from G. eidgenoss, a confederate, there being found various early forms, such as higuenot, eidguenot, enguenot, anguenot, etc.] A French Protestant of the period of the religious wars in France in the Huguenotism, century. sixteenth hu'ge«not«izm, n. The religion of the ;

—

Huguenots. hulk, hulk, n. [Same word as D. hulk, G. hulk, hoik, Sw. hoik, a kind of ship, from L.L. hulca, olca, from Gr. holkas, a ship of burden, from helko, to draw.] A heavy ship}:; the body of a ship; the bodv of an old laid by as unfit for service; something bulky or unwieldy. The hulks, old or dismasted ships, formerly used as prisons. hulking, hulky, hulking, hul'ki, a. Large and clumsy of body; unwieldy; loutish.

ship

hull, hul, n. [A.Sax. hulu, a hull or husk; akin G. hullc, a covering, Goth. huljan, to cover; same root as in hell, holster.] The outer covering of something, particularly of fruits, grain, etc.; the husk; the body of a ship, exclusive of her masts, yards, and rigging. Hull down, said of a ship when so distant that her hull is below v.t. To deprive of the the horizon. hull or hulls; to pierce the hull of,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

— ——

—

—

——

hullabaloo

To

kindness toward all created beings: opposed to cruelty; classical and polite literature or a branch of such literature in this sense generally plural and with the definite article ' the humanities but in the Scottish universities used in the singular and applied to Latin and Latin literature

—

'

:

—humanization,

hullo, hul«l6', inter). [Same as Halloo.] An exclamation to call attention.

alone.

hum, hum,

humanize, hu'man«iz,

za"shon, n.

— hummed,

humming. comp. G. hum-

made by

noise

bees

any

(seen also in exhume), humiliate, human.] Of a low, mean, or unpretending character; not grand, lofty, noble, or splendid; having a low estimate of one's self; not proud, arrogant, or assuming; lowly; modest; meek; submissive. v.t. humbled, humbling. To render humble; to reduce the power, independence, or state of; to bring down; to abase; to lower; to bring down the pride or humbleness, vanity of: often refl. hum'bl«nes, n. The state of being humble or low. humbler, hum'bler, n. One who or that which humbles. humbly, hum'bli, adv.

inartic-

—

—

ahem. humming, hum'ing, n. The sound of that which hums; a buzzing; a low murmuring sound. given to

the individuals of a family of minute and beautiful birds, from the sound of their wings in flight.

qualities or attributes of

human being.

man.

n.

—humane, hu«man',

manize or

refine.

—humanely,

ming sound

—

philosophical system. huhu'man«ist, n. One who studies the humanities; one versed in the knowledge of human nature; one at the revival of letters devoted to the study of the ancient classics. So Literce Humaniores, not rendering

manist,

humane,

but

as

opposed

—humanistic, hu«-

to sacred studies. man«is'tik, a. Of i«ta"ri«an, n.

regard

a

or

pertaining to

—humanitarian, hu«man'-

One who has a great or love for humanity; a philanthropist; one who denies the divinity of Christ, and believes him to

have been a mere man; one

who

v.t.

—

bugging; quackery.

humdrum, hum 'drum,

a.

[From

hum and drum; originally droning, monotonous.] Commonplace; homen. A droning tone of voice; dull monotony. humeral, hu'mer«al, a. [L. humerus, the shoulder.] Belonging to

ly; dull; heavy.

;

go;

fellow.

—

—

g,

trickish

who humbugs. humbuggery,humbug«er«i, n. The practice of hum-

—

ch, Sc. loch;

a

humbugged, humbugging. To impose on; to cajole or trick; to hoax. humbugger, hunrbug'er, n. One

maintains the perfectibility of human nature without the aid of grace. humanitarianism, hu«man'i«ta'ri«an«izm, n. The practices or beliefs of a humanitarian. humanity, hu«man'i«ti, n. [Fr. humanite, L. humanitas, from humanus.] The quality of being human; humanness; mankind collectively; the human race; the jquality of being humane tenderness ch, chain;

cheat;

j,

;"ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

[Probably a

n.

A rounded knoll;

a hillock; a protuberance

ice field.

—hummocky, hum'-

Abounding

in

hummocks.

humor, humour, hu'mer,

A

imposition played off under fair pretenses; a hoax; spirit of deception or imposition; falseness; hollowness;

humanity.

mound;

ok«i, a.

pie made of the pie, n. humbles, or heart, liver, kidneys, etc., of the deer. To eat humble pie, to have to take a humble tone; to come down from an assumed position; to apologize, or humiliate one's self, abjectly: the phrase arose from the humbles being allotted to the huntsmen and servants, the meaning being influenced by the adj. humble. humbug, hum 'bug, n. [From hum and bug, hum having its old sense of to deceive, and bug its old meaning of bugbear; hence = false alarm.] An

—

more

a

on an

it

humble

n. Classical learn-

a

Sw.

makes; whence also hum.] The common

hum'ok,

dim. form of hump.]

bumblebee.

hu—

humane manner. humaneness, hu«man'nes, n. The quality of being humane. humaning;

hummock,

hum-

bumblebee. name of various large wild bees; the

man'li, adv. In a

ism, hu'man«izm,

—

huself-confidence; mortifying. miliation, hu«mil'i«a"shon, n. The act of humiliating; the state of being humiliated, humbled, or mortified. humility, hu«mil'i«ti, n. [L. humilitas.] The state or quality of being humble; humbleness; lowliness of mind; a feeling of one's own insignificance.

G. hummel, Dan. humle-bi, humla, humblebee; from the

as human.] Human:):; having the feelings and dispositions proper to man; kind; benevolent; tender; merciful; tending to hu-

—

—

missively.

humblebee, hum'bl»be, n. [From old humble, to hum, from hum; comp.

[Same word

at the

—

—

A

the

it

a suitable humidity is maintained, especially one for storing tobacco. humiliate, hu»mil'i«at, v.t. humiliated, humiliating. [L. humilio, humiliatum, from humilis, humble. humble.] To reduce to a lower position in one's own estimation or the estimation of others; to humble; humiliating, hu«miri«to depress. at«ing, p. and a. Humbling; reducing

In a humble manner; meekly; sub-

a.

To

amount that would same temperature, expressed as a percentage. humidor, hu'mi'dor. n. A box in which air to saturate

—

a. [Fr. humain, L. humanus, from homo, hominis, a man (whence also homage) ; akin to humus, the ground (whence humilis, E. humble); also to A. Sax. guma, a man (seen in bridegroom).] Belonging to a man or mankind; having the

v.t.

—

—

human, hu'man,

hu«mid'i«fi,

—

One

humanly, hu'man«li, adv. In a human manner; after the manner of men. humble, hum'bl, a. [Fr. humble, from L. humilis, from humus, the earth

humidus,

—

civilized.

—

low, murmuring, or buzzing a murmur of applause; a low inarticulate sound uttered by a speaker. interj. A sound with a pause, implying doubt and deliberation;

A name

—humann.

[L.

a.

moisten; to make humid, especially humidity, humidthe atmosphere. ness, hu«mid'i«ti, hu'mid«nes, n. dampness in the Moisture or atmosphere. humidifier, hu«mid'i«fl«er, n. A machine that keeps a specific amount of moisture in the relative humidity, the ratio of air. the amount of aqueous vapor in the

who humanizes. humankind, hu'man»kind, n. The race of man; mankind; the human species.

sound;

n.

—humidify,

To render human To become more

humanizer, hu'man«i«zer,

ulate,

hummingbird,

v.t.

hu'mid,

from humeo, umeo, to be moist.] Moist; damp; wet or watery.

umidus,

hu'man«i«-

humane. v.i. humane; to become more

any

or

humid,

act of humanizing.

or

to give utterance to a similar sound with the mouth ; to mumble ; to make a drawling, inarticulate sound in speaking. v.t. To sing in a low voice; to murmur without articulation. n.

similar sound; a buzz;

The

ized, humanizing.

men, summen, D. hommelen, to hum. Humble-bee, humbug, humdrum are connected.] To make a dull, prolonged sound, like that of a bee in flight; to drone; to murmur; to buzz;

The

—

humerus, hu'mer«us, the shoulder. Anat. the long cylindrical bone of the arm, situated between the shoulder blade and the forearm; also the shoulder. n.

:

hullabaloo, hula^ba-lo ', n. [Imitative of confused noise; comp. hurlyburly.] Uproar; noisy confusion.

—

— humor

and

as with a cannon ball. hull on the flood', of the ark; drifting, or huller, sinking in the flood (Mil.). hul'er, n. One who hulls; a machine for separating seeds from their hulls.

v.i.

—

413

c

[Imitative of sound;

— —

th, thin;

u'mer, n. L. humor, moisture, humeo, to be moist. humid.] Moisture or moist matter; fluid matter in the human or an animal body, not blood (the vitreous humor of the eye); a morbid fluid collected; old med. a fluid, of which there were four blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile on the conditions and proportions of which the bodily and mental health was supposed to depend; hence, turn or frame of mind; disposition, or a peculiarity of disposition, often temporary (not in the humor for reading); a caprice, whim, or fancy (Shak.); temper (as regards anger or annoyance or the opposite); that mental [Fr. humeur; liquid, from

—

—

quality which gives to ideas a ludicrous or fantastic turn, and tends to excite laughter or mirth a quality or faculty akin to wit, but depending for its effect rather on kindly human feeling than on point or brilliancy of expression. Bad humor, feeling of irritation, annoyance, or displeasure. Good humor, feeling of cheerfulOut of humor, ness; good temper. out of temper; displeased; annoyed. v.t. To comply with the humor or inclination of; to soothe by compliance; to gratify; to indulge, to adapt one's self to. humoral, hu';

—

—

—

w,

zuig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— ——— ——— ———

——————

— —

;

hump

414

mer»al, a. Pertaining to or proceeding from the humors of the body {humoral pathology). humorist, hu'mer«ist, n. Formerly; a person who exhibited certain strong peculiarities of disposition or manner; one who indulged in whims or eccentricities; now, one that makes use of a humorous style in speaking or writing; one whose conversation or writings are full of humor; one who has a playful fancy or genius; a wag; also, one who attributes all diseases to a depraved state of the humors.

—

humoristic,

hu»merMs'tik, a. Pertaining to or like a humorist. humorous, hu'mer«us, a. Moist or humid^; full of humor; exciting laughter; jocular; governed by humor or caprice; capricious; whim-

—

humorously, hu'mer«us«li, adv. In a humorous manner; pleasantly ; jocosely. humorousness, hu'mer«us«nes, n. The state or quality of being humorous. hump, hump, n. [A nasalized form of hub or hob=-~L.G. hump, heap; D. homp, a lump; akin hunch, heap.] protuberance; especially the protuberance formed by a crooked back; a hunch. humpback, hump'bak, n. back with a hump; a person who has such a back; a whale that has a hump on the back. humpbacked, hump'bakt, a. Having a crooked humped, humpt, a. Having back. a hump. humpy, hump'i, a. Full sical.

A A

of humps.

humph, humf,

interj.

An

exclamation

hurt

100 pounds in the United States; in England,

2 pounds. pret. pp. of hang. 1

1

hung, hung, & Hungarian, hung»ga'ri»an, n. A native of Hungary; a Magyar; the language of the Hungarians;

Mag-

Pertaining to Hungary. hunger, hung'ger, n. [A. Sax. hunger, hungor^G. Dan. and Sw. hunger, Icel. hungr. Goth, huhrus, hunger.] An uneasy sensation occasioned by the want of food; a craving for food; craving appetite; strong or eager yar.

a.

desire.

long.

In

To

v.i.

feel

hunger;

to

food; to desire eagerly; to hungrily, hung'gri«li, adv.

crave a

hungry

hungry,

manner.

hung'gri,

a. [A. Sax. hungrig.]

hunger;

having

eagerly

desirous;

a

Feeling

keen appetite; proceeding from

hunger.

hunk, hungk, n. [A form of hunch.] A large lump; a hunch. hunky, hunky-dory, a. All right; satisfactory; comfortable. (Slang.) v.t. [A. Sax. huntian, to hunt, akin to hentan, to seize; O.G. hundjan, Goth. (fra)hinthan, to catch; allied to E. hand, and to hind (female deer).] To chase, search for, or follow after (wild animals, particularly quadrupeds), for the purpose of catching or killing; to search after, pursue, follow closely; to pursue game or wild animals over (to hunt a district). To hunt up or out, to seek for; to search for. To hunt down, to pursue and kill or capture; to exterminate in a

hunt, hunt,

To

expressive of disbelief, doubt, dissatisfaction, or the like. humus, hii'mus, n. [L. humus, soil.] Vegetable mold; a dark-brown or blackish matter from decayed vegethumic, hu'mik, a. able substances. Obtained from or pertaining to

a pursuit ; a chase ; a pack of hounds an association of huntsmen in a

humus. hunch, hunsh,

who

v.t.

locality.

v.i.

follow the chase;

go in pursuit of game or other

to

animals; to seek by close pursuit; to search: with after or for.

wild

—

n.

The

chasing of wild animals;

hunter, hun'ter, n. One hunts; a huntsman; a horse

district.

[A form of hump.] A hump; a lump; a thick piece; a push or jerk with the fist or elbow.

—

n.

To make

a

hunch on;

push with the elbow.

to

hunchback,

hunsh'bak, n. A humpback; a humphunchbacked, backed person. hunsh'bakt, a. Humpbacked. hunched, hunsht, a. Having a

—

hunch or hump. hundred, hun'dred, a. [A. Sax. hundred^ Icel. hundrath, Dan. hundrede, D. honderd, G. hundert; from hund, cog. with L. centum, Skr. catam, a hundred, and a termination akin to E. read, and to Goth, garathjan, to reckon.] Ten times ten; ninety

and ten added.

n.

— — —— —— — — — ———

— — —— —

The product

of

ten multiplied by ten; a collection ten times ten individuals or units; a division of a county in

of

England, supposed to have originally contained a hundred families or freemen. hundredfold, n. A hundred times as much. hundredth, hun'dredth, a. The ordinal of a hundred; one portion of a hundred equal parts into which anything is divided. n. The one after the ninety-ninth; one of a hundred equal parts of a thing. hundredweight, hun'dred»wat, n. A weight, usually denoted by cwt., containing fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

used in the chase; a watch whose glass is protected by a metal cover. hunting box, hunting lodge, n. A residence occupied for the purpose of hunting. hunting watch, n. See HUNTER. huntress, hunt'res, n. A female that hunts or follows the huntsman, hunts'man, n. chase. One who hunts or who practices hunting; a person whose office it

—

manage the

hunt's-up, chase. formerly played on the horn under the windows of sportsmen to awaken them, to show that the game was roused by the hounds, is

n.

to

The tune

and the hunt was to begin. hurdle, her'dl, n. [A. Sax. hyrdel, a dim. corresponding to G. horde, hiirde, a hurdle; Icel. hurth, Goth. haurds, a door; akin E. hoarding.] movable frame made of interlaced twigs or sticks, or of bars or rods crossing each other, varying in

A

—

form according to its use. v.t. hurdled, hurdling. To fence or provide with hurdles. hurdle race, n. race of men or horses over hurdles or fences. hurds, herdz, n. pi. [hards.] The coarse part of flax or hemp hards. hurdy-gurdy, her digger di, n. [In-

A

;

tended

me, met, her;

to

suggest

pine, pin;

its

sound.]

note, not,

A

move;

stringed instrument, whose tones are produced by the friction of a wheel acting the part of a bow against four strings; various instruments, usually playing street music, operated by turning a handle. hurl, herl, v.t. [A contracted form of hurtle, influenced by whirl.] To send whirling or flying through the air; to throw or dash with violence; to emit or utter with vehemence. n. v.i.f To move rapidly; to whirl. The act of throwing with violence. hurler, her'ler, n. One who hurls. hurling, herl'ing, n. An old game of ball.

hurly, hurly-burly, her'li, her'li— ber'li, n. [Intended to express by

sound noise or confusion, sugby hurl or hurry; comp. Dan. hurlumhei, hurry-scurry; Fr.

its

gested

hurluberlu, a hare-brained person.] Tumult; bustle; confusion. hurrah, hurray, hu«ra', hu«ra' interj. [Comp. E. huzza, G. hurrah, Dan. and Sw. hurra, Pol. hura.] An

exclamation expressive of joy, applause, or encouragement; also used as a noun. v .j'.To utter a hurrah. v.t. To receive with hurrahs; to encourage by cheering. hurricane, hur'i«kan, n. [Sp. huracan, Fr. ouragan, D. orkaan, G. orkan, all from a native American word.] An extremely violent tempest or storm of wind; anything resemHurricane bling a violent tempest. deck, an elevated deck in steamboats, especially the deck above a saloon. hurry, hur'i, v.t. hurried, hurrying. [Akin to G. hurren, to move hastily; Icel. hurr, a confused noise; Dan. hurre, to buzz; Sw. hurra, to whirl;

—

imitative like whirr, hurlyburly, etc.] impel to greater speed or haste; to urge to act or proceed with precipitance; to cause to be performed with great or undue rapidity; to impel to violent or thoughtless action. v.i. To move or act with haste; to proceed with precipitation; n. to make great haste in going. The act of hurrying urgency bus-

To

;

;

hurried, hur id, p. and a. Done in a hurry; evidencing hurriedly, hur'id«li, adv. In hurry. manner. hurriedness, a hurried hur'id«nes, n. State of being hurried. hurry-skurry, hur'i«skur'i, adv. [Hurry and scurry.] Confusedly; in a bustle. n. Fluttering haste; great confusion. hurt, hert, v.t. pret. & pp. hurt. [O.Fr. hurter, Mod. Fr. heurter, to knock against; perhaps of Celtic origin; como. \\\ hwyrdd, a push, a thrust, a blow. Hence hurtle, hurl.] To cause physical pain to; to wound or bruise painfully; to cause mental pain; to wound the feelings of; to cause injury, loss, or diminution to; to impair; to damage; to harm. n. A wound, a bruise, or the like; injury; loss; damage; detriment. hurtful, hert'ful, a. Causing hurt; mischievous; harmful; injurious; tle;

confusion,

—

hurtfully, hert ful«li, detrimental. hurtadv. In a hurtful manner. fulness, hert'ful'nes, n. The quality of being hurtful. hurtless, hert'les,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — —— — ——— ——

—— — ———— ——

—

no injury; harmless;

Inflicting

receiving

no

v.i.

hustings, hus'tingz,

hurtlessness,

injury.

hert'les«nes, n.

hurtle, her'tl,

—hurtled,

boor.] A man joined to a woman by marriage; the correlative of Ship's husband, an agent of wife. the owners who sees that a ship is supplied with stores and properly repaired before she proceeds to sea. v.t. To spend, apply, or use

—

husbandman, huz'band»man,

n.

husbandry, huz'band— Domestic economy; good management; frugality; thrift; the business of a husbandman; agriculture. hush, hush, a. [Akin to hist, whist, hiss; G. hush, Dan. hys, hyst, a sound made to enjoin silence.] agriculture.

ri, n.

v.t.

To

wagon

still;

To

be

still;

to

be

silent;

used

be

still;

chiefly in the imperative;

hyacinth,

disclosure of facts.

external covering of certain fruits or seeds of plants; glume; hull; rind; chaff. v.t. To deprive of the husk. husker, hus'ker, n. One who or that which husky, hus'ki, a. Abounding husks. with husks; consisting of husks; resembling husks. husky, hus'ki, a. [Allied to hoarse; A. Sax. hwosta, Sc. hoast, a cough.] Rough in tone, as the voice; powerhuskily, hus'ki«ll, adv. ful; burly. In a husky manner. huskiness, hus'ki«nes, n. The state of being husky; hoarseness; burliness. hussar, hu-zar', n. [Hung, huszar, from husz, twenty, because in the wars against the Turks every twenty families were bound to furnish one cavalry soldier.] Originally one of the national cavalry of Hungary; now a light cavalry soldier of European armies. Hussite, hus 'it, n. follower of John Huss, the Bohemian religious reformer, burned in 1415. hussy, huz'i, n. [Contr. from huswife, housewife.] A bad or worthless woman or girl; a jade; a jilt; a forward girl; a pert, frolicsome wench; also

Hyades, Hyads,

brid«iz«er, n. hid'a«tid, n. [Gr. hydatis, a term vesicle, from hydor, water.] applied to larval forms of tapeworms, found in the bodies of men and certain animals, or to similar vesicular or cystlike bodies. Hydra, hi'dra, n. [L. hydra; Gr. monster hydra, from hydor, water.]

A

A

of Greek mythology destroyed by Hercules, and represented as having many heads, one of which, being cut off, was immediately succeeded by another, unless the wound was cauterized; [not cap.] hence, evil or misfortune arising from many sources and not easily to be surmounted; a genus of fresh- water polyps of a very low type of structure. hydroid, hi'droid, a. Resembling the hydra polyp in character. hydrangea, hi«dran'je«a, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and angeion, a vessel, from the shape of its capsules.]

—

An

Asiatic shrub cultivated in gardens for the beauty of its flowers.

hydrant,

hi'drant, n. [Gr. hydraino, from hydor, water.] pipe with suitable valves and a spout by which water is raised and discharged from a main pipe. hydrargyrum, hl«drar'ji«rum, n. [L., from Gr. hydor, water, and argyros, to

(chitin), found in hydatid cysts. hyaline cartilage, n. The horny substance covering the bone ends Glassy; crystalat the joint. a. line; transparent. hyalite, hl'aMt, n. A pellucid variety of opal, resembling colorless gum or resin. hyaloid, hi'al«oid, a.

Resembling

glass; vitri-

form; transparent. hybrid, hi'brid or hib'rid, n. [From L. hybrida, hibrida, a hybrid; origin doubtful.] A crossbred animal or plant; an offspring of two different breeds, genera or varieties. a. Derived or bred from heterogeneous hybridism, hybridity, hi'sources. brid'izm, j,

job;

hib«rid'i»ti,

ng, sin^;

TH,

n.

— hybridi-

then;

irrigate,

A

silver.]

Quicksilver or mercury. hi'drat, [Gr. hydor, n.

hydrate,

A

compound in a characteristic ingrehydrated, hi'dra»ted, a. dient. Formed into a hydrate. hydraulic, hi»dra'lik, a. [Ft. hydraulique, L. hydraulicus, Gr. hydraulikos, from hydraulis, an instrument played by water hydor, water, and aulos, a pipe.] Pertaining to fluids in water.]

chemical

which water

motion,

or

is

the

action

of

water

utilized for mechanical purposes. Hydraulic cement, a cement having

the property of becoming hard under Hydraulic press, a machine water. for the application of great power by means of water. Hydraulic ram,

hi'a«dez, hi'adz, n.

A

See huswife. go;

Hya-

[Gr.

[Gr. hyades, from hyd, to rain.] cluster of seven stars supposed by the ancients to indicate the approach of rainy weather when they rose with the sun. hyaline, hi'a«len, n. [L. hyalinus, from Gr. hyalinos, of glass.] Glassy, transparent, horny substance like that which forms the shell of insects

A

g,

n.

To

hydatid,

pi.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

hi'a«sinth,

ize, hi'brid'iz, v.t.

tinged with yellow or brown: the name is also given to varieties of the garnet, the sapphire, and the topaz. hyacinthine, hl«a«sin'thln, a. Made of hyacinth; resembling hyacinth.

The

ch, chain;

drawn up

is

A

husk, husk, n. [Akin to D. hulze, G. hiilse, a husk; equivalent to E. hull, a husk, with sk as a termination.

a hussif.

which coal

kinthos, the name of a youth said to have been slain by Apollo, and liliachanged into the flower.] ceous bulbous plant, of which there are many varieties cultivated; a mineral; a variety of zircon, transparent or translucent, of a red color

make no noise. n. Stillness; quiet. —hush money, n. A bribe to secure silence; money paid to prevent

hull.]

in

—

hybridbring into the condition of producing a hybrid; hybridizer, hi'to render hybrid.

an and

out of the pit; a measure of two bushels. v.t. To place in a hutch. huzza, hu»za', interj. A form of Hurrah.

the noise or clamor of. To hush up, to suppress; to procure silence concerning; to keep concealed. v.i.

hus-thing. hus, house,

A

quiet; to repress

zation, hi'brid»i«za"shon, n.

[A.Sax.

—

A

farmer; a cultivator; one engaged in

quiet.

pi.

A

with economy; to keep from spending in view of an effort required.

—

hydrocephalus n.

thing, cause, council, thing.] Eng. the platform on which parliamentary candidates stood when addressing the electors; now, any such place; election campaign proceedings. Hustings court, a local court in Virginia. hustle, hus'l, v.t. [From D. hutselen, hutsen, to jumble or shake together; Sw. hutla, to shuffle; akin hotch-pot.] To crowd upon so as to shove about roughly; to push or elbow out or about rudely; to jostle. v.i. hustled, hustling. To push or crowd; to move in a confused crowd; to shamble hurriedly. huswife, huz'if, n. A housewife. hut, hut, n. [Same word as D. hut, G. hiitte, Dan. hytte, Sw. hydda, a hut; comp. W. cwt, a hovel.] small house, hovel, or cabin; a mean dwelling; a wooden house for troops in camp or for settlers in a wild country. v.t. hutted, hutting. To place in huts, as troops encamped in winter quarters. To take v.i. lodgings in huts. hutch, huch, n. [Ft. huche, a chest, from L.L. hutica, a chest; probably of Teutonic origin and akin to hut.] chest, box, coffer, bin, or other receptable in which things may be stored or animals confined; a low

hurtleberry, her'tl«be»ri, n. See WHORTLEBERRY. husband, huz'band, n. [A.Sax. husbonda, the master of the house, from Icel. husbondi {hus, house, and buandi, dwelling in), Dan. huusbond, Sw. husbonde, the master of the house; A.Sax. buan, Icel. bua, G. bauen, to inhabit, to cultivate, house,

make

acel.

assembly, a council hurtling.

hurt.] clash or meet in shock; to make a sound suggestive of hostile clash; to clash; to sound threateningly; to resound.

Silent; still; to silence; to

from

husting,

To

[From

— — — ——

415

hurtle a.

—

a machine by which descending water can be made to raise a portion of itself to a considerable height. hydraulics, hi«dra'liks, That n. branch of science which treats of the motion of liquids, and deals with the application of water in machinery. hydric, hi'drik, a. [Gr. hydor, water.] Of or pertaining to hydrogen. hydride, hi'drid, n. [Gr. hydor, water and ide.) Chem. a chemical compound of hydrogen and a metal, or some

base.

hydrocarbon, hi»dro«kar'bon, n. A chemical compound of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbon furnace, hydrocarbon stove, one in which liquid fuel

is

used.

hydrocele, hi'dro«sel, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and kele, a tumor.] Med. a morbid collection of serous fluid in the scrotum or testicle.

hydrocephalus, hi'dro«sef a»lus, n. [L. from Gr. hydrokephalon, from hy-

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— — ——

— — —— —

—

hydrochloric

—

—

;

416

dor, water, and kephate, head.] Med. a condition in which an abnormal cerebrospinal fluid amount of accumulates in the brain's cavities (ventricles), exerting excessive pressure. hydrochloric, hi«dr6«kl6'rik, a.

hygeian hydroscope,

water, and logos, discourse.] The science that treats of water, its properties, laws, distribution, etc. hydrological, hi«dro«loj'i«kal, a. Pertaining to hydrology. hydrologist, hi«drol'o'jist, n.

One

skilled in

hi'dro-skop, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and skopeo, to view.] An instrument to mark the presence of water in the air; a kind of ancient

water clock.

hydrosoma, hydrosome, hi«dro—

hy-

so'ma, hrdro«s6m, n. [Hydra, and Gr. soma, body.] The entire organism of any hydrozoan. hydrostatics, hi«drO'Stat'iks, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and statics.] The science which treats of the weight and equilibrium of fluids, particularly of water; that branch of science which treats of the properties of fluids at

drology.

Chem. pertaining to, or compounded hydrolysis, hI'drol'i«sis, n. [Hydro of, chlorine and hydrogen. and lysis, N.L. from Gr., a loosing.] hydrochloric acid, hi'dr6«kl6"rik The chemical decomposition of as'id, n. [Hydrogen and chlorine.] organic compounds by water. A concentrated aqueous solution hydromancy, hi'dro«man«si, n. [Gr of hydrogen chloride, HC1, that hydor, water, and manteia, divinais a strong corrosive acid. tion.] A method of divination by hydrocyanic, hi'dr6«si«an"ik, a. water. [Hydrogen and cyanogen.] Derived hydromel, hi'dro«mel, n. [Fr., from from the combination of hydrogen Gr. hydor, water, and meli, honey.] and cyanogen. A liquor consisting of honey diluted hydrocyanic acid, hi'dr6«sl«an"ik in water; when fermented it forms as'id, n. [Hydrogen and cyanogen.] mead. An aqueous solution of hydrogen hydrometallurgy, hi«dn>met'al— cyanide, HCN, that is a poisonous er»ji, n. The process of assaying weak acid used in fumigating. or reducing ores by liquid reagents.

hydrodynamic,

hi'dr6«di«nam"ik, a. hydor, water, and dynamis, power.] Pertaining to the force or pressure of water. hydrodynamics, hi'dro«di«nam"iks, n. That branch of science which treats of the application of forces to fluids, especially when producing motion in

hydrometeorology,

fluids.

hydrometer,

[Gr.

hydroelectric,

hrdr6«i»lek"trik, the production

a.

Pertaining to of electric current by water power; of a frictional

machine worked

electric

by steam. hydrofluoric,

hi'dro«flu«or"ik,

a.

Consisting of fluorine and hydrogen {hydrofluoric acid, a most powerful corrosive.)

hydrofoil,

hi"dr6«foil', n. [Gr. hydor,

water, and to

an

foil.]

airfoil,

A

that

surface,

develops

moves in water; merged body, which, it

similar

lift as a finlike subat high speeds,

a craft's hull above the surface of the water. hydrogen, hI'dro»jen, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and root gen, to generate.] gaseous element, colorless, odorless, flammable, and lighter than lifts

A

any other element. Symbol, H; at. hydrogenno., 1; at. wt., 1.00797. ate, hi«droj'e«nate, v.t.

To treat with,

or expose to, hydrogen; to combine with hydrogen. hydrogenous, hi— droj'e«nus, a.

—hydrogen bomb,

bomb which

releases large quantities

n.

A

of atomic energy through the fusion of nuclei at high temperature and pressure.

hydrography, hydor, water,

hi«drog'ra«fi, n. [Gr. and grapho, to de-

That branch of science which has for its object the measurement and description of the sea, lakes, rivers, and other waters, and includes marine surveying, the drawing of scribe.]

charts, etc. ra«fer, n.

hydrographer, hi«drog'-

One who

hydrography. drographical,

is

proficient in

hydrographic,

hy-

hI«dro»graf'ik,

hi—

dro'graf'i'kal, Relating a. treating of hydrography.

to

or

hydroid. See hydra. hydrokinetics, hi'dr6«ki«net"iks, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and kinetics.] Study of the effect of forces on fluids. hydrology, hi'drol'o'ji, n. [Gr. hydor, fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

rest.

hydrotherapy, hi.dro«ther'a«pi, n. [Hydro and therapy.] The treatment of disease or injury with water, by

immersion,

hi«dro«ther'mal, a. [Gr. hydor, water, and thermos, hot.] Of or relating to heated water. hydrothorax, hi»dro«tho'raks, n. Med. dropsy in the thorax or chest. hydrotropism, hid'ro»trop ism, n. [Gr. hydor, water, trepo, I turn.] Bot. curving toward or away from moisture.

hi«dro«me'te— of meteorology which concerns itself with water in the atmosphere in the form of rain, clouds, snow, etc. hydrometeorological, hI«dro«me'-

te«er«o«loj"i«kal,

a.

Pertaining

hydrous,

to

hI«drom'et«er, n. [Gr. hydor, water, metron, a measure.] An instrument to measure the specific gravity or density of water and other fluids, and hence the strength of spirituous liquors and of various

hydrometric, hydromet-

solutions.

hI«dro«met'rik, hl«drd«met'ri'kal, a. Pertaining to a hydrometer or hydrometry. hydrometry, hi— drom'et«ri, n. The art or operation of determining the specific gravity, density, force, etc., of fluids. hydropathy, hi«drop'a«thi, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and pathos, affection.] The treatment of disease by the use of cold water externally or internally; hydropathic, hi»the water cure. dro«path'ik, a. Relating to hydropathy. An establishment in n. which persons are boarded and receive the hydropathic treatment if they wish. hydropathist, hi— drop'a»thist, n. One who practices or rical,

—

advocates hydropathy.

hydrophane,

hi'dro«fan, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and phaino, to show.] variety of opal made transparent by immersion in water. hydrophobia, hi«dro«fo'bi«a, n. [Gr.

A

hydor, water, phobos, fear.] A morbid unnatural dread of water; rabies. hydrophobic, hi«dro»fob'ik, a. hydrophone, hi'dro«f6n, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and phone, sound.] An instrument used on ships for the detection of submarines. hydrophyte, hi'dro«fIt, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and phyton, a plant.] A plant which lives and grows in water.

—

hydropic,

hydropical,

hi«drop'ik, hi'drop'i'kal, a. [L. hydropicus, Gr. hydropikos, from hydrops, dropsy hydor, water, and dps, the face.] Dropsical; pertaining to dropsy.

hydroxide, hid»roks'id, water,

wa-

[Gr. hydor,

together. an, n. pi. hydrozoa, hi«dro»zo'a. [Gr. hydra, a hydra, and zoon, a living creature.] Zool. any one of a class of animals that belong to the phylum Coelenterata, consisting mostly of marine animals and including the jellyfish

(or nettlefish), the sea anemone, the hydra (or fresh-water polyp), etc. hyena, hi«e'na, n. [L. hycena, from Gr. hyaina, a hyena, from hys, a hog, digitigrade from its hoglike back.] carnivorous animal of several species, belonging to Asia and Africa, strong and fierce, feeding chiefly on carrion, and of nocturnal habits. hyetal, hi'e«tal, a. [Gr. hyetos, rain, from hyd, to rain.] Relating to rain, or its distribution with reference hyetograph, to different regions. hi'e'to»graf, n. chart showing the hyetorainfall in different regions. graphic, hyetographical, hi e«to— graf'ik, hi e«to»graf"i«kal, a. Pertainhyetography, ing to hyetography. hi«e«tog'ra«fi, n. The science of the hyetology, hi— distribution of rain.

A

A

—

That branch of meteorology which treats of the phenome«tol'o«ji, n.

ena connected with hygeian, hi«je'yan,

speedboat with hydrofoils. note, not,

n.

A compound

acid.]

hydrozoan, hi«dro«zo

[Gr. hrdro«plan, n. hydor, water, and plane.] An airplane that can take off and land on water pine, pin;

oxys,

formed by the union of a metallic or basic radical with one or more hydroxyl groups. hydroxyl, hid«roks'il, n. [Gr. hydor, water, and oxys, acid.] The univalent radical OH, consisting of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom linked

hydroplane,

a

hi'drus, a. Containing

ter; watery.

this.

me, met, her;

etc.

hydrothermal,

The branch

er«or'o«ji, n.

—— ——

move;

rain. a.

[From

Gr.

hygieia, hygsia, health, from hygies, healthy.] Pertaining to health or its hygeist, hi je«ist, n. preservation. One versed in hygiene. hygiene, hi ji-en, [Fr. hygiene, from Gr. hysysgicinas, healthy, wholesome.] tem of principles or rules designed for the promotion of health, espe-

A

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

I

—

—

—

hygrograph

gienic,

hi«ji«en'ik,

a.

en'iks,

The

n.

science

hyoscyamine, hi»o«si'am«in, n. [From hyoscyamus.] Alkaloid poisons

of health;

occurring in henbane (Hyoscyamus).

[Gr.

hypaethral, hypethral, hi«pe'thral, a. [Gr. hypaithros, under the sky hypo under, and aither, ether.] Arch.

hygiene; sanitary science.

hygrograph,

hi'grd'graf,

n.

and grapho, I write.] instrument which registers automatically the variations of the atmosphere as regards moistness. hygrometer, hI«grom'et«er, n. An instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere. hygrometric, hi«gro«met'rik, a. Pertaining to hygrometry; readily absorbing and retaining moisture. hygros, moist,

An

—

hygrometry, hi»grom'et«ri,

n.

The

hi'per«es«the"sis, hi'per«es«the"zi«a, n. [Gr. over, and aisthesis, sensation.] Morbid excess of sensibility. hyperbola, hi«per'bo«la, n. [Gr. hyperbole, hyperbole.] Geom. a curve formed by a plane that cuts a cone in a direction parallel to its axis, or so that the plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the

—

timber,

n.

matter.]

[Gr. hyle, a wood,

cone

A

bol'ik, a.

which

theory

regarded

matter as the original principle of evil, in opposition to the

good

spirit.

—hylozoism,

n. [Gr. zoe, life.]

that

matter possesses a species of

makes.

—hyperbolic,

hypercatalectic,

—

—

insects,

—

hi«-

n.

tik,

of an order of four membranous including the bees,

having

—

hypersonic speed.

at

n.

[Gr.

beyond,

hyper,

sthenos, strength; difficult frangibility as

from its compared with hornblende.] A mineral of the hornblende group, a constituent of some rocks; also called

— —

hyperthyroidism, ism, n. [Hyper and

or

— hypercritical, reason. — hyper-

reason.

ical

beyond use or

critically, hi'per'krit'i'kal'li, adv. In

a hypercritical manner. hyperdulia, hi»per«du'li»a, n. [Gr. hyper, beyond, and douleia, service.] The worship offered by Roman Catholics to the Virgin Mary, so called because higher than that given to saints (which is known as

—

dulia).

hypergolic, hi«per«gorik, adj. [Hypergol and ic] Capable of igniting itself on contact with an oxidizer,

—

said of rocket fuel. hyperkinesis, hi'per«ki«ne"sis, n. [Gr. hyper, beyond, and kinesis, motion.] Abnormal increase of muscular movej,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

Med.

—

and a. hypertrophy,

hi«per'tro«fi, n. [Gr. hyper, above, and trophe, nutrition.] morbid enlargement of a part of the body; excessive growth. hypertrophic, hi«per«trof'ik, a. hypha, hi'fa, n. ; pi. hyphae, hi'fe. [Gr. hype, a web.] The thready or filamentous matter forming the mycelium of a fungus. hyphal, hi'fal, a. Pertaining to a hypha. hyphen, hi'fen, n. [Gr. hyphen, strictly hypKhen, into or in one, under, and hen, together hypo, one.] mark or short line made between two words to show that they form a compound word, or used to connect the syllables of a divided word. v.t. To join by a

A

—

—

hi'per»kat'a«lek"-

hl«per«krit'i«kal, a. Overcritical; crit-

hi«per«thrroid«thyroidism.]

excessive activity of the thyroid gland. hyperthyroid, hi«per«thi'roid, n.

a.

measure

A

go;

move

hypersthene, hi'per«sthen,

A

measure. hypercritic, hi«per«krit'ik, n. [Gr. hyper, beyond, and kritikos, critical. critic] One who is critical beyond

wings, and wasps, ants, etc. hymenopterous, hi«men«op'ter«us, a. Belonging or pertaining to the hymenopters. hymn, him, n. [L. hymnus, from Gr. hymnos, a song, a song of praise.] A song or ode in honor of God, or in honor of some deity; a sacred lyric; a song of praise, adoration, or thanksgiving. v.t. To praise or celebrate in hymn or song; to sing. v.i. To sing in praise or adoration. hymnal, hymnbook, him'nal, n. collection of hymns, generally for use in public worship. hymnologist, him«noro«jist, n. A composer of hymns. hymnology, hymnody, him«noro«ji, him'no«di, n. A body of sacred lyrics composed by several authors of a particular period or country; hymns collectively. hyoid, hi 'oid, a. [Gr. hyoeides, shaped g,

hi'per'pi«rek"si«a, n. [Prefix hyper and pyrexia.] An excessive degree of fever. hypersonic, hi«per«son'ik, a. [Hyper and sonic, from L. sonus, sound.] Of a speed five times or more faster than that of sound in air; capable of moving or using air currents that

[Gr. hyper, beyond, and katalexis, termination.] Pros, having a syllable or two beyond the regular

[Gr. and pteron, a

ch, Sc. loch;

hyperpyrexia,

—

A member

ch, chain;

A

Labrador hornblende.

hymenopter, hymenopteran,

—

wing.]

hypermetropy,

hrper«me«tro"pi«a, hi«per«met'ro«pi,' n. [Gr. hyper, over, metron, measure, ops, the eye.] defect of the eyesight in which the focus for all objects falls behind the retina, and which is corrected by convex glasses; long-sightedness. hyperplasia, hi»per»pla'si«a, n. [Gr. hyper, beyond, plasso, to form.] Pathol, excessive growth of a part by multiplication of cells.

hi«per«-

expresses much more or less than the truth; an exaggerated statement; hyperhyperbolic, exaggeration. bolical, hi«per«bol'ik, hi'per-bol'i— kal, a. hyperbolically, hi«per«bori«kal«li, hyperbolism, hi«per'adv. bol»izm, n. hyperbolize, hi»perbol«iz, v.t. and i. To speak or write with exaggeration; to exaggerate. Hyperborean, hi«per«bo're«an, a. [Gr. hyper, beyond, boreas, the north.] Belonging to a region very far north; northern; arctic; frigid. n. An inhabitant of the most northern region of the earth.

hymen, a membrane,

—hyper-

hl'per'met'ri'kal, a.

hypermetropia,

the hyperbola.

doctrine

men«op'ter, hI'men«op'ter»an,

metrical,

Having the properties of

or that life and matter* are inseparably connected. hylozoist, hi«lo»z6'ist, n. A believer in hylozoism. hylozoic, hi«lo«z6'ik, a. Pertaining to hylozoism. hymen, hi'men, n. [Gr. hymen, a skin, a membrane; Hymen, the God of marriage.] Anat. the virginal membrane, situated at the entrance of the vagina; bot. the fine pellicle which encloses a flower in the bud. hymeneal, hymenean, hl«men«e'al, hi'men«e'an, a. Pertaining to marriage. n. A marriage song. life,

beyond ordinary measure.

hyperbole, hI«per'bo»le, n. [Gr. hy- hypertension, hi«per«ten'shon, n. [Hyper and tension.] Abnormally high perbole, excess hyper, beyond, ballo, arterial blood pressure. to throw.] A figure of speech which

hi»lo«z6'-

The

izm,

hyperaesthesia,

hyperaesthesis,

—

hylism, hi'lizm,

A

hypanthium,

determination of humidity, or of the moisture of the atmosphere. hygrophyte, hi'gro«fIt, n. [Gr. hygros, moisture, phyton, a plant.] A land plant adapted to moist surroundings hy groscope, hi 'gro • skop, n. An instrument for indicating the presence of moisture in the atmosphere. hygroscopic, hi«gro«skop'ik, a. Pertaining to the hygroscope; imbibing moisture from the atmosphere. .

hi«per'me«ter, n. [Gr. hyper, beyond, and metron, measure.] hypercatalectic verse; something

a roof.

hi«pan'thi«um, n. [Gr. hypo, under, anthos, flower.] Bot. the fleshy enlarged hollow of the end of a flowerstalk, as in the rose. hyperaemia, hi»per»e'mi»a, n. [Gr. hyper, over or above, and haima, blood.] An excessive accumulation of blood in a part of the body. hyperaemic, hl«per«e'mik, a. Pertaining to or affected with hyperaemia.

—hyper-

hypermeter,

applied to a building not covered

by

—

ment; spasmodic action. kinetic, hi'per«ki«net"ik, a.

Applied to a movable bone having somewhat the shape of the letter U, between the root of the tongue and the larynx.

hi»ji«-

—hygienics,

— hypnotic

like the letter u or y.]

— Relating to matters. —hy-

gienically, hl«ji»en'i«kal«li, adv. In a

hygienic manner.

—

417

daily the health of households or communities; sanitary science. hy-

hygienic or sanitary

—

—

hyphen. hypnosis, hip»no'sis,

n.

The hypnotic

of

sleep artificially induced, often by the person fixing attention upon some bright his object, being accompanied by more hypnotist, or less unconsciousness. hip'no'tist, n. One who hypnotizes. hypnotic, hip»not'ik, a. [Gr. hypnos, sleep; akin L. sopor, sleep, A. Sax. swefen, a dream.] Having the quality of producing sleep; tending to produce sleep; soporific. n. medicine that produces sleep; a sopohypnotism, hip'no«tizm,> n. rific. sleeplike condition brought on by artificial means.— hypnotize, hip'-

th, thin;

state;

a

sort

—

A

A

—

no«tiz, v.t.

To

affect with hypnotism. hip»nol'o«jist, n. One

—hypnologist, w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, asure.

—

—

——

—

: ;

hypoblast

—

versed in hypnology. hypnology, hip«nol'o«ji, n. Facts relating to the phenomena of sleep. hypoblast, hi'po«blast, n. [Gr. hypo, under, and blastos, a bud.] Bot. the flat dorsal cotyledon of a grass; anat. the lower of the two layers

forming the blastoderm, the upper being the epiblast. hypocaust, hi'po«kast, n. [Gr. hypokanston hypo, under, and kaio, to burn.] Anc. arch, an arched chamber in which a fire was kindled for the purpose of giving heat to the rooms above it; also a compartment of

cells

—

some modern stoves. hypochondria, hl«po«kon'dri«a, [From the hypochondrium being

n.

re-

garded as the seat of the disease. See below.] Med. a disease characterized by exaggerated uneasiness and anxiety, mainly as to what concerns the health, etc.; spleen; vapors; low

—hypochondriac,

hypochon-

driacal, hi»po«kon'dri«ak, hi'po»kon— dri"a«kal, a. Pertaining to hypochondria or to the hypochondrium affect-

—

:

ed with hypochondria. hypochondriac, n. A person affected with hypochondriacally, hypochondria. hi"po»kon«dri"a«kal«li, adv. In a hypochondriac manner. hypochon-

—

—

driasis, hi'po'kon»dri"a«sis, n.

— hypochondrium,

Hypo-

hI«po— kon'dri'um, n. pi. hypochondria. [Gr. hypochondrion, from hypo, under, and chondros, cartilage from chondria.

—

Anat the name of the two regions of The abdomen under the cartilages of the false ribs on the right and left side. hypocotyl, hi'po»koi"il, n. [Gr. hypo, its

situation.]

.

under,

cotyl(edon).] that part of the stem leaves (cotyledons).

In

seedlings,

below the seed

hypocrisy,

hi«pok'ri«si. n. [Ft. hypocrisie, L. hypocrisis, Gr. hypokrisis, a playing a part on the stage, simulation, from hypokrinomai, to play a part, to feign hypo, and krino, to separate, discern, critic] The act

or practice of simulating or feigning to be what one is not; especially, the assuming of a false appearance of piety and virtue; dissimulation; inhypocrite, hip'o»krit, n. sincerity.

—

[Ft. hypocrite,

who

Gr. hypokrites.]

—

One

hypohypocrisy. critical, hip«o-krit'i»kal, a. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, hypocrisy; characterized by hypocrisy; pretending goodness or religion; insincere. hypocritically, hip«o«krit'i»kaMi,a. hypocycloid, hi»po«si'kloid, n. [Gr. hypo, under, and E. cycloid.] A curve generated by the movement of a curve upon the concave side of a fixed curve. hypodermic, hi«po«dcr'mik, a. [Gr. hypo, under, derma, the skin.] Pertaining to or relating to parts under the skin or to the introduction of medicines under the skin.— hypodermic injection, hi«po»der'mik in— jek'shon, n. Med. an injection made into the subcutaneous tissues. hypogastrium, hI«po«gas'tri«um, n. [Gr. hypo, under, and gaster, the belly.] Anat. the lower anterior rehypogastric, gion of the abdomen. practices

—

hi«po«gas'trik,

a.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

hypogeous, hi*po*jeal, hi«po«je'us, a. [Gr. hypo, beneath, ge, the earth.] Lit. subterranean; bot. a term applied to parts of plants

hypogeal,

which grow beneath the surface of the earth.

hypogene,

hi'po«jen, a. [Gr. hypo, under, and root gen, to produce.] Geol. formed or originating under the surface of the earth (as crystalline rocks).

hypoglossal,

hI«po«glos'al, a. [Gr. glossa, the tongue.] Anat. pertaining to the under side

hypo,

under,

of the tongue. hi«poj'i«nus, a. [Gr. hypo, under, gyne, a female.] Bot. placed below the ovary or seed vessel; having the corolla and stamens inserted below the ovary. hyponasty, hi'po«nas«ti, n. [Gr. hypo, under, nastos, pressed.] Bot. excessive growth of the under surface of an organ, causing it to bend upward as opposed to epinasty. hypophosphite, hi'po«fos'fit,

name

hypothesis, hi-poth'e«sis, potheses,

hi«poth'e«sez.

The

of certain bodies containing

—

v.i.

To form

hy-

—

hyposulfite, hi«po«surfit, n. The name of certain substances containing sulfur, of which the hyposulfite of sodium is used in medicine and the arts.

hypotenuse, hypothenuse, e«nus,

n.

under, and

[Gr.

hypoteinousa

hi«pot'-

—hypo,

teino, to stretch.]

Geom.

longest side of a right-angled triangle; the line that subtends the right angle. hypothec, hi«poth'ek, n. [L. hypotheca, Gr. hypotheke, a pledge, from hypotithemi, to put under, to pledge.] Scots law, a lien such as that which a landlord has over the furniture or crops of his tenant in respect of the current rent. hypothecary, hI«poth'e«ke«ri, a. Of or pertaining to hypothecation. hypothecate, hi«poth'e«kat, v.t. hypothecated, hypothecating. To pledge in security for a debt, but without hypothecatransfer; to mortgage. tion, hi«poth'e«ka"shon, n. The act of

the

—

—

hypothecating.

— hypothecator,

poth e«ka»ter,

n.

hi—

One who hypothe-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

hypothyroidism, hi«p6«thi'roid«izm, n. Med. the deficient activity of the thyroid gland; the resulting condition. ficient thyroid gland.

hypsometer,

hip«som'et«er, n. [Gr. hypsos, height, metron, measure.] special kind of barometer for measuring altitudes; an apparatus used for measuring heights by noting the hypsometric, boiling point of water hypsometrical, hip«so«met'rik, hip— so«met'ri«kal, a. Pertaining to hyp-

A

—

—hypsometrically, hip«so— According to hypsometry. — hypsometry, hip«som'et—

ri, n. The art of measuring the heights of places upon the surface of the earth. Hyrcanian, her«ka ni«an, a. Pertaining to Hyrcania, which was an ancient province of the Persian Empire in Asia, somewhere southwest of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea in literature is sometimes called the "Hyrcanian Sea."

hyrax,

hi'raks,

[Gr.,

n.

a

shrew

A

small rabbit-like animal of Syria, believed to be the 'coney' of Scripture; a kindred species of

mouse.]

South Africa. hyson, hi son, lit.

first

n.

crop.]

A

[Chinese hi-tshun, species of green

tea from China. hyssop, his op, n. [Gr. hyssopos, hyssop.] The name of small bushy herbs of the mint family, the plants being aromatic and stimulating.

hysterectomy,

his-ter«ek'to»me, n. [Gr. hystera, the uterus, ektomi, a cutting out or off.] In surgery, the excision, or removal, of the uterus.

[N.L. hysteresis, his'te«re"sis, n. from Gr. hysterein, to be behind, to lag.] Any of several lagging effects resembling an internal friction which result when the forces acting on a body (such as magnetism, electricity and physical strain) are changed. hysteria, hysterics, his«te n«a, his— ter'iks, n. [L.L. hysteria, from Gr. hystera, the womb.] A nervous illness, marked by fits of laughing and crying. hyshysterical, his-ter i«kal, a.

—

—

terically, his»ter i«kal'li. hysteron proteron, his ter»on prot"er«on, n. [Gr. hysteron, last, and proteron, first.) An inversion of the natural order in words; a putting first

what should be

last.

hysterotomy,

his»ter'Ot'o«mi, n. [Gr. hystera, the uterus, tome, a cutting.] The operation of cutting into the uterus to take out a fetus which cannot

be expelled

cates.

— hypothet—hypotheti-

cal^, hi«po«thet'i»kaMi, adv.

met'ri«kal«li, adv. pi.

a.

hypothyroid, hi«po«thi'roid, n. [Hypo and thyroid, Gr. thyreos, a shield, eidos, form.] One affected by a de-

sometry.

n.

hy-

hypotheses.

medicinally.

postases, hI«pos'ta«sez. [Gr. hypostasis, substance, nature, essence, also sediment.] The sediment or deposit that settles at the bottom of a fluid the essential nature of any thing or any person; the accumulation of blood in the lower parts of the body; theol. the distinct substance or subsistence of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in the Godhead. hypostatic, hypostatical, hi«po»stat'ik, hi'po'Stat'i«kal, a. Relating to hypostasis. Hypostatic union, the union of the three persons in the Godhead, or the union of the divine and human nature in the person of hypostatize, Christ. hi«pos'ta»tiz, v.t. To regard as a distinct substance. hypostyle, hi'po«stil, n. [Gr. hypo, under, stylos, a pillar.] Arch, a covered colonnade; a pillared hall. a. Having the roof supported by pillars.

hy-

A

phosphorus, some of which are used hypostasis, hi'pos'ta»sis,

pi.

[Gr.

a supposition, from hype, under, and tithemi, to place.] supposition; something not proved, but assumed for the purpose of argument; a theory imagined or assumed to account for what is not underhypothesize, stood. hi«poth'e«siz,

.

n.

n.

pothesis,

ical, hi«po«thet'i«kal,

hypogynous,

of

spirits.

hysterotomy

418

by the usual means.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — —

——

—————

— ;

——— — — — — — — ——

—————— 419

idea

cooled with ice; frosted. ice field, A large sheet of sea ice whose limits cannot be seen. ice foot, is'fut, n. belt or fringe of ice that forms round the shores in arctic icehouse, is'hous, n. A regions. repository for the preservation of ice during warm weather. ice plant, n. A plant belonging to Greece, the Canaries, and the Cape, so called from being studded with pellucid watery vesicles which shine like ice sheet, n. A thick pieces of ice. sheet of ice covering a land area and not limited to valleys. icicle, i'si«kl, n. [A. Sax. is-gicel, from is, and gicel, an icicle; akin to Icel. jbkull, icicle, jaki, a piece of ice.] pendent conical mass of ice formed by the freezing of water or other fluid as it drops from something. icily, i'si«li, adv. In an icy manner. iciness, i'si«nes, n. The state of being icy or very cold. icy, i'si, a. Pertaining to,

Pertaining to a. ichthyologist, ik«thi— ol'o«jist, n. One versed in ichthyolichthyology, ik«thi«ol'o«ji, n. ogy. The science of fishes ; that branch of ik'thi«o«loj"i«kal,

ichthyology.

n.

I

A

the ninth letter and the third vowel of the English alphabet, in which it represents not only several vowel sounds but also the consonantal sound of y. I, i, pron. pos. my or mine, dat. and obj. me; pi. nom. we, pos. our or ours, dat. and obj. us. [A. Sax. ic, D. I, i, i,

Goth,

ik,

jeg,

G.

ik,

ich,

L. ego, Gr. ego,

—

Dan. Skr. aham, W. I eel.

ek,

ym, Armor, em I.] The nominative case of the pronoun of the first person; the word by which a speaker

ice,

[A. Sax.

is, n.

Sw.

is,

Icel.

rs=D. iss, G. '

ijs,

eis,

Dan. and referred

along with iron, G. eisen, to a root meaning to shine or glance.] Water or other fluid congealed or in a solid state in consequence of the abstraction of the heat necessary to preserve its fluidity. To break the ice, to make the first opening to any attempt; to open the way. v.t. iced, icing. To cover with ice; to convert into ice; to cool with ice; to freeze; to cover with concreted sugar. iceberg, is 'berg, n. [D. ijsberg ijs, ice, and berg, a mountain.] vast body of ice floating on the ocean. iceboat, n. A strong boat that can break a passage through ice; a boat for sailing with runners on the surface of ice. icebound, is'bound, a. Surrounded with ice so as to be immovable, or inaccessible. icebreaker, n. A massive and powerful steamer that smashes and forces a

iced,

ch, chain;

1st,

p.

Covered with

ch, Sc. loch;

of

ichthyosis, ik«disease of the skin,

A

n.

cences.

icon, i'kon, n. [Gr. eikon, an image, from eiko, to resemble.] An image or representation; a portrait; the holy picture or emblem regarded as sacred in the Greek and Russian iconoclasm, i« kon 'o»klazm, Church n. The act, principles, or proceedings of an iconoclast. iconoclast, i»kon'o«klast, n. [Gr. eikon, and klastes, a breaker, from klao, to break.] breaker of images; any destroyer or exposer of shams or superstitions; one who makes attacks upon cherished beliefs. iconoclastic, I«kon'o»klas"tik, a. Pertaining to an icono.

n.

A

native of

A

clast.

iconography,

i«ko«nog'ra«fi,

[Gr. eikon, and grapho, to describe.] That branch of knowledge which treats of ancient statues, busts, paintings in fresco, mosaic works, engraving on gems or metals, and the

ichneumon, ik«nu'mon,

iconographic, i»kon'o«graf"ik, Relating to iconography; representing by diagrams or pictures. iconolater, i»ko«nol'at«er, n. [Gr.

n.

light.

—

like.

A

eggs, snakes, etc.; a mongoose; a hymenopterous insect whose larvae are parasitic on other insects (called also ichneumon fly). ichnite, ik'nit, n. [Gr. ichnos, a footprint.] Geol. a fossil footprint; the footprint of an extinct animal marked on rocks. ichnology, ik»nol'o«ji, n.

The

fossil

[Gr. ichnos, a footstep, and grapho, to describe.] The horizontal section of a building or other object, showing its true dimensions according to a geometric scale; a ground plan. ichor, i'kor, n. [Gr.] An ethereal fluid that supplied the place of blood in the veins of the gods of the Greeks and Romans; med. a thin watery humor, like serum or whey; a thin watery acrid discharge from an ulcer,

wound,

etc.

ik«nog'ra»fi,

ichorous, i'ko«rus,

a.

ichthyic, ik'thwk, a. [Gr. ichthys, a fish.] Pertaining to fishes; fishlike. ichthyography, ik«thi«og'ra»fi, n. The description of fishes. ichthyoid, ichthyoidal, ik'thi«oid, ik«thi»oi'dal, ichthyoa. More or less fishlike.

—

logic, ichthyological, ik'thi«0'loj"ik,

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

and

latreia, service.]

One

that

—

raphy.

icosahedral, i'kos«a«he"dral,

a. [Gr. twenty, and hedra, seat, side.] Having twenty equal sides. icosa-

eikosi,

hedron, i'kos«a«he"dron, of twenty equal sides.

n.

Like ichor; thin; watery; serous.

job;

eikon,

worships images. iconolatry, I«ko— nol'at«ri, n. The worship or adoration of images. iconology, i«ko«noro»ji, n. The doctrine of images or emblematical representations; iconog-

footmarks of animals.

ichnography,

—

a.

nivorous animal of Egypt, resembling a weasel, and feeding on crocodiles'

j,

of the characters

fishes.

become hard and with a tendency to excres-

scaly,

n. [Gr., from ichneuo, to track out, from ichnos, a footstep the animal searches out crocodiles' eggs.] digitigrade car-

ice

g, go;

and

A

of

way through ice. ice cream, n. Cream variously flavored, and congealed by means of a freezing mix-

many

lizards

portions of which

mountains, used in medicine and as a nutritious article of diet. Iceland spar, n. transparent variety of calcareous spar, or carbonate of lime, valuable for experiments on the double refraction and polarization

A

bining

thi«6'sis,

A

—

ture.

A

Icelandic, is«lan'dik, Iceland. a. Pertaining to Iceland. n. The language of the Icelanders or of their literature, the oldest of the Scandinavian group of tongues. Iceland moss, n. species of lichen found in the arctic regions and on lofty

—

ichthyosaur,

ik'thi»o«sa"rus, ik"thi«o«sar', n. [Gr. sauros, a lizard.] fishlike lizard; an immense fossil marine reptile, com-

chilling; indifferent.

Icelander, is'lan«der,

ichthyosaurus,

ets.

of, produced by, resembling or abounding with ice; fig. characterized by coldness or coolness, as of manner, etc.; frigid;

representative.

See intercontinental.

A

composed

—

ICBM.

ichthyornis, practice of eating fish. ik«thi«or'nis, n. [Gr. ornis, a bird.] fossil bird with vertebrae like those of fishes, and with teeth set in sock-

A

or writer denotes himself: sometimes used as a noun; the ego. iamb, iambus, I'amb, i«am'bus, n. iambs, iambi, i'ambs, i«am'bi. pi. [Gr. iambos, from iapto, to assail.] Pros, a foot consisting of two syllables, the first short and the last long, or the first unaccented and the iambic, last accented, as in delight. i«am'bik, a. Pertaining to the iambus; composed of iambi.— n. An iambic foot; a verse consisting of iambi. Iberian, i«be'ri«an, n. One of the primitive inhabitants of Spain; the language of the ancient Iberians, of which Basque is supposed to be the ibex, i'beks, n. [L., a kind of goat.] An animal of the goat family found in the Alps and Pyrenees, with large horns directed backward and marked with transverse ridges in front. ibis, i'bis, n. [Gr. and L.] A name of certain grallatorial birds allied to the storks, the most remarkable species of which, the sacred ibis, was revered by the ancient Egyptians. Icarian, i«ka'ri»an, a. [From Icarus, in Greek mythol., who, flying with a pair of artificial wings, soared so high that the sun melted the wax that cemented his wings, and caused him to fall into the sea.] Adventurous in flight; soaring too high for safety.

zoology which treats of fishes. ichthyophagous, ik«thi«of'a«gus, a. Eating or subsisting on fish. ichthyophagy, ik«thi«of'a'ji, n. The

n.

A

solid

icteric, icterical, ik«ter'ik, ik«ter'i«kal, a. [L. icterus, jaundice.] Affected with jaundice; curative of jaundice. ictus, ik'tus, n. [L., from ico, to stroke; the stress laid on strike.]

A

an accented

syllable.

id, id, n. [Gr. idios, distinct.] Psych. that part of the unconscious that harbors instinctive impulses and seeks

pleasure.

idea, i«de'a, n. [L. idea, from Gr. idea, the form or appearance of a thing, kind or species, from idein, to see; same root as E. wit.] The form, image, or model of anything in the mind; that which is held or comprehended by the understanding or intellectual faculties; as a philosophical term, now generally used to designate subjective notions and re-

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—— ——

—

—

identical

and men showing

officers

popularly it signifies notion, conception, thought, opinion, ideal, i»de'al, a. Existing in belief. idea existing in fancy or imagination only; visionary. n. An imaginary model of perfection; a standard of perfection or beauty. Beau Ideal. See beau. idealism, i«de'al«izm, n. That system of philosophy according to which nothing exists but the mind itself and ideas perceived by the mind, or which maintains that we have no rational grounds for believing in the reality of anything but percipient minds and ideas. idealist, i'de'al'ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of idealism; one who idealizes; one who indulges in flights of fancy or imagination ; a visionary. idealistic, i«de'al«is"tik, a. Pertaining to idealism or idealists. ideality, i«di»al'i«ti, n. The condition or quality of being ideal ; capacity to form ideals of beauty and perfection.

service, unit, etc.

validity;

—

;

—

—

—

— idealization, i«de'al«i«za"shon, The act of idealizing.— idealize, —idealized, de'al«iz,

ideal; to give

accordance ideal; to v.i.

n. !•-

idealizing.

v.t.

To make

form

to in

with any preconceived in an ideal form.

embody

To form ideals. — idealizer, i«de'One who

an ideally, i.de'aMi, adv. In idealist. an ideal manner. ideation, i^di»aal'I'Zer,

n.

—

idealizes;

—

The

faculty of the mind for forming ideas; the establishment of a distinct mental representation or ideational, i«di«idea of an object. a'shon«al, a. Pertaining to ideation.

shon,

n.

—

ideograph,

ideogram,

id'i«o«graf,

id'i'6'gram, n. In some systems of writing, a character, symbol, or figure which suggests the idea of an object without expressing its name; ideographic, ideoa hieroglyphic.

—

graphical, id'i'O'graf'ik, id'i«o«graf"i«kal, a. Representing ideas independently of sounds; pertaining to that mode of writing which, by means of symbols, figures, or hieroglyphics, suggests the ideas of objects. ideographically, id'i«o«graf"i«kal»li, adv. In an ideographic manner.

ideography, id'i»og'ra«fi, n. Writing in ideographic characters or symbols.

—ideology,

id'i«ol"o«ji,

n.

The

science of ideas or of their understanding; that system of mental philosophy which exclusively derives our knowledge from sensation. ideological, id'i«o«loj"i«kal, a. Perideologist, id— taining to ideology. i«ol'o«jist, n. One who treats of ideas; one who indulges in ideas or theories; a supporter of ideology. identical, identic, i«den'ti«kal, I— den'tik, a. [L.L. identicus, from L. idem, the same.] The same; not Identical propanother or different. osition, a proposition in which the terms of the subject and the predicate comprise the same idea, as that the whole is equal to its parts. identically, i«den'ti«kal«li, adv. In an identicalness, Iidentical manner. idenden'ti«kal»nes, n. Sameness.

—

—

—

420

presentations, with or without objective

—

— —

—

tification, i«den'ti«fi«ka"shon, n. The act of identifying. Identification tag.

A disk worn around the neck by both fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

idol

in active military

—identify,

name,

number,

i«den'ti«fi, v.t.

—

identified, identifying. [From identi-, in identity, and L. facio, to make.]

To make

be the same; to unite or such a manner as to make one; to determine or establish the identity of; to ascertain or prove to be the same with something

combine

to in

described or claimed. v.i. To become the same. identity, i«den'ti«ti, n. [L.L. identitas, from L. idem, same.] The state or fact of being identical; sameness, as distinguished from similitude and diversity. Personal identity, our being the same persons from the commencement to the end of life while the matter of the body, the dispositions, habits, thoughts, etc., are continually chang-

—

Principle of identity, philos. the principle that a thing is what it is and not another. ing.

ideograph, ideology,

etc. See idea. [L. idus, the ides, iduo, to divide.] In the ancient

ides, idz, n. pi.

from

Roman

calendar the 3th of January, February, April, June, August, September, November, and December, 1

and the 15th of March, May, July, and October. idiocrasy, id«i*ok'ra«si, n. [Gr. idios, peculiar, and krasis, mixture, temperament.] Peculiarity of constitution; temperament or constitution peculiar to a person; idiosyncrasy. idiocy. See idiot. idioelectric, id'i«6«i«lek"trik, a. [Gr. idios, one's own, and E. electric] Electric by virtue of its own peculiar properties. idiom, id'i«om, n. [Fr. idiome, L. idioma, from Gr. idioma, from idios, proper, or peculiar to one's self] mode of expression peculiar to a language or to a person; a phrase or

A

expression having a special meaning from usage, or a special grammatical character; the genius or peculiar cast of a language; a peculiar form or variety of language; a dialect. idiomatic, idiomatical, id'i»o«mat"ik, id'i«o«mat"i«kal, a. Having the character of an idiom; pertaining to the particular modes of expression which belong to a language. idiomatically, id'i«o«mat"i»kal«li,a(i7'. In an idiomatic manner.

idiomorphic, id'i«o«mor"fik, a. [Gr. idios, one's own, morphe, form.] Having a peculiar or distinctive form. idiopathy, id«i«op'a«thi, n. [Gr. idios, proper, peculiar, and pathos, suffering.] A morbid state or condition not preceded and occasioned by any idiopathic, id'i'O*other disease. path'ik, a. Pertaining to idiopathy; not symptomatic. idiosyncrasy, id'i«o«sin"kra«si, n. [Gr. idios, proper, syn, with, and krasis, temperament.] A personal peculiarity of constitution or temperament; a mental or moral characteristic belonging to and distinguishing an individual; peculiar way of thinking idiosyncratic, id'i«6«or feeling. sin«krat"ik, a. Relating to idiosyn-

—

—

crasy. idiot, id'i«ot, n. [L. idiota,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

— —

a private, vulgar, unskilled person, from idios, private, peculiar to one's self.] The lowest level of feeblemindedness in which an individual is possessed of a maximum mental age of two years, or an IQ of 25; a silly, foolish person. a. Pertaining to an idiot; afflicted

idiotes,

with idiocy.

—idiocy,

id'i«o«si,

from Gr.

move;

—

—

an

In

adv.

id«i«ot'i«kal«li,

idiotic

manner. empty, G. eitel, idle; Dan. mere; from root meaning to

idle, i'dl, a. [A. Sax., idel, vain,

idle^D. idel,

ijdel,

shine (Skr. idh, Gr. aitho, to burn).] Not engaged in any occupation; unoccupied; doing nothing; slothful; averse to labor or employment; lazy; vacant, or not spent in work (idle hours); remaining unused; producing no effect; useless, vain, ineffectual, or fruitless (idie rage) ; trifling or irrelevant (an idle story). v.i. idled, idling. To lose or spend time in inaction or without being employed. v.t. To spend in idleness: generally followed by away. idleness, i'dl«nes, n. The condition or quality of being idle. idler, idler, n. One who idles. idle wheel, n. In machinery, a wheel placed between two others for the purpose simply of transferring the motion from one axis to the other without change of direction. idly, idh, adv. In an idle manner. idocrase, i'do«kras, n. [Gr. eidos, form, and krasis, mixture, from the mixture of forms its crystals display.] A mineral differing from garnet chiefly in form, occurring, variously colored, in the lavas of Vesuvius and elsewhere; pyramidal garnet or Vesuvian. idol, idol, n. [Fr. idole, L. idolum, from Gr. eidolon, an image, form,

—

—

—

—

—

phantom, same root

idol,

as

from

in

form;

eidos,

An

idea.]

image,

representation, or symbol of a deity or consecrated as an object of worship; any person or thing on which we strongly set our affections; that to which we are excessively, idolaoften improperly, attached. ter, i«dol'a»ter, n. [Fr. idolatre, L.

made

—

Gr. eidololatrcs, an idolworshiper, idolatry.] A worshiper of idols one who worships as a deity that which is not God; a pagan; an idolatress, adorer; a great admirer. i«dol'at»res, n. A female worshiper of idololatre,

;

—

— idolatrize, i»dolat«riz, To adore; worship. — idolatrous, i'dolat-rus,

idols.

To to

v.i.

worship

idols.

v.t.

Pertaining to idolatry; partaking of the nature of idolatry worshiping false gods consisting in or partaking of an excessive attachment or revera.

;

;

—

idolatrously, i»dol at«rus«li, ence. adv. In an idolatrous manner. idolatry, i«dol'at»ri, n. [Fr. idolatrie, idololatria, from Gr. eidololatreia eidolon, idol, and latreuo, to worship.] The worship of idols, images,

L. —

anything made by hands, or is not God; excessive attachment to or veneration for any person

or

which

note, not,

n.

idiotic, idiotical, id«i«ot'ik, id»i«ot'i— kal, a. Like or relating to an idiot; foolish; utterly absurd. idiotically,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

————— — —

——

—

——

.

idyl or thing. —idolism,f The worship of —

idols.

dol«iz,

v.t.

worship

as

i'dol«izm, idolize, idolizing.

idolized,

n.

To

an idol; to make an idol

the character of

ill-fated, a. Having an ill or evil ill-fafate; ill-starred; unfortunate.

Having ill features ugly. Gained by unfair or improper means; dishonestly come vored,

its teeth.]

A

a. [L. igneus, from allied to Skr. agni, fire.] Pertaining to, consisting of, or reignis, fire,

re-

sulting from the action of fire. ignescent, ig«nes'ent, a. [L. ignescens.] Emitting sparks of fire when

A

struck, especially with steel. n. mineral that gives out sparks when ignite, ig«nit', v.t. ignited, struck. igniting. To kindle or set on fire; to communicate fire to. v.i. To take fire; to become red with heat. ignition, ig«nish'on, n. The act of igniting, or state of being ignited; the act or means of exploding the charge of gases in the cylinder of an

—

mannered,

a. Uncivil; rude; imill-matched, a. Badly asill-nature, sorted; not well suited. n. Evil nature or disposition; bad temper; crossness; crabbedness. ill-natured, a. Having ill-nature; of habitual bad temper; bad tempered. ill-naturedly, adv. In an ill-natured manner; crossly. ill-omened, a. Having unlucky omens; unfortunate.

polite.

colossal

found in the Wealden

— —

—

ignominy, ig'no«min«i, n. [L. ignominia in, not, and gnomen, nomen, name, from root seen in E. know.]

—

Icel.

Mr, :"//;

adj. ill; Icel.

a contracted

comparative

Its

and Sw. form of

fero, latum, to bear.] The act of inferring from premises or reasons ; inference ; an inference, deducillative, il'la— tion, or conclusion. tiv, a. Relating to illation; capable of being inferred or of inferring; denoting an inference (then or thereAn n. fore is an illative word). illative word. illaudable, il»la'da«bl, a. [Prefix il for

from

in, not, and laudable.] Not laudable. illegal, iMe'gal, a. [Prefix il for in, not, and legal.] Not legal; contrary to law; unlawful; illicit.- illegality, il—

and

Public disgrace; shame; dishonor; infamy. ignominious, ig«no«min'i»us, a. [L. ignominiosus.) Marked with ignominy; shameful; dishonorable; infamous; despicable.— ignominiously, ig«no«min'i'US«ly, adv. In an ignominious manner. ignoramus, ig«no«ra'mus, n. pi. ignoramuses, ig«no»ra'mus»ez. [1st pers. pi. pres. ind. of L. ignoro lit. we are ignorant, ignore.] An ignorant person; a vain pretender to knowledge.

—

—

The condition or quality of being illegal. illegally, iMe'gaMi, adv. In an illegal manner. le«gal'i'ti, n.

ignorantis, ppr. of ignoro, to be ignorant, ignore.] Destitute of knowl-

edge; uninstructed or uninformed; untaught; unenlightened; unacquainted ; unconscious. ignorantly, ig'ne«rant«li, adv. In an ignorant manner. ignorance, ig'ne«rans, n. [L. ignorantia.] The state of being ignorant want of knowledge ignore, ig»nor', v.t. ignored, ignor-

ous.]

—

illness,

il'nes,

or condition of being j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

n.

The

il»lej'i«bli,

adv. In an illegible

man-

ner.

illegitimate,

il«li'jit'i«mit, a. [Prefix for in, not, and legitimate.] Not legitimate; born out of wedlock; not in conformity with law; not authorized; not legitimately inferred or il

deduced; not warranted (an illegitiillegitimated, v.t. mate inference) illegitimating. To render illegitimate

—

.

to

bastardize.

jit'i»me«si, n.

illegitimacy,

The

state of

bastardy. il«li«jit'i«mit«li, adv.

il«li—

being

ille-

illegitimately,

gitimate,

an

In

illegiti-

mate manner. illiberal, il-lib'er-al, a. [Prefix il for in, not, and liberal.] Not liberal; not free or generous; of narrow or conillibertracted mind or opinions. illiberalness, il-lib'er»al"i«ti, ality, il«lib'er»al«nes, n. The quality of

state

an ailment

then;

for

il

illegibility, illegibleness, il«lej'i»bil"The state or i«ti, il»lej'i»bl»nes, n. illegibly, quality of being illegible.

ilia,

superlative,

ill;

[Prefix

Incapable of being read; obscure or defaced so that the words cannot be known.

—

a. [L. ignorans,

—

illegible, il«lej'i«bl, a. in, not, and legible.]

evil.

worse and worst, are from a different root.] Bad or evil; the opposite of good; wicked; wrong: used of things rather than persons; producing evil or misfortune; calamitous or un r fortunate (an ill end); cross, crabbed, surly, or peevish (ill nature, ill temper); suffering from disease or sickness; sick or indisposed; unwell (ill of a fever); not proper; rude or unpolished (ill manners, ill breeding). 77/ turn, an unkind or injurious act. n. Wickedness; evil; misfortune; calamity; whatever annoys or impairs happiness or prevents success. adv. Not well; not rightly or perfectly (ill at ease); not easily; with pain or difficulty (he is ill able to sustain the burden). [///, prefixed to participles, or adjectives having the form of participles, forms a great number of compound words the meaning of which is generally obvi-

A

—

ilia

adv.

evil star

will, n. desire that evil will befall a person; enmity. il illation, iMa'shon, n. [L. illatio for in, in, on, and latio, a bearing, ill

[Properly 05 ilium, bone or flank.] Anat. a bone that forms the outer portion of the pelvis on either side; the hipbone. ilk, ilk, a. [A. Sax. ilc, ylc, same.] Same. [Old E.]— Of that ilk, in Scot., a phrase sometimes used after the name of a landed gentleman to denote that his surname and the title of his estate are the same. ill, il, a. [From the Scandinavian;

internal-combustion engine. ignoble, ig«no'bl, a. [L. ignobilis in, not, and gnobilis, or nobilis, noble. noble.] Of low birth or family; not noble; not illustrious; mean; worthignobleless; not honorable; base. ness, ig»n6'bl«nes, n. The condition ignobly, or quality of being ignoble. ig«no'bli, adv. In an ignoble manner.

Having an

ill-starred, a.

presiding over one's destiny; hence, fated to be unfortunate; ill-fated. ill-tempered, a. Of bad temper.

il'i«um, n.

of the

;

ill-humor, n. Ill temper, fretby. ill-judged, a. Not well fulness. judged; injudicious; unwise. ill-

testine in man. ileus, i'le«us, n. [Gr. ileos, eileos, a severe pain in the intestines.] Med. colic; iliac passion. iliac, il'i«ak, a. [L. iliacus, from ilia, the flank, the groin, the intestines.] Pertaining to the bowels, especially the lower bowels, or to the part of the abdomen containing them. Iliac region, the side of the abdomen between the ribs and the hips. Iliac arteries, the arteries formed by the bifurcation of the aorta near the last lumbar vertebra. Iliac passion, a dangerous ailment, consisting in obstruction of the bowels, accompanied with severe griping pain, and often vomiting of fecal matter. ilium,

packed snow. igneous, ig'ni«us,

a.

ill-gotten, a.

L. ilia, intestines, iliac.] Anat. the lower three-fifths of the small in-

A

g, go;

of,

strata.

will).

ch, Sc. loch;

be ignorant

ileum, il'e«um, n. [From Gr. eilo, to roll, from its convolutions; or from

igloo, ig'lo, n. [Eastern Eskimo igdlu, snow house.] dome-shaped Eskimo dwelling made of square blocks of

ch, chain;

lizard

fossil

—

;

to

ignoro,

iguanodon, ig«wa'no«don, n. [Iguana and Gr. odous, odontos, a tooth, from

A

^

illicit

ill-advised, a. Badly or sickness. advised; resulting from bad advice or the want of good; injudicious. ill-bred, a. Not well bred; badly educated or brought up; impolite.

Haytian language.] reptile of the lizard family, with pendulous dewlaps, native of tropical America, some species of which are much esteemed as food.

Goth, iba, whether, jabai, if.] particle used to introduce a conin case ditional sentence, equal to that, granting that, supposing that, allowing that; also, whether: in dependent clauses (I know not if he

ignorant, ig'ne«rant,

421

A

highly wrought descriptive poem, consisting generally of scenes or idyllic, i— events of pastoral life. dil'ik, a. Of or belonging to idyls or pastoral poetry; pastoral. if, if, conj. [A. Sax. gif, if; Icel. ef, if, if; akin O.G. ibu, G. ob, if, whether;

produced by or

;

to shut the eyes to; to leave out of account; to disregard; to reject. iguana, ig«wa'na, n. [Sp., from the

A

fire;

— —— —— ————— ————— — —

;

from ignarus, not knowing in, not, and gnarus, knowing, from root of gnosco, to know, and E. know.] To pass over or by without notice; to act as if one were unacquainted with

i'-

of; to love to excess; to love or reverence to adoration. idolizer, i'dol'I»zer, n. One who idolizes. idyl, idyll, l'dil, n. [L. idyllium, Gr. short eidyllion, from eidos, form.]

sembling

[L.

ing.

——— —

th, thin;

being illiberal. illiberally, iMib'er— aMi, adv. In an illiberal manner. illicit, iNlis'it, a. [L. illicitus

and

licitus,

w, wig;

lawful,

from

hw, whig;

—

il,

not,

liceo, to

zh, a^ure.

be

— ——

——— —

— —

illimitable

illicitness, il-lis it»nes, n.

The

state

or quality of being illicit. illimitable, iMim it*a*bl,

a. [Prefix il for in, not, and limitable.] Incapable of being limited or bounded; boundinimitably, il— less; immeasurable. lim'it«a«bli, adv. Without possibility

—

of being bounded; without limits. illimitableness, il«lim'it«a«bl»nes, n. illiterate, il«lit'er«it, a. [L. illiteratus il for in, not, and literatus, lettered, learned, from litera, a letter. letter.] Ignorant of letters or books; untaught; unlearned; igno-

—

— illiteracy, of being errorf. — illiterately,

il«lit'er«e»si, n.

illiterate;

The

a literary

il«lit'er»it«li,

adv. In an illiterate manner. illness. See ill. illogical, il'loj'i'kal, a. [Prefix il for Ignorant or in, not, and logical.] negligent of the rules of logic or correct reasoning; contrary to logic illogically, il— or sound reasoning. loj'i«kal»li, adv. In an illogical man-

—

— illogicalness,

iMoj 'i«kal«nes, n. The quality of being illogical. illuminate, il«lu'mi«nat, v.t. illuminer.

—

nated, illuminating. [L. illumino, illuminatum prefix il for in, in, and

—

LUMINARY, light. lumen, luminis, lucid.] To enlighten; to throw light on; to supply with light; to light up with festal lamps, bonfires, or the like; to adorn (a manuscript) with gilded and colored decorations illume, iMum', v.t. or illustrations. illumed, illuming. To illumine or illuminate. (Poet.) illuminable, il«lu'mi»na«bl, a. Capable of being illuminant, il«lu'mi— illuminated. nant, n. That which illuminates or illuminati, il»lu'mi— affords light. na"ti, n. pi. A term formerly applied

—

—

to certain sects and secret societies, now applied to persons who affect to possess extraordinary knowledge whether justly or otherwise. illumination, il«lu'mi«na"shon, n. [L. illuminatio, illuminationis.] The act of illuminating, or state of being illuminated; a festive display of etc.;

lights,

an ornament or

illus-

tration in colors and gilding, such as those with which ancient manuscripts or books were embellished. illuminative, il«lu'mi«na«tiv, a. Hav-

ing the power of illuminating; tending to throw light; illustrative. illuminator, il-lu mi«na»ter, n. One who or that which illuminates. illumine, iMu'min, v.t. To illuminate. (Poet.)

illusion, illusionis,

iUlu'zhon,

from

illudo.

n.

[L.

illusio,

The

illude.]

imposing upon; deception; mockery; a deceptive appearance; an unreal vision presented to the bodily or mental act of deceiving or

illusionist, il— lu'zhon«ist, n. One given to ilillusive, iMu'siv, a. Deceivlusion.

eye; hallucination.

—

ing

by

lusively, illusive

false

iNlu

show; siv«li,

manner.

lu'siv»nes, n.

—

illusory.

il-

In

an

adv.

— illusiveness,

il— illusory, iMu'so»ri, a.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

illustrate, il'us«trat,

v.t. illustrated, illustrating. [L. illustro, illustratum, to

up,

light

to

lustro, to

illuminate

make

il

for

in,

luster.]

light,

To

illuminate^ ; to glorify X to make bright or conspicuous^:; to make clear, intelligible, or obvious; to ',

throw

light

on by examples, by com-

parisons, and the like; to ornament and elucidate by means of pictures, drawings, etc. illustration, il»lus— tra'shon, n. The act of illustrating; that which illustrates; a particular case or example intended to throw light on one's meaning; a picture accompanying and illustrating the text of a book. illustrative, il«lus'tra-tiv, a. Tending to illustrate. illustratively, il«lus'tra»tiv«li, adv. By way of illustration or elucidation. illustrator, il'lus«tra»ter, n. One

—

—

—

who

illustrious, il«lus'tri«us, a. [From L. illustris, lighted up, clear, distin-

— probably for

guished; lucis,

contr.

for

and

into,

in,

il

light,

il-

lux,

Distinguished

lucid.]

by greatness, nobleness, or eminence

among men; conspicuous

for praise-

worthy

qualities; renowned; emibrilliant (an illustrious man, an illustrious action). illustriously, il«lus'tri«us«li, adv. In an illustrious manner. illustriousness, il«lus'tri«us«nes, n. ilmenite, il'men^it, n. black ore of iron found in the llmen Mountains in Russia.

nent;

glorious;

—

A

image,

im'ij, n. [Fr.,

from L. imago,

an image, likeness, apparition, etc., from stem of imitor, to imitate.] A representation of any person or thing, sculptured, painted, or otherwise made visible; a statue, picture, or stamped representation; an effigy; an idol; what forms a counterpart or likeness of something else; like-

ness; embodiment; a picture drawn by fancy; semblance; show; appearance ; optics, the figure or appearance of an object made by reflection or refraction. imaging. v.t. imaged, To represent by an image; to reflect the image or likeness of; to mirror; to represent to the mental vision; to form a likeness of in the mind.

—

imagery,

im'a«jer«i,

n.

Images

in

general or collectively; forms of the fancy; imaginary phantasms; rhetorfigures collectively; comparisons, similes, etc., in discourse. imagine, i«maj'in, v.t. imagined, imagining. [Fr. imaginer, L. imaginor, imaginatum, to imagine, from imago, image, image.] To form a notion or idea of in the mind; to bring before the mind's eye; to produce by the imagination; to conceive in thought; to think, scheme, or devise (O.T.). v.i. To conceive; to suppose; to fancy; to think. imaginable, i»maj'i«na«bl, a. Capable ical

—

of being imagined or conceived. imaginably, i»maj'i«na«bli, adv. In

an imaginable manner.

—imaginal,f

i«maj'i»nal, a. Characterized

me, met, her;

gination;

imaginary,

imaginative.

i'maj'i«ne«ri,

[L.

a.

imaginarius.]

Existing only in imagination or fancy; conceived by the imagination,

not

real; fancied. imagination, i»maj"i«na'shon, n. [L. imaginatio, imaginationis.] The power or faculty of the mind by which it conceives and forms ideas of things from

knowledge communicated

to

by

it

the organs of sense; the faculty by which we can bring absent objects and perceptions forcibly before the mind; the power or faculty which enables a person to produce a new, impressive, and artistic whole by selecting and working up ideas derived through observation and memory, and which thus includes a certain share of invention; an image or conception in the mind; idea; an unsolid or fanciful opinion.

— imaginative, dowed with

En-

i«maj'i»na«tiv, a.

imagination.

— imagina-

tiveness, i«maj'i«na"tiv«nes. n. n. [L., an image.] The last or perfect state of an insect, usually that in which it has wings; Psychoanalysis, the childhood conception of the parent retained in the unconscious,

imago, i»ma'go,

illustrates.

lucestris

—

imbricate

[Fr. illusoire, from L. illudo, illusum.] Causing illusion; deceiving or tending to deceive by false appearances; false and deceptive; fallacious.

and

———

—

422

allowed.] Not permitted, sanctioned, or allowed by law, rule or tradition; prohibited; unlawful.— illicitly, il— lis'it«li, adv. In an illicit manner.

rant. state

— —

—

pine, pin;

by ima-

note, not,

move;

imam, imaum, l-mam,

i«mam',

n.

[At. imam, from amma, to walk before, to preside.] minister or priest who performs the regular service of the mosque among the Mohammedans; a title given to the

A

successors of Mohammed; one who has followers in law or theology, imamate, i«mam'at, n. The region that is ruled by an imam. imbalance, im«bal'ans, n. [Prefix im, not, and balance.] A lack of balance; an unequal distribution; a disproportion; poor muscular or glandular functioning.

imbecile, imbecilic, im'be«sil, imbe«sil'ic, a.- [L. imbecillis, imbecillus, feeble in body or mind origin doubtful.] Having a mental capacity between idiocy and feeblemindedness, or a mental age of 2 to 7 years, or an IQ of 25 to 50. n. One that is imbecile or impotent either in body or mind. imbecility, im»be—

—

—

sil i«ti,

n.

imbed, im-bed',

v.t.

imbibe, im»blb',

To embed.

—

v.t.

—imbibed,

im-

im for in, in, bibing. [L. imbibo into, and bibo, to drink, whence also drink in; to absorb; beverage.]

To

to receive or admit into the mind and retain. imbiber, im«bi'ber, n. One who or that which imbibes.

imbibition,

im«bi«bish on,

n.

The

act of imbibing.

imbitter, imbody, imbolden, imbosom, imbower. See embitter, etc.

imbricated, im'bri»kat, bri-ki'ted. a. [L. imbricatus, from imbrex, imbricis, a hollow tile for a roof, from imber, a shower = Gr. ombros, rain.] Formed like a bent

imbricate,

im

or hollow

tile;

lapping over each

other, like tiles on a roof, scales of fishes, and reptiles, or leaves in a a

bud

—Imbrication,

im«bri«ka-

State of being imbricate; hollow like that of a roof tile.

shon,

n.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

immoderate

imbroglio

423

imbroglio, im«br6'lyo, n. [It., from prefix im for in, and brogliare, to confound or mix together; akin broil.] An intricate and perplexing state of affairs; a misunderstanding between persons or nations of a

nens, im'ma«nen«si, n. The condition of being immanent. Immanuel, im«man'u«el, n. [Heb. im, with, anu, us, and El, God.] God with us: an appellation of the Saviour.

brown, to embrown. imbrue, im«br6', v.t.

im»ma«ter'i'al, a. [Prefix not, and material.] Not consisting of matter; incorporeal; spiritual; of no essential conse-

To make

v.t.

—imbrued,

im for

im-

im«brot',

v.t.

—imbruted,

terialist,

not,

and

immanent, im'ma«nent, manens,

—

immanentis,

a.

—immediate-

immemorial,

—

a. [L. immensus for in, not, and mensus, measured, pp of metior, mensus, to measure. measure.] Vast in extent or bulk; very great; very large; boundless;

im-

— —imminently, im'mi*-

[Prefix miscere,

mix.] Not capable of intermingled. immiscibility,

—

mis'i«bil"i«ti,

n.

— immiscibly,

being im»im«-

mis'i-bli, adv.

immix,

im«miks',

v.t. [Prefix im for mix; to mingle. immobile, im«m6'bil, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and mobile; L. immobilis.] Not mobile; immovable; fixed; staimmobility, im»m6«biri«ti, n. ble. immobilize, im»mo'bil«iz, v.t.

in,

—

and mix.]

To

—

—

—

immobilized, immobilizing. To make incapable of moving; to fix in place; employ currency as to finance, reserve by withholding it from circulation.

— immobilization,

im«m6'bi«-

li«za"shon, n.

immoderate, fix im, not,

The

an

condition or quality of being then;

n.

to

deratus.] just or

TH,

[L.

nent'li, adv.

—

ng, sing;

a.

immiscible, invmis'i«bl, a. im, not, and miscible from L.

enormous. Syn. under enormous. immensely, im«mens'li, adv. In an immense manner; vastly. immenseness, im«mens'nes, n.

job;

—

im'mi«nens,

.

j,

[L. im-

minens, imminentis, ppr. of immineo, to hang over im for in, on, and mineo, as in eminent.] Hanging over; threatening to fall or occur; impending; near at hand. imminence,

—im

huge;

v.i.

into,

imminent, im'mi-nent,

— —

g, go;

holds

gra'shon, n. The act of immigrating; the number of immigrants arriving in a certain country in a specific time.

immense, im»mens',

of imand maneo,

ch, Sc. loch;

a. [L.

in, not,

the reach of record or tradition. immemorially, im«me«mo'ri«al«li, adv. Beyond memory; from time out of mind.

immanence, immanency, im'ma«ch, chain;

im«me«m6'ri«al,

and memoria, memory.] Beyond memory; extending beyond

im for

ppr.

to transitive.

a.

instantly; forthwith. ness, im«me'di»it«nes, n.

—im

for in, migrate.] To

—

[L. im-

One who

essential to Chris-

and migro, to remove into a country of which one is not a native for the purpose of permanent resiimmigrant, the correlative dence. of emigrant. immigration, im«mi»migro

state or quality of

—

not passing out of the subject; inherent and indwelling; internal or

opposed

The

placed in the closest relation; not separated by an interval of time; instant; acting without a medium, or without the intervention of another object as a cause, means, or condition; produced, acquired, or obtained without the intervention immediacy, of a medium; direct. im«me'di«e«si, n. The relation of being immediate; immediateness proximity. immediately, im«me'di«it«li, adv. In an immediate manner; without the intervention of anything; directly; without delay;

maneo im for in, in, to remain (as in remain, mansion).] Remaining in or within; hence,

subjective;

n.

is

order, or regularity.

immeasurably, im«mezh'e«ra»bli, adv. In an immeasurable manner; immensely; beyond all measure. immediate, im«me'di«it, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and mediate.] Not separated by anything intervening;

ulateness, im«mak'u«lit-nes, n. The condition or quality of being immaculate.

—immersionist,

immigrate, im'mi»grat,

that immersion tian baptism.

im for in, not, and measurable.] Incapable of being measured.

—

to emersion.

im«mer'shon«ist, n.

[Prefix

macula, a spot.] Spotless, pure; unstained; undefiled; without blemish. Immaculate Conception, the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church (settled in 1854), that the Virgin Mary was conceived and born without original sin. immaculately, im»mak'u«lit«li, adv. In an immaculate manner. immac-

n.

submersion in

water; astron. the disappearance of a celestial body by passing either behind another or into its shadow:

being immature; unripeness.

from

total

immature manner. immatureness, immaturity, im»ma«tur'nes, im»ma—

immeasurable, im«mezh'e«ra«bl,

imitates.

—immersion, im«mer'shon,

baptism by

immethodical, im«me«thod'i«kal, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and methodical.] Not methodical; without system,

tu'ri»ti,

—

in,

A

opposed

—

—

for

ness).

—

im«ma«tur', a. [L. immaturus, unripe im for in, not, and maturus, ripe.] Not mature or ripe; unripe; not brought to a complete imstate; too early; premature. maturely, im«ma«tur'li, adv. In an

—

—

—im

One

manner.

—

—

immersed, v.t. immersing. [L. immergo, immersum im for in, into, and mergo, to plunge. merge.] To plunge into anything that covers or surrounds, as into a fluid; to dip;/z£. to engage deeply; to involve (to be immersed in busi-

immature,

—

immaculatus

medium.

immerse, im«mers',

—

qualities, conduct, manners, the like; to counterfeit. imitable, im'i«ta«bl, a. Capable of being imitated or copied. imitation, im«i«ta'shon, n. [L. imitatio, imitationis.] The act of imitating; that which is made or produced as a copy; a likeness; a copy; a counterfeit; mus. the repetition of the same melodic idea by different parts or voices in a composition. imitative, im'i«ta«tiv, a. Inclined to imitate or copy; aiming at imitation; exhibiting an imitation of a pattern or model; formed after a model or original; intended to represent an actual sound by the sound of the letters imi(an imitative word). tatively, im'i«ta«tiv«li, adv. In an imitative manner. imitativeness, im'i«ta«tiv«nes, n. Quality of being imitative. imitator, im'i«ta«ter, n.

maculatus,

im«merj', v.t. immerged, immerging. [L. immergo im for in, into, and mergo, to plunge.] To plunge into or under anything, especially into or under a fluid. v.i. To disappear by entering into any

—

color,

a.

— —

immerge,

The quality of being immaterial or not consisting of matter; absence of immaterialize, matter. im«ma»ter'i»al«iz, v.t. To make immaterial immaterially, imor incorporeal. ma«ter'i«al«li, adv. In an immaterial

and

[L.

n.

immense.

im for in, not, and mensurabilis, from mensura, measure, measure.] Not to be measured; immeasurable.

ma«ter"i«al'i'ti, im«ma«ter'i«al«nes, n.

—

a.

im»ma«ter'i-al«ist,

is

[L.

who professes immaterialism. immateriality, immaterialness, 1m-

—

One who

which

— immater-

—

imbruting. To degrade to the state of a brute. v.i. To sink to the state of a brute. (Mil.) imbue, im«bu', v.t. imbued, imbuing. [L. imbuo, allied to imber, a shower; imbricate.] To Skr. ambu, water, soak, steep, or tinge deeply; fig. to inspire, impress, or impregnate (the mind) ; to cause to become impressed or penetrated. imitate, im'i«tat, v.t. imitated, imitating. [L. imitor, imitatus, from a root which gives also imago, image.] To follow as a model, pattern, or example, to copy or endeavor to copy in acts, manners, or otherwise; to produce a likeness of in form,

immaculate, im«mak'u«lit,

unimportant.

ialism, im«ma»ter'i«a!«izm, n. The doctrine that immaterial substances or spiritual beings exist or are possible; the doctrine that there is no material world, but that all exists only in the mind. imma-

invmen'si—

The

n. [L. immensitas,]

immeasurable, im«men'su«ra»bl,

in,

quence;

bruing. [O.Fr. embruer, s'embruer, to dabble one's self, from prefix im for in, in, and L. bibere, to drink; comp. Fr. breuvage, beverage, also from bibere.] To soak or drench in a fluid, as in blood.

—immensity,

condition or quality of being immense; that ti,

immaterial,

complicated nature.

imbrown, im»broun',

imbrute,

immense.

th, thin;

im«mod'e«rit, a. [Pre-

and moderate; L. immo-

Not moderate; exceeding

usual bounds; excessive; extravagant; unreasonable. immoderately, im«mod'eTit«li, adv. In

—

immoderate manner.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

—immod-

zh, azure.

——

——

—

—

;

immodest

424

erateness, immoderacy, immoderation, im'mod'c«rit«nes, im«mod'-

im«mod'e«ra"shon, n. The condition or quality of being immoderate. immodest, im-mod'est, a. [Prefix im e«re«si,

for in, not, and modest.] Not modest; wanting in the reserve or restraint which decency requires; indelicate;

—

immodestly, unchaste. invmod'est«li, adv. In an immodest manner. immodesty, im«mod'es«ti. n. The quality of being immodest. immolate, im'mo«lat, v.t. immolated, immolating. [L. immolo, immolatum, to sacrifice im for in, on, and mola, meal, which was thrown on the head of the victim.] To sacrifice; to kill, as a victim offered in sacrifice

—

—

to

offer

in

— immolation, The act of imoffered. — im-

sacrifice.

invmo'la'shon, n. molating; a sacrifice molator, im'mo«la»ter, n. One who immolates. immoral, im-mor'al, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and moral.] Not moral; inconsistent with morality or rectitude; contrary to morals; wicked;

— immorality, im«mo«rari«ti, The quality of being immoral; an immoral act or practice. — im-

—

up; to confine. immurement, im— mur'ment, n. The act of immuring or state of being immured.

immutable,

im«mu'ta«bl,

able.

imp, imp,

n. [Originally a shoot or scion; from L.L. impotus, a graft or scion, from Gr. emphytos, engraft-

ed en, in, and phyo, to grow, to produce; similarly Sw. ymp, Dan. ympe, twig, shoot, scion.] A scion or graft:}:; a son, offspring, or progeny a

young or

strengthen or enlarge by something inserted or added; to mend a deficient wing by the insertion of a impish, feather; to strengthen. imp'ish, a. Having the qualities of

—

n.

ish«li,

—

tal,

[L. immortalis,

a.

mortalis im, for in, not, and mortal.] Not mortal; having life never end; undying; that shall connected with immortality (immortal hopes); imperishable (im-

mortal fame). n. One who is immortal; often applied to the gods mythology. immorof classical tality,im«mor'tal'i»ti,tt. [L. immortalThe condition or quality of it as.] being immortal; exemption from death and annihilation; unending

—

——immortalize, im«mor'immortalized, immortaTo render immortal; to make famous for ever. — immortally, im«mor'taMi, adv. In an immortal manner. — immortelle, im«mor«ter,

devil;

little

a little malignant spirit; hence, a mischievous child; also something added or united to another to repair v.t. To graft; to or lengthen it out.

an imp; fiendish.

morally, im«mor'al»li, adv. In an

[Prefix

a.

im for in, not, and mutable.] Not mutable; not subject to mutation; unchangeable; invariable; unalter-

(Shak.)$;

— impishly,

imp-

manner of an

adv. After the

imp. n. [From L. impingo, impactum, to drive or strike, impinge.] A forcible touch; a collision; a stroke; communicated force; mech. the shock or collision occasioned by the meeting of two bodies.

impact, im'pakt,

impair, im«par', v.t. [Fr. empirer, from prefix, em, intens., pire, worse, from L. pejor, worse.] To make worse; to lessen in some good quality, as in quantity, value, excellence, strength; to deteriorate. v.i. To become worse; to deteriorate.

impairer, or

that

im«pa'rer, n. which impairs.

One who

— impair-

The

existence.

ment, im«par'ment,

n.

tal«iz,

impairing.

—impaled,

v.t.

lizing.

n.

A

flower of the sort called Everor a wreath made of such

lasting,

flowers.

immovable, im«md'va»bl,

[Prefix

a.

im for in, not, and movable.] Not movable; incapable of being moved in place; firmly fixed; fast; not to be moved from a purpose; steadfast; unalterable; unchangeable; not im-

of

act

The

products

mune,

—

of

disease or poison. immunize, im'u«niz,

immunity. immure, im«mur',

v.t.

v.t.

To

produce

— immured, im-

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

pars, partis, a part.] To bestow a part, share, or portion of; to give, grant, confer, or communicate; to communicate the knowledge of; to make known; to show by words or tokens. v.i. To give a part or impartation,im«par«ta'shon, share. imparter, n. The act of imparting. invpar'ter, n. One who imparts. impartibility, im«par'ti«bil "i«ti, n. The quality of being impartible. impartible, im»par'ti«bl, a. Capable

—

—

—

impartment, of being imparted. im«part'ment, n. The act of imparting.

impartial, im»par'shal, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and partial.] Not partial; not favoring one party more than another; unprejudiced; equitable; impartiality, impartialness, just. im«par'shi«al "i-ti, im«par'shal»nes, n. The quality of being impartial. impartially, im«par'shal«li, adv. In

—

an impartial manner; without bias; fairly.

impartible, im«par ti«bl, a. [Prefix im for of, not, and partible.] Not

impalpable, im»pal'pa»bl, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and palpable.] Not to

—

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

— impassableness, im»pas'a'bl«nes,fj. n.

a cul-de-sac; a road

act of impaling.

secration, in the Eucharist; consubstantiation: distinct from transubstantiation, which holds that there is a change of the elements into the real body and blood of Christ. impanel, invpan'el, v.t. impanelled.

office,

—

impasse, im«pas',

line. n.

microorganisms. iminvmun', a. Proof against

or

impart, im«part', v.t. [O.Fr. impartir, from L. impartio, impertio im for in, and partio, to divide, from

arms, by an upright impalement, im»pal'ment,

of

impanation, im«pa«na'shon, n. The supposed real presence in, and union of the body and blood of Christ with the bread and wine, after con-

ti,

—

pin'at, a. Bot. applied to a pinnate leaf when there is a terminal or odd leaflet at the end. imparity, im«par'i«ti, n. [From L. impar, unequal im, not, and par, equal, pair, peer.] Inequality; disproportion; want of equality; disparity.

partible

im-

tax, etc.; a particular privilege; freedom or exemption in general. In medicine, the ability of the body to resist the growth and

—

immovabilunfeeling. immovableness, im«mo'va«bil "\—

justice.

imparidigitate, im'par'i»dij"i»tat, a. [L. impar, unequal (im, not, par, equal), and digitus, a finger.] Zool. having an uneven number of fingers imparipinnate, im»par'i«or toes.

paling. [L. im for in, on, and palus, a pole, stake, pale.] To put to death by fixing on an upright sharp stake; to empale; her. to join, as two coats

v.t.

im»m6'va«bl«nes, n. The condition quality of being immovable. immovably, im«mo'va«bli, adv. immunity, im«mu'ni»ti, n. [L. immunitas, from immunis, exempt im for in, not, and munis, office, duty.] Exemption from obligation, duty,

ity,

impanelling. [Prefix im for in, and panel.] To form, complete, or enroll, the list of jurors in a court of

or subject to partition. impartibility, im«par'ti«bil i«ti, n. The quality of being impartible. impassable, im«pas'a«bl, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and passable.] Not passable; incapable of being passed.

impale, im«paT,

be felt; incapable of having its individual particles distinguished by the touch (an impalpable powder); not easily or readily apprehended or grasped by the mind. — impalpably, im»pal'pa»bli, adv. In an impalpable manner. impalpability, im'pal'pa-biri'ti, n. The quality or state of being impalpable. impanate, im«pa'nat, a. [L. in, in. into, and panis, bread.] Embodied in the bread used in the Eucharist.

pressible;

—

— impassive

—

muring. [O.Fr. emmurer L. in, and murus, a wall, mural.] To enclose or imprison within walls; to shut

unjust.

immoral manner. immortal, im«mor

—

——

note, not,

move;

A

blind alley;

having no way

out; fig. a position from which there is no escape; a deadlock. impassible, im«pas'i»bl, a. [L. impasim for in, not, and passibilis, sibilis capable of feeling, from patior, patient.] Incapassus, to suffer, pable of pain, passion, or suffering; not to be moved to passion or sympathy; without or not exhibiting impassibility, impassiblefeeling. ness, invpas i«bili«ti, im«pas'i«bl— nes, n. The quality or condition of being impassible. impassion, invpash'on, v.t. [Prefix Ml for in, intens., and passion.] To move or affect strongly with im«pashimpassionate, passion. Strongly affected. imon«it, a.

—

—

—

passioned, invpash ond,

a.

Actuated

or animated by passion, ardor, or warmth of feeling; animated; excited (an impassioned orator or discourse). impassive, invpas'iv, a. [Prefix im for

in,

intens.,

tube, tub, bull;

and oil,

passive.]

pound.

Not

———

— —

— impaste

—

—impedimenta, —impedimental, im«ped'i«men"tal, Of the nature of an impediment. — impediim«ped'i«tiv, Impeding. — impel, im«pel', imimpello — im on,

—

cement and hardened.

and

impeccant,

—im for

wrong.

n.

A

impendent.

Not

imperial, im«per'i«al,

command,

emperor.] Pertaining to an empire or to an emperor; per-

supreme authority or to one who wields it; sovereign; supreme; suitable for an emperor; of taining to

superior

impenetrable bility, impenetrableness, im«pen-

The

im«pen'i«tra»bl«nes,

quality of being impenetrable.

—

used

imperatively, substantively. im«per'a«tiv«li, adv. In an imperative manner; also, by way of, or as,

—

the

imperative

mood.

—impeded,

impeding. [L. impedio, to entangle the feet of im for in, and pes, pedis, the foot; seen also in pedestrian, expedite, biped, pedestal, impeach, etc.] To hinder; to stop or delay the

perial manner. imperil, im«per'il, imperilling.

and

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

To

v.t.

im for

imperious, im«per'i«us, a. from imperium, periosus, imperial.]

imempire.

[L.

Giving orders or com-

mands

in an arbitrary or absolute manner; dictatorial; haughty; arro-

gant; domineering; urgent, pressing, or overmastering (imperious necessity).

—imperiously,

im«per'i«us»li,

In an imperious manner. imperiousness, im«per'i»us«nes, n.

adv.

imperishable,

invper'ish«a«bl, a. not, and perishable.] Not perishable; not subject to decay; indestructible; enduring permanent[Prefix

ly.

im for

in,

—imperishableness,

imperisha-

im«per'ish'a«bl'nes, invper'ish«a«bil"i«ti, n. The quality of being imperishably, im— imperishable. per'ish«a»bli, adv. impermeable, im«per'mi«a«bl, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and permeable.]

—

;'ob;

perils

—

imperilled, in, into, bring into peril; to

[Prefix

endanger.

apprehended. imperceptibility, imperceptibleness, im«per«sep'ti— j,

of

—

rial,

virtual resistance due to self-induction; opposed to true or ohmic resistance.

tuft

A

—imperato-

im»per«a«to'ri«al, a. [From L. imperator, a commander.] Pertaining to a commander or emperor; commanding; imperial. imperceptible, im«per«sep'ti»bl, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and perceptible.] Not perceptible; not to be perceived; not discernible; not easily

A

lip (the style

—

—

money.] Not having money; hardup; without funds. impecuniosity, im«pi«ku'ni«os"i'ti, n. State of being impecunious. impedance, im»ped'ans, n. Elect.

n.

man's lower

—

not repenting of sin; obdurate; of a hard heart. n. One who does not repent; a hardened impenitence, impenitency, sinner. penitent;

—impec-

excellence. a

of beard made fashionable by Napoleon III); a trade term for an article of unusual size or excellence, as a large decanter, etc.; a size of paper measuring 23 by 31 inches. imperialism, im«per'i«al«izm, n. Imperial state or authority; the spirit of im«per'i«al— empire. imperialist, subject or soldier of an ist, n. emperor; one favorable to empire imperior imperial government. ally, im»pe'ri'al«li, adv. In an im-

impenitent, im«pen'i«tent, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and penitent.] Not

—

on

hair

n.

im«pen'i»tens, im»pen'i«ten»si, n. The condition of being impenitent. impenitently, im«pen'i»tent«li, adv. impennate, im-pen'at, a. [L. im for in, not, and penna, a feather.] Ornithol. having short wings covered with feathers resembling scales, as the penguins. imperative, im«per'a«tiv, a. [L. imperativus, from impero, to command. emperor.] Expressive of command; containing positive command; authoritative; not to be avoided or evaded ; obligatory (imperative duty) gram, applied to the mood or form of a verb which expresses command, entreaty, advice, or exhortation (go, write, attend); in this sense often

impe-

[L.

a.

from imperium, empire, supreme command, from impero, to rialis,

—impenetraadv. In an manner. — impenetra-

i-tra-bil"i-ti,

perforated or pierced; having

no opening or pores.

place at the same time. bly, im«pen'e'tra«bli,

being

go;

being im«pen'-

state of

penetrated or pierced; hence, incapable of intellectual or emotional impression; obtuse or unsympathetic; phys. preventing any other substance from occupying the same

im»pek'-

g,

The

—

imperfectdefectively; faultily. ness, im«per'fekt-nes, n. The state or quality of being imperfect. imperforate, im'per'fo«rit, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and perforate^

Not penetrable; incapable of being

of being impeccant or impeccable. im«pi«ku'ni«us, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and pecunia,

ch, Sc. loch;

n.

— impendent,

dent, a. Impending; imminent. impenetrable, im«pen'i«tra«bl, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and penetrable.]

impecunious,

ch, chain;

—

im«pen'den«si,

cability, impeccance, impeccancy, im«pek'a«bil"i»ti, im«pek'ans, im-pek'an«si, n. The condition or quality

v.t.

[L. impendeo

v.i.

in, in,

hand; to be imminent. impendence, impendency, im«pen'dens,

person exempt from

impede, im«ped',

defective; not completeness; reaching a certain standard or ideal; morally deficient or defective; not completely good. Imperfect tense, gram, a tense expressing an uncompleted action or state, especially in time past. n. An imperfect tense. imperfection, im«per»fek'shon, n. The condition or quality of being imperfect; defect; flaw; blemish. imperfectly, im«per'fekt«li, adv. In an imperfect manner or degree;

or that which

at

prefix im for in, not, and pecco, to sin.] Not liable or subject to sin; exempt from the possibility of doing

the possibility of sinning.

One who

perceiving.

to

drive or urge

on, over, and pendeo, to hang (as in depend, pendant, etc.).] To hang over; to threaten from near

the

a»bl, im«pek'ant, a. [L. impeccabilis

n.

impend, im«pend',

—

impeccable,

To

impels.

impeachment. impeacher, impede 'er, n. One who impeaches. impeachment, im«pech'ment, n. state of

impelled, for in, (as in compel,

Not

imperfect, im«per'fekt, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and perfect; L. imperfectus.] Not perfect; not complete in all' parts; wanting something necessary

—

pel'er,

—

act of impeaching, or impeached.

—

sep'tiv, a.

forward; to press on; to excite to motion or action in any way. impellent, im«pel'ent, a. Having the quality of impelling. n. A power impeller, im— or force that impels.

—

;

drive

to

pello,

dispel, repel, pulse).]

—im-

obstruction:!:

[L.

pelling.

—

or

a.

v.t.

pasto, im»pas'to, n. [It.] Painting, the thickness of the layer of pigment applied by the paimer. impatient, im«pa shent, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and patient.] Not patient; uneasy under given conditions and eager for change; followed by of, at, for, under; prompted by impatience; exhibiting or expressing impatience (an impatient impatiently, gesture). im«pa'shent'li, adv. In an impatient manimpatience, im«pa'shens, n. ner. The condition or quality of being impatient. impeach, im«pech', v.t. [Ft. empecher, O.Fr. empeechier, Pr. empedigar; from L. impedicare, to entangle in, and pedica, a snare, from pes, pedis, the foot, impede.] To charge with a crime or misdemeanor; to accuse; specifically, to exhibit charges of maladministration against, as against a minister of state or other high official, before a competent tribunal; to call in question (motives, sincerity); to disparage or detract from. impeachable, im«pech'a»bl, a. Liable to

Impediment

—

a.

—

a

being impercepimperceptibly, im«per«sep'tible. ti»bli, adv. In an imperceptible im«per— manner. imperceptive, state or quality of

a voice defect. [L.] Baggage.

tive,

The

im«per«sep'ti»bl«nes, n.

bil'i'ti,

mentum.] That which impedes; obstruction;

—

impermeable

impediprogress of; to obstruct. ment, im»ped'i«ment, n. [L. impedi-

—

——

—

;

425

susceptible of pain or suffering; impassible; not exhibiting feeling impassively, im— or sensibility. pas'iv«li, adv. In an impassive manimpassivity, impassiveness, ner. im«pas'iv«nes, im«pa«siv'i»ti, n. The state or quality of being impassive. impaste, im«past', v.t. [Prefix im for in, and paste.] To knead or make lay on into paste; painting, to (colors) thickly and boldly; engrav. to intermix lines and points on (a plate) so as to represent thickimpastation, im— ness of coloring. pas'ta'shon, n. The act of impasting; a combination of materials of different colors and consistencies united

by

—

th, thin;

bility,

—

Not permeable; impervious. permeability,

—im-

impermeableness,

im«per'mi«a»bil"i«ti, im«per'mi«a«bl—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

——

— — impersonal

nes, n.

— impermeably,

im«per'mi—

ini'per'son«al, a. [Prefix

im for in, not, and personal.] Not having personal existence; not en-

dued with

personality. Impersonal verb, gram, a verb (such as if rains, it becomes us to be modest) which is

used only with an impersonal nominative or subject. n. That which wants personality; an impersonal impersonality, verb. im«per'so— nal"i«ti, n. The condition of being impersonal. impersonally, invper'son«al«li, adv. In an impersonal manner.

—

—

impersonate, impersonated,

—

im«per'son«at, v.t. impersonating. [Prefix

im for in, in (or in intens.), and personate.] To invest with personality; to assume the person or character of; to represent in character (as stage).

—impersonation, im—

per'so«na"shon, n. The act of impersonating. impersonator, im«per'son»a«ter, n. One who impersonates. impertinent, im«per'ti«nent, a. [Pre-

—

fix

im for

in,

not,

and

Not

pertinent.]

pertinent or pertaining to the matter in hand; having no bearing on the subject; not to the point; irrelevant; unbecoming in speech or action; meddling with matters in which one has no concern; petulant and rude; uncivil. n. One who acts impertinently. impertinently, im«per'ti— nent«li, adv. In an impertinent manner; irrelevantly; in a rude, saucy

—

— impertinence,

impertinency, im«per'ti«nens, im«per'ti— nen«si, n. The quality of being impertinent; that which is impertinent; impertinent conduct or language.

manner.

imperturbable, im»per»ter'ba«bl, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and perturb.] Incapable

of

being

perturbed

unmoved; calm;

agitated;

and

peto, to assail (whence peticompete).] Rushing with force and violence; furious in motion; forcible; fierce; raging; vehement in feeling; passionate; violent. impetuously, im«pet'u«us«li, adv. In in,

or

cool.

who

—

impi, im'pi,

A

n.

brigade or large

body of Kaffir soldiers. impignorate,! im»pig'no«rat, v.t. [L. in, in, and pignus, pignoris, a pledge.] To pledge or pawn, to transfer as security.

impinge, impactum

—im«pinj', im for

[L. impingo, on, and pango,

v.i.

in,

pact.] To strike, knock, or dash against; to clash upon; to to strike,

strike; to

hit.

—impingement,

im—

pinj'ment, n. Act of impinging. impious, im'pi»us, a. [L. impius

—im

for in, not, and pius, pious.] The reverse of pious; irreverent toward the Supreme Being; wanting in veneration for God and His authority; irreligious; irreverent; profane im{impious men, deeds, words). piously, im'pi-us'li, adv. In an imimpiousness, im'pious manner. pi«us«nes, n. Impiety. impiety, im— pi'e«ti, n. [L. impietas.] The condition or quality of being impious; an act of wickedness or irreligion: in this latter sense with a plural. impish, impishly. See IMP. implacable, im«pla'ka«bl, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and placable.] Not placable; not to be appeased or pacified; inexorable; stubborn or constant in enmity. implacability,

—

—

—

—

implacableness,

im«pla'ka«bil"i«ti,

manner. implacental, im'pla«sen"tal, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and placental.]

through. imperviously, im«per'vi— us»li, adv. In an impervious manner. imperviousness, im«per'vi«us—

implant, im«plant', v.t. [Prefix im for in, in, into, and plant.] To plant;

nes, n.

from impetuous.] Med.

impetigo, im«pe«ti'go, impeto, to assail,

n.

[L.,

an eruption of itching pustules in impetiginous, clusters on the skin. im«pe«tij'i«nus, a. Pertaining to im-

—

petigo.

impetrate,

im'pe«trat,

v.t.

— impe-

trated, impetrating. [L. impetro, impetratum, to obtain— prefix im for in, intens., and patro, to bring to pass.] obtain by prayer or petition.

To

impetration, im«pe«tra'shon, n. The act of impetrating; formerly specifapplied to the obtaining from the Roman see of benefices belonging impetrative, im'to lay patrons. pe«tra«tiv, a. Containing or expressing entreaty. impetuous, im«pet'u«us, a. [L. imically

—

petuosus,

from impetus, an attack

fate,

far, fare, fat, fall;

im,

—

momentum.

pet'u»us»nes,

ter«ba"shon, n. Freedom from agitation of mind. impervious, im»per'vi«us, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and pervious.] Not pervious; not admitting entrance or passage; incapable of being passed

—

tion).

implicate, im'pli«kat,

n. The quality of being impetuous; fury; vehemence. impetus, im'pe«tus, n. [L.] Force of motion; the force with which any body is driven or impelled;

—

an impetuous manner. impetuosity, impetuousness, im»pet'u«os"i»ti, im—

im«pla'ka«bl«nes, n. The quality of being implacable. implacably, im— pla'ka«bli, adv. In an implacable

—

men'tal, a. Pertaining to implements; characterized by the use of implements (implemental stage in civilizav.t. implicatimplicating. [L. implico, implicatum im for in, in, into, and plico, to fold, ply.] To entangle to a certain extent in some affair; to show or prove to be connected or concerned; to involve {implicated in a conspiracy. .'. Implicate is a less strong word than involve, a person

imperturbability, im»per»ter'ba«bir'i«ti, n. Quality of being imperturimperturbation, bable. im«per'-

—

—

impolitic

tion,

impersonal,

—— —

426

a«bli, adv.

on the

—

—

—

Destitute of a placenta, as marsupials

and

monotremes.

—

n.

A mammal

destitute of a placenta.

to set in soil (lit. or fig.); to insert; to sow (to implant truths, principles, implantation, im— virtue, etc.). plan«ta'shon, n. The act of implanting. implead, im«pled', v.t. [Prefix im for in, and plead.] To institute and prosecute a suit against in court; to impleader, im«ple'der, sue at law. n. One who impleads; an accuser.

—

—

implement, im'ple«ment,

n.

[L.L.

implementum, lit. what accomplishes, from L. impleo, to fill up im for

and

as in complete, replete, etc., the root being in E. instrument, tool, or utensil; full.] an article assisting in carrying on manual labors. .'. Syn. under tool. v.t. fulfill or satisfy the conditions of; to fulfill or perform; to carry into effect (to implement a in,

pleo, to

fill,

An

—

To

bargain).

me, met, her;

—implements],

pine, pin;

im«ple—

note, not,

move;

ed,

—

is implicated being connected only to a small extent, while one who is involved is deeply concerned or entangled. implication, im»pli«ka shon, n. The act of implicating or state of being implicated; an implying, or that which is implied but not expressed; an inference, or something which may fairly be understood though not expressed in words. implicative, im'pli«ka«tiv, a. Tendimplicatively, iming to implicate.

—

—

By

pli«ka«tiv«li, adv.

implicit, invplis'it,

from

implication.

a. [L. implicitus,

implico, implicitum,

and

impli-

catum, to infold, implicate.] Fairly to be understood, though not expressed in words implied (an implicit promise) ; entirely depending or resting on something or someone else; hence, free from doubt or questioning; settled; deep rooted {implicit implicitly, faith in one's word). im»plis'it«li, adv. In an implicit manner. implicitness, im«plis'it— ;

—

—

nes, n.

implore, im«pl6r',

implored, imt;.f im for in, on, [L. imploro upon, and ploro, to cry out (as in deplore, explore).] To call upon or for, in supplication; to beseech; to pray earnestly; to entreat; to beg (to implore forgiveness, to implore a person to forgive). v.i. To entreat; imploration, im«plo«rato beg. shon, n. The act of imploring; imploratory, earnest supplication. Earnestly supim«pl6r'a»tO'ri, a. plicating; imploring; entreating. implorer, im»plor'er, n. One who

— .

ploring.

—

—

—

im-pldr'imploringly, implores. ing«li, adv. In an imploring manner. imply, im«pli', r.f. implied, implyin, and plico, ing. [From L. implico

—

to fold, whence also implicate (which see); comp. apply, reply, ply.] To

involve or contain by fair inference; to contain by implication or as a consequence; to include virtually

(words imply a promise; an implies

a

cause).

— impliedly,

effect

im—

adv. In an implied manner; by implication. impolite, invpo«lit a. [Prefix im for plld'li,

,

not, and polite.] Not polite; unimpolitely, polite; uncivil; rude. in,

—

In an impolite manimpoliteness, im«po»lit'nes, n. ner. impolitic, im«poli«tik, a. [Prefix im im-po'lit'li, adv.

—

for in, not, and politic] Not politic; wanting policy or prudent management; unwise; imprudent; indisimpolicy, im— creet; injudicious. The quality of being pol'i«si, n. impolimpolitic; inadvisability. imadv. iticly, im«pol'i«tik«li, politicness, invpol'i»tik«nes, n.

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

—

pound.

3

— —— —

— —

—

imponderable

ty,

—impos-

posing

of stone or metal on which the pages or columns of type are imposed or made into forms. imposition, im— po«zish'on, n. The act of imposing or laying on; that which is imposed, levied, inflicted, enjoined, and the like; the act of tricking or deceiving; a trick or deception; a fraud; an imposture; an exercise enjoined on students as a punishment. impossible, im«pos'i»bl, a. [L. impossibilis im for in, not, and pospossible.] Not possibilis, possible, sible; not capable of being or being done; incapable of being accomplished, thought, endured, etc. impossibly, im«pos'i«bli, adv. Not impossibility, im«pos'i— possibly. bil"i«ti, n. The state or quality of being impossible; that which is impossible. impost, im'post, n. [O.Fr. impost, Fr. impot, L. impositum, from impono, impositum, to lay upon in, on, and pono, to place.] That which is imposed or levied; a tax, tribute, or duty; arch, the point where an arch rests on a wall or column.

imponderableness, im«pon'der—

im«pon'der«a«bl'nes, n. The quality of being imponderable. import, invport', v.t. [Fr. importer, to bring from abroad, to matter or be of consequence, L. importo, to bring in, to cause im for in, and porto, to bring or carry, whence port, port.] a person's bearing, porter, To bring into a place from abroad; to bring into one's own country: opposed to export; to bear or carry

—

—

as a signification; to mean; to signify; to imply; to be of importance, moment, or consequence to; to matter (im'port). That which is to. n.

imported or brought into a country from abroad; that which a word

—

purport;

signification;

its

meaning; the application or interpretation of an action, of events, etc.; bearing; importance, weight, or conimportable, im»por'ta— sequence. bl, a. Capable of being imported. importation, im«p6r«ta'shon, n. The act or practice of importing; a quantity imported. importer, importer, n. One who imports. important, invpor'tant, a. [Fr. important, lit. being of great import or moment, import.] Full of or bearing import, weight, or consequence; momentous; weighty; material; in-

—

—

—importantly,

fluential; grave. por'tant'li, adv.

manner.

an

In

—importance,

impostor, im«pos'ter, n. [L. impostor, from impono in, on, and pono, to place.] One who imposes on others; a person who assumes a character for the purpose of deception; a deceiver under a false character.

—

im—

imposture, im«pos'cher, n. [L. impostura, from impono, impositum.] The act or conduct of an impostor; fraud or imposition. impotent, im'po»tent, a. [L. impotens, impotentis im for in, not, and potens, able, potent.] Entirely wanting power, strength, or vigor of body or mind; deficient in capacity; weak; feeble; destitute of the power of sexual intercourse or of begetting impotently, im'po«tent— children. li, adv. In an impotent manner.

important

im»por'tans,

The quality of being important; weight; consequence; moment. importune, im«por«tun', sometimes im«por'tun, v.t. importuned, importuning. [Fr. importuner, to importune, pester, from L. importunus, distressn.

—

—

ing, rude im for in, not, and portus, a port or harbor, access.] press with solicitation; to solicit or urge

To

—

with frequent or unceasing applicato annoy with unremitting

tion;

demands. v.i. To solicit earnestly and repeatedly. importunate, im— por'tu-nit, a. Troublesome by frequent demands ; incessant in solicita-

impotence, impotency, im'po«tens,

—

im'po«ten«si, n. The condition or quality of being impotent. impound, im«pound', v.t. [Prefix im for in, and pound.] To put in a pound (as a straying animal); to confine; to take possession of, as of a document, impoundfor use when necessary. age, im«poun'dij, The act n.

—

tion; urgent; unreasonable. importunately, im«por'tu«nit«li, adv. In an

importunate manner. im«por«tu'ner, n. tunes.

—importuner,

—

One who impor-

—importunity,

importunacy,

—imposed, imposer— im for

posing.

upon,

v.t.

[Fr. and poser, to place,

To

in,

of impounding.

poor.] To make poor; to reduce to poverty or indigence; to exhaust the strength, richness, or fertility of (to impoverisher, impoverish land). im«pov'er«ish«er, n. One who or that which impoverishes. impoverishment, im«pov'er«ish«ment, n. The act of impoverishing. impower, im«pou'er, v.t. To em-

imon,

— —

compose,

or place on (to impose the hands); to lay or enjoin as a burden, tax, penalty, command, law, etc.; to palm or pass off; printing, to arrange and adjust (pages) pose.]

lay, set,

and fasten into a chase. v.i. Used in phrase to impose on or upon, to pass or put a trick or deceit on; to deceive; to imposer, victimize.

power. impracticable,

im«prak'ti«ka«bl, a. practicable; not to be performed or effected by human means or by

Not

—

im«p6'zer, n.

who enjoins. a.

One who imposes; one

the

—imposing, im-po'zing, ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

means

at

command; not

to

be

dealt with or managed; unmanageable; incapable of being passed

Impressive in appearance; com-

ch, chain;

—

impounder, impounder, n. One who impounds. impoverish, im«pov'er«ish, v.t. [Prefix im, intens., and Fr. pauvre, poor.

importunateness, im'por«tu'ni«ti, im«por'tu«ni»si, im«por'tu«net«nes, n. The quality of being importunate; application urged with troublesome pertinacity.

impose, im«poz',

—

an im-

imposing stone, table, n. Printing, a table

manner.

imposing

a«bil"i«ti,

bears as

impress

manding; stately; majestic. ingly, im«p6'zing»li, adv. In

—imponderabili-

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

—

—

427

imponderable, im«pon'der'a'bl, a. Not ponderable; without sensible weight. n. A thing which has no appreciable weight.

—

—

then;

th, thin;

or traveled (an impracticable road). impracticably, im»prak'ti«ka»bli, adv. In an impracticable manner. imimpracticableness, practicability, im«prak'ti»ka«bil"i«ti, im«prak'ti«ka— bl»nes, n. The state or quality of being impracticable. impractical, im«prak'ti»kal, a. Not practical; not taking a common-sense view of things; full of theories. imprecate, im'pri«kat, v.t. imprecated, imprecating. [L. imprecor, imprecatus im for in, on, and precor, pray.] To call down, as to pray, a curse, calamity, or punishment, by prayer; to invoke (a curse or some imprecation, im«pri»ka'shon, evil). n. [L. imprecatio.] The act of imprecating; a prayer that a curse or calamity may fall on anyone; a curse.

—

—

—

—

—

—imprecatory,

im'pri»ka«to«ri,

a.

Of

the nature of or containing an imprecation. impregnable, im»preg'na«bl, a. [O. Fr. imprenable (the g being inserted im for in, not, and as in pregnable) Prendre, to take.] Not to be taken; incapable of being reduced by force (an impregnable fortress); not to be moved, impressed, or shaken.

—

impregnableness,

impregnability,

im«preg'na«bil"i«ti } im«preg'na»bl— nes, n. State of being impregnable.

impregnably, im«preg'na«bli, adv.

impregnate, im«preg'nat,

v.t.

—im-

pregnated, impregnating. [L.L. imL. im for in, prcegno, imprcegnatum pregin, and prcegnans, pregnant, nant.] To make pregnant or with young; to cause to conceive; to transmit or infuse an active principle

—

into; to imbue; to communicate impregnaqualities to by mixture. tion, invpreg-na'shon, n. The act of

—

impregnating.

impresario, im'pres«a'ri«o, n. [It.] One who organizes, manages, or conducts a company of concert or opera performers. imprescriptible, im«pri«skrip'ti«bl, a. [Prefix

im for

in,

not,

and

prescrip-

Incapable of being lost by neglect to use, or by the claims of another founded on prescription. tive.]

imprescriptibility, im»pri«skrip'ti— bil"i»ti, n. State of being imprescriptible.

impress, im»pres',

v.t. [L. imprimo, impressum im for in, on, upon, and press.] To press premo, to press,

—

or stamp in or upon; to mark by pressure; to make a mark or figure upon; to stamp (to impress a design on; to impress with a design); to stamp on the mind; to inculcate (truth, facts, etc.); to affect deeply

the feelings or sentiments. n. (im'pres). mark or figure made by pressure, or as by pressure; stamp; impressibility, im— impression. pres'i«bil"i«ti, n. The quality of being impressible, mvpres impressible. i«bl, a. Capable of being impressed; susceptible of impression; easily impression, susceptive. affected; im'presh'on, n. [L. impressio, impressionist The act of impressing; that which is impressed, printed, or stamped; a copy taken by pressure from type, from an engraved plate,

A

— —

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, a^rure.

——

—

—

— —

—

—

impress

428

like; the aggregate of copies taken at one time; edition; effect or influence on the senses, on the mind, feelings, or sentiments; an indistinct notion, remembrance or belief. impressionability, impressionableness, im«presh'on'a»bil"i»ti, im»presh'on«a«bl«nes, impresn. sionable, im'presh'on«a«bl, a. Having the mind or feelings easily affected. impressionist, im«presh'on«ist, n. impressionism, im»presh'on«izm, n. A type of art which strives to create a sensation or evoke a mood ; paint, a 9th-century French school of painting that emphasized quick visual impression and painting directly from nature; mus. a style of orchestral composition that invokes mood through associations. impressionistic, im«presh'onMSt"ic,

tus, readiness, prompt.] Off hand; without previous study. n. A saying, poem, epigram, or the like made offhand, or without previous study; an extemporaneous effusion. a. Offhand; extempore. improper, im«prop'er, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and proper.] Not proper; not suitable, adapted, or suited; unbecoming; indecent. Improper frac-

and the

—

—

— —

1

impressive, im*pres'iv, a. Making or tending to make an im-

a.

pression; having the power of affecting or of exciting attention and feeling.

— impressively, im»pres'iv«li,

In an impressive manner. impressiveness, im«pres'iv«nes, a.

adv.

impress, inrpres', v.t. [Influenced by press, but originally meaning to hire by ready money, from O.E. ready money; O.Fr. prester, to give, to lend; L. prasto, in readi-

prest,

ness (pres, before, and sto, to stand).] To compel to enter into public service, as a seaman; to seize and take into service by compulsion; to take for public use. n. The act of impressing; compulsion to serve.

impressment, im«pres'ment,

n.

The

n.

[L.,

act of impressing.

imprimatur,

im«pri»ma'ter,

be printed.] A license to print book, etc.; hence, a mark of approval in general. imprint, invprint', v.t. [O.E. emprent, Fr. empreint, pp. of empreindre, to imprint, L. imprimere, to impress. print.] To mark by pressure; to let it

a

stamp; to print; to fix indelibly or permanently, as on the mind or

memory;

to impress.

Whatever

is

n. (im'print).

impressed or printed;

name of the printer or publisher of a book, with the place and often the time of publicaespecially, the

tion.

imprison, im«priz'on, v.t. [Prefix im for in, in, and prison.] To put into a prison; to incarcerate; to confine.

imprisoner, inrpriz on«er,

—

who

n.

One

imprisonment, imprisons. invpriz'on«ment, n. The act of imprisoning or state of being imprisoned. improbable, im«prob'a»bl, a. [Prefix im for in, not, and probable.] Not probable; not likely to be true; improbability, improbaunlikely.

—

bleness, im«prob'a»bil"i»ti, im«proba«bl«nes, n. The quality of being imimprobably, im»probprobable. a«bli, adv. In an improbable manner. improbity, im»prob'i»ti, n. [L. improbitas im for in, not, and probitas, probity.] Want of probity; want of integrity or rectitude of principle; dishonesty. impromptu, invpromp'tu, adv. [L. in promptu, in readiness, from promp-

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

impure

—

tion, a fraction

whose numerator is its denomin-

equal to or greater than

— improperly,

ator.

im«prop'er«li,

In an improper manner. impropriety, im«pr6«pri'e«ti, n. [Fr. impropriate, from L. improprius, improper.] The quality of being improper; that which is improper; an unsuitable act, expression, and

adv.

the

——

—

like.

—

impropriate,

To

compose and visus, seen.] recite or sing without premeditation; to speak extempore, especially in verse; to do or form on the spur of

and

the moment for a special occasion; to bring about in an offhand way. v.i. To recite or sing compositions without previous preparation, improvisation, im«prov'i«za"shon, n. The act or faculty of improvising; a song or other poem which is impro-

—

improviser, improvisator, im«pn>vrzer, im«prov'i«za«ter, n. vised.

One who

improvisates or improvises.

—improvisatory, a.

im«pro«viz'a«to«ri,

Relating to improvisation or im-

provisers.

imprudent, im«pro'dent,

a. [L. imprudens im for in, not, and prudent.] Not prudent; wanting prudence or

—

im»pro'pri'at, v.t. impropriating. [L. im for in, and proprio, propriatum, to appropriate, from proprius, one's

discretion; indiscreet; injudicious; imprudence, im«rash; heedless. pro'dens, n. The quality of being imprudent; an imprudent act or

own.

proper.] To appropriate; place the profits or revenue of in the hands of a layman; to put in the possession of a layman or lay corporation. a. Devolved into the hands of a layman. impropriation, im«pro'pri'a"shon, n. The act of impropriating; that which is imimpropriator, im«pro'propriated. pri«a»ter, n. One who impropriates.

course

eccles. to

im-pro'dent-li, adv. In an imprudent

impropriated,

—

—

impropriety. See improper. improve, im«prov', v.t. improved,

—

improving. [Prefix im for in, intens., and O.Fr. prover, to test, to show to be sufficient, prove.] To make better; to increase the value, worth, or good qualities of; to use or employ to good purpose; to turn to profitable account (to improve the time). v.i. To grow or become better; to advance in goodness, knowledge, wisdom, or anything else desirable. To improve on or upon, to make additions or amendments to; to make an advance in; to bring nearer to perfection. .'. Syn. under AMEND. improvability, improvableness, im«pro'va»bil"i«ti, im«prova«bl»nes, n. The state or quality of improvable, improvable. being im«pro'va«bl, a. Capable of being improved. improvement, im»provment, n. The act of improving, or state of being improved; that which improves; that by which the value of anything is increased, its excellence enhanced, and the like; a beneficial or valuable addition or improver, invpro'ver, n. alteration. One who improves. improvingly, im»pr6'ving«li, adv. In an improving

—

—

—

—

—

—

manner.

improvident, im«prov'i«dent,a. [Prefix im for in, not, and provident.] Not provident; wanting forecast; wanting care to make provision for future exigencies; thriftless; thoughtless. improvidence, im«prov'i»dens, n. The quality of being improvident. improvidently, im«prov'i»dent«li, adv. In an improvident manner; thriftlessly.

improvise, im

—

impropro«\iz, v.t. improvising. [Fr. pmprovuer, It. improvvisare, to sing in extempore rhymes, from L. in, not, pro, before,

vised,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

conduct.

of

— imprudently,

manner.

impudent, im'pu«dent,

a.

dens, impudentis, without not, and pudens, from

be

ashamed.]

[L. impu-

shame

in,

pudeo, to Offensively forward

behavior; intentionally treating others without due respect; wanting modesty; shameless; impertinent. impudently, im'pu«dent'li, adv. In in

—

an impudent manner. impudence, im'pu'dens, n. The quality of being impudent; impudent language or behavior; offensive forwardness. impugn, invpun', v.t. [Fr. impugncr; L. impugno im for in, against, and pugno, to fight or resist (akin pugna-

—

cious, repugnant, pugilism.]

To

attack

statement, truthfulness, etc.) by words or arguments; to contradict; to call in question; to gainsay. impugnable, im«pu'na«bl, a. Capable of being impugned. im(a

—

pugner, im«pu ner, pugns.

n.

One who im-

impulse, im puis, n. [L. impidsus, from impello, impulsion, to drive on. impel.] Force communicated suddenly; motion produced by suddenly communicated force; thrust; push; influence acting on the mind sudsudden unexpectedly; or denly thought or determination; a force of infinitely large magnitude acting for an infinitely short time so as to

produce a finite change of momentum. impulsion, im«pul shon, n.

—

[L. unpuhio, impulsion^.] The act of impelling or state of being impelled; impulsive, impulse. instigation ; im«pul siv, a. [Fr. impulsif.] Having

—

the power of impelling; impellant; actuated or liable to be actuated by impulses; under the sway of one's emotions. impulsively, im-pul siv«li, adv. In an impulsive manner. impulsiveness, im«pul siv«nc

—

impunity, im«pu

ni-ti, n.

[Fr.

impu-

from L. impuniteu, from impunis, unpunished im for in, not, PUNISH.] and punio, to punish. Exemption from punishment or penalty; freedom or exemption from nitc,

injury, suffering, or loss.

impure, im-pur

.

tube, tub, bull;

a. [Fr. itnpur, oil,

pound.

from

—

— ——— —

———

;

impute L.

impurus

purus,

—im

pure.]

429 and

ses'i«bli,

Not pure; mixed or

manner.

for

not,

in,

;

—

— —

The

puritas.]

condition or

quality

being

—

—

—imputation,

im—

imputation;

imputed.

—

imputer, putation. One that imputes. in, in, prep. [A. Sax. i,

Dan.

ind,

i,

Not

active.]

having no power to engaged in action or

move; effort;

indolent; sluggish; chem. and med. inoperative. Syn. see inert, inactively, in«ak'tiv«li, adv. In an inactive

—

—

inactivity, in«ak»tiv'i'ti, n. quality or condition of being

—

—

By im-

in,

in«ad'i«kwit»li, adv.

n.

fix

Gr.

Not

a. [L. prefix in, not, and advertens, advertentis, ppr. of adverto, to attend to. advert.] Not paying strict attention; failing to notice or observe; heedless;

unwary.

—inadvertently,

in—

In an inadvertent manner. inadvertence, inadvertency, in«ad«ver'tens, in«ad«ver'ten— si, n. The quality of being inadvertent; an oversight, mistake, or fault which proceeds from some degree of heedlessness. inalienable, in»al'yen»a»bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and alienable.] Incapable of being alienated or transferred to ad'ver'tent'li, adv.

—

In name of, by way of; as (a sum paid in name of damages). In the name of, in behalf of; on the part of; by the authority of. adv. In or within some place; in some state, affair, or circumstances; not out (he is in, that is, in. the house; the party is in, that is, in office; the ship is in, that is, in port); into some place or state, implying motion or change (come in, that is, into the house). To breed in and in, to breed among members of the same family. To keep one's hand in, to keep up one's acquirements; to maintain one's skill by practice. the reason that.

The

state of

being inane j mental vacuity;

silliness.

in«an'i«ti, n.

inanimate, in-an'i«mit, a. not, and animate.] Not

[Prefix in,

animate;

destitute of life or animation; without vivacity or briskness; dull; inactive; inanimateness, sluggish. in»an'i'mit«nes, n.

—

inappetence, inappetency, hvap'pe«tens, in«ap'pe'ten«si, n. [Prefix in, not, and appetence, appetency .] Want of appetence, desire, or inclination. inapplicable, in«ap'pli'ka«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and applicable.] Not applicable; incapable of being applied; not suited or suitable to the purpose. inapplicability, inapplicableness,

—

hvap'pli«ka«bl—

in«ap'pli»ka'bil"i«ti,

—

inapplicably, in«ap'pli«ka— nes, n. bli, adv. inapposite, in«ap'po«zit, a. [Prefix in, not, and apposite.] Not apposite, fit, or suitable; not pertinent. inappreciable, in«ap«pre'shi»a«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and appreciable.] Not appreciable; so small as hardly to be noticed or estimated. inapproachable, in«ap«pr6ch'a«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and approachable.] Not approachable; inaccessible; that cannot be equaled; unrivaled. inappropriate, in«ap«pr6'pri«it, a. [Prefix in, not, and appropriate.] Not

unsuited;

appropriate;

unsuitable;

—inappropriately, in— adv. In an inappromanner. — inappropriateness,

not proper.

priate in«ap«pr6'pri»it«nes, n.

a. [Prefix, in, not, and apt.] Unapt; not apt; unsuitable; unfit. inaptitude, inaptness, in— ap'ti«tud, imapt'nes, n. Unfitness;

inapt, imapt',

—

—

inaptly, unsuitableness. adv. Unfitly; unsuitably.

inarch, in«arch',

imapt'li,

[Prefix in, into, to the stock without separating (for a time)

and

arch.]

To

v.t.

by uniting

graft

the scion from its parent tree. inarticulate, in«ar»tik'u«lit, a. [Prefix in, not,

and

Not

articulate.]

a»bil"i«ti, n.

—

;

—

tik'u»lit«nes, n. The state or quality of being inarticulate.

inartificial, hvar'ti«fish"al, a. [Prefix in, not, and artificial.] Not artificial;

formed without

art; simple; artless. inartificially,in«ar'ti«fish"al»li,a^. inartificial

state

aTyen»a»bli, adv. In a manner that forbids alienation. inalterable, in»arter«a»bl, n. [Prefix in, not, and alterable.] Not alterable; unalterable. inamorato, in«a'm6«ra"t6, n. [It. in-

namorato, fern, innamorata, from L. in, in, amor, love.] A male lover.

inamorata, in»a'mo«ra"ta, n. A female in love; a mistress. inane, in«an', a. [L. inanis, empty.]

—

;

j,

—

pable

—

of being heard. inaudibly, In an inaudible maninaudibility, inaudibleness,

ner.

is

job;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

xh, thin;

IN.

—

void

of

See

n. [Prefix

not, and attention.] Want of atteninattentive, in— tion; heedlessness. at«ten'tiv, a. Not attentive; not fixing the mind on an object; heedless. in»at-ten'tiv«li, adv. inattentively, inattentiveCarelessly ; heedlessly. ness, in«at«ten'tiv«nes, n. inaudible, in«a'di«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and audible.] Not audible; incain,

in«a'di«bli, adv.

frivolous; worthless; sense or intelligence. n.

void or empty; infinite void space. (Tenn.) inanition, in— amish'on, n. The condition of being inane exhaustion from want of food.

—

inattention, in«at«ten'shon,

Empty; void; That which

articu-

not uttered with distinctness of sounds or syllables zool. not jointed or articulated. inarticulately, in— ar«tik'u«lit«li, adv. In an inarticulate manner. inarticulateness, in«ar— late;

—inalienability, in«aTyen— — The manner. or quality of In an being inalienable. —inalienably, in— inasmuch, in«az»much', adv. another.

Sometimes used substantively, as in the phrase ( ins and outs', nooks and corners ; all the details and intricacies of a matter. inability, in«a«biri«ti, n. [Prefix in, not, and ability.] The state of being unable; want of the necessary power or ability. inaccessible, in«ak«ses'i«bl, n. [Prefix in, not, and accessible.] Not accessible; not to be reached, obtained, or approached. inaccessibly, in«ak— go;

admissible.]

inadvertent, in«ad«ver'tent,

year, in sickness); or existence as a part, constituent, or quality of (evil in a man's disposition); or a certain state (a vehicle in motion, to put in operation). In as much as, or inasmuch as, seeing that; considering that; since. In that, because; for

g,

and

not,

in,

—inanity,

ap«pr6'pri«it«li, a. [Pre-

admissible; not proper to be admitted, allowed, or received. inadmissibly, in«ad»mis'i«bli, adv. In a manner not admissible. inadmissibility, in«ad«mis'i«biri»ti, n. The quality of being inadmissible.

W. yn, Armor, enn; akin to on.] Within; inside of; surrounded by; indicating presence or situation within limits, whether of place, time, or circumstances (in the house, in the

ch, Sc. loch;

not idle;

not equal to the purpose; insufficient; defective. inadequacy, inadequateness in«ad'i«kwi»si, in«ad'i— kwitmes, n. The state or quality of being inadequate. inadequately

en,

ch, chain;

[Prefix in, active; inert;

inactive.

and Goth. G. in, ein,

forms corresponding to L.

rest.

uvak'tiv, a.

inadmissible, in«ad«mis'i«bl,

m = D.

in, Icel. inn,

and

in,

of action;

being inactive; idleness;

—inactive, not,

[Prefix

n.

Want

action.]

inadequate, in»ad'i«kwit, a. [Prefix in, not, and adequate.] Not adequate;

—impu-

im«pu'ter,

and

state of

The

—

by

not,

manner.

pu«ta'shon, n. [L. imputatio, imputations.} The act of imputing; that which is imputed or charged; charge, as of evil; censure; reproach; theol. the charging or reckoning to the account of one, something which properly attaches to another. imputative, im»pu'ta«tiv, a. Coming tatively, im»pu'ta«tiv«li, adv.

—inaccuracy,

inaction, uvak'shon,

To

imputed.

inacces-

state of being inaccurate; an inaccurate statement; a mistake in a statement; an error.

charge, attribute, or ascribe; to set to the account of; theol. to reckon or set down to the account of one what does not belong to him. imputability, imputableness, im— pu'ta«biri'ti, im«pu'ta«bl«nes, n. The imquality of being imputable. putable, im«pu'ta«bl, a. Capable of

being

inaccessible

The

in«ak'ku«ra«si, n.

—

tive).]

an

—inaccessibility,

an inaccurate manner.

impure; foulness; that which is impure; foul matter. impute, im«put', v.t. [L. imputo in and puto, think, consider, into, reckon (as in compute, repute, putaof

In

adv.

inaugurate

sibleness, in«ak«ses'i'bil"i'ti, uvak— ses'i«bl«nes, n. The quality or state of being inaccessible. inaccurate, imak'kuTat, a. [Prefix in, not, and accurate.] Not accurate, exact, or correct; making or containing incorrect statements; not according to truth; erroneous. inaccurately, in«ak'kuTat«li, adv. In

impregnated with foul or extraneous substance; foul; obscene; unchaste; lewd unclean defiled by sin or guilt unhallowed or unholy. impurely, im'pur'li, adv. In an impure manner. impureness, im»pur nes, n. The quality or condition of being impure. impurity, im«pu'ri«ti, n. [L. im;

—

—

in«a'di«bil"i«ti, in«a'di«bl«nes, n.

quality of being inaudible.

inaugurate,

The

—

in«a'gu«rat, v.t. inau[L. inauguro,

gurated, inaugurating.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

-

—

——

—

inauspicious to install

to

in, into,

introduce or induct into an office with solemnity or suitable ceremonies; to invest in a formal manner; to begin or set in progress with formality or some degree of solemnity, pomp, or ceremony to initiate to perform in public initiatory ceremonies in connection with; to celeinaugural, brate the completion of. in«a'gu«ral, a. Having to do with an inauguration. n. An address given at the inception of a term of office. inauguration, in«a'gu«ra"shon, n. inaugurator, in«a'gu«ra«ter, n. ;

—

— —

inauspicious, in»a-spish'us,

a. [Prefix

not, and auspicious.] Not auspicious; ill-omened ; unlucky; unfavorable. inauspiciously,in«a«spish'us«li, adv. In an inauspicious manner. inauspiciousness, in»a»spish'us«nes, n. inboard, in'bord, a. Within a ship or other vessel (an inboard cargo). adv. Within the hold of a vessel; on board of a vessel. inborn, in'born, a. Innate; implanted by nature. in,

—

—

v.t. To breathe or infuse by breathing. inbred, in'bred, a. Bred within; innate; natural. inbreed, in«bred', v.t. To produce or generate within; to cross or mate closely related indivi-

inbreathe, nvbreTH', in,

—

A

king or prince of

Peru before the Spanish conquest; the dominant group of Indians in Peru at that time. incalculable, in«kal'ku«la«bl,

a. [Pre-

and calculable.] Not calbeyond calculation; very

fix in, not,

culable;

— incalculableness,

great.-

la«bl«nes, ku«la«bli,

n.

in«kal'ku«-

—incalculably,

in«kal'-

adv.

incalescent, in«ka«les'ent,

a.

[L. in-

grow warm in, and calesco, to grow warm, caleo, to be warm. calid.] Growing warm; increasing calesco, to

in heat. n.

The

—incalescence, in«ka»les'ens, state

of being incalescent.

incandescent, in«kan«des'ent,

a. [L. to become warm in, and candesco, to begin to

incandesco, intens.,

White or glowing with heat; incandescent radiant. luminous; lamp, n. A lamp whose light is produced by the action of electric current on some specially prepared glow.]

—

—

incandescence, in«kan«material. des'ens, n. incantation, in«kan«ta'shon, n. [L. incantatio, incantationis, from incanto, to chant a magic formula over one chant.] in, on, and canto, to sing, The act of using certain words and ceremonies for the purpose of raising spirits or performing magical actions the form of words so used ; a magical spell, charm, or ceremony. incapable, in«ka'pa«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and capable.] Not capable; possessing inadequate power; not admitting; not susceptible; not equal to anything; unable; unqualified or disqualified: generally followed by of.

.'.

Incapable properly denotes a

want of passive power, and is applicable particularly to the mind, or fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

incidence

something inanimate; unable denotes the want of active power or power of performing, and is applicable to the body or mind. n. One physically or mentally unable to act with effect; an inefficient or silly perincapability, incapableness, son. said of

—

in«ka'pa»bl«nes, n. quality of being incapable. incapably, in«ka'pa»bli, adv. In an in«ka'pa«bil"i»ti,

The

incapable manner.

incapacitate,

in»ka»pas'i«tat,

v.t.

—

incapacitated, incapacitating. [Prefix in, not, and capacitate.] To deprive of capacity or natural power; to render or make unable or unfit; to disqualify or render incompetent. incapacitation, in»ka*pas'i«ta"shon, The act of incapacitating. n.

ability; incompetency. incarcerate, in«kar'ser«at,

v.t.

—

v.t. incensed, inincensus, provoked, inflamed; same word as Incense, above.] enkindle or inflame to violent anger; to excite to angry passions; to provoke, irritate, exasperate. incentive, in«sen'tiv, a. [L. incentivus, striking up or leading a melody in, on, and cano, to sing, chant.] Inciting; encouraging or stirring up. n. That which incites or has a tendency to incite to determination or action; what prompts to good or

censing.

— —

ill; motive; spur. inception, in»sep'shon,

in-

—

—

—

—

—

—incarnation,

in«kar«na'shon, n. The act of assuming flesh or taking a human body and the nature of man ; the state of being incarnated a visible embodiment; a vivid exemplification in person or act (he is the incarnation of wickedness).

—

incase, in«kas', v.t. incased, incasing. To enclose in, or as in, a case. incautious, in«ka'shus, a. [Prefix in,

Not cautious; incautiously, heedless. in*ka'shus«li, adv. In an incautious in«ka'incautiousness, manner. shus«nes, n. and unwary;

cautious.]

—

—

incendiary, in»sen'di«e»ri, n. [L. inin, cendiarius, from incendo, to burn and candeo, to shine or be on fire. candid.] A person who willfully and maliciously sets

fire

to a building,

one who sets fire to another's property; one who is guilty of arson; one who excites or inflames factions and promotes quarrels. a. Pertaining to willful and malicious fire etc.;

raising; tending to excite or inflame quarrel. factions, or sedition,

incendiarism,

in«sen'di«er«izm,

n.

The

act or practice of an incendiary. incense, in'sens, n. [Fr. encens, from L. incensum, what is set on fire, from incensus, pp. of incendo, to burn. incendiary.] The odors of spices and gums, burned in religious rites, or as an offering to some deity; the materials burned for making perfumes. v.t. incensed, incensing. To perfume with incense.

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

[L.

To

carcerated, incarcerating. [L. in, in, into, and career, a prison.] To imprison; to confine in a jail; to shut up or enclose. incarceration, in«karser«a"shon, n. The act of incarceratimprisonment. incarcerator, ing; in«kar'ser«a«ter, n. One who incarcerates. incarnadine, in«kar'na«din, v.t. [Fr. L. in, in, incarnadin, flesh-colored and caro, carnis, flesh.] To tinge with the color of flesh; to dye red. incarnate, in«kar'nat, v.t. incarnated, incarnating. [L.L. incarno, incarnatum L. in, into, and caro, carnis, flesh (whence also carnage, carnal, carnation).] To clothe with flesh; to embody in flesh. a. Invested with flesh; embodied in flesh or a human

not,

—

incense, in«sens',

incapacity, in«ka«pas'i«ti, n. Want of capacity, power, or ability; in-

body.

———

—

;

430

inauguratum, inaugurate, — and augur, an augur.] To

duals. Inca, ing'ka, n.

— — —— —

—

—

;;

move;

inceptionis,

n. [L. inceptio,

—

from incipio, and capio, to

prefix in, pable.] The

act

to begin take, cabeginning; a

of

commencement;

beginning;

—

first

inceptive, in«sep'tiv, a. [L. stage. inceptivus.] Pertaining to inception; beginning; applied to a verb which expresses the beginning of an action. inceptor, inceptive verb. n. beginner; one who in«sep'ter, n.

—

—

An

A

on the point of taking the degree of Master of Arts at an English is

university.

incertitude, in«ser'ti«tud, n. [Prefix in, not, and certitude.] Uncertainty; doubtfulness; doubt. incessant, in«ses ant, a. [L. prefix in, not,

and

cessans,

cesso, to cease,

cessantis, ppr. of cease.] Continuing

without interruption; unceasing; unintermitted; uninterrupted; continual; ceaseless. ant«li, adv.

—incessantly,

in«ses'-

In an incessant manner;

continually. incest, in'sest, n. [Fr. inceste, L. incestum, unchastity, incest, from incestus,

unchaste

in,

not,

and

castus,

chaste (whence chaste).] The offense of sexual commerce between persons related within the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited by law. incestuous, in«ses'tu»us, a. Guilty of incest; involving the crime of incest. incestuously, in»ses'tu«us«li, adv. In an incestuous manner. inch, insh, n. [A.Sax. ince, ynce, an inch, the twelfth part of a foot ; from L. uncia, a twelfth part. Ounce is the

—

same word.]

A

lineal

measure, being

the twelfth part of a foot ; proverbiBy ally, a small quantity or degree. inches, by slow degrees; gradually. a. Measuring an inch: used in composition (two-inch, four-inch).

inchoate,! in'kd«at,

v.t.

inchoa,

[L.

inchoatum, to begin.] To begin. a. Recently or just begun; incipient; inchoincomplete. rudimentary; ately, inko-at-li, adv. In an inchoate inchoation, in«ko«a'shon, n. state. The act of beginning; inception. inchoative, in'ko«a«tiv, a. Expressing or indicating beginning; inceptive. n. That which serves to begin; gram. an inceptive verb. incidence, in'si«dens, n. [L.L. inci-

—

—

dentia, from E. incido, to fall upon in, into, upon, and cado, to fall (whence cadence, chance, case, etc.).] falling or occurring; the manner of falling (the incidence of taxation in a state); physics, the direction in

A

which

a body, or a ray of light, heat, etc., falls upon any surface, this direction, as regards the surface on

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

——

—

;

or otherwise hard bear (weather). — being — inclemency, in*klem'en*si, The

condition or quality of being clement. incline, in*klin', v.i. inclined,

—

clining. [L. inclino, to incline

What

n.

falls

out, happens,

—

cinis,

cineris,

—

incineration, in— to ashes. sin'er*a"shon, n. The act of incinerating. incipient, in*sip'i*ent, a. [L. incipiens, incipientis, ppr. of incipio, to cabegin in, and capio, to take, pable.] Beginning; commencing; beginning to show itself. incipience, incipiency, in*sip'i*ens, in*sip'i*en— si, n. The condition of being inincipiently, in*sip'i*ent*li, cipient. adv. In an incipient manner. incise, in*siz', v.t. incised, incising. [Fr. inciser, from L. incido, incisum in, into, and ccedo, to cut, as in

burn

thing or person than to another; leaning; feeling in favor; propensity. Inclination of an orbit, astron. the angle which the plane of an orbit makes with the ecliptic. dip.

—

cut

into; to make a deep cut in; to carve. incised, in*sizd', p. and a. Cut; made by cutting. incision, in*sizh'on, n. The act of cutting into a substance; that which is produced by incising; a cut; a gash; fig. sharpness; trenchancy. incisive, in*si'siv, a. [Fr. incisif, incisive.] Cutting in; sharply and clearly expressive; tren-

—

powers. include, in*klud',

—

{incisive

language or

in*si'zer, n. Zool. a foretooth ; one of those teeth , the special task of which is to cut or separate. incisory, in*si'ze*ri, a. Having the quality of cutting.

—

—

One who

incites.

incivil, uvsiv'il, a. [Prefix in, not, and civil.] [obs.] Not civil; rude; impolite.

—

incivility, in*si*vil'i*ti, n. Want of courtesy; rudeness; impoliteness, incivism, hrsiv'izm, n. In French Revolution the charge of lack of patriotism, of bad performance of civic duties; disaffection, inclement, in-klem'ent, a. [Prefix in,

unknown

and

not,

[Prefix in, not,

and

combustible;

incapable

—

incombustible. incombustibly, in— kom*bus'ti*bh, adv. So as to resist

combustion.

income, in'kum,

ing, a.

Coming

coming

cognitus,

ng, sing;

TH,

in*kom*men'-

—

incommensurableness,

surability,

in*kom*men'shu*ra*bu"i*ti, in*kom— men'shu*ra*bl*nes, n. incommensurably, in*kom*men'shu*ra*bli, adv.

—

—incommensurate,

in*kom*men'-

shu*rat, a. [Prefix in, not, and commensurate.] Not commensurate; in-

commensurable; not adequate or of sufficient amount. incommensu-

—

rately, in*kom*men'shu*rat*li, adv. Not in due measure or proportion;

inadequately.

incommode, in*kom*mod',

v.t.

—

in-

commoded, incommoding. [Fr. incommoder, from L. incommodo, to be troublesome to in, not, commodus, convenient. commodious.] To give inconvenience to; to inconvenience; to put about; to trouble. incommodious, in*kom*mo'di*us, a. [Prefix in, not, and commodious.] Not commodious; inconvenient; tending to

—

— incommodiously, in— adv. In an incommodious manner. —incommo-

diousness,

job;

act of

having no common measure. n. One of two or more quantities which have no common measure. incommen-

of a disguised or feigned character. th, thin;

The

shu*ra*bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and comNot commensurable; mensurable.]

pestuous, rough, stormy, boisterous,

;

an occupant n.

incommensurable,

—

j,

as

in,

in.

kom*mo'di*us*li,

go;

A

(an incoming tenant).

incommode.

g,

and

— —

in*kog'ni*ta. One or in disguise, or passing

then;

in

—

unknown, under an assumed name assumption

ch, Sc. loch;

[From

n.

come, lit. that which comes in: comp. outcome.] Receipts or benefits (usually in the form of money) regularly accruing from labor, business, or property (as, his annual income is income tax, n. S 1 ,000) ; revenue. tax levied on incomes according to incomer, in'kum*er, their amount. n. One who comes in; a stranger, not a native. incoming, in'kum—

clement.] Not clement; unmerciful, severe, or harsh; tem-

ch, chain;

Not

being

of

ness, in*com*bus'ti*biri*ti, in*kom— bus'ti*bl*nes, n. The quality of being

known, cognition.] In disguise; in an assumed character and under an assumed name. «., the fern,

and

combustible.]

burned or consumed by fire. incombustibility, incombustible-

being incognita,

not,

of

quality

—incoherently, in—

an incoherent manner. incombustible, in*kom*bus'ti*bl, a.

—

in,

etc.);

—

ko*he'rent*li, adv. In

—

—

The

n.

being incoherent.

—

incite, in*sit', v.t. incited, inciting. [L. incito in, on, and cito, to urge, to rouse, cite.] To move to action; to stir up; to stimulate, urge, provoke, spur on. incitement, incitation, in*sit'ment, in*si*ta'shon, n. The act of inciting; that which incites or moves to action ; incentive impulse; spur; stimulus. inciter, in*si'ter, n.

in*ko*he'ren*si,

style

—

language,

(ideas,

rambling and unintelligible. incoherence, incoherency, in*ko*he'rens,

style, included stamens, bot. or stamens which do not project beyond the mouth of the corolla. includible, in*klu'di*bl, a. Capable of being included. inclusion, in*klu'zhon, n. [L. inclusio.] The act of including. inclusive, in*klu'siv, a. [Fr. inclusif, from L. includo.] Enclosing; encircling; comprehended in the number or sum; comprehending the stated limit or extremes. inclusively, in*khi'siv*li, adv. In an inclusive manner. incogitable, in*koj'i*ta*bl, a. [Prefix cogitate.] in, not, and cogitable, Not cogitable; incapable of being made the object of thought. incogitant, Not in*koj'i*tant, a. thinking; thoughtless. incognito, in*kog'ni*to, a. or adv. [It., Sp., and Fr., from L. incognitus,

a

incisor,

—

nection

— Included

style).

[Prefix

a.

Not coherent;

coherent.]

unconnected (incoherent particles) wanting coherence or rational con-

—

To

and

not cohering or attached together;

—

v.t. included, inin, and cluding. [L. includo in, claudo, to shut up, as in conclude, confine, exclude, etc. close.] hold, or contain; to comprise; to comprehend; to embrace or involve.

—

chant

in, not,

—

—

To

unacquainted with. incoherent, in*ko*he'rent,

inclinatory, in*kli'na*to*ri, a. Having the quality of inclining. inclined, in*klind', p. and a. Having a leaning Inclined or tendency; disposed. plane, a plane inclined to the horizon, or forming with a horizontal plane any angle whatever excepting a right angle: it is one of the mechanical

—

concise, decide, excision, etc.]

—

—

—

—

—

normal one; geom. the approach or leaning of two lines or planes toward each other, so as to make an angle at the point where they meet, or where their lines of direction meet; a disposition more favorable to one

To

ashes.]

pable of being recognized, known, or incognizance, distinguished. in— kog'ni*zans or in*kon'i*zans, n. Failure to recognize, know, or apprehend. incognizant, in*kog'ni*zant or in*kon'i*zant, a. Not cognizant;

in, in,

—

—

and

kon'i*za*bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and cognizable.] Not cognizable; inca-

tion which is regarded as normal; to bend, lean, tend; to tend, as toward an opinion, course of action, etc. v.t. To cause to deviate from a line, position, or direction; to give a leaning to; to give a tendency or propensity to; to dispose; to bend, stoop, or bow (the body, the head). n. (in'klin). An ascent or descent, as in a road; a inclinable, in*kli'na*bl, a. slope. [L. inclinabilis, from inclino.] Tending; inclined; somewhat disposed. inclination, in*kli*na'shon, n. [L. inclinatio, inclinations.] The act of inclining, leaning, or bending; deviation from a direction regarded as the

or takes place; an event; an appertaining fact; law, a thing appertaining to, or passing with another or incidental, in*si— principal thing. den'tal, a. Happening as an occasional event forming an incident; casual; not necessary to the chief purpose; appertaining and subsiincidentally, in*si*den'tal*li, diary. adv. In an incidental manner. incinerate, in*sin'er*at, v.t. [L. in, into,

in-

on, and clino, Gr. klino, to bend. decline.] To deviate from a direc-

hence, naturally happening or appertaining (ills incident to human life).

&

in-

n.

—

;

incog, in*kog', a., adv. n. Incognito. (Colloq.) incognizable, in*kog'ni*za*bl or in—

to

falls,

Angle called the line of incidence. of incidence, the angle formed by the line of incidence, and a line drawn from the point of contact, perpenPoint of dicular to the surface. incidence, the point where an incident incident, in'ray meets a surface. si'dent, a. [L. incidens, incidentis, ppr. of incido.] Falling or striking, as a ray of light upon a surface; liable to happen; apt to occur;

—

—

incommode

431

incinerate which the body or ray

—— —

—— —

—

w, wig;

in*kom*m6'di«us*nes, n.

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

incommunicable in«kom«mu'ni— ka«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and communicable.] Not communicable; incapable of being communicated, told, cability,

— incommuni-

incommunicableness, in—

and communicative.]

Not communicative; not

inconsequence, in»kon'si«kwens,

space.

— incomprehen-

incomprehensibleness, in—

sibility,

— incomprehenin«kom'pri«hen"si«bli, adv. In incomprehensible manner. — in-

sibly,

inclined to impart information to others; not disposed to hold communion or inincommunicativeness, tercourse.

an comprehensive, in«kom'pri«hen"siv, a. Not comprehensive; not extensive;

in«kom«mu'ni»ka«tiv'nes, n. incommunicado, in'ko«mu'ni«ka"do, a. [Sp. in, in, and comunicar, to

kom'pri«hen"siv»nes, n. incompressible, in«kom«pres'i«bl, a.

—

communicate.] Held without communication with others; in solitary confinement.

incommutable, in»kom«mu'ta-bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and commutable.] Not commutable;

—

incapable

of

being

incommutability, incommutableness, in-konvmu'ta— exchanged.

in«kom«mu'ta«bl«nes, n. incomparable, in«kom'pa«ra«bl, bil"i«ti,

[Prefix in, not,

a.

and comparable.] Not

comparable; without a match, rival, or peer; unequaled; transcendent. incomparableness, in»kom'pa«ra«bl— nes, n. incomparably, in«kom'pa—

—

ra«bli, adv.

incompatible,

in«kom«pat'i«bl, a. compatible.] Not compatible; incapable of subsisting, being possessed, or being made to accord with something else; incapable of harmonizing (feelings or tempers incompatible with each other). thing that is incompatible. n. [Prefix in, not,

—

and

A

incompatibleness, in«kom«pat'i«bil"i«ti, in«kom«pat'i— bNnes, n. The quality or condition of being incompatible. incompatibly, incompatibility,

—

limited.

—^comprehensiveness, in—

compressible.] Not compressible; resisting compression.

[Prefix in, not,

and

—incompressibility,

incompressi-

bleness, in«kom*pres'i«biri«ti, in— kom»pres'i»bl»nes, n. The quality of being incompressible. incomputable, in»kom'pu'ta«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and computable.] Not computable ; incapable of being computed or reckoned. inconceivable, in«kon«se'va«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and conceivable.] Not conceivable; incapable of being conceived or thought of; incompreinconceivability, inconhensible. ceivableness, in»kon«se'va«bil"i«ti, in«kon«se'va«bl«nes, n. The quality of being inconceivable. inconceivably, in»kon«se'va«bli, adv. In an inconceivable manner; beyond conception. inconclusive, in«kon«klu'siv, a. [Pre-

—

—

fix in, not,

and

conclusive.]

Not con-

clusive; not producing a conclusion; not settling a point in debate or a doubtful question. inconclusively, in«kon»klu'siv«li, adv. In an inconclusive manner.—inconclusiveness, in»kon«klu'siv»nes, n. The quality of being inconclusive.

—

incondensable, incondensible, in—

in«kom«pat'i«bli, adv.

incompetent, in«kom'pe«tent,a. [Prefix in, not, and competent.] Not competent; wanting adequate strength, capacity, means, qualifications, etc.; unable; incapable; inadequate; wanting necessary legal or constitutional qualifications (an incompetent witness in a court); not permissible or admissible (an incomincompetence, inpetent defense). competency, in«kom'pe«tens, in— kom'pe«ten«si, n. The condition or quality of being incompetent. incompetently, in«kom'pe«tent»li, adv. In an incompetent manner. incomplete, in«kom«plet', a. [Prefix

power,

—

not, and complete.] Not complete; not finished; imperfect; defective. incompletely, in»kom«plet'li, adv. in,

—

incomIn an incomplete manner. incompletion, in«kom— plet'nes, in«konvple'shon, n. The state of being incomplete.

pleteness,

incompliant, in'konvpli'ant, a. [Prefix in, not, and compliant.] Not comnot disposed to comply. incompliance, in«com«pli'ans, n. The inquality of being incompliant. compliantly, in«kom»plI«ant«li, adv. In an incompliant manner. incomprehensible, in«kom'pri»hen"si«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and comprehensible.] Not comprehensible; incapliant;

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

a.

bounded by

incomprehensible.

a.

in«kon'si«kwent,

as in Athanasian Creed; illimitable; infinite; not comprehended in or

municative, in«kom«mu'ni«ka«tiv,

—

inconsequent,

[Prefix in, not, and consequent; L. inconsequent.] Not following from the premises; not in accordance with logical method ; inconclusive.

kom'pri«hen'si»bil"i«ti, hrkom'pri— hen"si«bl«nes, n. The quality of being

[Prefix in, not,

-;

inconstant

pable of being comprehended or understood; beyond the reach of human intellect; inconceivable; theol.

kom«mu'ni«ka»bil"i«ti, in«kom«mu'ni«ka«bl»nes, n. incommunicably, in«kom'mu'ni«ka«bli, adv. incom-

—

—

432

incommunicable,

or imparted to others.

—

kon«den'sa«bl, [Prefix in, not,

in«kon«den'si»bl, a. condensable.] Not

and

condensable; incapable of being conincon-

densed.— incondensability,

densibility, in»kon«den'sa«biri«ti, in— kon«den'si«bil"i«ti, n. incondite, in«kon'dit, a. [L. inconin, not, and ditus, confused, rude conditus, pp. of condo, to put together, to join.] Rude; unpolished: said

of literary compositions.

inconformity,

in'kon«for'mi«ti, n. [Prefix in, not, and conformity.] Nonconformity; lack of conformity.

incongruous,

incongruent,

in—

kong'gryus, in«kong'gru«ent, a. [L. incongruus in, not, and congruus, congruous.] Not congruous; not of a kind or character to mingle well together; not such as to make a harmonious whole; not suiting each other; inharmonious; inconsistent (incongruous parts, elements, mixincongruity, incongruence, tures). in'kon«gru'i«ti, in«konggru«ens, n. The quality of being incongruous; that which is incongruent; something exhibiting a want of congruity. incongruously, in»kong'gru»us«li, adv. In an incongruous manner. in«kong'gru«us— incongruousness,

—

—

—

nes, n.

The

state or quality of

being

pine, pin;

—

of logical sequence. inconsequential, hvkon'si'kwen'shal, a. [Prefix in, not, and consequential.] Not consequential; inconsequent; not of consequence or importance; of little

moment.

—inconsequentially, in— State of inconsequential. — inconse-

kon'si«kwen"shi«al"i«ti,

being

note, not,

move;

n.

quentially, in«kon'si«kwen"shal«li, adv. In an inconsequential manner.

inconsiderable, in'kon»sid'er«a«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and considerable.] Not worthy of consideration or notice; unimportant; small; trivial; insignificant.

—inconsiderably,

er«a«bli,

manner

in»kon»sid adv. In an inconsiderable or degree.

inconsiderate,

in*kon*sid'er*it, a. [Prefix in, not, and considerate; L. inconsideratus.] Not considerate; not

acting with due consideration ; hasty imprudent; thoughtless; heedless. inconsiderately, in»kon«sid er«it«li, adv. In an inconsiderate manner. inconsiderateness, in«kon«sid'er«it— nes, n. The condition or quality of being inconsiderate. inconsideration, in«kon«sid'er»a'shon, n. Want of due consideration. inconsistent, in«kon«sis tent, a. [Prefix in, not, and consistent.] Not consistent; irreconcilable in conception or in fact; contrary; contradictory; incompatible; incongruous; not exhibiting uniformity of sentiment or conduct, steadiness to principle or the like. inconsistently, in»kon— sis'tent'li, adv. In an inconsistent manner. inconsistency, inconsistence, in»kon«sis'ten«si, in«kon«sis tens, n. The condition or quality of being inconsistent; opposition or disagreement of particulars; selfcontradiction; incongruity in action or conduct. inconsolable, in«kon«sol a«bl,a. [Pre-

—

—

— —

fix in, not, and consolable.] Incapable of being consoled; grieved beyond inconsolableness, in— consolation. kon«sol'a«bl«nes, n. State of being inconsolably, in— inconsolable. kon»sdl'a«bli, adv. So as to be incon-

— —

solable.

inconsonant, in«kon'so»nant, a. [Prefix in, not, and amstmani .] Not consonant

or discordant. so«nant«li.

manner. nans, n. ance.

—

agreeing;

inconsistent;

— inconsonantly, in«kon

-

an inconsonant inconsonance, in»kon so— adv.

Want

In

of harmony; discord-

inconspicuous, in«kon«spik u-us. a. [Prefix in, not, and conspicuous.] Not conspicuous or readily noticed; not inconspicuto be easily perceived.

—

ously,

in«kon«spik u-us'li.

an inconspicuous manner.

ado.

In

— incon-

spicuousness, in«kon«spik u«us»nes, n. Want of conspicuousness.

inconstant, inconstant, a. [Prefix in, not, and constant; L. inconstans, Fr. inconstant.]

incongruous.

me, met, her;

n.

[L. inconsequential The condition or quality of being inconsequent; want

Not

tube, tub, bull;

constant; subject

oil,

pound.

— —— —

—— — —

inconsumable

—

in«kon'stant«li, adv. inconstant manner. inIn an constancy, in«kon'stan»si, n. [L. inconstantia.] The quality of being

inconstant.

inconsumable, in«kon«su'ma«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and consumable.] Not

—

consumable; incapable of being consumed. incontestable, in«kon«tes'ta«bl, a.

Not

contestable.]

contestable; not to be disputed; too clear to be controverted; incontroincontestability, in«kon«vertible. tes'ta'bil'i'ti, n. The state or quality of being incontestable. incontestably, in«con»tes'ta»bli, adv. In an incontestable manner; incontrovertibly; indubitably. incontinent, hvkon'ti«nent, a. [Prefix in, not, and continent; L. incontinens; Fr. incontinent, incontinent, and (as adv.) forthwith, immediately.] Not continent; not restraining the passions or appetites, particularly the sexual appetite; unchaste; lewd; med. unable to restrain natural discharges incontinence, in*or evacuations. kon'timens, n. [L. incontinentia, Fr. incontinence.] The condition or quality of being incontinent. incontinently, in«kon'ti«nent«li, adv. In an incontinent manner; immediately; instantly; forthwith; at once. incontrovertible, in»kon'tro«ver"ti»bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and controvertible.] Not controvertible; too clear or certain to admit of dispute or incontrovertibility, controversy. incontrovertibleness, in«kon'tro«ver"ti«bil"i«ti, in«kon'tro«ver"ti'bl«nes, n. State of being incontrovertible. incontrovertibly, in»kon'tro«ver"ti«bli, adv. In an incontrovertible manner; incontestably. inconvenient, in«kon«ve'ni«ent, a. [Prefix in, not, and convenient.] Not convenient; incommodious; giving some trouble; wanting due facilities; causing embarrassment; inopporinconveniently, tune. in«kon«ve'ni«ent«li, adv. In an inconvenient

tive,

fix in, not,

manner. incorrupt, in«ko«rupt', a. [Prefix in, not, and corrupt; L. incorruptus.) Not corrupt or corrupted not suffering from corruption or decay; not depraved; pure; untainted; above ;

the influence of corruption or bribincorruptibility, incorruptiery. bleness, in«koTup'ti»biri«ti, in«ko«rup'ti«bl«nes, n. The condition of being incorruptible. incorruptible, in«ko»rup'ti«bl, a. Incapable of corruption, decay, or dissolution; incapable of being corrupted or bribed; incorruptibly, inflexibly upright. in«ko«rup'ti«bli, adv. In an incorincorruption, in— ruptible manner. ko«rup'shon, n. Absence of or exemption from corruption or decay. incorruptly, in«ko«rupt'li, adv. In an incorrupt manner; without corrupin«ko«rupt'incorruptness, tion. nes, n. The condition or quality of being incorrupt; probity; integrity.

a.

Not

ch, Sc. \och;

g,

go;

incrassate, j,

;ob;

———

;

incrassating. [L. incrasso, inin, intens., and crassus, thick, crass.] To make thick or thicker; to make less fluid; to inspisincrassation, in«sate; to thicken. kras«a'shon, n. The act of thickening inspissation. increase, in«kres', v.i. increased, increasing. [Prefix in or en, and O.Fr.' creser, L. crescere, to grow, allied to creare, to create similarly decrease.] To become greater; to grow; to augment; to advance; to multiply by the production of young; astron. to show a gradually enlarging luminous surface; to wax (the moon insated,

crassatum

—

—

—

creases).

—

v.t.

To make

greater or

augment

in bulk, quantity, amount, or degree; to add to. n. (in'kres). Augmentation; a growing greater or larger; enlargement; exlarger; to

tension; the amount by which anything is augmented; increment; interest of money; produce; issue or offspring (O.T.); astron. the period of waxing, as of the moon. increasable, in«kres'a«bl, a. Capable of being increased. increaser, in'kres 'er, n. One who or that which increasingly, increases. irvkres'ing«li, adv. In the way of increase; by continual increase.

—

incredible, in»kred'i«bl,

a. [Prefix in, not, and credible.] Not credible; impossible to be believed; too extraordinary and improbable to admit of incredibility, in* kred 'i« bil"belief. i«ti, n. The quality of being incredible; that which is incredible. incredibleness, in«kred'i«bl«nes, n. The quality of being incredible.

—

—

incredibly, in«kred'i»bli, adv. In an incredible manner. incredulous, in«kred'u«lus, a. [Prefix not, and credulous.] Not credulous; not given to believe readily; in,

One who is bad beyond correction or reform. incorrigibility, incorrigibleness, in'kor'i«ji«biri«ti, nvkor'i*ji«bl«nes, n. The condition or quality of being incorrigible. incorrigibly, in«kor'i«ji«bli, adv. In an incorrigible

—

ch, chain;

cor-

nes, n.

convertible; incapable of being converted into or exchanged for something else. inconvertibility, inconvertibleness, in«kon«ver'ti»biri«ti, in«kon»ver'ti«bl«nes, n. The quality of being inconvertible. inconvincible, in»kon«vin'si«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and convincible.] Incapable of being convinced. incorporate, in«kor po«rat, v.t. incorporated, incorporating. [L. incor^

a. [Pre-

Not

corporeal.]

incorrigible, in«kor'i«ji»bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and corrigible.] Incapable of being corrected or amended; bad beyond correction or reform. n.

incommode. convertible.]

and

not consisting of matter; not having a material body; immaterial; intangible. incorporeally, in«kor'po'ri'al«li, adv. In an incorporeal manner; immaterially.— incorporeity, in«kor'p6«re"i»ti, n. The quality of being incorporeal. incorrect, in»ko»rekt', a. [Prefix in, not, and correct.] Not correct; not exact; inexact; erroneous; faulty; not according to fact. incorrectly, in«ko«rekt'li, adv. In an incorrect manner. incorrectness, in«ko«rekt'-

—

in'kon«ver'ti«bl,

to

poreal;

inconvenience, inconven-

and

Tending

incorporeal, in»kor'p6'ri«al,

iency, in«kon-ve'ni»ens, in«kon«ve'ni«en«si, n. The quality of being inconvenient; something that incommodes or gives trouble or uneasiness. inconvenience, in»kon«ve'ni«ens, v.t. inconvenienced, inconveniencing. To put to inconvenience; to

[Prefix in, not,

po«ra«tiv, a.

incorporating; philol. tending to combine many elements into one long word.

—

inconvertible,

uvkor

incorporate;

—

manner.

—— mcrust

poro, incorporatum into, and in, corpus, corporis, a body.] To form into one body; to combine or mix into one mass; to unite with another body or substance; to combine or unite intimately (to incorporate things together or one thing with another); to embody or give material form to; to form into a corporation or body of individuals that can act as one. v.i. To unite so as to form a part of another body; to be mixed or blended; to grow into; usually followed by with. a. Incorporated; united in one body. incorporated, in«kor po«ra«ted, p. and a. Mixed or united in one body; associated so as to form a corporation; united in a legal body. incorporation, in«kor'po«ra"shon, n. The act of incorporating or state of being incorporated; that which is incorporated; a society or body formed by the union of individuals and authorized by law to act as a single person.— incorpora-

—inconstantly,

and

——

433

to change of opinion, inclination, or purpose; not firm in resolution; unsteady; fickle; capricious: said of persons; mutable, changeable, or variable: said of things. n. A thing which is not constant; a variable.

[Prefix in, not

——

—— —— — — ————

in«kras'at,

ng, sing;

TH,

v.t.

—

then;

incrasth, thin;

refusing or withholding belief; skepincredulity, incredulousness, tical. in«kre«du'li«ti, in«kred'u»lus«nes, n. The quality of being incredulous. incredulously, hvkred'u«lus«li, adv. In an incredulous manner. increment, in'kre«ment, n. [L. incre-

mentum, from incresco, to increase. increase.] Act or process of increasing; augmentation or growth; something added; increase; math, the increase of a quantity from its present value to its next ascending value; rhet. an amplification without necessarily involving a true climax. in«kres'ent, a. [L. increscens, increscentis, ppr. of incresco, to increase.] Increasing; growing; augmenting; swelling. incriminate, in«krim'i«nat, v.t. incriminated, incriminating. [L.L. incri-

increscent,

—

—

mino, incriminatum L. in, and crimino, to accuse one of a crime, from crimen, criminis, a charge.] To charge with a crime or fault; to accuse; to incriminatory, in«krim'criminate. i«na«to«ri, a. Accusatory; tending to criminate. incrust, uvkrust', v.t. [L. incrusto in, in, on, and crusta, crust.] To cover with a crust or with a hard coat; to form a crust on the surface incrustation, in«krus«ta'shon, n. of. The act of incrusting; a crust or hard

—

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, a^ure.

——

—

———

incubate

434

coating on the surface of a body; a covering or inlaying.

incubate, in'ku-bat,

[L. incubo,

v.i.

—

incubatum, to lie in or upon prefix in, in, on, and cubo, to lie, seen also in incubus, incumbent, covey.] To care

such a way as to induce hatching (of eggs) or promote development (of embryos, etc.) v.i. To be incubated; to brood. incubation, in«ku»ba'shon, n. Act of incubating; pat hoi. the period of maturation, without visible symptoms, of a contagious disease. incubative, in"ku'ba'tiv, a. incubator, in"ku»ba'ter, n. An apparatus for hatching eggs by artificial heat; an apparatus for maintaining proper body temperature in babies born prematurely or otherwise physically subnormal; an apparatus for incubating bacteriofor

in

—

—

—

logical cultures, etc. in ku«bus, n. pi. incubuses, incubi, in'ku«bus«ez, in'ku«bi. [L., from incubo, to lie on. incubate.]

incubus,

Nightmare; an imaginary being or demon, formerly supposed to be the cause of nightmare hence something that weighs heavily on the mind or feelings; an encumbrance of any kind; a dead weight. ;

—

inculcate, hvkul'kat,

v.t. inculcated, inculcating. [L. inculco, inculcatum in, in, and calco, to tread; akin calx, the heel.] To impress by frequent admonitions; to teach and enforce by frequent repetitions; to urge on the mind. inculcation, in»kul«ka'shon, n. The act of inculcating.

—

—

inculeator, uvkul'ka'ter, n.

One who

inculcates. a. [Prefix in,

not, and culpable.] Not culpable; not to be accused; blameless.

—

inculpate,

urkul'pat, v.t. inculpated, inculpating. [L.L. inculpo, inculpatum L. in, into, and culpa, a fault; akin culpable, culprit.] To show to be in fault; to accuse of crime; to impute guilt to; to incriminate: opposed to exculpate. inculpation, in«kul«pa'shon, n. The act of inculpating. inculpatory, in»kurpa»to«ri, a. Tending to inculpate or crimi-

—

—

—

nate.

—

incult, in«kult', a. [L. incultus prefix in, not, and cultus, pp. of colo, to

Uncultivated; rude; not

polished or refined.

incumbent, in«kum'bent, cutnbens, incumbentis, cumbo, to lie in, on,

[L. in-

a.

of

ppr.

in-

and cumbo, to lie down, incubate.] Lying or resting upon; resting upon a person as to be performed; imposed and calling for performance. n. person in possession of an ecclesiastical benefice or other office.

a

from

bula,

incur. in«ker',

duty or obligation

— A —incumbently, in«kum'bent»li, adv. In an incumbent manner. — incumbency, in«kum'ben»si, of being incumbent;

n.

The

what

state

is

in-

cumbent;

eccles. the state of holding or being in possession of a benefice.

incumber, in-kum'ber,

v.t.

Same

as

Encumber.

incunabulum, in«ku«nab'u«lum,

n.

incunabula, in«ku*nab'u*la. [L. incunabula, swaddling clothes, birthplace, origin prefix in, and cuna-

pi.

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

v.t.

book

—incurred,

ring. [L. incurro, to

run

incuragainst in,

To

and

curro, to run. current.] run in danger of or liability to; to expose one's self to; to become liable to; to become subject to (to incur danger, inconvenience, etc.); to contract (to incur a debt). incurrence, in«ker'ens, n. The act of incurring. incurable, in«ku'ra«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and curable.] Not curable;

—

beyond the power of

skill

and medi-

cine; not admitting remedy.

n.

A

person diseased beyond the reach of cure. incurability, incurableness,

—

in«ku'ra«bl«nes, n. incurable. incurably, in«ku'ra«bli, adv. In an in«ku'ra«bil"i»ti,

The

state

of

being

incurable manner. incurious, in«ku'ri«us,

a. [Prefix in, not, and curious.] Not curious or inquisitive; destitute of curiosity. incuriously, in'ku'ri«us«li, adv. In an incurious manner. incuriosity,

—

incuriousness,

in«ku'ri«os"i«ti, in«ku'ri«us«nes, n. The quality of being incurious. incursion, in«ker'zhon, n. [L. incursio, incursionis, from incurro. incur.] An entering into a territory with hostile intention; an invasion

not followed by continued occupaincur si ve, in»ker'tion; an inroad. siv, a. Making an attack or incursion;

—

aggressive.

incurvate, incurve, hvker'vat, in—

— —

incurvated, incurvating; v.t. incurved, incurving. [L. incurvo, incurvation in, in, and curvo, to bend.

To curve inward; to make curved; to bend; to crook. incurcurve.]

vate, a.

—

Curved inward or upward.

incurvation, in»ker«va'shon, n. The act of incurvating; a bending or bend. incus, ing'kus, n. [L., an anvil.] A bone of the internal ear, so called from its shape. incuse,f in«kuz', v.t. [L. incudo, incusum, to forge.] To impress by striking or stamping.

indagate,f in'da«gat,

v.t.

[L. indago,

indagaium.] To seek or search out. indebted, nvdet'ed, a. [Prefix in, in, and debt.] Being under a debt; having incurred a debt; held to payment or requital; obliged by something received, for which restitution or indebtedness, in»gratitude is due. det'ed«nes, n. The state of being indebted; the amount of debt owed. indecent, uvde'sent, a. [Prefix in, not, and decent; L. indecens, unseemly.] Offending against decency; unfit to be seen or heard; offensive to modesty and delicacy; immodest; unseemly. indecently, in«de'sent«li, adv. In an indecent manner. indecency, in«de'sen«si, n. The quality of being indecent; what is indecent in language, actions, or manners; grossness in speech or behavior; immodesty.

—

—

indeciduate, in«di«sid'u«at, in,

not,

and

deciduate.]

a. [Prefix

Not

deci-

duate; not having a decidua.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

—

indefinable

A

cunce, a cradle.]

printed in the early times of printing; generally, a book printed before the year 1500.

kerv',

inculpable, in*kul'pa*bl,

cultivate.]

—

note, not,

indeciduous, fix

in,

in«di«sid'u«us, a. [Preand deciduous.] Not

not,

deciduous; evergreen.

indecipherable, [Prefix

not,

in,

in»di«si'fer'a»bl,

and

Not decipherable; incapable of being deciphered. indecision, in«di«sizh'on,

n. [Prefix not, and decision.] Want of decision or settled purpose; a wavering of mind; irresolution. indecisive, hvdi'Si'siv, a. [Prefix in, not, and decisive.] Not decisive; not bringing to a final close or ultimate issue ; not having come to a decision; irresolute; vacillating ; hesitating. indecisively, in»di«si'siv»li, adv. In an indecisive manner. indecisiveness, in»di«sisiv«nes, n. indeclinable, in*di*kli'na*bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and declinable.] Gram, not declinable; not varied by terminations. n. Gram, a word that is not declined. in,

—

—

—

indecomposable, in«de'kom«pd'*za— bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and decomposable.]

Not decomposable;

inca-

—

pable of decomposition. indecomposableness, in«de'kom»po"za«bl«nes, n.

indecorous, in«dek'o«rus, a. [Prefix in, not, and decorous.] Not decorous; violating decorum or propriety; unseemly ; unbecoming. indecorously,

—

in«dek o«rus«li, adv. In an indecorous manner. indecorousness, in«dek'o«rus«nes, n. The quality of being indecorous. indecorum, in«de«k6rum, n. Want of decorum; impropriety of behavior.

—

—

indeed, in»ded', adv. [Prep,

in,

and

In reality; in truth; in fact: sometimes used as intimating a concession or admission; sometimes inter jectionally, as an expression of surprise, or for the purpose of obtaining confirmation. indefatigable, in«di'fat'i«ga«bl, a. [L. deed.]

indefatigabilis, from in, not, and de, indefatigo, to tire completely tens., and fatigo, to fatigue.] Inca-

pable of being fatigued not yielding to fatigue; unremitting in labor or indeeffort; unwearied; untiring. fatigably, in»di«fat i«ga«bli, adv. In an indefatigable manner; unremit;

—

—

indefatigability, tingly; sedulously. indefatigableness, in«di«fat i«ga»bil"i»ti, in«di«fat'i'ga«bl«nes, n. The quality of being indefatigable.

indefeasible, in«di'fe'zi«bl, in,

not,

and

defensible.]

a. [Prefix

Not

defea-

not to be defeated or made void (right, claim, or title). indefeasibly, uvdi»fe'zi»bli, adv. In an sible;

—

indefeasible manner.

— indefeasibili-

ty, in«di«fe'zi»biri«ti, n.

The

quality

of being indefeasible. indefensible, in«di«fen'si«bl,

a. [Prenot, and defensible.] Not defensible; incapable of being defended, vindicated, or justified. indefensibility, in«di«fen si«bil"i«ti, n. The quality or state of being indefensibly, in«di«indefensible. fen'si«bli, adv. In an indefensible fix

in,

—

manner. indefinable, in*di«fi na*bl, a. [Prefix w, not, and definable.] Incapable of being denned unsusceptible of def;

move;

a.

decipherable.]

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

— —

—

— —

by words.

be clearly explained

—indefinably,

in«di«fi'na«-

bli, adv. In an indefinable manner. indefinite, in«def'i«nit, a. [Prefix in,

not, and definite.] Not definite; not limited or defined; not precise or certain; having no determinate or certain limits; bot. too numerous or various to make a particular enumeration important: said of the parts of a flower. Indefinite inflorescence, hot. one in which the flowers all arise

from axiliary buds, the stem growing indefinitely. indefinite article, Gram., a or an. indefinitely, in«indefiniteness, in«def'i«nit«li, adv.

— — —

def'i«nit«nes, n.

indehiscent, in«di«his'ent, in,

and

not,

[Prefix

a.

Bot.

dehiscent.]

not

dehiscent; not opening spontaneously when ripe, as a capsule. indehiscence, in«di»his'ens, n. Bot. the property of being indehiscent. indelible, in«del'i»bl, a. [L. indelebilis

—

in, not, and deleo, to delete.] Not to be blotted out; incapable of being effaced, canceled, or obliterated. indelibility, indelibleness, in«del'i»bil"i«ti, in«deri«bl«nes, n. Quality of being indelible. indelibly, in»del'i»bli, adv. In an indelible manner; ineffaceably. indelicate, in«deri«kit, a. [Prefix in, not, and delicate.] Wanting delicacy; offensive to modesty or purity of

tending

toward

—

In

n.

politics,

in«-

adv. In an independent manner; leaving out of consideration (he is richer independently of that).

scribed.

—

—

pensation or equivalent for loss, damage, or injury sustained. indent, in«dent', v.t. [L.L. indenture, O.Fr. endenter, from L. in, in, and dens, dentis, a tooth, dental.] To notch, jag, or cut into points or inequalities, like a row of teeth; to indenture; printing, to begin (a line) farther in from the margin than the rest of the paragraph. n. notch in a margin; an indentation; printing, the blank space at the beginning of a paragraph; com., an order for goods. indentation, in«den«ta'shon, n. The act of indenting; a cut or notch in a margin; an angular recess or depression like a notch in any border. indented, imden'ted, p. and a. Having notches or points like teeth on the margin; toothed; bound by indenture. indenture, in«den'cher, n. The act of indenting; an

adv. In an indestructible manner. indeterminate, in«di«ter'mi«nat, a. [Prefix in, not, and determinate.] Not determinate; not settled or fixed; not definite; uncertain; not precise; math, applied to problems which have an indefinite number of solutions, not arbitrary but correlated; of a sentence, one making the imprisonment or release of the prisoner dependent on his conduct and amendment. Indeterminate intibly,

A

—

in«di'Struk'ti«bli,

florescence. florescence.

Same

as

indefinite

—indeterminable,

inin«-

di«ter'mi»na«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and determinable.] Incapable of being determined, ascertained, or fixed; not to be determined or ended;

—indeterminately, adv. In an indemanner. — indeterminate-

interminable.

—

in-

di«ter'mi«nat«li,

terminate j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

a.

— —indexical,

in«dek'-

Having the form of an

index; pertaining to an index. India, in'di-a, n. [From Indus, the name of a river in Asia; akin Skr.

in«di»struk'ti»bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and destructible.] Not destructible; incapable of being destroyed. indestructibility, in«di— struk'ti'biri'ti, n. The quality of indestrucbeing indestructible.

not,

forefinger.

si«kal,

indestructible,

and damnum, loss, damage, damn.] Security or exemption from damage, loss, injury, or punishment; com-

go;

The

indescribable,

describable; incapable of being de-

{absolute

a

(Index Expurgatory), Index Prohibitorius (Index Prohibitory), or more fully Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Index of Prohibited Books), a catalogue of books which are forbidden by the Roman Catholic Church to be read by the faithful. v.t. To provide with an index; to place in an index. indexer, in'dek»ser, n. One who makes an index. index finger, n. index).

in«di«pen'dent«li,

in«di'Skri'ba«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and describable.] Not

into medium — Index Expurgatorius

vacuum

a

1

—independently,

indemnifies.

g,

quantity is evolved; the exponent. Index of refraction, optics, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction when a ray passes from one medium into another {relative index), or from

—

indemnity, in»dem'ni«ti, n. [Fr. indemnite, from L. indemnitas, from

ch, Sc. loch;

printers, etc., to call attention; a table of the contents of a book in alphabetical order; anat. the forefinger; math, the figure or letter which shows to what power any

his own exertions. Independence Day, the 4th of July, an annual holiday in the United States, commemorative of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 776.

—indemnifica-

in,

of dico, to say (diction); seen in Skr. die, Gr. deiknymi, to show.] Something that points out, shows, indicates, or manifests; a pointer or hand that points or directs to anything; the hand *r used by

di«pen'dens, in«di»pen'den«si, n. The state of being independent; that which renders one independent; property or income sufficient to make one independent of others or of

indecency

—prefix

-

one not

independence, independency,!

tion, in«dem'ni«fi»ka"shon, n. The act of indemnifying; that which

indemnis, uninjured

minism. indevout, in«di«vout', a. [Prefix in, not, and devout.] Not devout; not having devout affections. index, in'deks, n. pi. indexes, in'dek— sez, or indices, in'di«sez. [L., one who or that which points out, a table of contents in, in, and stem

party; eccles. one who maintains that every congregation forms a church or independent religious society in itself. Independent clause, gram., a clause not dependent on other words of a sentence.

—

ch, chain;

of.

—

—

bound by

—

made.

state

—

or grossness; somewhat immodest. indelicately, in«del'i«kit»li, adv. In an indelicate manner. indelicacy, in«deri«ka«si, n. The condition or quality of being indelicate; a certain want of modesty or purity of mind. indemnify, in«dem'ni«fi, v.t. indemindemnifying. [L. indemnis, nified, free from loss or injury, and facio, to make. indemnity.] To save harmless; to secure against loss, damage, or penalty; to reimburse for

expenditure

in«di«ter'mi«nat«nes, n. The or quality of being indeterindetermination, in»di— minate. ter'mi«na"shon, n. Want of determination; an unsettled or wavering state, as of the mind. indeterminism, n. The philosophic theory maintaining that not all our actions are determined or conditioned by motives; the opposite of rigid deter-

ness,

— —

with

—

India

indentation; law, a deed under seal, entered into between two or more parties, each party having a duplicate: so called from the duplicates having originally been written on one skin, which was divided by a jagged cut, so that the correspondence of the two halves was at once manifest. v.i. indentured, indenturing. To indent; to bind by indentures, as in apprenticeship. independent, in«di«pen'dent, a. [Prefix in, not, and dependent.] Not dependent; not subject to the control of others; not relying on others; with of before an object; not subordinate; moderately wealthy, as an independent fortune ; acting and thinking for one's self; not swayed by bias or influence; self-directing; proceeding from or expressive of a spirit of independence in air or manner; [cap.] in England, pertaining to the Independents or Congregationalists. adv. Irrespective; without taking note or regard; not to make mention:

—

mind;

— —— — —

——

435

indefinite inition; not to

—

th, thin;

a river, syand, to flow.] republic in Asia, formerly part of* the British Empire; a color darker

sindhu,

A

than cream and lighter than tan. India ink, a black writing fluid used Indiaman, a chiefly by draftsmen. large ship formerly employed in the India

trade.

a thin printing. caoutchouc; a soft

India

opaque paper used

paper, in

India rubber, Indian, a. Of or variety of rubber. pertaining to either of the Indies, East or West, or to the aborigines of America, so called by Columbus who mistook his discovery of America for the finding of a new route to India; made of maize or India Department of Indian Affairs, corn. a division of the Department of the Interior with jurisdiction over affairs

—

between the Indians and the Federal government. Indian club, a wooden club used in calisthenics. Indian corn, a native American plant and ripened ears. Indian file, single Indian red, a species of ocher; a very fine purple earth used in both oil and watercolor painting.

its

file.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

— ———

—

indican

436

Indian summer, summer-like weather, with calm and absence of rain, occurring in autumn. Indian turnip, Jack-in-the-pulpit. Indian yellow, a bright yellow pigment. n. An East Indian, West Indian or Anglo-Indian; one of the aborigines of America; a Red Indian. Indie,

—

Applied to that branch of the Indo-European languages of India which includes Hindustani, in'dik,

a.

Prakrit, Pali, and Sanskrit. indican, in'di'kan, n. [From indigo.] substance which is present in the indigo plant, and is the source of indigo blue. indicate, in'di«kat, v.t. indicated, indicating. indicatum, [L. indico, from index, indicis. index.] To point out; to direct the mind to a knowledge of; to show; to intimate. indicant, in'di«kant, a. [L. indicans, indicantis.] Serving to point out; indicating. indication, in«di«ka'shon, n. The act of indicating or pointing out; what serves to indicate or point out; intimation; mark; token; sign; symptom. indicative, in«dik'a«tiv, a. [L. indicative.] Pointing out or indicating; serving as an indication; giving

A

—

—

—

intimation or knowledge of (movements indicative of uneasiness); gram, applied to that mood of the verb that declares directly or that asks questions.— n. Gram, the indicative mood. indicatively, in«dik'a«tiv«li, adv. In an indicative manner. indicator, in'di«ka«ter, n. One who or that which indicates, an instrument for ascertaining and recording the pressure of steam in the cylinder of a steam engine ; a recording instrument of various kinds; a South African cuckoo that by its movements indicates the presence Indicator of the nests of wild bees. diagram, the diagram traced by the indicator in a steam engine. It represents the pressures at all stages of the piston stroke, and its area gives the work done by the piston during the stroke. indicatory, in'-

—

—

—

di«ka«to»ri, a.

indict, indicter,

declare say,

or

to

Serving to indicate.

[O.Fr. inditer, indico, indictum, to publicly in, and dico, to

in«dit',

v.t.

from L. speak,

charge

with

index.] a

To

crime

accuse or misof law.

in due form indictable, in*di'ta*bl, a. Capable of being or liable to be indicted; that may bring an indictment on one (an indictable offense). indictment, hvdit'ment, n. The act of indicting; a formal accusation or charge against a person; a written indicter, indictor, in«accusation. inducdi'ter, n. One who indicts. tion, in«dik'shon, n. Chron. a cycle of fifteen years. indifferent, in«dif'er«ent, a. [L. inin, not, and differens, indifferentis differens, ppr. of differo, to differ. differ.] Impartial; unbiased; uninterested; unconcerned; careless; hav-

demeanor

—

—

—

—

ing no preference; of no account or moment; neither very good nor very bad, but rather bad than good;

middling; tolerable.

—

— Formerly used

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

indisputable

adverbially honest). (indifferent indifference, hvdif er«ens, n. The state or quality of being indifferent; absence of feeling or interest; unconcern; apathy; mediocrity or some degree of badness. indifferentism, in«dif'er«ent«izm, n. Systematic indifference; reasoned disregard; want of zeal. indifferently, in«dif er«ent«li, adv. In an indifferent manner; impartially; no more than passably. indigene, in'di'jen, n. [L. indigena indu, old form of in, and gen, root of gigno, to beget, genus.] One born in a country; a native animal or plant. indigenous, in«dij'en«us, a. Originating or produced naturally in a country or climate; native, not foreign or exotic. indigent, in'di«jent, a. [L. indigens,

—

—

—

—

from form of

indigentis,

ind, a

indigeo,

and

in,

to want egeo, to be

Destitute of the means of comfortable subsistence; needy; indigence, in'di«jens, n. The poor. condition of being indigent; penury; poverty. in

want.]

—

indigested, in«di«jes'ted, not,

and

a. [Prefix in,

Not

digested.]

digested;

undigested; not reduced to due form; not methodized; crude; not prepared or softened by heat, as indigestisubstances. chemical

—

bility, indigestibleness, in«di«jes'ti«-

in«di«jes'ti«bl«nes,

bil"i«ti,

n.

The

—

inquality of being indigestible. digestible, in«di«jes'ti«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and digestible.] Not digestible; digested with difficulty. indigestion, in»di«jest'yon, n. [Prefix in, not, and digestion.] Incapability of or difficulty in digesting food; dyspepsia. indignant, in»dig'nant, a. [L. indignans, indignantis, ppr. of indignor, to consider as unworthy, to disdain in, not, and dignor, to deem worthy, from dignus, worthy (whence dignity, is

Displeased

deign).]

unworthy or base;

—

at

what

affected with

indignantly, in«digindignation. nant«li, adv. In an indignant manner. indignation, in«dig«na'shon, n.

—

ing indigo. n.

A

—indigotin,

in«dig'o«tin,

powder, the coloring principle

of indigo. indirect, in«di»rekt',

and from a

not,

direct.]

Not

a. [Prefix in, direct; deviating

direct line or course; circuitous; not tending directly to an aim or end; roundabout; not open and straightforward; not resulting directly; having

or

interposed.

Roundabout

something mediate

—indirection,

n.

methods;

deceit. in»di«rekt'li,

—

(Shak.) indirectly, adv. In an indirect manner. indirectness, in«di«rekt'nes, n.

indiscernible, [Prefix

in,

in»diz«zer'ni«bl, a. not, and discernible.]

Incapable of being discerned; undiscernible.

indiscoverable, a.

[Prefix in, not,

in«dis«kuv'er«a«bl, and discoverable.]

Incapable of being discovered; undiscoverable. indiscreet, in«dis«kret',

a. [Prefix in,

and discreet.] Not discreet; wanting in discretion or sound judgment; injudicious; inconsider-

not,

—indiscreetly,

in«dis«kret'li, adv. indisindiscreet manner. creetness, in«dis«kret'nes, n. The quality of being indiscreet. indiscretion, n. The condition or quality of being indiscreet; want of discretion; an indiscreet act; an illate.

In

— —

an

judged act. indiscriminate, in«dis«krim'i«nit, a. [Prefix in, not, and discriminate.] Without discrimination or distinction; not making any distinction; confused ; promiscuous. indiscrim-

—

in«dis«krim i'nit-h, adv. In an indiscriminate manner. inin*dis»krim i»nat»discriminating, ing, p. and a. Not discriminating;

inately,

—

—

not making any distinction. indiscrimination, in«dis«krim i«na"shon, n. Want of discrimination. indispensable, in«dis«pen'sa»bl, a. [Prefix

in,

not,

and

dispensable.]

Incapable of being dispensed with; absolutely necessary or requisite. indispensability, indispensableness,

blue, the color in-

in»dis«pen'sa«biri«ti, in«dis«pen sa«bl-nes, n. The quality of being indispensably, in*indispensable. dis«pen'sa«bli, adv. In an indispensable manner; absolutely. indisin«dis«p6z', v.t. indispose, posed, indisposing. [Ft. indisposer prefix in, not, and disposer, to dispose. dispose.] To disincline; to render averse or unfavorable; to render unfit or unsuited; to disqualify; into affect with indisposition. disposed, in«dis«pozd', p. and a. Not disposed; disinclined; averse; slightly disordered in health, somewhat ill. indisposition, in«dis'po«The state of being zish'on, n. indisposed; disinclination; want of tendency; slight ailment or disorder of the health. indisputable, in»dis«pu ta«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and disputable.] Incapable

substance indigotin. indigo bunting, a small bird of the United States.— indigoid, eastern in'di«goid, a. Referring to a class of dyes, similar in structure to indigo plant, a plant yieldindigo.

of being disputed; incontrovertible; incontestable.— indisputability, indisputableness, in«dis«pu ta«bil"i«ti, uvdis«pu ta«bl«nes, n. The state or quality of being indisputable. indisputably, in«dis«pu'ta»bli, adv.

[L. indignatio, indignationis.]

A

feel-

ing of displeasure at what is unworthy or base; anger, mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhorrence; indignity, in— violent displeasure.

—

dig'ni«ti,

n.

[L.

indignitas.]

Any

toward another which manifests contempt for him or design to lower his dignity; an insult; an affront; an outrage. indigo, in'di«go, n. [Sp. and It. indigo, from L. indicum, indigo, from Indicus, Indian, from India.] A deep, slightly reddish blue, one of the seven chief colors of the spectrum, as named by Newton; a blue dye, extensively employed, now usually synthesized from amino compounds, but originally obtained from various plants native to the East and West action

Indies.

digo;

me, met, her;

— indigo the

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

—

—

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

—

—

— —

—

— ——

—

indissoluble

437

indulge

In an indisputable manner; incon-

uated, individuating. To give the character of individuality to; to individualize. v.i. To become individual. individuation, in'di«vid— u«a"shon, a. The act of individuating, or state of being. indivisible, in»di«viz'i«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and divisible.] Not divisible; not separable into parts. n. That which is indivisible. indivisibility, indivisibleness, in«di«viz'i«bil"i«ti,

and duco, to lead, duke.] To lead by persuasion or argument; to prevail on; to draw by motives;

trovertibly.

indissoluble, in'dis«sol'u«bl, fix in, not,

and

Not

solubilis.]

dissoluble;

capable capable

a. [Pre-

—

L. indisof being of being

dissolved; not broken or rightfully violated; perpetually binding or obligatory (agreement, ties, etc.); firm; stable. indissolublencss, indissolubility, in«dis«sol'u«biri«ti, in«dis«soru'bl«nes, n. The quality of being indisindissolubly, in»dis»sol'u— soluble. bli, adv. In an indissoluble manner. indistinct, in«dis«tingkt', a. [Prefix in, not, and distinct; L. indistinctus.] Not distinct; not readily distinguishable; faint to the sight; obscure to the mind; not clear; confused; imperfect or dim (indistinct vision). indistinctly, in«dis«tingkt'li, adv. In an indistinct manner; not clearly; dimly or obscurely. indistinctness, in«dis«tingkt'nes, n. The quality or condition of being indistinct.

indivisible

Indo-Germanic,

logic,

manner.

—

doors; inside a house.

indorse, hvdors',

v.t.

Same

as

En-

dorse.

indri, in'dri, n. [Native name, signifying c man of the woods '.] A tailless quadrumanous animal of the lemur family, a native of Madagascar, about the size of a cat. indubitable, in«du'bi«ta«bl, a. Prefix in, not, and dubitable; L. indubitabilis.] Not dubitable; too plain to admit of doubt; incontestable; indubitableness, unquestionable. in«du'bi'ta«bl»nes, n. State of being in»du'indubitably, indubitable. bi«ta«bli, adv. In an indubitable

—

—

—

manner; undoubtedly; unquestionably.

——

—

induce,

imdus', v.t. induced, inin, in, ducing. [L. induco, inductum

j,

method of reasoning from

by which one body, having

electric

The

—

adv. In an individual manner; separately; each by itself. individuate, in«di«vid'u«at, v.t. individ-

the

galvanic, or magnetic polarity, causes or induces it in another body without direct contact. Induction coil, an apparatus for producing

—

individualized, individualizing. To mark as an individual; to distinguish by peculiar or distinctive characters. individually, in«di«vid'-

go;

term some-

unconquerable; untamable. indomitably, in«dom'i«ta«bli, adv. In an indomitable manner. indoor, in'dor, a. Being within doors; domestic (an indoor servant). Within indoors, in'dorz, adv.

——

g,

—

induction, in«duk'shon, n. service. act of inducting; introduction; installation in office or benefice;

The

;'ob;

ng, si«^;

TH,

then;

—

electrical,

currents by induction and

—

inductive, in— for utilizing them. duk'tiv, a. Proceeding by induction; employed in drawing conclusions by induction; elect, able to produce

indomitable, in«dom'i'ta»bl, a. [L. prefix in, not, and domito, freq. of domo, domitum, to tame, daunt, tame.] Not to be tamed or subdued;

v.t.

—

—

indolence, in— condition or quality of being indolent; laziness; sloth.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

install in office; to call into military service. inductance, in— duk'tans, n. That in a circuit or circuit element that resists changes in the flow of current, therefore causing changes in current to lag behind changes in voltage. inductee, in— duk'tee', n. One called into military

to labor; lazy; slothful; sluggish; idle (person, life); med. causing little or no pain (an indolent tumor) indolently, in'do«lent«li, adv. In an

do'lens, n.

—

inductus,

particulars to generals; the deriving of a general principle or conclusion from particular facts; the conclusion or inference thus drawn or arrived at; phys. the property

indolent

A

[L.

v.t.

times used as equivalent to IndoEuropean or Aryan. indolent, in'do«lent, a. [Fr. indolent L. in, not, and dolens, dolentis, ppr. of doleo, to feel pain (whence dolor, dole).] Habitually idle or indisposed

—

or thing forming one of its kind; a single person, animal, or thing; especially, a human being; a person. individualism, in«di«vid'u«al«izm, n. The quality of being individual; individuality; self-interest; a system or condition in which each individual works for his own ends, in either social, political, or religious matters. individualistic, in«di— vid'u»al»is"tik, a. Pertaining to or characterized by individualism. individuality, in'di»vid'u«ar"i«ti, n. The condition of being individual; existence as an individual; oneness; the sum of the characteristics or traits peculiar to an individual. individualization, in«di«vid'u«al«i— za"shon, n. The act of individualizing. individualize, in«di»vid'u«al—

ch, chain;

to

—

the

A

u«al«li,

A

a.

in«dukt',

pp. of inducere, to lead in, introduce, induce.] To bring into; to introduce;

A

indigo lines in its spectrum.] rare metallic element, white, malleable, and easily fusible, found in various ores. Symbol, In; at. no., 49; at. wt., 114.82. individual, in«di«vid'u«al, a. [Fr. individual, from L. individuus, indivisible in, not, and dividuus, divisible, divide.] Subsisting as one indivisible entity or distinct being; single; one; pertaining to one only; peculiar to or characteristic of a single person or thing. being n.

iz,

induct,

nation, in«dok'tri«na"shon, n. The act of indoctrinating; instruction. Indo-European, a. term applied to that family of languages which includes the Sanskrit and the kindred tongues of India and Persia, Greek, Latin, and the Romance tongues, the Teutonic, Celtic, and Slavonic tongues. n. An Aryan.

indites.

[From

—

—

—

act

—

in«dok'tri«nat, v.t. indoctrinated, indoctrinating. [L. in, in, and doctrina, learning, doctrine.] To instruct in any doctrine; to imbue or cause to imbibe certain principles; to instruct. -indoctri-

—

n.

—

indoctrinate,

distinguished; undistinguishable. indistinguishably,in«dis«ting'gwish— a«bli, adv. So as not to be distinguishable. indite, in«dit', v.t. indited, inditing. indict.] To com[O.Fr. inditer. pose or write; to direct, prompt, or dictate. v.i. To compose; to indite merit, in»dit'write; to pen. ment, n. The act of inditing.

One who

in«dus'ment, n. of inducing; that which induces or leads one to act; a motive; a consideration that leads to action. inducer, in«du'ser, n. One who or inducible, in— that which induces. du'si'bl, a. Capable of being induced; capable of being inferred.

and docile; L. indounteachable.] Not docile or teachable; indocility, intractable. in«d6»sil'i»ti, n. The quality of being indocile.

soft

—inducement,

The

a.

[Prefix in, not,

Incapable of being

in'di«um,

—

in«do'sil,

in

iron when a magnet is held near, or a wire through which an electric current is passing is coiled round it.

or

magnetism produced

ism,

manner.

cilis,

in«dis«ting'[Prefix in, not, and

inditer, hvdi'ter, n.

n.

urdos'il

indocile,

indistinguishable,

indium,

The

state or property of being indivisible. indivisibly, in«di«viz'i«bli, adv. In an

in«di«viz'i»bl»nes,

—

distinguishable.]

—

—

—

gwish«a»bl, a.

impel; to bring on, produce, cause (an ailment induced by overstudy); to establish a theory from observation of situations or given facts. Induced current, an electric current excited by the presence of a' primary current. Induced magnet-

to

by induction; operating by induction facilitating induction. electricity

;

—

inductively, in«duk'tiv«li, adv. inductor, uvduk'ter, n. A device possessing inductance. inductile, imduk'til, a. [Prefix in,

not and ductile.] Not ductile. inductility, in«duk«tiri«ti, n. The quality of being inductile. indue, hvdu', v.t. indued, induing. [L. induo, from indu, old form of in, in, and verbal stem seen also in exuo, to put off (whence exuvice).] To put on, as clothes; to clothe or invest; hence, to furnish; to supply; to endow. indulge, in«dulj', v.t. indulged, indulging. [L. indulgeo, to indulge or give one's self up to; origin doubtful.] To give one's self up to; not to restrain or oppose; to give free course to (to indulge the passions); to gratify by compliance; to humor to excess (to indulge children). v.i. To indulge one's self; to practice indulgence; to be self-indulgent (,to indulgence, indulge in pleasure). hvdul'jens, n. [L. indulgentia.] The

th, thin;

—

—

—

w,

o;ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

—

—

; ;

—

—

.

induplicate

438

act or practice of indulging; an indulgent act; favor granted; intemperance in eating and drinking; readiness to forgive faults; tolerance;

any productive occupation, especialone in which numbers of people are employed. indwell, nvdwel', v.t. To abide within; to occupy. v.i. To dwell

R. Cath. Ch. remission, by church authority, to a repentant sinner, of the penance attached to certain

The

Declaration of Indulgence, illegal declarations or proclamations by Charles II in 1672, and by James II in 1687, dispensing with penal laws against Roman Catholics and Dissenters. indulgent, uvdul'jent, a. [L. indulgens, indulgentis, ppr. of indulgeo.] Prone to indulge or humor; overcompliant not strict. indulgently, in«dul'jentli, adv. In an indulgent manner. indulger, in«dul'jer, n. One who indulges. sins.

—

—

induplicate, in«du'pli«kat,

and

a.

[L. in,

doubled.] Bot. having the edges bent or rolled inward, as petals or leaves in the bud. in,

duplicatus,

indurate, in'du»rat, v.i. [L. induro, induratum prefix in, intens., and duro, to harden, from durus, hard,

—

whence also durable, durance, etc.] To grow hard; to harden or become hard.

—indurated,

indurating. To make hard; to harden; to make unfeeling; to render obdurate. v.t.

induration, in«du«ra'shon, n. The act of hardening or process of growing hard; the state of being indurated. indusium, in«du'zi«um, n. pi. indusia, in«du'zi«a. [L., a woman's undergarment, from induo, to put on. indue.] Bot. United hairs forming a sort of cup enclosing the stigma of a flower; the covering of the capsules or spore cases in ferns; zool. the case or covering of a larva; indusial, in»anat. the amnion. dii'zi«al, a. Pertaining to an indusium; composed of or containing indusia or the cases of larvae (in-

—

dusial limestone). industrious, in«dus'tri«us, a. [L. industrius, from indu, old form of in, and struo, to fabricate, structure.] Given to or characterized by industry; diligent in business or study;

always working at something. industriously, in«dus'tri«us«li, adv. In an industrious manner. industrial, in«dus'tri«al, a. Pertaining to, involving, or characterized by industry (arts, establishment, capacity).

—

— Industrial

industrial

exhibition,

museum of Industrial products. school, a school for training youth in the industrial arts and in habits of industrialism, in«dusindustry. tri«al«izm, n. Devotion to or em-

museum, an exhibition, industrial

—

—

ployment

in

industrial

pursuits.

industrialist, in»dus'tri»al«ist, n. One engaged in industry, usually as promoter or director. industrialize,

—

in«dus'tri«al«ize,

dustrial.

v.t.

To make

— industrially,

inin«dus'tri«-

adv. In an industrial manner. industry, in'dus«tri, n. [L. industria, from industrius.] Diligence in employment; steady attention to work or business; assiduity; the industrial arts generally, or any one of them al«li,

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

or exist in or within some place. indweller, in'dwel«er, n. One who dwells in a place; an inhabitant. inebriate, in«e'bri«at, v.t inebriated, inebriating. [L. inebrio, inebriatum

—

—

intens., and ebrio, to intoxicate, from ebrius, drunk, whence also ebriety: akin sober.] To make drunk; to intoxicate; to disorder the senses of; to turn the head of. n. in,

An

—

inebriation, in'habitual drunkard. e«bri«a"shon, n. The act of inebriating or state of being inebriated. inebriety, in«e«brre«ti, n. Drunkinebriant, enness ; intoxication.

—

antis, ppr.

—

[L. inebrians, inebri-

of inebrio.] Intoxicating.

Anything that

n.

intoxicates. Not edible. a. [Prefix in,

inedible, in«ed'i«bl, a. inedited, in«ed'it«ed,

and edited.] Not edited; unpublished. ineffable, in»ef'a«bl,a. [L.ineffabilis prefix in, not, and effabilis, speakable, not,

—

from and

speak

ef for ex, out, fate.] Incapable of being expressed in words. ineffability, ineffableness, in'ef'a'bil"i«ti, in»ef'a«bl«nes, n. The quality of being ineffable or unutterineffably, in«ef'a«bli, adv. In able. an ineffable manner; unutterably. ineffaceable, nvef«fa'sa«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and effaceable.] Incapable of being effaced. ineffaceably, in«ef«fa'sa«bli, adv. So as not to be effaceable; indelibly. ineffective, in«ef«fek'tiv, a. [Prefix in, effor, to

for,

speak,

to

fari,

—

—

—

and

not

Incapable

effective.]

producing any

effect,

of or the effect

intended; inefficient; useless; imineffecpotent; wanting energy. tively, in»ef«fek'tiv«li, adv. In an

—

—

ineffective manner. ineffectiveness, in«ef«fek'tiv«nes, n. Quality of being ineffective. ineffectual, in«ef«fek'chu«al, a. [Prefix in, not, and effectual.] Not effectual; inefficient; weak. ineffectually, in»ef«fek'chu«aMi, adv. In an ineffectual manner. ineffectualness, in«ef«fek'chu«al«nes, n. in«ef'fi»ka"shus, a. inefficacious, [Prefix in, not, and efficacious.] Not efficacious; not producing the effect

—

—

—

of inadequate power. desired; inefficaciously, in«ef'fi«ka"shus«li, adv. In an inefficacious manner. inefficacy, inefficaciousness, in«n. in«ef'fi'ka«si, ef'fi»ka"shus«nes, Want of efficacy; ineffectualness; failure of effect. inefficient, in«if»fish'ent, a. [Prefix in, not, and efficient.] Not efficient; not producing the required effect; incapable of effective action; in-

competent.

n.

One who

is

incom-

petent to perform the duties si,

n.

being

of a

—inefficiency, The condition or quality of — inefficiently in«in'if»fish'en«-

service.

inefficient.

if«fish'ent'li,

adv.

In an

inefficient

manner. inelastic, in«e«las'tik, a. [Prefix in, not, and elastic] Not elastic; wanting

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

—

inert

ly

in«e'bri«ant, a.

—

note, not,

move;

—inelasticity,

unelastic.

elasticity;

Want

in«i'las«tis"i«ti, n.

of elasticity.

inelegant, in^ele-gant, a. [Prefix in, not, and elegant; L. inelegans, inelegantis, inelegant.] Not elegant; wanting in elegance; wanting in anything

which correct

—

inrequires. in«el'e»gans, in«el'e«gan«si, n. [L. inelegantia; Fr. inelegance.] The condition or quality of being inelegant; an inelegant point or feature. inelegantly, in«el'e«gant»li, adv. In an inelegant

elegance,

taste

inelegancy,

—

manner. ineligible, in«el'i«ji«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and eligible.] Not eligible; not capable of or fit for being elected or adopted; not worthy to be chosen or preferred. ineligibility, in»eri«ji«bil"i«ti, n. Condition of being

—

ineligible.

—ineligibly,

in-el'i-ji'bli,

adv. In an ineligible manner. ineloquent, in«el'o«kwent, a. [Prefix in, not, and eloquent.] Not eloquent; wanting in eloquence; not eloquently written or delivered. ineloquently, hvel'O'kwent'li, adv. In an inelo-

—

quent

manner.

—ineloquence,

in«-

el'o«kwens, n. The quality of being ineloquent. inept, hvept', a. [L. ineptus prefix

—

in,

and

not,

aptus,

fit,

apt.

improper;

Unsuitable;

—

apt.] foolish;

ineptitude, insilly; nonsensical. eptness, in«ep'ti«tud, in«ept nes, n. [L. ineptitudo.] The condition or quality of being inept; unfitness; inaptitude ; foolishness. ineptly, in«ept'li, adv. In an inept manner.

—

inequal, hve'kwal, a. [Prefix in, not, and equal; L. ineequalis.] Not equal; inunequal; uneven; varying.

—

equality, in«e«kwori«ti, n. [L. incequalitas.] The condition or quality of being inequal or unequal; disparity; unevenness; want of levelness; an elevation or a depression

of a surface. inequitable, in«ek'wi«ta«bl, in,

not,

and

—

a. [Prefix

Not

equitable; inequity, uvek'-

equitable.]

not just or fair. wi«ti, n. Unfairness; injustice.

ineradicable, [Prefix

in,

a. in»i«rad'i«ka«bl, and eradicable.]

not,

Incapable of being eradicated. ineradicably, uvi»rad'i»ka»bli, adv. So as not to be eradicated. inert, insert', a. [L. tners, inertis, unskilled,

inactive

in,

not,

and

ars,

acquired skill, art. art.] Destitute of the power of moving itself; not moving or acting; indisposed to

move

or act; sluggish; inactive. .". refers rather to the external manifestation of a habit which may be either natural or induced; inactive, not exhibiting activity, often refers Inert

to a temporary, perhaps voluntary, inertia, in«er shi«a, n. Passtate. siveness; inactivity; inertness; slug-

—

the property of phys. matter by which it retains its state of rest or of uniform rectilinear motion so long as no foreign cause Inertial occurs to change that state. guidance, navigation of a missile or other aircraft through self-contained governors which respond to inertial

gishness;

forces.

—

inertly,

in«ert'li,

adv.

ertness, in-ert nes, n.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— in-

439

inessential and

essential,]

Not

essential;

unessential.

inestimable, in«es'ti«ma«bl,

and

fix in, not,

mabilis.]

a.

Incapable of being estimat-

ed or computed; too valuable or excellent to be rated or fully appreciated ;

inestiincalculable. in«es'ti«ma»bli, adv. In a manner not to be estimated. inevitable, in«ev'i«ta«bl, a. [L. inevitabilis, from in, not, and evito, to avoid e, out, and vito, to shun.]

Incapable of being avoided; unavoidable; admitting of no escape certain befall. or evasion; to inevitability, inevitableness, in»ev'-

Una-

inevita-

certainty.

bly, in«ev'i«ta«bli, adv. Unavoidably; certainly. inexact, in«ig«zakt', a. [Prefix in, not, and exact.] Not exact; not precisely inexactness, in«ig«correct or true. zakt'nes, n. The state of being

inexact; incorrectness. inexcusable, in»iks»ku'za«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and excusable.] Incapable

of being excused or justified; un-

pardonable ; indefensible. inexcusableness, in»iks«ku'za«bl«nes, n. The condition or quality of being inexcusably, in»eks«inexcusable. ku'za«bli, adv. In an inexcusable manner; without excuse.

inexhaustible,

in«igz«as'ti»bl,

and

[Prefix in, not,

a.

Not

exhaustible.]

exhaustible; incapable of being exhausted or spent; unfailing. inexhaustibility,

The

in«igz«as'ti«bil"i«ti,

n.

being inexhaustible. inexhaustibly, in»igz»as'ti«bli, adv. In an inexhaustible manner or state of

degree.

inexorable, in«ek'so«ra«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and exorable.] Incapable of being moved by entreaty or prayer; too firm and determined to yield to supplication; unyielding; unbending; implacable. inexorability, inexorableness,

in«ek'so«ra«bil"i»ti,

in«ek'so«ra«bl«nes, n. The state or quality of being inexorable. inexorably, in«ek soTa'bli, adv. In an

inexorable manner. inexpedient, in«eks«pe'di«ent, [Prefix in, not,

a.

and expedient] Not

in,

and

not,

Not

explicit.]

explicit;

not clear in statement; not clearly stated.

inexpressible, [Prefix in, not,

in«iks«pres'i«bl, expressible.]

and

a.

Not

to be uttered; inexunutterable.

not

expressible;

unspeakable;

A

pressibles, in«iks«pres'i«blz, n. pi. colloquial euphemism for trousers. inexpressibly, in»iks«pres'i»bli, adv. In an inexpressible manner. inexpressive, in«iks«pres'iv, a. Not expressive; wanting in expression; inexpresinexpressible ; ineffable. siveness, in«iks«pres'iv«nes, n. inextinguishable, in • iks • ting 'gwish • a»bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and extinguishIncapable of being extinable.] guished; unquenchable (flame, thirst,

inextinguishably, in«iks»adv. In an inextinguishable manner. inextricable, in«eks'tri»ka«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and extricable; L. inextricabilis.] Incapable of being extricated or disentangled; not perinextricablemitting extrication. desire).

ting'gwish'a«bli,

—

ness, in»eks'tri«ka«bl«nes, n. inextricably, in«eks'tri«ka«bli, adv. infallible, in«fal'i«bl, a. [Prefix in,

and fallible.] Not fallible; not capable of erring or falling into error; not leading into error; per-

not,

fectly reliable; certain (infallible testimony). infallibly, in«fal'i«bli, adv. In an infallible manner. infallibility,

in«fari«bil"i«ti,

The

n.

quality

of being infallible. Infallibility of the pope, the dogma established as an article of faith in 1870, that the pope, when speaking as pope upon matters of faith or morals, is infallible.

expedient; inappropriate; unsuitable to time and place; not advisable. inexpedience, inexpediency, in»-

infamy,

eks«pe'di«ens,

reputation; public or disgraceful repute; shamefulness ; disgracefulness scandalousness ; extreme baseness infamous, in'fa»mus, a. or vileness. Having a reputation of the worst kind; scandalous; notoriously vile; shameful; branded with infamy. infamously, in'fa«mus«li, adv. Scandalously; disgracefully; shamefully. infant, in'fant, n. [L. infans, infantis, prefix that cannot speak, an infant fame.] in, not, and fari, to speak, A child in the first two or three years of life; law, a person not of legal age. a. Pertaining to infancy. infancy, in'fan«si, n. [L. infantia.] The state of being an infant; earliest period of life; law, the period

—

in«eks«pe'di»en»si,

condition or quality of being inexpedient. inexpediently, in«eks'pe'di«ent«li, adv. In an inexpedient manner.

and

not, expensive.

fix

in,

a.

[Pre-

expensive.]

Not

inexperience,

in«iks*pe'ri«ens, n. not, and experience.] of experience. inexperienced,

[Prefix

Want

in,

in«iks»pe'ri»enst, a.

Not having

ex-

perience.

inexpert, in«iks«pert', not,

and

skilled.

expert.]

inexpertness,

[Prefix in,

a.

Not

expert;

not

in«iks»pert'-

nes, n.

inexpiable, in»eks'pi«a«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and expiable; L. inexpiabilis.] ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

j,

in'fa«mi, n. [L. infamia, ill report, from infamis, inin, not, and fama, fame.]

ill

famous Total

n.

The

inexpensive, in«iks«pen'siv,

fame,

loss

disgrace;

of

bad

—

—

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

infanticidium, [L. n. infanticida, the perpeinfans, and ccedo, to kill.].

in«fan'ti«sid,

the

crime,

trator

.

mably,

voidableness ;

inexpiableness, in»eks'pi»a-bl«nes, inexpiably, in«eks'pi«a«bli, adv. n. inexplicable, in«eks'pli«ka«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and explicable; L. inexplicabilis,] Incapable of being explained or interpreted; unaccountmysterious inexplicability, able ; inexplicableness, in»eks'pli«ka«bil"i«ti, in»eks'pli«ka«bl«nes, n. The quality of being inexplicable. inexplicably, in»eks'pli«ka«bli, adv. In an inexplicable manner; unaccountably. inexplicit, in«iks«plis'it, a. [Prefix

—

[Pre-

estimable; L. incesti-

i»ta«bil"i«ti, in«ev'i«ta«bl«nes, n.

to twenty-one; nonage; minority; the first age of anything. infanta, hvfan'ta, n., fern.; infante, in«fan'ta, n., m. Formerly in Spain and Portugal, children of the king except the eldest son. infanticide,

from birth

Incapable of being expiated; not to be atoned for; unpardonable.

inessential, in»es'sen'shal, a. [Prefix in, not,

infer

The murder and murderer infant: .

murder.

child

of an

infan-

in'fan»til, a. Pertaining to or an or characteristic of infancy infantile paralysis, n. Poinfant. infantilism, in«fan'ti«liomyelitis. lizm, n. Childlike speech patterns; retarded anatomical, physiological, and psychological development in adults. infantry, in'fant«ri, n. [Fr. infanterie, It. infanteria, infantry (lit. a band of youths), from infante, a young person, originally an infant.] The soldiers or troops that serve on foot, as distinguished from cavalry. infatuate, in«fat'u«at, v.t. infatuated, infatuating. [L. infatuo, infatuatum, to make foolish prefix in, intens., and fatuus, foolish (whence fatuous).] To make foolish; to inspire with folly; to inspire with an extravagant passion that cannot be coninfatuated, in«fat'u«a«ted, trolled. p. and a. Affected with folly; besotted; inspired with foolish passion. infatuation, in»fat'u«a"shon, n. The act of infatuating or state of being infatuated; extreme folly; foolish passion. infeasible, in«fe'zi«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and feasible.] Not feasible; impracticable. infect, in«fekt', v.t. [Fr. infecter, from L. inficio, infectum, to put in, in, into, and facio, to do. to stain fact.] To communicate disease to; to contaminate with germs or bacteria; to affect with one's mood, beliefs; to impart or opinion, qualities to (usually unfavorable); law, to place in danger of penalty or forfeiture. infector, in«fek'ter, n. infection, in»fek'shon, n. The act or process of infecting; the state of being infected; a disease communicated from one organism to another; the imparting of qualities or mood or belief by means of example, teaching, etc. infectious, infective, in«fek'shus, in«fek'tiv, a. infectiously, in«fek'shus«li, adv. infectiousness, in«fek'shus«nes, n. infecund, in«fe'kund, a. [Prefix in, not, and fecund: L. infecundus.] Not fecund; unfruitful; barren. infecundity, in'fi«kun'di«ti, n. State of tile,

— —

—

— —

being infecund. infelicity, in'fe«lis'i«r.i, n. [Prefix in, not, and felicity ; L. infelicitas.] The state

ness;

of being unhappy; unhappiunfavorableness. misery;

infelicitous, in«fe«lis'i«tus, a. Not felicitous; unhappy; unfortunate. infelt, in'felt, a. [Prefix in, within,

and

felt.]

within

Felt

heartfelt.

infer, in«fer', [L.

infero,

conclude bear,

v.t.

inferred, inferring. to

upon,

fertile.]

w, wig;

deeply;

bring in or on,

to in,

—

or

To

and

fero,

to

gather or derive

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— ———

—

—

—

—

inferior

—

—

—

low;

akin infernal.] Lower in place, station, rank, value, importance; subordinate; hot. growing below some other organ; astron. situated between earth and sun (the itiferus,

inferior

planets).

n.

One

lower in

station, rank, intellect, than others. inferiority, in«fe'ri»or"i«ti, n. The

of being inferior. Inferiority complex, a feeling of personal inferiinferiorly, ority (real or imaginary). in«fe'ri«er«li, adv. In an inferior state

—

manner. infernal, internal, a. [L. infernalis, from infernus, infernal; akin inferior.] Pertaining to the lower regions, or regions of the dead; pertaining to hell; inhabiting hell; characteristic or worthy of hell or the inhabitants of hell; hellish; diabolical; wicked and detestable. Infernal machine, a machine or apparatus of an explosive nature, contrived for the purposes of assassination or other misinfernally, in«fer'nal»li, adv. chief. In an infernal manner. inferno, n. A hell upon earth, with general reference to the poem of Dante, the first part of his Divine Com-

—

—

edy. infertile, in«fer til or in«fer'til, a. [Prefix in, not, and fertile.] Not fertile; not fruitful or productive; infertility, in«fer»tiri«ti, n. barren.

—

Unproductiveness; barrenness. infest, in«fest', v.t. [Fr. infester; L. infestare, to attack, to molest, from in, in, and same infestus', hostile root as fendo in offendo, defendo, to offend, defend.] To make hostile attacks or depredations on; to harass, infestatorment, disturb, annoy. tion, in«feS'ta'shon, n. [L. infestatio.] The act of infesting. infester, in«-

—

—

fes'ter, n.

One who

——

440

either by induction or deduction; to deduce, as a fact or consequence; to conclude or arrive at by reasoning. inferable, in«fer'a»bl, a. Capable of being inferred; inferrible, —inference, in'fer«ens, n. The act of inferring; conclusion drawn or inferred; deduction; consequence. inferential, in»fer«en shal, a. Of or pertaining to an inference. inferentially, in«fer»en shaMi, adv. In an inferential manner; by way of inference. inferrible, in«fer'i«bl, a. Such as may be inferred; to be gathered or concluded by reasoning. inferior, in«fe'ri«er, a. [L. compar.

from

— ———

infests.

infidel, in'fi«del, n. [L. infidelis, faithless, unbelieving prefix in, not, and disfidelity.] fidelis, faithful, believer; one who has no religious faith; an atheist; not holding the infitrue faith. a. Unbelieving.

—

A

—

delity, in«fi'deri«ti, n. [Fr. infidelite; L. infidelitas.] Want of faith or belief; atheism or disbelief in God or religion; skepticism; unfaithfulness in married persons; adultery; unfaithfulness to a charge or moral obligation; treachery; deceit. infield, ln'feld, n. Baseball, the square or diamond portion of a playing field marked off by four bases; collectively, the shortstop and three basemen. infielder, in'fcTder, n. One member of the infield; a base-

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

inflict

man or the shortstop. infiltrate, in«filtrat, v.t. and i. [Prefix in, and filtrate.] To enter by penetrating the pores or interstices of a substance ; to pass through or pervade, as by filtering; to enter inconspicuously or secretly in small groups (troops infiltrating enemy territory).

shon,

—

infiltration,

in»fil«tra -

n.

infinite, in'fi«nit, a. [Prefix in, not,

and

finite;

L.

Not

infinitus.]

finite;

without limits; not limited or circumscribed: applied to time, space, and the Supreme Being and his attributes; exceedingly great in excellence,

boundless; limitless; immeas-

like;

urable.

an

degree, capacity, and the n.

That which

is

infinite;

space or extent; the infinite being; the Almighty. infinitely, in'fi«nit«li, adv. In an infinite infinite

manner.

The

n.

—

—infiniteness,

in'fi«nit'nes,

of being

state

infinitesimal,

infinite.

in'fin«i«tes"i«mal,

a.

[Fr. infinitesimal.] Infinitely or indefinitely small; less than any assign-

able quantity. n. Math, an infinitely small quantity, or one less than any assignable quantity. infinitesimally, in'fin»i»tes"i'mal«li, adv. To an infinitesimal extent or in an infinitive, in«infinitesimal degree. fin'i«tiv, a. [L. infinitivus, unlimited, indefinite.] Not limiting or restricting: a grammatical term applied to that mood of a verb which expresses the action of the verb, without n. limitation of person or number.

—

—

The

—

mood. infinitival, Gram, of or bethe infinitive mood.

infinitive

in«fin'i«ti«val,

longing

to

a.

infinitude, in«fin'i«tud, n. The quality or state of being infinite; infinite extent; infinity; immensity; boundless

number.

—

infinity, in«fin'i«ti, n.

Unlimited extent of space, quantity, excellence, infirm, in«ferm', a. [Prefix in, not, and firm; L. infirmus, not strong, weak, feeble.] Not firm or sound; weak as regards the body; feeble; not steadfast; irresolute; not solid infirmary, in«fer'ma«ri, or stable. place where the infirm or sick, n. or those suffering from accidents, are lodged and nursed, or have [L.

infinitas.]

time,

A

their

—

ailments attended

to.

— infir-

mity, in«fer'mi«ti, n. [L. infirmitas.] state of being infirm; an unsound or unhealthy state of the body; a disease; a malady; an ailment, weakness, failing, defect, foible.

The

—

infix, in«fiks', v.t. [L. infigo, infixum in, in, into, and figo, to fix.] To fix or fasten in; to cause to remain or adhere, as in the mind; to implant or n. fix, as principles, thoughts, etc. part of a word similar to a prefix or suffix, but inserted in the body

A

of a word. inflame, in«flam',

v.t.

inflamed, in-

in, and flamflaming. [L. inflamtno mo, to inflame, from flamma, flame. flame.] To set on fire; to kindle; to redden or make fiery (the eyes, the face); to excite or increase, as passion or appetite; to enkindle into violent action; to enrage or exasperate; med. to make morbidly red and swollen.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

v.i.

To

grow angry;

take fire; to

grow hot and

painful.

to

—inflamer,

in«fla'mer, n. One who or that which inflammability, inflaminflames.

—

mableness,

in'flam'a»bil"i«ti,

in«-

flam'a«bl»nes, n. The state or quality inflammable, of being inflammable. in»flam'a«bl, a. Capable of being set

—

on fire; easily kindled; combustible. inflammably, in«flam'a«bli, adv. inflamIn an inflammable manner.

—

—

mation, in«fla«ma'shon,

n.

[L.

in-

flammatio.] The act of inflaming; med. a redness and swelling of any part of an animal body, attended

with heat, pain, and febrile symptoms. inflammatory, in«flam'a«to— ri, a. Tending to inflame; tending to excite inflammation accompanied with great heat and excitement of arterial action; tending to excite anger, animosity, or the like.

—

;

—

inflate, in-flat', v.t. inflated, inflating. [L. inflo, inflatum in, into, and FLATULENT.] To Swell flo, to blow. or distend by injecting air; to puff up; to elate, as with pride; to raise above the real value or value according to sound commercial principles (inflated prices).— inflatable, in«fla-

—

Capable of being inflated. nvfla'ted, p. and a. Distended with air; puffed up; turgid; tumid; bombastic (an inflated style ta«bl, a.

inflated,

of writing.)

—

inflation, in«fla'shon, [L. inflatio, inflationist The act of inflating; the state of being inflated; sharp increase in amount of money and credit causing advances inflationist, in-in the price level. n.

—

One who

causes or

fla'shon«ist,

n.

believes

manipulated expansion

in

of prices. inflect, in«flekt', v.t. [L. inflecto in, intens., and flecto, to bend, flex.] To bend; to turn from a direct line or course; to modulate (the voice); gram., to go over the inflections of; to decline inflection, or conjugate. inflexion, in»flek'shon, n. [L. inflexio, inflexionis.] The act of inflecting, or the state of being inflected;

—

—

modulation or rise and fall of the voice; optics, deflection or diffraction; gram, the variation of nouns, etc., by declension, and of verbs by inflectional, conjugation. in«flek shon»al, a. Pertaining to or having

—

inflection.

—inflective,

in«flek tiv, a. inflecting. a. [L. inflexus,

Having the power of inflexed,

in«flekst

,

pp. of inflecto.] Curved; bent. Inflexed leaf, bot. a leaf curved or bent upward and inward at the apex.

— inflexibility, The

in-flck si«bil"i«ti, n. inflexible. in«flex'si«bl, a. [L. in-

quality

inflexible,

of being

cannot be bent.] Incapable of being bent; firm in purpose; not to be prevailed on; incapable of being turned from a purpose; inflexibleinexorable unalterable. ness, in«flek si-bNnes, n. Inflexibility. inflexibly, in»flek si-bli. adv. In

flexibility that

—

;

—

an

inflexible

manner;

firmly;

in-

exorably. inflict,

flietum

in«flikt',

—

in,

v.t.

infligo, infligo, to strike,

[L.

upon, and

in afflict, conflict.] To cause to bear or suffer from; to cause to feel

as

tube, tub, bull;

oil.

pound.

— ——— — —————— —

—

——— ——

;

.

inflorescence

flik'ter,

n.

infliction,

or

Tending

n. [L. inact of inflictthat which is

The

imposing; inflictive,

inflicted.

in«flik'tiv,

to inflict.

informality, in«for«mari«ti, n. The state of being informal; want of informally, in«for'mal— formality. li, adv. In an informal manner. infraction, in«frak'shon, n. [L. infractio, infractionis, a breaking in pieces, from infringo, infr actum, infringe.] The act of infringing; breach; violation; infringement.

infralapsarian, in'fra«lap«sa"ri»an,

and

—

being infrangible. infrared, in«fra«red', rays

Pertaining to of the

a.

visible red

human

hearing.

infrequent, in«fre'kwent,

influenza attacks the digestive sys-

frequens quent.]

—

in,

not,

a.

[L. infre-

and frequens,

Not frequent; seldom; — —infrequency, in«fre'kwen«si,

tem influx, in'fluks, n. [L. influxus, a flowing in, from influo. influence.] The act of flowing in; infusion; inflow; a coming in; introduction; importation in abundance (an influx of money); the point at which one stream runs into another or into the sea. infold, in»fold', v.i. To fold in; to

rare. n.

infrequently, in«fre'kwent«li, adv. Not frequently; seldom. infringe, in«frinj', v.t. infringed, in-

— —

in, intens., and fringing. [L. infringo fraction.] To frango, to break, break, as laws or contracts; to violate; to contravene; to impair or

—

the arms; to embrace.

form, from forma, form.] To give form or shape to; to inspire and give life to; to actuate with vitality; to animate; to communicate knowledge to; to instruct, to tell, acquaint, apprise (to inform a person v.i. To give informaof something). tion. To inform against, to communicate facts by way of accusation informant, hvfor'mant, n. against. One who informs; an informer. information, in«for«ma'shon, n. [L. informatio.] The act of informing;

—

infuriated, infuriate, in«fu'ri«at, v.t. infuriating. [L.L. infurio, infuriatum L. in, intens., and furia, rage, madness.] To render furious or mad; to enrage. a. Enraged; mad; raging. infuse, in«fuz', v.t. infused, infusing. [Fr. infuser, from L. infundo, infusum, to pour into in, into, and fundo, to pour, fuse.] To pour in, as a liquid; to pour; to shed; to instill, as principles or qualities; to introduce; to diffuse; to steep in liquor without boiling, in order to extract medicinal or other qualities. infuser, hvfu'zer, n. One who

—

—

news or intelligence communicated by word or writing; intelligence; knowledge derived from reading or instruction, or gathered in any way; a statement of facts laid before a court of justice. informative, in— for'ma«tiv, a. Affording knowledge or information; ininstructive.

—

—

infuses. j,

70b;

infusibility, in«fu'zi»bii"i—

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

—

fusibility. v.t.

[L.

tion.

ingenerate,

in«jen'er«at, v.t. [L. ingenero, ingeneratum in, and genero, to generate.] To generate or produce within. a. Generated within; inborn; innate; inbred. ingenious, in»je'ni«us, a. [L. ingeniosus, able, ingenious, from ingenium, ability, cleverness in, in, and root gen, to beget, genus.] Possessed of cleverness or ability f ; having the faculty of invention; skillful or prompt to invent; apt in contriving or forming new combinations of ideas; contrived with ingenuity; of curious design, structure, or mechanism; witty or well conceived (an ingeniously, ingenious compliment). in«je'ni«us«li, adv. In an ingenious in«je'ni— manner. ingeniousness, ingenuity, in— us»nes, n. Ingenuity. jen«u'i«ti, n. [Fr. ingenuite, L. ingeingenuous.] nuitas, from ingenuus. Ingenuousness^: ; the quality or power of being ingenious; ready invention; skill in contrivance. [In form, though not in meaning, this word belongs to the next entry.] ingenuous, in«jen'u«us, a. [L. ingenuus, inborn, freeborn, ingenuous

—

and root^en, to produce, genus.] Honorable, noble, or generous^:; open, frank, or candid; free from in,

:

in«frinj'ment, n. Act of infringing or infringer, in«frin'jer, n. violating. One who infringes ; a violator. infundibular, infundibulate, inin«fun»dib'u«ler, fundibuliform, in«fun«dib'u»lat, in«fun«dib'u»li«form, in, a. [From infundibulum, a funnel fuse.] Havin, and fundo, to pour, ing the form of a funnel.

[Fr. informer, to apprise, L. informo, to shape, to describe in, intens., and formo, to v.t.

Absence of

in«jem'i«nat,

ingemino, ingeminatum in, intens., and gemino, to double, geminate.] To double or repeat. a. Redoubled; ingemination, in«jem'i— repeated. na"shon, n. Repetition; reduplica-

encroach on. v.i. To encroach followed by on or upon. infringement,

to clasp with

go;

beyond the

spectrum. infrasonic, in'fra-so'nik, a. [Prefix, infra, below, and sonic, from L. sonus, sound.] Beneath the range of

epidemic; intestinal, or abdominal,

g,

and

infrangibility, ininfringed. or frangibleness, in«fran'ji«bil"i«ti, in— fran'ji«bl«nesj n. State or quality of

is a frequent complicaparticularly when the disease

ch, Sc. loch;

not,

fu'zi«bil"i«ti, n.

ingeminate,

a.

in«fran'ji»bl, a. [Prefix frangible.] Not capable of being broken; not to be violated in,

pneumonia

ch, chain;

a.

class Infusoria of the protozoa. infusorial, in«fu«so'ri«al, a. infusible, in«fu'zi«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and fusible.] Not fusible; incapable of fusion. infusibility, in—

doctrine

infrangible,

influence.] fluenza, lit. influence, An acute, infectious, and highly contagious disease affecting the respiratory tract, and producing symptoms not unlike a severe cold;

inform, hvform',

n.

lapsarian.

To

wrap up or-inwrap;

The

of the sect holding that God's election or predestination of some was consequent on his prescience of the fall, and contemplated man as already fallen. Modifications are sublapsarian, supra-

in power. v.t. influenced, exercise influence on influencing. to modify or affect in some way; to influent, act on; to bias; to sway. in'flu«ent, a. [L. influens, influentis.] Flowing in. influential, in«flu«en'shal, a. Exerting influence influenza, hvflu«en'za, n. [It. in-

is

in«fu'zi»bl,

of being infused. infusion, hvfu'zhon, n. The act or process of infusing; that which is infused or instilled; liquor obtained by infusing infusive, in»fu'siv, a. or steeping. Having the power of infusion.

others.

way; ability or power sufficient to produce some effect; sway; effect; power or authority arising from elevated station, wealth, and the like; acknowledged ascendancy with

tion,

«.

informal, uvfor'mal, a. [Prefix in, not, and formal.] Not in the regular or usual form; not in accordance infusorian, in«fu«s6'ri«an, n. [L.] One of a group of minute, mostly miwith official, conventional, or customary forms; without ceremony. croscopic animals, belonging to the

a.

inflorescence, in«fl6«res'ens,w. [From L. inflorescens, ppr. of infloresco, to begin to blossom in, intens., and floresco, to begin to blossom, flourish.] A flowering; the unfolding of blossoms; hot. a mode of flowering or the manner in which blossoms are arranged and supported on their footstalks or peduncles. influence, in'flu«ens, n. [Fr. influence, from L. influens, influentis, ppr. of in, in, fluo, to flow. influo, to flow in fluent.] Agency or power serving to affect, modify, or sway in some

people

The capability of being infused. —infusible, Capable ti,

escape punishment gives evidence against another or others; one who makes a business of informing against

inflicts.

in«flik'shon,

flictio, inflictionis.]

ing

who

One

inglorious

former, in«for'mer, n. One who informs ; an accomplice who in order to

in—

inflicter,

— —

——— — —————

441

or experience; to impose (pain, disgrace, punishment).

——

—

disguise, equivocation, or dissimulation; of persons or things. ingenuously, in«jen'u«us«li, adv.

reserve,

—

In an ingenuous manner; openly; ingenuousness, in-jen'u— The condition or quality of being ingenuous; openness of ingenue, ah»zha— heart; frankness. nu', n. An ingenuous, artless, naive girl or young woman: used often of female parts in plays; also, an actress who plays such parts. ingest, in«jest', v.t. [L. ingero, inges-

—

candidly. us«nes, n.

—

tum

—

in,

into,

and

gero,

to

bear.

gesture.] To take into the stomach. ingestion, uvjest'shon, n. The act of taking into the stomach. ingesta, in«jes'ta, n. pi. [Lit. things carried in. ingest.] Substances absorbed by an organism, or entering the alimentary canal; things taken into the mind.

—

inglorious, in«gl6'ri«us, a. [Prefix in, not, and glorious; L. inglorius.] Not

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

———— —

—

——

ingoing

442

glorious; without renown; obscure; bringing disgrace rather than glory; disgraceful; ignominious. ingloriously, in«glo'ri«uS'li, adv. In an inglorious manner. ingloriousness,

in»hab'i»tant, n. [L. inhabitans, inhabitants, ppr. of inhabita.] One who inhabits; one who dwells or resides permanently in a place, as distin-

—

—

in«gl6'ri«us«nes, n. ingoing, in'go«ing,

n. The act of entering; entrance. Going in; a. entering, as on an office. ingot, in got, n. [From in, and A. Sax. geotan, D. gieten, to pour; originally meaning a mass of molten metal. gush.] A mass or wedge of gold or

silver

cast

in

a

mold; a mass of

unwrought metal. v.t. [In and graft.] graft; to attach by grafting; hence, to insert; to introduce; to set or fix deeply and firmly. dye with ingrain, in-gran', v.t.

ingraft, in«graft',

To

To

or kermes; hence, from the permanence and excellence of this dye, to dye in any deep, permanent, or enduring color; to dye deep; to incorporate with the grain or texture of anything; to paint in imitation of the grain of wood; to grain. ingrate, in'grat, n. [Fr. ingrdt, from L. ingratus, ungrateful in, not, and gratus, grateful.] An ungrateful pergrain

son.

ingratiate, in«gra'shi«at,

v.t.

—ingra-

tiated, ingratiating. [L. in, into, and gratia, favor, grace.] To introduce or commend to another's good will,

confidence, or kindness: always

ingratitude, in«grat'i«tud,

n.

refl.

[Prefix

not, and gratitude.] Want of gratitude; insensibility to favors, and want of a disposition to repay them; in,

unthankfulness.

roform, iodine, etc.; a respirator. inhalant, in«ha'lant, a. Inhaling. inhalation, in»ha«la'shon, n. The act of inhaling.

inharmonic, inharmonical, in«har«mon ik, in«har«mon'i«kal, a. Not harmonic; inharmonious; discordant. inharmonious, in«har»m6'ni«us, a. Not harmonious; discordant. inharmoniously, in«har«m6'ni«us«li, adv. In an inharmonious manner. inharmoniousness, in«har«m6-

—

—

n.

inhere, hvher',

v.i.

—

n. [L. ingrediens, ingredientis, ppr. of ingredior, to go in in, into, and gradior, to go. grade.] That which enters into a

compound or is a component part of any compound or mixture; an element, component, or constituent. ingress, in'gres, n. [L. ingressus, a ingregoing into, from ingredior. dient.] Entrance; astron. the entrance of the moon into the shadow of the earth in eclipses, the sun's entrance into a sign, etc.; power or liberty of entrance; means of v.i. (in»gres')- To go in entering. or enter. ingression, in»gresh'on, n. [L. ingressio.] The act of entering; entrance. inguinal, in'gwi»nal, a. [L. inguinalis, from inguen, inguinis, the groin.] Pertaining to the groin. ingulf, in»gulf, v.t. Same as Engulf. ingurgitate, in«ger'ji»tat, v.t.— ingurgitated, ingurgitating. [L. ingurgito, in, into, and ingurgitatum, to gorge gorge.] To swallow gurges, a gulf, v.i. To eagerly or in great quantity. drink largely; to swill. ingurgita-

—

—

tion, in«ger'ji«ta'shon, n.

The

act of

—

—

— inherent, hvhe'rent,

ingurgitating. inhabit, in«hab'it, v.t. [L. inhabito HABIT.] To in, and habito, to dwell. live or dwell in; to occupy as a place of settled residence. v.i. To dwell; inhabitable, in«to live; to abide. hab'i«ta«bl, a. Capable of being ininhabitancy, habitable. habited; in«hab'i«tan«si, n. The condition of an inhabitant, habitancy. inhabitant

—

—

— —

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

a.

w-

Inhering; inseparable; naturally pertaining; inborn; innate.

hcereo.]

inherently, in«he'rent«li, adv. In an inherent manner. inherit, in«her'it, v.t. [O.Fr. enheriter, L. inhceredito, to inherit, from hceres,

an heir, heir.] To receive or obtain by descent from an ancestor; to take by being the heir; to receive from a progenitor as part of one's nature; to come into possession of; to hold as belonging to one's lot. v.i. To take an inheritance; to take the position of heir or heirs. n. inheritability, in«her i«ta«bil "i- ti The quality of being inheritable. inheritable, in«her'i«ta«bl, a. Capable of being inherited capable of being transmitted from" parent to child. inheritance, in-heri-tans, ft. That which is or may be inherited; an estate derived or to be derived from an ancestor to his heir; a possession received by gift or without purchase. inheritor, in«her i«ter, n. One who inherits or may inherit; an heir. inheritress, inheritrix, in«her fores, hceredis,

,

;

—

An

hvhibit,

heiress. v.t.

[L.

mhibco,

inhibitum, to restrain —in, in, and habit.] To restrain habeo, to have, by command or interdict; to hinder; to forbid, prohibit, or interdict. inhibition, inhibiter, in«hib i'ter, n. in^hi'bish'on, n. The act of inhibiting; physiol. the restraining of an action by stimulating an antagonistic action; psych, restraint of spon-

—

taneous

me, met, her;

activity

pine, pin;

by

to strangers shelter (inhospitable inhospitality, inhospitashores). bleness, in«hos'pi«tal"i«ti, in»hos pi»ta«bl«nes, n. The quality of being inhospitably, urhos'inhospitable.

—

—

pi'ta«bli,

an

In

adv.

inhospitable

manner.

inhuman, in«hu'man,

[Prefix in,

a.

not, and human; L. inhumanus.) Destitute of the kindness and tenderness that belong to human beings; cruel; barbarous; savage; unfeeling. inhumanity, in«hu«man'i«ti, n. inhumanly, in»hu'man«li, adv.

—

—

inhume, in»hum', huming.

inhumatum

—

v.t.

— inhumed,

in,

in,

in-

inhumo, and humus, the

inhumer,

[Fr.

L.

humble.] To deposit in the earth; to bury; to inter (a dead inhumation, in-hu-mashon, body). ground,

—

n.

The

—

in,

amicable.] Unfriendly; hostile; ad-

To

in«her'itTiks, n.

pi«ta«bl, a. [Pre-

and hospitable.] Not hospitable; wanting in hospitality; hence, affording no subsistence or not,

in,

fix

inhered, inher-

in, and [L. inhaereo, inhcesum hcereo, to stick, as in adhere, cohere, exist or be fixed in; to hesitate.] belong, as attributes or qualities, to a inherence, subject; to be innate. inherency, in«he'rens, in«he'ren«si, n. The state of inhering; existence in

inhibit,

inhibitory, in«hib'i«to«ri, a.

act of burying; interment. inimical, in«im'i«kal, a. [L. inimicus

of

ing.

something.

social or cultural suppressive interaction between two or more processes. ;

harmony;

Want

[L. inhcerens, inhcerentis, ppr. of

ingredient, in«gre'di«ent,

;

—

—

impediments or

controls

inhospitable, hvhos

visitor.

inhabitation, in«hab'i«ta"shon, n. The act of inhabiting; an abode. inhabiter, in«hab'i«ter, n. One who inhabits; an inhabitant (N.T.). inhale, in«hal', v.t. inhaled, inhaling. [L. inhalo in, in, into, and halo, to breathe, as in exhale.] To draw into the lungs; to inspire; to suck in. inhaler, in«ha'ler, n. One who inhales ; med. an apparatus for inhaling vapors and volatile substances, as steam of hot water, vapor of chlo-

ni«us«nes, discord.

——

— initial

guished from an occasional

—

—

psychological

note, not,

move;

not,

and

amicus,

friendly.

verse ; hurtful (inimical to commerce). in«im'i«kal«li, adv. In an inimical manner.

— inimically,

inimitable, in«im'i»ta«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and imitable.) Incapable of being imitated or copied; surpassing inimitainimitability, imitation.

—

in»im'i«ta«bil i«ti, in«imi— ta«bl«nes, n. The quality of being inimitably, in«im i«ta«inimitable.

bleness,

—

adv. In an inimitable manner. inion, in'i«on, n. [Gr. inion, the nape.] Anat. the ridge of the occiput; the nape. iniquity, in-ik'wi-ti, n. [L. iniquitas, bli,

from iniquus, unequal, from in, not, and cequus, equal, equal.] Want of equity; a deviation from rectitude; unrighteousness; a sin or crime; wickedness; an act of injustice. iniquitous, in»ik wi«tus, a. Characterized by iniquity; unjust; wicked; unrighteous. iniquitously, in»ik wi«tus«li, adv. In an iniquitous

—

manner. initial, in«ish'al, a. [L. imtialis, from mitium, beginning, from ineo, initum, to go in in, in, and eo, itum, to go, present also in ambition, exit, circuit, issue, transient, etc. ambition. Placed ]

the beginning (an initial letter); of or pertaining to the beginning; at

beginning; incipient.

n.

The

first

of a word: a person's initials are the first letters in proper order of the words composing his name. mitialtd, initialing. To put one's initials on or to; to sign or mark by initials. initially, in«ish al»li, adv. In an initial manner; by way of beginning. initiate, in»ish i-at. letter

—

—

—

initiated, initiating. [L. initio, initibegin or al urn, from pah*!—.]

To

enter upon; to set afoot; to be the first to practice or bring in; to guide or direct by instruction in rudiments or principles; to let into secrets; to indoctrinate; to introduce into a tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

———

—— — —

——

443 about the person. inkstand, ingk'stand, n. A vessel for holding ink and other writing utensils. inkwell, n. An ink bottle fitted into a hole in the top of a writing-desk. inky, ingk'i, a. Consisting of ink; containing ink; smeared with ink; resembling ink; black. inkle, ingk'i, n. [Formerly lingle, then, by loss of /, ingle, inkle, from Fr. ligneul, lignol, strong thread used by shoemakers, L. linum, flax (whence linen).] Formerly, a kind of crewel or worsted; afterward a sort of broad linen tape. inkling, ingk'ling, n. [M. E. inclen, to hint.] hint or whisper; an intimation; inclination; desire. inlaid, hvlad', pp. of inlay.

—

An

power of taking the

—initiatory,

originating.

or

lead

of

in«ish'i«a—

to«ri, a. Pertaining to initiation or introduction; introductory; initiating or serving to initiate.

—hvjekt',

[L. injicio, injacio, to throw, as in abject, eject, reject, etc. deject, jet.] throw in; to cast in or into. injection, hvjek'shon, n. The act

inject,

jectum

v.t.

in, into,

and

A

To

—

of injecting; the throwing of a liquid medicine into a cavity of the body by a syringe or pipe; that which is injected.

—injector, hvjek'ter,

n.

inland, in'land, a. [That is, in the land or interior as opposed to the coast.] Interior; remote from the sea; carried on within a country; domestic, not foreign; confined to a country; drawn and payable in the same country (an inland bill of exchange). adv. In or toward the

One

who

or that which injects; an apparatus for supplying the boilers of steam engines with water.

injudicious, in«ju«dish'us,

a. [Prefix not, and judicious.] Not judicious; acting without judgment; not according to sound judgment or discretion; unwise; indiscreet; inconsiderate. injudiciously, in'ju«dish'us»li, adv. In an injudicious manner. injudiciousness, in«ju«dish'us«nes, n. injunction, uvjungk'shon, n. [L. injunctio, injunctionis, from injungo, to enjoin in, and jungo, to join, join.] The act of enjoining or directing; that which is enjoined; a command, order, precept; law, a writ requiring a person to do or refrain from doing certain acts. in,

interior of a country. n. The interior inlander, in'part of a country. lan«der, n. One who fives in the interior of a country. inlay, in«la', v.t. pret. pp. inlaid. [In and lay.] To lay or insert in; to ornament or diversify by inserting precious stones, metals, fine woods, ivory, etc., in a groundwork of some other material. n. Pieces inlaid and forming a pattern. inlayer, uvla'er, n. One who inlays. inlet, in'let, n. [Something let in.]

—

—

injure, in'jur, [Fr.

injurier,

v.t.

L.

—

—

injuriari,

narrow recess in a shore. inlier, hvli'er, n. Geol. a portion of one formation lying in and completely surrounded by another formation: opposed to outlier. inly, in'li, adv. [Adv. in, and suffix -ly.] Internally; in the heart; secretly.

—

A

—

—

inmesh, in»mesh',

—

in,

not,

and

justitia,

justice.]

Want

of justice or equity; any violation of another's rights; iniquity; wrong. ink, ingk, n. [O.E. enke, inke, O.Fr. enque, Fr. encre , Pr. encaut, from L. encaustum, purple ink used by the Roman emperors, from Gr. enkau-

burned in burn (whence

stos,

en, in,

kaid, to encaustic,

A

—

inkhorn, ingk'horn, n. [From horns being formerly used for holding ink.] A small vessel used to hold ink on a writing table or desk, or for carrying ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

as

En-

part.

calm).] colored liquid, usually black, used for writing, printing, and the like; a pigment, as China or India ink (under Indian). v.t. To blacken, color, or daub with ink.

ch, chain;

Same

inn, in, n. [A. Sax. inn, a chamber, a house, an inn; I eel. inni, a house; from the prep, in.] A house for the lodging and entertainment of travelers; a college of law professors and students. Inns of Court, certain colleges or corporate societies in London; they are now four, the Inner Temple, the Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. innkeeper, in'ke«per, n. The keeper of an inn. innate, in«nat', a. [L. innatus in, in, and natus, born, natal.] Inborn; belonging to the body or mind by

and

caustic,

v.t.

mesh. To involve in meshes, as of a net; to entangle or ensnare. inmost, in'most, a. [A. Sax. innemest, a double superlative of the prep, or adv. in, altered erroneously like foreforemost.] Farthest within; most, remotest from the surface or external

The doing

of harm; harm or damage occasioned; a wrong or loss received; mischief; detriment. injustice, in«jus'tis, n. [L. injustitia injurius.]

n.

mate.] in the same house with another; one of the occupants of hospitals, asylums, prisons, etc.

adv. In an injurious or hurtful manner. injuriousness, in»ju'ri«us«nes, n. The quality of being injuinjury, in'ju«ri, n. [L. inrious.

from

[In or inn, and person who lodges or dwells

inmate, in'mat,

the bull's-eye; a shot that strikes innermost, in'er«most, the center. a. Farthest inward.

—

innerve, in»nerv',

and

>ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

[Prefix in, in,

v.t.

To

give nerve to; to innervainvigorate; to strengthen. tion, in«ner«va'shon, n. Act of innerving or strengthening; physiol. the properties or functions of the nervous system; a special activity in any part of the nervous system. inning, in'ing, n. [Lit. the state of being in; a sort of verbal noun.] Baseball, Cricket, etc. team's turn at bat and to score; opposing teams each having innings in a game of baseball; a turn or opportunity in nerve.]

—

A

other ways.

innocent, in'no«sent, innocentis, harmless

a. [L. innocens,

not, and in, nocens, ppr. of noceo, to hurt, noxious.] Not noxious or hurtful; free guilt; not having done wrong or violated any law; guiltless; sinless; pure; upright; free from the guilt of a particular crime or evil action. n. One free from guilt or harm; an innocent person; a natural innocently, in'no*or simpleton. sent-li, adv. In an innocent manner. innocence, innocency, in'no«sens,

from

—

—

in'no«sen«si, n. [L. innocentia.] The quality of being innocent; harmlessness; freedom from crime, guilt, or sin; freedom from the guilt of a particular crime. innocuous, in»nok'u»us, a. [L. innocuus in, not, and nocuus, hurtful, from noceo, to hurt, innocent.]

—

Harmless; producing no ill effect. innocuously, in«nok'u«us«li, adv. In an innocuous manner. innocuous-

—

ness, in«nok'u«us«nes, n. innominable, in«nom'i«na«bl, a. [L. not, and nomen, innominabilis in, a name.] Not to be named. innominate, in«nom'i«nat, a. [L. innominatus.] Having no name. Innominate bone, the bony mass forming either side of the pelvis and consisting of three bones that have grown together. innovate, in'no«vat, v.t.% innovated, innovating. [L. innovo, innovatum, in, to renew intens., and novus,

—

j,

—

being innate. inner, in'er, a. [A. Sax. innera, cornpar, of in.] Interior; farther inward than something else; internal; not outward (the inner man); not obvious; esoteric. n. The center, or that part of a rifle target next to

A

—

juria,

—

passage or opening by which an enclosed place may be entered; place of ingress; entrance; a creek or

from injuria, injury, injurius, injurious, from in, not, and jus, juris, right, justice, jury.] To do harm or injury to; to impair the excellence, value, strength, etc., of; to hurt; to damage. injurer, in'jur-er, n. One who or that which injures. injurious, in«ju'ri«us, a. [L. injurius.] Tending to injure; hurtful; harmful; injuriously, prejudicial. in«ju'ri»us«li,

&

nature; natural; derived from the constitution of the mind, as opposed to being derived from experience innately, uvnat'li, (innate ideas). innateadv. In an innate manner. ness, hvnat'nes, n. The quality of

—

injured, injuring.

injurior,

—

it

initiative, in«ish'i«a«tiv, n. a. Serving to initiate; initiatory. introductory act or step ; the first active procedure in any enterprise; initiating.

—

—

innovate

inject society or organization; to admit. a. Initiated; introduced to the knowledge of something. initiation, in«ish'i«a"shon, n. The act or process of

—

— — ——

th, thin;

—

—

new

(whence novel), new.] To change or alter by introducing something new. v.i. To introduce novelties; to make changes in anything established: with on or in (to innovate on established customs).

—innovation, in«no«va'shon,

The made

n.

act of innovating; change in established laws, customs,

rites,

and practices by the introduction of something new. innovator, in'-

—

no«va«ter, n.

w, wig;

One who

hw, whig;

innovates. zh, azure.

—

——

—

—

;

innuendo innovationist, in«no«va'shon«ist, n. One who favors or introduces innovations, innovative, in'no«va«tiv, a. Introducing or tending to introduce innovations. innuendo, in«nu«en'do, n. [L. innuendo {ablative of gerund), by giving a nod, innuo, to give a nod in, and nuo, Gr. neud, to nod.] An oblique hint; a remote intimation; an insinuation. innumerable, in«nu'mer«a'bl, a. [L. nmumerabilis in, not, and nume-

—

from numero, to number.] Incapable of being enumerated or numbered for multitude; hence, extremely numerous; countless. rabilis,

innumerably, in«nu'mer»a«bli, adv. Without number. innumerous,f in«nu'mer»us,

numerable.

— —

[L. innumerus.] Ininnumerable[Mil.] a.

ness, in»nu'mer»a«bl«nes, n. n. [Prefix not, and nutrition.] Want of innutrinutrition or nourishment. tious, in«nu«trish us, a. Not nutritious; not nourishing. inobservable, a. in«ob«zer'va«bl, [Prefix not, and observable.] in, Incapable of being seen, perceived, or observed.— inobservance, in«ob«zer'vans, n. Want of observance; inobservant, in«ob«disobedience. zer'vant, a. [Prefix in, not, and observant.] Not taking notice; not quick or keen in observation; heed-

—

—

less; disobedient.

—

inoculate,

inocuin«ok'u«lat, v.t. lated, inoculating. [L. inoculo, inocu-

latum, to ingraft an eye or bud of one and into, tree into another in,

To

oculus, an eye (whence ocular).] graft by inserting a bud; to bud; med. to communicate a disease to

germs or virus into the tissues; to communicate a disease to a healthy body in order to produce immunity through a mild form of the disease. v.i. To prac-

by introducing

its

— —

inoculation, in«inoculation. ok'u«la"shon, n. The act or practice inoculator, in«ok'of inoculating. u«la«ter, n. One who inoculates. inoffensive, in«of«fen'siv, a. [Prefix in, and offensive.] Giving no offense or provocation; harmless; doing no inoffensively, injury or mischief. in«of«fen'siv«li, adv. In an inoffeninoffensiveness, in«sive manner. tice

—

—

of«fen'siv«nes, n. inoperative, in»op'e«ra«tiv, a. [Prefix in, not, and operative.] Not operative;

producing no

effect.

inopportune, in»op por«tun,a. [Prefix not, and opportune; L. inopin,

Not opportune; inconinopporunseasonable. venient; tunely, in«op'por«tun«li, adv. In an

portunus.]

444

inscribe

devoid of an organized structure, or the structure of a living being; pertaining to or embracing the department of unorganized substances {inorganic chemistry).

troublesomely curious; inquisitively, in«kwiz'i«prying. tiv«li, adv. In an inquisitive manner. inquisitiveness, in«kwiz'i«tiv»nes, n. The quality of being inquisitive. inquisitor, in«kwiz'i«ter, n. One whose official duty it is to inquire and examine; a member of the inquisitorial, in«kwizInquisition. i«to"ri«al, a. Pertaining to inquisition, especially to the Court of Inquisition; making strict or searching inquiry.— inquisitorially, in«kwiz'i-to"ri«al'li, adv. In an inquis-

—

inosculate, in«os'ku«lat,

v.i. inosculated, inosculating. [L. in, and osculor, osculatus, to kiss, osculation.]

To

unite by apposition or contact, as arteries, nerves, geometrical curves, to anastomose; to run into one another. v.t. inosculated, inosetc.;

—

—

way. shon,

To

cause to unite in this inosculation, in-os'kQ'la"-

culating.

n.

inosite, i'no»sit, n. [Gr. is, inos, strength, nerve.] A saccharine substance found in the human body and also in plants.

inpatient, n. A patient who is lodged, fed, and treated in hospital or infirmary.

innutrition, imnu'trishon, in,

—

—

inopportune manner. inordinate, in«or'di«nat, a. [L.inordinatus in, not, and ordinatus, well-

—

ordered, order.] Excessive; immoderate; not limited by rules preinordiscribed or to usual bounds. nateness, in«or'di«nat«nes, n. The state or quality of being inordinate. inordinately, in«or'di«nat»li, adv. In an inordinate manner; excessively. inorganic, in«or«gan ik, a. [Prefix in, not, and organic] Having no organs

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

inphase,

anything;

—

—

—

itorial manner. inroad, in rod,

or

raid

in'faz, a. Elec.

In the same

input, in'put, n. Something put in; power or energy introduced into a

machine or circuit to operate it or be converted; the terminal for such power or energy; data supplied to a computer; an ingredient in production.

inquest, in'kwest, n. [O.Fr. enquesis, from L. inquiro, to seek after. inquire.] Act of inquiring; inquiry; search; law, a judicial inquiry, especially one before a jury; the jury itself. Coroner's inquest, an inquest held by a coroner on bodies of such as die a violent death. inquietude, in«kwl'e«tud, n. [L. not, and quietudo, in, inquietudo quietude.] Want of quiet; restlessness; uneasiness, either of body or

—

mind. inquire, in«kwir',

—

inquired, inv.i. quiring. [L. inquiro, to seek after— in, query, into, and qucero, to seek, ask a question or quesquest.] tions; to seek for information by asking questions; to seek for truth

To

The

impairment

on

in eating. a. [Prenot, and salubrious.] Not salubrious; unfavorable to health; unhealthy. insalubrity, in«sa«lu bri«ti, n. The state or quality of being insalubrious; unhealthiness. insane, hvsan', a. [Prefix in, not, and sane; L. insanus.] Not sane; unsound or deranged in mind or intellect; mad; crazy; delirious; distracted; intended for insane persons. insanely, imsan'li, adv. In an insane manner. insanity, insaneness, in«san'i«ti, in«san'nes, n. The state of being insane or of unsound mind; madness; lunacy. insanitary, in«san'i'ta«ri, n. [Prefix in, not, and sanitary.] Not sanitary; injurious to health. insatiable, in«sa'shi«a«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and satiable; L. insatiabilis.] fix

in,

—

—

—

Incapable of being satiated, satisfied, inor appeased. insatiability, satiableness, in«sa'shi«a«bil i»ti, in«sa'shi«a«bl«nes, n. The quality of

—

inquire of a person, after, concerning, into, etc., a thing).—t;.r. To ask about; to seek by asking (to inquire inquirer, the way of a person).

manner.

—

One who

—

investigator. kwi'ring'li, adv.

manner; by way

inquires; inquiringly, in— In an inquiring of inquiry, -in-

quiry, in«kwi'ri, n. [From inquire, like expiry from expire.] The act of inquiring; a question or interrogation; search for information or knowledge; research; investigation. inquisition, nvkwi«zish'on, n. [L. inquisitio, inquisitionis, from inquiro, inquire.] inquisitum, to seek after,

act of inquiring; inquiry; investigation; a judicial inquiry; an inquest; [cap.] a former Roman Catholic court or tribunal established

The

for the examination and punishment of heretics; any attempt to suppress

nonconformity.— inquisitional,

ln«-

kwi»zish'on»al, a. Relating to inquisition or inquiry; relating to the Inquiinquisitive, in«kwiz i«tiv, j. sition, Addicted to inquiry; inclined to seek information; given to pry into

me, met, her;

inroads

insalubrious, in«sa»lu'bri«us,

being

an

make

(to

insalivation, in»sari«va"shon, n. The blending of the saliva with the food

by argument or the discussion of questions, or by investigation (to

n.

[A road or rather

riding

one's health).

phase.

nvkwi'rer,

n.

into a country.] hostile entrance of an enemy into a country; a sudden incursion or invasion; an encroachment; loss or a

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

insatiable.

sa'shi«a«bli,

adv.

— insatiably, In

— insatiate,

[L.

insatiatus.] tiable.

inscribe,

Not

in«insatiable in»sa'shi«at, a. satisfied; insa-

hvskrib',

an

v.t.

— inscribed,

—

inscriptum describe.] in, and scribo, to write, To write down or engrave; to mark inscribing.

[L.

inscribo,

to mark (to inscribe a motto^ with characters or words to inscribe

down

;

a monument); to assign, address, or dedicate (to inscribe a poem to a person); to imprint deeply; to impress; geom. to draw or delineate within another figure so that the boundaries of the two are in contact inscriber, in«at certain points.

—

One who

inscribes. [L. in«skrip shon, n. inscription tnscriptionis.] The act of inscribing; any words or writing engraved on stone, metal, or other hard substance for public inspection; skri her,

n.

inscription,

an address of a book, poem, etc., to a person as a mark of respect, less formal than a dedication; MRU. the words placed in the middle of the reverse side of some coins and medals. inscriptive, in«skrip tiv, a.

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

— —

—

Of

the character of an inscription. [Fr. in«skrb ta«bl, a.

—

searched

being

of

into

always together.

—

manner.

a.

resembling

puny

a

Pertaining

an

insect.

dissect.]

the

which

—

is

inshore, in'shor, inside,

Near the

in'sid,

a.

within the

[Lit.,

Being within; interior; inn. That which is within; specifically, the entrails or bowels; an inside passenger in a vehicle. prep. In the interior of; within. insidious, diosus,

in«sid'i«us,

from

a.

[L.

insi-

an ambush, from upon in, in, upon,

insidice,

insideo, to sit and sedeo, to sit.

sit.]

Characterized

stealthy and guileful acts; treacherous; guileful; working evil secretly (an insidious person, insidiously, in«sidplot, disease). i«us«li, adv. In an insidious manner. insidiousness, in»sid'i«us«nes, n. insight, in sit, n. [Prefix in, and

by treachery or

—

or artfully; to instill (to insinuate a doubt); to hint or suggest. v.i. To creep or wind; to act by insinuation; to make an insinuation; insinuating, in«sin'u— to wheedle. at«ing, p. and a. Given to or characterized by insinuation; wheedling;

—

—

insensibly winning favor and confidence. insinuatingly, in«sin'u— at«ing«li, adv. In an insinuating manner. insinuation, in«sin'u»a'shon, n. [L. insinuatio, insinuationis.] The act of insinuating; a wheedling manner; a suggestion, hint, or innuendo. insinuative, in«sin'u»a— tiv, a. Insinuating; stealing on the affections.— insinuator, in»sin'u«a— ter, n. One who insinuates. insipid, in-sip'id, a. [L. insipidus in, not, and sapidus, savory, from sapio, to taste, savor.] Tasteless; destitute of taste; vapid; wanting interest, spirit, life, or animation; dull, insipidity, heavy, or uninteresting. insipidness, in«si«pid'i«ti, in«sip'id«nes, n. The quality of being ininsipidly, in-sip'id-li, adv. sipid. In an insipid manner.

— — —

—

—

—

—

insist, in«sist', v.i. [L. insisto in, and sisto, to stand, as in consist, desist, persist, resist, etc. state.] To rest, dwell, or dilate upon as a matter of special moment; to be persistent,

urgent, peremptory, or pressing: usually with on or upon. insistence, in«sis'tens, n. Act of insisting; persistency; urgency. insociable, in«so'shi«a«bl, a. [Prefix

—

in,

Deep

sight.]

inspection

or

insignia, in»sig ni«a,

n. pi. [L., pi.

insigne,

[L. insen-

and sensibilis, Not apprehended by the not,

senses; imperceptible; incapable of being felt or perceived; so slow or gradual that the stages are not noted; destitute of the power of feeling or perceiving; numb or dead to pain; not susceptible of emotion or passion; void of feeling; unfeeling; callous; apathetic; indifferent. insensibly, in«sen'si«bli, adv. In an insensible manner; imperceptibly; by slow degrees. insensibility, in— sen'si«bil"i«ti, n. The condition or quality of being insensible; dullness; apathy; numbness; torpor. insensitive, in«sen si«tiv, a. Not sensi-

a

mark,

insolate, in'so«lat,

of

and

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

— insignifi-

then;

th, thin

insolated, in-

insolatum

—

in,

sol,

insolatio,

The

insolationis.]

act

moderate, haughty, insolent in, not, and solens, ppr. of soleo, to be wont.]

Showing haughty disregard of others using rude and haughty or defiant language; overbearing; saucy; proceeding from insolence. insolently, in'so»lent«li, adv. In an insolent

—

manner.

insincere, in«sin-ser', a. [Prefix in, not, and sincere; L. insincerus.] Not j,

—

quality of

of exposing, or condition of being exposed, to the rays of the sun; sunstroke. insolent, in'so«lent, a. [L. insolens, insolentis, contrary to custom, im-

icant.

—

v.t.

insolo,

The

—

[L.

cance, insignificancy, in«sig«nif'i— kans, in«sig«nif'i«kan«si, n. The condition or quality of being insignif-

—

an unsociable

the sun (whence solar).] To dry or prepare in the sun's rays; to expose to the heat of the insolation, hvso«la'shon, n. sun.

neut.

manner.

[L.

solating.

sociable;

—insociably,

— insociability,

in'S6'shi»a«biri'ti, a. being insociable.

—

insignificant

taciturn.

manner; unsociably.

of insignis, remarkable in, intens., and signum, sign.] Badges or distina mark, guishing marks of office or honor; any characteristic marks or signs. a. in«sig«nif'i«kant, insignificant, [Prefix in, not, and significant.] Void of signification ; having no weight or effect; unimportant; trivial or trifling; without weight of character; mean; contemptible. insignificantin«sig«nif i'kant'li, adv. In an ly,

insensate.

Not

sociable.]

in«so'shi«a«bli, adv. In

view;

thorough knowledge; power of observation; discernment; penetration.

and

not,

unsociable;

—

—

g, go;

or adv.

a.

sides.] ternal.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

hide or

shore.

breeding. insensate, in«sen'sat, a. [L.L. insensatus L. in, not, and sensus, sensense.] Destitute of sation, sense, sense or sensation; wanting sensiinsensateness, in— bility; stupid. sen'sat«nes, n. The state of being

ch, chain;

To

v.t.

cover in a sheath.

——

sensible.]

set in; insertion.

insheathe, in«sheTH',

—

a.

those trees,

birds.

—

in,

all

among

inset, in»set', v.t. To set in; to infix or implant. n. (in 'set). That which

Insectivora,

sek«tiv 6«rus, a. Feeding or subsisting on insects. insecure, in«si«kur', a. [Prefix in. not, and secure.] Not secure; not confident of safety; not sufficiently insestrong or guarded; unsafe. curity, in«si«ku ri«ti, n. The state of being insecure; want of security. inseminate, in«sem'i«nat, v.t. inseminated, inseminating. [L. inseminatus, pp. of inseminate, to sow.] To implant seed; to inject (the female genital tract) with sperm; to imbed insemination, hvsem'i— ideas, etc. na shon, n. Artificial insemination, injection of semen into the female by artificial means, used in animal

—prefix

habitually

—

to insects; insecticide,

—

sibilis

comprehending

live

a

gently

mode

with the exception of the birds of prey and climbing birds. insessorial, in«ses«s6'ri«al, a. Belonging to the Insessores or perching

contemptible

nocturnal terrestrial mammals which feed on insects; an insect-eating animal or plant. insectivorous, in—

insensible, in«sen'si«bl,

sero,

and

in,

sinus,

part.

ine birds,

—

sinuo, to wind, from bending, curve, bosom.] To introduce gently, or as by a winding or narrow passage; hence, refl. to push or work gradually into favor; to introduce one's self by slow or artful means; to infuse

a—

v.t.

,

and

in,

movable

—

of

in«sep

Insessores, in»ses«s6'rez, n. pi. [PI. of L. insessor, one that sits in, and sedeo, to sit.] In old classifications an order of perchers or passer-

in«sek'ti«sid, n. That which kills insectivore, in«sek'ti«v6r, n. insects.

A member

um

In an inseparable

of attachment of an organ to its support; of a muscle, the end attached to a relatively

— —

etc.;

—

the place or

of a class of small animals that in their mature state have the three the head, divisions of the body always disthorax, and abdomen tinct from one another, and usually have three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings, as the numerous creatures known as flies, beetles, person.

—

in—

—

One

bees,

—

[L. insero, inserto put (as in assert, exert, concert). SERIES.] To set in or among; to put or thrust in; to introduce. insertion, hvsershon, n. [L. insertio.] The act of inserting; something inserted; bot.

tum

engrave; to carve. insect, in sekt, n. [L. insectum, something cut in (from their shape), from inseco, insectum, to cut into in, cut.

sincere; dissembling; hypocritical; false; deceitful; of persons, statements, etc. insincerely, in«sin«ser'li, adv. In an insincere manner. insincerity, in»sin«ser i«ti, n. The quality of being insincere. insinuate, in«sin u«at, v.t. insinuated, insinuating. [L. insinuo, insinuat-

ra»bil"i«ti, n.

—

to

sen-

— inseparability,

insert, in«sert

hvskro ta«bl«nes, n. insculp,f hrskulp', vj. [L. insculpo in, and sculpo, to engrave.] To

seco,

—in-

Not

—inseparably,

sep'a«ra«bli, adv.

—

and

sensibility.

tient; inanimate.

reason; not to be satisfactorily accounted for or explained. inscruadv. In an tably, in«skrb'ta«bli, inscrutability, inscrutable manner. inscrutableness, in»skro'ta«bil i»ti,

into,

little

inseparable, in«sep'a«ra«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and separable; L. inseparables.] Incapable of being separated or disjoined; not to be parted;

and understood; incapable of being penetrated or understood by human

;

insolent

sentient, in«sen'shi«ent, a.

in, not, inscrutable, L. inscrutabilis and scrutor, to search, scrutiny.]

Incapable

having

tive;

—

—

445

inscrutable inscrutable,

——

—insolence,

[L. btsoUntia, ;

w, wig;

from

in'so«lens,

insolens.]

hw, whig;

n.

Haugh-

zh, a^ure.

—— —

—

—

—

insoluble

by a liquid; to be solved or explained. insolubility, insolubleness, in«sol'u*dissolved, particularly

not

in«sol'u«bl«nes, n. The quality of being insoluble. insolvable, in*sol'va«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and solvable.] Not solvable; not to be solved or explained; not admitting solution. insolvent, in-solvent, a. [Prefix in, not, and solvent.] Not solvent; not bil"i«ti,

money,

goods,

or

estate

pay all debts. n. debtor unable to pay his debts. sufficient

to

A

debts.

insomnious,

in«som'ni«us, a. [L. insomniosus, from insomnia, sleeplessness in, not, and somnus, sleep.] Restless in sleep, or being

ni«a, n. [L.]

— insomnia,

Want

in«som'-

of sleep; morbid

or unnatural sleeplessness. insomuch, in«s6«much', adv. [In, so, and much.] To such a degree; in such wise; so: followed by that,

sometimes as. insouciant, an«so«syan', a. [Ft. in, not, and soucier, to care, souci, care, from L. sollicitus, uneasy,

—

solicitous.] Careless; heedless; regardless ; insouciunconcerned ance, an«so«syans', n. The quality of being insouciant. inspan, in«span', v.t. [D. inspannen in, in, and spannen, to yoke.] To yoke, as draft oxen: correlative of out span. [South African.] inspect, in«spekt', v.t. [L. inspicio, inspectum in, and specio, to view. species.] To view or examine for the purpose of ascertaining the quality or condition, discovering errors, etc.; inspection, to examine officially. in-spek shon, n. [L. inspectio.] The act of inspecting; official view or examination. inspector, in«spekter, n. One who inspects or oversees. inspectorate, in«spek'ter«at, n. body of inspectors or overseers; inspectorship. .

—

—

—

—

—

—

A

inspire, spiring.

to

in»spir',

[L.

whence To draw

breathe,

respire.]

— —

v.i.

inspiro

inspired, inand spiro, spirit, expire, in breath; to in,

inhale air into the lungs. v.t. To breathe in; to draw into the lungs; to infuse by or as if by breathing; to instill; to communicate divine instructions to the mind of; to animate by supernatural infusion; to rouse or animate in general. inspirer, in«spi'rer, n. One who inspires. inspirable, in«spi'ra«bl, a. Capable of being inspired; inhalable. inspiration, in«spi«ra'shon, n. [L. inspiratio.] The act of inspiring; the divine influence by which the sacred writers were instructed; influence emanating from any object, giving rise to new and elevated thoughts or emotions; the state of being inspired; something conveyed

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

the

dinary

influence.

extraor-

Verbal,

plenary inspiration, the doctrine maintaining that the very words were inspired, as opposed to general inspiration by the Spirit; textual inerrancy. inspirational, in«spi«ra shon«al, a. Pertaining to inspiration. inspiratory, in«spir'a«toTi, a. Pertaining to or assisting in inspiration (the inspiratory muscles). inspirit, hvspir'it, v.i. [Prefix in, and spirit.] To infuse or excite spirit in; to enliven, animate, encourage, invigorate. inspissate, hvspis'at, v.t. inspissat-

—

—

ed,

[L.

inspissating.

satum

—

inspisso,

and

in, intens.,

inspis-

spissus, thick.]

thicken by boiling so as to evaporate the water; to bring to greater thickness by evaporation. inspissation, a. Thick; inspissated. in«spis»a'shon, n. The act or operation of inspissating. instable, hvsta'bl, a. [L. instabilis

—

—

Not

not, and stabilis, stable.] instability, stable; unstable.

in,

—

want

inconstancy;

construction. install, hvstal', in,

in—

Want

n.

sta«bil'i»ti,

of stability; of firmness in

v.t. [Fr.

and O.H.G.

installer

stal, a place,

E.

—

in,

stall.

—

—

—

—

a.

[E.

instans,

instantis.]

Pressing, urgent, importunate, or earnest (N.T.); immediate; without intervening time (send him to instant execution); quick; making no delay; present or current: usually abbreviated to inst., as 10th inst., that is, n. 10th day of the present month. point in duration; a moment; a part of duration that occupies the time of a single thought.—

A

instantaneousness,

in»stan«ta ni«us-nes, n. The quality of being instantaneous, in»instantaneous. stan«ta'ni-us, a. [Made on the model of contemporaneous.] Done in an instant; occurring without any perinstantanceptible lapse of time. eously, in«stan«ta'ni«us'li, adv. In an instanter, instant; in a moment. in«stan'ter, adv. [L., from installs.] Immediately; forthwith; on the moment. instantly, in'stant«li. With urgency; earnestly; immediately; forthwith; at once. instate, in»stat\ v.t. —instated, in-

—

— —

—

stating.

me, met, her;

[Prefix

in,

pine, pin;

and

slat*.]

note, not,

establish, as in a rank or condition; to install. instead, in«sted', adv. [From in, and place; stead retaining its stead, character of a noun, and being

by

followed

To move;

In

of.]

room. [When instead

the

place

or

used without is an ellipsis

is

of following, there of a word or words that would otherwise follow the of.] instep, in'step, n. [Formerly instop, in and stoop, bend in.] The forepart of the upper side of the human foot,

instup, lit.

perhaps from

the

near its junction with the leg; part of the hind leg of a horse from the ham to the pastern joint. instigated, instigate, in'sti«gat, v.t.

—

instigating.

[L.

instigatum

instigo,

on, and root instinct, stigma.]

in,

—

to prick. incite; to set

stig,

To

to urge; used to provoke; chiefly or wholly in a bad sense. instigation, in»sti«ga'shon, n. [L. instigatio.] act of instigating; incitement, as to evil or wickedness. instigator, in'sti«ga«ter, n. One who

on;

instigates. instill, instil, nvstil', v.t.

—

—

instilled,

in, and stillo, [L. instillo distill.] To pour in by to drop, drops ; hence, to infuse slowly or by degrees into the mind; to cause to be imbibed; to insinuate impercepinstillation, in-suNa'shon, n. tibly. The act of instilling. instillatory, in«stil'a«tOTi, a. Relating to instil-

instilling.

stall.] To place in an office or post; to invest formally with a charge, office, or rank; to set up or establish for use (as a heating installation, in«sta«la'system). shon, n. Act of installing; something installment, in-stal'installed. ment, n. Installation; a part of a whole (especially a novel) produced at stated periods; one part of a sum to be paid at stated intervals. instance, in'stans, n. [L. instantia, a standing near, importunity, urgency state.] in, on, and sto, to stand, The act or state of being instant or urgent; urgency; a case occurring; a case offered as an exemplification or precedent; an example; an ocinstancinstanced, v.t. currence. ing. To mention as an instance, example, or case in point.— instant, in'stant,

; ,

institute

mind when under

To

insolvency, in«sol'ven«si, n. The condition of being insolvent; inability of a person to pay all his

without sleep.

to

—

——

446

manifested in contemptuous and overbearing treatment of others; insolent language. insoluble, in«sol'u*bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and soluble.] Incapable of being tiness

having

——

—

—

lation.

—

who

instills.

instiller,

in«stil'er,

—instillment,

n.

One

in«stil-

ment, n. The act of instilling. instinct, in'stingkt, n. [L. instinctus, instigation, impulse, from instinguo, on, and in, instinctum, to impel root meaning to prick, as in stimulus, sting.] An impulse to a particular kind of action which the being needs to perform as an individual, but which it could not possibly learn to perform before it needs to act; as a general term it includes all original impulses and that apparent knowledge and skill which animals have without experience; hence, natural feeling or sense of what is correct or effective in artistic matters or the like. a. (in-stingkt Animated or stimulated from within inspired; fully suffused and breathing out (a portrait instinct with instinctive, in«stingk tiv, a. life). Prompted by or proceeding from instinct; determined by natural impulse or propensity; spontaneous. adv. instinctively, in*stingk'tiv*li, In an instinctive manner. instituted institute, in sti«tut, v.t. .

—

—

—

[L. instituo, institution in, and statuo, to set, place, from state.] To sto, station, to stand, set up or establish; to ordain; to originate; to found; to set in operation; to begin v an investigation, etc.). n. That which is instituted or instituting.

—

formally established; an established law. precept, or principle; a society established according to certain laws or regulations for the furtherance of some particular object (a philosophic institute, a literary institute, a mechanics institute); pi. a book of tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

.

————

—

—

instruct

riotous. n. One who is unruly. insubordination, in»sub«or'di«na"shon, n. The quality of being

tution,

insubordinate.

—

in»sti»tu'shon, n. [L. institutio.) The act of instituting; something instituted or established; a permanent rule of conduct or of government; something forming a prominent or established feature in social or national life; a society established or body organized for promoting any object, public or institutional, in»sti«tu'shon«social. inal, a. Relating to institutions; stituted by authority; relating to elementary knowledge. institutionary, in«sti«tu'shon«e«ri, a. Relating to an institution or to institutions. institutive, in'sti«tu«tiv, a. Tending or intended to institute or establish. institutor, in'sti«tu«ter, n. [L.]

—

—

—

insubstantial, [Prefix

fix in, not,

enlighten; to direct or command; to furnish with orders; to order or instruction, in* struk 'shon, enj oin «. [L. instructio.] The act of instructing; that which is communicated for instructing; that with which one is instructed; information; order, maninstructional, date, or direction. hvstruk'shon«al, a. Relating to instruction ; educational.— instructive,

—

—

in«struk'tiv,

a.

Conveying

knowl-

edge; serving to instruct or inform. instructively, in«struk'tiv»li, adv. In an instructive manner. instrucintiveness, hvstruk'tiv«nes, n. structor, in-struk'ter, n. [L.] One who instructs; a teacher. instrument, in'stryment, n. [L. instrumentum, from instruo, to prepare.

—

—

That by which work performed or anything is effected; a tool; a utensil; an implement; one who or that which is subserinstruct.]

is

vient to the execution of a plan or purpose; means used or contributing to an effect; any contrivance from which music is produced, as an organ, harp, violin, flute, etc. ; law, a writing instructing one in regard to something that has been agreed

upon.

—instrumental,

—

cient

instrumen tally,

in'su«ler, a. [L. insularis, insula, an island.] Of or pertaining to an island or the opinions

from

By way

A

tempt.

v.t. (in-sult').

veying

insult.

A

—

insurmountable, in«ser»moun'ta«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and surmountable.]

insults.

of being surmounted, Incapable passed over, or overcome. insur-

nvsult'-

—

an insulting manner;

mountably, in«ser«moun'ta»bli, adv.

insuperable, insuperabilis

a. [L. insurgens, insurgentis, ppr. of insurgo, to • rise against in, on, and surgo, to rise, whence surge, source, etc.] Rising in opposition to lawful civil or politpern. ical authority; rebellious. son who rises in opposition to civil or political authority. .'. An insurgent differs from a rebel in holding a less pronounced position of antagonism, and may or may not develop into a

Containing or con-

behave

—insultingly,

ing«li, adv. In so as to insult.

— in«su'per«a«bl, not, and in,

[L. supero,

a.

insurrection, in«ser«rek'shon,

overcome, superior.] Incapable of being overcome or surmounted; (difficulties, obinsurmountable insuperjections, obstacles, etc.). to

in«su'per«a»bil"i«ti,

n.

insupportable,

The

in«sup«por'ta«bl,

a.

[Prefix in, not, and supportable.] Not to be supported or borne; insupintolerable. insufferable; portably, in«sup«por'ta«bli, adv.

'

—

instrument.

insubordinate,

in«sub«or'di«nat, a. [Prefix in, not, and subordinate.} Not submitting to authority; mutinous;

insuppressible, [Prefix ),

job;

in,

not,

ng, sing;

hvsup«pres'i«bl,

and

TH,

a.

suppressive.]

then;

[L.

The

in-

opposition of a to the civil or political authorities of a city or country, in defiance of law and order; a revolt by a number of persons against constituted authorities. .'. An insurrection is less serious than a rebellion, for the latter attempts to overthrow the government, to establish a different one, or to place the country under another jurisdiction; a mutiny is a movement of revolt against minor institutions, or against the authorities in the army or navy; active

number of persons

insuperable. being of adv. hvsu'per«a«bli, insuperably, In an insuperable manner.

—

n.

insurrectio, insurrectionis, from INSURGENT.] surgo, insurrection.

open and

—

quality

go;

a.

with or with

ance is ratified. insurgent, in«ser'jent,

insolence,

— insulter, —insulting,

One who

nvsult'ing,

treat

—

in«sult'-

To

contempt. v.i. insolent triumph. er, n.

To

—

INSURRECTION. insurgency, rebel. hvser jen«si, n. The condition of being insurgent.

abuse,

gross

insult,

an end; with instruments of music. instrumentation, in stru— men»ta"shon, n. The art of arranging music for a number of instruments; the music for a number of instruments; execution of music on an

g,

—

—

in«stru«men'tal«li,

ch, Sc. loch;

—

—

to

ch, chain;

hence, narrow-

(insular

—

ability,

means

;

prejudices); coninsularity, in«su«lar'i«ti, n. tracted. The state of being insular. insulate, insulated, insulating. in su«lat, v.t. To make an island of; to isolate; to separate, as an electrified or heated body, from other bodies by inserting nonconductors; to free from combination with other substances, as insulation, a chemical substance. hvsu'la'shon, n. The act of insulating, or state of being insulated; insulator, materials for insulating. in'su«la«ter, n. One who or that which insulates; elec. a nonconducting piece, as of glass, used to insulate wires, etc. insulin, in'su«lin, n. [L. insula, issecretion of the land, and in.] islands of Langerhans in the pancreas which controls the use of sugar in the body; a trademark for a similar hormone extracted from the pancreas of some animals. insult, in'sult, n. [Fr. insulte; L. insultus, from insilio, insultum, to leap on in, and salio, to leap.] Any gross affront offered to another, either by words or actions; act or speech of insolence or con-

of an instrument; as

adv.

—

manner.

minded

sure.]

(which is commonly used in

to contract for the payment of a certain sum in the event of loss or damage happening to, or at the death or termination of (to insure a house against fire, a ship against damage, to insure one's life); to make a subject of insurance. insurer, in«sho rer, n. One who insurable, in«sho'ra«bl, a. insures. Capable of being insured. insurance, in«sho'rans, n. The act of insuring; a contract by which a person or company, in consideration of a sum of money or percentage (technically called a premium), becomes bound to indemnify the insured or his representatives against loss by certain risks; the premium paid for insuring property or life. Marine insurance is the term used for the insurance on ships, goods, Fire insurance is for etc., at sea. the insuring of property on shore from fire. Life insurance is for securing the payment of a certain sum at the death of the individual insured, or when he reaches a given Social insurage, or of an annuity. ance, a type of insurance which provides benefits for unemployment, sickness, old age, etc., obtained from funds into which usually the worker, employer, and government contribute. Insurance policy, the document by which the insur-

insular,

or views of islanders

word now

and

this general sense);

—

—

—

the

to be intol-

—

in«stru«men'-

instruments, especially musical instruments. instrumentalist, in»stru«men'tal«ist, n. One who plays upon a musical instrument. instrumentality, in'stru«men«tal"i«ti, n. The condition of being instrumental; subordinate or auxiliary agency; agency as means to an end.

—

suring. [Prefix in, intens., To make sure; to ensure

insufficient, hvsuf«fish'ent, a. [Prefix in, not, and sufficient.] Not sufficient; inadequate to any need, use, or purpose. insufficiency, in«suf«fish'en«si, n. The condition or quality of being insufficient. insufficiently, in»suf»fish'ent«li, adv. In an insuffi-

a.

to

Not

sufferable.]

suppressed or

adv. So as not to be suppressed. insure, in«shor', v.t. insured, in-

in«suf'fer«a«bli, adv.

Conducive as an instrument or means to some end; pertaining tal,

and

of being

—insuppressibly, in«sup«-

pres'i«bli,

suffered, borne, or endured; erable ; unendurable. insufferably,

—

To

Incapable concealed.

Unsubstantial. insufferable, hvsuf'fer«a«bl, a. [Pre-

One who

institutes. instruct, in«strukt', v.t. [L. instruct, in, and struo, to join instructum structure.] together, to pile up. teach; to educate; to impart knowledge or information to; to

in«sub«stan'shal, a. not, and substantial.]

in,

—

insurrection

447

elements or principles, particularly a work containing the principles of instia system of jurisprudence.

.

——— — — —

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— ——

—

—

— — 448

insusceptible a revolt is a less strong form of a insurrectional, insurrebellion. rectionary, in'ser»rek'shon«al, in«ser«rek'shon«a«ri, a. Pertaining to ininsurrectionist, in«ser«surrection. rek shon«ist, n. One who favors insurrection. insusceptible, in«sus«sep'ti«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and susceptible.} Not susceptible; not capable of being affected or impressed (a heart insusinsusceptibility, ceptible of pity). in«sus«sep'ti«biri«ti, n. The quality of being insusceptible. intact, in«takt', a. [L. intactus prefix in, not, and tactus, touched, pp. of tango, to touch; whence also tangent,

—

—

—

—

tact,

that

Untouched by anything harms or defiles; uninjured; etc.]

unimpaired;

left

complete, whole, or

unharmed. intaglio, in«talyo, n. [It., from intagliare, to carve in, and tagliare, tailler (whence tailor).} engraved or cut into a substance so as to form a hollow; a gem with a figure or design that is sunk below the surface the reverse

to

cut, Fr. figure

Any

;

of cameo, which has the figure in relief.

intake, in'tak, n. A point where a water supply is diverted from a main stream; amount taken in (hourly intake).

intangible, not,

and

in«tan'ji«bl, a. [Prefix in,

tangible.}

Not

tangible;

incapable of being touched; not intanperceptible to the touch.

—

gibleness, intangibility, in»tan'ij«bl— intangibly, nes, in-tan'ji«bil"i*ti, n. in«tan'ji«bli, adv. integer, in'te«jer, n. [L. integer, whole, entire not, and tag, root of in, entire, tangent.] tango, to touch, Arith. a whole number, in contraintegral, distinction to a fraction. in'te»gral, a. Whole; entire; complete; belonging to, or forming a necessary part of, a whole; math. pertaining to a whole number or undivided quantity; not fractional; n. integration. A pertaining to whole; an entire thing. integrally, integrant, in'ti— in'ti«gral«li, adv. grant, a.

—

—

—

integrate,

—

—

integrated, in'ti«grat, v.t. integrating. [L. integratus, pp. of integrare, to make whole.] To make entire; to form into one whole; to perfect ; to give the sum or total of. integration, in«ti«gra'shon, n. The act of integrating; incorporation of diverse groups or individuals into a

well-ordered community or society whose behavior is based on similar standards; math, the determination of a function from its differential or integraits differential coefficient.

—

—

intein«ti'gra'shon«ist, n. grator, in'ti«gra«ter, n. integrity, in«teg'ri«ti, n. [F. integrite, from L. integritas, from integer, entire.] Behavior in accordance with a strict code of values, moral, artistic, etc.; honesty; entirety; the tionist,

of wholeness; something without mark or stain; soundness. quality

integument, in«teg'u«ment,

n.

[L.

integumentum, intego, to cover in, intens., and tego, to cover (same root fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

or stem. integumentary, in«teg'u«men"teTi, a. Belonging to or composed of integument. intellect, in'teMekt, n. [L. intellectus, from intelligo, to understand inter, between, and lego, to choose or pick, to read; seen also in collect, elect, legend, lesson, lecture, etc.] That faculty of the human mind which receives or comprehends ideas, as distinguished from the power to feel and to will; the understanding faculty; also, the capacity for higher forms of knowledge. intellection, in«tel«lek'shon, n. The act of underselect,

—

standing;

simple

apprehension.

intellective, hvteMek'tiv, a. Pertaining to the intellect; perceivable by the understanding only, not by the senses. intellectively, in»tel«lek'tiv«li, adv. In an intellective manintellectual, in«tel«lek'chu«al, ner. a. Relating to the intellect or understanding; appealing to or perceived by the intellect; existing in the understanding; ideal; having or charintellectualacterized by intellect. ism, in»tel«lek'chu«al«izm, n. Intellectuality; the doctrine that knowl-

—

—

—

edge

is

derived from pure reason.

intellectualist, in«tel'lek'chu«al«ist, n. One who overrates intellectualism. intellectuality, in«tel«lek'chu«al"li«ti, n. The state of being intellectual; intellectualize, intellectual power.

—

To

endow in»tel«lek'chu«al»iz, v.t. with intellect; to give an intellectual or ideal character to. intellectually, in«tel«lek'chu«al'li, adv. In an intelintelligence, in*lectual manner. tel'i«jens, n. [L. intelligentia.} Intel-

—

—

power; knowledge imparted

lectual

or acquired; general information; information communicated; news or notice; an intelligent or spiritual Intelligence quotient, Abbr. being. I. Q., mental rating found by test. (Divide age into mental age shown.) Intelligence test, a psychological test

used to show comparative mental

—intelligencer, messenger or spy. —

capacity. ser, n.

in«tel'i«jen«-

One who conveys

intelligence intelligent, in«-

a teli-jent,

a. [L. intelligens, intelppr. of intelligo.} Endowed with the faculty of understanding or reason; endowed with a good intellect; having superior intellectual intellicapacities; well informed. gently, in'tel'i«jent«li, adv. In an inligentis,

—

—

intelligibility, manner. telligent in-tel 'i- ji-b>il"i»ti, n. The quality or intellistate of being intelligible. gible, in-tel'i-ji*bl, a. [L. intelligibilis.}

—

Capable of being understood or comprehended; comprehensible; clear.

—

intelligibly, in«tel i-gi-bli, adv. intelligentsia, in«tel»li»jen si-a, n. pi. Intellectuals; the broadly educated. intemperance, in«tem'per«ans, n. [Prefix in, not, and temperance; L. intemperantia, want of moderation. temper.] Want of moderation or due restraint; excess of any kind; specifindulgence in the ically, habitual use of alcoholic liquors, especially

with intoxication.

me, met, her;

— intemperate, in*-

pine, pin;

-

mtense

as E. thatch).} Anat. the skin, membrane, or shell which covers any part; bot. the cellular skin of seed, leaf,

——— — — — —

— —

;

note, not,

move;

temper-it, a. [L. intemperatus, immoderate.] Not exercising due moderation or restraint; addicted to an excessive or habitual use of alcoholic liquors; excessive, immoderate, or inordinate (intemperate language). One who is not temperate. n. intemperately, in— temper-it— li, adv. In an intemperate manintemperateness, in«tem'per— ner. State of being intemit»nes, n.

—

—

perate.

intend, in»tend',

v.t. [L. intendo, to in, and stretch forth, to intend tendo, to stretch (as in attend, contend.] To fix the mind tend, etc.). upon, as the object to be effected or attained; to mean; to design; to intendancy, in«ten'dan'Si, purpose.

—

The

employment, or district committed to the charge of an intend-

n.

office,

— intendant,

ant. [Fr.,

from L.

in«ten'dant,

intendo.}

One who

n.

has

the charge or management of some public business; a superintendent. intended, in«ten'ded, p. and a. Ben. A person entrothed; engaged. gaged to be married to another; an affianced lover. intense, hvtens', a. [L. intensus, stretched, tight, pp. of intendo, to intend.] Closely strained; stretch, kept on the stretch (study, thought, etc.); extreme in degree; vehement; violent; severe (pain, cold, etc.). intensely, in«tens'li,adr. In an intense manner. intenseness, in«tens nes, n. The state of being intense. inten-

—

—

sification,! in«ten'si'fi«ka'shon, n. The act of intensifying or making more intense. intensifier, in«ten si«fi«er, n. One who or that which intensify, in«ten'si«fl, intensifies.

—

v.t.

—

—

intensified, intensifying.

To

der intense or more intense.

renv.i.

To become

intense or more intense. intension, in«ten'shon, n. [L. intensio, intensionis.} Act of straining or intensifying; the state of being strained: opposed to remission or intensity, in«ten si«ti, n. relaxation. The state of being intense; relative degree, vigor, or activity; keenness (of feeling, etc.); phys., the amount of energy with which a force operates Intensity of field, or a cause acts. the force experienced by a unit pole when placed in a field of magnetic force. Intensity of magnetization, in a uniformly magnetized mass, is the quotient of the moment (q.v.) of the

—

—

magnet by its volume. Intens:: where the pressure is uniform over an area, is the total pressure divided by the area; measured in dynes or grams per square centimeter or pounds per square inch.

pressure,

intensive, in«ten siv, a. Serving to give force or emphasis (an intensive Intensive cultivaparticle or prefix.) tion, thorough cultivation of the soil by free use of stimulating manures, etc. Intensive drill, a method of drill especialh adopted for particular purposes of attack by shock or storm troops in war. (Recent.) intensively, in»ten'siv«li, adv. In an intensive manner. intensiveness, in«ten siv^nes, n. The quality of being intent, in«tent , a. [L. intensive.

—

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

_

— —

—— ——— — ——

—— ———

-;

——

inter Having the strained or bent on an object; sedulously applied; eager in pursuit of an object; anxiously diligent: with on before a noun. n. Design, purpose, or intention; meaning; drift; aim. To all intents and purposes, in all applications or senses; practically; really. intention, hvten'shon, n. [L. intentio, attention, design.] Determination to act in a particular manner; purpose; design; end; aim; the state of being strained or intensified intension; logic, any mental apprehension of an object, —intentional, in«ten'shon«al, a. Done with intention, design, or purpose; intended; intentionally, designed. in«tenshon»al«h, adv. With intention; by design; of purpose. intently, intent 'li, adv. In an intent manner. intentness, hvtent'nes, n. The state

in'ter«seriu«ler, a. [Prefix inter, between, and cellular.] Bot. and zool. lying between cells or cellules.

intercept, in»ter«sept', v.t. [Fr. intercepter; L. inter cipio, inter ceptum, to intercept inter, between, and capio, to take. capable.] To stop or interrupt the journey or the progress

A

v.t.

ceptive, in»ter«sep'tiv, n.

interchange, in«ter«chanj',

and change.] To change reciprocally; to put each in the place of the other. v.i. To change reciprocally; to succeed alternately. n. in'ter«chanj. The act or process of mutually giving and receiving; a ter,

junction of highways where bridges and underpasses separate the roads in levels so as to accommodate change from one roadway to another without

To

The

n.

act

stopping

interchangeable, in« ter • chan a • bl, interchangeaa bility, interchangeableness, in«ter—

of

interring; burial.

and

n.

[Prefix inter,

The

interval between two drama; an interlude; any intermediate employment of time. v.i. To act reciprocally; to act on act.]

—

adv. interclavicle, in«tefklav'i.kl, bli,

each other. interaction, in«ter«ak shon, n. Intermediate action; mutual

fix inter,

To

blend.]

or mingle together. interbreed, in«ter»bred',

and

v.t.

and

intercolonial,

i.

colonial.]

intercalate, in«ter'ka«lat, v.t. year. intercalated, intercalating. [L. intercalo.] To insert between others; chron. to insert between other days or other portions of time; geol. to insert, as a layer or series of layers, between the regular series of the strata. intercalation, in«ter'ka»la"shon, n. [L. inter calatio.] The act of inter calative, in«ter'intercalating.

—

and

n.

in'ter«kon«nekt",

v.t.

[Prefix inter, and connect.] To connect or unite closely or by various bonds. interconnection, in'ter*-

—

kon*nek"shon, n. intercontinental, in'ter«kon'ti'nen"tal,

a.

[Prefix inter,

Subsisting

between

and

continent.] different con-

Intercontinental ballistic missile, a ballistic missile capable of traveling from one continent to tinents.

another, its minimum range being 5,000 miles. Abbrev. icbm. intercostal, in«ter«kos'tal, a. [L. inter, between, and costa, a rib.] Anat. placed or lying between the ribs.

intercourse, in'ter«kors, n. [Prefix inter, between, and course; L. interj,

cross

lines; to interbreed.

intercurrent, in«ter«kur'ent, a. [Prefix inter, between, and current; L. intercurrens, inter currentis.]

Running

between or among; intervening; me d. applied to diseases which occur sporadically

during the prevalence

of other diseases. in'ter«di— nom'i«na"shon«al, a. [Prefix inter, and denomination.] Between or among diverse religious denominations^

interdependence, interdependency, in'ter»de«pen"dens, in ter«de— pen"den»si, n. [Prefix inter, and depend.] Reciprocal dependence ; dependence each upon the others reciprocally. interdependent, in'ter«de— pendent, a. Reciprocally dependent. interdict, in«ter«dikt', v.t. [L. interdico, inter dictum— inter ,

between, and

diction.] To debar, forbid, or prohibit; to restrain by an interdict. n. in'ter«dikt. A prohibition; a prohibiting order or decree; a papal prohibition of the performance of divine service and the administration of religious rites. dico, to speak,

—

interdiction, in«ter«dik'shon, n. interdictive, interdictory, in«ter«dik'tiv, in»ter«dik'te«ri, a.

interest, in 'tersest,

n.

[O.Fr. interest,

Fr. interet, from L. interest, it concerns, it is of importance, from L.

—

inter, between, and esse, be (whence also essence, entity).] The profit per cent derived from

to

money

lent or invested; a share of an investment or business or other value; heed or curiosity paid to something; advantage; benefit; the situation in which one is or is not

interest,

interconnect,

—

To

cross.]

kom«mu'ni«ka"shon,

[Prefix inter,

n. [Prefix inter, and communion.] Mutual communion; mutual interinter*intercommunity, course. kom»mu"ni«ti, n. A mutual communication or community.

interceding; mediation. intercessional, in«ter«sesh'on«al, a. Pertaining to or containing intercession. intercessor, in'ter«ses«ser, n. One who intercedes. intercessory, in«ter»ses'se«ri, a. Containing intercession; interceding.

and

inter,

tually; to hold mutual communicaintercommunication, in'ter— tion.

t.

To communicate mu-

yon,

of

go;

in'ter«ko«lum'-

intercommunion, in'ter'konvmun"-

—

[Prefix

mutually; to cross one another, as

interesse

and

communicate.]

Tending to intercalate; intercalating. intercede, in«ter«sed', v.i. interceded, interceding. [L. intercedo inter, between, and cedo, to go; lit. to pass between, cede.] To act between parties with a view to reconcile those who differ or contend; to plead in favor of another; to interpose; to mediate or make intercession. interceder, in«ter«se'der, n. One who intercedes. intercession, in»ter»sesh'on, n. [L. intercessio.] The act

between

persons or nations; interchange of thought and feeling; copulation. intercross, in«ter»kros', v.t. and t.

affected by something; something in addition to a mere equivalent (to repay injury with interest); influence with a person, especially with persons in power (to get a post by interest); a collective name for those interested in any particular business (the landed

ni«kat, v.i.

ka«la«tiv, a.

g,

among, and Subsisting between differ-

municate.] An intercommunication system with a microphone and speaker at each end for local communication. intercommunicate, in'ter»kom«mu"-

in calendar, council.] Inserted or in-

ch, Sc. loch;

a.

ni«a"shon, n. [Prefix inter, between, and column.] Arch, the space between two columns measured at the lowest part of their shafts. intercom, in'ter»kom, n. [intercom-

troduced among others, as the odd day (February 29th) inserted in leap

ch, chain;

in«ter«ko«l6'ni«al,

intercolumniation,

—

—

n. [Pre-

bone be-

ent colonies.

i.

To

breed.]

A

[Prefix inter, between,

breed by crossing one kind of animal or plant with another. intercalary, in«ter'ka«le«ri, a. [L. intercalarius inter, between, and calo, to call or proclaim, seen also [Prefix inter,

clavicle.]

clavicles or in front of the breastbone in many vertebrates.

blend

and

v.t.

and

tween the

or reciprocal action.

interblend, in«ter«blend',

and

.

chan'ja«bil"i«ti, in«ter«chan'ja»bl«nes, interchangeably, in«ter»chan'ja— n.

acts of a

[Prefix inter,

traffic.

'j

interact, in'ter«akt,

v.t.

cursus.] Reciprocal dealings

interdenominational,

—

interchanged, interchanging. [Prefix in-

and

ment, in«ter'ment,

n.

—

—

en,

in«ter«sep'ter,

fighter

plane equipped for fast climb and high speeds, used for intercepting enemy aircraft. interception, in«tefsep'shon, n. inter-

interred, interring. terre, L. terra, the earth (whence terrace, terrestrial, etc.).] bury; to inhume. inter-

—

,

interceptor,

of.

—

[Fr. enterrer

— —— — interface

intercellular,

mind

of being intent.

— —

449

intentus, pp. of intendo.]

inter, in«ter

—

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

Simple

the

shipping

interest is that

interest).

which

—

arises

from the principal sum only. Compound interest is that which arises from the principal with the interest of one year added together to form

new

principal for the next year, on successively. v.t. To engage the attention of; to awaken interested, interest or concern in. a

and

so

in'ter«es«ted, p. and a. Having an interest or share; affected; moved;

having attention roused; concerned in a cause or in consequences; liable to be biased by personal considerations; chiefly concerned for one's

own

private advantage. interestedness, in'ter«es«ted«nes, n. interesting, in'ter'es'ting, a. Engaging the attention or curiosity; exciting or adapted to excite attention and sympathy. interestingly,in'ter«es«ting— li, adv. In an interesting manner. interestingness, in'tcr»es«ting«nes, n. interface, in'teffas, n. [Prefix inter,

—

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —— ——

— — —

—

————

interfere

—

interfere, in«ter«fer', v.i. interfered, interfering. [O.Fr. entreferir, to exchange blows L. inter, between,

—

and

To

ferio, to strike interpose; to

enter

into

or

(whence

ferule).]

intermeddle;

take

a

part

in

to

the

concerns of others; to clash, come in collision, or be in opposition; phys. to act reciprocally upon each other so as to modify the effect of each; sports, to prevent an opposing

movement by some

player's

illegal

means.

interference, in«ter«fe'rens, n. The act of interfering or intermeddling; phys. the mutual action of waves of any kind (water, sound, heat, or light) upon each other, by which the vibrations and their effects are increased, diminished, or neu-

prevention of the opposition's action; defense of one's team members by blocking of the opposition. interferer, in— interferingly, in«ter— ter-fe'rer, n. tralized;

sports,

illegal

—

fer'ing«li, adv.

interfuse, in»ter«fuz',

—

v.t. interfused, interfusing. [L. interfusus, pp. of interfundo— inter, between, and fundo, to pour, fuse.] pour or spread

To

between

or

among; to mix up make interdependent.

together; to interfusion, in«ter»fu'zhon, n.

intergalactic,

in«ter«ge«lak'tik,

a.

[Prefix inter, and galactic] Existing or in the large areas between galaxies. interglacial, in«ter«gla'shi«al, a. [Prefix inter, and glacial.] Geol. formed

or occurring between two periods of glacial action.

interior,

in«te'ri«er, a. [L., inner, interior, compar. of interus, internal, itself a compar. from in. Akin entrails, internal, intestine.] Internal; being within any limits, enclosure, or substance opposed to exterior or super:

remote from the fronInterior angles, geom. the angles made within any figure

ficial; inland; tiers or shore.

it.

Interior planets,

astron. the planets between the earth's orbit and the sun; inferior planets.— Interior screw, a screw cut on the interior surface of anything hollow. n. The internal part of a

thing; the inside; the inland part of a country; the department of a government having charge of home interiority, in«te'ri»or "i«ti, affairs. n. The quality of being interior. interiorly, in«te ri«or«li, adv. Internally; inwardly.

interjacent, in«ter«ja'sent, a. [L. ininter, terjacens, ppr. of interjaceo between, and jaceo, to lie, as in

—

adjacent,

subjacent,

etc.]

Lying or

being between; intervening. interject, in«ter«jekt', v.t. [L. interjicio, interjectum inter, between, and

—

JET.] To throw between; to throw in between other words. inter jection,in«ter-jek'shon,

jacio,

to

The act of throwing between; a word thrown in between words connected in construction, to express some emotion or passion, as exclamations of joy, grief, astonishment, etc. interjectional, in»ter.jek'shon«al,

throw.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Thrown

bepartaking of

a.

tween

in

other words; the character of an interjection.

inter jectionally, in«ter«jek'shon»al«li, adv. In an interjectional manner.

interknit, in«ter«nit', v.t. [Prefix inter, and knit.] To knit together closely. interlace, in*ter*las', v.t. interlaced,

—

and lace; weave or twine

interlacing. [Prefix Fr. entrelacer.]

inter,

To

together; to entangle or interweave one thing with another. v.i. To be intertwined or interwoven; to have parts crossing or intersecting. in-

terlacement, in«ter«las'ment,

n.

The

[Prefix inter, and lard.] Primarily, to mix fat with lean; hence, to mix by something frequently occurring; to diversify by mixture (talk interlarded with oaths).

interleave,

in»ter«lev',

v.t.

—

inter-

leaved, interleaving. [Prefix inter, and leaf.] To insert a blank leaf or blank leaves in ; to insert between the other leaves of (a book).

interline, in»ter»lin', [Prefix

v.t.

—

interlined,

and

inter,

line.]

To

write or print in alternate lines; to write or print between the lines interlineal, interlinear, interof. im 'i«al, in«ter»lin'i«er, a. Written or printed between lines before written or printed. interlineation, nvter— lin'i«a"shon, n. The act of inter-

which

is

interlock, in«ter«lok',

and

interlined. [Prefix inter,

v.i.

To

unite or be locked together by a series of connections. v.t. To lock one in another firmly. interlocution, in'ter«lo«ku"shon, n. [L. interlocutio, from interloquor lock.]

—

between, and loquor, to speak (in loquacious, elocution, etc.).] Dialogue; interchange of speech; law, an intermediate act or decree before inter,

final decision.

interlocutor, in«ter»-

One who speaks in a dialogue or conversation; Scots law, the term, judgment, or order of any interlocutory, in»court of record. ter«lok'u«toTi, a. Consisting of dialogue or conversation. interlope, in«ter«16p', v.i. interloped, interloping. [From the noun, which is from D. enterlooper, a smuggler or smuggling vessel Fr. entre, between, and D. loopen, to leap, to lok'u«ter, n.

—

—

leap.] To traffic run E. to leap, without a proper license to run into a matter in which one has no right. ;

interloper, in»ter«16'per, n. One who unwarrantably intrudes or thrusts himself into a business, position, or matter. interlude, in'ter«lud, n. [L.L. interL. inter, beludium, an interlude

—

tween, and ludus, a play, delude.] A short lively entertainment performed between the acts of a play, or between the play and the afterpiece; a piece of music played be-

tween the verses of

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

—— —

;

a

hymn, or between

certain portions of a church service. interlunar, uvter«lu'ner, a. [L. inter, between, and luna, the moon.] Belonging to the time when the moon is

invisible.

intermarry,

in«ter«mar'i,

canticle

note, not,

or

move;

v.i.

—

inter-

married, intermarrying. [Prefix inter, and marry.] To marry together; to become connected by marriage, as two families, ranks, tribes, or the intermarriage, in-ter-marij, like. n.

Marriage between two families,

tribes, or nations.

intermeddle, in«ter«med'l,

v.i.

—

in-

termeddled, intermeddling. [Prefix inter, and meddle.] To meddle in

which one has no concern meddle officiously; to interfere.

affairs in

to

intermeddler, in«ter«med'ler,

who

n.

One

intermeddles.

intermediate,

act or state of interlacing. interlard, in»ter-lard', v.t.

lining; that

interim, in'ter«im, n. [L., in the meantime.] The meantime; time intervening. Belonging to an a. intervening time; belonging to the meantime; temporary.

sides of

———

intermit

n. [L. interjectio.]

interlining.

happening

by the

——

450

and face.) The line or surface between two facing bodies. interfacial, in«ter«fa'shi«al, a.

—

in«ter«me'di«it, a. [Fr. intermedial, L. intermedius inter, between, and medius, middle (whence medium, mediate, etc.).] Lying or being between; in the middle place

—

or degree between two extremes; intervening; interposed. Also inter-

mediary, in«ter«me'di«a«ri,

in

same

intermediately, in«ter«medi»it»li, adv. In an intermediate posiintermediation, in*ter«me'di«tion. a'shon, n. Intervention; interposiintermediary, in»ter«me'di— tion. e«ri, n. One who or that which interposes or is intermediate; an intervening agent. intermediator, in«ter«me'di»a«ter, n. A mediator besense.

tween parties. interment. See inter. intermezzo, in«ter«met'zo, n. [It.] Mus. a short composition, generally of a light sparkling character, played

between more important pieces; an interlude.

intermigration,

in ter«mi«gra shon, [Prefix inter, and migration.] Reciprocal migration. interminable, in*ter'mi*na*bl, a. [L. interminabilis in, not, and terminus, a bound or limit, term.] Boundless; endless; admitting no limit; wearin.

—

somely spun out or protracted. interminably, in«ter'mi«na«bli, adv. In an interminable manner; endlessly.

—

intermingle,

in«ter«ming'gl, v.t. intermingled, intermingling. [Prefix inter, and mingle.] To mingle or mix together; to mix up; to intermix.

v.i.

To

be mixed or incorporated.

intermission. See intermit. intermit, in«ter»mit', v.t. intermit-

—

ted, intermitting. [L. intcrmitto, to let go between, to interrupt inter, and

mitto, to send, mission.] To cause to cease for a time; to interrupt; to suspend or delay. v.i. To cease for a time; to cease or relax at intervals, intermittence, in«ter«as a fever. init ens, n. The act or state of inter-

—

mitting intermission, ;

intermittent,

in«ter«mit ent, a. Ceasing at intervals. Intermittent or intermitting spring, a spring which flows for some time and then ceases, again flows and again ceases, and so on, usually having a siphon-shaped channel of outflow. n. A fever which entirely subsides or ceases at certain intervals.

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — —

———— —

—

—

intermix

—

A

termingled.— intermixture, in«ter»miks'cher, n. A mass formed by mixture; a mass of ingredients mixed;

in«ter«os'ku'lat, v.i. [Prefix inter, and osculate.] To touch or run into one another at various points; to form a connecting link between objects or groups by having characters in common.

interpellate, interpellated,

internment,

interpellating. [L. into interrupt

question imperatively; to interrupt by a question. interpellation, to

in'ter«pel«la"shon, n. [L. interpellation] The act of interrupting; an

interruption by speaking; a question put by a member of a legislative assembly to a minister or member of the government.

To

interpenetrate, in»ter«pen'e«trat,

and

i.

—interpenetrated,

v.t.

interpene-

inter, and penepenetrate between or within; to penetrate mutually. interpenetration, in«ter«pen'e«tra"shon, n. The act of interpenetrating.

in«tern'ment,

trating.

act of interning; the state of

a. [L. internus, internal, interior.] Inward; interior; being within any limit or surface; not external; pertaining to the mind or thoughts, or to one's inner being; pertaining to itself, its own affairs, or home interests: said of a country; domestic; not foreign. Internal-combustion engine, an engine

[Prefix,

interplanetary,

in«ter«plan'e«te«ri, a. [Prefix inter, and planetary.] Situated or existing between the planets; carried on between planets. interplead, in«ter«pled', v.i. [Prefix inter, and plead.] Law, to proceed by interpleader. interpleader, in«ter«ple'der, n. Law, one who interpleads; a legal process by which a person threatened with a suit in which he has no real interest gets the proper parties to plead in the

—

which is propelled into motion by the combustion of a fuel-air mixture within the cylinders. Internal revenue, taxes derived from levies on certain domestic transactions. internality, in»ter«nari«ti, n. internally, in«ter'nal«li, adv. international, in«ter»nash'on»al, a. [Prefix inter, and national.] Pertaining to or reciprocally affecting nations; regulating the mutual intercourse between different nations. International law, the law of nations; those maxims or rules that regulate states in their conduct toward one another. International, n. [cap.] The International Congress of Socialistic Workers. internationalism, in«ter«na'shon«al«izm, n. The principle of cooperation among nations for their common good; an international as opposed to a national policy. internationally, in«ter«nash'on«al— li, adv.

——

matter.

interpolate, in«ter'po«lat,

—

interinterpolo,

v.t.

polated, interpolating. [L. interpolatum, to interpolate or falsify,

vamped up, falsified between, and polio, to pol-

from —

interpolus,

ish.]

To

inter,

foist

in;

to

insert,

as

a

spurious word or passage in a manuscript or book; to corrupt or vitiate by the insertion of new matter; math, and phys., to fill up intermediate terms of, as of a series, according to the law of the series. interpolation, in'ter'po«la'shon, n. [L. interpolatio.] The act of interpolating; that which is interpolated or inserted; a spurious word or passage inserted. interpolates in»-

—

—

kill.]

destructive hostilities or much slaughter; causing great slaughter, as between fellow citizens (internecine war). internode, in'ter«nod, n. [L. inter, between, and nodus, knot.] Bot. the space which intervenes between two nodes or leafbuds. internuncio, in«ter«nun'shi«6, n. [L.

pose, compose.] To place between; fig. or lit. to present or bring forward by way of interruption or for some service (to interpose one's hand, one's self, one's aid or servv.i. To step in between parties ices). at variance; to mediate; to interfere; to put in or make a remark by way interposer, in«ter«of interruption.

ternecinus, deadly,

interpose,

[L. in-

a.

murderous

between, among, and neco, to

inter,

Marked by

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

from

between, and regnum, time between the death abdication of a king and the

—

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

The

or accession of his successor; the interval between the cessation of one government and the establishment of another. interrelation, in'ter«ri«la"shon, n. [Prefix inter, and relation.] Mutual; reciprocal, or corresponding relation; correlation. interrogate, in«ter'o«gat, v.t. [L. interrogo, interrogatum inter, between, and rogo, to ask (as in abrogate, arrogant, derogate, prorogue, etc.).] To question; to examine by asking interrogation, questions. hvter'o«ga"shon, n. [L. interrogatio.] The act of questioning; a question put; the sign?, indicating that the sentence immediately preceding it is a question, or used to express doubt interrogative, or to mark a query. in»te«rog'a»tiv, a. [L. interrogativus.] Denoting a question; expressed in the form of a question. n. gram. a word used in asking questions; as

—

—

—interrogatively, In an intermanner. — interrogator, in-

who ? what ? which ?

in«te«rog'a«tiv«li, adv.

rogative

ter'o«ga«ter, n.

or

asks

One who

interrogates

questions.— interrogatory,

in«ter«rog'a»to«ri,

n.

[L.

interroga-

A

question; an interrogation. a. Containing a question; expressing a question. torius.]

—

interrupt, in'ter»rupt', v.t. [L. interrumpo, interruptum inter, between, and rumpo, to break, rupture.] To stop or hinder by breaking in upon the course or progress of; to break the current or motion of; to cause to stop in speaking; to cause to be delayed or given over; to break the uniformity of. interrupter, in«-

—

j,

inter,

reign.]

—

ter'po'la'ter, n. One who interpolates. v.t.— interin«ter»poz', posed, interposing. [Fr. interposer inter, between, and poser, to place.

internecine, in«ter«ne'sin,

—

conception and representation of a character on the stage. interpretative, in«ter'pre«ta«tiv, a. Designed or fitted to explain; explanatory. interpretatively, in«ter'pre«ta«tiv«li, adv. In an interpretative manner. interpreter, in«ter'pre«ter, n. One who or that which interprets. interracial, in«ter«ra'shi»al, a. [Prefix inter, and racial.] Concerning two or more races ; intended for members of two or more races. interregnum, in«ter»reg'num, «. [L.

To

trated]

being interned. internal, in«ter'nal,

—

—

To

v.t. [Fr. interner, internus, internal.] send to or cause to remain in the interior of a country without permission to leave it; to disarm and quarter in some place, as a defeated body of

The

v.t.

in speaking inter, between, and pello, to drive (seen in appeal, compel, pulse, etc.).] question, especially

walls.

troops.

in«ter'pel«lat,

interpellatum,

terpello,

experience. intern, in«tern',

n.

pretor, from interpres, interprets, an interpreter inter, between, and root seen in (pre)paro, to prepare.] To explain the meaning of; to expound; to translate from an unknown to a known language, or into intelligible or familiar words; to free from mystery or obscurity; to make clear; to unravel; to represent artistically. interpretable, in«ter'pre«ta«bl, a. interpretation, in«ter'pre»ta"shon, n. [L. interpretation The act of interpreting; translation; explanation; the sense given by an interpreter;

etc.).

intern, interne, intern, n. [Fr. interne.] A graduated physician serving inin a hospital for experience. ternship, in'tenvship, n. A period of service for the purpose of gaining

from L.

po'zer, n. One who interposes. interposition, in«ter'po«zish"on or in'ter«po«zish"on, n. The act of interposing; a coming between; mediation; intervention. interpret, interpret, v.t. [L. inter-

interosculate,

admixture. inter mundane, in«ter«mun'dan, a. [L. inter, between, mundus, a world.] Being between worlds or between orb and orb (intermundane spaces). inter mural, in«ter«mu'ral, a. [L. inter, between, murus, a wall.] Be-

—

interrupt

internuncius inter, between, and nuncius, a messenger.] messenger between two parties; an envoy of the pope, sent to small states and republics while a nuncio is sent to emperors and kings. interoceanic, in«ter«6'she«an"ik, a. [Prefix inter, and ocean.] Between oceans [interoceanic railway, canal,

in»ter«mish'on, n. |L. intermissio.] The act or state of intermitting; cessation for a time; pause; the temporary subsidence of intermissive, uvterTnis'iv, a fever. a. Intermittent. intermix, in«ter«miks', v.t. [Prefix inter, and mix.} To mix together; to intermingle. v.i. To be mixed or in-

— —— —

—

451

— intermission,

tween

—

—

th, thin;

—

ter«rup'ter, n.

One

that interrupts. n. [L.

interruption, in«ter«rup'shon,

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

——

— ——

—

intersect interruptio.) The act of interrupting or breaking in upon; a break or breach; intervention; interposition; obstruction or hindrance; cause of stoppage. interruptive, in«ter«rup'tiv, a. Tending to interrupt; interrupting. intersect, in«ter«sekt', v.t. [L. inter-

—

seco, intersectum

—

inter,

between, and

section.] To cut into or between; to cut or cross mutually; to divide into parts by crossing or cutting. v.i. To cut into one another; to meet and cross each other. intersection, in«ter»sek'shon, n. [L. inter sectio.] The act or state of intersecting; the point or line in which two lines or two surfaces cut each intersectional, other. in»ter«sek'shon«al, a. Relating to or formed by seco, to cut.

—

an intersection. intersperse, in-ter«spers',

—

interv.t. spersed, interspersing. [L. interspergo,

—

interspersum inter, between, and spargo, to scatter.] To scatter or set here and there among other things; to diversify by scattering objects. interspersion, in»ter«sper'zhon, n. The act of interspersing. interspinal, interspinous, in«ter—

and urban.] Between cities. n. or car which commutes between two cities.

intimate union). n. An intimate intimacy, friend; a close associate.

inter,

A

train

interval, in'ter«val, n. [L. intervallum, the space between the rampart inter, between and vallum, an earthen rampart, wall.] A space or distance between things; space of time between two definite points or events; the lateral space between units having the same alignment or frontage ; mus. the difference in pitch between two sounds, sounded successively (melodic) or simultaneously (harmonic).

—

intervene,

in«ter«ven', interv.i. vened, intervening. [L. intervenio inter, between, and venio, to come, as in advene, convene, etc. venture.]

—

To come

or be between persons or things; to be situated between; to occur, fall, or come between points of time or events; to come in the way. intervener, interventionist, in«ter«ve'ner, in«ter«ven'shon«ist, n. One who intervenes or advocates intervention, in«ter»intervention.

—

—

ven'shon, n. [L. interventio.] Act of intervening; a coming between.

interview, in'ter«vu,

n. [Prefix inter,

processes of the spine, as muscles, nerves, etc. interstate, in«ter«stat', a. Relations of or between states, as interstate

to face for the purpose of obtaining information as to aptitude, skills, etc.

Interstate

Commerce Com-

roads and express companies, or rail and water transport when combined. It passes on rates, financing, building and abandonment of railroads. interstellar, in«ter«stel'er, a. [Prefix inter, and stellar.] Situated among the stars. interstice, hvter'stis, n. [Ft., from L. inter, between, and sto, interstitium state.] A narrow or to stand, small space between things close together, or between the component parts of a body; a chink, crevice, or cranny. interstitial, in«ter«stish'al, a. Of or containing interstices. v.t. interstratify, in«ter«strat'i«fi,

—

—

[Prefix inter, and stratify.] Geol. to cause to occupy a position between other strata; to intermix as to strata. v.i. To assume a position between interstratification, in«other strata. ter«strat'i«fi«ka"shon, n. The condition of being interstratified. intertexture, in«ter«teks'cher, n. [Prefix inter, and texture.] The act of interweaving; state of things inter-

—

—

woven; what

is

intertropical,

interwoven. in»ter«trop'i«kal,

a.

[Prefix inter, and tropic] Situated between or within the tropics.

intertwine, in«ter«twin', twined,

and

intertwining. twine.] unite

To

v.t.

—

[Prefix

interinter,

by twining or

twisting one with another; to interlace.

v.i.

To

be

mutually

inter-

woven. v.t. [Prefix twist one with another; to interweave or interlace. interurban, in«ter«er ban, a. [Prefix

inter,

and

the conversation, published or aired over television or radio, between a writer or reporter and a person of importance or notoriety from whom he is seeking information. v.t. To have an interview with. interview-

—

er, in'ter«vu«er, n.

—

interweave, in«ter«wev', v.t. interwove (pret.); interwoven (pp.); interweaving (ppr.). To weave together; to intermingle as if by weaving; to unite intimately; to interlace. intestate, uwes'tat, a. [L. intestatus in,

not,

and

testatus,

a will, pp. of testor, to

—

having made

make

a will.

testament.] Dying without having made a will; not disposed of by will; not devised or bequeathed. n. A person who dies without making a will, or a valid will.— intestacy, in«tes'ta»si, n. The state of being intestate.

intestine, in»tes'tin, a. [L. intestinus, inward, intestinum, an intestine, from within, from in, in; akin intus, interior.] Internal with regard to a state or country; domestic; not n. The canal or tube that foreign. extends with convolutions from the stomach to the anus; pi. entrails intestinal, or viscera in general. Pertaining to the in«tes'ti«nal, a. body. intestines of an animal the intestine or Intestinal canal, tube through which food passes in

—

being digested. inthrall, inthral, irvthral

,

v.t.

To

enthral.

inthrone, in»thron', v.t. intimate, in'ti«mit, a. I.,

intimus,

To

enthrone.

[Fr.

intwic,

inmost, superl. of obs. interior.] Inward

interus, internal,

intertwist, in«ter«twist', twist.]

To

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

:

intoxicate

and view; Fr. entrevue.) A meeting between two or more persons face

commerce.

—

452

spi'nal, in«ter«spi'nus, a. [Prefix inter, and spine.} Anat. lying between the

mission (I.C.C.), established by the U.S. in 1887 to regulate commerce between the states, especially rail-

—

;

or internal^; close in friendship; on very familiar terms (also refers to very close illicit sex relationship^; as regards connection or relation (an

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

in'ti«ma«si,

intimate.

The

n.

of being

state

— intimately,

in'ti«mit«li,

adv. In an intimate manner. intimate, in'ti«mat, v.t. intimated,

—

intimating. [L. intimo, intimatum, to publish or make known, from intimus, inmost, intimate.] a. To hint, indicate, or suggest:}:; to announce; intimation, in«to make known. ti«ma'shon, n. [L. intimatio.] The act of intimating; a hint; an explicit announcement or notification. intimidate, in«tim'i«dat, v.t. intimidated, intimidating. [L.L. intimido, intimidatum L. in, intens., and timidus, timid.] To inspire with fear; to dishearten; to cow; to deter by threats. intimidation, uvtim'i«da"shon, n. The act of intimidating; the deterring of a person by threats

—

—

— —

or otherwise. intitle, uvti'tl. See entitle. into, into, prep. [A. Sax. in

and

being the adv.

to,

in

the prep.] A compound preposition expressing motion or direction toward the inside of, whether literally or figuratively; or expressing a change of condition (to go into a house, to fall to

into a fever).

intolerable, in«tol'er»a«bl, tolerabilis

—

in,

and

not,

a.

[L. in-

tolerabilis,

bearable, from tolero, to bear, tolerate.] Not to be borne or endured; unendurable; insufferable. intolerableness, intolerability, in-tol er«a«bl«nes, in«torer«a«bil"i«ti, n. The state or quality of being intolerable. intolerably, in«tol'er»a»bli, adv. In an intolerable manner; unendurably. intolerant, in«tol'er«ant, a.

—

—

—

—

[L.

intolerans, intolerantis in, not, and tolero, to bear.] Not enduring; not able to endure (an animal intolerant of cold) ; refusing to tolerate others in the enjoyment of their opinions, rights, or worship; unduly

impatient of difference of opinion

on the part of

others.

— intolerantly,

In an intolerant manner. intolerance, in»tol'er«ans, n. The quality of being intolerant; want of toleration; want of capacity to endure. in'tol'er«ant«li, adv.

—

intomb,

in«tdm',

v.t.

intonate, in to«nat,

To

r.i.

entomb.

[L. at, in,

and

tonus, tone.] To modulate the voice; to sound the notes of the musical scale. v.t. to pronounce with a incertain tone or modulation. tonation, in«to»na shon, n. The act

—

or manner of intonating; modulation of the voice musically as in reading the act of intoning; utterance with a special tone. intone, in«ton ', l .:'. To use a musical monotone in pronouncing or repeating; to chant. v.t. To pronounce with a musical tone; to chant. intort, in«tort', v.t. [L. intorqueo, intortum in, and torquco. to twist. to torture.] To twist inward; wreathe. intortion, in«tor'shon, n. A winding or twisting inward. intoxicate, in«tok si«kat, v.t. intoxiCOUdt intoxicating. [L.L. intoxico, intoxicatum L. M, and toxicum, poison^ Gr. toxikon, a poison in

—

—

—

—

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

—

—

— —

which arrows were dipped, from

—

—

intrigued, intriguing. trigue; to engage in

To form

tre'ger,

an in-

an intrigue; to

carry on a liaison.

intriguer, in«-

One who

intrigues. in«treg'ing, p. and a. Addicted to intrigue. intriguingly, in»treg'ing«li, adv. In an intriguing n.

intriguing,

—

manner. intrinsic, intrinsical, in«trin'sik, in-

—

[L.

intra, intrinsecus secus, beside, from root of sequor, to follow (whence sequence).] Inherent; essential; belonging to the thing in itself; not extrinsic or accidental (the intrinsic trin'si«kal,

inward,

manner.

from L. dorsum, back.] and lower line Arch, extrados. or curve of an arch, intramundane, in«tra«mun'dan, a. [Prefix intra, and mundane.] Being within the world; belonging to the material world. n. [Fr.,

within, and the interior

value

a.

in,

in,

and

gold or — intrinsically, of

merit). kal«li,

in its ently.

silver,

to come to a settlement.] Refusing to agree or come to a settlement; irreconcilable. n. An irreconcilable person. intransitive, in«tran'si«tiv, a. [Prefix in, not, and transitive.] Gram, expressing an action or state that is limited to the subject; not having an object (an intransitive verb). intransitively,, in«tran'si»tiv«li, adv. In an intransitive manner. intrant, in'trant, a. [L. intrans, intrantis, ppr. of intro, to go into, to enter.] Entering. n. One who makes an entrance; one who enters upon public duty or office. intrastate, in'tra«state, a. Within a

adv. By intrinsic character; nature; essentially; inher-

—

preliminary or preparatory in»tro«du'ser, introducer, One who introduces. intron. duction, in»tro«duk'shon, n. [L. introduction] The act of introducing, bringing in, making persons acquainted, etc.; the part of a book or discourse which precedes the main work, and which gives some general account of its design and subject; a preface or preliminary discourse; a treatise introductory

with

matter.

to more elaborate works on the same introductive, in«tro«duk subject. Serving to introduce. tiv, a. a. in»tro«duk'to«ri, introductory, Serving to introduce something else serving as or given by way of an introduction; prefatory; preliminary. introit, hvtro'it, n. [L. introitus, an entrance, from intro, within, and initial.] R. Cath. Ch. eo, to go. the beginning of the mass; a piece sung or chanted while the priest proceeds to the altar to celebrate

shipping of goods.

—

the veins.

intrepid, imtrep'id, in,

not,

and

a. [L. intrepidus trepidus, alarmed.

trepidation.] Fearless; bold; brave;

undaunted.

—

intrepidity, in«tre»Fearlessness; fearless bravery in danger; undaunted courage. intrepidly, in»trep'id«li, adv. In an intrepid manner. intricacy. See intricate. intricate, in'tri«kit, a. [L. intricatus, pp. of intrico, to entangle— in, into, and tricoe, trifles, hindrances, as in extricate; akin intrigue.] Entangled; involved; difficult to unravel or pid'i»ti, n.

—

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

—

self, to another); to bring into use or practice (a custom, etc.); to bring fashion, before the public; to bring into a country; to bring forward (a topic)

intravenous, in'tra«ve"nus, a. [Prefix intra, and venous.] Introduced within

—

—

—

—

n.

—

:

imtrd'der, n. One who intrusion, hvtro'zhon, n. The act of intruding; unwarrantable entrance; law, an unlawful entry into lands and tenements void of a possessor by a person who has no right to the same; geol. the penetrating of one rock, while in a melted state, into fissures, etc., of other rocks. intrusive, in«tro'siv, a. Characterized by intrusion; apt to intrude; of the nature of an intrusively, in«tro'siv»li, intrusion. In an intrusive manner. adv. intrusiveness, n. intrust, in«trust', n. See entrust. intubation, in«tub»a'shon, n. [L. in, The process of in, tuba, tube.]

intruder, intrudes.

—

inserting a tube into a body organ to keep it open. intuition, in«tu«ish'on, n. [From L. intueor, intuitus, to look upon, to contemplate in, in, upon, and tueor, to look (whence tutor, tuition).] Philos. the act by which the mind perceives the agreement or disagreement of two ideas, or the truth

a musical composition designed for opening the church service.

ted, ),

job;

intromiting.

ng, sing;

[L.

TH,

v.t.

— intromi-

intromitto

then;

That which can be

truding. [L. intrudo— in, in, into, and trudo, to thrust, as in detrude, obtrude, protrude, abstruse.] To thrust one's self forwardly or unwarrantably into any place or position; to force one's self upon others; to encroach; to enter unwelcome or uninvited into company; geol. to penetrate, as into fissures or between the layers of rocks. v.t. To thrust in, or cause to enter without right or welcome often with the reflexive pronoun.

mass;

intromit, in«tro«mit',

in'tro«vert.

introverted; psych, one inclined to introversion, in'tro— introversion. ver"shon, n. Turning inward; psych. interest directed inward. intrude, in«trod', v.i. intruded, in-

one person, one's

—

state, as intrastate

and mitto, missum, to send.] To send in, put in, or let in. v.i. Scots law, to intermeddle with intromitthe effects, of another. tent, in«tro«mit'ent, a. Letting or conveying into or within. intromitter, in«tro«mit'er, n. One who intromission, intromits. in»tro«mish'on, n. The act of sending or letting in; admission; Scots law, the transactions of an agent or subordinate with the money of his superior. introrse, hvtrors', a. [L. introrsum, inward intro, within, and versus, pp. of verto, to turn.] Turned or facing inward; turned toward the axis to which they appertain, as the anthers in plants. introspect, in«tro»spekt', v.t. [L. introspicio, introspectum intro, within, and specio, to look.] To examine in depth; to look inside of. v.i. To look inward; to contemplate introone's thoughts or feeling. spection, in«tro«spek'shun, n. introspective, in«tr6«spek'tiv, a. introvert, in«tro«vert', v.f. [L. intro, within, and verto, to turn.] To turn inward ; to turn thought on oneself. intro, within,

intrinsic

nvtrin'si*-

intramural, in'tra«mu'ral, a. [Prefix introduce, in«tro«dus', v.t. introintra, and mural.] Being within the duced, introducing. [L. introduco walls or boundaries, as of a univerintro, within, and duco, to lead. sity, city, or town; of activities duke.] To lead or bring in; to carried on within the confines of conduct or usher in; to pass in; a college, company, etc.; athletics, to put in; to insert; to make known games between various teams formed by stating one's name; often used within a university, company, etc. of the action of a third party with intransigent, in«tran'si«jent, a. [Fr. regard to two others; to bring to be intransigeant, from L. in, not, and acquainted; to present (to introduce transigo, to transact,

— —— — ——

intuition

follow out in all the windings; complicated. intricately, in'tri*kitdi, adv. In an intricate manner. intricacy, in'tri«ka«si, n. The state of being intricate or entangled; a winding or complicated arrangement; entanglement; complication. intrigue, in«treg' or in'treg, n. [Fr. intriguer, from L. intrico, to entangle. intricate.] A plot or scheme of a complicated nature, and especially political in character; the plot of a play, poem, or romance; an illicit intimacy between two persons of different sexes; a liaison. v.i.

toxon, a bow.] To inebriate; to make drunk, as with spirituous liquor; fig. to excite the spirits of to a very high pitch; to elate to enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness, v.i. To have the power of intoxicating, or making in«tok'si«kant, drunk. intoxicant, n. That which intoxicates; an intoxinicating liquor or substance. toxication, in«tok si«ka"shon, n. The act of intoxicating; the state of being intoxicated ; inebriation ; drunkenness. intracellular, in»tra«seriu»ler, [L. intra, within, cellula, a little cell.] Within a cell. intractable, in»trak'ta«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and tractable; L. intractaNot tractable; not to be bilis.] governed or managed; perverse; intractableindocile. refractory; ness, intractability, in«trak ta«bl«nes, in«trak'ta«bil"i'ti, n. The quality intractably, of being intractable. in«trak'ta«bli, adv. In an intractable

intra,

——— —— —

-;

453

intracellular

intrados, imtra'dos,

—— —

——

th, thin;

of things immediately, and without reasoning and deduction; a truth discerned by the mind directly and necessarily as so; a truth that cannot be acquired by, but is

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— ——

intumesce in experience. intuitional, in«tu«ish'on«al, a. Pertaining to, de-

rived from, or characterized by intuition intuitive. intuitionalism, in«tu«ish'on«al«izm, n. The doctrine that the perception of truth is from

—

;

intuition.

—intuitive,

in«tu'i«tiv,

a.

Perceived by the mind immediately without the intervention of reasoning; based on intuition; received or obtained by intuition; having the power of discovering truth without

—

reasoning. intuitively, in«tu'i«tiv«li, adv. In an intuitive manner;

by intuition. intumesce, in«tu«mes',

— intuintumesco— v.i.

mesced, intumescing [L. in, and tumesco, to begin to swell, incept, of tumeo, to swell, tumid.] To enlarge or expand with heat; to swell out in bulk. intumescence, uvtu«mes'ens, n. The state or process of intumescing. intussuscept, in'tus«su»sept" v.t. [L. intus, within, and suscipio, to take or receive, susceptible.] To take into the interior; to receive by intussusception, intussusception. in'tus»sus«sep"shon, n. The reception of one part within another; the descent or doubling in of a higher portion of intestine into a lower one; the act of taking foreign matter into the substance of a living body; the process by which nutriment is absorbed into and goes to form part of the system. intwine, in»twin', v.t. intwined, intwining. To twine or twist in or together; to wreathe; to entwine. .

—

—

—

inunction, in«ungk'shon, n. [L. unctio, inunctionis, from inungo, unctum, to anoint.] anointing; unction.

The

inin-

action of

inundate, in'un«dat or in«un'dat,

v.t.

inundated,

inundating. [L. inundo, inundatum — and undo, to overin,

flow (also in abound), from unda, undulate.] To spread or a wave, flow over; to overflow; to deluge; to flood; to submerge; to fill with an overflowing abundance or superfluiinundation, in«un«da'shon, n. ty. [L. inundatio.] The act of inundating or state of being inundated; a flood; a rising and spreading of waters

—

— —

over low grounds. inundant, in«un'dant, a. Overflowing; inundating. inure, in»ur', v.t. inured, inuring. [Prefix in, in, and obsol. ure, operation, work, from O.Fr. eure, Mod. Fr. ceuvre, from L. opera, work.

The

-ure of this

word

therefore

ure of manure, operate.] To apply or expose in use or practice till use gives little or no pain or inconvenience, or makes little impression; to habituate; to accustom (to toil or hardships). inurement, in«ur'ment, n. The act or process of inuring.

—

inurn, in«ern', v.t. [Prefix in, and urn.] To put in an urn, especially a funeral urn; hence, to bury; to entomb. (Poet.) inutility, in«u«til'i«ti, n. [Prefix in, not, and utility; L. inutilitas.] The quality of being useless or unprofitable; uselessness; unprofitableness. invade, in«vad', v.t. invaded, in-

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

inverse

—

vading. (L. invado in, into, and vado, to go, seen also in evade, pervade; akin wade.} To enter with hostile intentions; to enter as an enemy, with a view to conquest or plunder; to enter by force; to make an inroad or incursion on; to intrude upon; to infringe, encroach on, or violate (rights or privileges). v.i. To make an invasion. invader, hvva'der, n. One who invades. invasion, hvva'zhon, n. [L. invasio, from invado.] The act of invading; a hostile entrance into the country or possessions of another; an attack on the rights of another. invasive, in«va'siv, a. Tending to invade;

—

—

aggressive.

invaginate,

in«vaj'i»nat, v.i. [L. in, in, into, and vagino, a sheath.] enter as into a sheath; to enter by intussusception into another part. invagination, in»vaj'i'na"shon, n.

To

Anat. the reception of one part within another by being doubled backward; intussusception. invalid, hvval'id, a. [Prefix in, not, and valid; L. invalidus.] Not valid; of no force, weight, or cogency; weak (an invalid argument); law, having no force, effect, or efficacy; void; null.

n.

(in'va«lid).

from Fr. invalide.] is weak and infirm; ill health; one who

A

[Directly

person

who

a sufferer

from

is disabled for especially a soldier or seaman worn out in service. a. In ill health; infirm; disabled for active service. v.t. To render an invalid; to enroll on the list of invalids in the military or naval invalidate, in«val'i«dat, v.t. service. invalidated, invalidating. To render invalid or not valid; to render or effect. legal force of no invalidation, in«val'i»da"shon, n. Act invalidism, in'va*of invalidating. lid«izm, n. The condition of being an invalid. invalidity, in«va«lid'i«ti, n. Want of validity; want of cogency; want of legal force or efficacy. invaluable, in»val'u»a»bl, a. [Prefix Precious in, not, and valuable.] above estimation; so valuable that

active

service,

—

—

—

—

worth

its

cannot

—

be

estimated;

invaluably, inestimable. a«bli, adv. Inestimably.

in«val'u«-

n. [From invariable.] alloy of nickel and steel which practically unaffected by extremes

invar, in'var,

An is

of temperature. invariable, in«va'ri»a«bl, in,

not,

and

variable.]

[Prefix variable;

a.

Not

constant in the same state; always uniform; never varying. n. Math. an invariable quantity; a constant. invariableness, invariability, in«va'ri»a«bl«nes,

in«va ri«a«bil"i«ti,

—

n.

of not varying. invariably, in«va'ri«a»bli, adv. Constantly; uniformly; always. invasion, invasive. See invade. invective, in«vek'tiv, n. [Fr., from L. State

invectivus, abusive,

inveigh,

inveigh.]

from inveho,

A

to severe or vio-

lent utterance of censure or

reproach

something uttered or written intended to cast opprobrium, censure, or reproach on another; railing a. Containlanguage; vituperation.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

— —

—

;

454

—

assumed

—

note, not,

move;

ing invectives; abusive; vituperative. in«vek'tiv«li, adv. In an invective manner; abusively. invectiveness, in«vek'tiv«nes, n. The quality of being invective or vitu-

—invectively, perative.

inveigh, in«va', v.i. [L. invehor, to attack with words, to inveigh against

—

into, against, and veho, to in, To utter inveccarry, vehicle.] tives; to exclaim or rail against a person or thing; to utter censorious or opprobrious words; with against. inveigher, in-va'er, n. One who inveighs or rails; a railer. inveigle, in-ve'gl, v.t. [Norm, enveogler, to inveigle, to blind, for Fr. aveugler, to blind, from aveugle, blind L. ab, not, and oculus, the eye. ocular.] To persuade to something evil by deceptive arts or flattery; to cajole into wrongdoing; inveiglement, to entice; to seduce. in»ve'gl«ment, n. The act of inveiinveigler, in«ve'gl«er, n. One gling. who inveigles. invent, in«vent', v.t. [Fr. inventer, from L. invenio, inventum, to come upon, to find in, upon, and vertio, to come, as in advent, convent, conventure.] vene, prevent, etc. contrive and produce; to devise, make, or construct as the originator of something that did not before exist; to frame by the imagination; to excogitate; to concoct; to fabri-

—

—

—

—

To

—

.'. cate. under discover. Syn. inventible, in»ven'ti«bl, a. Capable of being invented. invention, in«-

—

ven'shon,

n. [L. inventio, inventionis.]

The

act of inventing; the contrivance of that which did not before exist; origination; something invented or contrived; a contrivance; the power of inventing; that skill or ingenuity which is or may be employed in contriving anything

new; that faculty by which a poet or novelist produces plots, incidents, and characters, etc. inventive, in»yen'tiv, a. Able to invent; quick at invention or contrivance; ready at expedients. inventively, in»ven tiv«li, adv. By the power of invention. inventiveness, in«ven'tiv«nes, n. The faculty of inventing. inventor, inventer, in«ven'tor, hvvent'er, n. One who invents or creates some new contrivance or device. inventory, in'ven«to»ri, n. [L. inventarium, an inventory, lit. a list of

—

—

—

—

goods found

in a place,

from

invenio.

invent.] A list containing a description, with the values, of goods and chattels, made on various occasions, as on the sale of goods, or at decease of a person; any catalogue of goods or wares; a catalogue or account of particular things. v.t.

—

inventorying. To make an inventory, list, catalogue, or schedule of; to insert or register in an account of goods. inventorial, in»vcn«t6'ri»al, a. Of or pertaining to an inventory. inventorially, in«ven«to ri-aMi, adv. In the manner of an inventory. inverse, in«vers', a. [L. inversus, pp. of imerto in, on, to, and verto, to turn, as in advert, convert, revert, inventoried,

—

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — — —

—

—

—

invert subvert,

Opposite in

the Papacy for the right of investing bishops and others with ecclesiastical or feudal dignities and rights. investment, in«vest'ment, n. The act of investing; the act of besieging by an armed force; the laying out of money in the purchase of some species of property; money laid out

order or relation ; inverted; having what usually is or should be after placed before; proceeding the backward or reverse way; math, opposite in nature and effect; thus, subtraction is inverse to addition, division to multiplication. Inverse proportion, proportion such that one thing is greater or less as another is less inversely, in»vers'li, adv. or greater. In an inverse order or manner; in

n. in'vert.

ver'ted,

and

p.

contrary

a.

direction;

down; changed

Turned turned

—

—

tigates.

inveterate,

invertible,

in«ver'ti«bl,

—

invidious, in»vid'i«us, a. [L. invidiosus, from invidia, envy, invidus, enenvy.] Envious^; likely to vious, bring on envy, ill will, or hatred; likely to provoke envy; entailing

a.

a. [Pre-

in, not, and vertebrate, vertebra.] Destitute of a backbone or vertebral column; morally or mentally without stamina or backbone. invertebrate, in«ver'te«brat, n. An animal belonging to a major division of the animal kingdom, including all animals that have no vertebral column or spine. invest, in«vest', v.t. [L. investio in, and vestio, to clothe, from vestis, a

odium

(invidious distinctions, prefinvidiously, in«erence, position). vid'i«uS'li, adv. In an invidious maninvidiousness, in«vid'i«us«nes, ner. n. The quality of being invidious.

invigorv.t. ated, invigorating. [L. in, intens., and vigor.] To give vigor, strength. vigor to; to cause to feel fresh and vigorous; to strengthen; to give life and energy to. invigoration, in«vig'o»ra"shon, n. Act of invigorating; state of being invigorated. invincible, in«vin'si«bl, a. [L. invincinot, and vincibilis, conin, bilis querable, from vinco, to conquer.

—

—

rank, or dignity; milit. to enclose or surround for the purpose of besieging; to lay siege to; to lay out (money or capital) on some species of property, usually of a permanent nature, and with the purpose of getting a return (to invest money in

vestment.

—

v.i.

To make

Incapable of being conquered or subdued; incapable of being overcome; unconquerable; invictor.]

superable.

—

ch,

Sc. loch;

go;

is

invincible.

invincibility, invincibleness, in«-

—

The

invinquality of being invincible. cibly, in«vin'si'bli, adv. In an invin-

an in-

g,

One who

n.

vin'si»biri«ti, in»vin'si«bl«nes, n.

investiture, in»ves'ti«cher, n. The act of investing; the act or right of giving possession of an office, dignity, etc.; that which invests or clothes; clothing; covering (poet, in this sense); the long medieval contest between Kings and ch, chain;

—

invigorate, in«vig'or«at,

garment, vest.] To put garments on; to clothe, to dress, to array: usually followed by with, sometimes by in, before the thing put on; to clothe, as with office or authority; to place in possession of an office,

shares).

—

—

—

cible

manner; unconquerably;

in-

superably. inviolable, in«vro«la«bl, labilis

—

may be late, j,

;'ob;

—inviolately,

in'vi'o«lat«li,

bl«nes, in«viz'i«biri«ti, n. The state of being invisible; imperceptibleness invisibly, in«viz'i«bli, to the sight. adv. In an invisible manner; imperceptibly to the eye. invite, nrvit', v.t. invited, inviting. [L. invito, to invite, perhaps for in, and root of vox, invicto, invecto voice.] To ask, request, bid, or call upon to do something; to summon; to ask to an entertainment or to pay a visit; to allure or attract; to tempt to come. v.i. To give invitation; to allure or entice. n. An invitation. invitation, in«vi— (Genteel slang.) ta'shon, n. [L. invitatio, invitationis.] The act of inviting; solicitation; the requesting of a person's company as to an entertainment, on a visit, or

—

—

—

—

the

like.

—invitatory,

in«vi'ta«to«ri, a.

Using or containing

time.

fix

bank

in-

—

a

invertebrate, in«ver'te«brit,

[L.

a.

veteran.] Firmly established by long continuance; deep-rooted or ingrained in a person's nature or constitution; firmly fixed by time or habit (inveterate disease, custom); confirmed in any habit by practice inveterately, (an inveterate bar). in«vet'er«it'li, adv. In an inveterate manner. inveteracy, in«vet'er«a«si, n. The state or quality of being inveterate; obstinacy confirmed by

in«to a

its

in

as

in«vet'er«it,

veteratus, pp. of invetero, to render old in, in, and vetus, veteris, old.

curve turned downsewer, in foundations, etc. Inverted commas, commas turned upside down to mark the beginning of a quotation, the end being indicated by apostrophes.

ward,

inviolable.

adv. In an inviolate manner. inviolateness, in«vi'o«lat«nes, n. invisible, in«viz'i«bl, a. [Prefix in, not, and visible; L. invisibilis.] Incapable of being seen; imperceptible by the sight. Invisible green, a shade of green so dark as scarcely to be distinguishable from black. invisibleness, invisibility, in«viz'i«-

—

the apex in an opposite direction to that which is normal. Inverted arch,

an arch with

unprofaned; unpolluted; unbroken;

research or examination into. investigable, in«ves'ti«ga'bl, a. Capinvestiable of being investigated. gation, in«ves'ti«ga"shon, n. [L. investigate, investigationis.] The act of investigating; the process of inquiring into a subject; research; inquiry. investigative, in«ves'ti»ga«tiv, a. Given to or concerned with investigation. investigator, in»ves'ti»ga«ter, One who invesn.

upside having

in order; hot.

—

—

A homosexual;

—inverted,

inviolable manner; without violation or profanation.— inviolability, inviolableness, in'vi'o«la«bil "i«ti, in«vi'o«la«bl«nes, n. The state or quality of being inviolable. inviolate, in«vi"o«lat, a. [L. inviolatus.] Not violated;

—

—

something inverted.

—

—

inversion, in»inverse proportion. ver'zhon, n. [L. inversio, inversionis, from inverto, inversum.] The act of inverting or the state of being inverted ; a change of order or position so that what was after is now before, and vice versa; a making inverse in order; gram, and rhet. transposition of words so that they are out of their natural order ('wise was Solomon' for 'Solomon was wise'); mus. change of position, as of an interval or a chord; math, a change in the order of the terms of a proportion, so that the second takes the place of the first, and the fourth of the third. invert, in«vert', v.t. [L. invertere, inversum, from in, in, and vertere, to turn.] To turn upside down; to place in a contrary order or position; to put in inverse order or position.

or profaned; not to be polluted or treated with irreverence; not to be broken or infringed (agreement, secrecy); not to be injured or tarnished (chastity, honor); not susceptible of hurt or wound (Mil.). inviolably, in«vi'o»la«bli, adv. In an

for profit; that in which money is invested. investor, in«ves'ter, n. One who invests. investigate, in«ves'ti«gat, v.t. investigated, investigating. [L. investigo, investigatum in, and vestigo, to follow a track, to search, from vestigium, a track, vestige.] To search into; to inquire and examine into with care and accuracy; to make careful

—

—

invoke

455

verse.]

etc.

—— — —

—

not, violated,

in,

violate.]

ng, sing ;

a. [L. invioviolabilis, that

and from

Not

TH,

violo, to vio-

to

be violated

then;

th, thin;

invitations. inviter, hvvi'ter, n. One who invites. inviting, in* vi ting, p. and a. Alluring; tempting; attractive (an inviting invitingly, in«vi'ting«li, prospect). adv. In an inviting manner; attracinvitingness, in*vi'ting*nes, tively. n. Attractiveness. invocate, in'vo«kat, v.i. invocated, in, invocating. [L. invoco, invocatum and voco, to call, vox, voice, voice, vocal.] To invoke; to call on in supplication; to implore; to address invocation. in*vo*kain prayer. shon, n. [L. invocatio, invocationis.] The act of invoking or addressing in prayer; the form or act of calling for the assistance or presence of any being, particularly of some divinity. invocatory, in*v6'ka*to*ri, a. Mak-

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

ing invocation; invoking. invoice, in'vois, n. [Fr. envois, things sent, goods forwarded, pi. of envoi, a sending, a thing sent, from envoyer, to send L. in, and via, a way. envoy.] A written account of the particulars of merchandise sent to a purchaser, consignee, factor, etc., with the value or prices and charges annexed. v.t. invoiced, invoicing. To write or enter in an invoice. invoke, in*vok', v.t. invoked, invoking. [Fr. invoquer, L. invocare. INVOCATE.] To address in prayer; to call

—

—

—

on

for assis Lance

call for

and protection;

to

solemnly or with earnestness.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

——

— involucre

in»vo«lu

-

ker, in«vo«lu krum, n. [L. imolucrum, a wrapper or envelope, from involvo, to involve or wrap round in, and volvo, to roll, involve.] Bot. any collection of bracts round a cluster of flowers; atiat. a membrane which surrounds or encloses a part, as the

—

pericardium. involucral, in«vo»luPertaining to or having an involucre. involucrate, in«vo«lu'krat, a. Bot. having an involucre, as kral, a.

—

—

umbels, etc. involucel, in«vol'u«sel, n. [Dim. of involucre., involucrum.] Bot. the secondary involucrum or small bracts surrounding an umbellule of an umbelliferous flower. involuntary, in«vol'un«te«ri, n. [Prevoluntary.] Not voluntary; not able to act or not acting according to will or choice (an involuntary agent); independent of will or choice (an involuntary

fix

and

not,

in,

movement);

not

proceeding

from

choice; not done willingly; unwillinvoluntarily, in«vorun»te»ri»ing. li, adv. In an involuntary manner. involuntariness, in»vorun«te«ri«nes, n.

—

—

involute, involuted, in'vo«lut, in vo«lu«ted, a. [L. involutus, pp. of involve.] Involved; twistinvolvo. ed; confusedly mingled; bot. rolled inward from the edges said of leaves and petals in vernation and estivation; zool. turned inward at the margin: said of the shells of mollusks. n. A curve traced by any point of a tense string when it is unwrapped from a given curve. tu.,in«vo'lut' involuted, involuting. To curl up; involution, in«vo« return ^o normal. lu'shon, n. The action of infolding ; the state of being entangled or of being folded in complication arith. and alg. the raising of a quantity from its root to any power assigned; biol., the reverse growing process; degeneration; physiol. the aging process. involve, in«volv', v.t. involved, in:

—

—

;

;

— involvo—

in, into, and volving. [L. volvo, to roll, as in convolve, devolve, evolve, revolve, voluble, etc. wallow.] To roll or wrap up; to envelop in folds; to entwine; to envelop; to

cover with surrounding matter (involved in darkness); to imply or comprise, as a logical consequence (a statement that involves a contradiction) to connect by way of natural result or consequence; to entangle; to implicate; to complicate; to blend; to mingle confusedly; arith. and alg. to raise to any assigned power. .". Syn. under implicate. involved, ;

—

in«volvd',

p. and a. intricate.

entangled in«volv'ment, ;

—

n.

Complicated; involvement,

Act of involving.

invulnerable, in«vul'ner«a«bl,a. [Prefix in, not, and vulnerable; L. imulnerabilis.]

of being

—

—

456

involucrum,

involucre,

—— —

——

-

Not vulnerable; incapable wounded or of receiving

injury; unassailable, as an argument; able to reply to all arguments. invulnerableness, invulnerability, in«vurner«a'bil"i«ti, in«vul'ner«a«bl«nes, n. The quality or state of being invulnerably, in* vulinvulnerable. ner«a«bh, adv. In an invulnerable

—

manner. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Irish

inward, in'werd, a. weard prep, in, and

[A. Sax.

—

suffix

;

—

In an inward manner; internally; mentally; privately. inwardness, in werd«nes, n. The state of being inward or internal. inweave, in«wev', v.t. inwove (pret.), inwoven (pp.), inweaving (ppr.). To

—

—

—

v.t. inwreathed, inwreathing. [Prefix in, and wreathe.] To surround or twine, as with a wreath; to infold or involve.

inwrought, in'rat, p. and a. [Prefix in, and wrought.] Wrought or worked in or among other things. iodine, i'o»din, n. [Gr. iodes, resembling a violet (from its color) ion, a violet, and eidos, resemblance.] A nonmetallic element occurring as a grayish-black crystalline solid; used in medicine. Symbol, I; at. no., 53;

—

wt., 126.9044. iodic, i«od'ik, a. Pertaining to or containing iodine at.

silver). Iodic acid, an acid formed by the action of oxidizing

(iodic

agents on iodine in presence of water iodide, I'o«did, n. or alkalies. compound of iodine and another element; a salt of hydriodic acid. iodism, i'o'dizm, n. Pathol, a peculiar morbid state produced by the use of

—

A

—

—

iodize, I'o«diz, v.t. iodine. iodized, iodizing. treat with iodine; to impregnate or affect with iodine.

To

iodoform, i«od'o«form, n. A compound of carbon, hydrogen, and iodine, analogous to chloroform. iodol, i'od'61. [From iodine.] An antiseptic derived from coal tar. iolite, i'o'lit, n. [Gr. ion, a violet, and lithos, stone.] A mineral of a violet blue color; dichroite. ion, i'on, n. [Gr. ion, from eimi, go.] An atom or group of atoms having either a positive or a negative charge from having lost or gained one or more electrons. Ion exchange, a reversible transfer of ions between a solid and a solution without a substantial change in the make-up of the solid. ionize, i'on«iz, v.t. ionized, ionizing. To convert into ions; to cause ions in. v.i. To become conductors, by being changed into the form of ions. ionization,

—

—

—

i'on«i«za"shon, n. The conversion into ions. Ionization chamber, an enclosure where ionized gases are studied; a device for the calculation of the radioactivity of a substance by measuring the current resulting from the ionization of its escaping

—

—

ionosphere, i»on'o«sfer, n. vapor. That part of the earth's atmosphere which lies beyond the stratosphere, approximately 65 miles up. Ionic, i«on lk. a. Relating to Ionia, or Ionic order, to the Ionian Greeks. one of the five orders of architecture, the distinguishing characteristic of

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not.

which

inne-

-ward,

as in backward, toward, etc.] Internal interior; placed or being within; in or connected with the mind, thoughts, soul, or feelings, —adv. also inwards (in'werdz). Toward the inside; toward the center or interior, into the mind or thoughts.—*!, pi. the inner parts of an animal; the viscera. inwardly, in'werddi, adv.

weave together. inwreathe, in«reTH',

—

move;

capital.

consists in the volutes of its Ionic dialect, a dialect of

the ancient Greek language. iota, i«6'ta, n. [Gr. iota; hence jot.] Primarily the name of the Greek letter i, which in certain cases is indicated by a sort of dot under another letter (as oj) ; hence, a very small quantity; a tittle; a jot. I

O U,

i'ou, n. {A phonetic equivof / owe you.] A paper addressed to a person having on it these letters, followed by a sum, and duly signed; serving as an acknowledgment of a debt. alent

ipecac, ipecacuanha, ip'i*kak, i'pi— kak'U«an"a, n. [Tupi, ipekaaguene, from ipeh low kaa, leaves, and vomit.] A South American shrub from whose root a powerful emetic or expectorant is extracted; the drug itself. iracund,f i'ra«kund, a. [L. vracvmdm whence angry, from ira, anger; Angrv; passionate. ire, irate, etc.] guene,

,

(Carl.)

irade, i«ra di, n. [Turk.] A decree or proclamation of the Sultan of Turkey. Iranian, i«ra'ni«an, a. Pertaining to Iran, the native name of Persia; applied to certain languages, including Persian, Zend, and cognate tongues. irascible, i«ras i«bl, a. [L. irascibilis, from irascor, to be angry, from ira, anger, whence also ire, irate.] Readily made angry; easily provoked; apt to get into a passion; irritable. irascibility, irascibleness, i«ras i«bil"i«ti,

The

i«ras'i«bUnes, n.

—

quality

irascibly, i»ras of being irascible. i«bli, adv. In an irascible manner. irate, I«rat a. [L. iratus, angry, from irascible.] irascor, to be angry. Angry; enraged; incensed. ire, Ir, n. [O.Fr., from L. ira, wrath.] Anger; wrath; keen resentment. ireful, ir ful, a. Full of ire; angry; wroth. irefully, ir ful-li. adv. iridescent, ir«i«des ent, a. [L. iris, iridis, the rainbow.] Giving out colors like those of the rainbow; gleaming or shimmering with rainbow colors. iridescence, ir«i»des,

—

—

ens, n.

iridium, i«rid'i»um,

n. [L. metallic

A

rainbow.]

iris,

the

element one of the

resembling platinum; heaviest substances known. Symbol, Ir;

at.

no.,

77;

wt.,

at.

192.2.

iridosmine, iridosmium, ir«i»dosmin, ir«i«dos'mi«um, n. A native compound of iridium and osmium used for pointing gold pens. iris, Iris, n. pi. irises, i'ris-ez, irides, i'ri'dez (especially of the eye). [L. iris,

iridis,

Gr.

iris,

bow, the plant

iris,

iridos,

the

the rainof the

iris

The rainbow; an appearance resembling the rainbow; a kind of muscular curtain stretched vereye.]

of the eye, and part, colored perforated by the pupil for the transmission of light ; the fleur-de-lis, or flag flower, a plant of various tically in the anterior part

forming

its

species. Irish, i rish, a. Pertaining to Ireland or its inhabitants; Erse. n. The Irish lan guage; with plural significa-

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — —— —

—

;

irk

457

the people of Ireland. Irish moss, a seaweed of the Atlantic Ocean which, when dried and bleached, is used to keep solids in suspension, ^nd as a thickening in some cooking. Irish setter, a russet-colored hunting dog taught to stand rigid and point upon finding

me).

any

delay,

labor,

burden-

etc.).

— irk-

ijzer;

pi.

ironicalness, n.

Iroquois, ir'o»kwoi, n. sing., pi. An early Indian confederation of New York state, composed of Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas and later the Tuscaroras, referred to as the Five Nations; a member of one of these tribes. irradiate, ir«ra'di«at, v.t. irradiated, irradiating. [L. irradio, irradiatum—

fetters;

or on, and radius, a ray.] To illuminate or shed a light upon; to cast splendor or brilliancy upon; to illuminate ; to penetrate by radiation to treat for healing by radiation, as rays or ultraviolet rays. by that of in, in

—

Made

of iron; consisting of iron; iron, either really or metaphorically; hence, harsh, rude, severe; capable of great endurance; firm; robust; inflexible.—v.t. To smooth with an iron; to fetter or handcuff; to furnish or arm with iron. Iron Age, that cultural epoch chiefly distinguished by the use of iron; roughly, the last thousand years B. C. ironbark, i'ern»bark, n. Certain Australian' eucalypti with hard

for in, not, tional; void

—iron

Bound with

The al-li,

curtain, n. A censorship and restriction of freedom, as the boundary between Soviet-held territory and the free world. ironer, I'ren«er, iron n. horse, a locomotive. (Colloq.) iron lung, n. A device for forcing air into and out of the lungs by means of rhythmically changing pressure in a chamber surrounding the lungs. iron pyrites. PYRITES. ironsmith,

a. [Prefix ir

rational.]

Not

ir«rash'on»al«nes,

ra-

ir

ir»ri»kla

for in, not,

ma«bl,

;

being

—

flectional terminations ;geom. applied to a figure whose sides as well as

equal and similar bot. not having the parts of the same size or form, or arranged with symmetry. n. One not conforming to settled rule; especially, a soldier not in regular service. angles are not

j,

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

all

among themselves;

—irregularity,

irTeg'u«lar"i«ti,

n.

State or character of being irregular; want of regularity; that which is irregular; a part exhibiting or causing something to be irregular or impairing uniformity; an action or behavior constituting a breach of morality; vicious conduct. irregularly, ir«reg'u'ler«li, adv. In an irregular

—

manner. irrelative,

ir«rel a«tiv,

a.

without

[Prefix

ir

and relative.] Not relative; mutual relations. irrela-

for in, not,

—

tively, ir«rel'a«tiv«li, adv.

irrelevant,

irreconcilability, irreconcilableness,

yob;

and

Not

refutable; incapable of being refuted or disproved. irrefutably, ir»ri«fu'ta»bli or ir«refu«ta«bli, adv. In an irrefutable manner. irregular, ir»reg'u«ler, a. [Prefix ir for in, and regular.] Not regular; not according to rules, established principles, or customs; not conformable to the usual operation of natural laws; deviating from the rules of moral rectitude; vicious; not straight or uniform; gram, deviating from the common form in respect to the inrefutable.]

a.

n. One who is not to be reconciled; especially, a member of a political body who will not work in harmony with his co-members.

irrefragable.

fu'ta«bl, a. [Prefix ir for in, not,

a.

—

—

irrefragably, adv. In an irrefragable manner; incontestably. irrefutable, ir«ref u«ta«bl or ir«ri»-

[Prefix

A

;

—

ir«ref'ra«ga»bli,

and

ir for in, not, and reconcilable.] reconcilable; not to be reconciled; implacable (an enemy, enmity); incapable of being made to agree or be consistent; inconsistent.

ir«ri«du'si»bl, a. [Prefix and reducible.] Not

not,

irrefragability, incontrovertible. ir-refra-ga-bifi'ti, n. The quality of

n.

Not

for in,

reducible; incapable of being reduced. irrefragable, ir«ref'ra«ga«bl, a. [Prefix ir for in, not, and L. refragor, to withstand or gainsay re, back, and root of frango, to break, fraction.] Incapable of being refuted or overthrown incontestable undeniable

—

irreconcilable, ir«rek'on«si'la'bl,

—

g, go;

ir

reclaimable.] Incapable of being reclaimed or recalled from error or vice; incapable of being reformed; incorrigible. irreclaimably, ir«ri«kla'ma«bli, adv.

[Prefix

i'ern«smith, n. worker in iron, as a blacksmith, locksmith, etc. ironstone, n. general name applied to the ores of iron containing oxygen and silica. ironware, i'ern«war, n. Utensils, tools, and various light ch, Sc. loch;

irreducible,

irrationally, ir»rash'on«adv. In an irrational manner.

irreclaimable,

— —

ch, chain;

—

irredeemably, irTi»de'ma«rency. bli, adv. So as not to be redeemed.

condition or quality of being

irrational.

strict

A

and

rash'on«al"i»ti,

iron plates. barrier of

—

:

of reason or understanding; contrary to reason; absurd; math, not capable of being exactly expressed by an integral number or by a vulgar fraction; surd. irrationalness, ir«irrationality,

A

thick

shine.

—

change. irrational, ir«rash'on«al,

ironclad, a. Covered or clothed with iron plates; armor-plated. n. vessel prepared for naval warfare by being cased or covered, wholly or

with

to

rays;

diation, ir»ra'di«a"shon, n. Exposure to rays of all types ; use of X-rays in therapy; emission of radiant energy; use of radiation to induce chemical

iron; faced or surrounded with rocks; rugged (an ironbound coast).

partially,

emit

—

—

a.

X

To

v.i.

irradiance, irradiancy, ir«ra'di«ans, ir«ra'di«an«si, n. Emission of rays of light on an object; luster; splendor. irrairradiant, ir«ra'di«ant, a.

resembling

— bark. — ironbound,

ir«ri«de'ma«bl, a. [Prefix ir for in, not, and redeemable.] Not redeemable; not subject to be paid at its nominal value specifically applied to a depreciated paper cur-

—

chains; manacles; handcuffs. To have many irons in the fire, to be engaged in many undertakings. [Cast iron is iron direct from the smelting furnace (blast furnace), also called pig iron; wrought or malleable iron has to undergo the further process of puddling; steel is a variety of iron containing more carbon than malleable iron and less than cast iron.] a.

irredeemable,

i«-

—

comp. Skr. ayas, W.

cloth;

—ironical, ironic,

ir»ri«kuv'er«a«bl, a. for in, not, and recoverable.]

—

conveys

ron'i«kal, i«ron'ik, a. Relating to or containing irony; addicted to irony; using irony. ironically, i«ron'i«kal«li, adv. In an ironical manner.

—

smoothing

really

ir

Incapable of being recovered or regained; not capable of being restored, remedied, or made good. irrecoverableness, ir«ri«kuv'er«a«bl«nes, n. The state of being irrecoverirrecoverably, able. ir«ri«kuv'er»a«bli, adv. In an irrecoverable manner; beyond recovery.

A mode

disapprobation.

haiarn.] A metallic element, silver white, malleable, and ductile, widely found in combination, strongly attracted by magnets, and easily oxidized. Symbol, Fe (Latin ferrum) An inat. no., 26; at. wt., 55.847. strument or utensil made of iron; an instrument that when heated is used for

[Prefix

L. ironia,

eironeia, from eiron, a disin speech, from eiro, to

which apparent praise

—

D.

reconciliation.

irrecoverable,

of speech by which words express a sense contrary to that really intended; sarcasm, in speak.]

somely, erk'sum«li, adv. In an irksome manner. irksomeness, erksum«nes, n. iron, Tern, n. [A.Sax. iren, isen, Goth. eisarn,

n.

i'ron«i, n. [Fr. ironie,

from Gr. sembler

some; vexatious; giving uneasiness (irksome

A

—iron-

qualities.

irony,

—-irksome,

Wearisome;

—

—

root of work, wreak, and urge.] To weary; to give annoyance or uneasiness to; to be distressingly tiresome to; to annoy: used chiefly or only irks

ir«rek'on»si'la«biri«ti, ir«rek'on«si"la— bl«nes, n. The quality of being irrecirreconcilably, oncilable. ir«rek'on«si"la«bli, adv. So as to preclude

general name of the parts of a building, vessel, bridge, etc., which consist of iron; a work or establishment where iron is manufactured. irony, i'ern»i, a. Pertaining to or resembling iron in

irk, erk, v.t. [The same word as Sw. yrka, to urge, enforce, press, from

(it

in different countries.

work, i'ern«werk,

game.

impersonally erk'sum, a.

—

—

woods

;

irrelevant

of iron. ironweed, i«ern— wed, n. A plant of the genus Vernonia found in the eastern U.S. ironwood, n. The popular name given to several very hard and very heavy articles

tiorij

—

— —

;

th, thin;

ir

for

in,

irTel'e«vant, a. [Prefix not. and relevant.] Not

relevant; not applicable or pertinent; not bearing on the case in point or matter in hand. irrelevantly, ir—

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— ;

irreligion

458

adv. In an irrelevant irrelevance, irrelevancy,

rel'e«vant«li,

manner.

—

ir«rel'e»vans,

ir«rel'e«van«si,

The

n.

quality of being irrelevant. lr'ri-lij'on, n. [Prefix ir for in, not, and religion.] Want of religion or contempt of it; impiety. irreligious, ir«ri«lij'us, a. Characterized by irreligion; disregarding or contemning religion; contrary to religion; profane; impious; ungodly. irreligiously, ir*ri«li}'us«li, adv. In an irreligious manner. irremeable,! ir«re-mi'a«bl, a. [L. ir for in, not, re, back, irremeabilis and meo, to go.] Not permitting of a person's return. irremediable, ir»ri«me'di»a«bl, a. [Prefix ir for in, not, and remediable.]

—

—

Incapable of being remedied or cured not to be corrected or redressed; irremediaincurable; irreparable.

—

—

bleness,

ir«ri»me'di«a«bl«nes, n. irremediably, ir«ri»me'di'a'bli, adv. irremissible, ir«ri«mis i»bl, a. [Prefix ir for in, not, and remissible.] Not remissible; unpardonable; not capable of being remitted.- irremissibly, ir«ri-mis'i«bli, adv. irremovable, ir«ri«m6'va«bl, a. [Prefix ir for in, not, and removable.] Not

—

immovable;

removable;

—irremovably,

inflexible.

ir«ri«mo'va»bli, adv.

—

In an irremovable manner. irremovability, ir«ri«m6'va«bil"i«ti, n. The quality or state of being irremovable. irreparable, ir«rep'a«ra«bl, a. [Prefix ir

for in, not,

and

Not

reparable.]

reparable; incapable of being reirreparabilipaired ; irremediable. ty, irreparableness, ir»rep'a»ra«bil"i»ti, ir«rep'a«ra«bl'nes, n. State of being irreparably, ir«rep'a«irreparable. ra«bli, adv. In an irreparable manner; irrecoverably. irrepressible, ir«ri«pres i«bl, a. [Pre-

—

—

fix ir for in, not,

and

Not

repressible.]

repressible; incapable of being repressed, restrained, or kept under irrepressibly, ir«ri«pres'i«control. In a manner or degree bli, adv. precluding repression. irreproachable, ir'ri«pr6ch'a»bl, a. [Prefix ir for in, not, and reproach-

—

Incapable of being reproached; not occasioning reproach; upright; innocent; faultless; unblemished. ir«ri«proch'a»irreproachableness, bl»nes, n. The quality or state of being irreproachable. irreproachably, ir«ri«pr6ch'a«bli, adv. In an irreproachable manner; faultlessly;

able.]

—

blamelessly.

irresistance,

ir«ri«zis'tans, n.

[Prefix

for in, not, and resist.] Forbearance irresistible, to resist ; nonresistance. ir

—

irTi«zis'ti»bl, a.

Not

undecided wavering given ;

resistible;

in-

to

—

;

doubt

hesitation; vacillating. irresolutely, ir«rez'o«lut«li, adv. In an irresolute manner. irresoluteness, ir«rez'o»lut«nes, n. The quality of being irresolute. irresolution, ir«rez'o»lu'shon, n. Want of resolution or decision; a fluctuation of mind; vacil-

—

—

lation.

irresolvable, ir«ri-zol'va»bl,

a. [Prenot, and resolvable.] Incapable of being resolved. irrespective, ir«ri«spek tiv, a. [Prefix ir for in, not, and respective.] Having no respect to particular circumstances: generally used in the prepositional phrase irrespective of, that is, leaving out of account. irrespectively, ir«ri«spek'tiv«li, adv. Without regard to certain circumstances (irrespectively of these matfix

for

ir

in,

—

ters).

irrespirable,

ir«ri«spi'ra«bl, a. [Prefix for in, not, and respirable.] Not respirable; unfit for respiration. ir

irresponsible, [Prefix

ir«ri«spon'si«bl,

and

for in, not,

ir

Not

Want

an irresistible manner; resistlessly. irresoluble,f ir«rez'o«lu»bl, a. [Prefix ir for in, not, and resoluble.] Incapable of resolution into parts; indissoluble.

— irresolubleness,

ir»rez'o»lu«bl'-

irresolute, ir«rez'o«lut,

a.

[Prefix

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

ir

;

of respon-

external bodies. tiv, a.

and

fix ir for in, not,

a.

irretraceable, fix

Not

and

irritable, ir'ri«ta«bl, a. [L. irritabilis.]

Capable or susceptible of being irritated; readily provoked or exasperated; of a fiery temper; physiol. susceptible of responding to or being irritability, acted upon by stimuli.

retraceable.]

irretrievable, ir«ri«tre'va«bl, fix ir for in, not,

and

a.

[Pre-

retrievable.]

Not

retrievable; irrecoverable; irreparirretrievably, ir«ri«tre'va«bli, able. adv. In an irretrievable manner; irrecoverably. irreverence, ir«rev'er«ens, n. [Prefix L. ir for in, not, and reverence;

—

Want of reverence or veneration; want of a due regard to the authority and character of a superior; irreverent conduct or an irreverent, ir«irreverent action. rev er«ent, a. [L. irreverens.] Exhibiting or marked by irreverence (person, conduct, words); wanting in respect irreverently, ir»revto superiors. er«ent«li, adv. In an irreverent manner; with want of reverence; disirreverentia.]

—

—

respectfully.

irreversible,

ir«ri«ver'si'bl, a. [Prefix for in, not, and reversible.] Not reversible; incapable of being re-

ir

—

irreversibly, ir«ri«ver'si«bli, versed. adv. In an irreversible manner; so as not to be reversed; immutably.

—

irritableness, ir'ri-ta*bil i«ti, ir ri«ta— bl«nes, n. The state or quality of being irritable. irritably, ir ri«ta«bli, adv. In an irritable manner. irritant, ir'ri«tant, a. [L. irritans, irritantis, ppr. of irrito.] Irritating; producing pain, heat, or tension; producing inflammation (an irritant poison). n. That which excites or irritates; a medical application that causes pain or heat (as a fly blister); an irritant poison. irruption, ir»rup'shon, n. [L. irruptio, irruptionis, from irrumpo, irruptum rupin, in, and rumpo, to break, ture.] A bursting in; a breaking, or sudden, violent rushing into a place; a sudden invasion or incursion. irruptive, ir«rup 'tiv, a. Rushing in or upon. Goth, ist, L. est, is, iz, [A. Sax. is Gr. esti, Skr. asti, is. am.] The 3rd, pers. sing, of the verb to be.

—

—

—

BE.

isagogic, i«sa»goj'ik,

a. [Prefix for in, not, and revocable.] Not to be recalled or revoked; incapable

the

;

ir»rev'o«ka«biri»ti, ir»rev'o«ka«bl«nes,

—

mutably. gating. [L. irrigo,

me, met,

her;

— irrigated, irrigatum — for

ir'ri«gat, v.t.

pine, pin;

irri-

ir

note, not,

study of theology.

[Gr.

cisago-

n.

theological exegesis.

study

in,

move;

cus,

from

—isagogics,

The department

i«sa«goj iks,

ischiadic, is«ki«ad

irrevState of being irrevocable. ocably, ir«rev'o«ka»bli, adv. In an irrevocable manner; irreversibly; imn.

a.

gikos, from eisago, to introduce in, into, and ago, to lead.] Introductory; especially, introductory to

irrevocable, ir«rev'o«ka«bl,

—

ir ri«ta»-

irritate.

Not

ir»ri»tra'sa«bl, a. [Pre-

for in, not, retraceable.

ir

—irritative,

Serving to excite or

[Pre-

responsive.]

responsive.

irrigate,

nes, n.

of irritating or state of being irritated; exasperation; angry provocation; feeling; feeling of heat and pain in a part of the body physiol. the change or action which takes place in muscles or organs when a nerve or nerves are affected by the application of

sibility.

irresponsive, ir«ri«spon'siv,

—

—

—

of being reversed, repealed, or annulled irreversible (fate, decree, etc.). irrevocability, irrevocableness,

quality of being irresistible. irresistibly, ir»ri«zis'ti«bli, adv. In

void, from in, not, and ratus, Scots law, rendering null and void. irritancy, ir'ri«tan«si, n. The state of being irritant or null and void. irritate, ir'ri«tat, v.t. [L. irrito, irritatum, to incite, stir up, provoke; perhaps from hirrire, to snarl.] To excite anger in ; to provoke ; to tease to exasperate; to excite heat and redness in, as in the skin or flesh; to inflame; to fret; physiol. to excite by certain stimuli; to cause to exhibit irritation, irritation. ir»ri»ta'shon, n. [L. irritatio, irritationis .] The act ratified.]

—

irresistibility,

The

make

responsible.]

ir

n.

—

a.

capable of being successfully resisted or opposed; resistless; invincible. ir«ri»zis'ti-bil"i»ti,

rain.] To bedew rigo, to water, or sprinkle; to water (land) by causing a stream to flow upon it and spread over it; to water by various irriartificial channels for water. gation, ir«ri«ga'shon, n. [L. irrigatio.] The act or operation of irrigating. irriguous, ir«rig'u«us, a. [L. irriguus.] Having many streams; well watered. (Mil.) irritant, ir'ri«tant, a. [L. irrito, to

and

responsible; not liable to answer irresponsibly, for consequences. ir«ri«spon'si»blij adv. In an irresponirresponsibility, ir«sible manner. ri'spon'si-biri'ti, n.

;

ischiadic

for in, not, and resolute.] Not resolute; not firm or constant in purpose;

or

irreligion,

—

introductory ik, a.

ischias,

of to

[L. ischiaJi-

sciatica,

from

ischium, Gr. ischion. the hip.] Pertaining to sciatica.— Ischiadic passion ischial, is ki«al, or disease, sciatica, Belonging to the ischium or hipischiatic, is«ki«at ik, a. Perbone.

a.

—

tube, rub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

— — ——

—— — —— —

Ishmaelite

cement,

Isis, i'sis, n.

One

of pendulums). I»sok'ron»aMi, adv. So as to be isochronal. isochronism, i«sok'ron«izm, n. State or quality of being isochronous. isoclinal, isoclinic, i«so«kli'nal, i«soklin'ik, a. [Gr. isos, equal, and klino, to incline.] Of equal inclination or dip. isodynamic, i'so«di«nam"ik, a. [Gr. isos, equal, and dynamis, power.] Having equal power or force. isogeotherm, i«soje'o«therm, n. [Gr. isos, equal, ge, the earth, and therme, heat.] An imaginary line or plane under the earth's surface passing through points having the same mean temperature. isogeothermal, I«so«je'o»ther"mal, a. Pertaining to isogeotherms. isogonic, i«so«gon'ik, a. [Gr. isos, equal, and gonia, an angle.] Having

of the chief deities

in the Egyptian mythology, regarded as the sister or sister- wife of Osiris. Islam, iz'larri, n. [At., from salama, to be free, safe, or devoted to God.] The religion of Mohammed, and

whole body of those who profess it throughout the world. Islamism, iz'Islamic, izdam'ik, a.

equal angles. Isogonic lines, lines connecting those places where the deviation of the magnetic needle from the true north is the same. isohel, i'so«hel, n. [Gr. helios, sun.]

also the

lam«izm,

n.

— —Islamite,

iz'lanwt, n. Islamize, iz'lam—

A Mohammedan. Iz, v.t.

or

i.

To conform to

A

Islamism;

island-land, from land, land; the

an island, due to

ig, s

ed,

is

isolable,

island.

isle.]

A

isobar, i'so«bar,

isolat-

isolare,

an

island.

To

or

similarity

—

islet,

little isle

il'et,

n.

[Gr.

and

—

equal,

have

but equal atomic masses isobaric, different atomic numbers.

i«so«bar'ik, a.

isocheim, I'so«kIm, n. [Gr. isos, equal, and cheima, cheimon, winter.] A line drawn on a map through places which have the same mean

—

similarity fus,

isochromatic, rso«kr6»mat"ik, a. [Gr. isos, equal, and chroma, color.! g,

go;

a.

—

of Israel, or Jacob; a Israelitish, ish, a.

j.,

;'ob;

I«son'o«mi,

ng, sing;

TH,

n.

[Gr.

then;

Jew.— Israelitic,

iz'ri«el«it"ik,

iz'ri«el»it"-

Pertaining to Israel; Jewish;

Hebrew. issue,

in

isomorphism.

isonomy,

to

Israelite,

A

form

Pertaining

predetermined axes, as some eggs. iz'ri«el«it, n. A descendant

having

I«so«mor'fizm, n. [Gr. morphe, form.] crystalline

a.

but different atomic weights. isotropic, i»so«trop'ik, a. [Gr. isos, equal, and trope, a turning, from trepo, to turn.] Phys. pertaining to bodies whose properties are the same in all directions; biol. without

isomorphous, i«so«morExhibiting the property of

minerals.

as Isocheim.

of

i«soth'er«al,

and topos, place.] Any of two or more forms of a chemical element having the same atomic number

isomeric, I»so»-

and

like,

equal,

surface passing through places having a corresponding temperature either throughout the year or at any particular period. isothermal, i«so»ther'mal, a. Pertaining to an isotherm or isotherms; marking correspondence in temperature. Isothermal line, an isotherm. isotonic, I»so«ton'ik, a. [Gr. isos, equal, and tonos, tone.] Having or indicating equal tones. isotope, i'so«top, n. [Gr. isos, equal,

object. isos,

isos,

An

marked by isotheres. isotherm, i'so«therm, n. [Gr. isos, equal, proper, and therme, heat.] An imaginary line on the earth's

as

isomorphism,

[Gr.

or

employing opposing forces, pushing against the in body itself or against an immovable such

theros,

eral,

ercises,

winter temperature. isocheimal, isochimal, i-so'kl'mal, a. Of the same mean winter temperature; marking places with the same mean winter temperature. Isocheimal line.

ch, Sc. loch;

but

n.

summer.]

imaginary line on the earth's surface passing through points having the same mean summer temperature. isoth-

of

isomerous, I»som'er»us, mer'ik, a. a. Bot. having organs composed each of an equal number of parts. isometric, isometrical, I«so«met'I«so«met'ri«kal, a. [Gr. isos, rik, equal, metron, measure.] Pertaining to, or characterized by, equality of Isometrical perspective or measure. projection, a method of drawing plans whereby the elevation and ground plan are represented in one view. isometrics, I»so«met'riks, n. Physiol, a series of physical ex-

n.

or some-

isos;

number

mass

different properties.

a.

surface.

isothere, i'so«ther,

ferences in structure, and therefore and chem. properties; phys. elements of the same atomic number

and

i«so«sis'-

[Gr. isos, equal, and seismos, an earthquake, from seid, to shake.] Marking equal earthquake disturbance on the earth's

a.

close

rights

isoseismic,

mal, I«so«sis'mik,

in

and baros, weight.] A line drawn on a map connecting places at which the mean height of the barometer at sea level is the same; isotopes of different chemical elements which

ch, chain;

insula,

—

It.

isoseismal,

elements in weight, but with dif-

thing similar.

Same

v.t.

isoler,

i'so»la«bl,

identity

— —

to

= ~L.

amount of

of

—

isomerism, i»som'er«izm, n. [Gr. isos, equal, and meros, a part.] Chem.

[O.Fr. isle, Fr. He, Prov. isla, from L. insula, an island. insulate.] An island. [Chiefly poet.] v.t. isled, isling. To cause to become or appear like an isle; to

[Dim. of

map through

a

place or leave in a detached situation; to place apart; elect, to insulate; chem. to obtain (a substance) free from all its comI«so«la'shon, binations. -isolation, n. State of being isolated or alone.

n.

isolate;

isola

insulate.]

i'lan»der, n. II,

[Fr.

isolating.

from

erroneous connection with L. insula, isle.] A tract of land O.Fr. isle, surrounded by water, whether of the sea, a river, or a lake; anything resembling an island; a safety zone in the middle of a street; the raised area located next to the flight deck on the starboard side of an aircraft v.t. To cause to become carrier. or appear like an island; to isolate; islander, to dot, as with islands. isle,

drawn on

places having the same bright sunshine. isolate, i'so«lat or is'o«lat,

Mohammedanize.

island, Hand, n. [From A.Sax. igland,

and

line

Equal law; and

law.]

n. [Gr. isos, equal, podos, the foot.] One of an order of crustaceans, comprehending those whose feet are of equal size and move in the same direction; the wood lice, and slaters are examples. isopyre, i'so«pir, n. [Gr. isos, like, and pyr, fire.] A variety of opal mixed with impurities. isosceles, i«sos'se«lez, a. [Gr. isoskeles isos, equal, and skelos, leg.] Having two legs or sides only that are equal (an isosceles triangle).

(as oscillations

also thin sheets

etc.;

distribution

and pous,

times — isochronally,

of mica.

and nomos,

equal

privileges.

i»sok'ron«us, a. [Gr. isos, equal, and chronos, time.] Uniform in time; of equal time; performed in equal

;

equal,

isopod, i'so'pod,

al,

Ishmael, whose hand was against every man and every man's hand against him one at war with society. Ishmaelitish, ish mi-eMt-ish, a. Like Ishmael or an Ishmaelite. isinglass, i'zing«glas, n. [Corrupted from D. huizenblas—huizen, a sturgeon, and bias, a vesicle, a bladder (akin to blow, bladder).] A gelatinous substance from air bladders of certain fishes, particularly species of sturgeon found in the rivers of Russia, used in clarifying liquors,

lit.

marking

color;

correspondence in tint as colored light passes through biaxial crystals. isochronal, isochronous, i«sok'ron—

Ishmaelite, ish'mi«el«it, n. [From Ishmael: Gen. xvi. 12.] A descendant of Ishmael; one resembling

to

issue

Having the same

joint.

———

—

459

taining to the ischium of the hip. ischium, is'ki»um, n. [Gr. ischion.] Anat. the posterior and inferior part of the pelvic arch at the hip

as a

—

isos,

th, thin;

ish'u,

n.

[Fr.

issue,

issue,

event, from O.Fr. issir, to go out, to flow forth, and that from L. exeo, exire, to go out ex, out, outlet,

and

eo, to

go

(in circuit, exit, initial,

itinerant.] The act of passing or flowing out; a moving out of any enclosed place; the. act of sending out; delivery (of commands, money, etc.); the whole quantity sent forth or issued at one time (an issue of paper money; yesterday's issue of the Times); what happens or turns out; event; consequence; progeny; a child or children; offspring; all persons descended from a common ancestor; a flux of blood (N.T.); surg. an artificial ulcer made in some part of the body to promote a secretion of pus; law, the close etc),

w,

«>ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—————

——

—— —

—— — — —— ——

———

isthmus

460

or result of pleadings; the point or matter depending in a suit on

metal tube with a closed rounded end heated by a metal bolt; used for fluting or gauffering. Italian warehouse, a name in England for shops

which two

parties join

and put

their

cause to trial; hence, a material point turning up in any argument or debate, when one party takes the negative, the other the positive side on an important point. At issue, in controversy; disputed; opposing or contesting. To join issue, to take issue, said of two parties who take up a positive and negative position respectively on a point in debate. v.i. issued, issuing. To pass, flow, or run out, as from any enclosed place; to proceed, as from a source; to rush out; to proceed,

—

as progeny; to be effect or result;

terminate.

v.t.

To

produced, as an to close, end, send out; to de-

liver for use; to deliver authoritatively (orders, etc.); to put (notes,

coin, newspapers) into circulation. issuable, ish'u«a«bl, a. Capable of being issued; admitting of issue

being taken upon

it.

issuance, ish'of issuing or

u«ans, n. The act giving out. issuer, ish'u«er, n. One who issues or emits. isthmus, is'mus, n. [L., from Gr. isthmos, a neck of land or narrow passage.] neck or narrow slip of land by which two continents are connected, or by which a peninsula is united to the mainland. isthmian, is'mi'an, a. Of or pertaining to ^

A

an

isthmus.

Isthmian games,

an-

Greek games celebrated at the Isthmus of Corinth, in the first and

cient

third

year

of

each

honor of Poseidon. it, it, pr on, [A. Sax. nom.

olympiad, in

neut. corresponding to he, he, genit. or pos.

and instrumental him; D. het, O.H.G. iz, G. es. pronoun of the neuter gender

dat.

his,

Goth, HE.]

hit,

ita,

A

corresponding with the masculine he and the feminine she, having the same plural they. Besides standing in place of neuter nouns it is used (1) as the nominative to impersonal verbs (it rains; it snows); (2) to introduce a sentence, preceding a verb as a nominative, but referring

member of the sentence following (it is well ascertained that the figure of the earth is an oblate spheroid); (3) for a preceding clause of a sentence (we have been defeated for the present, it is true); (4) to begin a sentence when a personal pronoun, or the name of a person, or a masculine or feminine noun follows, where it may represent any one of the three persons or of the three genders (as, it is I; it was they); (5) for state of matters, condition of affairs, or the like (has it come to this?); (6) after intransitive verbs to a clause or distinct

very indefinitely (to walk

it,

to run

The

possessive case its does not appear till a year or two before 1600, his being used both for the masculine and the neuter possessive. Italian, i«tal'yan, a. Pertaining to Italy. n. A native of Italy; the language used in Italy or by the it).

.'.

—

Italian iron, a smoothing consisting essentially of a

Italians.

iron,

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

groceries, including some products, are sold. Italian handwriting, the method of penmanship, practically the copperplate hand of clear lettering, adopted from Italy, opposed to the old Gothic script. Italianism, Italicism, i»tal'yan»izm, i«tal'i«sism, n. An Italian expression, manner, or custom. Italianize, i»tal'yan«Iz, v.t. To give an Italian color or character to. Italic, i«tal'ik, a. Pertaining to Italy; [not cap.] the name of a printing type sloping toward the right, invented about a.d. 1500 by Italian

—

Aldus Manutius, a Venetian

printer. [not cap.] italic letter or type. italicize, i«tal'i«siz, v.t. italicized, italicizing. write or print in italic characters; to distinguish

An

n.

—

To

by

—

jack

where

—

—— ——

—

italics.

itch, ich, n. [O.E. ichyn, gykin, A. Sax. giccan, to itch; G. jucken, to itch; D. jeuking, jeukte, Sc. yuik, itch.] sensation in the skin causing a great desire to scratch or rub; a cutaneous disease due to a minute species of mite; a constant teasing desire (an itch for praise). v.i. To feel an itch; to have an uneasy or teasing sensation impelling to someitch mite, n. The microthing. scopic animal which produces itch. itchy, ich'i, a. Infected with or having the sensation as if suffering

A

Pertaining

to

travel a route. itinerate, i«tin'er«at, v.i. itinerated, itinerating. To travel from place to place, particularly for the purpose

—

of preaching. Possessive case of the pronoun itself, it«self', pron. The neuter it. pronoun corresponding to himself,

its, its.

herself.

ivory, i'voTi,

[O.Fr.

n.

ivurie,

Fr.

from L. eboreus, made of from ebur, ivory; akin Skr.

ivoire,

ivory, ibha, an

elephant.] The substance of elephant tusks; a similar substance obtained from the tusks of the walrus, the hippopotamus, the narwhal, etc.; a color, like ivory, pi. Articles made of ivory, such as piano keys or dice. a. Consisting or made of ivory. ivory black, n. A fine black pigment, prepared from ivory dust by calcination. ivory nut, n. The seed of a South American palm, about as large as a hen's egg, and resembling ivory in texture and color; vegetable ivory. ivory palm, n. The tree which bears the ivory nut. ivy, i'vi, n. [A. Sax. ifig; akin to G.

O.G.

epheu.

ebeheu, ebah, ivy.)

An

evergreen climbing plant, growing in hedges, woods, on old buildings, rocks, and trunks of trees. ixtle, iks'tle, n. A name for a kind of fiber obtained in Mexico from a species of agave.

—

from itch. item, i'tem,

n.

[L.

item,

also.]

A

separate article; a particular; a piece of information; one thing in a list; itemize, i'tem«iz, a scrap of news. v.t. To list or state the items, to particularize.

—

tive, it'er«a«tiv, a. Repeating. itinerant, i«tin'er«ant, a. [L.L. itinerans, itinerantis, traveling, from L. iter, itineris, a way or journey; from

to go, seen also in circuit, exit, transit, ambition, initial, issue, perish, etc.] Passing or traveling i,

about a country or district; wandering; not settled; strolling. n. One

who

travels

itineracy,

from place

I«tin'er»a»si,

to place.

Practice itinerancy, Ntin'er*of itinerating. an«si, n. A passing from place to place; the passing from place to place in the discharge of official itinerantly, duty. i-tin er«ant«li, adv. In an itinerant, unsettled, or wandering manner. itinerary, !•tin'er«a«ri, n. [L.L. itinerarium.] A work containing notices of the places route of a journey and stations or trip; the outline of a prospective route to be taken in making a journey; the course of an official tour of royal or distinguished visitors. a.

me, met, her;

—

n.

—

;

pine, pin;

J,

j,

Tenth

ja,

alphabet,

sounding

—

iterated, iteratiterate, it'er«at, v.t. ing. [L. itero, iteratum, to do again, to repeat, from iterum, again, from id, it, with the comparative suffix; akin Skr. itara, another.] To utter or do a second time; to repeat. iteration, it»er»a'shon, n. [L. iteratio, Repetition; recital or iterationis.] performance a second time. itera-

root

J

note, not,

move;

jab, jab,

v.t.

seventh

g

like

and

English consonant,

letter in the

the i.

[

in genius. Imitative.] To stab,

n. A poke or quick thrust with something sharp. jabber, jab'er, v.i. [A form equivalent to gabble, Sc. gabber, freq. of gab,

as with a sharp stick.

to talk much or pertly, gab.] To talk rapidly, indistinctly, or nonsensically; to chatter. v.t. To utter

rapidly (to jabber French). n. Rapjabberer, indistinct utterance. jab'er«er, n. One who jabbers. jabiru, jab'iTO, n. [Brazilian name.] tall wading bird resembling the stork, a native of Africa and America. id,

A

jaborandi, jab«o«ran'di, n. [Brazilian.] A drug obtained from a Braplant of the rue family, causing increase of saliva and profuse zilian

perspiration.

jacana, zha se«na", n. The name of sundry tropical grallatorial birds, having very long toes, so that they can easily walk on the leaves of aquatic plants.

jacaranda, jak«a«ran'da,

n.

The name

of several Brazilian trees yielding fancy woods. jacinth, ja'sinth, n. The gem also called Hyacinth. jack, jak, n. [From Fr. Jacques, L. Jacobus, James; it came to be used as

a

familiar

substitute

for

common name

the

John, instead of for James.] [cap.] A sailor; a name of tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

——

;

assist a

person in

pulling off his boots; a bootjack; a contrivance for raising great weights by the action of screws; a contrivance for turning a spit; a blackjack; a small bowl thrown out for a mark to the players in the game of bowls a flag displayed from a staff on the end of a bowsprit; male of certain animals, as the ass; the fish more commonly called the pike; a young pike; any of the knaves in a pack of cards; pi. a game played with a half dozen small six-pointed metal pieces and a rubber ball; the metal pieces themselves; a receptacle with connections to electric circuits, into which a plug can be inserted. jackanapes, jak'a«napes, n. An impertinent or presumptuous fellow. jack-in-the-box, n. toy made of a box, out of which, when the lid is opened, a figure springs. jack-o'-lantern, n. lantern made from a hollowed pumpkin carved to

—

— jacobi—jacobinized,

jak'o«bin«iz, v.t. nizing. To taint with Jacobinism. Jacobite, jak'o«bit, n. [From L.

ism,

Jacquard loom,

An

tito, freq.

—

To

n. [L. jacjacto, freq. of jacio,

jet.]

dart; to

jade, jad,

A

n.

throw [Sc.

jaggery, jag'efi, n. [Hind jdgri.] In the East Indies sugar in its coarse state; imperfectly granulated sugar; also, the inspissated juice of the palmyra tree. jaguar, jag«war', n. [Brazilian jaguara.]

O.Fr. gaiole, a prison; L.L. gabiola, from L. cavea, a cage, coop, den, from cavus, hollow, cave.] A prison; a building or place for the confinement of persons arrested for crime; a lockup. v.t. To put in prison; to imprisjailbird, jal'berd, n. One who on. has been confined in jail. Jain, Jaina, jan, ja'na, n. One of a Hindu religious sect believing doctrines similar to those of Buddhism. Jainism, jan'izm, n. The doctrines of the Jains. jalap, jal'ap, n. [Fr. jalap; Sp. jalapa, purgative from Jalapa in Mexico.] medicine, principally obtained from the tuberous roots of a climbing plant of the convolvulus family, a native of Mexico. jalopy, ja«lop'i, n. [Origin unknown.] neglected or run-down automobile or airplane. (Slang) jalousie, zhal«6«ze', n. [Fr., from wooden jealous.] jaloux, jealous, frame or blind for shading from the sunshine, much used in hot countries; a Venetian blind. jail, jal, n. [Fr. geole,

—

—

—

A

A

A

jam, jam,

A

ly; a

young woman, used

— in

humor

—

To become

—

weary; to lose

spirit.

jaded, ja'ded, p. and a. Wearied jadish, ja'out; fatigued; harassed. dish, a. Like or pertaining to a jade. jade, jad, n. [Fr. jade from Sp. ijada, stone.] A kind of hard, colic ' tenacious gem or stone of a color more or less green, of a resinous or oily aspect when polished, capable of being carved, and used, especially by the Chinese, for ornaments. jag, jag, v.t.—jagged, jagging. [Origin doubtful; comp. W. and Gael, gag, a cleft or chink; Gael, gag, to notch.] To notch; to cut into notches or n. A teeth like those of a saw. notch or denticulation; a sharp protuberance or indentation; state of inebriation (slang).— jagged, jaged, p. and a. Having notches or laciniate. cleft; divided; teeth; jagger, jaggedness, jag ed«nes, n. jag'er, n. One who or that which

—

roller.

jackal, jak'al, n. [Fr. chacal, Turk, chakal, Per. shaghdi, shagdl, a jackal.] A carnivorous animal closely allied to the dog and the wolf; from an erroneous notion that the jackal hunted up prey for the king of beasts, he was often called the lion's provider, hence, a person who performs a similar office for another. ^ jacket, jak'et, n. [Fr. jaquette, dim. of jaque, a coat of mail, a jacket.] A short outer garment extending downward to the hips; an outer casing of cloth, felt, wood, etc.; a general term for an outside covering (a potato jacket); the outside covering of a book. v.t. To cover or furnish with a jacket. Jacobean, ja«ko'be»an, a. [L. Jacobus, James, from Heb. Jacob.) Arch.

tight position; to become unworkable, as a machine, because parts wedged together; to apply are

suddenly

with

brakes).

n.

force

Act

—

of

(jam on the

jamming;

—

jamb.] The side or vertical piece of any opening in a wall, such as a door or window. jamboree, janvbo-re', n. A boy scout assembly; a noisy gathering. jangle, jang'gl, v.i.—jangled, jangling. [O.Fr. jangler, gangler, from L.G. and D. jangelen, to brawl; imitative of sound.] To sound discordantly or harshly; to quarrel in words; to altercate; to bicker; to wrangle. v.t. To cause to sound harshly or inharmoniously; to utter in a discordant manner. n. Discordant sound; prate; babble. janitor, jan'i-ter, n. [L., from janua, a door.] A caretaker of a building. Janizary, jan'i«zcri, n. [Turk, yeni,

—

new, and

tcheri,

militia,

TH,

then;

th, thin

soldiers.]

A

not cap.] soldier of the Turkish footguards, a body originally [often

composed of Christian ng, sing;

a

crush of people. jamming, jam'ing, n. Radio, blocking radio messages by broadcasting noises, etc. on the same wavelength. jam session, n. A meeting of jazz musicians for the purpose of improvising together. jamb, jam, n. [Fr. jambe, a leg, a

jags.

;ob;

A

—

—

j,

to champ.]

conserve of fruits boiled with sugar and water. jam, jam, v.t. jammed, jamming. [Perhaps from jamb, pressing between two uprights or jambs.] To squeeze or press into a close or

out.

jaded, jadv.t. or slight contempt. ing. To ride or drive severely; to overdrive; to weary or fatigue. v.i.

from jam,

[Probably

n.

v.t.; related

a a

A

a powerful, cat family

found mostly in South America. Jahve, ya've, n. [Heb.] Jehovah.

yaud, jaud, an old

I eel. jalda, Prov. Sw. jalda, mare.] A mean or poor horse; worthless nag; a mean or vile woman; a hussy, used opprobrious-

The American tiger; member of the

spotted

mare;

A

go;

[From

frequent tossing of the body; restlessness; also, vain boasting; bragging. jaculate, jak'u«lat, v.t. [L. jaculor, jaculatus, to throw the javelin, from jaculum, javelin, jacio, to throw.]

player has a pair of jacks or something higher; unexpected success or winnings. jack rabbit, n. One of the large hares, several species of which have long ears and long hind legs, destructive to crops in the middle west and west. jackscrew, n. jack for lifting heavy objects. jacksnipe, n. small species of snipe. jackstone, n. children's game, played with small stones or metal pieces. jackstraw, n. A figure of a man made of straw; pi. a game played with straws or strips of wood, etc. jack towel, n. A coarse towel for general use,

g,

from

to throw,

when one

ch, Sc. loch;

jak«kard', n.

ing figured goods. jactitation, jak«ti«ta'shon,

—

ch, chain;

n.

Jacquard of Lyons, who died in 1834.] An ingenious loom for weav-

American flowering herb of the Arum family (Arisaema atrorubens), its upright spadix arched over by a green and purple spathe. jackpot, n. Poker, the pool which is opened

hanging from a

Jaco-

A

garden blue (sometimes white) flowers; naut. a rope ladder with wooden steps or spokes.

—

_

n.

—Jacob's-ladder, plant with handsome

tools; a man possessing a superficial skill in several trades, hence, Jack-of-alljackknife, trades, and master of none. large strong clasp knife for the n.

—

a.

—Jacobitism, jak'o«bit— The principles of the

bites.

n.

—

—Jacobitical, Pertaining to the

Jacobites.

n.

n.

or

Jacobites.

jak«o«bit'i«kal,

n.

— jack-in-the-pulpit,

the

to

jak'ass, n.

ass;

A

partisan

adherent of James II of England after he abdicated the throne, and of his descendants. a. Pertaining

—jackass,an ignorant The male of the A or stupid person. — jack boot, kind of large boot reaching up over A the knee. —jackdaw, small species of crow. —jack-of-alltrades, A man handy with jak'da,

A

James.]

Jacobus,

A

resemble a face.

A

—

—A

— Janizary

the term sometimes applied to the later style of Elizabethan architecture prevailing in the age of James I. Jacobin, jak'o«bin, n. [Ft., from L. Jacobus, James.] Gray or Dominican Friar, from these friars having first established themselves in Paris in the Rue St. Jacques (Saint James Street); a member of a club of violent republicans in France during the revolution of 1789; a politician of similar character; [not cap.] a variety of pigeon whose neck feathers form a hood. Jacobinic, Jacobinical, jak«o«bin'ik, jak«0'bin'i«kal, a. Pertaining to or resembling the Jacobins of France. Jacobinism, jak'o«bin«izm, n. The principles of Jacobins. Jacobinize,

various contrivances or implements;

pocket.

—

461

jackal an implement to

—— —

;

w, wig

;

hw, whig;

slaves,

but

zh, azure.

—— —— — — — —

—

Jansenist in 1820.

A

Ypres in Flanders, who doctrine

the

of

follower

bishop of leaned to

irresistible

grace

maintained by Calvin. Jansenism, jan'semizm, n. The doctrine

as

of the Jansenists.

January, the

[L. januarius, consecrated to the god

jan'u«e»ri, n.

month

represented with looking opposite ways.] The first month of the year according to the present computation. Janusfaced, a. Having two faces; doubledealing; deceitful. japan, ja«pan', n. [From the country so called.] Work varnished and figured in the manner practiced by the natives of Japan; the varnish employed in japanning articles; Japan lacquer. v.t. japanned, japanning. To varnish or cover with

Janus,

a faces

two

deity

—

—

Japan lacquer. Japanned leather, a of enameled or varnished

species

—

Japanese, jap'a«nez, a. Pertaining to Japan or its inhabitants. n. native or natives of Japan; the language of the inhabitants of Japan. Japan lacquer, n. valuable black hard varnish used in japanning. jape, jap, n. merry jest, or joke. leather.

A

—

A

A

Japhetic, ja«fet'ik, a. Pertaining to Japheth, one of the sons of Noah (the Japhetic nations).

japonica, ja«pon i«ka,n. [From Japan.] Japanese species of pear or quince. jar,

jar,

found

v.i.

in

—jarred,

forms chur,

jarring. [Also jur, and imistrike together

tative of sound.] To with a short rattle or tremulous sound; to give out a harsh sound; to sound discordantly; to be in-

consistent; to clash or interfere; to quarrel; to dispute. v.t. To cause a short tremulous motion to; to cause to shake or tremble. n. rattling vibration of sound; a harsh sound; clash of interest or opinions; collision; discord. jar, jar, n. [Fr. jarre, Sp. jarra, a jar, from Ar. jarra, a water-pot.] vessel of earthenware or glass, of various shapes and dimensions; the contents of a jar. jardiniere, zhar^den-yar', n. [Fr., a female gardener, a gardener's wife.] An ornamental stand for plants and flowers. jargon, jargon, n. [Fr.; origin doubtful. JAR. v.i.) Confused; unintelligible talk or language; gabble; gibberish; phraseology peculiar to a sect, profession, or the like; professional slang. To utter v.i. jargonize, unintelligible sounds. jar'gon«iz, v.i. To utter jargon.

A

A

jargon, jargoon, jar'gon, jar»g6n', n. [Fr. jargon, from It. giargone, properly a yellow stone, from Pers. zargun, gold-colored.] A variety of zircon, colorless or colored, the colorless forms resembling the dia-

mond. [Fr.,

jargonelle,

—— —— —

—

462

suppressed after a terrible struggle Jansenist, jan'sen»ist, n. of Jansen, R. Catholic

—

— —— ——

jar-go^nel',

n.

from jargon, the mineral.]

variety of early pear. jasmine, jasmin, jas'min,

n.

A

[Fr.

jasmin; Ar. and ultimately Pers. ydsemin, jasmine.] The name of fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

elegant

several

erect

An impure opaque colored quartz, which admits of an elegant polish, and is used

yashpheh; hence diaper.]

for vases, seals, etc. jaundice, jan'dis, n. [O.E. jaunes, jaunis, Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, O.Fr. jalne, L. galbanus, galbinus, yellowish, galbus, yellow; same root as yellow.]

A

disease characterized by suppression and alteration of the liver functions, yellowness of the eyes and skin, with loss of appetite and general languor and lassitude; any feeling or emotion disordering the judgment. v t jaundiced, jaundicing. To affect with jaundice; to affect with prejudice. jaunt, jam, v.i. [Formerly jaunce, from O.Fr. jancer; of doubtful origin.] To wander here and there; to make an excursion or trip; to ramble. n. An excursion; a ramble; a short jaunting car, n. light journey. car used in Ireland in which the passengers ride back to back on folding-down seats placed at right angles to the axle. jaunty, jan'ti, a. [O.E. gent, Sc. genty elegant, pretty; from gentle, genteel, but modified by jaunt.] Gay and easy in manner or actions; airy; jauntily, jan'ti-li, adv. sprightly. jauntiness, jan'ti»nes, n. Java, Java, n. Indonesian island; a variety of coffee; slang for coffee. Javanese, jav'a»nez, a. Relating to n. A native of, or the language Java. of Java.

— — .

—

A

—

javelin, jav'lin, n. [Fr. javeline, It. giavelina, Sp. jabalina.] A light spear of wood, 8'/2 feet long, thrown by

hand

as a

weapon

in

war; a wooden

spear thrown for distance in athletic To strike or competition. v.t.

wound with a javelin. jaw, ja, n. [O.E. chaw, that which chaws or chews, chew.] The bones of the mouth in which the teeth are fixed; the upper or lower bony portion of the mouth; anything resembling a jaw in form or use (the jaws of a vise); loquacity or talk (a vulgar usage).

v.i.

To talk or gossip; v.t. To use

also, to scold (vulgar).

impudent language toward (vulgar). jawbone, n. The bone of the jaw in which the teeth are fixed.

—

[Fr. geai, O.Fr. gai, Pr. gai, jai, Sp. gayo; same origin as adjective gay; lit. the gay or lively bird.] bird allied to the crows, and one species of which, a beautiful bird with a crest of erectile feathers, is a native of Britain, another (the blue jay) is a native of North America.

jay,

ja, n.

A

ja wak, v.i. To cross a street carelessly amid traffic and away from a regular crossing place.

jaywalk,

jazz, jaz, n. [Originally from Creole jazz, for jass, to speed things up.]

Mus. American music derived from Negro spirituals and ragtime, characterized by syncopated dance rhythms and spontaneous and inventive har-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—— \

:

jemadar

or climbing shrubs, with white or yellow flowers, from some of which delicious perfumes are extracted. jasper, jas'per, n. [O.Fr. jaspre, Fr. jaspe, L., Gr. iaspis, Ar. yashb, Heb.

.

——

note, not,

move;

monies

on melodic themes. v.t. To play a musical instrument in jazz style. v.i. To dance to jazz. (Slang) To enliven or speed up a performance. jazzy, jaz'e, a. Something lively or suggestive of jazz. jealous, jel'us, a. [O.Fr. jalous, Fr. jaloux, It. geloso, from L.L. zelosus L. zelus, Gr. zelos, zeal. Another form of zealous.] Uneasy through fear of, or on account of, preference given to another; suspicious in love; apprehensive of rivalry; zealous. improvised

—

—

—

—

jealously, jel'us«li, adv. jealousness, jealousy, jel'us«i, n. jel'us'nes, n.

—

jean, jen,

n.

[Probably from Genoa.]

A

twilled cotton cloth; pi. trousers of this material. jeep, jep, n. [After G.P., for General Purpose (Vehicle).] multipurpose motor vehicle of |4 ton capacity used by the U.S. military. jeer, jer, v.i. [Perhaps from O.Fr. girer.] To utter severe sarcastic reflections; to scoff; to make a mock of some person or thing (to jeer at a person). v.t. To treat with scoffs or derision. n. scoff; a taunt. jeerer, je'rer, n. jeeringly, je'ring«li,

A

—A

adv.

Jeffersonian, jef«fer»s6 ni»an, a.

Of

Thomas

Jefferson (third U. S. president, 1801-9) or his political teachings, advocating broad rights of the states.

ji»ho'va, n. A Scripture of the Supreme Being, the proper form of which, according to most scholars, should be Yahveh or Yahweh. Jehovist, ji«ho'vist, n. The supposed author or authors of the Jehovistic portions of the Old Testament. ELOHIST. Jehovistic, ji«ho»vis'tik, a. Pertaining to those passages in the Old Testament, especially of the Pentateuch, in which the Supreme Being is spoken of under the name Jehovah. jehu, je'hu, n. [From Jehu, the son of Nimshi, 2 Ki. ix. 20.] A slang name for a coachman or one fond of

Jehovah,

name

—

driving.

jejune, ji«jun

a. [L. jejunus, hungry, dry, barren.] Devoid of interesting matter, or attractiveness of any kind said especially of literary productions; bare; meager; barren; unprofitable. jejunely, ji-jun Li, adi

jejunum,

,

ji-ju

num,

n.

[L.,

from

jejunus, hungry' or empty.] Auat. the second portion of the small intestine

comprised between the duodenum and ileum. jelly, jeli, n. [Fr. gclce, from gelcr, L. gelo, to freeze so gelatine, congeal.] food preparation of fruit juice boiled down with sugar, which achieves its soft elasticity through To v.t. the presence of pectin. bring to the consistency of jelly. v.i. To become jelly. —jellyfish, n. Popular name for various marine coelenterates having a soft, gelatinous body and long tentacles; a medusa. jemadar, jem«a«dar n. [Hind, jamaddr, from jama, a number or body, ;

A

.

and ddr, a holder.] In India, a native officer in a sepoy government corresponding in rank to a lieutenant. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

——

463

jenny jen'i, n. [For ginny, from gin, short for engine, influenced by its resemblance to a common female name.] machine for spinning, moved by water or steam. jeopardy, jep'er«di, n. [O.E. jupartie, from Fr. jeu parti, lit. a divided game; L.L. jocus partitus, an even chance, joke, part.] Exposure to death, loss, or injury; hazard; danjeopardied, jeoger; peril. v.t.-\ jeopard, pardying. To jeopardize. jep'erd, v.t. To put in danger; to jeopardize, jep'er«diz, v.t. hazard. To expose to loss or injury; to jeopardous, jep'er«dus, a. jeopard. Perilous; hazardous. jerboa, jer«bo'a, n. [Ar. yerboa, yerbua.] name of certain small rodents mainly characterized by the disproportionate length of the hind limbs. wooden jereed, jerid, je«red', n. javelin used in Persia and Turkey,

jenny,

A

[Old forms jeat, jayet, jet, n. O.Fr. jayet, gayet, from Gr. gagates,

jet,

close waistcoat.

jet, jet, n.

jeroboam,

jer«a«b6'am, n. [After Jeroboam, first King of Israel.] A large wine bottle that holds of a gallon; a large bowl. jerry-builder, je'ri«bil"der, n. [Origin dubious.] One who builds with cheap, flimsy materials. jersey, jer'zi, n. [From the island so called.] Fine yarn of wool; a kind of close-fitting knitted woolen upper shirt or similar article of dress; [cap.] a species of dairy cow developed on the island and noted for its rich milk.

A

M

—

v.i.

issue in a jet. spout forth.

v.t.

—

[Jerusalem is here a corruption of the Italian girasole. girasole.] well-known plant, the tubers of which are of a sweetish farinaceous nature, somewhat akin to the potato. jess, jes, n. [O.Fr. ges, gest, get, etc., from L.L. jactus, a jess, from L. jacio, jactum, to throw, jet.] short strap of leather fastened round each of the legs of a hawk, to which the leash tied round the falconer's hand was attached. jessed, jest, a. Having

A

A

—

jesses.

Jasmine.

jesse, jes'se, n. [From its resemblance to the genealogical tree of Jesse, the father of David, of which a picture

1

of the stem of Jesse'. j,

>ob;

[From Dan. gibbe, D. gijpen, to turn suddenly, said of sails.] The foremost sail of a ship, triangular in

jib, jib, n.

shape and extended from the outer end of a jib boom toward the foretopmast-head; in sloops, a sail on the bowsprit.

TH,

then;

—

jibe, jib, v.t.—jibed, Naut. to shift (a fore-and-aft sail) from one side to the other. jib boom, n. A spar run out from the

jibing.

extremity of the bowsprit, and which serves as a continuation of it. jib, jib, v.i. jibbed, jibbing. [O.Fr.

—

giber, to struggle; regibber, to kick.] To balk, as a horse ; to move restively

sideways or backward.

— jibber,

jib'-

er, n. jibe, jib, v.t.

To jeer. gibe. jibe, jib, v.i. [Origin unknown.] To be in accord. (Colloq.) jiffy, jif'i, n. [Prov.E. jiffle, to be restless; comp. jib, to turn suddenly.] moment; an instant. (Colloq.) jig, jig, n. [O.Fr. gigue,gige, a stringed instrument; the same word as gig.] lively step dance in triple rhythm; a hook or group of hooks which

jetter, to

ng, sing;

personal ornament

—

jet'i, n.

from O.Fr.

A

ments. jewelry, ju'el«ri, n. The trade or occupation of a jeweler; jewels in general. Jezebel, jez'e«bel, n. [From Jezebel, the infamous wife of Ahab, king of Israel.] An unscrupulous, daring, vicious woman.

[O.Fr. jettee, Fr. jetee, throw, jet.] A projecting portion of a building; a projecting structure (generally of piles), affording a convenient landing place for vessels or boats; a kind of small pier.

jetty,

used to be hung up in churches.] A large brass candlestick branched into many sconces, used in churches.

go;

To

To emit; to airplane, n. An airplane propelled by one or more jet engines, jet engine, n. A reaction engine driven by jet propulsion, having one or more combustion chambers and exhaust nozzles for discharging a mixjet-proture of hot, gaseous air. pelled, a. Propelled by one or more jet engines; high-powered and suggestive of speed and force (a jetpropelled career).- jet propulsion. A method of producing forward motion of a vehicle by the rearward discharge of a high-speed jet, usually of hot gases. jetsam, jet'sam, n. [See jettison.] Goods cast overboard to lighten a ship in distress. jettison, jet'i«sun, n. [O.Fr. getaison, L. jactatio, a throwing, from jacio, to throw.] The throwing of goods overboard to lighten a ship in v.t. To throw overboard. distress.

n.

g,

—jetted, jetting.

jet

ji«ru'sa«lem,

ch, Sc. loch;

[Fr. jet, a throw, a jet, a

fountain, from L. jactus, a throwing, shooting from jacio, to throw.] forth or spouting; what issues or streams forth from an orifice, as water or other fluid, gas or flame.

joy).]

—

jet-black, a. Of the deepest black, the color of jet.

jerkin, jer'kin, n. [Dim. of D. jurk, a frock.] A jacket; a short coat; a

ch, chain;

(whence

in which precious stones form a principal part; a precious stone; anything of exceeding value or excellence. v.t. jeweled, jeweling. To dress or adorn with jewels; to fit or provide with a jewel (as a watch); to deck or adorn as with jewels. jeweler, ju'el«er, n. One who makes or deals in jewels and other orna-

from Gagce, a town and river in Lycia, where it was obtained.] A highly compact species of coal susceptible of a good polish, deep black and glossy, wrought into buttons and ornaments of various kinds.

CHARQUI.

A rod out

—

Jehovah'.] The Son of God; the Saviour of men; frequently conjoined with Christ (which see).

—

C

III

—

A

Jesse tree, alluding to Isaiah, xi.

(Fr. joyau), either from L.L. jocale, a jewel, from L. jocare, to jest, jocus, a jest (whence joke), or from L.L. gaudiale, from L. gaudium, joy

—

Jesuitic, in 1540. Jesuitical, jez«u«it'ik, jez«u«it'i«kal,a. Jesuitically, jez«u«it'i«kal«li, adv. Jesuitism, jez'u«it»izm, n. Jesus, je'zus, n. [Gr. Iesous, from Heb. Jeshuah, Jehosuah, 'help of

jerk, jerk, v.t. [Comp. O.E. and Sc. yerk, a quick, smart lash or blow; prov. girk, a rod; perhaps same as gird («.).] To thrust with a sudden effort; to give a sudden pull, twitch, thrust, or push to; to throw with a quick smart motion. v.i. To make a sudden motion; to give a start. n. short sudden thrust, push, or twitch; a jolt; a sudden spring; a jerky, jer'ki, start; a leap or bound. a. Moving by or exhibiting jerks. jerk, jerk, v.t. [Chilian, charqui.] To cut (beef) into long thin pieces, and dry in the sun, as is done in S. Amer-

n.

merriment by words

1

Pope Paul

fights.

jessamine, jes'a«min,

To make

—

A

Jerusalem artichoke,

—

—

— —

ica.

—

or actions; to utter jests; to talk jokingly; to joke. jester, jes'ter, n. One who jests; a person given to jesting; a buffoon; a merry-andrew; a person formerly retained by persons of rank to make sport for them. jestingly, jes'ting«li, adv. In a jesting manner; not in earnest. Jesuit, jez'u«it, n. [One of the order or Society of Jesus.) One of a religious order belonging to the Roman Catholic church, founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 534, and approved by

—

mock

ju'ish, a. [O. Fr. Juis ; L. Judaeus, from Judaea, so named from Judah.] Pertaining to the Jews or Hebrews. Jewry, ju'ri, n. Judaea; also a city quarter inhabited by Jews. jew's-harp, n. An instrument of music which is held between the teeth and by means of a thin bent metal tongue, struck by the finger, gives out a sound. jewel, ju'el, n. [O.Fr. jouel, joiel, joel

only to excite laughter; the object of laughter; a laughingstock. In jest, for mere sport or diversion; not in truth and reality; not in earnest. v.i.

;

Jewish,

from L. gestum, something done, a deed, a feat, from gero, to do, whence gesture, etc.] A joke; something ludicrous uttered and meant

—

—

—

jiggle

jest, jest, n. [O.E. geste, a jest, a tale,

A

especially in

—

—

———

—

:

th, thin;

A

A

can be jerked up and

down through

water, as in ice fishing. mech. a device for guiding a drill, etc., so that machined pieces will be uniform. jigsaw, n. A saw with a vertical motion, moved by a vibrating lever or crank rod. v.i. jigged, jigging.

—

—

To

dance a jig; to move with a light jolting motion; to fish with a jig. v.t.

To

sing in the style of a

jig,

time; to work with the mechanical aid of a jig. jigger, jig'er, n. Mining, a man who cleans ores by means of a wirebottom sieve; the sieve itself; a kind of light tackle or

in jig

—

used in ships; a potter's wheel by which earthenware vessels are shaped 1 V^-ounce glass measure. jigger, jig'er, jiggle,

jig'l,

w, wig;

n.

[chigoe.]

The

v.t. —jiggled,

hw, whig;

chigoe.

jiggling.

zh, azure.

——— —

— —

——

—

— — —

jig.)

To move up and down

or back and forth in quick little jerks. n. The motion of jiggling. jilt, jilt, n. [Contr. from jillet, a dim. of jill, gill, a young woman, a giddy gill.] A woman who gives her girl, lover hopes and capriciously disappoints him. v.t. To treat as a jilt does her lover. jimmy, jim'i, n. [Nickname for James.)

—

A

short crowbar used by burglars. To force open with a jimmy.

v.t.

n. [From Jamestown Va.] A Jamestown, poisonous datura {Datura stramonium) with large white flowers and

Jimson weed, weed,

for

jank-smelling foliage. jingle, jing'gl, v.i.—jingled, jingling. [Probably imitative, like jangle, chink, tinkle, G. klingeln.) To sound with a tinkling metallic sound. v.t. To cause to give a tinkling metallic sound. n. A rattling or clinking sound, as of metal ; something that jingles ; a brief musical advertisement

on television or radio. jingo, jing'go, n. An expletive used as a mild oath (By jingo !) ; a person exaggeratedly patriotic and clamorous for war. jingoism, jing'go«izm, Exaggerated and bellicose pa-

—

—

&

jingoist, jing'gO'ist, n. triotism. a. jingoistic, jing'go«is"tic, a. jinks, jingks, n. [Chiefly in high jinks. ) Frolics; pranks. jinni, jinnee, ji«ne', n. pi. jinn, jin. [From Ar. jinn, a demon.] Mohammedan mythology, one of a class of

—

good or

or demons) the earth, capable of various forms and of

evil spirits (angels

inhabiting

assuming

exercising magical powers. jinrikisha, jhvrik'sha, n. [Japanese.]

A

small, two-wheeled vehicle, drawn by one or more men. jinx, jingks, n. & v. [From jynx, bird, the wryneck used in witchcraft.] Some thing which brings bad luck; a hoodoo. (Slang)

A

jitney, jit'ni, n. [Origin doubtful.] nickel; five cents; a bus or taxicab having a low fare. (Slang)

To

behave jitter, jit'er, v.i. [chatter.] jitterbug, jit'er»bug, n. nervously. dance to swing music; a dancer who does the jitterbug. jitters, jit'erz, n.

—

——

464

jilt

[From

——

A

—

Nervousness. (Slang) jiujitsu, jiujutsu. See jujitsu. job, job, n. [A form of Prov.E. gob, a pi.

lump, a portion; akin gobbet.) A piece of work undertaken; employment;

joint

—

—

A

collection sold. job printer, n. printer who does miscellaneous work, as bills, circulars, etc. Job's comforter, job, n. [From Job of Scripture.] One who pretends to sympathize with you, but attributes your misfortunes to your own mis-

satire The History of John Bull. John Doe, n. Law. Name used for an unknown person. John Dory, n. DORY. John Hancock, han'kok, n. One's signature, from the exceptionally legible writing of John Hancock.

conduct. jockey, jok'i, n. [For Jackey, dim. of Jack, for John; Jockey and Jock being Northern English forms. jack.] A man whose profession it is to ride horses in horse races. v.t. jockeyed or jockied, jockeying. To ride in a race; to maneuver (to jockey

made

for position); to jostle by riding against; to cheat; to trick; to deceive in trade. jocose, jockos', a. [L. jocosus, from jocus, a joke, joke.] Given to jokes and jesting; merry; waggish; containing a joke; sportive; merry. jocosely, j6«kos'li, adv. In a jocose manner. jocoseness, j6«kos'nes. n. The quality of being jocose. jocosity, j6'kos'i«ti, n. Jocularity; merriment; waggery; a jocose act or jocular, jok'u«ler, a. [L. saying.

—

— from

jocularis,

jocus.)

Given

to jest-

ing; jocose; merry; waggish; conjocularity, taining jokes; facetious. jok«u«lar'i»ti, n. The quality of being jocularly, jok'u«ler»li, adv. jocular. In a jocular manner. jocund, jok'und, a. [L. jocundus, jucundus, connected with juvenis, a young man, juvare, to assist (as in adjutant, coadjutor); E. young.) Merry; cheerful; blithe; gleeful; gay; sprightly; sportive; lighthearted. jocundity, jo«kun'di»ti, n. State of being jocund. jocundly, jok'und«li, adv. jodhpurs, jod'pors, n. pi. [From Jodhpur, India.] Riding breeches that fit tightly from the knees to the ankles. jog, jog, v.t.—jogged, jogging. [Perhaps a form of jag, or allied to W. gogi, to shake.] To push or shake with the elbow or hand; to give notice or excite attention by a slight push. v.i. To move at a slow trot; to walk or travel idly or slowly; to move along with but little progress: gen-

—

—

—

—

A

erally followed by on n. push; a slight shake; a shake or push intended to give notice or awaken attention ; carp, and masonry, a square joggle, jog'l, v.t.—joggled, notch. joggling. [Freq. of jog.) To shake slightly; to give a sudden but slight push; carp, to join or match by jogs or notches so as to prevent sliding apart. v.i. push; to shake; to

—

—

A

—

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

—

— johnnycake,

jon'i, n. Bread or cake of corn meal, salt, water, and shortening. Johnny-jump-up, n. The wild pansy..

—

Johnsonese, jon«son»ez',

n.

The

style

or language of Dr. Johnson, or an imitation of it; a pompous inflated

—

position; a public transaction made for private profit; a task; something that has to be done with great labor; To jobbed, robbery. (Slang) v.t. a totter. n. A joint made by means jobbing. To sublet work (job a conof jogs or notches; a joint held in tract); to buy in large quantities and place by means of pieces of stone sell in smaller lots. v.i. To work or metal introduced into it; the piece at chance jobs; to deal in the public of metal or stone used in such a stocks; to buy and sell as a broker; jog trot, n. joint. slow, easy trot; to put some public undertaking hence, a slow routine of daily duty a. Applied to to private advantage. to which one pertinaciously adheres. goods bought and sold under special a. Monotonous; easygoing; humcircumstances, and generally under drum. jobber, the ordinary trade price. job'er, n. One who deals in goods John, jon, n. [L. Johannes, Joanna, Gr. Ioannes, from Heb.] A proper as middle man; one who deals name of men. John Hull, a humoror dabbles in stocks; a stockjobber. ous designation of the English jobbery, job'er«i, n. jobless, job'les, job lot, n. a. A miscellaneous people, first used in Arbuthnot's fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

style.

join, join, v.t. [Ft. joindre, from L. jungere,junctum, to join, seen in many E. words, as junction, juncture, adjoin, conjoin, enjoin, rejoin, conjugal, conjugate, etc.; same root as Skr. yuj, to join; E. yoke.) To connect or bring together, physically or otherwise; to place in contiguity; to couple; to combine; to associate; to engage in (to join the fray); to make one's self a party in; to become connected with; to unite with; to enter or become a member of; to merge in (to join the army, one river joins another). To join battle, to engage in battle. To join issue. Under

—

issue. v.i. To be contiguous or in contact; to form a physical union; to coalesce; to unite or become associated, as in marriage, league, partnership, society; to confederate; to associate; to league. joiner, joiner, n. One who joins; a mechanic who does the woodwork of houses; a carpenter. joinery, joi'ner«i, n. The art of a joiner; carpentry. joint, joint, n. [Ft. joint, from joindre, pp. joint, to join, join.] The place or part at which two separate things are joined or united; the mode of connection of two things; junction; articulation; anat. the joining of two or more bones, as in the elbow, the knee, or the knuckle; bot. a node or knot; also, the part between two nodes; an internode; geol. a fissure or line of parting in rocks at any angle to the plane of stratification; building, the surface of contact between two bodies that are held firmly together by means of cement, mortar, etc., or by a superincumbent weight; the place where or the modern which one piece of timber is connected with another. dovetail, SCARF, MITER, MORTISE, TENON. Universal joint, a mechanical arrangement by which one part may be made to move freely in all directions

—

—

in relation to another connected part. of joint, dislocated, as when the head of a bone is displaced from its socket; hence, figuratively, con-

— Out

fused; disordered. a. Shared by two or more (joint property^; having an interest in the same thing [joint owner); united; combined; acting in concert (a joint force, joint efforts). .r. To form with a joint or joints; to articulate; to unite by a joint or joints; to fit together; to cut or divide v.i. To coainto joints or pieces. :

— jointed, join ted, joints; formed with knots or nodes. — jointer, joinwhich lesce

and

by

j.

ter, n.

joints.

p.

Provided with

One who

or that

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

joints.

pound.

———

—

——

—— —

—

jointly,

jointli,

adv.

In a joint

manner; together; unitedly; in con-

—joint

stock, n. Stock held in stock company, an association of a number of individuals who jointly contribute funds for the purpose of carrying on a specified business or undertaking, of which the shares are transferable by each owner without the consent of jointure, join'the other partners. cher, n. Property settled on a woman in consideration of marriage, and which she is to enjoy after her husband's decease. joist, joist, n. [O.Fr. giste, Fr. gite, a bed, a place to lie on, L.L. gista, from L. jacitum, pp. of jacere, to lie. jet, gist.] One of the stout pieces of timber to which the boards of a floor or the laths of a ceiling are nailed, and which are supported by the walls or on girders. v.t. To fit cert.

common.—Joint

—

jubilant

Saul, friend of David; a variety of apple. jongleur, jong'gler,n. [Fr.] juggler; a medieval wandering minstrel ; akin to juggler, jingler. ^ jonquil, jon'kwil, a. [Fr. jonquille; It. giunchiglia, dim. from L. juncus, a rush.] species of narcissus or daffodil, with rush-like leaves and flowers that yield a fine perfume. jorum, jo'rum, n. [Perhaps a corruption of Jordan, a vessel in which pilgrims brought home water from the Jordan.] colloquial term for a bowl or drinking vessel with liquor in it. Joseph, jo'zef, n. [Probably in allusion to Joseph's coat of many colors.] riding coat or habit for women, formerly much in use. josh, josh, v.t. [Origin unknown.] To v.i. tease or make fun of lightly.

L. diurnus, daily, from dies, a day. journal.] Travel from one place to another; a passage made between

A

a time. places; distance traveled — from place to place; To pass from home to a distance. journeyer, —journeyman, jer'ni«man, man hired jer'ni«er, n. n. Strictly, a

to work by the day, but in fact, any experienced mechanic or workman.

joust, joust, just, n. [O.Fr. juste, jouste, joste,

banter

good-naturedly.

n.

A

joking.

joss, jos, n. [Chin, joss, a deity, from Pg. deos, from L. deus, a god.] Chinese idol. joss house, n. Chinese temple. joss stick, n. In China, a small reed covered with the

—

to throw (jet). Akin jocose, jocular, juggler, jeopardy.] Something said for the sake of exciting a laugh; something witty or sportive; a jest; what is not in earnest or actually meant. practical joke, a trick played on one, usually to the injury In joke, or annoyance of his person. in jest; with no serious intention. v.i. joked, joking. To jest; to utter jokes; to jest in words or actions. v.t. To cast jokes at; to make merry with; to rally. joker, jo'ker, n. jester; a merry fellow; in a legal jacio,

near

dust

of

odoriferous

burned before an

A

woods,

—

[A dim. from joust.] To push against; to crowd against; to elbow; to hustle.

jostle, jos'l, v.t.

—

v.i.

—

To hustle; to shove about as

a crowd. together.

n.

in

A crowding or pushing

jot, jot, n. [From iota, the smallest iota.] letter in the Greek alphabet, iota; the least quantity assignable. make a v.t. jotted, jotting. memorandum of. jotting, jot'ing, n.

A

An

— —

document, a seemingly harmless clause which greatly alters the apparent meaning; an extra playing card which, when used, as in poker

—

To

—

—

—

—

—

—

Romans;

—

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

jousts.

Jupiter; the planet Jupiter.

jovial, jo'vi«al, a.

[L.L. Jovialis, because the planet Jupiter was believed to make those born under it of a jovial temperament.] Gay; merry; joyous; jolly. joviality, jo-

—

vialness, jo«vi»ari«ti, jo'vi«al«nes, n. The state or quality of being jovial. Jovian, jo'jovially, jo'vi»al«li, adv. vi«an, a. Pertaining to Jupiter. jowl, jol, n. [Also in forms jole, joll, chowl, from A. Sax. ceafi, jaw, snout.

—

jolt.] The hanging flesh of the jaw, as in a fat person; the wattle of a fowl; the dewlap of cattle. joy, joi, n. [O.Fr. joye, joie, goie, Fr.

Akin

from L. gaudium, joy, rejoice; seen also in gaudy, rejoice, jewel.] Excitement of pleasurable feeling caused by the

joie, It. gioja,

gaudere,

to

acquisition or expectation of good; gladness; pleasure; delight; exultation; exhilaration of spirits; the cause of joy or happiness. v.i. To rejoice; to be glad; to exult. v.t. To give joy to; to gladden. (Shak.) joyance, joi'ans, n. [O.Fr. joiant,

—

Enjoyment; happiness; de-

joyful.]

—

joyful, joi'ful, a. Full of joy; very glad; exulting; joyous; joyfully, joi'ful«li, adv. In a gleeful. light. {Poet.)

—

—

joyfuiness, joi'ful— joyful manner. nes, n. The state of being joyful. joyless, joi'les, a. Destitute of joy; wanting joy; giving no joy or pleajoylessly, joi'les«li, adv. In a sure. joylessness, joi'joyless manner. les«nes, n. State of being joyless. joyous, joi'us, a. [O.Fr. joyous; Fr. joyeux; from L. gaudiosus, from gaudium.] Glad; gay; merry; joyful; joyously, joi'us«li, adv. giving joy. In a joyous manner. joyousness, joi'us«nes, n. The state of being joyous. jubilant, ju'bi«lant, a. [L. jubilans, ppr. of jubilo, to shout for joy, from jubilum, a shout of joy; not connected

A

ch, chain;

One who

Jove, jov, n. [L. Jovis, Diovis, the old name of Jupiter (that is Jove-father), latterly appearing only in the oblique cases; same root as deus, a god. See deity.] The chief divinity of the

A

— A

encounter with

—

jus'ter, n.

joule, jol, n. [Joule, scientist.] The unit of electric energy, equal to the work done in maintaining for one second a current of 1 ampere against a resistance of 1 ohm; equal to

or euchre, has special privileges. jokingly, adv. jole, jol, w.f [jowl, Hence jolt.] The 10' ergs. jowl; the head. jolly, jol'i, a. [O.Fr. joli,jolif, Fi.joli, journal, jer'nal, n. [Fr., from L. diurnalis, diurnal, from dies, a day. gay, merry, from the Scand., and diary; an originally referring to the festivities diurnal, dial, diary.] account of daily transactions and of Christmas; from Icel. jol, Sw. events, or the book containing such and Dan. jul, E. yule, Christmas. yule.] Merry; gay; lively; full of life account; a newspaper or other periodical published daily; a periodical; and mirth; jovial; expressing mirth; exciting mirth or gaiety; plump; in bookkeeping, a book in which every jolliparticular article or charge is entered excellent condition of body. fication, jori«fi«ka"shon, n. scene under each day's date, or in groups of merriment, mirth, or festivity; a at longer periods; naut. a daily jollily, jol'register of the ship's course and carouse; merrymaking. i«li, distance, the winds, weather, and adv. In a jolly manner. jolliness, jol'i«nes, n. The quality or other occurrences; a log book; mach. jollity, condition of being jolly. that part of an axle or shaft which jol'i«ti, n. The quality of being jolly; rests and moves in the bearings. journalism, jer'nal«izm, n. The trade mirth; gaiety; festivity; joviality. jolly boat, n. [Jolly here is same as or occupation of publishing, writing jourDan. jolli, D. jol, a yawl, a jollyin, or conducting a journal. nalist, jer'naMst, n. The conductor boat.] One of a ship's boats, about 12 feet in length, with a bluff bow; of or writer in a public journal; a newspaper editor or regular cona yawl. journalistic, jer«nal«is'tik, jolt, jolt, v.i. [From joll, obs. of tributor. jourjowl, and obs. jot, to bump.] To jar a. Pertaining to journalism. nalize, jer'naMz, v.t. journalized, or jounce with light bumping motions, as a car traveling on a journalizing. To enter in a journal; rough road; to shock by speech to give the form of a journal to. journalese, jer«nal«es', n. Choice of (a remark to jolt you); to jar with language considered to be typical of a hard blow, as in boxing. sudn. newspapers. (Colloq.) den sharp blow; a jar or shock. jolter, jol'ter, n. journey, jer'ni, n. [Fr. journee, a day, a day's work, a day's journey, from Jonathan, jo'na»than, n. Son of

An

—

and

idol. jostled, jostling.

nigh.]

to,,

spears on horseback for trial of skill; a combat between two knights at a tournament for sport or for exercise. v.i. To engage in a mock fight on horseback; to tilt. jouster, joust'er,

A A

—

from O.Fr. juster, from L. juxta,

jousting,

jouster, joster, to tilt;

A

good-humored

travel

to

A

To

at

a

v.i.

A

or furnish with joists. joke, jok, n. [L. jocus, Fr. jeu, It. giuoco, gioca, a jest; same root as

—

——

465

joist

—

—

th, thin;

—

—

—

—

with jubilee.] Uttering songs of triumph; rejoicing; shouting or singjubilate, ju'bi«lat, v.i. ing with joy. To rejoice; to exult; to triumph.

—

jubilation, ju«bi«la'shon, n. [L. jubirejoicing; a triumph; exultation; a joyful or festive celebration. latio.]

A

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

——

—

—

ju'bi-li,

jubilceus,

n.

jubilee,

[Fr.

L.

jubili,

from Heb. ydbel,

ram's horn.] Among the Jews, every fiftieth year, at which time there was a general release of all debtors and slaves, hence, a season of great public joy and festivity; any occasion of rejoicing or joy; a celebration of a marriage, pastorate, or the like, after it has lasted fifty a

years; future

Negro spiritual saluting a happy time; the sound of

jubilation.

Judaic, Judaical, ju«da

ik, ju»da'i«kal,

Judaicus, from Judcea. JEW.] Pertaining to the Jews. Judaism,

a. [L.

— The religious

ju'da«izm, n. doctrines and rites of the Jews, as enjoined in the laws of Moses; conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies. Judaist, ju'da«ist, n. An adherent to Judaism. Judaistic, ju«da«is'tik, a. Relating or pertaining to Judaism. Judaize, ju'da«iz, v.i. judaized, judaizing. To conform to the religious doctrines and rites of the Jews; to assume the manners or customs of the Jews. v.t. To bring into conformity with what is Jewish. Judaizer, ju'da«I«zer, n. One who judaizes. Judean, ju«de'an, n. native or inhabitant of Judaea. a. Relating to Judaea. Judas, jb'das, n. [After the false apostle.] treacherous person; one who betrays under the semblance of friendship. judge, juj, n. [Fr. juge, from L. judex, judicis, a judge, from jus, juris, law or right, and dico, to pronounce (jury, diction). This word appears in adjudge, judicature, judicial, judicivil officer invested cious, etc.]

—

—

—

A

A

A

with power to hear and determine causes,

civil

and criminal, and

to

administer justice between parties in courts held for the purpose; one who has skill to decide on the merits of a question or on the value of anything; a critic; a connoisseur; Jewish hist, a chief magistrate with civil and military powers; hence, pi. the name of the seventh book of the Old Testament. v.i. judged, judging. [Fr. juger, L. judicare, to judge.] To hear and determine, as in causes on trial; to pass judgment upon any matter; to sit in judgment; to compare facts, ideas, or propositions, and perceive their agreement or disagreement; to form an opinion; to express censorious opinions; to determine; v.t. To hear to estimate; to discern.

—

and determine authoritatively, as a cause or controversy; to examine into and decide; to examine and pass sentence on; to try; to be censorious toward; to esteem, think, reckon. judgeship,

—

juj 'ship, n.

—

The

office

of a

judgment, juj'ment, n. [Fr. judge. jugement.] The act of judging; the act of deciding or passing decision on something; the act or faculty of judging truly, wisely, or skillfully; good sense; discernment; understanding; opinion or notion formed by judging or considering; the act or mental faculty by which man compares ideas and ascertains the relations of terms and propositions; a fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

determination of the mind so formed, producing when expressed in words a proposition; law, the sentence pronounced in a cause by the judge or court by which it is tried; hence, a calamity regarded as inflicted by God for the punishment of sinners; the final trial of the human race. Judgment of God, a term formerly applied to trials of crimes by single

combat, by ordeal, day,

The

n.

judgment men.

last

will

be

etc.

judex,

from a

of being

— judgment when

day,

final

pronounced on

judicable, ju'di«ka«bl, bilis,

[L. judicajudge, from judge, judge.] Capable tried or decided. judi-

judico,

a.

to

—

cative, ju'di«ka«tiv, a. Having power to judge. judicatory, ju'di«ka«to«ri, a. [L. judicatorius.) Pertaining to

—

the passing of judgment; belonging to the administration of justice; dispensing justice. n. A court of justice. judicature, ju'di«ka«cher, n. The power of distributing justice; a court of justice; a judicatory; extent of jurisdiction of a judge or court. judicial, ju«dish'al, a. [L. judicialis, from judicium, a trial, a judicial inquiry, judgment, discernment, from judex, judicis, a judge, judge.] Pertaining or appropriate to courts of justice or to a judge thereof; proceeding from, issued or ordered by, a court of justice; inflicted as a penalty or in judgment; enacted by law or statute. judicially, ju«dish'al«li, adv. In a judicial manner. judiciary, ju»dish'i«a«ri, a. [L. judiciarius.) Pertaining to the courts of judicature or legal tribunals; judicial. The system of courts n. of justice in a government; the judges taken collectively. judicious, ju»dish'us, a. [Fr. judicieux, from L. judicium, judgment.] According to sound judgment; adapted to obtain a good end by the best means; well considered; said of things; acting according to sound judgment; possessing sound judgment; directed by reason and wisdom: said of persons. judiciously, In a judicious ju»dish'us«li, adv. manner. judiciousness, ju«dish'us«nes, n. The quality of being

—

—

—

—

—

—

judicious.

judo, ju'do,

n.

[Japanese judo.]

A

modern form of jujitsu. jug, jug, n. [From Jug or Judge, an old familiar form or Joan or Jenny, the name being jocularly given to the vessel, like jack, black-jack.] A vessel, usually of earthenware, metal, or glass, of various sizes and shapes, and generally with a handle or ear, for holding and conveying liquors; a drinking vessel; a mug. jugate, jugated, ju'gat, ju'ga«ted, a. [L. jugum, a yoke, a ridge or summit.] Bot. coupled together, as the pairs of leaflets in compound leaves. Juggernaut, jug'er«nat, n. [Properly

used

Jaganndtha, lord of the world.] Tho famous idol to which people in India used to sacrifice themselves at

festivals.

\not

pine, pin;

Any

idea,

like, to

which

cap.]

custom, fashion, or the

me, met, her;

—

—

jumble

466

jubilee jubilee,

—

note, not,

move;

one

either devotes himself or is blindly or ruthlessly sacrificed. juggle, jug'l, v.i.—juggled, juggling. [O.Fr.jogler, Fr.jongler, It. giocolare, from L. joculor, to jest or joke, from L. jocus, a jest, joke.] To play tricks by sleight of hand; to practice artifice or imposture; to toss and catch articles, keeping several continuously in the air. juggler, jug'ler, n. [O.Fr. jugleor, jogleor,

—

from L. joculator, one who jokes.] One who juggles. jugglery, jug ler-i, n. The art or performances of a

—

juggler; legerdemain; trickery; imposture. jugular, ju'guder, a. [L. jugulum, the collarbone, the neck, from root of jungo, to join, join.] Anal, pertaining to the neck or throat. Jugular vein, one of the large trunks (two on each side) by which the greater part of the blood that has circulated in the head, face, and neck is returned to the heart. juice, jus, n. [O.E. jows, Fr. jus, from L. jus, broth, soup; cog. Skr. yusha, broth.] The sap or watery part of vegetables, especially of fruits ; also, the fluid part of animal substances; electricity. (Slang.) juiceless, jus'les, a. juiciness, jusi»nes, n. The state of being juicy juicy, ju'si, a. Abounding with juice; succulent; also, interesting,

—

—

amusing.

A

jujitsu, j6«jit's6, n. [Japan.] style of Japanese wrestling resting on a knowledge of muscular action. jujube, jo'jdb, n. [Ft. jujube, a jujube,

from L. zizyphum, Gr. zizyphon, jujube tree.] The spiny shrub or small tree of lands about the Mediterranean sea; the tree itself; a confection made of gelatin, sweetened and flavored to resemble the jujube Ar.

zizuf, of a

fruit

the

fruit.

julep, julep, n. [Fr. julep, Ar. julab, from Per. guldb, rose-water—-gul, rose, and db, water.] A sweet drink; a sweetened mixture serving as a vehicle to some form of medicine; drink composed of spirituous a liquor, as bourbon whisky, sugar,

crushed

ice,

and mint

leaves.

Julian, ju'li«an, j. Pertaining to or derived from Jidius Caesar. Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Caesar. julienne, j6«li«en n. [Fr.] A kind of soup made with various herbs or vegetables cut in very small pieces. July, ju«H', n. The seventh month of the year, during which the sun enters the sign Leo; so called from Julius Caesar, who was born in ,

this

month, and by

dar was reformed.

jumble, jum'bl,

whom

the calen-

—

jumbled, jumv.t. [O.E. jombre, jumbre, jumprc, to agitate, to shake together; akin

bling.

jump, and

Dan. gumpe, to jolt.] confused mass; to put or throw together without order; often followed by together or up. To meet, mix, or unite in a confused manner. n. Confused mixture, mass, or collection without order; disorder; confusion; medley. to

To mix

to

in a

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

——

—

jump jump, jump,

v.i.

[Akin Dan. gwnpe,

price; to pounce upon; to seize another's rights, as a mining claim; to pass by a leap; to pass over eagerly or hastily; to skip over; to leap. n. The act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a bound; an advantage, as in time (he got the jump on me); one in a series of moves (a jump ahead). jumper, jump'er, n. One who or that which jumps; a horse trained to jump, as for a horse show; a woman's sleeveless, onepiece dress, worn with a blouse; elec. a piece of wire across a broken jumpy, iump'i, a. circuit. juncaceous, jung'ka'snus, a. [L. juncus, a rush.] Bot. pertaining to or resembling the order of plants of which the rush is the type. junco, jun'ko, n. snowbird; a genus of American finches.

—

—

A

n.

[From L.

junctio, from jungo, to join, join.] The act or operation of joining; the state of being joined; the place or point of union; joint; juncture;

the place where two or more railjuncture, jung'cher, n. roads meet. [L. junctura.] The line or point at which two bodies are joined; a point of time; particularly, a point rendered critical or important by a concurrence of circumstances. June, jun, n. [L. Junius, perhaps after L. Junius Brutus.] The sixth month of the Gregorian calendar, having 30 days. June bug or beetle, n. Any of the large, brown, winged

—

—

beetles that appear about June and feed on grass and plant roots. jungle, jung'gl, n. [Hind, jangal, forest, jungle.} Land covered with forest trees, thick, impenetrable brushwood, or any coarse, rank

just

—

juniper, ju'ni«per, n. [L. juniperus akin to L. juncus, a rush or reed. jonquil.] A coniferous shrub whose berries are used in the preparation of gin, varnish, etc., and in medicine as a powerful diuretic. junk, jungk, n. [Fr. jonc, L. juncus, a bulrush, of which ropes were made in early ages, junket.] Pieces of old cable or old cordage waste material salt beef supplied to vessels for long voyages. junk, jungk, n. [Fr. jonque, Sp. and Pg. junco, from Malay ajong, a large ship.] flat-bottomed ship used in China and Japan, often of large dimensions. junket, jung'ket, n. [Formerly written juncate, from It. giuncata, cream cheese brought to market in rushes, from L. juncus, a rush, junk

In a juridical manner. jurisconsult, ju'ris«kon«sult,

—

prudence; a

Curds mixed with cream, sweetened and flavored; a gay entertainment of any kind; a trip taken —

for pleasure; a business trip. To go on a junket; to feast; to banquet; to take part in a gay entertainment. v.t To entertain to feast. Juno, ju'no, n. [L.; the root is the same as that of Jove.] The highest divinity of the Latin races in Italy, next to Jupiter, of whom she was the sister and wife, the equivalent v.i.

.

jurisdictio

from

join.] L. junctus, joined. meeting; a council; persons

controlling a government after a revolutionary seizure. junto, jun'to, council or hon'to, n. select assembly which deliberates in secret on any affair of government; a faction; a cabal. Jupiter, ju'pi«ter, n. [L., equivalent to lit. Jove-father. Jovis pater, JOVE.] The supreme deity among the Latin races in Italy, the equivalent of the Greek Zeus; one of the superior planets, remarkable for its size and brightness. jupon, ju»pon', n. [Fr. from Sp. jupon, from Ar. jubbah, an outer garment.] tight-fitting military gar-

—

A

ment without

—

—

—

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

and

[L.

dictio,

—

jurisdictional, ju«ris«dikshon«al, a. Pertaining to jurisdiction. jurisprudence, ju«ris«prb'dens, n. [L. jurisprudentia jus, juris, law, and jury, prudent.] prudentia, skill. The science of law; the knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or community, necessary for the due administration of jurisprudent, justice. ju«ris«pro'jurisprudential, dent, n. jurist. ju'ris«pr6«den"shal, a. jurist, ju'rist, n. [Fr. juriste; from man who L. jus, juris, law. jury.] professes the science of law.

—

ch, chain;

jus, juris, law,

jury, dico, to pronounce. diction.] The extent of the authority which a court has to decide matters tried before it; the right of exercising authority; the extent of the authority of a government, an officer, etc., to execute justice; the district or limit within which power may be exer-

sleeves, formerly worn over the armor; a petticoat. vegetation; any tangled mass of Jurassic, ju«ras'ik, a. Geol. of or belonging to the formation of the seemingly impenetrable material, as Jura mountains between France and objects, words, etc. jungle fowl, n. name given to two birds, the Switzerland. Jura limestone, the limestone rocks of the Jura corone a native of Australia, the other responding to the oolite formation. of India. junior, ju'ni«er, a. [L., contracted Jurassic system, the system of rocks from juvenior, comp. of juvenis, of the Mesozoic era between the young, juvenile, young.] YoungTriassic and the Cretaceous. er; not as old as another; applied jurat, ju'rat, n. [Fr., from L. juratus, to distinguish the younger of two sworn, from juro, to swear, jury.] persons bearing the same name: A person under oath; specifically, a magistrate in some corporations; opposed to senior; lower or younger in standing, as in a profession. an alderman, or an assistant to a n. A person younger than another; bailiff. one of inferior standing in his juridical, juridic, ju«rid'i«kal, ju— rid'ik, a. [L. juridicus—jus, juris, law, profession to another. junior college, n. An educational institution and dico, to pronounce, jurisdiction.] Acting in the distribution offering the first two years of college of justice; pertaining to a judge, or study. junior high school, n. A the administration of justice; used school offering the upper elementary in courts of law or tribunals of jusgrades and one or more years of juridically, ju«rid'i«kaMi, adv. tice. high school.

A

—

from

of the Greek Hera. junta, jun'ta, hun'ta, n. [Sp. junta, a meeting or council, junto, united,

A

[L.

jurist.

jurisdiction, ju«ris«dik'shon, n.

A

(rope).]

n.

juris consultus jus, juris, law, and consultus, from consulo, to consult.] One who gives his opinion in cases of law; anyone learned in juris-

;

A

—

—

;;

467

Prov. G. gumpen, to jolt or jump; Icel. goppa, to jump or skip; also jumble.] To throw one's self in any direction by lifting the feet wholly from the ground and again alighting upon them; to leap; to spring; to cause a price to rise swiftly; to make a sudden verbal attack on (to jump on someone). To jump at, to embrace or accept (an offer) with eagerness To in(colloq.). v.t. crease sharply, as an admission

junction, jungk'shon,

—

th, thin;

cised.

—

—

—

A

A

juristic, juristical, ju«ris'tik, ju«ris'ti-kal, a.

juror,

[O.Fr.

jureur, a jurer, to swear. jury.] One that serves on a jury; a member of a jury; a juryman. jury, ju'ri, n. [O.Fr. jurie, an assize, from Fr. jurer, L. jurare, to swear; same origin as jus, juris, right, law ju'rer,

n.

sworn witness, from

(whence jurist, etc.), Justus, just, from root meaning to bind, seen in jungo, to join (see join), and in E.

A

certain number of men yoke.] selected according to law and sworn to inquire into or to determine facts, and to declare the truth according to the evidence legally adduced; a body of men selected to adjudge prizes, etc., at a public exhibition. juryman, ju'ri«man, n. One who is impaneled on a jury, or who serves as a juror. jury, ju'ri, a. [The origin of this term quite uncertain; perhaps from is Pg. ajuda, help.] Naut. a term applied to a thing employed to serve temporarily in room of something lost, as a jury mast, a jury rudder. jussive, jus'iv, a. [From L. jussum, an order, from jubeo, jussi, to command.] Conveying or containing a command or order. just, just, a. [Fr. juste, L. Justus, what is according to;ks, the rights of man. jury.] Acting or disposed to act conformably to what is right rendering or disposed to render to each one his due; equitable in the distribution of justice; upright; impartial; fair; blameless righteous ; conformed to rules or principles of justice; equitable; due; merited (just reward or punishment); rightful; proper; conformed to fact; exact. adv. Exactly or nearly in time (just at that moment, just now) ; closely in place (just by, just behind him); exactly; nicely; accurately (just as they were); ;

;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—— —

—

—

—

narrowly;

barely; only. justly, adv. In a just manner. justness, just'nes, n. The quality of

just'li,

being

just.

justitia,

—

justice,

from Justus,

[L. quality

jus'tis,

just.]

n.

The

of being just; justness; propriety; correctness; rightfulness; just treatment; vindication of right; requital of desert; merited reward or punishment; a judge holding a special office; used as an element in various titles, as Chief- Justice and the eight associate justices of the U. S. Supreme Court. Justices of the peace, local judges or magistrates appointed to keep the peace, to inquire into

and misdemeanors, and

felonies

kayak

468

justify

(truancy, etc.) outside the range of kalif, kahf. See caliph. parental control. juvenility, ju«ve«- kalmia, kal'mi^a, n. [From Peter genus of Amernil'i'ti, n. juvenescent, ju«ve«ncsKalm, a botanist.] ent, a. Becoming young. juveican evergreen shrubs of the heath nescence, ju«ve«nes'ens, n. showy flowers in with family, juxtapose, juks.ta«poz', v.t [L.juxta, corymbs. near, and E. pose.] To place near or Kalmuk, Kalmuck, kal'muk, n. Cainext; place side by side. rn uck. juxtaposition, juks'ta«po«zish"on, n. The kalong, ka'long, n. [Native name.] act of juxtaposing, or state of being A name given to several species of juxtaposed; proximity. fox bats. kamala, kama«la, n. [Of Asiatic

—

—

A

—

.

—

origin.]

K

to

discharge numerous other functions.

— justiciable, Proper be brought before a court of — justiciary, justiciar, jus«tish a«bl, a.

to

justice.

jus»tish'i«a»ri,

jus«tish'i«er,

An

justiciarius.]

n.

administrator

[L.

of

England, a lord chiefHigh Court of Justiciary,

in

justice; justice.

the supreme criminal tribunal of Scotland. justify, jus'ti'fi, v.t. justified, justi-

—

fy>"g- [F r justifier; L. Justus, just, and facio, to make.] To prove or show to be just or comformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty; to defend or maintain; to vindicate as right; to absolve or clear from guilt or blame; to prove by evidence; to verify; to make exact; to cause to fit, as the parts of a complex object; to adjust, as lines and words in printing; theol. to pardon and clear from guilt; to treat as just, though guilty and deserving punishment. v.i. To form an even surface or true line with something else. justifiable, jus'ti»fi»a«bl, a. Capable of being justified; defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable. -

justinableness, jus'ti«fi«a«bl«ness. n. The quality of being justifiable. justifiably, jus'ti«fi«a«bli, adv. In a manner that admits of justification; defensibly excusably. justification, jus'ti«fi'ka"shon, n. The act of justifying or state of being justified; theol. acceptance of a sinner as righteous through the merits of Christ.

—

;

justificative, jus'ti«fi«ka»tiv, a. Justijustificatory, justificatory. fying ; juS'tif'i«ka«to«ri, a. Vindicatory; dejus'ti«fl«er, n. justifier, fensory.

—

—

One who

justifies.

justle, jus'l, v.i. See jostle. jutted, jutting. [A differjut, jut, v.i. ent spelling of jet.] To shoot out or to project beyond the main body. n. That which juts; a projection.

—

jutty, jut'i, n.

A

jetty.

[Hind, jut.] A fibrous substance resembling hemp, obtained from an Indian plant of the linden family, and used in the manufacture of carpets, bagging, etc.; the plant

jute,

jut,

n.

itself.

juvenile, ju've«nil, a. [L. juvenilis, from juv enis, young; cog. Skr. yuvan, young, E. young.] Young; youthful; pertaining or suited to youth. n. A young person or youth. Juvenile

youth who violates a U.S. law not punishable by death; a vouth guilty of antisocial behavior delinquent,

a

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

tralia,

K,

k, ka, the eleventh letter

and the

eighth consonant of the English alphabet; in Anglo-Saxon represented by c. Kaaba, ka'a«ba, n. See caaba. kab, kab, n. A Hebrew measure, cab. kabala, kab a«la, n. Cabala. Kabyle, ka«beT, n. [Ar. k'bila, a league.] One belonging to a race of Berbers inhabiting Algeria and Tunis. kadi, kad'i or ka'di, n. See cadi. Kaffir, Kafir, kaf'er, n. [Ar. Kafir, an unbeliever, an infidel.] One of a group of Bantu people; the language of the Kafirs. a. Of or belonging to the Kafirs. kafir corn, n. A kind of millet (sorghum) cultivated in parts of Africa. kaftan, kaftan, n. [Per.] A garment worn in Turkey, Egypt, etc., consisting of a kind of long vest tied round at the waist with a girdle and having sleeves longer than the arms. kainite, ki'nit, n. [Gr. kainos, recent.] A mineral (hydrated magnesium sulfate and potassium chloride ) occurring in the upper layers of Stassfurt salt deposits in Germany and used as a fertilizer and a source of

—

potassium and magnesium. kaiser, ki'zer, CAESAR.

n.

[G.]

An

emperor.

kaka, ka'ka, n. [From its cry.] A New Zealand parrot of the same genus as the kea, which latter attacks sheep and tears out portions of flesh from their backs.

kakapo, kak a«po,

The owl

n.

parrot,

a

[Native name.]

New

Zealand

parrot resembling an owl. kale, kal, n. [Icel. kal, Dan. kaal. cole.] Cabbage having curled or wrinkled leaves, but not a close head ; colewort. kaleidoscope, ka«li'do»skop, n. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, eidos, form, and skopeo, to view.] An optical instrument which exhibits, by reflection, a variety of beautiful colors and symmetrical forms, consisting in its

simplest form of a tube containing reflecting surfaces inclined to each other at a suitable angle, with loose pieces of colored glass, etc., kaleidoscopic, inside. kaleidoscopical, ka«li'do«skop ik, ka«li'do«skop"i«kal, a. Relating to the kaleidoscope. kalendar, kal en»der. See calendar. kali, ka'li, n. [Ar. qali. ALKALI.] Glasswort, a plant, the ashes of

two

—

which are used

me, met, her;

in

pine, pin;

A

drug obtained from an

Asiatic tree, used as a vermifuge and a dyestuff. kangaroo, kang'gaTd, n. The native name of certain marsupials of Aus-

making

glass.

note, not,

move;

with long and powerful hind

legs for leaping, and small and short kangaroo rat, n. small forelegs.

—

A

jumping rodent.

— kangaroo court,

n.

An

unauthorized court which mocks or disregards legal procedure.

Kantianism,

kant'i«a«nizm, n.

The

philosophic system of Immanuel Kant. kaolin, ka'o»lin, n. [Chinese kau-ling, high ridge, the name of a hill where it is found.] A fine variety of clay, resulting from the decomposition of the feldspar of a granitic rock under the influence of the weather; porcelain or China clay. kappa, kap'a, n. [Gr.] The tenth letter of the Greek alphabet, k. kaput, ka«put', a. [G. kaput, broken.] Finished; done for; ruined.

karma, karma,

n.

[Skr., act, fate.]

In the Buddhist religion, the quality belonging to actions in virtue of which they entail on the actor a certain fate or condition in a future state of existence; a term also used in theosophy. karroo, karoo, ka«rd', n. [Hottentot karusa, hard, from the hardness of their soil under drought.] The name given to the immense arid tracts of clayey tablelands of South Africa, which are covered with verdure only in the wet season. n. karyokinesis, kar i«6'ki«ne'sis, [Gr. karyon, a nut, kinesis, movement.] Indirect cell division. katabolism, ka»tab'ol«ism, n. [Gr. katabole, a casting down.] Down-

breaking chemical changes in living bodies.

katalysis. See catalysis. kathode, kath 6d, n. See cathode. kation, kat i«on, n. See cation. katydid, ka ti-did, n. A species of grasshopper found in the United it gives out a loud sound States which its name is intended to :

imitate. n. [Native name.] A coniferous tree of New Zealand, yielding gum-damar, damar-resin, or kauri-gum, and having a tall straight stem, rising to a height of 150 to 200 ft., yielding valuable timber. kava, ka'va, n. A Polynesian shrub of the pepper family, and beverage

kauri, kou'ri,

made from kayak,

it.

ki ak,

n.

[Eskimo name.]

A

made of sealskins boat, stretched round a wooden frame, with an opening in the middle. light

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —————

;

kea

warping her.

v.t.

hedged, kedging.

by means of

standing army.

To keep one's self shun society; to keep one's own counsel; to keep aloof from others. To keep out, to hinder from entering or taking possession. To keep under, to hold in subjection. To keep up, to maintain; to prevent from falling or diminution; to continue; to hinder from ceasing. v.i. To remain in any position or state; to one's self, to

—

principal timber in a ship, extending from stem to stern at the bottom, and supporting the whole frame; the corresponding part in iron vessels;/^, the whole ship; a projecting ridge on a surface; a low, flat -bottomed vessel used in the river Tyne for loading the colliers ; a coal barge bot. the lower petal of a papilionaceous corolla, enclosing the stamens and pistil. v.i. To turn up the keel; keelhaul, kel'hal, v.t. to capsize. To punish by dropping into the sea on one side of a ship and hauling up on the other. keelson, kel'sun or kel'sun, n. [Dan. kjolsviin, Sw. kolsvin, G. kielschwein, lit. keelswine; comp. pig of lead.] An internal keel laid on the middle of the floor timbers over the keel. keen, ken, a. [A. Sax. cene, cen = Icel. kcenn, wise, clever; D. koen, G. kiihn, keen, bold; same root as ken.] Acute of mind; penetrating; quickwitted; eager; vehement; full of relish or zest; sharp (a keen appetite); having a very fine edge (a keen razor) piercing; penetrating; severe (cold or wind); bitter, acrimonious {keen keenly, ken'li, adv. In a satire). keen manner. keenness, ken'nes, n. The state or quality of being keen; acuteness; eagerness. keen, ken, v.i. [Ir. caoinim.] To lament in a wailing tone. keep, kep, v.t. pret. pp. kept. [A. Sax. cepan, to keep, observe, regard; Fris.- kijpen, to look.] To hold; to retain in one's power or possession; not to lose or part with; to have in custody for security or preservation; to preserve; to protect; to guard; to restrain; to detain or delay; to tend or have the care of; to maintain, as an establishment, institution, etc.; to manage; to hold in any state; to continue or maintain, as a state, course, or action (to keep silence; to keep the same pace; to keep step); to remain confined to; not to quit (the house, one's bed); to observe in practice; not to neglect or violate; to fulfill; to observe or

to continue; to abide; to stay; not to be impaired; to continue fresh or wholesome; not to become spoiled. To keep at it, to continue hard at work. (Colloq.) To keep from, to abstain from; to refrain from. To keep on, to proceed; to continue to advance. To keep to, to adhere strictly to; not to neglect or deviate from. To keep up, to retain one's spirits; to be yet active or not to be confined to one's bed.— n. Guard, care, or heed; the state of being kept; the means by which one is kept; subsistence; provisions; the stronghold of an ancient castle; a donjon. keeper, kep'er, n. One who keeps; one who has the care of a prison and the custody of prisoners one who has the charge of animals in a zoological garden; one who has the care, custody, or superintendence of anything; something that keeps or holds safe. keeping, kep'ing, n.

—

A

holding; custody; guard; maintenance; support; food; just proporTo harmony. tion ; consistency be in keeping with, to accord or harmonize with; to be consistent keepsake, kep'sak, n. Anywith. thing kept or given to be kept for the sake of the giver; a token of

g, go;

—

;

friendship. keg, n. [Formerly kag; Icel. kedge.] kaggi, Sw. kagge, a keg. small cask or barrel. kelp, kelp, n. [Origin unknown.] The alkaline substance yielded by sea-

keg,

A

weeds when burned, containing soda and iodine; any member of the order or large brown seaweed called Laminariaceae and Fucaceae. kelpie, kelpy, kel'pi, n. [Perhaps connected wixhyelp, from his bellowing.] In Scotland, a malignant spirit of the waters, generally seen in the form of a horse. kelson, kel'son, n. Same as Keelson. kelt, keltic, kelt, kel'tik. See celt, CELTIC. kelter, kilter, kel'ter, kilter, n. [Comp. kilt, to tuck up the clothes.] Regular or proper state. (Colloq.) ken, ken, v.t. kenned, kenning. [Icel. kenna, D. and G. kennen, A. Sax. cunnan, to ken, to know; allied are know.] To can, cunning, known, know; to take cognizance of; to see at a distance; to descry; to recognize. (Now only provincial and poetical.)

ken, Fr. chien, a dog, from L. canis, shelter for dogs; a doga dog.] house; a place where dogs are bred; a pack of dogs. v.i. kenneled, kenneling, or kennelled, kennelling. To live in, as a dog. v.t. To keep or confine in a kennel. kennel, ken'el, n. [A form of channel, canal.] The watercourse of a street; a gutter. kenosis, ken'6«sis, n. [Gr. kenosis, emptying.] The renunciation for a time of the divine nature by Christ during the incarnation. kentledge, kent'lej, n. Pig iron for ballast laid on the floor of a ship. Kentucky bluegrass, ken-tuk'i, n. [From its jointed, bluish-green stem.] perennial, rough-stalked pasture grass of the U. S., Europe, and Asia, grown in its finest state in the

A

—

A

limestone regions of Kentucky and Tennessee. Kentucky is called the Bluegrass State. kepi, kep'i, n. A military cap. kept, kept, pret. & pp. of keep. keramic. ke«ram'ik, a. Ceramic. keratin, ker'a«tin, n. [Gr. keras, keratos, horn.]

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin

The complex compound

of which horny substances

and

(e.g.

hair

mainly composed. keratode, keratose, ker'a«tod, ker'nails) are

[Gr. keras, keratos, horn.] substance of which the skeleton of many sponges is composed.

a«tos, n.

The horny

kerbstone. See curb. kerchief, ker'chef, n. [O.E. coverchief, O.Fr. couvrechief, couvrechef

—

Fr. couvrir, to cover, and chef, the cover, chief.] head, cloth to

A

or cover the head; hence, any loose cloth used in dress. kerchiefed, kerchieft, ker cheft, a. Dressed or covered with a kerchief. kerf, kerf, n. [A. Sax. cyrf, a cutting off, from ceorfan, cearfan, to cut, to carve. carve.] The cut or way made through wood by a saw or other cutting instrument. kermes, ker'mez, n. [Ar. and Per. kermes, kirmis, from Skr. krimi, a worm; crimson, carmine, are derivatives.] scarlet dyestuff consisting of the dried bodies of the females of certain insects found on various species of oak round the Mediterranean. kern, kerne, kern, n. [O.Gael, and dress

A

A

Ir. cearn, a man.] light-armed foot soldier of ancient Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland opposed to gallowglass. :

kern, kern,

n.

[Probably

from L.

arena, notch.] Printing, that part of a type which hangs over the body

or shank.

kernel, kernel,

n. [A. Sax. cyrnel, a corn, a kernel, dim. of corn, a grain, corn, grain.] The edible substance contained in the shell of a nut or the stone of a fruit ; anything enclosed in a shell, husk, or integument; a grain of corn; the seed of pulpy fruit; a small mass around which other matter is concreted; a nucleus fig. the main or essential little

—

municate; to restrain; to prevent from advancing; not to deliver. To keep down, to prevent from rising; to hold in subjection; to ch, Sc. loch;

n. Cognizance; reach of sight or knowledge. kennel, ken'el, n. [Norm. Fr., from

—

solemnize; to board, maintain, supply with necessaries of life; to have in the house; to entertain (to keep lodgers, company); to be in the habit of selling; to have a supply of for sale. To keep back, to reserve; to withhold; not to disclose or com-

ch, chain;

—

—

—

&

—

kernel

restrain. To keep house, to maintain a separate residence for one's self, or for one's self and family; to remain in the house; to be confined to the house. To keep in, to prevent from escape; to hold in confinement; not to tell or disclose; to restrain; to curb, as a horse. To keep off, to hinder from approach or attack. To keep on foot, to maintain, as a

a rope attached to a kedge. keel, kel, n. [From Icel. kjolr, Dan. kjol, Sw. kol, a keel of a vessel; D. kiel, a keel; in sense of barge, from Icel. kjoll, a barge A. Sax. ceol, barge, O.H.G. kiol, a ship.] The (a ship)

——

;

469

kaka. See kea, ke'a, n. keck, kek, v.i. To vomit. kedge, kej, n. [Softened form of keg; I eel. kaggi, a keg, a cask fastened as a float to an anchor, hence, the anchor itself.] A small anchor used to keep a ship steady when riding in a harbor or river, or to assist in

To warp

—— —

— —— ———— —

—

;

;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

—

—

kerosene less

To

harden or ripen into kernels, as the seeds of plants.

kerosene, ker'o«sen, n. [Gr. keros, wax.] A liquid hydrocarbon distilled from coals, bitumen, petroleum, etc., extensively used in lamps, stoves, etc. kersey, ker'zi, n. [Said to be from Kersey, in Suffolk.] A species of coarse woolen cloth, usually ribbed, made from long wool. a. Consisting of kersey; hence, homespun; homely. kerseymere, ker'zi»mer, n. [cassimere.] A thin twilled stuff woven from the finest wools, used for men's garments; cassimere. kestrel, kes'trel, n. [Fr. quercerelle, cresserelle, kestrel; L. querquedula, a teal.] A common British species of falcon, 13 to 15 inches in length, capable of hovering against the

wind. ketch, catch.]

kech, n. [Perhaps akin to fore-and-aft rigged vessel

A

with a mainmast and a mizzenmast, the latter being forward of the rudder post.

ketchup, catchup, catsup, kech'up, n. [Malay kechap, a kind of East Indian pickles.] A sauce for meat and fish, made from mushrooms, unripe

walnuts,

usually, sauce.

a

ketone,

thick,

tomatoes, etc.; seasoned tomato

kilt

writer or typesetting machine, on which the fingers press. keyhole, n. A hole in a door or lock for receiving a key. keynote, n. The main idea; mus., the first note, or "do" tone, of a scale. Keynote address, a speech, as at a political convention, to arouse enthusiasm and present the basic issues. keystone, ke'ston, n. The stone at the apex of an arch which, when put in, keys or locks the whole. key, ke, n. cay. khaki, ka«ke, n. [Hind., from khdk; dust.] A light-brown thin material used for uniforms. khalif, ka'lif, n. Calif. khamsin, kam'sin, n. [Ar. khamsin,

because it blows about fifty A hot southerly wind in Egypt; the simoom. khan, kan, n. [Tartar and Turk. khan.] In Asia, a governor; a king; a khanate, kan'at, n. prince; a chief. The dominion or jurisdiction of a khan. khan, kan, n. [Per. khan, a house, a tent.] An eastern inn; a caravanfifty,

days.]

sary.

khedive, ke»dev',

n.

A

Turkish

title

formerly applied to the Pasha or governor of Egypt, implying a rank or authority superior to a prince or viceroy, but inferior to an inde-

pendent sovereign. ke'ton,

[G. keton, from organic compound

khitmutgar,

—kit«mut'gar, khidmat,

n.

[Hind.

kith,

G.

kitz, kitze, a kid; akin chit,

A

young goat; leather made from the skin of a kid, or in imitation

child.]

of

it;

and

i.

forth

child or youngster. v.t. kidded, kidding. To bring a young goat; to tease; to a

joke.

kid, kid, n. [A form of kit.] A small wooden tub or vessel. Kidderminster, kid'er'min«ster, n. A carpeting, so named from the

town where formerly pally manufactured.

kidnap, kid'nap,

v.t.

gallons. kill, kil, v.t.

kettledrum, n. A drum consisting of a copper vessel, usually hemispherical, covered with parchment. kevel, kev'el, n. [Dan. kievle, a peg,

doubtful.] Nonsense. Put the kibosh on, squelch; stop. (Slang) kick, kik, v.t. [W. ciciaw, to kick, cic, the foot.] To strike with the foot; to strike in recoiling, as a gun; football, to win a goal by kicking. To kick up a row or a dust, to create a disturbance. (Colloq.)— v.i. To strike with the foot or feet; to be in the habit of so striking; to manifest repugnance to restraint; to be recalcitrant; to recoil, as a firearm. n. blow with the foot or feet; a striking or thrust of the foot; the recoil of a firearm; a measurable feeling; a thrill, -kicker, kik'er, n. kickback, kik'bak, n. An unofficial and sometimes illegal return of a portion of wages or dividends, etc., to kickoff, kik'af, n. Footthe payer. ball, a place kick at or near the center of the Held to begin play; the opening or beginning of a campaign or event, kickup, kik'up, n. A disturbance; a row. kickshaw, kik sha, u. [Originally kickshaws, as a singular noun, from Fr. quelque chose, something.] Something fantastical or uncommon; a light, unsubstantial dish. kid, kid, n. [Dan. and Sw. kid, Icel.

killdeer, kil'der,

rolling-pin.] Nam. a piece of timber serving to belay great ropes kevelhead, n. Naut. the end to. of one of the top timbers used as a

—

a kevel.

key, ke,

n.

[A. Sax. caeg, caege, Fris.

kaiy kei, a key; affinities doubtful.] instrument for shutting or opening a lock; that whereby any mystery

An

disclosed or anything difficult explained; a guide; a solution; an explanation; a tone or pitch; a legend, as on a map or a puzzle; something that fastens, keeps tight, prevents movement, or the like; a binding or connecting piece; a movable piece in a musical instrument, struck or pressed by the fingers in playing to produce the notes; the keynote. a. Of basic importance; main. v.t. To furnish or fasten with a key; to fasten or secure firmly; to make a legend to aid understanding; to make nervous, with up. keyboard, n. The series of levers in a keyed musical instrument, as a pianoforte, organ, or in a type-

is

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

A

—

A

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

was princi-

[Slang E kid a child, and nap for nab, to steal.] To forcibly abduct or steal a human being, to seize and forcibly carry away. kidnaper, kid'nap«er, n. kidney, kid'ni, n. [O.E. kidnere Sc. kite, A. Sax. cwith, Icel. kvithr, Sw. qued, the belly, and Sc. neer, Icel. nyra, G. niere, a kidney.] Either of the two oblong, flattened, beanshaped glands which secrete the urine, situated in the belly on either side of the backbone; constitution, character, or temper. kidney bean, n. The English term for the common string bean; in France the haricot bean. kilderkin, kil'der'kin, n. [O.D. kindeken, kivneken.] A small barrel; an old liquid measure containing the eighth part of a hogshead or 18

service, duty, and gar, a doer.] In India, a waiter at table; an under butler. kibe, kib, n. [W. cibzvst cib, cup, and chilblain. gwst, moist, fluid.] kibitzer, kib'it«ser, n. [Yiddish, from G. kiebitzen, to look on, from kiebitz, a bothersome spectator.] One who gives unwanted advice, especially such a one looking on at a card game. kibitz, kib'its, v.i. To behave as a kibitzer; to meddle. kibosh, ki«bosh', ki'bosh, n. [Origin

CH COCH

it

—kidnaped, kid-

naping.

F. acetone.] An of the general formula R-CO-R', in which the radicals (R and R') may be identical or different alkyl or aryl groups, as in 3 3, acetone. kettle, ket'l, n. [A. Sax. cetel=D. ketel, Icel. ketill, kettle; from L. catillus, dim. of catinus, a deep bowl, a vessel for cooking food.] A vessel of iron or other metal, of various shapes and dimensions, used for heating and boiling water or other liquor.

khidmat-gdr

—— —

——

— ——

470

opposed to matters of import; the core; the gist. v.i. point, as

—

—— — —— — —

[O.E. kylle, kulle,

culle,

to strike.] To deprive of life by any means; to render inanimate; to put to death; to slay; to deprive of active qualities; to deaden (pain); to overpower; to stop; to cause to waste (to kill time). n. The act of killing; the game killed in a hunt. killer, kil'er, n. murderer; that which kills, as a beast of prey.

—

A

killjoy, kil'joi, n.

fun

or

One who

enjoyment

for

ruins the others.

killingly, kil'ing«li, adv. n.

[From

its

clear,

plaintive cry.] An American plover, a shore bird with a grayish-brown back and a white breast. kiln, kil, n. [A.Sax. cylene, cyln, perhaps from L. culina, a kitchen (whence culinary).] An oven of brick or stone which may be heated for

the purpose of hardening, burning, or drying anything placed in it. kilocycle, kil'o«si'kl, n. A thousand cycles; radio, a thousand cycles per second. kilogram, kil'o'gram, n. [Fr. kilo-

gramme from Gr. chilioi, a thousand, and Fr. gramme.] A measure of weight,

being

gram-meter,

grams. kiloof work,

1,000 n.

A

unit

amount taken to raise one kilogram one meter (almost 7 % footpounds). kiloliter, kiro«le»ter, n. or the

1,000

liters.

n. 1,000 meAn kilo'wot, n. kilowatt, electric unit of power, equivalent to 1 ,000 watts, or to 1 .34 horsepower. kilowatt hour, n. A unit of energy equal to that expended by one kilowatt acting for one hour.

kilometer, ki'lome-ter, ters.

—

kilt, kilt, n.

comp.

Icel.

[A Scandinavian word; kilting,

tube, tub, bull;

a

oil,

skirt,

pound.

kjalta,

—

——

—

—

;

— —— —

kimono

471

Dan.

kike, to tuck kind of short petticoat up or kilt.] worn by men as an article of dress in lieu of trousers; regarded as peculiarly the national dress of the

a person's lap;

inserted, as in gender, thunder, kin.] Relationship by birth or marriage; consanguinity; kin; in plural sense, relatives by blood or marriage, more properly the former; relations or

—

movement. n. [Jap.]

robe-like garment, usually

A

loose,

made of

relatives.

worn by both Japanese men and women; a similar garment worn indoors by occidental women; a

—

m

—

—

nature, kind, race, generation, from same root as cyn, offspring, kin.] Race genus; generic class; sort; variety; nature; style; manner; character. In kind, with produce or

—

matograph, ki«ne«mat'o»graf (popularly, shve«mat'o«graf), n. A method of casting upon a screen a

commodities, as opposed to in money pay one in kind). kind, kind, a. [A. Sax. cynde, gecynde, natural harmonious; closely akin to kind, n. kin.] Disposed to do good to others, and to make them happy; having tenderness or goodness of benevolent; benignant; nature; friendly; proceeding from or dictated by tenderness or goodness of heart. kin dh ear ted, a. Having much kindness of nature; characterized by kindkindheartedness, n. ness of heart.

series of instantaneous producing the effect of

(to

—

—

The

kind act; an act of good

— —

will.

kindergarten, kin'der«gar«ten, n. [G. fit. children's garden, child, gar-

A

—

kindle, kin'dl, v.t. kindled, kindling. [Allied to or derived from Icel. kynda, to kindle, kyndill, a torch or candle; perhaps from L. candela, E. candle] To set on fire; to cause to burn with flame; to light; to inflame, as the passions; to rouse; to provoke; to excite to action. v.i. To take fire; to grow warm or animated; to be roused or exasperated. kindling, kindling, n. The act of one who kindles; materials

A

g,

go;

—

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

lower end

its

—

—

—

running freely; an unreasonable and obstinate notion; a crotchet. v.i. get into a kink; to twist or run into knots. kinkajou, king'ka«jo, n. plantigrade carnivorous mammal of South America, resembling the lemurs in structure and aspect, but allied to the bear.

To

A

kino, ki'no,

n.

[An East Indian word.]

An

astringent extract resembling catechu, obtained from various trop-

ical trees.

kinsfolk, kinship, kinsman, kinswoman. See kin. kiosk, ki«osk', n. A Turkish word signifying a kind of open pavilion or summer house; a similar lightweight structure used as an open-air newsstand, bandstand, etc.; a roadside telephone booth. kipper, kip'er, n. [O.E. cypera, spawning salmon, prob. from coper, copper, the color.] A salmon at, or directly after, the spawning season; a fish, as a salmon or herring, split open, salted, and dried or smoked. v.t. To cure (salmon) by splitting open, salting, and drying. kirk, kirk, n. [The old form of church; A. Sax. cyrc. church.] A church: still in common use in Scotland. kirsch, kersh, n. [G., from kirsche,

—

cherry.]

An

alcoholic liquor distilled

from the fermented

juice of the small black cherry. kirtle, ker'tl, n. [A.Sax. cyrtel, Icel. kyrtill, Dan. kjortel; akin to short.] A kind of short gown; a petticoat. v.t. To tuck up so as to give the appearance of a kirtle to. kirtled,

—

ker'tld, a.

Wearing

a kirtle. kismet, kis'met, n. [Per. kusmut.] Mohammedan expression for fate or destiny. kiss, kis, v.t. [A.Sax. cyssan, from coss, a kiss; Icel. and Sw. kyssa, Dan. kysse, G. kussen, to kiss; the cor-

—

j,

and having

fastened to the middle of the tie beam. king's evil, n. A disease of the scrofulous kind, formerly believed curable by the touch of a king. kingship, kingship, n. Royalty; the state, office, or dignity of a king; royal government. king truss, n. A truss for a roof framed with a king kingwood, n. A Brazilian post. wood beautifully streaked with violet tints, and used in cabinetwork. kink, kingk, n. [D., G., and Sw. kink, a twist or coil in a cable.] A twist in a rope or thread such as prevents it

pointed bill. It frequents the banks of rivers and dives for fish. kinglet, king 'let, n. A little king; a tiny bird, similar to the warbler, the goldencrowned or ruby-crowned kinglet.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

A

— —

den.] kind of infants' school, intermediate between the nursery and the primary school, in which systematically arranged amusements are combined with a certain amount of instruction.

ch, chain;

cyning,

konig, king, kin.] The sovereign of a nation; a man invested with supreme authority over a nation, tribe, or country; a monarch; a prince; a ruler; a playing card having the picture of a king; the chief piece in the game of chess ; a crowned man in the game of checkers; [cap.] pi. title of two books in the Old Testament, relating particularly to the Jewish kings. v.t. To rule over as king. a. Most v.i. To act like a king. important; main: often in combinakingbird, n. Certion (king post). tain of the various birds of the flykingcrab, n. kind catcher family. of crustacean with a carapace of horseshoe shape, and a long tail kingcraft, king'kraft, n. The spine. art of governing; royal polity or kingdom, king'dum, n. The policy. power or authority of a king (Shak.); the territory or country subject to a king; the dominion of a king or monarch; domain or realm in a general sense; nat. hist, one of the most extensive divisions into which natural objects are classified (the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingkingfisher, king 'fish «er, n. doms). crested and bright-colored bird with a short tail and long sharp-

—

a

[A. Sax.

n.

rafters,

photographs, motion.

from cyn, kin, race, and term, -ing, one of, descendant (as in atheling); D. koning, Icel. konungr, Dan. konge, G.

king, king,

kindliness, quality of being kindly, kind'li, adv. In a kindly. kind manner. a. Of a kind disposition or character; sympathetic; congenial; benevolent favorable; refreshing {kindly showers). kindness, kind'nes, n. The state or quality of being kind; good will; benevolence; heart.

[Gr.

n.

—

kinz'wunvan, n. A female relation. kind, kind, n. [A. Sax. cynde, gecynde,

kind'ii«nes, n.

ki«ne«mat'iks,

ki«ne«mat'ik, ki«ne»mat'i«kal, a. Of or belonging to kinematics. Kinematic viscosity, the relation of absolute viscosity to density; air being fourteen times as kinematically viscous as water. kinetic, ki«net'ik, a. Causing motion; motory: applied to force actually exerted. Kinetic energy, energy of motion, equal (in absolute measure) to y2 mv 1 , where represents the mass and v the velocity of the moving body; in gravitational measure it is mv 2 l2 g. kinetics, ki»net'iks, n. That branch of the science of dynamics which treats of forces causing or changing motion in bodies, dynamics. kine-

—

—

congenial;

kinema, movement, from kimo, to move.] That branch of the science of mechanics which treats of motion, without reference to the forces producing it. kinematic, kinematical,

—

of

Related;

a.

kinematics,

dressing gown. kin, kin, n. [A. Sax. cynn, cyn, I eel. kyn, Goth, kuni, O.H.G. chunni, kin, kind, family, race; akin are kind, n. and a., king; D. and G. kind, a child; L. genus, Gr. genos, race, offspring. genus.] Relationship; consanguinity or affinity; connection by blood; relatives collectively; kindred; used in this sense with a verb in the plural. a. Of the same nature or kind; kindred; congenial. kinsfolk, kinz'Relations kindred. fok, pi. n. kinship, kin 'ship, n. Relationship; kinsman, kinz'man, consanguinity. man of the same race or family, n. one related by blood. kinswoman,

Kindness

—

—

allied.

silk,

A

—

kindred, kind'red, n. [O.E. kinrede, kindred, from kin, and term, -red, as in hatred (which see): the d is

Highlanders of Scotland; the filibeg. v.t. To tuck up like a kilt for

greater freedom of

kiss kingliness, king'li«nes, n. State of being kingly. kingly, king'li, a. Belonging or pertaining to a king or to kings; royal; monarchical; becoming a king; august; splendid. .'. Syn. under royal. adv. With an air of royalty; as becoming a king. kingpin, n. Bowling, the number-one pin; the leader; the chief person. king post, n. The middle post standing at the apex of a pair of

for lighting a fire.

A

kimono, ki«mo'no,

——

th, thin;

A

responding nouns being Icel. koss, Dan, kys, G. kuss.) To touch with the lips in salutation or as a mark of affection; to caress by joining lips;

to

w, wig;

touch gently,

hw, whig;

as

if

with

zh, azure.

——

——

—

—

for holding fish, butter, etc.; that which contains necessaries or tools, and hence the necessaries and tools themselves; something to be assembled (airplane kit); a collection of related materials (a convention kit).

kit, kit, n. [Probably an abbreviated form of guitar, git tern, cittern.] diminutive fiddle, used generally by

A

dancing masters. kitchen, kich'en, n. [A. Sax. cycene, from L. coquina, kitchen, from coquo, to cook, cook.] The room of a house appropriated to cookery; style of cooking or of food prepared. kitchener, kich'en«er, n. A servant in the kitchen; a cookstove. kitchenette, kitchenet, n. A small room or recess compactly furnished kitchen garden, a as a kitchen. garden in which vegetables are grown for the table. kitchenmidden, n. [Dan. kjokkenmodding.] A refuse heap of a prehistoric people. kitchenware, n. Utensils used in a kitchen. kite, kit, n. [A. Sax. cyta, a kite.] bird of the falcon family having a somewhat long forked tail, long wings, and comparatively weak bill and talons; a light frame of wood and paper constructed for flying in the air for amusement. kith, kith, n. [A. Sax. cytth, knowledge, relationship, native country, from cuth, known, pp. of cunnan, to know, can.] Acquaintances or

—

—

—

friends collectively. friends and relatives.

kitten,

kit'n,

n.

corresponding to D. knielen, Dan.

v.i. To bring forth young, kittenish, kit'n»ish, a. Like as a cat. a kitten; fond of playing. kitty, kit'i, n. kitten. kittiwake, kit'i«wak, n. [From its cry.] species of gull found in great abundance in the northern parts of

—

—

A

A

[From

kit.]

A

pool or

common fund

into which particicontribute for a particular

pants purpose. kiwi, ke'we, n. [Maori.] An apteryx, a flightless bird of New Zealand.

kleptomania, klep«to«ma'ni«a, n. [Gr. klepto, to steal, and mania, madness.] A form of neurosis marked by an irresistible

impluse to

usually

steal,

no economic reason. maniac, klep»to«ma'ni»ak,

for

—klepton.

One

affected with kleptomania. knack, nak, n. [Imitative of sound, like

D. knak, Dan. knaek, G. knack,

a crack, a snap; originally a snap of the fingers, then a trick or way of doing a thing as if with a snap.]

Readiness; habitual facility of performance; dexterity; adroitness; a knickknack or toy (Shak.).

knacker,

nak'er,

n.

to crack, to snap.] To bite; to bite off; to break short; to snap; to make a short sharp sound. n. short sharp noise; a snap. knapsack, nap'sak, n. [L.G. knappsack, D. knapzak, G. and D. knappen, to snap, to eat, and sack lit. a provision sack.] bag of leather or strong cloth for carrying a soldier's necessaries, strapped to the back between the shoulders; any similar bag, such as those used by tourists and others for carrying light personal luggage. knar, nar, n. [gnarl.] knot in wood. knarred, nard, a Gnarled; knarry, nar'i, a. Knotty; knotty.

A

—

A

A

— —

stubby.

knave,

nav, n. [A. Sax cnapa. or boy, a youth, a son; D. knaap, G. knabe, a boy or young man, Icel. knapi, a servant boy; root doubtful; comp. knight.] boy:}:; a male servant^; a false deceitful fellow; a dishonest man or boy; a rascal; in a pack of playing cards, a card with a soldier or servant painted cnafa, a

A

on

it:

a jack.

The conduct

—knavery, of a knave

na'ver»i, n.

and press into a mass; particularly, to work into a well-mixed mass, as

young cat.

the world. kitty, kit'i, n.

—

A

cat.)

[From

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Icel.

;

hnakkr, a saddle: originally it meant a saddler and harness maker.] One whose occupation is to slaughter diseased or useless horses. knap, nap, v.t. knapped, knapping. [Same as D. knappen, to crack, to munch, to lay hold of; G. knappen,

Kith and kin,

[Dim. of

——

knight

dishonesty deception in traffic; trickery; petty knavish, na'vish, a. villainy; fraud. Acting like or belonging to a knave; dishonest; fraudulent; mischievous^:. knavishly, na'vish«li, adv. In a knavish manner. knavishness, na'vish«nes, n. The quality or habit of being knavish. knead, ned, v.t. [A. Sax. cnedan, cnaedan; D. knedan, G. kneten, Icel. knot ha, to knead; akin Slav, gneta, gnesti, to press, to knead.] To work

A

——

—

;;

472

kit fondness. v.i. To join lips in love or respect; to meet or come in contact (as curved lines, etc.). n. A salute given with the lips; a kind of confection. kisser, kis'er, n. (Slang) The mouth or face. kit, kit, n. [D. kit, a large bottle; O.D. kitte, a beaker, decanter.] A large bottle; a kind of wooden tub

—

—

;

—

—

—

the materials of bread, cake, or paste; kneader, ne'to beat or pommel. der, n. One who kneads. knee, ne, n. [A.Sax. cneo, cneow— Icel. kne, Dan. knae, D. and G. knie, Goth. kniu; cognate with L. genu, Gr. gonu, Skr. jdnu, knee.] The joint connecting the two principal parts of the leg; the articulation of the thigh and bones of the lower leg; something resembling or suggestive of this; a piece of bent timber or iron used to connect the beams of a ship with her sides or timbers. knee action, n. In an automobile, independent front wheel suspension. kneecap, n. The movable bone covering the knee joint in front; the kneepan; the patella; a leather cap or covering for the knee of a horse. kneed, ned, a. Having knees: chiefly in composition (in-kneed, out-kneed) knee-deep, a. as bot. geniculated. deep as would come to the knee. adv. so as to be up to the knees

—

—

—

— in

something.

—kneepan,

bone covering the knee

n.

The

joint; the

kneecap. pret. & pp. kneeled, kneel, nel, v.i. knelt. [O.E. kneole, kneoli, from knee;

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

Comp.

handle, from the knee; to fall kneeler, nel'er, n. knees. One who kneels or worships by kneeling. knell, nel, n. [A.Sax. cnyll, a sound of a bell; cnyallan, to sound a bell; knaele, to kneel.

hand.) on the

To bend

—

comp. G.

knellen, knallen, to make a loud noise; G. and D. knal, Sw. knall, a loud sound; Icel. knylla, to beat, gnella, to scream; imitative of sound; knoll is akin.] The sound of a bell rung at a funeral; a passing bell; a death signal in general. v.t. To sound as a funeral knell; to sound as an omen or warning of

coming evil. v.t. To summon by, or as by, a knell. knelt, nelt, pret. & pp. of kneel. knew, nu, pret. of know. knickerbockers, nik'er«bok»erz, n. pi. [Properly Dutch breeches, after Washington Irving's character Diedrich Knickerbocker, as representative of a Dutchman.] kind of loose breeches reaching just below the knee, where they are gathered in so as to clasp the leg. knickers, n. pi. short form for Knickerbockers. knickknack, nik'nak, n. [A reduplication of knack; comp. click-clack, tip-top, ding-dong, etc.] trifle or toy; any small article more for orna-

A

—

A

A

ment than

use.

knife, nif, n.

knives, nlvz. [A.Sax.

pi.

Dan. kniv, Sw.' kip.] cutting instrument consisting of a sharp-edged blade of small or moderate size attached to a handle. War to the knife, a war carried on to the utmost extremity; mortal combat. knife-edge, n. piece of steel with a fine edge, serving to support with the least friction an oscillating body, as the beam of a pair of scales. knight, nit, n. [A.Sax. cniht, a boy, a servant, a military follower; D. and G. knecht, a male servant, Dan. knegt, a fellow, the knave at cards: perhaps from root of kin or of knave.] In feudal times, a man admitted to a certain military rank, with special ceremonies; in the British Empire, one holding a dignity conferred by the sovereign and entitling the possessor to have the title of Sir prefixed to his Christian name, but not hereditary like the dignity of baronet; a member of an order of chivalry a champion one of the pieces in the game of chess, usually the figure of a horse's head. Knight of the shire, a county member of the British Parliament. v.t. To dub or create a knight; to confer the honor of knighthood upon, the accolade or blow of a sword being commonly a part of the

cnif=D.

kniff, Icel. knifr, knif; akin to nip.

A

—

A

;

—

knight-errant, ti. A knight who traveled in search of adventures and to exhibit his prowknight-errantry, n. The ess. role, character, or practice of a knighthood, nit hud knight-errant. n. The character or dignity of a knight; the rank or honor accompanying the title of knight; knights Order of Knighthood, in collectively.

ceremony.

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

— ——— — —

— —— — —

—— —

;

an

and

organized

duly

a contrivance to knock for

constituted body of knights, as those of the Garter or the Bath. knightliness, nit'li»nes, n. The character or quality of being knightly. knightly, nit'li, a. Pertaining to a knight; becoming a knight; chivaladv. In a manner becoming rous. Knights of Columbus, a knight. a Roman Catholic society.— Knight

Templar, member of

branch of

a

Freemasonry.

—

knit, nit, v.t. knit or knitted, knitting. [A.Sax. cnyattan, to knit, to tie, from cnotta, a knot; Icel. knyta, from knutr, a knot; Dan. knytte, to knit, knot.] To tie together; to knot, to tie with a knot; to fasten by tying; to weave or form by looping or

Gael, cnap, a knob.] A hard protuberance; a hard swelling or rising; a round ball at the end of anything; the more or less ball-shaped handle for a door, drawer, or the like; a boss; a knot; a bunch of foliage carved or cast for ornament, v.i. knobbed, knobbing. To grow into

—

knobs; to bunch. knobbed, nobd, a. Containing knobs; full of knobs. knobby, nob'i, a. Full of knobs or hard protuberances. knock, nok, v.i. [A.Sax. cnocian, cnucian, to knock; to beat; Icel. knoka, Sw. knacka, to knock; also seen in Gael, and Ir. cnag, a knock; W. cnociaw, to knock; akin knack,

n.

To

—

—

—

prostrate by a to assign to a bidder, generally by a blow with a hammer. To knock on the head, to stun or kill by a blow or blows on the head; hence, to frustrate, as a project or scheme; to render abortive. (Colloq.) n. blow; a stroke with something thick, hard, or heavy; a stroke on a door, intended as a request for admittance; a rap. knocker, nok'er, n. One that knocks fell; to auctions,

—

ch, chain;

g,

go;

joints.

knotted, not'ed, a. Full of

knots;

having knots; bot. having or enlargements as on a

—

A

ch, Sc. loch;

low weed, with stems and knotted

A

self conquered. (Colloq.) v.t. To dash; to drive; to cause to collide; to drive or force by a succession of blows. To knock down, to strike

to

trailing

stem. knottiness, not'i«nes, n. The knotty, quality of being knotty. not'i, a. Full of knots; having many knots; difficult; intricate; involved; hard to unravel (a knotty question or point). knotweed, n. Knotgrass. knot, not, n. [Said to be named after king Canute (Cnut), who was very small grallatorial bird, fond of it.] closely allied to the snipe. knout, nout, n. [Russ. knute.] An instrument of punishment used in Russia consisting of a handle 2 feet long, a leather thong 4 feet, with a metal ring at the end to which the striking part, a flat tongue of hardened hide 2 feet long is attached; the punishment inflicted with the knout. v.i. To punish with the knout. know, no, v.t. knew (pret.), known (pp.). [A.Sax. cndwan, pret. cneow, pp. cndwen, to know; Icel. knd, to be able; comp. the allied words E.

—

at

common,

knobs

or disparage. (Colloq.) To knock about, to wander here and there; to move about in the world. (Colloq.) To knock off^ to cease from labor; to stop work. (Colloq.) To knock under, to yield; to submit; to acknowledge one's

blow;

A

branched

icize, belittle,

down;

certainty; to understand clearly; to be convinced or satisfied regarding the truth or reality of; to be assured of; to be aware of; to distinguish

—

strike or beat with something thick, hard, or heavy; to drive or be driven so as to come in collision with something; to strike against; to clash; to critetc.]

strikingly attractive (slang); boxing, a blow which fells an opponent for a minimum period of ten seconds. knoll, nol, n. [A.Sax. cnoll, a knoll, a summit; N. knoll, Dan. knold, a knoll; G. knolle, knollen, a lump; comp. W. cnol, the top, a round hillock.] The top or crown of a hill; a small or low round hill; a small elevation of earth. knop, nop, n. [knob.] knob; a boss; a bunch. (O.T.) knot, not, n. [A.Sax. cnotta, a knot D. knot, Icel. knutr, Sw. knut, G. knot en, a knot; cog. L. nodus, that is, gnodus (whence node), knit.] complication of a thread, cord, or rope, or of two or more, by tying, knitting, or entangling; a fastening made by looping a cord or thread on itself; a tie; a figure with interlaced lines; a bond of association; a union (the nuptial knot); a cluster, collection, group; a difficulty or perplexity; something not easily solved; a hard part in timber caused by the shooting out of a branch; a protuberance; a nodule; a bunch; a knob; naut. a division of the log line, forming the same fraction of a mile as half a minute is of an hour, that is, the hundred and twentieth part of a nautical mile; so that the number of knots run off the reel in half a minute shows the vessel's speed per hour in miles; hence, a nautical mile or 6080 feet. knotted, knotting. To tie in a v.t. knot or knots; to form a knot on; v.i. to entangle; to unite closely. To become knotted; to form knots knotgrass, or joints, as in plants.

A

knob, nob, n. [Older form knop; comp. A.Sax. cncep, a top, a knob, D. knop, knoop, G. knopf, Icel. knappr, Dan. knop, knap, a knob, button, bud, etc.; also W., Ir., and

knag, knuckle,

konnen, to be able (ich kann, I can), kennen, to know; from a root gna, gan, to know, seen also in name, noble, narrate (these words have lost g before the n, as in ignoble, ignorant), uncouth; L. gnosco, nosco, Gr. gignosko, to know.] To perceive with

=

to unite closely; to grow together. knitter, nit'er, n. One that knits; a knitting machine. knives, nivz, n. pi. of knife.

can, to be able, ken, to know, Icel. kunna, used in both senses ; G. j,

—

fastened to a door admittance. knockkneed, a. Having the legs so much curved inward that they touch or knock together in walking; hence, feeble (a knock-kneed argument). knockout, n. A person or thing

A

knotting a continuous thread by means of wires or needles; to cause to grow together; to join closely; to contract into folds or wrinkles v.i. To make (to knit the brows). a fabric by interlooping yarn or thread by means of needles, etc.;

——

Kohinoor

473

knit England,

———— —

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

(to know a star from a planet); to be familiar or acquainted with (a person, a topic, etc.); to have experience of. v.i. To have clear and certain perception; not to be doubtful; to be informed. knowable, no'a«bl, a. Capable of being known. knower, no'er, n. One who knows. knowing, no'ing, a. Wellinformed; well-instructed; intelli-

—

gent; sagacious; conscious; expressive of knowledge or cunning (a knowing look). knowingly, no'ing*li, adv. In a knowing manner. knowingness, no'ing«nes, n. knowledge, nol'ij, [O.E. knowleche, n. from know, and term, seen in Icel. kunnleikr, knowledge, and in E. wed-

—

and which

lock,

A.Sax.

lac,

Icel.

sport, play, gift.] certain perception exists,

from

derived Goth,

is

leikr,

The of

laiks,

clear and that which

or of truth and fact; indubi-

table apprehension; cognizance; learning; erudition; information; skill in anything; familiarity gained by actual experience; acquaintance

with any fact or person. known, non,p. and a. Perceived; understood; recognized; familiar. n. [A.Sax. cnucel, D. knokkel, kneukel, Dan. knokkel, G. knochel, a knuckle, knochen, a bone; comp. W. cnwc, a knob or knot; allied are probably knock, knag, knack] The joint of a finger, particularly when protuberant by the closing of the fingers; the knee joint of a calf or pig (a knuckle of veal). v.t.— knuckled, knuckling. To strike with the knuckles; to pommel. v.i. Only used in the colloquial phrases to knuckle down, to knuckle under, to yield; to submit; to acknowledge one's self beaten; phra-

knuckle, nuk'l,

—

of doubtful origin. knuckleduster, n. An iron instrument with knobs or points projecting, contrived to cover the knuckles, and which renders a blow struck more knuckle joint, n. Mach. powerful. ses

any

flexible

joint

formed by two

abutting links.

knur, knurl, ner, GNARL.

nerl, n.

Same

as

koala, ko«a'la, n. [Native name.] A marsupial animal, of Australia, arboreal in habit.

kobold, ko'bold, n. [goblin.] A domestic spirit or elf in German mythology; a kind of goblin. Kodak, ko'dak, n. Trade name of a photographic camera.

Kohinoor, kd'i«nor, n. [Per. koh-i-nur, mountain of light.] The great Indian diamond of the Deccan, owned first by the Mogul kings, and finally, in 849, the property of the British Crown; anything of supreme excellence. 1

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

—

—

kohl

kopeck, kopek, ko'pek, n. A small Russian coin, one hundredth part of a ruble, worth about half a cent. ko«ran',

See

n.

ALKORAN. kos, kos, n. A Jewish measure of capacity equal to about 4 cubic

kosher,

kosh'er, a. [Heb. kasher, Designating food prepared in the way prescribed by Jewish ceremonial rites; right; proper. kowtow, kou«tou', n. [Chinese.] Prostrating one's self and touching the ground with the forehead; showing deference and submissiveness. v.i. right.]

To perform the kowtow; honor and respect.

to

fruit,

used

kerd, n. An inhabitant of Kurdistan. Kurdish, ker'dish, a. Of or relating to Kurdistan or the

Kurd,

—

Kurds. kyanite,

ki'an«it,

n.

[Gr.

kyanos,

A

blue.] gem of the garnet family of a blue color, somewhat resembling

sapphire.

kymograph,

ki'mo«graf, n. [Gr. kywave, grapho, I write.] An instrument for graphically recording variations in blood pressure. a

tna,

Kyrie

eleison, kir"e»e' e«la"i«s'n, [Gr. kyrie, Lord, eleison, have mercy.] form of invocation in ancient Greek, liturgies and still used in the Roman Catholic service. n.

in Africa.

A

supposed enor-

sea monster, said to have been seen at different times off the coast

of Norway. Kremlin, krem'lin. [Rus. kreml.] The citadel of Moscow, including

within it the Soviet government. kreutzer, kreuzer, kroit'ser, n. [G. kreuzer, from kreuz, a cross, because formerly stamped with a cross.] An old South German copper coin, the sixtieth part of the gulden or florin; an Austrian coin equal to the hundredth part of a florin. kriegspiel, kreg'spel, n. [G., game of war krieg, war, and spiel, game.] A game of German origin, played by means of pieces representing troops on a map exhibiting all the features of a country. kris, kres, n. A Malay dagger; a creese.

krone, kro'ne, n. [Dan., a crown.] Scandinavian monetary unit. kruller, krul'er,

n.

A

[O.E. crult, curled;

D. krullen, to curl.] See cruller. krypton, krip'ton, n. A rare gaseous element. Symbol, Kr; at. no., 36; wt., 83.80.

Kshatriya, kshat'ri«a, n. A member of the second or military caste in the social system of the Brahmanical Hindus. kudos, ku'dos, n. [Gr.] Glory; fame; renown. [Native name.] A striped antelope of South Africa, the male having long and twisted horn. Kufic, a. See cufic. kumiss, ko'mis, n. [Of Tartar origin.] A liquor made from mare's milk

kudu, ko'do,

n.

fermented and distilled; fermented milk used by the Tartars. kiimmel, kum'l or kim'l, n. [G. caraway.]

A

liqueur,

fla-

vored with caraway seeds.

kumquat,

kum'kwot, n. [Chinese (Cantonese) kam, golden, and kwat, fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Bot. applied to an irregular gamocorolla, petalous the limb or expanded portion cleft so as to present an upper and lower lip. labiodental, la'bi*o*den*tal, a. and n. [L. labium, a lip, and dens, a tooth.] Formed or pronounced by the cooperation of the lips and teeth; a sound thus formed (/ and v). labium, la'bi'um, n. [L.] One of the lip-like folds of the vulva, Labia majora, the two outer folds, and Labia minora, the two inner folds; the lower lip of insects. labor, labour, la'ber, n. [O.Fr.

—

labour, Fr. labeur, L. labor, laboris, labor.] Exertion, physical or mental, or both, undergone in the performance of some task or work; particularly, the exertion of the body in

occupations by which subsistence obtained; the performance of is work; toil; work done or to be done; laborers or producers in the aggregate (the claims or rights of labor) travail; the pangs and efforts of ;

L,

mous

kiimmel,

small citrus chiefly in preserves.

show

kraal, kral, n. [Pg. curral, a pen for animals, akin corral.) A native village or collection of huts in South Africa;

at.

A

orange.]

—

labret

A

inches.

a pen for livestock kraken, kra'ken, n.

— —

474

kohl, kol, n. A black pigment used by Eastern women as a cosmetic. kohlrabi, kol«ra'be, n. [G., from kohl, kale, and L. rapa, a turnip; kale or cabbage turnip.] A variety of cabbage distinguished by a globular swelling immediately above the ground, which is the part used. koodoo, ko'do, n. See kudu.

Koran, ko'ran or

— —

—

el,

1,

the twelfth letter

and ninth

consonant of the English alphabet. la, la, Mus. the sixth of the seven syllables that represent the seven sounds in the diatonic scale. laager, la'ger, n. [D., a camp.] In South Africa, an encampment; a temporary defensive enclosure, formed of wagons. v.i. To encamp; to form a temporary defense by means of wagons. labarum, lab'a»rum, n. [L. labarum, laborum, Gr. labor on, labor on; etym, doubtful.] The standard adopted by Constantine the Great after his conversion to Christianity; a banner

X

bearing the Greek letters P (that Chr), conjoined so as to form a monogram of the name of Christ. labdanum, lab'da«num. See ladais,

NUM. labefaction,

lab«e«fak'shon, n. [L. labo, to labefactio, from labefacio totter, and facio, to make.] weak-

—

A

ening; decay; downfall. label, la'bl, n. [O.Fr. label, lambel, a rag, a tatter, a shred ; of Germanic or Celtic origin.] A slip of paper, parchment, or other material, containing a name, title, address, statement of contents, nature, or the like, affixed to anything; a narrow affixed to slip diplomas, deeds, or writings to hold the appended seal; arch, a projecting tablet or molding over doors, windows, etc.

—

To

labeled, labeling. affix a label to; to classify and name. labeler, labeller, la'bNer, n. One who labels.

v.t.

labellum, la«bel'lum, dim. of labrwn, a

n.

—

[L., a little

Bot. one or the three pieces forming the corolla in orchidaceous plants, usuallip,

ly

lip.]

turned downward.

labial, la'bi«al, a. [From L. labium, lip.] Pertaining to the lips; a lip. uttered by the lips; owing its special character to the lips (a labial consonant). n. A vowel or consonant formed chiefly by the lips, as b, m, p, o.

— labialize, —

la'bi«al«iz,

v.t.

To

give a labial sound or character to; labiate, la'bi«at, a. to utter labially. [L.L. labiatus, from L. labium, lip.]

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

childbirth. v.i. To engage in labor; to work; to toil; to exert the body or mind, or both, in the prosecution of any design; to proceed or act with difficulty; to be burdened; to suffer (to labor under a disease); naut. to pitch and roll heavily, as v.t. To a ship in a turbulent sea. till; to cultivate; to prosecute with Labor Day, in the U.S., effort. the first Monday in September, observed as a legal holiday in honor

Labor Party, of the working classes. a party claiming to represent the interests of the working classes. Labor union, a trade union; an earners wage organization of designed to advance the economic interests and general working conlabored, ditions of its members. la'berd, p. and a. Produced with labor; bearing the marks of constraint and effort; opposed to easy or natural (a labored speech). laborer, la'ber-er, n. One who labors; a man who does work that requires as skill or special training, little distinguished from an artisan. laborsaving, a. Saving labor; adapted to supersede or diminish the laborious, la«bolabor of men.

—

—

ri«us,

a.

[L.

laboriosus.]

Requiring

labor; toilsome; not easy; diligent in work or service; industrious; la«bo ri»laboriously, assiduous. us«li, adv. In a laborious manner. laboriousness, la«bo ri«us«nes, n.

—

laboratory, labor-atorium,

A

labor.]

lab'o»ra«to«ri, n. [L.L. from L. labor, labor.

building or

room designed

for investigation and experiment in chemistry, physics, or other subject; a chemist's workroom; the shop of a druggist.

laborite,

la ber«Ite,

n.

One

who

upholds the theories and practices of labor organizations.

labradorite, lab'ra«dor«it, n. A mineral, a kind of feldspar, found on the coast of Labrador, distinguished by its splendent changeability of color; called also Labrador feldspar. labret, lab

A

lip

ret,

n.

[L.

labrwn,

lip.]

ornament worn by certain

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

——

—

— ——— —

———

—

labrum

475

savage peoples, consisting of a piece of bone, wood, or the like, inserted in an artificial opening. labrum, la'brum, n. [L.] An upper or outer lip, labium. labrose, la'-

laceration las«er«a'shon, n. of lacerating; the breach rending. lacertian, lacertilian, la«ser'shi»an,

—

bros, a.

Having thick

A resinous substance produced mainby the

puncture of a small insect, and used in preparing lacquers, varnishes,

—

Stick lac is the substance in its natural state, incrusting small twigs;

when broken

off and washed with water it is called seed lac; when melted and reduced to a thin crust it is called shell-lac, shellac. Lac dye and lac lake, scarlet coloring matters obtained from stick lac. lac, lakh, lak, n. [Hind, lakh, Skr. laksha.] In the East Indies a word used to denote 100,000. LACE. See liquid. lace, las, n. [O.Fr. las, from L. laqueus, a noose, a snare; akin lasso, latchet.] A string or cord used for fastening boots or some other part of the dress, or plaited and otherwise ornamented and used for decoration; a delicate kind of network, used for the ornamenting of female dresses,

—

etc.

v.t.

—

laced,

lacing.

To

—

timental. lak'i, n. [Fr. laquais, from Sp. and Pg. lacayo, alacay, possibly from Ar. lakiyy, attached to some one.] An attending male servant; a footboy or footman; any servile To wait on as a follower. v.t.

lackey,

v.i. To lackey; to attend servilely. act as a lackey; to pay servile attendance on some person.

fasten

with a lace or string through eyelet holes; to adorn with lace, or as with a lace; to strengthen beer, tea, with

some

alcoholic

flavoring.

v.i.

laconic, la»kon'ik, a. [Fr. laconique, L. laconicus, from Lacones, the Spartans.] Short; brief; pithy; sententious; expressing much in few words, after the manner of the Spartans, who were Laconians. laconically, la«kon'i»kal-li, adv. In a

To

be fastened or tied by a lace; to have a lace. lacing, las'ing, n. The act of fastening with a lace; a cord used in drawing tight or fastening.

lacerate,

las'er«at,

laconic

words.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

laconism,

lak'on«izm,

n.

A

A

(sometimes sandarach, mastic, etc.) in alcohol; sap of the Japanese or Chinese sumac or any of the synthetic varnishes used to lac

lacerate, lacerated, las'er«at, las'er«a«ted, p. and a. Rent; torn; bot. having the appearance of being

ch, chain;

manner; concisely; in few

concise style; a [L. laconismus.] brief sententious phrase or expression. lacquer, lak'er, n. [Pg. lacre, from solution of shelllac] laca, lac.

lacerated, lacerating. [L. lacero, laceratum, to tear, from lacer, mangled, torn.] To tear; to rend; to make a ragged wound or gash in by violence or tearing; /?£. to torture; to harrow. v.t.

lactarene, lactarine, lak'ta«ren,

),

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

lak'-

[L. lac, lactis, milk; cog. Gr. gala, galaktos, Ir. laith,

ta«rin, n.

with

milk.] A preparation of the casein of milk, extensively used by calico

lactary, lak'ta«ri,

printers.

lacterius, milky.] juice like milk.

Chem. a

Milky;

full

a.

[L.

of white

lactate, lak'tat, n.

or ester of lactic acid. v.i. To produce milk. lactation, lak«ta'shon, n. The function of secreting and excreting milk. lactase, lak'tas, n. An enzyme capable of reducing lactose to dextrose and galactose. lacteal, lak'ti»al, a. Pertaining to or resembling milk; milky;

—

mazy.

game

men each, the object of the game being to score by throwing a hard-rubber ball about the size of a baseball into the opponents' goal with a crosse or lacrosse stick.

lak'ri«mal, a. [L. lachry-

sin'i«a«ted, a. [L. lacinia, a lappet, fringe, or border.] Adorned with fringes; bot. jagged; applied to leaves or petals which are divided by deep tapering incisions. lack, lak, v.t. [Same as D. laken, to blame, O.D. laecken, to fail, to decrease; Dan. lak, fault, want; Icel. lakr, defective; perhaps connected with leak.] To be destitute of; not to have or possess; to want; to need; to require. v.i. To be in want; to be wanting. n. Want; failure. lackdestitution; need; luster, a. Wanting luster or brightness. lackaday, lak«a«da', [Contr. for alack, the-day.] Exclamation of sorrow or lackregret; alas! alas! the day. adaisical, lak«a«da'zi«kal, a. Affectedly pensive; listless; maudlinly sen-

A

[Fr.]

opposing teams of twelve

looseness,

lachrymatory, lak'ri'ma«to«ri, n. A vessel found in sepulchres of the ancients, in which it has been supposed the tears of a deceased person's friends were collected and preserved with the ashes and urn. Also called Lachrymal. lachrymose, lak'ri— mos, a. Generating or shedding tears; appearing as if shedding or given to shed tears; tears; tearful. lachrymosely, lak'ri«mos»li, adv. In a lachrymose manner. lacing. See lace. laciniate, laciniated, la«sin'i»at, la—

lac, lak, n. [Per. lak, Skr. Idkshd, and rdkshd, the lac insect, from ranj, to dye; hence lacquer, lake (color).]

etc.

lit.

n.

which originated with the North American Indians, played with two

Pertaining to tears; generating or secreting tears (the lachrymal gland) conveying tears (lachrymal canal).

—

tree,

lacrosse, la«kros',

ma, lacryma, lacrima, a tear; cog. with Gr. dakry, a tear, and E. tear.]

deposit in certain places the ground labyrinthian, lab«i«rinth'i«an, a. Labyrinthine. Also labyrinthic, lab«i«rinth'ik, labyrinthical, lab«i— rinth'i«kal. labyrinthine, labyrinth 'In, a. Pertaining to or like a labyrinth; full of windings; intricate;

—

a highly lustrous coating to or metals; an item coated with lacquer. v.t. To varnish with lacquer.

remissness; inexcusable delay.

lachrymal,

ornamentation; any intricate matter or business; anat. that part of the internal ear which lies behind the tympanum; metal, a series of troughs attached to a stamping mill, through which a current of water passes so as to carry off and

upon the banyan

wood

Fr. lachesse, remissness,

for

ly

give

The act made by

from O.Fr. lasche, from L. laxus, lax, slow.] Law, neglect; negligence;

passages; a place full of inextricable windings; an ornamental maze or wilderness in gardens; an intricate arrangement of bands or lines used

—

torn.

Belonging to the family of lizards. laches, lach'es or lash'ez, n. [Norm.

beauty of its pendulous racemes of yellow pea-shaped flowers, and having wood which is much valued for turnery work. labyrinth, lab'i«rinth, n. [L. labyrinthus; Gr. labyrinthos.] A structure having numerous intricate winding

—— —— ——— lad

las«er«til'i«an, a. [L. lacerta, a lizard.]

lips.

laburnum, la«ber'num, n. [L.] A leguminose tree, well known for the

ore.

— ————

;

salt

conveying chyle. n. Anat. one of numerous minute tubes which absorb or take up the chyle or milk-like from the alimentary canal and convey it to the thoracic duct. lacteous, lak'ti»us, a. [L. lacteus.] Milky; lacteal. lactescence, lak— tes'ens, n. The state of being lactescent; milkiness or milky color; the milky liquor which flows from a plant when wounded. lactescent, lak«tes'ent, a. [L. lactescens, ppr. of fluid

lactesco, to

become

milky.]

Becoming

milky; having a milky appearance or consistence. lactic, lak'tik, a. [Fr. lactique.] Pertaining to milk or produced from sour milk or

whey

acid) Lactic acid, a acid, 2 3 lactiferous, lak«tif 'er«us, a. Producing or conveying milk or milky juice. lactose, lak'tos, n. Sugar of milk, a crystalline deposit, Ci 2 22 Ou, left after milk has been evaporated. lacuna, la-ku'na, n. pi. lacunae, la— ku'ne. [L., a hollow.] pit or depression on a surface; a small blank space; a gap; a hiatus; one of the spaces left among the tissues of the lower animals, serving in place of vessels for the circulation of the lacunal, la«cu'nal, a. Perfluids. to taining or having lacunae. lacunar, la-ku'ner, n. pi. lacunars, lacunaria, la«ku'nerz, lak«u«na'ri»a. [L.] Arch, one of the sunk compartments or panels in ceilings, lacunose, la«ku'nos, a. etc. [L. lacunosus.] Having lacunae; furrowed or pitted. lacustrine, lacustral, la^kus'trin, la— kus'tral, a. [From L. lacus, a lake.] Pertaining to a lake. Lacustrine or lake dwellings, the name given to ancient habitations built on small islands in lakes, or on platforms supported by piles near the shores of lakes. lad, lad, n. [Of doubtful origin; comp. W. llawd, Ir. lath, a lad, a

th, thin;

(lactic

sirupy

CH CH(OH)C0 H — .

H

A

youth;

lass

w, wig;

is

the feminine corres-

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— —

—

— —

;

ladanum

A

ponding.]

a stripling; a familiar term applied to grown men; fellow; comrade. n.

[Gr. ladathe shrub.]

from Per. IdJan, resinous juice which exudes from several species of cistus growing in Spain and Portugal, Crete, Syria, etc., formerly used in plasters, etc. ladder, lad er, n. [A. Sax. hlaedder O.Fris. Madder, D. ladder, O.H.G. non,

The

hi ei tar a, Mod.G. letter, a ladder; cog. L. clathri, a trellis or grate.] An article of wood, metal, or rope, consisting of two long sidepieces connected by crosspieces at suitable distances, forming steps by which persons may ascend a building etc.; fig. a means of rising to eminence. lade, lad, v.t. pret. laded, pp. laded laden (the former always in second sense), ppr. lading. [A. Sax. hladan, to load, to lade water; O.Sax. and O.H.G. hladan, Icel. hlatha, Goth. hlathan, D. laden, G. (be)laden, to load. Load is almost the same word, and ladle is a derivative.] To load ; to put a load or cargo on or in to lift or throw in or out (a fluid) with some utensil; to lave. laden, la'dn, p. and a. [Pp. of lade in first sense.] Loaded; charged with a burden or freight; fig. oppressed; burdened. lading, lading, n. That which constitutes a load or cargo; freight; burden. Bill of lading. See hleitra,

—

—

—

BILL.

ladle, la'dl, n. [A. Sax. hlaedel, from hladan, to draw water, lade, v.] sort of dish with a long handle, used for lifting or serving out liquids from a vessel; the receptacle of a mill wheel which receives the water that moves it; founding, an iron vessel in which liquid metal is carried from the furnace to the

A

—ladled,

To

ladling. lift or deal out with a ladle ; to lade. lady, la'di, n. [A. Sax. hlaefdige, hlaefdie,

v.t.

bread kneader, from hldf, and -dige, kneader. A woman of rank or distinction

lit.

bread, lord.]

loaf,

correlative

Empire,

to

the

lord;

in

proper

the title

British

of

any

woman whose husband

is above the rank of a baronet or knight, or who is the daughter of a nobleman not lower than an earl, though often the wife of a baronet or a knight is called by this title; a term applied by courtesy to any woman; one of

the fair sex; specifically, a woman of good breeding, education, and refinement of mind: the correlative to gentleman; the wife of a gentleman or man in good position; the mistress or possessor of an estate; an apparatus in the stomach of a lobster for grinding its food. Our Lady, the ladies' man, lady's Virgin Mary. man, n. One who much affects the ladybird, society of ladies; a beau. ladybug, ladybeetle, n. A small beetle, the larva of which feeds on Lady chapel, aphids or plant lice. n. A chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, frequently attached to large churches.- -Lady Day, n. The day of the annunciation of the Virgin

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

March

Mary,

A

25.

—ladyfinger,

n.

kind of finger-shaped spongecake.

— lady-killer,

n.

A man

whose

fascinations are irresistible among the ladies; a general lover. ladykilling, n. Act or practice of a lady-killer; gallantry. ladylike, la'di'lik, a. Like a lady in any respect. ladylove, n. female sweetheart; a lady who is loved. ladyship, la'di«ship, n. The condition or rank of a lady; employed as a title (with her, your, etc.) lady's maid, n. A femaleattendant upon a lady. lady'sslipper, n. An orchid having flowers resembling a slipper; in the U. S., the garden balsam. lag, lag, a. [Of Celtic origin; W. Hag, weak; akin L. laxus, loose; lax, languidus, languid.] Coming after

—

—

A

—

—

—

or behind {lag end of my life). n. The quantity of retardation of some movement (the lag of the valve of a steam engine, the lag of the tide); a comparative retardation of movement or progress (a cultural lag). v.i. lagged, lagging. To walk or move slowly; to loiter; to stay behind. laggard, lag'erd, a. [Lag.

— — —

and

Slow;

sluggish; backward. n. One who lags; a lagger, loiterer; a lazy, slack fellow. lag'er, n. One who lags or loiters. laggingly, lag'ingdi, adv. Loiter-ard.]

suffix

—

ingly.

lagan, lag 'an, n. Same as Ligan. lager beer, la'ger ber, n. [G. lager-

—

a storehouse, and bier, beer, so called from its being beer.l stored for some months before use. lagniappe, lagnappe, lan-yap', n. [Creole, la, the, Sp. napa, llapa, bier

mold.

lame

476

young man or boy;

ladanum, lad'a«num,

— ——

—

lager,

A

A

small present given by lagniappe.] a storekeeper to a customer. lagoon, lagune, la«gon', la»gun', n. [It. and Sp. laguna, from L. lacuna, from lacus, a lake, lake.] shallow lake or sheet of water connected with the sea or a river. laic, laical, la'ik, la'i-kal, a. [L.

A

laicus,

from Gr.

laikos,

from

laos,

people, lay, a.] Belonging to the laity or people, in distinction from layman. laically, the clergy. n. la'i'kal'li, adv. In a laic manner. laid, lad, pret. & pp. of lay; so written for Layed. Laid paper, writing paper with a slightly ribbed surface, called cream-laid, blue-laid,

—

A

—

etc., according to color. lain, Ian, pp. of lie. lair, lar, n. [A. Sax. leger, a bed, a couch, a grave, from the root of law lie D. leger, G. lager. LAY.] place to lie or rest; especially the resting place of a wild beast, etc.; in Scotland, a portion of a buryingground sufficient for one grave. laird, lard, n. [A form of lord.] In Scotland, a land owner or house proprietor.

A

laissez-faire,

laisser-faire,

les'a*-

[Fr. laisser, leave, let, fair*, letting alone; non-interference; a term especially used in regard to the interference of a government with social, commercial far ", n. to do.]

A

or other matters. laity. See lay, a. lake, lak, ti. [Fr. lac, from L. lacus,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

A sheet or body of water wholly surrounded by land, and having no direct communication with the sea, or having so only by means of rivers. lake dwelling, laky, la'ki, a. n. See lacustrine. lake; cog. loch.}

——

Pertaining to a lake or lakes. lake, lak, n. [Fr. laque. lac] A pigment consisting of an earthy substance impregnated with red coloring matter of certain animal and vegetable substances, there being thus cochineal and lac lakes, madder lake, etc.

lallation, lalda'shon, n. [Fr. lallation, from the letter /.] The imperfect pronunciation of the letter r, which is

made

to

sound

lama, lama,

like

/.

[Tibetan.]

A

priest or ecclesiastic belonging to that variety of Buddhism which is known as Lamaism, and prevails in Tibet and

Mongolia.

A

n.

—Lamaism,

la

ma»izm,

n.

variety of Buddhism chiefly prevailing in Tibet and Mongolia.

Lamaist, la'ma«ist,

n.

One belonging

—

the religion of Lamaism. Lamaistic, la«ma«is'tik, a. Pertaining to lamaism. lamasery, lama-ser^i, n. monastery of lamas. Lamarckian, la«mark'i»an, a. [Lamark, French zoologist.] The theory of organic evolution by inherited modifications of the individual through habit or other causes. lamb, lam, n. [A. Sax., O.Sax., Goth., to

—

A

Icel., and O.H.G. lamb; D. and Dan. lam, G. lamm, lamb.] The young of sheep; a person as gentle or innocent as a lamb. The Lamb, The Lamb of God, the Saviour Jesus v.i. To bring forth a lamb Christ.

—

—

or lambs. lambkin, lam'kin, n. A small lamb; one fondly cherished. lamblike, lambskin, lam'lik, a. lam'skin, n. The skin of a lamb dressed with the fleece on, or made

—

into leather.

lam'da, n. [Gr.] The eleventh letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to the English letter L, /.

lambda,

lambdoidal,

lam doi»dal, a. [Gr. lambdoeides lambda (A), and eidos, resemblance.] In the form of the

—

Greek letter lambda lambent, lam bent,

(A). a. [L.

lam: lambentis, ppr. of lambo, to lick, a nasalized form akin to lap.) Licking;

about; touching lightly; over (a lambent flame); gleaming; twinkling; flickering. lame, lam, a. [A. Sax. lama D. Dan. and Sw. lam, G. lahm, lame; Icel. lama, a lame person; akin prow E. lam, to beat.] Crippled or disabled in one or more of the limbs; crippled; disabled (a lame arm); imdefective, not sound or perfect, unassailable (a lame excuse). v.t. lamed, latmng. To make lame; to cripple or disable; to render imlame duck, n. A slang perfect. playing gliding

—

—

term for a defaulter on the stock exchange; a Congressman not reelected and serving the last session

—

lamely, lam'li, adz. of his term. In a lame or imperfect manner. lameness, lam nes, n. The condition of being lame, crippled or disabled. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — — — —— —— —

— —— — —— —

;

lamella lamella,

la«mel'la,

n.

pi.

lamellae,

lamellar, la«mel'ler, a. Composed of thin plates or lamellae; disposed in lamellate, thin plates or scales. lamellated, lam'eldat, lam'el«la«ted, a. Formed in thin plates or lamellae, or covered with them ; furnished with lamellibranchiate, lamellae. la«-

Africa.

elasticity,

Gr.

n.

from

lampas,

shine;- akin

[Fr.

lampe, L. and Gr. lampo, to

ing

oil,

used

pitch, or resinous substances,

as a

A man

pigment.

employed

lamplighter,

n.

to light street or

other public lamps,

lampas, lam'pas,

n. [Fr. lampas.] swelling in the roof of a horse's mouth immediately behind the fore-

A

swans, etc.—lamellose, la^mel'los, a. Covered with or in the form of lamellae.

teeth,

lampoon, lam«pon',

lament, la«ment', v.i. [L. lamentor, to wail, from lamentum, a wail; same root as latrare, to bark, an onomatopoetic word.] To mourn; to weep or

n.

[Fr. lampon,

a drinking or scurrilous song, from lamper, to drink, to guzzle; akin lap, to lick.] personal satire in writing; a satiric or abusive attack in prose or verse. v.t. To write a lampoon against; to assail in a lampoon.

—

—

chiate, eel-like, scaleless fishes, with suctorial mouths, inhabiting both

fresh

and

salt water.

lanate, la'nat, a. [L. lanatus.] Woolly; covered with a growth or substance resembling wool. lance, lans, n. [Fr. lance, from L.

A

infants.

lancea, a lance.] An offensive weapon consisting of a long wooden shaft with a sharp-pointed head of steel or other metal, used in war by

lamina,

lam'i-na, n. pi. laminae, lam'i*ne. [L., a thin plate or lamina.] thin plate or scale; a layer or coat lying over another: applied to the plates of minerals, bones, etc. bot. the upper broad part of the petal in a polypetalous corolla; the blade of a leaf. laminable, lam'i— na»bl, a. Capable of being formed into thin plates. laminar, lam'i«ner, a. Formed of laminae or plates; consisting of thin plates or layers. laminate, lam'i«nat, a. laminate, lam'i*nat, v.i. laminated, laminating. To separate or split up into thin plates or layers. v.t. To divide in thin sheets; to form into thin layers by beating or rolling; to compress layers of material into a hard, durable

A

both ancient and modern nations;

—

lanced, lancing. To spear. v.t. pierce with a lance or other pointed instrument; to open with a lancet or other sharp instrument. private soldier lance corporal, n. performing the duties of a corporal with a temporary rank as such. small wormlancelet, lans'let, n. a

A

—

A

transparent fish of very anomlanceolate, lan'alous structure. [L. lanceola, dim. of se»o«lat, a. lancea, a lance. 1 Shaped like a lance lancer, lan'ser, n. One who head. like

lances; one j,

job;

who

ng, sing;

carries a lance; a

TH,

then;

much used

for

shon, n. A sudden, sharp, shooting pain; laceration; wounding. land, land, n. [A.Sax. D. Dan. Icel. Sw. Goth, and G. land; connections very doubtful.] The solid or fixed part of the surface of the globe, in distinction from the sea or other waters, which constitute the fluid or movable part; a definite portion of the solid surface of the globe as set apart or belonging to an individual or a people, as a country, estate, or farm (to travel in all lands, his land adjoins mine); the people of a country or region; ground or

lam»pon'er, n. The lampoonry, writer of a lampoon. lam»pon'ri, n. The act of lampooning; the matter in a lampoon. lamprey, lam'pri, n. [Fr. lamproie, It. lampreda, from L.L. lampetra L. lambo, to lick, and petra, a stone, from their habit of attaching themselves to stones by their mouths.] The name of several marsipobran-

sorrow; grievous; mournful; miser-

is

lancinating, tear; to lacerate. lan'si«na«ting, a. Piercing: applied to a sudden sharp shooting pain, as in cancer. lancination, lan«si«na'-

lampooner,

able; pitiful; wretched. lamentably, lam'en«ta«bli, adv. In a lamentable manner. lamentation, lam«en«ta'shon, n. [L. lamentatio.] The act of lamenting; a wailing; expression of sorrow; cries or words expressive of grief; [cap.] pi. a book of Scripture containing the Lamentations of Jeremiah. lamia, la'mi«a,n. [Gr.] Greek myth. female monster sucking the blood of

and

To

A

wail; to express sorrow; to regret deeply; to grieve. v.t. To bewail; to mourn for; to bemoan; to deplore. n. Lamentation; an elegy or mournful ballad or air. lamentable, lam'en«ta«bl, a. [L. lamentabilis.] To be lamented; exciting or calling for

and narrow

like

lancinate, lan'si»nat, v.t. [L. lancino, lancinatum; akin to lance, lacerate.]

vessel for containing oil or other liquid inflammable substance, to be burned by means of a wick; any contrivance adapted to contain an artificial light;

something metaphorically communicating light. lampblack, lamp'blak, n. A fine soot formed by the condensation of the smoke of burn-

high

rods, etc.

A

lantern.]

A

a lancet. lancet arch, n. An arch whose head is shaped like the point of a lancet generally used in lancet windows. lancewood, n. [So named from its being suitable for making the shafts of lances.] The wood of several trees of the custard-apple family, natives of Guiana and the West Indies, which possesses great toughness and

—

lamp, lamp,

n.

window pointed

lem'mer«gl«er, n. [G. lammergeier lammer, pi. of lamm, a lamb, and geier, a vulture.] The bearded vulture, the largest European bird of prey, inhabiting the Alps, as well as Asia and

—

g, go;

window,

lammergeier,laemmergeyer, 1am-

mel'li«brang"ki«at, a. [L. lamella, a thin plate, and branchiae, gills.] Having lamellar gills, especially having lamellar gills and bivalve shells as the mollusks of the class or order (Lamellibranchiata) of which mussels, Cockles, and oysters are familiar examples. Also used as a noun. lamellicorn, la«merii»korn, a. [L. lamella, a plate, and cornu, a horn.] Having lamellar antennae; having antennae the three last joints of which are plate-like and disposed somewhat like the teeth of a comb: said of beetles, such as the cockchafers, lamellirostral, etc. Used also as n. la«mel'liTOs"tral, a. [L. rostrum, a beak.] Having a beak furnished along its margins with numerous lamellae or dental plates as the ducks, geese,

ch, Sc. loch;

A

—

mer«gl«er,

:

cavalry soldier armed with a lance. lancet, lan'set, n. [Fr. lancette, dim. small surgical instruof lance.] ment, sharp-pointed and generally two-edged, used in opening veins, lancet tumors, abscesses, etc.

—

which compose the gills of certain mollusks; one of the gills forming the hymenium of an agaric.

— —— —

land

477

A

ch, chain;

— —— — —— —

substance by means of heat and chemicals; to overlay with laminae. lamination, lam«i«na'shon, n. Lammas, lam'as, n. [A.Sax. hldfmcesse, that is loaf mass, bread feast, so called because on this day offerings were formerly made of the first fruits of harvest.] The first day of August. Lammastide, n. The time of Lammas.

thin la^mel'le. [Dim. of lamina.] plate or scale; one of an aggregate of thin plates ; one of the thin plates

—

—

th, thin;

(good land, poor land); in Scotland, a building including houses

soil

occupied by different families.

To

make

the land, or to make land (naut.), to discover land from the sea as the ship approaches it. v.t. To set on shore; to disembark; to bring to or put in a certain place

or condition; to catch, as a fish. v.i. To bring an aircraft to rest on the ground or on water; to go on shore from a ship or boat; to disembark; to arrive; to reach. landed, lan'ded, a. Having an estate in land; consisting in real estate or land {landed property). landfall, land'fal, n. The first land discovered after a voyage; landgrant school, in the a landslide. U. S., a college or university which received federal aid by the Morrill Act of 1862 for teaching vocational subjects, as agriculture, etc. landholder, n. A holder, owner, or proprietor of land. landing, land'ing, n. The level part of anything,

—

especially on a staircase, used for resting; the act of going or setting on land; a place where persons land or where goods are set on shore ; the act of alighting, as an aircraft on a field. Landing gear, the understructure of an aircraft, consisting of wheels, or of floats, and their supLanding net, a small porting frame. bag-shaped net used to take the fish

from the water Landing stage,

after being hooked. a stage or platform,

frequently so constructed as to rise and fall with the tide, for the convenience of landing or shipping pas-

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —— — — ——

—— ——

— —— —

landau sengers and goods. n.

landlady land'-

A woman who

—

;

—

closed or encompassed by land. landloper, land'16«per (Scottish land

[Land, and loper, as in vagabond or vagrant; one who has no settled habitation. landlord, land lord, n. The owner of land or of houses who has tenants under him; the master of an inn, tavern, lodginghouse; a host. landlubber, land'lub«er, n. A con-

louper), n. interloper.]

A

temptuous term among seamen for a landsman.— landmark, land'mark, n. A mark to designate the boundary of land; any mark or fixed object by which the limits of a portion of territory may be known and preserved; any prominent and distinguishing feature of a locality; some elevated object on land that serves as a guide to seamen; what marks a stage in any course of development; any striking historical event to which others may be referred. land measure, n. The system of quantities used in computing the area of pieces of land. land office, n. A government office in which the sales of public lands are recorded. landoffice business, a rushing, profitable business (colloq.). land-owner, n. A proprietor of land. land-poor, a. Financially embarrassed by having too much money invested in land, or by too much expense for upkeep of land. landscape, land'skap, n. [D. landschap, Dan. landskab, equivalent to land-shape. J A picture representing a tract of country with the various objects it contains; such pictures in general, or the painting of such pictures a natural scene that might form the subject of such a picture. landslide, land slid, n. The slipping or sliding down of a considerable portion of land or earth from a higher to a lower level; the earth which so slides or slips. landsman, landz'man, n. One who lives on the land opposed to seaman.

—

;

—Landsturm,

:

lant'sturm, n. [G., land-storm.] former local militia of Germany, called in case of

A

lit.

landward, land'invasion. werd, adv. Toward the land. a. Lying toward the land, or toward actual

the interior, or away from the seacoast; situated in or forming part of the country, as opposed to the

town;

rural.

Landwehr,

-;

lant'var, n.

[G. land, country, and wehr, defense (E. ware, beware).] Formerly that portion of the military forces of some European nations who in time of peace followed their occupations, excepting when called out to

complete compulsory training. landau, lan«da', n. [From Landau, a town in Germany, where first made.] A kind of carriage with an openable top; an automobile of

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

A

lang'grij,

lang-

Old bolts, nails, and pieces of iron bound together and fired from a ship's guns. grel, n.

langsyne, lang«sin',

n. [Sc. lang, long, syne, since.] The time long ago. (Scotch.) language, lang'gwij, n. [Fr. langage, from langue, L. lingua, the tongue; which is cog. with E. tongue (I corresponding to t, as in L. lacrima, E.

and

tear).] Human speech; the expression of thoughts by words or articulate sounds; the aggregate of the words

employed by any community

for

intercommunication; the speech pe-

words appropriate employed in any branch of knowledge (the language culiar to a nation; to or especially

of chemistry) general style or manner of expression; the expression of thought in any way articulate or inarticulate (the language of the eyes, of flowers, etc.). languid, lang'gwid, a. [L. languidus, from langueo, to droop or flag. languish.] Flagging; drooping; weak; heavy; dull; indisposed to exertion; slow; tardy; without animation. languidly, lang'gwid«li, adv. In a languid manner. languidness, lang'gwid»nes, n. The state or quality of being languid. languish, lang'gwish, v.i. [Fr. languir, ppr. languissant, from L. langueo, to languish; akin to lax, lag, slack.] To lose strength or animation; to be or become dull, feeble, or spiritless; to pine; to be or to grow heavy; to droop; to wither; to fade; to be no longer active and vigorous. n. Act of pining; also, a soft and tender look or appearance. languisher, ;

—

lang'gwish«er, n. One who lanlanguishing, lang'gwish*guishes. ing, p. and a. Losing strength; becoming feeble; pining; having a soft and tender expression (a lanlanguishingly, lang guishing eye). gwish«ing«li, adv. In a languishing

—

langulshment, manner. langgwish«ment, n. The state of languishing or pining; softness of look languor, lang'gwer, n. [L. or mien. languor.] The state of body induced by exhaustion of strength; feebleness; faintness; lassitude of body; dullness of intellect; listlessness; an agreeable listless or dreamy state. languorous, lang gwer«us, a. Characterized by languor.

similar design.

landgrave, land'grav, n. [G. landgraf, D. landgraaf land, land, and graf,

laniard, Ian ycrd, n. See lanyard. laniary, lan'i-eTi, n. [L. laniarius,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

;

lanyard

graaf, an earl or count.] In Germany, originally, the title of district or provincial governors; later, the title of three princes of the empire, whose territories were called landgravates. landgravate, land'gra«vat, n. The territory or office of a landgrave. landgravine, land'gra«ven, n. The wife of a landgrave. lane, Ian, n. [A.Sax. lane, a lane; D. laan, alley; Fris. lona, lana, a lane.] narrow way or passage, as between hedges or buildings ; a narrow street an alley; a narrow pass; one division of a road used for a single line of traffic; prescribed routes for shipping or air traffic so as to avoid collisions.

langrage, langrel,

—— ——— —

— ——

——

478

has tenants under her; the mistress of an inn or of a lodginghouse correlative to landlord. landless, land'les, a. Destitute of land; having no property in land. landlocked, land'lokt, pp. Enla di,

— —

note, not,

move;

pertaining to a butcher, from lanius, a butcher.] Shambles^:; a place of slaughter}:; one of the canine teeth of the carnivorous animals. a. Used for lacerating or tearing flesh (laniary teeth).

lank, langk,

a. [A.Sax. hlanc; connecdoubtful.] Loose or lax and easily yielding to pressure^; languid or drooping}:; not distended; not plump ; of a thin or slender habit of body. lankly, langk'li, adv. In a lank manner; loosely; laxly. lankness, langk 'nes, n. The state or quality of being lank. lanky, lang-

tions

ki, a. Lank. lanner, lan'er,

n. [Fr. lanier, L. laniarius, lanius, a butcher.] species

A

of hawk, especially the female of the species, found in the south and east of Europe. lanneret, lan'er«et, n. The male of the lanner. lanolin, lan'o«lin, n. [L. lana, wool, oleum, oil.] An oily or greasy substance obtained from unwashed wool, used as a basis of many ointments, lotions, etc.

lansquenet, lans'ke«net, n. [Originally a foot soldier, from G. landsknecht, a foot soldier land, country, knecht, a servant, a knight.] An old game at cards. lantern, lan'tern, n. [Fr. lanterne, L. lanterna, from Gr. lampter, a light, a beacon, from lampo, to shine, whence also lamp.] case enclosing a light and protecting it from wind

A

and rain, sometimes portable and sometimes fixed; arch, an erection on the top of a dome, the roof of an apartment,

give

to

etc.,

light,

for

ornament a tower which has the whole or a considerable portion of the interior open to view a light open erection on the top of a tower; the upper part of a lighthouse where the light is shown. Chinese lantern. See CHINESE. Dark lantern, one with a single opening, which may be closed so as to conceal the fight. Magic lantern. See magic. ventilation, or for

—lantern

fly,

;

n.

A

hemipterous

insect of South America which emits a strong light in the dark. lantern-

jawed, n. Having lantern-jaws; having a long thin visage. (Colloq.) lanthanum, lan'tha«num, n. [Gr. lanthano, I lie hid, because its existence long remained unknown.] A metallic element of the rare-earth

aluminum. Symbol, La; at. no., 57; at. wt., 138.91. Ian thorn, lantern, n. An old and erroneous spelling of Lantern, due to the fact that lanterns used to have series, allied to

horn sides.

lanuginous,

lanuginose, la«nu ji«nus, la»nu ji«nos, a. [L. lanuginosus, from lanugo, down, from lana, wool.] Downy; covered with down or fine

soft hair.

lanyard, lan'yerd, n. [Also written lamer, laniard, from Fr. lanicre, a thong, strap, originally a woolen band, from L. lana, wool.] Naut. a short piece of rope or line used for fastening something in ships; nnlit. a piece of strong twine with an iron hook at one end, used in firing cannon with a friction tube. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— — ———

——

———

— ;

Laodicean Laodicean,

la«od'i«se"an, a.

Christians of Laodicea;

— — — ——— ———

— 479

Like the

lukewarm

in

To

stone.

v.i.

become

stone.

larva

turn into stone; to

[A. Sax. lappa; D. and Dan. lap, Sw. lapp, G. lappen, a lap, a loose flap, lappen, to hang loose; akin to label, lobe, limp (a.), lapse; lapel, lappet, are derivatives.] The lower part of a garment that hangs loosely; the part of clothes that lies on the knees when a person sits down; hence, the upper part of the legs in this position; the part of one body which lies on and covers a part of another (as a slate in roofing) the last part or round in a race. lapboard, n. board resting on the lap, employed by tailors for cutting

from the

A

of

flight.]

A

—

nity.

lariat, la'ri«at, n. [Sp. lariata.] The lasso; a long cord or thong of leather with a noose used in catching wild horses, etc. lark, lark, n. [A. Sax. lawerce, laferce, O. and Prov.E. lavrock, laverock^ D. leeuwerik, leeuwrik, Dan. Icerke, I eel. Icevirki, G. lerche a lark; the

—

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

seems

to literally mean of a genus of

craft-worker.] One perching birds characterized by having a long straight hind claw, and of which there are various species, as the skylark, wood lark, shore lark, etc., the skylark being celebrated for larkspur, lark'sper, n. its song. [From the long spur of one of the sepals.]

The common name

of a

genus of plants, several species of which are common in gardens. lark, lark, n. [From A. Sax. lac, Icel. leikr, Goth, laiks, sport, play.] Sport; frolic; a piece of merriment. (Slang or colloq.)

make

—

v.i.

and

t.

To

sport; to

sport. (Slang or colloq.)

larrikin, lar'i»kin, n. Australian hooligan; street-corner rough. larrup, lar'up, v.t. To whip or flog. larva, larva, n. pi. larvae, lar've. [L. larva, a mask, a specter.]

The

early

form of any animal which during its development is unlike its parent; an insect in the caterpillar or grub state,

A

j,

Icevirki

I eel.

that

.

go;

manymind)

extensively.

:

g,

room,

largess, lar'jes, n. [Fr. largesse, from L. largitio, a bounty, from largiri, to bestow, from largus, large.] A present; a gift or donation; a bounty bestowed. larghetto, lar«get'to. [It.] Mus. somewhat slowly, but not so slowly as largo, lar'go. [It.] Mus. slowlargo. ly; slowly, with breadth and dig-

A

ch, Sc. loch;

A

—

A

ch, chain;

n.

generous, noble, sympathetic (a large heart). At large, without restraint or confinement; diffusely; fully; with all details; elected at large (by the whole state), as congressman-arlargehearted, a. Having a large. large heart; generous; magnanimous; sympathetic. largeheartedness, n. Largeness of heart. largely, larj'li, adv. In a large manner; to a large or great degree or extent; widely;

well-known and

—

lar'der,

plentiful; numerous; liberal, sided, comprehensive (a large

handsome bird belonging to the plover

family, about the size of a pigeon, often called the pee-wit from its cry. lar, lar, n. pi. lares, la'rez. [Related tongue. to L. larva, a specter.] household lap, lap, n. [Short for lapidary wheel.] deity among the ancient Romans, wheel or revolving disk of soft regarded as the spirit of a deceased metal, which by means of a polishing powder is used in cutting glass, ancestor. larboard, lar'bord, n. [Perhaps from gems, etc. laparectomy, lap'ar«ek"to«mi, n. [Gr. M.E. ladeborde, the loading side.] Naut. the left-hand or port side of lapara, flanks, ektome, cutting out.] The excision of intestines at the a ship, a term now given up in favor of port, the latter being shorter and side. laparotomy, lap'ar«ot"o«mi, n. Cutmore distinctive in sound opposite ting of the abdominal walls. of starboard. lapel, la»pel', n. [Dim. from lap, part larceny, lar'se»ni, n. [Contr. for latroof a garment.] That part of a garciny, from L. latrocinium, from latro, ment which is made to lap or fold a robber.] The unlawful taking and over; the part in the front of a coat carrying away of any article or piece or waistcoat that is folded back. of goods with intent to deprive lapidary, lap'i«de«ri, n. [L. lapidathe right owner of the same; theft. rius, from lapsis, lapidis, a stone ; akin larcener, larcenist, lar sen«er, larGr. lepas, a rock.] An artificer who sen«ist, n. One who commits larceny; larcenous, lar'sen«us, a. cuts, polishes, and engraves gems a thief. or precious stones; a dealer in Pertaining to or having the character precious stones. a. Of or pertaining of larceny; guilty of or inclined to to the art of polishing and engraving larceny. precious style, stones. Lapidary larch, larch, n. [L. and G. larix, the well-known coniferous tree pompous style of language adopted larch.] on monuments ; sonorous Latinity remarkable for the elegance of its lapidification, la»pid'i»fi«ka"shon, n. form and the durability and value The act of lapidifying or converting of its wood. into stone; the state of being lapid- lard, lard, n. [Fr. lard, L. lardum, ified. lapidify, la»pid'i«fi, v.t. laridum, allied to Gr. larinos, fat, lafrom laros, dainty.] The fat of swine pidified, lapidifying. To form into

larder,

fat.

glide away; to fall gradually; to slip in moral conduct; to fail in duty; to commit a fault; to fall or pass from one person to another, through some omission or negligence; law, to become ineffectual or void. lapwing, lap'wing, n. [O.E. lapwinke, A. Sax. hledpewince, equivalent to leapwink; from its leaping or jerking

mode

and separated To mix with

house, box, or the like, where meat and other food are kept. lardon, lardon, n. A strip of pork or bacon used to lard meat. lares, n. pi. of Lar. large, larj, a. [Fr. large, L. largus, abundant, large.] Being of great size; having great dimensions; big; bulky; great; containing or consisting of a great quantity or number; abundant;

—

—

v.t.

to mix with something by way of improvement. v.i. To grow

—

lappen, lapen, L.G. lappen, to lap or lick up; allied to L. lambo, Gr. lapto to lap or lick.] To take up liquor or food with the tongue; to feed or drink by licking up ; to make a sound like that produced by taking up water by the tongue. v.t. To take into the mouth with the tongue; to lick up. n. lick, as with the tongue; a sound made in this way; a sound as of water rippling against the beach. lapper, lap'er, n. One who laps or takes up with the

flesh.

fatten;

embroidery on surface. out or ironing work upon. lap dog, lap 'dog, n. A small dog fondled in the Lapps, n. The natives of Lapland, in lap, a pet dog. lapful, lap'ful, n. northern Scandinavia. lapse, laps, n. [L. lapsus, from labi, As much as the lap can contain. lapsus, to slide, to fall (as in collapse, lap, lap, v.t. lapped, lapping. [From elapse, relapse, etc.); akin lap («.), O.E. zvlap, to wrap, a form of wrap (which see).l To wrap or twist lobe, etc. LAP.] A gliding, slipping, round; to fold; to double over; to or gradually falling; an unobserved lay partly above; to overlap ideas; or very gradual advance; an unracing, to win or be ahead of by at noticed passing away (of time); a least one circuit of the racetrack ; to slip or error; a failing in duty; a deviation from truth or rectitude; cuddle. v.i. To be spread or laid; to be turned over; to lie over eccles. law, the omission of a patron something in part (as slates on a to present a clerk to a benefice roof). lapper, lap'er, n. within six months after it becomes void. v.i. lap, lap, v.i. lapsed, lapsing. To pass lapped, lapping. [A. Sax. slowly, silently, or by degrees; to lapian, lappian, acel. lepja, O.D.

—

melted

lard or bacon; to stuff with pieces of bacon (as in cooking a fowl); to

ashes which consist of small angular fragments or particles. lapis lazuli, la'pis laz'udi, n. [L. lapis, a stone, and L.L. lazulum, this mineral; same origin as azure.] An aluminous mineral of a rich blue color, used in mosaic work and other kinds of ornament, and when powdered yielding ultramarine. lappet, lap'et, n. [Dim. of lap, a loose part, etc.] A little lap or flap, as on a dress, especially on a headdress; a cotton fabric with imitation of

A

being

after

lapilli, la-pil'li, n. pi. [L. lapillus, a little stone, contr. of lapidulus, dim. of lapis, a stone, lapidary.] Volcanic

religion.

lap, lap, n.

;

is,

the

preceding perfect

first

the

insect.

stage after the egg, chrysalis and the larval, lar'val, a.

Pertaining to a larva.

larynx, lar'ingks, n. [Gr.] Anat. the upper part of the windpipe or tra-

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— — —— —

—

———

;

— ——

lascar chea, a cartilaginous cavity which plays an important part in the utterance of articulate sounds. laryngeal, lar«in»ji'al, a. Pertaining laryngitis, la«rin«to the larynx. ji'tis, n. [Term, -ids denotes inflammation.] An inflammation of the laryngoscope, larynx of any sort. laTing'gO'skop, n. A reflecting contrivance for examining the larynx and commencement of the trachea. laryngoscopies la«ring'go«skop"ik, a. Pertaining to the inspection of the laryngotomy, lar«in«got'o— larynx. mi, n. [Gr. tome, a cutting.] The making of an incision into the larynx for assisting respiration when obstructed, for removing foreign bodies, or for other reasons. lascar, las'kar, n. In the East Indies, properly, a camp follower; but by Europeans applied to a native sailor.

—

—

lascivious, las«siv'i«us, a. [L. lascivia, lewdness, lascivus, wanton, allied to Skr. las, to embrace, lash, to desire, Gr. lilaiomai, to desire.] Wanton; lewd; lustful; exciting voluptuous las«siv'i«emotions. lasciviously, us«li, adv. In a lascivious manner. lasciviousness, las«siv'i«us«nes, n. The state or quality of being lascivious.

laser, la'zer, n. [/ight amplification by 5timulated emission of radiation.] microwave amplifier that produces an intense beam of light by the stimulation of high-energy atoms in the visible spectrum. lash, lash, n. [Akin to G. lasche, a flap, a thong, a latchet, also a scarf joint; D. lasch, a piece joined on, a joining;

A

Dan. laske, Sw. laska, to scarf.] The thong or cord at the point of a whip any thong, cord, or the like for flogging; a whip; a scourge; a stroke with a whip or anything pliant and tough; a stroke of satire; a sarcasm or cutting remark. v.t. To strike with a lash or anything pliant; to scourge; to beat, as with something loose; to dash against (as waves); to satirize; to censure with severity.

—

v.i.

To

whip;

the

ply

—

to

aim

sarcasms; to hit. To lash out, to make a sharp verbal attack; to kick. lash, lash, v.t. [O.Fr. lachier, form of lacier, to lace.] To bind, lace, or lashing, lash'ing, n. tie with a rope. A piece of rope binding or making fast one thing to another. lass, las, n.

[A contr. for

ladess, fern,

W. llodes, a lass. A young woman; a girl: in

of lad, or a contr. of

lad.] familiar language often applied to a woman of any age. lassie, las'i, n. [Dim. of lass.) young girl; a term of endearment for a young woman.

A

—

(Colloq.)

lassitude, las'i«tud,

from late.]

lassus,

The

n.

[L. lassitudo, same root as

weary; having the energies weakness; weariness;

state of

weakened;

languor of body or mind; enervation. lasso, las'so, n. [Sp. lazo, Pg. laco, from laqueus, a noose. LACE.] lariat, rope or cord, with a noose, used for catching wild horses and other animals. v.t. To catch with

A

a lasso. last, last, a. [A. Sax. last, a contr. for fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

latost,

latest;

late.]

Coming

—— —— —

After the usual time, or the time appointed; after delay; not long ago; lately; far in the night, day, week, or other particular period. Of late, lately, in time not long past, or near lately, lat'li, adv. Not the present. long ago; recently. lateness, latnes, n. The state of being late;

best for betst. after all the others;

given quality, character, use, or the like; most unlikely (you are the last man I should consult). At last, formerly at the last, at the end; in the conclusion. To the last, to the end; till the conclusion. adv. On the last occasion; the time before the present; after all others; lastly; finally.

last, last, v.i. [A.Sax. laestan, follow, to observe or perform, last, to endure; Goth, laistjan, trace footsteps, to follow, from

Goth,

to to to

A.

footstep. See last, for shoes.] To continue in time; to endure; to remain in existence; to hold out and be sufficient in quantity (provisions to last a week); to continue unimpaired; not to decay or perish. lasting, las 'ting, p. and a. Such as will or can continue laists,

a

or endure; durable; of long continuance (lasting good, evil, impression). species of stiff and very n. durable woolen stuff, used for making shoes and other purposes. lastingly, las'ting«li, adv. In a lasting

A

manner.

lastingness, las'ting«nes, n. The state or quality of being lastly, last'li, adv. In the lasting. last place; at last; finally. last, last, n. [A.Sax. hlcest, from hladan, to lade; D., Dan., and G. lade.] load; last, Icel. lest, a load, hence, a certain weight or measure, which varies in different articles, but is generally estimated at 4000 lb.; the burden of a ship. last, last, n. [A.Sax. last, laest, D. leest, Dan. Icest, a last; Goth, laists, footstep; Icel. leistr, the foot below last, v.i.] the ankle, a short sock, mold or form of the human foot,

A

A

made

of wood, on which boots and shoes are formed. v.t. To form on or by a last.

Latakia, lat«a«ke'a, n. A fine variety of Turkish tobacco, so named from Latakia (anciently Laodiced), near which it is produced. latch, lach, n. [From O.E. lacche, A.Sax. Iceccan, to seize, to

take hold of.] A simple contrivance v.t. or catch for fastening a door. To fasten with a latch; to catch hold of; to attach oneself to. latchkey, n. A key used to raise the latch of a door. latchet, lach'et, n. [Fr. lacet, a lace lace.] The string or or string. thong that fastens a shoe or sandal. late, lat, a. [A.Sax. Icet, D. laat, Icel. lair, Dan. lad, Sw. lat, late, slow, tardy; Goth, lats, sluggish; G. lass, wearied; akin L. lassus (for ladtus); the root is that of let. This adjective is

compared by

later,

latter,

latest

or last.] Coming after the usual time; slow; tardy; long delayed; far advanced toward the end or close (a late hour of the day) ; existing not long ago, but not now; deceased; departed; last or recently in any office, or character. adv. place,

me, met, her;

—

comp.

hindmost; closing; final; next the present; most recent; utmost; extreme; lowest; meanest; farthest of all from possessing a

latche,

——

lather

before

last,

—

480

latest;

Sax.

—————

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

tardiness; far advanced period. latish, lat'ish, a. Somewhat late. lateen, la«ten', a. [Fr. voile latine, lit.

A

sail.] term applied to a triangular sail having its foremost edge fastened to a yard which hoists obliquely to the mast: used in xebecs, feluccas, etc., in the Mediterranean. latent, la'tent, a. [L. latens, latentis, from lateo, to lurk; allied to Gr. lanthano, lathein, to escape notice.] Not visible or apparent; not seen; not manifested; under the surface of what outwardly appears. Latent heat, that portion of heat which exists in any body without producing any effect upon another, or upon the thermometer. latently, la'tent«li, adv. In a latent manner. latency,

Latin

la'ten«si, n.

The

state of

being

latent.

lateral, lateral, a. [L. lateralis, from latus, laterisi a side, as in collateral, equilateral.] Pertaining to the side;

to the side; proceeding side; situated on the side. laterally, lat'er«al«li, adv. laterite, lat'er«it, n. [L. later, a brick or tile.] An argillaceous sandstone of a reddish color. latescent,f la«tes'ent, a. [L. latesco, to hide one's self, latent.] Lying

directed

from the

—

—

latescence,f la»tes'ens, hid; latent. The quality or condition of being

n.

latescent.

latex, la'teks, n. [L., a fluid juice.] Bot. the white milky sap of some seed plants which coagulates on

exposure to air and from which rubber, gutta-percha, chicle, etc., are produced. lath, lath, n. [A.Sax. Icetta, D. and G. latte,

a

whence

lath,

a

Fr. latte, It. latta, pole, etc. Akin lattice,

A thin narrow board or slip of wood that is nailed to the rafters of a building to support the tiles or covering; a thin narrow slip of wood, perforated metal, or wire mesh that is nailed to a wall to support the plastering; such materials collectively; any similar piece of wood. v.t. To cover or line with laths. lather, n. One who latten.]

lathing, n. Lath maapplies laths. lath work on a wall; work of putting on lath materials. lathe, laTH, n. [Icel. loth, Dan. lad, a lathe, dreielad, a turning lathe; in terials;

second sense it corresponds with Sw. and G. lade, a lay or lathe in a loom.] An apparatus for turning

and polishing wood, etc., by supporting

ivory, metals,

and causing revolve while being operated on; the part of a loom to which the reed is fixed, and by the movements of which the weftthreads are driven home in weaving; the article

to

called also lay.

lather, laTH er, n. [A.Sax. ledthor; akin to Icel. lauthr, lothr, froth of sea tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——— —— — ———— —

— ——— — — —

water, also a kind of soap; Sw. lodder, soap; from root meaning to wash, seen also in lave.] Foam

with lather. a. [L. fero, to bear.] Bot. bearing or containing latex or elaborated sap.

sap,

lat'i«sif'er«us,

and

latifoliate, latifolious, la«ti«fo'li«at, la«ti»f6'li'us, a. [L. latus, broad, and folium, a leaf.] Broad-leaved, as a plant. Latin, lat'in, a. [L. Latinus, from Latium, the district of Italy in which Rome was built.] Pertaining to the Latins, a people of Latium in Italy; Roman; pertaining to or composed in the language spoken by the

Latins or Romans. Latin Church, the Western Church; the Church of Rome, as distinct from the Greek or Eastern Church. Latin races, the Italian, French, Spanish, etc., whose language is based on the Latin, and among whose ancestors

were

Roman

colonists.

n.

The

language of the ancient Romans. Latinism, v.t. To turn into Latin. lat'in«izm, n. A Latin idiom; a mode of speech peculiar to the Latins. Latinist, lat'hvist, n. One skilled Latinity, la«tin'i»ti, n. in Latin. Latin style or idiom; purity of Latin style. Latinization, lat'in«i— za'shon, n. The act of rendering into Latin. Latinize, lat'in«iz, v.t. latinized, To translate latinizing. into Latin; to give Latin terminations or forms to, as to foreign words. v.i. To use words or phrases borrowed from the Latin. latitude, lat'i«tud, n. [L. latitudo, lit.

—

—

latria,

lattice, latte,

go;

[Fr.

n.

lath.]

lattis,

from

A

structure of by crossing laths,

or iron made or bars, and forming open checkered or reticulated work; a window made of laths or strips of iron which cross one another like network, so as to leave open

rods,

hlahjan, O.H.G. hlahhan, Icel. hlceja, D. lagchen, G. lachen, to laugh; imitative of sound made in laughing.] To make that convulsive or chuckling noise which sudden merriment excites; when said of things, to appear gay, bright, or brilliant. To laugh at, to ridicule; to treat with

some degree of contempt.

To laugh

in the sleeve, to laugh to one's self or so as not to be observed, espe-

when

apparently maintaining To laugh on the wrong side of the mouth, to weep or cry; to be made to feel vexation or disappointment after exhibiting a boastful or exultant spirit. n. The inarticulate expression of sudden mirth peculiar to man. v.t. To express by laughing; to ridicule or deride; with out or down. To laugh to scorn, to deride; to treat with mockery, contempt, and scorn. laughable, laf'a«bl, a. cially

demure countenance.

a

—

That may

justly

excite

laughter;

laughableness, laf'a«bl»nes, n. The quality of being laughable. laughably, laf 'a«bli, adv. In a manner to excite laughter. laugher, laf'er, n. One who laughs laughing or is fond of merriment. gas, n. Nitrous oxide, or protoxide of nitrogen so called because, when inhaled, it usually produces exhilalaughingly, laf'ing«li, adv. ration. In a laughing or merry way; with laughter. laughingstock, n. A person or thing that is an object of ridicule; a butt for laughter or jokes. laughter, laf'ter, n. [A.Sax. hleahcomical; ludicrous.

:

—

tor, Icel. hlair,

O.H.G.

hlahtar.]

The

or sound of laughing; an expression of mirth, manifested chiefly in certain convulsive and partly involuntary actions of the muscles of respiration, which produce a latticed, latticing. interstices. v.t. To give the form or appearance of succession of short abrupt sounds, with certain movements of the a lattice to; to furnish with a lattice. girder of muscles of the face, and often of lattice girder, n. other parts of the body. which the side consists of diagonal launce, lans, n. A name of two pieces arranged like lattice work. species of sand eels, from their laud, lad, v.t. [L. laudo, to praise, lancelike form. from laus, laudis, praise; allow is a To praise in words launch, lansh, v.t. [Fr. lancer, O.Fr. derivative.] lanchier, to throw or dart.] To alone, or with words and singing; throw, as a lance; to dart; to let n. Praise; to extol; to celebrate. fly; to set afloat (to launch a ship); a song or hymn of praise; pi. a to catapult or send off (to launch service of the church comprising a rocket) ; fig. to put out into another psalms of praise, and generally sphere of duty, another field of included in matins. laudability,f activity, or the like. v.i. To glide laudableness, la«da«bil'i«ti, la/da— forward, as a ship into the water; bl«nes, n. The quality of being to enter upon a new field of activity; laudable, la'da«bl, a. [L. laudable. to enter upon a new topic (to launch laudabilis.] Praiseworthy; commendinto a discussion). laudably, la'da«bli, adv. In a n. The setting able. launcher, afloat of a ship or boat. laudable or commendable manner. launching pad, n. A lansher, n. laudation, la«da'shon, n. Praise; nonflammable platform from which commendation. laudatory, la/da— a rocket or missile can be launched. to»ri, a. Containing or expressing praise; tending to praise.—n. That launch, lansh, n. [Sp. and Pg. lancha, boat.] A kind of boat, longer, lower, which contains or expresses praise. and more flat-bottomed than a long lauder, la'der, n. One who lauds or boat; the largest boat carried by a praises. man-of-war. laudanum, la'da«num, n. [From L. ladanum, a resinous juice, lada- launder, lander, n. [Contr. from act

—

—

A

—

—

—

g,

lat'is,

lath,

wood

comprehensiveness or looseness of application; extent of deviation from a standard; freedom from rules or limits; laxity; extent; amplitude; distance north or south of the equator, measured on a meridian and expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds, the greatest possible latitude being 90° north or south, and any latitude approaching this being a high latitude, the opposite being a low latitude; astron. the distance of a star north or south of the ecliptic, measured on a circle at right angles to the ecliptic and passing through the body. Parallels of latitude, circles parallel to the equator, used in measuring latitude. latitudinal, lat«i«tu'di«nal, a. Pertaining to latitude; in the direction of latitude. latitudinarian, lat'i*tu«di«na"ri«an, a. Embracing a wide circle or range; having a wide scope; characterized by freedom, independence, or want of respect for the Sc. loch;

Gr.

The

service.]

—

east to west.] Extent from side to side; breadth; width; room or scope;

ch,

from

[L.,

n.

num.] Opium prepared in spirit of wine by maceration, straining, and filtering; tincture of opium. laugh, laf, v.i. [A. Sax. hlehhan, Goth. hlihhan, to laugh; comp.

highest kind of worship, or that paid to God, distinguished by Roman Catholics from dulia, or the inferior worship paid to saints. latrine, la«tren', n. [L. latrina, a bath, a water closet, from lavo, to wash.] A privy; a water closet. latten, lat'en, n. [O.Fr. laton, Fr. laiton, brass; It. latta, tin-plate; akin to lath; so called from the material being used in flat pieces or plates, lath.] A fine kind of brass or bronze anciently used for crosses, candlesticks, brasses of sepulchral monuments, etc.; as a modern commercial term, metal in sheets or strips, especially sheet or plate brass or thin plates of mixed metal. latter, lat'er, a. [An irregular comparative of late. LATE.] More late or recent; the second of two; opposed to former; mentioned the last of two; modern; lately past (in these Latter-day Saint, n. latter ages). mormon. latterly, lat'er«li, adv. Of late; in time not long past; lately; ultimately; at last.

breadth, from latus, broad, wide; as applied in geography this term was adopted because ancient geographers thought the breadth (latitude) of the earth from north to south was much less than its length (longitude) from

ch, chain;

la«tri'a,

latreia,

——

— —— —— launder

usual standards of belief or opinion; lax in religious principles or views; freethinking; liberal. n. One who is liberal or loose in his notions; one who has no respect for commonly accepted doctrines or opinions; one who indulges a latitude of thinking and is careless of orthodoxy. latitudinarianism, lat'i«tu»di»na"ri«an«izm, n. The principles of latitudinarians; freedom of opinion, particularly in theology.

or froth made by soap and water; foam or froth from profuse sweat, To form a v.i. as of a horse. foam with soap and water; to become frothy. v.t. To spread over

latex,

——————

481

laticiferous

laticiferous,

—

j,

job;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

.

—

—

— —— —

—— ——

laureate

A

»

—

A

—

household, who was formerly required to compose an ode annually for the sovereign's birthday, for a great national victory, and the like a requirement discontinued since

the reign of George III, the post being now a sinecure. n. One crowned with laurel; a poet laureate.

— — v.t

laureated, laureating.

To hon-

or with a wreath of laurel; to invest with the office of poet laulaureateship, reate. la'ri»at«ship, n. Office of a laureate; trie post of a

—

poet laureate. laurel, la'rel, n. [O.E. laurer, lorer, Fr. laurier, Sp. Pr. laurel, from L. laurus, a laurel, for daurus, being akin to Gr. drys, W. derw, an oak, E. tree.] The sweet bay, a native of the North of Africa and south of Europe, cultivated in gardens from its elegant appearance and the aromatic fragrance of its evergreen leaves; a name also given to several other shrubs botanically very differ-

somewhat

ent, but

evergreen

foliage,

similar in their as the cherry

laurel and Portugal laurel, both of the cherry genus; pi. a crown of laurel, formerly bestowed as a

distinction

on poets, heroes,

hence, honor, fame, laureled, la'reld, a.

etc.;

distinction.

Crowned or decorated with laurel, or with a laurel wreath; laureate. laurustine, la'rus«tln, n. [L. laurus, and

laurel,

tinus,

this

plant.]

A

popular garden evergreen shrub or tree, native of the south of Europe, with pinkish or white flowers. lava, la'va, n. [It., from L. lavo, to wash, lave.] The general term for all rock-matter that flows in a molten state from volcanoes. Lava ware, a kind of coarse ware resembling lava made from iron slag. lavaliere, lavalier, lav'a«ler",

n.

kind of prob. from

[Fr. la valliere, lavalliere, a

with a bow, Louise de La Valliere, mistress of Louis XIV.] A pendant necklace, necktie

;

482

O.E. lavander, from Fr. lavandier, lavandiere, from laver, L. lavo, to wash, lave.] washerwoman; a long trough used by miners for washing ore. v.t.% To wash; to launderer, lan'der«er, n. wet. man who follows the business of washing clothes. laundress, lan'dres, n. female whose employment is the washing and the ironing of underclothing, table linen, etc. laundry, lan'dri, n. [Contr. for lavendery.] The place or room where clothes are washed. laureate, la'ri«at, a. [L. laureatus, from laurea, a laurel, from laurus, a laurel, laurel.] Decked or invested with laurel. Poet laureate, in Great Britain, an officer belonging in virtue of his office to the royal

A

———

——

usually jeweled. lave, lav, v.t. laved, laving. laver, L. lavo, to wash; to bathe

—

[Fr. ;

akin

to luo, Gr. loud, to wash; connected are laundress, lavender, lava, ablution, alluvial, deluge, lotion.] To wash; to bathe. v.i. To wash one's self; to bathe; to wash, as the sea on the lavation, la«va'shon, n. [L. beach.

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

A

lavatio.]

lavatory, cleansing or place ablutions ;

lax

washing or cleansing.

Washing or by washing. n. A room

lav'a«to«ri, a.

for washing or personal a wash or lotion. laver, la'ver, n. vessel for washing; a large basin; in Script, hist, a basin placed in the court of the Jewish

—

A

where the officiating washed their hands and

tabernacle, priests feet.

lavender, lav'en«der,

n. [L.L. lavenlavandula, It. lavandola, lavanda, Fr. lavande, G. lavandel, lavender.] An aromatic plant of the mint family, the flower spikes of which are used to perfume clothes, and afford by distillation a valuable essential oil; a pale blue color with a slight mixture of red. lavish, lav'ish, [Irregularly v.t. formed from E. lave, to pour out.] To expend or bestow with profusion to expend without necessity or use; to waste; to squander. a. Expending or bestowing with profusion; profuse; liberal to a fault; wasteful; being overflowing or in profusion; superabundant; superfluous. lav-

dula,

—

isher, lav'ish«er, n. One who lavishes. lavishly, lav'ish«li, adv. In a lavish manner. lavishness, lav'ish«nes, n. law, la, n. [A. Sax. lagu, from same root as lie, lay, low; cog. Sw. lag. I eel. lag, log, Dan. lov, a law; the root is also in L. lex, a law (whence rule of action or legal), lie.]

—

—

A

conduct

laid

down

or

prescribed

by authority; an

edict or decree of a ruler or a government; a general

command

or order

down; such

expressly laid rules, edicts, or decrees

collectively; the whole body of rules regulating and controlling the individuals of a state or community (to break the law, a violation of law, a father-in-/a«>) ; legal procedure; litigation; the science dealing with legal enactments and procedure; jurisprudence; rights established by law; justice; one of the rules or principles by which any

matter or proceeding

is

regulated

(the laws of versification, of horse racing); an allowance in distance or time granted to a weaker competitor in a race or the like; a theoretical principle deduced from practice or observation; a formal statement of facts invariably observed in natural phenomena (the The law, theol. law of gravitation). the code of Moses, or the books containing it; the preceptive pan of revelation in contradistinction to the doctrinal, that is, to the Law French, the Norman gospel. dialect or old French, still employed in certain formal state proceedings. Law language, the language used in Law Latlegal writings and forms. in, corrupt Latin used in law and

—

documents. Law merchant, mercantile or commercial law international law regulating commerce. legal

;

See also under civil, commercial, COMMON, CRIMINAL, ECCLESIASTICAL, law-abiding, a. Observant of etc lawthe law; obeying the law. breaker, n. One who violates the

—

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

lawful, la'ful, a. Agreeable law. or conformable to law; allowed by law; legitimate; permissible {lawful but not expedient) ; competent; free from objection; rightful (lawful ownlawfully, la'fuMi, adv. In a er). lawful manner; legitimately; legally. lawfulness, la'ful«nes, n. The quality of being lawful. lawless, la'les, a. Not obedient or conforming to law; unrestrained by the law of morality or of society; contrary to or unauthorized by law; illegal; apparently uncontrolled by any law; lawlessly, la'les«li, adv. capricious. In a lawless manner. lawlessness, la'les«nes, n. Illegality; disregard of law; arbitrariness; violence. lawmaker, n. legislator; a lawgiver. law of nations, international law. lawsuit, la'sut, n. A suit in law for the recovery of a supposed right; an action before a court instituted by a party to compel another to do him justice. lawyer, la'yer, n. [From law; comp. bowyer, sawyer.] One versed in the laws; or a practitioner of law; one whose profession is to institute suits in courts of law, or to prosecute or defend the cause of clients. lawn, Ian, n. [O.E. laund, lawnde, a clear space in a forest, a wild shrubby or woody tract, from W. llan, an enclosed space, or from Fr. lande, a heath or wild tract.] A glade in a forest; a vista through trees; a space of ground covered with grass, and kept smoothly mown, generally in front of or around a mansion. lawn mower, n. machine for mowing lawns. lawn, Ian, n. [Perhaps same as preceding word, and so called from its transparency, being seen through as we see through a lawn or vista, but more probably, derived from the earlier term laune lynen,

—

—

—

—

—

—

A

—

—

e., lawn linen, from Laon, a town in France.] fabric of linen or cotton, sheer, fine, and plain woven, thinner than cambric, employed in iawny, handkerchiefs, dresses, etc. i.

A

—

lan'i, a.

lawrencium, la«ren'se«um,

n. [After radioactive the actinoid no. 103.

A

Lawrence.] metallic element of Ernest

series; symbol Lw; at. laks, a. [L. laxus, loose, from same root as langueo, to languish, and probably E. slack; hence relax,

lax,

lease, leash, release.]

Loose; flabby;

not tense, firm, or rigid; not tightly stretched or drawn; not rigidly exact or precise; vague; equivocal; not sufficiently strict or rigorous; remiss; having too frequent discharges from the bowels. laxation, lak«sa shon, n. [L. laxatio.] The act of loosening or slackening. soft;

laxative, lak sa«tiv, a. [Fr. laxatif.] Having the power or quality of loosening or opening the intestines and relieving from constipation. n. medicine that acts as a gentle purgative. laxity, lak'si«ti, n. [L. laxitas.] The state or quality of being lax; looseness; want of strictlaxly, laks'li, adv. ness; remissness. In a lax manner; loosely; with-

A

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

————— ——— —— —— —

—

— —— — 483

lay la,

—

—

corresponding to lie, A.Sax. licgan; similarly Goth, lagjan, Icel. laggja, Dan. Icegga, D. leggen, G. legen, to lay, from corresponding in trans, [lie.] To place in a lying verbs, position; to cause to lie; to prostrate; to put, set, or place in general; to

impose

(taxes,

—

direction or lie in which the different strands of a rope are twisted. layoff, la'af, n. Discharge, as of workmen; a period of closing down ; the act of laying off. layout, la'out, n. Floor plan, such as of a house; the equipment, as of an office or shop; a rough sketch to show how a proposed arrangement of photographs and type will look in print (an artist's layout). layover, la'6'ver, n. wait between stages of a journey; a stopover in a place. lay, la, a. [Ft. lai, from L. laicus, Gr. laikos, from laos, people.] Pertaining to the people, as distinct from the clergy; not clerical; not professional;

the

—

—

commands, blame,

bring into a certain state; with various adjectives (to lay bare; to lay open, etc.); to settle (dust); to still (the wind); to allay (pain); to dispose with regularity in building or in other technical operations; to place at hazard; to wager; to stake; to contrive, scheme, plan etc.); to

—

A

(a plot); to place before a court of justice (an indictment, damages). To lay aside, to put off or away; not to retain; to abandon. To lay away, to reposit in store; to put aside for preservation. To lay before, to exhibit or show to; to present to the view of. To lay by, to reserve for future use; to put off. To lay by the heels, to put in the stocks; to confine; to put in prison. To lay claim,

not appertaining to one who has professional knowledge. Lay brother, a person received into a convent of monks, under vows, but not in holy orders. Lay clerk, in the English Ch. a person not in orders who leads the people in their responses. Lay sister, one received into a convent of nuns, under vows, but who does not perform any sacred

to claim; to advance or bring forward a claim. To lay down, to give up or resign; to declare (to lay down a proposition or principle) ; to delineate on paper; to stake, or deposit as a pledge, equivalent, or satisfaction. To lay down the law, to assert dictatorially what the speaker holds to be right. To lay eggs, to produce them naturally from the body, as a

to apprehend. To lay in, to collect and store; to provide previously. To lay it on, to do something to excess, as to charge an exorbitant price. To lay on, to apply with force; to supply, as water, gas, etc., to houses by means of pipes leading from a main reservoir. To lay one's self open to, to expose one's self to. To lay one's self out for, to be ready to take part in; to put one's self in the way of. To lay one's hand on a thing, to find it when wanted. To lay open, to open; to make bare; to uncover; also, to show; to expose; to reveal. To lay out, to expend; to plan or dispose in order the several parts of (to lay out a garden); to dress in gxaveclothes and place in a decent posture (to lay out a corpse). To lay to heart, to consider seriously and intently; to feel deeply or keenly. To lay to one's charge, to accuse him of. To lay up, to store; to treasure; to reposit for future use; to confine to the bed or chamber; naut. to dismantle (a ship) and put in a dock or other place of security. To lay siege to, to besiege; to importune; to annoy with constant solicitations.— 7o lay wait, to lie in ambush. To lay waste, to devastate; to desolate. v.i. To bring forth or produce eggs; betting, to wager; to bet; to stake money. To lay about one, to strike on all sides; to

n.

poem. layer,

[From the verb lay.] that which lays; a coat, as of paint; a row

la'er, n.

One who

or

stratum; a or course of masonry, brickwork, or the like; a shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock,

partly laid under ground for growth v.t. Gardening, to or propagation. propagate by bending the shoot of a living stem into the soil, the shoot striking root while being fed by the parent plant.

layette, la«et', n. [Ft.] Clothing, blankets, etc., for a new-born child. lay figure, layman, la fig»ur, la man, n. [D. leeman, lit. joint-man, lee being for lede, from leden, pi. of lid (A.Sax.

Dan. lid. Goth, lithus), a joint.] jointed figure used by painters in imitation of the human body, and which can be placed in any attitude so as to serve when clothed as a model for draperies, etc. lazar, la'zer, n. [O.Fr. lazare, from Lazarus of the New Testament leper; any person (Luke, xvi. 20).] infected with a nauseous and peslazaretto, lazaret, tilential disease. hospital laz«a«ret'to, laz'a«ret, n. for the reception of diseased persons, particularly those affected with contagious diseases; at seaports often a vessel used for this purpose; a lith,

A

—

go;

la'i«ti,

A

—

g,

laity,

—

bird or reptile. To lay hold of, to lay hold on, to seize; to catch;

ch, Sc. loch;

—

Collectively all people who do not belong to the clergy; people outside of any profession as distinguished from those layman, la'man, n. Any man in it. not a clergyman; one of the laity; a man not professionally or specially devoted to a pursuit. lay, la, n. [O.Fr. lai, from the Celtic; Ir. and Gael, laoi, a verse, hymn, poem; same root as in G. lied, a song; a ballad; a narrative song.] office.

—

ch, chzm;

lead

act with vigor. To lay at, to endeavor to strike. To lay on, to deal blows with vehemence. [To lay is sometimes erroneously used, even by good writers, for to lie, but this should be carefully avoided. See under lie.] n. A stratum;

exactness; remissly; flabbily. pret. of lie. la, v.t. pret. & pp. laid; ppr. laying. [A. Sax. lecgan (pret. legde, a causal lede, pp, gekgd, geled),

out

lay, lay,

— ——

—

A

—

A

j,

;'ob;

ng, sir^;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

hospital for quarantine. lazuli, laz'u'li, n. Lapis lazulite,

laz'u«lit,

lazuli.

Blue spar, a

n.

phosphate of aluminum, magnesium and iron. lazy,

[Origin doubtful; per-

la'zi, a.

late), with term, as in tricksy, tipsy; or O.Fr. lasche, lax, slow, remiss, from L. laxus.] Disinclined to action or exertion; sluggish; indolent; averse

haps for late-sy (from

heavy in motion; moving

to labor;

slowly or apparently with labor. lazily, la'zi»li, adv. In a lazy manner.

—laziness, or quality of being — lazybones,

n. The state lazy; indolence;

la'zi«nes,

A

la zi-bonz, n. lazy fellow; an idler. lea, le, n. [Also written lay, from A.Sax. leak, unfilled land, pasture; Dan. dialect lei, fallow; D. leeg, empty, fallow.] meadow or grassy plain; land under grass or pasturage. leach, lech, n. Naut. the side edge

sloth.

A

of a sail, leech. leach, lech, v.t. and soluble parts

i.

To remove

by percolating

a liquid

through something. lead, led,

n.

[A.Sax. lead; akin D.

hod, Sw. and Dan.

lod, G. loth, a plummet, the lead for taking soundings.] A heavy metallic element, pliable and soft and of a grayish-

blue color, its chief ore being sulfide galena symbol, Pb (Latin plumbum); at. no., 82; at. wt., 207.19; a plummet or mass of lead used in sounding at sea; print, a thin plate of metal used to give space between lines; a neutral gray color of medium brilliance; bullets (a shower of lead); a small piece of black lead, or

—

plumbago, used lead, a

in

pencils.

name of graphite

See graphic. — White

Black

or plumbago.

lead, carbonate of lead, forming a white, quick-drying substance much used in painting. v.t. To cover or line with lead; to fit with lead; print, to widen the space between (lines) by inserting a lead or thin plate of type metal. leaden, led'n, a. Made of lead; re-

—

sembling lead (a leaden sky); dull; gloomy. lead pencil, n. An instrument for drawing or writing, usually made by enclosing a slip of plumbago,

—

or graphite (black lead), in a casing of wood. leadsman, ledz'man, n. Naut. the man who heaves the lead. lead, led, v.t. pret. & pp. led. [A.Sax. laeden, to lead, from lad, a course, from lithan, to go or travel; D. leiden; akin lode, lodestone.] To guide by the hand; to guide or conduct by showing the way; to direct; to conduct, as a chief or commander;

—

to direct and govern; to precede; to hold the first place in rank or dignity among; to show the method of attaining an object;

to head;

to direct, as in an investigation; to draw, entice, allure; to induce; to prevail on; to influence; to pass or spend (to lead a life of gaiety); to cause to spend or endure (he led his wife a sad life) card playing, to commence a round or trick with. To lead captive, to carry into cap;

tivity.

To lead one a dance or a one more exertion

fine dance, to cause

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, asure.

—— ———

—

;

—

—— —

— ——

leaf

484

or trouble than necessary or expected. To lead the way, to go before and show the way. v.i. To go before and show the way; to have precedence or pre-eminence;

League (organized League (1900), of ten teams each in major cities. league, leg, n. [O.Fr. legue, Fr. lieue, from L.L. leuca, leuga, etc., and that from the Celtic] A measure of length varying in different countries, the English land league being

v.t.

3 statute miles, the nautical league nearly 3 y2 leaguer, le'ger, n. [D. leger, G. lager, a bed, a couch, a camp; allied to lair, lie, lay.] camp; the camp of a besieging army; a siege. leak, lek, n. [Icel. leki, a leak; lekr, leaky; D. lek, Dan. laek, G. leek, a leak, leaky. See the verb.] crack, fissure, or hole in a vessel that admits water, or permits a fluid to escape; the passing of liquid through such a crack or aperture. To spring a leak, to open or crack so as to let in water; to begin to let in water. v.i. [Icel. leka, Dan. laekke, D. lekken, to leak; allied to A. Sax. leccan, to wet, to moisten, and to E. lack.] To let water or other liquor in or out through a hole or crevice (the vessel leaks); to ooze or pass, as water or other fluid, through a crack, fissure, or aperture in a vessel. To leak out, to find vent; to find publicity in a clandestine or irregular way. leakage, lek'ij, n. leaking; the quantity of a liquor that enters or issues by leaking; com. a certain allowance for the leaking of casks, or the waste of liquors by leaking. leakiness, lek'i«nes, n. State of being leaky, lek'i, a. Letting water leaky. or other liquid pass in or out. lean, len, v.t. pret. & pp. leaned or leant (lent). [A. Sax. hlinian, to lean; O.H.G. hlinen, cog. with Gr. klino, to make to bend, and L. clino, inclino, to bend, to incline.] To slope or incline from a straight or perpendicular position or line; to slant; to incline in feeling or opinion; to tend toward; to rest as for support, hence, to depend for consolation, comfort, and the like, usually with v.t. To cause against, on, or upon. to lean; to incline; to support or Having lean-to, len'to, a. rest. rafters pitched against or leaning on another building or a wall. n., n. pi. lean-tos, len'tdz, Arch, a building addition having a lean-to roof; a shed built against trees or posts or another building. lean, len, a. [A. Sax. hlaene, L.G. leen, lean; allied to lean, v.] Wanting flesh or fat on the body; meager; not fat; not rich, fertile, or productive; barren of thought jejune. n. That part of flesh which consists of muscle without fat. Lean mixture, a compound of air and gas or vapor

A game

—

take the first place; to have a position of authority; to be chief, commander, or director; to conduct, bring, draw, induce (gambling leads to other evils) card playing, to play the first card of a round or trick.— To lead off or out, to begin. n. going before; guidance; act of leading; precedence; the right of playing the first card in a round or trick. leader, le'der, n. One that leads or conducts; a guide; a to

;

A

—

conductor; a chief; a commander; the chief of a party, faction, or any

body of people a musical performer leads a band or choir; one of ;

who

the front horses in a team. leadership, le'der«ship, n. The office of a leader; guidance. leading, leading, p. and a. Guiding; conducting; chief; principal; most influential.

—

Leading question, a question which suggests the answer. leading

—

strings,

n.

pi.

Strings

by

which

children are supported when beginning to walk; hence, to be in leading strings, to be a mere puppet in the hands of others. leaf, lef, n. pi. leaves, levz. [A. Sax.

O.Sax. 16/, Goth, laufs, Icel. lauf, Dan. lov, D. loof, G. laub, a leaf; allied to Lith. lapas, a leaf; leaf

Gr.

One

of the external parts of a plant, usually shooting from the sides of the stem and branches, and ordinarily green in color; something resembling a leaf; the part of a book or folded sheet containing two pages; a side, division, or part of a flat body, the parts of which move on hinges, as folding doors, window shutters, a fire screen, etc.; the part of a table which can be raised or lowered at pleasure; a very thin plate of metal (goldTo leaf); the brim of a soft hat. turn over a new leaf, to adopt a different and better line of conduct. v.i. To shoot out leaves; to lepis, a scale.]

—

— —

produce Leaves

leafage, lef'ij, n. leaves. collectively; abundance of leafless, lef 'les, a. leaves; foliage. leaflet, lef'let, Destitute of leaves.

n.

A

leaf;

little

folder; hot.

—

printed

small

a

one of the divisions of

—

a leafstalk,

compound leaf; a foliole. The petiole or stalk which sup-

n.

ports

a

leaf.

—leafy,

le'fi,

a.

Full

of leaves; abounding with leaves. leave, lev, v.i. To produce leaves; leaved, levd, a. With leaves to leaf. and compounded, as two-leaved.

—

league, leg, n. [Fr. ligue, It. lega, L.L. liga, from L. ligo, to bind (in ligament,

ligature,

ally,

etc.).]

A

combination of parties for promotion of their mutual interests, or for executing any design in concert, as of states for military aid or defense. League of Nations, a group of nations formed after the World War (1920) to cooperate in world affairs. It assigned mandates of surrendered territories

disputes

and planned arbitration in between nations. Base-

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

least

National

ball,

1876), American

.

A

A

A

—

—

—

—

;

without a combustible component. leaped, pret. & pp., leap, lep, v.i. rarely leapt (lept). [A. Sax. hUapan to leap, to run, pret. hleop; Sc. loup, Goth, hlaupan, G. laufen; allied to Gr. kraipnos, karpalimos, swift.] To spring or rise from the ground with feet in the air; to move with springs or bounds; to jump, vault, bound,

—

skip; to

mc, met, her;

make

a

sudden

pine, pin;

— —

transition.

note, not,

move;

To pass over by leaping; to spring or bound from one side to the other of; to cause (one's horse) to take a leap; to make to pass by leaping. n. The act of leaping; the space passed over or cleared in leaping; a jump; a spring; a bound; a sudden transition. leapfrog, n.

—

which one player, by hands on the back or

in his

placing shoulders of another in a stooping posture, leaps over his head. leap year, n. Bissextile; every fourth year, in which February has an additional day, and there are thus 366 days in all: so called because after February the days of the week leap an extra day as compared with other years.

—

learn,

lern, v.t. learned, learnt (lernd, lernt), pret. pp. [A. Sax. leornian, to learn, to teach; akin to laeran, to teach, lar, learning, lore; comp. G. lernen, to learn, lehren, to teach; D. leeren, Icel. laera, to teach, to learn; Goth, laisjan, to teach; allied to A. Sax. lesan, Icel. lesa, to gather.] To gain or acquire knowledge of or skill in; to acquire by study; to teach (Shak.). v.i. To gain or receive knowledge, information, or intelligence; to receive learned, instruction; to be taught. ler'ned, a. Possessing knowledge; having a great store of information obtained by study; erudite; well

&

—

—

acquainted; having much experience; skillful; often with in (learned in martial arts) containing or indicative of learning (a learned book). learnedly, ler'ned«li, adv. In a learned manner. learner, ler'ner, n. A person who learns; one who is learning, taught; a scholar; a pupil. ;

—

—

ler'ning, n.

Acquired knowledge

in

any branch of science or literature; knowledge acquired by the study of literary productions erudition. lease, les, n. [Norm, lees, leez, a lease, L.L. lessa; from L. laxare, to loosen, ;

A

relax, from laxus, lax. lax.] letting of lands, tenements, etc., to a

person for a specified rent or compensation; the written contract for such letting; any tenure by grant or permission; the time for which such a tenure holds good. v.t. leased, leasing. To grant by lease;

—

to let for a specified rent; to let; to occupy in terms of a lease.

leasehold, Held by hold, — — leaseholder, A tenure by les

lease.

a.

lease.

n.

les'hol-der,

n.

A

tenant

under a

lease.

leash, lesh, leash,

n. [Fr. laissc,

from L.L. laxa,

O.Fr.

lesse,

a

a loose cord,

from L. laxus, loose, lax.] A thong or line by which a dog (or two or three dogs) is held in hunting; a line holding in a hawk; three creatures of any kind, especially greyhounds, foxes, bucks, and hares; hence, three things in general.-- I -.;. To hold or fasten by a leash. least, lest, a. [A. Sax. lacst, laesast, superl. of Icessa, less.] Smallest; little beyond others, either in size, degree, value, worth, importance, or the adv. In the smallest or lowest like. degree. At least, at the least, to say tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

.

———— ——

——

— — ———

——

no more; at the lowest degree; on the lowest estimate. leastways, leastwise, lest'waz, lest'wlz, adv. At

Iceder, leer,

Icel.

G. and D.

lech'er«us«nes, n.

egg yolk.] A complex fatty compound containing nitrogen and phosphates, and widely distributed through the animal body. lectern, lek'tern, n. [O.Fr. lectrin; L.L. lectrinum, from lectrum, pulpit, Gr. lektron, a couch.] A desk or reading stand, especially in churches,

a.

—

from which scripture is read. lection, lek'shon, n. [L. lectio, from lego, to read, lecture.] The act of reading; a difference or variety in copies of a manuscript or book; a reading; a lesson or portion of Scripture read in divine service. lectionary, lek'shon«e»ri, n. A book containing portions of Scripture to be read for particular days. lector, lek'ter, n. [L.] A person in the Church of Rome whose office it is to read the lessons in church. lecture, lek'cher, n. [Fr. lecture, from L. lectura, a reading, from lego, to read, whence also legend, lesson, legend.] A discourse on legible, etc. some subject read or delivered before an audience; a formal or methodical discourse intended for instruction; a reprimand, as from a superior; a formal reproof. v.t. lectured, lecturing. To give a lecture to; to speak to dogmatically or authoritatively; v.i. To to reprimand; to reprove. read or deliver a formal discourse; to deliver lectures for instruction. lecturer, lek'cher «er, n. One who lectures; a professor or instructor who delivers formal discourses lectureship, lek'cher*to students. ship, n. The office of a lecturer. led, led, pret. and pp. of lead. ledge, lej, n. [From stem of lie; comp. Sc. leggin, Icel. logg, the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask.] A shelf on which articles may be placed; anything which resembles such a shelf; a part rising or projecting beyond the rest; a ridge or shelf of rocks; arch, a small molding; also, a string course ; joinery, a piece against which

more important matters. —leave-taking, The act of taking leave; a bidding good-bye. — leave, & pp.), relation to

n.

lev, v.t. left (pret. leaving. [A. Sax. laefan, to leave, to cause to remain, from lifian, to remain; Icel. leifa, O.Fris. leva, O.H.G. bi-liban, Mod.G. b-leiben, to remain; same stem as live.] To suffer to remain; not to take or remove; to have remaining at death; to commit or trust to, as a deposit; to bequeath; to give by will; to withdraw or depart from ; to forsake, desert, abandon; to relinquish, resign, renounce; to refer; to commit for decision; to let remain without further discussion. To be left to one's self, to be left alone; to be permitted to follow one's own opinions or desires. To leave off, to desist from; to forbear; to cease wearing or practicing. To leave out, to omit. v.i. To set out; to take one's departure; to desist. To leave off, to cease; to desist; to stop. leavings, lev'ings, n. Residue; that is left;

lech'er«i,

[O.Fr. lecherie.] Lewdness; free indulgence or practice of lust. lecithin, les'ith«in, n. [Gr. lekithos,

Consisting of leather. v.i. To furnish with leather; to beat as with a thong of leather. {Vulgar) leatherneck, n. A marine, from the stock once worn around the neck. leatherette, leTH«er«et', n. A kind leathery, leTH'of imitation leather. er«i, a. Pertaining to or resembling leather; tough. leave, lev, n. [A. Sax. leaf, geleaf, leave, permission; same as the -lieve in believe; akin D. -lof in oorlof, permission; Icel. leyfi, permission, lof, praise, permission; G. (er)lauben, to permit; allied also to E. love, lief; L. libet, it is pleasing.] Liberty granted to act; permission; allowance; a formal parting of friends or acquaintances; farewell: used chiefly in the phrase to take leave. .'. Leave is usually employed on familiar or unimportant occasions; liberty in

which

lecherousness, —lechery,

n.

known.] The skin of animals dressed and prepared for use by tanning, tawing, or other processes; tanned hide.

something

rests.

leaven in its effects. v.t. To mix with leaven; to impregnate or imbue with a modifing influence. leaven-

lej'er, n. [Perhaps lit. a book that rests on a ledge or shelf; in any case from the same stem; comp. old leger, ledger, resting in a place; D. legger, one that lies; akin lie (to rest).] The principal book of accounts among merchants and others, so arranged as to exhibit on one side

ing, lev'en«ing, n.

all

leaven, lev'n, n. [Fr. levain, from lever, L. levare, to raise; akin levity, lever, relieve, etc.] A substance that produces fermentation, as in dough; fermenting dough; what resembles

leben, life, living,

A

n.

ledger,

[G.

and raum,

term used by Germans

space.] to indicate

area in Europe which they considered vital to their national existence. lecher, lech'er, n. [O.Fr. lecheor, gourmand, parasite, libertine; Fr.

from G. lecken, O.H. leccon, to lick, lick, lickerish.] man given to lewdness. v.i.

lecher, to lick;

G.

A

ch, chain;

g,

go;

A

n.

long

flat

Dutch galiot), intended to prevent her from drifting fast to leeward. leeward, le'werd or lu'werd, a. Pertaining to the part toward which the blows. n. The quarter or direction toward the lee. leeway, le'wa, n. The drifting of a ship to the leeward of her course; the deviation from her true course which a vessel makes by drifting to leeward; extra time, space, etc. ; a degree of freedom or choice; tolerance. leech, lech, n. [A. Sax. laece, a phy-

wind

Goth,

sician;

leikeis,

Icel.

Iceknari,

physician.] The common name of several bloodsucking wormlike animals, some of which are used in medicine; a

Sw.

lakare,

a

hanger-on; a parasite.

v.t.

To

bleed

by the use of leeches;

to exhaust. v.i. To attach like a leech. leech, lech, n. [L.G. leik, Icel. lik, Sw. lik, Dan. lig, leech-line, boltrope.] Naut. the border or edge

of a sail which is sloping or perpendicular. leek, lek, n. [A. Sax. ledc, an herb,

=

a leek L.G. and D. look, Icel. laukr, Sw. lok, Dan. log, G. lauch, Rus. luk; this gives the term, in

A

plant of the lily family, Allium Porrum, similar to the onion in form and use, but having

garlic, hemlock.]

flat,

succulent leaves.

leer, ler, n. [A. Sax. hleor, O.E. lere, lire,

O.Sax. hlear,

Icel.

hlyr,

face,

A

side glance expressive of cheek.] malignity, amorousness, or some unworthy feeling an arch or affected glance or cast of countenance. v.i. To cast a look expressive of contempt, malignity, or amorousness; to cast a sly or amorous look. v.t. To allure with a leer. leeringly, le'ring«li, adv. In a leering manner. leery, ler'i, a. [E. dial, lear, from E. lore, learning.] Suspicious, knowing, ;

wary. lees, lez, n. pi. [Fr. lie, Walloon lizi, L.L. lice; origin unknown.] The grosser parts of any liquor which have settled on the bottom of a vessel; dregs; sediment. leet, let, n. [Icel. leiti, a share or part.] In Scotland, a list of candidates for any office. leeward, leeway. See lee.

staff.

left,

G. j,

leeboard,

blowing.

piece of wood attached to each side of a flat-bottomed vessel (as a

the sum at the debit of the accounts and on the other all those at the credit; arch, a flat slab of stone, such as is laid horizontally over a grave; the covering slab of an altar tomb. ledger line, n. Mus. a short line added above or below the staff for the reception of a note too high or too low to be placed on the lee,

To

ch, Sc. loch;

—

—

remains.

lebensraum, la'bens«roum,

a shelter, Goth, hlija, a tent.] The quarter toward which the wind blows, as opposed to that from which it proceeds; the shelter caused by an object interposed, and keeping off the wind: almost exclusively a nautical term. Under the lee of, on that side of which is sheltered from the wind; protected from the wind by; opposed to on the weather side of. a. Naut. of or pertaining to the part or side toward which the wind blows; opposite to weather. Lee shore, the shore under the lee of a ship, or that toward which the wind blows. Lee tide, a tide running in the same direction as the wind is

manner.

lecherous

Dan. root un-

lethr,

leder;

left

—

least; however. (Vulgar.) leather, leTH'er, n. [A. Sax. lether=

Her,

— —— — —

——— —

practice lewdness. lecherous, lech'er«us, a. Addicted to lewdness; prone to indulge lust; lustful; lewd. lecherously, lech'er«us«li, adv. In a

—

ledder,

—

485

leather

L.G.

——

lae; D. lij, lee, lee; akin A. Sax, hied, a shade, le, n.

;'ob;

[Icel. hie,

ng, sing;

Dan.

TH,

then;

th, thin;

left,

left -off,

worn

pret. a.

&

pp.

of leave.

(left-off clothes).

w, wig;

—

Laid aside; no longer

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

— —— —

—

left,

O.E.

[A. Sax.

a.

lift,

luft,

O.D.

left,

worthless;

lucht, luft, left;

lef, O.Sax. weak, infirm.] Denoting the part opposed to~ the right of the body; belonging to the side next which the heart is situated (the left hand, arm,

5>robably allied to A. Sax. ef,

or side); in a political sense, a party or individuals opposed to conservatism; espousing progressive and

advanced liberal policies and legislation. The left bank of a river, that which would be on the left hand of a person whose face is turned down

—

stream.

n.

The

side opposite to the

right; that part which is on the left side; a liberal or radical political left

—

left-handed, a. Having the hand more capable of being used

group.

than the right; clumsy; turned tothe left hand. Left-handed

ward

marriage. edness,

MORGANATIC. a.

—

leftist,

—left-hand-

leftist,

n.

A

member Of or

of the left; a radical. a. pertaining to the left. leftover, n. The part remaining, as of a meal. left wing, n. The most liberal or radical elements of a political or social group. a. Of or leftpertaining to the left wing. winger, n.

—

—

[A Scandinavian word: I eel. leggr, a leg, hollow bone, stem or trunk; Dan. laeg, Sw. Idgg, the calf or shin.] The limb of an animal, used in supporting the body and in walking and running; in a narrower sense, that part of the limb from the knee to the foot; a long slender

leg, leg, n.

support, as the leg of a chair or table one of the sides of a triangle as opposed to the base; the part of a stocking or other article of dress that covers the leg; cricket, the part of the field that lies to the left and behind the batsman as he faces the bowler; the fielder who acts in that part of the field. To put one's best leg foremost, to do one's utmost endeavor. To have not a leg to stand on, to have exhausted all one's On one's legs, strength or resources. especially to speak. standing, legged, legd, a. Having legs: used in composition (bandy-legged, two-legged).— legging, leg'ing, n. A covering for the leg, usually worn over the trousers and reaching to the knees; legless, leg'les, a. a long gaiter. legacy, leg'a«si, n. [From L. legatum, a legacy, from lego, to bequeath, to bequest; a appoint. legate.] particular thing or certain sum of money given by last will or testament; anything handed down by an ancestor or predecessor. legal, le'gal, a. [Ft. legal, from L.

—

—

A

legalis,

from

lex,

legis,

law (also in

alloy, legitimate, legislator, etc.); akin to legare, to delegate (as in legate); root same as in E. lay, lie. Loyal is the same word.] According to law;

in

conformity with law; permitted

by law; pertaining by law. legalism,

—

Strict

adherence

to law; created le'gal«izm, n. to law; a legal

doctrine; inclination to the doctrine of works as opposed to grace. legalist, legalist, n. A stickler for

adherence to law.

— legality,

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

li-gal'-

i»ti,

The

n.

legume

state or quality of

being

— legalization, le'gal«iz«a"shon, The act of legalizing. — legalize, — legalized, To make legal or lawful; to render conformable to law. —legally,

legal. n.

le'gal«iz,

legalizing.

v.t.

le'-

In a legal manner; by permission of or in conformity with gaUli, adv.

law.

legate,

leg'it,

[L.

n.

legatus,

from

send, to delegate,

lego, to

legal.] An ambassador; especially, the pope's ambassador to a foreign prince or state. legateship, leg'it»ship, n. The office of a legate. legatine, leg'a«tin, a. Pertaining to a legate; made by or proceeding from a legate. legation, li'ga'shon, n. [L. legatio.] A person or persons sent as envoys or ambassadors to a foreign court; an embassy; a diplomatic minister and his suite; a district ruled by a papal legate. legatee, leg«a«te', n. [From L. legatum, a legacy, legacy.] One to whom a legacy is bequeathed. legato, li'ga'to. [It., tied, from L. ligare, to tie.] Mus. played or sung in an even, smooth, gliding manner.

—

—

—

lej'end, n. [Ft. legende, from lit. things to be read from lego, to read; originally applied to lives of the saints that had to be read as a religious duty. Lego, to read, originally to gather, appears in a great many English words, as in lecture,

legend,

L. legenda,

intellect, coil, cull, collect, lesson, story neglect, diligent, elegant, etc.]

A

generally of a marvelous character told respecting a saint; hence, any marvelous story handed down from early times; a tradition; a nonhistorical narrative; an inscription; numismatics, the words arranged circularly on a medal or coin, as distinguished from the inscription, which is across it. legendary, lej'en«de«ri, a. Consisting of legends; like a legend; fabulous. legerdemain, lej'er«di«man", n. [Ft. leger, leger de main, light of hand

—

L.L. leviarius, from L. levis, light (whence levity), and main, L. manus, hand.] Sleight of hand; a deceptive performance which depends on dexterity of hand; trickery or deception

—

legerdemainist, lej 'er— generally. di«man"ist, n. One who practices legerdemain; a juggler. kind of straw leghorn, leg'orn, n. plait for bonnets and hats imported from Leghorn; a hat made of that material, [cap.] Mediterranean breed of domesticated fowl. legible, lej'i«bl, a. [L. legibilis, from legend.] Capable of lego, to read, being read; consisting of letters or figures that may be distinguished by legibility, lej«i-bil'i-ti, n. the eye. The quality of being legible. legibly, lej'i«bli, adv. In a legible

A

A

—

manner. collect.

ancient

n. [L. legio,

A

legend.]

Roman

at different

infantry

from lego, body of consisting

periods of from 3000 to

above 6000, often with

a

complement

of cavalry; hence, a body of" troops in general; a great number. Legion of honor, an order instituted in France

me, met, her;

by Napoleon

I, as a reward for merit, both civil and military, now greatly altered in character. American Legion, veterans of World War I

and World War

II,

organized Nov.

8,

1919, in the interests of fellowship, world peace, justice, freedom, democracy. Has state and national bodies. v.t. To enroll or form into legionary, le'jon«a«ri, a. a legion. Belonging to a legion or legions. n. One of a legion; a Roman soldier

—

belonging to a legion. legislate,

lej'is«lat,

v.i.

—

legislated,

[L. lex, legis, law, and fero, latum, to give, pass, or enact. legal.] To make or enact a law or legislation, lej»is«la'shon, n. laws. The act of legislating or enacting laws; laws when enacted. legislative, lej'is«la«tiv, a. Enacting laws; having power or authority to enact laws; pertaining to the enacting of laws. n. The branch of government which makes and repeals laws. legislatively, lej'is«la«tiv«li, adv. In a legislator, lej'legislative manner. law giver; one who is«la«ter, n. frames or establishes the laws and polity of a state or kingdom; a legislating.

—

—

—

A

member

of a national or supreme

—

legislative assembly. legislature, lej'is'la«cher, n. The body of men in a state or kingdom invested with power to make and repeal laws; the supreme legislating power of a state. legist, le'jist, n. One skilled in

—

the laws.

legitimate,

li«jit'i«mit, a.

[L.L.

legiti-

mate, from legitimare, to legitimate, from L. legitimus, lawful, from lex, legal.] Lawfully begotten or born; born in wedlock; genuine; not false or spurious ; following by logical or natural sequence; allowable (a law.

legitimate argument or influence); rightful; politics, according to law or established usage; in a narrower sense, according to the doctrine of

divine

right.

drama,

Legitimate

drama or plays performed on the stage, as opposed to motion picture, vaudeville, or radio performances. To legitimating. legitimated, make lawful (Mil.); to render legitlegitimately, li«jit'i«mit»li, imate. leadv. In a legitimate manner. v.t.

—

—

—

gitimacy, li«jiti«ma«si, n. The state legitor quality of being legitimate. imation, li«jiti«ma*shon, n. The act of making or rendering legitimate.

—

— legitimatize,

li«jit'i«ma'tiz,

—

To make

v.t.

legitimism, legitimate. li«jit'im«izm, n. The principles of the legitimist, li«jit'i«mist, legitimists. One who supports legitimate n. authority; one who believes in the

—

sacredness of hereditary monarchies or the doctrine of divine right.

—legitimize,

legitimized,

li-jit

i-miz,

legitimizing.

To

v.t.

—

legit-

imate.

legion, le'jon, to

— ——

—

486

left left,

——

—— —

;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

[L. legumen, leg um, n. pulse said to be from lego, to gather, because gathered and not cut. legend.] Bot. a seed vessel of two valves, like the pod of a pea, in which the seeds are fixed to the ventral suture only; pi. the fruit of leguminous plants of the pea kind;

legume,

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———— ———

——

—— — —

—

;

legumin, leg'u«min, n. A pulse. nitrogenous substance obtained from leguminous, peas ; vegetable casein. le»gu'mi«nus, a. bot., bearing leg[Hawaiian.] of leaves and flowers, etc., about the neck or head.

A wreath

Ijostr, Sw. pronged and barbed instrument for striking and taking fish; a salmon spear. (Scotch.)

ljustra,

les'ter,

a

n.

leister.]

[Icel.

A

ing to Lent; as meager as the fasting diet of Lent; hence, spare; plain (lent en fare). lenticel, len'ti«sel, n. [Fr. lenticelle, L. lenticula, dim. of lens, lends, a lentil, lens.] Bot. one of the small oval spots found on the surface of young stems; a small lens-shaped gland on the under side of some lenticular, len«tik'u«ler, a. leaves. [L. lenticularis.] Resembling a lentil in size or form; having the form lentoid, of a double-convex lens. len'toid, a. Of the form of a lens;

three dimensions of space; distance to a place; a portion of space considered as measured longwise; some O.Fr. leisir, loisir (infin.), definite long measure (to cut a rope licere, to be allowed, to be lawful; into lengths) ; long continuance ; duracomp. pleasure, which is similarly tion of any extent in time; detail or formed. Akin license.] Freedom from amplification in language; extent, occupation or business; vacant time; degree, height, as in conduct or time free from employment; time action (to go to great lengths) ; extent which may be appropriated to any specific object. At leisure, free from of progress; one of the three fundamental conceptions (corresponding occupation; not engaged. At one's to space) represented by a funleisure, at one's ease or convenience. damental unit. United States and a. Not used or spent in labor or British scientific unit, the foot; business; vacant: said of time. leisurely, le'zher«li or lezh'er«li, adv. French, the centimeter. At length, Not in haste or hurry; slowly; at at or in the fullest extent; with leisure. Done at leisure; not amplitude of detail; at last; after a a. long period; at the end or conclusion. hasty; deliberate. leitmotiv, leitmotif, lit"m6«tef, n. lengthen, leng'thn, v.t. To make [G. leitmotiv, leading motive.] Musilong or longer; to extend in length cal drama, a theme or musical passage (often followed by out). v.i. To which signifies a particular character grow longer. lengthily, leng'thi«li, lengthand recurs with his every appearance. adv. In a lengthy manner. lemma, lemma, n. [Gr. lemma, from iness, leng'thi«nes, n. The state of lambano, to receive.] Math, a prelimbeing lengthy. lengthwise, length*inary or preparatory proposition laid wlz, adv. In the direction of the down and demonstrated for the length; in a longitudinal direction. purpose of facilitating something lengthy, leng'thi, a. Long or modermore important that follows. ately long; protracted, as a lengthy lemming, lem'ing, n. [Dan.] A rodent discourse. mammal found in Norway, Lapland, lenient, le'ni«ent, a. [L. leniens, from Siberia, etc., vast hordes of which lenio, to soften, from lenis, soft, periodically migrate toward the sea, mild; akin lentus, slow (in relent).] destroying all vegetation in their Softening^ ; mitigating^: ; acting withpath. out rigor or severity; gentle; mercilemon, lem'on, n. [Sp. limon, It. ful; clement. leniently, le'ni«ent«li, lenience, limone, Ar. laymum, Hind, limu, adv. In a lenient manner. leniency, le'ni«ens, le'ni«en«si, n. The limbu.] A fruit resembling the orange, but having a much more acid pulp, quality of being lenient ; clemency. and furnishing a cooling acid juice; lenitive, len'i«tiv, a. Having the the tree that produces lemons; a quality of softening or mitigating, n. failure or dud. a. Possessing the as pain; assuasive; emollient. color medicine or application of this of a lemon. lemonade, lenity, len'i«ti, n. [L. lenitas.] lem«on«ad', n. liquid consisting kind. of lemon juice mixed with water Gentleness; clemency; tenderness; and sweetened. lemon yellow, mercy. n. A beautiful, vivid, light, yellow lens, lenz, n. pi. lenses, len'zez. [L.

leisure, le'zher or lezh'er, n. [O.E. leisere,

leiser,

etc.,

Fr.

from from L.

loisir,

lenticular. len«ti'go, n. [L. lentigo, a freckle, from L. lens, lentis, a lentil.] Med. a freckly eruption on the skin. lentiginous, len«tij'i»nus, a. Pertaining to lentigo; freckly; scurfy. lentil, lentil, n. [Fr. lentille, from L. lens, lentil, a lentil. LENS.]

lentigo,

—

An

pea-like leguminous plant cultivated in Egypt and Palestine from remote antiquity, having seeds used in soups, etc., and forming a very nutritious diet. lento, lento. [It., from L. lentus, slow.] Mus. a direction that the music is to be performed slowly. l'envoi, 1'envoy, len'voi, n. [Fr. envoy.] sort of postscript ap-

annual

—

—

A

— —

pended Leo,

A

group of meteors observed annually November, which seem to radiate from the constellation Leo. leonine, le'o«nin, a. [L. leoninus.] Belonging to a lion resembling a lion or partakin

—

a convex lens somewhat lens, a lentil le'mer, n. [L., a spectre: so transparresembles a lentil seed.] called from its nocturnal habits and ent substance, usually glass, with one stealthy step.] name of certain or both sides curved so that rays of small, arboreal, nocturnal mammals, light passing through it are made to family Lemuroidea, inhabiting Madachange their direction, and thus gascar, allied to monkeys, insectivcause objects to appear magnified or ores, and rodents. lemures, lem'diminished in size; one of the glasses u«rez, n. The ghosts or spirits of of a telescope, microscope, etc. ; a part the dead, regarded as mischievous. of the eye which focuses light rays. lemuroid, lem'u»roid, a. Resem- lent, lent, pret. and pp. of lend. bling the lemurs; belonging to the Lent, lent, n. [A.Sax. lencten, spring, family or group of the lemurs. lencten-faesten, spring fast, Lent; D. lend, lend, v.t. pret. lente, G. lenz, spring; perhaps conpp. lent. [A. Sax. laenan, to lend, from laen, nected with long, the days becoming fast of forty a loan; Icel. lana, to lend, longer in spring.] loan.] To grant to another for temporary days, beginning at Ash Wednesday use on condition of the thing or its and continuing till Easter, observed equivalent in kind being returned; in the Christian Church in commemoration of the forty days' fast of to afford, grant, or furnish in general Lenten, len'ten, a. Pertain(assistance, an ear to a discourse, etc.) Christ.

color.

;

a lion.

le'oTiIn, a. [From Leon or Leoninus, an ecclesiastic of the twelfth century, who wrote largely in this measure.] term applied to a certain Latin measure popular in the middle ages, consisting of" hexameter

Leonine,

A

and pentameter verses, rhyming at the middle and end. leopard, lep'erd, n. [L. leo, lion, and a panther.] A carnivorous animal of the cat genus, inhabiting Africa, Iran, China, and India, of a yellowish-fawn color variegated with dark spots. leotard, le'o«tard, n. [From Leotard, a French aerial gymnast.] A closefitting garment with or without

pardus,

A

sleeves

A

—

—

&

A

—

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

—

ing of his qualities. leoninely, le'o*nln»li, adv. In a leonine manner; like

—

lemur,

—

Leonides, sign of the zodiac. le«on'i«dez, n. pi. name for the

A

A

to literary compositions. le'6, n. [L., a lion.] The Lion, the

fifth

—

—

—

lepidopterous

to accommodate; to give up so as to be of assistance (he lent himself to the scheme) ; to make a loan to be returned with interest over a period of time. v.i. To make a loan or loans. lender, len'der, n. length, length, n. [A.Sax. length, from lang, long; comp. strength, from strong, long.] The longest measure of any object, in distinction from depth, thickness, breadth, or width; extent from end to end; one of the

umes.

—

—

refl.

lei, la'i, la, H.pl.leis, la'ez.

worn

——

487

lei

leister,

—

worn by

acrobats, dancers,

etc.; tights.

leper, leper, n. [Fr. lepre, L. lepra, from Gr. lepra, leprosy, from lepros, scaly, connected with lepos, a husk.] A person affected with leprosy; a social outcast. leprosy, lep'ro«si, n. An infectious disease characterized by dusky red or livid tubercules on the face, ears, and extremities, thickened or rugose state of the skin, loss of fingers and toes, etc., eventually causing death. leprous, lep'rus, a. lepidolite, lep'i«do»lit, n. [Gr. lepis,

—

—

lepidos, a scale,

and

lithos, a stone.]

A

mineral found in scaly masses, ordinarily of a violet or lilac color, allied to mica. lepidopterous, lepidopteral, lep—

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——— ———— — — —

—

——

lepidosiren

488

Levant

i»dop'ter«us, lep«i«dop'ter'al, a. [Gr. lepis, a scale, and pteron, a wing.]

or recited to a teacher by a pupil or learner; what is assigned by a preceptor to a pupil to be learned at one time; something to be learned; piece of instruction conveyed; what is learned or may be learned from experience; a portion of Scripture read in divine service; a doctrine or notion inculcated; a precept; a reproof or rebuke. lessor. See lessee. lest, lest, conj. [O.E. leste, for les the, shortened from A. Sax. thy, Ices the,

Greek myth, the river of oblivion; one of the streams of the infernal

Of or belonging to the order of* insects called Lepidoptera (lep«i«dop'ter«a), comprising the butterflies and moths. lepidosiren, lep'i«do»si'ren, a scale,

lepidos,

lepis,

A

siren.]

fish

and

n. [Gr. seiren, a

in

western

found

Africa and South America, having both gills and lungs, and being thus enabled to lie packed in the mud of their native rivers during the dry season. Called also mudfish. lepidote, lep'i«dot, a. [Gr. lepidotos, scaly, from lepis, a scale.] Bot. covered with scurfy scaly spots. leporine, lep'oTin, a. [L. leporinus, from lepus, leporis, a hare.] Pertaining to a hare; having the qualities of the hare. lepra, lepra, n. [L., leprosy.] Med. a non-contagious skin disease, in which scales occur, generally on the limbs. leprose, lep'ros, a. Bot. having a scurfy appearance.

—

leprechaun,

lep'ri'kon, n. [Ir. luprecdn, lugharcdn, from Ir. luchrupdn, from lu, little, and corpdn, dim. of corp, body, from L. corpus.] Irish folklore, a small fairy, thought of as a sly tricky old man who, if caught, will point out a treasure.

leprosy, leprous, etc. See leper. leptodactylous, lep«to»dak'ti«lus,

a.

the, less that, lest thy, the in the more, etc.),

(

—

by

that

Ices

less,

indeclinable relative.] For fear

the,

that; in case; that let, let, v.t.

—

.

.

.

let (pret.

Goth,

G.

letan,

pp.), letting. laten, Icel. lassen; allied to

D.

[A. Sax. laetan, letan lata,

not.

&

E. late, and L. lassus, weary.] To permit; to allow; to suffer; to give leave; not to prevent; to lease; to grant possession and use of for a compensation. In such phrases as let us go, let often expresses merely a suggestion for mutual action, in let him go, etc., it often has the force of a command. (When let governs an infinitive the latter never takes to.) To let alone, to leave un-

—

—

touched; to suffer to remain without intermeddling. To let be, to suffer to be as at present; to let alone. To let

blood, to

open

a vein

—

and

suffer

laesa majestas, laedo, laesum, to injure, and majestas, majesty.] Any

blood to flow. To let down, to permit to sink or fall; to lower. To let drive or let fly, to send forth or discharge with violence, as an arrow, stone, etc. To let go, to allow or suffer to go; to relax hold of anything. To let in or into, to permit or suffer to enter; to admit; to place in as an insertion. To let

crime committed against the sover-

loose,

[Gr. leptos, slender, daktylos, a digit.] Having slender toes. Lesbian, lez'bi«an, a. [Gr. Island of Lesbos.] Addicted to the unnatural vice attributed to Sappho.

lese-majesty, lez'maj«is«ti, n. [Fr. ttsemajeste, high treason, from L.

eign power in a state; treason. lesion, le'zhon, n. [L. Icesio, from Icedo, to hurt; seen also in collide, injury; a morbid change in the texture or substance of organs. less, les, a. serving as the comparative of little. [A. Sax. Ices, Icessa; O.Fris. elide.]

lessa;

Med.

allied

to

Goth,

Little is

from

weak,

lasiws,

the superl. least.

Icel. lasinn, feeble;

Hence

a different root.

Smaller; not so large or great. adv. In a smaller or lower degree.— n. Not so much; a quantity not so great as another quantity; what is

lest.]

below a certain standard.— No less, nothing of inferior consequence or moment; nothing else. lessen, les'n,

—

To make

or smaller; to diminish; to reduce; to reduce in dignity; to depreciate; to disparage. v.i. To become less or smaller; to lesser, les'er, decrease or diminish.

v.t.

less

— a.

—

[A double

compar.

from

less.]

Less; smaller; especially common with the definite article, and where there is opposition to greater: not used in comparisons with than. adv. Less. (Shak.) lessee, les«se', n. [lease.] The person

—

whom

—

lessor, given. les«sor', n. One who leases or lets to a tenant for a term of years.

to

a lease

is

lesson, les'n, n. [Fr. lecon, from L. lectio, lectionis, from L. lego, lection, legend.] Anything read to read, fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

the

free

to

from

permit to wander

restraint;

at large.

— To

to let

to allow to escape; to release, as a penalty or an engagement; to discharge, as an arrow; to fire, as a gun. To let out, to allow to issue; to suffer to escape; to extend; to lease or let on hire. To let slip, to let go from one's hold; to let loose; to lose (an opportunity) by negligence. To let well alone, to forbear trying to improve what is already satisfactory. v.i. To yield a certain rent by being hired out; to be taken on hire. To let in, to leak; to admit water. lethal, lethal, a. [L. lethalis, letalis, mortal, from letum, death.] Deadly; off,

from

—

mortal;

fatal.

lethargy, leth ar«ji, n. [L. lethargia, from Gr. lethargia, oblivion, lethar-

from lethe, oblivion.] Unnatural sleepiness; morbid drowsiness; profound sleep, from which a person can scarcely be awaked;

gos, forgetful,

inattention. dullness; inaction; lethargic, lethargical, le*thar jik, le«thar'ji«kal, a. Affected with lethargy; morbidly inclined to sleep; dull; heavy; pertaining to lethargy. lethargically, lc«thar'ji*kal*li, adv. In a lethargic manner. lethargize,

—

leth'er«jiz,

v.t.

To

render

lethar-

gic.

Lethe,

le

fulness;

me, met, her;

the,

n.

[Gr.

akin L. lateo, to pine, pin;

forgetlie hid.)

let he,

note, not,

move;

regions; hence, oblivion; a draft of oblivion. Lethean, le«the'an, a. Pertaining to the river Lethe; inducing forgetfulness or oblivion. Lett, let, n. member of a race inhabiting the Baltic provinces of Russia. Lettish, Lettic, let'ish, letik, a. Pertaining to the Letts. n. The language spoken by the Letts,

—

A

—

one of the Aryan tongues. letter, let'er, n. [Fr. lettre, from L. litera, a letter.] mark or character used as the representative of a sound; a character standing for a vowel or a consonant ; a written or printed message ; an epistle ; printing, a single type or character; also types collectively; pi. learning; erudition (a man of letters). The letter, neither more nor less than what words literally express ; the literal or verbal meaning.

A

—

—

To

v.t.

impress or form

letters

on

— letter carrier, A man who carries about and delivers a postman. — letterhead, A heading engraved on stationery; paper having such engraving. — (to letter a book).

n.

letters;

n.

let-

tering,

let'er«ing,

impressing pressed.

The

n.

— letterpress,

of

imWords im-

the

letters;

act

letters

n.

pressed by types print. Lettish, Lettic, a. and n. See lett. lettuce, let'is, n. [From L. lactuca, a lettuce; from lac, lactis, milk (as in lacteal).] The popular name of several species of annual composite plants, the leaves of some of which ;

are used as salads.

leucine, leucin, lu'sin, n. [Gr. leukos, white.] A white pulverulent substance obtained by treating muscular fiber with sulfuric acid, and afterward with alcohol. Ieucite, lu sit, n. A mineral, so called from its whiteness, found among volcanic prod-

—

ucts.

leucocyte,

luk'o»sit, n. [Gr. leukos, white or kytos, a cell.] colorless blood corpuscle. leucocytosis, luk'o«sit«6"sis, n. [Gr. leukos, kytos.] An increase in the number of leucocytes in the blood, esp. as in certain pathologic conditions: fevers,

A

white,

—

—

leukemia, lu«ke mia, etc. [Gr. leukos, white, kytos, a cell, and haima, blood.] Med. A fatal disease in which there is a pronounced increase in the number of leucocytes, attended by progressive anemia and complications. leucoma, lu«ko ma, n. [Gr. leukoma, from leukos, white.] A white opacity of the cornea of the eye. the result of acute inflammation. leucorrhea, lu»ko«re a, n. [Gr. leukos, anemia,

n.

and

rkeo,

to

flow.]

Med.

a

morbid

discharge of a white or yellowish mucus from the female genital organs; the whites.

Levant, levant east,

,

n.

[It.

lci\inte,

the direction of sunrise,

the

from

L. levare, to raise, m levare, to rise. levity.] The eastern portion of the Mediterranean and its seaboard or the contiguous countries, as Syria. Levanter, Asia Minor, Egypt, etc. le-van ter, n. A wind in the Mediterranean from the direction of the

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— — ——

—

—

——

—

levant

489

Levant. —Levantine,

A

—

To

it

within

its

of

levigate, lev'i«gat, vigating.

horizontal

liquid.

in

v.t.

leveled,

leveling.

judgment.

a.

priest.

act of

who

and

ent elevations of objects on the surface of the earth, as in surveying. leveling pole, leveling rod, leveling staff, n. An instrument used in leveling in conjunction with a lev'el«li,

evenly.

go;

lu is ma«shen' gun, n. An automatic rifle, gasoperated and air-cooled, capable of firing forty-seven rounds without

Be-

lev'i'ti,

[L.

n.

levitas,

from

reloading.

lexicon, lek'si«kon, n. [Gr. lexicon, from lexis, a speaking, speech, a word, from lego, to speak, legend.] dictionary; a book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language, with the definition or an explanation of the meaning of each; usually applied to dictionaries of the Greek or Hebrew lexical, lek'si»kal, a. Pertongues. taining to a lexicon. lexicographer, lek«si«kog'ra«fer, n. The author or compiler of a lexicon or dictionary. lexicographic, lexicographical, lek'-

A

si»ko»graf"ik, lek'si«ko»graf"i»kal, a. Pertaining to lexicons or lexicography. lexicography, lek«si«kog'ra«fi, n. The act or art of compiling a

—

lexicon or dictionary; the occupation of composing dictionaries. lexigraphic, lexigraphical, lek«si«graf 'ik, lek«si«graf'i«kal, a. Pertaining to lexicography. Leyden jar, li'dn, n. [So named from having been invented at Leyden, Holland.] A glass phial or jar coated inside and outside, usually with tinfoil, to within a third of the top, that it may be readily charged with electricity. leze majesty, lez'maj»is»ti, n. See

—

Lese-Majesty. liable, li'a«bl, a. [Either from the verb to lie, with the sense of lying open or subject to, or from Fr. Her, to

Comp.

rely

and

reliable.]

lien.

Answerable

tion to trifle; fickleness; capricious-

to

lever,

levy,

elevate,

al-

Lightness; especially lightness of temper or conduct; want of seriousness; disposi-

levogyrate,

le«vo«ji'rat, a. [L. Icevus,

gyre.] Turning gyro, to turn, rays to the left in the polarization of light: said of crystals; opposite of^ left,

j,

bind, and hence akin to ally,

ness; volatility.

gives

leviate, relieve, etc.]

A

g,

lechery; lasciviousness.

consequences; bound to make a loss; responsible; apt or not unlikely to incur something undesirable; subject; exposed; with to. .'.Liable is used chiefly with regard

levis

and

ch, Sc. loch;

le»vit'i«kal, a.

lewdness, lud'nes, n. being lewd;

state or quality of

Lewis machine gun,

akin to E. light, G. leicht, easy, slight, Gr. elachys, small. L.

condition of being level; evenness. lever, le'ver, n. [Fr. levier, from lever, L. levare, to raise, levity.] bar of metal, wood, or other substance turning on a support called the fulcrum or prop, and used to overch, chain;

The

levis, light;

telescope. levelly, adv. In a level manner; levelness, lev'el»nes, n. The

level

—Levitical,

to offerings.

levity,

—

spirit

Mar-

—

Of sound

leveling,

one

levi«ra'shon, n.

longing to or connected with the Levitical degrees, Levites; priestly. degrees of kindred within which persons are prohibited (in the book of Leviticus) to marry. Leviticus, le«vit'i«kus, n. A book of the Old Testament containing the ceremonial law or the laws and regulations relating to the priests and Levites

lev'el«ing, n. levels ; the art or operation of ascertaining the differ-

The

lewd manner.

profligate, or

Icevis,

of making fight or buoyant; lightness; buoyancy. Levite, le'vit, n. [From Levi, one of the sons of Jacob.] In Jewish history, one of the tribe or family of Levi; a descendant of Levi; more particularly, an inferior or subordinate

To make

social and distinctions, in advocating

—level-headed,

from

riage according to levirate the law. levitate, lev'i«tat, v.t. [L. levitas, lightness, from levis, light.] To cause to become buoyant in the atmosphere; to cause to float in the air. levitation, levi«ta'shon, n. The act

one who would destroy equality.

a. [O.E. lewed, A.Sax. laewed, lay, ignorant, pp. of laewan, to weaken, to betray; akin Icel. Ice, Goth, lew, craft.] Vile, despicable,

levigation, lev«i«ga'shon, n.

—leviration,

levies.

levigated, le-

according to which a woman whose husband died without issue was to be married to the husband's brother.

a

Fructose; fruit obtained from honey

wicked (N.T.); given or pertaining to the unlawful indulgence of lust; lustful; libidinous; lascivious. lewdly, lud'li, adv. In a

levirate, leviratical, lev'i«rat, levi— rat'i'kal, a. [L. levir, a husband's brother; akin Gr. daer.] Pertaining to marriage with a husband's brother; applied to the Jewish law

level; to remove inequalities of surface in; to bring to ground level; to reduce to equality of condition, state, or degree; to point, in taking aim; to aim; to direct or point at. v.i. To bring to a level; to deal frankly with. v.i. To point a gun or the like at the mark; to aim. leveler, lev'el«er, n. One who levels; political

who

operation of grinding or rubbing a solid substance to a fine impalpable powder.

mine. a. Horizontal; coinciding with the plane of the horizon, or parallel to it; not having one part higher than another; even; flat; on the same line or plane; equal in rank or degree; having no degree of superiority ; well-balanced; steady; honest; fair in dealings; trustworthy.

— —

—

6,

lewd, lud,

The

instrument by

gallery

v.t.

Icevigo,

2

—

political

smooth.] To make smooth; to polish; to rub or grind to a fine impalpable powder, especially with the use of a

natural

with the plane of the horizon; a surface without inequalities; usual elevation; customary height; equal elevation with something else; a state of equality; natural position; position to which anything is entitled; a

[L.

6

n. [L. Icevus, left,

ose.]

—

run by a totalitarian bureaucracy and the machinery of coercion; something large and formidable.

which to find or draw a straight line parallel to the plane of the horizon; a line or surface which coincides

mining,

large

a

size;

C

and Hi

and most sweet fruits. levy, lev'i, n. [Fr. levee, from lever, L. levare, to raise, levity, levee.] The act of raising, collecting, or enlisting troops ; the raising of taxes that which is levied; a body of troops raised. v.t. levied, levying. To raise or enlist (troops) ; to collect (taxes). To levy war, to raise or begin war; to raise troops for attack. leviable, lev'i«a«bl, a. Capable of being levied. levier, lev'i»er, a. One

state

channel.

An

immense

ule

sugar,

leviathan, le«vi'a«than, n. [Heb. livydthdn, a long jointed monster.] An aquatic animal described in the book of Job, ch. xli ; a fabulous sea monster

level, lev'el, n. [O.Fr. level, livel (now niveau), from L. libella, dim. of libra, a level, a balance; akin deliberate, equilibrium.]

and

A

embankment, from lever, L. levare, levity.] to raise, from levis, light, A morning reception of visitors held by a prince or great personage; any similar assemblage; in America, an embankment on the margin of

;

dextrogyrate.

levulose, lev'u«16s,

gained by using a lever. leveret, lev'er«et, n. [Fr. levrette, dim. of O.Fr. levre (now lievre), a hare, from L. lepus, leporis, a hare.] hare in the first year of its age. leviable. See levy.

part of the skull. levee, lev'e, n. [Fr. lever, a rising, a levee or reception; levee, a levy, an

—

liable

come a certain resistance (called the weight), encountered at one part of the bar, by means of a force (called the power) applied at another part; a watch having a vibrating lever to connect the action of the escape wheel with that of the balance. leverage, le'ver«ij, n. The action of a lever; lever power; the mechanical advantage or power

le«van'tin or lev'an»tln, a. Pertaining to the Levant. native of the Levant; n. [not cap.] a particular kind of silk cloth. levant, le«vant', v.i. [Sp. levantar, to raise, to remove; levantar la casa, from L. levare, to break up house run away; to raise. See above.] to decamp; to run away without paying debts. levanter, le«van'ter, n. One who levants. levator, le«va'ter, n. [L., what raises, from levo, to raise.] Anat. a name applied to many muscles, such as raise the lips, eyelids, etc. ; a surgical instrument used to raise a depressed

a river, to confine

——————— —

—

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

for

good

what may likely

is

to

customarily.

The for

state

being

of

which one

w, wig;

befall; subject to what do so, and does so liability, li»a«bil'i»ti, n. is

liable; that liable; pi. sums or

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

— —

—

—

tion to pay; debts. ity.

— See

is

under obliga-

Limited Liabil-

LIMITED.

ligament.] A bond of union; entanglement; commonly, an illicit intimacy between a man and Liaison officer, an officer a woman. bind,

an

employed in linking up troops under different commands. Liana, li«a'na, n. [Fr. liane, from Her, liaiL. ligare, to bind; akin lien, A term applied to the larger climbing and twining plants in

son.]

tropical forests. liar, li'er, n. See lie. Lias, lias, n. [Fr. liais,

O.Fr. Hois,

Gael, leac, a stone.] Geo!, that series of strata, consisting principally of thin layers of limestone embedded in thick masses of blue argillaceous clay, lying at the basis of the oolitic series, and above the triassic or new red sandstone. libation, li«ba'shon, n. [L. libatio,

from

libo,

to

to

taste,

make libation; Gr. leibo; same root as liquid.] The act of pouring a liquid, usually wine, either on the ground or on a victim in sacrifice, in honor of some deity; a portion of wine or other liquor poured out in honor of a deity by the person who is to drink. libel, libel, n. [Fr. libelle, L. libellus, a libel or lampoon, lit. a little book, dim. of liber, the inner bark or rind of a tree used for paper, and hence a book; akin library.] A defamatory writing; a malicious publication containing representations tending to bring a person into contempt, or expose him to public hatred or derision; law, the writ commencing a suit and containing the plaintiff's allegations.

To

v.t.

publish a

fame by

—

libeled,

lampoon.

One

libeling.

against; to delibelant, who brings a libel

libel

libel; to

li'bel«ant, n.

—

—

libeler, li'bel»er, n. One in a court. who libels; a lampooner. libelous,

—

li'beUus, a. Containing matter of the

nature

of

a

libel;

defamatory.

libelously, H'bel«us»li. adv. In a libelous manner. liberal, lib'er»al, a. [L. liberalis, from liber, free; akin to libet, lubet, it pleases, it is agreeable, Skr. lubh, to desire. L. liber gives also liberate, liberty, libertine, livery, deliver.]

Be-

fitting a freeman or one wellborn (the liberal arts, a liberal education);

of a free heart; bountiful; generous; giving largely, ample, large, abundant, profuse (donation, supply, etc.); not characterized by selfish, narrow, or contracted ideas or feelings; favorable to civil, political, and religious liberty; favorable to reform or progress, and in politics often opposed to conservative; not too literal or strict; free. It is used in various self-explanatory com-

pounds; minded;

//6era/-hearted ; liberalliberal-souled. n. An advocate of freedom from restraint, especially in politics and religion; member of that party which a as,

of an

undergraduate

academic or

from professional training; the languages, science, history and philosophy which are the requisites for

—

a baccalaureate degree. liberalism, lib 'er«al«izm, n. Liberal principles; the principles or practice of Liberals. liberality, lib«er«ari«ti, n. [L. liberalitas; Fr. liber alile.] The quality of being liberal; largeness of mind or view; disposition to give largely; munificence; generosity; a particular act of generosity (in this sense with a plural). liberalize, lib'er«al«iz, v.t.

—

—

—

liach,

libationis,

modern curriculum

Arts, the

eral

lichen

collegiate education, as distinguished

le«a«zoh', n. [Fr., from L. ligatio, a binding, from L. ligare, to

liaison,

Arm.

—

490

liaison

amounts which one

—

—

—

advocates progressive reform. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Lib-

To

liberalized, liberalizing. render liberal; to free from narrow views

—

or prejudices. liberally, lib'er«al«li, adv. In a liberal manner. liberate, lib'er«at, v.t. liberated, lib-

—

liberatum, from liberal.] To release from restraint or bondage; to set at liberty; to free; to deliver; to disengage. liberation, lib«er«a— shon, n. [L. liberatio.] The act of liberating. liberator, lib'er«a«ter, n. erating.

[L.

libero,

free,

liber,

— —

One who

liberates.

libertarian. See liberty. liberticide, lib'er«ti-sid, n. [Liberty, and L. ccedo, to kill.] Destruction of liberty; a destroyer of liberty. libertine, lib'er»ten, n. [L. libertinus, a freedman, from liber, free, liberal.] freedman or manumitted slave

A

(N.T.); one unconfined; one free

from restraint (Shak.); one who indulges his lust without restraint; one who leads a dissolute, licentious Licentious; dissollibertinism, lib'er«tin«izm, n. ute. The conduct of a libertine or rake. liberty, lib'er«ti, n. [Fr. liberte, L. liberal.] libertas, from liber, free, The state or condition of one who life;

a rake.

a.

—

exemption from restraint; power of acting as one pleases; freedom; permission granted to do something; leave; immunity enis

free;

joyed; a special privilege or exemption; a place or district within which certain exclusive privileges may be exercised; freedom of action or speech beyond the ordinary bounds of civility or decorum; freedom from occupation or engagements; state of being disengaged. Liberty of the press, the free power of publishing what one pleases, subject only to punishment for publishing what is mischievous to the public or injurious to individuals. Cap of liberty, a cap or hat used as a symbol of liberty; a red cap

—

worn by French revolutionaries. Syn. See LEAVE.— libertarian, lib«.'.

er«ta'ri«an,

a.

Pertaining

to

the

doctrine of free will, as opposed to n. One the doctrine of necessity. who holds the doctrine of the freedom of the will. libertarianism,

—

lib«er«ta'ri«an«izm, n. The principles or doctrines of libertarians. libidinous, li«bid'i«nus, a. [L. libidinosus, from libido, lubiJo, lust, from LIBERAL.] pleases. lubet, it libet,

Characterized by lust or lewdness; having an eager appetite for sexual indulgence; fitted to excite lustful

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

desire; lustful; lewd. libidinously, li»bid'i«nus«li, adv. In a libidinous

manner.

—

libidinousness, nus«nes, n. The quality libidinous; lustfulness.

Libra, libra,

li«bid'i«-

of

being

n. [L., a balance.]

The

Balance, the seventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the

autumnal equinox

in

September.

library, li bra-ri, n. [L. librarium, a bookcase, libraria, a bookseller's shop, from liber, a book, libel.] A collection of books belonging to a private person or to a public institution, etc.; an apartment, suite of apartments, or a whole building appropriated to the keeping of a collection of books. librarian, li«bra'ri«an, n. The keeper of a library. librate, li'brat,

v.t.

— —

librated, librat-

[L. libro, libratum, from libra, a balance, a level, level.] To hold in equipoise; to poise; to balance. v.i. To balance; to be poised. libration, li«bra'shon, n. The act of balancing; a state of equipoise; astron. a real or apparent motion like that of a balance before coming to rest; an apparent irregularity of ing.

the moon's motion, whereby those parts very near the border of the lunar disk alternately become visible and invisible. libratory, li'bra»to—

—

a.

ri,

libretto, le.bret'td, n. [It., a little book, libel, library.] A book containing the words of an extended musical composition, as an opera; the musical text itself.— librettist, libret'ist, n. lis, n. pi. of louse. license, li sens, n. [Fr. license, from L. licentia, from licet, it is permitted (seen also in illicit, leisure); akin to linquo, to leave.] Authority given

lice,

to

act in a particular

way; power

conferred upon a person by proper authority, to do particular acts, practice in professions, conduct certain trades, etc.; the document containing such authority; excess

of liberty; undue freedom; freedom abused or used in contempt of law or decorum; deviation from an artistic standard. license, v.t. licensed, licensing. To permit or empower by License; to grant a license

—

—

— licensee,

ll«sen«se , n. One to licenser, a license is granted. li'sen«ser, n. One who licenses. licentiate, li»sen'shi«at, n. One who has a license to practice some profession; a person licensed in medi-

to.

—

whom

cine or theology; in Scottish church,

one licensed but not ordained to a charge; a probationer; corresponding largely to the French abbe. li-

—

centious,

li'sen shus,

[L. licentiosus.] Characterized by license; overpassing due bounds; loose in behavior; profligate; dissolute; libidinous. licentiously, li«sen shus«li, In manner. licentious a licentiousness, n. li«sen'shus«nes, lichen, liken, n. [Gr. leichen, the f)lant, the disease, from leicho, to ick.] Bot. one of the group of thai lophyte plants, a fungus and alga in symbiotic association, growing on the a.

—

bark

of trees,

etc.,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

and including pound.

—

— — ——

——

———

lich gate

491

rock moss, tree moss, etc.; med. an eruption of small pimples, of a red or white color, clustered together or spread over the surface of the lichenous, li'ken«us or lich'skin. en«us, a. Relating to or covered with lichens; pertaining to the

to charge with falsehood; to prove to be false; to belie. liar, li'er, n. One who lies or tells lies; a person who knowingly utters falsehood; one who declares to be a fact what he knows is not. lie, li, v.i. pret. lay; pp. lain (lien, obsolete); ppr. lying. [A. Sax. licgan, to lie (of which lecgan, to lay, is a causative) Goth, ligan, D. liggen,

—

disease called lichen. lich gate, lich'gat, n. [Lit. corpsegate, from A. Sax. lie, Icel. lik,

Goth,

— =

Dan.

Akin

be

to

Lawful.

—

permitted,

license.]

Law-

licitly,f lis'it«li, adv.

fully. lik, liccian ~T>. lick, v.t. [A. Sax. likken, Dan. likke, G. lecken, Goth. laigon (in bilaigon); cog. Ir. lighim, L. lingo, Gr. leicho, Skr. lih, to lick.

Akin lecher, lickerish.] To pass or draw the tongue over the surface of; to lap; to take in by the tongue; to flog, beat, or conquer (colloq.). To lick up, to devour; to consume entirely (O.T.). To lick the dust,

—

shapeless and its into shape. n. rubbing or drawing of the tongue over anything; a slight smear or coat, as of paint; a blow or stroke

born

is

licks

A

it

—

A

stem

liegen,

—

[From the a. and akin to lecher, lecherous; comp. G. lecker, lickerish, dainty, delicate.] Nice in the choice

lickerish,

G.

—

lickspit, lik'spit, n. flatterer or parasite of the most abject character. (colloq.).

liggja,

:

to be slain; to perish in battle; to act abjectly and servilely. To lick into shape, to give form or method to, from the old notion that the young

bear

acel.

same root

position (Ireland lies west of England); to be posted or encamped, as an army; to remain or be in some condition with words denoting the particular condition (to lie waste, to lie fallow, to lie open, to lie hid, etc.); to be present or contained; to be found; to exist; to depend (it does not lie in my power; success lies in vigilance); to weigh or press; to be sustainable in law; to be capable of being maintained (an action will not lie). To lie at one's heart, to be an object of affection, To lie by, to desire, or anxiety. To rest untouched or unnoticed. hard or heavy, to press; to lie

—

mother

ligge,

as L. lectus, Gr. lechos, a bed, also seen in L. lex, E. law; ledge, layer, lair, etc., being also akin.] To occupy a horizontal or nearly horizontal position; to rest lengthwise, or be flat upon the surface of anything; to be placed and remain without motion; to lay or place one's self in a horizontal or nearly horizontal position: often with down; to be in bed; to sleep or pass the night; to lean or recline; to be situated; to have place or to lie;

gate, with a porch under which a bier might stand while the introductory part of the service was read. licit,! lis'it, a. [L. licitus, lawful, from liceo,

life

—

form, body; G. leiche, like.] A church-yard

leik,

a corpse.

To lie in, to be oppress; to burden. To lie in the way, in childbed. to be an obstacle or impediment. To lie in wait, to wait in ambush or concealment. To lie on or upon, to be incumbent on; to be a matter of obligation or duty; to depend on. To lie on hand, to lie on one's hands, to be or remain unsold or

lik'er«ish,

lick,

of food; dainty; eager to taste or licker i shness, enjoy ; appetizing. lik'er«ish«nes, n. The quality of being

—

—

lickerish.

licorice, lik'or«is, n. [Fr. liquerice, [L.L. liquiritia, from Gr. glykyrrhiza glykys, sweet, and rhiza, root.] perennial plant of the bean family, the roots of which supply a sweet- juice. lictor, lik'tor, n. [L., from ligare, to bind.] Roman officer whose ensigns of office were an ax and fasces, and who attended the chief magistrates in public. lid, lid, n. [A. Sax. hlid, lid, cover, protection; D. lid, O.Fris. hlid, lid, G. lied, as in augen-lied, an eyelid;

deferred to

some future

L. claudo, to shut.] A movcover for the opening of a vessel, box, etc.; the cover of the eye; the eyelid. lidless, lid'les, a.

Having no

is

gateway, interval;

able

—

= D.

lied, lying. [A. Sax.

Goth,

liegen,

G.

ljuga, leog,

lid.

—

idle

talk.]

To

leogan

liugan,

liigen, to lie;

Icel.

comp. Gael.

utter falsehood

an intention to deceive; to knowingly utter untruth. n. [A. Sax. lige, lyge, a lie, from leogan, to lie; acel. lygi, D. logen, G. luge, with

a

lie.]

A

falsehood uttered for the

purpose of deception; an intentional violation of truth.

ch, chain;

ch,

— To give the Sc. loch;

g,

lie to,

go;

former

—

j,

leios,

rhea, in

—

acel.

lif,

then;

th, thin;

Dan.

libains, life,

liv,

live.]

D. That

lijf,

'

Goth. an

state of

animal or a plant in which its organs are capable of performing their

functions,

or

in

which the

performance of functions has not permanently ceased; animate existence; vitality; the time during which such a state continues; the period during which anything continues to exist; outward manifestation of life; a person's condition or circumstances; mode, manner, or course of living, as morally good or bad; social surroundings and characteristics (high or low life); that which makes alive; animating or inspiring principle; animation; vivacity; energy; the living form, or nature itself, in opposition to a copy or imitaa living person (many lives sacrificed); collectively, human beings in any number (a great loss of life); animated beings in the aggregate (the abundance of life on the globe) ; narrative of a person's life; a biography or memoir; human

world;

TH,

—

—

of the compass; general bearing or direction; position or state of an affair; geol. the manner in which strata are disposed. sing;

and enteron, an Med. a species of diarwhich the food is discharged smooth,

lienteric, li«en«ter'ik, undigested. a. Pertaining to a lientery. lieu, lu, n. [Fr., from L. locus, place.] Place; room; stead; preceded by in (to give goods in lieu of wages). lieutenant, lu-ten'ant, n. [Fr., composed of lieu, L. locus, place, and tenant, L. tenzns, holding.] An officer, civil or military, who supplies the place of a superior in his absence; a commissioned officer in the army, ranking next below a captain; in the navy the ranking is: ensign, lieutenant junior grade, lieutenant, lieutenant commander, commander. lieutenancy, lu«ten'an«si, n. The office or commission of a lieutenant. lieutenant colonel, n. An army officer next in rank below a colonel. lieutenant general, n. An army officer next in rank below a general. lieutenant governor, n. An officer ranking next below a governor. life, lif, n. pi. lives, livz. [A. Sax. lif,

tion;

ng

li'en«ier»i, n.

intestine.]

always transitive, and has for its preterit laid; as, he told me to lay it down, and I laid it down. Hence it is utterly wrong to say, we must know how the land lays; I went and laid down for a little.] n. The relative position of one object with regard to another or to a point

;'ob;

paid or satisfied. [Gr. leienteria

is

lientery,

—

allied to

v.i.

—

A

occasion,

verb to lay is often erroneously used for to lie. This is a gross blunder which should be carefully avoided, and may easily be so by attending to the meaning and conjugation of the two verbs. To lay

li,

A

as a motion or resolution in a delibTo lie to, naut. erate assembly. to stop in her course and remain To lie under, stationary, as a ship. to be subject to; to suffer; to be To lie with, to lodge oppressed by. or sleep with; to have carnal knowledge of; to belong to (it lies with you to make amends). [The trans,

A

lie,

A

—

A

Icel. hlith, a gate,

lied, let, led, n. pi. lieder, le'der. German song, lyric, or lay. [G.] liege, lej, a. [Fr. lige, Pr. litje, It. ligio, L.L. ligius, legius; origin uncertain; perhaps O.G. lidic (G. ledig), free.] Connected by loyalty or duty; bound by or resting on feudal ties (a liege lord, liege vassalvassal or person owing age). n. duties to his feudal lord; a lord or superior; a sovereign; a law-abiding citizen or citizen in general (in this liege man, sense usually in the pi.). vassal; a liege. lej 'man, n. lien, le'en, n. [Fr. lien, from L. ligaligamen, from ligo, to bind, ment.] Law, a legal claim; a right in one man to retain the property of another until some claim of the

To lie over, to undisposed of. remain for future attention; to be

—

—

—

were

course of things in the happiness in the favor of God; eternal felicity; phase or aspect of a creature's existence (adult life, sex life); the period of affairs;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— — — —

—

—— —

existence of a thing {life of a car); one inspiring animation and vigor For life, for (the life of the party). the whole term of one's existence. lifeblood, n. The blood necessary to life; vital blood; that which is essential to existence or strength. lifeboat, n. A boat for saving shipwrecked people; a small boat carried by ships for emergency use. life buoy, n. See BUOY. life cycle, n. A series of activities including development, changes of environment, dormancy and return to original status, experienced by various organisms— life expectancy, n. The probable life span of an individual or class of persons, determined by a study of their heredity and environment. lifeguard, n. skilled swimmer employed at a beach to save bathers from drowning. life history, n. Account of the activity and environment of an individual from

—

—

—

—

A

—

death.

to

—

lifeless,

lif'les,

a.

Deprived of life; dead; inanimate; inorganic; destitute of life or spirit; spiritless; dull; heavy; inactive. lifelessly, lif 'les«li, adv. lifelessness, lif'les«nes, n.

—

—

lifelike, lif'lik, a.

a living person; true to the

Like

life.

n. A rope projected to a foundering ship, or to a drowning person; a line by which a diver is kept in touch with the surface; an

lifeline,

indispensable sea, land, or air transportation route. lifelong, lif 'long, a. Lasting or continuing through life. life preserver, n. A buoyant jacket, belt, or similar device worn to prevent drowning. lifesaver, n. One who saves a life; a lifeguard; a life

—

—

—

preserver. lif'tim,

tinues;

—lifesaving,

—

lifetime, n. that life conduration of life; phys. the

The time

n.

average time between the appearance and disappearance of an ion or

subatomic

particle.

[From O.E. lift, A. Sax. comp. I eel. lypta (pron. lifta), from lopt (pron. loft), air; Sw. lyfta, Dan. lofte, G. liiften, to lift, from Sw. Dan. and G.

lift, lift, v.t. lyft,

luft,

bring

air,

air,

sky;

atmosphere, lure.] To a lower to a higher

from

position or place; to raise, elevate, upheave; to elevate, exalt, or improve, as in fortune, estimation, dignity, or rank; to elate; often with up; to take and carry away; to

remove by stealing To lift up the eyes, the eyes in order

(to lift cattle). to look; to raise to look. To lift

the hand, to raise the hand for the purpose of striking; to strike or threaten to strike. To lift the hand against, to strike; to assail; to injure; to oppress. To lift up the voice, to cry aloud; to call out, either in grief or joy. raise or try v.i. to raise; to rise, or to be raised or elevated (the fog lifts). n. The act or manner of raising or lifting; elevation; the act of stealing; aero-

To

—

component of the force exerted by the air on an airfoil, being opposite the force of gravity and causing an aircraft to stay in the air; a conveyor that carries people up a nautics, the

mountain

(a

ski

—

492

lift

birth

—

.

lift);

an elevating

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

light

—

—

lifter, lifter, n. influence. lift-off, n. take-off by an aircraft or a missile. ligament, lig'a«ment, n. [L. liga-

A

mentum, from

ligo, to bind (whence also ligation, ligature, lien, league, -ly in ally, etc.).] What ties or unites one thing or part to another; a band; a bond; a strong flexible fastening; anat. a strong, compact, tendinous substance, serving to bind one bone to another. ligamentous,

—

lig«a«men'tus, a. Of the nature of a ligament. ligan, li'gan, n. [Contr. for ligamen, a band, from ligo, to bind.] Goods sunk in the sea, but having something

buoyant

attached

mark

to

their

li'ga'shon,

[L.

n.

ligatio,

The

ligament.]

act of a bond; a ligature. ligature, lig'a«cher, n. [L. ligatura.] Something that binds; a cord, thong, band, or bandage; a ligament; the act of binding; mus. a line connecting notes; printing, a type

ligationis.

binding;

consisting of two or more letters or characters cast on the same body, as fi, fl; surg. a cord or string for tying blood vessels to prevent

hemorrhage light, lit, n. [A. Sax. leoht, shining, leoht, liht, a light;

G.

licht,

light,

I eel.

Gr.

Ijos,

leukos,

—

—

sometimes

lit.

To

set fire to;

to kindle; to ignite; to set burning; to give light to; to fill or spread over with light; to show the wav to by means of a light; to illumilighten, li'tn, v.i. To exhibit nate. the phenomenon of lightning; to give out flashes; to flash; to become

—

me, met, her;

—

lighter, liter, n. that which lights.

or

lighthouse, lit'hous, n. A tower or other lofty structure with a powerful light at top, erected as a guide or warning of danger to navilighting, lit'ing, n. gators at night. Illumination; the disposition of light in a work of art, as a painting or a play; artificial light, either direct or indirect; the fixture supplying light.

—

—

lightless, lit'les, a.

nes,

n.

—lightning,

to to

become clear.

pine, pin;

less

v .t.

dark

or

To make

note, not,

move;

—lightness, lit'ning,

lit'—

A

n.

flash of light, the result of a discharge of atmospheric electricity. lightning

bug,

n.

A

firefly.

— — lightning rod,

n.

metallic rod attached to buildings or vessels to protect them from lightning by conducting it into the lightship, n. ship earth or water. anchored and hoisting a strong light lightsome, to serve as a lighthouse. lit'sum, a. Bright; light; gay; cheerlightsomely, lit'sunvli, adv. ing. lightsomeness, lit'sunvnes, n. light year, n. The distance light can travel in a year, about 5,880,000,000,000 miles, used to measure stellar distances. light, lit, a. [A. Sax. leoht, D. ligt, G.

—

A

—

—

—

—

I eel. lettr, Dan. let, light; to L. levis (whence levity), Gr. elachys, Skr. laghu, light. Hence alight, lighter (boat), lights.) Not

allied

—

lighter;

One who

leicht,

allied to L. lux, lumen, to shine, luna, the luceo,

gloomy;

forth. f

flash

to

bright,

white, leasso, to see; W. Hug, Gael, leus, light. lucid.] That agent or force by the action of which upon the organs of sight objects from which it proceeds are rendered visible; that phenomenon which makes vision 186,326 miles traveling possible, per second; a radiant body, as the sun, the moon, a candle, etc. ; mental or spiritual illumination; knowledge; information; a person who is conspicuous or eminent in any study; a model or example; the phenomenon constituting day, hence, open view, public observation, publicity; a compartment of a window; the illuminated part of an object or picture ; the point of view or position in which or from which anything is looked Northern at or considered; aspect. borealis. See aurora the lights, aurora. To stand in one's own light, to be the means of preventing one's own good, or frustrating one's own purposes. To bring to light, to bring to knowledge, detection, To come to light, to be or discovery. detected; to be discovered or found. Bright; clear; not dark or a. obscure; white or whitish; not intense or deep, as a color; not dark in hue. v.t. pret. & pp. lighted,

from; to illuminate; to enlighten;

D. and Dan. lys, Goth.

liuhath;

moon;

light or clear; to dissipate darkness

A

position.

ligation,

———

having

heavy;

weight;

little

burdensome;

easy

be

to

not

lifted,

borne, or carried; not oppressive; easy to be suffered or endured; easy to be performed; not difficult; easy to be digested; not oppressive to the stomach; not heavily armed, or armed with light weapons; swift; nimble; not dense or gross; not strong; not copious or vehement (a light rain); inconsiderable; easily influenced by trifling considerations; unsteady; volatile; trifling; gay; airy; wanton; unchaste; not of legal weight (light coin); loose; sandy; easily pulverized (a light soil) having a sensation of giddiness; employed ;

in

work

light

(a

porter).

light

set light by, to slight; to treat as

To make

no importance.

light

To of of,

to treat as of little consequence; to lighten, li tn, slight; to disregard. v.t. To make lighter or less heavy; to relieve of a certain amount of weight; to make less burdensome or lighter, lioppressive; to alleviate.

—

—

ter,

n.

A

open flat-bottomed

large

barge, often used in lightening or unloading and loading ships. lightfingered, a. Thievish; addicted to

—

petty thefts; often applied to pickpockets. light-footed, a. Nimble in running or dancing; active. lightheaded, a. Having dizziness or giddiness in the head; dizzy; heedless; delirious; thoughtless; lightweak; volatile; unsteady, headedness, n. lighthearted, a. Free from grief or anxiety; gay; cheerful;

—

—

—

merry. - lightheadedness, ly,

lit

li,

lightness,

ado.

light opera, n.

An

—

lightnes, n.

n.

lit

opera with

popular musical score and entertaining

plot.

tube, tub, bull;

— lightweight,

oil,

pound.

—

a gay, trivial, n.

————

— —— ——

————————— —— ——

—

man

weighing not more

—

limit

able, well adapted, or convenient for some purpose. adv. Probably; as

than 135 pounds.

&

pret. pp. lighted, [A. Sax. lihtan, to descend, alight, from leoht, light, not heavy: to alight from horseback or a vehicle is to make it lighter

may

To relieving it of weight.] descend, as from a horse or carriage (with down, off, from) ; to fly or fall

or quality of being like; similarity;

light,

v.i.

lit,

sometimes

or

settle; to

come by

come

to rest; to fall chance; to happen to

find: with on or upon. ligneous, lig'ni«us, a. [L. ligneus, from lignum, wood.] Made of wood; resembling of wood; consisting

else, especially, a portrait.

—

v.i. To into wood. become wood.— lignin, lig'nin, n. modification of cellulose; vegetable fiber.— lignite, lig'nit, n. Fossil wood, wood coal, or brown coal, a combustible substance mineralized to a certain degree, but retaining dislignitic, tinctly its woody texture. ligTiit'ik, a. Containing lignite; resembling lignite. lignose, lig'nos, lignum vitae, lig«num a. Ligneous.

A

—likeable,

lik'a«bl, a. Such as to attract liking; lovable. likeableness, lik'a«bl»nes, n. Quality of being liking, lik'ing, n. Inclinalikeable. tion; desire; satisfaction: often with for or to (an amusement to your

Had

name

A

produced by an oxyhydrogen flame on a piece of lime; on the stage,

plants with fragant flowers, as the

white

orange

of

lily,

lily,

tiger

lily,

lilies

;

lilylike.

lily-livered, a.

White-

livered; cowardly. (Shak.) limb, lim, n. [A. Sax. Urn, Icel. limr, Dan. and Sw. lem, a limb. The b is added as in crumb, thumb, etc.] One of the jointed members of the

human body

or of any animal; an more especially the latter; a pretty large or main branch To supply with v.t. of a tree. limbs; to dismember; to tear the limbs from. limbed, limd, a. Having limbs: mostly in composition (large- limbed, short-limbed). limb, lim, n. [L. limbus, a border, edging, or fringe.] Astron. the border or outermost edge of the sun or moon ; the graduated edge of a circle or other astronomical or surveying instrument, etc.; bot. the border or upper spreading part of a monopetalous corolla, or of a petal or limbate, lim'bat, a. Bot. sepal. bordered, as when one color is surrounded by an edging of another.

arm or

;

j,

;'ob;

leg,

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

spotlight; fig.

a

center

—limestone,

of public

A

lim'ston, n. kind of stone consisting of varieties of carbonate of lime. limewater, n. water solution of calcium hydroxide, used in medicine as an antacid, and in the chemical industry natural interest.

A

many bulbous

showy and

Lily of the valley, a perennial plant with small white bell-shaped flowers. liliaceous, lil»i«a'shus, a Pertaining to the order of

lie,

go;

—

A

A

scarlet lily, etc.

like,

g,

—

word meaning

A

—

G. gleich, Goth.

ch, Sc. loch;

a

A

viscous subto be viscous.] stance for catching birds; birdlime; calcium oxide, prepared by heating limestone or shells; quicklime, as used in mortar, in industry, and to counteract acidity in soil. v.t. limed, liming. To smear with birdlime; to entangle; to ensnare; to manure with lime; to cement or limekiln, lim'kil, n. glue (Shak.). kiln in which limestone is exposed to a strong heat and reduced to limelight, n. lime. powerful light lis

and i. [Akin to lull.] To sing, especially in a cheerful manner; to give musical or harmonious uttern. song; a tune. ance. (Tenn.) lily, lil'i, n [A. Sax. lilie, from L. Gr. leirion.] The popular lilium,

little

ch, chain;

=

[Sp. lilac, Ar. lilak,

from

soft

D. lijm, acel. lim, G. leim, glue; allied to loam, L. limus, slime, Skr.

small.

was like; had nearly; short of. Like is frequently suffixed to nouns to form adjectives denoting resemblance, as childlike, etc. n. Some person or thing resembling another; an exact counterpart. adv. In the same or a similar manner; similarly; likely; probably. likelihood, lik'h«hud, n. Likeliness; probability. likely, 11k'li, a. Like the truth; credible; probable (a likely story); giving a probability of something (I am likely to be away from home tonight) suit-

came

n.

A

n.

cheese with a characteristic odor. lime, lim, n. [A. Sax. lim, glue, cement

lilt, lilt, v.t.

form, body (see lich gate). Hence the termination in each, such, which, and the -ly of adjectives and adverbs, as also the verb to like.] Equal; exactly corresponding; of the same kind; similar; resembling (like passions); probable; likely (it is like he will); feeling equal or disposed to.

ment (collog.). Limburger, lim'berg«er,

Lilliputian, lil»i»pu'shan, n. A member of the diminutive race of beings described in Swift's imaginary kingdom of Lilliput in Gulliver's Travels; a. Very a person of very small size.

A

A. Sax.

n. [It., from L. limbus, or edge.] A supposed region where souls of the innocent are detained till the final judgment; any similar region apart from this world; a prison or other place of confine-

hem

a

beautiful flowering shrub of the genus Syringa with flowers generally pink, white, bluish, or lavender. blue.]

ligula, ligule, lig'uda, lig'ul, n. [L. ligula, a strap, from ligo, to bind. ligament.] Bot. a strap-shaped petal of composite flowers ; the membrane ligulate, at the base of a grass leaf. lig'u«lat, a. Like a bandage or strap; bot. having the form of a ligula: applied especially to the ray florets of composite flowers. ligure, lig'ur, n. [Gr. linggourion, ligurion.] kind of precious stone (O.T.). like, Ilk, a. [A. Sax. lie, gehc-=D. lijk,

From

li'lak,

lilac; Per. lilaj;

to.

limbo, lim'bo,

liking).

lilac,

vi'te, n. [L., wood of life, from its hardness and durability.] The popular name of a small West Indian and South American tree, the wood of which is valued for its extreme hardness. ligroine, lig'r6»in, n. An oil of medium density distilled from crude petroleum.

leiks, galeiks, like.

like;

—

limber

originally

(which see).] To please or suit: used impersonally^:; to be pleased with in a moderate degree; to approve; to take satisfaction in; to enjoy. v.i. To be pleased; to choose. n. liking; a fancy: used chiefly in the phrase likes and dislikes.

A

gelijk, Icel. likr,glikr,

from the

to

akin to limb.] Artill.

horses, attached to the gun carriage, properly so called, of a field gun or cannon; pi. thills; shafts of a carriage (local). v.t. To attach the

adjective

convert

—

suit; Icel.

please,

to

lika,

quality of being limber.

two wheels with the ammunition boxes and shafts for the

lit.

be like one's tastes; impersonal; D. lijken, to

to

The

es of a tree; a carriage on

—

lignify, lig'ni«fi, v.t. lignified, lignifying. [L. lignum, and facio, to make.]

To

nes, n.

limber, lim'ber, n. [Really a plural form from Icel. limar, limbs, branch-

likewise,

lician, gelician, to please, to suit,

[Closely allied to

To

reasonably

lik'wiz, conj. and adv. In like manner; also; moreover; too. like, lik, v.t. liked, liking. [A. Sax.

wood.

resembling

or

a.

pliant, flaccid.] Easily bent; render limflexible; pliant. v.t. ber or pliant. limberness, lim'ber*-

limp,

what exactly resembles something

lignification, lig'ni«fi«ka"shon, n. The act of lignifying, or the state of being ligniform, lig'ni-form, a. lignified.

wood;

expected

liken, li'kn, v.t. To make like; to cause to resemble; to compare; to represent as resembling. likeness, lik'nes, n. The condition

wood; woody; wooden.

Like

be

limber, lim'ber,

thought.

lit.

by

and

—— —— — —

—

493

light Sporting, a

—

;

water containing calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate. limy, li'mi, a. lime, lim, n. [Formerly line, from A. Sax. lind, D. and G. linde, Dan.

Sw.

Icel. lind, the tree.]

The

linden

tree. n. [Fr. lime, from Per. limu, limun, whence also lemon.] species of tree cultivated in southern

lime, lim,

A

Europe, the U. S., etc., and producing small, greenish-yellow fruit used for flavoring punch, sherbet, etc. limerick, lim'er«ik, n. A jingling verse form of five lines, with lines 1, 2, and 5 rhyming, as do lines 3 and 4, popularized by Edward Lear (181288) in his Book of Nonsense, 1 846. liminal, lim'in«al, a. [L. limen, threshold.] Belonging to the lowest limit (or threshold) of perception. limit, limit, n. [Fr. limite, from L. limes, limitis, a bound or limit; allied to limen, a threshold; akin

th, thin;

lintel,

eliminate.]

That which

ter-

minates, circumscribes, or confines; bound, border, utmost extent; math. a determinate quantity to which a variable one continually approaches, but can never exceed. v.t. To set limits or bounds to; to bound; to confine within certain bounds; to

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —— —

—

— —

;

—

limn

494

circumscribe; to restrain; to narrow or confine the signification of; to apply exclusively (words or conlimitable, lim i«ta«bl, a. ceptions). Capable of being limited.— limitary, lim i«te«ri, Circumscribed or a. bounded in power or authority. limitation, lim«i«ta'shon, n. The act of limiting, bounding, or circumscribing; the condition of being so limited; that which limits; limiting

linden, lin'den, n. [An adj. form from A. Sax. lind, the linden.] The

—

circumstance; restriction; qualifica-

—

limited, lim'i'ted, p. and a. Confined within limits; narrow; circumscribed. Limited monarchy, a monarchy in which the monarch shares the supreme power with a class of nobles, with a popular body, tion.

—

limitedly, lim'i«ted'or with both. li, adv. In a limited manner or limiter, lim'i«ter, n. One degree.

—

who

limits.

Having

—limitless,

no

boundless;

limn, lim,

limits;

lim'it«les, a.

unbounded;

infinite. v.t.

[Fr. enluminer,

from

L. illumino, to illuminate.] To draw or paint; to make a portrait or likelimner, limner, n. One ness of. who limns; a painter of portraits or

—

miniatures.

limonene, a

mo«nen, n. [Fr. Union, lemon.] A hydrocarbon in oil of li

lemon. limonite, li'mon»it, n. [Gr. leimon, meadow.] An important ore of iron, a variety of which is brown hematite. limousine, lim'o«zen", n. [From Limousin, an old French province.] A closed automobile with the driver partitioned off from the passengers. limp, limp, v.i. [A. Sax. limp-halt, lemp-healt, limping-halt, lame; comp. L.G. lumpen, to limp; Icel. limpa, weakness; allied to limp, limber, and probably to lame.] To halt or walk

lamely. n. The act of limping; a halt in one's gait; the Jacobite toast, with a limping motion, from the initial letters

of Louis

XIV, James,

Mary

(of Modena, wife of James II), Prince (the old Pretender). limp, limp, a. [Akin to limp, the verb, and to limber; comp. Skr. lamb, to hang.] Easily bent; flexible; pliant; lacking stiffness; flaccid. limpet, limpet, n. [O.Fr. limpine, a univalve mollusk with a limpet.] conical shell, found adhering to rocks a person who clings to something; an explosive designed to adhere to the side of a ship. limpid, limpid, a. [L. limpidus; allied to Gr. lampo, to shine, hence akin to lamp.] Characterized by clearness or transparency; clear and bright; translucent; transparent: said of water. limpidity, limpidness, lim«pid'i«ti, lim'pid«nes, n. The state of being limpid.

A

—

limy,

a. See lime. linage, lin ij, n. The number of printed lines on a page; measure of space sold for advertising; alignment. linchpin, linsh pin, n. [Lit. axle-pin, from A. Sax. lynis, an axletree; D. luns, lens, G. liinse, a linchpin.] A pin used to prevent the wheel of a carriage or other vehicle from sliding off the axletree; an axle pin.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

basswood

lingual

tree.

line, lin, n.

[A. Sax. line, a cord or linea, a linen thread, a string, a line or stroke, from linens, flaxen, linum, flax; Fr. ligne, a line. linen.] small rope or cord; a thread-like marking, as with a pen, pencil, etc.; a stroke or score; a line,

from L.

A

marking or furrow upon the hands or face; a mark traced or imagined to show latitude, longitude, temperature, or the like on a map or

row of things; a straight soldiers drawn up with an extended front; a similar disposition of ships in preparation for an engagement; a straight row of words or figures between two margins (a page of thirty lines); the words which form a certain number of poetical feet ; a verse; an outline, contour, lineament (a statue of fine lines); a short epistle; the globe; a

row of

course of thought, conduct, occupation, policy, or the like; a continuous or connected series, as of descendants from a common progenitor; a series of public conveyances, as buses, steamships, airplanes, etc., passing between places with regularity; fort. (pi.) works made to cover extended positions; (pi.) words of a character in a drama; football, offensive or defensive players that take their positions near the scrimmage; a source of communication.— Line engraving, photoengraving, an engraving, usually on zinc, without a screen (line cut). Line of defense, mil. fortifications or trenches used as protective barriers; the standing army. Line drive, in baseball, a low-hit ball which approximately parallels the ground the Meridian greater part of its course.

—

drawn at any station to directions of true north and south. Fraunhofer's lines, the dark lines observed crossing a spectrum at right angles to its length. line

line, a

show the

streamline, n. The design of form which permits passage through the air or water with a minimum of resistance, as in the shape of an lined, lining. airplane or boat. v.t. To draw lines upon; to mark with lines or thread-like strokes cross out

—

;

form

in lines; place at

intervals.

lin'ij, The number of n. printed lines on a page; measure liner, of space sold for advertising. liner, n. One of a line of ocean-

linage,

—

going ships.

— lineman,

man who works on

A

repair

electric

light,

n.

power, telephone or telegraph lines one who plays forward. linesman, r. A referee in football

football,

—

—

line-up, n. Arrangement or tennis. of players in football or baseball; a line of persons to be inspected (a police line-up). line, lin, v.t. lined, lining. [O.E. Hie, to double a garment with linen.] To cover on the inside; to protect by a layer on the inside (to line a garlining, lin ing, n. The covment). ering of the inner surface of anyliner, li ncr, thing, as a coat lining,

—

—

n.

Something used

who

as a lining;

one

lines.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

——

—

;

,

note, not,

move;

lineage, lin'i«ij, n. [Fr. lignage, from line.] Deligne, L. linea, a line, scendants in a line from a common progenitor; line of descent from an race; ancestor; progeny. lineal, lin'i«al, a. [L. linealis.] Composed of

—

in

lines;

a

direct

from

line

an

ancestor; hereditary; pertaining to or ascertained by a fine or lines (lineal measure). lineally, lin'i«aMi, adv. In a lineal manner; in a direct line lineament, lin i«a«ment, of descent. n. [L. lineamentum.] The outline or contour of a body or figure, particularly of the face; a line of form or

— —

feature.

— linear,

lin'i«er,

[L.

a.

li-

nearis.] Pertaining to a fine; consisting of lines; lineal; in bot. like a line in form; long and slender.

Linear perspective, that which regards only the positions, magnitudes, and forms of the objects delineated. lineate,

lineated, lineolate, lin

i«at,

marked

lin'i«a»ted, lin'i«o«lat, a. Bot.

longitudinally with depressed parallel lines.

linen, lin'en, n. [Properly an adj. signifying made of flax, from A. Sax. lin, flax, L. linum, Gr. linon, flax;

comp. Armor,

W.

lin,

flax.]

llin,

Cloth made of flax; a flaxen fabric or material; underclothing in general, because chiefly made of linen or similar materials. a. Made of flax, or yarn from flax. ling, ling, n. [D. ling; Dan. lange; G. leng, langfisch, so

from being

long.]

A

and N.

named

fish of the

cod

family, rather long in proportion to its thickness, found in the North Atlantic Ocean, and when salted and dried, is used as food. ling, ling, n. [Icel. and Dan. lyng, heather.} Common heather. linger, ling'ger, v.i. [From A. Sax. lengra, compar. of lang, long; comp. the verb lower, from compar. of low.] To delay; to loiter; to lag

or hang behind; to be slow to move or act; to hesitate; to remain long

—

(the disease lingers). v.t. To spend in a wearisome manner: with out or away. lingerer, ling'ger«er, n. One who lingers.

—

lingerie, lan'zhcre, n.

[Fr.]

Linen

especially women's underwear. used for feminine intimate apparel. lingo, ling'go, n. [L. lingua, the tongue.] Language; speech; a contemptuous term for language one does not understand. (Vulgar.) articles,

Now

lingua franca.

A compound

or

grel language in the Levant,

monmade

up of words from French, Italian, Spanish, and modern Greek, serving as a common medium of communication.

lingual, ling gwal, a. [L. lingua, the tongue, originally dingua; cog. with E. tongue (comp. L. lacrima, E. tear).] Pertaining to the tongue; pronounced n. chiefly by means of the tongue.

A

letter

pronounced

chiefly

—

by means

of the tongue as /, r. linguiform, ling gwi«form, n. Having the form linguist, or shape of a tongue. ling'gwist, n. A person skilled in languages; one who knows several languages. linguistic, ling«gwis tik.

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

——

—

;

———

—————

—

——— — —

—

liniment

495

list

a. Relating to language or to the affinities of language; philological. linguistics, ling'gwis'tiks, n. The

hold a lighted match, used in firing cannon. lint, lint, n. [A. Sax. linet, L. linteum,

science of language, or of the origin, significations, affinities, and application of words; comparative philology.

from linum, flax. line.] Flax; linen scraped into a soft substance; bits of thread or fuzz from yarn or fabrics; cottonseed wool. lintel, lin'tel, n. [O.Fr. lintel, Fr.

quefying. To convert from a solid form to that of a liquid; to melt by heat. v.i. To be melted; to become liquid. liquescency, li»kwes'en«si, n. The condition of being liquescent. liquescent, li«kwes'ent, a. [L. liquesco, to melt.] Melting; becoming

—Ungulate,

ling'gu«lat, a. Shaped like the tongue or a strap; ligulate. liniment, lin'i'ment, n. [L. linimentum, from lino, to anoint.] Med.

a

species

stimulating

of soft ointment, of a or soothing character,

to be rubbed into the skin. lining, n. See line. link, lingk, n. [A. Sax. hlence,

Sw.

lank, Dan. Icenke, Icel. hlekkr, a link; G. gelenk, a joint, a link (from lenken, single ring or division to bend).] of a chain; anything doubled and closed like a link; something that serves to connect one thing or part with another; any constituent part of a connected series; land measuring, a division of Gunter's chain, having a length of 7.92 inches; mach. any straight rod connecting two rotating v.t. To pieces by flexible joints. connect by, or as if by, a link or v.i. To be links; to unite or join. with together joined or connected linkage, lingk'ij, n. The act or in. of linking ; the state of being linked biol. the inclination of certain genes to remain correlated in inheritance;

A

—

:

linteus,

liqueur,

limit.] The horizontal piece of timber or stone supporting the load above a window, door, or other opening. lion, li'on, n. [Fr. lion, from L. leo, leonis, a lion; Gr. leon.] wellknown carnivorous animal, of a tawny color, having a full-flowing mane in the male, and a tufted tail; a sign of the zodiac; Leo; an object of interest and curiosity (the lion of the day; to visit the lions of the place), a usage derived from the time when the lions kept in the Tower of London were one of the chief sights to which strangers were taken. Lion's provider, a popular name for the jackal. Lion's share, the whole or a very disproportionate lionel, lionet, share in advantages. li'on«el, li'on«et, n. lion's whelp; a

liquor.]

from L.

young

back

a.

linet;

Fr.

from L. linum, flax.] One of the commonest of Old World open singing birds,- frequenting linotte,

:

places.

with chloride of sulfur, which when mixed with ground cork and pressed upon canvas forms floor-cloth; the floor-cloth thus produced. Linotype, n. [A 'line o'type'.] In oil

—

A

a.

liquefy, j,

;'ob;

being

of

lik'wi»fi,

ng, sing;

v.t.

TH,

—

liquefied.— liquefied,

then;

li-

own

its

liquidam-

oxidizer.

—

liquidate, lik'wi«dat, v.t. liquidated, liquidating. To make liquid; to decide the precise amount of something by agreement; to adjust, dissolve or clear off debts; to distribute the assets and liabilities and clear up the accounts of a business or estate when terminating it; to dispose of secretly; to do away with. v.i. close out one's debts or accounts. liqliquidation, lik«wi«da'shon, n. uidator, lik«wi»da ter, n. liquidity, liquidly, lik'wid»li, lik«wid'i»ti, n. trees.

To

—

—

—

—

—

liquidness, lik'wid«nes, n. adv. liquor, lik'er, n. liquid or fluid substance, often specifically an inbeverage; drink. toxicating v.t.

—

Capable

and do not separ-

bar, lik'wid«anvber, n. A kind of fragrant gum or resin from several

To

—

luntstock, from D. lont, Dan. lunte, a match, and stock, a stick.] staff with a crotch or fork at one end to

go;

i.

liquefaction, lik«wi«ses to melt. fak'shon, n. [L. liqueo, to be fluid, and facio, to make.] The act or operation of melting or dissolving; a becoming liquid; the state of being lik'wi«fl«a«bl, melted. liquefiable,

—

g,

and

—

linseed, lin'sed, n. [O.E. lin, flax. linseed oil, line.] The seed of flax. n. An oil procured by pressure from linsey-woolsey, the seed of flax. lin'si'wul-si, n. A fabric made of linen and wool; an incongruous mixture (Shak.) a. Made of linen and wool mixed; of different and unsuitable ingredients. linstock, lin'stok, n. [For lintstock,

ch, Sc. loch;

v.t.

oma, a tumor.] A fatty tumor. liquate, li'kwat, v.i. and t. liquated, LIQliquating. [L. liquo, liquatum. UID.] To melt; to liquefy; metal, to separate from a less fusible metal, by applying just sufficient heat to melt ,the more easily liquefiable. liquation, li'kwa'shon, n. The act or liquefacient, operation of liquating. lik>wi«fa'shi-ent, n. That which cau-

printing, a machine for setting and casting lines of type by the operation of a keyboard.

ch, chain;

(slang).

and ase.] A fat-digesting enzyme; an enzyme secreted by the pancreas and other organs of the digestive system which converts fats to fatty acids and glycerol. lipoma, lip'6'ma, n. [Gr. lipos, fat,

linoleum, li«no'li«um, n. [L. linum, flax, and oleum, oil.] A preparation of linseed

duces

;

talk

liniment).]

fluid; not solid; flowing smoothly or easily to the ear; devoid of harshness ; pronounced with a slight contraction of the organs Fluid; investof articulation. n. ments that may be quickly be converted to cash; a letter pronounced with a smooth flowing sound, as / and r. liquid air, n. Air in its liquid state, prepared by subjection to great pressure and cooling. liquid-air-cycle-engine (LACE), n. A bi-propellant rocket engine that pro-

The

touch, as with the lip; to kiss. lipreading, n. Understanding what one says from the movement of his lips used in communicating with the lip service, n. A mere verbal deaf. profession of service. lipase, li'pas, lip 'as, n. [Gr. lipos, fat,

ed botanist. [A. Sax.

—

;

Pertaining to Linnaeus, the celebratn.

slightest pressure ate as in a gas;

A

lioness, li'on»es, n.

smear (whence

Composed of particles that move freely among each other on the

of the two fleshy or muscular parts (upper and lower) covering the front teeth in man and many other animals something similar the edge or border of something hollow (as a vessel, a wound); brink or margin;

A

lin'et,

—

linker'

A

in lino, to

=

that carries a link. links, lingks, n. pi. [A. Sax. hlinc, rising ground; same root as L. clivus, golf course. sloping, decline.]

linot,

lion.

or li«kur', n. [Fr. lit. sweet, alcoholic beverage with some infusion or extract from fruits, spices, or various aromatic substances, usually served after dinner. liquid, lik'wid, a. [L. liquidus, from liqueo, to melt, from root seen also

riosity in a place; to treat as a lion or object of curiosity and interest. lip, lip, n. [A.Sax. lippe D. lip, Dan. and G. lippe; allied to verb to lap; Lith. lupa, Per. lab, Hind, lub, L. labium, lip; lambo, to lap.] The name

A

linnet,

limes, limitis, a limit,

female of the lion. lionism, li'on»izm, n. The attracting of notice as a lion; the treating of a person as an lionize, li'on«Iz, object of curiosity. v.t. To visit, as the objects of cu-

A

lin«ne'an,

limitellus,

A

the product of the magnetic flux through a coil by its number of turns; mech. a combination of bars or pieces linked so as to pivot about each other in parallel planes. link, lingk, n. [Origin uncertain; perhaps equivalent to lint, the first torch made of part of linstock.] tow or other materials, with tar or linkboy, n. pitch. boy or man

Linnean,

fluid.

dim.

linteau,

elec.

Linnaean,

from L.L.

—

To

A

moisten;

to

drench.

v.i.

To

drink, especially intoxicating liquor. (Colloq.) liquorice, lik'er«is, n. See licorice. lira, le'ra, n. pi. lire, le'ra. [From L. libra, a pound, whence also Fr. livre.] An Italian silver coin. lisle,

111,

n.

A

kind of thread

linen, or linen

made

of

made

of

and cotton; material

lisle.

lisp, lisp, v.i. [A.Sax. zulisp, wlips, lisping; D. lispen, Dan. laespe, Sw. laspa, to lisp; G. lispeln, to whisper, pronounce the sibilant to lisp.] letters 5 and z imperfectly, as by giving the sound of th or dh; to speak imperfectly, as a child. v.t. To pronounce with a lisp or imperfectly. n. The habit or act of lisping; the habitual utterance of lisper, lis 'per, n. One who th for 5.

To

lisps.

lissom, lissome, lis'um, a. [Fr. lithesome, lithe.] Supple; flexible; lithe; nimble; active. lissomeness, lis'unvnes, n. State of being lissome.

—

list,

th, thin;

w,

list,

twig;

n.

[A.Sax.

list,

hw, whig;

selvedge =

zh, azure.

— — — —— —— ———— —

——

;

——— —— —— — 496

list

Sw. G.

D.

lijst,

Dan.

liste, a fillet, a strip, a border; border, margin, catalogue.]

Icel. listi,

a selvedge;

list,

leiste,

woven on selvage cloth; a strip of cloth; a fillet; a record or register of names or items pi. the ground or field enclosed for a combat or competition. list price, n. Bus. a price given in a catalogue; the common or retail price of an item. v.t. To enroll; to enlist; to fit or cover with list; to put an edge or border on. v.i. To enlist, as in the army. list, list, v.i. [A. Sax. lystan, to wish (used impers.), from lust, pleasure; lust.] To desire so Icel. lysta. or choose; to be disposed; to please. list, list, n. [Origin unknown.] Naut. an inclination to one side (the ship

The edge

has a

list

or

to

port).

v.t.

To

cause

v.i. To lean to one side to list. (said of a ship); to careen. listen, lis'n, v.i. [A. Sax. hlystan, from To pay attention hlyst, hearing.] with the ear; to hear and attend to; listener, lis'mer, n. to take advice. listless, list'les, a. [O.E. list, A. Sax. lyst, desire, pleasure. See list, to desire.] Indifferent to or taking no pleasure in what is passing; languid and indifferent; uninterested; valistlessly, list'les«li, adv. In a cant. listlessness, list'listless manner. les«nes, n. The state of being listless. lit, lit, pret. pp. of light, to kindle; also sometimes of light, to alight, to

&

chance. litany, lit'a«ni, litaneia,

from

n. [Fr. litanie; Gr. litaneuo, to pray, lite,

prayer.] A solemn supplication used in public worship; [cap., with

a

The] a collection of short supplications in the Book of Common Prayer, uttered by the priest and people alternately. delicious fruit litchi, lech'e, n. yielded by a tree belonging to China

A

and the Malayan Archipelago. liter, le'ter, n. [From Gr. litra, a pound.] Metric measure of capacity, a cubic decimeter, or 61.025 cu. in., or 1.0567 U. S. liquid quarts. literal, lit'er«al, a. [L. liter alis, from letter.] According litera, a letter, to the letter or verbal expression; not figurative or metaphorical; following the letter or exact words; not free (a literal translation); consisting of or expressed by letters. literalism, lit'er«al«izm, n. The act of adhering to the letter; a mode of literalist, lit'— interpreting literally. er«al-ist, n. One who practices literalism; an interpreter according to literally, lit'er»al«li, adv. the letter. In a literal manner or sense; according to the primary and natural

import of words; not

—— — ——

;

figuratively. The state literary,

literalness, lit'er«al«nes, n. or quality of being literal.

[L. literarius.] Pertaining to letters or literature; treating lit'er«e«ri, a.

of or dealing with learning or learned men; engaged in literature; consisting in written or printed comliterpositions (literary property). ate, liter-it, a. [L. literatus.] Inn. One structed; learned; lettered. who has received a certain university fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

litter

education, but was not graduated; a literary

man.

literati,

lit»er«a'ti.

[It. litterato ) Literary men.— literator.f lit'er»a«ter, n. [L.] literary man; a litterateur. literature, liter«a-cher, n. [L. litteratura.] Learning; literary knowledge; literary productions collectively; the literary productions upon a given subject, or a particular branch of knowledge the collective writings of a country or period; the class of writings in which beauty of style is a characteristic feature; the calling of authors of books, etc. lith, lith, n. [A.Sax. lith =D. lid, Dan. led, Icel. lithr, Goth, lithus, limb,

A

joint.]

A limb; a joint;

part or division; a

a symmetrical

member.

—

litharge,

lith'arj, n. [Gr. lithargyros stone, argyros, silver.] An oxide of lead, much used in assaying as a flux, and entering into the composition of the glaze of common

lithos,

earthenware. lithe, Hth, a. [A.Sax. lithe, gentle; G. linde, gelind, Dan. lind, Icel. linr, soft, mild; allied to L. lentus, pliant, lenis,

mild (whence

lissome.]

Hence

lenity).

That may be

easily bent;

litheness, pliant; flexible; limber. liTH'nes, n. Pliancy; flexibility; limlithesome, 11th 'sum, a. berness. Pliant; lissome. lithia, lith'i«a, n. [From Gr. lithos, a stone.] The oxide of the metal lithium, of a white color, acrid and caustic ; med. the formation of stone or concretions in the human body. lithic, lith'ik, a. Pertaining to or consisting of stone; pertaining to stone in the bladder. lithium, lith'i'um, n. [N.L. from metallic eleGr. lithos, stone.] ment, soft and silver white, the lightest metal known. Symbol, Li; 6.939. lithia at. no., 3; at. wt.,

A

water, n. A mineral water containing lithium salts.

lithograph,

lith'o«graf,

[Gr.

v.t.

a stone, and grapho, to write.] engrave or trace on stone and

lithos,

To

transfer to paper, etc., by printing. print from a drawing on stone.

n.

A

lithographer, li«thog'ra«fer,

who

practices

lithography.

n.

One

litho-

graphic, lithographical, lith«o«graf 'ik, lith«0'graf'i«kal, a. Pertaining to lithography; engraved upon or printed from stone. Lithographic stone, lithographic

compact yellowish color and

slate,

limestone, of a

a

slaty

grain, used for receiving the lithographdesigns in lithography.

fine

By the lithography, li»art of writing or

ically, lith«o«graf'i«kal«li, adv.

lithographic

art.

thog'ra«fi, n.

The

drawing with special pigments on a peculiar kind of stone, and of producing impressions from it on paper. lithoidal, lith'oid, li-thoi dal, a. [Gr. lithos, a stone.] Resembling a stone; of a stony structure.

lithoid,

lithologic, lithological, lith«o«loj'ik, lith«o«loj'i«kal, a. [Gr. lithos, a stone, and logos, discourse.] Of or pertaining to lithology or the science of stones.

A

lithologist, li«thol'o«jist, n.

person skilled in the science of

stones.

me, met, her;

— ——

lithology, li»thol'o«ji, n.

The

pine, pin;

move;

note, not,

science or natural history of stones; the study of the mineral structure

of rocks.

lithomarge,

lith'o»marj,

n. [Gr. marl.] term applied to varieties of clay of great fineness and capable of being fused into a soft slag. lithophyte, lith'o-fit, n. [Gr. lithos, stone, phyton, a plant.] polyp

stone,

lithos,

L.

A

marga,

A

whose substance

is

stony or horny.

lithosphere, litho,

and

[Prefix lith'o«sfer, n. sphere.] The solid part of

the earth.

lithotome, lith'o«tom, n. [Gr. lithos, stone, and temno, to cut.] A surgical instrument for cutting into the bladder in operations for the stone. lithotomic, lithotomical, lith«o«tom'ik, lith'O'tom'i'kal, a. Pertaining to or performed by lithotomy. lithotomy, li«thot'o«mi, n. The operation, art, or practice of cutting for the stone in the bladder. lithotrity, li«thot'ri«ti, n. [Gr. lithos, a stone, and L. tero, tritum, to grind.] The operation of crushing to pieces a stone in the bladder by means of an

instrument called a lithotritor. litigate, lit'i«gat, v.t. litigated, litigating. [L. litigo, litigatum lis, litis, strife, dispute, and ago, to carry on.] To make the subject of a lawsuit; to bring before a court of law for decision. v.i. To carry on a suit by judicial process. litigable, lit'i«ga—

—

—

Capable of being litigated or defended at law. litigant, litigant, a. Disposed to litigate; contending in law; engaged in a lawsuit. n. A person engaged in a lawsuit. bl, a.

litigation,

lit«i«ga'shon,

n.

The

act

or process of litigating; the proceedings in a suit at law; a lawsuit. litigator,

lit'i«ga«ter,

litigates.

litigious,

litigiosus,

Inclined

n.

One who

li»tij'us,

a.

[L.

from liiigium, a dispute.] to go to law; fond of

given to bringing lawsuits; litigiously, li«tij us«li, contentious. litigiadv. In a litigious manner. ousness, li«tij'us«nes, n. litmus, litmus, n. [From G. lackmus, litigation;

D. lakmoes

—lack,

lacker,

and mus,

moes, pulp, pap.] A coloring matter procured from certain lichens, used as a test for acids, paper tinged blue

with it turning red with acids, and blue again with alkalies. litotes, li'tO'tez, n. [Gr. litotes, plainsimplicity.] Rhet. a figure ness, less than what is intended to be conveyed. Thus, 'a citizen of no mean city,' means of an illustrious or important city. litter, liter, n. [Fr. liticrc. from L.L. lectaria, from L. lectus, a bed; same root as lie, lay.] A kind of frame for supporting a bed, in which a person may be borne by men or by

which expresses

horse; straw, hay, or other soft substance, used as a bed for horses and other animals; articles scattered slovenly manner; scattered in a rubbish; a condition of disorder. 0.1. To furnish ^animals^ with litter or bedding; to spread straw, etc., for; to scatter in a careless or To lie or v.i. slovenly manner. a

sleep in

litter.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— ——

—— —

——

————

[Comp. Icel. Idtr, the place where animals lay their young, from lag, a laying; Sc. lachter, the quantity of eggs a hen lays.] The young produced at a birth by a forth quadruped which brings several at a birth; a birth or bringing

in

litter, lit'er, n.

lit'l,

a.

—comparative

less,

Sw.

living, liv'ing, p.

Small in

su-

not great in duration; small

dignity, power, or importance; of small force or weight; slight; inconsiderable; small in mind; petty;

mean; narrow.

That which

n.

lit'o«ral,

[L.

a.

liflode, livelode,

Red Sea

lit'er«ji,

littoral).

—

lively n.

G.

—

go;

Brisk;

a.

animated;

vivacious;

spirited;

living;

A

from L.

liber o, to liberate.

deliverance Release:}: ; liberal.] (Mil.)%; an allowance of food statedly given out, as to a family, to servants, to horses, etc4; hence, the state of a horse that is kept and fed at a certain rate (to keep horses at livery); a distinctive dress in which the male servants of some person of position are clad; a distinctive garb worn by any body or association of persons; the body or association of persons wearing such

by the course of one's life down a calumny). liver, liver, n. One who lives; one who resides; a resident; one who lives g,

liv'li,

to deliver,

To

ch, Sc. loch;

liv'-

lasting;

—

To

ch, chain;

—livelong,

That endures long;

—

to live; akin life; same root as leave, the original meaning being to be left, to survive.] have life; to be capable of performing the vital functions; to continue; to remain still effective; not to perish; to pass or spend life in a particular manner; to conduct one's self in life; to regulate one's life; to abide, dwell, reside; to feed; subsist; be nourished and supported (to live on grass or insects); to acquire a livelihood; Scrip, to be exempt from spiritual death. v.t. pass or spend (to live a life of ease). To live dozen, to live so as to subdue or give the lie to; to prove live

liveliness, liv'li«nes, quality or state of being

strong, energetic, keen (a lively faith or hope); fresh; bright: said of colors. adv. In a lively manner. live oak, n. An evergreen oak of the Southern United States yielding valulive wire, n. funable timber. loving, energetic person. liver, hv'er, n. [A.Sax. lifer, D. and Dan. lever, Icel. lifr, G. leber; root The glandular organ doubtful.] which in animals secretes the bile, in man placed in the right upper side and toward the front of the abdomiliverwort, liv'er«wert, n. nal cavity. [From the appearance of the plants.] The Hepaticae, a class of the byrophytes allied to the scale mosses. livery, liv'er-i, n. [Fr. livree, a giving out, something given out or delivered over, from livre, pp. of livrer,

—

(to

—

or animated.

lively, active;

—

false

lit.

—

—

leve,

lif-ldde,

Livelong day, day throughout its whole length; entire day; with undercurrent of joy or lassitude; originally lefe (lief) long.

—

Dan.

The

long, a. durable.

[Gr. leitourgia from laos, leos, the

D. leven, Icel. Ufa, leben, Goth, liban,

manner.

lively

public, people, and ergon, work.] The ritual or established formulas for public worship in those churches which use prescribed forms. liturgic, liturgical, li«ter'jik, li«ter'ji»kal, a. Pertaining to a liturgy or to public prayer and worship. liturgies, li«ter'jiks, n. The doctrine or theory of liturgies. live, liv, v.i. lived, living. [A.Sax. lifian, to live or dwell; L.G. and leitos,

A. Sax.

taining life; support of life; mainlivelily, liv'li«li, adv. In a tenance.

littoralis,

n.

—

life-leading, lead or course of life; from lif, life, and lad, a leading, as in lode, lodestone.] Means of main-

the shore.] Pertaining to a shore; inhabiting the seashore. n. The shore of a sea, or other water, and the country lying near it. Littoral zone, the interval or zone on a seacoast between high and low water mark; a coast strip or district (the

life;

existing; used in composition (longlivelihood, liv'li»hud, n. [Corrupted from O.E.

lived, short-lived).

littus, littoris,

liturgy,

Having

—

is

— —

from

a.

—

little; a small quantity, space, etc; small degree or scale; miniature. A little, somewhat; to or in a small degree; to a limited extent. Little by little, by slow degrees; gradually. adv. In a small quantity or degree. littleness, lit'l«nes, n. The state or quality of being little.

littoral,

and

The living, those who are Living wage, sufficient to live by, enough for bare life. n. Means of subsistence; livelihood; power of continuing life; manner of life. living room, n. The parlor; a centralized, general room. live, liv, a. [Short for alive, that is, 'in life'.] Having life; alive; not dead; exhibiting or containing force (a live wire, a live ball, or a live bomb); of, involving, or before real people at the time of production (live audience, live broadcast); ignited; not extinct (a live coal), vivid, as color. Live salesman, a person whose business it is to sell livestock. Livestock, the quadrupeds and other animals employed or reared on a farm. lived, livd, a. Having a life;

size or extent;

short

manner

alive.

little;

or large;

(the

dition.

Dan. liden, lille, Goth. same root as lout.]

liten,

manner

certain

not dead; producing action, animation, and vigor; quickening. Living force, in physics, the force of a body in motion. Living rock, rock in its natural place and con-

perlative least (both from a different root); superlative very rarely littlest. [A. Sax. lytel, D. luttel, Icel. litill, leitile,

a

j,

;ob;

ng, sing;

—

—

load

being expressed by an adjective).

forth, as of pigs, kittens, rabbits, puppies, etc. v.t. To bring forth or give birth to: said of such quadrupeds as the sow, cat, rabbit. v.i. To bring forth a litter. litterateur, lit'er»a«ter, n. [Fr. litterateur, literal.] A literary man; one who adopts literature as a

profession.

—

—

497

litter

little,

—

TH,

then;

th, thin;

garb;

a

covering

characteristic

outward appearance (the

May, of grief). or as in, livery. n. A company of

—liveryman,

v.t.

To

or of

livery

clothe in,

—livery

company,

London

liverymen,

liv'er»i«man, n. One who wears a livery; one who keeps horses for hire; keeper of a livery livery stable, n. stable stable. where horses are kept for hire. livid, liv'id, a. [L. lividus, from liveo, to be black and blue.] Black and blue; of a lead color; discolored, as lividity, lividflesh by contusion. ness, li«vid'i»ti, liv'id«nes, n. The

—

A

—

being

state of

livid.

from L. libra, a old French money of account, superseded by the franc. lixivial, lixivious, lik«siv'i«al, lik«-

livre, le«vr, n. [Fr.,

An

pound.]

a. [L. lixivius, made into lixivium, lye, from lix, ashes.] Pertaining to lye or the water impregnated with alkaline salt ex-

siv'i'us, lye,

from wood ashes; of the nature of lye; obtained by lixiviatracted tion.

—

lixiviate,

lik«siv'i«at,

v.t.

To

subject to the process of lixiviation. lixiviation,

lik«siv'i»a"shon,

n.

The

process of extracting alkaline salts from ashes by pouring water on them, the water passing through them taking up the salts and thus forming lye. lixivium, lik«siv'i«um,

—

Lye, that with alkaline n.

wood

is,

water impregnated taken up from

salts

ashes.

lizard, liz'erd, n. [Fr. lezard, from L. lacerta, a lizard.] The popular name of many four-footed, tailed reptiles; naut. a piece of rope with one or more iron thimbles in it for ropes to lead through. llama, la'ma or lya'ma, n. [A Peruvian word.] A hoofed ruminating quadruped of South America, allied to the camel, but smaller and not

having a hump. llanos, lan'oz or lya'noz, n. pi. [Sp., from L. planus, level.] Vast and almost entirely level grassy plains in the northern part of South

America. Lloyd's, loidz,

n.

of the

quarters

[Because the headunderwriters were

originally (from 1716) Lloyd's coffeesociety of underwriters house.] and others in London, Eng., for the collection and diffusion of maritime intelligence, the insurance, classification, and certification of vessels,

A

and the transaction of business of various kinds connected with shipping. Lloyd's numbers, numbers selected to designate the size of various parts of ships. Lloyd's Register, an annual register of ships, their size, classification, etc. lo, 16, interj. [A.Sax. Id.]

Look;

see;

behold; observe. loach, loch, n. [Fr. loche, a loach, origin

water

unknown.] A small, freshof the Old World, related

fish

to the carp family. lod, n. [O.E.

load,

from A.Sax. hladan, hlod.

lade.]

What

lode, a load, to load, pret. is laid on or

put in anything for conveyance; a burden; as much as can be carried at one time by any conveyance; a

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

— — — — —— ————

—

—— — —

— ——— ——

———— — — — —— ————

—

;

;

loadstar

498

lock

grievous weight; an encumbrance; something that burdens or oppresses the mind or spirits; in building construction, the external forces acting upon a structure and the weight of the structure itself. Dead load, one gradually applied and remaining steady. Live load, one suddenly applied and accompanied by shock or vibration. Load line, a line drawn on the side of a vessel to show the depth to which she may safely sink in the water. v.t. To charge with a load; to lay a burden on; to weigh down, oppress, encumber; to bestow or confer in

loath, 16th, a. [A. Sax. lath, hateful, odious; O.H.G. hit, odious.] Filled with disgust or aversion; unwilling;

limited or confined to a spot, place, or definite district, med. confined to a particular part or organ. Local option the principle by which the inhabitants of a locality vote directly on the sale there of intoxicants. n. A local item of news; a local railroad local color, n. Lit. train. (Colloq.) the distinctive features and peculiarities of a people or an area, used for interest and realism in writing.

abundance;

great

to

fill;

to

stuff;

make

heavier for some purpose by adding special weight; to charge; as a gun with powder, or with powder and ball or shot. To load a cane or a whip, to make it serve as a weapon by weighting it with lead or iron. To load dice, to make one side heavier than the other, so as to cause the opposite to come regularly up. To load wine, to drug or hocus wine. loader, 16'der, n. to

One who

from

lithan, to go (akin to lead).] star that leads or serves to guide;

especially the pole star. loadstone, lodestone, lod'ston, n. An ore of iron; the magnetic oxide of iron,

which

possesses

attracting

iron,

property

the

of

and the power of

communicating this property to iron and steel, thus forming artificial magnets; hence, a magnet. loaf, lof, n. pi. loaves, lovz. [A. Sax. hldf; I eel. hleifr, Goth, hlaibs, hlaifs,

O.H.G.

hlaib,

G.

laib,

leib,

allied

to Rus. chljeb, Pol. chleb, bread, loaf. This word forms part of lord, lady,

and lammas.] A regularly shaped or molded mass of bread of some size; a conical loaf, lof,

lump of

sugar.

[The verb is from the noun loafer, G. laufer, D. looper, one that runs or gads about. Akin leap.] To lounge; to idle away one's time. To pass or spend in v.t. idleness, as time; to spend lazily. p.i.

A

lazy or disrepuloafer, lo'fer, n. table lounger; a lazy fellow who picks up a living anyhow. loam, 16m, n. [A. Sax. lam', D. leem, G. lehm, loam, clay, allied to E. lime, and probably L. limus, slime, mud.] rich soil compounded of sand, clay, vegetable mold, etc.; a mixture of sand, clay, etc., used for molding in iron founding. v.t. To

A

cover with loam; to clay. loamy, 16 'mi, a. Consisting of loam; partaking of the nature of loam. loan, Ion, n. [A. Sax. Ian (?), laen, a

from

lihan, to lend; Icel. Ian, laan, D. leen, a loan; same root as L. linguo, to leave (whence relinquish), lend.] The act of lending o: condition of being lent; a lending; that which is lent; especially a sum of money lent at interest. loan shark, n. v.t. and I. To lend.

loan,

Dan.

One who

lends

loathing.

money

at

an excessive

rate of interest. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

loathe, 16th, v.t. To feel disgust

at; to have an extreme aversion of the appetite toward ; to dislike greatly loathful, loTH'ful, a. to abhor. loathing, loTH'ing, n. Extreme disloathly, gust. loathloTH'li, a. some, 16th 'sum, a. Causing to loathe exciting disgust. loathsomely, 16th'sum«li, adv. loathsomeness, loTH'-

—

—

—

sunvnes,

lobbed, lobbing.

[M.L.G.,

person, akin Fris. lob, lobbe, hanging mass of flesh.) To throw or toss slowly and heavily. lobbe,

short,

fat

—

n. An unhurried toss. lobar, 16'ber, a. Pertaining to a lobe, as of the liver or brain. Lobar pneumonia, inflammation of a whole lobe of the lungs, as distinguished from lobular pneumonia, which attacks the lungs in patches. lobate, lobated. See lobe. lobby, lob'i, n. [L.L. lobia, lobium,

foliage,

from O.H.G. laubja, an arbor, from laub, a leaf, leaf. Lodge is another form

of this

word.]

etc., a portico,

laube,

An

entrance

hall,

especially one used as a waiting room; a large public room in a hotel, where guests register and check out, etc.; a foyer, an open room or hallway at a theater entrance; in politics, a group of

people who endeavor by personal persuasion to influence legislators. v.t. v.i. To persuade by lobbying. To accomplish by lobbying. lobe, 16b, n. [Fr. lobe, L.L. lobus,

A

round from Fr. lobos, a lobe.] projecting part of an organ, as of the liver, lungs, brain, etc., the lower soft part of the ear; bot. a rounded projection or division of a leaf. lobate, lobated, 16'bat, 16'ba«ted, a. Consisting of or having lobes; applied to the foot of a bird furnished at the side with a broad-lobed membrane. lobed, lobd, a. Lolobular, lob'u»ler, a. Having bate. lobule, the character of a lobule. small lob'ul, n. [Dim. of lobe.]

A

lobe.

lobelia, 16«be'li»a, Lobel, physician

[From Matthew and botanist to

n.

A

genus of beautiful James I.] plants belonging to the bell-flower family, a blue species being common in gardens. lobscouse, lob'skous, n. [For lobscourse, from lob and course, that is, course or dish for lubbers.] Naut. a hash of meat, biscuit, etc., baked. lobster, lobster, n. [A. Sax. loppescorrupted from L. tere, lopystre, locusta,

name

a

of

lobster, a locust.] The certain long-tailed (ma-

crurous), ten-footed crustaceans with large claws, allied to the crabs, and used for food. lobular, lobule. See lobe. lobworm, lob'werm, n. The lug-

worm.

locale,

16'kal',

n.

calism, 16'kal-izm,

A n.

locality.

The

state

lo-

of

arity of speech.

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

locality, 16«kal'i«ti,

n. Position, situation, place, district;

geographical

place or situation. localization, lo'kal»i«za"shon, n. The localize, 16'kaUiz, act of localizing. v.t.

—

localized, localizing.

To

fix

in

or assign to a particular place to discover or detect the place of. locally, 16'kaMi, adv. With respect to

—

locate, 16'kat, v.t. located, locating. [L. loco, locatum.] To set in a particular spot or position; to place; to settle. v.i. To reside; to adopt a fixed residence. location, 16«ka'shon, n. The act of locating; situation with respect to locative, 16ka«tiv, a. place; place. Gram, indicating place (a locative adjective; a locative case). n. The locative case; a case expressing position. loch, loch, n. [Gael.; allied to lake.] lake ; an arm of the sea running into the land, especially if narrow or to

place; in place.

—

A

some extent landlocked. lock, lok, n. [A. Sax. loca, loc, a lock; Icel. lok, a cover, shutter; luka, to shut; Dan. lukke, a lock, lukke, to lock; D. luiken, to shut.] An appliance used for fastening doors, chests, drawers, etc., its main feature being a bolt moved with a key; the mechanism by which a firearm is discharged; a fastening together; a state of being closely entangled; a grapple in wrestling; an enclosure in a canal, with gates at each end, used in raising or lowering boats as they pass from one level to another. v.t. To fasten with a lock and key; to fasten so as to impede motion (to lock a wheel); to shut up or confine with, or as with, a lock, or in an enclosed place; to close fast; to seal; to join or unite firmly. as by intertwining or infolding; to

—

embrace

closely.

To

lock

out,

to

the doors of an industrial establishment against the operatives to throw out of employment, so as to bring workmen to the master's terms. To lock up, to close or fasten with a lock; to confine; to restrain. v.i. To become fast; to unite closely by mutual insertion of parts. lockage, lok'ij, n. Works which form the locks on a canal; toll paid locker, lok'er, for passing the locks. n. closed receptacle, as a drawer or small cupboard in a ship, that may be closed with a lock. locket, close

A

lok et, n.

local, 16'kal, a. [L. localis, from locus, a place, seen also in lieu, lieutenant, allocate, collocate, couch, allow, etc.] Pertaining to a particular place;

me, met, her;

—

being local; a local idiom or peculi-

n.

lob,lob,a.r.

G.

loads.

loadstar, lodestar, lod'star, n. [Lode, load, is from A. Sax. lad, course, way (the termination of livelihood),

A

reluctant; averse. — loathed,

case

[Dim. from lock.] A little as an ornament, often

worn

pendent to a necklace.

lock nut, nut, usually of metal, so constructed that it cannot work itself

n.

A

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —— —— —

— —

——

——

lockloose when properly applied. jaw, n. Med. a form of tetanus consisting in spasmodic rigidity of the under jaw, so that the mouth cannot be opened. lockout, n. The closing of a place of work against the workmen on the part of the employers, in order to bring the men to their terms as to hours, wages, etc. locksmith, lok'smith, n. mechanic whose occupation is to make or repair locks. lock step, step used by a file of men keeping as close as possible to one another. lock stitch, stitch formed by the lockup, locking of two threads. room or place in which persons n. under arrest are temporarily con-

bitation;

curl

= D.

holds

and

that runs on rails. locomotor ataxia, 16'ko«moter tak'si»a, n. [L.] Med. difficulty

a»in

loess,

five-sixths of a pint.

loganberry, n. A cross between a blackberry and a raspberry. logarithm, log'a«riTHm, n. [Gr. logos, ratio, and arithmos, number.] Math. the exponent of the power to which

number (or base) raised in order to produce another given number. Thus, in the common system of logarithms, in which the base is 10, the logarithm raised to the of 1 000 is 3, because third power is 1000. Many calculations are greatly facilitated by the use of logarithms, but for this special tables are required. logarithmic, logarithmical, log«a«riTH'mik, log«a»riTH'mi»kal, a. Pertaining to logarithms; consisting of loglogarithmically, arithms. log»a«riTH'mi«kal«li, adv. By the use or aid of logarithms. loggerhead, log'er«hed, n. [From log blockand head; comp. blockhead.] head; a dunce; a dolt; a species of turtle found in the south seas. To be at loggerheads, to be engaged in a fight; to be involved in a dispute. To come to loggerheads, to come to a quarrel. loggia, loj 'a, n. pi. loggias, loj'az [It. lodge.] Italian arch, a term applied to a gallery or arcade in a building running along the front or part of the front and open on one side to the air, on which side are a series a given invariable

loss,

1

A

from

An

losen, to unstratified

lopt,

—

[Dan.

air,

—

To

of pillars or slender piers. logic, loj'ik, n. [Fr. logique; L. logica;

Gr. logike (techne,

understood), science of reasoning; the science of the operations of the understanding subservient to the estimation of evidence; the science whose chief end is to ascertain the principles on which valid reasoning depends, and all which may be applied to test the legitimacy of every conclusion that is drawn from premises; the art or practice of reasoning. logical, loj'i»kal, a. Pertaining to logic; used in logic; according to the rules or principles of logic; skilled in logic;

—

—

from

Much elevated in place; high; tall; elevated in condition or character; dignified; indicative of pride or haughtiness; proud; haughty; elevated in language or style; sublime; stately.

log, log, n. [Icel. lag, a felled tree; D. Dan. and G. log, the nautical bulky piece log; akin lie, lay.] of timber unhewed; a large lump or piece of wood not shaped for any purpose; naut. a contrivance for measuring the rate of a ship's velocity through the water, consisting essentially in a piece of board in form of a quadrant of a circle, loaded so as to float upright, which, being thrown from a ship, drags on the fine to which it is attached and causes it to unwind at a rate corresponding to the ship's velocity; the record of a ship's progress; a logbook, n. Naut. a book logbook. in which are entered all particulars the weather, winds, to relating courses, etc., with any other matters relating to the vessel's voyage that are considered worthy of being

A

tree.

[L. locutio, loquor, to speak. mode of speech; a n.

phrase. lode, lod, n. [A.Sax. lad, a way, a course, same as load in loadstar, loadstone.] An open ditch; a straight water channel; mining, a metallic vein, or any regular mineral vein. lodestar, n. Same as Loadstar. lodestone, n. Same as Loadstone.

from

A

small house in a park, forest, or domain; a small country residence; a temporary ha-

go;

must be

loft, a ceiling, loft; sky.] The room or space below the rafters; also a gallery in a church, hall, etc.; upper rooms in a factory or barn; the act of lofting. v.t. lofted, lofting. furnish with a loft; to place in a loft (to loft hay); golf, to slant the face of the club ; to hit the ball so it v.i. rises well; to clear an obstacle. Golf, to loft the ball.— loftily, lofloftiness, lof'ti«nes, n. ti«li, adv. lofty, lof'ti, a. [From loft, aloft.]

Icel.

—

g,

A

Europe and Asia. loft, loft, n.

the line traversed by a point which is constrained to move in accordance with certain determinate conditions. Locus classicus, the classical or all-important passage in an author or book dealing with a specific point. Locus standi, recognized place or position; the right of a party to appear and be heard on the question before any tribunal. locust, lo'kust, n. [L. locusta (whence lobster).] The name of several large insects allied to the grasshoppers and crickets, and some of which appear in immense multitudes and eat up every green thing; the locust

ch, Sc. loch;

[G.

dissolve.]

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

memoranda

logroller, n.

yellowish-brown loam or alluvial deposit found in North America,

Oxytropis, common in the southwestern U.S. locum tenens, lo'kum te'nenz, n. [L.] One who temporarily acts for another; a deputy or substitute. locus, lo'kus, n. pi. loci, lo'si. [L. local.] A place; specifically, geom.

ch, chain;

les, n.

for

log, log, n. Hebrew measure of liquids, containing three-quarters or

A

pour or

locoweed, 16'ko'wed, n. [Prefix Sp. loco, crazy, and weed.] Any of the herbs of the genera Astragalus and

loggia,

accommodation

of lodging; accumulation of something deposited; deposition; milit. the occupation of a position, as in a siege, by the besieging party. lodicule, lo'di»kul, n. [L. lodicula, a coverlet.] Bot. one of the scales which occur at the base of the fruit of grasses.

system.

It.

a place.

furnish with

—

walking and coordination caused by the effects of syphilis on the nervous

lodge, loj, n. [Ft. loge, L.L. lobia. lobby.]

house

To

—

—

A

lodging.

book

—

body of

the

A

A

from

registered; a

kept by a public teacher. log chip, log ship, n. The log or board attached loglog line, n. to the log line. rolling, n. The lumbermen's water sport of treading floating logs; the political practice of legislators' combining forces to aid one another.

to provide with a temporary place of abode; to set, lay, or deposit for keeping (to lodge money in a bank); to plant, fix, or settle (to lodge an arrow in one's breast); to beat down or lay flat (growing crops). v.i. To have a temporary abode; to dwell at someone else's house; to be deposited or fixed; to settle; to reside; to dwell or have a fixed position. lodging, loj'ing, n. place of temporary rest or residence a room or rooms hired for residence by a person in the house of another often in this sense spoken of as plural. lodginghouse, n. house in which lodgers are accommodated. lodgment, loj'ment, n. The act

or other like substance. locomotion, lo*ko*m6'shon, n. [L. locus, place, and motio, motion. local.] The act or power of moving from place to place. locomotive, 16«ko«mo'tiv, a. Pertaining to locomotion; moving from place to place. n. A self-driven vehicle, used for hauling passenger or freight cars,

locutionis,

—lodged,

temporary

wool; a tress; a ringlet; a tuft of hay

loquacious.]

meetings;

its

members who meet at such v.t.

lok, Icel. lokkr, G. locke, a or ringlet.] tuft of hair or

locution, l6«ku'shon,

house

(a porter's

branch of a

fined. /occ

small

a

a place where a society or society, as freemasons,

lodge);

A

[A.Sax.

hut;

connected with a larger

A

Dan.

a

—— — —

logogram

499

lock

lock, lok, n.

— — ———

;; :

art,

logos, reason.]

discriminating.

The

logicality,

loj«i«-

The

state or quality of being logical. logically, loj'i«kal«li, logician, adv. In a logical manner. 16«jish'an, n. person skilled in logistic, logistical, 16'jis«tik, logic. kal'i'ti,

n.

A

I6«jis'ti«kal,

a.

[Gr. logistikos, from

to calculate or reckon.] Pertaining to judging, estimating, or calculating.

logizomai,

logogram, log'o«gram, n. a word, and gramma,

th, thin;

A

single

[Gr. logos, a letter.]

printing type that forms

a word; a phonogramic symbol that, for the sake of brevity, repre-

sents

a

w, wig;

word.

logographic, logo-

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

———

— — —— —

logomachy

——

500

graphical, lo»go«graf ik, lo«go«graf i«kal, a. Pertaining to logography.

A

16«gog'ra«fi, n. method of printing, in which a type forms

logography,

Of or

pertaining to

Lombards.

Lombardy

look

Lombardy

— Lombardic,

or the

a.

poplar, lom'bar«di,

A

n.

[From being

variety of Populus nigra italicus, or black poplar, whose branches lie close to the upright, tapering tree trunk, used for beauty in landscaping rather than for shade. loment, lomentum, lo'ment, 16-men'tum, n. Bot. an indehiscent legume which separates spontaneously by a transverse division between every two seeds. lomentaceous, I6»men«ta'shus, a. Bearing loments; pertaining to a loment. lone, Ion, a. [A contr. from alone.} Solitary; retired; unfrequented; without any companion or fellow; not having others near; single; unmarloneliness, ried, or in widowhood.

imported in logs.] A dark-red dyewood, imported from Central Amer-

lon'li«nes, n. The condition of being lonely. lonely, lon'li, a. Unfrequent-

ica and the West Indies, much employed in dyeing and in calico printing to give a black or brown

ed by man; retired; sequestered; not having others near; apart from fellows or companions; sad from want of companionship or sympathy.

a

word, instead of forming a

logomachy,

letter.

16«gom'a«ki, n. [Gr. lo-

word, and mache, contest.] A contention about words; a war of words. logomachist, l6«gom'a»kist, n. One who contends about words. Logos, log os, n. [Gr., word, speech, reason, from lego, to speak.] The Word; the Divine Word; Christ. logotype, log'o«tip, n. A word or group of words cast together, as the name of a magazine, or the masthead of a paper, as opposed to a gos,

—

ligature, two or three letters united and cast together, as ce,ffl.

logwood, log'wud,

n.

color.

loin, loin, n. [O.Fr. logne (Fr. longe), from L. lumbus, the loin.] The part of an animal on either side between the false ribs and the haunch bone; the part on either side of the trunk from the ribs to the lower limbs. loiter, loi'ter, v.i. [Allied to D. leuteren, to waggle or waver; perhaps to

like

late,

from from

to

hang about. trifles;

to

with away.

One who Loki,

comp.

to

linger,

E.

linger,

To

long.]

delay;

to

lotra,

Icel.

late;

latr,

be slow in moving; spend time idly; to

To consume

in carelessly; used loiterer, loi'ter«er, n. v.t.

waste

—

loiters.

16'ki, n.

[Icel. loki.]

Scandina-

vian myth, the evil deity, the author of all calamities. loll,

lol,

lalla,

loll,

To

v.i.

[Akin to to

toddle

Icel.

as

lulla,

a

to

child.]

at ease; to lie in a careless attitude; to recline; to hang extended from the mouth, as the tongue of a lie

dog when heated

from

exertion;

move

v.t. in a lax, lazy manner. suffer to hang out, as the tongue. Lollard, lol'erd, n. [L.G. and D. from the sing, to lullen, lollen, practice of the original Lollards of singing dirges at funerals.] member of a society for the care

to

To

A

of the sick and the burial of the dead, originating at Antwerp about 300, and blamed for holding heretical opinions; one of the followers of Wickliffe in England. lollipop, lol'i'pop, n. [From loll, to protrude the tongue, and pop, probably same as pap, infants' food.] Candy; usually a hard candy that is sucked rather than chewed, and so each piece is on a short stick, for easy handling; a sucker. (Colloq.) Lombard, lom'bard, n. [L.L. Longobardi, lit. 'long beards', being a latinized form of the German words for long and beard.) A native of Lombardy in Italy; an old name for a banker or money lender. 1

Hence

Lombard

Street, in

London,

a large number of the prinbankers, moneybrokers, and a. bullion dealers have their offices.

where cipal

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

—

—

— lonesome,

Dreary Ion sum, a. from want of company or animation.

long, long, a. [A. Sax. lang, long D., Dan., and G. lang, Icel. langr, Goth, laggs (langs); same as (but not borrowed from) L. longus, long. Hence verb to long, along, belong, length, ling, linger, etc.] Drawn out in a line or in the direction of length

opposed

to short, and contradistinguished from broad or wide; drawn out or extended in time; lasting during a considerable time; continued or protracted; extended to

long head; dolichocephalic; shrewd; far-seeing; discerning. longhorn, n. A type of cattle so called because of their very long horns and, in the U. S., found mostly in Texas. long-lived, long'llvd, n. Having a long life or existence; lasting long. long-range, a. Involving a long period of time; at a great distance; designed to cover a long distance. long shot, n. Something involving great risk but promising equally great rewards if successful; an entry (in a horse race) having little chance of winning. longshoreman, n. A stevedore; a dock laborer employed at loading cargo, etc. long-suffering, a. Bearing injuries or provocation for a long time; patient; not easily provoked. n. Long endurance; patience of offense. longways, longwise, long'waz, long'wiz, adv. Lengthwise. long-winded, a. Tedious in speaking, argument, or narra-

—

—

—

—

—

—

tion.

long, long, v.i. [A. Sax. langian, to lengthen, to long, from lang, long; langa, G. vcrlangen, To desire earnestly or eagerly; usually followed by the infinitive, or for or after; to have an eager appetite; to have a morbid craving; usually followed by for. similarly Icel. to wish for.]

—

longing, n. An eager desire; a craving or morbid appetite. longing,

—longingly, longevity, life;

of

verbal matter (a long speech or book). Long home, the grave or death. (O.T.) In the long run, in the ultimate result. Long cloth, a kind of fine cotton or calico fabric. Long clothes, a baby's dress, which stretches much below the feet. Long firm, a fictitious or pretended firm, consisting of swindlers who order goods without any intention of paying. Long ton, the weight of 2240 pounds avoirdupois. n.

Something that is long. The long and the short, or the short and the

sum

of a matter in a few adv. To a great extent in time; at a time far distant, either prior or posterior (not long before or after); throughout; without intermission (in such phrases as all my life long, forty years long). longboat, n. The largest and strongest boat carried by a ship. longbow, n. The old English archer's weapon, measuring about 6 feet long distance, a. Being far long. away; placed at a great distance; over a great distance (long-distance running), —n. Telephone communication between two points widely separated, long dozen, n. Thirteen. longhair, n. One seriously interested in the arts; a lover of classical music, longhand, long hand, n. Ordinary written characters; handwriting, longheaded, a. Having a

words; the whole.

—

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

lon«jev

adv.

more

n.

i«ti,

Length

gcevitas.)

tain linear extent (a yard long; a mile long); occurring after a protracted interval; late; containing

much

long'ing-li,

longevous, lon«je'vus, a. [L. longus, long, and cevum, age.] Long-lived.

any specified measure; having cer-

long, the

——

—

:

or

generally,

[L.

lon-

duration of great length

life.

longing, longingly. See long, v.i. longitude, lon'ji«tud, /;. [L. longitude, from longus, long, long.] Length; measure along the longest line; geog. distance (in degrees, minutes, and seconds, or in miles) on the surface of the globe measured on an arc of the Equator or parallel of latitude, the meridian of Greenwich being selected as a starting point, and called the first meridian, and longitude being called east or accordingly; astron. distance measured on the ecliptic from the first point of Aries. longitudinal, lon»ji«tu'di«nal, a. Pertaining to longitude; running lengthwise, as distinguished from transverse or across. Longitudinal vibrations, vibrations executed in the same line as that in which the undulation advances. as in the transmission of sound

—

waves through

air.

lon«ji«tu di-nal-li,

— longitudinally,

..

loo, lo n. [Originally called lanUrloo, Fr. lanturlu, the meaningless refrain game at cards, of a famous song.] formerly played with hve cards,

A

now commonly with looby,

W.

lo bi, n.

three. [Allied to lob, lubber;

Uabiy a looby;

I

lab, a

An awkward, ciumsv

blockhead.]

fellow; a lub-

ber.

look, luk. .;. [A. Sax. locian, to look; akin Prov. G. hajen, O.H.G. luogcn. ;

luoka,

To to

to look, G. loch, a hole.] direct the eye toward an object; gaze; to apply the mind or

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———— ———— —

——— — —

— ————— — — — ——— ———

loom

(Colloq.)

to.

—

Cast

n.

column between two nodes. To form into a loop or loops; avi. to make a complete circle vertically in the air. n. [G. luppe, a loop, akin lupp, rennet; same root as E. leap, D. loopen, to run; comp. run, in sense of melting.] mass of half-

A

lookout,

n.

A

careful

G.

or

heir-loom.]

—

[Hind, lut, plunder.] lot, n. Booty; plunder, especially such as v.t. and i. is taken in a sacked city. To plunder, as a sacked city; to

loot,

looter, 16'ter, n. lopped, lopping. and [Akin O.D. luppen, to maim.] To cut off, as the top or extreme part of anything or superfluous parts; to trim by cutting. n. That which is lopped lopper, lop'er, n. off. lop, lop, v.t. and i. [Allied to lap.] To

A

[O.E. loom, Dan. loom, G. lohme, lomme, a loon.]

n.

A

bird, the great northern diver. lo'ni, a. [From lunatic] Crazy; daft. n. One who is crazy. loop, lop, n. [Ir. lup, Gael, lub, luib, loop, noose, thong, etc.] The doubled part of a string, rope, chain, etc.; a noose; a bight; anything resembling a loop, as the bend of a river; elec. a complete electric or magnetic circuit; phys. the part of a string g,

go;

v.t.

—

n. v.t. To cause to lope. easy gait which may be maintained a long while.

stride.

An j,

;ob;

ng, sing;

la ran, n. [Long-range navigation.] device for determining a ship's position by means of pulsed signals sent out by two known radio

A

stations.

lord, lord, n. IO.E. laverd, lowerd, etc., A.Sax. hlaford, a lord, from hldf, bread, a loaf, and weard, E. ward, that is, breadward.] A "master; a person possessing supreme power and authority; a lady's husband; a ruler, governor, monarch; the proprietor of a manor; a nobleman; a title in Britain given to those who are noble by birth or creation, being thus applied to peers of the realm (dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons), and by courtesy to the sons of dukes and marquises, and to the eldest sons of earls; an honorary title of certain official personages, generally as part of a designation (Lord chancellor, Lordmayor, Lord-provost); [cap.] the Supreme Being; Jehovah; Christ. to Christ, especially in the expression our Lord. The Lord's Supper, the sacrament of the Eucharist. Lords of Session, the judges of the Court of Session in Scotland. Lords temporal, those lay peers who have seats in the House of Lords. Lords spiritual, the archbishops and bishops who have seats in the House of Lords. House of Lords, that branch of the British legislature which consists of the lords spiritual and temporal assembled in one house. v.i. To domineer; to rule with arbitrary or despotic sway: often followed by over and an indefinite it (to lord it over us).

—

lordliness, lord'li«nes, n. The state or quality of being lordly. lordly,

/'.

be pendulous. lop-eared, a. Having pendulous ears. loppy, lop'i, a. lopsided, a. Heavier at one side than the other; lying to one side. lope, lop, v.i. [O.N. hlaupa, to leap.] To move or run with a long, easy

loony,

ch, Sc. loch;

—

ransack. lop, lop,

loran, 16'ran,

together or untied; not

—

—

[Icel. Ijoma, to shine,

a ray or beam.] To appear larger than the real dimensions and indistinctly; to show large in darkness or fog: said of distant objects; to appear to the mind faintly or as at a distance. n. The indistinct and magnified appearance of objects in darkness, fog, mist, etc. loon, Ion, n. [Same word as O.D. loen, a stupid man.] crazy person;

ch, chain;

fixed;

etc.] Talkative; given to continual talking; prating. loquaciously, lo'kwa'shus'li, adv. In a loquacious manner. loquacity, lo— kwas'i«ti, n. The quality of being loquacious; talkativeness. loquat, lo'kwat, n. A Chinese and Japanese evergreen tree of the apple family, yielding a fruit the size of a large gooseberry, with the flavor of an apple.

are closely

—

Ijomi, a ray; A. Sax. leomian, leoma,

Icel. lomr,

loss,

laus,

same

loose, to escape to gain liberty by violence; fig. to cast off moral restraint. To let or set loose, to free from restraint or confinement. Used substantively in the phrases. On the loose, escaped from restraint; leading a loose life. To give a loose, to give free vent. (Thack.) loosed, loosing. [Partly from v.t. the adj., partly from the allied A.Sax. losian,m to set free.] To untie or unbind; to free from any fastening; to set free; to liberate; to relax; to loosen; to free from obliloosely, gation, burden, or the like. los'li, adv. In a loose manner; laxly; slackly; carelessly; negligently; loosen, los'n, v.t. To dissolutely. make loose; to untie; to unfix or unsettle; to free from restraint, tightness, tension, firmness, or fixedness. loosener, v.i. To become loose. l6s'n«er, n. One who or that which looseness, los'nes, n. The loosens. state of being loose or relaxed; slackness; laxity; dissoluteness.

used in rowing.

an idler. loon, Ion,

Icel.

empty;

chaste. To break from confinement;

is

v.i.

Ids,

careless; unconnected; rambling; having lax bowels; dissolute; un-

of

worked into cloth being either driven by the person weaving (a hand loom) or driven and worked by steam or other motive power (a power loom); that part of an oar which is within the boat when

loom, 16m,

Sw.

fastened or confined; fig. free from ties; not tight or close (a loose garment); not dense, close, or compact (loose texture); not precise or exact; vague; indeterminate; lax;

frame or machine by means of

which thread

[D. luipen, to aperture in the

Not attached

something

to

Skr. lap, to speak, to talk; seen also in locution, colloquy, eloquent,

or

obloquy,

Dan.

los,

allied.]

lorn, n. [O.E. lome, A. Sax. loma, tool, utensil, vessel; connec-

Hence

forge

n.

loose; Goth, laus, as term. -less. Lose,

ing.

unknown.

the

for

state

peep.] A small wall of a fortification through which small arms are fired at an enemy; a hole that gives a passage or the means of escape; fig. an underhand or unfair opportunity of escape or evasion. loose, los, a. [A. Sax. leas, D. and

loom, tions

pasty

hammer.

watching for any object or event; a place from which such observation is made; the person or party watch-

A

a

loophole, lop 'hoi,

A

looking

hippocampus. loquacious, lo«kwa'shus, a. [L. loquax, loquacis, from loquor, to speak;

melted iron taken from the furnace in

l6«fo«brang'ki'at,

[Gr. lophos, a crest or tuft, and bronchia, gills.] Having the gills disposed in tufts along the branchial arches, as in the pipefish and a.

loop, lop,

luk'er, n. One who looks. looker on, a mere spectator. looking glass, glass silvered on the back n. and intended to show by reflection the person looking on it ; a mirror.

A

lophobranchiate,

v.t.

countenance; air of the face; aspect; looker, the act of looking or seeing.

—

lore

or

pect; to take heed or care; to mind; to have a particular direction or situation; to face; to front; to appear; to have a particular aspect; to give certain indications; to have or assume any air or manner. To look about, to look on all sides or in different directions. To look after, to tend; to take care of; to seek; to search for. To look down on or upon, to regard as an inferior; to regard with contempt; to despise. To look for, to expect {to look for news); to seek or search for. To look into, to inspect closely; to examine. To look on, to regard; to consider; to think or judge. To look over, to examine one by To look out, to be on the one. watch. To look to, to watch; to take care of; to depend on for fulfilling some expectation. To look through, to see through; to penetrate with the eye or with the understanding; to take a view of the contents of. To express or v.t. manifest by a look. To look out, to search for and discover. To look up, to search for till found; to pay visit

— ——— — — —— —

501

understanding; to consider; to have expectation or anticipation; to ex-

a

—

TH,

then;

lord'li, a. Pertaining to, befitting, or suitable for a lord; large; liberal; haughty; imperious. adv. Proudly; imperiously ; despotically. Lord's day, the, n. The first day of the week; Sunday. lordship, lord ship, n. The state or quality of being a lord; (with his, your, their) a title given to a lord; the territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction. lordosis, lor«do'sis, n. [N.L., from Gr. lordosis, from lordos, bent so as

to be convex in front.] Med. forward curvature of the spine. lore, lor, n. [A.Sax. lar, from stem of

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— — ——

—

lore D. leer, Dan. laere, G. lehre, lore, learn.] The store of knowledge which exists regarding anything;

learning; Folklore, the study of

erudition.

customs and

legendary institutions. lore, lor, n. [L. lorum, a strap.] Ornith. the space between the bill and the eye of a bird; entom. a horny process observed in the mouth of insects.

lonvyet', n. [Fr., from lorgner, to spy or peep.] opera glass with folding handle; eyeglasses with hollow handle, into which they fold. lorica, lo»ri'ka, n. [L., originally a corselet of leather thongs, from lorum, a thong.] ancient Roman cuirass or corselet; a kind of lute or clay with which vessels are coated before they are exposed to the fire, as in chemical processes; zool. the

lorgnette,

An

An

protective case with which certain infusoria are provided. loricate, lor'i»kat,

v.t.

—

—

loricated,

loricating.

To

cover with some protective coating or crust. loricate, loricated, lor'i'ka'ted, pp. Covered or plated over; covered as with plates of mail. lor'i«ket, n. [A dim. of formed on the type of parra-

lorikeet, lory,

The name

keet.]

Australian birds parrot tribe. loris,

16'ris,

of certain small belonging to the

[Native

n.

name.]

A

quadrumanous mammal

allied to the lemurs. lorn, lorn, a. [An old or poetic pp. of loss, forlorn.] Undone; forsaken; forlorn. lorry, lor'i, n. [Comp. Prov. E. lurry, four-wheeled to pull or drag.] truck or railroad car for heavy or bulky loads, with or without sides; a low, flat, motor-driven or horse-

A

drawn

truck.

lory, 16'ri, n. [Malay luri.] A name of certain Oriental birds of the parrot family with brilliant plumage. lose,

loz,

v.t.

—

lost

(pret.

&

pp.),

[A. Sax. losian, to become loose, to lose, from los, loss, also ledsan, to lose, usually in the compound form forleosan, like Goth. fraliusan, Dan. for Use, D. verliezen, losing.

G. verlieren. The old pp. was loren, hence E. lorn.] To cease to have in possession, as through accident; to

become dispossessed or

rid of unintentionally; to cease to possess; to forfeit, as by unsuccessful contest; not to gain or win; to wander from and not be able to find; to miss; to cease to perceive, as from distance or darkness; to cease or fail To lose one's self, to see or hear. to lose one's way; to be bewildered. To lose one's temper, to become angry. To lose sight of, to cease to see; to overlook; to omit to take calculation. v.i. To forfeit into anything in contest; to fail in a competition; not to win; to suffer by comparison. loser, lo'zer, n. One

—

The act of losing someprivation from something being lost; deprivation; forfeiture; failure to win or gain; that which is lost; quantity or amount lost; defeat; overthrow; ruin; misuse; damage.]

thing;

failure to utilize (loss of time). To bear a loss, to make it good; also, to

sustain it without sinking under it. To be at a loss, to be puzzled; to be unable to determine; to be in a state of uncertainty. lost, lost, p. and a.

Parted with; not to be found; no longer held or possessed; missing (a lost book or sheep); forfeited, as in an unsuccessful contest; not gained (a lost prize, a lost battle); not employed or enjoyed; misspent; squandered; wasted; having wandered from the way, bewildered; perplexed; ruined; quite undone; wrecked or drowned at sea; hardened beyond sensibility or recovery (lost to shame) no longer perceptible to the senses; not visible (a person lost in a crowd). The lost, those who are doomed to misery in a future ;

state.

lot, lot, n. [A. Sax. hlot, from hleotan, to get by lot; D. lot, Dan. lod, Icel. hlutr, G. loos, Goth, hlauts, lot.

Hence

akin lottery.] Something by or falling to a person by chance, and adopted to determine his fate, portion, or conduct; the part, fate, or fortune which falls to one by chance; part in life allot ;

selected

allotted to a person; a distinct portion or parcel (a lot of goods); a large

or considerable quantity or number (a lot of people): often in plural in same sense (he has lots of money).

— To

cast in one's lot with, to

connect

one's fortunes with. To cast lots, to throw dice or use'similarly some other contrivance to settle a matter as by previous agreement deter-

mined. To draw lots, to determine an event by drawing so many lots from a number whose marks are concealed from the drawers. v.t.

—

lotted,

lotting.

To

allot;

to assign;

to distribute; to sort; to catalogue; to portion. loth, loth, a. [See loath.] Unwilling; not inclined; reluctant; loath.

Lothario, I6«tha'ri«6, n. [From Lothario, one of the characters in Rowe's Fair Penitent.] A gay liber-

—

lout,

loud;

hljoth,

Icel.

sound; akin

listen;

cog.

G.

lout,

Gr. klyd,

famous L. (in)clytus, famous; laus, praise, whence E. laud.] Strong or powerful in sound; high-sounding; making use of high words clamorous vehement flashy to hear, klytos,

;

;

showy

;

;

colloquially applied to dress loudly, or manner. -adv. Loudly. loud'li, adv. In a loud manner; with great sound or noise; noisily; :

clamorously ;vehemently. loudness, loud'nes, n. The quality of being loud; noise; clamor. louis d'or, ld»i«dor, n. [Fr., a Louis of gold, as Napoleon, Doric (Darius), gold coin of Philip, Jacobus.] France, first struck in 1640, in the reign of Louis XIII. lounge, lounj, v.i. lounged, lounging. [O.E. lungis, an awkward, slow-

A

—

moving fellow, from O.Fr. longis, longin, a lout, from long, L. longus, long.] To dawdle or loiter; to spend the time in idly moving about; to recline in a lazy manner; to loll. n. sauntering or strolling; the act of reclining at ease or lolling; a place which idlers frequent; a kind of couch or sofa. lounger, loun'jer,

A

n.

One who

louse, lous, pi. lys

G.

lounges.

[A.Sax.

n. pi. lice, lis,

= D.

lus,

Dan. lus, Icel. lus, perhaps from root of lose.]

laus,

luis,

common name of various wingless insects, parasitic on man and other animals. v.t. (louz) loused, lousing. To clean from lice. lousily, lou'zi'li, adv. In a lousy The

—

lousiness, lou'zi«nes,n. The lousy, lou'zi, state of being lousy.

manner. a.

Swarming with

lice; infested

with

lice.

Allotment or distribution by lots or chance; a procedure or scheme for

a louver; a word of which the dome or origin is unknown.] turret rising out of the roof of a hall

A

the distribution of prizes the drawing of lots. lotto,

lot'6,

A game

n.

[It.

lotto,

by

lot;

lottery.]

of chance, played with a

cards or counters having corresponding numbers. lotus, 16'tus, n. [Gr. lotos.] A name

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

different

lout, lout, v.i. [A.Sax. lutan, to bow or stoop; Icel. luta, Dan. lude, to stoop; same root as little.] To bend, mean bow, or stoop down. n. awkward fellow; a bumpkin; a clown. loutish, loutish, a. Clown-

deprived of anything

by

to a number of plants famous in mythology and tradition; especially, a tree, the fruit of which was fabled among the ancient Greeks to have the property of making people forget their country and friends and to remain idle in the lotus-land; a name also applied to the Egyptian water lily and other plants. lotuseater, n. in the Odyssey, one of a fabulous people who ate lotus fruit, which induced languor and forgetfulness of home. loud, loud, a. [A. Sax. hlud, loud; O.Sax. O.Fris. hlud, D. luid, G.

applied

vaguely

tine; a seducer of female virtue; a gay deceiver: as Lovelace, the character in Richardson's Clarissa. lotion, lo'shon, n. [L. lotio, from lave.] lavo, to wash, wash or fluid preparation for improving the complexion, etc.; a fluid applied externally in cutaneous diseases to relieve pain, and the like. lottery, lot'er«i, n. [Fr. loterie. lot.]

defeat, forfeiture, or the like. losing, lo'zing, a. Causing or incurloss, los, n. [A. Sax. los, ring loss.

loses, or is

;

louver

series of balls or knobs, numbering from one to ninety, with a set of

who

— ——— — —— ——

—

502

laeran, to teach;

some

— ——

— ——

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

A

—

ish;

rude;

lout'ish«li, adv.

awkward.

— loutlshly,

In a loutish manner.

— loutishness, lout'ish«nes, louver, lover,

n.

[Fr.

n.

lover,

lovier,

A

or other apartment, formerly open at the sides, and intended to allow Louver winthe smoke to escape. dow, a window partially closed by sloping boards or bars called louver boards (corrupted into luffer or lever boards), placed across so as to admit air, but exclude rain. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

—

lovage lovage,

from

n.

luv'ij,

L.

from

A

as Scottish lovage. loved, loving. [A. Sax. love, luv, v.t. lufian, from lufu, love; D. lieven, G. lieben, to love, Hebe, love; allied to lief, dear, leave, permission, believe; L. libido, desire, liber, free (whence liberal); libeo, lubeo, to please; Skr. lubh, to desire.] regard with a strong feeling of affection; to have a devoted attachment to; to regard with the characteristic feelings of one sex toward the other; to like; to be pleased with;

—

A

— —

—

—

—

A

ship;

—

to low.]

lower,

A

go;

hlojan,

To bellow, as an ox or cow.

16'er, v.t.

a

storm.

and j,

;ob;

a.

lou'er«ing,

TH,

then;

—

or love; not treacherous; loyalist,

loi'aMst,

— —loyalty,

Loyalty. state or

n.

A

fidelity;

n.

loi'al«ti,

of

quality

being

The loyal;

constancy.

lozenge,

loz'enj, n. [Fr. losange, probably from Sp. losa, a slate or flat rectilineal figure stone for paving.] with four equal sides, having two

A

acute and two obtuse angles: called also a diamond; a small medicated candy in the form of a lozenge. LSD-25. See LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYL-

AMIDE. luau, lu'ou, n. [Hawaiian.] A Hawaiian dinner of many courses served outdoors.

lubber, lub'er,

n.

[Allied

to looby,

A

W.

Hob, llabi, a lubber.] clumsy or awkward fellow; a term applied by sailors to one who does not know seamanship. Lubber's point, a black vertical mark drawn on the inside of the case of the mariner's compass in a line with the ship's head, as a guide to show the vessel's course. Lubber's hole, the hole in the top or platform at the lob,

head of a lower mast through which

may mount without going over the rim by the futtock shrouds. lubberly, lub'er«li, a. Like a lubber; clumsy; clownish. lubricate, lu'bri«kat, v.t. lubricated,

p.

Threatening a storm; cloudy; ng, sing;

from

another form.

—

[From lower, compar.

—lowering,

is

person who adheres to his sovereign or to constituted authority. loyally, loi'aMi, adv. In a loyal manner; faithfully. loyalism, loi'al'izm, n.

amount. lower, lou'er, v.i. [Same word as D. her en, to frown; L.G. luren, to look sullen; akin to leer.] To frown; to look sullen; to appear dark or gloomy; to be clouded; to threaten

=

g,

constant.

of low; comp. linger, from long, adj.] To make lower in position; to let down; to take or bring down; to reduce or humble; to make less high or haughty; to reduce, as value or

—

ch, Sc. \och;

O.H.G.

The sound uttered by a bovine animal, as a bull, ox, cow; a moo. lowing, 16'ing, n. The bellowing or cry of cattle.

—

ch, chain;

hloa,

n.

—

— —

faith, duty,

=

Icel.

loeijen,

legalis, legal,

Leal

legal.] True or faithful in allegiance; faithful to the lawful government, to a prince or superior; true to plighted

—

—

love-making, n. Courtpaying one's addresses to a

from L.

lex, legis, a law.

—

lover, luv'er, n. One who loves or is attached to another; a person in love; a man who loves a woman; one who likes or has a fondness for anything (a lover of lovesick, a. Sick or lanbooks). guishing with love; expressive of languishing love. loving, luv'ing, p. and a. Fond; affectionate; expressing love or kindness. loving cup, n. large cup containing liquor passed from guest to guest at banquets, especially those of a ceremonious loving-kindness, luv'character. ing«kind'nes, n. Tender regard; mercy; favor: a scriptural word. lovingly, luv'ing«li, adv. In a loving manner; affectionately. lovingness, luv'ing«nes, n. low, 16, a. [O.E. law, lagh, etc.; not in A.Sax. Icel. lagr, Dan. lav. D. laag; akin to lie, and to law.] Not lady.

leial, leal,

—

— —

beautiful.

iks, lok»sod'ro»mi, n. loyal, loi'al, a. [Fr. loyal, O.Fr. loial,

—

A

—

—

—

—

kind of

dromics, loxodromy, lok«SO«drom'-

—

—

from

laks,

A

smoked salmon.

near the ground; under the usual lowprice; in a mean condition. born, a. Of mean or lowly birth. lowbrow, a. Pertaining to those of unn. One who is uncultivated tastes. able to appreciate intellectual influences. lower case, n. Print, the case of boxes that contains the small letters of printing type, hence, small letters of printing type. low-down, a. Mean; sneaking; treacherous. n. The facts in the case; the truth of the matter. lowland, 16'land, n. Land which is low with respect to the neighboring country; a low or level country. The Lowlands, applies to the southern parts of Scotland. lowliness, 16'li«nes, n. lowly, 16'li, a. Low or humble in position of life; not lofty or exalted; meek; free from pride. adv. In a low manner or condition. lowness, 16'nes, n. Want of elevation; depression; dejeclow-pressure, a. tion; meanness. Having a low degree of expansive force, and consequently exerting a low degree of pressure; applied to lowsteam engines. or steam spirited, a. Cast down in spirit; dejected; depressed. low, 16, v.i. [A.Sax. hlowan D.

[Yiddish, n. lahs, salmon.]

lox, loks, n. Liquid oxygen, a colloq. abbreviation. loxodromic, lok«so«drom'ik, a. [Gr. loxos, oblique, and dromos, a course.] Pertaining to oblique sailing, or Loxodromic sailing by the rhumb. curve, or line, or spiral, the path of a ship when her course is directed constantly toward the same point of the compass, so as to cut all the meridians at equal angles. loxo-

Countries, n. The land region near the North Sea corresponding to the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Low Sunday, the Sunday next after Easter. Low water, low tide, the lowest point of the ebb or receding tide. adv. Not aloft or on high;

lovelove apple, n. The tomato. bird, n. name of a diminutive bird belonging to the parrot family, so called from the great attachment shown to each other by the male and female. love feast, n. agape. Love-in-idleness, n. plant, the love knot, n. heart's-ease. complicated knot, or a figure representing such; so called from being symbolic of love. loveless, luv'les, a. Void of love. lovelily,f luv'li«li, adv. In a loveliness, luv'li*lovely manner. nes, n. The state or quality of being lovelock, n. lovely; great beauty. particular curl or lock of hair hanging by itself or so as to appear promilovelorn, a. Forsaken by nently. one's love; pining or suffering from love. lovely, luv'li, a. Fitted to attract or excite love; exciting admiration through beauty; extremely

—

M.H.G.

Low

evangelical doctrine.

—

—

(Shak.) lox, loks,

dishonorable; feeble; having little energy (a low pulse, a low state of health); not excessive or intense; not violent (a low temperature); plain; not rich, high-seasoned, or nourishing (a low diet); in a prone position. Low Church, the party in the Ch. of Eng. which believes in

A

—

Cloudy; gloomy. lown, loun, n. A low fellow; a loon. lou'er«i, a.

vital

v.i. To be in love; to delight in. to love each other; to be tenderly strong feeling of attached. n. affection; devoted attachment to a person; especially, devoted attachment to a person of the opposite sex; courtship (as in the phrase to make love to, that is, to court, to woo); fondness ; strong liking {love of home, of art, etc.); the object beloved; a sweetheart; a representation or personification of love; a Cupid.— Love is the first element in a great number of compound words of obvious signilovable, loveable, luv'a*fication. bl, a. Worthy of love; amiable.

A

—

overcast. loweringly, lou'er«ing«li, adv. In a lowering manner. lowery,

Equator (a low latitude, as opposed to a high latitude); dejected; depressed; humble in rank; groveling; base;

To

—

——

— lucarne

rising to any great elevation; of little height: the opposite of high; not of the usual height; much below the adjacent ground; not much above sea level; below the usual rate or amount (low wages; a low estimate); not loud; grave; depressed in the scale of sounds; indicative of a numerical smallness (a low number); near or not very distant from the

corruption

lovage,

name of Ligusticus, Ligurian.] certain stout, umbelliferous plants of Europe, one of them specially known

—

503

[By

ligusticum,

——

— —— —— — —

th, thin;

sailors

—

—

lubricating. [L. lubrico, from lubricus, slippery.] soften with an emollient or mucilaginous substance; to rub or supply with an oily or greasy substance, for diminishing friction. lubricant, lu'bri-kant, a. Lubricating. That which lubricates. n.

To

lubrication, lu«bri«ka'shon, n. The act of lubricating. lubricator, lu'bri«ka«ter, n. One who or that which lubricates; an oil cup attached to a machine.— lubricity, lu«bris'i«ti, n. Smoothness or slipperiness; instability; shiftiness; lasciviousness. lucarne, lu'karn, n. [Fr. lucarne, L.

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, asrure.

—

— ——

luce

A

—

A

—

light,

lu'si«fer,

and

[L. fero, to bring.]

lux,

n.

lucis,

The morn-

ing star; Satan (from an erroneous interpretation of the term as applied by Isaiah); a person of Satanic attributes; [not cap.] a match ignitible by friction; called also lucifer -match. luciferous, lu«cif'er«us, a. Lightgiving.

—

A substance generated by luminescent fishes and

luciferin, lu'cif'er«in, n.

which causes

insects

their luminosity. [O.Fris. luk, D. luk, geluk, G. gliick, fortune, prosperity; allied to D. lokken, Dan. lokke, G. locken, to entice.] What is regarded

luck, luk,

as

n.

happening by chance what chance ;

or fortune sends; fortune; chance; accident; hap; good fortune; success. luckily, luk'Mi, adv. In a lucky manner. luckiness, luk'i«nes, n. The state or quality of being lucky. luckless, luk'les, a. Without luck; ill-fated ; unfortunate. lucklessly, luk'leS'li, adv. In a luckless manner. lucky, luk'i, a. Favored by luck; fortunate; meeting with good success; sent by good luck; favorable; auspicious. lucrative, lu'kra«tiv, a. [Fr. lucratif, from L. lucrativus, from lucror, to profit, from lucrum, gain; same root as G. lohn, reward.] Yielding lucre or gain; gainful; profitable. lucratively, lu'kra«tiv»li, adv. In a lucra-

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

lucre, lii'ker, n. [Fr. tive manner. lucre, L. lucrum.] Gain in money; profit; pelf: often in sense of base or unworthy gain. lucubrate, lu'ku-brat, v.i. [L. lucubro, lucubratum, to study by candlelight, from obs. adj. lucuber, bringing light, from lux, light.] study by candlelight or a lamp ; to study by night. elaborate, as by laborious v.t.

in allude, delude, elude, illusion, preAdapted to raise good-humored laughter; very ridiculous;

—

comical; droll. ludicrously, lu'dik— adv. In a ludicrous manner. ludicrousness, lu'dik«rus«nes, n. lues, lu'ez, n. [L.] A poison or pestilence; a plague. Lues venerea, the venereal disease. rus'li,

luff, luf, n. [Formerly loof, from D. loef, Dan. luv, G. luf, weather gauge.]

Naut. the weather gauge; the weather part of a fore-and-aft sail. v.t. and t. To turn the head of a ship toward the wind. lug, lug, v.t. lugged, lugging. [A. Sax. geluggian, to lug; N. lugga, to haul by the hair.] To haul; to drag; to pull along or carry, as something

—

heavy and moved with

luculent,

from

n.

One who makes

lu'kii'lent, a. [L. luculentus,

luceo, to shine.]

Lucid; bright;

evident; unmistakable.

Lucullan,

lu«kul'lcn,

a.

[From the

Roman

consul Lucullus, who was famous for luxurious living.] Bountiful; voluptuous. Luddite, lud'it, n. In 18th Century England, one of the rioters against the displacement of factory workers fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

difficulty; to

introduce laboriously (to lug a story into the conversation). v.i. To pull or tug. n. The ear; a projecting part of an object resembling the human ear, as the handle of a vessel. luggage, lug'ij, n. That which is lugged; baggage; collectively, the containers for a traveler's belongings. lugger, lug'er, n. A vessel carrying lugsail, either two or three lugsails. n. A square sail bent upon a yard that hangs obliquely to the mast at one-third of its length.

— —

—

lugubrious, lu«gu'bri'us, a. [L. lugubris, mournful, from lugeo, to weep; akin Gr. lygros, sad.] Mournful; indicating or expressive of sorrow; doleful. lugubriously, lu«gu'-

—

In a lugubrious manlugubriousness, lu«gu'bri»us«ner. nes, n. The quality of being lugubrious. lugworm, lug'werm, n. [Sw. lugg, tuft of hair, the forelock; it has tufts and bristles along its sides.] An bri»us«li, adv.

—

annelid or worm which burrows in the muddy sand of the shore, and is

much esteemed

for

bait.

Also

Lobworm. lukewarm, luk'warm, a. [O.E. luke, lukewarm, D. leuk, G. lau, lukewarm.] Moderately warm; tepid; called

not ardent; not zealous; cool; inlukewarmly, luk 'warm* different. lukewarmness, luk'warnvli, adv.

— —

nes, n.

to

—

Ned lumber,

lude.]

lucubration, lu«ku«night study. bra'shon, n. Nocturnal study; what is composed, or supposed to be composed, by night; a literary comlucubrator, position of any kind.

—

a leader,

Lud.) ludicrous, lu'dik«rus, a. [L. ludicrus, from ludus, sport or game; seen also

lull,

lu'ku'bra«ter, lucubrations.

;

lunacy

by machinery. (From

To

To

-

504

lucerna, a lamp, from luceo, to shine.] dormer or garret window. luce, lus, n. [L. lucius.] The fish called the pike. lucent, lu'sent, a. [L. lucens, lucentis, ppr. of luceo, to shine. lucid.] Shining; bright; resplendent. lucency, lu'sen»si, n. The state or quality of being lucent. lucerne, lucern, lu'sern, n. [Fr. luzerne, luserne; origin unknown.] leguminous plant cultivated for fodder in the U. S. and Europe; also called alfalfa. lucid, lu'sid, a. [L. lucidus, akin to L. lucere, to shine.] Bright; clear; easily understandable; rational or lucidity, lu«sid'i«ti, n. sane.

Lucifer,

——— — ——

—

—— —

[Dan. lulle, Sw. lulla, G. lullen; probably an imitation of the sound.] To sing to in order to induce to sleep; to cause to rest by gentle, soothing means; to quiet; v.t.

compose.

cease;

to

—

v.i.

To

become calm

subside; (the

to

wind

A

season of temporary quiet after storm, tumult, or con-

lulls).

n.

—

lullaby, lul'a«bi, n. fusion. to lull or quiet babes.

A

song

lumbago, lunvbago, n. [L., from lumbus, loin.] Rheumatism or rheuthe lumbar lum'ber, a. [L. lumbus, a loin, loin.] Pertaining Lumbar region, the to the loins. portion of the body between the false ribs and the upper part of the hip bone; the small of the back.

matic

region.

me, met, her;

pains

affecting

— lumbar,

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

n.

[Originally

a

old furniture, discarded utensils, or the like; timber sawed or split for use as beams, boards, planks, etc. v.t. To heap together in disorder; to fill with lumber. v.i. To move heavily, as a vehicle; to cut timber in the forest and prepare it for the market. lumbering, n. Logging; cutting and removing timber for commercial purposes. a. Clumsy;

—

awkward.

— lumberjack,

n.

A

timber

cutter. (Colloq.)

lumbrical, lum'bri«kal, a. [L. lumbricus, a worm.] Pertaining to or resembling a worm. n. A wormlike muscle of the fingers and toes. lumen, lb'men, «. [L. for light.] The cavity of a blood vessel or other tube; a unit of light, being the light emitted by a source of one international candle intensity per unit space angle in a second.

luminary, lu'mi»naTi, n. [Fr. luminaire, L. luminare, from lumen, luminis, light, for lucmen, from luceo, to shine, lucid.] Any body that gives light, but chiefly one of the heavenly bodies; a person who enlightens mankind. luminescence, n. The emission of light by certain bodies that have been exposed to

—

or radiant energy, or selfgenerated light, as in fireflies and certain deep-sea fishes. luminiferlight

—

lu«mi'nif'er«us, a. Producing light; yielding light; serving as the medium for conveying light (the luminiferous ether). luminosity, luminousness, lu«mi»nos'i«ti, lu»mi«nus«nes, n. The quality of being luminous; brightness; clearness. luminous, lu'mi«nus, a. [L. lumi-

ous,

—

Shining; emitting light; giving mental light clear (a luminous essay or argument). lummox, lum'uks, n. A dull-wined, awkward person. lump, lump, n. [O.D. lompe, Sw. lump, N. lump, piece, mass; allied to lubber, lunch.] A small mass of matter, of no definite shape; a mass of things blended or thrown together without order or distinction. In the lump, the whole together in gross. nosus.]

bright

;

brilliant

;

;

v.t

lul,

lum'ber,

pawnbroking establishment, from the Lmnbards, who were famed as pawnbrokers or moneylenders.] Things bulky and thrown aside as of no use;

.

To

throw into a mass to take ;

—

in

lumpfish, lump 'fish, n. the gross. A fish of the northern seas, having the ventral fins modified into a sucker, by means of which it adheres to bodies. lumpy, lump'i, a. Full of lumps or small compact masses. lump, lump, v.t. [Origin unknown.] To put up with (something disagreeable) (like it or lump it). lunacy, lu na«si, n. [From L. luna-

—

moon-struck, from ricus, lunatic, (mm, the moon (lunatics being at one time supposed to be affected by the moon), for lucna, from root of luceo, shine. lucid.] The state or quality of being lunatic; insanity; properly the kind of insanity which the is broken by intervals of reason lunatic, lu na«tik, a. height of folly. Affected by lunacy; mad; insane. to

;

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———— ———— —

— —— ——— —

—

luna moth

A

—

505

moon

thing in the shape of a or crescent. lunulate,

little

house or hospital established for the

lii'nudat, lu'nu«la«ted, a. a small crescent.

Resembling

insane

reception of lunatics.

luna moth,

n.

A large American moth

Lupercal, lu»per'kal or

Tropaea luna) having long tails on the hind wings and greenish coloring. lunar, lu'ner, a. [L. lunaris, from luna, the moon, lunacy.] Pertaining to the moon; measured by the revolutions of the moon (lunar days or years). Lunar caustic, nitrate of silver (silver being called Luna by Lunar month, the the alchemists). period of a complete revolution of the moon, 29 V2 days. lunate, lunated, lu'nat, lu'na«ted. a. Crescent-

shaped. lunation, time from one

The

lu«na'shon,

new moon

n.

to the

following. lunch, lunsh, n. [A

form of lump, as hunch of hump, bunch of bump.] A luncheon. v.i. To eat a lunch. luncheon, lunsh'on, n. [A longer form of lunch, perhaps for lunching.] A slight repast or meal between

—

lips.

lurch, lerch,

has

as a tipsy of a ship;

person.

go;

a

n.

lurcher,

A

or

roll

sudden

cess,

n.

fulsome.

A

Sw. lust, Icel. and Dan. lyst, desire.] Longing desire; eagerness to possess or enjoy; depraved affection or

more

especially, sexual apunlawful desire of sexual pleasure; concupiscence. v.i. To desire eagerly; to long; to have lustful, carnal desire: with after. lust'ful, a. Inspired by lust or the sexual appetite; provoking to sensuality. lustfully, lust'fuhli, adv. In

desire; petite;

—

—

—

lustfulness, lust'a lustful manner. ful«nes, n. The state of being lustful. luster, lustre, lus'ter, n. [Fr. lustre, from L. lustrum, purificatory sacrifice (see lustral), or from stem of luceo, to shine (see lucid).] Brightness; splendor; brilliance; sheen; mineral. a variation in the nature of the reflecting surface of minerals; the splendor of birth, of deeds, or of fame renown; distinction; a branched

chandelier ornamented with drops or pendants of cut glass; a fabric for ladies' dresses, consisting of cotton warp and woolen weft. lustring, lQs'tring, n. A species of lustrous, lus'trus, glossy silk cloth. a. Characterized by luster; bright; lustrously, lus'shining; luminous. trus'li, adv. Brilliantly; luminously. lustily, lustiness. See lusty. lustral, lus'tral, a. [L. lustralis, from lustro, to purify, from lustrum, a purificatory sacrifice, from stem of

— —

wash, lave.] Used in purification; pertaining to purification.— lustrate, lus'trat, v.t. [L. lustro, lustratum, to cleanse.] To lustration, lus«purify as by water. cleansing or purifying. tra'shon, n. luo, lavo, to

roll

One

—lustrum, Alus'trum,

n. pi.

lustrums

or lustra, lus'trumz, lus'tra. [L.] In ancient Rome, the purification of the whole people performed at the end of every five years; hence a period of five years. lusty, lus'ti, a. [From lust = T>. and

luske, to lurk, to skulk; Dan. lur, G. lauer, an ambush or watching.] lie hid; to lie in wait; to lie con-

lurker, ler'-

lutanist, lutist, lu'tan«ist, lu'tendst,

[Perhaps for lustious, from lusty.] Very sweet; delicious; delightful; sweet to ex-

lute, luting, lut, luting, n. [L. lutum,

v.i.

[Akin to N. luska, Dan.

To

cealed or unperceived. One that lurks.

—

—

—

lut'ist, n.

ker, n.

luscious,

j,

unctuous;

—

stagger of a

lerch'er,

hence,

lusciously, lush'us'li, adv. In a lusciousness, luscious manner. lush'us»nes, n. The state or quality of being luscious. lush, lush, a. [Shortened from luscious.] Fresh, luxuriant, and juicy; succulent. lush, lush, «. [Origin unknown.] habitual drunkard; liquor. lust, lust, n. [A. Sax., D., G., and

G. lustig, D. lystig, merry, jovial.] Characterized by life, spirit, vigor, health, or the like; stout; vigorous; robust; healthful; bulky; large; lustlustihood, lus'ful; hot-blooded. ti«hud, n. The quality of being lusty; lustily, lus'vigor of body. (Tenn.) tidi, adv. In a lusty manner; vigorlustiness, lus'ti«nes, ously; stoutly. n. The state of being lusty. lute, lut, n. [Fr. luth, lut, Sp. laud, from Ar. al ud, the wood (al being the definite article).] A stringed musical instrument of the guitar kind, formerly very popular in Europe. v.t. To play on a lute.

lurk, lerk,

Compounded

g,

man.

—

longe,

of the revolutions of the sun and moon; resulting from the united action of the sun and moon. lunula, lunule, lu'nuda, lu'nul, n. [Dim. of L. luna, the moon.] Somech, Sc. loch;

Hence,

luodar, a lure, G. luder, carrion, a bait for wild beasts.] Any artificial bait, usually imitating the appearance of insects or small fish, used in angling; any enticement; that which invites by the prospect of advantage or pleasure: v.t. lured, luring. To attract by a lure or to a lure; to entice; to attract; to invite. lurid, lu'rid, a. [L. luridus.] Pale yellow, as flame; ghastly pale. Also vivid; violent; harshly terrible; as a lurid crime or lurid story.

To

ch, chain;

sixty-first.

[O.Fr. lourdin, lourdein, from lourd, Blockish; stupid; dull.] heavy, clownish; lazy and useless. (Tenn.) lure, lur, n. [Fr. leurre, from M.H.G.,

—

sun.]

his

that lies in wait or lurks; a dog that lies in wait for game. lurdan, lurdane, ler'dan, ler'dan, a.

—

sol,

pegged

secret; to lie close; to lurk; to shift to roll suddenly to one side, as a ship in a heavy sea; to stagger to one side,

To

moon, and

at

or to play tricks (Shak.);

allonge, from Fr. allonger, to lengthen, to thrust L. ad, to, longus, long.] sudden thrust or pass, as with a sword. v.i. lunged, lunging. make a thrust or pass, as with exercise a sword or rapier. v.t. (a horse) by making him run round in a ring while held by a long rein. lunisolar, lu»ni»s6'ler, a. [L. luna,

A

Tt.

without help. lurch, lerch, v.i. [A form of lurk, as church of kirk, birch of birk, etc. lurk.] To lie in ambush or in

gills.

[Formerly

lourche, a lurch

to leave in the lurch, to leave in a difficult situation or in embarrassment; to leave in a forlorn state or

—

n.

[O.Fr. lurtsch,

A

an advanced work; arch, an

lunj,

n.

lurz,

cribbage.] term in the game of cribbage, denoting the position of a player who has not made his thirty-first hole when his opponent

aperture for the admission of light in a concave ceiling; archaeol. a crescent-shaped ornament for the luniform, lu'ni«form, a. Reneck. sembling the moon. lung, lung, n. [A. Sax. lunge, pi. lungan, I eel. lunga, D. long, D. and G. lunge, a lung; same root as light, from their lightness (comp. the name lights).] One of the two organs of respiration in air-breathing animals, light and spongy and full of air cells; a similar saclike respiratory organ found in certain air-breathing invertebrates; an underwater device that enables leaving a persons submarine to rise to the surface; a device used to introduce, mechanically, fresh air into the lungs. lungwort, lung'wert, n. A common garden flower, having leaves speckled lungfish, n. One of like lungs. a group of fishes (Dipnoi) breathing by means of lungs as well as

lunge,

G.

lurcio,

—

as

lu'per«kal, a.

A

—

luncheonette, breakfast and dinner. lunsh«on«et', n. A lunchroom where lunchlight lunches are served. room, u. A restaurant where quick meals are served. lune, lun, n. [L. luna, the moon. lunacy.] Anything in the shape of a crescent or half-moon; a geometrical figure in shape of a crescent. lunette, lu«net', n. [Fr. lunette, dim. from L. luna.] Fort, a work in the form of a redan with flanks,

used

lunulated,

Pertaining to the Lupercalia, or feasts of the Romans in honor of Lupercus or Pan. n. pi. Lupercalia, lu«per«ka'li«a. An ancient Roman feast in honor of Pan. lupine, lu'pin, a. [L. lupus, a wolf; cog. with E. wolf.] Like a wolf; wolfish; ravenous. lupine, lu'pin, n. [Fr. lupin; L. lupinus, in allusion to its destroying or exhausting land.] The name of various leguminous plants, some of which are commonly cultivated in gardens for the sake of their gaily-colored flowers. lupulin, lupuline, lu'pudin, «. [L. lupulus, hops.] The peculiar bitter aromatic principle of the hop; the fine yellow powder of hops, which contains the bitter principle, largely used in medicine. lupus, lu'pus, n. [L., a wolf.] disease which eats away the flesh, producing ragged ulcerations of the nose, cheeks, forehead, eyelids, and

(

;

lute

person affected by lunacy; an Lunatic asylum, a person.

n.

— —

—

—

;'ob;

lush'us,

ng, sing;

a.

TH,

then;

th, thin;

mud, a

A

clay,

performer on the

from

luo, to wash.]

lute.

Chem.

composition of clay or other sub-

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—————

——— — —

————————

lutetium

—

no., 71

;

at.

to

A

wt., 174.97. lu'ther«an, a.

Pertaining

Martin Luther, the reformer. n. disciple or follower of Luther; one

who

adheres to the doctrines of Luther. lutheranism, lu'ther«an«izm, n. The doctrines of religion as taught by Luther. luxate, luk'sat, v.t. luxated, luxating. [L. luxo, luxatum, from luxus, dislocated, Gr. loxos, slanting.] To put out of joint, as a limb; to

—

dislocate. luxation, luk'sa«shon, n. The act of luxating; a dislocation. luxuriant, lug-zhu'ri'ant, a. [L. luxurians, from luxurio, to luxuriate, from luxuria, luxury, luxus, excess.] Exuberant in growth; rank; abundant; growing to excess; excessive or

superfluous. luxuriantly, lug«zhu'ri«ant«li, adv. In a luxuriant manner luxuriance, luxuriancy, or degree. lug'Zhu'ri»ans,lug«zhu'ri«an«sijtt.The luxuriate, state of being luxuriant.

—

lug«zhu'ri«at, v.i. luxuriated, luxuriating. [L. luxurio, to be rank or luxurious, to be wanton.] To grow rankly or exuberantly; to feed or live luxuriously; fig. to indulge or revel without restraint. luxuriation, lug«zhu'ri«a"shon, n. The act of luxuriating. luxurious, lug«zhu'ri»us, a. [L. luxuriosus.] Characterized by indulgence in luxury; given to luxury; voluptuous; administering to luxury; furnished with luxuries. luxuriously, lug«zhu'ri«us«li, adv. In a luxuluxuriousness, lug«rious manner. zhu'ri«us«nes, n. The state or quality luxury, lug'of being luxurious. zhu«ri, n. [L. luxuria.] free or extravagant indulgence in the pleasures of the table, or in costly dress and equipage; that which is delightful to the senses, the feelings, etc.; that which gratifies a nice and fastidious appetite; anything not necessary, but used for personal gratifica-

—

A

tion.

lycanthrope,

H'kan«thr6p,

n.

[Gr.

man.] man believed to be transformed into a wolf; a werwolf; now, a person affected with lycanlycanthropy, li'kan'thro'pi, thropy. n. A kind of insanity in which the patient supposes himself to be a wolf. lyceum, li«se'um, n. [L. Lyceum, Gr. Lykeion, from a temple dedicated to Apollo lykeios. Apollo the wolflykos, a wolf, Formerly a

—

——

506

stance used for stopping the juncture of vessels so closely as to prevent the escape or entrance of air, or applied as a coating to glass retorts in order that they may support a high temlute, v.t. perature. luted, luting. To close or coat with lute. lutetium, lu«te'shi»um, n. [L. Lutetia, Paris.] A metallic element of the rare-earth series. Symbol, Lu; at.

Lutheran,

———

and anthropos,

a

and

in some respects allied to the conifers. lycopodium, li«k6«po'di«-

um, n. A genus of lycopods. lyddite, lid'it, n. [From Lydd, in Kent.] An explosive prepared from picric acid.

Lydian,

lid'i«an, a. Pertaining to ancient Lydia in Asia Minor; a term applied to one of the ancient Greek modes of music of a soft pleasing

character. Lydian stone, a jasperlike siliceous rock used by the ancients as a touchstone. lye, li, n. [A.Sax. ledh, G. lauge, D. hog, lye; allied to L. lavo, to wash.] Water impregnated with alkaline salt

imbibed from the ashes of wood; a solution of an alkali used for cleaning purposes.

lymph,

[Fr. lymphe, L. fluid in animal bodies contained in certain vessels called lymphatics, which differs from the blood in its corpuscles being all of the colorless kind. lymphatic, lim«fat'ik, a. Pertaining to lymph; phlegmatic; sluggish. n. vessel or duct in an animal body containing

limf, n. lympha, water.]

lymph gland, n. Gland-like bodies occurring in the lymphatic

lymph.

white or colorless blood

from

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

cell

tissue.

derived

lymphoid,

Of,

pertaining to, or resembling lymph; of or pertaining to tissue characteristic of the lymph glands. lynch, linsh, v.t. [Said to be from a Virginian farmer of the name of Lynch, noted for taking the law into his own hand.] To inflict punishment upon, without the forms of law, as by a mob or by unauthorized lynch law, n. The practice persons. of punishing men by unauthorized persons without a legal trial. lynx, lingks, n. [L. and G. lynx; same root as in L. lux, light, from its bright eyes.] A name given to several carnivorous mammals of the cat family, long famed for their sharp lynx-eyed, a. Having exsight. tremely acute sight. a.

lyonnaise,

ll'0«naz', a.

[From French

Lyonnais, Lyon.] Prepared with onions {lyonnaise potatoes). lyre, lir, n. [Fr. lyre, L. and Gr. lyra; etymology uncertain.] One of the most ancient stringed musical instruments of the harp family, used by lyrate, lyrated, li rat, the Greeks. H'ra«ted,

Shaped

a.

like

a

lyre.

lyrebird, n. An Australian bird somewhat smaller than a pheasant, having erect tail feathers in form resembling an ancient lyre. lyric, lyrical, lir'ik, lir'i«kal, a. Pertaining to a lyre or harp; poetry, exhibiting the poet's

—

n.

A

lymphoid

lim'foid,

own

wolf, and pous, podos, a foot.] plant belonging to an order inter-

from which come lympholymphocyte, limfo-cit, n. A

vessels cytes.

at

literary institute; a cultural association which provides lectures, concerts, etc. lycopod, li'ko'pod, n. [Gr. lykos, a

A

A

slayer,

from lykos, a wolf.] A building ancient Athens where Aristotle taught; hence a building appropriated to instruction by lectures; a

mace

mediate between mosses and ferns,

a

thoughts and

A

poem;

lyric

song.

a.

feelings. pi.

the

—

lyric,

words of

Suitable to be set to lyricism, lir'i«sizm,

music or sung.

—

Lyric composition; a lyrical form lyricist, lir'i-sist, n. of language. lyrist, lir'ist, n. A musician who n.

—

plays on the lyre. [Gr., a solution, from lyo, to dissolve.] Med. the gradual

lysis,

li'sis,

me, met, her;

n.

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

ending of a disease, without critical symptoms. lysergic acid diethylamide, li'ser— jik as'id di'ethl«a«mid, n. A drug causing hallucinations and other simulated mental disorders, used in psychological experimentation. Abbrev.

LSD-25.

M M, m, em,

is the thirteenth letter and tenth consonant of the English alphabet, representing a labial and nasal

articulation.

ma'am, mam, n. A traction for Madam.

colloquial con-

macabre, macaber, ma«ka'ber,

a.

Danse macabre, dance of death.] Ghastly; hideous; gruesome; repre[Fr.

senting death.

macadamize, mak«ad'am«iz,

v.i.

—

macadamized, macadamizing. [From J. L. McAdam, the inventor.] To cover, as a road, with small broken stones, which, when consolidated, form a firm surface. macadamiza-

—

adam, mak«ad'am,

n.

—

macMacadamized

tion, mak»ad'am«i«za"shon, n.

pavement or roadway; the broken stone used in the process.

macaque, ma«kak', n. [Fr.] An Old World monkey with short tail and prominent eyebrows.

macaroni, mak'aTo'ni, n. and Prov. It. macaroni,

pi. It.

[Fr.

mac-

cheroni, originally a mixture of flour, cheese, and butter.] dough of fine wheaten flour made into a tubular or pipe form, a favorite food among the Italians; a medley; a sort of droll or fool; a name formerly given to fops or dandies; a confused mixture of things ; a macaronic verse or

A

poem. mak«a«rbn', n. A small sweet cake, with egg white and sugar basis, containing almond meal or shredded coconut. macaw, ma«ka', n. [Native name in the Antilles.] One of a genus of beautiful birds of the parrot family, having cheeks destitute of feathers, and long tail feathers. Maccabean, mak«ka«be an, a. Pertaining to the Jewish princes called mak ka«Maccabees. Maccabees, bez, n. pi. Two books treating of Jewish history under the Maccabean princes, included in the Apocrypha. mace, mas, n. [O.Fr. mace, Fr. masse, It. mazza, a club; from L. mated (only found in the dim. materia), a kind of mallet.] A weapon of war consisting of a staff with a heavy metal head frequently in the form of a spiked ball, used for breaking armor; an ornamental staff of metal borne before a dignitary as a symbol mace-bearer, n. of his authority. A person who carries a mace before

macaroon,

—

public functionaries. er,

n.

A

macer, misan officer

mace-bearer;

attending several Scottish courts. n. [Fr. macis, It. mace, L. macis, macir, Gr. maker, an Indian

mace, mas,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

——

—

—

macedoine

A

covering

in the case of the Gatling gun, the mitrailleuse, etc. machinery, ma«shen'er«i, n. A complicated apparatus, or combination of mechanical powers, designed to increase, regulate, or apply motion and force; machines in general; any complex system of means and appliances designed to carry on any particular work or effect a specific purpose. machine shop, n. A workshop in

spice,

pickles.

macedoine,

mas«e«dwan', n. [Fr., early meaning, Macedonian parsley.] A combination or mixture; used to designate a sauce or jellied salad containing mixed small or diced vegetables. macerated, mas'er«at, v.t. macerating. [L. macero, maceratum, to make soft: same root as mass, a lump.] To steep almost to solution; to soften and separate the parts of by steeping in a fluid, or by the digestive v.i. To beprocess; to mortify!. come macerated; to waste away.

—

maceration, mas»er«a'shon, of macerating.

n.

act

machete, ma'cha'ta,

crafty.

n.

and

v.t.

i.

n.

—

kosmos, world.] The great world; the universe, regarded as analogous to the microcosm, or little world constituted by man. macron, mak'ron, n. [Gr. makros, long.] mark placed over a vowel to show that it is long, as fate, me, note, macroscopic, mak»ro«skop'tube. long, skopeo, I ik, a. [Gr. makros Visible to the naked eye; see.]

a

microscopic.

to

chine, device, contrivance, from mechos, means, expedient.] Any appliance which serves to increase or regulate the effect of a given force or to produce motion (simple machines or mechanical powers being such as the lever, pulley, etc.); a complex structure, consisting of a combination or peculiar modification of the mechanical powers ; a term of contempt applied to a person whose actions do not appear to be under his own control, but to be directed by some external agency; a mere tool or creature; a term formerly applied to a coach or cart, now particularly to an automobile, airplane, etc. v.t. To apply machinery to; to produce by machinery. machine gun, n. piece of ordnance that is loaded and fired mechanically, and can discharge a number of projectiles in rapid succession, having usually two or more barrels, as

A

ward, and is used in swimming. macrural, macrurous, mak«ru'ral, makTu'rus, a. Belonging to the Macrura. macruran, mak«ru'ran, n. One of the Macrura. macula, mak'u«la, n. pi. maculae,

A

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

a

lunatic franti-

n.

A

lunatic; a crazy person;

madam, mad'am, n.

[Fr. ma, my, and dame, lady, from L. mea domina, in

same

sense.]

my

Lit.

lady; a term

of compliment used in address to ladies, chiefly to married and elderly ladies; sometimes used with a slight shade of disrespect (a proud madam). PI.

mesdames, ma'damz.

madder, mad'er, n.

[A.Sax. maeddere,

A climbing perennial plant,

madder.]

largely cultivated in Southern Europe, the root of which furnishes several valuable dyes and pigments,

such as madder-red, madder-lake, madder-yellow. v.t. and i. To dye

—

with madder.

made, mad, pret. and pp. of make. The pp. besides being used in the senses of the verb

is

often equivalent

to destined, fitted, suitable ( c a place made for murders', Shak.). Madeira, ma«de'ra, n. rich wine made in the island of Madeira.

A

Madonna,

ma«don'a, n. [It. madonna, from L. mea domina, my lady. madam.] An Italian form of address equivalent to Madam; the Virgin Mary, pictures of whom are called

madonnas. ma«dras', n. A cotton cloth of fine thread and close weave much used for men's shirts; a large cotton

madras,

A

—

confined;

quality of being mad; lunacy; insanity; frenzy; extreme folly.

—

mak'u»le. [L. macula, a spot; hence, spot, as mackerel, mail (armour).] on the skin. maculate, mak'u«lat, v.t. [L. maculo.] To spot; to stain; Marked with spots; a. to blur. blotted; hence, defiled; impure. maculation, mak«u«la'shon, n. The act of spotting; a spot; a stain. macule, mak'ul, n. A spot; printing,

are

—

— madly, mad'li, adv. In mad or frenzied manner; furiously. — madman, mad'-

man,

— macro-

spore, mak'ro-spor, n. [Gr. makros, long, sporos, seed.] Bot. a large (female) spore. Macrura, mak-ru'ra, [Gr. makros, family of long, and our a, a tail.] stalk-eyed decapod crustaceans, including the lobster, prawn, shrimp, so called in contrast to the Brachyura (crabs), because their flexible abdomen extends straight back-

if

a.

one inflamed with extravagant passion, and acting contrary to reason. madness, mad'nes, n. The state or

—

opposed

to act as

mad'ing,

cally;

—

machine,

go;

persons asylum.

[Gr.

A

— madding,

Raging; furious; wild. madhouse, mad'hous, n. A house where insane

—

n.

To become mad;

mad.

[Ar. mi-

n.

macrobiotic, mak'ro»bI«ot"ik, a. [Gr. makros, long, and bios, life.] Longmacrocosm, mak'ro«kozm, lived.

L. machina, from Gr. mechane, ma-

g,

v.i.

geometrical patterns.

mak'i«na«ter, n. One or plots with evil

ch, Sc. loch;

mak«ra«ma',

to craze; to excite

with violent passion; to enrage.

qramah, emboidered veil, Turk, maqramah, kerchief.] Fringe or heavy lace of knotted thread, usually in

designs.

ch, c/iain;

—

To make mad;

A

macrame,

strife',

—

—

who machinates

n. [Fr.

Gray's 'madtaken by him from Drummond of Hawthornden's 'madding worldling's hoarse discords', apparently v.i. madcap, mad'kap, n. A person of wild or eccentric behavior; a flighty or hare-brained person; one who indulges in frolics. a. Pertaining to madden, mad'n, v.t. a madcap. (v.i.) (?)

ding crowd's ignoble

A

—

machine, ma«shen',

raving madly

n. [O.Fr. maFr. maquereau, from L.L. macarellus.] well-known food fish (Scomber scombrus) of the North Atlantic, a spiny-finned swift swimmer 18 inches long sporting blue bars on his back, and silver bars below. Mackerel sky, a sky in which the clouds have the form called cirrocumulus. made, mak'l, n. [Fr.; L. macula, a double spot, the mesh of a net.] crystal, particularly a fiat, double crystal of diamond.

machinated, machinating. [L. machines, machinatus, from machina. machine.] To plan; to contrive; to form, as a plot or scheme. machination, mak«i«na"shon, n. The act of machinating; a plot; an artful design or scheme formed with deliberation.

— machinator,

—

querel,

[Fr. machicoulis, mdchecoulis; origin doubtful.] Milit. arch, a vertical opening in the floor of a projecting gallery, parapet, etc., for hurling missiles or pouring boiling lead, pitch, etc., upon the enemy; a part thus projecting, as at the top of a tower, without any such opening. machicolate, ma«chik'o«lat, v.t. To form with machicolations.

machinate, mak'imat,

— —

mackerel, mak'er«el,

adopts the principles of Machiavelli.

machicolation, ma»chik'o«la "shon,

I eel. meitha, to hurt.] in intellect; deprived of reason; distracted; crazy; insane; beside one's self; frantic; furious; wildly frolicsome; infatuated; furious from disease or otherwise; said of animals. Like mad, madly; furiously. (Colloq.) madded, madding. v.t. To make mad; to madden. Madding crowd, distracting (v.t.) or

speed of an object to the speed of sound in the atmosphere.

One who

Goth.

allied to

O.H.G. gameit,

injured;

blunt, dull;

air

as a tool or a

[O.E. maad, A. Sax.

Disordered

Mach, an Austrian physicist.] A number indicating the ratio of the

kind of large knife or cutlass used in

management;

gamaids,

shape. machinist, ma«shen'ist, n. constructor of machines ; one who tends or works a machine. Mach number, mak, n. [After Ernest

A

a.

mad, gemaed, mad;

—

The

South America and the West Indies weapon. Machiavelian, maki-a-vd'yan, a. Pertaining to Machiavelli, an Italian writer, secretary and historiographer to the Republic of Florence (died 1527); in conformity with Machiavelli's principles; cunning in political

page to appear double.

mad, mad,

which machines are made. machine tool, n. An adjustable machine for cutting metals into any required

A

n. [Sp.]

a blur causing the impression of a

—

of the

macerate,

madrepore

507

the dried aril or seed of the nutmeg, chiefly used in cooking or in spice.]

— —

—

—

kerchief.

madrepore,

th, thin;

mad'ri«p6r, n. [Fr. maIt. madrepora, from madre, mother, and Gr. poros, a kind of stone.] A common variety of reef coral, of a stony hardness and of a spreading or branching drepore,

from

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

form the coral-building polyp itself. madrigal, mad'ri«gal, n. [Fr. madrigal; It. madrigale, older It. mandrialc, from L. and Gr. mandra, a ;

song.]

A

originally

little

shepherd's

a

amorous poem, con-

of not

than three or four stanzas, and containing some tender and delicate, though simple thought, suitably expressed; a vocal composition, now commonly of two sisting

or

less

more movements, and

in five or

six parts.

me«se'nas, n. A munificent patron of art or literature, after

Maecenas,

Horace's friend. Maelstrom, mal'strom, n. [Dutch malen, to grind, stroom, a stream.] A great whirlpool off the coast of Norway. Hence, [not cap.] a vortex or gulf; some dangerous movement or current in social life. maenad, me'nad, n. [Gr. mainas, mainados, from mainomai, to rave.] A votaress of Bacchus; hence, a raving, frenzied woman. mls'tro, n. [It. from L. magister, a master.] master of any art; specifically, a master in music; a musical composer. maestoso, mi«sto'so, a. Majestic; stately, a direction in music. Maffia, Mafia, maf'fe»a, n. secret organization in Sicily which dis-

maestro,

A

—

A

laws and legal restrictions; branch organizations in other countries where the members regards

are

or

lawless

flouts

and defiant toward

all

government.

magazine, mag'a«zen',

n. [Fr.

maga-

storehouse, Sp. magacen, almagacen, from Ar. al-makhzen, a warehouse, from khazana, to store.] A receptacle in which anything is stored; a warehouse; a storehouse; a building or chamber constructed for storing in security large quantities of gunpowder or other explosive substances; a publication issued in a series of numbers or parts and containing papers of an entertaining or instructive character; a lighttight chamber for storing motion picture magazinist, mag«a«zen'ist, n. film. One who writes for a magazine. magdalen, mag'da«len, n. [From Mary Magdalene, erroneously supposed to be the woman mentioned reformed in St. Luke vii. 36-50.] prostitute; house into which a prostitutes are received with a view to their reformation. Magellanic, maj«el«lan'ik, a. Pertaining to Magellan, the celebrated navigator. Magellanic clouds, two conspicuous whitish nebulae, of a cloud-like appearance, near the South sin, a

—

A

Pole.

magenta,

ma«jen'ta, n. [Discovered 1H59, the year of the battle of brilliant blue-red color Magenta.] derived from coal tar. in

A

maggot, mag'ot, maggot

n.

[W. magiad, from magu,

a

to or grub, breed.] The larva of a fly or other insect; a grub; a whim; an odd maggotiness, fancy; a crotchet. mag'ot«i«nes, n. The state of being maggoty.— maggoty, mag'o»ti, a. Full of or infested with maggots;

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

— — —— —

— ——

,

.

madrigal

sheepfold;

—— — —

— —— 508

magnet

capricious; whimsical. Magi, ma'ji, n. pi. [L. magus, from Gr. magos, a Magian, from Per. mag, a priest, same root as L. magnus, great.] The caste of priests among the ancient Medes and Persians; hence holy men or sages of the Magian, ma'ji«an, a. PertainEast. ing to the Magi. n. One of the Magi; a priest of the Zoroastrian

magnus, great (mag[L. magnanimus nitude), and animus, mind (animal).] Great of mind; elevated in soul or in sentiment; raised above what is low, mean, or ungenerous:

—

religion.

magic,

maj'ik, n. [L. magicus, pertaining to sorcery, from magia, Gr. mageia, the theology of the Magians, magic, magi.] The art of producing effects by superhuman means, as by spiritual beings or the occult powers

of

nature;

sorcery;

enchantment;

power

necromancy;

or influence to that of enchantment. Natural magic, the art of applying natural causes, whose operation is secret, to produce surprising effects. a. Pertaining to magic; used in magic; working or worked by or as if by magic. Magic square, a square figure formed by a series of numbers disposed in parallel and equal ranks, and such that the sums of each row or line taken perpendicularly, horizontally, or diagonally are equal. Magic lantern, a kind of lantern by means of which small pictures are represented on the wall of a dark room, or on a white sheet, magnified magical, to any size at pleasure. maj'i«kal, a. Pertaining to magic; proceeding from magic; having supernatural qualities; acting or produced as if by magic. .". Magical differs from magic, chiefly in the fact that the latter is not used predicatively; thus we do not say 'the magically, maj'effect was magic' i«kal'li, adv. In a magical manner. magician, ma«jish'an, n. One skilled in magic; an enchanter; a necrosimilar

—

—

mancer.

magilp, magilph, ma«gilp', ma-gilf n. See megilp. magisterial, maj'is«te'ri«al,

from magister,

a. [L.

ma-

master. master.] Belonging to a master or ruler; pertaining to a magistrate or his office; authoritative; arrogant; imperious; domineering. magisterially, maJMS«te'ri«aMi, adv. In a mamagistral, maj'gisterial manner. is'tral, a. Imperious; authoritative; phar. specially prepared.

gisterius,

magistrate,

maj'is«trat,

a

n.

ma-

[L.

gistrate, a magistrate, from magister, a master.] A public civil officer invested with the executive government or some branch of it; a justice of the peace; a person who dispenses magjustice in police courts, etc. istracy, maj'is«tra»si, n. The office or dignity of a magistrate the body of magistrates. magma, magma, n. [Gr., a mass, dregs, from masso, to knead. MASS.] mixture of mineral or other matters in a pasty state;- a thick residuum separated from a fluid. ;

A

magna cum

laude,

magna cum

lou'da, a. [L.] With great praise, the second highest honors awarded at

graduation.

magnanimous, mag»nan'i*mus,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

a.

move;

—

said of persons; exhibiting nobleness soul said of actions, etc.

of

:

magnanimously, mag«nan'i«mus«li, adv. In a magnanimous manner. magnanimity, mag«na«nim'i«ti, n. The quality of being magnanimous; greatness of mind; elevation, nobility,

or dignity of soul ; lofty gener-

osity.

magnate, mag'nat,

n. [L. magnates powerful persons, the great, from magnus, great, magnitude.] A person of rank; a noble or grandee; a person of note or distinction in any (pi.),

sphere.

magnesia, mag«ne'shi«a,

[From

n.

Magnesia in Asia Minor, whence also magnet.] Oxide of magnesium, a white

tasteless earthy substance, possessing alkaline properties. Sulfate of magnesia, Epsom salts. magnesian, mag»ne'shi»an, a. Pertaining to magnesia; containing or resembling magnesia. Magnesian limestone, a rock composed of carbonates of lime and magnesia, more or less useful for building or ornamental purposes; dolomite. mag-

nesium, mag«ne'shi'um,

A

n.

light,

silver-white malleable, ductile, metallic element that burns with a dazzling light, used in lightweight

Symbol,

alloys. at.

Mg;

at.

no.,

24.312.— Magnesium

wt.,

12;

light, a

dazzlingly bright light produced by

burning magnesium.

magnet,

mag'net, n. [L. magnes, from Gr. magnes, from Magnesia in Asia Minor, whence the stone was first brought.] The loadstone; also a bar or mass of iron or steel to which the peculiar properties of the loadstone have been imparted, either by contact or by other horseelectromagnet, means. shoe MAGNET. magnetic, mag«net'ik, a. Pertaining to the magnet or magnetism; possessing the properties of the magnet, or correspondmagnetis,

—

ing

properties;

pertaining

to

the

magnetism; attractive, as if magnetic. Magnetic amplitude, aziearth's

muth, etc., navig. the amplitude, azimuth, etc., indicated by the compass. Magnetic battery, a kind of battery formed of several magnets (usually horseshoe magnets) combined together with all their poles Magnetic comsimilarly disposed. pensator, a contrivance connected with a ship's compass for compensating

or

neutralizing the effects the iron of the

upon the needle of ship.

Magnetic

dip.

See DIP.— Mag-

elements, for any place, are the intensity of the earth's attraction, netic

the dip (which see), and the decliMagnetic equasee). tor, a line passing round the globe near its equator, in even,' part of which the dip of the needle is nothing. magnetic field, the space in the vicinity of a magnet through which magnetic forces act. Magnetic meridian, a great circle,

nation (which

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ———

—

—

Magnificat

509

maid

plane of which at any place corresponds with the direction of the magnetic needle at that place. Magnetic needle, any small magnetized iron or steel rod turning on a pivot, such as the needle of the mariner's compass. Magnetic north, that point of the horizon which is indicated by the direction of the magnetic needle.— Magnetic oxide of magnetite. iron, Magnetic poles, nearly opposite points on the earth's surface where the dip of the needle

Mary in Luke, i. 46-55: soul doth magnify (L. magnificat) the Lord'. magnificent, mag«nif'i«sent, a. [L. magnificens magnus, great, facio, to

bird of the crow family, about 18 inches in length, plumage black and white, tail very long; a person who chats like a magpie. Magyar, mag'yar; Hung. pron. mod'-

of the Virgin

the

'My

—

make,

magnitude.] Grand in appearance; splendid; fond of splendor; showy; stately. magnificently, mag«nif'i»sent«li, adv. In a magnificent manner. magnific, magnifi-

—

—

cal, mag«nif'ik, mag«nif'i«kal, a. [L.

—

See reluctance. Magnetic susceptiMagnetbility. See susceptibility. ic storm, a violent disturbance in the

—

—

Magnetic. i«kal«li,

ner;

er, n.

by

ment;

to exalt; to represent as greater than reality; to exaggerate. v.t. To possess the quality of causing objects to appear larger than reality. Magnifying glass, a plano-convex

—

magniloquence, mag«nil'o«kwens,

—

—

—

—

—

quently, mag'nil'o«kwent«li, adv. In a magniloquent manner. magnitude, mag'ni«tud, n. [L. mag-

—

To communi-

cate magnetic properties to; to attract or repel one another according to determinate laws. magneto, mag«ne'to, n. A small machine or generator having permanent magnets for poles, used to generate current. magnetoelectric, magnetoelectrical, a. Pertaining to magnetoelectric-

nitudo, root as

—

— magnetoelectricity,

Electri-

n.

by the action of magnets; the science which treats of phenom-

city evolved

ena connected with both magnetism and electricity. magnetom-

—

eter, mag«net«om'et«er, n.

ment

An

instru-

measuring any of the terrestrial magnetic elements, as the dip, inclination, and intensity, especially the latter. Magnetomotive force, the magnetizing influence to which a magnetic substance is subjected in a magnetic field; its unit is the gilbert (which see). magnetron, mag'ne«tron, n. A vacuum tube in which the flow of electrons from cathode to a heated anode is under the influence of an external magnetic field; used for for

magnitude,

mag»n6'li»a, n. [After Pierre Magnol, professor of botany genus of trees at Montpellier.] and shrubs, chiefly natives of North America, India, China, Japan, etc., much admired for their flowers and

A

foliage.

g,

go;

magnum, mag'num,

n.

magnitude.]

A

thing,

ing two quarts.

[L., a large bottle hold-

— magnum

opus, n. the major production of an author or [L.]

—

ch, Sc. loch;

etc.

magnolia,

generation of ultrashort radio waves. magnetosphere, mag«ne'td«sfer, n. A belt of highly charged particles, trapped in the earth's magnetic field, which extends to an altitude of over 40,000 miles at the Equator. Magnificat, mag-nifi^kat, n. Canticle ch, chain;

from magnus, great; same Gr. megas, great, E. may,

might, much, more, etc. More or less akin are magnate, majesty, master, etc.] Greatness; the comparative extent, bulk, size, quantity, or amount of anything that can be measured; any quantity that can be expressed in terms of a quantity of the same kind taken as a unit; geom. that which has one or more of the three dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness; consequence (an affair of magnitude); a star's brightness according to a 100 logarithmic numbering system, as first

—

ity.

n.

[L. magniloquentia magnus, great (magnitude), and loquens, speaking (locution).] A lofty manner of speaking or writing; tumidity; pompous words or style; grandiloquence ; bombast. magniloquent, mag«nil'o«kwent, a. Big in words; speaking loftily or pompously; tumid; grandiloquent. magnilo-

—

netized, magnetizing.

—

or double-convex lens. magnification, mag'ni'fi«ka"shon, n. Exaltation; praise; the seeming enlargement of an object by means of optics.

—

—

v.t.

magnified, magnifying. [Ft. magnifier, L. magnificare.] To make great or greater; to increase the apparent dimensions of; to enlarge; to aug-

mag'net'izm, n. A peculiar property possessed by certain bodies, whereby, under certain circumstances, they naturally attract or repel one another according to determinate laws; that branch of science which treats of the properties of the magnet, and magnetic phenomena in general; power of attraction. Animal magnetism, mesmerism. Terrestrial magnetism, the magnetic force exerted by the earth. magnetite, mag'net«it, n. A black oxide of iron, which sometimes possesses polarity, and is highly magnetic; magnetic iron ore. magnetizable, mag«net«i'za'bl, a. Capable of being magnetized. magnetization, mag'net«i«za"shon, n. The act of magnetizing, or state of being magnetized. magnetize, mag'net«iz, v.t. mag-

Literally,

a

great

work;

artist.

n. [Mag, for Margaret, and pie, a magpie, from L. pica, a pie or magpie; comp. Jennywellwren, i?ofem-red-breast, etc.]

magpie; mag 'pi,

A

j,

tongues.

maharajah,

The

nifies.

— magnetically, mag«net'In a magnetic manmagnetism. — magnetism,

language of the Hungarians, belonging to the Turanian class of

king.]

— magnificoes, A grandee; magnate. — magnifier, mag'ni«fi«One who or that which mag—magnify, mag'ni«fi, —

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

of Asiatic

and Finns;

the

splendid; illustrious. magnificence, mag«nif'i«sens, n. [L. magnificentia.] The condition or quality of being magnificent. magnifico, mag«nifa

adv.

A

yor, n. Hungarian race, allied to the Turks

great,

i«ko, n. pi.

earth's magnetism; a sudden alteration in the magnetic elements of a magnetical, mag«net'i«kal, a. place.

known

mahd,

—

90°, at some distance from the earth's poles. Magnetic reluctance.

— —

— —

Grand;

magnificus, noble, splendid.]

is

—

ma'ha«ra"ja, n. [Skr. and raja, a prince or title

assumed by some

Indian princes ruling over a considerable extent of territory. maharani, maharanee, ma'ha«ra"ne, n. [Skr., great queen or princess.] A female Indian ruler. mahatma, ma«hat'ma, n. [Skr. maha, great, dtmd, mind, soul.] A name among theosophists for certain Asiatic chiefs of their faith, said to be able to communicate by occult or nonmaterial means with other persons at any distance. Mahdi, ma'di, n. [At., the director.] A name assumed by some of the successors of Mohammed; a descendant of Mohammed who is to arise and at the head of the faithful spread Mohammedanism over the world.

—

mahlstick,

mal'stik

n.

See maul-

stick.

mahogany,

ma«hog'an«i,

n.

[Maha-

A

native American name.] valuable timber tree, the wood of

goni,

which

is

hard,

and

of a reddish color, very susceptible of a fine polish; a dinner table or table in general (over the mahogany).

Mahometan, hammedan,

ma'hom'e«tan. See Mo-

etc.

Mahound, ma«hound', n. An corruption of Mohammed; also plied

the

to

devil

or

other

old apevil

spirit.

mahout, ma«hout',

n. [Hind.] In the East Indies, an elephant driver or keeper. Mahratta, ma»rat'ta, n. One of a race of Hindus inhabiting central

India.

maid, mad,

[Short for maiden, dim of mcegeth, a maiden, Goth, magaths, G. magd, maid; akin A. Sax. magu, Goth. magus, Icel. mogr, a boy, a son; allied to Gael, mac, a son.] A young n.

A. Sax. mcegden,

unmarried unmarried

woman;

a

an

virgin;

woman who has preserved

her chastity; a female servant; a female skate. Maid of all work, a female servant who docs housework of every kind. maid of honor,

—

an unmarried

woman who accom-

—

altar. maiden, young unmarried wom-

panies a bride to the

ma'dn,

n.

A

an; a virgin or maid; an instrument of capital punishment; a race horse that has not yet won a race. a. Pertaining to a maiden or virgin; consisting of virgins; like a maiden; fresh; unpolluted; unused. Maiden fortress, one hitherto impregnable to assaults from the enemy; uncap-

tured.

Maiden over

(cricket),

one

during whose delivery no runs are

made. first

Maiden

speech,

public speech.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

a

person's

Maiden sword, zh, azure.

—

—

——

—

maieutic

—

stained

—

— ;

— maidenliness, ma'dn«li«nes, Behavior that becomes a maid; modesty. — maidenly, ma'dn«li, and adv. Like a maid; modest. — maidhood, mad 'hud, Virginity. — maidservant, A female ;

virginity. n.

a.

n.

fe-

n.

male servant; a female domestic. maieutic, ma«u'tik, a. [Gr. maieutikos, pertaining to midwifery, from maia, a midwife.] Serving to assist or accelerate childbirth; pertaining to the obstetric art; aiding in bringing forth, in a metaphorical sense. maigre, ma'gr, a. [Ft., lean, spare, meager.] Cookery, a term applied to a preparation cooked merely with butter. Maigre dishes, maigre food, dishes used by Roman Catholics on the days when their church

used with all one's might (main strength). Main body, the corps of an army which marches between the advance and rear guard. The main chance, the chance of plied;

—

making gain; one's own

interests

generally. n. All one's strength; violent effort (in the phrase 'with might and main'); the chief or main portion ; the gross, bulk, greater part the ocean, the great sea, the high sea; a principal gas or water pipe in a street, as distinguished from

the smaller ones supplied by it. In the main, for the most part; speaking generally. mainland, man'land, n. The continent; territory of great extent as compared with an island near it. mainly, man'li, adv. In the

—

—

main; mast,

chiefly;

principally.

— main-

mailer, is carried. for addressing mail.

A postman. mail order sent by mail for goods to be shipped to the buyer. maim, mam, v.t. [O.E. main, to hurt or maim; from O.Fr. mechaigner, Pr. maganhar, at. magagnare, to maim; origin doubtful.] To deprive of the use of a limb; to mutilate;

with money or means to prosecute or defend it. maitre d'hotel, ma'tre d6«tel', n. [Fr. master of the house.] The chief steward or servant of a house or hotel; a kind of sauce prepared with melted butter, chopped parsley,

forbids flesh-meats. n. [Fr. maille, the mesh of a net, a link of mail; from L. macula, a spot, a mesh, macula.] Armor; a defensive covering for warriors, and sometimes their steeds; any defensive covering, as the shell of a lobster. v.t. To put on mail or armor; to arm defensively. mail-clad, a. Clad with a coat of mail. mailed, maid, p. and a. Cov-

mail, mal,

—

ered with mail or armor; zool. protected by an external covering of scales or hard substance. mail, mal, n. [Fr. malle, O.Fr. male, a bag, a mail either from Armor, mal, Ir. and Gael, mala, a bag. or from O.H.G. molaha, a wallet; Icel. malr, a knapsack.] Originally a bag; hence, a bag for the conveyance of letters and papers the letters, papers, etc., conveyed in such a bag; the person or conveyance by which the mail is conveyed. v.t. To put in mailable, mal'a«bl, a. the mail. Capable of being carried in the ;

;

—

—mailbag,

n.

A

bag in which

—

the public mail n.

A

machine

mailman, order,

n.

—

n.

An

to cripple; to disable. by which a person

n. is

An

injury or

maimed

mutilated.

main, man,

a. [Icel. megn, meginn, main, strong, mighty; megin, might, main, main part; A. Sax. maegn, maegen, power, strength; same root

as

may,

might.]

Principal,

chief,

or most important among other things; most to be regarded or considered; first in size, rank, importance, etc. (the main branch of a river, the main timbers of an edifice, the main consideration); mighty; vast (the main ocean); directly apfate, far, fare, fat, fall;

n.

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

by

interest,

assisting

either

party

and vinegar or lemon juice. maize, maz, n. [Sp. maiz, from Taino mahiz, mayz.] Indian corn. majesty, maj'es'ti, n. [L. majestas, from majus, compar. form of magnus, great, magnitude.] Grandeur or dignity of rank, character, or manner; imposing loftiness of person or mien; stateliness; sublimity; a title of emperors, kings, and queens; generally

noun (may

with it

a possessive proplease your majesty).

—

majestic, ma-jes tik, a. Possessing majesty; having dignity of appearance; august; splendid; grand; sub-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

— make

Naut. the principal mast in a ship or other vessel; the middle lower mast of a ship. mainsail, Naut. the principal sail in a n. ship; the chief sail on the mainmast bent on the main yard. mainsheet, n. Naut. a rope at one or both of the lower corners of a mainsail to keep it properly extended. mainspring, man'spring, n. The principal spring of any piece of mechanism, as in a watch; fig. the main cause of any action. mainstay, n. Naut. the stay extending from the top of the mainmast to the deck; hence, fig. chief support. maintop, n. Naut. a platform placed at the head of the main mast. mainyard, n. Naut. the yard on which the mainsail is extended. maintain, man«tan', v.t. [Fr. maintenir main, L. manus, the hand, and Fr. tenir, L. teneo, to hold.] To preserve or keep in any particular state or condition; to support; to keep possession of; not to lose or surrender; to continue (a conversation); to support with food, clothing, etc.; to uphold; to vindicate or justify (one s right or cause) maintainable, man»ta'na»to assert. bl, a. maintainer, man«ta'ner, n. maintenance, man'ten-ans, n. The act of maintaining, upholding, or keeping up ; that which maintains or supports; law, intermeddling in a suit in which the person has no

mail.

——

;;

510

sword hitherto unused and unwith blood. maidenhair, ma'dn«har, n. An elegant fern found growing on rocks and walls. maidenhead, ma dri'hed, n. [Maiden, and term, -head.] Virgin purity; maidenhood, virginity. ma'dn*hud, n. The state of being a maid or maiden the state of an unmarried a

——

—

—

note, not,

move;

—

majestical, ma«jes'Majestic. majestically, ma«jes'ti«kal«li, adv. In a majestic lime;

stately.

ti»kal,

—

a.

manner. majolica, ma«jol'i'ka,

n. [It. Maiolica or Maiorica, for Majorca.] kind of earth used for making dishes, vases, etc., afterward applied to the

A

ware

itself.

major, ma'jer, magnus, greater in

[L., compar. of magnitude.] The

a.

great,

number, quantity,

extent,

or dignity; the more important; mus. applied to the modes in which the third is four semitones above the tonic, or keynote, and to intervals consisting of four semitones; pertaining to a subject in one's special field of study or research. Major tone or interval, an interval represented by the ratio of 8 to 9, while a minor tone is represented by the ratio of 9 to 0. Major term of a syllogism, in logic, the predicate of the conclusion; the major premise is that which contains the major term. n. An officer in the army next in rank above a captain and below a lieutenantcolonel; the lowest field officer; law, a person of full age to manage his own concerns; logic, the first proposition of a regular syllogism, containing the major term. majordomo, ma«jer»dd'mo, n. [It. maggiordomo L. major, greater, and domus, a house.] man who takes charge of the management of a large household; a steward; a chief minister or great officer of a palace. major general, n. A military officer the next in rank below a lieutenant1

—

—

general.

The

A

— major-generalship,

n.

major general. majority, ma»jor'i«ti, n. [Fr. majorite.] The state of being major or office

of a

greater; the greater

number; more

than half; the number by which one quantity which can be counted exceeds another; full age; the age at which the law permits a young person to manage his own affairs; the office, rank, or commission of major. To join the a to pass over to the dead.

majority,

majuscule, ma«jus'kul,

n. [L. majuscala (litera, letter, understood), from majusculus, somewhat great, dim. capifrom major, majus, greater.] tal letter; opposed to minuscule. Majuscule writing, writing composed entirely of capital letters, as in

A

—

ancient manuscripts.

make, mak,

&

pret. pp. made; [A. Sax. macian, L.G. and D. maken, G. machen, to make: same root as may, and L. magnus, great.] To cause to exist as a distinct thing; to create, frame, fashion, fabricate; to produce or effect, as agent or cause (money makes friends); to cause to be or become: with words expressive of the result or v.t.

ppr. making.

condition of the a matter public;

object

(to

make

to make a man king); to constrain, compel, cause, occasion, with infinitives after the object (to make a person laugh: to

the sign of the infinitive, being omitted); to gain, acquire (money, tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— ——————————

—=— — ———

—

;:

—

Malacca

naut.

to

arrive

is

at;

for.

good, to maintain; to establish (to make good one's footing) ; to accomplish (to make good one's word); to supply an equivalent for (to make good a loss). To make love to, to court. To make out, to discover; to decipher; to prove or establish by evidence or argument; to find to the full; as, he was not able To to make out the whole sum. make over, to transfer the title of; to convey; as, he made over his

—makeshift, —

bad, and

n.

concoct

(a story); to arrange, prepare,

adjust,

assume

a guise,

resume friendship ment; to compensate. to

—

A

—

n.

—

malachite, mal'a»kit, n. [Fr. malachite, from Gr. malache, a mallow, from its color resembling that of the of mallow.] A mineral; a carbonate of copper found in solid masses of a beautiful green color, the green carbonate of copper, used for many ornamental purposes.

malaria, ma«la'ri«a, n. [It. mala aria, bad air, from L. malus, bad, and

leaves

aer, air.]

The branch of zoology that treats of the Mollusca or soft-bodied animals. malacologist, mal«a«koro«jist, n. One versed in malacology.

malassimilation,

maras«sim«i«la"shon, n. [Prefix mal, bad.] Imperfect or morbid assimilation or nutrition;

mal»a«kop'ter«ij"-

[Gr. malakos, soft, and i»an, a. pterygion, a fin, a little wing, from term applied to pteryx, a wing.] those osseous fishes that have all malacosthe rays of the fins soft. tracan, mal«a«kos'tra»kan, n. [Gr. division of ostrakon, a shell.] crustaceans, including the shrimps, malacostracan, mallobsters, etc. acostracous, mal*a«kos'tra*kus, a.

faulty digestion.

A

Malay, Malayan,

country.

malcontent, mal'kon«tent,

—

—

ment. malcontent, a. Discontented with the government. mal de mer, mal« da« mar', n. [Fr.]

mal*ad*just'ment, bad or wrong psychology, a lack of

A

harmony between an individual's desires or capacities and his mode

Seasickness.

male, mal, a. [Fr. male, O.Fr. masle, from L. masculus, male, from mas,

of living.

maladministration, mal»ad«min'is«-

maris, a male, masculine.] Pertaining to the sex that begets young, as distinguished from the female;

tra"shon, n. [Prefix mal, bad.] Faulty administration; bad management of

public

affairs.

mal, bad.]

awkward.

Not

a.

[Prefix

adroit or dexterous;

—maladroitly,

mal«a»adv. Clumsily; awkwardly. maladroitness, mal«a«droit'nes, n.

droit'li,

Clumsiness; awkwardness.

—

malady,

mal'a«di,

n.

[Fr.

maladie,

from malade, O.Fr. malabde, ill, from L. male, habitus, in bad condition.

masculine; bot. having fecundating organs, but not fruit-bearing. Male rhymes, rhymes in which only the final syllables correspond. Male screw, the screw whose threads enter the grooves of the female screw. n. One of the sex which begets young; bot. a plant which bears stamens. malediction, mal«e«dik'shon, n. [L.

disease of the human body; an ailment; an indisposition; moral or mental disorder.

habit.]

j,

job;

Any

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

n. [Prefix

A

mal, ill.] discontented person; a discontented subject of a govern-

maladjustment,

maladroit, mal«a-droit',

ma«la', ma«la'yan,

native of the

the

A

adjustment:

A

Malay Peninsula; language of the Malays. a. Belonging to the Malays or to their

n.

—

n. [Prefix mal, bad.]

febrile disease

—

—

:

An infectious

formerly believed contracted from air tainted by deleterious emanations from animal or vegetable matter, but now known to be caused by a blood parasite transmitted by the bite of certain mosquitoes. malarial, malarian, malarious, a.

malacology, mal«a«koro»ji, n. [Gr. malakos, soft, and logos, discourse.]

malacopterygian,

mal-

malandria.] dry scab or scurfy eruption on the hock of a horse or at the bend of the knee. malapert, mal'a'pert, a. [O.Fr. malappert, over-ready prefix mal, badly, and O.Fr. appert, ready, prompt, from L. apertus, open, pert.] Pert; saucy; impudent; forward. n. pert, saucy person. malapertly, mal'a'pert'li, adv. Saucily; with impudence. malapertness, mal'a*pert«nes, n. Sauciness; impudent peitness. malapropos, mal«ap'r6«po", a. and adv. [Prefix mal, badly, and apropos.] The opposite of apropos; ill to the purpose. malapropism, mal'a*prop«izm, n. The blundering use of words characteristic of Mrs. Malaprop in Sheridan's Rivals, e.g. 'an allegory on the banks of the Nile'. malar, ma'ler, a. [From L. mala, the cheek bone, the jaw.] Pertaining to the cheek or cheek bone. n. Anat. the cheek bone.

ingredients of a thing; cosmetics used to accentuate and highlight facial features ; the mental or physical constitution of a person. Malacca, ma«lak'ka, a. Pertaining to Malacca, in the Malay Peninsula. Malacca cane, a cane made of the brown mottled or clouded stem of a kind of palm.

make good (to make up a loss); to reconcile, settle, adjust (quarrels, etc.); to bring to a definite conclusion (to make up one's mind). To make water, to leak, as a ship; to void the urine. To make way, to make progress; to open a passage; to clear the way. v.i. To act or do often with adjectives to express the manner of acting (to make bold, etc.); to interfere; to proceed, move, direct one's course (he made toward home; he made after the boy); to rise or flow toward land said of the tide. To make against, to tend to injure; to be adverse to; to form an argument against; to tend to disprove. To make as if, to act as if; to pretend that. To make at, to make a hostile movement against. To make away with, to take away and put out of reach; to remove by killing; to murder secretly. To make bold, to venture; to take leave or liberty (to make bold, to say). To make for, to contribute toward; to be of service to; to favor (this makes for the argument). To make free with, to treat with freedom or without ceremony; to make free use of. To make light of, to regard as trifling or of no consequence; to belittle. To make out, to succeed and no more. To make sure, to ascertain with certainty. To make sure of, to consider as certain; to secure to one's self. To make up, to dress, etc., as an actor. To make up to, to approach; to court. To make

n. [Fr.

A

andres, L.

an argu-

— make-up,

State of being indefinite

and

malanders, mal'an«derz,

compensate

after

aise, ease.]

ease; morbid feeling of uneasiness. at

ill

The

or

wine im-

language of Madagascar. malaise, mal«az', n. [Fr., from mal,

One who makes:

remove a deficiency. v.i. To put on cosmetics for a performance;

estate in trust. To make sail (naut.), to increase the quantity of sail already set. To make shift, to contrive or manage with such means or appliances as are available. To make up, to make full or complete; to collect into a sum or mass; to compose, as ingredients or parts; to constitute; to compensate for

g go;

n.

or reconcile; in printing, to arrange the type in columns or pages; in the theater and motion pictures, to apply cosmetics, dress, or accessories for a part; in education, to

make haste = to hasten, etc. To make believe, to pretend. To make

A

made, grown also in California. Malagasy, mal'a«gas«i, a. and n. The

the Creator;

[cap.]

n.

Making

n.

Something to serve a present purpose; a temporary substitute. make up, v.t. To compose something; to settle in one's mind; to shuffle (a deck) for dealing; to bring up to; to

to

ch, Sc. loch;

(a

— make-believe,

maker, ma'ker,

often used periphrastically

—

form

mal'a«ga,

ported from Malaga in Spain; the white grape from which the wine is

believe or pretending; pretense; pretext; sham. a. Unreal; sham.

have

to

Malaga,

construction; man of slender

Structure;

n.

shape; make).

with substantives, the two together being thus equal to a single verb; thus to make complaint to complain; to make answer = to answer;

ch, chain;

malediction

up for, to serve as compensation

within sight (to make a port, land).

Make

— —— —

511

profit, etc.); to get or ascertain, as the result of computation or calculation; to pass over in sailing or traveling; to put in a desired or desirable position or condition; to prepare for use (a bed, a fire); to compose, as parts united in a whole to constitute; to serve or answer for (she makes a good wife); to complete, as by being added to a

sum;

—

—

th, thin;

—

maledictio, maledictionis male, evil, and dico, to speak, diction.] Evil speaking; a curse or execration; an imprecation; the act of slandering.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— — — — ——

—

malefactor

—

malignant,

mal-e-fak'ter, n. [L., evildoer male, ill, and facio, to do.] One who commits a crime; a criminal.

lence. malignant, a. [L. malignans, from maligno, to act maliciously.] Having extreme ma-

malefaction, mal«e«fak'shon, n. An offense; an evil or criminal deed. malefic, ma-lefik, a. [L. maleficus, that does ill male, ill, and facio, to do.] Doing mischief. maleficence, maleficent, ma«ma«lef'i»sens, n.

levolence or enmity; virulently inimical ; malicious ; exerting pernicious influence; med. threatening a fatal issue; virulent (a malignant ulcer); extremely heinous. .'. Syn. under malice. n. English history, one of the adherents of Charles I and his son so called by the Roundheads. malignantly, ma«lig'nant«li, adv. In

—

—

Doing

—

evil;

malevolent,

harmful.

ma«lev'o«lent, a. [L. malevolentis male, ill, and volens, willing or disposed. volition.] Having an evil disposition toward another or others; malicious;

—

malevolens,

— malevolently,

spiteful. lent«li,

adv.

ma«lev'o»ma«lev'-

— malevolence,

o«lens, n.

malfeasance,

mal«fe'zans, n. [Fr. malfaisance mal, ill, and faire, L. facer e, to do.] Law, doing what a person ought not to do; illegal deed.

—

malformation, mal«for«ma'shon, n. Ill or wrong formation; a deviation

—

:

—

malignant a manner. maligner, ma«lin'er, n. One who maligns. malignity, ma«lig'ni»ti, n. [L. malignitas.] The state or quality of being malignant; evil disposition of heart toward another; malice without provocation; rancor; virulence.

malinger, ma»ling'ger,

ger«er,

himself

mal»funk'shon,

v.t.

function.) To operate or function badly ; to misfire. n. The act or state of functioning

and

—

badly.

malic,

ma'lik,

a.

[L.

malum,

an

Pertaining to apples; obtained from the juice of apples. Malic acid, an acid found in many fruits, particularly in the apple. malice, mal'is, n. [Fr. malice, L. malitia, from malus, evil; cog. Gr. melas, black; Skr. malam, filth; Ir. maile, evil. Malus is seen also in malady, malign, malignant, etc.] Enmity of heart; a disposition to injure others for mere personal gratification, or from a spirit of revenge; spite; ill-will; law, a formed design of doing mischief to another; called also malice prepense or aforethought. apple.]

.'. Malice is a deeper and more abiding feeling than malevolence, malevolence being of a more casual and temporary character. Malignity is malice intensified, proceeding from an innate love of doing harm to malicious, ma«lish'us, a. others. [L. malitiosus.] Indulging malice; harboring ill-will without provocation; proceeding from ill-will; dicMalicious mischief, tated by malice. an injury to property from sheer

—

malice, in some instances a felony, Malicious in others a misdemeanor. prosecution, a prosecution preferred without reasonable cause. maliciously, ma«lish'us«li, adv. In a malimaliciousness, macious manner.

—

—

lish'us«nes, n. malign, ma»lin', a. [L. malignus for

malus, maligenus, of an evil nature bad, and^us, kind (malice, genus). Comp. benign, with exactly the opposite sense.] Of an evil nature, disposition, or character; malicious; pernicious; tending to injure or

To

speak v.t. evil effects. evil of; to traduce, defame, vilify.

produce

malignance,

malignancy,

ma*lig-

nans, ma«lig'nan«si, n. The quality of being malignant; extreme malevolence; bitter enmity; med. virufate, far, fare, fat, fall;

feign illness

to

avoid duty.

organ. (Prefix mal, bad,

[Fr.

ma-

weakly; from mal, ill, and O.Fr. hingre, heingre, feeble, nasalized form of L. aeger, sick.]

from the normal structure of an

malfunction,

v.i.

lingre, sickly,

Milit.

in

— malingerer, A

n.

soldier

order to ma«ling'-

who

feigns

ill.

malison, mal'i«zn,

n. [O.Fr. malison, contr. from malediction. Comp. benison, for benediction.] malediction; curse; execration. mall, mal, n. [Fr. mail, It. maglio, malleo, L. malleus, a hammer, malleable.] heavy wooden beetle or hammer; (originally an alley where

maleicon,

A

A

game of pall-mall was played with malls and balls) a public walk;

the

a level shaded walk. mallard, mal'erd, n. [O.Fr. malard, Prov. Fr. maillard, from maille (L. macula), a spot on a bird's feather, from the iridescent spot on the

wing.]

The common

wild duck.

malleable, marie«a«bl, a. [Fr. malleable, from L.L. malleo, to beat with a hammer, from L. malleus, a hammer (akin mallet, maul).] Capable of being shaped or extended by beating with the hammer: said of metals. malleability, malleableness, malmarie«a«bl«nes, n. The quality of being malleable. mallee, mal'le, n. Kind of dwarf eucalyptus. le«a«bil"i«ti,

malleolus, mal'le'6'lus, n. [L., dim. of malleus, a hammer.] One of the two projections of the leg bones at

—

malleolar, marie«6«ler, the ankle. Anat. pertaining to the ankle. mallet, mal'et, n. [Dim. of mall.] A a.

wooden hammer, used

chiefly by stonecutters, joiners, etc. malleus, mal'e«us, n. [L., a mallet.] Anat. one of the chain of small bones in the ear; zool. a hammer-shaped body forming part of the masticatory apparatus in some microscopic animals. mallow, mal'6, n. [A. Sax. malwe, G.

malve, from L. malva, mallow, allied to Gr. malache, mallow, malakos, soft from its emollient properties.] The common name of a number of plants, chiefly herbaceous or annual, some of them valuable for medicinal properties. Also called mallows, as

—

a singular.

malm, mam,

n. [A. Sax. mealm, Goth. malma, sand; akin to meal, from root meaning to grind.] A soft, grayish

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

——

Mameluke

512

malefactor,

lef'i'sent, a.

—

—

note, not,

move;

limestone,

marl;

a

crumbled;

easily soil

containing

clay

Eng.

and

chalk.

malmsey, mam'zi,

n. [O.E. malvesie, Fr. malvoisie; from Napoli di Malvasia, in the Morea; the white and

red wines produced there first received the name.] A kind of grape; a strong sweet white wine made in Madeira. malnutrition, marnu»trish"un, n. Insufficient or otherwise faulty nutrition.

malodor, malodour,

mal*6'der, n. offensive odor. malodorous, mal«6'der«us, a. Having a bad or offensive odor. Malpighian, mal«pig'i«an, a. [After

An

[Prefix mal, bad.]

—

Malpighi, an eminent Italian anatomand botanist.] Anat. applied to certain small round bodies in the cortical substance of the kidney, and to corpuscles in the spleen. malposition, mal«po«zish'on, n. [Prefix mal, bad.] A wrong position. ist

malpractice, mal»prak'tis, n. [Mal and practice.] Professional malfeasance or improper and careless performance of duty, as of a physician or lawyer.

malt, malt, n. [A.Sax. mealt G. malz, malt, from meltan, to melt.] Grain, usually barley, steeped in water and made to germinate and used in brewing and distilling; liquor produced from malt; beer. v.t. To

make

into malt. verted into malt.

A

To

v.i.

—malted

be conmilk, n.

beverage prepared by whipping combination of flavored malt, ice cream, and milk. maltster, malta

—

ster, n.

A man who makes

malt.

maltase, mal'tas, n. [Malt and ase.] Chem. an enzyme found in plants, animals, bacteria, yeast, etc., which speeds the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose. Maltese, mal'tez, n. sing, and pi. native or natives of Malta. a. Be-

A

longing to Malta.

maltha, maltha,

n. [Gr., a mixture ships.] variety of bitumen like pitch, intermediate between liquid petroleum and solid asphalt.

for

A

caulking

Malthusian, mal«thu'zi«an,

a. Relating to the theory of the Rev. T. R. Malthus, that population, when unchecked, goes on increasing in a higher ratio than the means of subsistence can be made to increase. n. One who holds the doctrines of Malthus. maltose, malt'oz, n. [From malt.] Malt sugar; a white crystalline sugar, CuH„Oii-H,0, formed by the action of amylase on starch. maltreat, maNtret', v.t. [Mal and

—

treat.]

To

treat

ill.

— maltreatment,

mal'tret'ment, n.

malvaceous,

maNva

malva, mallow.]

shus, a. Pertaining to

plants of the mallow family. malversation, mal«ver«sa'shon,

[L. the n.

malversation— L.

male, badly, and versor, to occupy one's self, from vcrto, versum, to turn, verse.] Evil conduct; fraudulent tricks; misbehavior in an office or employment, as fraud, breach of trust, etc. [Fr.

Mameluke, mam tube, tub, bull;

e«luk, oil,

mam'a«luk,

pound.

—

— —

—

——

——

mamma [Ar. mamluk, that which is possessed, a slave, from malak, to pos-

One

mamma, mama, mama,

n.

[A

repetition of the infantile utterance ma, ma.] Mother; a word of tenderness and familiarity, used chiefly by young persons in addressing, or reference to, mother.

adult of the race;

swell, to swell

mam«ma'li«a,

n.

The

animals.]

Mammalia,

Mammalia. pi.

breast-

[Lit.

a.

—

Having the distinguishing characteristics of a mammifer. mammilla,

A

[L. mamilla, a little breast; something of

little breast.] form. mammillary, this mil'a«ri, a. Pertaining to or

—

mammiform

mam-

becoming

mammee,

n.

mona,

Gr.

n.

mammonas,

[L.

from Chal. mammon, mdmdn.) Syrian god of riches, mentioned in the New Testament as a personification of worldliness; hence, rich-

a. Characteristic

es;

[cap.]

wealth.

mam'mon«izm,

n.

man

— mammonism,

[Rus.

mamant, mamont, from Tart, mamma,

are found in Siberia and elsewhere. a. Resembling the mammoth in size; very large; gigantic. mammoth tree, n. The giant sequoia tree of California, specimens having reached more than 325 feet with a

—

feet.

men, men. [A. Sax. man, mann, man, person = D., O. ch. chain;

n. pi.

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

name.] A tree of the West Indies and Central America, abounding in acrid and highly poisonous juice, the wood being valuable for cabinet work. Manchu, man-cho', n. A native of 'Manchuria, or one of the same race; one of the reigning dynasty in China the language of the Manchus; the court language of China.

manciple, man'si'pl, n. [O.Fr. mancipe, L. manceps, one who purchases anything at a public sale manus, the hand, and capio, to take.] steward; a purveyor, particularly of a college or inn of court.

A

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

mandamus, man«da'mus, n. [L., lit. we command.] Law, a command or

—

;

manv.t. generally in plural. acled, manacling. To put handcuffs or other fastening upon; to shackle. manage, man'ij, v.t. managed, managing. [Fr. manege, the management of a horse; It. maneggiare, to handle, le:

TH,

then;

[It.

man-

from manzana, an apple, from L. malum Matianum, a kind of apple, from Matius, a Roman

L. manicula, dim. of manica, a manmanacle, from manus, the hand, age.] An instrument of iron for fastening the hands handcuff; shack-

which

n.

zanillo,

'-

,

— —

earth, because their remains being found in the earth the natives believed that they burrowed like moles.] An extincLspecies of elephant with long tusks and covered with dense, shaggy hair, the remains of

the

man«chi«neT,

mancinello, Fr. manzanille, Sp.

n.

sition of wealth.

diameter of 25

manchineel,

power, n. The amount of power provided by human effort; a nation's determined by the strength as number of men and women available for the armed services and civil man-of-war, n. A governdefense. ment vessel employed for the purposes of war. manservant, n. A manslaughter, n. servant. male The unlawful killing of a man, without malice. manacle, man'a«kl, n. [Fr. mamcle,

mam'mon«ist, mam'mon«it, n. A person entirely devoted to the acqui-

man, man,

:

ish«li,

Mammon

n.

A

— mannishly man adv. In a mannish manner. mannishness, man'ish«nes, —man-

Devotion to the

mammoth, mam 'moth,

;

line ; unwomanly.

service of or the pursuit of wealth. mammonist, mammonite,

—

[Haitian.] sea cow, an aquatic herbivorous mammal allied to the cetaceans, and found on the coasts of South America, Africa, and Australia. manchet, man'shet, n. [Comp. Fr. miche, michette, a manchet or small loaf.] small loaf of fine bread; fine white bread. a. Fine and white said of bread or flour.

— mannish,

reliant;

The

name

The

man'ish, of or resembling a as applied to a woman, mascubrave.

riches,

One who

tropical American birds. manatee, man«a«te', n.

—

mammon,

n.

like tuft

—

mam-

man'ij«er,

of a species with a beardof feathers on the chin.] A manikin; a name for certain small the

— manikin, man'i»-

—

mam-

mammon, mam'mon,

repairing. The state qualities of or n.

—

An Amer-

A

manager,

A little man; a dwarf; an anatomic model of the human body. mankind, man«kind' or man'kind, n. The human race; man taken collectively; the males of the human manlike, man'lik, a. Resemrace. bling a man; having the qualities proper to a man. manliness, man'The quality of being li«nes, n. manly. manly, man'li, a. Pertaining to or becoming a man; having the nobler attributes of a man; self-

ican tree yielding a large and nourishmammee sapota, ing fruit. me'sa«po'ta, n. large tree of the West Indies and tropical America, yielding a fruit which is called natural marmalade.

—

man.

—

manages; one who has the guidance or direction of anything; one who is directly at the head of an undertaking.— managerial, man«a«je'ri«al, a. Of or belonging to a manager. managership, man'ij«er«ship, n. The office of a manager. manakin, man'a»kin, n. [Dim. of man, as applied to birds, originally

kin, n.

like nipples.

mam«me',

a

—

—

or

cleaning

manhood, man 'hud, of being a man; the

mil«at, mam'mil«a«ted, a. In the form of a pap or nipple; having small

protuberances

manned,

—

for

etc.,

protuberances.

mammillate, mammillated,

subservient to one's views or manageableness, man'ij*n. The quality of being manageable. manageably, man'ij*a«bli, adv. In a manageable manner. management, man'ij«ment, n. The act of managing; the manner of treating, directing, carrying on, or using for a purpose; conduct; administration; cautious handling or treatment; the body of directors or managers of any undertaking, concern, or interest collectively.

—

mam'resem-

bling a nipple or pap; anat. applied to two small protuberances like nipples in the brain; mineral, studded

with

—

;

—

designs. a«bl«nes,

—

—

n.

made

furnish

—

;

manageable, man'ij«a«bl, Capable of being managed; easily

ageable. a.

manning.

ma'li»an, a. Pertaining to the mammammalogy, mam'mal'o«ji, mals. The science of mammals. n. mammary, mam'ma«ri, a. Pertaining to the female breasts or paps.

mam«iruTla,

v.t.

—

To supply with men; to with a sufficient force or complement of men ; to infuse courage into. man-at-arms, n. A term applied to a fully equipped or heavily armed soldier of the Middle Ages. man-eater, n. A cannibal; one of those tigers which have acquired a special preference for human flesh. manful, man'ful, a. Manly; bold; manfully, man'fuMi, adv. In brave. manful manner. manfulness, a man'ful»nes, n. The quality of being manful. manhole, man'hol, n. A hole through which a man may creep into a drain, cesspool, steam boiler,

animal kingdom, whose distinctive characteristic is that the female suckmammalian, mamles the young.

mam«mif'er«us,

to treat (a person) with caution or judgment; to govern with address. v.i. To direct or conduct affairs to carry on concerns manageability, man'or business. ij«a»bil"i«ti, n. State of being man(tools or the like)

human

or

ward by way of decoy.

highest class in the

mammiferous,

race ; the

direction; to conduct, carry on, guide, administer; to make tractable, or get under due control; to wield; to move or use in the manner desired

in this sense without plural (man is born to trouble); a male servant; an adult male in some person's employment or under his direction; a piece with which a game, as chess or checkers, is played. Man of straw, a man of no substantial character, influence, or means; in commercial language, a person destitute of capital put for-

with juice.] The breast; the organ in females that secretes the milk. mammal, mam'mal, n. An animal of class

to

mankind:

article

mamma, mam 'ma, n. pi. mammae, mam 'me. [L., the female breast,

the

human

;

manage; from L. manus, the hand, whence also manacle, manual, etc. manual.] To have under control and

H.G., and Sw. man, G. mann, I eel. mannr, Dan. mand, Goth. manna; from root man, to think, seen in Skr. man, to think, manas, mind, manushya, man, and also in E. mean, to intend, mind, L. mens, the mind (whence mental).] A human being; a person; particularly, a male

mounted

of the former

—

—

mandarin

mathr,

soldiery of Egypt, a powerful body broken up and massacred in 1811.

from root meaning to

——

513

n.

sess.]

—

writ issuing from a superior court, directed to any person, corporation, or inferior court, requiring them to do some specified act. mandarin, man«da«rin', n. [Pg. man-

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— ;

—

mandate

514

darim, from Skr. mantrin, a counsellor, a minister, from mantra, counsel.] The general name given by Europeans to Chinese magistrates or public officials, whether civil or military; a northern dialect of China; a min-

from which our

iature orange tree

mandarin orange comes.

mandate, man'dat,

n. [L.

mandatwn,

an order, from mando, to command (from manus, the hand, and do, to give), seen also in command, commend, demand, remand, recommend, etc.] A command; an order, precept, or injunction; written authority by one person to another to act for him. mandatory, man'da-tOTi, n. [Fr. mandataire.] One to whom a mandate or charge is given one who receives special written authority to mandatory, a. for another. act

—

;

—

Containing a command; directory. n. [L. mandibulum, the jaw, from mando, to

mandible, man'di«bl,

chew.] An animal's jaw, particularly the under jaw of a mammal; the upper or lower jaw of a bird; one of the upper or anterior pair of jaws of an insect or other articulate animal. mandibular, man«dib'u»ler, a. Bemandibulonging to a mandible. late, man-dib'u'lat, a. Provided with

—

—

mandibles, as

many

insects. n. [Fr.

mandolin, man'do«lin, from

man-

mandola, mandora, pandora, a species of lute, bandore.] A musical instrument of the guitar doline,

— ——

It.

manifest

Among

the Romans the ghosts, shades, or souls of deceased persons; the deified shades of the dead.

maneuver, manoeuvre, mainover,

—

ma«nu'ver, n. [Fr. manoeuvre main, L. manus, the hand, and ceuvre, L. opera, work. Manure is the same word.] A regulated dexterous movement, particularly in an army or navy; any movement of troops, ships, etc., for attack on or defense against an enemy; management with address or artful design; an adroit procedure; intrigue; stratagem. v.i. maneuvered, maneuvering. To peror

—

form maneuvers, especially military or naval maneuvers; to employ intrigue or stratagem to effect a purpose. v.t. To make to perform maneuvers or evolutions. maneuvered ma»no'ver«er, or ma«nu'ver»er,

—

n.

One who maneuvers.

manful, etc. See man. manganese, man'ga«nez, n. [By metathesis from magnesium, the name

A

given to it.] grayish- white metallic element used as an alloying agent to give steel toughness. Symfirst

Mn;

25; at. wt., 54.9380. man«gan'ik, a. manganite, man'gan»it, n. One of the ores of manganese, used in the manufacture of glass. mange, manj, n. [O.Fr. mangeson, Fr. demangeaison, an itching, from manmanger, L. manduco, to eat. ducate.] A cutaneous disease very bol,

at. no.,

—manganic,

—

man'drag'o«ra, n. [L. and Gr. mandragoras, the mandrake.]

similar to itch, and to which horses, cattle, dogs, and other beasts are mangily, man'ji»li, adv. In subject.

Mandrakes.

a

kind.

mandragora, n.

A

—mandrake,

plant

man'drak, Mediterranean

of the

region, with large thick roots, and possessing strong purgative and narcotic properties, formerly the subject of various superstitions.

mandrel, mandril, mandrel, man'[Fr. mandrin, from Gr. n. mandra, an enclosed space, the bed in which the stone of a ring is set.] A bar of iron on which an article is fitted to be turned on a lathe; any straight bar upon which a tube or dril,

ring

is

welded.

— —

mangy manner. manginess, manji«nes, n. The quality or condition of being mangy. mangy, man'ji, a. Infected with the mange;

scabby;

mean.

mangel-wurzel, mang'gl«wer'zl, [G.,

form

n.

want-root, but the proper

lit.

—

G. manand wurzel, root — beet-

mangold-wurzel

is

gold, beet,

A

variety of beet, extenroot.] sively cultivated as food for cattle. manger, man'jer, n. [Fr. mangeoire,

from manger, from L. manducare, to manducate.] A trough or box in which fodder is laid for horses or cattle; the receptacle from which

eat.

mandrill, mandril, n. [Fr. mandrille, from the West African name.] The great blue-faced or rib-nosed baboon, the largest and most hideous of the baboons.

manducate, man'du«kat, ducated, manducating.

v.t.

[L.

manducatum, from mando, akin mandible, manger.]

— man-

manduco, to chew;

To masticate

to chew.

mane, man, n. [O.D. mane, D. manen, Dan. man, I eel. mon, O.H.G. mana, G. mdhne allied to W. mzvng, a mane, mum, the neck.] The long hair on the upper side of the neck of some ;

animals, as the horse, lion, etc., usually hanging down on one side.

maned, mand,

—

a.

a mane. [Fr. manege,

Having

manege, ma»nezh',

n.

from It. maneggio, management. manage.] A school for training horses and teaching horsemanship; the art of breaking, training, and riding

horses or cattle eat in a stable or cow house. mangle, mang'gl, v.t. mangled, man[Perhaps from L. mancus, gling. maimed, through L.L. mangulare, to mangle; comp. A. Sax. bemancian, to maim; L.G. mank, mutilated; D. mank, lame; G. mangel, a defect; mangeln, to be wanting.] To cut by repeated blows, making a ragged or wound, or covering with torn wounds; to cut in a bungling manner; to hack; to lacerate; applied chiefly to the cutting of flesh; fig. to destroy the symmetry or completemangier, ness of; mutilate. to mang'gler, n. One who mangles; one

—

—

who

mutilates.

[D. and G. n. mangel, from O.Fr. mangonel, Gr. manganon, a war engine, the axis of

mangle, mang'gl,

A

n. pi. [L.,

from O.L.

a pulley.] well-known machine for smoothing tablecloths, sheets,

manus, good, benevolent.]

[often cap.)

and other

horses ; the art of horsemanship.

manes, ma'nez,

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

me, met, her;

articles of linen or cotton.

pine, pin;

—

note, not,

move;

—

To smooth cloth with v.t. mangle.— mangier, mang'gler,

a n.

One who uses a mangle. mango, mang'go, n. [Malay.] The fruit of the mango tree, a native of tropical Asia, but widely cultivated throughout the tropics ; a fruit highly valued for dessert.

mangonel,

man'go«nel, n. [O.Fr. mangonel, It. manganello, mangano, from Gr. manganon. mangle, n.\ An engine formerly used for throwing stones and battering walls. mangosteen, mang'go»sten,n. [Malay mangusta.] A tree of the East Indies, the fruit of which is about the size of an orange, and most delicious. mangrove, man'grov, n. [Malay manggi-manggi.] A tropical tree growing on the banks of rivers and on the seacoast, remarkable for giving off adventitious roots from the stem and branches. mania, ma'ni«a, n. [L., from Gr.; allied to Gr. menos, the mind; E. mind and man.] Madness; also rage or eager desire for anything; insane or morbid craving; mental disorder characterized by high, uncontrolled excitement; excitement and frenzy. maniac, ma'ni«ak, a. Raving with madness; proceeding from disordered intellect; mad; excited; frenzied. n. madman; one who has an

—

—

A

ungovernable enthusiasm for somemaniacal, ma«ni'a«kal, a. thing.

—

—

manic depressive,

n.

One who

has

a type of mental disorder alternating between periods of acute excitement and periods of acute depression.

Manichaean, Manichean, man-ike'an, n. [From the founder Manes or Manichaeus, who lived in the third century.] One of a sect in Persia who maintained that there are two supreme principles, the one good, the other evil, which produce all the happiness and calamities of Manichaean, a. Perthe world. taining to the Manichaeans or their

— doctrines. — Manichaeanism,

n.

manicure, man

i«kur, n. [L. manus, hand, cura, care.] The care of the nails and the hands; a person whose occupation is to trim the nails and

improve the condition of the hands. — & To trim or care the v.t.

nails.

for

i.

— manicurist,

manifest,

man

n.

i«fest,

a.

[L.

mam-

may

be laid hold of by the hand manus, the hand, and root seen in obs. fendo, to dash

festus,

lit.

that

against (as in offend).] Clearly visible to the eye or obvious to the understanding; not obscure or difficult to

be

seen

plain.

or

A

n.

understood;

evident;

document signed by

the master of a vessel at the place of lading, to be exhibited at the customhouse, containing a description of the ship and her cargo, the destination of the ship and the goods, etc. v.t. To disclose to the eye or to the understanding; to show plainly;

to

display;

to

exhibit.

manifestation, man i»fes«ta shon, n. The act of manifesting; a making evident to the eye or to the understanding; the exhibition of anything by clear evidence; display; what is tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — —

———— —

— — ——

;

—— —

manifold the

means

manner;

fest

mani-

clearly;

evidently;

A

manifesto, man«i«fes'to, n. [It.] A public declaration, usually of a sovereign or government.

plainly.

manna.

mannequin, man

manifold, man'i'fold, a. [Many and fold.] Numerous and various in kind or quality; exhibiting or embracing

many

e«kin, n. [A corof manikin.] An artist's model fashioned of wood or wax; a woman who serves as a model

ruption

points, features, or character-

by wearing

manifold wisdom of God) operating several parts at once. v.t. To multiply impressions of, as of a istics (the

manner,

copy made by manifolding; a whole having many different parts; mech. that part of an internal-combustion engine which distributes a fuel-air mixture to the various cylinders; a pipe to which

—

A

n. fibrous material plant which grows in the Manila Philippine Islands, etc. paper, n. A paper of strong fiber

from

a

made from Manila hemp, manioc, man'i«ok,

n. [Pg. and Brazil plant cultivated in tropical America and the West Indies, from the large fleshy root of which tapioca and cassava are prepared, maniple, man'i«pl, n. [L. manipulus, maniplus, a handful, a company of soldiers manus, the hand, and root of plenus, full (as in plenary, etc.).] Rom. antiq. a company of soldiers consisting of sixty common soldiers, two centurions, and a standardbearer; in the Latin Ch., originally a handkerchief, now only a symbolical ornament attached to the left arm of the celebrant at mass. manipular, ma«nip'u«ler, a. Pertaining to a maniple.— manipulate, tnanip'u«lat, v.t. manipulated, manipulating. [L.L. manipulo, manipulatum.] To handle or operate on with the hands, as in artistic or mechanical operations; to subject to certain processes; to operate upon for the purpose of giving a false appearance to (to manipulate accounts). v.i. To use the hands, as in artistic processes, mechanical operations, or the like. manipulation, ma«nip'u«la"shon, n. The art or mode of manipulating or working by hand; the act of operating upon skillfully, for the purpose of giving a false ap-

mandioca.]

in a manner done already.) mannered, man'erd, a. Having man-

is

A

ners of this or that kind; exhibiting the peculiar style of an author or artist, more particularly in its objectionable form. mannerism, man'er«izm, n. Excessive adherence to a characteristic, mode or manner of action or treatment; a personal and prominent peculiarity of style, as in a writer or an artist. mannerist, man'er«ist, n. One addicted

—

to mannerism. mannerliness, maner«li«nes, n. The quality of being

pearance to. manipulative, manipulatory, ma«nip'u«la'tiv, ma«nip'u«la«to»ri, a. Pertaining to or performed by manipulation. manipulator, ma«nip'u«la«ter, n. One who manipulates. manito, manitou, man'i«to, mani«to,

n.

Among North American

deportment;

siderable size and pretension; a habitation; an abode. mantel, man'tel,«. [O.Fr. mantel, Fr. manteau, mantle.] The supporting beam for the masonry above a fireplace mantelpiece, n. The shelf of a

—

mantel.

mantlet, man teNet, [Dim. of mantle.] A small cloak worn by women; fort. a kind of movable parapet or penthouse set on wheels for protecting sappers from musketry fire. mantic,f man'tik, a. [Gr. mantikos, from mantis, a prophet.] Relating to prophecy or divination; prophetic. mantilla, man-til'la, n. [Sp.; same origin as mantle.] A hood; a Spanish head covering for women, which falls down upon the shoulders and may be used as a veil; a light cloak thrown over the dress of a lady. mantis, man'tis, n. [Gr., a prophet, the mantis.] A genus of orthop-

mantelet, mantlet,

polite;

mantissa, man«tis'a, increase.]

logarithm

a.

mantlet,

See mantelet. man'tu«a, n. [Either a corruption of Fr. manteau, a mantle, or

ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

from Mantua in Italy (comp. milliner, from Milan).] A lady's gown.

manual, man

manorial, ma«no'ri«al, Francois

French

A

lower being steeper than the upper slope. j,

;'ob;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

n.

mantua,

architect, the inventor, who died in 1666.] curb roof, or roof of two slopes, the

substance miraculously furnished as food for the Israelites in their journey through the wilder-

[O.Fr. mantel, Fr.

— —

kind of sugar related to glucose. man-of-war. See man. manometer, ma«nom'e«ter, n. An instrument for measuring the pres-

a

n.

that covers and conceals; zool. the external fold of the skin in most mollusks. Sometimes used in same sense as mantel. v.t. mantled, mantling. To cloak or cover. v.i. To be expanded or spread out like a mantle; to become covered with a coating, as a liquid; to send up froth or scum; to cream; to display superficial changes of hue.

A

Mansard,

part of a the integral

manteau, It. mantello, from L. mantellum, mantelum, a mantle, a napkin.] Hence mantel.] A kind of cloak or loose garment to be worn over other garments; a covering; something

mannish, etc. See man. mannite. See manna. mannose, man '6s, n. [From manna.]

Pertaining to a manor. mansard roof, n. [From

following

part.

adv. With good manners; without rudeness.

to a manor.

n. [L., addition,

The decimal

mantle, man'tl,

correct in not rude or

manosure of gases and vapors. metric, manometrical, man'o«met'rik, man«o«met ri«kal, a. Pertaining to the manometer. manor, man'or, n. [O.Fr. manoir, maneir, maner, L.L. manerium, a dwelling-place, a mansion, from L. maneo, to stay, to dwell, mansion.] The land belonging to a lord or nobleman, or so much land as a lord formerly kept in his own hands for the use and subsistence of his family; a residence with a certain manportion of land annexed to it. or house, n. The mansion belonging

n.

terous insects, frequently resembling twigs and leaves, the praying mantis being so called from the position of the anterior legs resembling that of a person's hands at prayer.

vulgar.

A

ch, chain;

mansion.] The dwelling-house of a clergyman. manservant. See man. mansion, man'shon, n. [L. mansio, mansionis, from maneo, mansum, to dwell (seen also in manor, menial, remain, remnant, etc.).] A dwelling or residence, especially one of conto stay, to dwell,

a.

mankind, manly, etc. See man. manna, manna, n. [Generally derived from the Heb. man hu, what is it?]

n. [L.L. mansus, mansum, a residence, from L. mansum,

Showing good manners;

Indians, a good or evil spirit or a fetish.

mannerly, man'er«li,

mannerly.

.

manse, mans,

—

—

.

Fr.

—

several other pipes are attached. manifoldly, man'i'fold«li, adv. manifoldness, man'i«fold«nes, n. manikin, man'i«kin, n. [D. manneken, dim. of man, man.] A little man; a dwarf; an anatomic model of the human body.

Manila hemp,

[From

n.

maniere, manner, O.Fr. manier, belonging to the hand, from L. manus the hand properly, the method of handling a thing, manage, manual.] The mode in which anything is done; the way of performing or effecting anything; a person's peculiar or habitual way of carriage; bearing or conduct; deportment; pi. carriage or behavior, considered as decorous or indecorous, polite or impolite, pleasing or displeasing; ceremonious behavior; polite or becoming deportment (he has no manners); sort; kind; in this use having often the sense of a plural = sorts, kinds (all manner of things). In a manner, in a certain degree or measure: to a certain extent (it

A

n.

letter.

clothes for display.

man'er,

—

manual

ness of Arabia; the sweet solidified juice which is obtained by incisions made in the stem of a species of ash. mannite, man'It, n. peculiar variety of sugar obtained from

In a mani-

—

—

515

displaying.

of

festly, man'i«fest«li, adv.

—

th, thin;

u«al, a. [L. manualis, pertaining to the hand, from manus, the hand (root ma, to measure), seen also in manacle, manage, manifest, manner, manure, maintain, etc.] Performed or done by the hand; such as to require bodily exertion (manual labor); used or made by the hand. Manual training, training in handicraft, as the work of carpenters, plumbers, or machinists. n. A small book, such as may be carried in the hand or conveniently handled; any book of instructions or orders; the keyboard of an organ or the like. manually, adv.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—— — ——

—

——

manubrium ma«nu'bri«um, n. [L., a handle, from manus, the hand.] Anat. the upper bone of the sternum.

manufactory,

man«u»fak'to«ri, n. [L. manus, the hand, and factura, a making, from facio, to make.] building in which goods are manufactured; a factory. manufacture, man'U'fak'cher, n. The operation of making wares of any kind; the operation of reducing raw materials into a form suitable for use, by more or less complicated operations; an article made from raw materials. manuj actured, manufacturing .To v.t. make or fabricate from raw materials, and work into forms convenient for use, especially by more or less complicated processes. v.i. To be occupied in manufactures. manufacturer, man«u«fak'cher«er n. One

A

—

—

who manufactures one who employs workmen for manufacturing; the ;

— manufac-

turing, man«u«fak'cher«ing, pp. and a. Employed in making goods; pertaining to manufactures. manumit, man-ii'mit', v.t. manu-

—

—

mitted, manumitting. [L. manumitto manus, hand, and mitto, to send.] To release from slavery; to free, manuas a slave; to emancipate. mission, man«u«mish'on, n. [L. manumissio.] The act of manumitting;

—

emancipation.

manure, ma«nur', v.t.

—manured, ma-

[Originally to work by manual labor or by the hand, the same word as manoeuvre.] To cultivate by manual labor ;% to enrich

nuring.

(soils)

with

fertilizing

—

substances;

manure. «. Any matter or substance added to the soil with the view of fertilizing it, or of accelerating vegetation and increasing the production of the crops, such as guano, dung, bone dust, the drainage from a dung heap (liquid to treat with

manure),

etc.

manurer, ma«nu'rer,

One that manures lands. manus, ma'nus, n. [L., the hand.] The hand; the part of an animal's n.

fore limb corresponding to the in man.

hand

manuscript,

man'u«skript, n. [L. manuscriptum, written with the hand manus, the hand, and scribo, scripturn, to write.] A book or paper written with the hand or pen; a writing of any kind, in contradis-

—

of; a certain

number

indefinitely.

Too many, too strong; too powerful; too able (colloq.). [Many to a great number of

is

prefixed

adjectives

forming compounds which explain themselves (mawy-colored, manycornered, many-eyed, etc.).] manysided, a. Having many sides; showing mental or moral activity in

—

many many

different directions; exhibiting

phases. ma'o«ri, n. [A New Zealand signifying native or indigenous.] One of the native inhabitants of New Zealand. a. Of or belonging to the native inhabitants of New Zealand.

Maori, word

map, map,

n. [L.

mappa mundi,

a

mappa,

map

napkin of the world; a

akin are apron, napery.] A representation of the surface of the earth or of any part of it, or of the whole or any part of the celestial sphere, usually on paper or other material. v.t. mapped, mapping. To delineate in a map, as the figure of any portion of land ; to represent

—

in detail.

maple, ma'pl, n. [A. Sax. maepel.] The name given to any tree of the genus Acer, the wood of which is Sugar maple, a maple of North America, the juice of which, obtained in early spring by tapping, is converted into sugar. mar, mar, v.t. marred, marring. [A.Sax. myrran, merran, amyrran, amerran, to hinder, to spoil; D. marren, to retard; Icel. merja, to crush; O.H.G. marrjan, to hinder. valuable.

—

Akin to moor any way; to

To

(verb).] injure in spoil, impair, deface,

marplot, mar'plot, n. One who, by his officious interference, mars or defeats a design or plot.

deform.

marabou,

mar'a-bo,

n. [Fr.

marabout,

Mohammedan

hermit.] The name of two large storks, the delicate white feathers beneath the wing and tail of which form the marabou feathers, used in millinery. maraschino, mar«as»ke'n6, n. [It., from marasca, amarasca, a kind of sour cherry, from L. amarus, bitter.] A kind of liqueur made in Dalmatia orig. a

from

cherries.

marasmus,

native language of the inhabitants of the Isle of Man; pi. the natives of Man. a. Belonging to the Isle of Man or its language. many, men'i, a. [A. Sax. manig, maenig, monig; D. menig, Dan. mange,

Goth, manags, O.H.G. manac, G. manch, many.] Numerous; forming or comprising a great number (many men); always followed by an or a before a noun in the singular number (many a man), and then with more of a distributive force. The many, the great majority of people; the crowd; the common herd. So many, the same number

Mdrabitin, an Arabian dynasty which reigned in Spain.] A very small copper coin formerly used in Spain. marble, mar'bl, n. [Fr. marbre, from L. marmor, marble, Gr. tnarmaros, any stone or rock which sparkles in the light, from marmairo, to flash, to gleam.] The popular name of any species of calcareous stone, of a compact texture and of

to what is printed; often contracted to MS., pi. MSS. a. Written with the hand; not printed.

tinction

—

n.

The

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

A

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

——

—

—

March

ma»ras'mus, n. [Gr. marasmos, from maraino, to cause to pine or waste away.] wasting of without fever or apparent flesh disease; atrophy. marathon, mar'a«thon, n. [From the Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.] A long-distance race; a 26-mile foot race; an endurance test. maraud, ma»rad', v.i. [Fr. marauder.] To rove in quest of plunder. v.t. To raid for plunder. marauder, ma«ra'der, n. maravedi, mar«a«va'di, n. [Sp., from

Manx, mangks,

——

516

manubrium,

owner of a manufactory.

——

—

—

note, not,

move;

a beautiful appearance, susceptible of a good polish; a column, tablet, or the like, of marble, remarkable for some inscription or sculpture; a little ball of marble, of other stone, or of baked clay, used by children in play. a. Composed of marble; stained veined or like marble; fig. hard or insensible like marble (marble-hearted, marblebreasted). v.t. marbled, marbling. To give an appearance of marble to; to stain or vein like marble. marbling, mar'bling, n. Imitation of marble; any marking resembling that of veined marble.

— —

marc, mark,

n.

[Fr.]

The

refuse

matter which remains after the pressure of fruit, as of grapes, olives, etc.

marcasite, mar'ka«sit,

[Fr.

n.

mar-

a word of Arabic origin.] Iron pyrites or bisulfide of iron, nearly of the color of tin, used for industrial or ornamental purposes. marcescent, mar«ses'ent, a. [L. marcescens, marcescentis, ppr. of marcesco, to fade.] Withering; fading; decaying; specifically, bot. withering, but not falling off till the part bearing it is perfected. march, march, n. [A.Sax. mearc, a cassite,

mark, sign, boundary; Icel. mark, O.H.G. marcha (whence Fr. marche, boundary), mark.] A frontier or boundary of a territory; most common in pi., and especially applied to the boundaries or confines of politthe in Scotland ical divisions; boundary line of conterminous estates or lands, whether large or small. v.i. To be contiguous; to be situated next, with a boundary line between. march, march, v.i. [Fr. marcher; It. marciare; either from Fr. marche, a boundary (march, a frontier), through such usages as in 'aller de marche en marche\ to wander from boundary to boundary; or from L. marcus, a hammer, through L.L. marcare, to beat the ground with the feet, to march.] To move by steps and in order, as soldiers; to move in a military manner; to walk with a steady, regular tread. Marching regiment, a colloquial term for an infantry regiment of the line. n. The v.t. To cause to march. measured and uniform walk of a body of men, as soldiers, moving simultaneously and in order; stately and deliberate walk steady or labored progression; an advance of soldiers from one halting place to another; the distance passed over; progress progressive advancement (the march of intellect); a musical ;

;

composition designed to accompany and regulate the movement of troops March or other bodies of men. past, a march past the reviewing officer or some high dignitary on parade.

March, march,

n. [O.Fr. march, from L. Martha, pertaining to Mars, the god of war; Martha mensis, Mars' month.] The third month of the year. Mad as a March hare, quite mad or crazy, from March being

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

—

—

marchioness

—mark, a

month

graf

earl or count.] Originally, like marquis, a lord or keeper of the

marches or borders; ity in

—

yellow flowers.

marijuana, marihuana, ma«ri«wana, n. [Am. Sp., native word, from Maria Juana, Mary Jane.] Indian

hemp

{Cannabis sativa); a narcotic derived from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp.

marinade,

no discovery, and that a person merely fancies he has made. mare's-tail, n. A common marsh plant somewhat resembling in appearance the equisetum or horse-

marin,

wine and

which fish or meats are steeped before dressing to improve their flavor. v.t. To salt or pickle (fish); to let stand in oil and vinegar.

but quite distinct. n. pi. maria, ma«re'a, [N.L. from L. mare, sea.] Any of the dark sections of the surface of the moon or Mars.

and malarious middle Italy.

tracts of

margaric, mar«gar'ik,

a.

Also marinate.

marine, ma«ren',

a. [L. marinus, from mare, the sea; allied to W. mor, the sea, A. Sax. mere, a lake, and E. marsh; the root being same as in L. mors, death (dead or stagnant water).] Pertaining to or in some way connected with the sea; found or formed in the sea inhabiting the sea (marine forms of life); used at sea; suited for use at sea (a marine engine); naval; maritime (a marine officer; marine forces). n. The entire navy of a kingdom or state; the collective shipping of a country. Marines, troops serving on a war vessel or at shore-stations, as a separate unit of the Navy to supplement naval activities. They are used primarily as landing forces in wartime, and to guard American lives and property abroad. mari-

ma-

Marshy

[It.]

country in [L.

marga-

Gr. margarites, pearl, from Per. mervarid, a pearl.] Pertaining to pearl; having a pearly appearance. rita,

;

Margaric acid, a so-called acid, a mixture of palmitic and stearic acid obtained from oils and fats,

and often

in

the

form of pearly

scales.

margarine, mar'jeTin, n. [Fr. from Gr. margaron and ine.] A mixture of

artificially prepared edible fats, extracted from animal fats and vegetable oils, sold as a substitute for

—

butter.

mar'ga, n. A Brazilian carnivorous animal about the size of

margay,

mar'jin,

n.;

poetically

marge, marj. [Formerly margine, or margent, Fr. marge, It. margine, from L. margo, marginis, a brink, a margin.] A border; edge; brink; verge (of a river, etc.); the edge of the leaf or page of a book, left blank or partly occupied by notes; a sum or quantity reserved to meet contingencies in addition to what is known to be necessary; the difference between the cost of an article and its selling price; bot. the edge or border of a leaf or other organ of a plant; fig. a certain latitude to go and come upon. marginal, mar'ji«nal, a. Pertaining to a margin; written or printed in the margin of a marginalia, mar»ji»na'li«a, n. page. pi. Notes written on the margins of books. marginally, mar'ji«nal»li, adv. In the margin of a book.

A

puppet moved by

n. A fen; a marsh. marital, mar'i«tal, a. [L. maritalis, from maritus, marriage.] Of or per-

taining to a marriage. mar'i-tim, a. [L. maritimus, from mare, the sea. marine.] Relating or pertaining to navigation or commerce by sea; connected or belonging to shipping; naval; having a navy and commerce by sea (tnaritime powers); bordering on the sea ; situated near the sea (a maritime town). marjoram, mar'jo«ram, n. [G. marjoran, It. marjorana, L.L. marjoraca,

maritime,

—

—

marginated, marginate, mar'ji»na«-

Having

margrave, mar'grav,

n.

a margin. [Fr. mar-

grave, from D. markgraaf, G. markch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

strings.

marish,f mar'ish,

—

ted, mar'ji-nat, a.

A

ner, mar'i«ner, n. [Fr. marinier.] seaman or sailor; one whose occupation is to assist in navigating Mariner's compass, a navigaships. tor's device consisting of a magnetic needle and a card marking directions. Mariolatry, ma«ri«ora«tri, n. [L. Maria, Mary, the Virgin Mary, and Gr. latreia, service, worship.] The adoration of the Virgin Mary. marionette, mar'i«o«net", n. [Fr., for Mariolette, a dim. of Mariole, a little figure of the Virgin Mary.]

a cat.

margin,

sea.]

liquor, generally of vinegar, with herbs and

spices, in

tail,

remme, ma-remme.

mar»i«nad', n. [Fr., from

marine, L. mare, the

A compound

mare, mar,

n. pi.

— margravate,

mar'gra-vat, margra'yi«at, n. The territory or jurisdiction of a margrave. margravine, mar'gra«ven, n. [Fr. margravine, G. markgrafin.] The wife of a margrave. marigold, mar'i-gold, n. [Mary, that is, the Virgin Mary, and gold.] The popular name applied to several composite plants bearing bright

is

ma«rem'ma,

a title of nobil-

etc.

margraviate,

G. mdhre, a mare, O.H.G. marah, march, a horse; allied to Ir. marc, W. march, a horse.] The female of the Mare's nest, a discovery horse.

maremma,

Germany,

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

——

market

march or border, and

an

graf,

A

that

— — —

517

of hares, during which they are in an excited state. marchioness, mar'shun-es, n. [A fern, from L.L. marchio, a marquis. marquis.] The wife or widow of a marquis; a female having the rank of a marquis. marchpane, march'pan, n. [O.Fr. marzapane, L.Gr. It. marcepain, maza, a barleycake, and L. panis, kind of sweet bread or bread.] cracker containing almonds. marconigram, mar»ko ni«gram, n. A message sent by Marconi's system of wireless telegraphy. mare, mar, n. [A. Sax. mere, miere, a mare, fern, of mear, mearh, a horse; Icel. mar, a horse, merr, a mare, the rutting

—

—

then;

th, thin;

from L. amaracus, Gr. amarakos, marjoram.] A perennial plant of the mint family, of several species; the sweet marjoram is aromatic and fragrant, and used in cookery. mark, mark, n. [A. Sax. mearc, mark, sign, limit, boundary = Goth, marka, a boundary; L. margo, edge or border; G. mark, a boundary, a district.] A visible sign or impression on something, as a dot, line, streak, stamp, figure, or the like; any sign by which a thing can be distinguished; a certain sign which a merchant puts upon his goods in order to distinguish them from others; a trademark; pre-eminence, distinction, importance, eminent position (a man of mark) ; respectful attention or regard; heed; anything to which a missile may be directed; the point to be reached; the proper standard;

the extreme estimate or allowance (below or within the mark); a character, generally in the form of a cross,

made by

a person

who cannot

write his name, and intended as a substitute for it; a mark in paper (a water mark); a target or focal point (hit the mark); the point at which one begins a race (on your mark ) ; a postmark ; a grade given a student. To make one's mark, to gain a place of influence and distinc.

.

.

—

v.t. To make a mark on; to single out, point out, stamp, or characterize; to denote; often with out, to take particular observation of; to take note of; to trace or chart a route; to set off boundaries (used with off); to indicate; to register, as an instrument; to trace with marks. To mark time, milit. to lift and bring down the feet alternately at the same rate as in marching ; to stall progress for a time. v.i. To note; to observe critically; to remark.

tion.

—

markdown, mark'doun,

n.

A

reduc-

—marker, marker, One who marks; something used to make a mark. —marking, mar

tion in price.

n.

'king, act of impressing a mark; a mark or series of marks upon something; characteristic arrangement of natural coloring (the markings on a bird's egg). marksman, marks 'n.

The

—

man, n. One who is skillful to hit a mark; one who shoots well. marksmanship, marks 'man«ship, n. mark, mark, n. [A. Sax. marc; G. mark.] A German monetary unit and coin; formerly a European weight for gold and silver, about 8 oz. market, market, n. [O.Fr. markiet, It. marcato, L. mercatus, from mercor, to buy, from merx, mercis, merchandise, mercantile.] An occasion on which goods are publicly exposed for sale and buyers assemble to purchase; a fair; a public place in a city or town where goods are exposed for sale, whether a building or an open space; country or place of sale (the U.S. market, the foreign market); purchase or sale, or rate of purchase and sale; demand for commodities. v.i. To deal in a market; to make bargains for provisions or goods. v.t. To offer for sale in a market; to vend; to sell.

w, wig;

hw,

zvhig;

zh, azure.

——

—

—

—

———

marking

518

marketable, mar ket«a«bl, a. Capable of being sold; salable; fit for the market; current in the market. market price, n. The price at which anything is currently sold; current value.

crimson; claret.

marksman,

etc.

See

MARK.

boundary;

[A.Sax. marc; G. mark.] A monetary unit of Finland. marl, marl, n. [O.Fr. marie, D., Dan. Sw., and G. mergel, L.L. margila, from L. marga, marl a word of Celtic origin.] A mixture of calcareous and argillaceous earth found at various depths under the soil, and extensively used for the improvement of land, there being several varieties of it, as clay marl, shell marl, etc. v.t. To overspread or manure with marl. marlite, mar lit, n. A variety of marl. marlitic, mar«lit'ik, a. Partaking of the qualities of marlite. marly, mar'li, a. Resembling marl; abounding with marl. marlin, mar'lin, n. [From marlinspike.) A large oceanic game fish, having a spiked snout, which appears in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. marline, mar'lin, n. [D. marling, marlijn marren, to tie, to moor, and moor, line.] lijn, a line, a cord, Naut. a small line composed of two strands loosely twisted, used for winding around ropes to prevent their being chafed. v.t. Naut. to wind marline round, as a rope. marlinen.

—

—

—

—

—

spike, marlinspike, mar'lin«splk, n. sort of iron spike with an eye or hole on one end, used to separate the strands of a rope in splicing.

A

marmalade,

a color resembling brownish-crimson or

an

letters of

the

a

marque

originreceivers to

the

boundaries

enemy,

or

mark,

marches

march

(a

A

frontier).]

license granted to a private vessel to make attacks on the ships or belongings of a public enemy, usually in the phrase letters

of marque or letters of marque and reprisal, which constitute a vessel

mar'ke', n. [Fr. marquise, a

marchioness, a marquee.]

A

large tent erected for a temporary purpose a roof-like projection above the entrance to a theater or hotel, etc.

marquess, n. See marquis. marquetry, mar'ket'ri, n. [Fr. marqueterie, from marqueter, to spot, to inlay, from marque, a mark, mark.]

Inlaid work, often consisting of thin pieces of fine woods of different colors, arranged on a ground so as to form various patterns,

marquis, marquess, mar'kwis,mar'kwes, n. [Fr. marquis, It. marchese, L.L. marchisus, marchensis, a prefect of the marches or border territories. mark and march, a boundary.] A title of dignity in Britain next in rank to that of duke, and hence the second of the five orders of English nobility. marquisate, mar'kwis*-

—

at,

n.

The

seigniory,

marriage,

mar'ij,

n.

dignity,

or

— marquise,

lordship of a marquis. maT'kez, n. [Fr.] The marquis; a marchioness.

wife

[Fr.

of a

mariage,

mar'ma-lad, n. [Fr. marmelade; Pg. marmelada, from marmelo, a quince; from L. tnelimelum, Gr. melimelon, lit. a sweet apple meli, honey, and melon, an apple, peach, orange.] A name ap-

L.L. maritaticum, marriage, from L. maritus, a husband, from mas, maris, a male. masculine.] The act of marrying; the legal union of a man

plied to preserves made from various fruits, especially bitter and acid fruits, such as the orange, lemon,

wedding. Marriage portion, dower given by a father to his daughter at her marriage. Marriage settlement, an arrangement made before marriage whereby a jointure is secured

etc.

marmoreal, marmorean, mar»m6mar«mo'ri»an, a. Pertaining made of marble. marmoset, mar'mo«zet, n. [O.Fr. marmoset, Fr. marmouset, originally a small grotesque figure, from L.L. marmoretum, a small marble figure, from L. marmor, marble.] A beautiful American monkey with long tail, long fur, and tufted ears. marmot, marmot, n. [Fr. marmolte; It. marmotta, marmontana, from L. mus {muris) montanus, mountain mouse.] A rodent quadruped, an inhabitant of northern latitudes, living in colonies, in extensive burrows, and hibernating in winter. maroon, matron', n. [Fr. matron, runaway, from Sp. cimarron, wild, unruly, from cima, the top of a hill.] A name once given to fugitive slaves ri«al,

to marble;

on the mountains in the West To put v.t. Indies and Guyana. ashore and leave on a desolate island, by way of punishment, as was done by the buccaneers, etc. maroon, matron', a. [Fr. marron, It. marrone, a chestnut.] Brownishliving

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

and woman for by which they

life;

are

the ceremony so united; a

to the wife, and portions to children, in the event of the husband's death. .'. Marriage, the union, or the act of forming or entering into the union; wedding, the ceremonies celebrating the union; nuptials, a more dignified word for wedding; matrimony, the married state; wedlock, the vernacular English word for

matrimony.

— marriageable,

ij*a*bl,

Of an

mar-

age suitable for marriage. marriageableness, mar ij«a«bl»nes, n. State of being marriageable. married, mar'id, p. and a.

— —

Formed

or constituted by marriage; conjugal; connubial (the married state).— marry, mar'i, v.t. married, marrying. [Fr. marier, L. maritare, to marry, from maritus, a husband.] To unite in wedlock or matrimony; to constitute man and wife (the clergyman marries a couple); to dispose of in wedlock (as a father his daughter) ; to take for husband or wife; to wed; fig. to unite by some close bond of connection. v.i. To enter into a cona.

me, met, her;

to take

husband or

a

n. [A.Sax. mearh, marg, merg, Dan. marv, I eel. mergr, G. mark, marrow; comp. A.Sax. mearu, D. murw, tender, soft.] The fat contained in the osseous tubes and cells of the bones

meargD.

the essence;

fig.

a kind of

the

best

part;

gourd yielding an oblong

fruit used as a vegetable, also called vegetable marrow. Spinal marrow, the spinal cord or cord of nervous

—

matter extending through the spine.

—

a privateer.

marquee,

jugal state; a wife.

marrow, mar '6, marque,

[Fr.

n.

empowered

cross

;

marshmallow

claret color.

of

markka, mar'ka,

A

n.

marque, mark, ally

marking,

of

—

—

;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

marrowbone, n. A bone containing marrow. To go down on one's marrowbones, to assume a kneeling position.

[Humorous.]

A

— marrowfat, —

kind of rich pea. marrow squash, n. Another name for the vegetable marrow. marry, mar'i. interj. Indeed; forsooth: a term of asserveration derived from the practice of swearing by the Virgin Mary. Mars, marz, n. A Latin deity, the god of war, identified at an early period by the Latins themselves with the Greek Ares; the fourth planet from the sun or the first outside of the earth's orbit. Marseillaise, mar.sa«yaz', n. The national song of the French Republic, dating from the first revolution, being written in 1792, and first n.

sung in Paris by from Marseilles.

revolutionaries

marsh, marsh,

n. [A.Sax. mersc, for merisc {mere, pool, isc, ish), a bog; L.G. marsch, O.D. maersche, meersch; allied to L. mare, the sea. marine.] tract of low and very wet land; a fen, swamp, morass. marsh gas,

A

Same marsh

— —

as methane. marshiness, i«nes,n. State of being marshy.

— marsh

marigold,

A

n.

marsh

plant of the ranunculus family with a bright yellow flower. marshy, marsh'i, a. Partaking of the nature of a marsh or swamp; swampy;

—

fenny; produced in marshes. n. [O.F. mareschal, Fr. marechal, L.L. mariscalcus, from O.H.G. marahscalc O.G. mar-

marshal, marshal,

—

horse, and scale (Mod.G. schalk), a servant, mare.] Formerly an officer whose duty was to regulate tournaments or combats in the lists; one who regulates rank and order at a feast or any other assembly, directs the order of procession, and the like; in France, the highest rank of military officer; in other countries of Europe, a military officer of high rank, called in full field-marshal; in U. S., a civil officer ah,

a

in each judicial district, to execute

court orders, and with other duties paralleling those of sheriff. v.t. marshaled, marshaling. To dispose in due order (an army, troops); to arrange in a suitable or most effective order (arguments, evidence, etc.). marshmallow, marsh'mal*o, n. [O.E.

—

merscmealwe; see marsh and mallow.] A plant, Althaea officinalis, of the hollyhock genus, growing naturally in marshes. marshmallow, marsh*mel'6,n. A soothing confection obtained from marsh mallow, a me-

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— ——

—

— marsupial

Gr.

Having

an

mar-

premature

nurtured

until

n.

The

—

martyrology. ter'Ol'o'jist, n.

lant. (Slang.)

mask, mask,

masque, from Sp. mask, from Ar. maskharat, a buffoon, jeer, laugh, from sakhira, to ridicule.] A cover for the face, often intended to con-

ology.— martyrology, mar»ter»ol'o»n. A history or account of martyrs with their sufferings; a register of

martyrs.

marvel, mar'vel, n. [Fr. merveille; It. maraviglia; from L. mirabilia, wonderful things, from mirabilis, wonderful, from mirar, to wonder, miracle.] A wonder; an object of great astonishment. v.i. marveled, mar-

defend the seaboard. martre, from D. marter, G. carnivorous a marten.] quadruped of the weasel family, very destructive to game, poultry, and eggs; the pelt of a marten, frequently called sable by fur traders. martial, mar'shal, a. [L. martialis, from Mars, Martis, the god Of war.] Pertaining to war; suited to war; military; given to war; warlike. Martial law, an arbitrary kind of law, proceeding directly from the military power, and proclaimed in times of war, insurrection, rebellion, or other great emergency.— martially, mar'shaMi, adv. In a martial Fr.

identity; a disguise, pretense, or subterfuge; a masquerade; a protective covering for the face; a grotesque representation of a face. v.t. To cover the face with a mask; to disguise for concealment; to conceal from an enemy, as by camouflage. v.i. To wear a mask; to disguise oneself. masker, mas'-

—

To be struck with surprise astonishment; to wonder.

veling.

A

or

To wonder at (with clause as marobject); to be curious about.

v.t.

ker, n.

masochism, ma'zo«kizm,

velous, mar'vel»us, a. Exciting wonder; astonishing; partaking of the miraculous or supernatural. marvelously, mar'vel«us»li, adv. marvelousness, mar'vel«us«nes, n. Marxism, marks'izm, n. [After Karl Marx.] Communism; the theories of Marx and Engels, in which class struggle is the key to world history and will eventually destroy barriers and cause a classless society. Marxist, marks'ist, n. Advocate of the theories of Marx. Marxian, marks'i«an, a. marzipan, mar'zi«pan, n. [G.] Same

n. [From Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Aus-

maris, a male.] strong; robust;

martingale, mar'tin«gal,

n. [Fr. martingale, Sp. martingala, a martingale,

old kind of breeches ; from Martigal, an inhabitant of Martigues, in Provence.] A strap from a horse's head to the girth under his belly and passing between the forelegs, to prevent him from rearing; naut. a short perpendicular spar under the bowsprit. martini, mar«te'ne, n. [From name Martini.} An alcoholic beverage made from gin and dry vermouth.

g,

go;

mason, ma'sn,

made from steam-exploded wood

then;

A

Mason

male sex;

Masoretic, mas«o«ret'ik,

a. Relating Jewish interpretation of the Masora, the great traditional body

to the

of Biblical information. n. A kind of theatri-

masque, mask,

A

TH,

macon; L.L.

[Fr.

fiber pressed into sheets. jar, ma'sn jar, n. preserve glass with porcelain-insert metal top.

contain,

ng, sin^;

n.

macio, machio, machionis, from root seen in L. maceria, a wall.] A builder in stone or brick; one who constructs the walls of buildings, etc.; [cap.] a member of the fraternity of Freemasons. Masonic, ma«son'ik, a. Pertaining to the craft or mysteries masonry, ma'smri, of Freemasons. [Fr. maconnerie.} The art or n. occupation of a mason; the work produced by a mason; [cap.] the mysteries, principles, and practices of Freemasons. Masonite, ma sn«it, n. A fiberboard

—

job;

A

—

gender. masculinely, mas'ku«lin«li, adv. - masculineness, masculinity, mas'ku»lin«nes, mas«ku«lin'i«ti, n. maser, ma'zer, n. [microwave amplification by stimulated emission of device that produces radiation.] highly stable electromagnetic waves by harnessing the natural oscillations of an atomic or molecular system. j,

it.]

kis"tic, a.

domain.— n. Gram, the masculine gender; a word of this as

Martinmas, mar'timmas, n. [Martin and mass.] The feast of St. Martin, ch, Sc. loch;

the

powerful; manly; gram, denoting or pertaining to the gender of words which are especially applied to male beings or things regarded grammatically as male. Masculine rhymes, rhymes in which only the last, accented syllable agrees,

dress, etc.

ch, chain;

Of

portrayed

pleasure derived from being abused or humiliated; psych, the dependence on pain, suffering, and humiliation for sexual gratification. masochist, ma'z6«kist, n. masochistic, ma'zo*-

Martian, mar'shan, a. Pertaining to Mars, god of war, or to the planet as marchpane (which see). Mars or its supposed inhabitants. mascara, mas'kar'a, n. [Sp. mascara, martin, mar 'tin, n. [From the proper a mask.] A coloring for the eyelashes. name Martin; comp. robin-red- mascle, mas'kl, n. [O.Fr. mascle, Fr. breast, etc.] A general name applied made, from L. macula, a spot, the to various species of swallows, the mesh of a net.] Armor, a lozengebest-known being the sand martin shaped plate or scale. and the purple martin. mascot, mas'kot, n. [Fr. mascotte.] martinet, mar'ti«net, n. [From GenA thing or person supposed to bring eral Martinet, a very strict French good luck. officer in the reign of Louis XIV.] masculine, mas'ku«lin, a. [L. mascuA military or naval officer who linus, from masculus, male, from mas, is an excessively strict disciplinarian; one who lays stress on a rigid adherence to the details of discipline,

who

trian novelist

—

manner.

a

ceal

—

ten, n. [Older martern,

n. [Fr.

and Pg. mascara,

ji,

A

marder,

a. Pertaining to martyrologist, mar— A writer of a martyr-

mar«ter«o«loj"i«kal,

a tower of this kind made a strong resistance to an English naval force small circular fort, with in 1794.] very thick walls, built chiefly to

marten, mar

—

v.t. To persecute as a martyr; to torment or torture. martyrdom, mar'ter«dom, n. The state of being a martyr; the death of a martyr. martyrize, mar'ter«iz, v.t. To devote to martyrdom. martyrological,

pouch of the marsupials. mart, mart, n. [Contr. from market.] A place of sale or traffic, where buying and selling are active; an emporium, a center; as Furniture Mart or Merchandise Mart. martello tower, mar«teri6'tou«er, n. [From Mortella in Corsica, where

A

of ingredients beaten or blended together in a promiscuous manner; especially, a mixture for feeding horses ; brewing, a mixture of ground malt and warm water yielding wort. v.t. To beat into a confused mass; to crush by beating or pressure; to mix (malt) and steep in warm water masher, masher, n. for brewing. [From being supposed to mash the hearts of the fair sex.] An affected fop who dresses in the extremest fashion, and lounges about fashionable resorts; a weak, would-be gal-

—

developed.

fully

mix;

mar'ter, n. [Gr. martyr, a martyr, a form of martys, a witness.] One who by his death bears witness to the truth; one who suffers death rather than renounce his religious opinions; one who suffers death or persecution in defense of any cause.

production

marsupium, mar«su'pi«um,

mash

martyr,

the fetus, which immediately on its birth is placed by the mother in an external abdominal pouch, in which are the teats, and there

tea, G. meisch, (of malt), meischen, to mash, mixture E. mess, a mixture.]

mask, to infuse, as

martlet, mart'let, n. [Dim. of martin.] The martin, a kind of swallow. (Shak.)

of

[Akin to Dan. mask,

n.

a mash, Sw. mdska, to mash; Sc.

servants hired, etc. a. [L.

marsupion, a pouch.] abdominal external pouch; belonging to the order of marsupials. n. One of an extensive group of mammalia characterized by the absence of a placenta, and the

consequent

mash, mash,

of November, a Scotch term-day, on which rents are paid, the 11th

egg whites.

marsupial, mar»su'pi«al,

——

masque

519

dicinal root; a corn sirup and gelatin confection, sometimes with beaten

supium,

— —— — — —

— —— — —

th, thin;

cal spectacle.

MASK.

— masquerade,

mas'ker«ad, n. [Fr. masquerade.] An assembly of persons wearing masks, and amusing themselves with various diversions, as dancing, walking in procession, etc.; a disguise. v.i. masqueraded, masquerading. To

—

wear a mask; to take part in a masquerade; to go in disguise. masquerader, mas»ker»a'der, n. A person taking part in a masquerade; one that appears in masquerade. w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

——

—

—

—

——

mass

520

mass, mas, n. [Fr. masse, L. massa, a lump, from Gr. maza, a barley-cake, from masso, to knead; akin macerate.] A body of matter collected into a lump; a lump; a collective body of fluid collected;

matter;

an

a

great

assemblage

quantity (a

mass

of foliage); bulk; magnitude; the main body of things collectively; the generality; the bulk (the mass of the people); phys. a measure of the amount of matter in a body as determined by comparing the changes in the speeds resulting from impact between the body and a standard body: mass is the quotient resulting from dividing the weight of a body by the acceleration due to gravity. The masses, the great body of the people. Of, pertaining to, or a. characteristic of the mass or masses; of a large number. v.t. and i. To form a mass ; to collect into masses. massive, mas'iv, a. Forming or consisting of a large mass; having great size and weight; ponderous;

—

mineral, having a crystalline structure, but not a regular form as a massively, mas'rvli, adv. whole. massiveness, mas'iv«nes, n. mass meeting, n. large or general meeting called for some specific purpose.

—

—

—

A

—

mass number, n. Phys. and chem. an integer most nearly expressive of mass prothe mass of an isotope. duction, n. The rapid production by machinery of large quantities of

—

goods.

mass, mas, n. [A. Sax. maesse, Fr. messe, Dan. and G. messe, L.L. missa, mass, from the proclamation missa est; 'Go, the assembly dismissed' (L. missus, pp. of made in the ancient mitto, to send) churches when the catechumens were dismissed after a portion of the whereupon followed the service, communion, mission.] The service of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches; the Roman Catholic communion service; the elaborate musical setting of certain portions of the service of the mass. High mass, a mass performed on solemn occasions, by a priest or prelate, attended by a deacon and subdeacon, with choral Low mass, the ordinary music. mass performed by the priest, assisted by one altar servant only. massacre, mas'a«ker, n. [Fr. massacre, Ite,

is

—

probably

from

such

a

German

as L.G. matsken, matschkern, to cut in pieces, or G. metzger, a butcher, metzeln, to cut to pieces; O.G. meizan, to cut down.] The of human killing indiscriminate beings, especially without authority or necessity, and without forms civil or military; a great slaughter.—

word

—massacred,

massacring. To kill with indiscriminate violence; to butcher; to slaughter. massacrer, mas'a«krer, n. massage, ma«sazh' or mas'aj, n. [Fr., from Gr. masso, to knead.] The process of kneading, rubbing, pressing, slapping, etc., parts of the body of a person for remedial or hygienic purposes. v.t. To rub, v.t.

— — —

——

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

knead,

push,

or

mastitis slap

parts

of

a

body for healthful purposes. —masseur, ma«sur', n. A man who living

gives massages.

—masseuse, ma«sez',

A woman who

practices massage. mas»se'ter, n. [Gr. maseter, masseter, lit. a chewer, n.

masseter, mas

se»ter,

from massaomai,

to chew.] Either of the pair of muscles which raise the under jaw.

massicot, mas'i«kot,

n. [Fr. massicot.]

Protoxide of lead or yellow oxide of" lead of a deep yellow color and used as a pigment. mast, mast, n. [A.Sax. maest^D., G., Sw., and Dan. mast, a mast.) A long, round piece of timber or a hollow pillar of iron or steel standing upright in a vessel, and supporting yards, sails, and rigging in general. v.t. To fix a mast or masts in; to erect the masts of.

the

masted, mas 'ted, or masts

:

a.

chiefly in

master, mas'ter, or masts

n.

Having a mast compounds. Having a mast

compounds

(a threemasthead, v.t. To send master). to the top of a mast and cause to remain there for a time by way :

—

in

of punishment.

mast, mast, n. (no pi.). [A.Sax. maest, G. mast, mast; akin to meat.] The fruit of the oak and beech or other forest trees; nuts; acorns.

master, mas'ter,

n.

[O.E.

maister,

O.Fr. maistre, from L. maistre, magister, master, from root mag, seen in L. magnus, great (magnitude): same root as may, might, much.] One who rules, governs, or directs; one who has others under his immediate control; an employer; correlative to slave, servant, etc. (often in compounds, as, masterprinter, master-builder, etc.); one

who has possession and the power of controlling or using at pleasure; the owner; proprietor; a chief, principal, head, leader; the person entrusted with the care and navigation of a merchant ship otherwise the captain; an artist, a sculptor, an :

architect, rank far

whose

accomplishments

above those of their contemporaries, a Raphael, a Michelangelo, a Brunelleschi ; a man so well trained in his profession as to be able to follow it alone; in the navy, formerly an officer who navigated the ship under the direction of the captain; the head of, or a teacher in, a school; a man eminently skilled in any pursuit, accomplishment, art, or science; a proficient or adept (a master of the violin; a master of sarcasm); a civil or respectful title of address used before a person's name, and when the person is grown up always pronounced mister and written Mr. (Mr. John Smith); when applied to a boy or young gentleman, however, written in full and pronounced mas'ter; a title of dignity; a degree in colleges

and

of Arts) ; the

universities (Master title

of the head of

societies or corporations; the title of certain high legal or other functionaries (Master in chancery).

some

The old masters, ancient painters of

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

——

note, not, move;

eminence. To be master of one's self, have the command or control of

to

one's own passions. v.t. To become the master of; to overpower; to subdue; to make one's self master of. a. Belonging to a master; chief; principal: often used as the first

element in a compound word; as master-piece, master-mind, etc. masterbuilder, n. A chief builder; one who employs workmen in buildmasterful, mas'ter«ful, a. Ining. clined to exercise mastery; imperi-

—

— mas-

arbitrary; headstrong. terfully, mas'ter«ful«li, adv.

ous;

manner.

masterful

mas'ter«ful«nes,

being masterful.

n.

In

a

— masterfulness, The

quality

of

— masterless, mas-

teries, a. Destitute of a master or owner; ungovernable; beyond con-

— masterliness, mas'ter»li»nes, quality of being masterly; masterly — masterly,

trol.

n.

The

mas'ter«li,

skill.

Formed

or executed with superior skill; suitable to a master; most able or skillful (a masterly design or performance). adv. With the skill masterpiece, n. Someof a master. thing superior to any other performance of the same person; anything done or made with superior skill. mastership, mas'ter«ship, n. The state or office of a master; preeminence ; mastery. mastersinger, n. One of a society of German poets of the fifteenth and sixteenth cena.

—

—

turies.

— master

stroke, n.

terly achievement.

A

mas-

— masterwork,

n.

performance chef-d'oeumastery, mas'ter»i, n. The act vre. of mastering; dominion or command over something; superiority in competition; pre-eminence; victory in war; eminent skill. mastic, mas'tik, n. [Fr. mastic, L. mastiche, mastichum, Gr. mastiche, from mastax, the jaws: so named because chewed in the East.] A resin exuding from a tree of Southern Europe, etc., yielding a varnish; the tree itself; a kind of mortar or cement Principal

;

—

for plastering walls. mastimas'ti«kat, v.t. cated, masticating. [L. mastico, masticatum, from G. mastichao, to gnash

—

masticate,

mastic] To grind with the teeth, the teeth and prepare for swallowmasing and digestion; to chew. tication, mas'ti-ka'shon, n. The act masticator, mas of masticating. ti«ka«ter, n. One who or that which masticates; a machine for cutting up meat for persons unable to chew properly, also for kneading up raw gutta-percha. or India rubber

—

—

masticatory, mas'ti'ka«tO'ri, a. Adapted to perform the office of chewMed. a substance to be ing. n.

chewed

to increase the saliva. n. [From a

mastiff, mas'tif,

hypo-

thetical Fr. mastif, from G. mast en, to fatten, O.H.G. mastjan, to feed,

from mast, food, mast (acorns, etc.).] variety of dog of old English breed, large and very stoutly built, and with deep and pendulous lips,

A

tis, n. [Gr. mastos, the breast, and term, -itis, denoting inflammation.] Inflammation of the

mastitis, mas«ti

breast.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

— ——— ———

—— — — — ——

mastodon and Gr. odous,

In a matchless manner. matchlessness, mach'les«nes, n. The state or quality of being matchless. matchmaker, n. One who contrives or effects a union by marriage.

genus of extinct fossil quadrupeds resembling the elephant, but larger.

mastoid, mas'toid, a. [Gr. mastos, breast, and oid.] Resembling a nipple

— matchmaking,

—

cells.

masturbate, mas'ter«bat. masturbating.

v.t.

[L.

—mar-

—

mate, mat, v.t. [Fr. mater, to enfeeble, from mat, worn out or exhausted, from the chess term, Per. shah mdt = E. checkmate.] To confound; to subdue; to crush; chess, to checkmate. n. Same as Checkmate.

mate, ma'ta, n. a shrub whose

[Sp.] Paraguay tea, leaves are used in South America as a substitute for tea. ma'ter'fa«rruTi«as, materfamilias, n. [L.] The mother of a family: correlative of paterfamilias. material, ma«te'ri«al, a. [L. materialis, material, from materia, matter. matter.] Pertaining to matter; consisting of matter; not spiritual; not mental; pertaining to the physical nature of man, or to the bodily wants, interests, and comforts; im-

—

work.

mat, matte, mat,

a. [O.Fr. mat, downcast, afflicted, from L. mattus, a hangover from drinking.] Without

luster; dull in surface; lusterless. n. dull, flat finish ; a border of gold,

A

white, or colored paper between the frame and a painting ; print, a matrix. v.t. To render mat, as glass or metal ; to border a picture with a mat. matador, mat'a»d6r, n. [Sp., lit. a killer, from matar, L. mactare, to

portant; weighty; momentous; more or less necessary; logic, pertaining to the matter of a thing and not to the form. n. What is composed of matter; the substance or matter of which

—

made. Raw material, is unmanufactured material; material in

to sacrifice.] The man appointed to kill the bull in bullfights. match, mach, n. [Fr. meche, Pr. mecha, from L. myxus, a wick, Gr. myxa, the nozzle of a lamp.] small slip of wood with a composition on one end that ignites with friction.

anything

kill,

its

The doctrine which existence of spirit or anything but matter; due care of our material nature. materialist, ma»te'ri«al«ist, n. One who holds the materialdoctrine of materialism. istic, ma«te'ri«al«is"tik, a. Relating to or partaking of materialism. materiality, ma«te'ri'al"i«ti, n. The quality of being material; material, as opposed to spiritual existence; importance. materialization, ma— te'ri«al«i«za"shon, n. The act of materializing; among spiritualists, the alleged assumption by a spirit of a materialmaterial or bodily form. materialized, ize, ma«te'ri«aMz, v.t. materializing. To invest with matter; to make material; to regard as matter; to explain by the laws appromaterializing, matter. to priate denies

Origi-

[O.E. make, a mate, A.S. maecca, maca, a mate, a. wife. mate.] A person equal to another; one who is able to mate or cope with another; an equal; a mate; the coming together of two parties suited to one another, as for a trial of strength or skill, or the like; a contest; union by marriage; one to be married or gained in marriage. v.t. To be a match or mate for; to be able to compete with; to equal; to show an equal to; to place in competition or comparison with; to oppose as equal; to suit; to make to correspond; to marry; to give in marriage; to join in any way, combine, couple. v.i. To be united in marriage; to be of equal size or quality; to tally, suit, correspond. matchless, mach'les, a. Having no match or equal; unequaled; unrivaled. matchlessly, mach'les«li, n.

—

—

ma«te'ri«al«Iz«ing, a. Directed

—

go;

toward

materially, ma«te'ri— materialism. al»li, adv. In a material manner; in the state of matter; substantially; in an important manner or degree; essentially.

— materia

medica, raa[L.] That branch

med'i«ka, n. of medical science which treats of the drugs, etc., employed in medicine; collectively, all the curative te'ri«a

—

g,

the

—

nally, the lock of a musket containing a match for firing, hence, a musket fired by means of a match.

ch, Sc. loch;

—materialism, ma—

te'ri«al«izm, n.

A

ch, chain;

natural state.

j,

job;

ng, si«^;

—

TH,

then;

substances employed in medicine. materiel, ma'ta«re«el, n. [Fr.] Material or instruments employed, as the baggage, etc., of an army, in distinction from the personnel, or the men; or the buildings, etc., of a college,

match; an officer in a ship whose duty is to assist the master or commander; a husband or wife; one of a pair of animals which associate for propagation and the care of their young. v.t. mated, mating. To match; to marry; to match one's self against; to cope with; to equal.

for sexual self-gratification. v.i. To practice masturbation. masturbation, mas' ter«ba"shon, n. mat, mat, n. [A. Sax. meatta, G. matte, D. mat, Dan. matte, Ir. mata, all from L. matta, a mat made of rushes.] An article of interwoven material to be laid down for cleaning the boots and shoes ; some kind of coarse fabric used for covering floors, etc.; an article put below dishes on the table; anything growing thickly or closely interwoven so as to resemble a mat in form or texture (a mat of hair). v.t. matted, matting. To cover or lay with mats ; to interweave like a mat; to entangle. v.i. To grow thick together. matting, mat'ing, n. Materials for mats; mat-

match, mach,

Working

customarily associates with another; a companion; an equal; a

mastur-

n.

n.

One who

To

mach'lok,

and

mate, mat, n. [A form of old make, a mate, and also of match (an equal) O.D. maet, D. maat, companion, mate; same root as mete, to measure.]

bari, to practice self-gratification.] artificially stimulate the genitals

—matchlock,

a.

to bring about marriages.

or breast; a process or projection of mascertain bones behind the ear. toiditis, mas'toid«i"tis, n. An inflammation of the mastoid or the mastoid

—

matriculate

adv.

[Gr. mastos, odontos, tooth.]

A

turbated,

—— —

;

521

mastodon, mas'to»don, n. breast,

—

th, thin;

in

from

distinction

its

officers.

maternal, ma«ter'nal, a. [L. maternus, from mater, mother (which cog. with E. mother); akin matrimony, matriculate, matron, etc.] Pertaining to a mother; becoming a maternally, mother; motherly. ma«ter'nal«li, adv. In a maternal manner. maternity, ma«ter'ni«ti, n. is

—

The

state, character,

or relation of

a mother.

mathematics, math«e«mat'iks,

n. [L.

mathematica, Gr. mathematike (techne, art, understood), from stem of manthano, mathesomai, to learn.] The science that treats of the properties and relations of quantities, comprising pure mathematics, which considers quantity abstractly, as arithmetic, geometry, algebra, trigonometry; and mixed, which treats of

magnitude as subsisting in material bodies, and is consequently inter-

woven with

physical considerations

—

(astronomy, optics, etc.). mathematical, mathematic, math«e'mat'i«kal, math»e«mat'ik, a. [L. mathematicus.] Pertaining to mathematics, according to the principles of mathe-

mathematically, math«e— In a mathematical manner. mathematician, math'e— ma«tish"an, n. One versed in mathematics.

mat'i«kal'li, adv.

matics.

matin, mat'in,

a.

matin, from

[Fr.

L. matutinus, pertaining to the morning; same root as mature.] Pertaining to the morning used in the morning. n. pi. Morning worship or service; morning prayers or songs; time of morning service; the first canonical hour in the Roman Church. matinal, mat'uval, a. Relating to the morning or to matins. matinee, mat«i«na', n. [Fr.] An entertainment or reception held early in the day. matrass, mat'ras, n. [Fr. matras, a mattrass.] A chemical vessel with a tapering neck used for digestion,

—

;

evaporation, etc.

matriarchy,

ma'tri«ar«ki, n. [Gr. mater, mother, arche, rule.] The rule or predominance of the mother in a family; the principle of determining descent and inheritance on the mother's side and not on the father's, as is done by certain primitive tribes. matriarchal, ma«tri«ar'kal, a. Pertaining to matriarchy.

—

matricide,

mat'ri«sld, n. [L. tnatricidium, the crime, matricida, the perpetrator mater, matris, mother, and caedo, to slay.] The killing or murder of one's mother; the killer or murderer of one's mother. matricidal, mat ri«sl«dal, a. Pertaining to matricide.

matriculate, ma«trik'u«lat, triculated,

matriculating.

public

v.t.

[L.

—mamatri-

dim. of matrix, a womb, a parent stem, a register, from mater, a mother. cula,

a

ma ternal .] To w, wig;

register,

enter in a register;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

— — — ——

—

matrimony enroll:

To

matriculated.

— matriculation,

trik'u'la'shon, triculating.

matrimony,

n.

The

act

mat'ri«m6«ni,

matrimomum, from mater,

of

ma«-

ma-

n. [L. matris, a

maternal.] Marriage; the nuptial state. Syn. under marmatrimonial, matTi«m6'ni»riage. mother,

.'.

—

al,

[L. matrimonialis.) Pertaining

a.

to matrimony or marriage; conmatrimonially, mat«ri»mo'nubial. ni«al«li, adv. In a matrimonial manner. matrix, ma'triks, n. pi. matrices, ma'tri'sez. [L. matrix, from mater, mother.] The womb; that which encloses anything or gives origin to anything, like a womb; the form or mold in which something is shaped; the rock or main substance in which

—

a crystal, mineral, or fossil is embedded ; type founding, a metal plate engraved to serve as a mold for the type; that part of the cutis which occurs under the nail. matron, matron, n. [Fr. matrone, L. matrona, from mater, mother. maternal.] A married woman, especially an elderly married woman ; the mother of a family; a head nurse in

— —

matronage, ma'tron«ij, a hospital. n. The state of a matron; matrons matronal, ma'tron«al, collectively. a. [L. matronalis.] Pertaining to a

—

matron. matronize, ma'tron«iz, v.t. To render matronlike; to act as a mother to; to chaperon. matronly, ma'tron»li, a. Becoming a wife or matron; sedate. matter, mater, n. [O.Fr. mater e, Fr. matiere, from L. materia, matter,

—

from root of mother.] That which occupies space and which becomes known to us by our senses; that of which the whole sensible universe is composed; body; substance; not mind; the substance of any speech or

writing;

the

ideas

or

facts

as

from the words; the meaning; logic and metaph., that which forms the subject of any mental operation, as distinguished from the form; good sense; substance, as opposed to empty verbosity or frivodistinct

lous jesting; thing treated; that about which we think, write, or speak; affair or business (thus the matter ended) cause or occasion of trouble, disturbance, etc. (as in the phrase, what is the matter}); import; consequence; moment (as in 'no matter which'); indefinite amount or quantity (a matter of 7 miles); substance excreted from living animal bodies; that which is discharged in a tumor, boil, or abscess; pus. Matter offact, a reality, as distinguished from what ;

To

be of imporsuch phrases as, it does not matter; what does it matter-of-fact, a. Treatmatter}). ing of facts or realities; not fanciful, imaginative, or ideal; adhering to facts; not given to wandering beyond

is

fanciful. v.i. to signify

tance;

—

—

;;

:

maxim

522

especially, to admit to membership in a college or university, by enrolling the name in a register. v.i. be entered as a member of a society. a. Matricun. One who is lated; enrolled.

to

——

(in

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

realities; prosaic.

pointed.

mattoid, mat'oid, n. [G. matt, dull.] A kind of stupid monomaniac. mattress, mat'tres, n. [O.Fr. materas, Fr. matelas, It. materasso, from Ar.

A

ma'tra'h, a quilted cushion.] manufactured pad stuffed with sponge rubber, cotton matting, etc., and supported on springs and a bedstead. maturate, mat u«rat, v.t. maturated, maturating. [L. maturo, maturatum, to make ripe, from maturus, ripe, same root as mater, mother.] To bring to ripeness or maturity; to mature; me d. to promote perfect suppuration in. v.i. To ripen; to come to or toward maturity.

—

maturation, mat»u«ra'shon, n. [L. maturatio.] The process of maturing or ripening; med. a beginning to maturative, ma«tu'ra«suppurate.

—

Ripening; conducing to suppuration. Med. anything that n. mature, promotes suppuration. ma«tur', a. [L. maturus, ripe.] Ripe; perfected by time or natural growth brought by natural process to a complete state of development; ripe or ready to be put in action; me d. in a state of perfect suppuration; com. become payable; having reached the time fixed for payment. v.t. mativ, a.

—

—

tured, maturing. [L. maturo.] To make mature; to ripen; to make ripe or ready for any special use; med. to

maturate.

v.i.

To

advance toward

ripeness, to become mature or ripe; com. to reach the time fixed for

payment; med.

to

maturate.

— ma-

turely, ma«turli, adv. In a mature manner; with ripeness; with full matureness, ma«turdeliberation. nes, n. The state of being mature; maturity, ma«tu'ri'ti, n. maturity. The state or quality of being mature ripeness; a state of perfection or completeness; com. the time when a note or bill of exchange becomes

—

—

due.

matutinus, pertaining to the morning. matin.] Pertaining to the morning;

matutinal, mat«u'ti«nal,

a. [L.

early in the day. n. pi. matzoth, mat[Heb. matstsah, unleavened.] The unleavened bread which the Jews eat at the Feast of Passover.

matzo, mat'zo, soth.

maud, mad,

n.

A

plaid of

undyed

brown wool; a gray woolen plaid worn by shepherds in Scotland. maudlin, mad'lin, a. [From Maudlin, Mary Magdalen, who is drawn by painters with eyes swollen and red with weeping.] Approaching intoxication; overemotional; sickly sentimental. maul, mal, n. [Same as Mall.] A kind

of large hammer or mallet. v.t. To beat with a maul, or as with a maul to maltreat severely. maulstick, mal'stik, n. [G. and D. malen, to paint, and E. stick.] A stick used by painters to steady and support the hand in working. maund, mand, n. In the East Indies,

me, met, her;

measure of weight, differing according to locality from 25 to about 82 pounds.

a

matting. See mat. mattock, mat'ok, n. [A. Sax. mattoc, a mattock.] A pickax with one or both of its ends broad instead of

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

maund, mand,

mand, handmaunder, man'der, basket. (Shak.) v.i. [From old maunder, a beggar, one who carries a maund.] To speak with a beggar's whine; to grumble; to wander in talking like a drunk [A. Sax.

n.

mond, D. mand, a basket.]

—

or

person;

old

silly

to

maunderer, man'der«er,

n.

A

drivel.

One who

maunders.

Maundy Thursday,

man'di, n. [O.E. maundee, a command, Fr. mande, from L. mandatum the first word used in the Vulgate to render the

—

words of the Saviour, when, after supper, he washed his apostles' feet 'Mandatum novum do vobis,' a new commandment I give unto you.] The Thursday before Good Friday, on which the sovereign of England distributes alms to a certain number of poor persons at Whitehall.

Maundy money,

small silver coins (including twopenny and penny pieces) struck for this distribution. Mauser, mou'zer, n. [Inventor's name.] A kind of rifle. mausoleum, ma»sO'le'um, n. [Gr. mausoleion, from Mausolus, king of Caria, to whom Artemisia, his widow, erected a stately monument so called.] A magnificent tomb or stately sepulchral monument. mauve, mov, n. [Fr., mallow, L.

—

malva, a mallow its petals having purple markings.] One of the coal-tar colors, a purple dye obtained from aniline.

maverick, mav'er«ik, n. [From S.A. Maverick, Texas cattle owner who brand his cattle.] An unbranded animal; a calf parted from his mother; one who breaks away from group conformity and forges didn't

a

new

course.

mavis, ma vis, n. [Fr. mauvis, Sp. malvis, from the Celtic; comp. Armor milvid,

a

The

mavis.]

throstle

or

song thrush.

ma, n. [A. Sax. maga = D. maag, magi, O.H.G. mago, G. magen, the stomach.] The stomach of carnivores; the crop of fowls. mawkish, mak ish, a. [From old matvk, mauk, a maggot; I eel. mathkr, N. makk.] Apt to cause satiety nauseous. sickly; or loathing; mawkishly, mak'ish«li, adv. mawk-

maw, I eel.

—

ishness,

mak

ish«nes, n.

maxilla, mak*silia,

n. pi.

maxillae,

mak'sil'le. [L., a jaw, dim. of mala, term a jaw, from root of macerate.] applied to each of the bones supporting the teeth of either jaw often restricted to the upper jaw of maxillary, the inferior vertebrates.

A :

—

mak'siMa«ri,

maxim, mak

a.

[Fr. maxime, n. (sententia, opinion,

sim,

from L. maxima

understood), the greatest or chief opinion, maximus, superlative of magmagnitude.] An estabnus, great, or principle a lished principle; formula embodying a rule of conduct. sinviz, v.t. To make as great as possible; to raise to the

maximize, mak

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

——

—

—

:

Maxim gun v.i. To give a constitution or duty, etc., the broadest intermaximal, mak'si«mal, a. pretation. Highest; greatest amount or degree.

n.

The

puppets in his hands.

greatest quantity or degree attainable or attained in any given case. a. Greatest. Maxim gun, mak'sim, n. A quickfiring machine gun, single-barreled, with water casing to keep the parts

ma'er«al«ti, n.

so called from Sir Hiram the inventor. may, ma, n. [Fr. mai, Pr. mai, May, from L. Maius, from the goddess Maia, a goddess of growth or increase, from root of L. magnus, great, and E. may, the auxiliary.] [cap.] The fifth month of the year; fig. the early part of life ; hawthorn blossom, so named because the hawthorn blooms in this month. v.i. To celebrate the festivities of May Day used only as a participial noun in such phrases as to go a Maying, etc. cool,

A

A

May.

—

—Maypole,

up to be danced round on May Day. May queen, n. A young woman honored as queen on May Day. may, ma, verb auxiliary; pret. might.

—

Used

similarly to can, could. [A. Sax. mugan, magan ~L.G. and D. mogen,

=

Goth, and O.H.G. magan, G. mogen, Icel. mega, Dan. maa, to be able; from same root are much, maid, L. magnus, Gr. megas, Skr. mahd, great.] Formerly often used in sense of can, implying personal power or ability; now to imply possibility with contingency (it may be so, the king may be killed); opportunity; moral power; permission granted (you may

now

go); desire, as in prayer, aspiraimprecation, benediction, etc. (may he perish miserably!); frequently used to form the compound tenses of the potential mood (you might have gone had you pleased). maybe, ma be, adv. [That is, c it may be'.] Perhaps; possibly; probably. (Colloq.) n. possibility; a probability. mayhap, ma«hap', adv. Peradventure ; it may happen; perhaps. tion,

—

Maya,

ma'ya,

—

n.

An

and the

a.

Law, the act of maiming a man. maim. mayonnaise, ma«on«az', n. [Fr.] A dish composed of yolks of eggs and

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

ground into

—

—

like meal; overspread with something that resembles meal. mealymouthed, a. Unwilling or

hesitating to tell the truth in plain language; inclined to speak of anything in softer terms than the truth will warrant.

mean, men,

a. [A. Sax. maene, mean, bad, from man, evil, wickedness; Icel. meinn, mean; comp. D. and Dan. gemeen, Goth, gamains, G. gemein, common.] Low in rank or birth; ignoble; humble ; low-minded; base; spiritless; of little value; contemptible; despicable. meanly, men'li, adv. In a mean manner; in a low condition; poorly; sordidly. meanness, men'nes, n. The state or quality of being mean; want of dignity or rank; want of spirit or honor; mean or base conduct or

false,

—

like.

action.

mean, men,

a. [O.Fr. meien, moien, Fr. moyen, Pr. meian, from L. medianus, middle, from medius, middle. medium, mid.] Occupying a middle position; middle; midway between

extremes; intermediate; math, having an intermediate value between two extremes (mean distance, mean motion). Mean proportional, the second of any three quantities in continued proportion. Mean time, the time according to an ordinary clock, which makes every day of

meadow grass, ing in a meadow. n. Variety known as June grass or Kentucky blue in U. S. meadow lark, n. The American genus Stur-

exactly the same length, though if days are measured by the sun they are not so. n. What is midway or

[A. Sax.

with

nella

note. It

plumage breast.

is

clear,

brown,

— meadowsweet,

Spiraea, beautiful herbs shrubs.

;ob;

but

melancholy

as large as a robin; its is

genus

j,

The

powdery

—

oil

MOLLIFY.] wheat, oats,

—

—

beaten together, used as a sauce for salads, lobster, salmon, etc. mayor, ma'er, n. [Fr. maire, Sp. mayor, from L. major, greater, cornpar, of magnus, great, magnitude.] The chief magistrate of a city or borough; the chief officer of a municipal corporation. Mayor of salad

of

med'6, n.; poetical, mead, maedu, a meadow, shorter form maed, a mead, allied to math (after-math) and mow.] A low, level tract of land under grass, and generally mown annually or oftener for hay; a piece of grassland a. Belonging to or growin general.

med.

catan and Central America; also, the language spoken by those people. n.

A

meadow,

to a great pre-Columbian civilization, whose descendants live in Yu-

MELLOW,

rye, flour or a powdery state. mealies, me'liz, n. name given in South Africa to pi. maize or Indian corn. mealiness, mel'i«nes, n. The quality of being mealy, mel'i, a. Having the mealy. qualities of meal, or resembling meal;

—

[A. Sax. medu = D. n. mede, Icel. mjothr, Dan. miod, Sw. mjod, W. medd, Ir. meadh, mead; Gr. methy, wine; Lith. medus, Rus. med, Skr. madhu, honey.] A fermented liquor made from honey and water flavored with spices.

Indian belonging

— Mayan, ma'yan,

MOLAR,

edible part barley, etc.,

mead, med,

A

mayhem, ma'hem,

=

confusing network of paths or passages; a winding and turning; an intricacy; a labyrinth; confusion of thought; perplexity. v.t. mazed, mazing. To confound; to stupefy; to bewilder. mazily, ma'zMi, adv. In maziness, ma'zi«a mazy manner. nes, n. The state of being mazy. mazy, ma'zi, a. Having the character of a maze; intricate; perplexed. mazer,| ma'zer, n. [Originally a cup made of maple or spotted wood, from O.Fr. mazre, spotted wood, or A. Sax. maser, a maple (from being spotted); O.H.G. masar, G. maser, a knur, a spot in wood, G. mase, a spot; akin measles.] A cup or large goblet, generally of valuable material. mazurka, ma«zur'ka, n. A lively Polish round dance in 3-8 or 3-4 time; the music written for this dance. me, me, pron. pers. [A. Sax. me, mec (accusative), me (dat.), G. mich (ace), mir (dat.), Icel. mik, mer, Goth, mik, mis, L. me, mihi, Gr. erne, emoi, Skr. mam, mahyam, me, to me.] The objective or accusative, as also the dative, of I, the pronoun of the first person. It stands as a dative in methinks; woe is me; give me a drink,

pole wreathed with flowers and

set

—

A

neuropterous insect

that appears first in n.

A

to chatter or prattle; Dan. mase, to have trouble; comp. also W. masu, to swoon. Amaze is from this.]

—

[Fr.

— —

of a mayor,

Ormuzd. maze, maz, n. [Akin to Prov.E. mazle, to wander as if stupefied; Icel. masa,

the name of the ship that brought the Pilgrims to America in 1620. n.

or idle

—

Day, n. The first day of May, on which various festivities were, and in some places still are, observed. Mayflower, n. The trailing arbutus;

fly,

power,

— mayoralty,

office

a.

maigre, from L. macer, lean. J Having little flesh; thin; lean; wanting richness, fertility, strength, etc.; small; scanty; mineral, dry and harsh to meagerly, the touch, as chalk. meagrely, me'ger«li, adv. Poorly; meagerthinly; sparely; feebly. ness, meagreness, me'ger»nes, n. The condition of being meager. meal, mel, n. [A. Sax. mael, time, portion, repast; D. and Dan. maal, G. mahl, mal, Icel. mdl, part, repast, time; from root seen in measure, mete, moon. It is the termination seen in piecemeal, etc.] portion of food taken at one of the regular times for eating; occasion of taking food; a mealtime, n. The usual repast. time of eating meals. meal, mel, n. [A. Sax. melu, melo Icel. Sw. mjol, D. Dan. meel, G. mehl, meal; from the verbal stem seen in Icel. mala, Goth, malan, G. mahlen, L. molo, to grind, mill,

the ancient Persians, the Ormuzd of English writers.] Pertaining or relating to Mazdeism. Mazdeism, maz'de«izm, n. The religion of the ancient Persians; the worship of

May

;

meager, meagre, me'ger,

in the kings,

and the time of his service. mayoress, ma'er«es, n. The wife of a mayor; a woman mayor. Mazdean, maz'di»an, a. [From Ahura-Mazda, the chief deity of

Maxim,

may

The

—

— mean

the Palace, the chief official palaces of the Merovingian wielding and controlling all rendering the kings faineants

—

mak'si«mum,

——

523

maximum.

—maximum,

—

ng, sing;

with n.

yellow

The

containing

plant

many

and low deciduous

TH,

then;

th, thin;

intermediate between two extremes; the middle or average rate or degree medium; math, a quantity having an intermediate value between several others, the simple average formed by adding the quantities together and dividing by their number being called an arithmetical mean, while a

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

————

— —

—

————

mean geometrical mean is of the product of the quantities; pi. the medium or what is used to effect an object; measure or measures instrumentality adopted; agency; (though pi. in form generally used as sing.; by this means, a means to an end); income, revenue, resources,

means were

(his

large).

By

means, certainly; on every consideration. By no means, not at all; all

—

meantime, men'tim, During the interval; in the interval between one specified period and another. n. The interval specified period between one and another. meanwhile, men'whil, adv. and n. Meantime. mean, men, v.t. pret. & pp. meant (ment). [A. Sax. maenan, to mean, to intend; D. meenen, Dan. mene, G. meinen, to think, to mean; same root as man, mind, mental, Skr. man, to certainly not.

adv.

—

—

think.] To have in the mind, view, or contemplation; to intend; to purpose; to design; to signify or be intended to signify (what does the word mean?); to import; to denote. v.i. To be minded or disposed; to have such and such intentions (he

—

means

— meaning,

men'ing, p. and a. Significant; intended to convey some idea (a meaning look). n. That which a person means; aim or purpose; intent; what is to be understood, whether by act or language; the sense of words; signification; import; force. meaningless, men'ing«les, a. Having no meaning. meaningly, men'ing»li, adv. In a well).

—

meaning manner; so something indirectly;

meander, me«an'der, der,

as to hint at significantly. n. [L.

Maean-

Gr. Maiandros, a river in Phrygia

proverbial for its windings.] The winding of a river; a winding course; a maze; a labyrinth; a kind of ornamental or decorative design having a labyrinthine character. v.t. To wind or flow over. v.i. To wind or turn; to have an intricate or winding course.

meanly, meanness,

etc.

See mean

(low).

meantime, meanwhile. See mean (intermediate).

measles, me'zlz, spotted masern, masel),

mazer.]

the spots or sickness; D. mazelen, G. pi. of maser (also mase, a spot. contagious disease of the

human body, by

a

n. [Lit.

O.G. mdsa, masar,

A

— —

— —

usually characterized

crimson rash upon the skin;

rubeola; a disease of swine, characterized by reddish watery pustules on the skin. measly, measled, Infected with mez'li, me'zld, a. measles or eruptions like measles. measure, mezh'er, n. [Fr. mesure, from L. mensura, from melior, mensus, to measure (seen also in immense, dimension, commensurate); from root ma, to measure, whence also moon, mete, etc.] The extent of a thing in length, breadth, and thickness, in circumference, capacity, or in any other respect; a standard of measurement; a fixed unit of capacity or extent; the instrument by which extent or capacity is ascertained; a

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

measuring rod or line; a certain definite quantity (a measure of wine); that which is allotted or dealt out to one; moderation; just degree: in such phrases as, beyond measure, within measure; indefinite quantity or degree (in some measure erroneous); action or proceeding directed to an end; something done with a view to the accomplishment of purpose; music, that division by which the time of dwelling on each note is regulated; musical time; poetry, the metrical arrangement of the syllables in each line with respect to quantity or accent; a grave solemn dance with slow and measured steps, like the minuet; geol. beds; strata; used in the term coal-measures. Measure of a number or quantity, math, a number or quantity con-

—

tained in the other a certain number of times exactly. Greatest common measure of numbers, the greatest number which divides them all without a remainder. v.t. measured, measuring. To ascertain the extent, dimensions, or capacity of; to judge of the greatness of; to appreciate; to value; to pass through or over; to proportion; to allot or distribute

—

—

by measure (often with out). To measure one's (own) length, to fall or be thrown down. To measure strength, to ascertain by trial which of two parties is the stronger. To measure swords, to fight with swords. take a measurement or v.i. measurements; to result or turn out on being measured; to be in extent.

—

To

measurable, mezh'ur«a«bl, a. That may be measured; not beyond measmoderate.— measurableness, ure; mezh'ur»a«bl«nes, n. The quality of being measurable. measurably, mezh'ur«a«bli, adv. In a measurable manner or degree; moderately.

—

measured,

mezh'urd,

p.

and

a.

Deliberate and uniform; slow and steady; stately; formal; restricted; measwithin bounds; moderate.

—

mezh'urdes, a. Without measure; immeasurable. measurement, mezh'ur«ment, n. The act of measuring; the amount ascertained by measuring. measurer, mezhur«er, n. One who measures; one whose occupation or duty is to measure work or commodities. meat, met, n. [A. Sax. mete D. {net, I eel. matr. D. mad, Sw. mat, Goth. ureless,

—

—

connections further mats, food; doubtful.] Food in general; anything eaten as nourishment; the flesh of animals used as food; the edible portion of something (the The meat of a meat of an egg). discourse, book or article, its undermeaty, lying thoughts or argument.

—

met'i,

n.

Abounding

in

meat;

re-

mi«a'tus, n. [L., from n to go.] passage: applied to various ducts and passages of the body; as, meatus auditorius, the passage of the ear.

meatus,

A

ik, n. (L. meehaGr. mechanikos, from meek.. machine.] An artisan; a machine,

mechanic, mc«kan nicus,

an

artificer;

one

pine, pin;

handicraft for his living: sometimes restricted to those employed in making and repairing machinery. a., Same as mechanical, but not so common. mechanical, me«kan'i»kal, a. Pertaining to or in accordance with the laws of mechanics; resembling a machine; hence, acting without thought or independence of

—

judgment; done as if by a machine, that is, by the mere force of habit (a mechanical motion of the hand); pertaining to artisans or mechanics or their employments; acting by or resulting from weight or momentum (mechanical pressure); physical; opposed to chemical (a mechanical mixture, that is, one in which the ingredients do not lose their identity). Mechanical equivalent of heat, the number of units of mechanical work equivalent to one unit of heat 778 foot-pounds per pound-degree F., or 1400 foot-pounds per pound:

C,

degree

who

follows

note, not,

a

move;

or 41.9 million ergs per

gram-degree ing,

C

Mechanical drawor drawing of

sketching

the

by means compasses, etc.

machinery

of

rulers,

Mechanical

scales,

philosophy, that which explains the phenomena of nature on the principles of mechanics. Mechanical powers, the simple elements of which every machine, however, complicated, must be constructed they are the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw. Mechanical solution of a problem, a solution by any art or contrivance not strictly geometrical, as by means of the ruler and compasses or other instruments. mechanically, me«kan i-kal-li, adv. In a mechanical manner; by the mere force of habit. mechanician, mek«an«ish an, n. mechanics, me— kan'iks, n. The science which treats of motion and force; the technical aspects of something {mechanics of ;

—

—

poetry).

—

— mechanism,

The

n.

mekan'izm,

collectively,

parts,

of

a

machine or machinery; phys. and biol.

process

natural

a

believed

be mechanically determined and possibly explained by means of physics and chemistry; an automatic natural process; automatic action. mechanist, mek'an«ist, n. One skilled in the use of machinery an adherent mechanof mechanical philosophy. mechanize, istic, mek an«is"tik, a. mek an»iz, v.t. mechanized, mechanizing. To make mechanical or automatic; milit. to equip an army with motorized weapons and armored mechanization, mek an-I«vehicles. to

;

—

—

—

—

za shon, n.

Mechlin, mek tine lace

in

made

;;. A species of Mechlin or Malines

lin,

at

Belgium.

medal, mod

sembling meat.

me, met, her;

——

medal

524

the square root

estate

——

al,

n.

medaille.

[Fr.

from

It.

L. metallunu Gr. metal.] A coin, tmtauon, metal, or a piece of metal in the form of a coin, stamped with some figure or device, often issued to commemorate a noteworthy event or as a reward of merit. medalist, medallist, med aNist, n. An engraver, stamper, or moldcr of medals; a medaglia.

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — —

—

———

meddle who

person skilled in medals; one

in relief.

—

meddled, medv.i. [O.E. medlen, to mix, from O.Fr. medler, mesler (Fr. meler), to mix, se mesler de, to mix one's self up with; from L.L. misculare, from L. misceo, to mix. medley, mix.] To mix one's self; to deal, treat, tamper (followed by with); to interfere; to take part in another person's affairs in an officious, impertinent, or offensive manner (often followed by with or in). meddler, med'ler, n. dling.

—

One

meddles; a busybody. meddlesome, med'l'Sum, a. Given to meddling; officiously intrusive. meddlesomeness, med'l«sum«nes, n. that

Mede, med, of Media,

A

n.

native or inhabitant

an ancient kingdom of

n. pi.

See medium.

medial, me'di«al,

a. [L. medialis,

from

medius, middle, (akin to mid), seen also in mediate, medium, medieval, mediocre, etc.] meridian, moiety, Mean; pertaining to a mean or average. median, me'di«an, a. [L. medianus.] Situated in the middle; passing through or along the middle. Median line, anat. a vertical line, supposed to divide the body longitudinally into two equal parts. mediant, me'di»ant, n. [It. mediante.] Mus. an appellation given to the third above the keynote. mediastinum, me'di«as«ti"num, n. [L. mediastinus, in the middle, from medius, middle.] The division of the chest from the sternum backward between the lungs, dividing the cavity into two parts. mediate, me'dwt, a. [L. medio, mediatum, to be in the middle, from medius, middle, medial.] Being between two extremes ; middle ; acting as a means or medium; not direct or immediately; effected by the intervention of a medium. v.i. me'di«at, mediated, mediating. To interpose between parties as the equal friend of each; to negotiate between persons at variance with a view to

—

reconciliation.

v.t.

To

effect

by

mediation or interposition between (to mediate a peace). mediately, me'di«it«li, adv. In a mediate manner; indirectly. mediation, me«di«a'shon, n. The act of mediating; entreaty for another;

parties

intercession; interposition; intervenmediative, me'di«a«tiv, a. Of tion. or belonging to a mediator; mediatorial. mediatize, me'di«at«iz, v.t. mediatized, mediatizing. To render

—

—

mediately

dependent.

mediatiz-

ation, me'di«at»i«za"shon, n.

The

act

of mediating; the term applied to the annexation of the smaller German sovereignties to larger contiguous states, when they were made ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

mediately,

instead

g, go;

—

any subject in the plan by revolving in the mind; to intend; to think meditation, med«i«ta'shon, n. on. [L. meditatio.] The act of meditating; close or continued thought; the revolving of a subject in the mind. meditative, med'i«ta«tiv, a. Addicted to meditation; pertaining to meditation. meditatively, med'i*ta«tiv«li, adv. In a meditative manner.

of immediately,

to turn or revolve

media-

dependent on the empire.

tor, me'di«a»ter, n. One that mediates or interposes between parties at variance for the purpose of reconciling them: by way of eminence, Christ is called the mediator, being our intercessor with God. mediatorial, me'di«a«to"ri«al, a. Belonging to a mediator. mediatress, mediatrix, me'di«at«res, me'di«at«riks, n. A female mediator. medic, med'ik, n. [Gr. medike, lit. a plant of Media.] A name of certain leguminous plants yielding fodder

and allied to clover; alfalfa. medical, med'i«kal, a. [L.L. medicalis, from L. medicus, medical, medeor, to heal, to cure; allied to meditor, to meditate, Gr. medos, care.] Pertaining to or connected with medicine or the art of healing diseases ; medicinal ; tending to cure intended or instituted to teach med-

Medical jurisprudence. JURISPRUDENCE. medically, med'i«kal«li, adv. In a medical manner; according to the rules of the

ical

——

medulla

science.

See

mind.

To

v.t.

mediterranean,

med'i«te«ra'ni«an, a. mediterraneus medius, middle, and terra, land.] Surrounded by or in the midst of land; inland: now applied exclusively to the Mediter[L.

ranean

Sea

—

between

Europe and

Africa; [cap.] pertaining to, situated on or near the Mediterranean Sea. medium, me'di«um, n. pi. media or mediums, me'di«a, me'di«umz. [L. medium, the middle, midst, a means. medial.] Something placed or ranked between other things; a mean between two extremes; a state of moderation; something serving as a means of transmission of com-

munication;

necessary

means

of

medicament, me«dik[L. medicamentum.] Any-

motion or action; agency of transmission; that by or through which

healing application. medicate, med'i«kat, v.t. medicated, medicating. [L. medico, medicatum.] To imbue with healing substances. medication, med«i«ka'shon, n. The act or process of medicating. medicative, med'i«ka«tiv, a. Tending medicinal, meto cure or heal.

or carried on; agency; instrumentality; a person through whom spiritual manifestations are claimed

healing

art.

a«ment, n. thing used for healing diseases or

Asia.

media,

———— ——

;

525

has gained a medal as a reward of merit; in golf tournament the one who qualifies with the lowest medallion, me«dal'yun, n. score. [Fr. medaillon.] A large antique medal, usually of gold or silver; anything resembling such a piece of metal, as a circular or oval tablet, bearing on it objects represented

meddle, med'l,

—

——— ——— — ——— —

wounds;

a

—

dis'i«nal, a. [L. medicinalis.]

Having

the property of healing or of mitigating disease; containing healing ingredients (medicinal springs): permedicinally, taining to medicine. me«dis'i«nal«li, adv. In a medicinal manner. medicine, med'i«sin, n. [Fr. medecine, L. medecina, from medicus, healing.] Any substance used as a remedy for disease; a drug; physic; the science and art of preventing, curing, or alleviating disease.

anything

medicine man,

n.

Among

the American Indians and other savage tribes any man whom they suppose to possess mysterious or supernatural powers.

made by believers in spiritualism, or who is said to be capable of holding intercourse with the spirits of the deceased; the liquid vehicle with which dry colors are ground and prepared for painting. Circulating medium, coin and bills, or paper convertible into money on demand. a. Middle; middling. medlar, med'ler, n. [O.Fr. meslier, mesler, medler, from L. mespilus, Gr. mespilon, medlar.] A tree found wild in Central Europe, and cultivated in gardens for its fruit. medley, med'li, n. [O.Fr. medlee, meslee (Fr. melee), from medler, meddle.] A mingled mesler, to mix. and confused mass of ingredients; a

of

different songs.

med«i«e'val«izm, n. The or principles of the Middle mediaevalist, medievalist, Ages. med«i«e'val«ist, n. One versed in the history of the Middle Ages. mediocre, me'di«6«ker, a. [Fr. mediocre, from L. mediocris, middling. medial.] Of moderate degree or quality; of middle rate; middling. spirit

me«di»ok'ri«ti, n. [L. mediocritas.] The quality or state of being mediocre; a middle state or degree; a person of mediocre talents or abilities of any kind. meditate, med'i«tat, v.i. meditated, meditating. [L. meditor, meditatus,

mediocrity,

—

h job;

medical.]

meditate,

To

dwell

in thought; to cogitate;

ng, sing;

TH.

then;

jumble; a hodge-podge; a kind song made up of scraps of

ma«dok', ma'dok, n. An red French wine, from Medoc, in the department of Gironde.

Medoc,

aevalism,

on anything

accomplished, conveyed,

to be

medieval, mediaeval, med«i«e'val, a. [L. medius, middle, and cevum, age.] Relating to the Middle Ages or the period between the eighth and the middle of the fifteenth medievalism, medicentury, A.D.

to

is

th, thin;

excellent

medulla, mi'dul'a, n. [L., marrow, from medius, middle.] Anat. the fat substance or marrow which fills the cavity of the bones; bot. pith. Medulla oblongata, the upper enlarged portion of the spinal cord and the base of the brain. Medulla spinalis, the spinal marrow or cord. medullary, med'u«ler'i, a. [L. medullars.] Consisting of or resembling marrow; relating to the pith of plants. Medullary sheath, bot. a thin layer of spiral vessels formed immediately over the pith. Medullary rays, the vertical plates of cellular tissue which connect the

pith of exogenous plants with the bark. Medullary substance, that which is the white substance composing the greater part ot the brain, spinal marrow, and nerve fibers.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, acure.

——

——

—

——

;

Medusa Medusa, me«du'sa,

—

—

[Gr. Medousa,

mens, the Cyclopean architecture of the Greeks, etc. megalithic, meg— a»lith'ik, a. Pertaining to such stones or structures. megalomania, meg'a-lo«ma"ni«a, n. [Gr. megale, great, and mania.] Overestimation of one's importance and abilities a mania for great things. megalopolis, meg»a«lop'a«lis, n. [Gr. megal, large, and polis, city.] large urban region, often consisting of several adjoining cities and suburbs. megalopolitan, meg'a«16«pol"i«tan, n. megalosaur, meg'a«16«sar, n. [Gr. megas, megale, great, and sauros, a lizard.] fossil carnivorous reptile found in the oolite and Wealden

Myth, one of the three Gorgons who had her hair changed into serpents by Athene; zool. (pi. medusae), in zoophytes, a free-swimming sexual stage (jellyfish). medusoid, me«du'soid, a. Pertaining

—

medusa.

to a

meed, med,

n. [A. Sax.

L.G. mede, D. miede, G. miethe, Goth, mizdo, reward, recompense; Gr.

to

allied

That which

pay,

misthos,

hire.]

bestowed in consideration of merit; reward; recompense; a Icel.

is

[Same as Sw. miuk, mjukr, soft, meek; Dan. myg, a.

supple; Goth, muks, soft, meek.] Mild of temper; gentle; submissive; not easily provoked or irritated; marked by meekness. meekly, mek'li, adv. In a meek pliant,

manner; gently; submissively. meekness, mek'nes, n. The quality of being meek; mildness; gentleness; forbearance under injuries and provocations. meerschaum, mer'shum, n. [G., lit. seafoam meer, the sea, and schaum, foam; from having been found on the seashore in lumps resembling petrified sea foam, mere («.), scum.]

A

of magnesium occurring as a fine white clay, and largely made into tobacco pipes; a tobacco pipe made of meerschaum. meet, met, a. [A. Sax. gemet, fit, proper, from metan, to measure; Icel. maetr, meet, worthy, mete.] Fit; suitable; proper; appropriate. meetly, met'li, adv. In a meet silicate

manner; fitly. meet, met, v.t.

—

&

met.

pp.

from mot, a meeting; Dan. mode, Sw. mota, maeta, Goth, motjan, gamotjan,

to meet; akin moot.} To come face to face with; to come in contact with; to come to be in company with; to come in hostile contact with; to encounter; to join battle with; to find; to light on; to get, gain, or receive; to satisfy, gratify, answer (to meet a demand, one's views or wishes). To meet the ear, to strike the ear; to be heard. To meet the eye, to come into notice to

become

visible.

v.i.

To come

together by mutual approach; to come together in hostility; to encounter; to assemble; to come together by being extended; to join. To meet with, to light on; to find; to suffer;

to

suffer

meet with a

loss,

unexpectedly an accident).

—

A

[Gr. n. megale, great, and phone.] funnelshaped device for magnifying sound. megaton, me'ga«ton, n. [Prefix mega, and ton.] ,000,000 tons.

A

—

1

megas, megasse, megas'. Same

as

Bagasse.

megilp, megilph, me«gilp', me»gilf, n. A mixture of linseed oil and mastic varnish which artists employ as a vehicle for colors.

megrim, me'grim,

[Fr. migraine,

n.

corrupted from Gr. hemicrania, half the head hemi, half, and kranion the head.] A neuralgic pain in the side of the head, also called migraine, pi. low spirits; whims or fancies. meiosis, mi«6'sis, n. [Gr., a lessening, from meton, less.] Biol, a process in which, through two cell divisions, one cell with the regular (diploid) number of chromosomes becomes four cells, each with half the (haploid) number of chromosomes.

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

A

—

ik, a.

melange, ma«lanzh',

n.

[Fr.,

from

A

meler, to mix. meddle.] mixture; a medley. melanic, me«lan'ik, a. [Gr. melas, melon, black.] Of or pertaining to

melanism.

—melanism,

mel'an«izm,

An undue

animals, as in dark-skinned peoples,

huge stone,

cromlechs,

—

n.

meg'a«sef'a«lus, a. [Gr. megas, great, and kephale, the head.] Large-headed; having a large head. megacycle, meg"a«si'kl, n. [Gr. megas, great, and kyklos, circle.] Phys. a million cycles. megalith, meg'a-lith, n. [Gr. megas, great, lithos, stone.]

mel'an«kol'i, n. [Gr. melancholia, excess of black bile, melancholy madness melas, melaina black, and chole, bile.] Depression of spirits induced by grief; dejection; sadness. a. Gloomy; depressed in spirits ;dejected. melancholia,mel«an«ko'li«a, n. variety of mental alienation characterized by excessive depression; a manic-depressive psychosis. melancholic, mel»an«kol'-

(to

megacephalous,

in

to

development of coloring material in the skin and its appendages the opposite of albinism. melanin, mel«a'nin, n. Biol, a dark pigment present in man and some

meeting as of huntsmen. meeting, meting, n. A coming together; an interview; an assembly; a hostile encounter; a duel.

such as those

40

50 feet long. megaphone, me'ga-fon, strata,

melancholy,

pret. [A. Sax. metan, to meet,

Icel.

;

A

gift.

meek, mek,

—

A

med, meord

dol-

n.

—

:

also

produced by certain

diseases.

melanite, melan-it, n. A mineral, a variety of garnet, of a velvet-black or grayish-black color.

melaphyre,

mel'a«fir, n.

A

compact

black or blackish-gray trap-rock, consisting of a matrix of labradorite

and augite, with embedded crystals of the same minerals.

melee, mala, substantive,

n.

participial mclcr. to mix.

[Fr.,

from

a

meddle.] A fight in which the combatants are mingled in confused mass an affray. ;

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

melodrama

526

originally the fem. of medon, a ruler.]

n.

—

—

note, not,

move;

a. [Gr. melikos, from melos, a song.] Relating to song; lyric.

melic, mel'ik,

meliceris, mel«i«se'ris, n. [Gr. melikeris meli, honey, and keros, wax.] an encysted tumor, the Pathol, contents of which resemble wax or

—

honey

in consistence.

melilot, mel'i'lot, n. [Gr. meliloton, melilotos meli, honey, and lotos, lotus.] A leguminous annual or

—

biennial plant allied to the clovers, for fodder; hart'sclover.

and cultivated melinite,

mel'in«It,

A

n.

French

explosive, the basis or chief ingredient of which is picric acid. meliorate, mel'yor«at, v.t. meliorated, meliorating. [L. melioro, melioratum, from melior, better, compar. of bonus, good.] To make better; to improve; to ameliorate. v.i. To

—

— meliorater, —

grow

melior-

better.

ator, meryor«a«ter, n. One who melioration, mel«yor«meliorates. a'shon, n. Improvement; amelioration.

— meliorism,

melyor-izm,

n.

The

doctrine or opinion that everything in nature is so ordered as to produce a progressive improvement. meliphagous, me«lif a»gus, a. [Gr. meli, honey, phagein, to eat.] Feeding

upon honey. mellay, melley,

A

mel'la, n.

melee;

a conflict.

melliferous,

mel«lif'er«us, a. [L. mel, mellis, honey, and mellifer fero, to bear.] Producing honey. mellification, meMif i«ka shon, n. mel, and facio, to [L. mellifico

—

—

make.] The making or production of honey.— mellifluence, mel«lif lumens, n. [L. mel, and fluo, to flow.] quality of being mellifluent; a flow of sweetness, or a sweet smooth flow. mellifluent, mellifluous, mel«lif'lu«ent, meMif lu«us, a. Flowing as with honey; sweetly melliflumellifluently, flowing. ously, adv. In a mellifluent manner. mellow, mel'6, a. [Allied to Prov. G. molich, mellow, moll, soft, ripe, mollig, soft, L. mollis, Gr. malakos, Skr. mridu, tender, soft, and to E. meal, from root mar, to grind or crush.] Soft with ripeness; soft to the senses; rich or delicate to the eye, ear, palate, etc., as color, sound,

The

—

—

flavor,

and the

like;

down by

toned

of

time; softened or matured by length of years rendered

the

lapse

;

good-humored by

liquor; half-tipsy. v.t. To render mellow; to soften by ripeness or age; to give richness, flavor, or delicacy; to tone or smooth down; to soften in character; to

—

mature.

v.i.

To become

mellow;

become down. mellowly, mel'ddi, mellowado. In a mellow manner. ness, mel 6«nes, n. The state or to

soften in character;

toned

—

to

—

quality of being mellow.

melodeon,

me«16di«on,

n.

[From

melody. Gr. mclodia.] A wind instrument furnished with metallic free reeds and a keyboard a variety of the harmonium. ;

melodrama, meNo«dra ma,

n. [Gr. song, and drama, drama.] romantic play, generally of a serious character, in which effect is

mclos. a

A

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

—

melody sought by startling incidents, striking and exaggerated sentiment, aided by splendid decoration and music. melodramatic, mel'o»-

—

—

meloexaggerated manner. dramatist, mel«o«dram'a»tist, n. One who acts in melodramas or who writes them. and

regarded collectively.

—

a

[L.,

n.

re-

remember.] A suggestion, notice, memorial to awaken memory; something that reminds.

to

or

memoir, mem 'war, mem 'war, n.

[Fr.

memoir e, from L. memoria, memory, from mentor, mindful; same root as Skr. smar, to remember.] A notice of something remembered or deemed noteworthy; an account of transacor events written familiarly; a biographical notice; recollections of one's life (in this sense usually in the pi.); a biography or autobitions

—

—

communication to a a society on some subject

ography; scientific

of scientific interest.

remarkable and worthy of rememor record.— memorable, brance mem'or»a«bl, a. [L. memorabilis.]

Worthy

be remembered;

to

[Gr.

mind

is

thing remembered. mem'fi«an, a. [From Memphis, the ancient metropolis of Egypt.] Pertaining to Memphis; Egyptian (Memphian darkness). men, men, pi. of man. menace, men'as, v.t. menaced, menacing. [Fr. menacer, from L. minax, threatening, mina, a threat, from root min, seen in mineo, to project (in prominent, eminent); akin mien, demean, amenable, etc.] To threaten; to show a disposition to inflict punishment or other evil on: followed by with before the evil threatened (threatened him with death); to hold out threats of (to threaten revenge). n. A threat or threatening; the indication of a probable evil or catastrophe to come. menacingly, men'as«ing«li, adv. In a menacing manner. menage, men»azh', n. [Fr. menage, a household; O.Fr. mesnage, L.L. mansionaticum, from L. mansio, a dwel-

—

ling, mansion.] A household; housekeeping; household management.

illus-

distinguished. mem'or»a«bil"i«ti,

n.

[Fr.

sing.]

of tragedy; also a small

for

to

v.t.

melt, melt,

[A.Sax. meltan, allied to malt, mellow, etc. ; Gr. meldo, to liquefy; probably also in smelt.]

an'dum,

To

note to help the memory; a brief entry in a diary; diplomacy, a summary of the state of a question, or a justification of memorial, mea decision adopted. mo 'ri«al, a. [L. memorialist Preservative of memory; serving as a memorial; contained in the memory. n. That which serves to perpetuate the memory of something; a monument; a written representation of facts made to a legislative or other body or to some person; a species of informal state paper much used memoin diplomatic negotiations.

v.t.

randums.

degree of heat at which a solid will melt or fuse. melting pot, n. A crucible; a society containing many

—

and

races.

mel'tn,

Mowbray, Eng.]

n.

A

rialist, me«md'ri«al«ist, n.

a short nap. member, member, n. [L. membrum, a limb, a member of the body; comp. Skr. marman, a joint.] part

go;

be

improve

One who

—— memorialized, memoriTo present a memorial to petition by memorial. — memorize, — hand down

— memory,

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

to

of mentior, to

mind (whence

then;

same root as mens, mental).] Lying; false;

lie

:

—

to telling untruths. mendacity, men«das'i«ti, n. The quality of being mendacious; lying; falsehood; a lie.

given

mendelevium, men'de'le'vi»um,

A

synthetic

Symbol,

Mv;

radioactive

n.

th, thin;

n.

element.

at. no., 101.

Mendelism, mendeMzm,

memory

mem'o»ri,

One who mends.

men«da'shus, a. [L. mendax, mendacis, lying, from stem

mem'or«iz, v.t. memorized, memorizing. To cause to be remembered; to record; to by writing.

one's manners);

mendacious,

to;

alizing.

mend

—

n.

a

v.t.

(to

to better; to improve upon (to mend one's pace). v.i. To advance to a better state; to improve; to act or behave better. mender, men'der,

memorial or memorialize, me»mo -

presents

memorials.

ri«al«iz,

A

g,

or

writes

of an animal body capable of performing a distinct office; an organ; a limb; part of an aggregate or a whole; one of the persons composing a society, community, or the like; ch, Sc. loch;

to

—

[From Melton smooth strong

wool having

ch, chain;

something

A

—

—

—

[L.,

remembered.]

to dissolve; to fuse; fig. to soften; to render gentle or susceptible to mild influences. v.i. To become liquid; to dissolve; to pass by imperceptible degrees; to blend; to shade; to become tender, mild, or gentle. meltable, mel'ta«bl, a. melter, mel'ter, n. melting point, n. The

amend.] To repair, as something broken, rent, decayed, or the like; to restore to a sound state; to patch up; to alter for the better; to

memoranda, mem»commonly now memo-

n. pi.

or«an'da, less

reduce from a solid to a liquid or flowing state by heat; to liquefy;

cultures

what

recalling

n.

asteroid.

melton,

faculty

— menagerie, me«naj'er«i, — memorability, menagerie.] A collection of wild The quality of being memorable. — memorably, mem'or«a«bli, adv. animals, especially of wild or foreign animals kept exhibition. be rememIn a manner worthy [Shorter form of mem-or- mend, mend, bered. — memorandum,

melon.

—

.'.

which what

Memphian,

remarkable;

trious;

past.

may remember Memory is the

— memorabilia, —

mem'or«a«bil"i«a, n. pi. [L.] Things

A

The muse

mi«men'to,

member, be mindful, from memini,

person

a person

time within

the

past; recollection and remembrance are exercises of the faculty, the former being a calling to mind, the latter a holding in mind; while reminiscence always, and recollection often, are used of the

mem'bra*-

membrane.

memento,

—

Melpomene, from melpomai, to

— membranous,

lucent.

a

and

a. Membranous; membrane, and trans-

nus, a. Belonging to a membrane; consisting of membranes ; resembling

remembered about

event;

or capacity of retaining in the

—

bot. thin, like

is

or is

mem«bra«na'shus,

—

n.

which

mem-

A

lodious, me«16'di«us, a. Containing or characterized by melody; musical; agreeable to the ear by a sweet succession of sounds. melodiously, me«16'di«us«li, adv. In a melodious manner. melodiousness, me«lo'di«us«nes, n. The quality of being melodious. melodist, mel'o«dist, n. composer or singer of melodies. melodize, mel'o«diz, v.t. melodized, melodizing. To make melodious. melon, melon, n. [Fr. melon, L. melo, an apple-shaped melon, from Gr. melon, an apple or apple-shaped fruit.] climbing or trailing annual plant and its fruit, which is large and fleshy, especially the muskmelon or cantaloupe, and the water-

Melpomene, mel«pom'e«ne,

n. [L.

brana, a thin skin, parchment, from membrum, a limb.] thin tissue of the animal body which covers organs, lines the interior of cavities, takes part in the formation of the walls of canals, etc. ; a similar texture in vegetables. membranaceous,

mel'o«di, n. [Gr. melodia, a tune, a choral song melos, a limb, a part, and ode, a song, an ode.] An agreeable succession of sounds;

— —

mindful.] The power, capacity, or faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowledge of past events or ideas; that faculty which enables us to treasure up and preserve for future use the knowledge which we acquire; remembrance; the state of being remembered; that

membrane, mem'bran,

melody,

sweetness of sound; sound highly pleasing to the ear; mus. a succession of tones produced by a single voice or instrument, and so arranged as to please the ear or to express some kind of sentiment; the particular air or tune of a musical melodic, me»lod'ik, a. Of piece. •the nature of melody; relating to melody. melodies, me-lod'iks, n. That branch of music which investigates the laws of melody. me-

[L. memoria,

body.

—

—

memory, from memor,

a

representative in a legislative Member of Congress, a representative elected by the voters of a congressional district to that branch of Congress called the House of Representatives. membership, mem'ber«ship, n. The state of being a member; the members of a body

dra«mat'ik, a. Pertaining to, suitable having the character of for, or melodrama. melodramatically, a mero«dra«mat"i'kal«li, adv. In a melodramatic manner; in an affected

A

Mendelism

527

situations,

—

—

—

n.

[From

Mendel, an Austrian abbot.] A set of laws of heredity advanced by Mendel, which show that traits are inherited in definite predictable

combinations involving and recessive ge nes.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

dominant

zh, a^ure.

—

—

—

— ,

mendicant a. [L. mendicans, mendicanlis, ppr. of mendico, to beg, from mendicus, a beggar (akin to menda, a fault).] Practicing beggary; poor to a state of beggary; begging as part of religious discipline

mendicant friar). n. A beggar; a member of a begging order or fraternity; a begging friar. mendicancy, men'di«kan«si, n. Beggary; mendicity, state of begging. a (a

—

—

men«dis'i«ti, n. [L. mendicitas.] The state or practice of begging; the life

of a beggar.

A

can Indian.]

n.

[Ameri-

salt-water fish of the

herring family, abounding on the shores of New England.

menhir, menhir, stone,

and

n.

[W. maen,

A name

long.]

hir,

a for

rude, or sculptured stones of antiquity, standing singly or in groups. menial, me'ni«al, a. [O.E. meyneal, etc., O.Fr. meignial, from meignee, maisgnee, a household, L.L. masnata; same origin as mansion.] Pertaining to household or domestic servants; servile. n. A domestic servant, especially one of a train of servants mostly as a term of disparagement. meninges, me«nin'jez, n. pi. [Gr. meningx, meningos, a membrane.] Anat. the three membranes that envelop the brain, the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid membrane. meningeal, me«nin'je»al, a. Relating to the meninges. meningitis, men— hvji'tis, n. Inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord. meniscus, me«nis'kus, n. pi. menisci, me«nis'si, or meniscuses. [Gr. meniskos, a little moon, from men, menos, the moon.] A lens, convex on one side and concave on the other, and in which the two surfaces meet, or would meet if continued, so that tall,

unknown

—

—

it

resembles a crescent.

Mennonite, men'non«it, n. [From Simon Menno, the founder, 14961561.]

One

of a sect of Anabaptists

who do

not believe in original sin, and object to taking oaths, making war, or going to law. menology, me«nol'0'ji, n. [Gr. men, a month, logos, account.] A register or calendar of events according to the days of the months; a calendar of saints and martyrs with their feasts throughout the year. menopause, men'o»paz, n. [Gr. men,

month,

pausis,

cessation

change of

of life

menorrhagia,

stopping.]

a

menstruation in

The

at

the

n.

[Gr.

woman.

men«orTa'ji«a,

men, menos, a month, and rheo, to flow.] Med. an immoderate menstrual discharge;

hemorrhage

from

the

uterus.

mensal, men'sal, a. [L. mensis, a month; same root as Gr. men, a month, month.] Occurring once a month; monthly. menses, men'sez, n. pi. The catamental or monthly menstrual, discharge of a woman.

—

—

men'stro«al, a. [L. menstrualis, monthly; pertaining to the menses of females; menstruous \ menstruate, menstruated, menmen'stro»at, v.i. struating. To discharge the menses.

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

men'stro»us, a. [L. menstruus.] Pertaining to the monthy flow of females.

menstruum, men'stro«um,

n.

pi.

menstrua, menstruums. [From L. menstruus, monthly, from mensis, a month from some old belief of the alchemists about the influence of the moon.] Any fluid which dissolves a ;

solid; a solvent.

mensurable, men'shu«ra«bl, a. [L. mensurabilis, from mensuro, to measure, from mensura, measure, measure.] Capable of being measured;

— mensurability, men'Quality of being mensurable. — mensural, men'shu*measurable.

shu«ra«bil"i«ti,

n.

measure. mensuration, men«shu»ra'shon, n. The act or art of measuring or taking the dimensions of anything; the process of finding any dimension of a figure, or its area or solid content, by means of the most simple ral,

a.

Pertaining

to

measurements possible. mental, men'tal, a. [Fr. mental, from L. mens, mentis, mind, mention.] Pertaining to the mind or intellect; affected with mental disorder {mental patient); of or pertaining to telepathic or occult power; performed by or present in the mind. mental deficiency, n. lack of intellectual capacity which sets one apart from his peers, the most extreme form being idiocy, and the

A

mildest form being moronity. mentally, men'tal«li, adv. mentali-

—

men«tari«ti, n. pacity and ability.

ty,

Intellectual

ca-

menthol, men'thol,

n. [L. mentha, mint, oleum, oil.] A white crystalline substance obtained from oil of peppermint. mentholated, men'tho«la«ted, a. Treated with menthol.

—

mention, men'shon, n. [L. mentio, mentionis, from same root as mens, mind, Skr. man,

to think, man.] brief notice or remark in regard to something; a cursory speaking of anything; often in the phrase to make mention of, to name or say something in regard to. v.t. To

A

make

mention

men'shon«a«bl, be mentioned.

of.

mentor, mentor,

— mentionable,

That can or may

a.

n.

[From Mentor,

the counselor of Telemachus, according to Homer.] A wise or faithful adviser or monitor.

menu, men'yu,

n.

[Fr.,

lit.

minute

or detailed list, from L. minutus, minute.] A list of the dishes, etc., to be served at a dinner, supper, or the like ; a bill of fare.

Mephistophelean,

mef'i'Sto«fe'li«an,

Resembling the character of Meph-

the diabolic spirit of Goethe's Faust and the Faust legend

istopheles,

generally; diabolical; sardonic. mephitis, me«fi'tis, n. [L. mephitis, a pestilential exhalation.] Noxious exhalations from decomposing substances, filth, or other source. mephitic, me«fit'ik, a. Pertaining to mephitis; offensive to the smell;

noxious; pestilential.

mercantile, mer'kan«til,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

—

mercury

menstruation, men«stro«a'shon, n. act of menstruating; the period of menstruating. menstruous,

The

a.

—

—

—

528

mendicant, men'di«kant,

menhaden, men«ha'den,

—

a. [Fr.

note, not,

mer-

move;

from L. mercans, mercantis. merchant.] Pertaining to merchants, cantile,

or their traffic; pertaining to trade or commerce; commercial. mercantilism, mer'kan«til«izm, n. The economic program which superseded that of medieval feudalism and advocated that each nation seek to establish a favorable balance of trade

—

and so accumulate bullion. Mercator's projection, mer«ka'ter. [From Gerard Mercator, a Flemish geographer.] A projection or map of the earth's surface, with the meridians and parallels of latitude straight lines. mer'se«ne«ri, a. [Fr. mercenaire, L. mercenarius, from merces, all

mercenary,

reward, wages, merchant.] Hired; obtained by hire (services, troops); that may be hired; moved by the love of money; greedy of gain; venal; sordid; entered into from motives of gain (a mercenary marriage).

One who

n.

soldier that service.

hired; a is into foreign

hired

is

mercerize, mer'ser«iz, v.t. [From John Mercer, the originator.] To to treatment with certain agents, as caustic soda, sulfuric acid, zinc chloride, etc., in order to produce desired results on textile fabrics.

subject

chemical

merchant, merchant,

n. [O.Fr. marchant, from L. mercans, mercantis, ppr. of mercor, mercatus, to barter, to deal, from merx, merchandise; akin mercer, mercenary, mercantile, mercy, etc. ; same root as merit.] One who carries on trade on a large scale, especially, a man who exports

and imports goods and at wholesale.

a.

sells

them

Relating to trade

—

meror commerce; commercial. chantable, mer'chant«a«bl, a. Fit for market; such as is usually sold in market. merchantman, mer chant*man, n. A ship engaged in commerce, as distinguished from a ship merchant of war; a trading vessel. marine, the commercial vessels bemerchandise, longing to a nation. mer'chan«diz, n. [Fr. merchandise, from marchand, a merchant.] The objects of commerce; wares; goods. mercury, mer'ku«ri, n. [L. Mercurius, from root of merces, wares, mer-

—

—

—

chant.] A heavy silver-white metallic element, the only element that is temperatures; fluid at ordinary quicksilver symbol, Hg (hydrargyrum); at. no., 80; at. wt., 200.59; [cap.] name of a Roman divinity, identified in later times with the

—

Greek Hermes; planet that

is

[cap.] astron. the closest to the sun. lamp, a lamp in which

Mercury-vapor an electric discharge, passing through mercury vapor, produces ultraviolet and actinic radiation. mercurial, mer«ku ri«al, a. [L. mercwiaSs.] Like the god Mercury or what belongs to him; light-hearted; gay; sprightly;

—

flighty; fickle; pertaining to quick-

containing or consisting of n. A prepquicksilver or mercury. aration of mercury used as a drug. mercurially, mer«ku ri»al«li, adv. In silver;

a

mercurial

manner.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

— mercuric,

pound.

—

— ——— ———

—— — —

——

— ——

mercy

529

mercurous, mer«ku'rik, mer'ku«rus, Containing mercury; terms used

mid-day medius, middle, and dies, day.] Pertaining to midday or noon, when the sun is on the meridian. Meridian altitude of the sun or stars, their altitude when on the meridian of the place where they are observed. n. Midday; noon; fig. the culmination; the point of greatest splendor; one of the innumerable imaginary circles or lines on the surface of the earth passing through both poles, and through any other given place, and used in denoting the longitudes of places ; a similar imaginary line in the heavens passing through the poles of the heavens and the zenith of any place (often called a celestial meridian), noon therefore occurring at all places directly under this line when the sun is on it. First meridian, that from which all the others are counted eastward and westward, and from which longitudes are reckoned, usually the meridian of Greenwich. Meridian of a globe, the brazen circle in which it turns, and

a.

name

of certain the former indicating that they contain a smaller proportion of mercury than the as

part

of

chemical

the

compounds,

latter.

mer'si, n. [Fr. merci, from L. merces, mercedis, pay, recompense, in L.L. mercy, from stem of mereo, to deserve (whence merit); akin mer-

merchant, market, amerce, etc.] That benevolence, mildness, or tenderness of heart which disposes a person to overlook injuries; the cantile,

disposition that tempers justice and leads to the infliction of a lighter punishment than law or justice will warrant; clemency; an act or exercise of mercy or favor; a blessing; compassion; pity; unrestrained exercise of will or authority: often in the phrase at one's mercy, that is, completely in one's power. To cry mercy, to beg pardon. Sisters of Mercy, members of female religious communities founded for the purpose of nursing the sick and the performance of similar works of mercy seat, n. charity and mercy. The place of mercy or forgiveness; the covering of the ark of the cove-

—

nant

among

mer'si'ful, willing to

a.

by which

it is supported. Magnetic meridian, one of the great circles which pass through the magnetic meridional, me«rid'i«on«al, poles. a. Pertaining to the meridian; hence,

southern; having a — Meridional

merciful, the Jews. Full of mercy; un-

mere,

mer

A

L. merus,

pure, unmixed.] This or that and nothing else ; simple ; absolute, entire, utter {mere folly). merely, mer'li, adv. Solely; simply; only; for this and no other purpose. mere, mer, n. [A.Sax. maere, gemaere, O.D. meer, a boundary; I eel. moerr, borderland.] A boundary; a boundary stone. meretricious, mer«e«trish'us, a. [L.

tissue.

merit,

mer'it, n. [Fr. merite, L. meritum, what is deserved, from mereo, to earn or deserve, mercy.] Desert of good or evil; excellence entitling to honor or reward; worth; reward deserved or merited; pi. the rights of a case or question; the essential points or circumstances.

meretricius, from meretrix, meretricis, a prostitute, from mereo, to earn. merit, mercy.] Pertaining to prostitutes; alluring by false show; having a gaudy but deceitful appearance; showy, but in bad taste. meretriciously, mer«e«trish'us«li, adv. In a meretricious manner. meretri-

to ri«us, a. Deserving reward or meritoriouspraise; praiseworthy. meritorily, mer«i«t6'ri«us«li, adv. ousness, mer«i«t6'ri«us«nes, n. merit

—

The system whereby n. government employees receive appointment and promotion on the basis of ability rather than by political

—

pressure. merl, merl, n.

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

[Fr.

blackbird hawk.] A courageous species of hawk about the size of a blackbird. merlon, merlon, n. [Fr. merlon; comp. L. moerus, for murus, a wall.] Fort, the part of an embattled parapet which lies between two embrasures.

absorption of one estate,

j,

>ob;

ng, sing;

mermaid, mer'mad,

n.

[Mer

is

same

A

as mere, a lake.] fabled marine creature, having the upper part like a woman and the lower like a fish.

merman, mer'man,

n.

The male man

corresponding to mermaid; a of the sea, with the tail of a instead of legs.

TH,

then;

th, thin;

fish

meroblast, mer 'ooblast, n. [Gr. meros, a part, and blastos, a sprout.] Biol. an ovum consisting both of a protoplasmic or germinal portion and an albuminous or nutritive one, as contradistinguished from holoblast, ovum entirely germinal. meroblastic, mer«o«blas'tik, a. Pertaining to a meroblast. Merovingian, mer«o«vinj'i«an, a. Of or relating to the Merovingian line of Franks founded by Clovis, and lasting from a.d. 500 to 750. merry, mer'i, a. [O.E. myrie, murie, A.Sax. merg, mirig, perhaps from root of mearo, tender; comp. Ir. and Gael, maer, Gael, mir, merry.] Gay and noisy; in overflowing good spirits; hilarious; mirthful; sportive. To make merry, to be jovial; to indulge in hilarity. merrily, mer'i— li, adv. merriment, mer'i«ment, n. Gaiety with laughter or noise; mirth; hilarity. merriness, mer'i«nes, n. merry-go-round, n. A circular frame,

an

—

—

—

made

revolve, and on which are treated to a ride. merrymaking, n. convivial entertainment; a festival. mesa, ma'sa, n. [Sp., from L. mensa, a table.] tableland of small extent rising abruptly from a surrounding plain. mesalliance, ma«zal'i«ans, n. [Fr.] marriage to a person of an inferior social rank. mescal, mes«kal', n. [Sp. mezcal, from Nahuatl mexcalli, a drink.] cactus (Lophophora Williamsii or L. Lewinii) of" Mexico and Texas, the buttonlike tips of which are dried and used as a stimulant and antispasmodic (by the Indians) ; a potent liquor distilled from pulque, the fermented juice of the cactus; a cactus yielding such liquor, as the to

children

A

A

A

A

maguey.

—

meseems, me«semz',

v. impersonal meseemed. [Not properly a simple verb, being really an impersonal verb preceded by a pronoun in the dative it seems to me. Comp.

pret.

methinks.] It seems to me.

mesencephalon, mes«en«sef a«lon,

n.

[Gr. mesos, middle, and enkephalos, the brain.] The middle or central portion of the brain. mesentery, mes'en«ter«i, n. [Gr. mesenterion mesos, middle, and enteron, intestine.] membrane in the cavity of the abdomen, the use of which is to retain the intestines and their appendages in a proper position. mesenteric, mes«en«ter'ik, a. Pertaining to the mesentery. mesenteritis, mes'en«ter«i"tis, n. Inflammation of the mesentery. mesh, mesh, n. [A.Sax. masc, max, a noose, mcescre, a mesh, a net; D. maas, Dan. maske, I eel. moskvi, G. masche, a mesh; W. masg, a mesh, Lith. megsti, to knit, are allied.] The

—

A

merle, a blackbird.] The European blackbird. merlin, merlin, n. [Fr. emerillon, from L. merula, a blackbird, meaning

contract, or interest, in another. meridian, me«rid'i«an, a. [L. meridianus, from meridies, for medidies,

ch, chain;

—

system,

A

The

To

deserve, in a good sense; to have a right to claim, as a reward, meritorious, mer«i— regard, honor. v.t.

ciousness, mer»e«trish'us«nes, n. merganser, mer«gan'ser, n. [L. mergo, to dive, and anser, a goose.] diving duck having a narrow bill and subsisting on fish. merge, merj, v.t. merged, merging. [L. mergo, to dip, to dive; seen also in emerge, immerge, immersion, submerge.] To cause to be swallowed up, absorbed, or incorporated; to sink; to bury; chiefly figurative (the smaller grief was merged in the greater). v.i. To be sunk, swallowed, incorporated, or absorbed. merger, merj'er, n.

the

A

si«les«nes, n.

mer', a. [O.Fr. mier,

navig.

distance or departure from the meridian, the easting or westing. meridionally, me«rid'i«on«al»li, adv. In the direction of the meridian. meringue, me«rang', n. light delicacy made of powdered sugar and the beaten whites of eggs. merino, me»re'no, n. [Sp. merino.] breed of sheep with long, fine wool; a soft, twilled fabric. meristem, meTis'tem, n. [Gr. merizo, I divide.] Bot. embryonic plant tissue that reproduces similar cells or differentiates to produce the organs and

—

mercilessness,

southern aspect.

distance,

punish for injuries; compassionate; tender; not cruel. mercifully, mer'si«ful«li, adv. In a merciful manner. mercifulness, mer'si«ful»nes, n. merciless, mer'si«les, a. Destitute of mercy; pitiless; mercilessly, mer'si— hard-hearted. les«li, adv. In a merciless manner.

— ——

mesh

—

mercy,

—

— —

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

—

mesial opening or space between the threads of a net; geared wheels. catch in a net; to ensnare.

v.t.

To

— mesh-

work, n. Network. mesial, me'zi»al, a. [Gr. mesos, middle.] Middle; median. Mesial line, mesial plane, an imaginary line and plane dividing the body longitudininto symmetrical halves, one toward the right and the other toward the left.

ally

mesmerism, mez'mer«izm, n. [After Mesmer, a German physician, who propounded the doctrine in 1778.] The doctrine that one person can exercise influence over the will and nervous system of another by virtue of a supposed emanation proceeding from him, or simply by the domination of his will over that of the person operated on; the influence

—

now called hypnotism. mesmeric, mez«mer'ik, a. Pertaining to mesmerism. mesmerist, mez'mer*-

itself,

—

ist, n.

One who

practices or believes

— mesmerize, mez'—mesmerized, mer«iz, mesmerizTo bring into a of mesmeric sleep. — mesmerizer, mez'in

mesmerism. v.t.

state

ing.

mer»iz«er, n.

One who mesmerizes.

mesne, men, a. [Norm,

mesne, middle,

from L. medianus, middle, mean, a., middle.] Law, middle, intervena mesne lord, i.e. a lord holds land of a superior but grants a part of it to another person. mesoblast, mes'o«blast, n. [Gr. mesos, middle, and blastos, a bud.] Physiol. the layer between the epiblast and hypoblast, the two primary layers of the embryo. mesocaecum, mes'o»se«kum, n. [Gr. mesos, middle, and L. caecum.] That part of the peritoneum which embraces the caecum and its appendages. mesocarp, mes'o«karp, n. [Gr. mesos, middle, and karpos, fruit.] Bot. the middle part or layer of the pericarp,

ing;

as,

who

immediately under the epicarp.

mesocephalic,

mes'o«se«fal"ik,

a.

A

doderm. mesogastric, mes«o«gas'trik, mesos,

Anat.

middle, applied

a. [Gr.

gaster, the belly.] to the membrane

which sustains the stomach, and by which it is attached to the abdomen. mesogastrium, mes«o«-

—

gas'tri'um, n. Anat. the umbilical region of the abdomen. mesogloea, me«so«gle'a, n. [Gr. mesos, middle, gloios, a jelly.] In zoophytes, a middle layer of the body, often jelly-like.

mesognathous, me«sog'na«thus,

a.

[Gr. mesos, middle, gnathos, jaw.] intermediate between Anthropol.

prognathous and orthognathous. meson, mes'on, n. Phys. a particle having a mass of the order of 200 times that of an electron and with a unit positive or negative charge, found in cosmic rays and in high-energy X-rays. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

— —

530

metal

mes'o«nef"ros, n. [Gr. mesos, middle, nephros, a kidney.] In vertebrates, the second of three successive renal organs. mesosphere, mez'o«sfer, n. [Prefix meso, and sphere.] An atmospheric layer located above the ionosphere, about 250 miles above the earth's

and American Indian; an individual of mixed breed. metabolic, met«a«bol'ik, a. [Gr. metabole, change.] Pertaining to metabometabolism, me«tab'o«lizm, n. lism. Physiol, the sum total of the build-up and destruction of cell tissue; the chemical cellular changes providing the energies for the life processes and the elimination of waste materials. metabolize, me«tab'o»liz, v.t. To subject to metabolism; transform by metabolism. metacarpus, met«a«kar'pus, n. [Gr. meta, beyond, karpos, the wrist.] Anat. the part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers. metacarpal, met«a«kar'pal, a. Pertaining to the metacarpus. metacenter, met»a«sen ter, n. [Gr. meta, beyond, and kentron, center.] Physics, that point in a floating body on the position of which its stability depends, and which must be above the center of gravity to prevent the body from turning over.

mesonephros,

crust.

mesothorax, mes«o«tho'raks, n. [Gr. mesos, middle, and thorax, the chest.] Entom. the middle ring of the thorax.

mesotron, mez'o«tron, n. [Prefix meso, and tron.] A meson. Mesozoic, mes«o«zo'ik, a. [Gr. mesos, middle, and zoe, life.] Geol. pertaining to the secondary age, between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic. mesquite, mes'ket, n. [Sp. mezquite, probably of American origin.] A leguminous shrub of southwestern

U. S. and Mexico. mess, mes, n. [O.Fr. mes,

a dish, a

course of dishes at table; It. messo; properly that which is sent, from L. missus, pp. of mitto, to send. mission.] A dish or quantity of food set on a table at one time; food for a person at one meal; a number of persons who eat together at the same table, especially in the army or navy. To take meals in common v.i. with others, as one of a mess; to associate at the same table. mess, mes, n. [Formerly mesh, which is same as mash, lit. a mixture.] A disorderly mixture; a state of dirt and disorder; fig. a situation of confusion or embarrassment; a

—

muddle.

message,

mes'ij, n. [Fr. message, It. messaggio, L.L. missaticum, message, from L. mitto, missum, to send. mission.] Any communication, written or verbal, sent from one person to another; an official communication delivered by a messenger.

messenger, mes'emjer,

n. [O.E.

mes-

Fr. messager. The n has intruded as in passenger.] One who delivers a message or performs an

sager,

[Gr. mesos, middle, and kephale, the term applied to the human head.] skull when it is of" medium breadth. mesoderm, mes'o«derm, n. [Gr. mesos, middle, and derma, skin.] Zool. the middle layer of tissue between the ectoderm and the en-

—

—

errand; one

who

conveys dispatches

from one government an envoy; an emissary;

to

another;

a harbinger;

a herald.

Messiah,

mes«si'a, n. [Heb. mdshiach, anointed, from mdshach, to anoint.] The deliverer and savior promised to the Hebrews; Christ, the Anointed; the Saviour of the world. Messiahship, mes«si'a«ship, n. The Messianic, office of the Saviour. mes'si«an'ik, a. Relating to the Mes-

—

siah.

messieurs, mes'erz, n. Monsieur (which see).]

[Fr. pi. of Sirs; gen-

tlemen; the plural of Mr., employed in addressing firms or companies of several persons, and generally contracted into Messrs.

messuage, mes'wij,

n. [O.Fr. mesmesnage, L.L. messuagium, mansionaticum, from L. mansio, a dwelling, mansion.] Law, a dwelling house, with the adjacent buildings, etc., appropriated to the use of the household; a manor house. mestizo, mes«te'zo, n. [Sp. mestizo, from L. mixtus, pp. of mtsceo, to mix.l The offspring of a Caucasian

suage,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

—

—

metage, met'ij, Measurement of

[From

n.

coal;

mete.] for

charge

measuring.

metagenesis, meta,

after,

met«a«jen'e«sis, n. [Gr.

change,

and

genesis.]

Zool. the changes of form which the representative of a species undergoes in passing, by a series of successively generated individuals, from the ovum or egg to the perfect state ; alternation metagenetic, metaof generation. genic, met'a»je«net'ik, met«a»jen lk, a. Pertaining to metagenesis. metal, met'al, n. [L. metallum, from Gr. metallon, a mine, a metal meta, after, and root meaning to go or search.] name given to certain substances of which gold, silver, iron, lead, are examples, having a luster and generally fusible by heat; the name given by workers in glass, pottery, etc., to the material on which they operate when in a state of fusion. metallic, me«tal'ik, a. [L. metallicus.] Pertaining to metals; consisting of metal; like a metal. Metallic oxide, a compound of metal and oxygen. Metallic paper, paper the surface of which is washed over with a solution of whiting, lime, and size, and which is written on with a pewter pencil. metalliferous, met«al«if'er»us, a. Producing metal; yieldmetalline, met'al»in, a. ing, metal. Consisting of or containing metal. metalizcd. metallize, met aMz, v.t. metalizing. To form into metal; to give its proper metallic properties to metallography, met»al«(an ore). og'ra«fi, n. The science or description of metals the study of metals by the

—

A

—

—

—

—

— ;

microscope.

A

— metalloid,

met

al«oid,

metallic base of a fixed alkali or alkaline earth; any non-metallic elementary substance. a. Like metal; having the form or appearance metallurgy, met al«er»ji, of a metal. n. [Gr. ergon, work.] The art of working metals; the process of separating them from other matters in the ore, smelting, refining, etc. n.

—

metallurgic,

metallurgical,

met«-

al«er jik, met«al«er ji«kal, a. Pertain-

ing

to

metallurgy.

tube, tub, bull;

— metallurgist,

oil,

pound.

—

—

— ——

metalloid met'al«er«jist,

531

One engaged

n.

metaphysics,

in

metallurgy,

metalloid, METAL.

metamere, met'a'mer,

etc.

n. [Gr.

See meta,

with or among; and meros, a part.] Compar. anat. one of a series of" similar parts; in segmented animals, one of the segments. metamerism, me«tam'er»izm, n. Chem. the char-

—

acter in certain compound bodies, differing in chemical properties, of

having the same elements combined same proportion and with the same molecular weight.

in the

metamorphosis,

met«a«mor'fo«sis, n. [Gr. metamorphosis meta, denoting change, and morphe, form, shape.] Change of form, shape, or structure; transformation; zool. the alterations

—

which an animal undergoes

—

Metaphysics.

metaplasmos,

transformation meta, over, and plasso, to form.] Gram. a change in a word by adding, transposing, or retrenching a syllable or letter.

metastasis,

me«tas'ta«sis, metastasis —meta, over, and

—

meta,

tarsus.]

metathesis,

me«tath'e«sis, n. [Gr. metathesis meta, over, and tithemi, to set.] Gram, transposition of the letters, sounds, or syllables of a

—

word.

— metathetic,

metathetical,

met«a«thet'ik, met«a'thet'i«kal, a. Relating to metathesis. metathorax, met«a«tho'raks, n. [Gr. meta, after, and thorax, the chest.] Entom. the third and last segment of the thorax. metayer, me«ta'yer, n. [Fr. metayer, L.L. medietarius, from L. medietas, middle state, from medius, middle.] cultivator who tills the soil on condition of receiving a share of its

A

A

produce, the owner furnishing the whole or part of the stock, tools, etc.

not formally expressed. Thus, 'that man is a fox', is a metaphor; but

met«a«z6'a, n. pi. [Gr. meta, after, zoon, animal.] The subkingdom of animals comprising all except the Protozoa, characterized by two cell into tissues, differentiated layers organs and a digestive cavity. metazoan, met»a«z6'an, a. and n. mete, met, v.t. meted, meting. [A. Sax. metan^=T>. meten, Goth, mitan, G. messen, to measure; I eel. meta, to value; from root of L., modus a measure (whence mode); Gr. metron, a measure; Skr. ma, to measure.] To measure; to ascertain the quantity, dimensions, or capacity of by any rule or standard.

Metazoa,

like a fox', is a simile

—

metaphoric, metaor comparison. phorical, met»a«for'ik, met«a»for'i«kal, a. Pertaining to metaphor; comprising a metaphor; not literal; metaphorically, met«a«figurative. for'i«kal«li, adv. In a metaphorical manner; not literally. metaphrase, met'a«fraz, n. [Gr. metaphrasis meta, according to or with, and phrasis, phrase.] A verbal translation of one language into another, word for word: opposed to para-

—

—

—

met'a«frast, n.

literal translator.

go;

tarsos,

of the foot, or part between the ankle and the toes. metatarsal, met«a«tar'sal, a. Belonging to the metatarsus. n. A bone of the metatarsus.

into different characters. met'a-nef'ros, n. [Gr. meta, after, nephros, a kidney.] In vertebrates, the third of three successive renal organs. The definitive kidney of mammals, birds, and reptiles. metaphor, met'a«fer, n. [Gr. metaphora, from metaphero, to transfer meta, over, and phero, to carry.] figure of speech founded on resemblance, by which a word is transferred from an object to which it properly belongs to another in such a manner that a comparison is implied though

g,

beyond, and

The middle

metanephros,

ch, Sc. loch;

stasis,

translation or removal from one part to metastatic, met«a«stat'ik, another. a. Relating to metastasis. metatarsus, met«a«tar'sus, n. [Gr.

Metamorphoses, n. pi. The poem by Ovid dealing with the various changes of human beings and others

ch, chain;

[Gr.

a of a disease

——metamorphose, metamorphosed,

— metaphrast,

n.

Med.

position.]

met«a»mor'foz, v.t. metamorphosing. To change into a different form; to change the shape or character of; to transform.

A

n.

One who is versed in metaphysics. metaplasm, met'a«plazm, n. [Gr.

—

phrase.

met^a-fizi^kal'li,

In a metaphysical manner. metaphysician, met'a'fwish'an,

heat, pressure, or chemical agency; the lowest and non-fossiliferous stratified rocks, originally deposited from water and crystallized by subsequent metamorphism, met«a«agencies. mor'fizm, n. The process of metamorphosing; the change undergone by stratified rocks under the influence of heat and chemical or

is

meta-

adv.

Metamorphic rocks, geol. stratified rocks of any age whose texture has been rendered less or more crystalline by subterranean

man

— metaphysic,

— metaphysically,

phosis.

'that

met»a»fiz'iks,

pi.

physical, met«a«fiz'i«kal, a. Pertaining to metaphysics; according to rules or principles of metaphysics.

after its

exclusion from the egg, and which alter extensively the general form and life of the individual; such changes as those from the caterbutterfly. pillar to the perfect metamorphic, met«a«mor'fik, a. Pertaining to or producing metamor-

mechanical agents.

meter

n. [L. neut. from Gr. meta, after, and physica, physics, from physis, nature, the science of natural bodies or physics being regarded as properly first in the order of studies, and the science of mind or intelligence to be the second.] That science which seeks to trace the branches of human knowledge to their first principles in the constitution of our nature, or to find what is the nature of the human mind and its relations to the external world; the science that seeks to know the ultimate grounds of being or what it is that really exists, embracing both psychology and ontology. metaphysic, met«a«fiz'ik, n.

metaphysica,

metallurgy,

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

——

—

TH,

then;

th, thin;

metempirical, met«en>pir'i.kal, a. [Gr. meta, beyond, and empeiria, experience, from en, in, and peira, trial, experiment.] Metaph. beyond or outside of experience; not based on experience; transcendental; a priori opposed to empirical or experiential. metempiric, met»em«pir'ik, n. One who believes in the transcendental philosophy. metempsychosis, me.tem'si«ko"sis, n. [Gr. meta, denoting change, en, in, and psyche, soul.] Transmigration; the passing of the soul of a man after death into some other animal body. meteor, me'te^er, n. [From Gr. meteoros, raised on high meta, beyond, :

—

and

A

aeird, to raise.] transient celestial body that enters the earth's atmosphere with terrific velocity,

white with heat generated by the

—

resistance of the air. meteoric, me«te«or'ik, a. Pertaining to a meteor or meteors ; fig. transiently or irregularly brilliant.—Meteoric iron, iron as found in meteoric stones. Meteoric

stones, those aerolites which from the heavens on the surface of the earth, and usually consist of metallic iron and certain silicates. Meteoric showers, showers of shootfall

ing stars occurring periodically. meteorite, me'te-er.it, n. A meteoric stone ; an aerolite ; especially a meteor which has reached the earth's crust

without being

completely consumed. —meteorograph, me'te«er.o«graf,

An

n.

instrument

or apparatus for registering meteorological phenomena. meteorology, me'te'er«ol"o— ji, n. [Gr. meteor ologia.] The science which treats of atmospheric phenomena, more especially as connected with or in relation to weather and climate. meteorologic, meteoro-

—

—

logical,

me'te»er«o«loj"ik,

me'te«er«Pertaining to meteorology or to the atmosphere and its phenomena. meteorologist, me'o»loj"i«kal, a.

—

te«er.ol"o.jist, n.

A

person skilled in

meteorology.

meter,

me'ter,

n.

[Fr.

mitre,

L.

metrum, meter, Gr. metron, meter, a measure; same root as in measure, mete.] Rhythmical arrangement of syllables into verses, stanzas, stro-

phes, etc.; rhythm; measure; verse. metric, metrical, met'rik, met'ri«kal, a. Pertaining to rhythm or meter; consisting of verse. metrically met'ri'kal'li, adv. In a metrical manner ; according to poetic measure. metrist, me'trist, n. A composer of verses. meter, me'ter: Fr. pron. ma»tr, n. [Fr. mitre, from Gr. metron, a measure. See above.] A basic measure of length, equal to 39.37 inches, the standard of linear measmetric, met'rik, a. Pertaining ure. to a system of weights, measures,

—

—

—

—

and moneys,

first

adopted in France

—the decimal system. See decimal. — metrical, met'ri«kal, Pertaining a.

to

or

employed

in measuring. mi»trol'o«ji, n. ac-

metrology, An count of weights and measures; the art and science of mensuration. metronome, met'ro«nom, n. [Gr.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— —— —

—

meter

[From mete.) One who or that which measures; an instrument that measures and records n.

metonymy,

me«ton'i«mi, n. [Gr. metonymia meta, denoting change, and onoma, a name.] Rhet. a figure by which one word is put for another on account of some actual relation

—

between the things

we

signified, as

'We read

say.

when

that

Virgil',

—

is,

automatically, as a gas meter, water

meter, etc.

nim'i«kal,

(CH

4 ),

Marsh

n.

Arch, the space between the triglyphs of the Doric frieze.

tifreeze, solvent, etc.

—

method, meth'od,

n. [Fr. methode, L. methodus, from Gr. methodos meta, after, and hodos, a way.] A way or mode by which we proceed to the attainment of some aim ; mode or manner of procedure; logical or scientific arrangement or mode of acting; systematic or orderly procedure; system; nat. hist, principle of classification (the Linnaean method). methodic, methodical, me«thod'methodically, ik, me»thod'i«kal, a.

meth'od'izm, n. worship of the

—

— — methodism, The doctrines and Methodists. — methadv.

meth'od'ist, n. [cap.] One characterized by strict adherence to method; one of a sect of Christians founded by John Wesley, so called from the regularity of their lives and the strictness of their observance methodistic, of religious duties.

odist,

—

—

meth'0»dis'tik,.r.

misunderstand; to take in a misapprehension, wrong sense.

—

A

mistaking; wrong apprehension of one's meaning or of a fact. mis«ap'pri«hen"shon,

misappropriate,

n.

mis«ap«pr6'pri«at,

To

appropriate wrongly; to put purpose. misappropriation, mis«ap«pr6'pri«a"shon, n. Wrong appropriation. v.t.

to

—

wrong

a

mis«a«ranj', v.t. To Disararrange in a wrong order.

misarrange,

—

rangement, mis«a«ranj'ment;

Dis-

n.

orderly arrangement. mis«bi«kum', v.t. pret. misbecame, ppr. misbecoming, pp. misbecome or misbecomed. Not to

—

misbecome,

become; to suit ill; not to befit. misbecoming, mis«bi«kum'ing, p. and a. Unbecoming; unseemly. misbegot, misbegotten, mis«bi«got', mis«bi«got'n, p. and a. Unor

lawfully

irregularly

begotten;

used also as a general epithet of opprobrium.

misbehave,

mis«bi«hav',

v.i.

To

ill; to conduct one's self improperly; often used with the pronouns. misbehavior, reflexive mis»bi«hav'yer, n. Improper, rude,

behave

—

or uncivil behavior.

misbelief, mis-bi'lef,

n.

Erroneous

unbelief. religion; misbeliever, mis«bi«le'ver, n. One who holds a false religion. miscalculate, mis«kal'ku«lat, v.t. To calculate erroneously; to make a belief;

—

miscast, mis-cast', v.t. [From prefix mis, and cast.] To place in an unsuitable role.

miscegenation, mis'si«je»na"shon, n. [L. misceo, to mix, and genus, a race.] Mixture or amalgamation of races.

miscellaneous,

mis'Sel«la'ni«us, a. misceo, to mix. meddle.] Consisting of several kinds or things mingled; diversified. miscellaneously, mis«sel'la'ni«us«li, miscellaneousness, mis«sel«la'adv. ni»us«nes, n. miscellanist, mis«sella«nist, n. miscellany, mis'sel«a»ni,

false

wrong guess or estimate

of.

— mis-

calculation, mis«karku«la"shon, n. Erroneous calculation or estimate.

—

—

A

from

—

mixture of various kinds; a collection of written compositions on n.

various subjects. mischance, mis«chans', n. Ill luck; misfortune; mishap; misadventure, mischief, mis'chif, n. [O.Fr. mescheif, meschef, mischief; from Fr. mes, Sp. and Pg. menos L. minus, less, and chef=L,. caput, the head. minor, chief.] Harm; hurt; injury; damage; evil, whether intended or not; source of vexation, trouble, or annoyance; troublesome or annoying conduct; conduct causing injury;

wrong-doing.

— mischief-maker,

n.

One who makes excites

or

—

mischief; one who instigates quarrels or

enmity. mischief-making, a. Causing harm; exciting enmity or quarrels. mischievous, mis'chi«vus, a. Harmful; injurious; fond of mischief; annoying or troublesome in conduct. mischievously, mis'chi*vus«li, adv. In a mischievous manner. mischievousness, mis'chi«vus«nes, n. The quality of being mischievous.

—

—

—

miscible, mis'i'bl,

a.

[Fr.

from L. misceo, to mix. Capable of being mixed.

miscible,

meddle.]

— miscibil-

ity,

mis«i«biri«ti,

State of being

n.

miscible.

misconceive, mis«kon«seV,

v.t. or i. receive a false notion or opinion of anything; to misjudge; to have

To

an erroneous understanding of anymisconceiver, mis«kon«se'thing.

—

ver,

n.

One who

misconceives.

misconception, mis«kon»sep'shon, n. Erroneous conception; false opinion; wrong notion or understanding of a thing. misconduct, mis«kon'dukt, n. Wrong or bad conduct; misbehavior.— -v.t. (mis-kon-dukt'). To conduct amiss; reft, to misbehave.

misconstrue, mis«kon'stro,

v.t.

To

construe or

interpret erroneously; to take in a wrong sense; to mismisconjudge; to misunderstand. struction, mis»kon»struk'shon, n. The act of misconstruing.

—

miscount, mis«kount',

v.t.

To

count

Unfor-

erroneously; to misjudge. v.i. To make a wrong reckoning. n. An erroneous counting or numbering. miscreant, mis kri«ant, n. [O.Fr. mescreant mes, prefix, from L. mi-

tunate issue or result of an undertaking; med. expulsion of the human

nus, less, and creant, believing, from L. credo, to believe, minor, treed.]

miscall, mis«kal', to give tof.

a

v.t.

To

call

by

a

name improperly; bad name or character

wrong name; miscarriage,

to

mis»kar'ij,

n.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

;

;

miserable

fetus prematurely, before it is capable of living outside the womb; abortion. miscarry, mis«kar'i, v.i. To fail of the intended effect; to bring forth young before the proper time.

[L. miscellaneus,

misapprehend,

——

538

— mirthful,

mischance;

—

——

note, not,

move;

An

or one

infidel,

false faith|; a vile

who embraces

a

wretch; a scoun-

drel; a detestable villain.

miscredit, mis«kred'it,

v.t. To give credit or belief to; to disbelieve. (Carl.)

no

miscue, mis«ku', v,i. [From prefix mis, and cue.) Dram, to make a mistake on stage because of a missed signal to miss one's cue. n. Billiards, a stroke in which the cue fails to hit the ball; a slip; a mistake. (Slang)

misdate,

mis«dat',

v.t.

To

date

erroneously.

misdeal, mis«deT,

n. Card playing, a deal; a deal in which each player does not receive his proper cards. v.t. or i. To divide cards wrongly or unfairly.

wrong

misdeed, mis«ded',

n.

An

evil

deed;

wicked action. misdeem, mis«dem', a

v.t. To judge erroneously; to misjudge; to mistake in judging, misdemean, mis-di-men', v.t. To

behave ant,

used

ill;

refl.

mis«di«me'nant,

— misdemeann.

One who

—

commits a misdemeanor. misdemeanor, mis'di«me'ner, n. Ill behavior; evil conduct; a fault or transgression; law, an offense of a less atrocious nature than a crime. misdirect, mis«di»rekt', v.t. To give a wrong direction to; to direct into a wrong course; to direct to a wrong person or place. misdirection, mis'di-rek'shon, n. A wrong

—

direction.

misdo, mis«d6', v.t. or i. To do wrong; to do amiss; to commit a crime or n.

fault.

— misdoer, mis'do'er, or crime. — mis-

One who does wrong; one who

commits

a

fault

doing, mis'do'ing, n. A wrong done; a fault or crime; an offense. misdoubt, mis«dout', n. Suspicion of crime or danger. v.t. To suspect of deceit or danger, misemploy, mis«em«ploi', v.t. To employ to no purpose, or to a bad purpose. miser, mi'zer, rt. [L. miser, wretched, akin to mcestus, sorrowful, and Gr. misos, hatred.] One wretched or afflicted (Shak.)$; a sordid wretch; a niggard; one who in wealth makes himself miserable by the fear of miserly, mi zer«li, a. Like poverty. a miser in habits; pertaining to a miser; penurious; sordid; niggardly.

—

miserable, miz

er«a«bl, a. [Fr. miscr-

L. miserabilis, from miser, wretched, miser.] Very unhappy; suffering miser.-; wretched; filled with misery; abounding in misery; causing misery; very poor or mean; miserableworthless; despicable. able,

—

ness, miz er»a'bl»nes, n. The state or quality of being miserable. miserably, miz er«a«bli, adv. In a

miserable manner.

— Miserere, miz«-

The name

given to the 50th Psalm in the Vulgate, corresponding to the 51st Psalm in the English version, beginning 'Miserere met, Domine' ('Pity me, O Lord'); a piece of music composed to this misery, miz er»i, n. [L. mipsalm. seria, from miser, wretched.] Great

e-re're,

n.

—

unhappiness

;

tube, tub, bull;

extreme oil,

distress

pound.

—

—

misfeasance mis,

minus,

[Fr. mis«fe'zans, n. (L. minus), and faisance, faire, to do.] Law, a trespass;

wrong

mispickel, mis'pik»el, n. [G.] Arsenical pyrites; an ore of arsenic, containing this metal in combination with iron. misplace, mis«plas', v.t. To put in a wrong place; to set on an improper object. misplacement, mis«plas'ment, n. The act of misplacing or

—

and a etc., subject, as misgiving, mis— as object. failing of confidence; giv'ing, n. doubt; distrust.

putting in the wrong place.

—

misprint, mis«print',

—

direction; guidance into error.

mis«hap', n. Mischance; ill luck; misfortune. Mishna, mish'na, n. [Heb. shanah, to repeat.] The collection of precepts that constitute the basis of the

—

evil accident;

Wrong information. mis«in«ter'pret , v.t. To interpret erroneously; to understand or explain in a wrong sense. misinterpretation, mis«in«ter'pre«ta"shon, n. The- act of interpreting erroneously. misjudge, mis«juj', v.t. To mistake in judging of; to judge erroneously. v.i. To err in judgment; to form false opinions or notions. misjudgment, mis'juj'ment, n. wrong or

proportion.

misquote, mis«kwot', quote rectly.

missel thrush, mis'el, n. [From its feeding on the mistletoe; comp. G. mistel-drossel, mistletoe

A

thrush.] common British thrush rather larger than the common thrush. misshape, mis«shap', v.t. To shape ill; to give an ill form to; to deform.

—misshapen,

v.t.

to

— misquotation,

or

cite

i.

To

incor-

mis«kw6«-

—

mislay, mis^la', v.t. To lay in a wrong place; to lay wrongly; to lay in a

misreport,

place not recollected.

To lead astray;

guide into error; to deceive. misleading, mis«led'ing, p. and

to

—

To

manage ill; to administer improperly. mismanagement, mis«man'ij«ment, n. Ill or improper man-

—

misrule,

To mate

or amiss or unsuitably. [Tenn.] v.t.

To

call

be

g,

rule; dis-

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

an

unmanned,

self-

—

missiles.

mission, mish'on, n. [L. missio, a sending, from mitto, missum, to send, which enters into a great many English words; as admit, commit, permit, remit, dismiss, remiss, prom-

A

message, mess, etc.] sending or delegating; duty on which one is sent; a commission; an errand; persons sent by authority to perform

ise,

any

service;

particularly,

persons

sent on some political business or to propagate religion; a station of missionaries; the persons con-

nected with such a station.

— mis-

sionary, mish'on«e«ri, n. One who sent upon a religious mission; is one who is sent to propagate religion. a. Pertaining to missions. missive, mis'iv, n. [Fr. missive, a letter, from L. missus, sent, mission.] That which is sent; a message; a letter sent. a. Sent or proceeding from some authoritative or official source; intended to be thrown, hurled, or ejected; missile.

miss, mis, n. [Contr. from mistress.] An unmarried female; a young unmarried lady; a girl; a title or

by

go;

Bad

thrown;

propelled projectile, as a rocket. missileman, n. One who helps to design, build, or operate a guided missilery, missilry, mis'missile. il«re, n. The science of designing, launching, and controlling guided

sively.

wrong name. ch, Sc. loch;

mis'rol', n.

To rule confusion. v.t. order; amiss; to govern badly or oppres-

agement. v.t.

v.t.

represent falsely or incorrectly; to give a false or erroneous repremisrepresentation, of. sentation mis«rep'ri'Zen«ta"shon, n. The act of misrepresenting; a false or incorrect representation.

Ill

torted.

To

To

causing mistake. mislike, mis«lik', v.t. To dislike; to disapprove; to have aversion to. v.t.

v.t.

misrepresent, mis«rep'ri«zent",

a.

Leading astray; leading into error;

mis»man'ij,

mis«ri«p6rt',

report erroneously; to give an incorn. An erroneous rect account of. report; a false or incorrect account given.

a.

missile, mis'il, a. [L. missilis, from mitto, missum, to send, to throw. mission.] Capable of being thrown or projected from the hand or from any instrument or engine. n. A weapon or projectile thrown or to

or compute wrong.

unjust determination.

mis«sha'pn,

formed; deformed; malformed; dis-

ta'shon, n. An erroneous quotation; the act of quoting wrong. misread, mis«red', v.t. To read amiss; to mistake the sense of. misreckon, mis«rek'n, v.t. To reckon

A

ch, chain;

erroneously;

A

missel,

v.t.

misproportion, mis»pro«p6r'shon, v. t. To err in proportioning one thing to another; to join without due

n.

—

or part needed to complete a series; a hypothetical form of animal connecting the anthropoid apes with man. missal, mis'al, n. [L.L. missale, liber missalis, from missa, the mass. mass.] The Roman Catholic massbook or book containing the office of the mass.

pronunciation.

misinterpret,

the

failure to hit, reach, obtain, etc.; loss; want. missing link, n. unit

i. To pronounce erroneously. mispronunciation, mis»pro«nun'si«a"shon, n. A wrong or improper

—

match

=

A

or

municate an incorrect statement of misinformation, mis 'in*facts to.

misname, mis«nam',

mistake

mispronounce, mis«pro«nouns',

Talmud. misinform, mis«in«form', v.t. To give erroneous information to; to com-

mismate, mis»mat',

To

to

=

mishap,

mismanage,

printing;

A

mis«guv'ern, v.t. To govern ill; to administer unfaithmisgovernment, fully. mis«guv'ern«ment, n. The act of misgoverning; bad administration or management of public or private affairs; irregularity in conduct. misguide, mis«gid', v.t. To lead or guide into error; to direct ill; to direct to a wrong purpose or end. misguidance, mis«gi'dans, n. Wrong

v.t.

v.t.

print wrong. n. mistake in printing; a deviation from the copy. misprision, mis«prizh'on, n. [From Fr. prefix mes ( L. minus, less), and L. prehensio, a taking, from prehendo, to take.] Mistake; misconception; law, any high offense under the degree of capital, but nearly bordering thereon. Misprision of treason, a bare knowledge and concealment of treason, without assenting to it. misprize, misprise, mis«priz', v.t. [O.Fr. mespriser (Fr. mepriser), to despise prefix mes, mts L. minus, less, and priser^'L. pretiare, to prize, from pretium, price, price.] To slight or undervalue. in

misgovern,

mislead, mis«led',

mistaken

—

A

misgive, mis«giv', v.t. To fill with doubt; to deprive of confidence; to fail; usually with 'heart' or

for»ma"shon,

A

—

—

A

less),

or inapplicable name or designation; a misapplied term. misogamist, mi«sog'am«ist, n. [Gr. mised, to hate, and gamos, marriage.] A hater of marriage. misogamy, mi«sog'a«mi, n. Hatred of marriage. misogynist, mi«soj'i«nist, n. [Gr. miseo, to hate, and gyne, woman.] woman-hater. misogyny, mi«soj'i«ni, n. Hatred of the female sex.

A

'mind',

address prefixed to the name of an unmarried female; a kept mistress; a concubine. miss, mis, v.t. [A.Sax. missan, to miss = D. and G. missen, Icel. missa, Dan. miste, to miss; closely akin to Teut. prefix mis; same root as A.Sax. mithan, to conceal, avoid; G. meiden, to avoid.] To fail in hitting, reaching, obtaining, finding, seeing, and the like; to discover the absence of; to feel or perceive the want of; to mourn the loss of; to omit; to let slip; to pass over. v.i. To fail to hit or strike what is aimed at. n.

[Prefix

n.

wrong (L. and nommer, to name,

Fr. prefix mes,

nom, L. nomen, a name.]

a wrong done. misfit, mis«fit', n. wrong or bad fit; To make (a v.t. a bad match, garment, etc.) of a wrong size; to supply with something that does not fit, or is not suitable. misform, mis«form', v.t. To make misformation, mis*of an ill form. for«ma'shon, n. An irregularity of formation. misfortune, mis«for'chun, n. Ill fortune; ill luck; calamity; some accident that prejudicially affects one's condition in life.

pronoun

from

— — ——

—

misspend

misnomer, mis-no'mer,

misfeasance,

from

—

539

wretchedness; calamity; misfortune; cause of misery. mes,

— ——

——

th, thin;

misspell, wrong.

mis«spel',

v.t.

misspend, mis«spend',

v.t.

To

spell

To

spend

amiss, to no purpose, or to a bad one; to waste; to spend for wrong uses.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

—

— —

misstate, mis-stat To state v.t. wrongly; to make an erroneous statement of. mist, mist, n. [A. Sax. mist, gloom, cloud L.G., D., and Sw. mist, Icel. ,

mist; akin G. mist, dung; from root seen in Skr. mih, to sprinkle.] Visible watery vapor suspended in the atmosphere at or near the surface of the earth; aqueous vapor falling in numerous but separately almost imperceptible drops; cloudy matter; something which dims or darkens, and obscures or intercepts vision. v.t. To cover with mist; to cloud. (Shak.) v.i. To be misty or drizzling. mistily, mis'ti«li, adv. In a vague or misty manmistiness, mis'ti*ner; obscurely. nes, n. The state of being misty. misty, mis'ti, a. Accompanied or characterized by mist; overspread with mist; dim; fig. obscure; not perspicuous. mistake, mis«tak', v.t. pret. mistook, pp. mistaken, ppr. mistaking. To take in error; to select wrongly; to conceive or understand erroneously; to regard otherwise than as the facts warrant; to misjudge; to take for a certain other person or thing; to regard as one when really another. v.i. To be under a misapprehension or misconception; to be in error. To be mistaken, to be misunderstood or misapprehended ; to make or have made a mistake; to be in error. n. An error in opinion or judgment; mistr,

—

—

—

misapprehension; misunderstanding; a

slip;

a fault;

a

wrong

act

done

— mistakable, mis— Capable of being mistaken tak'a«bl, or misconceived. — mistaken, mis«unintentionally. a.

ta'kn, p. and a. Erroneous; incorrect; having made, or laboring under,

a

wrong.— mistakenly, By mistake.

mistake;

mis-ta'kn'li, adv.

To

teach wrongly; to instruct erroneously. Mister, mis'ter, n. [See master.] The title of respect for a man, usually abbrev. Mr., prefixed to the name, as Mr. Jones, prefixed also to certain official designations, as Mr. President. mistime, mis'tlm', v.t. To time wrongly; not to adapt to the time. mistletoe, mis'l-to, n. [A. Sax. mis-

misteach, mis«tech',

teltdn,

Icel.

v.t.

mistel-teinn; tan, teinn,

meaning a twig or sprout; meaning of mistel, doubtful.] A European evergreen plant growing parasitically on trees, with oblong leaves, yellowish-green flowers, and in winter white berries; a similar American plant.

mistral, mis'tral,

n.

[Pr.

from L.

lit. the master-wind.] A violent cold northwest wind experi-

magistralis,

enced in Southern France. mistreat, mis«tret', v.t. To treat mistreatment, amiss; to maltreat.

—

mis'tret'ment, abuse.

n.

Wrong

treatment;

mis'tres, n. [O.Fr. mais(Fr. maitresse), fern, corresponding to maistre, L. magister, a

tresse

master,

master.]

;

to married or matronly women, and written in the abbreviated form Mrs., which is pronounced mis'is, and used before personal names. mistrust, mis»trust', n. Want of confidence or trust; suspicion. v.t. To suspect; to doubt; to regard with mistrustful, jealousy or suspicion. mis'trust'ful, a. Suspicious; doubtmistrusting; wanting confidence. fully, mis-trust'ful'li, adv. In a mistrustful manner. mistrustfulness, mis«trust'ful»nes, n. The state or misquality of being mistrustful. trustingly, mis«trust'ing«li, adv. With distrust or suspicion. misty. See mist. misunderstand, mis«un'der«stand", v.t. To misconceive; to mistake; to misundertake in a wrong sense. standing, mis'un der«stand"ing, n. Misconception; mistake of meaning; error; disagreement; dissension. misuse, mis«uz', v.t. To treat or use improperly; to use to a bad purpose; to abuse; to maltreat. n. (mis«us')Improper use; employment in a wrong way or to a bad purpose;

—

—

—

—

—

The

female ap-

pellation corresponding to a woman who is chief or a certain sphere; a woman

master;

head

who

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

in

has

ill-treatment.

mis«u'zij,

n.

misuser,

Ill

— misusage, abuse.

usage;

mis«u'zer,

n.

One who

misuses.

mite, mit,

L.G.

[A. Sax.

n.

mite~D.

mon

to

mijt,

Dan. mide, G. miete

mite,

mite; from root seen in Goth, maita, to cut.] A

numerous

—

Icel. meita,

name com-

small,

some

in

microscopic, animals, of the class Arachnida (cheese-mite, sugarcases

mite, itch-mite, etc.).

mite, mit, n. [D. mijt, a small coin; perhaps lit. something cut small, the origin being same as mite, a small insect.]

A

small coin formerly cur-

rent; anything proverbially very small; a very little particle or quantity. miter, mitre, mi'ter, n. [Fr. mitre, L. mitra, from Gr. mitra, headband, turban.] The headdress anciently worn by the inhabitants of Asia Minor; a sort of cap pointed and cleft at the top worn on the head by

bishops and archbishops (including the pope), cardinals, and in some instances by abbots, upon solemn occasions, as also by a Jewish high priest.

v.t.

—mitered, mitred;

mitcr-

To

adorn with a miter; to raise to a rank which entitles to a miter; to unite or join by a miter ing, mitring.

— mitral, mitral,

a. Pertaining miter; resembling a miter. miter joint, n. Carp, and masonry, a joint connecting two pieces of

joint.

to

mistress,

mizzen

authority, command, ownership, etc. ; the female head of some establishment, as a family, school, etc.; a female who is well skilled in anything, or has mastered it; a female sweetheart a woman filling the place but without the rights of a wife; a concubine; a title of address or term of courtesy pretty nearly equivalent to madam: now applied only

abuse;

a

wood, stone,

etc.,

at

right

angles,

the line of the joint making an acute angle, or an angle of 45" with both pieces.

mithridate,

me, met, her;

mith'ri«dat,

pine, pin;

—— —

—

540

misstate

—

—

n.

[From

note, not,

move;

Mithridates, king of Pontus, who was celebrated for his knowledge of poisons and antidotes.] An antidote against poisons.

mitigate, mit'i«gat,

v.t.

and

I.

miti-

gated, mitigating. [L. miligatum, to mitigate, from mitis, mild.] To alleviate or render less painful, rigorous, intense, or severe to assuage, lessen, abate, moderate. mitigable, mit'i*ga«bl, a. mitigant, mit'i'gant, a. mitigation, mit'i'ga'shon, n. mitigative, mit'i«ga«tiv, mitigator, a. ;

—

—

—

—

—

—

mit"i»ga'ter, n. mitigatory, mit'i*ge«to«ri, a. mitosis, mi-to'sis, n. [Gr. mitos, thread.] Ordinary cell division re-

when

the chromatin of the forms into a threadlike segment (chromosomes), which gradually develops, then divides longitudinally into two parts, each having a set of chromosomes similar to that of the original cell. mitrailleuse, me'tra-yez,' n. [Fr. misulting

nucleus

small missiles, case shot, as breech-loading machine gun discharging small missiles at one time or in quick succession. mitten, mit'n, n. [Fr. mitaine, from G. mine, the middle, O.H.G. mittamo, half, the mitten being a kind of half or half-divided glove (akin covering for the hand, mid).] differing from a glove in not having a separate cover for each finger, the thumb only being separate. To handle without mittens, to treat mitt, mit, n. [Abbrev. of roughly. mitten; also a covering mitten.] for the hand and wrist only, and not for the fingers. In baseball, a glove, heavily padded on the palm side. mittimus, mit'i«mus, n. [L., we send.] Law, a warrant of commitment to prison; a writ for removing records from one court to another. mix, miks, v.t. [A. Sax. miscan; cog. L. misceo, mixtum (MEDLEY, MEDDLE), Gr. mignymi, misgo, to mix.] To unite or blend promiscuously, as various ingredients, into one mass or compound; to mingle; to blend; to join; to associate; to unite with traille,

A

in mite.]

A

— A

in company; to produce by blending v.i. To bedifferent ingredients.

come united or blended promiscuously in a mass or compound; to be joined or associated: to mingle. n. The act of mixing; a mixture. mixer, mik'ser, n. mixed number, n. Math, the sum of a whole number mix-up, and a fraction, as 2' 2 miks'-up, n. A confused state of

—

.

—

affairs; a tangle; a fight. (Golloq.).

mixture, miks tur, n. [L. tnixtura, from misceo, to mix. mix.] The act of mixing, or state of being mixed; a mass or compound, consisting of different ingredients blended without order; a liquid medicine formed by mixing several ingredients together. mizzen, mizen, miz n. n. [Fr. miIt. saitn\ from MMMMO, mizzen. from mtxxmto, middle, from middle: originally a large lateen sail on a middle mast, mezzo, medial.] \'aut. a fore-and-aft sail on the mast of a ship or barque next the a. Naut. stern; called also Spanker.

mm

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—— — —

——

as in E. mind.]

ni«mon'ik, a. Pertaining to mnemonics; assisting or training the memory. moa, mo'a, n. [Maori.] Any of the various extinct New Zealand birds of the family Dinornithidae. moan, mon, v.i. [O.E. mone, moone, etc., A. Sax. maenan, to moan.] To utter a low dull sound under the influence of grief or pain; to make lamentations; to utter a groan. v.t. To bemoan or lament.— n. A low dull sound due to grief or pain; any sound that resembles a moan. moat, mot, n. [Fr. mote, L.L. mota, the mound of earth dug from a trench, a hill or mound on which

real turtle n.

— mobbish,

mob'ish,

mob; tumultuous.

to a

v.t.

a.

— mobbed,

Pertaining

— mobocracy,

—

[Fr.

mobile,

movable, from move.] Capable moveo, to move, of being easily moved; readily liable to change (mobile features); changefickle;

—

Milit. to put in a state of readiness for active service. v.i. To be assembled for

mobilizing.

— mobilization, mob'il'i»za"shon, — mobility,

war. n.

m6'bil'i«ti, n.

moccasin, mok'a«sin, n. [Spelled mawcahsuns in old glossary of North American Indian words.] A kind of shoe

made

of deerskin or other soft

leather, without a stiff sole,

worn by

North American Indians; a venomous snake, genus Agkistrodon, found in North America. mocha, mo'ka, n. [From the seaport, Mocha, in Yemen, Arabia.] A choice the

mock,

of coffee; coffee flavoring; glove leather. mok, v.t. [Fr. moquer, in se

ch, chain;

ch,

Sc. loch;

g,

go;

ite, etc.,

a ship,

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

used to slow

down neutrons

—

moderatorreactor. er«a«ter«ship, n.

nuclear

in

mod

moderato, mod«er«a'td,

a. [It.]

Mus.

moderate; used as a direction indicating moderate time. modern, mod'ern, a. [Fr. moderne, from L.L. modernus, modern, be-

—

variety a fine

—

—

readily

—

mobilized,

quality of being moderate; the keeping of a due mean between extremes; freedom from excess; due restraint; the act of presiding as a moderator. Moderations, at Oxford University, the first public examination for degrees. -moderator, mod'er«a«ter, n. One who or that which moderates or restrains; the person who presides at a meeting or discussion: now chiefly applied to the chairman of meetings or courts in Presbyterian churches; substance, such as graph-

existence or non-existence, necessity modally, mo'daMi, or contingency. adv. In a manner or relation expressing or indicating a mode. model, mod'el, n. [Fr. modele, O.Fr. modelle, from. It. modello, a model, c a little measure', dim. from L. lit. modus, measure, mode.] A pattern of something to be made; a form in miniature of something to be made on a larger scale; a copy, in miniature, of something already made or existing; an image, copy, facsimile; standard; that by which a thing is to be measured; anything serving or worthy of serving as a pattern; an example; a person, male or female, from whom a painter or sculptor studies his proportions, modeled, v.t. details, postures, etc. modelled, modeling, modelling. To plan or form after some model; to form in order to serve as a model; v.i. To make to mold; to shape.

n. adaptable. mo'bel. A sculpture of movable parts of wire, paper, etc., which can be set in motion by a current mobilize, mob'il«iz, v.t. of air.

able;

— modera-

State of being moderate.

tion, mod'er«a'shon, n. [L. moderation] The act of moderating, tempering, or repressing; the state or

—

mobilis, fickle, mobile,

or degree; not excessively. mod'er«it«nes, n.

A

modality, or limitation. fication mo'dal'i'ti, n. The quality of being modal; philos. that quality of propositions in respect of which they express possibility or impossibility,

L.

and

in

proposition, in logic, one which affirms or denies with a quali-

for females. a.

up.]

—Modal

n. [Comp. D. mop, sl mopmuts, a mobcap.] A mobcap, n. A plain cap

mobile, mo'bil,

and

—

mob, mob, mobcap.

manner

moderateness,

cardboard, canvas, paper, etc., for use in testing and in study (a mock-up of a rocket). mode, mod, n. [Fr. mode, from L. modus, mode, manner, measure, etc. same root as mete. Akin are modify, modest, moderate; mood (in gram.) is same word.] Manner; method; way (of speaking, acting, etc.); fashion; custom; the mode, the prevailing fashion or style; gram, and logic, same as mood; mus. a species of scale of which modern musicians recognize only two, the major and the major, minor. minor, modes. modal, mo'dal, a. Relating to a mode or mood; pertaining to the mode, manner, or form, not to the essence.

mob«ok'ra»si, n. [Mob, and Gr. kratos, power.] The rule or ascendancy of the mob.

pug-dog,

imitate,

model, built to scale

—

government. moderately, mod'er«it«li, adv. In a moderate

church

soup.— mock-up, mok'up,

[From mock,

structural

A crowd; promiscuous multitude of people, rude and disorderly; a rabble; a

—

eration in doctrine, discipline,

—

a

assembly.

opinions or views; applied to things, not extreme or excessive; not very great; mediocre. n. A member of a party in the Church of Scotland which claimed the character of mod-

n. A common shrub with creamy white flowers having an odor which at a distance resembles that of orange flowers; the syringa. mock turtle, n. A soup prepared from calf's head, in imitation of

from

To crowd round and annoy.

to reduce in intensity (rage, passion, desire, joy, etc.); to qualify; to temper; to lessen; to allay. v.i. To become less violent or intense; to preside as a moderator. To moderate in a call, in Presbyterian churches, to preside at a meeting at which a a. call is addressed to a minister. [L. moderatus.] Applied to persons, not going to extremes; temperate in

—

—mock orange,

moveo,

riotous

moderor, moderatus, to limit, modermode.] ate, from modus, a measure, To restrain from excess of any kind;

—

[Abbreviated from L.

mobbing.

n.

clay.

as

modeller,

—

—

was built; origin unknown.] ditch or deep trench round the rampart of a castle or other fortified place to serve as a defense, often filled with water. v.t. To surround with a ditch for defense.

mobilis, movable, fickle, from move, vulgar.] to move,

mok'er,

form a work of

material,

plastic

modeller, n. One who models in clay, wax, etc. moderate, mod'er«at, v.t. moderated, moderating. [L. modero and

sport; subject of laughter; imitation; counterfeit appearance; false show; vain effort. mockheroic, a. Burlesquing the heroic in poetry, action, etc. character, mockingly, mok'ing«li, adv. mockingbird, n. An American bird of the thrush family remarkable for its wonderful faculty of imitating sounds.

A

n.

— mocker,

to

sculp,

modeler,

insult;

a castle

mobile vulgus, the fickle crowd,

some

mockery, mok'er»i, n. The act of mocking; derision; ridicule; sportive

—mnemonic,

mob, mob,

a model;

object of scorn; an act of ridicule; something jeered at. a. False; counterfeit; assumed: often in com-

improving the memory.

art of

To An

to set at naught; to defy. v.i. use ridicule; to gibe or jeer.— n.

pounds.

— — ———

modern

moquer, to mock, flout; origin doubtful; comp. It. mocca, a grimace; also Gr. mokos, mockery.] To imitate or mimic; to deride or flout; to ridicule; to fool, tantalize, disappoint, deceive;

belonging to the mizzen: applied to the mast supporting the mizzen, and the rigging and shrouds connected with it. mizzle, miz'l, v.i. [For mistle, misle, a dim. and freq. from mist.] To rain in very fine drops; to drizzle. mnemonics, ni«mon'iks, n. [Gr. mnemonikos, pertaining to memory, from mnemon, mindful, mnaomai, to

The

—

—

:

541

mizzle

remember; same root

—

th, thin;

longing to L. modus, Pertaining time not

the present mode, from mode, manner, mode.] to

the present time, or past; recent; not

long

n. A person of modern times opposed to ancient. modernism, mod'ern-izm, n. The state of being modern; deviation from ancient manner, practice, or mode of expression, notably in literature and the arts; a tendency in churches toward rationalistic interpretation of doctrine. -modernist, mod'envist,

ancient.

—

:

—

n.

One who admires what

is

modern.

— modernistic, mod»ern«is'tic, Having modern appearance or char— — modernize, mod'enwz, a.

acteristics.

modernized,

v.t.

modernizing.

To

modern character to; to modern times; to cause to conform to modern ideas or style.

give

a adapt to

modernizer, mod'enw«zer,

who

renders

— modernization, shon,

what

The

n. is

n.

One

modern or modernizes. mod'envi»za-

act of modernizing;

produced by modernizing.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, asrure.

—— ————

——

modest modest, modest, L.

modeste,

from modus, a limit. Restrained by a sense of

modestus,

mode.]

not forward or bold; bashful; diffident; unpretending; free from anything suggestive of sexual impurity pure moderate not excessive, extreme, or extravagant. modestly, mod'estdi, adv. In a modest manner; with modesty; diffidently; bashfully; not wantonly; modesty, mod'not excessively. propriety;

;

;

es«ti, n.

[L. modestia.]

;

The

state or

quality of being modest; absence of tendency to forwardness, pretense, or presumption; bashful reserve; absence of anything suggestive of sexual impurity; chastity; moderation; freedom from excess.

modicum, mod'i«kum,

[L.,

n.

a

moderate quantity, from modus, moderate, from measure, mode.] A little; a small

small or modicus,

quantity; a scanty allotment. modify, mod'i«fi, v.t.

allowance

or

—modified, mod-

ifying. [Fr. modifier, from modus, limit, manner,

L. modifico

— to

make,

mode, fact.]

and

To

facio,

change

the external qualities of; to give a new form or external character to; to vary; to alter in some respect. modifier, mod'i«fi«er, n. One who or modifiable, that which modifies. mod i*ff-a-bl, a. Capable of being modified.— modification, mod'i«fi«ka'shon, n. The act of modifying; the state of being modified; some alteration in form, appearance, or character; a particular form or manner of being ; a mode. modificatory, mod'i«fi»ka«to«ri, a.

Tending

to

mod-

or produce change, modillion, mo«dil'yon, n. [Fr. modillon, from L. modulus, a model, mode.] dim. of modus, a measure, Arch, a block carved into the form of an enriched bracket used in cornices of buildings. modish, mod'ish, a. [From mode.] According to the mode or fashion; ify

—

modishly, fashionable. affectedly mod'ish«li, adv. In a modish manner. modishness, mod ish«nes, n. The quality of being modish; affectation modiste, mo«dest', of the fashion. [Fr. modiste, a milliner, from n. female who deals mode, fashion.] in articles of ladies' dress; particularly, a milliner or dressmaker.

—

A

modulate, mod'u«lat,

— —— — — mole

542 [Fr.

a.

—

———— —— —

—

v.t.

—modulat-

ed, modulating. [L. modulor, modulafrom modus, limit, measure, tus,

which modulates; in the tonic system of music, a sort of map of musical sounds representing that

sol-fa

the relative intervals of the notes of a scale, its chromatics, and its more closely related scales.

module, mod'ul,

n. [Fr., from L. modulus, dim. of modus, a measure. mode.] Arch, a measure taken to regulate the proportions of an order or the disposition of the whole buildmodulus, mod'G'lus, n. pi. ing.

—

moduli, Math, and physics, a term

some

constant multiplier required to be used

or

flattened, triturating surface. a. [L. moles, a mass.] Pertaining to a mass as a whole.

molar, mo'ler,

molasses, mo«las'ez,

[Also melas-

n.

a better spelling, being from Fr. melasse, Sp. melaza, L. mellaceus, ses,

resembling honey, from mel,

The

honey.]

produced from

mellis,

uncrystallized sirup sugar in the process

of making.

mold, mold,

Modulus of the quotient of a stress (in units of force per unit area) by modular, the resulting strain. mod'Q'ler, a. Pertaining to a module modus, mo'dus, n. or modulus. Mode, manner, or method; law, a fixed payment by way of tithe. Modus vivendi, lit. way of living;

molde, mold, seen in Goth. malan.] Fine, soft earth; dust from incipient decay. molder, mol'der, v.i. To turn to dust by natural decay. v.t. To cause to molder. mold, mold, n. [M.E. moul, perhaps confused with mold, earth.] A minute fungus, indicative of decay, appearing as a furry growth or film on animal and vegetable tissues,

a temporary arrangement between parties pending the final settlement of matters in dispute.

especially where exposed to dampness; a film of fungoid growth. v.t. To cause to contract mold. v.i. To

for

quantity certain

in

calculations.

elasticity,

mogul, moghul, mo-gul',

n.

[From

Ar. and Per. Mughul, Mongol.] One of the Mongolian conquerors of India; a person prominent in a particular field or business. mohair, mo'har, n. [From Ar. mokhayyar, a kind of camlet or haircloth Fr. moire.] The hair of the Angora goat; cloth made of this hair; camlet; a wool-and-cotton cloth made in imitation of real mohair.

Mohammedan, Pertaining religion

to

mo«ham'med'an,

Mohammed,

founded

by

him.

n.

follower of Mohammed; one professes Mohammedanism.

a.

the

or

A

who Mo-

hammedanism, m6«ham'med'an«izm, n. The religion of Mohammed, contained in the Koran.

Mohawk,

mo'hak,

n.

A

tribe

of

North American Indians in what is now New York State, one of the Five Nations confederacy a member of the tribe; the language of the ;

tribe.

mohole, mo'hol,

n.

[From moho,

or Mohorovicic discontinuity.] A projected hole to the line (moho) between the earth's crust and mantle.

moiety,

moi'e«ti, n. [Fr. moitie, from L. medietas, from medius, middle. medial.] The half; one of two equal parts; a portion or share in general. moil, moil, v.i. [From O.Fr. moiller, Fr. mouiller, to wet, to soften, from

L. mollis, soft, mollify.] To labor; mode.] To proportion; to to toil; to work with painful efforts. adjust; to vary or inflect the sound moire, mwar, mor, n. [Fr. from E. mohair.] A watered mohair or other of in such a manner as to give

mode,

textile fabric. expressiveness to what is uttered; to vary (the voice) in tone; music, moire, mwa«ra', mor'a, a. [Fr. pp. of moirer, to water.] Watered; having to change the key or mode of in the course of composition; to transfer a watered appearance, as silk, etc. n. wavelike design on fabrics from one key to another. v.i. Music, or metallic surfaces. to pass from one key into another. modulation, mod«u«la'shon, n. The moist, moist, a. [O.Fr. moiste, from L. musteus, fresh.] Moderately wet; act of modulating; adjustment; the damp; not dry; humid. moisten, act of inflecting the voice or any melodious mois'n, v.i. To make moist or damp. instrument musically; v.i. To become moist. moisture, sound; music, the change from one mois'cher, n. Diffused wetness, scale or mode to another in the modula- molar, mo'ler, a. [L. molaris, from course of a composition. mola, a mill same root as meal. tor, mod'u'la«ter, n. One who, or

—

A

—

;

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

mill.] Serving to bruise or grind the food in eating; grinding. n. A grinding tooth; a tooth having a

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

n. [A. Sax.

from

earth,

root

—

—

become moldy. moldiness, mol'di— moldy, mol'di, a. mold, mold, n. [Fr. modle, from L. nes, n.

—

modulus, dim. of modus, a measure. mode.] The matrix in which anything cast and receives its form; a is hollow tool for producing a form by percussion or compression; cast; form; shape; character. t;.r. To form into a particular shape; to shape; to model; to fashion. moldboard, n. The curved board or metal plate in a plow, which serves to turn over the furrow. molder, mol'der, n. molding, molding, n. Something cast in a mold; arch, a general term applied to the varieties of oudine or contour given to cornices, bases, door or window jambs, lintels, etc.

—

—

[From mold, v.i. mustiness; lit. to turn to To turn to dust by natural decay; to waste away by a gradual separation of the component par-

molder, mol'der, earth, mold.]

ticles; to

crumble; to perish.

moldwarp, mold'warp, mole, mol,

n.

n.

The

[Same word

mole.

as mold,

earth,

being abbreviated from the

fuller

name moldwarp,

earth-caster, Harp, to cast.]

lit.

from

An

mouldtiarp. mold, and insectivorous

burrows just under the surface of the ground, throwing up the excavated soil into little hills; a kind of plow for making molehill, n. A heap of drains. earth thrown up by a mole; someanimal which

forms

thing insignificant as contrasted with moleskin, something important. mol skin, n. A strong twilled fustian or cotton cloth, so called from its being soft like the skin of a mole. mole, mol, n. [A. Sax. mdL a blot, a spot O.D. mael, Dan. maal, G. mal, a spot; cog. L. macula, a spot.] A spot, or small discolored protuberance on the human body. mole, mol, n. [Fr., from L. moles, a mass, a dam, a mole; same root as magnus. great.] A mound or

breakwater formed so as to partially a harbor or anchorage,

enclose

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

— —

molecule

—— —— money

543

and protect it from the waves. molecule, more*kul, n. [Fr. molicule,

molybdaina, galena (lead ore).] A whitish metallic element mainly used

dim. of L. moles, a mass, mole.] smallest unit of matter capable of existing independently while retaining its chemical properties. molecular, mo«lek'u»ler, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, molecules. Molecular attraction, that force which acts between the molecules or particles of a body, keeping them together in one mass. It is distinct from gravitational attraction and is of much greater magnitude. molecular weight, n. The weight of any molecule, obtained by adding the weights of the atoms it contains. molest, mo«lest', v.t. [Fr. molester, from L. molestus, troublesome, from moles, trouble, a great mass, molecule.] To annoy; to disturb; to vex. molestation, mol'es«ta'shon, n. The act of molesting; disturbance; annoyance. moll, mol, n. [Probably from Moll, a nickname for Mary.] A gangster's

in alloy steel. Symbol, Mo; at. no., 42; at. wt., 95.94. molybdic, lib'dik, a.

moment, moment, n.

[L. momentum, brief space of time, importance, contr. for movimentum, from moveo, to move.

movement, impulse,

a

wench

mollify, mol'i'fl,

—mollis,[O.Fr.

lifying.

v.t.

A minute portion of time; an instant; importance; consequence. In phys. the moment (or importance) of a force round a point is the product of the magnitude of the force into the perpendicular distance of the point from its line of action. The moment of a couple is the product of either force into the arm. The moment of a magnet is the strength of either pole multiplied by the distance between the poles. Moment of inertia, of a body or system of bodies round an axis, is the sum of the products of each small element of mass by the square of its distance from the axis; similarly with reference to a point and a plane. Momentum, the product of a moving mass into its velocity. momentarily, m6'men«te«ri«li, adv. Every moment; from moment to moment.

a prostitute.

— ;

mollified,

mollifier,

mol-

L. mollificare

and facio, to make. mellow.] To assuage, as soft,

meal,

momentary, mo'men«taTi, a. Lasting but a moment or a very short momently, mo'time; fleeting. ment«li, adv. From moment to moment; every moment.— momentous, mo«men'tus, a. Of moment or importance; weighty; of great conmomentously, mo«men'sequence. tuS'li, adv. Weightily; importantly.

pain or irritation; to pacify; to reduce in harshness; to tone down. mollification, mori«fi«ka"shon, n. The act of mollifying; mitigation; pacification. molli ties, mol« lish 'i— ez, n. [L., softness.] Med. diseased softening of an organ. mollusk, mol'usk, n. [Fr. mollusque,

—

—

from N.L. mollusca,

soft,

from

—

mollis,

momentum, mo-men'tum,

soft.] One of a large phylum of invertebrates including the snails, mussels, bivalves, cuttlefish, etc., having usually a calcareous shell protecting a soft, unsegmented body, gills, and a muscular foot for digging and creeping. molluscan, moMus' kan, n. molluscous, moMus'kus,

—

—

a. molluscoid, moMus'koid, n. mollycoddle, mol'i»kod»l, n. [From

and

coddle.]

An

monks

name for a female, effeminate person. n.

appearance found in Australia. v.i.

[O.E. moute, mowte

having intruded as in could), like D. muiten, O.L.G. muton, from L. muto, mutare, to change, mew.] To shed or cast the feathers, hair, /

skin, horns, etc., as birds

and other

monadelph,

[Gr. monos, sole, and adelphos, brother.] Bot. a plant whose stamens are united in one body by the filaments zool. a mammal in which the uterus

—

in directions. mo'li, n. [Gr. moly.]

moly,

is

n.

Marriage opposed

A

Belonging to

— monarchic,

and ),

job;

having

one

monarch or

single ruler; pertaining to a monarchy. monarchically, mon«ar'ki'kal«li, adv. In a monarchical manner. monarchism, mon'-

—

—

ng, sing;

—

—

A

—

—

— monasticism,

reclusely. ti'sizm, n.

mon«as'-

Monastic life; the monastic system or condition. monatomic, mon«a»tom'ik, a. Chem. said of an element the molecule of which contains only one atom; in older use

univalent.

monaural. See monophonic.

Monday, mun'da, daeg

n. [A. Sax. monangenit. of mdna, the daeg, day.] The second

—monan,

moon, and

day of the week.

monetary, mon'e«teTi, money.

a. [L. moneta, Pertaining to

money.]

money

or consisting in money. unit, the standard of currency. monetize, mon'e«tiz, v.t. To form into coin or money. moneti-

Monetary

—

—

zation, mon et«i»za"shon, n. of monetizing.

money,

monoclinous, then;

—

erk'Izm, n. The principles of monarchy; love or preference of monmonarchist, mon'erk'ist, n. archy. An advocate of monarchy. monarchy, mon'er»ky, n. [Gr. monorchia^ A state or country in which the supreme power is either actually or nominally lodged in the hands of a single person; the system of government in which the supreme power is vested in a single person; the territory ruled by a monarch; a kingdom; an empire. monastery, mon'as«ter«i, n. [L.L. monasterium, from Gr. monasterion, from monastes, a solitary, monazo, to be alone, from monos, alone, sole.] A house of religious retirement, or of seclusion from ordinary temporal concerns, whether an abbey, a priory, a nunnery, or convent; usually applied to the houses for monks. monasterial, mon»as»te'ri«al. a. Pertaining to a monastery. monastic, monastical, mon«as'tik, mon«as'ti«kal, a. [Gr. monastikos.] Pertaining to monasteries; pertaining to religious or other seclusion. monastic, n. member of a monastery; a monk. monastically, mon«as'ti«kal«li, adv. In a monastic manner;

mon-athe mona-

stamen

TH,

monarchical, mon«Vested in a

ar'kik, mon»ar'ki»kal, a.

— monandrous,

ing one stamen only. mon«an'drus, a. Bot.

mol«ib'de«num, n. [N.L. from L. molybdaena, from Gr.

—

monarchal, mon»ar'kal, a. Pertaining to a monarch; sovereign. forest).

— monadelphous,

[Gr. mon«an'der, n. monos, single, and aner, andros, a male.] Bot. a monoclinous plant hav-

Homer.

go;

mon'a«delf,

monander,

molybdenum,

g,

as

alone, and arche, rule.] sole ruler; the hereditary ruler of a state; a sovereign, as an emperor, king, queen, prince, etc.; one who is superior to others of the same kind (an oak is called the monarch of the

delphs.

A fabulous

ch, Sc. loch;

single.

del'fus, a.

herb of magic power spoken of by

ch, chain;

monastic.

—

animals do; most commonly used of birds, but also of crabs, serpents, etc. v.t. To shed or cast, as feathers, hair, skin, etc. The act of molting; the shedding or changing of feathers. molten, mol'tn, p. and a. Melted. molto, mol'to, adv. [It. from L. multum, much.] Mus. much; very: used

—

life;

ultimate atom or simple substance without parts; zool. a microscopical organism of an extremely simple character developed in organic infusions; chem. a univalent element, such as hydrogen, chlorine, etc.; an imaginary entity in the philosophy of Leibnitz. monadic, monadical, mo«nad'ik, mo«nad'i«kal, a. Having the nature or character of a monad.

sacrifices, ordeals by fire, mutilation, etc. ; a genus of lizards of repulsive

(the

The

mon'ak«izm, n. [Fr. monachisme.] The monastic life or system; monkery; monkishness. monad, mon'ad, n. [Gr. monas, monados, unity, from monos, alone.] An

[Heb. molech, king.] The chief god of the Phoenicians and of the Ammonites, whose worship consisted chiefly of human

molt, molt,

or a monastic

— monachism,

(Slang.)

Moloch, mo'lok,

n.

by a body in motion; the product of the mass and velocity of a body; impetus. Momus, mo'mus, n. [Gr. momos, derision.] Greek myth, the god of raillery and ridicule. monachal, mon'a«kal, a. [L. monachus, Gr. monachos, a monk, from monos, alone, monk.] Pertaining to force possessed

—

Molly, as general

n.

only:

mon«an'thus, a. [Gr. monos, single, anthos, flower,] Bot. producing but one flower. monarch, mon'erk, n. [L. monarcha, from Gr. monarches, a monarch, monarchos, ruling alone monos,

move.]

—

;

monandry, mon«and'ri, to one husband to polyandry.

mo— monanthous,

The

girl friend

—

—

;

only. th, thin;

mun'i,

n.

pi.

The

act

moneys

or

monies, mun'iz. [O.Fr. moneie, monnoie, Fr. monnaie, from L. moneta, the mint, money, originally a surname of Juno (lit. the warner or admonisher, from moneo, to ad-

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

——

—

;

monger

sense, any equivalent for commodiand for which individuals ties, readily exchange their goods or medium; a circulating services; wealth; affluence (a man of money); The plural is used in the sense

money

A

or denominations

money of account, a

denomination used merely for convenience in keeping accounts, and not represented by any coin. To make money, to gain money; to be in the way of becoming rich. Paper money, bank notes, bills, etc., representing value and passing curmoneyed, mun'id, a. rent as so.

—

—

money-making, n. The procRich. accumulating money. a. ess of Lucrative ; profitable. money order, n. An order granted upon payment of a sum and a small commission, by one post office or express or telegraph company, and payable at another. monger, mung'ger, n. [A. Sax. man-

—

dealer,

a

gere,

traffic;

perhaps

dealer.]

A

from mangian, to from L. mango,

trader;

now

dealer:

a

only or chiefly in compounds. Mongol, Mongolian, mon'gol, mongo'li«an, n. [Mongol, Mongol, from mogul.] A native of Mongolia. a. Belonging to Mongolia; one of the great divisions of the human family, having a thick fold of skin over the inner eye, high cheek bones, and mongolism, hair. straight black mon'gol'ism, n. A congenital idiocy of unknown cause, producing a broad, flattened skull and slanting

—

eyes.

mongoose, mon'gds, n. [East Indian name.] An Indian mammal, quickeyed and

agile,

having a long, thick

and feeding on snakes, rats, etc. mongrel, mung'grel, a. [From A. Sax. mang, mixture, with dim. suffix tail,

as in cockerel; akin mingle, among.]

Of

a mixed breed; of mingled cross beorigins; hybrid. n. tween two plants or animals, (breeds, races). Usually fertile, e.g. crosses between varieties of apple or breeds of sheep. Cp. hybrid.

A

moniker, monicker, mon'i«ker, [Origin unknown.]

A name

n.

or nick-

name.

moniliform, m6«nil'i'form,

a.

[L.

monile, a necklace.] Like a necklace; like a series or string of beads used especially in natural history. monism, mon'izm, n. [Gr. monos, alone, single.] The doctrine which holds that in the universe there is only a single element or principle :

developed, this single principle being either mind (idealistic monism) or matter monistic, (materialistic monism). mon«is'tik, a. Pertaining to monism; pertaining to or derived from a

from which everything

monogamic

544

monish), in whose temple at Rome money was coined; whence also mint, monition.] Coin; gold, silver, or other metal, stamped by public authority and used as the medium of exchange; in a wider

of sums of of money.

—

——

is

—

Admonition;

advice by way of caution; indication; intimamonitor, mon'i»ter, n. One tion. who admonishes or warns of faults and informs of duty; an admonisher; a senior pupil in a school appointed to instruct and look after juniors; a genus of large lizards; something used for monitoring, especially a receiver used to view or pick up what is transmitted; a name for a class of shallow, heavily armed, ironclad steam vessels sunk deeply in the water: so called from the name of the first vessel of the kind. v.t. and i. To tap on to a transmitter of a telephone, television, etc., to be certain it operates properly, without interfering with the transmission; to watch or check for a particular purpose; to keep track of. moni-

[L. monitio, to admon-

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

warning;

—

—

tory, mon'i'to«ri, a. Giving admonimonitress, mon'tion; admonitory. i«tres, n.

A

—

female monitor.

monk, mungk,

Mus.

a single string stretched across

a

soundboard,

it

a

and having under movable bridge, used to show

the lengths of string required to produce the notes of the scale, etc.

monochromatic,

mon'o«kr6«mat"-

[Gr. monos, sole, and chroma, color.] Consisting of one color, or presenting rays of light of one color only. monochrome, mon'o«krom, n. painting in one color, but relieved by light and shade. monocle, mon'o«kl, n. [monocular.] ik, a.

—

A

A

single eyeglass.

monoclinal, mon«o«kli'nal, a. [Gr. monos, single, and klino, to bend.] Geol. applied to strata that dip for

an indefinite length in one direction. monoclinic, mon«o«klin'ik, a. Mineral, having three unequal axes, two intersecting at an oblique angle, and cut by the third at right angles. monoclinous, mon«ok'li«nus, a. Bot. having both stamens and pistils in

—

the same flower; monocotyledon,

geol. monoclinal. 6«kot«i»le"-

mon

don, n. A plant with one cotyledon only; a monocotyledonous plant.

n. [A. Sax. monec, munec, from L.L. monachus, Gr. monachos, one who lives alone, from monos, alone.] One of a community of males inhabiting a monastery,

monocotyledonous, mon'o*kot»i»le"do«nus, a. Bot. Having only one seed lobe or cotyledon, as endogenous plants have. monocracy, mon«ok'ra«si, n. [Gr.

and bound by vows to celibacy and religious exercises. monkhood, mungk'hud, n. Character or conmonkish, mungkdition of a monk. ish, a. Like a monk, or pertaining monkishness, to monks; monastic.

monos, sole, and kratos, rule.] Government or rule by a single person; autocracy. monocrat, mon'o«krat, n. One who governs alone. monocular, mon»ok'u«ler, a. [Gr. monos, sole, and L. oculus, an eye.] Having one eye only; adapted to be used with one eye only, a monocular microscope. monodactylous, mon*o*dak'til*us, a. [Gr. monos, single, and daktylos, finger.] Having one finger or toe

—

—

—

mungk'ish«nes, n. The quality of being monkish. monkey, mung'ki, n. [O.Fr. monne, a monkey, It. monna, a female ape, properly dame, mistress, a contr. of madonna, the term -key being diminutive, as in donkey.] A name used in its wider sense to include all the quadrumana except the lemurs and their allies; but in a

more

restricted sense designating the long-tailed members of the order as distinguished from the apes and baboons; a term applied to a boy or girl either in real or pretended disapproval ; a pile-driving apparatus a sort of powerhammer a comical person. monkey bread, n. ;

:

— — monkey jacket, A generally of stout material. — monkeypot,

baobab.

close-

n.

some

jacket,

fitting

n.

The

consisting

gigantic Brazilian tree of a capsule furnished

with a

containing nuts of which

fruit

of a lid,

—

monkey wrench, screw key with a movable jaw, which can be adjusted by a screw. monkeys are fond. n.

A

monobasic, mon«o«bas'ik, monos,

and

single,

basis,

[Gr.

a.

base.]

a

Chem. having only one hydrogen atom replaceable by a basic atom or radical, said of acids.

monocarp, mon'o«karp, nos, single,

a

plant that

once borne

n.

and karpos, perishes

fruit;

[Gr.

fruit.]

moBot.

having

after

an annual plant.

monacarpous, monocarpic,

mon-

O'kar'pus, mon«o«kar'pik, a. Bot. a

term applied

single source.

monition, mo«nish'on, n. monitionis, from moneo,

(hence moneta, E. money) root in monstrum, a monster, monstrare, to show (demonstrate); mens, mind (whence mental), E. mind.]

ish

to

annual plants.

monochord, mon'o«kord, monos, sole, and

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

[Gr. chorde, a chord.] n.

note, not,

move;

—

only.

monodrama,

mon'o«dra«ma,

n.

[Gr.

monos, single, and drama, a drama.] A dramatic performance by a single person. monody, mon'o«di, n. [Gr. monodia monos, single, and ode, a song.] A mournful kind of song, in which

—

a single mourner is supposed to give vent to his grief. monodical, mon»od'i'kal, a. Pertaining to a monody.

—

monodist,

mon od«ist,

One who

n.

monody. monoecious, mo-ne shus, a. [Gr. monos, one, and oikos, a house.] Bot. having male and female flowers on the same plant; zool. having male and female organs of reproduction in the same individual. monogamic, mon«o«gam ik, a. [Gr. monos, sole, and games, marriage.] Bot. having flowers distinct from each other, and not collected in a head; monogamous. monogamist, mo«nog a«mist, n. One who practices or upholds monogamy, as opposed writes or sings a

—

to a bigamist or polygamist.

amous, mo«nog a«mus,

— monog-

a.

Uphold-

monogamy; zool. having only one mate; bot. monomonogamy, mo»nog'a»mi, gamic. The practice or principle of n. ing or practicing

—

marrying only once; the marrying of only one at a time zool. the pairing with but a single mate at a time. ;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

monogenesis monogenesis,

monomorphic,

n.

and genesis, single, direct development Biol, origin.] of an embryo from a parent similar

monomorphous,

mon«0'mor'fik, mon«o«mor'fus, a. [Gr. monos, single, and morphe, form.] Biol, retaining the same form throughout the various stages of development.

descent of an individual from one parent form; development of all the beings in the universe to

monsoon

545

mon«o«jen'e«sis,

monos,

[Gr.

itself;

mon'o»je«net"ik, a. Of or relating monogenist, to monogenesis. noj'emist, n. One who maintains

mononucleosis, mon'6«nu'kle«o"sis, n. [N.L. mono, one, and nuclear, nucleus, and suffix osis, condition, state.] A disease in which an abnormally large number of mononuclear

monogthe doctrine of monogeny. eny, mo«noj'e«ni, n. Origin from a single species; the unity of the

monopetalous, mon'0*pet'al«us, n. [Gr. monos, single, and petalon.]

from a

single

cell.

— monogenetic,

—

mo-

—

human species. monogram, mon'o«gram,

leukocytes are present in the blood.

gram; pertaining to monograms. [Gr. mon'o«graf, n. monos, single, and graphe, descripAn account or description tion.] of a single thing or class of things; the only book written by some distinguished writer on a topic. monographer, mon«og'ra»fer, n. monograwriter of monographs. phic, mon«o«graf'ik, a. Pertaining

lithos, a stone.]

magnitude.

A

— monolithic,

mon-o-

monopoly, momop'o'li, nopole, polion

—

a long speech or dissertation, uttered by one person in soliloquy;

mo«nol'o«-

monos, single, and mania, madness.] That form of mania in which the mind of the patient is absorbed by one idea, or is irrational on one

[Gr.

n.

—

A

n.

flying

monos, single and typos, a type.] Of monotype, mon'6«tip, n. In printing, a mechanical method of setting and casting type in single

one type.

moL. monopolium, Gr. monomonos, single, and poled, to [Fr.

n.

letters.

mon-

whole

cuprous ion (Cu

lar

mania.

Monroe

the United States that any attempt

n.

monos, single, and sperma, A plant of one seed only.

g,

n.

),

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

European power

seigneur, lord,

senior.]

A

title

—

[Gr.

— mono-

job;

a

of honor given to princes, bishops, and other high monsieur, mos'ye, n. dignitaries. pi. messieurs, mes'ye. [Fr., contr. of monseigneur.] The common title of courtesy and respect in France, answering to the English Sir and Mr. abbreviated Mons., M.; plural

seed.]

spermous, mon'0*sper'mus, a. Bot. having one seed only. monostich, mon'o«stik, n. [Gr. monos, single, and stichos, a verse.] A poem consisting of one verse only.

[Gr.

go;

my, and French

alous.

monos, sole, and onoma, a name.] Alg. an expression or quantity consisting of a single term. a. Alg. consisting of only one term or letter. ch, Sc. loch;

monos,

monosperm, mon'o-sperm,

monometallism. mo«no'mi»al,

a.

one, and E. sepal.] composed of sepals which are united by their edges; gamosep-

—

by

within the American area constitutes an unfriendly act, leading to war. monseigneur, mon-sen«yer', n. pi. messeigneurs, ma«sen«yer'. [Fr. mon,

propulsion requiring only one

[Gr. Bot.

monos, single, E. metal.] The fact of having only one metal as a standard in the coinage of a country; the theory of a single metallic monometallic, standard. mon«o»me«tal"ik, a. Pertaining to

The doctrine Monroe of

Doctrine.

at colonizing

rail.

[Gr.

).

formulated by President

of.

monosepalous, mon«o«sep'al«us,

monometallism, mon«o»met'al«izm,

1

n. [Gr. monos, one, and Fr. oxide, oxyde, from oxygene, oxygen, and acide, acid.] Chem. an oxide containing a single atom of oxygen in the molecule.

monorail, mon'o«ral, n. [Gr. monos, one, and rail.] A system of vehicu-

o«ma»ni"a«kal, a. Affected with, pertaining to, or resulting from mono-

[Gr.

monoxide, momox'id,

——

to obtain or engross the

n.

monos, single, and L. valens, valentis, ppr. of valeo, to be worth.] Chem. having a valence of one, as the

monopolize, mo»nop'o«li«zer, n. monopolized, monopnop'o'liz, v.t. olizing. To obtain a monopoly of;

— monomaniac, monA person affected by monomania. — monomaniac, mon-

—

monovalent, mon'o»va"lent,

An

—

subject only. o«ma'ni«ak, n.

omaniacal, mon»o«ma'ni»ak,

monos, single, trema, aperture.] Characteristic of the Monotremata, the lowest order of mammals, oviparous, and with a single outlet for the feces and the products of the urinary and generative organs, comprising only the ornithornynchus and echidna. monotreme, mon'o'trem, n. One of the Monotremata. monotypic, mon«o«tip'ik, a. [Gr. a. [Gr.

something, or full command over the sale of it; that which is the subject of a monopoly; the possession or assumption of anything to monopothe exclusion of others. list, monopolizer, mo«nop'o«list, mo-

n. One who soliloquizes; one who monopolizes conversation. monomania, mon«o«ma'ni»a, n. [Gr. jist,

ch, chain;

variety.

exclusive trading privilege; the sole right or power of selling sell.]

—

not'omusmes, n. monotony, monot'omi, «. Uniformity of tone or sound; tiresome sameness; want of

apparatus with its wings or carrying surfaces arranged in the same plane. AIRPLANE.

n. [Fr. monofrom Gr. monos, sole, and logos, speech.] That which is spoken by one person alone; a dramatic

— monologist,

mo«nof'i»sit,

monoplane, mon'o«plan,

logue,

monomial,

—

also as adj.

monologue, mon'o«log,

— —

or speaking. monotonous, momot'o»nus, a. monotonously, mo«not'o«nus«li, adv. monotonousness, mo-

monos, single, and physis, nature.] One who maintains that Jesus Christ had but one nature. Used

Formed of a single stone; consisting of monoliths.

n.

key, without inflection or cadence ; sameness of style in writing

varied

mo«nof'il«us, a. [Gr. leaf.] Bot. leaf only, or formed

Monophysite,

pillar,

[Gr. monos,

monotrematous, mon«o«trem'a«tus,

having one of one leaf.

formed of

n.

and tonos, tone, sound.] A sameness of sound, or the utterance of successive syllables on one unsingle,

monos, sole, and phyllon,

lith'ik, a.

company.

the«is"tik, a.

monophyllous,

a single stone, generally applied to such only as are noted for their like

—

monotone, mon'o«t6n,

tribe.

mo«noj'i«ni, n. Marriage one woman only; the state of having but one wife at a time. monolith, mon'o'lith, n. [Gr. monos,

and

—

mon'o«fi«let"ik, a. [Gr. monos, single, phyle, a tribe.] Pertaining to a single family or

to

syllable.

n. [Gr. monos, single, and theos, God.] The doctrine or belief of the existence of one God only. monotheist, mon'o»the«ist, n. monotheistic, mon'o-

sound.

monogyny,

column, and the

one

monotheism, mon'o«the«izm,

monophyletic,

monograph.

a.

—

A

A

— monostrophic, mon-

Having one strophe only; written in unvaried measure. monosyllabic, mon'o«sil«ab"ik, a. [Gr. monos, single, and syllabi, a syllable.] Consisting of one syllable; consisting of words of one syllable. Monosyllabic languages, a class of languages in which each word is a monosimple uninflected root. syllable, mon'O'Sil-a'bl, n. A word of

transmission, using recording techniques that result in a single transmission path. monophthong, mon'of»thong, n. [Gr. monos, sole, and phthongos, sound.] simple vowel sound; two or more written vowels pronounced as one. monophthongal, mon«of«thong'gal, a. Consisting of a simple vowel

monograph,

single,

one strophe. o»strof'ik,

a single melodic line with little or no accompaniment ; in sound

—

mo«nos'tro«fi, n. [Gr.

monos, single, and strophe, strophe.] A metrical composition having only

Having

used for instance on seals, letterpaper and envelopes, etc. monogrammatic, mon'o-gram«mat"ik, a. In the style or manner of a mono-

—

monostrophe,

Bot. having the petals united together into one piece by their edges; gamopetalous. monophonic, mon»6»fon'ik, a. [Gr. monos, one, and phone, sound.]

[Gr.

n.

monos, sole, and gramma, letter.] A character or cipher composed of one, two, or more letters interwoven, being an abbreviation of a name,

to a

—

;

AiM. monsoon, mon»son',

th, thin;

Messrs.,

w, wig;

n. [Fr.

hw, whig;

monson,

zh, azure.

—

—— monster

to

March) blow-

ing from about N.E. and for the next six months (April to October) from about S.W.; an alternating ;

wind in any region. monster, monster, n. from L. monstrum, monster, from moneo,

[Fr. monstre, a marvel, a to admonish.

monition.] A plant or animal of abnormal structure or greatly different from the usual type; an animal exhibiting malformation in imporparts; a person looked upon with horror on account of extraordinary crimes, deformity, or power to do harm; an imaginary creature, such as the sphinx, mermaid, etc. tant

Of inordinate size or numbers monstrosity, monster meeting). mon«stros'i'ti, n. The state of being a.

—

(a

monstrous; that which is monstrous; an unnatural production. monstrous, mon'strus, a. [L. monstrosus.] Unnatural in form; out of the

common

course of nature ; enor-

mous; huge; extraordinary; shocking; frightful; horrible. adv. Exceedingly; very much (now vulgar monstrously, mon'or colloquial). strus«li, adv. In a monstrous man-

—

—

monstrousness, ner. nes, n.

mon'strus*-

monstrance, mon'strans,

n. [L.L. monstrantia, from L. monstro, to show.] R. Cath. Ch. the transparent or glass-faced shrine in which the consecrated host is presented for the adoration of the people. montage, mon-taj', n. [Fr. montage, mounting, putting together.] The art of combining several pictures into one distinct picture ; the showing of a series of brief film scenes in rapid succession to present a series of interconnected ideas. monte, mon'ta, n. [Sp., the stock of cards which remain after each player has received his share, from L. mons, a mountain.] A Spanish gambling game played with dice or cards. Montessorian, Mon«tes«so'ri«an, a. [After Dr. Maria Montessori (18701952) of Italy.] A training for children aged three to six, based on methods of scientific pedagogy. month, munth, n. [A. Sax. monath, month, from mona, the moon - Icel.

mdnathr, Dan. maaned, D. maand, G. monath; allied to L. mensis, Gr. men, a month, moon.] One of the twelve parts of the calendar year, consisting unequally of 30 or 3 days, except February, which has 28, and in leap year 29 days called distinctively a calendar month; the period between change and change of the moon, reckoned as twenty-eight 1

:

— monthly,

munth'li, a. Continued a month or performed in a month; happening once a month, or every month. adv. Once a month; in every month. n. A magazine or other literary periodical published days.

once a month.

— month's

mind,

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

n.

——

— ——

;

— ;

moraine

546

mousson, Sp. monzon, Pg. mousdo, from Ar. mausim, a time, a season, the favorable season for sailing to India.] The trade wind of the Arabian and Indian seas, for six

months (November

———

——

— A

celebration in remembrance of a deceased person held a month after

the death.

moon

of the

pretense ; empty

show

—moonstone, mon'ston, A pearly white, translucent fedspar, used as gem. — moonstruck, mon'struk, Crazed; lunatic. —moony, mon'i, Bewildered or ;

liquor.

illegal

n.

monticule, mon'ti'kul,

monti-

n. [L.

culus,

dim. of mons, montis, a moun-

tain.]

A

little

mount;

a hillock.

monument, mon'u«ment,

a

a.

a.

n. [L.

mo-

numentum, from moneo, to remind, to warn. monition.] Anything by which the memory of a person,

silly.

moor, mdr,

mor

[A. Sax.

n.

Icel.

mor, a heath; D. moer, a morass; Dan. mor, a moor, a marsh; G. period, or event is perpetuated; a moor, a marsh, a moor; same root memorial especially something built as mire; morass is a derivative.] or erected in memory of events, A tract of waste land, especially when covered with heath; a tract actions, or persons; any enduring evidence or example; a singular of ground on which game is premonumental, served for sport. {Brit.) moor cock, or notable instance. moorfowl, n. The red grouse. mon«u«men'tal, a. Pertaining to a GROUSE. moor hen, n. The galmonument; serving as a monument; linule or water hen; also the female memorial preserving memory. monumentally, mon«u»men'tal«li, of the red grouse. adv. By way of monument or memo- Moor, mor, n. [Fr. Maure, from L. Maurus, Gr. Mauros, a Moor; comp. rial; by means of monuments. moo, mo, v.i. [Imitative.] To low, Gr. mauros, black or dark -colored.] a cow. n. The low of a A Moslem of the northern coast of as moorish, mo'rish, a. Africa. cow. mood, mod, n. [Fr. mode, L. modus; moor, mor, v.t. [D. marren, maren, merely a different spelling of mode.] to tie, to moor; same word as E. Gram, a special form of verbs mar, A. Sax. merran, to hinder, to expressive of certainty, contingency, mar, O.H.G. marrjan, to stop.] possibility, or the like; logic, the To confine or secure (a ship) in a determination of propositions acparticular station, as by cables and cording to their quantity and quality, anchors, or by chains to fix firmly. that is, whether universal, affirmamooring, mor'ing, n. Naut. the act tive, etc. of one who moors; that by which ;

—

—

—

;

—

;

mood, mod,

n. [A. Sax. mod, mind, passion, disposition D. moed, Icel. modr (mothr), Dan. and Sw. mod,

=

Goth, mods, G. muth, mood,

spirit,

courage, etc.; root doubtful.] Temper of mind; state of the mind in regard to passion or passion,

temporary disposition; humor; a fit of temper or sullenness. moodily, mod'i«li, adv. In a moody manner. moodiness, mod'i«nes, n. feeling;

—

The

state or quality of being moody. moody, mod'i, a. [A. Sax. modig, angry.] Subject to or indulging in

—

moods or humors; humor; gloomy;

fretful;

sullen;

out of

melan-

is

is

A

large animal of the deer family, with broadly palmated antlers, found in Canada and northern

name.]

U.

S.

moot, mot,

[A. Sax.

v.t.

motion,^ to

meet for deliberation, to discuss, from mot, a meeting, whence metan,

To

bring forward debate on a hypothetical legal case by way of practice. a. Debatable.

meet.] to meet, and discuss. n.

mop, mop,

A

[A Celtic word:

n.

W.

mop;

Gael, mob, a tuft, piece of cloth or tassel, mop.] coarse yarn fastened to a long handle and used for cleaning floors; something likened to a mop, as a v.t. mopped, tangle of hair, etc. mopping. To rub or wipe with a mop. mop-up, n. Act of cleaning up or mop up, z.t. To clear disposing of.

mop,

a

A

choly.

moon, mdn,

mona, (masc.) = Icel. mdni, Dan. maane, D. maan, G. mond, Goth, mena, Lith. menu, Gr. mine, Skr. mas; from root ma, n. [A. Sax.

measure.] The earth's satellite, revolving around the earth and accompanying it on its annual revolution around the sun, having a diameter of 2,163 miles, and a mean distance from earth of 238,857 miles a satellite of any planet (the moons of Jupiter); the period of a revolution of the moon; a month (poetical); something in the shape of a moon or crescent. v.i. To wander or gaze idly or moodily as if moon-

to

—

moonbeam, n. A struck (colloq.). ray of light from the moon. mooncalf, n. A stupid fellow. moonish, mon'ish, a. Variable, as the moon; fickle. moonlight, mon lit, n. The light afforded by the moon. moonlighter, m6n'lit»er, n. person who holds a second job after his day's work is done. moonlighting, mon'lit'ing, n. Holdmoonlit, a. Lit ing a second job. illuminated by the moon. or

—

—

A

—

moonshine,

me, met, her;

moored; pi. the place where moored. moose, mos, n. [American Indian a ship a ship

mon

pine, pin;

shin, n.

The

note, not,

light

move;

—

—

—

out, especially still

where enemy resistance

remains.

To

v.i.

complete a

project.

mop, mop,

n.

[Comp. D. moppen,

to

make a sulky face, mope.] A wry mouth; a grimace. mope, mop, v.i. moped, moping. pout, to

—

[Connected with mop, a wry mouth; D. moppen, to pout.] To show a dull, downcast, or listless air; to be v.t. To make spiritless or gloomy. listless

mopes.

or

dejected.

— mopish, mop

moppet, mop'et, mop, moppe, rag

n.

n.

One who

ish, a.

[Dim. from M.E.

Young

doll, baby.]

child, youngster. (Colloq.

moraine, m6«ran

n. [Fr., akin to It. mora, a heap of stones.] An accumulation of stones or other debris on the surface of glaciers or in the

valleys

feature

,

their foot, at glacier in

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

a

regular

phenomena.

pound.

—

—— ———

—

—

moral

mordax, mordacis, from mordeo, to bite, morsel.] Biting; sarcastic. mordacity, mor«das'i«ti, n. [L. mor-

mores, manners, morals (seen also in demoralize, demure, morose).] Relating to right and wrong as determined by duty; relating to morality or

and wrong, and

nouns

to approve

to duty existing among a group for its honor.

moralist, mor'al«ist, n. One who teaches morals; a writer or lecturer on ethics; one who inculcates or morality, practices moral duties. mdTal'i'ti, n. The doctrine of moral duties; morals; ethics; the practice of the moral duties ; the quality of an action, as estimated by a standard of right and wrong. morality play,

illustrious;

What

—

An

—

draw

the facts of al»i«zer,

—moralizer,

of low,

mor'-

«.— morally, mor'aMi,

morass, mo-ras', n. [Same moeras, from moer, a moor.] soft,

mor«a«t6'ri»um, n. [L.

from mora,

moratorius,

A

delay.]

special period of delay granted by law to debtors.

Moravian,

mo«ra'vi»an, a. Pertaining

Moravia or the Moravians. n. long use. A native of Moravia; one of a reli- Moresque, moTesk', a. [Fr., from gious sect, also called United BrethIt. moresco, from Moro, L. Maurus, ren, tracing its origin to John Huss, a Moor.] Moorish; after the manner and holding evangelical principles. of the Moors. n. A style of ornamoray, mo«ra', m6«ra', n. [Pg. moreia, mentation for flat surfaces; same from L. muraena.] Any of numerous as Arabesque. voracious eels of the family Murae- morganatic, mor«ga«nat'ik, a. [L.L. nidae, found in the Mediterranean morganatica, a kind of dowry paid and other warm seas. on the morning before or after morbid, mor'bid, a. [L. morbidus, marriage, a dowry accepted in lieu from morbus, a disease, mortal.] of other claims; corrupted from G. Gloomy; gruesome; not sound and morgen-gabe, fit. morning gift (A.

—

Sax. morgen-gifu).] Said of a kind of marriage between a monarch, or one of the highest nobility, and a lady of inferior rank; called also a left-handed marriage, the offsprin g of

healthful; relating to disease. morbidity, morbidness, mor«bid'i«ti,

mor'bid«nes, bid'li, adv.

mordacious, ch, chzin;

n.

—morbidly,

mor«da'shus, ch, Sc. loch;

mor'a.

g,

[L.

go;

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

like a hat

without

beaver or

language; a morris dance.

Mormon, mor'mon,

n. [From the Book of Mormon, accepted by them as of divine origin, and said to have been made known to Joseph Smith by an angel.] A term generally

applied to a member of that religious body properly known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-

—

mor'day Saints. Mormonism, mon«izm, n. The religion or doc-

Mormons.

trines of the

n.

to

somewhat

visor.

morn, morn,

n. [Contr. from O.E. A. Sax. morgen, morning, whence also morrow.] The first part of the day; the morning: used

morwen,

—

morning, morn'chiefly in poetry. ing, n. [O.E. morwening, from A. Sax. morgen (D., Dan., and G. morgen, Icel. morginn, Goth, maurgins) by common change of g to w, with the -ing of verbal nouns. (Comp. even, evening, dawn, dawning.) The root

is

seen

in

mirgu,

Lith.

to

glimmer, to gleam.] The first part of the day, beginning at twelve o'clock at night and extending to twelve at noon; in a more limited sense, the time beginning at break of day and extending to the hour of breakfast and of beginning the labors of the day or consider-

A

A

morion,

a

Morisco, mo«ris'ko, n. [Sp. morisco, Moorish, from Moro, a Moor.] A name applied to the ancient Moorish population of Spain and to their

more or

kind of morel.] dark-colored, cherry with a dark-red skin. moreover, mor«6'ver, adv. [More and over.] Beyond what has been said; further; besides. mores, mo'rez, n. pi. [L.] Customs and conventions or folk ways containing the moral views of a people and having the force of law through

adv.

as D. tract

wet ground; a marsh.

moratorium,

A

A

from

practical lessons

life.

mor-

morion; origin kind of helmet of iron,

doubtful.] steel, or brass, in shape, and

curtains, heavy dresses, etc. morel, mo«rel', n. [Fr. morelle, nightshade, from L.L. morellus, darkcolored, L. morulus, dark. So also the morel cherry is a dark-colored cherry.] Garden nightshade; a kind of cherry, morello. morel, mo»rel', n. [Fr. morille, from O.H.G. morilha, G. morchel, Sw. kind of edible fungus. murkla.] morello, mo«rel'16, n. [It. morello,

allegorical

news-

[L. mori-

a.

[Fr.

n.

from Sp. morrion,

n. [Connected with mohair, Fr. moire.] A watered woolen, or woolen and cotton fabric used for

dramatic form of the 14th to 18th moralize, mor'al«Iz, v.t. centuries. moralized, moralizing. To apply to a moral purpose; to draw a moral from. v.i. To make moral reflections; to

morion, mor'i«on,

of many):

illustriously.

a

tal.] In a dying state.

moreen, mo«ren',

—

n.

more

in

files

bundus, from morior, to die.

greater; something farther or in addition. is

reference

office.

moribund, moribund,

—

and devotion

pla,

friends;

paper

greater in number; in greater numbers (more men); added to some former number; additional (one day more, or one more day). adv. In a greater degree, extent, or quantity; in addition; besides; again (once more, no more). To be no more, to be destroyed or dead; to have perished. .'. More is used to modify an adjective (or adverb) and form the comparative degree, having the same force and effect as the termination er in comparatives; as more wise ( = zviser); more wisely; more

—

mo'ral'i'ti

comparative

father's

—

—

(as

the

inherit

rank or possessions, but are considered legitimate in most other morganatically, mor«respects. ga«nat'i«kal«li, adv. In the manner of a morganatic marriage. morgue, morg, n. [Fr. Origin unknown.] A place where the bodies of persons found dead are exposed that they may be claimed by their

A

or disapprove; conscience. n. The practical lesson inculcated by any story; pi. general conduct or behavior as right or wrong; principles and mode of life; also moral philosophy or ethics. morale, mo»raT, n. [An erroneous spelling of Fr. moral, used in same sense.] Mental condition of soldiers, etc., as regards courage, good cheer, and determination to do one's duty well, despite privation; the attitude of good will

members of

which do not

The quality of biting; readiness to bite. mordant, mor'dant, n. [Fr. mordant, from L. mordeo to bite.] substance employed in the process of dyeing which serves to fix the colors; sticky matter by which gold leaf is made to adhere. a. Biting; caustic; severe. more, mor, a. Serving as the comparative of much and many, the superlative being most. [A. Sax. mar a; D. meer, Dan. meer, meere, G. mehr, Icel. meiri, meirr, Goth, mais, maiza, more; from same root as L. magnus, great, E. may.] With singular nouns (as comparative of much): greater in amount, extent, degree, etc. (more land, more fight); with plural dacitas.]

morals; ethical; capable of distinguishing between right and wrong; governed by the laws of right and wrong; appealing to man as engaged in the practical concerns of life; sufficient for practical purposes (morsexually al evidence, certainty); virtuous; conforming to the rules conduct. Moral law, of right the law prescribing moral duties and teaching right and wrong. Moral philosophy, the science which treats of the nature and grounds of moral obligation; ethics. Moral sense, the capacity to perceive what right

morose

547

moral, mor'al, a. [Fr. moral, from L. moralis, from mos, moris, manner,

is

——

—

ably later; part (as of adjectively.

fig.

the

fife).

It

or early often used

first is

— morning-glory,

n.

A

name

given to several climbing plants of the convolvulus family, with handsome flowers. morning star, n. Any of the planets, Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, when it rises before the sun. morocco, mo«rok'6, n. A fine leather made from the skins of goats, first imported from Morocco, and extensively used in the binding of books, upholstering furniture, making la-

—

dies' shoes, etc.

moron,

moron,

n.

[Gr.

moros,

A

person having the mental sluggish.] age of 8 to 12 years.

morose,

th, thin;

mo«ros',

a.

[L.

morosus,

wayward, peevish, morose, from mos, moris, a custom, habit, moral.] Of a sour temper; severe; sullen and austere. morosely, mo«ros'li,

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

— —

— — — —— — — —

—

— ——

;

morpheme

548

moss

In a morose manner; sourly; with sullen austerity. moroseness, mo«ros'nes, n. The quality of being morose; sourness of temper; sul-

mortal. Colloquially applied to periods of time felt to be long or tedious (ten mortal hours). n. being subject to death; a man; a human being. mortally, mor'taMi, adv. In the manner of a mortal; in a deadly manner or manner that must cause death. mortality, mor«-

mortise in; to join by tenon and

adv.

—

lenness.

morpheme,

mor'feme, n. [Fr. morphime, from Gr. morphe.] A word such as wait, or a part of a word, as ed in waited, not further divisible morpheinto a meaningful part. mics, morfe-miks, n. The study and analysis of

morphemes.

Morpheus,

mor'fi»us, n.

[Gr. from

morphe, form, from the forms he causes to appear to people in their dreams.] Greek myth, the god of sleep and dreams.

morphia, morphine,

mor'fi«a,

mor-

[Gr. Morpheus, the god of The narcotic principle of opium, a vegetable alkaloid of a bitter taste, of medicinal value as fen, n. sleep.]

an anodyne.

morphology,

mor'fol'o«ji, n. [Gr. logos, description.]

morphe, form, and

That department of science which form and arrangement of the structures of plants and animals; the science of form in the treats of the

morphologic, mororganic world. phological, mor»fo«loj'ik, mor»fo— loj'i«kal, a. Pertaining to morpholmorphologically, mor»fo«loj'ogy. i»kal«li, adv. In a morphological manner. morphologist, mor'fol'o*jist, n. One versed in morphology. morris, mor'is, n. morris dance, [Fr. moresque, from Sp. morisco, from

Moro, a Moor.] A dance borrowed from the Moors, or in imitation of their dances; a fantastic dance formerly practiced in England, as in the

May

games. Morris chair, a comfortable armchair having an adjustable back. Morris Plan, a method for making small loans employed by an industrial bank in the United States. morrow, mor'6, n. [morning.] The day next after the present or after any day specified. Good morrow, good morning, a term of salutation. To-morrow, on the morrow; next

A

tal'i«ti, n.

[L. mortalitas.]

mortar, mor'ter,

and named from its resemblance to the above utensil; a mixture of lime and sand with water, used as a cement for morstones and bricks in walls.

throwing

shells,

A

dashes and dots, to be used in transmitting messages either audibly or visually. morsel, mor'sel, n. [O.Fr. morcel (Fr. morceau), from L.L. morcellum, a dim. from L. morsus, a bite, from mordeo, to bite.] A bite; a mouthful; a small piece of food; a fragpiece in general. [Fr. mort, death. n. flourish sounded at the

ment; a little mort, mort,

mortal.] A death of game.

mortal, mor'tal,

a. [L.

mor talis, from

mors, mortis, death: same root as Skr. mri, to die, mrita, dead; this root meaning to crush or grind, and being also that of meal, mild, murder, etc.] Subject to death; destined to die; deadly; destructive to life; causing death; fatal; incurring the penalty of death or divine condemnation; not venial (mortal sin);

human; belonging

to

man, who

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

is

etc.,

tarboard, mor'ter«bord,

n.

A

board

for holding mortar; a square-topped academic cap. mortgage, mor'gij, n. [Fr. mort, dead, and gage, pledge the estate pledged becomes dead or entirely lost by failure to pay.] An assignment

—

or conveyance of land or house property to a person as security for the payment of a debt due to him, and on the condition that if the money shall be paid according to contract the grant shall be void; the

deed by which

conveyance is mortgaged, mortgageffected. v.t. ing. To grant or assign on mortgage;

—

this

pledge; to make liable to the payment of any debt. mortgagee, mor»gi«je', n. The person to whom

to

mor'gij«er, n. gages.

inventor, Professor Morse, of Massachusetts.] system of symbols, consisting of

[From L. mor-

A

an estate

its

n.

tarium, a mortar in which things are pounded.] vessel, usually in form of an inverted bell, in which substances are pulverized or pounded with a pestle; a short piece of ordnance, thick and wide, used for

day. [After

state

mortality, tables showing how many out of a certain number of persons of a given age will probably die successively in each year till the whole are dead.

—

Morse code.

The

of being mortal; death; frequency of death; death of numbers in proportion to a population; humanity; human nature; the human race. Bills of mortality, abstracts showing the numbers that have died during certain periods of time. Tables of

is

mortgaged. mortgagor, The person who mort-

mortician, mor-tish'an,

n. [L. mors, mortis, death.] An undertaker. mortify, mor'ti«fi, v.t. mortified, mortifying. [Fr. mortifier. L. mors, mortis, death, and facio, to make.

— —

To

affect with gangrene or mortification; to subdue or bring

mortal.]

subjection by abstinence or rigorous severities; to humiliate. v.i. To practice mortification; to become gangrenous. mortification, mor'ti«fi«ka"shon, n. Med. the death of a part of an animal body while the rest is alive; gangrene; the subduing of the passions and appetites by penance, abstinence, etc. slight vexation; humiliation or chagrin. into

mortise, mor 'tis,

[Fr. mortaise, n. a mortise; origin unknown.] A hole cut in one piece of material to receive a corresponding projecting piece called a tenon, on another piece, in order to fix the two together. mortised, mortising. To cut a v.t.

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

mortise.

mortmain, mort man,

n. [Fr. mort, dead, and main, hand.] Law, possession of lands or tenements in dead hands, or hands that cannot alienate, as those of a corporation; the holding of property more particularly by religious houses, which has been restricted by various stat-

utes.

mortuary, mor'chu»eTi,«. [L.L. mor tuarium, from L. mortuus, dead, from mori, to die. mortal.] place for the temporary reception of the dead; a dead-house, a. Pertaining to the burial of the dead. morula, mor'u«la, n. [Dim. of L. morum, mulberry, from the appearance of the mass of cells.] Physiol, a roundish mass of cells (called blastomeres) resulting from the division or segmentation of an ovum or its yolk in the process of development. Mosaic, Mosaical, mo-za'ik, moza'i«kal, a. Relating to Moses, the Hebrew lawgiver, or his writings

A

and institutions. mosaic, mo«za'ik, a. [Fr. mosatque, from It. mosaico, musaico, from L. Gr.

mousaikos,

belonging

to

the

Muses, from Mousa, a Muse.] A term applied to inlaid work formed by little pieces of enamel, glass, marble,

precious stones, etc., of various colors, cut and disposed on a ground of cement in such a manner as to form designs, and to imitate the colors and gradations of painting. n. Mosaic or inlaid work. Mosaic gold, an alloy of copper and zinc, called also ormolu. mosaicist, moza'i«sist, n. One who makes mosaics. moschatel, mos'ka«tel, n. [Fr. moscatelle, from L.L. muscatus, having the odor of musk, musk.] plant of the temperate regions, with pale green flowers which smell like musk. Moselle, mo«zel', n. species of white French and German wine, so named from the river Moselle. Moslem, moz'lem, n. [Ar. moslem, muslim, a true believer, from salama, to resign one's self to God.] Mussulman or Mohammedan. a.

—

—

A

A

A

Mohammedan. mosque, mosk,

n. [Fr. mosquce, It. moschea, Sp. mezquita, from Ar. mesjid, the place of adoration, from

to

sajad,

adore.]

A Mohammedan

temple or place of religious worship. mosquito, mos«ke to, n. [Sp. and Pg. mosquito, dim. from mosca, L. musca,

A

a fly.] name applied to several species of gnatlike flies, common in many regions, and which are very annoying from their severe bites. Mosquito nets or curtains, of gauze, are often used to ward off attacks

by mosquitoes upon persons reposing or asleep.

moss, mos, n. [D., O.G., and Dan. mos, S\v. mono, Icel. mosi, A. Sax. mcos, G. moos, moss, a bog. Cog. L. muscus, moss; Gr. moschos, a sprout or tender shoot.] A name common to many cryptogamic plants of small size

and

with

simple branching stems

numerous,

leaves;

also

a

tube, tub, bull;

generally

narrow

name

of

various

oil,

pound.

—————

— ——— ——

——— — ——

most

—

duced anything; source of anything; generatrix; a familiar term of address to elderly females; an abbess or other female holding an important position in religious or semi-religious institutions. Mother Carey's chicken, a name given by sailors to the stormy petrel. a. Native; natural (mother wit); giving birth or origin; originating (mother country). mother-

beautiful variety of rose, so named from the calyx being covered with mosstrooper, a moss-like growth. n. One of the marauders upon the

borders of England and Scotland previous to the union of the crowns, from the mosses so common on the borders. most, most, a. superl. of more. [A. Sax. maest, for md-est, superl. of old positive ma, more; Goth, maists,

hood, muTH'er«hud, n. The state of being a mother. mother-in-law, n.

The mother

of one's husband or motherless, muTH'er«les, a. Destitute of a mother; having lost a mother. motherliness, muTH'erdi*nes, n. Quality of being motherly. motherly, muTH'er«li, a. Pertaining to a mother; becoming a mother; tender and affectionate. motherof-pearl, n. The hard silvery brilliant internal layer of several kinds of shells extensively used in the arts. Called also Nacre. mother tongue, n. One's native language; a language to which other languages owe their mother wit, n. Native wit; origin. wife.

D. and Dan. meest, G.

mestr,

more.] Greatest in any way:

with singular nouns {most wisdom, need, etc.); greatest in number; amounting to a considerable majority; with plurals (most men; most sorts of learning). adv. In the greatest or highest, or in a very great or high degree, quantity, or extent; mostly; chiefly: often used before adjectives and adverbs to form the superlative degree, as more is to form the comparative. The Most High) the Almighty. n. The greatest or greater number; the majority:

—

common

—

dregs,

mud,

slime, etc.; allied to

move.] The act or process of changing place; the passing of a body from one place to another; opposed to rest; the power of moving; a single act of motion; a movement; movement of the mind or soul; internal impulse; proposal made; a proposition made in a deliberative assembly; the proposing of any matter for the consideration of an assembly or meeting; med., evacuation of the intestine; alvine discharge.

character.

moth, moth,

n. [A.Sax. moththe; D. mot, Icel. motti, G. motte, Sw. mott, a moth.] The name of numerous lepidopterous insects allied to the butterflies, but seldom seen on the wing except in the evening or at night; the clothes-moth, the caterpillar of which is notoriously de-

—

v.t. and i. To make a significant motion or gesture for guidance, as

with the hand or head. motionless, mo'shondes, a. Wanting motion; being at rest. motion picture, A

structive to woolen materials, furs, skins, etc. mothy, moth'i, a. Full of

form of drama produced by means of a series of photographs projected upon a screen to give an illusion of continuous, lifelike motion; any series of pictures photographed and presented in this way. motivate, mo'ti«vat, v.t. Motivated, motivating. To furnish with a motive; to be the motive of; to impel; to induce.

moths; eaten by moths. moth-eat, v.t. To eat or prey upon, as a moth eats a garment. moth-eaten, a. Eaten by moths or rather their larvae.

[A.Sax. modor, D. moeder, Dan. and Sw. moder, Icel. mothir, G. mutter, Ir. matair, Gael, mathair, L. mater, Gr. meter, Skr. mdtd, mdtar, Per. mdder; from n.

motive, j,

;'ob;

mo'tiv,

ng, sing;

n.

TH,

[Fr.

then;

motif,

from

move.]

That which incites to action; that which determines the choice or moves the will; cause; object; inducement; prevailing design; the theme or leading subject in a piece of music; the prevailing idea in the mind of an artist, to which he endeavors to give expression in his work. a. Causing motion. Motive power or force, the power or force acting upon any body or quantity of matter to move it. v.t. To supply a motive to or for; to prompt. motivity, mo«tiv'i«ti, n. The power of producing motion. motley, mot'li, a. [W. mudliw, a changing color, a motley color mud, change, and lliw, a stain, a hue; or akin to mottle.] Consisting of different colors; parti-colored (a motley coat); exhibiting a combination of discordant elements; heterogeneous (a motley style); of a dress of various colors, or the usual dress of a domestic fool. mover, motor, mo'ter, n. [L., from moveo, to move.] That which imparts motion; a prime mover, especially, a machine which develops power through rotary action, as an electric motor or an internal-combustion engine; an automobile. a. Imparting motion; equipped with a motor; designating or pertaining to a nerve which stimulates the movement of a muscle or the secretory activity of glands. v.%. To travel in, or drive, an automobile or other

A

automotive vehicle. motorboat, n. A boat propelled by an internalcombustion engine or by electricity. motorbus, motor coach, n. A public vehicle propelled by an internal-combustion engine. motorcycle, n. A two-wheeled vehicle propelled by an internal-combustion motordrome, n. An enengine. closed, circular track where motorcycles or automobiles are raced or motoring, n. The recreatested.

—

motion, mo'shon, n. [L. motio, motionis, from moveo, motum, to move.

A

go;

L. moveo, motum, to move,

—

the highway with accommodations for automobiles. motet, mo«tet', n. [Fr. motet, from It. mottetto, a dim. of motto, motto.] Mus. a sacred cantata; a choral composition, usually of a sacred

g,

[L.G. moder,

mud.] A thick slimy substance that gathers in liquors, particularly vinegar.—z>.z'. To become mothery. motif, mo«tef, n. [Fr.] A passage or theme that reappears in varying form throughout a musical composition; the prevailing idea an artist or writer has endeavored to express. motific, m6«tif'ik, a. [L. motus, motion, and facio, to make.] Producing motion. motile, mo'til, a. Having inherent power of motion, as certain organs of plants. motility, m6»til'i«ti, n. Capability of motion.

A

ch, Sc. loch;

n.

D. modder, Dan. mudder, G. mutter

A

ch, chain;

sense.

mother, muTH'er,

in this case plural; greatest amount or advantage; utmost extent, degree, effect, etc.: often with the, and in this sense singular. At most or at the most, at furthest; at the utmost extent. mostly, most'li, adv. For the most part; chiefly; mainly. mot, mo, n. [Fr. mot, a word, a motto, L.L. muttum, from L. muttio, to mutter.] pithy or witty saying; a bon-mot. mote, mot, n. [A.Sax. mot, a mote; comp. D. mot, dust, sweepings.] small particle; a mere atom; anything proverbially small. motel, mo'tel', n. [From motorists' lodging for motorists along hotel.]

mother, muTH'er,

motive, L.L. motivus, moving,

A

moss; abounding with moss; like mossiness, mos'i«nes, n. The moss. state of being mossy, or overgrown with moss. moss agate, n. A kind of agate having internally a moss-like moss-grown, a. Overappearance. grown with moss. moss rose, n. A

—— — —

motto

549

—

Icel.

——— —— — ——

—

root ma to bring forth, the term., as in father, denoting an agent.] female parent, especially one of the human race; a woman who has borne a child; that which has pro-

lichens; a bog; a place where peat v.t. To cover with moss. is found. mossy, mos'i, a. Overgrown with

meist.

——

tion or act of driving, or traveling in,

an automobile. motorist, n. A person who drives, or travels in, an motorize, motorized, automobile. motorizing, v.t. To provide with a motor or with motor-powered equipment. motorman, n. A man who operates a motor-powered ve-

—

—

as a streetcar or electric motor ship, n. A ship locomotive. propelled by internal -combustion (usually Diesel) engines. mottle, mot'l, n. [O.Fr. mattele, clotted, curdled; probably from the German; comp. Prov. G. matte, curds.] A blotched or spotted sort of surface as seen in woods employed in cabinet work when polished. v.t. To mark with spots or blotches as if mottled. mottled, mot'ld, p. and a. Spotted; marked with blotches of color, as some kinds of cabinet hicle,

wood. motto, mot'to, n. [It. motto, Fr. mot, a word, from L.L. muttum, a word, from L. muttio, to mutter.] A short

a

th, thin;

pithy sentence or phrase, or even word, adopted as expressive

a single

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

— —— —

— ————

moufflon

by a

draining into

rill

on

its

surface

it.

mound, mound,

[A. Sax. and G. as mount.] An elevation of earth, generally artificial; a rampart; a hillock or knoll; baseball, the slight elevation

mund,

a defense;

n.

same root

on which the pitcher stands while pitching. v.t. To heap up in a mound. Mound Builder, n. An

—

Indian of any of the various groups that once lived in the Mississippi River and Great Lakes regions and built earthworks. mount, mount, n. [A. Sax. munt, Fr. monty from L. mons, montis, a hill, from root seen in eminent, prominent.]

A

hill; a mountain; now chiefly poetical, or used in proper names, as Mount Vesuvius, Mount Sinai; a bulwark for offense or defense

(O.T.); the cardboard or other terial

ma-

a picture or drawing or fixed; the setting of something similar; the

on which

is

mounted

a

gem

or

opportunity or means of riding on horseback. v.i. [Fr. monter, from mont, a hill.] To rise on high; to go up; to ascend; to be built to a great altitude; to get on or upon anything, specifically, to get on horseback; to amount; to reach in value. v.t. To raise aloft; to ascend; to climb up to or upon; to place one's self upon (a throne or the like); to furnish with a horse or horses; to put on or cover with something necessary, useful, or ornamental (to mount a map on cloth); to prepare for use; to carry or be furnished with (a fort To mounts a hundred cannon). mount guard, to take the station and do the duty of a sentinel. mountable, moun'ta«bl, a. Capable of being mounted. mounter, moun'ter, n. One that mounts. mounting, moun'ting, n. The act of ascending; that with which an article is mounted or set off, or

—

finished for use, as the setting of a gem; the furnishings of a sword, of harness;' cardboard on which a picture is pasted, etc. mountain, moun'tin, n. [O.Fr. muntaine, montaigne, Fr. montagne, from

L.L. montaneus, mountainous, from L. mons, montis, a mountain, mount.]

A

huge mass of earth and rock

above the

common

— — ——

rising level of the earth

or adjacent land; an elevated mass higher than a hill; something very large or great. Chain of mountains, a group of mountains linked together, thus forming a series, a system, or a chain, as the Allegheny Mountains which range over four states. The fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Mountain,

the extremists of revolutionary party during the

blue or white flowered forget-memouser, not, symbolic of fidelity.

the first

Revolution who occupied the highest benches in the National Convention. a. Of, or pertaining to, mountain ash, n. A a mountain. genus of trees found in the United States and Europe, having ashcolored leaves, white corymbose flowers and scarlet fruit; in Europe,

French

—

called the

rowan tree.

mountainous mountains.

—

A

an n before the th.] The aperture in the head of an animal through which food is received and voice uttered; the aperture between the lips or the portion of the face formed by the lips; the cavity within the lips ; the opening of anything hollow, as of a pitcher or other vessel; the entrance to a cave, pit, or den, the opening of a well, etc.; the part of a river, creek, etc., by which it joins with the ocean or any large body of water. To make a mouth or to make mouths, to distort the mouth; to make a wry face, as in derision. Down in the mouth, chapfallen; dejected; mortified. To give mouth to, to utter, to express. v.t. (mouTH). To utter with a voice affectedly big or swelling; to seize or shake with the mouth. v.i. To speak with a full, round, or loud, affected voice; to vociferate; to rant; to make wry mouthed, faces, to grimace (Tenn.). mouTHd, a. Having a mouth of this or that kind: used in composition mouther, mou'(foul-mouthed). THer, n. One who mouths; an affected declaimer. mouthful, mouthful, n. As much as the mouth contains at once; a small quantity. mouthpiece, mouth pes, n. The part of a musical instrument that is applied to the mouth; a tube by which a cigar is held in the mouth while

A

n. [It.

who mounts

a bench or stage in the market or other public place, and vends medicines which he pretends are infallible remedies; a quack doctor; any boastful and false pre-

charlatan.

To

v.t.

gull

(Shaft.).

mourn, morn,

v.i.

murnan=

[A. Sax.

morna, O.H.G. mornan, Goth. maurnan, to grieve; root same as murmur.] To express grief or sorrow; to grieve; to be sorrowful; to lament; to wear the dress or appearance of grief. v.t. To grieve for; to lament; I eel.

—

— —

—

mourner, bewail. that mourns; one that follows a funeral in the habit of deplore; mor'ner, n.

to

to

One

—

mourning. mournful, mdrn'ful, a. Expressing sorrow; exhibiting the appearance of grief; doleful; causing sorrow; sad; calamitous; sorrowful; feeling

grief.

— mournfully,

morn'-

adv. In a mournful manner; dolefully; sorrowfully; sadly. mournfulness, morn'ful«nes, n. The state or character of being mournful.

ful'li,

—

— mourning,

mor'ning, n. The act of expressing grief; lamentation; the dress or customary habit worn by mourners. a. Employed to express mourning grief (a mourning ring). cloak, n. A handsome purplish brown butterfly with wings bordered with

—

being smoked; one who speaks on behalf of others. mouton, mo'ton, n. [Fr. sheep, from M.Fr. mouton, ram.] A sheepskin that is sheared and dyed and treated to be used as fur similar to otter

and

brown and blue. It is found from the arctic south, in both Europe and America. mourning dove, a small wild dove found in the United States, having a lamenting

—

cry.

mous,

n.

pi.

mice,

sealskin.

move, mov,

yellow,

mouse,

n. [Fr. froth, foam.] frozen dessert of whipped cream,

lost

montimbanco, montambanco—montare, to mount, and banco, bench.] One

a

a

—

—

tender;

about;

mouths, mouTHz. [A.Sax. muth = lctl. muthr, munnr, Sw. mun, Dan. and G. mund, D. mond, Goth, munths mouth. Like tooth, sooth, etc., this word has

Canada. mountain lion, n. puma, also called cougar, panther or catamount, largest American species of mountainous, moun'the cat kind. thvus, a. Full of mountains; large as a mountain; huge.

mountebank, moun'ti«bangk,

who snoops

sweetened and flavored, sometimes

climb moun-

—

at catching

made firm with gelatin. mouth, mouth, n. pi.

mountain goat, n. A goat native to the mountainous regions of the northwestern United States and

tains.

good

mousse, mos,

inhabitant of a a climber of

To

cat

detective (slang).

district; v.i.

—

A

mou'zer, n. mice; one

—mountaineer,

An

moun'tin«er", n.

— ——

move

550

of one's guiding idea or principle, appended to a coat of arms, or otherwise put prominently forward. moufflon, mouflon, mof'lon, n. [Fr. mouflon.] An animal of the sheep kind inhabiting Corsica, Sardinia, and Greece. mouille, mu»ya', a. [Fr., wet.] Given a softened, liquid sound, usually caused by a succeeding jy-sound, as / in William. moulin, mo«lah, n. [Fr. moulin, L.L. molinus, from L. mola, a mill.] A deep cylindrical hole in a glacier,

formed

— —

mis.

[A. Sax. mus, pi. mys (like lus, lys, louse, lice); I eel. mus, Dan. muus, D. muis, G. maus; cog. L. mus, Gr. mys, Per. mush, Skr. musha, mouse.]

v.t.

—moved, moving.

[O.

Mod.Fr. mouvoir, from L. movere, motum, to move.] To carry, convey, or draw from one Fr. mover, mouver,

place to another; to cause to change place or posture; to set in motion; to stir; to excite into action; to influence; to prevail on; to rouse or excite the feelings of; to cause the bowels to move; to affect

with tender feelings; to touch; to formally, as a motion for consideration by a deliberative as-

offer

various

sembly; chess, checkers, etc., to change the position of (a piece) in the regular course of play. v.i. To change place or posture; to stir; to pass or go; to walk; to carry or bear one's self; to change residence; to n. take action; to begin to act. Proceeding; action taken; the mov-

plants, so named from their soft, hairy leaves which seem to resemble in shape the ear of a mouse; the

ing of a piece in playing chess, etc.; a change of residence; the act of moving; an advance or step.

A

well-known small rodent quadruped that infests dwelling-houses, granaries, fields, etc.; a various allied animals; a

name of

(mouz)

moused,

endearment. mousing.

To hunt

— mouse-ear,

me, met, her;

v.i.

term of

for or catch mice.

n.

pine, pin;

Any

of

note, not,

move;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

—

— ——

mow To be on the move, to be stirring movable, moveable, mov'about. a«bl, a. Capable of being moved; changing from one date to another. n. Any part of a man's goods capable of being moved. movableness, moveableness, movability, m6v'a«bl«nes, mov«a'biri»ti, n. movably, moveably, mov'a-bli, adv.

too, as,

and

I eel.

—

ruption, especially

if

unjustly.

mucous, mucosity. See mucus. mowed (pret.) mowed mucronate, mu'kro«nat, a. [L. mucronatus, from mucro, a sharp point.] [A. Sax. mdwan; akin.

—

(pp.)

miigi,

a

to to

Bot. and zool. narrowed to a point;

Dan.

swathe;

D. maaijen, G. mahen,

mow;

terminating in a sharp point.

mess

of.

v.i.

To become muddy;

be in a confused state. n. A mess; dirty confusion; intellectual confusion; bewilderment. muddled, mud'ld, p. and a. Made turbid

—

or

muddy;

stupefied;

tity.

v.t.

To

— mucous, mu'kus,

numbers or quan-

soluble in water. a. [L. mucosus.]

cut grass; to use the

—

doltish.

muezzin,

mu«ez'zin,

mo«ez'in,

—

agricultural machine employed to cut down grass, clover, grain, etc. mow, mou, n. [A.Sax. muga, a heap, a mow, N. muga, mua, a heap of pile of hay or sheaves of hay.] grain deposited in a barn; the part of a barn where -they are packed. v.t. To put or pile in a mow. moxa, mok'sa, n. [Chinese.] soft downy substance prepared in China and Japan from the young leaves of certain plants, used for the gout, etc., by burning it on the skin; any substance used in this way as a counterirritant. mu, mu, mo, n. [Gr. my.] The twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding to the English M. much, much, a. ; more and most serve as its comparative and superlative.

the balcony of a minaret the summons to prayers five times a day. muff, muf, n. [Dan. muffe, D. mof, L.G. muffe, muff, G. muff, a muff, akin to O.H.G. mouwa, D. mouw, a long sleeve; comp. also D. mof, a clown, muf, musty, silly, doting. Hence muffle.] A cylindrical cover, usually made of fur, into which both hands may be thrust in order to keep them warm; a soft, useless fellow; a mean, poor-spirited person (colloq.) ; in various games, an unsuccessful attempt to hold a caught ball. v.t. To bungle; to miss a chance; in games, to fail to hold a

mud;

cloudy in mind; confused; stupid; obscure; wanting in perspicuity. muddied, muddying. To soil v.t. with mud; to dirty; to make turbid; mudguard, to cloud or make dull. n. A cover over the wheel of a

—

—

Great in quantity or

mud hen, n. One of several species of waterfowl. mud puppy, n. A kind of salamander. mudsill, n. The base or lowest sill of a structure,

—

com(much j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

then;

—muffled,

muffling.

and

a.

Wrapped up

closely,

especially about the face; treated so as to deaden the sound (as when an oar is wrapped with a mat at the

rowlock).

— muffler,

muf'ler,

n.

A

wrapper

for muffling or enveloping the neck; something that deadens noise, especially on a car. muffle, muf'l, n. [Fr. mufle, from G. muffel, an animal with large

hanging

lips.]

The tumid and naked

portion of the upper lip and nose of ruminants and rodents.

mufti, mufti,

—

TH,

v.t.

—

p.

conveyance to stop flying mud.

extent;

g, go;

with

mud'manner;

muddy, mud'i, a. Abounding in mud; foul with mud; turbid; miry;

amount; abundant: used with singular nouns (much food, seed, water, money, etc.). adv. In a great

ch, Sc. loch;

soil

— muddily,

adv. In a muddy turbidly; obscurely; confusedly. muddiness, mud'i«nes, n. The quality or condition of being muddy.

form of old mochel, much, from A.Sax. my eel, micel, much, great, many; akin Icel. mjog, mjok, much, mikill, great; Goth. mikils, O.H.G. mihil; same root as L. magnus, great, E. may. magni-

ch, chain;

To

mudding.

muddy.

i»li,

[Shortened

greatiy: used especially with paratives and past participles

to

cup-shaped

biscuit.

to put to silence; fig. to wrap up or envelop; to involve. n. [Fr. moufle, a kind of glove, a chemical vessel.] An arched vessel, resisting the strongest fire, and made to be placed over cupels in the operation of assaying, to preserve them from coming in contact with fuel, smoke, or ashes; a pulley block containing muffled, muf'ld, several sheaves.

E. mother, slimy sediment. Muddle a derivative.] Wet and soft earth or earthy matter as in a puddle; sediment from turbid waters; mire. Mud wall, a wall built of mud or v.t. clay, rendered firm by drying.

— —mudded,

quick bread

[O.E. also muffle, akin to muff; comp. D. muffel, a muff; Fr. moufle, a mitten.] To enfold or wrap up so as to conceal from view or protect from the weather; to wrap up or cover close, particularly the neck and face; to deaden the sound of (to muffle an oar or a drum); to restrain from speaking by wrapping up the head;

is

muchel,

amount or

or

mudde, D. modder, Dan. mudder, Sw. modd, mud, mire; Icel. mod, dust;

A

degree; to a great

to

molds; a drop muffle, muf'l,

externally (such as the mouth, nose, intestines), and secretes mucus. mucosity, mu«kos'i«ti, n. The state of being mucous; sliminess. mud, mud, n. [Allied to L.G. mod,

A

tude, may.]

Pertaining

n.

[A muezzin, from azzana, to inform, from azana, to hear.] A Mohammedan crier attached to a mosque, whose duty it is to proclaim from

resembling mucus; slimy; ropy; seMucous creting a slimy substance. membrane, a membrane that lines all the cavities of the body which open

mowing machine. mower, One who mows; a mowing machine. mowing machine, n. An scythe or mo'er, n.

confused.

muddleheaded, a. Having the brains muddled; stupidly confused or dull;

allied to L. meto, Gr. amao, mow. mucus, mu'kus, n. [L., mucus from Meadow is from this root.] To cut the nose; akin mungo, to wipe the down with a scythe or mowing nose; mucilage.] A viscid fluid secreted by the mucous membrane of caught ball. machine (to mow grass); to cut the animals, which it serves to moisten muffin, muf'in, n. A grass from (to mow a meadow); to and defend; bot. gummy matter baked in individual cut down (men, etc.) indiscrimi-

nately, or in great

mud-

to

slightly viscid.

midden).] Dung in a moist state, or a mass of dung and rotten vegetable matter; something mean, vile, or filthy. v.t. To manure with muck; to remove muck from. mucker, muk'er, n. A dishonorable and impolite person; an impudent boor. (Slang). muck rake, muk'rak, n. A rake for removing muck. muckrake, v.i. To accuse of bad faith or broadcast accusation of cor-

—

mugr,

much'-

much;

n. [From Icel. myki, Dan. mog, dung (whence modding,

—

mete,

— muchness,

v.t.

[Freq. from mud.] To make foul, turbid, or muddy; to intoxicate partially; to cloud or stupefy, particularly with liquor; to bring into a state of confusion; to make a

muck, muk,

—

v.t.

so.

A

—muddled,

dling.

—

—

mown

and

muddle, mud'l,

A

progression in time, also a detached and independent portion of a composition; the train of wheelwork in a watch or clock; milit. part of a maneuver; art, a trend in style, technique, or subject matter followed by a sufficient number of artists to introduce a significant change. mover, mov'er, n. One who or that which moving, mov'ing, a. gives motion. Causing to move or act; impelling; exciting the feelings; touching; pamovingly, mov'ing«li, adv. thetic. moving picture, n. See MOTION movie, mov'e, n. A motion picture.

or

— mud

quantity. mucilage, mu'sMij, n. [L. mucilago, from mucus, slime, mucus.] gummy vegetable matter contained in gum tragacanth, many seeds, roots, etc.; a solution in water of gummy matter of any kind. mucilaginous, mu«si«laj'i«nus, a. Pertaining to or secreting mucilage; slimy; ropy; soft,

mov'ment, n. Act of moving; course or process of change; motion; an individual act of motion; a gesture; an agitation set on foot by one or more persons for the purpose of bringing about some result desired; motion or mus.

mow, mo,

as of a bridge, at the bottom of a turtle, n. river, etc. name of the soft tortoises and terrapins.

nes,n. State of being

—movement,

picture.

larger, sooner, surprised, nearly (much as it was). Much about the same, nearly equal. n. great quantity; a great deal; equivalent to an adjective with a noun omitted, and often qualified by

A

—

—

mufti

etc.);

—

—— —

551 better,

—

—

— —

th, thin;

n.

[Ar.

mufti,

from

aft a, to judge, to give a decision.] The chief of the ecclesiastical order

among

the

w, wig;

Mohammedans; hw, whig;

a doctor

zh, azure.

——— —

—

mug

mugan, a mug.] A familiar name for an earthen or metal vessel for drinking from; the face (slang); a tough person (slang).- v.t. To phoIr.

from behind.

assault faces.

especially

criminal;

a

v.i.

— mugger, mug'er,

m "ggy>

to

To make

n.

mug'i,

a. [Prov. E. mug, mugga, mugginess, drizzle; comp. Gael, mugach, cloudy; W. mwg, smoke.] Damp and close: said of the atmosphere or weather; warm and humid; moist; moldy. mugwump, mugwump, n. [Algonkin, a great man, a chief.] A person who takes an independent position in politics; a highly superior person

mist;

I eel.

in his

own

eyes.

mukluk, muk'luk,

n. [Alaskan Eskimo makliak, muklok, makluk, large seal.] A variety of sealskin boot worn by

Eskimos.

mulatto, mu«lat to, n. [Sp. mulato, from mulo, a mule, mule.] The offspring of a Caucasian and a Negro; loosely, any individual of mixed Caucasian and Negro blood. mulberry, mul'be»ri, n. [For murberry; A. Sax. murberie, a mulberry, also mur, mor, from L. morus, a

mulberry tree.] The berry or fruit of a well-known tree, and also the tree itself cultivated from a remote period for silk-worm rearing. mulberry-faced, a. Having the face spotted as if with mulberry stains, mulch, mulsh, n. [Akin to mols in A. Sax. molsnian, to rot, G. mulsch, molsch, rotten; D. molsemen, to molder.] Strawy dung in a somewhat moist state, but not rotten, used for protecting the roots of newly planted shrubs or trees, etc. v.t. To cover with mulch. mulct, mulkt, n. [L. mulcta, multa,

—

a fine.]

punish punish

A

fine or penalty. v.t. To by fine or forfeiture; to by depriving; to deprive (to

mulct a person of $300).

mule, mul, n. [A. Sax. mid, Fr. mule, from L. mulus, a mule.] A quadruped of a mongrel breed, the offspring of an ass and a mare, or a horse and a she-ass; also any animal produced by a mixture of different species; a hybrid; a hybrid plant; a spinning machine invented by

Crompton

in

1775, so called

from

being a combination of the drawing rollers of Arkwright and the jenny of Hargreaves. mule skinner, n. A driver of mules. (Colloq.) muleteer, mu«le»ter', n. [Fr. mumulish, mulletier.] A muledriver. ish, a. Like a mule; sullen; stubborn. mulishly, mul'ish«li, adv. In a mulish manner. mulishness, mul'ish«nes, n. Obstinacy or stubborn-

—

—

—

—

ness.

mule, mul,

———

552

of Mohammedan law; an AngloIndian term for plain dress worn by officers off duty; civilian dress. mug, mug, n. [N. mugge, a ewer, a mug; Sw. mugg, an earthen cup;

tograph,

—

—

1

[Fr. from D. muil, a red leather shoe.] backless slipper. muliebrity, mu«li«eb'ri«ti, n. [L. muliebritas, from muliebris, womanly, womanish, from mulier, a woman. n.

from L. mulleus,

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Womanhood; puberty

in a female;

;

participle mulled in mulled ale, equivalent to mold-ale, that is funeral ale, from mold, earth, the earth of the grave.] To heat, sweeten, and flavor with spices (to mull wine). v.i.

&

To

t.

cogitate; to

contemplate thoughtfully. (Colloq.) mull, mul, n. [Hind, mul-mul, muslin.] A thin, soft kind of muslin. mullein, mullen, mul'en, n. [A. Sax. molegn; comp. Dan. mol, a moth: one species is used to drive away moths.] The common name of a genus of wild plants used in domestic medicine.

mulier, mul'er, n. [O.Fr. moulleur, from moulre, mouldre (Fr. moudre), L. molere, to grind, from mola, a

A

millstone.] sort of flat-bottomed pestle used for grinding pigments, etc.

mullet, mul'et,

n. [Fr. mulet, from L. the surmullet.] name common to spiny-rayed fishes of two somewhat widely separate families, the gray mullets and the red mullets, or surmullets. mulligan, mul'i«gan, n. stew of

A

mullus,

A

meat and vegetables. (Slang.) mulligatawny, mul'i«ga«ta"ni, n. [Tamil milagutannir lit. pepper wa,

An

East Indian curry soup. n. [For munnion, a word equivalent to Fr. moignon, Sp. munon, a stump, the mullion of a window being the stump below the tracery.] Arch, a vertical division between the lights of windows, ter.]

mullion, mul 'yon,

screens, etc., in Gothic architecture; also a division between the panels in wainscoting. multangular, mul«tang'gu»ler, a. [L. multus, many, and angulus, angle.] Having many angles; polygonal. multicostate, mul»ti»kos'tat, a. [L. multus, many, costa, a rib.] Having

many

ribs; hot. having two or more diverging ribs: said of leaves.

multidentate, mul«ti'den'tat, a. [L. multus, many, and dens, a tooth.] Having many teeth or teeth-like processes.

multifarious, mul«ti«fa'ri«us, a. [L. multifarius, manifold multus, many.] Having great multiplicity; having diversity or variety; made differing parts. multifariously, mul»ti»fa ri«us«li, adv. In a multifarious way. multifariousness, mul«ti«fa'ri«us«nes, n. multifid, mul'ti«fid, a. [L. midtifidus multus, many, andfindo, to divide.] Cleft or cut by many divisions; bot. divided into several parts by clefts extending to about the middle (a multifid leaf). multiflorous, mul«ti'fld'rus, a. [L. multus, many, flos, floris, a flower.] Many-flowered; having many flow-

great

up of many

—

—

ers.

multiform, multiform, a. [L. multiformis multus, many, and forma. form.] Having many forms, shapes,

—

—

or multiformity, appearances. muNti'for'mi'ti, n. The state of being multiform.

multilateral, mul«ti«lat

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

-

multiplex

womanishness effeminacy; softness. mull, mul, v.t. [From the spurious

mull, mul,

— — — ———

er«al, a.

note, not,

[L.

move;

multus, many, and latus, side.] Having many sides; polygonal; something involving more than two nations (multilateral conference).

multilineal,

muUti—

multilinear,

lin'e«al, mul«ti«lin'e-er, a. [L. multus,

many, and

many

a

linea,

line.]

Having

lines.

multilocular, mul«ti«lok'u'ler, multus,

many,

many

cells,

a. [L.

loculus, a cell.] Having loculi, or compart-

ments.

multimillionaire, aire.]

mul«ti«mil»yon—

many, and millionOne whose wealth is measured

ar', n. [L.

multus,

in millions.

multiparous, mul«tip'aTus, a. [L. multus, many, pario, to bear.] Producing many at a birth. multipartite, mul ti«par«tlt, a. [L. multus, many, and partitus, divided pars, a part.] Divided into several or many parts; bot. more deeply cleft than multifid.

multipede, multiped, mul ti«ped, n. [L. multus, many, pes, pedis, a foot.]

An

animal that has

many

feet, as a

centipede.

multiphase, mul'ti«fas, a. [L. multus, many, phasis, phase.] Showing many phases.

multiple, mul'ti-pl, a. [Fr. multiple, from L.L. multiplus multus, many, and term, as in triple.) Manifold; having many parts or divisions. n. A number which contains another an exact number of times without a remainder (thus 24 is a multiple

—

of

three).

Multiple

which

disease in or spinal

sclerosis, a tissue of the brain

cord hardens, causing headache, partial paralysis, jerking muscle tremor, etc. multiplex, mul't>pleks, a. [L. multiplex multus, many, and stem of plico, to fold, ply.] Manifold; complex; bot. having petals lying over each other in folds. muitipliable, mul'ti»pli»a»bl, a. Capable of being multiplicable, mul multiplied. multiti«pli«ka«bl, a. Muitipliable. plicand, multi«pli«kand, n. [L. multiplicands.] Arith. the number to be multiplied by another, which is

—

multiplicate,

called the multiplier. mul ti-pli'kat, a. [L.

Multiplex.

multiplicatus.]

— multiplication,

mul

ti«pli«ka"shon, n. [L. rmdtiplicatio, multiplication^.] The act or process of multiplying; the state of being

multiplied; arith. and alg. the operagiven number

tion by which any or quantity may be

added to itself any number of times proposed. Multiplication table, a table containing the product of all the simple digits multiplied into each other, to some assumed 2. multipli12 times cative, murti«pli«ka*tiv, a. Tending to multiply; having the power to mul«ti«multiplicity, multiply. plis'i'ti, [L. multiplicitas, from n. multiplex.] The state of being multiplex, numerous, or various; an extensive aggregate of individuals of the same kind; a great number.

and

onward,

limit, as to

1

multiplier, mul ti«pli»er, n. One who or that which multiplies; the number in arithmetic by which another is tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

—

—— — —

— — ——

multisonous

553

multiplied; teleg. an instrument for increasing by repetition the strength multiply, of an electric current. mul'ti«pll, v.t. multiplied, multiplying. [Fr. multiplier, from L. multiplicare, from multiplex.] To increase in number; to make more by natural reproduction or by addition; to

or bite softly; to eat with the lips closed. v.t. To utter with a low inarticulate voice; to chew gently, or to eat with a muttering sound.

—

reproduction; to extend; to spread.

Egyptian tombs a human body dried up and preserved, either artificially or by accident; a sort of wax used in grafting and planting trees; a sort of brown bituminous pigment. To beat to a mummy, to beat soundly, or senseless. v.t. To embalm.

crowd or throng;

a multitude,

mummify, into a dry, as a

—

word,

—

a

it

at

Brunswick in

A

1492.]

[From mump,

parotitis.

munch, munsh,

v.t.

and

i.

[Imitative

of sound; akin mumble, mump.] To chew audibly; to mump; to nibble.

muncher, munsh'er,

mumme, from

of malt liquor used in made of wheat malt.

n. pi.

A

disease consisting in an inflammation of the salivary glands, with swelling along the neck; sullenness.]

Gr. mu; akin mumble.] Silent; not speaking. Often used as an exclamation = be silent; hush. first

move

mumps, mumps,

and

Mumme, who

to

—

[L. mul-

mum,

Christian

imitative

mumble and munch.]

or mutter, as in sulkthe lips with the mouth closed; to nibble; to chew; to munch; to grin or make mouths; to implore alms; to play the beggar. v.t. To munch or chew.

valves (a multivalve shell). n. An animal which has a shell of many valves or pieces. mum, a. [Imitative of a low sound made with the lips closed, like

[G.

act of of be-

a

allied to

iness;

many

n.

The

process

One who

n.

species

earthly.

mungo, mung'go,

governed by

its

own

laws

mumbling.

speak so as to render the sounds inarticulate and imperfect; to chew

law, the law which pertains to the citizens of a state in municipaltheir private capacity. ism, mu«nis'i«pal«izm, n. Municipal

—

mum'bl, v.i. mumbled, [Freq. from mum; like D. mommelen, Dan. mumle, G. mummeln, to mumble.] To mutter; to

g,

go;

—Municipal

j,

>ob;

ng, siw^;

TH,

then;

v.t.

To

being) with premedi-

A

who commits murder.

—

— murderous,

mer'der«us, a. murderously, merder«us»li, adv. murex, mu'reks, n. pi. murices, mu[L.] A mollusk resembling whelk, in esteem from the earliest ages on account of the purple dye that some of them yielded; the ri'sez.

the

dye

official

—

do.

difficult to

human

—

—

munia,

duties, and capio, to take.] Pertaining to local self-government; pertaining to the corporation of a town or city, or to the citizens of a Municipal bond, a bond issued state. by a municipal government to provide funds for a public undertaking.

as munio, to

tated malice; to slay feloniously;^, to abuse or violate grossly (to murder the king's English). v.i. To commit murder. murderer, mer'der«er, n. murderess, mer'der«es, n. female

n.

short-staple wool formed by tearing pieces and disintegrating old to woolen fabrics; akin to shoddy. municipal, mu«nis'i«pal, a. [L. munifrom municipium, a town cipalis,

the face and cry mum, or similar sound.] To sport or make diversion in a mask or disguise. mummer, mum'er, n. A masker; a masked buffoon. mummery, mum'er-i, n. A masking or masquerade; buffoonery; farcical show; hypocritical disguise and parade.

ch, Sc. loch;

kill (a

mun'dan«li,

[Perhaps from some person of this name.] Artificial

same root

uring angular distances in the meridian, permanently fixed exactly perpendicular in the plane of the meridian. Mural crown, a golden crown bestowed among the ancient Romans on him who mounted the wall of a besieged place and lodged a standard. Mural literature, placards or posters on walls by political parties during elections. Mural painting, a painting upon the surface of a wall. murder, mer'der, n. [A. Sax. morthor, morther, from morth, death; Goth. maurthr, D. moord, Dan., Sw., and G. mord, Icel. morth; L. mors, death (E. mortal); Skr. mri, to die.] The act of unlawfully killing a human being with premeditated malice;

a. [L.

— mundanely,

;

munition.] Pertaining to a wall ; resembling a wall; perpendicular or steep. Mural circle, an astronomical instrument for meas-

fortify,

adv. In a mundane manner; with reference to worldly things.

[Of Dutch or German origin; comp. G. mummen, to mask, mumme, a mask, mummel, a bugbear; D. mommen, to mask, mom, a mask, whence O.Fr. momer, to mask, momerie, mummery; originally perhaps to cover

ch, chain;

murus, a wall

mundanus, from mundus, the world.] Belonging to this world; worldly; terrestrial;

Germany,

[L. munitio, to fortify;

hence ammunition.] Materials used in war; military stores; ammunition. mural, mu'ral, a. [L. muralis, from

something

mundane, mun'dan,

mum, mumm, mum, v.i.

mumble,

munition, mu«nish'on, n. munitionis, from munio,

munches.

brewed

Muniment

house,

room, a house or room for keeping deeds, charters, etc.

mummy; to embalm and mummy. — mummification, n.

Muniment

etc.

To make

To mumble

valence of three or more.

mum, mum,

v.t.

mummy. mump, mump, v.i. [An coming

tu'di«nus«nes, n. multivalent, mul«ti«va'lent, a. [Prefix

L.

mum'i«fi,

mum'i«fi«ka'shon, mummifying; the

—

Having

a stronghold; support; defense; a writing by which claims and rights are defended or maintained; a title-deed, charter, record, tification;

till

gathering of people. The the populace, or the mass of men without reference to an assemblage. multitudinous, mul«ti»tu'di«nus, a. Pertaining or belonging to a multitude; consisting of a multitude. multitudinously, mul»ti»tu'di«nus«li, adv. In a multitudinous manmultitudinousness, ner. mul»ti«-

liberally.

n. [L. munimentum, a defense, from munio, to fortify, from moenia, walls.] A for-

;

state of being many; a great number, collectively; a great many,

a.

manner;

muniment, mu'ruTnent,

It. mummia, from mum, wax.] A dead human body embalmed and dried after the manner of those taken from

The

valve.]

i«sent, a. Libbestowing; bounteous ; generous. munificently,mu«nif'i«sent»li, adv. In a munificent

Ar. mumia, from

multitude, mul'ti'tud, n. [L. multitudo, from multus, much, many.]

many, and E.

— munificent, mu«nif

eral in giving or

momie, Sp. momia,

boiler).

tus,

—

i,

streaks or striae. multitubular, mul'ti»tu'bu«ler, a. [L. multus, many, and E. tubular.] Having many tubes (a multitubular

multivalve, mul'ti«valv,

n. [L. munus, a gift or favor, munificentia and facio, to make.] The quality of being munificent; a giving with great liberality; bounty; liberality.

Mumbo Jumbo, mum'bo jurmbo, n. A god of certain Negro tribes; any senseless object of popular idolatry. mummy, mum n. [Fr. mumie,

many

Chem. having

munificence, mu«nif'i«sens,

the players, from several positions, must toss or throw a knife, making it stick in the ground.

mul«ti«spi'ral, a. [L. multus, many, spira, a coil.] Having many spiral coils or convolutions. multistriate, muUti«stri'at, a. [L. multus, many, stria, a streak.] Marked

valent.]

n.

mumblingly,

which

multispiral,

and

A

mum'bl'ti'peg, mum'bl«THi»peg, n. [From mumble the peg, the phrase said to the game's loser who had to snatch, with his teeth, a peg driven in the ground.] A game in

multisonous, mul'tis'6«nus, a. [L. multus, many, sonus, sound.] Having many sounds, or sounding much.

multi,

municipality, state or condition. town or city mu«nis'i«pal"i«ti, n. possessed of local self-government; a community under municipal jurisdiction.

One who mum'blingdi, adv. In a mumbling manner. mumblety-peg, mumble-the-peg, mumbles.

—

indefinitely; a

muricate

mumbler, mum'bler,

make more numerous; arith. to add to itself any given number of times. v.i. To grow or increase in number, or to become more numerous by

with

— —— ———— ——

itself.

muriate,

mu'ri«at,

[L. muria, for Chloride. muriatic, mu«ri«at'ik, a. Pertaining to or obtained from brine or sea salt. Muriatic acid, the older name brine.]

The

old

n.

—

name

of Hydrochloric acid.

muricate,

th, thin;

muricated, mu'ri'kat, mu'ri«ka«ted, a. [L. muricatus, from murex, the point of a rock.] Full of sharp points; armed with prickles. w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— —— —

—

—

—

murine murine, mu'rin,

554

murinus, from mus, muris, a mouse.] Pertaining to a mouse or to mice. murk, merk, n. [A. Sax mure, mirce, dark, Icel. tnyrkr, Dan. and Sw. mork, dark.] Darkness or gloom. (Shak.) murky, mer'ki, a. Dark; obscure; gloomy. murkily, mer'ki«li, adv. In a murky manner; darkly. murkiness, mer'ki«nes, n. State of being murky; darkness; a. [L.

—

—

—

gloom.

murmur,

mer'mer, n. [Fr. murmure, from L. murmur, a reduplication of an imitative syllable mur, seen in G. murren, D. morren, Icel. murra, Dan. murre, to murmur.] A low sound continued or continually repeated, as that of a stream ; a low indistinct sound; a hum; a complaint uttered in a low, muttering voice; a grumble or mutter. v i. To utter or give out a murmur or hum; to grumble; to utter complaints; to mutter.

To

v.t.

utter indistinctly; to mutter.

— murmurer,

mer merger, n. One who murmurs. murmuring, mer'mer«ing, p. and a. Making or con-

—

in a low continued noise; uttering complaints in a low voice or sullen manner. n. A continued sisting

murmur; a low confused noise. murmurous, mer'mer«us, a. Attended by murmurs; murmuring. murmurously, mer'mer«us«li, adv. murrain, mur in, n. [O.Fr. morine, from L. morior,

to

die.

mortal.]

A

disease that rages among cattle; a cattle plague or epizootic disease

of any kind; foot-and-mouth disease. Murrain take you, murrain on you, etc., plague take you, plague upon you. murre, mer, n. [Etymology doubt-

—

ful.]

A name

for

the

common

guillemot. murrey, mur'i, n.

[O.Fr. moree, a dark-red color, from L. morum, a mulberry.] A dark-red or mulberry color.

murrhine, mur

in, a. [L.

murrhinus,

from murrha, a material, supposed to be fluorspar.] A name given to a kind of ware anciently delicate brought from the East, and much prized among the Romans. Called also myrrhine.

musaceous, mu«za'shus, a. [From Musa, the typical genus.] Pertaining order of plants to which belong the banana and plantain. muscadine, mus'ka«din, n. Muscadinia rotundifolia, a grape of the southwestern U.S. to

the

muscatel,

muscadel,

mus'ka«tel,

mus'ka«del, n. [Fr. moscatelle, from L.L. muscatus, smelling like musk, L. muscus, musk. MUSK.] The name of several sweet and strong Italian and French wines, whether white or red ; the grapes which produce these wines. muscle, mus'l, n. [Fr. muscle, from L. musculus, dim. of mus, a mouse.] A band or mass of contractile tissue in an animal organism by means of which bodily movement is effected, the two main kinds of muscles being the voluntary, which can be controlled at will, and the involunfate,

— —

far, fare, fat, fall;

tary,

which function without regard

—

well-developed

strong; brawny.

muscles;

— muscle-bound,

a.

Having the muscles enlarged, overstrained, and rendered inelastic by overexercise.

—muscularity, mus—muscular dystrophy,

ku«lar'i»ti, n. n.

by

Med.

a hereditary disease marked a progressive deterioration of the

muscles.

—musculature,

cher, n.

The muscles

of

mus'ku«la«or a part

all

of any animal.

muscovado, mus«ko«va'd6,

n.

or

a.

[Sp. mascabado, from mas, more, and acabado, finished (further advanced than when in syrup).] term applied to unrefined sugar, the raw material from which loaf and lump sugar are procured by refining.

A

muscovite, mus'ko»vit, mica; n.

Ordinary

n.

of Muscovy, or duck, mus'ko«vi,

[cap.] a native

Russia.

—muscovy

The musk

duck.

muscular. See muscle. Muse, muz, n. [Fr. muse, L. musa, from Gr. mousa, a muse. Music, museum, mosaic are derivatives.] Greek myth, one of the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, who presided over the different kinds of poetry, and the sciences and arts, nine in number, as Clio, the muse of history; Thalia, the muse of comedy; Melpomene, the muse of tragedy; Calliope, the muse of epic poetry, etc.; [not cap.] hence, poetic inspiration; the inspiring goddess of song. muse, muz, v.i. mused, musing. [Fr. muser, to muse, dawdle, loiter, from

—

O.H.G. muoza, idleness, muozon, to be idle, G. musze, inactivity, leisure. From this comes amuse with prefix a.] To ponder; to think or meditate in silence; to be absent in mind.

v.t.

on.

A

To

think or meditate museof abstraction. ful, muz'ful, a. Musing; thoughtmusing, mu'zing. a. Medful. itative; absent-minded. n. Meditation; absent-mindedness. musingly, mu'zing'li, adv. In a musing way. n.

— ;:

musket

to will, such as the muscles of the digestive tract, the heart, the blood vessels, etc.; muscular strength; power. v.i. To push one's way in by force. muscular, mus'ku-ler, a. Pertaining to or consisting of muscles; performed by or dependent on muscles (muscular exertion);

having

—

—

fit

—

—

museum, mu«ze'um,

[L.,

n.

from

a brownish color. v.i. To grow or expand rapidly, as a mushroom; to spread out on the end as a mushroom. music, mu'zik, n. [Fr. musique, L. musica, from Gr. mousike (techne, art,

ture.

understood), MUSE, n.)

music, art, culsuccession of

A

sounds so modulated as to please the ear; melody or harmony; the art of producing melody or harmony the written or printed score of a composition. Chamber music, compositions suitable for performance music box, n. in a private room. small instrument, having a toothed barrel operating on vibrating tongues, which plays one or more tunes on being wound up. musical, mu'zi'kal, a. Belonging to music; producing music or agreeable sounds;

—

A

—

harmonious.

melodious;

glasses, glass vessels

Musical

on which music

may be

played by striking them. musical comedy, a theatrical pro-

duction with

plot,

little

much music and some

—musicale,

mu«zi»kal', n.

but with dancing.

A

social

function with music as the outstandmusician, muing entertainment.

—

A

person skilled in music; zish'an, n. one that sings or performs on in-

—

struments of music. musicology, mu'Zi»koro«gi, n. The study of musical science or history. musing. See muse (verb). musk, musk, n. [Ft. muse, It. and Sp. musco, from L. muscus, musk, from Per. mosk, musk; allied to Skr. mushka, a testicle.] A substance obtained from a cyst or bag near the navel of the musk deer, having a strong, peculiar, and highly diffusible odor, used as a perfume; a musky smell; a popular name for one or two plants. musky, mus ki, musk a. Having the odor of musk. deer, n. A deer of Central Asia, the male of which has long tusks and yields the well-known perfume musk.

—

— muskmelon,

A

—

delicious and n. musk fragrant variety of melon. ox, n. kind of small hardy ox which inhabits the extreme north of North America, and smells strongly of musk.— muskrat, n. An American rodent allied to the beaver, which smells of musk in summer called also musquash; the name is given to two insectivorous also animals smelling of musk. musk rose, n. species of rose, so called from its fragrance.

A

—

—

A

Gr. mouseion, originally a temple of muskallonge, n. See muskellunge. mus'keMunj, n. the Muses.] A place for the exhibi- muskellunge, tion of objects of interest from [American Indian.] A large variety of history, the arts, or the sciences. pike found in the lakes and rivers mush, mush, n. [G. mus, pap.] The of northern U. S. and Canada. meal of corn boiled in water; any mix- musket, musket, n. [Fr. moutamtt, ture of watery consistency sickening O.Fr. mousket, moschet, originally a sentimentality. mushy, mush i, a. sparrow hawk, lit. fly-hawk, from L. mush, mush, v.i. [Fr. marchons, a musca, a fly (comp. falcon, falconet, saker, etc., as names of firearms).] starting order.] To journey on foot, A general term formerly used to particularly over snow, by dog team and sled. n. Such a trip; the call mean any hand gun of smooth bore, but generally conceived of as a of the driver to start his dogs. mushroom, mush'rom, n. [Fr. mous- shoulder gun the forerunner of the modern rifle. musketeer, mus»ket«seron, from mousse, L. muscus, moss. er', n. A soldier armed with a musket. moss.] The common name of numusketry, mus'ket»ri, n. The fire merous fungi, especially such as are of muskets troops armed with musedible, having a fleshy body and

me, met, her;

—

;

;

—

—

;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

— ——

Muslim Same

Mos-

as

lem.

muslin, muz'lin, Moussul,

where

town

a

first

made.]

in

A

of which

fabric,

[Fr. mousseline,

n.

different kinds.

a.

fine thin cotton

—

many

are

Made

texture, used for ladies' dresses, etc.

musquash, mus'kwosh, n. A muskrat. muss, mus, n. [Form of mess.] Dis-

adv.

or

Mohammed;

—

mutchkin, much'kin,

gills.

mute, mut, dumb; akin

The

in

mutinous

a

— mutinousness,

nus«nes, n.

mu'ti*-

state or quality

being rebellious or of inciting

of

mu-

tiny.

mutt, mut,

n.

[From muttonhead,

stupid person.] stupid person. mutter, mut'er,

A

mongrel dog;

a a

v.i. [An imitative word; comp. G. mut tern, L. muttire, to mutter, mumble.] To utter words with a low voice and compressed lips; to grumble; to murmur. v.t. To utter with a low murmur-

—

[L. mutus, silent, a. to mutio, to mumble;

castrated ram.] The flesh of sheep, raw, or dressed for food. muttonchop, n. A rib-piece of mutton for broiling, having the bone cut, or chopped off at the small end. mutual, mu'chu«al, a. [Fr. mutuel, from a L.L. mutualis, from L. mutuus, mutual, from muto, to change, mutable.] Reciprocally giv-

—

en and received;

pertaining alike or reciprocally to both sides; interchanged; equally relating to, affecting, proceeding from two or more together; common to two or more

Gr. mu, a sound with closed lips. mum, mutter.] Silent; not speaking; incapable of utterance; not having the power of speech; dumb; gram. and philol. silent, not pronounced, or having its sound suddenly and completely checked by closure of

mus«tash', mus'tash'i'6, n. [Fr. moustache, It. mostaccio, from Gr. mystax, the upper lip, the beard upon it.] The hair on the upper lip of men; the unshaven hair of the upper lip; often spoken of as plural, mustang, mus'tang, n. [Sp. mesteno, belonging to the mesta, or body of graziers.] The wild horse of America, a descendant of horses imported. mustard, mus'terd, n. [O.Fr. moustarde, It. mpstarda, mustard, from L.

combined;

—

—

—

mutilated, v.t. mutilating. [L. mutilo, mutilatum, to lop, from mutilus, maimed; akin Gr. mitylos, docked.] To cut off a limb or essential part of; to maim; to remove any material part from so as

mutilate, mu'ti»lat,

plant extensively cultivated for its pungent seeds, which when ground and properly prepared form the well-known condiment of same name. mustard gas, mus'terd, n. poisonous gas with a pungent smell resembling that of mustard. musteline, mus'te«lin, a. [L. mustelinus, from mustela, a weasel.] Pertaining to the weasel and kindred animals. muster, mus'ter, v.t. [O.Fr. moustrer, mostrer, monstrer, to exhibit, from L. monstrare, to show, from monstrum, a monster, monster.] To collect, as troops for service, review, parade,

A

render the thing imperfect. mutilation, mu«ti«la'shon, n. The act of mutilating or state of being mutilator, mu'ti«la«ter, mutilated. to

—

One who

mutilates. mutiny, mu'ti«ni, n. [From Fr. mutin, O.Fr. meutin, mutinous, riotous, meute, a revolt, an emeute, from L.L. mota, a body of men raised for an expedition, from L. moveo, motus, to move, move.] resistance to or revolt against conn.

A

j,

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

alike.

—mutu-

The

—

state or

quality of being mutual. mutually, mu'chu«al«li, adv. In a mutual manreciprocally; conjointly; ner; in

—

consonants (as t, p). n. A dumb person; one unable to use articulate speech; a hired attendant at a funeral; gram, and philol. a mute letter; mus. a utensil applied to a musical instrument to deaden or mutely, mut'li, soften the sounds. adv. In a mute manner; silently; dumbly. muteness, mutism, mut'nes, mut'izm, n. The state of being mute.

shared

ality, mu«chu«al'i»ti, n.

the vocal organs; applied to certain

mustum, must, because it is made with a little must mixed in it. must, moist.] An annual cruciferous

go;

[Comp. D.

A

mustachio,

g,

n.

mutsje, a little cap, a quartern; Sc. liquid mutch, a kind of cap.] measure in Scotland containing four

must be wrong). must, must, n. [L. mustum, new wine, from mustus, new, fresh.] Wine or juice pressed from the grape but not fermented, must, must, n. [musty.] Mold or moldiness; lustiness,

ch, Sc. loch;

manner.

Engaged

a.

— mutinously,

—

—

or must; similar forms in Goth., D., Sw., and G.] A defective or auxiliary verb expressing obligation or necessity, physical or moral; or often merely expressing the conviction of the speaker (you

ch, chain;

mutinous, mu'timus,

—

deviation in inherited characteristics mutant, the results of such change. mu'tent, a.

may

—

— mutineer, mu-

guilty of mutiny.

or disposed to mutiny. mu'ti«nus«li, adv. In

— —

as a present or a past tense. [A. Sax. ic moste, we moston, I must, we must, a past tense; pres. ic mot,

mustache,

— mus-

One

mutableness, mu«ta«bil'i«ti, mu'ta*- ing voice. n. Murmur. mutterer, blmes, n. mutate, mu'tat, v.t. To mut'er«er, n. mutteringly, mut'er*ing«li, adv. change; to alter. v.i. To undergo change. mutation, mu»ta'shon, n. mutton, mut'n, n. [Fr. mouton, It. The act or process of changing; moltone, a sheep; supposed to be from L. mutilus, mutilated, through change ; alteration ; modification L.L. multo, mutilo, a wether, a philol. umlaut; biol. a sudden, marked

in

and used

I

musty manner.

—

Mussula Moslem. manism, mus'el«man«izm, n. Mohammedanism. must, must, v.t.; without inflection

'

a

timer', n.

ill

mus'ti«li,

mus'ti«nes, n. The state or quality of being musty; staleness. mutable, mu'ta«bl, a. [L. mutabilis, from muto, to change ; akin to moveo, to move.] Capable of being altered; subject to change; inconstant. mutably, mu'ta»bli, adv. mutability,

pi.

believer

In

— mustily,

tiness,

Mussulmans, mus'el«manz, [Corrupted from moslemin, pi. of moslem.]

A Mohammedan

vapid.

flavor;

—

n.

by age; having an

stale; spoiled

order; a dirty mess. v.t. To cause mussy, to be untidy; to rumple. mus'i, a. mussel, mus'el, n. [Same as muscle.} The common name of various bivalve shellfish, some kinds being largely used for food.

mus'ei'man,

mutinous conduct.

—

of muslin

muslin delaine, (a muslin gown). muz'lin de«lan", n. [Fr. mousselinedelaine, muslin of wool.] A woolen, or cotton and woolen fabric of light

Mussulman,

—

place, as soldiers. n. An assembling of troops for review or for service; the act of assembling; an assemblage. To pass muster, to pass without censure, as one among a number on inspection; to be allowed to pass. musty, mus'ti, a. [Probably connected with moist, or with L. mucidus, moldy; comp. Sp. mustio, musty.] Moldy; turned sour; fusty;

Mesopotamia

there

an stituted authority; specifically insurrection of soldiers or seamen against the authority of their commanders; open resistance to officers or opposition to their authority. v.i. mutinied, mutinying. To engage in mutiny; to rise against military or naval officers; to be guilty of

—

be derived from Mosul or

said to

;

my

or exercise; to assemble or bring together generally; to collect for use or exhibition. To muster up, to gather, collect, or summon up: generally fig. (to muster up courage). v.i. To assemble or meet in one

arms. n.

—

—

;

555

kets ; the art or science of firing small

Muslim, muz'lim,

—

common. mutule,

mu'tul, n. [L. mutulus.] Arch, a projecting block under the corona of the Doric cornice. muzzle, muz'l, n. [O.Fr. musel (Mod. Fr. museau), dim. of O.Fr. muse, L.L. musus, a mouth, from L. morsus, a bite, from mordeo, morsum, to bite, morsel.] The projecting mouth and nose of an animal, as of a horse, dog, etc.; the open end of a gun or pistol, etc. a fastening for the mouth which hinders an animal from biting. v.t. muzzled, muzzling. To put a muzzle on; to bind the mouth of, to prevent biting or eating; to put muzzle-loader, n. to silence. gun loaded by the muzzle; opposed

—

—

A

to breechloader.

muzzy,

muz'i, a. [Akin to muse, to be absent-minded.] Absent in mind; bewildered; tipsy. my, mi, pronom. adj. [Contr. from mine, A. Sax. min. mine.] Belonging to me (this is my book) always used before a noun or attributively, mine being used predicatively (this book

th, thin;

:

w,

u>ig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—— 556

mine). interj. An exclamation of surprise (Oh my\). myalgia, mi«al ji-a, n. [Gr. mys, muscle, and algos, pain.] Cramp. mycelium, mi«se'li«um, n. pi. mycelia, mi«se'li«a. [Gr. mykes, a fungus.] The cellular filamentous spawn of fungi, consisting of whitish filaments spreading like a network. mycelioid, mi«se'li-oid, a. Bot. resembling a mycelium. mycology, mI«kol'o«ji, n. [Gr. mykes,

thousand collectively; an immense number indefinitely. a. Innumerable; multitudinous but indefinite.

—

fungus, and logos.] That department of botany which investigates fungi. mycologist, mI«kol'o«jist, n. Mycoplasma, ml'ko'plaz'ma, n. [Gr. mykes, and plasma, anything molded.] The sole genus of the family Mycoplasmataceae, which are parasitic organisms intermediate between viruses and bacteria and have complex life cycles, reportedly involving the breaking of filaments into nondivisible spherical organisms. mycorrhiza, mi'koTi'za, n. [Gr. mykes, a fungus, rhiza, a root.] A sheath of fungal threads surrounding a root. Probably a case of symbiosis (which see).

—

mydriatic,

mid'ri«at"ik, n. [Gr. mydilation of the pupil.] Causing dilation of the pupil ; a drug for effecting this.

undue

driasis,

myelencephalous,

mi'el«en«sef"al— [Gr. myelos, marrow, and enkephalon, the brain.] Exhibiting a nervous system concentrated in a brain and spinal cord, as the higher animals. us,

a.

myelin, myeline,

mi'e«lin, n. [Gr. myelos, marrow.] white, soft, fatty material forming a thick sheath around the axis cylinder of certain nerve fibers. myelitis, mi'e'li"tis, n. Med. inflammation of the spinal

A

—

cord or bone marrow.

myna,

mi'na, n. [Ind. name.] An Indian bird of the starling family that can be taught to speak, and is often kept in cages in Europe and America. myology, mi»ol'o»ji, n. [Gr. mys, myos, muscle, and logos, discourse.]

The

knowledge or descrip-

scientific

human

tion of the muscles of the

body.

— myologist,

mi«ol'o«jist, is versed in myology.

One who myope, mi'op, to shut,

and

n.

[Gr. mydps

ops, the eye.]

—

n.

—myo,

A

shortmyopia, mi«6'pi»a,

sighted person. n. Shortsightedness; nearsightedness; a condition in which the image is focused before reaching the retina. myopic, mI«op'ik, a. Pertaining to or affected with myopia. myosin, mI'o«sin, n. [Gr. mys, myos, a muscle.] peculiar constituent of

—

A

muscle.

myosis,

mi«6'sis, n. [Gr. close the eye.] Pathol, an

myo,

to

abnormal

contraction of the pupil of the eye.

myotic, mI«ot'ik, a. and n. Causing such contraction, or a drug that causes

it.

myosotis, mI«o»so'tis, myos, a mouse, and

n.

ous,

[Gr.

mys,

otos,

The

an

plant forget-me-not. myriad, mir'i«ad, n. [Gr. myrias, myriados, from myria, ten thousand, innumerable.] The number of ten ear.]

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

myriagram,

mir'i«a«gram,

n.

[Gr.

myria, ten thousand, and Fr. gramme, a gram.] A French weight of 10,000 grams, or 22 lbs. avoirdupois. myrialiter, mir'i»a«le»ter, n. A French measure of capacity containing 10,000 liters, or 610,280 cubic inches.

— myriameter, A

ter, n.

mir i-a«meFrench measure of length

equal to 10 kilometers or 6.21 miles. myriapod, mir'i«a«pod, n. [Gr. myria, ten tnousand, and pous, podos, a foot.] An individual belonging to the class of animals that includes the centipedes and millipedes, having bodies of a lengthened form and in numerous segments, the segments being provided with pairs of feet. Myrmidon, mer'mi«don, n. One of an ancient Greek race in Thessaly,

whom

Achilles ruled, and who acto Troy; [not cap.] hence, a soldier of a rough character; one of a ruffianly band under a daring or unscrupulous leader; an unscrupulous follower. myrmidons of the law, bailiffs, sheriffs' officers, policemen, and other law menials. myrobalan, mi«rob'a«lan, n. [L. my-

companied him

robalanum, Gr. myrobalanos —myron,

unguent, and balanus, a nut.] A dried fruit of different species of the plum kind, brought from the East Indies, and used by dyers and tanners. myrrh, mer, n. [L. myrrha, Gr. myrrha, Ar. murr, bitter.] The gummy resinous exudation of a spiny shrub long in use as an aromatic in perfume, incense, and medicine. myrtle, mer'tl, n. [L. myrtus, Gr. myrtos, from myron, perfume.] An evergreen shrub of the south of Europe having buds and berries that yield a volatile oil, while the distilled myrtaflowers yield a perfume. ceous, mer«ta'shus, a. Of or pertaining to the myrtles. myself, mi'self, pron. pi. ourselves, our«selvz'. As a nominative it is used, generally after I, to express emphasis and mark distinction; I, and not another: in the objective often used reflexively and without any

—

emphasis.

mystagogue,

mis'ta«gog, —mystes, one

n.

[Gr. mys-

initiated in mysteries, and agogos, a leader.] One who instructs in or interprets mysteries. mystagogy, mis'ta«go«ji, n. The practice or doctrines of a mystagogue;

tagogos

the interpretation of mysteries. mis'ter«i, n. [L. mysterium,

mystery, from Gr.

from mystes, one from myo, to close, to shut.] Something hidden from human knowledge and fitted to inspire a sense of awe; something incomprehensible through being above human intelligence; something inmysterion,

initiated,

tentionally kept hidden; a secret; a species of dramatic performance in the Middle Ages; divine revelation; a mystery novel; a sacramental rite; pi. rites and ceremonies in ancient, chiefly Greek and Roman, religions, only known to, and practiced by,

those

me, met, her;

who had been pine, pin;

-

myxedema

myalgia is

— —

—

initiated;

note, not,

the

move;

Eucharist. —mysterious,

mis«te'ri«us,

or containing, mystery; occult; enigmatical. mysteriously, mis«te'ri»u3«li, adv. mysteriousness, mis»te'ri«us«nes, n. mysterium, mis«te'ri«um, n. space phenomenon that cannot be explained in terms of any known sciena.

Partaking

of",

— — — A

principle.

tific

mystic, mystical,

mis'tik, mis'ti«kal, [L. mysticus, Gr. mystikos, from mystery.] mystes, one initiated. Hidden from or obscure to human knowledge or comprehension; involving some secret meaning or import; mysterious; occult; pertaining to the ancient mysteries; pertaining to mystics or mysticism. mystic, n. One who is addicted to mystically, mis'ti-kal*mysticism. a.

—

In a mystic manner. mysticalness, mis'ti^kalmes, n. adv.

li,

—

mysticism, mis'ti«sizm, n. Views or tendencies in religion which aspire toward a communication between man and his Maker through the inward perception of the mind, more direct than that which is afforded us through revelation; a seeking to solve the mysteries of existence by internal illumination or special revelation; a dreamy contemplation on ideas that have no foundation in

human

experience.

mystify,

mis'ti»fi,

v.t.

—

mystified,

mystifying. [Coined from mystic, and -fy, Fr. -fier, L. facere, to make.] To perplex purposely; to play on the credulity of; to bewilder; to befog. mystification, mis'ti»fi«ka'shon, n. The act of mystifying or state of being mystified. myth, mith, n. [Gr. mythos, a word, a fable, a legend.] fable or legend of natural upgrowth, embodying the convictions of a people as to their

A

gods

or

their

own

other

divine

origin

personages,

and early history

and the heroes connected with it, the origin of the world, etc.; in a looser sense, an invented story; something purely fabulous or having no existence in fact. mythical, mythic, mith'i«kal, mith'ik, a. Relating to myths; described in a myth; fabulous; fabled. mythically, mith i-kaUli, adv. In a mythical manner. mythographer, mi«thog'ra«fer, n. A framer or writer of myths. mythological, mythologic, mith«o«loj'i«kal, mith'O-loj'ik, a. Relating to

—

—

mythology; proceeding from mytholof the nature of a myth;

ogy;

— mythologically, mith«o«adv. In a mythological manner. — mythologist, mi'thol'o«One versed in mythology. — mythologize, mi»thol'o«jiz, mythologized, tnythologizing. To reor explain myths. — mythology, fabulous.

loj'i«kal«li,

jist,

n.

v.i.

late

mi«thol o*)i, n. The science or doctrine of myths; the myths of a Compeople or nation collectively. parative mythology, the science which investigates the relationship between myths of different peoples. [Gr. miks«i'de'ma. myxedema, myxay mucus, oidema, a swelling.]

A

disease

due

to deficient secretion

of the thyroid tube, tub, bull;

gland (which oil,

pound.

see).

—

—

—

N

nails.

letter

and the

eleventh consonant of the English alphabet. nab, nab, v.t. [Same as Dan. knappe, Sw. knappa, to snatch; comp. D. and G. knappen, to snap.] To catch or seize suddenly or unexpectedly.

make nail

ostentatiously.

nacelle, na«sel', n. [Fr.] An enclosed part of an aircraft which houses the engine or passengers. nacre, na'ker, n. [Fr. nacre, Sp. nacar, from Per. nakar, an ornament of different colors.] Mother-of-pearl. nacreous, na'kre«us, a. Consisting of or resembling nacre or mother-

v.t. and i. [N. and Sw. nagga, to gnaw, irritate, scold ^=G. nagen, E. to gnaw. NAIL, GNAW.] To scold pertinaciously; to find fault

a

go;

—

—

in India.

name;

—

—nakedly,

na'ked«li, adv.

namaycush, na«ma'kush, North American

n.

large

species of fish.

nam'bi-pam'bi, a. [Contemptuously formed from the name of Ambrose Phillips, a rather

weak poet of Addison's

time.] Affectweakly sentimental; pretty; insipid; vapid (namby-pamby senti-

edly

ment, rhymes). n. [A. Sax. noma, a name; D. naam, G. name, Goth, namo, Icel. nafn, Dan. navn (for namn), Sw. namn, all cog. with L. nomen, for gnomen (whence E. noun), Skr. ndman, for jndman or gndman, a name; from same root as know.] That by which a person or thing is

name, nam,

called or designated, in distinction from other persons or things; appellation; reputation; character (one's

calls

nankeen, nankin, nan«ken',

— —

any purpose by name; to pronounce to be; to speak of or mention as. To name a day, to fix a day for job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

[Nan-

—

A

Napoleon.)

nap, nap,

hnoppa, the nap nop, noppe, Dan. noppe, L.G. nobbe, nap; allied to knob or knop, from the little tufts on coarse cloth.] The woolly substance on the surface of cloth, etc.; the pile, as of a hat; what resembles this, as the of cloth

n. [A. Sax.

= D.

downy substance on some v.t.

—napped,

napping.

To

plants. raise or

put a nap on. n.

[From naph-

A

thenic and palmitic acids.] jellied gasoline used in incendiary bombs, flamethrowers, etc. nape, nap, n. [Same as A. Sax. cnaep, a top; akin nap, knob, knop.] The back part of the neck; the prominent part of the neck behind. napery, na'per«i, n. [Fr. napperie, from nappe, a towel, from L. mappa, a towel, whence also map; akin napkin, apron.] collective term for linen cloths used for domestic purposes, especially for the table. naphtha, nap'tha or naf'tha, n. [Gr. Chal., Syr., and Ar. naphtha, Per. variety of bitumen, naft, naphtha.] fluid, inflammable, emitting a strong odor, and generally of a yellow color, used as a source of light, as a solvent

A

A

for caoutchouc, etc. Native naphtha, petroleum or rock oil. naph-

—

thalene,

nap'tha«len,

n.

A

white

crystallizable solid formed during the distillation of coal for gas, or obtained by re-distilling coal tar.

reality;

give a name or distinctive appellation to; to denominate; to mention by name; to nominate; to designate for

n.

A

kin in China.] sort of cotton cloth, usually of a yellow color; pi. trousers or breeches made of this material. nanny goat, a female goat. naos, na'os, n. [Gr. naos, a temple.] Arch, the body of an ancient temple. nap, nap, v.i. napped, napping. [A. Sax. hnappian, hnaeppian, to take a nap, to doze.] To have a short sleep; to drowse; to be in a careless, secure state. n. short sleep or slumber; a game at cards. (Contraction of

good or bad name); renown; fame; eminence; the mere word by which anything is called; sound only; not authority; behalf; persons having a certain name; a family; To call names, to gram, a noun:):. apply opprobrious names. Christian name, a personal name preceding the family name, and usually bestowed at baptism: as distinguished from named, naming. To v.t. a surname.

to say.

sak, n. One that has the same name as another; one named after another.

napalm, na'pam,

A

is

n.

In

namby-pamby,

j,

to particularize; that

— namer, nam'er, One that names by name. — namesake, nam'or

naked manner; without covering.

plainness.

—

g,

for the finger-

nakedness, na'ked«nes, n. The state of being naked; nudity; bareness;

A

ch, Sc. loch;

made

scope.

constantly. nagana, na«ga'na. [Native word.] 'Fly disease' of horses in tropical Africa. Due to a microscopic parasite introduced by the bite of the tsetse fly. naiad, na'yad, n. JGr. naias, naiados, water a naiad, from nao, to flow.] nymph; a female deity that presides over rivers and springs. naif, na«ef, a. [Fr. See naive.] Ingenuous; artless; having a natural luster without being cut: said of jewels. nail, nal, n. [A. Sax. naegel, D. and G. nagel, the human or a metallic nail; Icel. nagl, Dan. negl, a human nail, nagli and nagle, a metallic nail; cog. Lith. nagas, L. unguis, Skr. nakha, a human nail; allied to nag (verb).] The horny scale growing at the end of the human fingers and toes; a similar appendage in the lower animals; a claw; a small pointed piece of metal, with some sort of a head, used for driving through or into timber or other material for the purpose of holding separate pieces together, or left projecting that things may be hung on it; a stud or boss; a measure of length, being 2\ inches, or 1-1 6th of a yard. To ch, chain;

file

—

That point of the heavens lower hemisphere directly op-

posite.]

nag, nag,

small

customary covering (a naked sword) bot. not having a calyx; not enclosed in a pod, or the like ; zool. not having a calcareous shell; fig. open to view; not concealed; manifest; mere, bare, simple; unarmed; defenseless; unThe naked eye, provided; destitute. the eye unassisted by any instrument, as spectacles, telescope, or micro-

nadir, nazir, the nadir, from nazara, to correspond, to be op-

A

or appellation; not known to fame; obscure; without family or pedigree; that cannot or ought not nameto be named; inexpressible. lessly, nam'les»li, adv. In a nameless manner. namelessness, nam'les*nes, n. The state of being nameless. namely, nam'li, adv. To mention by

name

nails.

—

Ar. and

posite to the zenith; the point directly under the place where we stand; fig. the lowest point; the point or time of extreme depression. nag, nag, n. [Same as Sc. naig, D. negge, a pony; perhaps akin to small horse, or in familiar neigh:] language any horse.

that to

is

naively, na«ev'li, adv. sophisticated. In a naive manner. naivete, na«ev'te, n. [Fr.] Native simplicity of soul; unaffected ingenuousness. naked, na'ked, a. [A. Sax. nacod, naked, a participial form; D. naakt, Icel. naktr, nakinn, Dan. nogen, Goth. naqviths, G. nackt; same root as L. nudus, nude; Skr. nagna, naked.] Not having clothes on; bare; nude; not having a covering, especially a

Per.

or

One

naive, na«ev', a. [Fr. naif, fern, naive, from L. nativus, native, latterly also rustic, simple.] Ingenuous; artless; showing candor or simplicity; un-

of-pearl. n. [Fr. nadir,

n.

namable, nameable, nam'a»bl, a. Capable or worthy of being named. nameless, nam'les, a. Without a

nail set, a steel rod used to drive a nailhead below the surface. nainsook, nan'suk, n. [Hind.] A kind of muslin, plain and striped, originally

[Corruption of Hind, nawwdb, from Ar. nuwzvdb, pi. of ndyib, a deputy, from Ar. ndba, to take one's turn.] A governor of a province or commander of an army in India under the Mogul empire: a person who has acquired great wealth in the East and uses it

nadir, na'der,

anything;

nails.

(Colloq.) n.

nal'er,

one whose occupation

file, a

—

to name the day, said of a lady's fixing her marriage day.

on the head, to hit or

— nailer,

nails;

—

.

napoleon

touch the exact point, in a figurative sense. v.t. To fasten with nails; to drive nails into; to stud with

N

nabob, na'bob,

—

;

557 hit the nail

N, n, en, the fourteenth

—

—

napiform, na'pi»form, a. [L. napus, a turnip, and forma, form.] Having general shape of a turnip (a napiform root). napkin, napkin, n. [Dim. of Fr. nappe, a cloth, a tablecloth, from L. mappa, a napkin, napery.] A cloth used for wiping the hands; a towel; a handkerchief | the

napoleon, na«p6'le«on,

th, thin;

n.

[After

Na-

Formerly, a French gold coin, worth 20 francs; a card game.

poleon

I.]

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

——

— — — — — — — ——

——

naprapathy

558

naprapathy, na«prap'a«thi, Czech naprava, correction.]

n.

[From

A system

of treatment of disease or illness by manipulation and adjustment of joints and muscles.

narceine, nar'se«in, torpor.]

An

contained

opium. narcissism, nar«cis'sizm, analysis.)

of

tion

A

narke,

[Gr.

n.

alkaloid

n.

in

{Psycho-

morbid love and admira-

self.

— narcissist, — narn.

cissistic, a.

narcissus, nar«sis'us, n. [L., from Gr. narkissos, from narke, torpor; from the narcotic properties of the plants.] An extensive genus of bulbous plants, including the daffodil, the jonquil, etc.; [cap.] in Gr. mythology a handsome youth who died from hopeless love of his own reflection in water, and was transformed into a narcissus. narcosis, nar«ko'sis, n. [Gr. See below.] The effect of a narcotic; the state produced by narcotics. narcotic, nar«kot'ik, n. [Gr. narkotikos, from narkoo, to render torpid, from narke, torpor.] substance which relieves pain, produces sleep, and in large doses brings on stupor, coma, and even death, as opium, hemlock, alcohol, etc. a. Having the properties of a narcotic.

A

— narcotism, nar'ko«tizm, — narcotize,

n.

Nar-

nar'ko«tiz, v.t.

cosis.

To

bring under the influence of a narcotic; to affect with stupor. nard, nard, n. [L. nardus, from Gr. nardos, Heb. and Per. nard, nard.] A plant, same as Spikenard; an unguent prepared from the plant. narghile, nargileh, nar'gi»le, n. [Persian and Turkish name.] A kind of tobacco pipe or smoking apparatus

used by the Orientals in which the smoke is passed through water. Spelled also Nargile.

narrate,

—

nar«rat', v.t. narrated, narrating. [L. narro, narratum, to relate, for gnarro, from root gna, seen also

in E. know; comp. gnarus, knowing. know.] To tell or recite, as a story; to relate the particulars of in speech narration, nar«ra'shon, or writing. n. The act of narrating; that which is related; a narrative; rhet. that part of a discourse which recites the

time,

manner or consequences of an

narrative, nar'a«tiv, a. Pertaining to narration. n. That which is narrated or related; a relation or narration; a relation in words or writing of the particulars of any narratively, transaction or event. nar'a«tiv«li, adv. By way of narration. action.

—narrator,

nar«ra'ter, n.

One who

narrates or produces a narrative. narrow, nar'6, a. [A. Sax. nearu, nearo, narrow, troublesome or painful; cog. O.Sax. nam, Fris. naar;]

Of

little

breadth;

—— — —

having

little

distance from side to side; of little contracted; or extent; limited limited as to means; straitened; contracted in mind; of confined views; bigoted; not liberal or bountiful; niggardly; near; within but a little; hence, barely sufficient to avoid evil, etc. (a narrow escape, Narmajority); close; scrutinizing. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

nation

row gauge, in railways, a gauge or distance between the rails of less than 4 feet Syt inches, which is considered the standard gauge and is the most common. n. A narrow channel of water between one sea or lake and another; a strait or sound: usually in the plural. v.t. To make narrow or contracted, literally or figuratively.

v.i.

To become

narrow

or narrower. narrowly, nar'6»li, adv. In a narrow manner; contractedly; sparingly; closely; rigorously; nearly; within a little. narrowminded, a. Of confined views or sentiments; illiberal. narrowness, nar'6«nes, n. The quality or condition of being narrow, illiberality; want of enlarged views.

—

n. [Gr.] A kind of vestibule in the afterpart of a church. narwhal, narwal, nar'hwal, nar'wal, n. [Dan. narhval, Icel. na-hvalr,

narthex, nar'theks,

'corpsewhale', Icel. na, ndr, a corpse, from the animal's pale color.] cetaceous mammal of northern seas, with no teeth except two canines in the upper jaw, of which one is frequently developed into a long projecting tusk; the sea unicorn.

A

a. [Fr. nasal, from L. nasus, the nose, nose.] Pertaining to the nose ; uttered through the nose or through both the nose and mouth simultaneously (as in English, en in French). Nasal fossae, anat. the two cavities which constitute the internal part of the nose. n. An

nasal, na'zal,

m

elementary sound uttered through or partly through the nose; a medicine that operates through the nose; an errhine; the noseguard of an ancient helmet.

The

—nasality,

na«zal'i«ti,

or quality of being nasal. nasalization, na'zal«i«za"shon, n. The act of nasalizing or uttering with a nasal sound. n.

—

state

—

nasalize, na'zaMz, v.t. nasalized, nasalizing. To render nasal, as the sound of a letter; to insert a nasal letter in, especially (L. tundo, is a nasalized form from the root tud, to strike). nasally, na'zal«li, adv. In a nasal manner; by or through

norm

the nose.

nascent,

nas'ent, a. nascens, [L. nascentis, ppr. of nascor, to be born. natal.] Beginning to exist or to grow; coming into being; arising. nascency, nas'en«si, n. The state of

being nascent.

naseberry, naz'ber»i, n. [Sp. nispero, medlar, from L. mespilus, medlar; modified so as to have an English form,

like barberry.]

The

fruit

of the

sapodilla.

nasturtium, nas»ter'shi«um, n. [L., from nasus, the nose, and torqueo, tortum, to twist, from the acridity of its

smell.]

ing

the

A

genus of herbs, includ-

common

watercress; also given to the Indian cress, an American annual with pungent

a

name

fruit.

nasty, nas'ti, a. [O.E. nasky, connected with L.G. nask, Sw. naskug, nasket, unclean, dirty.] Filthy; dirty; indecent; obscene; disgusting to taste or smell; disagreeable; troublesome;

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

— —

note, not,

move;

extremely unpleasant (nasty weather). nastily, nas'ti«li, adv. In a nasty manner; filthily; obscenely. nas-

—

—

The

tiness, nas'ti«nes, n.

quality of being nasty, or what is nasty; filthiness; filthy matter; obscenity. natal, natal, a. [L. natalis, from nascor, natus, to be born (whence also nature, native, nation); from same root as genus, kind, nature, genus.] Pertaining to one's birth; dating from one's birth. natant, na'tant, a. [L. natans, natantis, ppr. of nato, to swim, freq. of no, natum, to swim; same root as naval.] Floating on navis, a ship, the surface of water; swimming, as the leaf of an aquatic plant. natation, na«ta'shon, n. [L. natatio.] The art or act of swimming. natatorial, na»ta«to'ri«al, a. Swim-

ming or adapted

to swimming; benatatolonging to the Natatores. rium, na»ta»to ri»um, n. A swimming

—

pool, particularly, one indoors.

nation, na'shon,

n.

[L. natio,

from

born, nascor, to be born. natal.] A people inhabiting a certain extent of territory, and united by natus,

common

political

institutions;

an

aggregation of persons speaking the same or a cognate language; a federation of Indian tribes; a division of students in some universities according to their place of birth; a

number;

a great deal, by way of nations. Same as International Law. national, nash'omal, a. Pertaining to a nation; common to a whole people or race;

great

Law

of emphasis.

—

A

public; general. n. member of a particular nation, entitled to its protection. National air, a popular tune peculiar to a particular nation; a tune by national consent sung or played on certain public occasions. National Church, the established church of a country or nation. National debt, the sum which is owing by a government to individuals who have advanced money to it for public purposes. National Guard, in the U. S., organizations of militia in the several states, subject to both state and federal government, nationalism, nash on«al«izm, n. Nationality; a national idiom or trait; advocacy of making one's own nation distinct, and separate from others in social, cultural, and political matters; a socialist program for national control or ownership of industries and resources, nationalist, nash on«al«ist, nationality, nash on«al"i'n. and a. ti, n. The qualities that distinguish a nation; national character; strong attachment to one's own nation or countrymen the people constituting a nation; a nation; a race of people; separate existence as a nation; nanationtional unity and integrity,

—

—

;

alize, nash on«al«Iz, ized, nationalizing.

v.t.

—national-

To make national; common property of

make the the nation as a whole; to give the character of a distinct nation; to give control of properties to the government. nationalization, nash«on«al«nationally, nash on«I«za shon, n. al'li, adv. In a national manner; as to

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — — — — ——

—

native

nation. a. [L. nativus, born, innate, natural, native, from nascor, natal.] Pertainnatus, to be born, ing to the place or circumstances of one's birth; being the scene of one's origin (our native land); conferred by birth; belonging to one's nature or constitution; not artificial or acquired; occurring in nature pure

or unmixed with other substances: said of mineral bodies (as iron or n. silver when found almost pure). One born in a place or country, and not a foreigner or immigrant; an oyster raised in an artificial bed. natively, na'tivli, adv. By birth; nativeness, naturally ; originally. na'tivnes, n. State of being native.

—

nativity, na«tiv'i«ti, n. [L. nativitas.] coming into life or the world; birth; the circumstances attending birth; a picture representing the birth of Christ; astrol. same as Horoscope. To cast a nativity, to

A

—

—

draw out one's horoscope, and

cal-

the future influence of the predominant stars. The Nativity, the birth of the Saviour. natron, na'tron, n. [Fr. and Sp. natron, from Ar. natrun, native carbonate of soda: same word as niter.] Native carbonate of soda, or mineral alkali, found in the ashes of several marine plants, in some culate

—

and mineral

natrosprings. [Gr. lithos, a stone.] mineral substance occurring in traprocks, and containing a great quantity of soda. natty, nat'i, a. [Akin to neat.] Neat; nattily, nat'i»li, adv. tidy; spruce. In a natty manner; sprucely; tidily. nattiness, nat'i»nes, n. State of lite, na'tro'lit, n.

A

—

being natty. n. [Fr. nature,

from

L. natura, from natus (for gnatus), born, produced, from root gna or gan, seen in E. know, kind, kin; Skr. jan, to produce, genus.] The universe ; the system of things of which ourselves are a part; the world of matter or of matter and mind; the creation, especially that part of it by which man is more immediately surrounded; often also the, agent, author, or producer of things, or the powers that carry on the processes of the creation; the total of all agencies and forces in the creation; the inherent qualities of anything;

guished from that which — To go way of nature,

is artificial.

the to pay the debt of nature, and similar phrases, to die. Laws of nature, those generalizations which express the order observed in the phenomena of nature. In a state of nature, naked as when born; in a state of sin; unregenerated. natural, na'cher*al, a. [L. naturalist] Pertaining to nature; produced

— —

by nature; not artificial, acquired, or assumed (natural color, strength, ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

in

—

the essential qualities which constitute it what it is; disposition of mind; personal character; individual constitution; quality; sort; natural affection; life or reality as distin-

ch, chain;

power

the universe; a mode of acting; reality in art, but usually concerned with the seamy side of life. naturalist, na'cher«al»ist, n. One who is versed in natural science or natural history; one who holds the doctrine of naturalistic, na'cher*naturalism. al«is"tik, a. Pertaining to naturalism; in accordance with nature; based on naturalization, objects. natural na'cher«al«i«za"shon, n. The act of naturalizing; the act of investing an alien with the rights and privileges of naturalize, na'a natural subject. naturalized, natucher«al«iz, v.t. ralizing. To make natural; to confer the rights and privileges of a native subject upon; to accustom to a climate; to acclimatize; to adopt as native or vernacular (to naturalize naturally, na'cher*foreign words). adv. In a natural manner; al«li, according to nature; not by art or habit; without affectation; according to the usual course of things; sponcultivation. without taneously; naturalness, na'cher«al»nes, n. The state of being natural ; conformity to nature; absence of affectation. naught, nat, n. [A. Sax. ndht, noht, ndwiht, lit. no whit, not a whit (see aught). Naught is the same and not is an abbreviated form.] Nought; To set at naught, to slight, nothing. a. Worthless; disregard, or despise. of no value or account; bad; vile. naughty, na'ti, a. [From naught.] Bad: mischievous; ill-behaved; very wrong (a naughty child). naughtily, na'ti«li, adv. In a naughty manner; naughtiness, na 'timischievously. nes, n. The state of being naughty; misbehavior, as of children.

natural natural

naumachia, naumachy, na«ma j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

——

—

;

nave

heat), in conformity with the laws of nature; regulated by the laws which govern events, actions, sentiments, etc. (a natural enemy, supposition); happening in the ordinary course of things (the natural consequence) ; connected with the existing physical system of things, or creation at large (natural philosophy, laws, etc.); according to life and reality; without affectation or artificiality (he was always natural); born out of wedlock; bastard; in a state of nature; unregenerated; mus. a term applied to the scale of C. Natural gas, a gas issuing from fissures in the earth's crust. Natural history, the study or description of nature in its widest sense, usually for the general public. Natural resources, a country's wealth in terms of land, water power, minerals, etc. Natural science, any of the areas of knowledge dealing with natural objects or phenomena and based on experiment, as biology. n. One born without the usual powers of reason or understanding; an idiot; a fool; mus. a character marked thus Jf, the use of which is to make void a preceding sharp or flat; one who has natural talents, skills, etc. n. naturalism, na'cher«al«izm, Natural religion; the doctrine that there is no interference of any super-

native, na'tiv,

nature, na'cher,

— —— —

559

nationwide, a. Exa whole nation. tending throughout the whole of a

lakes,

——

— — — ————— —

then;

ki«a,

th, thin. ;

—

na'ma«ki, n. [Gr. naumachia nous, a ship, and mache, fight.] Rom. antiq. a show or spectacle representing a sea fight; the place where these

shows were exhibited. nauplius, na'pli«us, n. [Gr. Nauplios, a son of Neptune.] In lower Crustacea, an ovoid unsegmented larva, possessing only the three first pairs of head limbs, which are used as swimming organs. nausea, na'shi«a, n. [L., from Gr. nausia, from naus, a ship, naval.] Seasickness; any similar sickness of the stomach, accompanied with a propensity to vomit; loathing. nauseate, na'shi«at, v.i. nauseated,

—

nauseating. [L. nauseo.] To feel nausea; to be inclined to vomit. v.t. To loathe; to reject with disgust; to affect with disgust. nauseous, na'shus, a. Exciting or fitted to excite nausea; loathsome; disgusting. nauseously, na'shus«li, adv. In a

—

nauseous

manner.

— nauseousness,

na'shus«nes, n. The quality of being nauseous; loathsomeness. nautch girl, nach. n. In the East Indies, a native professional dancing girl.

nautical,

na'ti«kal,

a.

[L.

nauticus

from nauta, a seaman, for navita, from navis, a ship, naval.] Pertaining to seamanship or navigation; maritime; naval. nautically, na'ti*k a 1 • 1 i , adv. In a nautical manner. nautilus, na ti«lus, n. [Gr. nautilos, a sailor, a nautilus, from naus, a ship. naval.] genus of cephalopods with many-chambered shells in the form of a flat spiral, the animal residing in the external chamber, and the others being separated by partitions also a name for the argonaut or paper nautilus; a form of diving bell which requires no suspension, sinking and rising by means of condensed air. Nautilus propeller, a hydraulic device for propelling ships. Navaho, Navajo, na'va«ho, n. [Sp.

A

Apaches de Navajo.] One of a tribe of Indians living in Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. naval, naval, a. [L. navalis, from navis, a ship (whence also nautical, navigate, navy); cog. Gr. naus, Skr. naus; from a root nu for snu, meaning to float or flow.] Consisting of ships, or of forces fighting in ships; pertaining to a navy or to ships of war;

maritime. Naval officer, one belonging to the navy of a country. Naval crown, among the ancient Romans, a crown conferred for bravery at sea. Naval decorations, specifically, three awards presented by the naval authorities to men in the service who perform acts of bravery beyond the call of duty: Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Medal, and Navy Cross. nave, nav, n. [A. Sax. nafu, nafa = D. nave, naaf, Dan. nav, Icel. nof, G. nabe, a nave ; cog. Skr. ndbhi, a nave, a navel. Navel is a dim. from this, and auger is partly derived from it.] The thick piece in the center of a wheel in which the spokes and axle are inserted; the hub.

w, wig;

hw, wAig;

zh, azure.

——

—— — — — —

—— —

nave

n. [A. Sax. nafel, nafol

=

D. navel, Dan. navle, Icel. nafle, G. nabel navel; dim. forms from words signifying nave of a wheel, nave.] A depression in the center of the abdomen, the point where the umbilical cord passes out of the fetus.

—

—navel

orange,

A

large, juicy orange, usually seedless, which has a navel-like indentation in its rind. n.

navicular, na«vik'u«ler,

a. [L. navicula, a little ship, from navis, a ship, naval.] Shaped like a boat (the navicular bone of the wrist or ankle). navigate, nav'i«gat, v.i. navigated, navigating. [L. navigo, navigatum, from navis, a ship, ago, to do. naval.] To pass on water in ships; to manage a ship; to sail. v.t. To pass over in ships; to sail on; to steer navigation, or manage in sailing. nav«i«ga'shon, n. [L. navigatio.] The act of navigating; the science or art

—

of managing ships. Aerial navigation, the art and science of operation through the air of lighter- and heavier-than-air machines; the setting of a course along a known route; the application of directional knowledge gained by the use of landmark maps, previous flying experience, and the extensive use of various instruments for dead reckoning and position finding, such as radio compass,

direction

finders,

altimeters,

horizon gauges, drift indicators, barometers, and the radio navigator, nav'i«ga«ter, telephone. n. One that navigates; one who directs the course of a ship. navigable, nav'i«ga«bl, a. Capable of being navigated; affording pasnavigableness, navisage to ships. gability, nav'i'ga-bl-nes, nav'i«ga— bil"i«ti, n. The quality or state of being navigable. navy, na'vi, n. [O.Fr. navie, from L. navis, a ship, naval.] The collective name for such vessels as are built and maintained for war or for other purposes pertaining to national defense; the institutions and equipment, such as navy yards, stores, fueling stations, naval academies, etc., for the maintenance of sea defenses and vessels of war. navy bean, n. A strain of the kidney bean. navy yard, n. A shipyard where artificial

—

government

vessels

are

and

built

repaired. n. [See nabob.] A viceroy; a deputy. nay, na, adv. [Equivalent to ne aye (A. Sax. ne, not), that is, not ever;

nawab, na«wab',

from

Icel.

— —

— —— —— — ————

560

nave, nav, n. [Lit. ship, from O.Fr. nave (Mod.Fr. nef), It. nave, from L. navis, a ship, naval.] The middle part, lengthwise, of a church; the part between the aisles and extending from the entrance. navel, na'vl,

—

and Dan.

nei,

Sw.

nej,

no, nay; comp. nor for ne or, not or; neither, for ne either, not either, etc. NO.] No; a word that expresses negation or refusal; also used to intimate that something is to be added to an expression; not only To say nay, to so; not this alone. deny; to refuse.— n. Denial; refusal. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Nazarene,

neck

naz«a«ren', n.

An

inhab-

Nazareth; a name given to

itant of

and the early converts to Christianity, in contempt. Nazarite, naz'a«rit, n. [Heb. nazir, separated.] Jew who by certain vows and acts devoted himself to the peculiar service of Jehovah for a certain time or for life. Num. vi. 2-21. Nazi, na'tse, a. Of or pertaining to, or embodying the principles of, Naziism. n. member of the Christ

A

A

German Party.

National Socialist Workers'

— Naziism,

na'tse«izm,

form of administered by the totalitarian

(the

n.

A

government Nazi Party

German National Socialist Work-

Party) which advocated the building of a highly nationalistic Aryan state, with the revival and substitution of Germanic Hero Worship for Christianity, and recognized private ownership except when the state determined otherwise. ers'

Neanderthal,

[From

ni«an'der«tal, a.

the Neanderthal Valley in Germany, its place of discovery.] Of or pertaining to the skeletal remains of a paleolithic man discovered in 1856.

—

n. A European paleolithic man. neap, nep, a. [A. Sax. nep, neap; akin to Dan. knap, Icel. hneppr, narrow, scanty, and probably to nip.] Low,

or not rising high: applied to the lowest tides, being those that happen in the middle of the second and fourth quarters of the moon, taking place about four or five days before neap, the new and full moons. neap tide, n. One of the lowest tides or the time of one; opposite to spring tide. near, ner, a. [A. Sax. near, compar, of nedh, nigh -Icel. nxr, nxrri, Dan. nxr, near; nearer. next, nigh.] Nigh; not far distant in place, time, or degree; closely connected by blood (near relations); intimate; familiar (a near friend); close or literal; narrow (a near escape); on the left of a horse (the near foreleg); short, or not circuitous; niggardly; approximately like the original (nearbeer). prep. Close to. adv. Almost; within a little; closely. v.t. and i. To approach ; to come near. nearby, ner»bi', a. and adv. Close at hand. nearly, ner'li, adv. Almost; intimately; in a parsimonious or niggardly manner. nearness, ner'nes, n. nearsighted, a. Shortsighted; seeing at a small distance only. neat, net, n. [A. Sax. neat (sing, and pi.); Sc. nowt, Icel. naut. Sw. not, Dan. nod, cattle, an ox; from verbal stem Icel. njota, A. Sax. neotan, to use, to enjoy; Goth, niutan, to take.] Cattle of the bovine type, as oxen or cows: used either collectively or of one individual. Neat's-foot oil, an oil obtained from the feet of neat cattle. neat, net, a. [Ft. net, nette, from L.

—

—

—

—

shining, from Having everything

to niteo, in perfect order; tidy; trim; expressed in few

nitidus,

shine.]

and well-chosen words; chaste; of style; with

me, met, her;

all

pine, pin;

—

deductions note, not,

said

made move;

—

(usually written Net or Nett). neatly, net'li, adv. In a neat manner; tidily;

with good

taste.

neatness,

net'nes, n. The state or quality of being neat; tidiness; simple elegance. nebula, neb'u«la, n. pi. nebulae, nebulas, neb'u«le, neb u»laz. [L. nebula, a cloud; allied to Gr. nephele, a cloud; G. nebel, mist.] The name for celestial objects resembling white clouds, in many cases resolved by the telescope into clusters of stars, though many nebulae consist of masses of incandescent gas; a white spot or a slight opacity of the cornea of the eye. nebular, neb'u*ler, a. Pertaining to nebulae. Nebular hypothesis, a hypothesis that the bodies composing the solar system once existed in the form of a

nebula, from which, when condensed by refrigeration, the planets were constituted, the main body forming the sun. nebulosity, neb'U«los'i«ti, n. The state of being nebulous; the faint

misty appearances surrounding

certain stars. nebulous, neb u«lus, a. [L. nebulosus.] Cloudy; hazy; literally or figuratively; astron. pertaining to or having the appearance of a nebula; nebular. nebulousness, neb'u'lus«nes, n. necessary, nes es«se»ri, a. [L. necessarius, from necesse, necessary, unavoidable; origin doubtful.] Such as must be; inevitable; unavoidable; indispensable; essential; that cannot be absent; acting from necessity; opposed to free (as regards the will). Necessary truths, those truths which cannot from their very nature

but be true. n. Anything necessary or indispensably requisite. necessarily, nes'es«seTi«li, adv. In a necessary manner; by necessity; indispensably. necessitarian, ne«ses i«ta'ri«an, n. One who maintains the doctrine of philosophical necessity in opposition to the freedom of the will. necessitarianism, ne»ses'i«ta"ri«an«izm, n. The doctrine of philosophical necessitate, necessity. ne«ses'i«tat,

v.t.

—

necessitated,

ne-

To make

necessary or indispensable; to render necessary; to compel; to force.- necessitous, ne«ses'i«tus, a. Exhibiting indigence; pressed with poverty; indigent; destitute. necessitously, ne«ses i«tus«li, adv. In a necessitous manner. necessitousness, ne«ses i«tus»nes, n. Extreme poverty; pressing want. cessitating.

—

— —necessity,

ne«ses'i«ti, n. [L. necesstate of being necessary; condition demanding that something must be; unavoidableness; indispensableness; need; irresistible

sitas.]

The

compulsion; compulsion of circumstances; the absolute determination of the will by motives; that which is requisite; a necessary; extreme indigence pinching poverty. neck, nek, n. [A. Sax. hnecca, the neck D. nek, Dan. nakke, Icel. hnakki, the nape; G. nacken, the neck; connections doubtful.] The part of an animal's body between the head and the trunk and connecting them; part of a thing corresponding to the neck of ani;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

——

— —

——

—————

delicious. nectareous, nek«ta're«us, a. Nectanectarine, nek'ter«In, n. rean. variety of the common peach, having

—

neck, close, as To get it in the neck, to in a race. get the worst of it. On the neck

—

adhering to, or following.— neckband,

immediately

The band

n.

of a shirt round the neck, to which neckcloth, the collar is attached. piece of linen or nek'kloth, n. cotton cloth worn round the neck as part of a gentlemen's dress. neckerchief, nek'er«chif, n. A kernecklace, nek'chief for the neck. lis, n. A string of beads, precious stones, or other ornamental objects worn on the neck. necktie, n. band of cloth worn round the neck under the collar and knotted in front; a cravat; a scarf or tie. necrobiosis, nek'r6«bi«6"sis, n. [Gr. nekros, dead, and bios, life.] Med. the degeneration or wearing away necrolatry, nek«of living tissue. rol'a'tri, n. [Gr. latreia, worship.] Excessive veneration for or worship of the dead. necrology, nek«rol'o«ji, n. register of deaths; a collection of obituary notices.— necrological, nek«ro«loj'i«kal, a. Pertaining to a necrology. necrologist, nek»rol'o'jist, n. One who writes obituary notices. necromancy, nek'ro»man»si, n. [Gr. manteia, divination.] Divination by means of a pretended communication with the dead; the black art; the art of magic necromancer, nek'ro*or sorcery. man«ser, n. One who practices necromancy; a sorcerer; a wizard. necromantic, nekTO«man'tik, a. Per-

—

A

for; to want, lack, require. v.i. To be wanted; to be necessary. verb, aux. To be under obligation, or necessity (it needs to be that way). needful, ned'ful, a. Needy; necessineedtous; necessary; requisite.

—

—

A

fully,

—

—

A

of steel pointed at one end, and having an eye or hole through which is passed a thread, used for sewing; a similar instrument used for interlacing a thread or twine in knitting, netting, embroidery, etc.; a name of sundry long and sharp-pointed surgical instruments; a magnetized bar of steel in a compass; a sharp pinnacle of rock; a needle-shaped crystal; a slender piece of steel or other material used to transmit

—

taining tc necromancy. necrophagous, nek«rof'a«gus, a. [Gr. phagein, to eat.] Feeding on the dead, or putrescent substances. necrophobia, nek«ro«fo'bi«a, n. [Gr. phobos,

vibrations,

—

—

from

a

phonograph

v.i. To work with a into action. needle ; to form needle-like protuberances in crystallization. needlefish, The pipefish, also the gar. n. needle point, n. A kind of lace; a kind of embroidery done on canvas.

ropolis, nek«rop'o»lis, n. [Gr. polis, a city; the city of the dead.] cemetery, especially one that is extensive and ornamentally laid out. necroscopy, nek«ros'ko«pi, n. Examination of* the dead; a postmortem examination. necrosis, nekro'sis, n. [Gr. nekrosis, deadness.] Pathol, death of the bone subjstance, a condition corresponding to what gangrene is to the flesh; bot. a disease of plants chiefly found upon the leaves and soft parts. necrosis, ne«kro'sis, n. [Gr. nekrosis, deadness.] Pathol, death in a local area of the tissues. nectar, nek'ter, n. [Gr.] Greek myth. the drink of the gods, ambrosia being their solid food; hence, any delicious drink; bot. the honey of a Jtower. nectarean, nek«ta're«an, a.

— —

troverting: opposed to positive (a negative result); photog. applied to a picture in which the lights and shades are the opposites of those in nature; bacteriol. not affirming the presence of an organism; biol. moving away from a source of stimulation. Negative electricity, electricity associated with an excess of electrons. Negative pole, the metal, or equivalent, placed in opposition to the positive, in the voltaic battery. Negative quantities, alg. quantities which have the sign (minus) prefixed to them. n.

A

proposition by which something is denied; an opposite or contradictory term or conception ; a negative proposition; a word that denies {not, no); that side of a question which denies or refuses; a decision or answer expressive of negation; photog. a photographic picture on glass or sensitized film, in which the lights and shades are the opposite of those in nature, used as a plate from which to print positive impressions; a veto or negative vote; elec. the negative plate of a battery. v.t. negatived, negativing. To disprove; to prove the contrary; to say no to; to reject; to refuse to enact or sanction. negatively, neg'a«tiv«li, adv. negativeness, negativity, neg'a»tiv«nes, neg«a«tiv'i»ti, n. negativism, neg'a«tiv«izm, n. Atheism or agnosticism; any of the philosophies of denial ; negativistic behavior. negatron, neg'a»tron, n. [Negative and elecrrow.] Chem. and phys. an

—

—

—

—needlewoman,

-

—

n.

A

electron.

neglect, neg«lekt', v.t. [L. negligo, neglectum, lit. not to pick up—neg, not, nor, and lego, to pick up. legend.] To treat with no regard or attention or with too little; to slight ; to set at naught to omit to do ;

to leave

n.

—nefariously, ni— —nefariousness,

extreme; impious. fa'ri«us«li,

adv.

be done; carelessness; omission of

due attention or civilities; negligence habitual want of regard state of being disregarded. neglecter,

Work

ne, not, and fas, law, from for, fari, fate.] Wicked in the to utter.

;

a denying, j,

;'ob;

from

n. [L. negatio, ne, nego, to deny

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

;

—

mal dressing gown or wrapper worn by women.

ni»-

negation, ni'ga'shon,

—

neg«lek'ter, n. One that neglects. neglectful, neg«lekt'ful, a. Apt to neglect; treating with neglect; negligent; careless; inattentive. neglectfully, neg«lekt'fuMi, adv. In a neglectful manner. neglectfulness, neg'lekt'fuNnes, n. negligee, neg'le«zha", n. [Fr. neglige, from negliger, to neglect.] An infor-

fa'ri«us«nes, n.

—

undone;

to forbear; often with an infinitive as object (to neglect to pay a visit). n. Omission; forbearance to do anything that should

seamstress.

executed with a needle; sewed work; embroidery; the business of a seamstress. needless, needs, needy, etc. See NEED. ne'er, nar. A contraction of never. nefarious, ni«fa'ri»us, a. [L. nefarius, from nefas, impious, unlawful, from

needlework,

—

—

—

A

go;

as

record; bot. the needle-shaped leaf of v.t. To sew or pierce a conifer. with a needle; to heckle; to goad

A horror of dead bodies; exaggerated fear of death. nec-

g,

—need—needlessness,

needs, nedz, adv. ned'les«nes, n. Of necessity; necessarily; indispensably: generally with must. needy, ne'di, a. Necessitous; indigent; very poor. needle, ne'dl, n. [A.Sax. naedl, a needle; G. ndhen, to sew, L. neo, small instrument Gr. neo, to spin.]

—

ch, Sc. loch;

— —needfulness,

unnecessary; not requisite. lessly, ned'les«li, adv.

— —

ch, chain;

—

—

—

fear.]

ned'fuMi, adv.

neediness, ne'di«nes, ned'ful«nes, n. needless, ned'les, a. Not wanted; n.

—

A

or will not be ; contradiction or contradictory condition: opposed to afnegate, ne«gat', v.t. To firmation. deny; to disprove or prove nonnegative, neg'a«tiv, a. Imexistent. plying or or containing denial negation: opposed to affirmative; tending in the direction of denial without directly denying or con-

—

Neck and

of,

A

a smoother rind and firmer pulp. nectarous, nek'ter«us, Sweet a. as nectar. nectary, nek'te«ri, n. The part of a flower that contains or secretes the nectar. nee, na, pp. [Fr., from L. natus, born. natal.] Born; a term placed before a married woman's maiden name to indicate her parentage; as, Madame de Stael, nee Necker, that is, whose family name was Necker. need, ned, n. [A.Sax. ned = T). nood, I eel. nauth, Dan nod, G. noth, Goth. nauths, need, necessity.] A state that requires supply or relief; pressing occasion for something ; urgent want; necessity; want of the means of subsistence; poverty; indigence. To have necessity or need i).t.

—

;

not, and verbal affix, -go, -igo. Akin deny, renegade.] Denial; a declaration that something is not, has not been,

Resembling nectar; very

mals; a narrow tract of land conlarger tracts; an two necting isthmus; the slender part of a vessel, as a bottle; that part of a violin or similar instrument which connects the scroll or head and body. crop. Neck and crop. Under Neck or nothing, at every risk. A stiff neck, in Scrip, obstinacy in sin. To break the neck of an affair, to destroy the main force of it; to get To tread over the worst part of it. on the neck of {fig.), to subdue

— —

negligent

561

necrobiosis

utterly.

— ——— —

negligent, neg'li.jent,

th, thin;

a. [L. negligens, negligentis, ppr. of negligo, to

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

——

—

—

—

—

negotiate

562

nephralgia

Characterized neglect, neglect.] by neglect; apt to neglect; careless; negligently, neglectful. heedless ; neg'li'jent'li, adv. In a negligent manner. negligence, neg'li«jens, n. [L. negligentia.] The quality of being negligent; neglect; remissness; an negligible, negact of negligence.

used as a familiar term of address. a. Being in the vicinity; adjoining; next. v.t. To adjoin; to border on or be near to. neighborhood, na'ber«hud, n. A place or district the inhabitants of which may be called neighbors; vicinity; the adjoining district or locality; neighbors col-

views in theology. neological, ne«o«loj'i«kal, a. Perto taining neology. neologism, neologianism, ni'Ol'o«jizm, ne«o«16'ji«an«izm, n. A new word or phrase, or new use of a word; the use of new words or of old words in a new sense; new doctrines. neologist, ni«ol'o«jist, n. One who introduces new words or phrases; an innovator in doctrines or beliefs. neon, neon, n. [Gr. neon, new.]

—

—

—

li'ji'bl, a.

That may be neglected.

negotiate, ni»go'shi»at,

v.i.

from negotium, want business neg, not, and

otium, leisure.] To treat with another respecting purchase and sale ; to hold intercourse in bargaining or trade; to hold diplomatic intercourse with another, as respecting a treaty, league, or other matter; to treat; to conduct communications in general.

— —negotiated, v.t.

negotiating.

To

procure or bring about by negotia(a treaty, a loan); to pass in the way of business; to put into circulation (to negotiate a bill of exchange) ; to negotiate a corner, said of a motor car or other vehicle, taking an obstacle carefully in order negotiable, ni«to overcome it.

tion

—

go'shi«a«bl,

negotiated;

a.

Capable

transferable

ment from one person a

bill

being

of

by assign-

to another, as

— negotiThe negotiable. — nego-

or promissory note.

ability,

ni«g6'shi'a«bil"i«ti,

n.

quality of being tiation, ni'go'shi«a"shon, n. The act of negotiating; the treating with another respecting sale or purchase; the intercourse of governments by their agents, in making treaties and negotiator, negotiant, f the like. ni'go'shi«a«ter, ni«g6'shi«ant, n. One that negotiates. Negro, ne'gro, n. pi. Negroes, ne'groz. [It. and Sp. negro, black, from member of the L. niger, black.] African branch of the black race, formerly called the Ethiopian, which is characterized by the black or very dark color of the skin and the possession of hair of a woolly or crisp Relating to Negroes; a. nature. Negroid, ne'groid, a. Reblack.

—

A

—

sembling

Negroes;

—

having

Negro

Negrillo, Negrito, characteristics. ne«gre'to, ne»gril'16, n. and a. [Dim. name given to the of Negro.] diminutive Negro-like tribes in-

A

habiting the Philippines and the Eastern Archipelago. negus, ne'gus, n. [From the inventor Col. Negus of Queen Anne's time.] A beverage made of wine, hot water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon juice, or only of wine, water, and sugar; [cap.] the former ruler of Ethiopia. neigh, na, v.i. [A. Sax. hnaegan, I eel. hneggja, gneggja, Sw. gndgga, probably an imitative word; comp. L. hinnio.] To utter the cry of a horse; to whinny. n. The cry of a horse; neighing, na'ing, n. a whinnying.

A

—

whinnying.

n. [A. Sax. nedhneh-bur, lit. a near-dweller, from neah, near (nigh), and bur, gebur, a dweller, a boor (boor).] One who lives near another; one

neighbor, na'ber, bur,

who

lives in a neighborhood; one in close proximity; one who lives on friendly terms with another; often fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

a district or locality in general (a low neighborhood) neighboring, na'ber-ing, a. Living as lectively;

[L. nego-

tior, negotiatus,

of leisure,

—

—

neighbors; being situated near. neighborliness, na'ber»li«nes, n. State or quality of being neighborly. neighborly, na'ber«li, a. Becoming a neighbor; acting as a good neighbor; social. neither, ne'THer or ni'THer, pron. and pronominal adjective. [Used as negative of either; earlier forms nather, naither, nouther, A. Sax. nduther, ndhweether —nowhether .] Not one of two; not either; not the one or the other; used either alone or with a noun following. conj. Not either: generally prefixed to the co-ordinate first of two or more negative propositions or clauses, the others being introduced by nor: sometimes used instead of nor in the second of two clauses, the former containing not. nelumbo, ni«lum'bo, n. The Hindu

—

and Chinese lotus, a beautiful water plant with rose-colored flowers.

nematocyst,

nem'a«to»sist, n. [Gr. nema, nematos, a thread, and kystis, a bag.] Physiol, a thread cell or stinging apparatus of coelenterate

nematode, nem'a«tod,

n.

[Gr. nema,

nematos, a thread, from neo, to spin.] parasitic worm of the class Nematoda, having a long cylindrical, and often filiform, body; a roundworm. Nemean, ne'me«an or ne»me'an, a, Of or belonging to Nemea in Argolis. ancient Greece. Nemean games, games or festivals celebrated at Nemea every second year. Nemesis, nem'e-sis, n. [Gr., from nemesis, distribution of what is due.] Greek goddess personifying retributive justice; one who takes vengeance; [often not cap.] act of retribution. neodymium, ne'o«dim "i«um, n. [Neo, and didymium.] A metallic element of the rare-earth series. Symbol, Nd; at. no., 60; at. wt., 144.24. Neo-Lamarckism, ne o»la«mark"ism, n. [Gr. neos, new, and Lamarck,

A

A

an eminent

French

naturalist.]

A

theory of evolution postulating the existence of definite laws of growth. Neolithic, ne«6«lith ik, a. [Gr. neos, new, lithos, a stone.] Archeol, applied to the more recent of the two periods into which the Stone Age has been subdivided, as opposed to Paleolithic. During the Neolithic age, stone implements were polished, domesticated animals became com-

and fruit trees were grown, pottery made, linen woven, and boats used. neology, ni«ol'o«ji, n. [Gr. neos, new, and logos, a word.] The introduction of a new word or of new words into

cereals

a

met, me, her;

—

A colorless inert gaseous element occurring in the atmosphere. Symbol, Ne; at. no., 10; at. wt., 20.183 neon lamp, neon contained in a vacuum tube, through which an electric current passes, producing a reddish-orange glow, valuable in electric advertising signs (neon signs), and in aeronautics for beacons.

—

neophyte, ne'o«f!t, n. [Gr. neos, new, and phyton, a plant, from phyo, I

grow.]

A new convert

a novice;

or proselyte; to the

one newly admitted

order of priest; a tyro; a beginner in learning.

neoplasm, ne'o«plasm, n. [Neo, and plasm.] Any new and abnormal body tissue,

such as a tumor.

Neoplatonism, ne«o«pla ton«izm, n. [Gr. neos, new, and E. Platonism.] A philosophical system growing up in Alexandria, and prevailing chiefly from the 3rd

to the 5th century after Christ, deriving elements from the philosophy of Plato, and from Christianity, Gnosticism, and Oriental beliefs.

neoprene, ne'o«pren,

animals.

mon,

rationalistic

language; pine, pin;

novel

doctrines;

note, not,

move;

n. [Neo, and rubber-like plastic acquired through the polymerization of chloroprene. neoteric, ne«o»ter'ik, a. [Gr. neoterikos, young, from neos, new.] New; recent in origin; modern. Neotropical, ne«o«trop'i«kal, a. [Gr. neos, new, and E. tropical.] Applied to a region of the earth in reference to its characteristic fauna, including all America south of the isthmus of

chloroprene.]

A

Tehuantepec. Neozoic, ne«6«z6'ik, a. [Gr. neos, new, recent, and zoe, fife.] Geol. a name given to strata from the beginning of the trias up to the most recent deposits, including the Mesozoic and Cenozoic divisions. nepenthe, nepenthes, ne«pen'the,

—

ne«pen'thez, n. [Gr. nepenthes ne, not, and penthos, grief.] A kind of magic potion, supposed to make persons forget their sorrows and misfortunes; any draught or drug capable of removing pain or care. nephew, nef u, n. [Ft. neveu, from L. nepos, nepotis, a nephew; cog. A. Sax. nefa, Icel. nefi, G. neffe, Skr. napat, a nephew. Akin niece.] The son of a brother or sister. nephralgia, ne-fral ji«a, n. [Gr. nephros, a kidney, and algos, pain.] Pain in the kidneys. nephrite, nef rit, n. [Gr. nephrites.] The mineral otherwise called jade. nephritic, ne«fritik, a. Pertaining to the kidneys; relieving disorders of the nephritis, ni-fri'tis, n. kidneys. [Gr. term, -it is, signifying inflammation.] Inflammation of the kid-

—

—

—

tube

tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

j

—

——

—

—— ——

nephridium

563

nephrology, ne«froro«ji, n. neys. description of the kidneys. nephrotomy, ne«frot'o»mi, n. [Gr. tome, a cutting.] Surg, the operation of cutting for stone in the kidney. nephridium, pi. -ia, nef«rid'i«um, n. [Gr. dim. of nephros, a kidney.] In animals, an excretory tube placing the coelom (which see) in communication with the interior. nepotism, nep'o-tism, n. [Ft. nepotisme, from L. nepos, nephew, nephew.] Favoritism shown to neph-

A

ews and other relations; patronage bestowed in consideration of family relationship and not of merit. nepotist, nep'o»tist, practices nepotism.

n. [L. Neptunus.] chief marine divinity of the Romans, identified by them with the Greek Poseidon; a planet beyond the orbit of Uranus, the third

The

and second remotest from

—

Neptune.]

A

n.

cell,

n.

nes'l,

—

form

v.i.

—

nestled,

nestling.

A

Messenia. n. An adherent of Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople in the fifth century, who maintained that the two natures in Christ were separate. net, net, n. [A.Sax. net, nett, a net =

Nestorian, nes«t6'ri«an,

jarring.

vus, a. Pertaining to the nerves; affecting the nerves; having the nerves affected; having weak or diseased nerves ; easily agitated; j,

Dan., and D.

Sw.

etc.,

—

To form

network.

— netted,

net'ed,

and a. Made into a net or network; reticulated.— netting, net'ing, n. The process of making nets; a

piece of network; a net of small ropes, to be stretched along the upper part of a ship's quarter to con-

—

hammocks. network, n. Work formed in the same manner as a net any net-like fabric; an interlacement into a fabric or web; a complicated tain

intermingling of lines as of a railroad system; a political undercover group, whose members are separated,

but in indirect communication; in radio, a series of stations or broadcasting units called a hookup. net, net, n. [M.E. Clean, clear, akin to neat.] final amount remaining after all deductions. a. Final; clear; remaining after all deductions have

A

been made.

To make

v.t.

or gain

as clear profit.

nether, neTH'er,

a.

[A.Sax.

nither,

compar. of nithe, under, downward (whence neothan, beneothan, beneath); cog. L.G., D., and Dan. neder, Icel. netharr, G. nithor,

neothra,

nieder; root seen in Skr. ni, downward.] Lower; lying or being beneath or in the lower part; opposed to upper. nethermost, neTH'er«m6st, a. [A double superlative, like hindmost.] Lowest.

—

nettle,

net'l,

[A.Sax. netele = D.

n.

Dan.

naelae, nelde, G. nessel, a nettle; root doubtful.] plant with stinging hairs, usually of the genus Urtica. v.t. nettled, nettling. To irritate or vex. nettle rash, netel,

A

— —

—

An

eruption upon the skin much resembling the effects of the sting of n.

a nettle; urticaria.

neural,

nu'ral, a. [Gr. neuron, a nerve; akin to L. nervus. nerve.] Pertaining to the nerve or nervous system. Neural arch, the arch or projection posteriorly inclosing and protecting the spinal cord of the

Neural axis, the central vertebra. trunk of the nervous system, also

—

called the cerebrospinal axis. neuralgia, nu»ral'ji«a, n. [Gr. algos, pain.] Pain in a nerve; an ailment the chief symptom of which is acute pain, apparently seated in a nerve or nerves. neuralgic, nu«ral'jik, a. neurasPertaining to neuralgia. , thenia, nu ras«the"ni«a, n. [Gr. neuron, nerve, astheneia, weakness, asthenia.] Med. nervous debility or exhaustion; psychol. a form of mental

—

disturbance

—

characterized

cessive irritability, fatigue, ry.

—neuration,

by exand wor-

nu«ra'shon, n.

The

nat, Goth, nati, G. netz, a net; cog. L. nassa, a basket for catching fish; from root seen in Skr. nada, a

arrangement of the veins or nervures in the wings of insects; ner-

stream.] An instrument formed of thread, twine, or other fibrous materials, wrought or woven into meshes, used for catching fish, birds,

logical, nu«ro«loj'i«kal, a. Pertaining neurologist, nu«rol'to neurology. o«jist, n. One versed in neurology.

Icel.,

fear.

g,

[A. Sax. naes, I eel. nes,

[Freq. from nest.] To make or occupy a nest; to take shelter; to lie close and snug.—v.t. To house or shelter, as in a nest; to cherish and fondle closely. nestling, nest'ling, n. [A dim. from nest.] young bird in the nest, or just taken from the nest. Nestor, nest'or, n. The type of an old and faithful counselor, from Nestor in Homer, King of Pylos in

cell

go;

n.

naes, a ness; probably a

nestle,

a.

ch, Sc. loch;

nes-

the hen from forsaking it; something laid up as a beginning or nucleus.

a.

ch, chain;

[L.

n.

—

—nerveless, nerv'les, Without nerve without —nervewracking, Very trying on the nerves; —nervous, ner'irritating;

ne'shi«ens,

small animals (as mice) are reared; a number of persons frequenting the same haunt: generally in a bad sense ; a set of articles of diminishing sizes, each enveloping the one next smaller (a nest of boxes); a set of small drawers. v.i. To build a nest; to nestle. nestegg, n. An egg left in the nest to prevent

—

;

—

insects, turtles, etc., are produced; a place in which the young of various

containing the cellular components of nerve tissue. nerve-fiber, n. An axon, dendrite, or process of a nerve cell.

dominating characteristic is a great excitability of the nervous system, and an undue predominance of the emotional impulses. nervously, ner'vus«li, adv. nervousness, ner'-

of nose.] A promontory; a cape; a headland. nest, nest, n. [A.Sax., L.G., D., and G. nest; allied to L. nidus, a nest, for nisdus, from root nas, to dwell, seen in Greek nostos, return.] The place or bed formed or used by a bird for incubation and rearing the young; a place where the eggs of

—

Anat. and physiol. any

ing of two parts, the cerebrospinal and autonomic systems. Nervous temperament, that in which the pre-

Dan.

A

—

p.

which control movement and condition behavior and con-

ness, nes,

annelid; a sea centipede. neroli, ner'd.-li, n. [The name of an Italian princess, its discoverer.] The fragrant essential oil from the flowers of the bitter orange. nerve, nerv, n. [L. nervus, a sinew, strength, vigor, from root snar (with initial s), seen in E. snare.] sinew or tendon^; strength; muscular power; self-command or steadiness, especially under trying circumstances; firmness of mind; courage; one of the whitish fibers which proceed from the brain and spinal cord, or from the central ganglia, of animals, and ramify through all parts of the body, and whose function is to convey "sensation and originate motion; pi. the general tone of one's system as an indicator (nerves of steel); nervousness; hysteria; hot. one of the ribs or principal veins in a leaf. v.t. nerved, nerving. To give nerve, strength, or vigor to. nervation, ner«va'shon, n. Venation. nerve

—

sciousness, in higher animals consist-

force

from nescio, not to know ne, not, and scio, to know, science.] The state of not knowing; want of knowledge; ignorance.

[From

and

lectively

by

sentiment or style. Nerve centers, the organs whence the nerves originate, as the brain. Nervous system the nerves and nervous centers col-

cientia,

element produced artificially by neutron bombardment of uranium-238. Symbol, Np; at. no., 93; at. wt., 237. Nereid, ni'ri«id, n. [Gr. nereis, nereidos, from Nereus, a marine deity.] Myth, one of the daughters of Nereus, the constant attendants of Neptune; a sea nymph; a marine

;

also for securing or containing articles of various kinds; a fabric of fine open texture. v.t. netted, netting. To make into a net or network; to take in a net; hence, to capture by wile or stratagem; to enclose in a net or network. v.i.

nescience,

radioactive

———

— neural

sinewy; characor strength in

—

Neptunian, nep»tu'ni«an, the sun. a. Pertaining to the ocean or sea; formed by water or aqueous solution (as rocks). Neptunian theory, in geol. the theory of Werner, which refers the formation of all rocks and strata to the agency of water: opposed to the Plutonic theory.

neptunium, nep»tu'ni«um,

vigorous;

vus«nes, n. The state or quality of being nervous. nervure, ner'vur, n. Bot. the vein or nerve of a leaf; entom, one of the corneous tubes which help to expand the wing and keep it tense. nervy, ner'vi, a. Sinewy; vigorous; cocky, bold, nervous.

Neptune, nep'tun,

largest

strong; terized

— —

One who

n.

—— —

—

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

net,

then;

th, thin;

vation.

—neuritis,

nu«ri'tis, n.

inflammation of a nerve.

Med.

—neuro-

—

neurology,

w, wig;

nuTol'o.ji,

hw, whig;

n.

That

zh, azure.

———

———

——

— — —

neuter

564

branch of science which treats of neuron, nu'ron, n. nerves. the The fundamental part of a nerve neuropteran, nu«rop'ter«an, n. cell. An individual belonging to an order having (Neuroptera) insects of

atomic-energy reactions. nev£, na'va, n. [Ft., from L. nix, nivis, snow.] The French name for

—

—

membranous,

four

transparent,

naked wings, reticulated with veins, nervures,

the dragonflies. nu-rop'ter-us, a. Neuropters. Belonging to the neurosis, nu«ro'sis, n. A functional disorder of the nervous system without any physical apparent neurotic, nuTOt'ik, a. counterpart. Of the nerves; relating to or acting on the nerves; affected by neurosis. disease of the n. nerves; a medicine for nervous affections; a neurotic person. neuter, nu'ter, a. [L., not either, not one nor the other compounded of ne and uter, either of two.] Neutral:}:; gram, of neither gender; neither masculine nor feminine (in Eng. gram, applied to all names of things without life); neither active nor passive; intransitive (a neuter verb); bot. having neither stamens

or

as

—neuropterous, —

A

—

nor pistils; zool. having no fully developed sex {neuter bees.) n. An animal of neither sex, or incapable of propagation; one of the imperfectly developed females of social insects, as ants and bees; bot. a plant which has neither stamens nor pistils; gram, a noun of neutral, nu'tral, the neuter gender. a. [L. neutralis.} Not taking an active part with one of certain contending parties; not interested one way or another; indifferent. Neutral colors, those in which the hue is broken by partaking of the reflected colors of the objects which surround them. Neutral salts, chem. salts which do not exhibit any acid or

certain

—

properties. Neutral tint, alkaline a dull, grayish hue, partaking of the

character of none colors.

n.

A

of the brilliant person or nation that

takes no part in a contest between neutrality, nu'tral'i»ti, n. others. The state of being neutral; the state of taking no part on either side. neutralization, nu'tral«i«za"shon, n. The act of neutralizing; chem. the process by which an acid and an alkali are so combined as to disguise each other's properties or render them inert. neutralize, nu'traMz, To neutralizing. neutralized, v.t. render neutral; to destroy the peculiar properties or opposite dispositions of; to render inoperative; to counteract; chem. to destroy or render inert or imperceptible the peculiar properties of, by combination with a different substance. neutralizer, nu'tral«i«zer, n. One who or that which neutralizes. neutrally, a In nu'traMi, adv. neutral manner. neutrino, nu«tre'no, n. [L. neutr-, neither, and ino.] Phys. and chem. a hypothetical neutral particle of smaller mass than the neutron. neutron, nu'tron, n. Phys. an uncharged particle in the nucleus of the atom, used for bombardment in

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

coarsely granular snow from which glaciers are formed. never, nev'er, adv. [The neg. of ever; A. Sax. naefre, from ne, not, and aefre, ever; comp. neither, either, etc.] Not ever; at no time, whether past, present, or future; in no degree {never fear); not at all; none {never better);

emphatically

not,

(he

answered never a word). Never so, to any or to whatever extent or degree {never so much,

now

etc.; so).

—Never

less is

little,

well,

common than ever much used in com-

position, as in never-ending, neverfailing, never-dying, etc.; but in all

such compounds it has its usual meaning. nevermore, nev'er«mor,

—

adv. Never again; at no future time. nevertheless, nev'er«THe«les", conj. [The the is the old instrumental case of the demonstrative used before comparatives; A. Sax. thy Ices, the or by that less.] Not the less; notwithstanding; in spite of, or without regarding that. natural nevus, ne'vus, n. [L.] mark, spot, or blemish on the skin of a person; a birthmark. new, nu, a. [A. Sax. niwe, neowe, new D. nieuw, Goth, niujis, G. neu; cog. W. newydd, Ir. nuadh, L. new; novus, Gr. neos, Skr. navas, connected with now.] Lately made, invented, produced, or come into being; recent in origin; novel: opposed to old, and used of things; not before known; recently discovered; recently produced by change; different from a former (to lead a new life); not habituated; not familiar; unaccustomed; fresh after any event, never used before, or recently brought into use; not secondhand (a new copy of a book); recently commenced; starting afresh New (the new year, a new week). See testament. New Testament. World, a name frequently given to North and South America; the

A

—

—

— newcomer, lately come. — New

Western Hemisphere.

One who has

n.

A term attached to the by Franklin advocated Delano Roosevelt and legislation ennewfangled, a. acted by Congress. New-fashioned. new-fashioned, a.

Deal,

n.

policies

—

— come Made in a new fashion; adv. fashion. — newly, into Lately; freshly; recently; with new form; afresh. — new moon, lately

nu'li,

a

n.

The moon when

it is

with the sun and newness, nu'nes,

is

in conjunction totally dark.

— news,

nuz, n. reported in a newspaper, magazine, or newscast; a newscast; fresh information of something that has lately taken place, or of something before un-

pi.

The

known;

n.

material

tidings;

newsboy,

n.

A

a

newspaper.

boy who

sells

or

newspapers.- -newsletter, n. A letter-like report or analysis of a specialized nature, printed for pedelivers

riodic distribution to subscribers.

newsmonger, nuz'mung»ger,

who

w.

One

deals in news; a gossip; a teller

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

—

—

niblick

the

the

—

note, not,

move;

of

tales.

— newspaper, nuz'pa«per,

n.

A

periodic publication issued daily or weekly, disseminating news, opinreports of immediate ions, and significance; the organization that composes, publishes, and distributes

newspapers.

—newspaperman,

n.

One who

writes for, edits, or owns a newspaper; a gatherer of news.

newsprint,

An

n.

inexpensive paper

manufactured from woodpulp, machine-finished, used mostly for newspapers.

— newsreel,

nuz'rel,

A

n.

motion picture film depicting curnewsstand, n. rent news events. A booth or stand where newspapers and periodicals are sold. newsy,

—

—

nuz'i, a. Full of news. newel, nu'l, n. [O.Fr. nouel, nouil, stone of a fruit, der. from L. nux, nucis, nut.] The post about which a winding staircase circles, hence,

main or secondary

the

posts of a

straight staircase.

Newfoundland dog,

nu«found'land, or nu'fend»land dag, n. [From the island.]

A

well-known

and

fine

variety of the dog, supposed to be

derived

markable

Newfoundland,

from for

sagacity,

its

re-

good

nature, and swimming powers. newt, nut, n. [A corruption of an ewt, eft.] evet being old forms, of a genus of small-tailed batrachians of lizard-like appearance, living in ponds, ditches, and moist

ewt,

One

places; an eft. nu«t6'ni«an, a. Pertaining to Sir Isaac Newton, or formed or

Newtonian,

discovered by him. Newtonian telescope, a form of reflecting telescope. next, nekst, a. superl. of nigh. [A. Sax. nehst, nehsta, superl. of ne'h, nedh, nigh.] Nearest in place, time, rank, or degree. [When next stands before an object without to after it, it may be regarded as a preposiNext door to, close to; allied tion.] adv. At to; not far removed from. the time or turn nearest or immediately succeeding (who follows next}).

nexus, nek'sus,

n.

[L.]

Tie;

con-

nection; interdependence existing. niacin, ni a«sin, n. [Nicotinic acid and in.] One part of the vitamin B complex; nicotinic acid. nib, nib, n. [Same as neb.] The bill or beak of a fowl the point of anything, particularly of a pen; a small pen adapted to be fitted into a holder. nibbed, nibbing. To furnish v.t. with a nib; to mend the nib of, as a pen. ;

—

—

nibble, nib'l, v.t. nibbled, nibbling. [A freq. from nib, or from nip.] To bite by little at a time; to eat in small bits; to bite, as a fish does the bait; just to catch by biting. To bite gently; fig. to carp; n. to make a petty attack; with at. little bite, or the act of seizing with the mouth as if to bite. nibbler, nib'ler, n. One that nibbles. niblick, nib lik, n. An iron-headed golf club with a wide face at an angle of 45 degrees or more from the vertical, that is used to lift the ball into the air from sandtraps and to approach the green.

—

v.i.

A

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

————

— — ——

—

;

— —

William. nicotine, alkaloid

a'sid, n.

is much used as a first elein compounds, many of them night blindness, self-explanatory. n. disease in which the eyes can see only by day or bright light.

Night

ment

—

nictitated, nictated; nictitating, nictating. [From L. nicto, nictatum,

A

to wink.] To wink with the eyes. Nictitating membrane, a thin movable membrane, most largely developed in birds, which covers and protects the eyes from dust or too much nictitation, nictation, nik«light. ti«ta'shon, nik«ta'shon, n. The act

composed by the Council of Nice

nightcap, n. A cap worn in bed; toddy or other potation taken before going to bed. night clothes, n. pi. Clothes worn in bed. night club, n. A cafe or restaurant, serving liquors and presenting entertainment for the enjoyment of night pleasurenightcrawler, n. A large seekers. angleworm which crawls about by

—

of winking. nidificate, nid'i«fi»kat, v.i. [L. nidifico, from nidus, a nest, facio, to

against Arianism, a.d. 325. niche, nich, n. [Fr. niche, from It. nicchia, from nicchio, a shellfish, from recess in a L. mytilus, a mussel.] wall for the reception of a statue, a vase, or some other ornament; a person's place or position. Nick, nik, n. [A name among the Teutonic nations for a water-goblin; A. Sax. nicor, Dan. nok, Icel. nykr, N. nykk, nok, G. nix, nixe.] Originally, a goblin or spirit of the waters, but now applied only to the Evil One, generally with the addition of Old. nick, nik, n. [Same as D. knik, Sw. nicken, to nick, a nod, a wink; nod; or connected with nick, a notch.] The exact point of time required by necessity or convenv.t. To ience; the critical time. strike at the lucky time; to hit; to make a hit at by some trick (Shak.). nick, nik, n. [Comp. G. knick, a flaw; also E. notch, O.D. nocke, a notch; a notch in the notch.] shank of a type to guide the hand of the compositor in setting. v.t. To make a nick or notch in; to cut in nicks or notches. nickel, nik el, n. [Sw. nickel, nickel; a name connected with nick, the evil spirit, and given to this metal because its copper-colored ore deceived the miners by giving no hard silver-white mecopper.]

nidulant.] To make a nest. nidification, nid'i»fi«ka"shon, n. The act of building a nest. nidus, ni'dus, n. [L., a nest.] Any part of a living organism where a parasite finds nourishment; med. the bodily seat of a zymotic disease

make,

night.

—

A

nighthawk,

to nepos, nepotis, a nephew. nephew.] The daughter of a brother also, the daughter brother or sister in law. nielio, ni-el'i'6, n. [It., from

position. nifty, nif'ti, a. attractive

A

niggard,

[From

night.

or

Icel.

A

—

A

—

Symbol, Ni;

58.71. The at. no., five-cent coin composed of copper and nickel. (U.S.) nickelic, ni»kel'ik, a. Pertaining to or containing nickeliferous, nik«el«if er«nickel. nickelus, a. Containing nickel. plating, n. The plating of metals with nickel. nickel silver, n. An alloy composed of copper, zinc, and nickel. nicknack, nik'nak, n. [knickknack.] trinket; a gimcrack; a trifle. Spelled also knickknack. nickname, nik 'nam, n. [Probably for

ni, a. compar, nigher, superl. next, [A. Sax. nedh, neh, nigh, near;

nigh,

—

D. na, Icel. nd-, G. nah, nahe, near, prep, nach, to, Goth, nehwa nigh.

—

near, neighbor.] Near; not distant or remote in place or time; closely at hand; ready to aid. adv. Near; close; almost; nearly. prep. Near to; at no great distance from. night, nit, n. [A. Sax. niht, neaht = Icel. ndtt, Sw. nan, Dan. nat, Goth.

A

nochd, naktis, j,

;'ob;

L.

nox,

ng, sing;

noctis,

TH,

Gr.

then;

loose

n.

Any

longwinged

—nightmare,

feeling

stupefying n.

nit'mar,

a.

A

a state of oppression of suffocation, hence,

night rider, influence. of a band of terrorists

A member

who go about

at

night performing

acts of violence and destruction to punish or scare. nightshade, nit'shad, n. [A. Sax. nihtscada, fit. the

shade or shadow of night; so D. nachtschade, G. nachtschatten, the nightshade.] The popular name of various plants of the potato genus which possess narcotic or poisonous properties; also applied to plants of different genera. Deadly nightnightshirt, n. shade, belladonna. pull-over sleeping garment for men and boys. nightwalker, n. One that walks in his sleep; a somnambulist; one that roams in the night night watch, for evil purposes. watch or period of the night; n. a watch or guard in the night. nightingale, nit'kvgal, n. [A. Sax. nihtegale, lit. the night-singer, from niht, night, galan, to sing; so D. nachtegaal, Dan. nattergal, G. nachti-

A

A

The n medial is intrusive, as in passenger, messenger.] well-known migratory bird that sings at night, often called in poetry Philomela or

gall.

A

Philomel.

nigrescent,

D. and G. nacht; cog. Ir. W. nos, Armor, noz, Lith.

nahts,

A

some overpowering, oppressive, or

knoggr, Sw. njugg, niggardly, with miser; a person term, -ard.] meanly covetous; a sordid, parsinigwretch. niggard, monious gardly, nig'erd'li, a. Miserly; meanly covetous; sordidly parsimonious. niggardly, adv. In a niggard manniggardliness, nig'erd«li«nes, ner. n. The quality of being niggardly; sordid parsimony. niggle, nig'l,v.i. niggled, niggling. [N. nigla.] To trifle; to putter around.

element, malleable and ductile,

n.

bed; a nightdress.

L.L. dim.

Very good;

[Slang]

day;

dream causing

and

stylish. nig 'era, n.

fall

the

of a

from L. nigellus, of niger, black.] A method of ornamenting metal plates by cutting lines in the metal and filling them up with a black or colored com-

nigellum,

in

The

of

of the North goatsuckers (genus Chordeiles) related to the whippoorwill ; a person up and about during the night.— night letter, n. A telegram sent at night at a perword rate lower than a straight telegram. nightlong, a. Lasting a

American

allied

sister;

nightfall, nit'fal, n.

gown worn

part of the organism where such a disease is developed. niece, nes, n. [Fr. niece, O.Fr. niepce, from L. neptis, a granddaughter;

or

—

of night; the close evening. nightgown,

the

G

g, go;

volatile

from tobacco, highly poi-

of the vitamin B complex; niacin. nictitate, nictate, nik'ti«tat, nik'tat,

distinction. ni«sen', a. [Nicaea, a town of Asia Minor.] Pertaining to a summary of Christian faith, the Nicene creed,

ch, Sc. loch;

A

n.

a state or time of darkness, depression, misfortune, and the like a state of ignorance or intellectual darkness; obscurity; the darkness of death or the grave; a time of sadness or sorrow. nightly, nit'li, a. Done by night; happening in the night; done every night. adv. By nightward, nit'night; every night. werd, a. Approaching toward night.

fig.

5

Nicene,

in alloys. 28; at. wt.,

—

[From nicotine.] An acid resulting from the oxidation of nicotine, (C H 4 N) COOH, and one of the members

v.i.

;

nigrescent

sonous. nicotinic acid, nik«o«tin'ik

.

much used

nik'o«tin,

—

nyktos, Skr. nakti, nakta night; from root nak, to vanish, to perish.] That part of the natural day when the sun is beneath the horizon, or the time from sunset to sunrise;

ekename (Icel. auk-nefni), the initial n being that of an, the indef. art., like newt for ewt.] A name given to a person in contempt or derision; a familiar or contemptuous name or appellation; a familiar form of a proper name, such as "Bill," for

nice, nis, a. [O.Fr. nice, nisce, simple, from L. nescius, from ne, not, scio, nescience.] Foolish or to know, silly %; unimportant^: ; over-scrupulous; fastidious; punctilious; distinguishing minutely; made with scrupulous exactness; precise; pleasant to the senses; delicious; dainty; pleasing or agreeable in general: a modern sense. nicely, nis'li, adv. In a nice manner; fastidiously; critically; with delicate perception; becomingly; exactly; accurately; niceness, n. nis'nes, pleasantly. State or quality of being nice; minute exactness fastidiousness ; nic pleasantness agreeableness ; ety, nis'e«ti, n. [O.Fr. nicete.] State or quality of being nice; excess of delicacy; fastidiousness; delicacy of perception; precision; delicate management; a minute difference or

ch, chain;

————— —————— —

;

565

nice

tallic

—

nyx, th, thin;

ni«gres'ent, a. [L. nigresco, to grow black, from niger, black.] Growing black; approaching to blackness. nigritude, nig'ri*tud, n. [L. nigritudo.] Blackness.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

— —

—

— nihilism

nihilism,

ni'hil«izm,

nihilist,

[L.

n.

ni'hil«ist,

nihil,

One who

n.

holds the doctrine or principles of nihilism; a member of a Russian secret society, the adherents of which

maintained the need for an entire reconstruction of society and held revolutionary

ideas

hil'i»ti, n.

A

—ni— nihility, ni«-

generally.

hilistic, ni-hil'is'tik, a.

being nothing;

state of

nothingness. nil, nil, n. [L. nihil.] his liabilities were over assets nil.

Nilometer,

Nothing; 85000 and

An rise

—

Nilotic, floods. lot'ik, a. Pertaining to the Nile.

ni»-

nema, D. nemen, G. nehmen, Goth. niman, to take; akin numb, benumb.] Light and quick in motion; moving with ease and celerity; agile; prompt; nimbleness, nim'bl«nes, n. swift.

—

celerity.

nimbly, nim'bli, adv. In a nimble manner; with agility. nimbus, nim'bus, n. [L., a cloud.] A cloud; a rain cloud; a kind of halo or disc surrounding the head in representations personages.

or

divine

of

sacred

nin'kom»pop, n. [A corruption of L. non compos, not of sound mind.] A fool; a blockhead;

a simpleton. nine, nin, a. [A. Sax. nigon^lL.G. and

D.

negen,

Ir.

Sw.

G. neun, Goth, niun, Icel. Dan. ni; cog. W. naw,

niu,

naov, L. novem, Gr. ennea, Skr.

—

nine, noon.] One more than eight, or one less than ten. Nine days' wonder, a subject of astonishment and gossip for a short

navam

The nine worthies, certain famous personages, often alluded to by old writers, like the seven wonders of the world, etc. n. The number composed of eight and one. The Nine, among English poets, ninefold, nin 'fold, the nine Muses. ninepins, a. Nine times repeated. time.

— n.

—

pi.

A

wood

set rolled.

—

game with nine on end,

at

pins

which

of ball

a

—nineteen, nln'ten, and nine [A. Sax. nigontyne, — nineteenth, nin'Nine and tenth, The ordinal of nineteen. — ninety,— A nineteenth is

a.

n.

i.e.

ten.]

ten.

a.

nin'ti,

part.

n.

and n. [A. Sax. nigontig nigon, nine, and tig, ten.] Nine times ten. ninetieth, nin'ti«eth, a. The ordinal ninetieth part. of ninety. n. ninth, ninth, a. The ordinal of a.

A

the next preceding ten. n. A ninth part; mus. an interval containing an octave and a tone. ninthly, ninth 'li, adv. In the ninth nine;

place.

ninny,

nin'i,

n.

compoop, or from a

child.]

A

[A contr. for ninIt.

fool;

ninno, Sp. niho, a simpleton.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Symbol,

—nippedwt.,or92.906.

no., 41

;

at.

nipt, nipping. [Not found in A. Sax.; akin to Dan. nippe, to twitch, knibe, to nip, to pinch; D. knippen, to nip, nijpen, to pinch; Icel. kneif, pincers; G. kneipen, kneifen, to pinch, knippen, to fillip; akin knife, neap.] To v.t.

catch and compress sharply between two surfaces or points, as of the to pinch; to cut, bite, or off the end of; to blast, as by frost; to benumb; to chill. To nip in the bud, to destroy in the

stage of growth. n. A pinch, with the points of the fingers, nails, etc.; a blast by frost. nip and tuck. Uncertainty as to the probable success of alternate element. nipper, nip'er, n. One who or that which nips; a foretooth of a first

as

—

— horse. — nippingly,

nip'ing«li, adv. In a nipping manner; sarcastically. nippy> a. Brisk or tangy, as of the air or of a cheese.

nip, nip, n. [Dan. nip, a sip, nippe, D. and G. nippen, to nip; akin nipple.] A sip or small draught, especially of some strong spirituous beverage. nipper, nip'er, n. In the plural, pincers; a tool.

nipple, nip'l, n. [A. Sax. nipele; probably connected with nip, a sip,

L.G. nippen, Dan.

nincompoop,

niu,

at.

pinch

nim'bl, a. [O.E. nemel, capable, A. Sax. numol, capable, catching, from niman, to take=Icel.

quickness;

Nb;

nip, nip,

fingers;

nimble,

Agility;

merly called columbium.

as,

ni«lom'et«er, n. [Gr. Nei-

periodical

its

no

ninnyhammer, nin'i«ham»er, n. A simpleton, niobium, ni'6'bi'um, n. [From Nio~ be.] A gray metallic element, for-

his

Nile, and metron, measure.] instrument for measuring the of water in the Nile during

los,

—

566

nothing.] Nothingness; metaph. the denial of the basis of all knowledge; the doctrine that existence is meaningless and life has little value.

—

—

nippe,

to

sip.]

The spongy protuberance by which is drawn from the breasts of females; a pap; a teat; something like a nipple, as that part of a gun over which the cap is placed; a connecting piece of pipe.

milk

nirvana, nir«va'na, n. [Skr. nir, out, and vdna, blown; lit. blown out.] Buddhism the final beatitude attained through the extinguishing of desire and human consciousness a state of ;

oblivion to human reality, as pain, concern, etc. Nisan, ni'san, n. A month of the Jewish calendar, originally called

Abib. nisei, ne'sa, n. [Jap. ni, second, and sei, generation.] An American-born child of Japanese immigrant parents.

Nissen hut,

nis'n hut,

wooden

portable

hut

n.

A

fairly

with

iron roof. It was said to be warm in winter and cool in summer; actually it was the reverse. nit, nit, n. [A. Sax. hnitu; D. neet, Icel. nitr, Dan. gnid, Sw. gnet, G. niss, a nit; cog. Gr. konis, a nit.] The egg of a louse or other small insect.

niter, niter, n. [Fr. nitre, L. nitrum, nitron, from some oriental source.] substance called also saltpeter; potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate used for making gunpowder,

Gr.

A

in dyeing, metallurgy, medicine, etc. nitrate, ni trat, n. salt of nitric acid; potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate used as a fertilizer. v.t. join or treat with nitric acid or a nitrate; chem. to convert to a nitro

—

me, met, her;

A

To

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

compound

or a nitrate. nitric, niterm in the nomenclature of the oxygen compounds of nitrogen, trik, a.

A

indicating more nitrogen content, especially of higher valence than nitrous substances. Nitric acid, an important acid, employed a, in etching, explosives, etc. nitrification, nit'rif«i«ka"shon, n. Formation of nitrates as plant food by the action of certain bacteria on organic

HNO

—

—

nitrify, substances. ni'tri«fi, v.t. Chem. to infuse or join with nitrogen or a nitrogen compound; to change, by oxidation, into nitrous or nitric acid or their salts. nitrite, ni'trit, n. salt of nitrous acid. nitrogen,

—

A

ni'tro«jen, n.

—

That element which

is

the principal ingredient of atmospheric air, of which it constitutes about four-fifths, possessing neither taste nor smell. Symbol, N; at. no., 7; at. wt., 14.0067. Nitrogen cycle, a revolving course of natural fertilizing processes involving the passing

of nitrogen through air, soil, and organisms. nitrogenize, ni'tro«jen«iz, v.t. To impregnate or imbue with nitrogen. nitrogenous, ni«troj -

—

e«nus, a.

— —nitroglycerin,

n.

A com-

pound produced by

the action of a mixture of strong nitric and sulfuric acids on glycerin at low

temperatures, a most powerful nitrometer, explosive. ni«tromet«er, n. An instrument for ascertaining the quality or value of niter. nitrous, ni'trus, a. Chem. applied to compounds containing less oxygen than those called nitric. Nitrous oxide gas, a combination of nitrogen and oxygen which, when inhaled, causes insensibility, and hence is used as an anaesthetic during surgical operations; diluted with air it produces an exhilarating effect, hence the name of laughing gas. nitid, ni'tid, a. [L. nitidus.] Bright; shining; gay; spruce; bot. having a smooth polished surface. nitwit, nit'wit, n. [G. nix, not, and E. wit.] A dull-witted or stupid person. nix, niks, n. [G. nichts, nothing.] Nothing; no one; no. Nizam, ni'Zam', n. [Hind, and Ar. from Ar. nazama, to govern.] Formerly the title of the ruler of

—

—

—

Hyderabad

in India.

no, no, adv. [A. Sax. nd, no, no, from the negative particle, ne, no and d, ever;

this

negative

particle

= Icel.

Goth, ni, Bohem, and Russ. ne, Armor, and Gael, na, L. ne, Zend.

ne,

na, Skr. na; akin nor, not, nay, non.] A word of denial or refusal, expressing a negative, and opposed to yes.

When repeated or when used with another negative it is specially emphatic. It may be used as the correlative of whether (whether or no), though now less common than not. n. A negative vote, or a person

—

who

votes in the negative (the noes

—

have it). noway, noways, nowise, no'wa, no'waz, no'wiz, adv. In no way, manner, or degree. nowhere, no'hwar, adv. Not in or to any nowhither, place. n6TiwiTH»cr,

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —— —

—

Not

in

any direction or to

any place. no, no, adv. [A. Sax. nd, no, no, from the negative particle, ne, no and a, ever; Goth, ni, L. ne, Skr. na; akin nay.] A word of denial or refusal, expressing a negative, and opposed to yes; a word used to emphasize or qualify a previous negative statement; not any; not at all. a. Not at all; not a (I have no great love for him). n. A negative vote; pi. persons who vote in the negative (the noes have noway, noways, nowise, no'wa, it). no'waz, no'wiz, adv. In no way,

nowhere, no'-

manner, or degree.

hwar, adv. Not in or to any place.

Noachian,

taining or belonging to the night; done or occurring at night; zool. active by night; bot. closing during the day and expanding during the nocturnally, night; said of flowers. nok«ter'nal«li, adv. By night; nightly. nod, nod, v.i. nodded, nodding. [Allied to O.H.G. nuoton, known, to shake; Dan. noder, gestures; or perhaps to W. and Ir. nod, a mark, a notice; Gael, nodadh, a wink or nod.] To incline the head with a quick motion; either forward or sidewise; to let the head sink from sleep; to make an inclination of the head, as in assent or in beckoning; to bend or incline the top with a

and usually liquors, served hot or nogging pieces, horizontal cold.

motion (nodding plumes). incline, as the head or top; to signify by a nod; to beckon by a nod. n. A quick downward motion of the head as a sign of assent, salutation, from drowsiness, etc. nodder, nod'er, n. One who nods. noddle, nod'l, n. [A dim. corresponding to D. knod, knodde, a knob, a knot; Dan. knude, a knot; akin to knot.] The head: used humorously. noddy, nod'i, n. [Probably from nod, and equivalent to sleepy-head; comp. quick

no«a'ki«an, a. Relating to

Noah, the patriarch, or his time. nob, nob, n. [From knob.} The head: in humor or contempt. nob, nob, n. [An abbreviation of nobleman.] tocracy; a

A member

nob'i, a. (Slang.)

Showy;

nobelium, Nobel

swell.

(Slang.)

A

—nobby, smart.

stylish;

n6«be'li»um,

Institute.]

v.t.

of the aris-

[From

n.

radio-active ele-

ment produced artificially. Symbol, No; at. no., 102. noble, no'bl, a. [Fr. noble, from L. high-born, noble; for gnobilis, from stem of gnosco, nosco, to know, seen also in E. note.] High in excellence or worth; lofty in character;

magnanimous

(a

—

A

— — —noblewoman, no'bl«wu»—nobleness, no'bl»nes,

n.

—noblesse,

body which remain

n.

no«bles',

n.

[Fr.]

—

or contemptible person; a person of no standing or position. nock, nok, n. [M.E. nocke, prob. from Sw. nock, nocka, akin M.D. nocke, D. nok, L.G. nokk, tip or projection.] Archery, the notch at either end of the bow for holding the string, or the notch in the arrow for fitting it to the bow. v.t. To notch the bow or arrow.

Having

during

little

knots; knotty.

no'el, n. [Fr. from L. dies natalis, birthday of Christ.] Christmas carols; [cap.] Christmas.

nok«tam'bu—

nog, nog,

n.

[Same

as

Dan. knag,

wooden peg; D.

knog, a knag.] wooden pin; a treenail or pin used in shipbuilding; a brick-shaped piece of wood inserted in a wall; a timberbrick; a square piece of wood used to prop up the roof of a mine.

knage, a

yardarm;

A

g, go;

rest

noel,

noctambulism,

ch, Sc. loch;

at

shaped mineral mass. nodulose, nodulous, nod'u»16s, nod'u»lus, a.

A

akin

Eggnog, a drink containing an egg b eaten with sugar^jnilk, flavoring,

—

ch, chain;

a

A

lizm, n. [L. nox, noctis, night, and ambulo, to walk.] Somnambulism; sleepwalking. noctambulist, nok— tam'bu'list, n. somnambulist. nocturne, nok'tern, n. [F.] In music, a serenade concerning the night; a light, dreamy composition, variable in form; the musical piece of that name made famous by Chopin. nocturnal, nok«ter'nal, a. Per-

—

fool;

—

honorable and beneficent behavior. nobody, no'bod-i, n. [No and body.] No person; no one; an insignificant

nok«tam'bu«la"shon,

a

nodical, nod'i'kal, a. the vibration. nodose, Astron. relating to nodes. no'dos', a. [L. nodosus.] Knotted; nodosity, no«dos'i«ti, n. jointed. The state or quality of being nodose knottiness; a knotty protuberance. nodular, nod'u»ler, a. Pertaining to or in the form of a nodule. nodule, nod'ul, n. [L. nodulus, dim. from little knot or lump; nodus, a knot.] bot. a small woody body found in bark; geol. a rounded irregular-

The

nobility. Noblesse oblige, the idea that noble birth or rank necessitates

noctambulation,

simpleton;

A

noble

teristic of greatness of mind (noble sentiments); of the best kind; choice; pertaining to the nobility or peerage; magnificent; stately (a noble edifice). Noble metals, those which have high value, superior qualities, and do not easily corrode: gold, silver, platinum, etc. n. nobleman. nobility, n6«bil'i»ti, n. The quality of being noble; nobleness; the state of being of noble birth or rank; the peerage. nobly, no'bli, adv. nobleman, n6'bl»man, n. One of the

man,

A

seafowl; so called from its being easily taken. node, nod, n. [L. nodus (for gnodus), knot; a knot; cog. knot, noddle.] a knob; a protuberance; bot. a sort of knot on a stem where leaves arise; mus. a nodal point; astron. one of the two points in which two great circles of the celestial sphere (as the ecliptic and equator) intersect each other; one of the points in which the orbit of a satellite intersects the plane of the orbit of its primary. Lunar nodes, the points at which the orbit of the moon cuts the ecliptic. nodal, no'dal, a. Pertaining to a node or to nodes; nodated. Nodal points and nodal lines, the points or lines of a vibrating

mind); proceeding from or charac-

nobility.

To

noodle.]

nobilis,

j,

-

.

nomenclator

—

—

— — — —— —— —— — —

;

567

no adv.

—

— ——

— ——

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

xh, thin;

pieces of timber in brick work.

noggin, nog'in,

n. [Ir. noigin, Gael. noggin.] small mug or wooden cup; a measure equivalent to a gill; the head. noils, noilz, n. [Origin doubtful.] The knots and short wool separated out from the long wool in combing. noise, noiz, n. [Fr. noise, strife,

noigean,

A

a

quarrel, noise, probably through a for L. noxa, injury, hurt, noxious.] sound of any

form noxia,

A

kind or proceeding from any cause; more especially a din, a confused mixture of sounds; outcry; clamor; frequent talk; much public converor

sation

discussion.

noised,

—

v.i.

To sound loud. v.t noised, noising. To spread by rumor or noising.

report; to report.

—noiseless, noiz'-

Making no

noise; silent. noiselessly, noiz'les«li, adv. In a noiseless manner; silently. noise lessness, noiz'les«nes, n. The state of being noiseless; silence. noisy, noi'zi, a. Making a loud noise; clamorous; full of noise. noisily, noi'zi— li, adv. In a noisy manner; with noisiness, noi'zi«nes, n. The noise. state of being noisy. noisome, noi'sum, a. [From obsol. noye, annoyance, to annoy, shortened from annoy, with term, -some.] Noxious to health; morally noxious or injurious; offensive to the smell or other senses; fetid. noisomely, noi'sum«li, adv. In a noisome mannoisomeness, noi'sum«nes, n. ner. nolle prosequi, noli pros'e«kwi, n. [L. to be unwilling to prosecute.] Law, the refusal of a plaintiff in an action to proceed any further. nomad, no 'mad, n. [Gr. nomas, nomados, living on pasturage, from nemo, to feed, to pasture.] One of those people whose chief occupation consists in feeding their flocks, and who shift their residence according to the state of the pasture. les,

a.

—

—

—

—

a.

Nomadic.

nomadic, no«mad'ik,

nomadikos.] Pertaining to nomads; subsisting by the tending of cattle, and wandering for the sake of pasturage; pastoral. nomadically, n6«mad'i«kal«li, adv. In a nomadic manner. nomadism, no'mad«izm, n. The state of being a a.

[Gt.

nomad.

no man's land. The ground between hostile

neither

trenches,

side; habited land.

belonging to or unin-

as

unclaimed

nora de plume, nom' de plom, n. Pen name. nome, nom, n. [Gr. nomos, a district.]

A

province or other political division of a country, especially of modern Greece. nomarch, nom 'ark, n. [Gr. archo, to rule.] The governor or chief magistrate of a nome. nomarchy, nom'ar»ki, n. The jurisdiction of a nomarch. nomenclator, no'men«kla«ter, n. [L.,

from nomen, name, and

calo, to call

A

(seen in calendar).] person who gives names to things; one who settles and adjusts the names of things in any art or science.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— — —

—

nominal nomenclature, nd'men«kla'tur, n. A system of names; the systematic

naming of things; the vocabulary of names or technical terms which are appropriated to any branch of science. .'. As distinguished from terminology it is applied to the names for individual things, while the latter is generally applied to the technical terms describing the characteristics of things. nominal, nom'i«nal, a. [L. nominalis, from nomen, nominis, a name. name.] Pertaining to a name or term; nounal; existing in name only; not real; merely so called. nominalism, nom'i«nal«izm, n. The principles of the nominalists. nominalist, nom'i»nal«ist, n. One of a sect of scholastic philosophers who maintained that general notions (such as the notion of a tree) have no realities corresponding to them, and have no existence but as names (nomina) or words: opposed to nominalistic, realist. nom'i«nal— is'tik, a. Relating to nominalism. nominally, nom'i«nal«li, adv. In a nominal manner; in name only, not

—

—

—

—

(nominally king). nominate, nom'i«nat, v.t. nominated, nominating. [L. nomino, nominatum.] To really

—

name;

to

mention

by name;

to

designate by name for an office or place; to propose by name, or offer the name of, as a candidate for an office or place; to set down in exnomination, press terms (Shak.). nom«i«na'shon, n. The act of nominating; the act of proposing by name for an office ; the state of being nominated ; the power of nominating or appointing to office. nominative, nom'i«na«tiv, a. [L. nominatus, naming.] A term applied to that form of a noun or pronoun which is used when the noun or pronoun is the subject of a sentence. n. The nominative case; a nominative word. nominator, nom'i«na«ter, n. One nominee, nomthat nominates. ine', n. A person nominated; one proposed to fill a place or office. nomography, no«mog'ra«fi, n. [Gr. nomos, a law, and graphs, to write.] Exposition of the proper manner of drawing up laws. nomology, no«moro«ji, n. [Gr. nomos, and logos.] The science or knowledge of law, legislation, and government.

—

—

—

—

—

—

nonacceptance,

n.

A

refusal

to

E.

age.]

nonce, nons,

or those who are not elect; those who are not chosen to salvation. nonelection, n. Failure of election.

[Same

as once, with an initial n belonging to the old dative of the article, seen in the phrases for then ones, for then ones, for the nonce, ones, ones, being an n.

adverbial genitive from A. Sax. an, one, used substantively; comp. the tother, for that other.] Present occasion or purpose: used only in the phrase for the nonce. nonchalant, non'sha«lant or non— sha«lari', a. [Ft., from non, not, chaloir, to care for, from L. calere, to be warm.] Indifferent. nonchalantly, non«sha«lant'li, adv. nonchalance, non'sha«lans or nonshamans', n.

is

nonelectric, nonelectrical, a. Not electric; not conducting electricity.

—

navy.

no preference. of compliance. fL.]

a. Not essential or necessary; not absolutely necessary. n. A thing that is not absolutely necessary. nonexistence, n. Absence of existence; the negation of being. nonex-

—

—

Not having existence. nonextensile, a. Not extensile incapistent, a.

able of being stretched.

Neglect or failure

n.

non compos mentis, non kom'pos men'tis

olic Church. nonessential,

;

noncompliance,

mind;

and

non'ij, n. [L. non, not,

The time

of

life

before of age;

person becomes legally minority; period of immaturity in

a

general.

nonagenarian,

non'a«je«na"ri«an, n. nonagenarius, from nonageni, ninety each, nonaginta, ninety, novem, nine.] A person ninety or between ninety and a hundred years old. nonagon, non'a«gon, n. [L. nonus, ninth, and Gr. gonia, an angle.] A figure having nine sides and nine

[L.

angles.

nonappearance,

n.

A

failure

to

appear; default or appearance.

nonattendance,

n.

A

failure

attend; personal absence. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

to

nonelectric substance.

tember, November, and December, and the seventh day of March, May, July, and October: so called as falling on the ninth day before the ides, both days included; the office for the ninth hour, one of the breviary offices of the Roman Cath-

noncombatant,

noncommittal, a. Indicating a refusal to commit oneself; revealing

A

nine, nine.] In the Rom. calendar, the fifth day of the months January, February, April, June, August, Sep-

— —

Anyone conn. nected with a military or naval force whose duty it is not to fight; civilians in a place occupied by troops. noncommissioned, n. Not having a commission. Noncommissioned officers, subordinate officers below the rank of lieutenant, as sergeants and corporals in the army, and quartermasters and gunners mates in the

n.

nonentity, non»en'ti«ti, n. [L.L. nonentitas. entity.] Nonexistence; a thing not existing; a person utterly without consequence or importance. nones, nonz, n. pi. [L. nonae, from nonus, for novenus, ninth, from novem,

Law,

not

of

sound

nonfeasance, n. Law. Omission of performance of legal duty. nonfulfillment, n. Absence of ful-

referring to any mental dis-

order.

nonconcurrence,

A

n.

refusal

fillment; neglect or failure to fulfill. nonillion, no-ruTyun, n. [L. nonus, nine, and E. million.] In the U.S. and France a unit with 30 ciphers

to

concur. n. A substance which or conducts with difficulty such a force as heat or electricity. nonconformist, non«kon«for'mist, n. One who does not conform ; especially one who refuses to conform to an nonconformiestablished church. ty, non«kon«for'mi'ti, n. Neglect or failure of conformity; the neglect or refusal to unite with an established church. noncooperation, non«k6«op'er«a"shon, n. Failure or refusal to cooperate or comply.

nonconductor,

annexed; in Great Britain and Germany a unit with 54 ciphers. nonintervention, n. Abstention from

resists

hitherto described or classed; not easily described; odd; indescribable. n. A person or thing not easily

intervening; a policy of not interfering in foreign politics excepting where a country's own interests are distinctly involved. nonjuring, non«jur'ing, a. [L. non, not, and juro, to swear.] Not swearing allegiance: an epithet applied to those who would not swear allegiance to the English government after nonjuror, the Revolution of 1688. One who refused non«ju'rer, n. to take the oath of allegiance to the government of England at the Revolution of 1 688. nonluminous, a. Not luminous; not giving out light.

classed.

nonmetal, non-me

—

—

nondescript, non'di«skript, a. [L. non, not, and descriptus, described.]

Not

tal, n. Chem. an element that is not a metal, as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., none of which forms basic oxides or

—

none, nun, n. or pron. [A. Sax. nan ne, not, and an, one.] Not one; not any; not a part; not the least

accept.

nonage,

nonperformance

568

portion.

None

—nonesuch,

the

less,

ject as

opposed

hydroxides.

nevertheless.

nun'such, n. A person or thing such as to have no parallel. noneffective, a. Having no power to produce an effect; causing no effect. nonefficient, a. Not efficient; specifically, milit. a term applied to a volunteer who has not attended a prescribed number of drills and passed a certain standard in shooting. n. One who is not efficient. nonego, n. [L., not I.] Metaph. all beyond or outside of the ego or conscious thinking subject; the ob-

nonobjective, non«ob«jek

tiv, a. Art, abstract or nonrepresentational art, involving forms that are not related to objects of the real world.

nonobservance,

to the subject.

nonelastic, a. Not elastic; destitute of the property of elasticity. nonelect, n. sing, and pi. One who

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

ure to observe or

n.

Neglect or

fail-

fulfill.

nonpareil, non«pa«rel', n. [Fr. non, not or no, and pareil, equal, from L. par. equal (whence pair).] A person or thing of peerless excellence; a small printing type. nonpartisan, n. One not bound by party ties or obligations. nonpayment, n. Neglect of payment; failure of payment. nonperformance, n. A failure or neglect to perform. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

—

—— —

;

— — ————

—

nose

569

nonplus

meridian; twelve o'clock; the time of greatest brilliancy or power; the prime. noonday, non 'da, n. Midday; twelve o'clock in the day. a. Pertaining to midday; meridional. noontide, non'tid, n. The time of

nonplus, non'plus, n. [L. non, not, and plus, more, further (whence plural).] A state in which one is

—

unable to proceed or decide inability to say or do more ; puzzle usually v.t. in the phrase at a nonplus. noon; midday. nonplussed, nonplussing. To puzzle to confound; to stop by embarrass- noose, nos or noz, n. [Probably from O. or Prov. Fr. nous, a knot, from L. ment. nonproductive, non«pro«duk'tiv, a. nodus, a knot, node.] A running knot, which binds the closer the Unproductive; not directly producmore it is drawn. v.t. (noz) noosed, tive. noosing. To catch in a noose; to nonprofessional, a. Not belonging ;

:

— —

a profession; not done by or proceeding from professional men. nonproficiency, n. Failure of profito

ciency.

—nonproficient,

n.

One who

has failed to improve or make progress in any study or pursuit. nonresidence, n. Failure or neglect of residing where official duties require one to reside, or on one's own lands; residence by clergymen away from their cures. nonresident,

—

a.

Not

residing in a particular place, estate, or in one's

on one's own proper place.

n.

One who

is

non-

resident.

nonresistance, n. The omission of resistance; submission to authorwithout ity, power, or usurpation

—

nonresistant, a. Makopposition. ing no resistance to power or oppression. n. One who is nonresistant.

nonrestrictive,

non«re»strik'tiv,

Not restrictive; without bounds. nonruminant, a. Not ruminating

a.

entrap; to ensnare.

nopal, no'pal,

A

n.

characteristics. hydraulic noria, n6'ri»a, n. [Sp.] machine used for raising water.

A

norm, norm,

n. [L. norma, a carpenter's square, a rule, for gnorima, from root gno, to know (see noble) ; rule; a pattern; hence enormous.] a model; an authoritative standard; a type. normal, nor'mal, a. [L. normalis.] According to a rule, principle, or norm; conforming with a certain type or standard; not abnormal; regular; geom. perpendic-

or

A

—

Normal pressure, perpendicular; a pressure is said to be normal to a surface when it acts at right angles to it or perpendicularly thereNormal school (from Fr. ecole on. normale, lit. a school that serves as a model), a school in which teachers are instructed in the principles of their profession and trained in the n. practice of it; a training college. Geom. a straight line at right angles to the tangent or tangent plane at any point of a curve or curved normalization, nor'mal— surface. i»za"shon, n. Reduction to a standard or type. normalize, nor'mal«iz, v.t. normalized, normalizing. To make normal; to reduce to a standard or normally, nor'mal«li, adv. In type. a normal manner or state. native or Norman, nor 'man, n. ular.

a.

adv. In a nonsensical manner.

nonsensitive, a. Not sensitive; not keenly alive to impression. non sequitur, non sek'wi«ter, [L., it does not follow.] Logic, a conclusion which does not follow the premises upon which it is based. nonskid, a. Corrugated or with special tread to resist skidding. nonsolvent, a. Not able to pay debts. a. Not striated. Nonstriated fiber, the fiber constituting

nonstriated,

the involuntary muscles.

noodle,

—

subject to

A

A

a. inhabitant of Normandy. taining to Normandy, or the

[G. nudel.] ribbon-like flour-and-egg paste. noodle, no'dl, n. [From obsolete noddle, head.] (Slang) The head. nook, nok, n. [Comp. Sc. neuk, Ir. niuc, a nook.] corner; a recess; a no'dl,

n.

—

secluded retreat.

and still to a small extent made use of in several formal proceedings of

noon, non,

n. [A. Sax. non, L. nona the ninth hour; originally 3 p.m., the time of eating the chief meal, but afterward the term became applied to the midday hour, the chief meal being no doubt also shifted correspondingly.] The middle of the day; the time when the sun is in the

(hora),

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

Per-

Nor-

Norman architecture, the mans. round-arched style of architecture, Nora variety of the Romanesque. man-French, the language of the Normans at the English Conquest,

A

ch, c/iain;

— —

—

nonsuit, non'sut, n. A stoppage of a suit at law ordered by a judge when the plaintiff fails to make out a legal

To

a. Belonging to ancient Scandinavia or its language. Norseman, nors 'man, n. A native of ancient Scandinavia. north, north, n. [A.Sax. north = Icel. northr, G., Sw., and Dan. nord, north origin unknown.] One of the cardinal points, being that point of the horizon which is directly op-, posite to the sun in the meridian; the opposite of south; a region, tract, or country lying opposite to the south. a. Northern; being in the northeast, n. The point midnorth. way between the north and east. a. Pertaining to, proceeding from, or directed toward that point; northnortheaster, n. A wind eastern. from the northeast. northeasterly, a. Toward or from the northeast. northeastern, a. Pertaining to or being in the northeast, or in a northdirection to the northeast. eastward, adv. Toward the northnortherliness, nor 'THer»li«nes, east. n. The state of being northerly. northerly, nor'THer«li, a. Pertaining to or being in or toward the north; northern; proceeding from the north. northern, nor'THern, a. Pertaining to or being in the north; in a direction toward the north; proceeding from the north (the northern wind). Northern diver, a marine swimming Northern Hemisphere, bird, diver. that half of the earth north of the Northern lights, the popequator. ular name of the aurora borealis. northern, northerner, nor'THer«ner, n. A native or inhabitant of the north, of a northern country or part. northernmost, nor'THern«mdst, a. Situated at the point farthest north. northing, north 'ing, n. Navig. and difference of latitude the surv. northward from the last point of reckoning: opposed to southing. Northman, north'man, n. Norseman. North Pole, n. That point of the heavens toward the north which is 90° distant from the equinoctial; the northern extremity of the earth's North Star, n. The north axis. polar star, of the constellation Ursa

Icelandic.

—

;

—

—

—

—

—

— blond peoples from northern Europe. — An individual with Nordic

absurdity; things of no importance.

v.t.

nopalli.]

name of" several cactaceous plants cultivated for the cochineal insect. nor, nor, conj. [Or with the neg. particle ne, n- prefixed: old forms or, no.] were nother, nouther. word used to render negative the second or a subsequent member of a clause or sentence: correlative to neither or other negative, also equivalent to and not, and in this case not always corresponding to a foregoing negative. Nordic, nor'dik, a. One of the three divisions of the Caucasian race ; the

—nonsensical, non«sen'si«kal, Having no sense; unmeaning; absurd. — nonsensically, non«sen'si«-

cause of action. a nonsuit.

[Mexican

A

chewing the cud. nonsectarian, non«sek«tar'e«an, a. Not limited to one sect or group; open to those of all faiths. nonsense, non'sens, n. Words or language conveying no just ideas;

kal«li,

n.

— ——

——— — —

state in

England.

Norse, nors, n. The language of Norway. Old Norse, the ancient

—

— —

—

—

—

Minor, toward which the earth's axis north ward, north 'werd, a dv. points. and a. Toward the north. n. The northern part. northward, north-

—

—

werdz, adv. Toward the north; northward. northwest, n. The point midway between the north and west; [cap.] that part of the United States which lies in the northwest part of the country. a. Pertaining to, or being between, the north and the west ; northwesterly ; proceeding from the northwest (a northwest wind). northadv. Toward the northwest. wester, n. A wind from the northnorthwesterly, a. Toward the west. northwest; from the northwest. northwestern, a. Pertaining to or being in the northwest; from the adv. northwest. northwestward, Toward the northwest. Norwegian, nor«we'ji«an, a. Belongn. A native of ing to Norway.

—

—

—

—

language of Scandinavia, represented

by the

Icelandic with wonderful purity by

j,

job;

classical

ng, sing;

TH,

and

then;

still

Norway. nose, noz,

modern th, thin;

n.

[A.Sax. nosu, nasu = \cz\.

Dan, ndse; cog., L. nasus, Skr. w, wig; hw, whig; zh, azure.

nos,

——

— ——— ——— nosography

—

—

—

A

—

of an aircraft downward; any sudden drop (the stock market took a nose nosegay, noz'ga, n. A bunch dive). nosepiece, n. of flowers; a posy. piece on a helmet coming down in front of the nose; a bridge on a nosy, nosey, no'ze, pair of glasses. a. Inquisitive; prying; meddlesome. nosography, no«sog ra«fi, n. [Gr. nosos, disease, and grapho, to write.] The science of the description of* diseases. nosology, n6«sol'o«ji, n. [Gr. nosos and logos.] A systematic arrangement or classification of diseases that branch of medical science which treats of the classification of diseases nosological, nos«o«loj 'i»kal, a. Pertaining to nosology.

—

—

A

—

—

;

.

nosologist, One n6»sol'o«jist, n. versed in nosology. nostalgia, nos'tal'ji«a, n. [Gr. nostos, return, and algos, pain.] longing desire to revisit one's native country; homesickness. nostalgic, nos«taljik, a. Relating to nostalgia; home-

A

sick.

nostoc, nos'tok,

n. [G. nostok, nossort of gelatinous algae often found after wet weather, espe-

A

toch.]

on sandy

cially

nostril,

soils.

n. [O.E. A. Sax. nosthyrl,

nos'tril,

nosethirl,

— —— — — — -;;

570

ndsd, nasd nose. Ness is akin.] The part of the face where the nostrils are located; the sense of smell; the olfactory organ; the forward or projecting part of anything (the nose of a boat). To thrust one's nose into, to meddle. To turn up the nose, to show contempt. v.t. nosed, nosing. To smell; to defeat by a narrow margin ; to touch with the nose. v.i. To smell; to pry officiously; to move forward slowly. nose bag, r>. bag which may be fastened to a horse's head while he eats the provender in nose bleed, n. Bleeding or it. hemorrhage from the nose; epistaxis. nose dive, n. The sudden plunge

—

—— — —— — —

——

nosethril, lit.

nose

hole, thyrl or thyrel meaning a hole, whence thyrlian, to bore (same word as thrill).] One of the two apertures of the nose which give passage to air. nostrum, nos'trum, n. [L. nostrum, ours, that is, a medicine belonging medicine, the ingreto us alone.] dients of which are kept secret; a

A

medicine; any scheme or device proposed by a quack or charlatan in any department. not, not, adv. [Older nat, contr. from naught, nought, and equivalent to naught.] A word that ne aught, expresses negation, denial, refusal, or prohibition. notable, no'ta«bl, a. [Fr. notable, L. notabilis, from nolo, to mark or note, from nota, a mark, for gnota, from notus,gnotus, known, note, noble.] Worthy of notice ; remarkable ; memdistinguished; noted or orable; conspicuous; manifest; observable. n. A person or thing of note or distinction; French hist, one of the nobles or notable men selected by the king to form a parliament, before notableness, no'ta*the revolution. bl»nes, n. The quality of being notable. notably, no'ta«bli, adv. In a notable manner; remarkably; emi-

quack

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

notwithstanding

nently; especially.

notability, no«ta-bil'i«ti, n. The quality of being notable; a notable person or thing; a person of note. notary, no'te«ri, n. [L. notarius, from nota, a note, note.] An officer authorized to attest written documents, to authenticate deeds, contracts, etc., and to administer oaths; called also Notary Public. notarial, no«ta ri»al, a. Pertaining to a notary; done or taken by a notary. notation, no«ta'shon, n. [L. notatio,

—

to mark, note.] The act or practice of noting; the art of

from now,

recording by marks or characters; a system of signs or characters used for expressing briefly facts connected with an art or science, as in arithmetic, algebra, music, etc. notch, noch, n. [Softened form of old nock, a notch = O.D. nock, O.Sw. nocka, a notch; akin nick.] hollow cut in anything; a nick; what resembles such a cutting; a gap in a mountain or hill. v.t. To cut a notch or notches in; to nick; to indent; to fit to a string by the notch,

A

as an arrow. note, not, n. [Fr. note, from L. nota, a mark, sign, character, from notus,

known, for gnotus, from gnosco, nosco, to know, noble, know.] A mark on the margin of a book:":; a mark, character, or symbol^; a statement subsidiary to the text of a book elucidating or adding something; an explanatory or critical comment; an annotation; a memorandum or short writing intended to assist the memory or for after use or reference; a list of items; a reckoning, bill, account; a written or printed paper

acknowledging a debt and promising payment (a promissory note; a bankwore); a diplomatic or official communication in writing; a short letter;

a billet; notice; heed; observation; reputation ; consequence ; distinction; pi. a newspaper reporter's or shorthand writer's report; mus. a character which represents a sound; a musical sound; voice; harmonious or melodious sound. v.t. noted, noting. To observe carefully; to heed; to attend to; to set down in writing; to make a memorandum of; to mark (a bill) as being dishonored a proceeding done by a notary. notebook, n. book in which notes or memoranda are written. noted, noted, a. Being of note; much known by reputation or report; celebrated. notedness, no'ted«nes, n. The state or quality of being noted. noteless, not'les, a. Not attracting notice; not

—

—

A

—

conspicuous. note paper, n. Paper of a small size for writing notes or

noteworthy, not'wer«thi, Worthy of note; worthy of observ-

letters on. a.

ation or notice. nothing, nu thing, n. [No thing.] Not anything: opposed to anything and something; nonexistence; nothingness ; a trifle a thing of no consideration or importance; arith. a cipher. adv. In no degree; not at all. nothingness, nu'thing«nes, n. Ni;

hility; nonexistence; insignificance. notice, no 'tis, n. [Fr. notice, from L.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

from nosco, notum, note.] The act of noting, observing, or remarking; heed; regard cognizance note information intelligence; direction; order; premonition; warning; intimation beforehand a paper that communicates information; attention; respectful treatment; civility; a short statement; a brief critical review. v.t. noticed, noticing. To take cognizance or notice of; to perceive; to become aware of; to observe; to mention or make observations on; to treat with noticeable, attention and civilities. no'tis«a«bl,a.Worthy of being noticed or observed; observable; likely to noticeably, no'attract attention. tis«a»bli, adv. In a noticeable manner; evidently; distinctly. notify, no'ti«fi, v.t. notified, notifying. [Fr. notifier, L. notificare, from notice,

notitia,

to

know,

;

;

;

;

—

—

notus,

known, and

facio,

to

make.

Note.] To make known; to declare; to publish; to give notice to; to inform by words or writing. notification, no'ti«fi»ka"shon, n. The act of notifying or giving notice; notice given in words or writing, or by signs; intimation; the writing

which communicates information an advertisement, citation, etc. notion, no'shon, n. [L. notio, from note.] A mental notus, known. conception; mental apprehension of whatever may be known or imagined idea; an opinion; a belief or view entertained; a fancy article; an article of smallware; chiefly in the plural, needles, thread, pins, etc.; a gadget. notional, no'shon-al, a. Pertaining to a notion or conception ; imaginary ideal ; existing in idea only ; visionary whimsical; fanciful. Notional words, those words which express notions or objects of the understanding, as verbs and nouns, in distinction from relational words or words expressing relation, as prepositions. notochord, no'to«kord, n. [Gr. notos, the back, and chorde, a string.] A fibrocellular rod in the embryo of vertebrates, usually replaced in the adult by the vertebral column. notorious, no«td'ri«us, a. [L.L. notorius, from L. notoria, notorium, an indictment, notor, a voucher, tunarc, note.] Publicly or generto mark,

—

ally known and spoken of; manifest to the world ; known to disadvantage publicly known from something notoriety, no«to«ri discreditable. e«ti, n. The state or attribute of being notorious; the state of being publicly known to disadvantage; notoriousdiscreditable publicity. ly, no«to ri'us«li, adv. In a notorious

manner. us»nes,

— notoriousness, n.

The

state

no«to ri«of being

notorious; notoriety.

notornis, no«tor nis, n. [Gr. notos, the south wind, the south, and ornis, a bird.] A genus of rare or extinct grallatorial birds of New Zealand, allied to the coots, but of larger size and with rudimentary wings. n. Bridge, and some other card games, play declared in which no suit is designated as trumps. notwithstanding,not«with«stan'ding,

no-trump,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

—

—

—

—

—

;

—

nougat

571

null

a participial compound passing into a prep, and a conj. [Not with, in the old sense of against, and standing.] In spite of; without hindrance or obstruction from; despite; never-

not taken the vow; a probationer; one who is new in any business; a novitiate, noviciate, no«beginner. vish'i«at, n. The state or time of being a novice; apprenticeship; a year or other time of probation. novocain, no'vo»kan", n. [L. novus,

Bearing or producing nuts. nuciform, nu'si'form, a. Bot. resembling a nut; nut shaped. nucleon, nu'kli«on, n. Phys. an elementary particle in the atomic nucleus ; either a proton or a neutron. nucleoprotein, nuk'li«6«pro"te«in. [From nucleus and protein.) A conjugated protein, combining a protein,

—

theless; however. nougat, no'ga, no'gat, n. [Ft.] Candy made of egg white, sugar, corn sirup, or honey, with chopped nuts or

new, and

nothing; a cipher.

nou-

mena, nou'men«a. [Gr., the thing perceived, from noed, to perceive, from nous, the mind.] Metaph. an object conceived by the understanding or thought of by the reason, as opposed to a phenomenon. noun, noun, n. [O.Fr. noun, non, nom, Mod. Fr. nom, from L. nomen, name. name.] Gram, a word that denotes any object of which we speak, whether that object be animate or inanimate, material or immaterial. nounal, noun'al, a. Pertaining to a noun; having the character of a noun. nourish, nur'ish, v.t. [O.Fr. nurrir, norrir, nutrire,

Mod.Fr.

nourrir,

from

—

elize,

v.t.

—

To

put

—

Pertaining to, or having the character of, a nucleus; constituted by a nucleus; phys. pertaining to the atomic nucleus (nuclear physics). nucleate, nu'kli«at, a. Having a nucleus. nucleolus, nu«kle'6»lus, n. pi. nucleoli, nu«kle'6«li. The spherical particle found in the center of a cell nucleus. nucleic acid, a complex organic compound important in the heredity and the control of the metabolism of all living cells, the groups of nucleic acids being distinguished as and RNA. nude, nud, a. [L. nudus, naked (seen also in denude); same root as naked.] Naked; not covered with clothes or drapery. n. A nude or naked figure or statue; generally the nude, that the undraped human figure. is, nudely, nud'li, adv. In a nude or naked manner; nakedly. nudeness, nud'nes, n. The state or quality of being nude or naked. nudity, nii'di«ti, n. The state of being naked; nakedness. a.

—

Hurtful; harmful; pernicious; un-

wholesome; injurious, in a moral noxiously, nok'shus«li, adv. sense. In a noxious manner; hurtfully.

—

DNA

noxiousness, nok'shus«nes, n. n. [Fr.,

from noyer,

A

putting to death by drowning: a mode of executing victims during the reign of terror in France, practiced by Carrier at to drown.]

—

Nantes. nozzle, noz'l, n. [For nosle, a dim. of nose.] The projecting spout of something; a terminal pipe or terminal part of a pipe. nu, nu, no, n. The 3th letter of the nudge, nuj,

[From

n.

A

Fr. nuer,

make shades

of color, from L. mutare, to change, and Fr. nuage, cloud.] A delicate gradation in to

feeling, color,

meaning,

—nubbin,

(colloq.) small bit

nub'bin,

that projects; a undeveloped ear of Indian

nubby, nub'bi,

n.

Any

small,

corn.—

a.

nubile, nu'bil, a. [L. nubilis, from nubo, to marry, nuptial.] Of an age suitable for marriage; marriageable.

nubilous, nu'bil«us,

of the year, containing 30 days. novena, no-ve'na, n. [L. novem, nine.] R. Cath. Ch. special nine days' devotion.

a. [L. nubilus, nubes, a cloud.] Cloudy. nucellus, nu«sel'lus. [Dim. of L. for a kernel.] The central part of an ovule, containing the embryo sac

nudity. See nude.

nugatory, nu'ga«to«ri, a. [L. nugatorius, from nugor, nugatus, to trifle, from nugae, trifles.] Trifling; futile; worthless; of no force; inoperative. nugget, nug'et, n. [Formerly nigot, niggot, an ingot; perhaps a corruption of ingot (an ingot, a ningot, a nigot).]

novice, nov'is, n. [Fr., from L. novitius, new, fresh, from novus, new. novel.] One who is new to the circumstances in which he or she is placed; one newly converted to the Christian faith; one that has entered a religious house, but has

(which see). nuchal, nu'kal,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

lump,

especially,

one of

noisance, from nuisir, noisir (Mod.Fr. nuire), L. nocere, to annoy, noxious.] Something that annoys or gives

trouble; that which irritating;

a. [L.L. nucha, from At.] Pertaining to the nape of the neck. nuciferous, nu«sif er«us, a. [L. nux, nucis, a nut, and fero, to bear.]

j,

A

the larger lumps of native gold found in the diggings. nuisance, nu'sans, n. [O.Fr. nuisance,

from

A

—

or a poke in the ribs. v.t. nudged, nudging. To give a hint or signal by a private touch with the hand, elbow, or foot.

etc.

nub, nub, n. [From Dan. knub, black, L.G. knubbe, knot, E. knub, knob.] A knob; a lump; the point of a story

—

n. [Allied to Prov.G. kniitschen, Dan. knuge, to squeeze; jog with the elbow, E. to knock.]

1

Greek alphabet. nuance, nu'ans,

into

go;

—

adv.

as that of night; akin noise, nuisance.]

November, no«vem'ber, n. [L., from novem, nine.] The eleventh month

g,

physiol. the solid or vesicular body found in many cells; the germ of a cell; astron. the body of a comet, called also its head; phys. the central or mass part of an atom, its positive charge equal to the atomic number of the element. nuclear, nu'kli«ar,

noxious, nok'shus, a. [L. noxius, from noxa, injury, from root of noceo, to hurt (as in innocent, innocuous), same

ment.

ch, Sc. loch;

A

See no.

noyade, nwa«yad,

nu'-

matter is collected; bot. the central succulent part of an ovule in which the embryo plant is generated;

—

—

.

n. pi. nuclei,

[L., a kernel, from nux, nucis, a nut.] central mass about which kli«i.

days.

the form of a novel. novelty, nov'el«ti, n. The quality of being novel; something new or strange; pi. small articles used as decoration or adorn-

ch, chain;

of genes.

nucleus, nu'kli«us,

—

.

noway, noways. See no. and nowhere, no whither, nowise,

—

nov'el«iz,

a nucleic acid and occurring in living cells; an essential constituent

L.

— —

—

.

.

—

—

and

Now now, at one time at another time; alternately. Similarly now then. n. Present time or moment. nowadays, nou'a«daz, adv. At the present time; in these vals.

to nourish.] To feed cause to grow; to supply with nutriment; fig. to supply the means of support and increase to; to encourage; to foster; to cherish; to comfort. nourisher, nur'ish«er, n. nourishing, nur'ish«ing, a. nourishingly, nur'ish«ing«li, adv. nourishment, nur ish«ment, n. The act of nourishing; sustenance; nutriment. nouveau riche, no«v6 resh', n. [Fr. nouveau, new, and riche, rich.] A person of newly acquired riches. nova, no'va, n. [L. fern. sing, of novus, new.] A star which suddenly increases its brightness and energy enormously, then fades into its former obscurity. novel, nov'el, a. [O.Fr. novel, Fr. nouvelle, novel, a novel, from L. novellus, a dim. from novus, new. new.] Of recent origin or introduction; new; unusual; strange. n. A lengthy fictitious prose narrative having an almost unlimited range of subject matter and varied techniques containing one or more plots. —novella, n6«vel'la, n. A short narrative with a compact and pointed plot. novelette, novel«et', n. A short novel. novelist, novelist, n. nov-

—

A local anesthetic.

adv. [A. Sax. nu, a word common to all the Teutonic tongues cog. L. nunc; Gr. nun, now; perhaps allied to new.] At the present time; at a particular past time (he was now king); at that time; after this had happened. It often implies a connection between a subsequent and a preceding proposition, or it introduces an inference or an explanation of what precedes ('now Barabbas was a robber'). But now, only a little while ago; very lately. Now and then, at one time and another; indefinitely; occasionally; at inter-

fruits.

n. pi.

cocaine.]

now, nou,

nought, nat, n. [A. Sax. ndwiht, i.e. no whit, naught.] Not anything;

noumenon, nou'men«on,

—

is

offensive or

an annoyance; a plague

or pest; a bore. null, nul, a. [L. nullus, not any, none ne, not, and ullus, any.] Of no legal or binding force or validity; void; invalid (as in null and void);

th, thin;

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

—

—

—

nullah

572

having no character or expression

numerator, nu'mer«a«ter, n. One that numbers; arith. the number in fractions which shows how many

—

the

nullify, nul'i«fi, features). nullifying. [L. nullus, and facio, to make.] annul; to render invalid; to deprive of legal force or efficacy. nullification, nuli«fi«ka'shon, n. The act of nullifying;

(as

v.t. — nullified,

To

—

a rendering void nullity,

nul'i«ti,

quality

of

and of no

The

n.

being

effect.

or of

state

want

null;

validity.

nullah, nulla,

n. In British India, a bed of a rivulet; a rivulet. numb, num, a. [Lit. taken, being from A. Sax. numen, pp. of niman, O.E. nim, Goth, niman, to seize; hence also benumb (with prefix be); nimble. The final b is excrescent.]

Torpid, benumbed, or deadened; having lost the power of sensation and motion. v.t. To make numb or torpid. numbness, num'nes, ». The state of being numb; torpidity;

—

torpor.

number, num'ber,

n.

[O.Fr. numbre,

from L. numerus, number

Fr. nombre,

(whence

also numeral, numerous, enumerate), same root as nomad, Gr. nemo, to distribute. (As to inserted b comp. humble, nimble.)] That which

may be

counted; an aggregate of

units, or a single unit considered as part of a series; an aggregate of several individuals; not a few; many; one of a numbered series of things, as a division of a book published in

parts ; a part of a periodical ; metrical arrangement of syllables; poetical rhythm or measure; gram, that distinction in the form which a word

assumes according as it is spoken of or expresses one individual or several individuals; the form that denotes one individual being the singular number, that set apart for two the dual number, that which refers to two or more the plural number.

—

one, self. v.t. To count; to reckon; to enumerate; to reckon, rank, or consider; to put a number or numbers on; to amount to; to reach the number of. numberer, num'ber«er, n. One that numbers. numberless, num'ber»les, a. That cannot be counted; innumerable. Numbers, num'berz, n. The fourth book of the Pentateuch. numen, nu'men, n., pi. numina, nu'mi«na. A divine or leading spirit, as in the Roman Catholic Church. numerable, nu'mer«a«bl, a. [L. numerabilis, from numerus, number. number.] Capable of being numbered or counted. numeral, nu'mer«al, a. [L. numeralis.] Pertaining to number; consisting of number; expressing number; representing number. n. A figure or character used to express a number; gram, a word expressing a number (one, two,

Number

—

—

three, etc.). ri, a.

— numerary,

nu'mer»e—

Belonging to a certain number.

— numerate,

nu'mer«at,

[L. numero, numeratum.]

v.t.

To

and

I.

count.

numeration, nU'mer«a'shon,

n. [L. numeratio.] The act or art of numbering; arith. the art of expressing in figures any number proposed in words, or of expressing in words

any number proposed

in figures.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

nutmeg

—

parts of a unit are taken the number above the line. numerical, nu— mer'i'kal, a. Belonging to number; denoting number ; consisting in numnumerically, nu»mer'i«kaMi, bers. adv. In numbers; with respect to numerical quantity. numerology, nu'mer«ol"o«ji, n. Belief in the occult influence of numbers upon the life of an individual. numerous, numerous, a. [L. numerosus.] Consisting of many individuals.

—

—

—

—

numismatic, numismatical, nu«mis«mat'ik, nu«mis«mat'i«kal, a. [L.

numisma, coin, from Gr. nomisma,

what

sanctioned by law, from nomizo, to sanction, from nomos, law.] Pertaining to coins or medals. numismatics, nu«mis'mat'iks, n. The science of coins and medals. numismatist, nu«mis'mat»ist, n. One versed in numismatics. numismacoin,

lit.

is

—

tology,

nu«mis'ma'tol"o«ji,

n.

Nu-

mismatics.

numskull, num'skul,

n.

[Numb and

A

dunce; a stupid fellow. nun, nun, n. [A. Sax. nunne, from Eccles. L. norma, a nun, nonnus, a monk, L.Gr. nonna, nonnos, from Coptic or Egypt, none, nanu, good, beautiful, monasteries and convents having first arisen in Egypt.] A woman devoted to a religious life who lives in a convent or nunnery, under a vow of perpetual chastity; the blue titmouse; a kind of pigeon having its head almost covered with nunnery, nun'a veil of feathers. er«i, n. A convent in which nuns skull.]

—

reside.

Nunc

Dimittis, nungk

di«mit'tis, n.

[L., now thou lettest depart.] The canticle of Simeon (Luke, ii. 29-32). nuncio, nun'shi«6, n. [Sp. nuncio, It.

nunzio, from L. nuncius, a messenger, for noventius, from novus, new; akin announce, renounce, pronounce, enunciate, etc.] An ambassador of the first rank (not a cardinal) representing the pope at the seat of a foreign government (an ambassador of the first rank who is a cardinal being nunciature, nun'styled a legate).

—

shi«a«cher, n.

nuptial, nup'shal, a. [L. nuptialis, from nuptioe, marriage, from nubo, nuptum, to marry; akin nubes, nimbus, a cloud (from the veiling of the bride).] Pertaining to marriage; used or done at a wedding. nuptials,

—

nup'shalz, n. pi. [L. nuptiae (pi.), a wedding.] A wedding or marriage. .'. Syn. under marriage. v.t.

[Same

as knurl, knarl,

To

mill or indent on the edge. n. [Fr. nourrice, from L. nutrix, nutricis, a nurse, from nutrio, nourish.] One who to nourish, tends or takes care of the young, sick, or infirm; a female who has the care of a child or children; a female attendant in a hospital; one who or that which nurtures, cherishes, or protects; hort. a shrub or tree which protects a young nursed, nursing. To feed v.t. plant.

gnarl.]

nurse, ners,

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

and tend generally

in infancy; to suckle; to rear; to nurture; to tend in sickness or infirmity; to promote growth or vigor in; to foment; to roster; to manage with care and

economy, with nursemaid, n.

a view to increase.

A maidservant employed in nursing children. nurs-

ery, ner'ser«i, n.

—

A

place or apartment in a house set apart for children; a place where trees, shrubs, flowering plants, etc., are raised from seed or otherwise in order to be transplanted, or sold; a place where anything is fostered and the

— nursery rhyme, usually written in rhyming verse. — nurseryman, One who has a nursery of plants, or employed in one. — nursery school, A school for children usually under age — nursling, ners growth promoted.

n.

A tale for children,

n. is

n.

5.

ling, n.

One who

or that which is nursed; a child; a fondling. nurture, ner'cher, n. [Fr. nourriture, from nourrir, to nourish, nourish, nurse.] The act of nursing or nourishing; education; that which nourishes; food; diet. v.t. nurtured, nurturing. To nourish; to educate; to bring or train up. nut, nut, n. [A. Sax. hnutu — led. hnot, O.H.G. hnuz, Dan. nod, G. nuss, Gael, cnudh.] The fruit of

—

trees certain and shrubs which have the seed enclosed in a bony,

woody, or leathery covering, not opening when ripe; bot. a bony containing a single seed, it is not closely attached; a small block of metal or wood, with an internal or female screw put upon the end of a screw bolt to keep it firmly in its place. A nut pericarp

to

which

to crack, a difficult problem to solve; v.i. a puzzle to be explained. nutted, nutting. To gather nuts. nutty, nut'i, a. Abounding in nuts; having the flavor of nuts; enthusiastic; mentally unbalanced; crazy.

—

—

nutcracker, An inn. strument for cracking hard-shelled (Slang)

bird of Europe greyish-white bird of North America. nuthatch, n. [Hatch is a softened form of hack.] Various small creeping birds of

brown spotted

nuts ; a

and

related

a

—

Europe and America, related

nunnery. See nun.

nurl, nerl,

— — —

—

note, not,

move;

to the shell To be or lie in a nutshell, of a nut. to be in small compass; to admit

titmice.

— nutshell,

of a very statement.

The hard

n.

simple

explanation

or

nutant, nu

tant, a. [L. nutans, nuppr. of nuto, to nod, freq. innuendo.] Bot. of nuo, to nod. drooping or nodding. nutation, nu«ta'shon, n. [L. nutatio.] A nodding; astron. a slight gyratory movement of the earth's axis tending to make the pole describe a minute ellipse, due to the attraction of the tantis,

—

sun and

moon and

connected with

precession.

nutmeg, nut meg, O.Fr.

muguette,

n. [From nut, and nutmeg, from L.

muscus, musk; lit. the scented nut.] The kernel of the fruit of a tree of the Malayan Archipelago agreeably aromatic, and much used in cookery. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

—— — nutria

Nutmeg

butter, a solid oil extracted

nutria, nu'tri«a, n. [Sp. nutria, from L. lutra, an otter.]

The

n.

and Gr., from Coptic oueh, to dwell, and saa, to drink.] A fertile tract where there is water, in the midst

nymphe, a bride, and mania, madness.] Morbid and uncontrol-

of a desert or waste; a green spot in the midst of barrenness; often

nystagmos, involuntary

nis«tag'mus, a nodding.]

O,

O

O

Dieu! Dio mio !

an

L.G.

n.

eeke,

long piece of timber,

at

—

feather the oars. See feather, v.t. To lie on the oars, to suspend rowing hence, fig. to cease from work; to rest.

some that

To soft lies

muffle

the

oars,

wrap

to

substance round the part the rowlock. To put

in

oar in, to interfere in the business or concerns of others. v.i. To row. v.t. To impel by rowing. oarlock, n. A rowlock. one's

Dryads and Hamadryads; a a as

oarsman, orz'man, n. One rows with an oar; a boatman.

nim'fa, n. The of an insect.

who

oasis, 6«a'sis, n. pi. oases, 6«a'sez. [L. j,

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

dth

=

Sw.

A

oath.] solemn affirmation or declaration, made with an appeal to God for the truth of what is

affirmed; a solemn swearing; a blasphemous use of the name of the

Divine Being; an imprecation. obbligato, ob'li«ga«to, n. [It. OBLIGATE.]

then;

An

instrumental part or ac-

obcordate, ob«kor'dat, a. [Prefix ob, and cordate.] Bot. shaped like a heart, with the apex downward. obdurate, ob'du«rit, a. [L. obduratus, from obduro, to harden ob, intensive, duro, to harden, from durus, hard (seen in indurate, endure, duration).] Hardened in heart; per-

An

A

oats.

n. pi. oaths, othz. [A. Sax. Sc. aith, Icel. eithr, Dan. and ed, Goth, aiths, D. eed, G. eid,

elf.

one end and round at the other, used to propel a boat, barge, To or galley through the water.

of inferior divinities, the Greeks and Romans as beautiful maidens, not immortal, but always young; those who presided over rivers, brooks, and springs being called Naiads; over mountains Oreads; over woods

g, go;

dlfr,

—

eik,

Meal made from oath, 6th,

that

Icel.

fairy changeling; a dolt; a oafish, of'ish, a.

rudder, row.] flat

among

ch, Sc. loch;

[From

A

companiment of such importance

oak gall. oaken, 6'kn, a. Made of oak or consisting of oak. oakum, 6'kum, n. [A. Sax. dcumba, tow, oakum, lit. matter combed out, from prefix d, away, out, and comb, comb.] The substance of a comb, old ropes untwisted and pulled into loose fibers; used for caulking the seams of ships, stopping leaks, etc. oar, or, n. [A. Sax. dr; Icel. dr, Dan. aare, Sw. ara; perhaps from root erian, Goth. ar, seen in A. Sax. arjan, L. aro, to plow; or allied to

class

ch, chain;

D.

apple,

nylon, ni'lon, n. A synthetic material, formed when molten into fibers, sheets, or bristles of extreme toughness, strength, and elasticity, made mainly from coal, water, and air. nymph, nimf, n. [L. nympha, Gr. nymphe, a nymph.] One of a nu-

chrysalis

O my God/

Wild oats, the grain (field of oats). youthful excesses: generally in the phrase to sow one's wild oats, to indulge in youthful excesses, dissipations, or follies; to have sown one's wild oats, to have given up cake youthful follies. oatcake, n. made of the meal of oats. oaten, 6'tn, a. Pertaining to or made of oats or oatmeal. oatmeal, ot'mel, n.

O

It.

Dan. eeg, Sw. ek, G. eiche; root unknown.] A well-known and valuable timber tree, or its wood, which is hard, tough, and strong; a member of oak the beech family (Fagaceae).

at night.

same

God!

=

eik,

Bot. said of certain plants, the leaves of which assume certain positions

Also

O

Dio!

oafishness, of 'ish«nes 5 n. oak, ok, n. [A. Sax. ac Sc. aik, Icel.

fect of vision. nyctitropic, nik«ti«trop'ik, a. [Gr. nyx, nyktos, night, tropos, a turn.]

a

O

blockhead.

—

damsel. —nympha,

A

elf.]

nyktalopia, from nyktalops, seeing nyx, nyktos, night, by night only and dps, the eye.] The faculty or defect of seeing in darkness or in faint light, with privation of sight in applied to night daylight; also blindness, the exactly opposite de-

Nympha. pupa or

It.

oaf, of, n.

—

maiden;

exclamation used in

O

of an East Indian tree, containing the virulent poison strychnine; a drug containing strychnine. nuzzle, nuz'l, v.t. nuzzled, nuzzling. [A form of nozzle.] To put a ring into the nose of; to root up with v.i. To work with the the nose. nose, as a pig; to hide the head, as a child in its mother's bosom. nyctalopia, nik«ta«16'pi'a, n. [Gr.

sea, Nereids; hence, attractive woman;

An

interj.

earnest or solemn address, appeal, or invocation, and prefixed to the noun of address; the sign of the vocative: often confounded with Oh, which is strictly a particle expressive of emotion prefixed to a sentence or clause. When is the word, the mark of exclamation, if used, should follow the noun of address ('Hear, Israel!'); when oh is the word, the mark should follow it, or the exclamatory clause of which it is a part, thus: Oh! Oh, dear ! Oh, dear me ! exclamations of surprise, uneasiness, fear, pain, etc., regarded as corruptions of Fr.

fruit

and

a kiln.]

—

o, 6, the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel in the English alphabet.

A

the

motion of the

rolling

eest, eijst,

A

kiln to dry hops or malt. oat, 6t, n. [O.E. ote, ate, oote, A. Sax. dta, the oat; Icel. ceti, an eatable, cereal oats; perhaps akin to eat.] plant valuable for the grain it produces; an oaten pipe, typical of pastoral poetry (Mil.); pi. a quantity of the plant in cultivation or of

O,

nu'trish'us, a. Containing or serving as nutriment; promoting the growth or repairing the waste of organic bodies; nourishing. nutritiously, nu»trish'us«li, adv. In a nutritiousness, nutritious manner. nu»trish'us»nes, n. The quality of being nutritious. nutritive, nu'tri*tiv, a. Having the quality of nourpertaining to ishing; nutritious; nutritively, nu'tri»tiv»li, nutrition. manner. In a nutritive adv. nutritiveness, nu'tri«tiv«nes, n. nuts, nuts, interj. (Slang) term of anger, defiance, etc. a. Insane; crazy. nux vomica, nuks vom'i«ka, n. [From L. nux, a nut, and vomeo, to vomit.]

young

an

o

tritious,

trees,

Med.

oast, ost, n. [D. ast,

A

process by which organisms, whether vegetable or animal, absorb into their system their proper food; the process of assimilating food; that which nourishes; nutriment. nu-

imagined

used figuratively. [Gr.

n.

eyes.

nutrition, nu«trish'on, n. [L. from nutrio.} The act or

merous

nim»fo»ma'ni«a,

lable sexual desire in females.

.

over

nymphs.

nystagmus,

Any substance which n. nutriment, nu tri«ment, nourishes [L. nutrimentum.] That which n. nourishes; nourishment; food; ali-

and

nim'fal, nim«-

fe'an, a. Pertaining to

[Gr.

tious.

The

obeisance

nymphal, nymphean,

nymphomania,

lutria,

commercial name for the skins or fur of the coypou. nutrient, nu'tri«ent, a. [L. nutrio, to nourish, nurse.] Nourishing; nutri-

ment.

— — — — —— ——

;

573

from the nutmeg.

nutritio,

— — —— —

— —— —

——

th, thin;

it

cannot be dispensed with.

sisting obstinately in sin; inflexible; inexorable;

stubborn; harsh or

obduracy, ob'du«re«si, n. or quality of being obdurate; invincible hardness of heart; obstinacy in wickedness. obdurately, ob'du«rit«li, .adv. In an obdurate manner; inflexibly. obdurateness, n. Obduracy; stubbornness. roughf.

The

state

obeah, or

6'bi»a, n.

witchcraft

A

species of sorcery the African

among

Negroes.

obedience, 6«be'di«ens, n. [Fr. obedience, from L. obedientia, obedience.

The act or habit of obeying; compliance with a command, prohibition, or known law and rule prescribed; submission to authority. Passive obedience, unqualified obedience to authority, whether the commands be reasonable or unreaobesonable, lawful or unlawful. obey.]

—

dient, 6«be'di«ent, a. [L. obediens, ppr. of obedio.] Submission to authority; complying with all commands; yielding compliance; dutiful. obediently, 6«be'di-ent«li, adv. In an obedient manner; dutifully; submissively. obeisance, 6»ba'sans, n. [Fr. obeissance, from L. obedientia. obedience.] bow or courtesy; an act of reverence, deference, or respect.

—

—

A

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

——

—

——— ;

——

—

—

obelisk

574

obelisk, ob'e«lisk, n. [Gr. obeliskos, dim. of obelos, a spit.] A column or monumental structure of rectangular form, diminishing toward the top, and generally finishing with a low

or reason; to state or urge in opposition; to state as an objection (I have nothing to object against him). v.i. To make opposition in words or arguments"; to offer adverse object glass, n. In a telereasons. scope or microscope, the lens or combination of lenses directed upon the object and producing an image of it, which is viewed through the

a mark (thus f) referring the reader to a note in the margin or at the foot of the page: called also a dagger. obelus, ob'e«lus, n. [Gr. obelos, a spit.] A mark in ancient MSS. or old editions of the classics, indicating a suspected passage or reading.

pyramid;

obelize,

ob'e«liz,

To mark

v.t.

as

spurious or suspicious.

Oberon,

Auberon, Alberon, G. Alberich.] King of the fairies, married to Titania. obese, 6«beV, a. [L. obesus, fat ob, 6b'er»on, n.

[Fr.

—

objectify, ob«jek'ti«fI, v.t. into an object; to give the character of an object to. objection, ob'jek'shon, n. The act of objecting; that which is or may be objected; adverse reason, ar-

To form

obesitas.]

gument, or charge; fault found. objectionable, ob«jek'shon«a«bl, a. Such as might reasonably be objected to; justly liable to objection; calling for disapproval; reprehensible (as actions, language, etc.).

The state or quality of being obese; excessive corpulency.

objective, ob«jek'tiv, a. [Fr. objectif.] Belonging to what is external to the

6»ba', v.t. [Fr. obeir, from L. obedio, obedire, to obey, O.L. obcedire prefix ob, and audio, to hear. audible.] To give ear to; to comply with the commands of; to be under the government of; to be ruled by; to submit to the direction or control of. v.i. To submit to commands or authority; to do as one is bid. obeyer, 6«ba'er, n. One who yields obedience. obfuscate, ob'fus'kat, v.t. obfuscated, obfuscating. [L. obfusco, obfuscatum prefix ob, and fusco, to obscure, from fuscus, dark.] To darken; to obscure; to bewilder; to confuse; obfuscation, ob«fus— to muddle. ka'shon, n. The act of obfuscating;

mind; hence, when used of literature or art, containing no trace of the writer's or artist's own feelings or in-

intens.,

and

eat.]

edo, esutn, to eat.

Excessively corpulent; fat; fleshy. obesity,

[L.

6«bes'i«ti, n.

obey,

—

—

—

—

—

confusion or bewilderment of mind. obi,

6'be,

n.

worn with

a

A

[Jap.]

broad sash

kimono and fastened

obit, 6b 'it, n. [L. obitus, death, from obeo, obitum, to die ob, against, and eo, to go. itinerant.] perobituason's decease; an obituary. ry, o«bich'u«a«ri, n. list of the dead an account of a person's death. a. Relating to, or written about, a person at his death (an obituary

—

A

A

notice.)

obiter dictum [L.] A remark by the way; an off-hand aphorism or statement. [L. objectum, lit. something thrown before or against ob, against, and jacio, to throw (as JET (of in deject, eject, reject, etc.).

object, ob'jekt,

n.

—

That

water).]

mind

is

which

toward

directed in any of

activities;

what

is

believed, or seen; tangible thing; a

its

the

states or

thought about,

some

visible and reality

concrete

of interest in a museum);

(objects

which efforts are directed aim end; ultimate purpose; a deformed person; gram, the word, clause, or that to

;

member that

by

of a

sentence

expressing

on which the action expressed a

transitive

dividuality: opposed to subjective; gram, belonging to the object of a transitive verb or a preposition (the n. objective case, an objective clause). The objective case; an object glass;

the aim of a military maneuver or objectively, ob«jek'tiv«operation. li, adv. In an objective manner. objectiveness, ob«jek'tiv«nes, n. The state or relation of being objective. objectivity, ob»jek«tiv'i«ti, n. The quality or state of being objective. objectless, ob'jekfles, a. object lesson, n. A lesson to the young by means of articles themselves or pictures of them. objector, ob«jek'-

—

—

—

ter, n.

objet

d'art,

Something of

in the back.

verb

is

exercised,

or the word or member governed by a preposition. v.t. (ob'jekt'). [Fr. objecter, L. objicio, objectum.] To place before or in the way$; to bring forward as a matter of reproach, or as an adverse ground fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

ob'zhe'dar,

n.

[Ft.]

artistic value.

objurgate, ob'jer«gat,

v.t.

and

i.

objurgated, objurgating. [L. objurgo, objurgatum prefix ob, and jurgo, to chide.] To chide, reprove, or rep-

—

—objurgation, ob«jer«gaThe of objurgating; reproof. —objurgatory, rehend. shon, n.

to«ri,

act

a ob»jer'ga«-

a.

oblate, ob'lat, a. [L. oblatus, thrust forward (i.e. at the equator), also offered, devoted ob, against, before, latus, carried, borne.] Geom. flattened or depressed at the poles. Oblate spheroid, a spherical body flattened at the poles, that is, having the shape of the earth. n. Eccles. a secular person who offered or devoted himself and his property to some monastery, into which he was admitted as a kind of lay brother; a member of a congregation of secular priests who live in community.—oblation, ob«la'shon, n. [L. oblatio, an offering.] Anything offered or presented in worship or sacred service. obligate, ob'li»gat, v.t. obligated, obligating. [L. obligo, obligatum, to bind, to bring under an obligation ligaprefix ob, and ligo, to bind, ment.] To bring or place under some obligation; to hold to some duty; a word not much used by good obligate, a. Of bacteria writers.

and

me, met, her;

—

—

pine, pin;

—

—— —

obliterate

—

eyepiece.

— ——

note, not,

move;

and

bound

parasites,

conditions of

life.

to

particular

—obligation,

ob—

li«ga'shon, n. [L. obligatio, from obligo, to bind, oblige.] That which binds or obliges to do something;

binding or

power or

constraining

an external act or duty imposed by the relations of society; effect;

upon

claim

a

one;

the

position

in which one is bound or indebted to another for a favor received; a favor bestowed and binding to obligatorily, gratitude. ob«li'ga«-

—

adv. In an obligatory manner. obligatory, ob«li'ga«to«ri, a. Imposing obligation or duty; binding in law or conscience; requiring performance or forbearance of some act (obligatory on a person). to«ri«li,

—

obligato, ob-li'ga'to. See obbligato. oblige, O'blij', v.t. obliged, obliging. [Fr. obliger, from L. obligo, to bind,

—

to

oblige

ob,

obligation.]

and

To

ligo, to bind. constrain by any moral, or legal;

physical, force, to compel; to bind by any restraint; to bind by some favor done; to lay under obligation of gratitude. obliged, o»blijd', p. and a. Having

received

some obligement or

favor;

under obligation; indebted. obligee, ob«li«je', n. Law, the person obliger, to whom another is bound. laid

—

o-bli'jer,

n.

One

that

obliges.

obliging, O'bli'jing, a. Having the disposition to do favors; conferring favors or kindnesses; complaisant; obligingly, o«bH'jing«li, adv. kind. In an obliging manner. obligingness, o«bli'jing«nes, n. The state or quality of being obliging. obligor, ob«li«gor', n. Law, the person who binds himself to another. oblique, ob«lek' or ob«lik', a. [Fr. oblique, L. obliquus prefix ob, and liquis, awry.] Having a direction neither perpendicular nor parallel to some line or surface which is made the standard of reference; not direct; aslant; slanting; fig. indirect or by allusion; not direct in descent; collateral. Oblique angle, any angle except a right angle. Oblique arch, a skew arch. Oblique bridge, a skewbridge. Oblique case, gram, any case except the nominative. Oblique cone or cylinder, one whose axis is oblique to the plane of its base. Oblique speech, oblique narration, rhet. that which is quoted indirectly, or in a different person from that employed by the original speaker. obliquely, ob«lekli or ob'lik'li, adv. In an oblique manner or direction; indirectly; by a side glance; by an allusion; not in the direct or plain meaning. obliqueness, obliquity, ob«lek'nes or ob'lik'nes, ob«lik wi»ti, n. [L. obliquitas.] The state of being oblique; deviation from parallelism or a perpendicular; deviation from moral rectitude; a mental or moral twist. Obliquity of the ecliptic, the angle which the plane of the ecliptic makes with that of the equator. obliterate, ob«lit er«at, v.t. [L. oblitero, to blot out, to cause to be forgotten prefix ob, and litera, a letter, letter.] To efface; to erase

—

—

—

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— ——— ——

——— —

— ————

;

——— — — —

oblivion

575

or blot out; to make undecipherable; obliterto cause to be forgotten.

ner; darkly; dimly; not clearly; in retirement; not conspicuously. obscureness, ob»skur'nes, n. State of being obscure; obscurity. obscurity, ob'sku'ri'ti, n. [L. obscuritas.] The quality or state of being obscure; darkness; dimness; darkness of meaning; a state of being unknown to fame. obscurant, obscurantist, ob«sku'rant, ob«sku'rant«ist, n. One who obscures; one who opposes the progress of knowledge, or labors to prevent enlightenment, obscurantism, inquiry, or reform. ob»sku'rant«izm, n. The system or obscuprinciples of an obscurant. ration, ob«sku«ra'shon, n. The act of obscuring or darkening ; the state of being darkened or obscured.

ation, ob«lit'er«a"shon, n. The act of obliterating or effacing. oblivion, ob«liv'i«on, n. [L. oblivio, oblivionis, from obliviscor, to forget prefix ob, and liveo, to become livid.] The state of being black, blotted out from the memory; a being forgotten; forgetfulness ; the act of forgetting; a forgetting of offenses, or remission of punishment. oblivious, ob'liv'i«us, a. [L. forgetfulness Causing obliviosus.] {Shak.); forgetful; mentally absent. obliviously, ob«liv'i«us«li, adv. In an oblivious manner. obliviousState of ness, ob«liv'i«us«nes, n. being oblivious. oblong, ob'long, a. [L. oblongus, oblong ob, against, inversely, and longus, long.] Rectangular, and having the length greater than the

—

oblong figure.

v.t. [L. obsecro, to entreat prefix ob, and sacer, sacred, sacred.] To beseech; to obsecration, entreat; to supplicate. ob«si«kra'shon, n. The act of obsecrating; entreaty; supplication.

—

obsequious, ob«se'kwi»us,

long«nes, n.

obloquy, ob'lo«kwi, from obloquor ob,

—

sorious

actions; odium. obnoxious, ob«nok'shus, a. [L. obnoxius ob, and noxa, harm, hurt.

—

noxious.] Reprehensible ; censurable odious; hateful; offensive; unpopuobnoxiously, lar. ob«nok'shus»li, obnoxiousness, ob«nok'shus«adv.

—

nes, n.

oboe, 6'bo, n. [It. oboe, from Fr. hautbois, an oboe.] A hautboy; a wood-wind instrument made from a slender, conical tube that produces thin,

penetrating,

by means of

a

quiae, pi. funeral rites.]

or ceremony only in the plural). rite

observe, ob«zerv',

6'bo-ist, n. n. [Gr. obolos.] small coin of ancient Greece.

A

ward. obovoid, ob«6'void, a. Bot. approaching the obovate form.

obscene,

obey.

otvsen', a. [L. obscenus, obscaenus, filthy, repulsive, obscene: etymol. doubtful.] Impure in language or action; indecent; offensive to chastity and delicacy; inauspiobscenely, ob«cious; ill-omened. sen'li, adv. In an obscene manner.

less intelligible, legible,

go;

To

be

respectful or servile attention; homa. ob«zer'vant, observant, age. Characterized by observation; taking notice; attentively noticing; attentive to duties or commands; obedient; adhering to in practice {observant of observantly, ob«zer'vant«duties). In an observant manner. li, adv. observation, ob«zer«va'shon, n. [L. observation The act, power, or habit of observing; a taking notice or paying attention; science, the act of taking notice of particular phe-

or visible; to hide; to prevent from being seen or known. obscurely, ob»skur'li, adv. In an obscure mang,

v.i.

—

—

ch, Sc. loch;

—

—

—

ch, chain;

Syn. under see.

In an observing manner. observable, ob«zer'va«bl, a. Capable of being observed; worthy of ob»zer'observably, observation. observance, ob»zer'va»bli, adv. vans, n. The act of observing; performance; a rite or ceremony; an act of respect, worship, and the like; obedient regard or attention;

The state or quality of being obscene; impurity; ribaldry; lewdness. obscure, ob«skur', a. [Fr. obscur, from L. obscurus prefix ob, and root seen in scutum, a shield, Skr. sku, to cover.] Imperfectly illuminated; gloomy; not clear or distinct to view; dim; not easily understood; not obviously intelligible; abstruse ; indistinct ; not much known or observed; unknown to fame; unnoticed. v.t. obscured, obscuring. To darken; to make dark or make

.'.

ob,

ving«li, adv.

ob«sen'i«ti, n.

to

— —

attentive; to remark; to comment. observer, ob»zer'ver, n. One who ob»zer'observingly, observes.

obsceneness, obscenity, ob«sen'nes,

;

funeral

v.t.

serving. [L. observo front, and servo, to

obovate, ob«6'vat, a. [Prefix ob, implying inversion.] Bot. inversely ovate; having the narrow end down-

dim

A

(commonly used

observed, obbefore, in keep or hold. serve.] To look on with attention; to regard attentively; to watch; to notice; to perceive; to detect; to discover; to remark in words; to mention; to keep with due ceremonies; to celebrate; to keep or adhere to in practice; to comply with; to

plaintive tone oboist,

double reed.

obolus, ob'o«lus,

[From

obsequiosus,

—

loquacious.] Censpeech; reproachful language ; language that causes reproach and odium to rest on men or their quor, to speak,

a

a.

obsequious, from obsequium, compliance, from obsequor, to follow prefix ob, and sequor, Promptly follow, sequence.] to obedient or submissive to the will of another; compliant; officious; devoted; servilely condescending; compliant to excess; cringing; fawning. obsequiously, ob«se'kwi«us»li, adv. In an obsequious manner; servilely; obsequiousness, ob«cringingly. se'kwi«us«nes, n. The quality of being obsequious. obsequy, ob'se«kwe, n. pi. obsequies, ob'se«kwez, [O.Fr. from L. obse-

L.

n. [L. obloquium, against, and lo-

j,

/ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

—— —

—

obstinate

obsecrate, ob'si«krat,

than broad. n. oblongness, ob'-

longer

breadth;

An

——— ——

then;

th, thin;

nomena

occur in the course the observing of some phenomenon, often by the assistance of an instrument; information as they

of nature;

gained by such an act; a remark based or professing to be based on what has been observed; notice; observance!. Observation officer, an artillery officer placed so as to command a view of enemy

and in communication by telephone with those in charge of the guns to which he is attached. positions,

He directs the laying of the guns so as to bring selected objects under fire, the objects being commonly Observainvisible to the gunners. tion post, the position occupied by an observation officer. observational, ob«zer«va'shon«al, a. Relating to or based on observations. observatory, ob«zer'va«to«ri, n. A place used for making observations of natural phenomena; a building constructed for astronomical observations; a place of outlook. v.t. [L. obsideo, to besiege ob, before, sedeo, to sit.] To beset or besiege; to vex or obsession, harass, as an evil spirit. ob'Se'shon, n. Act of obsessing. obsidian, ob«sid'i»an, n. [L. Obsidianus, from Obsidius or Obsius, its Vitreous lava, alleged discover.] or volcanic glass, a glassy mineral of several varieties. obsolete, ob'so«let, a. [L. obsoletus, pp. of obsolesco, to go out of use prefix ob, and soleo, to use, to be wont.] Gone into disuse; disused; neglected; out of fashion; biol. imperfectly developed or abortive. obsoleteness, ob'so«let«nes, n. The obsolesstate of being obsolete. cence, ob«so«les'ens, n. The state or process of becoming obsolete obsolescent, ob»so«les'ent, a. [L. obsolescense Becoming obsolete; going out of use, passing into desuetude.

obsess, ob«ses',

—

obstacle, ob'sta«kl, n. [Fr. obstacle, from L. obstaculum, from obsto, to withstand ob, against, and sto, to Anything state, stand.] stand, that stands in the way and hinders progress; a hindrance; an obstruction or impediment, either physical or moral.

obstetrical,

obstetric,

ob«stet'ri«kal, midwife ob,

[L. before, a.

ob«stet'rik, obstetrix,

and

sto,

obstacle.] Pertaining midwifery, or care of a woman stand.

a to to in

and labor. obstetrician, ob«ste«trish'an, n. One skilled obstetrics, ob«stet'in obstetrics. pregnancy

riks,

n.

That branch of medical

science which includes prenatal care, as well as childbirth and any complications arising therefrom. obstinate, ob'sti«nit, a. [L. obstinatus, pp. of obstino, obstinatum, to resolve, from obsto, to stand against and sto, to stand. against, ob, obstacle.] Pertinaciously adhering to an opinion or purpose; fixed firmly in resolution; not yielding arguments, or other to reason, means; stubborn: said of persons; not yielding or not easily subdued or removed (an obstinate fever; an

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

———

——

be obstinate

obtrudes.

—

—

obstreperous obstinate cough).

To

.'.

—

ob, intens., and strepo, to make a noise.] Making a tumultuous noise;

clamorous; vociferous; noisy; loud. obstreperously, ob»strep er»us«li, adv. In an obstreperous manner. obstreperousness, ob«strep'er«us«-

—

Clamor; noisy turbulence.

obstruct, ob«strukt',

v.t. [L. obstruo,

—

obstructum ob, against, and struo, structure.] To block to pile up. up, stop up, or close, as a passage; to fill with obstacles or impediments to hinder that prevent passing; from passing; to impede; to stand in the way of; to retard, interobstructer, ob«rupt, render slow. struk'ter, n. One that obstructs or ob«struk'obstruction, hinders. shon, n. The act of obstructing; anything that stops or closes a way, passage, or channel ; obstacle ; impediment; that which impedes progress; check; hindrance; the state functions vital having the of obstructionist, ob— obstructed"!".

—

—

—

One who

practices obstructive. an obstruction ; obstructive, ob»struk'tiv, a. Obn. structing or tending to obstruct. struk'shon«ist, n.

obstructs ; one who hinders obstruthe transaction of business. ent, ob'stru«ent, a. [L. obstruens, ppr. of obstruo.] Blocking up; obn. Anything structing; hindering. that obstructs ; something that blocks up the natural passages of the body. obtain, ob«tan', v.t. [L. obtineo tenprefix ob, and teneo, to hold, ant.] To gain possession of; to gain, procure, receive, get, acquire. v.i. To be received in customary or common use; to be established in practice; to hold good; to subsist

One who

—

—

(the able,

custom

obtains).

still

ob«ta'na«bl,

—obtain-

Capable

a.

of

—obtainer, ob«ta'ner, One who obtains. [L. obtectus — obtected, ob«tek'ted, being obtained. n.

a.

prefix ob,

and

Covered;

zool.

tego, tectus, to cover.]

covered with a hard

—

shelly case.

[L. obtestor testor, to witness. prefix testament.] To call upon earnestly; implore, conjure; to to entreat, obtestation, ob»tes«tasupplicate. shon, n. The act of obtesting. obtrude, ob«trod', v.t. obtruded, obprefix ob, and truding. [L. obtrudo intrude.] To thrust. trudo, to thrust prominently forward; to force

obtest,

ob-test', ob, and

v.t.

—

— —

into

any place or

state

unduly or

without solicitation; often obtrude one's self

upon

refl.

(to

a person's

notice); to offer with unreasonable

importunity. self; to enter

To

obtrude one's when not invited.

v.i.

obtruder, ob«tro'der,

n.

— —

;

One who

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

n.

The

—obtrusion,

ob«tro'zhon, obtrusive, act of obtruding.

— —

ob-trb'siv, a. Disposed to obtrude; obtrusively, forward; intrusive. ob'tro'siv'li, adv. In an obtrusive,

—

manner.

obtrusiveness, ob«tro'siv«nes, n. obtuse, ob«tus', a. [L. obtusus prefix ob, and tundo, tudi (Ski. tud), contuse.] Not pointed to beat,

—

or acute; blunt; not having acute Obtuse ansensibility; stupid; dull. gle, an angle greater than 90° but obtusely, ob»tus'li, less than 180°. obtuseness, ob«tus'nes, n. adv.

—

—

obverse, ob'vers, a. [L. prefix ob, and versus, turned.] Pertaining to the one of two possible sides or theories

—

numis. bearing the face or head. n. The one of two possible ways of looking at a thing; numis. that side of a coin or medal which has the face or head on it, the other being the reverse. obversely, ob'vers«li, adv. In an obverse form or manner. obversion, ob«ver'shon, n. The act of obverting. obvert, ob«vert', v.t. To turn toward. In logic, to infer another proposition with a contradictory predicate by changing the quality of the proposition. obviate, ob'vi«at, v.t. obviated, obviating. [L. obvio, obviatum, to meet against, and via, a way. ob,

—

—

—

—

voyage, way.]

To

meet, as

difficulties

or objections; to overcome; to clear out of the way. obviation, ob«vi— a'shon, n.

—

[L. obvius, in discovered, seen,

obvious, ob'vi«us,

a.

the way.] Easily or understood; perfectly plain, manobviously, ob'ifest, or evident. vi«us«li, adv. In an obvious manner. obviousness, ob'vi«us»nes, n. State of being obvious.

—

—

obvolute, ob'vo»lut,

and in;

a. [L. ob, against, volutus, rolled.] Rolled or turned

having

bot.

opposite lapping.

leaves

the margins of overalternately

incident, or event; opportunity; favorable time, season, or circumstances; incidental cause; a cause acting on the will; a motive or reason; incidental need; casual exi-

gency; requirement (to have occasion or no occasion for a thing); peculiar of affairs; juncture; exiTo cause incidentally; to produce; to induce, —occasional, ocIncidental; ok«ka'zhon«al, a. curring at times, but not regular or systematic; made or happening as opportunity requires or admits. occasionally, ok»ka'zhon«al-li, adv. In an occasional manner; at times; sometimes but not often. position

v.t.

Occident, ok'si«dent, n. [Fr. Occident, L. occidens, occidentis, ppr. of occido, to fall, to set, as the sun. occasion.]

The

west:

[cap.] the

me, met, her;

—

Europe. occidental, ok«si«den'tal, a. Western; [cap.] pertaining to the Occident or Occidentals. n. [cap.]

A

native of the Occident. occipital, ok«sip'i»tal, a. [From L. occiput, the back part of the head prefix ob, and caput, the head.] Pertaining to the back part of the head. occiput, ok'si«put, n. [L.] The hinder part of the head. occlude, ok«klud', v.t. —occluded, occluding. [L. occludo ob, and claudo, to shut.) To obstruct; to shut in or out ; to cut off by closing a passage. v.i. To close with the cusps fitting snugly: said of teeth. occlusion, ok«klu'zhon, n. occlusive, ok«klu'-

—

—

—

—

—

siv, a.

occult, ok«kult', a. [L. occultus, pp. of occulo, to cover over prefix ob, and root of celo, to conceal, and E. hell.] Hidden from the eye or understanding; invisible and mysterious; unknown. Occult sciences, certain so-called sciences of the Middle Ages, as alchemy, necromancy or magic,

—

—

occultation, ok«kul«ta shon, n. Astron. the hiding of a star or planet from our sight by passing behind some other of the heavenly bodies; the time of a planet or star being so hidden; hence, fig. disappearance from view; withdrawal from public notice. occultism, ok'ult— izm, n. A system of occult or mysterious doctrines; the beliefs of the astrology.

—

theosophists, typified in such works Zanoni, as Bulwer-Lytton's Strange Story; The Coming Race. occupy, ok'ku'pi, v.t. occupied, occupying. [L. occupo, to take possession of, possess prefix ob, and capio, to take, capable.] To take possession of; to possess; to hold and use; to take up, as room or space; to cover or fill; to employ or use (one's time); to engage; to busy: often refl. v.i. To be an occupant; to hold possession. occupancy, ok'ku»pan«si, n.

A

—

—

—

—

The

ocarina, 6«ka«re'na, n. [It.] A small musical instrument of terra cotta pierced with holes, there being seven instruments in a set. occasion, ok»ka'zhon, n. [L. occasio, occasionis, from occido, occasum, to fall ob, and cado, to fall, accident.] Time of an occurrence,

gency.

—

—

occur

576

implies the doing what we ourselves choose; to be stubborn denotes, rather, determination not to do what others advise or desire. obstinacy, obstinateness, ob'sti«na«ob'sti«nit«nes, n. The state or si, obstiquality of being obstinate. nately, ob'sti«nit»li, adv. In an obstinate manner. obstreperous, ob«strep'er«us, a. [L. obstreperus, from obstrepo, to roar

nes, n.

—

—

the

opposite of orient;

Western Hemisphere and

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

act of occupying; a holding in possession; term during which one is occupant. occupant, ok'ku«pant, n. [L. occupans, occupantis, ppr. of occupo, to occupy.] An occupier. occupation, ok«ku«pa'shon, n. [L. occupatio.] The act of occupying or taking possession; what engages one's time and attention; a vocation; calling; trade. Army of Occupation, army provisionally occupying territory that has been overrun, until a form of government is established. occupational, ok«ku«pa'shon«al, a. Of or pertaining to a particular occupation (an occupational disease). Occupational therapy, mental and physical therapy by means of creative activity, such as carpentry, designed to develop confidence, muscular control, etc. occur, ok«ker v.i. occurred, occurring. [L. occurro ob, against, and curro, to run. current.] To meet or come to the mind, imagination, or memory; to befall; to happen; to take place; to exist so as to be capable of being found or seen to be found; to be met with. occurrence, ok«ker ens, n. The act of occurring or taking place; any incident or

—

— —

,

—

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

;

— — — ————

—

;

accidental event; an observed instance. ocean, 6'shen, n. [L. oceanus, from Gr. okeanos, the ocean, the deity of the ocean.] The vast body of water which covers more than three-fifths of the surface of the globe ; the sea also, one of the great basins or areas into which it has been divided; any immense expanse (the boundless ocean of eternity).— a. Pertaining to the main or great sea (the ocean wave). oceanic, 6«shi«an'ik, a. Pertaining to the ocean; occurring in or produced by the ocean, as distinguished from smaller seas ; pertaining to Oceania (the islands lying between Asia and America) or its inhabitants. Oceanic island, an island that has never formed part of a continent, oceanography, 6«shen»e.g. Azores.

—

The department of knowledge that deals with oceanic pheog'ra«fi, n.

nomena. ocellus, 6«sel'lus, n. pi. ocelli, 6«sel'li. [L. ocellus, dim. of oculus, an eye. ocular.] One of the minute simple eyes of insects, many spiders, crustaocellate, ocelceans, mollusks, etc. 6'Sel'lat,

ocellatus.]

;

6»seria»ted,

a.

[L.

Resembling an eye; stud-

ded with the figures of little eyes. ocelot, o'se«lot, n. [Nahuatl, abbrev. leopardof thalocelotl, field jaguar.]

octo, eight,

ok«tang'gu«ler,

a.

[L.

and E. angular.] Having

eight angles. octant, ok'tant,

n.

[L.

octans,

an

eighth part, from octo, eight.] The eighth part of a circle ; an instrument resembling a sextant or quadrant in principle, but having an arc the eighth of a circle, or 45°.

octave, ok'tiv,

from

A

brought in. octuple, ok'tu«pl,

eight.]

depending on the eye; received by. actual sight. n. The eyepiece of an optical instrument. oculist, ok'u— list, n.

The

—

od, od,

octo,

odalisque, odalisk, 6 da«lisk, n. [Fr. odalisque, from Turk., odahliq, chambermaid, from odah, chamber.] A slave in a harem, especially a Turkish sultan's harem. odd, od, a. [From I eel. oddi, a triangle, an odd number, a tongue of land.] Not even; not exactly divisible by 2; left over; additional to a whole; not included with others:

hence, unheeded; of account (odd times,

A

society,

TH,

then;

free-

oddment, od'ment, n. An odd article oddness, od'nes, n. or one left over.

The

state of being odd; state of not being even; singularity; strangeness. odds, odz, n. sing, or pi. Excess of one amount or quantity compared with another; difference in favor of one and against another; amount by which the bet of one party exceeds that of the other. At odds, at variance; in controversy or quarrel. Odds and ends, small miscellaneous

—

—

articles.

ode, od,

Gr. ode, song or aoide, a song; seen in

n. [L. ode,

poem, from

parody, prosody.] A short poem or song; a poem to be set to music or sung; a lyric poem of a lofty cast. odeum, 6»de'um, n. [Gr. ddeion,

from

ode,

a

song.]

A

theater

for

musical or dramatic performances. odic. See OD. Odin, Woden, 6 din, wo den, n. [Former from Scandinavian, latter

Anglo-Saxon and German.] The chief god of Northern mythology, after whom is named Wednesday. odious, 6'di«us, a. [L. odiosus, from odium, hatred, odi, I hate; same

octane, ok«tan', n. [Prefix oct- and octosyllabic, ok'to«sil«lab"ik, a. [Gr. okto, eight, and syllabi, a syllable.] -ane.] Chem. any of a group of 18 isomeric hydrocarbons, C„H 18 , of Consisting of eight syllables. n. A the methane series. octane numword of eight syllables. ber, octane rating, n. The numerical octroi, ok«trwa', n. [Fr., from L. ng, sing;

modeled on

oddity, od'i«ti, n. The state or quality of being odd; singularity; something odd or singular; oddly, od'li, adv. a singular person. In an odd manner; not evenly; strangely; whimsically; singularly.

A

;'ob;

originally

masonry.

—

j,

value or

strange; peculiar; eccentric; queer. Odd Fellow, od'fel«6, n. member of an extensively ramified friendly

—

go;

little

odd trifles); incidental; casual; forming one of a pair of which the other is wanting; belonging to a broken set; singular;

A

g,

invented by

—

.

ch, Sc. loch;

The name

odic, od'ik, a. Pertaining to od.

A

ch, chain;

n.

nomena of mesmerism or animal magnetism. Called also Odic force.

eight.]

A

skilled in diseases of the

Reichenbach for a peculiar force which he fancied he had discovered associated with magnetism, and which was said to explain the phe-

Mus.

a musical composition for eight parts; the eight performers of such a composition; a group of like American cat (Felis pardalis) eight; the first eight lines of a about three feet long. sonnet. ocher, ochre, 6'ker, n. [L. ochra, Gr. ochra, from ochros, pale, pale yellow.] octillion, ok»til'yon, n [L. octo, eight, name applied to clays colored and term of million.] The figure 1 followed by 27 zeros {American with the oxides of iron in various and French), or 1 followed by 48 proportions, and varying in color zeros {English and German). from pale yellow to brownish red; the ocherous, October, ok«to'ber, n. [L., from octo, color of ocher. eight: the eighth month of the ochreous, 6'ker«us, a. primitive Roman year, which began ochlocracy, ok«lok're«si, n. [Gr. in March.] The tenth month of the ochlos, the multitude, and kratos, year; ale or cider brewed in October. power.] The rule or ascendency of October club, a political club of the multitude or common people; squires in Queen Anne's day, devoted ochlocratic, ochloa mobocracy. to the consumption of October ale and cratical, ok«16«krat'ik, ok'16»krat'i— to the policy of enforcing strong antikal, a. Relating to ochlocracy. Whig measures on the Government. o'clock, o»klok', contr. Of the clock. ocrea, ok're«a, n. pi. ocreae, [L. ocrea, octodecimo, ok«t6«des'i«mo, n. [L. octodecim, eighteen octo, eight, and a greave or legging.] Bot. the union decern, ten.] The size of one leaf of of two stipules around the stem in a a sheet of paper folded so as to make kind of sheath. ocreate, ok're«at, a. eighteen leaves; a book in which Bot. furnished with ocreae. each sheet is folded into eighteen octachord, ok'ta«kord, n. [Gr. okto, leaves: usually written 18mo. Also eight, and chorde, a string.] musical used as an adjective. instrument having eight strings. octagon, ok'ta«gon, n. [Gr. okto, octogenarian, ok't6«je«na"ri«an, n. eight, and gonia, angle.] Geom. a [L. octogenarius, from octogeni, figure of eight sides and eight angles. eighty, octo, eight.] person eighty —-octagonal, ok»tag'on«al, a. Having years of age; any one whose age eight sides and eight angles. is between eighty and ninety. a. Of octahedron, ok«ta«he'dron, n. [Gr. eighty years of age; between eighty okto, eight, hedra, a base.] Geom. and ninety years of age. a solid contained by eight faces, octopus, ok'to«pus, n. [N.L. from Gr. oktopous, eight-footed, from okto, which take the form of equal and eight, and pous, podus, foot.] Any equilateral triangles. octahedral, animal of the genus (Octopus) that has ok»ta«he'dral, a. Having eight equal surfaces. eight arms with suckers. octameter, ok«tam'et«er, n. [Gr. okto, octoroon, ok«to«ron', n. [L. octo, eight, metron, a measure.] A verse of eight.] The offspring of a quadroon eight feet. and a white person.

One

eyes.

Once

in eight years. octet, ok'tet, n. [L.

—

a. [L. octuplus okto, eight.] Eightfold. ocular, ok'u«ler, a. [L. ocularis, from oculus, the eye, a word cognate with E. eye. eye.] Pertaining to the eye;

n. [L. octavus, eighth,

eighth day after a church festival, the festival itself being counted; the week immediately following a church festival the first two stanzas in the sonnet of four verses each ; a stanza of eight lines; mus. an eighth, or an interval of seven degrees or twelve semitones one sound eight tones higher than another. a. Consisting of eight. octavo, ok«ta'v6, n. and a. The size of a leaf of a sheet of paper folded so as to make eight leaves: usually written 8vo; a book of this size. octennial, ok»ten'i«al, a. [L. octo, eight, and annus, a year.] Happening every eighth year; lasting eight years. octennially, ok»ten'i«al«li, adv. octo,

—

duty levied at auctor, an author.] the gates of French cities on articles

statement of the anti-knock qualities of a motor fuel.

octangular,

——

odious

577

ocean

lated,

— — ———

—— —

—

th, thin;

root as A. Sax. atol, hateful, horrible. annoy, noisome.] Of such a character as to be hated or greatly disliked; hateful; causing disgust or odiously, repugnance; offensive.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

———

—

——

— ——

odometer hatefully. n.

The

—odiousness,

6'di«us»nes,

6'di«um, n. [L.] Hatred; dislike; the quality that provokes hatred. Odium theologicum, theological hatred; the hatred of contending divines toward each other. odometer, 6»dom'e«ter, n. [Gr. hodometron hodos, way, and metron, measure.] A device which measures the distance traveled by a vehicle. odontalgia, 6«don»tal'ji»a, n. [Gr.

—

odontos,

tooth,

pain.]

algos,

Pain in the teeth; toothache. odontalgic, 6'don-tal'jik, a. Pertain-

A

ing to the toothache. remedy n. for the toothache. odonto, 6«don'to, n. [Gr. odous, odontos.] dentifrice; odontoglossum, 6«a tooth wash. don«to»glos'um, n. [Gr. odous, odontos, a tooth, and gldssa, a tongue.] genus of tropical American orchids, with magnificent flowers. odontoid, 6«don'toid, a. Tooth-like. Odontoid process, the part of the first vertebra of the neck, forming a pivot for the head. odontological,

—

A

—

A

—

—

6«don'to«loj"i«kal,

odontology. tol'O'ji, n.

Belonging

a.

—odontology,

to

6»don—

That branch of anatomical

science which treats of the teeth. odontophore, 6«don'to»f6r, n. [Gr. phoros, bearing.] The so-called tongue or lingual ribbon of certain mollusks, covered with minute teeth. odor, 6'der, n. [L. odor, a smell; allied to Gr. ozo, to smell; akin olfactory.] Any scent or smell, whether pleasant or offensive: when used alone most commonly a sweet smell; fragrance. In bad odor, in bad repute; in disfavor. Odor of sanctity, the reputation of being a saint. odoriferous, 6«der«if'er«us, a. [L. odoriferus.] Giving odor or scent; odordiffusing fragrance; fragrant. iferously, 6«der«if'er«us»li, adv. In an odoriferous manner. odoriferousness, 6'der«if 'er«us«nes, n. odorous, 6'der«us, a. Having or emitting an odor; sweet of scent; fragrant. odorously, 6'der«us«li, adv. In an

—

—

—

odorous manner; fragrantly.

—odor-

ousness, 6'der«us«nes, n. The quality of being odorous. odorless, 6'der— les, a. Having no odor.

—

odyssey, od'i«si, n. [From Homer's epic, The Odyssey, recounting Odysseus'

years of wandering.]

A

long

wandering or journey.

Oedipus complex,

ed'i«pus

kom'-

[From Gr. Oidipous, son of Laius and Jocasta, who, in accordance with a prophecy, unknowingly, killed his father and married plex,

n.

his mother.] The unconscious sexual feelings of a child (especially a male) for the parent of the opposite sex, which, if unresolved in adult life, can be a source of an emotional disorder. oenanthic, e«nan'thik, a. [Gr. otnos, wine, and anthos, a flower.] Having or imparting the characteristic odor Oenanthic acid, an acid of wine. obtained from oenanthic ether. Oenanthic ether, an oily liquid which gives to wine its characteristic odor.

—oenology,

e«nol'o«ji,

;;

n.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

branch of knowledge which deals with wine.

That

o'er, or. contraction (generally poetical) of over. oersted, er'sted, n. [After Oersted, the physicist.] The C.G.S. unit of magnetic reluctance, equal to the reluctance of a magnetic circuit of unit length, unit area, and unit permeability. oestrus, es'trus, n. [Gr. oistros, gadfly.] Irresistible impulse; passion; sexual impulse of animals. of, ov, prep. [A. Sax. of. = Icel., Sw., Dan., and D. af, Goth, of, G. ab; cog. L. ab, Gr. apo, Skr. apa, from, away from. Off is the same word.] word used in regard to source, cause, origin, motive, etc. ; possession or ownership; attribute, quality, or condition (his state of mind); an aggregate or whole with a partitive reference (all, some, of us) ; the relation of object to a verbal notion (a desire of fame); to express concerning, relating to, about; distance or time (within a mile of); identity,

A

—

equivalence, or apposition appositive use of of (the city of London) on or in; with indefinite expressions of time, as a quarter of (an hour); so of late, in recent times. off, of, adv. [of.] Away; distant (a mile off); from or away by removal or separation (to cut off); not on; from, in the way of departure, abatement, remission (the fever goes off); so as to be less (attendance fell off); away from, as daily work (to take a day off). Off and on, on and off, with interruptions and resumptions; at intervals. a. Distant; as applied to horses, right hand: opposed to near; not on (his shoe is off); on the way (he is off to work); inaccurate (the sum is off); below standards; in a certain speprep. Not on; cified circumstance. away from; from or out of (a lane leading off a street) ; to seaward from at the expense of (live off the land) relieved, or released, from (to be off duty); abstaining from (to be off liquor); below a certain level or interj. A command to standard.

—

depart: away! begone!

—

offcast,

of-

That which

is rejected as offing, of'ing, n. The portion of the sea seen from land; the near future. off-color, a. Defective in color, as a gem; in poor taste; offhand, adv. Readily; risque', etc. with ease. a. Done without study hesitation; unpremeditated. offish, of'ish, a. Tending to be offset, of'set, n. sum set aloof. off against another as an equivalent; print, a printing process involving the transfer of ink from a rubber covered roller to the paper; an accidental transfer of ink. v.t. of'offshoot, set'. To compensate for. branch from a main of'shot, n.

kast, n. useless.

—

— —

—

A

—

A

stem, stream, mountain range, etc. offspring, of'spring, n. sing, or pi. Progeny; a child or children; what arises or is produced from something. offal, of'al, n. [Lit. off-fall; so D. afval,

me, met, her;

Icel.

affall,

pine, pin;

—— ;

office

A

quality of being odious.

odium,

odous,

-

578

In an odious manner;

6'di«us»li, adv.

——— — —

—

G.

abfall,

note, not,

with

move;

similar meanings.] Waste meat; a trade term for kidneys, heart, tongue, liver, and other parts of a carcass; carrion; refuse; rubbish. offense, of« fens', n. [Fr. offense, from

L. offensa, an offense, from offendo,

—

to strike against ob, against, and old fendo, to strike, seen striking in defend, also in manifest.] against or assailing (arms of offense) hurt; injury; an affront, insult, or wrong; the state of being offended; displeasure; any transgression of law, divine or human; a crime or sin; a misdemeanor. To take offense, to

offensum,

A

become angry or displeased thing said or done.

at

some-

—offend, of»fend', To

displease; to offendo.] to affront; to mortify; to shock, annoy, or pain (the taste or smell); to sin against; to disobey the (Shaft.). transgress v.i. moral or divine law; to sin; to cause dislike or anger; to take offense

v.t.

[L.

make angry;

—

To

— —

offender, offender, n. One offends; a criminal; a trans-

(NT.).

who

offensive, of»fen'siv, a. [Ft. Causing offense; giving provocation; irritating; disgusting; disagreeable (as to the senses); pertaining to offense; used in attack: opposed to defensive; consisting in Alattack; proceeding by attack. liance offensive and defensive, one that requires the parties to make war together, and each party to defend the other in case of being attacked. n. With the definite article the act of attacking (to act on offensively, of'fenthe offensive). siv«li, adv. In an offensive manner. offensiveness, of«fen'siv«nes, n. The quality of being offensive; unpleasantness. offer, of'er, v.t. [A. Sax. offrian, and Fr. offrir (j'offre, I offer), from L. ob, towards, and offerr e, to offer fertile.] To present fero, to bring, for acceptance or rejection; to tender; to present to notice; to proffer; to present, as an act of worship; to sacrifice (often with up); to attempt or do with evil intent (to offer violence, an insult); to bid, as a price

gressor.

offensif.]

:

—

To

present itself (an to declare a willingness. n. The act of offering; a proposal to be accepted or rejected; the act of bidding a price, or the sum bid. offerer, of er«er, n. or wages.

opportunity

—

v.i.

offers);

—

offering, of'er-ing, n. That which is offered; a gift, as an oblation. offertory, of er«to«ri, n. The oblation

of the unconsecrated bread and wine to God during the Eucharist; the prayers recited and hymns sung at this time; the point at which money offered during a religious service; the money offered. office, of is, n. [Fr. office, from L. officium, duty, office, from prefix ob, and facio, to do, or from opem, aid (opulence), and facio (fact).] Employment or business; duty or duties falling on or entrusted to a person; that which is performed or assigned to be done by a particular thing; function; act of good or ill voluntarily tendered: usually in a good sense; service; eccles. a formulary is

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ———— — — — — ——

—

——

—

—

to eye, G. augeln, to ogle, from auge, D. oog, the eye. eye.] To view with side glances, as in fondness or with a design to attract notice. To cast side v.i. glances. n. side glance or look. ogler, 6'gler, n. One that ogles. ogre, 6'ger, n. [Ft. ogre, from L. Orcus, the god of the infernal regions,

authorities at Rome who direct it. Office hours, the hours during which offices are open for the transaction of business. officer, of'is»er, n. person who holds an office; a person commissioned or authorized to fill a public situation or to perform any public duty; one who holds a commission in the army or navy. v.t. To furnish with officers; to appoint official, of«fish'al, a. officers over. [L. officiate.] Pertaining to an office

n.

a»ter, n.

office.]

to

it;

shop;

a

a.

[From L.

Used

officinal plant).

n.

A drug sold in

apothecary's shop. officious, of«fish'us, a. [L.

(an

an

obliging, from officium, an office.] Obliging:}:; doing kind offices^; excessively forward in kindness; interposing services not wanted; annoyingly eager to oblige or assist; meddling. officiously, of— fish'us'li, adv. In an officious manner; with forward zeal; meddlesomeofficiousness, of«fish'us«nes, n. ly. dutiful,

for

—

—

Dan. ofte, Sw. ofta, Goth, ufta, oft, often; often is a later form; akin oft,

—

to over.] Often; frequently. (Poet.) often, of'n, adv. Frequently; many

old, old, a. [A. Sax. aid, eald; D. oud,

G.

often.

A

—

A

Irish, the j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

with L.

woman no

longer young; one maniof an old maid, primness, prudishness, etc.; Old school, a simple game of cards. persons having the character, manner, or opinions of a past age Old Testament. (of the old school). See testament. Old World, the Eastern Hemisphere, or Europe, Asia, and Africa. n. An ancient or past time (days of old). olden, ol'dn, a. Ancient. old-fashioned, a. Formed according to obsolete fashion or custom; characterized by antiquated oldness, old'fashions or customs. oldster, n. An older or nes, n. old style, n. Print. elderly person. a type distinguished from modern style by having rather irregular strokes in size and thickness and old-world, a. Beslanted serifs. longing to a far bygone age. festing

characteristics

— —

—

—

—

—

—

—

oleaginous,

6«li«aj'i«nus, a. [L. oleaginus, from oleum, oil. OIL.] Having the qualities of oil; unctuous; fig. (applied to persons, manners, etc.)

oil

fine-grained oilstone, n. stone on which tools receive a fine edge by the aid of oil. oil well, n. well sunk into an oil-bearing mineral bed.

altheis; cog.

old country, an immigrant's country Old glory, the flag of the of origin. United States (colloq.). Old Guard, original bodyguard Napoleon's (1804). Old maid, an unmarried

—

rain.

Goth,

nourish, alms, lofty.] Advanced far in years or life (an old man or tree); not new or fresh; long made or produced (old clothes, wine); not modern; ancient; of any duration whatever (a year old); former (old habits); long practiced; experienced (old offender); having the feelings of an old person; crafty or cunning (colloq.) ; a familiar term of affection The or cordiality; worn or used.

a.

palm, n. A West African palm whose fruit yields palm oil. oilskin, n. Waterproof cloth; prepared linen for making garments to keep out the

n. See ogham. ogee, 6«je', n. [Ft. ogive, augive; etymology doubtful.] Arch, a molding consisting of two members, the one concave, the other convex, the outline thus resembling the letter S (sometimes expressed by O G). ogham, og'ham, n. A kind of writing

alt,

alo, to

—

ogam, og'am,

go;

striped.

oke, 6k, n. An Egyptian and Turkish weight equal to about 2 y4 lb. okra, 6'kra, n. A plant of the mallow family (genus Abelmoschus) cultivated as a vegetable in tropical countries.

A

A

times; not seldom. a. Frequent. oftentimes, of'n«timz, adv. Freoftquently; often; many times. times, oft'timz, adv. Frequently;

g,

n. An African animal akin to the giraffe, but smaller and

—

ness.

ch, Sc. loch;

oi'li,

oiliness, oi 'lioness, n. The pious. quality of being oily; unctuousness. oil cake, n. cake or mass of compressed linseed, rape, or other seed from which oil has been extracted, linseed cake being much used as food for cattle. oilcloth, n. Cloth treated with oil or paint, used oil color, n. for shelf covering, etc. pigment made by grinding a oiler, coloring substance in oil. oil painting, oil'er, n. One who oils. n. The art of painting with oil colors, the highest branch of the painter's art; a picture painted in oil colors.

offing, offscouring, offset, offshoot, offspring, etc. See off. oft, oft, adv. [A. Sax., Icel., and G.

ch, chain;

oily,

approve; to au-

okapi, 6«ka'pi,

Consisting of or containing oil; resembling oil; fat; greasy; fig. unctuous; sanctimonious; hypocritically

Improper forwardness; meddlesome-

by the ancient

—

To

OK the bill).

.

tracing designs.

Approval; en-

a.

okaying. thorize (to

vapor by heat. v.t To smear rub over with oil. Oiled silk, silk prepared with oil, etc., so as to be impervious to moisture and air. Oiled paper, paper besmeared with oil so as to render it transparent, used ible in

v.t.

N.Y.]

and adv. All right; — OK'd, okayed, OK'-

ing,

or

officiosus,

office,

practiced

correct.

A

same

of recognized medical recipes

iCinderhook, dorsement.

of animal and vegetable origin, liquid at ordinary temperatures, insoluble in water, and burning with a more or less luminous flame; a substance of somewhat similar character of mineral origin (as petroleum). Oils are divided into fixed and volatile or essential oils, the latter being diffus-

origin as in a shop, or belonging phar. used in the preparation

officina,

itself.

6«ka', n. [From DemoO.K. Club, supporters of van Buren, from his birthplace Old

of a voltaic battery.

perform

n.

cratic

oil, oil, n. [O.Fr. oile, oille, from L. substance oleum, oil; akin olive.]

officiates.

of«fis'i«nal,

the tribe

female ogre.

ogreish, 6'ger«ish, a. Resembling or suggestive of an ogre. oh, 6, interj. Expression of surprise. ohm, 6m, n. [From Ohm, the propounder of the law known by his name.] The practical unit of electrical 10* absolute resistance, equal to electromagnetic units of resistance. The international ohm adopted in 1893 is the resistance of a column of mercury at 0° C, of 14.4521 gm. mass, of uniform cross section, and of 106.3 cm. height. Ohm's Law, an important law referring to the causes that tend to impede the action

officiator, of«fish'i—

One who

officinal,

A

ogresse.]

o«jib'wa,

OK, okay,

A

[Ft.

Ojibway,

[Amer. Ind. ojibway, from ojib, ub-way, a kind of moccasin.] A member of a large tribe of Algonquin Indians of the Lake Superior area;

—

officiate, of«fish'i»at, v.i.

To

Ojibwa,

monster of popular legends who lived on human flesh; a person ogress, 6'gres, likened to an ogre.

hell.]

or public duty; derived from the proper office or officer, or from the proper authority (an official permission;; communicated by virtue of authority. n. One invested with an office of a public nature; eccles. a deputy appointed by a bishop, chapter, archdeacon, etc. officialism, of«fish'al»izm, n. A system of official government; a system of excessive officiofficial routine; red-tapism. ally, of«fish'al«li, adv. In an official manner; by virtue of the proper officiating.

n. [From Fr. oindre, pp. oint, to anoint, from L. unction.] Any soft unctuungere. ous substance used for smearing, particularly the body or a diseased part; an unguent.

oegeln,

A

A

officiated,

L.G.

—

ointment, oint'ment,

—

as

——

oleaster

characters of which also were called oghams. ogive, 6'jiv, n. [Fr. ogee.] Arch, a French term for the Gothic or pointed ogival, 6»ji'val, a. Arch, of or arch. pertaining to an ogive or ogee. ogle, 6'gl, v.t. ogled, ogling. [Same

of devotion, or a service appointed for a particular occasion; a house or apartment in which persons transact business; a place where official acts are done ; a body of persons entrusted with certain duties; persons who transact business in an office (often applied to an insurance company); pi. kitchens, outhouses, etc., of a mansion, dwelling house, or farm. Holy Office, the Inquisition, or the

official duties.

— ————

579

officinal

authority. —

——— —— —

smoothly sanctimonious ; unwholefawning. oleaginousness, somely

—

6«li«aj'i«nus«nes, n. Oiliness. oleander, 6«li«an'der, n. [Fr. olean-

dre,

from L.L. arodandrum, by cor-

ruption for rhododendron^] A beautiful evergreen flowering shrub. oleaster, 6«li«as'ter, n. [L., from

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— ——

——

—

olefiant

olive.

olefiant, 6«le'fi»ant, a. [L. oleum,

oil,

and facio, to make.] Forming or producing oil. Olefiant gas, a gas obtained from a mixture of sulfuric acid and alcohol forming with chlorine an oily compound. oleic, 6«le'ik, a. Pertaining to or derived from oil.

—

—

olein,

61'e«in, n. [L. oleum, oil.] of the chief constituents of animal fat. oleograph, 6'li«o«graf, n. A picture produced in oils by a process analogous to that of lithographic printing.

—

oleomargarine, 6'li«6«mar"ja«ren, n. [L. oleum, and E. margarin.] Margarine.

—

olivenite,

ol'iv«en«it,

n.

A

mineral of an olive-green color, containing copper and arsenic. Called also Olive-ore.

—olive

oil, n.

An

oil

obtained from the fruit of the olive, and much used in cookery and for medicinal and manufacturing pur-

—

olivine, ol'iv»in, n. An olivevariety of chrysolite. a, ol'la, n. [Sp. olla, a jar or pot, L. olla.] jar or urn. Olla podrida, po»dre'da. [Sp., lit. rotten or putrid pot], a favorite dish in Spain, consisting of a mixture of various kinds of meat stewed with vegetables; hence, a mixture or miscellaneous collection. Olympiad, 6«lim'pi«ad, n. [Gr. olym-

poses.

6'li«6»rez"in,

n.

[Prefix

and resin.] A natural combination of an essential oil and a resin, as turpentine. olfactory, ol«fak'te«ri, a. [L. olfacio, oleo, to smell, and olfactum, to smell odor.] Pertaining facio, to make, to smelling; connected with the sense of smelling. n. An organ of olfaction, smelling (usually pi.). 61-fak'shon, n. The sense of smell; the act or process of smelling. olibanum, o«lib'a«num, n. [L.L. olibanum, from L. oleum, oil, and libanus, frankincense.] A kind of incense; frankincense. oligarchy, ol'i«gar»ki, n. [Gr. oligarchia oligos, few, and arche, rule.] form of government in which the supreme power is placed in the hands of a small exclusive class; those who form such a class or body. oligarch, ol'i«gark, n. A member of an oligarchy. oligarchic, oligaroleo,

—

—

Seen

A

olympiados, from Olympia, where the Olympic games were held.] A period of four years reckoned from one celebration of the Olympic games to another, by which the ancient Greeks computed time, from 776 B.C. Olympian, Olympic, 6«-

A

—

—

chical, ol«i«gar'kik, ol«i'gar'ki«kal, a.

Oligocene, ol'ig»o«sen, a. [Gr. oligos, little, and kainos, recent.] Geol. slightly recent; somewhat more recent than eocene. oligoclase, ol'i«g6«klas, n. [Gr. oligos, kind small, and klasis, a fracture.] of feldspar, occurring in granite,

A

porphyry, and other metamorphic

and volcanic rocks. olio, 6li«o, n. [From Sp. olla (pron. olya), a dish of meat, from L. olla, a pot.] A dish of stewed meat; a mixture; a medley; a miscellany. olive, ol'iv, n. [Fr. olive, L. oliva, an olive, akin to Gr. elaia, an olive; same root as oleum, oil.] An evergreen tree much cultivated in Southern Europe, etc., for the valuable

contained in its berries, formerly sacred to Minerva, furnishing wreaths used by the Greeks and Romans to crown the brows of victors, and still universally regarded as an emblem of peace ; the berry or drupe of the olive; the color of the olive, a brownish-green color or one composed of violet and green mixed in nearly equal proportions. a. Relating to the olive; of the color of the olive; brown, tending to a yellowisholivaceous, ol«i»va'shus, a. green. Of the color of the olive; having the qualities of olives. olivary, ol'i*oil

—

—

Resembling an olive.- -olive branch, n. A branch of the olive va«ri, a.

the

emblem of

peace;

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

fig.

a

—

lim'pi«an, 6'lim'pik, a. Pertaining to Olympus or to Olympia in Greece. Olympic games, a great national festival of the ancient Greeks, celebrated at intervals of four years on the plain of Olympia in Peloponnesus; a modern revival (Athens, Greece, 1896) in which athletes of the world meet quadrennially in various countries.

omasum,

o-ma'sum,

n.

[L.]

The

third stomach of ruminating animals the manyplies.

omber, ombre, om'ber,

[Fr.,

n.

from Sp. hombre, man, L. homo.]

An

old

game

at cards, usually

played

by three persons.

omega,

o«me'ga, o«ma'ga, 6'me«ga, n. [Gr. o, and mega, great, lit. the great or long u.] The name of the last letter of the Greek alphabet, hence in Scripture Omega denotes the last, the ending.

omelet, om'e«let,

n.

[Fr.

aumelette,

Beaten eggs fried, at times with cheese, chopped meat, fruit, etc. omen, 6'men, n. [L. omen, older omelette.]

osmen, from os, oris, the mouth, or connected with auris, the ear; hence abominate.] A casual event or occurrence thought to portend good or evil; a prognostic; an augury. v.i. To prognosticate as an omen; to augur; to betoken. v.t. To divine; omened, 6 mend, a. to predict. Containing an omen or prognostic. omening, 6'men«ing, n. An augury; a prognostication. ominous, om'i«nus, a. [L. ominosus.] Containing an ill omen; foreboding or betokening

—

—

—ominously, om'-

evil; inauspicious. i«nus«li, adv. In an

with

ill

omen.

ominous manner;

— ominousness,

om-

i«nus«nes, n.

omentum, 6«men'tum,

—

n. [L.]

Anat.

the caul or epiploon. omental, 6«men'tal, a. Relating to the omentum. omicron, 6»mi'kron, n. [Gr. o mikron, lit. little o.] The short o, the 15th letter (O, o) of the Greek alphabet. omit, 6«mit', v.t. omitted, omitting. [L. omitto, to neglect, disregard, say nothing of prefix ob, and mitto, to mission.] To pass over or send, neglect; to let slip; to fail to do or

me, met, her;

—

—

pine, pin;

;

on

pias,

oleoresin,

tree:

child.

—

——

:

580

olea, the olive tree.] The so-called wild olive, a plant resembling the

One

——

note, not,

move;

to use; to leave out; not to insert. omission, 6«mish'on, n. [L. omissio.] The act of omitting; a neglect or failure to do something that should have been done; the act of leaving out; something omitted or left out. omissible, 6«mis'i«bl, a. Capable of being omitted. omissive, 6«mis'iv, a. Leaving out; neglectful. omnibus, om'ni«bus, n. [L., for all.] A bus; a collection in one volume of an author's works. omnific, onvnif'ik, a. [L. omnis, all, and facio, to make.] All-creating.

—

omnipotence, om«nip'o«tens,

n.

[L.

omnipotens, omnipotent omnis, all, and pot ens, powerful. potent.] Unlimited or infinite power; almighty power ; an attribute of God hence sometimes used for God (being then written with a capital). omnipotent, om«nip'o«tent, a. Almighty; all-powerful. The Omnipotent, the Almighty. omnipotently, om«nip'o«tent«li, adv. In an

—

omnipotent manner.

omnipresence, om«ni«prez ens, n. [L. omnis, all, and praesens, present.] The faculty or power of being present in every place at the same time, an attribute peculiar to God. omnipresent,

om«ni«prez'ent, a. Present in all places at the same time; ubiquitous. omniscience, onvnish'ens, n. [L. omnis, all, and scientia, knowledge. science.] The faculty of knowing everything; knowledge unbounded or infinite; an attribute of God. omniscient, onvnish'ent, a. Having knowledge of all things; infinitely knowing. omnisciently, om«nish ent«li, adv. an In omniscient

—

manner.

omnium, om'ni«um,

A

(things).]

term

n.

[L.,

used

of

on

all

the the

Stock Exchange to express aggregate value of the different stocks in which a loan is funded.

omnium-gatherum. gaTH'er-um, of

collection (Colloq.)

om ni«um—

A

miscellaneous things or persons.

n.

omnivorous, om«niv'o«rus,

—

a.

[L.

omnivorus omnis, all, and voro, to eat.] All-devouring; eating food of every kind indiscriminately (omnivorous animals); having an insatiable appetite for anything (an omnivorous reader). omphalic, onvfal ik, a. [Gr. omphalos, the navel.] Pertaining to the navel.

on, on, prep. [A. Sax. on, an, on, in; D. aan, G. an, Goth, ana, Skr. anu,

in;

to in and under.] so as to touch; not off;

akin

Above and

performing by means of (to play on a harp, a violin); in addition to (loss on loss); at or near (on the coast); expressing reliance, dependence, basis, etc. (a statement founded on error); at or in the time of (we say on the day, at the hour, in the week, month, year^; at the time of or during (on public occasions); immediately after and as a result (he retired on the ratification of the treaty); in reference or relation to (on our part); toward or so as tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

I

—— ——————————— —

—— —

— ——— — — —— —

onager

suddenly. On fire, in a state of burning; in a passion or eager state. On hand, in present possession On high, in an (goods on hand). On the way, on the elevated place. proceeding, journeying, or road,

—

On the wing, in adv. flying; fig. departing. Forward, in progression (move on); forward, in succession (and so on); without interruption or ceasing (sleep on, say on) ; attached to the body (his clothes are not on). Also used as an imperative go elhptically making progress. flight;

—

advance. oncoming, a. Approaching; nearing. n. A coming onor drawing near; approach. looker, on'luk«er, n. A looker on; onrush, on 'rush, n. a spectator. A rush or dash onward; a rapid onset, on'set, n. or violent onset. on,

A

violent attack; an assault; an assault by an army or body of onslaught, on'slat, n. [From troops. on, and A. Sax. sleaht, a blow, from slagan, sledn, to strike (to slay).] An attack or onset; an assault. onager, on'a«jer, n. [L., from Gr. onagros onos, ass, and agrios, wild.] The wild ass of Central Asia.

an

adverbial genit. of one; comp. twice and thrice, nonce.] One time; on one occasion; at a former time. At once, at the same time; imme(at

n.

Only time;

once, this once).

—

one

conj.

—

time

taining to topoeia.

As soon

whenever. once-over, n. A quick appraisal. one, wun, a. [O.E. oon, A. Sax. dn = D., L.G., and Dan. een, Sw. en, Icel. einn, G. ein, Goth, ains; cog. L. unus, W. un, Gael, aon, an, Armor.

—one.

The

indefinite

—

article

—

words of obvious meaning, etc. One day, on a certain or particular day; at an indefinite time, either or

future.

All one, just the

same; of no consequence; no matter.

—

A

n. The first of the simple units; the symbol representing this (=1); whether particular individual, a thing or person (in this sense with a plural). At one, in union; in concord or agreement. pron. Any

single person; any man, any person One (one may speak one's mind). another, one or each the other.

one-horse, n. Drawn by a single oneness, wun'nes, n. The horse. state of being one; singleness; oneself, unity. wun«self, pron. One's self; himself or herself. one-sided, a. Related to, or having

—

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

formed by onoma-

root gen, to being, and genesis produce.] Biol, the history of the individual development of an organontogenetic, on'to»je«ized being. net"ik, a. Pertaining to ontogenesis. ontology, on«tol'o«ji, n. [Gr. on, ontos, being, and logos, discourse.] The doctrine of being; that part of metaphysics which investigates and explains the nature of all things or existences, treating of whatever does or can exist: sometimes equivontological, alent to metaphysics. on«to»loj'i«kal, a. Pertaining to ontology, or the science of being. ontologist, on«tol'o«jist, One n. versed in ontology. burden; often onus, 6'nus, n. [L.] used for onus probandi, the burden of proof; the burden of proving what has been alleged. onward, on'werd, adv. [On and ward, denoting direction, similar to toward; A. Sax. onweard.] Toward the point before or in front ; forward on; in advance. a. Advanced or advancing (an onward course); carried so far toward an end; forward; advanced. onwards, on'werdz, adv.

an, a is the same word; once and only are derivatives, and atone = at one.] Being but a single thing or a unit; not two or' more; indicating a contrast or opposition to some other thing; closely united; forming a whole; undivided; single in kind. One occurs in many compound

past

or

onset, onslaught. See on. ontogenesis, ontogeny, on«to«jen'e— [Gr. on, ontos, sis, on«toj'e«ni, n.

as;

unan

opal

—

—

onis,

—

—

condition, occupation, etc. On a sudden, fire, on duty).

state,

once, wuns, adv. [O.E. ones,

— ——

—

—

:

diately.

—

that of the nail.] A semi-pellucid but one side; partial; unjust; unfair. onetime, a. Former; past; quongem with variously colored zones dam. adv. Formerly. one-track, a. or veins; an agate with layers of chalcedony, one of which is fleshPossessed of only one track, as a colored: used for cameos. railroad, hence, narrow, unchanging. one-way, a. Traffic or motion in oocyte, 6'O'Sit, n. [Gr. oon, an egg, kytos, a cell.] Zool. an egg before one direction only. formation of the polar bodies. oneirocritic, o«ni'ro«krit"ik, n. [Gr. oneiron, a dream, kritikos, discern- oodles, d'dlz, n. pi. (colloq.) A lot; ing.] An interpreter of dreams. an abundance. oneirocritical, o«ni'ro«krit"i«kal, a. oogonium, 6'o»gon"i«um, n. [Gr. oon, Having the power of interpreting an egg, gonos, offspring.] In lower dreams. oneiromancy, plants, the female organ, producing o«ni'ro«man«si, n. [Gr. manteia, divination.] one or more egg cells. Divination by dreams. oolite, 6'ol«It, n. [Gr. oon, an egg, and onerous, on'er«us, a. [O.Fr. onereus, lithos, stone, from its resemblance from L. onerosus, from onus, oneris, to the roes of fish.] Geol. a species a load.] Burdensome; troublesome of limestone composed of globules onerously, on'in the performance. clustered together, commonly wither«us«li, adv. Oppressively. out any visible cement or base; onion, un'yun, n. [Fr. oignon, ognon, the oolitic formation or system. oolitic, 6-o«lit'ik, a. Pertaining to from L. unio, unionis, unity, an onion.] A biennial cultivated plant oolite; composed of oolite; resembling oolite. Oolitic system, a series of the lily family, and particularly of strata comprehending limestones, its bulbous root, much used as an article of food. calcareous sandstones, marls, shales, and clays which underlie the chalk onlooker. See ON. formation and rest on the Trias ; the only, on'li, a. [One, with its old pronounciation, and term, -ly; A. Jurassic system. Sax. dnlic] Single; alone in its oology, 6«ol'o«ji, n. [Gr. oon, an egg, and logos, a treatise.] The branch adv. For one purclass; solitary. of knowledge that deals with bird's pose alone; simply; merely; barely; oologist, 6«ol'o«jist, n. One eggs. conj. But; excepting solely; singly. versed in oology. that. onomatopoeia, on'o«ma«to«pe"a, n. oolong, 6'long, n. [Cant. pron. of [Gr. onomatopoiia onoma, onomatos, Chin. (Pek.) wu-lung, lit. a black a name, and poied, to make.] The dragon.] A tea made from leaves formation of words by imitation partly oxidized before firing. of sounds; the expressing by sound oophyte, 6'o«fit, n. [Gr. oon, an egg, of the thing signified; thus buzz, phyton, a plant.] Bot. the gametohum, pewit, whippoorwill, etc., are phyte (which see). produced by onomatopoeia. onoma- oosperm, 6 'oosperm, n. [Gr. oon, an topoetic, on'o«ma«to«p6«et"ik, a. Peregg, sperma, seed.] A fertilized

my

—

;

581

to affect (mercy on him); denoting a pledge, engagement, or affirmation word, on his honor); betting, (on in support of the chances of; among the staff of or contributors to with names of periodicals; pointing to a

(on

—

Same onyx, the j,

;'ob;

as Onward. on'iks, n. [Gr. onyx, the nail; color of the gem re sembles

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

ovum;

a zygote.

oospore, 6'o«spor, n. [Gr. oon, an egg, and E. spore.] Bot. a spore that receives

impregnation

before

ger-

mination.

ootheca, 6«o«the'ka, n. [Gr. oon, an egg, and theca, a case.] An eggcase, as that for the eggs of some insects. oozed, oozing. [A. Sax. v.i. wos, juice, liquor, wdse, mire, mud; Icel. vds, wetness; same root as water.] To percolate, as a liquid, through the pores of a substance, or through small openings; to flow

ooze, 6z,

—

from the pores of a body: often used figuratively v.t. To emit (the secret oozed out). n. Soft in the shape of moisture. mud or slime, as at the bottom of any sheet of water; tanning, a solution of tannin; the liquor of a tan-vat. opacity. See opaque. opah, 6 'pa, n. A large and beautiful in small quantities

seafish of the Eastern Seas. opal, 6 'pal, n. [L. opalus, Gr. opallios, an opal; comp. Skr. upala, a precious stone.] A precious stone of various

colors and varieties, the finest characterized by its iridescent reflection of light, and formerly believed to magical virtues. opalespossess cence, 6«pal«es'ens, n. play of colors like that of the opal; the reflection of a milky and iridescent opalescent, 6«pal«es'ent, a. light. Resembling opal; having the iridescent tints of opal. opaline, 6'-

A

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— ————— —

—

—

—

opaque

shady,

opacus,

dark,

obscure.]

Impervious to the rays of light; not Opacity (Young). transparent. n. opaquely, o»pak'li, adv. In an opaque manner. opaqueness, o«pak'nes, n. The quality of being opaque. opacity, o«pas'i«ti, n. [L. opacitas.] State or quality of being opaque want of transparency. ope, op, v.t. and i. oped, oping. To open used only in poetry.

—

—

—

;

:

open, open D. opinn,' Dan. ddben, G. offen, open; akin to up.] Not shut; not closed; not covered; not stopped

open, 6'pn, open,

a. [A. Sax.

Icel.

(as a bottle);

unsealed (as a letter); used or enjoyed; not

free to be restricted; affording free accessible; public; spread;

ingress;

expand-

ed; not drawn together or contracted (an open hand; open arms); hence, free,

liberal,

bounteous; free from

dissimulation; candid; not secret or concealed; clear; unobstructed (an open view, an open country); not

from

free

frosty;

frost

and snow

(an open winter); exposed to view; laid bare; exposed or liable to be

prepared; attentive; not yet decided (an open question); not settled, balanced, or closed (an open account); enunciated without closing the mouth, or with a full utterance (an open vowel); mus. produced without stopping by the finger or without using a assailed;

fully

slide, key, piston, etc.

Open

verdict,

a verdict upon an inquest finding that a crime has been committed,

but without specifying the criminal; or which finds that a sudden or violent death has occurred, but does not decide on the cause. n. An open or clear space. The open, the open country; a place or space v.t. [A. Sax. clear of obstructions. openian.} To make open; to unclose; obto remove any fastening or struction from, so as to afford an entrance, passage, or view of the inner parts; to spread; to expand (the fingers, the arms); to enter upon; to commence (to open a negotiation or correspondence); to declare open; to set in operation

with some ceremony; to reveal; to disclose (to open one's mind). To open fire, to begin to fire or discharge firearms. v.i. To unclose itself; to be unclosed; to be parted; to begin to be seen from a distance; to commence; to begin; to begin to fire,

as a battery.

—open

and

shut,

—

very simple. open door, n. An opportunity for exchange of trade and goods with equal opportunities for all; open or free admission to all. opener, open-eyed, a. Having 6'pen-er, n. the eyes open, hence, watchful; a.

Obvious;

—

—

—

open-handed, a. vigilant. munificent. ous ; liberal ;

Generopen-

— —

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

;;

commencing a business or profession operose, op'eTos, a thinly wooded space without from opera, work, underbrush, as in a

—open

forest.

A communication

of protest or appeal addressed to one person but meant for public view. openly,

letter, n.

—

o'pen»li, adv.

—openmouthed, —

a.

Hav-

ing the mouth open; gaping, as with astonishment. open shop, n. An establishment where union and nonunion workers are employed without discrimination. openwork, n. Ornamental work, with openings through its substance.

—

opera, op'eTa, n. [It. opera, work, from L. opera, work.] A musical dra-

ma;

a dramatic composition set to

music and sung and acted on the stage, accompanied with musical instruments the score or words of a musical drama. opera glass, n. A small binocular telescope of low magnifying power, used in theaters, opera house, n. A theater for etc. opethe performance of operas. ;

—

—

—

ratic, op«e«rat'ik, a. operate, op'e-rat, v.i. operated, operating. [L. operor, operatum, to work, from opus, operis, a work.]

—

To

exert

power or strength, physical

mechanical; to work; to act; to have agency; to produce an effect; to issue in a designed result; med. to take appropriate effect on the human system; surg. to perform some manual act in a methodical manner upon a human body. v.t. To effect; to accomplish; to put or

operation; to work; to drive operant, op'e«rant, a. (a machine). into

—

Having power

to produce an effect; operative. n. One who operates; an operator. operation, op«e«ra'shon, n. [L. operatio.] The act or process of operating; a working or

—

proceeding; process; manipulation; the carrying out of preconcerted

by

regular movements (military or naval operations); a surgical proceeding to which the human body is subjected for curative operative, op'e«ra«tiv, a. Opends. erating; exerting force; active in the

measures

—

production of effects; efficacious; producing the effect; having to do with manual or other operations. n. A skilled workman; an artisan. operator, op'e«ra«ter, n. One who operates; one who operates a machine (to be an IBM operator); one who owns, leases, or manages a mining property; (slang) one who cleverly manages people and situations to his own advantage. operculum, 6«per'ku«lum, n. [L.,

—

—

to close or shut.] A cover; the cover or lid of the spore cases of mosses; the lid of a pitcher-form leaf; a horny or shelly plate serving to close the aperture of the shell of many mollusks when the animal is retracted within it; the bony apparatus which protects the gills of fishes. operculated, operculate, 6«per'ku*la*ted, 6«per'ku«lat, a. Pertaining to or

from little

operio,

lid or

—

hearted, a. Candid; frank; sincere; openheartedly, adv. openot sly. having an operculum. ning, 6 pending, n. A break or breach in something; a hole or perforation; operetta, op«e«ret'ta, n. [It. dim. of opera.] A short musical drama of a an aperture; beginning; commencement; a vacancy; an opportunity of light character.

—

—

.

opium

582

pal-in, a. Pertaining to or like opal. opaque, o«pak', a. [Fr. opaque, from

L.

—

;

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

[L.

a.

operosus*

opera.] Laborious; attended with labor; tedious. operosely, op'e«r6s«li, adv. In an operose manner. operoseness, op'e«ros«nes, n. Laboriousness. ophidian, 6»fid'i»an, a. [Gr. ophis, a serpent.] Pertaining to serpents; having the characters of the serpents serpentine. n. One of an order of reptiles which comprises all the snakes or serpents. ophiolatry, of«i«ol'a«tri, n. [Gr. ophis, ophios, a serpent, and latreia, worship.] Serpent worship. ophiological, of'i«o«loj"i«kal, a. Pertaining to ophiology. ophiologist, of«i«oT'o«jist, n. One versed in ophiology. ophiology, of«i«ol'o«ji, n. That branch of zoology which treats of serpents the natural history of serpents. ophite, of'it, n. [Gr. ophis, a serpent.] Green porphyry or serpentine, a metamorphic rock; [cap.] also a name for certain Gnostics of the second century, who held that the serpent by which Eve was tempted was Christ, and hence regarded the serpent as sacred.

—

—

—

—

ophthalmia, of'thal'mi^a, n. [Gr.. from ophthalmos, the eye, from root op, to see, as in optic]

of

the

eye

or

its

Inflammation appendages.

ophthalmic, of«thal'mik, ing to the eye.

Pertain-

a.

—ophthalmitis,

of«thal«mi'tis, n. Inflammation of the ophthalmology, of'thal'mol'eye.

—

n. That branch of science which deals with the eye. ophthal-

o«ji,

—

mologist, of'thalTnol'O'jist, n. A person versed in ophthalmology. ophthalmoscope, of«thal'mo»sk6p, n. An instrument for viewing the interior of the eye by means of a

—

ophthalmoscopy, of«thal«mirror. mos'ko'pi, n. The art of using the ophthalmoscope opiate, 6pi«at,

n.

[From opium.] Any

medicine that contains opium and has the quality of inducing sleep or repose; a narcotic; anything that dulls sensation; mental or physical. a. Inducing sleep; soporific; narcotic.

—

opined, 6«pin', v.i. and t. opining. [Fr. opiner, from L. opinor, opinion.] To think; to to think, suppose; to be of opinion. opinion, o«pin yun, n. [L. opinio, opinionis, from opinor, to think; same root as opto, to wish, optimus, optative.] judgment or best, belief formed without certain evidence; belief stronger than impression, less strong than positive knowl-

opine,

A

edge; judgment or sentiments on persons or things as regards their character or qualities; settled judgment or persuasion; belief (reopinionated, o— ligious opinions). pin yun«a«ted, a. Obstinate in opin-

—

conceited. opinionative; ion; opinionative, o«pin'yun«a»tiv, a. Unduly attached to one's own opinions; dogmatic; obstinate in beliefs. opinionatively, o«pin yun'a«tiv»li, adv. In an opinionative manner. opinionativeness, o»pin yun«a«tiv— nes, n.

opium, opium, tube, tub, bull;

n.

[L.

oil,

opium,

Gr.

pound.

.

—

——

—

——

— ———

— —

;

opodeldoc

583

optometer

from opos, vegetable juice.] drug derived from dried juice of the unripe seed pod of the poppy;

inconsistent; repugnant; in pairs; each pair crosswise to that above or below it. n. One who or that which opposes; one who or that which is opposite or adverse. oppositely, op'po«zit«li, adv. In an opposite or adverse manner. oppositeness, op'po«zit»nes, ri. The state of being opposite or adverse. opposition, op»po»zish'on, n. [Partly from oppose, partly from opposite.] Situation so as to front something; a standing over against; the state of being opposed or contrasted; the state of being adverse; the act of opposing; attempt to check, restrain, or defeat resistance; that which opposes; the collective body of opposers; the party in either house of Congress or a state legislature opposed to the administration or the party in power; astron. the situation of two heavenly bodies when diametrically opposite to each other, or when their longitudes differ by 180°. Also used adjectively (an opposition scheme). oppress, op»pres', v.t. [Fr. oppresser, from L. oppressus, from opprimo ob, and premo, pressum, to press, press.] To load or burden with cruel, unjust, or unreasonable impositions; to

in a patient's blood produced by the injection of dead cultures of the bacteria of his disease. opt, opt, v.i. [Fr. opter, from L. optare, to choose.] To make a choice; to choose.

contrary;

opion,

A

a narcotic or medicinal sedative. opium eating, the practice of taking

opium by mouth.

—

— opium smoking,

the habit of smoking opium. opodeldoc, op«6«del'dok, n. [Probably an arbitrary name coined by saponaceous camParacelsus.] phorated liniment ; a solution of soap in alcohol, with the addition of

its

essential oils.

native

n. [From opasAmerican name.]

The name of several mammals of America.

marsupial

oppidan, op'i«dan, n. [L. oppidanus, from oppidum, a city or town.] An inhabitant of a town:}:; at Eton College a student not on the foundation, and who lives in a boarding house.

opponent, op»p6'nent,

a. [L. opponens, opponentis, ppr. of oppono, to oppose ob, against, and pono, to position.] Opposing; antagplace, One that onistic; opposite. n. opposes; an adversary; an antagonist; one that supports the opposite side in controversy, disputation, or

opportune, op«or«tun', a. [Fr. opfrom L. opportunis, lit. portun,

—

port.] Seasonable; timely; opportimed; convenient. well tunely, op«or»tun'li, adv. In an

—

—opportuneness, Quality of being seasonable. — oppor-

opportune manner.

op«or«tun'nes, n. opportune or tunism, op«or«tun'izm, n. The practice of seizing or turning opportuadvantage; a political nities to attitude dispensing with a fixed

op-

—

nes, n.

oppugn, op«pun', ob,

or

go;

si,

n.

a.

Resisting;

opposing;

hostile.

oppugner, op«pun'er, n. One who oppugns. opsonic, op«son'ik, a. [Gr. opson, cooked meat.] Having the effect on

making them easier of consumption by phagocytes. -op-

in front; facing; adverse; opposed; hostile; different in nature or quality; mutually antagonistic; g,

reasoning

—oppugnancy, op«pug'nan«Opposition; resistance; conop»pug'nant, tention. —oppugnant, against.

situated

ch, Sc. loch;

—

[L. oppugno to fight,

v.t.

and pugno,

resist; to exercise hostile

—

ch, chain;

against,

from pugnus, the fist, pugnacious.] To attack by arguments or the like, not by weapons; to oppose; to

—

Standing

—

bacteria of

—

sonin, op'so«nin, n. j,

job;

ng, sing;

The

TH,

substance

then;

[From L.

view of matters social or political. optimist, op'ti-mist, n. optimistic,

—

—

.

n.

optative.] The docoptimus, best, trine that everything in nature is ordered for the best; the tendency always to take the most hopeful

opprobrious, disgrace ; infamy. op«pro'bri«us, a. Containing or expresive of opprobrium; scurrilous;

—

compose.]

optimism, op'ti«mizm,

ob,

opprobriously, abusive ; infamous op»pr6'bri«us»li, adv. Scurrilously. opprobriousness, op»pro'bri«us«-

etc.

A

n.

—

n. [L., against, and probrum, a shameful or disgraceful act.] Scurrilous or abusive language; contemptuous reproaches; scurrility;

posing. [Fr. op, and poser, to place, pose, compose.] To place in front; to set opposite; to place as an obstacle; to put with a view to hinder, defeat, destroy, or prevent effect; to act against; to resist, either by physical or other means; to act as an opponent to; to confront; to check; to withstand; to resist effectually. v.i. To make objections; to act obstructively. opposability, op«p6'za«bil"i»ti,«. The capability of being placed so as to act in opposition. opposable, op«po'za«bl, a. Capable of being opposed or resisted; capable of being opposed to something else. opposer, op«po'zer, n. One that opposes. opposite, op'po«zit, a. [L. oppositus ob, before, and positus, placed.

position,

ti«graf,

Unreasonably burdensome; un-

from

—

optigraph, op'telescope used in drawing landscapes. optimates, op»ti»ma'tez, n. pi. [L., aristocrats, from optimus, best, optimism.] The Roman aristocracy; hence, an aristocracy or nobility optime, op'ti«me, n. In in general. the University of Cambridge, a student in the second rank of honors, next to the wranglers. instruments,

opprobrium, op«pr6'bri«um,

bined with other favorable circum-

—opposed, opposer —prefix

—

That branch of physical science which treats of the nature and properties of light and vision, optical

—

op«or«tu'ni«ti, n. [L. opportunitas.] Fit or convenient time or occasion; a time favorable for the purpose; a suitable time, com-

—

A

tician, op«tish'an, n. person skilled in the science of optics; one who makes or sells optic glasses and optics, instruments. op'tiks, n.

—

opportunity,

v.t.

—

justly severe; given to oppression; overpowering; overtyrannical; whelming. oppressively, op«pres'iv«li, adv. In an oppressive manner. oppressiveness, op«pres'iv«nes, n. The quality of being oppressive. oppressor, op«pres'er, n. One that oppresses or harasses.

program, but merely waiting for something to turn up to be utilized for immediate service.

oppose, op«poz',

—

—

a.

moral

stances.

—

treat with unjust severity, rigor, or hardship; to overburden; to overwhelm; to subdue; to sit or lie heavy on (as food in the stomach). oppression, op«presh'on, n. The act of oppressing; excessively rigorous government; severity; hardship; calamity; depression; a sense of heaviness or weight in the mind oppressive, op«pres'iv, or body.

prefix op, offering a port or harbor for ob, and portus, a port, harbor,

and

ing desire or wish; gram, applied to that mood of the verb in which wish or desire is expressed. n. Gram, the optative mood of a verb. optic, op'tik, a. [Fr. optique, from Gr. optikos, from root op, to see L. oculus, E. eye, being from same root.] Relating or pertaining to vision or sight; pertaining to the organ of vision; subservient to vision; relating to the science of optics. Optic axis, the axis of the eye, or a line going through the middle of the pupil and the center of the eye. n. An organ of sight; an eye. optic nerve, the nerve of sight which connects the eye with the optic centers of the brain. optical, op'ti«kal, a. Relating to or connected with the science of optics. optically, op'ti»kal«li, adv. op-

—

argument.

haven,

a. [L. optativus, opto, to desire or wish (as in adopt, option); root same as in opinion, opulence, optimism.] Express-

from

—

opossum, o«pos'um, som,

optative, op'te«tiv,

—

A

camphor and

growing

bot.

op«ti»mis'tik, a.

optimum, op'ti-mum, n. [L. optimus, best.] The greatest number or degree the most favorable of conditions, as for plant growth. option, op'shon, n. [L. optio, option, from opto, to wish or desire, optaThe power or liberty of tive.] choosing; right of choice; the power of deciding on any course of action; choice; election; preference; stock exchange, a right to effect a certain transaction or not at a certain date, at the desire of the person bargaining, who pays for the right. Local option, the principle by which the people of a certain locality may decide as to the sale of intoxicating optional, op'shon«al, liquors there. a. Left to one's option or choice; depending on choice or preference. optionally, op'shon«al»li, adv. In an optional manner; at pleasure. optometer, op«tom'et«er, n. [From

th, thin;

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——

—

— ——— — —— —

;

optometry

584

and Gr. metron, a measure, optic] An instrument for testing and measuring the visual

opt- of

optic,

adjustment of the eye, used to determine the focal lengths of lenses

needed

op«tom'e«tri,

[From

n.

Gr. optikos, optic, and metron, measuring.] Scientific measurement of the range of vision; the fitting of lenses to effect needed adjustments. optometrist, op«tom'e»-

—

trist, n.

opulence, opulency, op'u«lens, op'u«len«si, n. [L. opulentia, from opes, wealth, optative.] Wealth; riches; affluence. opulent, op'u«lent, a. [L. opulentus.] Wealthy; rich; affluent; having large means.

opuntia, 6»pun'shi«a,

n.

A

kind of

cactus largely cultivated in Mexico for raising the cochineal insect. opus, opus, n. [L. pi. opera.] work; especially a musical compo-

A

sition.

opuscule, 6«pus'kul, n. [L. opusculum, dim. from opus, work, operate.] A small work; a little book. or, or, conj. [Contr. from the older other, formerly used both for 'either' and 'or', the same word as either.] A particle that marks, or seems to mark, an alternative, frequently corresponding to a preceding either, and also to whether, with which words it is sometimes interchangein poetry; it often connects series of words or propositions, presenting a choice between any

able a

two of them (he may study law or medicine or divinity, or he may enter into trade); beginning a sentence it expresses an alternative with the foregoing sentence. or, or, n. [Fr. or, L. aurum, gold.] Her. gold, expressed in engraving by numerous small points or dots. orach, orache, or'ach, n. [Formerly arrach, from Fr. arroche, orache; origin unknown.] A name of several plants of which a garden species is used like spinach. oracle, or'a»kl, n. [L. oraculum, from oro, to speak, to pray, from os, oris, the mouth; akin oral, orifice, orator, adore, etc.] The answer of a god or the inspired priest or priestess of a god, to an inquiry made respecting some affair; the deity who gave or was supposed to give answers to inquiries; the place where the answers were given; the sanctuary (O.T.); a divine communication, revelation, or message;

any

person

reputed

uncommonly

wise, and whose opinions have great a. weight. oracular, o«rak'u«ler, Pertaining to an oracle or oracles; uttering oracles; resembling the utterance of an oracle ; authoritative sententious; ambiguous, like the oracularly, o«rakancient oracles. u«ler«li, adv. In the manner of an

or'anj,

oral, 6'ral, a. [Fr., from L. or, oris, the mouth, oracle.] Uttered by the mouth or in words; spoken, not written; zool. pertaining to the mouth of animals.—orally, 6'ral-li, adv. In an oral manner; by word

a circular leaf with the stalk attached to the center of it. Orbicular muscles, muscles with circular fibers

orange, It. arancia, arancio, Sp. naranja, from Ar. ndranj, an orange, the form of the word being influenced by Fr. or, gold.] tree cultivated abundantly in the south of Europe, the

ler«li, adv. Spherically; circularly. orbiculate, orbiculated, or«bik'u«-

Azores, America,

lat,

n.

[Fr.

fruit,

which

countries

in

is

etc., and also its imported into other

great

quantities.

a.

Belonging to an orange; colored as an orange. orangeade, or«anj«ad', n. Drink made from orange juice or orange flavored with orange peel. pekoe, n. An Indian or Ceylon black tea. orangery, or'an«jer»i, n. [Ft. orangerie.] A place where oranges are cultivated; a house for orange

—

trees.

Orangeman,

or'anj-man, n. [From

William III of England, Prince of Orange, a place now in France.] A

member

of a secret society instituted in Ireland in 1795, to uphold Protestant ascendency, and to oppose the Catholic religion and influence. Orangeism, or'anj«izm, n. The tenets or principles of the Orangemen. orangutan, orangoutang, o»rang'6«tan, o«rang'6«tang, n. [Malay orangutan, lit. man of the woods.] One of the largest of the anthropoid apes, a native of Sumatra and Borneo. oration, o«ra'shon, n. [L. oratio, from oro, oratum, to pray, oracle.] speech or discourse composed according to the rules of oratory, and spoken in public; a set speech; a

A

discourse pronounced on special occasion. orate, or«at',

formal a

To deliver an oration, with undercurrent idea of pomposity.

v.i.

A

orator, or'a«ter, n. [L.] public speaker; one who delivers an oration; one who is skilled as a speaker; an eloquent man. oratorical, or«a— tor'i«kal, a. Pertaining to an orator or to oratory; rhetorical. oratorically, or«a«tor'i«kal«li, adv. In an oratorical manner. oratorio, or»a«to'ri»6, n. [It.] sacred musical composition, consisting of airs, recitatives, duets, trios, choruses, etc., the subject of which is generally jaken from Scripture. oratory, or'a«to«ri, n. [Partly from orator, partly from L. oratorium, a place of prayer.] The art of public speaking; the art of an orator; exercise of eloquence; eloquence; a place for prayer; a small apartment for private devotions. Priests of the Oratory, a religious order, the members of which are not bound by any special

—

A

—

vow. orb, orb,

n. [Ft. or be, from L. or bis, a a ring, a disk; seen also in orbit, exorbitant.] spherical body; a sphere or globe; also a circular body or disk; anc. astron. a hollow globe or sphere forming part of the solar or sidereal system; arch, a plain circular boss. boss. tu.f To

circle,

A

—

or assume the appearance of an orb. v.t. To encircle; to enclose. orbed, orbd, a. Having the form of an orb; round; circular. orbicular, or«bik'u«ler, a. [L. orbicularis.] In the form of an orb; spherical; circular. Orbicular leaf, exhibit

oracle.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

orange,

—

ordain

of mouth; verbally.

A

to correct defects of vision.

optometry,

—— — — —

——

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

surrounding some natural opening of body. orbicularly, or«bik'u»-

the

or«bik'u«la«ted, a. [L. orbiculatus.]

In the form of an orb; orbicular. orbit, or'bit, n. [L. orbita, a wheeltrack, a circuit, from orbis, an orb. orb.] The path of a planet or comet through space the curved line which ;

a planet describes in

revolution

round

its

periodical central body its

(the orbit of Jupiter or Mercury); anat. the bony cavity in which the eye is situated; ornith. the skin which surrounds the eye of a bird. orbital, or'bi«tal, a. Pertaining to an orbit. orbitary, or'bi«taTi, a. Connected with or surrounding the orbit {orbitary feathers). orcein, or'se«in, n. The chief ingredient of archil, a purple dyestuff obtained from orcinol (which see). orchard, or'cherd, n. [A. Sax. ortgeard, wyrtgeard, lit. a wort-yard; so Dan. urtgaard, Goth, aurti-gards, a garden, wort, yard.] garden^; an enclosure devoted to the culture of fruit growing or nut-bearing trees. orchardist, or cherd«ist, n. One that cultivates orchards; a fruit

A

—

grower.

orchestra, or'kes«tra, n. [Gr. orchestra, from orcheomai, to dance.]

The

part of a theater appropriated the musicians; in the Grecian theaters a part of the stage allotted to the chorus; the whole instrumental band performing together in public places of amusement. orchestral, or«kes'tral, a. Pertaining orchestration, or»to an orchestra. kes«tra'shon, n. The arrangement of music for an orchestra; instrumentato

tion.

orchid, orchis, or kid, or'kis, n. [Gr. orchis, a testicle, hence an orchid, from the form of the root.] The name of a family of perennial plants, with tuberous fleshy roots, and beautiful flowers of remarkable form, found almost everywhere and prized by florists; a light reddish-blue color. orchidaceous, or«ki«da shus, a. Pertaining to the orchids.

orcinol, orcin, or si«nol, or [Fr. orcine,

from

orchella.]

sin,

n.

A colorless

phenol obtained from lichens celebrated as dyeweeds (orchella-weed). ordain, or-cian', v.t. [O.E. ordeyne, ordeine, O.Fr. ordener (Fr. ordonner), from L. ordino, to order, from ordo, ordinis, order, order.] To set in order or arrange^ to decree, ap;

point, establish, institute; to set apart for an office; to invest with ministerial or sacerdotal functions. ordainer, or«da ner, n. One who ordains. Ordainer s, the Committee

of Regency, composed of twenty-one members, named by Parliament in 1310, to draw up a scheme for the better management of the realm, in opposition to Edward II and Piers or«dan Gaveston. ordainment, ment, n. The act of ordaining; eccles. an appointment to a church.

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

————————

—

—

;

ordeal

command;

escape from injury being considered a proof of innocence; hence, any severe trial or strict test. order, order, n. [Fr. ordre, from L. ordo, ordinis, a row, a regular series, from root or, seen in orient, origin; connected are ordain, ordinary, ordiwater,

nance, extraordinary, subordinate, etc.] Regular disposition or methodical arrangement ; established succession a proper state or condition; the established usage or settled method; regularity; public tranquillity; absence of confusion or disturbance; a mandate, precept, or authoritative direction; a rule or regulation, oral or written; a direction, demand, or commission to supply goods; a written direction to pay money; a free pass for admission to a theater or other place of entertainment; a rank or class of men; a body of men of the same rank or profession constituting a separate class in the com-

ice.

ordinance, or'di«nans,

column entire, with a superincumbent entablature, viewed as forming an architectural whole, there

A

being five architectural orders, viz. Doric, Ionic, Tuscan, Corinthian, and Composite. Close order, said of the ranks of soldiers when drawn up at the distance of a pace between each other. General orders, the com-

meal prepared

which military

the clerical or ecclesiastical character conferred on a person by ordination or consecration to the ministry in the church; often used without the word 'holy' {to be in orders, to take orders). In order, for the purpose; with a view; to the end; as means to an end. Religious orders, religious brotherhoods or communities, as monastic, military,

orders,

in ordinary).

—

council,

an order issued by the British sovereign, by and with the advice of the privy-council. Order of battle, the arrangement and disposition of the different parts of an army for the purpose of engaging an enemy. Order of the day, a parliamentary

g,

go;

ambassador

in ordi-

ordinates. See co-ordinate. ordination, or»di«na'shon,

phrase denoting the business regularly set down for consideration on the minutes or votes; milit. specific directions issued by a superior officer to the troops under his command. v.t. To put in order; to dispose or ch, Sc. loch;

An

—A

orders. Standing orcertain general rules and instructions in force until specifically changed, as in a military post or

ch, chain;

comers, as

is one constantly resident at a foreign court. Lord Ordinary, one of the five judges of the Scottish Court of Session constituting the Outer House. ship in ordinary is one not in actual service, but laid up under the direction of a comordinarily, or'di*petent person. ne»ri»li, adv. In an ordinary manner; usually; generally; in most cases. ordinate, or'di«nat, a. [L. ordinatus, well-ordered, ordinary.] Regular; methodical. n. Geom. one of those lines of reference which determine the position of a point ; a straight line drawn from a point in the abscissa. The abscissa and ordinate, when spoken of together, are called co-

ders,

in

all

nary

—

Order

for

distinguished from one specially ordered; an eating house where there is a fixed price for the meal; one of the common heraldic figures formed with straight lines (as the bend, cross, saltire). In ordinary, in actual and constant service; statedly attending and serving (a physician or chaplain

headquarters issue on routine matters of general importance. Holy

body.

[O.Fr. or-

established by authority; a law, edict, decree, or the like; an established rite or ceremony; a law or provision enacted by a municipal government for local application. ordinary, or'di«ne«ri, a. [L. ordinarius, from ordo, ordinis, order. order.] Established; regular; customary; common; usual; frequent; habitual; met with at any time; hence, somewhat inferior; of little merit. Ordinary seaman, a seaman capable of the common duties, but not considered fit to be rated as an able seaman. person who has n. ordinary or immediate jurisdiction in matters ecclesiastical; an ecclesiastical judge (usually a bishop); a

arch, a

legislative

n.

denance (Fr. ordonnance), from ordener, to ordain, ordain.] A rule

the distinction, rank, or dignity itself (the order of the Garter); a large division in the classification of natural objects, as plants or animals;

and mendicant

or conduct; to an order to; to

A

munity; a religious fraternity; a body of men having had a common honorary distinction conferred on them;

notices

to give

n. [L. ordinatio, regulation, from ordino, to ordain.] The act of ordaining; the act of settling or establishing; appointment; settled order of things; the act of conferring holy orders.

j,

job;

ng, sing;

——

.

organ

give an order or commission for. v.i. To give command or direction. orderliness, or'der«li«nes, n. The state or quality of being orderly; regularity. orderly, or'der«li, a. In accordance with good order; well ordered; methodical; regular; milit. being on duty (an orderly officer). n. A private soldier or noncommissioned officer who attends on a superior officer to carry orders or messages. adv. According to due order. ordinal, or'di«nal, a. [L. ordinalis, from ordo, ordinis, a row. order.] Applied to a number which expresses order or succession (the ordinal numbers, first, second, third, etc.); nat. hist, pertaining to an order. n. number denoting order (as first); a book containing the ordination serv-

An

or

manage

arrange; to

or«de'al, n. [A. Sax. ordel, orddl, decision, ordeal, lit. out-deal (like D. oordeel, G. urtheil, a decision), from A. Sax. prefix or, Goth. us, out, and verb meaning to deal. deal.] ancient form of trial to determine guilt or innocence, as by causing the accused to handle redhot iron or put the hand into boiling

——

—

.

585

ordeal,

mands

— —

TH,

then;

th, thin;

ordnance,

ord'nans, n. [Same as ordinance, Fr. ordonnance, arrangement, equipment; originally it had reference to guns of a particular size or equipment.] Cannon, mortars and

howitzers collectively; artillery and small arms, ammunition and sup-

equipment for manufacture and repair of ordnance; equipment and supplies for naval warfare. Ordnance Department, U.S., the department in charge of arsenals and depots and the purchase, manufacture and distribution of ordnance to the army and militia. Ordovician, or'do«vish"an, n. [L. Ordovices, a North Welsh tribe.] A series of strata succeeding the Cambrian (which see). ordure, or'dur, n. [Fr. ordure, from O.Fr. ord, at. ordo, filthy, from L. plies,

—

horridus, horrid.]

Dung; excrement;

feces. ore, or, n. [A. Sax. dr, brass,

O.G.

Icel. eir, brass,

er,

copper=

Goth,

aiz,

ore; cog. L. aes, aeris, ore, brass; Skr. ayas, iron.] mineral consisting of a metal and some other substance, as oxygen, sulfur, or carbon, in combination, being the source from which metals are usually obtained by smelting (metals found free from such combination being called native metals) ; metal, sometimes gold (poet-

A

ical)

oread,

6'ri«ad, n. [Gr. oreias, oreimounados; from oros, mountain.]

A

tain

nymph.

n. [L. organum, from Gr. organon, an instrument, implement, from ergo, to work; same root as E. work.] An instrument or means; that which performs some office,

organ, or'gan,

duty, or function; more commonly, a part of an animal or vegetable by which some function is carried on (as the heart, the eye); a means of

communication between one person body of persons and another; a

or

medium

of conveying certain opin-

ions; specifically, a largest and most

newspaper; the harmonious of

wind instruments of music, consisting of a great

number of

pipes

and with keys similar

to those of the organic, or«gan'ik, a. [L. piano. organicus.] Pertaining to an organ or to organs of animals and plants; pertaining to objects that have organs, hence to the animal and vegetable worlds; exhibiting animal or vegetable life and functions (organic bodies, tissues, etc.) ; forming a whole with a systematic arrangement of Orparts; organized; systematized. ganic chemistry. chemistry. Organic disease, a disease in which the

—

—

structure of an organ is morbidly to functional disease.

altered; opposed — Organic laws,

laws directly concerning the fundamental parts of the Organic reconstitution of a state. mains, those organized bodies, whether animals or vegetables, found in Organic selection, the a fossil state. co-operation of accommodation and adaptation (which see) in the production of new species. organically, or«gan'i«kal«li, adv. In an organic manner; by or with organs.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

——

Organic

from the

———

organdy organism,

or'gan«izm,

n.

—

—

—

—

—

A

—

A

scientific

The Novum Or-

faculty.

ganum of Bacon

is

the new, in rela-

tion to the old or Aristotelian

method

or instrument of logical thought.

organotherapy,

or»gan'6»ther"a«pi,

organon, and therapeud, I heal.] Med. the use of animal extracts for curative and other purposes. n.

[Gr.

organdy, organdie, organdi.] figured.

A

fine

or'gan«di, n. [Fr. plain or

muslin,

organzine, or'gan«zin,

n. [Fr.

organ-

A

organzino.] silk thread of several threads twisted together; a fabric made of such thread. orgasm, or'gazm, n. [Gr. orgasmos, from orgad, to swell.] Extreme excitement or action, especially in coition. orgasmic, or'gaz«mik, a. orgeat, or'zhat, n. [Fr., from orge, barley.] preparation extracted from barley and almonds, used to mix in certain drinks, or medicinally as a sin,

It.

— ;;

586

structure; a body exhibiting organization and organic life ; member of the animal or the vegetable kingdom. organist, or'gan«ist, n. One who plays on the organ. organizable, or«gan«iz'a'bl, a. Capable of being organized. organization, or«gan«i«za'shon, n. The act or process of organizing; the act of systematizing or arranging; a whole or aggregate that is organized; organic structure; arrangement of parts or organs for the performance of vital functions. organize, or'gan«iz, v.t. organized, organizing. To give an organic structure to; to arrange the several parts of for action or work; to establish and systematize. organizer, or'gan«iz«er, n. One who organizes, establishes, or systematizes. organogenesis, or'gan«6«jen"«e«sis, n. [Gr. organon, an organ, and genesis, birth.] The development of an organ or of organs in plants or animals. organography, or«gan«og'ra«fi, n. description of the organs of plants or animals. organology, or»gan«ol'o«ji, n. The physiology of the different organs of animals or plants. organon, organum, or'ga«non, or'ga«num, n. body of rules and canons for the direction of the

—

——

:

—

A

mild demulcent. orgy, or'ji, n. [Gr. orgia, secret rites, from orge, violent passion, anger.] Secret rites or ceremonies connected with the worship of some of the

Greek deities, hence, a wild or revelry. frantic revel; drunken orgiastic, or'je«as"tik, a. oriel, 6'ri«el, n. [O.Fr. oriol, L.L. oriolum, a porch, a hall; origin large window projecting doubtful.] from a wall, and forming a bay or recess inside a bay window. orient, 6'ri«ent, a. [L. oriens, rising, ppr. of orior, ortus, to arise; whence also origin, (ab)ortion; root also in

A

;

order.] Rising, as the sun or moon; eastern; oriental; bright; shining. The Orient, the East; oriental countries. v.t. [Fr. orienter.] Surv. to define the position of, in respect to

the east or other points of the comoriental, o»ri«en'tal, a. Eastpass. ern; situated in the east; proceeding

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

ornithic

applied to gems as excellence ; precious opposed to occidental. Oriental region, southern Asia, together with the western part of the East Indies, the Philippines, and Formosa. n. [cap.) A native of some eastern part of the world an Asiatic. orientalism, 6«ri«en'tal«izm, n. An eastern mode of thought or expression; erudition in oriental languages or literature. a

east;

mark of

—

—

;

orientalist, 6«ri»en'tal'ist, An n. oriental; one versed in the eastern

languages and literature.

—oriental-

ize,

To

6«ri«en'tal«iz,

or

oriental

v.t.

conformed

to

— orientate, assume direction. —orientation,

manners.

To

render oriental

6'ri»en«tat, v.t.

cause

an

to

easterly 6'ri«en«ta"shon, n. turning toward the east; position east and west; as applied to churches, such a position as that the chancel shall point to the east;

A

the determining of one's position with reference to new ideas, etc. orifice, or'i«fis, n. [Fr. orifice, from L. orificium os, oris, the mouth, and oral.] The mouth facio, to make, or aperture of a tube, pipe, or other similar object; a perforation; an opening; a vent.

—

orifiamme,

or'i«flam, n.

[Fr.,

from

L. aurum, gold, flamma, flame.] The ancient royal standard of France; a piece of red silk fixed on a gilt spear with the anterior edge cut into points.

origami, OTi»gam'e,

n.

The

[Jap.]

Japanese art of folding paper into various shapes. origin, or'i»jin, n. [Fr. origine, from L. origo, originis, from orior, to rise. orient.] The first existence or beginning of anything ; the commencement; fountain; source; that from which anything primarily proceeds; of a muscle, the end attached to a

—

original, o«relatively fixed part. rij'i«nal, a. [L. originalis.] Pertaining or belonging to the origin or early state of something; primitive; pristine; having the power to originate

new thoughts

or combinations of thought produced by an author not ;

;

copied. Original sin, theol. the first sin of Adam, namely, the eating of the forbidden fruit; hence, either the

imputation of Adam's sin to his posterity, or that corruption of nature and tendency to sin inherited from

him. n. Origin; source; first copy; archetype that from which anything is copied; a work not copied from another, but the work of an artist himself; the language in which any ;

produce.

v.i.

To take first existence

—origination, na'shon, The or mode of nating; production. —originative, Having power —originatively, to

have origin.

o«rij'i«-

act

n.

origio«to origi-

rij'i»na«tiv, a.

nate.

o»rij 'i«na«tiv«li,

adv. In an originative originator, o«rij'i«na«ter,

who

manner. A person

n.

originates.

oriole, 6'ri«61, n. [O.Fr. oriol, from L. aureolus, dim. of aureus, golden, from aurum, gold.] Any of the species of the genus Icterus, family Icteridae, an American song bird of brilliant

and black. [A celebrated

color, chiefly orange 6«ri'on, n.

Orion,

hunter of Greek mythology.] A constellation represented by the figure of a man with a sword by his side, three stars on a line forming his belt. orison, or'i«zon, n. [O.Fr. orison, oreison, from L. oratio, a prayer, from oro, to pray. Oration is a doublet of this.] A prayer or supplication. {Poet.)

orle, orl, n. [Fr. orle, dim. from L. ora, a border.] Her. a figure on an escutcheon resembling a smaller escutcheon with the interior cut out arch, a fillet under the ovolo of a capital (also called orlet). orlon, or Ion, n. [From the trademark Orion.] An acrylic fiber used in knitted goods; a fabric made of orlon fiber. orlop, or 'lop, n. [D. overloop over, over, and loopen, to run. over, leap.] Naut. the lowest deck in a ship of war or merchant vessel that has three decks; sometimes a temporary deck. ormer, or'mer, n. [Fr. ormier, L. auris maris, ear of the sea.] An edible univalve shellfish. ormolu, or'mo'lu, n. [Fr. or-moulu or, gold, and moulu, pp. of moudre, L. molere, to grind.] A variety of brass containing 25 per cent zinc and 75 per cent copper, made to imitate gold. ornament, or'na»ment, n. [Fr. ornement, L. ornamentum, from orno, ornatum, to adorn.] That which embellishes or adorns; something which, added to another thing, renders it more beautiful to the eye; decoration; fair outward show; that which adds beauty to the mind or character. v.t. To adorn; to em-

—

—

—

ornamental, bellish. or«na«mental, a. Serving to ornament ; pertainornamentally, ing to ornament.

—

or»na«men tal«li, adv. In an ornamental manner. ornamentation,

—

or'na«men«ta'shon,

n.

The

act

of

work is composed as distinguished ornamenting the ornaments or decorations produced. from a translation; a person of marked individuality of character; ornate, or'nat, a. [L. omatus, pp. of a primary stock or type from which orno, to adorn, ornament.] Adorned; ;

varieties

have

been

developed.

originality, o»rij'i«nal "i«ti, n. The quality or state of being original; the power of originating new thoughts,

or uncommon combinations of originally, o«rij'i«nal«li, thought. adv. In an original manner; at the very beginning; from the first. originate, o»rij i«nat, v.t. originated, originating. To give origin or beginning to; to cause to be; to

me, met, her;

—

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

decorated

and

;

ornamental

artistically finished;

—

;

richly

much em-

ornately, or nat»li, adv. ornateness, In an ornate manner.

bellished.

—

or'nat«nes, n. ornery, or ner»i, a. [Corruption of ordinary.] Cross in disposition or temper. orneriness, or ner«i«nes, n. ornis, ornis, n. [Gr. ornis, a bird.] The birds of a region, or its avifauna. ornithic, or«nith ik, a. [Gr. ornis,

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

_

— —— — — — — — — —

—— —

—— —

—

——

— — — — ——

-

orogeny

587

oscillate

bird.] Of or pertaining ornithological, or'ni«tho— loj"i«kal, a. Pertaining to ornithology. ornithologist, or«ni«thoro«jist, n. person skilled in ornithology. ornithology, or»ni«thoro»ji, n. That branch of zoology which treats of the form, structure, classification, and ornithopter, or«ni— habits of birds. thop'ter, n. [Gr. pteron, wing.] form of aircraft deriving its support and propelling force from flapping

planets in their orbits, named after an Earl of Orrery. sort orris, or'is, n. [Fr. or, gold.] of gold or silver lace; a pattern

tho»graf'ik, or«tho«graf'i«kal, a. Pertaining to orthography. Orthographic projection, a projection used in drawing maps, etc., the eye being supposed to be at an infinite distance from the object. orthographically,

ornithos, to birds.

a

A

— A

in

a.

Sound in opinion or doctrine ; particularly, sound in religious opinions or doctrines opposed to heterodox; in accordance with sound dogma).]

and

:

Gr. eidos, resemblance.] An alloy resembling gold in appearance, and used in the manufacture of cheap

doctrine; sound; correct (an orthodox

way;

with orthodoxy, orthodoxia.]

richness, and clearness; rich and musical: applied to the voice or manner of utterance. orphan, or'fan, n. [Gr. orphanos,

A

to

L.

orbus,

be-

thoepy.

parents,

child

children,

bereft

of

or-

or friends.

care of orphans. orphean, or»fe'an, a.

Pertaining to Orpheus, the legendary poet and musician of ancient Greece; hence melodious. orpheon, or'fe«on, n. A kind of musical instrument. orphic, or'fik, a. Orphean. orpiment, or'pi«ment, n. [Fr. orpirhent, from L. auripigmentum aurum, gold, and pigmentum, a pigment.] A mineral substance, a compound of sulfur and arsenic, of a brilliant yellow color, forming the basis of the yellow paint called

simply accidental. orthognathic, orthognathous, or— th6g«nath'ik, or»thog'na«thus, a. [Gr.' orthos, straight, and gnathos, a jaw.] Having jaws that do not protrude; having a skull in which the forehead does not recede and the jaws project.

—

ch, chain;

g,

with

The

treats

of

art

States, the bobolink. name o'riks, n. [L. and Gr.] for a species of antelope, a native of the countries on both sides of the

Red

orthographer, orthographic, orthographical, j,

job;

A

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

Sea; also the

gemsbok of South

Africa.

Osage orange,

n. A North mulberry fam-

6'saj,

American

tree of the producing large

yellow fruits resembling an orange, but not edible. ily,

Oscan, os'kan, n. An ancient Italian language, of which a few fragments remain;

allied to the Latin.

oscillate,

letters;

and

A

ortolan, or'to«lan, n. [It. ortolano, from L. hortulanus, from hortus, a garden; it frequents the hedges of gardens.] A European bird of the bunting family, much esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh ; in the United

grammar which

spellings. n. or«thog'ra«fer,

letters

[Gr. n. row.]

orthotropous, or«thot'ro«pus, a. [Gr. orthos, straight, and trepo, to turn.] Bot. having an ovule with the foramen opposite the hilum, or an embryo with radicle next the hilum.

of writing

proper

the

spelling; the part of

its

go;

writing.]

words

and phases of the

ch, Sc. loch;

or'thos'ti«ki, orthos, straight, stichos, a vertical row of leaves.

—

phe,

A

movements of

vision.

orthostichy,

al»li, adv. With or at right angles. orthography, or«thog'ra«fi, n. [Gr. orthographia orthos, right, and gra-

—

represents, by the parts, the motions

A

See PROGNATHIC. orthogonal, or«thog'on»al, a. Rightorthogonally, or«thog'on— angled.

king's-yellow. Red orpiment, a name of realgar. orpine, or'pin, n. [Fr. orpin.] An herb of the stonecrop species, or sedum. orrery, or'e«ri, n. machine that

A

oryx,

or«thog'a«mi, n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and gamos, marriage.] Bot. direct or immediate fertilization without the intervention of any mediate agency. orthogenesis, or'tho«jen"e«sis, n. [Gr. genesis, origin.] The view of evolution by which all variations follow a defined direction, and are not

phanage, or'fan«ij, n. The state of an orphan ; a home or institution for the

[Gr.

a.

the treatment of chronic diseases of the joints and spine. orthopedist, surgeon who practices orthon. pedics. orthopter, orthopteran, or«thop ter, or»thop'ter«an, n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and pteron, a wing.] One of an order of insects which have four wings, the anterior pair being semi-coriaceous or leathery, the posterior pair folding longitudinally like a fan, such as the cockroaches, grasshoppers, and locusts. orthopterous, or»thop'ter»us, a. Pertaining to the orthopterans. orthoscopic, or«tho«skop'ik, a. [Gr. orthos, straight, and skoped, to see.] Pertaining to or giving correct

orthogamy,

both a. Being an orphan; bereaved of parents. v.t. To reduce to the state of an orphan; to bereave of reaved.] parents.

Soundness of

n. [Gr. faith; cor-

—

ness,

or«tho«pe'dik,

straight, and pais, a child.] Referring to the remedying of deformities; pertaining to orthopedics. orthopedics, or«tho«pe'diks, n.

orthos,

or'tho«dok»si,

rectness of opinion or doctrine, especially in religious matters. orthoepy, or'tho«e«pi or or»th6'e«pi, n. [Gr. orthoepeia orthos, right, epos, a word.] The art of uttering words with propriety; a correct pronunciation of words. orthoepic, or«tho— ep'ik, a. Pertaining to orthoepy. orthoepist, or'tho«ep«ist or or«tho'ep«ist, n. One who is skilled in orthoepy; one who writes on or-

A

allied

orthodoxly, an orthodox soundness of faith.

faith or proceeding). or'tho«doks«li, adv. In

orology, watchcases, trinkets, etc. o«roro«ji, n. [Gr. oros, a mountain, and logos, discourse.] A description of mountains; orography. orological, or»o«loj'i»kal, a. Pertaining to orolorologist, o«rol'0'jist, n. ogy. describer of mountains; one versed in orology. orotund, or'o«tund, a. [L. os, oris, the mouth, and rotundus, round, rotund.] Rhet. characterized by full-

orphaned;

n.

klasis,

or»tho«don'tik, a.

Relating

to orography. oroide, o'ro«id, n. [Fr. or, gold,

and

orthodox, or'tho«doks, a. [Gr. orthodoxos, sound in the faith orthos, right, and doxa, opinion (akin

or«o—

orographical,

or»o«graf'i«kal,

straight,

prevention and correction of irregularities of the teeth. orthodontic,

o«rog'ra»fi, n. [Gr. oros, a mountain, and grapho, to describe.] The science which describes or treats of the mountains and mountain systems of the globe; orology.

tion.

orthopedic,

plural.

A

tains.

According

to the rules of proper spelling; in the manner of the orthographic projec-

branch of surgery dealing with the correction or deformities and with

[Gr. orfracture.] kind of feldspar with a straight flat fracture. orthodontia, or«tho«don'ti«a, n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and Gr. odontos, teeth.] Dentistry dealing with the

n.

adv.

or«tho»graf'i«kal«li,

—

thos,

orography,

graf'ik,

is

A

orthoclase, or'tho«klaz,

[Gr. oros, genus.] mountain, and root gen. The origin and formation of moun-

orographic,

lace

A

ornithorhynchus, or'ni— surfaces. thoTing"kus, n. [Gr. rhynchos, a beak.] An oviparous mammal of Australia and Tasmania, one of the monotremata, with a body like that of an otter, a horny beak resembling that of a duck, and webbed feet; the duckbill, duck-mole, or water-mole. o«roj'e»ni,

silver

orris, or'is, n. [Corruption of iris.] plant from which is obtained orrisroot. orrisroot, n. The root of three species of iris which, in its dried state, is used in perfume. ort, ort, n. [L.G. on, O.D. oorete, remnants of food; from or, as in ordeal, and verb to eat (D. eten).] scrap of food left; a fragment; a piece of refuse, commonly in the

A

orogeny,

which gold and

worked.

—

or—

th, thin;

os'siMat,

v.i.

—

oscillated,

oscillating. [L. oscillo, oscillatum,

from

oscillum, a little face or mask to a tree and swaying with the

hung wind,

mouth, the

face.

dim. of oracle.]

os,

the

swing; to move backward and forward; to vibrate; to vary or fluctuate between fixed limits.

To

—oscillation, oscillatio.]

The

os«sil«la'shon, n. [L. act or state of oscil-

lating or swinging backward and forward; vibration. oscillator, os'sil«la«ter, n. One who or that which oscillates.

oscillatory,

os'sil«la« to-

Moving backward and forward oscillograph, os— a pendulum.

ri, a.

like

sil'lo«graf, n. [Gr.

w, wig;

graphein, to write.]

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— —

——

oscitancy instrument for indicating alternating-current wave forms.

oscitancy, os'si«tan«si, n. [L. oscito, to yawn, from 05, the mouth.] The act of gaping or yawning; sleepiness;

—

osculated, v.t. osculating. [L. osculor, to kiss, from

osculum, a kiss, dim. of 05, the mouth. oracle.] To salute with a kiss; to kiss; geom. to touch, as one curve another. v.i. To kiss one another; to kiss; geom. to touch at a point, as two curves coming in contact. osculation, os«ku«la'shon, n. The act of osculating; a kissing; specifically, geom. the contact between any given curve and another curve. Point of osculation, the point where the osculation takes place, and where the two curves have the same curvature. osculatory, os'ku«la«tOTi, a. Pertaining to osculation or kissing. osculum, os'ku«lum, n. pi. oscula, os'ku«la. Lit. a little mouth; zool. one of the large exhalant apertures by which a sponge is perforated; one of the suckers of the tapeworms, etc. osier, 6'zhi«er, n. [Fr. osier, Fr. dial.

—

Armor,

oisis,

ozil,

aozil, osier.]

an

osier;

comp. Gr. oisos, an The name of various species of willow, chiefly employed in basket making. a. Made of osier or twigs; like osier. Osiris, 6«si'ris, n. The great Egyptian deity, the husband of Isis, and the personification of all physical and moral good. osmium, os'mi«um, n. [Gr. osme, odor.] A bluish-white metal, very hard, and more infusible than any other metal. Symbol, Os; at. no., 76; v.t.

[Gr. osmos, an

impulse, a pushing, from othed, to push.] Chem. to subject to diffusion through a membrane. osmosis, os— mo'sis, n. The tendency of two solutions of different concentration, separated by a membrane with very fine pores, to pass through the membrane, mix with each other, and equalize their concentration. (The living cells of plant and animal

—

have such membranes and

tissues

of their activities depend upon osmotic, os«mot'ik, a. osmosis.) Osmotic presPertaining to osmosis. sure, pressure exerted on a membrane through which solutions of different density are diffusing, the pressure being in the direction of the dense solution. osmotically, less os«mot'i«ka«li, adv. osmund, os'mund, n. [Fr. osmonde.] Any fern of the genus Osmunda; especially the royal fern.

many

—

—

n. [Corrupted ossifraga, lit. the

osprey, os'pra, ossifrage,

—

L.

from bone-

a bone, and frango, to break.] A well-known rapacious bird which feeds almost entirely on fish captured by suddenly darting upon them when near the surface. ossein, os'se»in, n. [From L. osseus, bony, from 05, 05515, a bone; akin Gr. osteon, Skr. asthi, a bone.] Bone tissue; the soft glue-like substance of bone left after the removal of the osseous, os'si«us, a. [L. 05earths.

breaker

Bony;

seus.]

otiose

resembling

bone.

ossicle, os'i«kl, n. [L. ossiculum, dim. from 05, a bone.] small bone; some

A

of the small bones of the human skeleton, as those of the internal ear; a small hard structure in starfishes, etc.

—

ossification, os'si«fi«ka"-

shon, n„ The act of ossifying; the change or process of changing into ossifrage, os'si— a bony substance. fraj, n. [L. ossifraga. osprey.] A name formerly given to the osprey ossify, os'si«fi, v.t. or its young. ossified, ossifying. [L. 05, 05515, bone, and facio, to form.] To form into bone; to change from a soft animal substance into bone, or a substance of the hardness of bones. v.i. To become bone or bony. ossuary, os'-

—

—

—

—

A

enamel place where the bones of

su«a»ri, n. [L. ossuarium.]

house; a

the dead are deposited. osteal, os'ti«al, a. [Gr. osteon, a bone. ossein.] Consisting of or pertaining to bone. ostensible, os«ten'si«bl, a. [Fr. ostensible, from L. ostendo, ostensum, to show ob, toward, and tendo, to hold out. tend, tent.] Put forth as

having a certain character, whether worthy of it or not; hence, frequently, apparent and not real; having something of sham or pretense; pretended; professed. .'. Syn. under COLORABLE. ostensibly, os«ten'si— bli, adv. In an ostensible manner;

— professedly. —ostensive,

os»ten'siv,

from L. ostendo, Showing; exhibiting. to show.] ostensively, os'ten'sivli, adv. In an ostentation, os— ostensive manner. ten-ta'shon, n. [L. ostentatio, from a.

[Fr.

ostensif,

—

to show off, to display, intens. of ostendo.] Ambitious display; pretentious parade; display dictated by vanity, or to invite praise ostentatious, os»ten«ta'or flattery. ostento,

190.2.

at. wt.,

osmose, os'mos,

—

—

588

An

drowsiness. osculate, os'ku»lat,

—

—

—

05,

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

Characterized by ostentashowy; intended for vain

shus, a.

tion; ostentatiously, os«ten«ta'display. shus«li, adv. In an ostentatious manner.

—

osteological, os'ti«o«loj "i-kal, taining

osteology.

to

a.

Per-

—osteologist,

os«ti«oro'jist, n. One versed in osteology; one who describes the bones of animals. osteology, os«ti«ol'o«ji, n. [Gr. logos, discourse.] That branch of anatomy which treats of bones and bone tissue. osteopath, osteopa-

—

—

thist, os'ti«o«path, os«ti«op'a«thist, n.

One who practices osteopathy. osteopathy, os«ti»op'a«thi, n. That system of the healing art which places the chief emphasis on the structural integrity of the body mechanism as the most important factor to maintain the organism in osteoplasty, os'ti«o»plas«ti, health. n. [Gr. plasso, to form.] An operation by which the total or partial loss of a

—

bone

is

remedied.

—osteotomy,

os—

[Gr. tome, a cutting.] dissection of bones.

ti-ot'o-mi, n.

The

osteomyelitis, os'te«6«mi»e«lit

"is,

n.

[Gr. osteo, oste, from osteon, bone, and Gr. myelitis, from myelos, marrow, and Gr. suffix, itis.] Inflammation of the bone marrow. ostiole, os'ti»61, n. [L. ostiolum, dim.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

of ostium, door.] A small orifice or opening, as in certain sacs or cells

—

ostiolar, a. Of or perin plants. taining to an ostiole. ostler, os'ler, n. [hostel.] Stableman. ostracism, os'tra«sizm, n. [Gr. ostrakismos, from ostrakon, a shell, a

voting tablet.] A political measure among the ancient Athenians by which persons considered dangerous to the state were banished by public vote for a term of years: so called because the votes were given on shells;

banishment

expulsion.

—

—ostracize,

from

society;

os'tra«siz, v.t.

ostracized, ostracizing.

To

exile

by

ostracism; to banish from society; to exclude from public or private favor.

ostrich, os'trich, n. [O.Fr. ostruche, ostruce, Fr. autruche, from L. avis, a bird, and struthio, Gr. struthion, an ostrich.] A large running bird inhabiting the sandy plains of Africa and Arabia, the largest of all existing birds, and whose wing and tail feathers form plumes of great beauty and value; an allied bird of S. America.

Ostrogoth, os'tro«goth, n. [L.L. ostrogothus, from ostrus, eastern (G. 05f, easti, and Gothus, a Goth.] One of the eastern Goths, as distinguished from the Visigoths or western Goths. ostrogothic, os— Pertaining to the tro«goth'ik, a. Ostrogoths. otalgia, 6«tal'ji«a, n. [Gr. ous, otos, the ear, and algos, pain.] A pain

—

in the ear; earache. a. and pron. [A. Sax. D. and G. ander, Icel. annar,

other, uTH'er, other,

Dan. anden, Goth, anthar; cog. Lith. antras, L. alter, Skr. anyatara (compar. of anya) other; all comparative forms.] Not the same; different; second of two; additional (get other knowledge as well); not this; opposite (the other side of the street); often used reciprocally with each, and applicable to any number of individuals (help each other). It is also used substantively, and may take the plural number and the sign of the possessive case, and frequently is opposed to some, one, /, or the like (some were right, others were wrong; the one and the other). The other day, a day just past quite recently. Every other, every second (every other day, every other week). otherness, uTH er«nes, n. otherwhere, uTH'er»h\var, n. In some other place; elsewhere, -otherwise, different In a uTH'er»wiz, adv. manner; differently; not so; by other other causes; in other respects. world, n. Pertaining to a world beyond the actual world. other-

—

—

;

—

— — Concernworldly, uth cr»\vorld come. —otherworld ed with li,

a.

to

a

worldliness,

uTH

er-world"li»nes, n.

[Fr. orifw, from the ear.] Belonging

otic, 6 tik, a. OMSj

otos,

Gr. or

relating to the ear.

otiose, 6 shi«6s, otiunu leisure.]

[L. otiosus, from Idle; unemployed;

a.

useless; futile; needless; being at otiosity, 6-shi«os'i«ti, n. leisure. The state or quality of being otiose.

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

—— — ———

— —

the

part of anything; whence also inch.] weight, the twelfth part of a pound troy, and the sixteenth

acpain. kystis, a

ounce, ouns. [Fr. once, Sp. onza, It. lonza, probably from L.L. luncea, a

twelfth

otitis, 6«ti'tis, n. [Gr. ous, otos, the ear, and term, -itis, signifying in-

Inflammation

tympanic cavity of the companied with intense

of

A carnivorous animal resembling a small panther inhabiting the

jaguar.

=

without emphasis and simply serving

Fris.,

from

called);

[Originally the preterite of the verb to owe, A. Sax. dgan, to possess, but now used indifferently as a present and a past; / ought, thou oughtest, he ought, we, ye, they ought, to do or to have done. owe.] To be held or bound in duty or moral obligation.

A

auxil.

cipher.

n.

[From L.

ch, Sc. loch;

ut,

no longer concealed or kept

one out of office, politically; an offensive player from the game. prep. Out through (came out the window); outward, along, cially

retiring of

or on (ride out the river road). a. Situated at a distance; not in power (the out group). v.t. To put out;

uncia, the g, go;

Sw.

—

Ouija, we'ja, n. [Fr. oui, yes, and G. ja, yes.] A trademark for a board, marked with symbols and the alphabet, used with a smaller board that is moved over it with the fingertips to obtain answers and

ch, chain;

ut,

center; from among others (picked out a hat); baseball, so as to be retired (he struck out). interj. Begone! Away! Out forms a prefix in many words, especially verbs, in which it usually expresses a greater measure or degree in doing something. n. One who is out; espe-

See aught. [A corruption of nought.]

messages. ounce, ouns,

and Goth,

secret; not in a state of obscurity; public (the secret is out); finished; exhausted; used up; deficient; having expended (out of money; extinguished; no longer burning (the candle or fire is out) ; not in employment; not in office; to an end or settlement (hear me out); loudly; in an open and free manner (to laugh out); not in the hands of the owner (out on loan); in an error; at a loss; in a puzzle; having taken her place as a woman in society (said of a young lady); away from one's own control (parceled out the land); in a direction away from the inside or

ouch, n. [For nouch, from O.Fr. nouche, nosche, O.H.G. nusca, a brooch.] The setting of a precious stone (O.T.); a jewel; a brooch. ouch, ouch, interj. [Echoic] An exclamation of pain.

at, n.

Icel.,

j,

70b;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

of,

by way of rescue or

be delivered out of not within the limits

(to

a.,

remote from populous

dis-

secluded; unfrequented; unusual; uncommon. Out of trim, not in good order. Out of one's time, having finished one's apprenticeship. Out of tune, discordant; not harmonious. out-and-out, adv. Completely; thoroughly; without

Mod.

ud, D. uit, G. aus, out; seen in but, about, utter, utmost.] On or toward the outside; not in or within; without: opposed to in, into, or within; not indoors; abroad; beyond usual limits (he was out when I

buildings.

at, n.

[O.Fr. ouster,

Dan.

ouch,

ought, ought,

v.t.

Fr. oter, supposed to be from L.L. hausto, haustare, to remove, a freq. from L. haurio, to draw out (as in exhaust).] To eject; to turn out; ouster, ous'ter, n. to dispossess. Law, dispossession or ejection. out, out, adv. [A. Sax., O.Sax., O.

public

—out

tricts;

bird.

L. obliviscor, to forget. oblivion.] A dungeon with an opening only at the top for the admission of air, used for persons condemned to perpetual imprisonment, or to perish secretly, and existing in some old castles or other

v.

way,

ousel, ouzel, 6'zl, n. [A. Sax. osle, an ousel, akin to O.H.G. amisala, G. amsel, an ousel.] A European blackoust, oust,

out).

or scope of (out of hearing, out of sight, out of reach); denoting loss or exhaustion (out of breath). Outof-door, a., out of the house; openair (out-of-door exercise). Out-ofdoors, adv., out of the house. Out of hand, immediately; without delay. Out of print denotes that a book is not on sale or to be purchased, the copies printed having been all sold. Out of sorts, out of order; unwell. Out of temper, in bad temper; irritated. Out-of-the-

as the reflexive pronoun corresponding to us. ourari, OTa'ri, n. See curari.

oublier,

at,

afflictions);

We

footstool.

ought,

liberation

—

A

will

of order) ; from,

a. [A. Sax. tire, our, contr. for user, our, from its, us G. unser, Goth, unsar, our. us.] Pertaining or belonging to us (our country; our rights). Ours is a later possessive form and is used in place of our and a noun (the book is ours). ourself, our'self, pron. Myself: used like we and us in the regal or formal style. ourselves, our'selvz, pi. of or us, not others: often ourself. when used as a nominative added to we by way of emphasis or opposition; when in the objective often

A

[Fr.,

name

our, our,

A

n.

parts of Asia; a

sometimes given to the American

of equilibrium. otolith, 6'to«lith, n. name of [Gr. lithos, a stone.] small calcareous bodies contained in the ear cavities of some of the lower animals. otology, 6«tol'o«ji, n. That branch of anatomy which concerns itself with the ear. otorrhea, 6»tor«re'a, n. [Gr. rhed, to purulent discharge from flow.] otoscope, 6'to«sk6p, n. the ears. Surg, an instrument for examining the interior of the ear. ottar, ot'tar, n. See attar. ottava rima, ot»ta'va re'ma, n. [It., eighth or octuple rhyme.] An Italian form of versification consisting of eight lines, of which the first six rhyme alternately and the last two form a couplet. G. otter, Dan. odder, Icel. otr; cog. Lith. udra, Rus. and Pol. wydra, digitigrade same root as water.] carnivorous mammal of amphibious habits, there being several species; they feed on fish, and their fur is much prized. otto, ot'to. See attar. Ottoman, ot'to«man, a. [From Ottoman or Osman, the sultan who laid the foundation of the Turkish Empire in Asia.] Pertaining to or derived from the Turks. n. A Turk; [not cap.] a kind of couch or sofa introduced from Turkey; a 6«bli«et',

warmer

To become

v.i.

news

prep. Proceeding from as source or origin; in consequence of; taken, extracted, or quoted from; from or proceeding from a place or the interior of a place; beyond (out of the power of fortune); not in; excluded from (out of favor; out of use); denoting deviation from what is common, regular, or proper (out

lynx.]

with concerned space perception and maintenance

eject.

(good

of a pound avoirdupois.

ear,

Probably

oubliette,

to

A

otocyst, 6'to-sist, n. [Gr. bladder.] In animals, a sense organ in the form of a minute sac containing calcareous particles suspended in fluid.

outdare

589

otitis

flammation.]

—————— ————— — ——— — — —

—

reservation. (Colloq.)

—

a.

Thorough;

thoroughpaced; absolute; complete. outbid, out»bid', v.t. To bid more than; to go beyond in the offer of a outboard, out'bord, a. Naut. price. applied to anything that is on the ship (the outboard outbrag, out«brag', v.t. To surpass in bragging, bravado, outbrave, out«brav', or ostentation. v.t. To surpass in braving; to bear down by more daring or insolent outbreak, out'brak, n. A conduct. breaking out; a bursting forth; a sudden and violent manifestation (as of fever, anger, disease). outburst, out'berst, n. A breaking or bursting out; an outbreak (an outburst of wrath). outcast, out'kast, n. One who is cast out or expelled; an exile; one driven from home or country. a. Cast out;

outside

of the

works,

etc.).

thrown away; rejected as useless. outcome, out'kum, n. That which comes out of or results from something; the issue; the result; the consequence. outcrop, out'krop, v.i. Geol. to crop out or appear above said of the surface of the ground strata. n. Geol. the exposure of an inclined stratum at the surface of the ground; the part so exposed; the veheoutcry, out'kri, n. basset. ment or loud cry; cry of distress; clamor; noisy opposition; sale at public auction. v.t. (out«kri')- To surpass or get the better of by crying; to cry louder than. outdare, out«dar', v.t. To dare or venture beyond. outdistance, out»dis'tans, v.t. To excel or leave far behind in any competition or career. outdo, out'do', v.t. To excel; to surpass; to perform beyond another. outdoor, out 'dor, a. Being without

th, thin;

:

A

— —

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —— — — —— ———

—— ——

——

outer

590

house; exterior; in the open air. outdoors, out«dorz', adv. Abroad; out of the house; in the the

open

air.

situated

in

outdoor theater, one the open air without

a roof.

outer, outer, a. [Compar. of out.] Being on the outside; farther removed from a person or fixed point.

—outer-directed,out er-di«rek"ted,a.

Directed by the rules and values of one's society. outermost, out'er»m6st, a. Being on the extreme external part remotest from the midst; most distant. outer space, out«er spas', n. The region outside the earth's atmosphere. outface, out«fas', v.t. To brave; to bear down with an imposing front or with effrontery; to stare down. outfall, out'fal, n. The mouth of a river; the lower end of a watercourse; the point of discharge for, or the embouchure of a drain, outfit, out'fit, n. culvert, or sewer. The act of fitting out for a voyage, journey, or expedition; articles for fitting out; the equipment of one going abroad. outfitter, out 'fitter,

One who

furnishes or makes outflank, out«flangk', v.t. outfits. To go or extend beyond the flank or wing of; hence, to outmaneuver; outflow, out'to get the better of. flo, n. The act of flowing out; efflux. v.i. (out«flo'). To flow out.

n.

—

outfly,

out'fli',

v.t.

— ———————— ———————

—— ———————

To

fly

faster

than.

outgeneral, out«jen'er«al, v.t. To exceed in generalship; to gain advantage over by superior military skill. outgo, out«go', v.t. To advance before in going; to go faster than; to surpass; to excel. n. (out'go). That which goes out; specifically, expenditure. outgoing, out'g6«ing, p. or a. Going out;

—

removing (an outgoing tenant).

n.

The

act of going out; outlay; expenditure. outgrow, out«gro', v.t. To surpass in growth; to grow too

outgrowth, great or too old for. out'groth, n. That which grows out or proceeds from any body; an excrescence; fig. that which grows out of a moral cause; a result. out-Herod, out»her'od, v.t. To excel in resembling Herod; to go beyond in any excess of evil or enormity. outhouse, out'hous, n. An outbuilding, especially a privy. outing, out'ing, n. The act of going out; an excursion; an airing. outlandish, out«land'ish, a. [A. Sax. litlcendisc, foreign, from ut, out, and land, land.] Belonging to or characteristic of a foreign country; foreign; not native; hence, strange, barbarous; uncouth; bizarre. outlast, outlast', v.i. To last longer than; to exceed in duration; to outlive. outlaw, out'la, n. [From out and fugitive law; A. Sax. utlag, utlaga.} from justice, as a bandit, a murderer, etc. v.t. To declare illegal; to taboo, as to outlaw war; to proscribe outlawry, a person or a thing. out'la-ri, n. The putting of a person out of the protection of law by legal means, or the process by which a

A

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

man

outsail

deprived of that protection,

is

being the punishment of a

man who,

when

called into court, contemptuously refuses to appear. outlay, out'la, n. laying out or expending; that which is laid out or expended; expenditure. v.t. (out'la'). To lay or spread out; to expose; to display. outlet, out 'let, n. The place or opening by which anything is let out, escapes, or is discharged; a means of egress; a place of exit; a vent. v.t. To let forth; to emit. outlier, out'li-er, n. part lying without, or beyond the main body; geol. a portion of a rock, stratum, or

A

—

A

formation

detached,

and

at

some

distance from the principal mass. outline, out'lin, n. The line by which a figure is defined; the exterior line; contour; a drawing in which an object or scene is represented merely by lines of contour without shading; first general sketch of any scheme or design. v.t. To draw in outline; to delineate. outlive, out«liv', v.t. To live beyond; to survive, outlook, out '16k, n. looking out or watching; vigilant watch (to be on the outlook for something); the place of watch; what lies before the eye; prospect; survey. outlying, out»H'ing, a. Lying away from the main body or design ; remote ; being on the exterior or frontier. outmaneuver, out«ma«no'ver or out«ma«nu'ver, v.t. To surpass in maneuvering. outmarch, out«march', v.t. To mareh faster than; to march so as to leave behind. outmost, out most, a. [A superlative of out.] Farthest outward; most remote from the middle; outermost.

A

—

outnumber, out«num'ber,

v.t.

To

exceed in number. outpatient, n. A patient not residing in a hospital, but who receives medical advice, etc., from the inout 'post, n. A post or station without the limits of a camp, or at a distance from the main body of an army; the troops placed at such a station. outpour, out«p6r', v.t. To pour out; to send forth in a stream; to effuse. n. output, out'(out'por). An outflow. put, n. The quantity of material put out or produced within a specified time, as coal from a pit or iron from a furnace, etc. out quarters, out'kwar«terz, n. pi. Milit. quarters away from the headoutpost,

stitution.

quarters.

outrage,

out'raj,

n.

[Fr.

outrage,

O.Fr. oultrage, from L.L. ultragium, L. ultra, beyond, ultra.] Rude or injurious violence offered to persons or things; excessive abuse; an act of wanton mischief; an audacious transgression of law or decency.

—outraged,

outraging. [Fr. outwith violence and wrong; to do violence to; to abuse; to maltreat; to commit a rape or indecent assault upon. outrageous, out«ra'jus, a. Characterized by outrage; violent; furious; turbulent; excessive; exceeding reason or decency; enormous; atrocious. outv.t.

rager.]

me, met, her;

To

treat

pine, pin;

——

note, not,

move;

rageously, out«ra'jus«li, adv. In an outrageous manner. outrageous-

—

ness, out«ra'jus«nes, n. The quality of being outrageous. outride, out«rid', v.t. To pass by riding; to outrider, outride faster than.

rider, n. A servant on horseback precedes or accompanies a outrigger, out'rig«er, n. carriage. A structure of spars, etc., rigged out from the side of a sailing boat to steady it; an iron bracket on the outside of a boat, with the rowlock at the extremity; a light boat provided with such apparatus. outright, out«rit', adv. Completely; wholly; altogether (to kill him outoutroot, outTot', v.t. To right.) outrun, outeradicate; to extirpate. run', v.t. To excel in running; to leave behind; to exceed or go beyond.—outrush, out«rush', v.i. To rush or issue out rapidly or forcibly. gushing or rushing n. (out 'rush). out; an outflow. outre, o«tra', 6'tra, a. [Fr. pp. of outrer, to exaggerate.] Beyond the limits of what is considered correct; bizarre; extravagant. outsail, out'sal', v.t. To leave behind outset, out 'set, n. in sailing. beginning; start. setting out; outsettlement, out'set«l«ment, n. settlement away from the main outsettler, out'set«ler, settlement. n. One who settles at a distance from the main body. outshine, out«shin', v.t. To excel in luster or excellence. v.i. To shine out outshoot, out-shot ', v.t. or forth. To excel in shooting; to shoot beyond. outside, out'sld, n. The external outer or exposed parts or surface; superficial appearance; external aspect or features; space immediately without or beyond an enclosure; the farthest limit; the utmost; extreme estimate (with the). a. Being on the outside; external; superficial. Outside broker, a broker outside of the regular Stock Exchange. outsider, out'si«der, n. One not belonging to a party, association, or set; unconnected or not admitted.

who

—

—

A

A

A

—

—

—

outsit, out«sit', v.t.

To

sit

beyond

the time of anything; to sit longer out skirt, out'skert, n. Part than. near the edge or boundary of an outspan, area; border; purlieu. outspanned, out'Span', v.t. and i. outspanning. [E. out, and D. spannen, to yoke.] To unyoke (a team of

—

oxen) from a wagon; correlative of inspan. (South Africa.)--outspeak, out»spek', v.t. To exceed in speaking; v.i. To speak to say more than. out or aloud. outspoken, out'spo*kn, a. Free or bold of speech; outspokenness, out«candid; frank. spo'kn»nes, n. The character of being outspoken. outspread, out«spred', v.t. To spread out; to extend. a. outstanding, outstanding, Not collected; unpaid; prominent. outstare, out-star ', v.t. To stare out of countenance; to face down; outstay, out«sta', v.t. to outface. To stay longer than; to overstay. outstretch, out«strech', v.t. To extend; to stretch or spread out;

— —

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

to expand.

—outstrip, outstrip',

(implying motion); upon the surface through the whole extent of; above in eminence or superiority; above in authority; with oversight or watchfulness in respect to (to keep guard over); denoting motive or occasion (to rejoice over) ; denoting superiority as the result of a struggle or contest; upward of; more than; beyond the comprehension of (talked over their heads); by a certain means of communication (broadcast over the radio). adv. Above; so as to turn the underside up; from side to side; in width; across; from one side to the other or to another (to roll over) ; on all the surface ; above the top, brim, or edge; more than the quantity assigned; in excess; having throughout ; completely ; come to an end; past (till this heat be over); excessively; in a great

v.t.

To

outrun; to advance beyond; to outswear, out«swar', v.t. exceed. To exceed in swearing. outtalk, out«tak', v.t. To overpower by talking; to exceed in talking. outvote, out«vot', v.t. To exceed in the number of votes given; to defeat by plurality of votes. outwalk, out«wak', v.t. To walk farther, longer, or faster than; to outward, leave behind in walking. out'werd, a. [A. Sax. uteweard ute, out, and weard, denoting direction.] Forming the superficial part; exterior; external; visible; appearing; tending to the exterior; derived from without; not properly belongadventitious.

adv.

Outward;

from

outwardly, a port or country. out'werd«li, adv. Externally; on the outoutside; in appearance only.

ward, out'werd, adv. Toward the outwatch, out«woch', outer parts. v.t. To surpass in watching; to watch longer than. outwear, outwar', v.t. To wear out; to last outweigh, out«wa', v.t. longer than. To exceed in weight or in value,

n. 6'ver«charj.

a charge of

Confident to excess.

human

beings. 6«ver«do', v.t. To do to excess; to overact; to surpass or exceed in performance; to boil, roast, or otherwise cook too much. overdose, 6'ver«dos, n. Too great v.t. (6«ver'dos'). To dose a dose. excessively. overdraw, 6«ver«dra', v.t. To draw upon for a larger sum than is standing at one's credit in the books of a bank, etc. ; to exaggerate either in writing, speech, or a picture.

overdo,

overdress, 6«ver«dres',

—

down; to overpower; to overcome by argument, effrontery, or the like. overbearing, 6«ver«bar'ing, p. and a. Haughty and dogmatical; given

—

to effrontery. overblown, 6»ver«blon', a. Blown to excess; marked by larger size or proportions than is usual.

Over

the side of a ship; out of a ship or from on board. Thrown overboard (fig.), discarded; deserted; betrayed.

overbold,

6'ver«bold,

Unduly

a.

bold; forward; impudent.

overbuild, 6«ver«bild',

To

build over; to build more than the area properly admits of, or than the population requires. v.i. To build beyond the demand. overburden, 6«ver«ber'dn, v.t. To load with too great weight; to overload. overcast, 6«ver«kast', v.t. To cloud;

(Seiurus aurocapillus) known for the oven-shaped nest it builds on the

ground. over, 6'ver, prep. [A. Sax. ofer, D. and Dan. over; Icel. ofr,yfir; G. iiber ;cog. L. super, Gr. hyper, Skr. upari, above.]

Above in place or position; rising to or reaching a height above; across j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

v.t.

then;

and

i.

To

overdrive, 6'ver«driv, n. Mach. an automotive transmission gear set to provide driving speed greater than

weight, value, etc.; to surpass; to destroy the balance or equilibrium of (used refl.). n. Excess; something more than an equivalent. overbear, 6»ver»bar', v.t. To bear

overboard, 6'ver«bord, adv.

v.t.

dress to excess.

arch.

Egg-shaped; oval. ovation, 6«va'shon, n. [L. ovatic, from ovare, to exult.] A kind of triumph granted to ancient Roman commanders who could not claim the distinction of a full triumph; hence, any triumphal reception of a person or marks of respect publicly shown. oven, uv'n, n. [A. Sax. o/e« = D. oven. Dan. ovn, Icel. ofn.] A closely built recess for baking, heating, or drying a substance. ovenbird, uv'en«berd, n. An American wood warbler

A

all

overcrowd, 6«ver«kroud', v.t. To fill or crowd to excess, especially with

overawe, 6»ver«a', v.t. To restrain by awe, fear, or superior influence. overbalance, 6«ver»bal'ans, v.t. To more than balance; to exceed in

ductive germs or eggs, are formed and developed; hot. a case enclosing ovules or young seeds, and ultimately becoming the fruit. ovariotomy, 6«va'ri»ot"0'mi, n. The operation for removing a tumor in the ovary or the ovary itself. ovate, 6'vat, a. [L. ovatus. oval.]

To

v.t.

coat worn n. the other dress; a topcoat. overcome, 6«ver«kum', v.t. To conquer; to vanquish; to surmount; to v.i. To gain get the better of. the superiority; to be victorious. overconfidence, 6«ver«kon'fi«dens, n. Too great or excessive confidence. overconfident, 6«ver«kon'fi«dent, a.

over

overanxious, a. Anxious to excess. overarch, 6»ver«arch', v.t. and i. To arch over; to cover with an

be oval. ovary, 6've«ri, n. [Mod. L. ovarium, from L. ovum, an egg. oval.] The female organ in which ova, repro-

6«ver«kloud',

overcoat, 6'ver«kot,

—

to

excessive charge; is just in an

cover or overspread with clouds.

—

overall, 6"ver«all', a. From one end to the other (the overall length of a room); covering or including everything. overalls, 6'ver»alz, n. pi. Loose trousers worn over others to protect them from being soiled.

An

more than

account.

overcloud,

overly, 6'ver«li, adv. Overtoo; excessively (colloq.) Over again, once more; with repetition. Over and above, besides; beyond what is supposed or limited. Over against, opposite; in front of. All over, so as to affect the whole surface; complete. a. Upper; (overouter superior; covering; shoes). Over forms the first element in many compounds. Of these we can only give the principal. overact, 6*ver«akt', v.t. To act or perform to excess. v.i. To act more than is necessary.

ouzel, n. See ousel. ova, 6'va, n. Plural of ovum. oval, 6'val, a. [Fr. ovale, from L. ovum, an egg; cog. Gr. don, an egg.] Of the shape of the outline of an egg; resembling the longitudinal section of an egg; elliptical. n. A figure in the shape of the outline of an egg; an elliptical figure. ovally, 6val«h, adv. In an oval form; so as

g, go;

sive charge against; to charge at too high a sum or price; to exaggerate.

degree.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

overcharge, 6«ver«charj', v.t. To charge or burden to excess; to fill too numerously; to make an exces-

much;

influence, or importance. outwit, out«wit', v.t. outwitted, outwitting. To defeat or frustrate by superior ingenuity; to prove too clever for; outwork, out'werk, n. to overreach. Part of a fortification distant from the main fortress or citadel.

ch, chain;

to obscure with clouds; to cover with gloom; to sew by running the thread over a rough edge. a. Clouded over.

of;

—

ing;

overgrow

591

outtalk

th, thin;

the engine crankshaft speed.

overdue, 6'ver«du,

Not

a.

arrived

proper date or assigned limit (an overdue ship); past the time of payment (an overdue bill). overeager, 6«ver«e'ger, a. Too eager; at the

too vehement in desire.

overeat, 6»ver«et', with eating; used

v.t.

To

surfeit

refl.

(to

overeat

oneself).

overestimate, 6«ver«es'ti«mat,

n.

An

estimate or calculation that is too high. v.t. To estimate too high; to overvalue. overexcitement, 6«ver«ek«sit'ment, n. The state of being overexcited.

overexpose,

o'ver«ex«pos",

v.t.

Photog. to subject film too long to light.

n. ExcesTo fatigue to fatigue. v.t. sive excess. overfeed, 6«ver«fed', v.t. and i. To feed to excess. overflow, 6«ver«flo', v.t. To run over the brim of; to deluge ; to overwhelm.

overfatigue, 6«ver«fa«teg',

—

To run over the brim or v.i. banks; to abound. n. 6'ver«flo. An inundation; a flowing over; superabundance. overgrow, 6«ver«gro', v.t. To cover with growth or herbage; generally in. pp. (a ruin overgrown with ivy). v.i. To grow beyond the fit or natural overgrowth, 6'vefgroth, n. size. Exuberant or excessive growth. w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— — — ——— —

— — — ————

— ——

overhand

— — — ————— ——

592

overt

overhand, 6ver«hand, a. Made with over indulgently; to omit to censure the hand brought above the shoulder or punish (a fault); to slight. {overhand throw); with the hand overlord, 6'ver«lord, n. One who approaching over the object {overhand stroke). adv. In an overhand manner. n. Something done in an overhand manner. overhang, 6ver«hang, v.t. To impend over; to be suspended over. v.i. To project far enough to be over something. n. Something that overhangs; the amount of overhang; the part of a roof extending beyond the walls of a building.

overhardy, 6«ver«har'di, a. Excessively or unduly hardy or daring; foolhardy. 6«ver«has'ti, a. Too hasty; rash; precipitate. overhaul, 6'ver«hal', v.t. To turn over for examination; to examine thoroughly with a view to repairs; to re-examine (as accounts); to gain

overhasty,

upon

or overtake. To overhaul a ship, to gain upon her in following; to search for contraband goods.

overhaul,

overhauling, 6'ver«hal, o'ver-hal'ing, n. Examination; inspection; repair. overhead, 6«ver«hed', adv. Aloft; in the zenith; above one's head. n., 6'ver»hed. Expenses of a business, as rent, office expenses, taxes, depreciation, etc. a. Situated above. overhear, 6«ver«her', v.t. To hear

though not intended or expected to hear.

6'ver«ish»u, n. An excessive issue; an issue (as of coin or bills) in excess of the conditions which should regulate or control it. To issue in excess, as v.t.

overissue,

bank notes or to

issue

of exchange; contrary to prudence or bills

To

give great 6«ver«joi', v.t. or excessive joy to; generally in pp. overland, 6'ver«land, a. Passing by

land; made upon or across the land (an overland journey). overlap, 6«ver«lap', v.t. To lap or fold over; to extend so as to lie n. The lapping of one or rest upon. thing over another; geol. the extension of a superior stratum over an inferior so as to cover and conceal it. overlay, 6«ver»la', v.t.— pret. & pp. overlaid. To lay too much upon; to overwhelm; to cover or spread over the surface of; to coat or cover; to smother with close covering, or by lying upon; to obscure by covering. 6«ver«lep',

v.t.

To

leap re/7, to

over; to pass by leaping; leap too far. overlie, 6«ver«U", v.t. pret. overlay, pp. overlain. To lie over or upon; to smother by lying on (to overlie a child; comp. overlay). overlive, 6«ver«liv', v.t.

To

outlive;

to survive.

overload, 6«ver«16d', v.t. To load with too heavy a burden or cargo; to overburden. overlook, 6«ver«luk', v.t. To view from a higher place ; to rise or be elevated above; to see from behind the shoulder of another; to inspect or superintend; to pass

or

over

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

another;

a

overmaster, 6«ver«mas'ter,

feudal

To

v.t.

overpower; to subdue; to vanquish. overmatch, 6«ver«mach', v.t. To be too powerful for. n. One superior in power; one able to overcome.

overmodest, 6»ver«mod'est,

a.

Mod-

a.

Too

est to excess; bashful.

or proper. degree. n.

In

adv.

More than

necessary

too

great

a

sufficient.

overnight, 6'ver«nlt, adv. Through or during the night; in the course of the night or evening; in the evening before. overpass, 6'ver«pas, n. A section of a highway, etc., crossing over another road, railroad, etc. v.t. (6«ver«pas')To pass over; to cross. overpay, 6«ver«pa', v.t. To pay in excess; to reward beyond the price or merit. overpeople, 6«ver»pe'pl, v.t. To overstock with inhabitants. overplay, 6-ver«pla', v.t. To play a part on stage in an exaggerated fashion; to overemphasize; golf, to strike a golf ball beyond the putting green. overplus, 6'ver«plus, n. [Over, and L. plus, more.] Surplus; that which remains after a supply, or beyond a quantity proposed. overpower, 6«ver«pou'er, v.t. To vanquish by power or force; to subdue; to be too intense or violent for (his emotions overpowered him). overpowering, 6«ver»pou'er«ing, p. and a. Bearing down by superior

—

overpoweringadv. In an overpowering manner. overprize, 6«ver«priz', v.t. To value or prize at too high a rate. overproduction, 6«ver«pro«duk'shon, in n. Production of commodities excess of demand. overrate, 6«ver»rat', v.t. To rate ly,

;

irresistible.

6»ver«pou'er«ing«li,

at too much; to regard as having greater talents, abilities, or more valuable qualities than is really the case. overreach, 6«ver«rech', v.t. To reach beyond; to rise above; to deceive by cunning, artifice, or sagacity; to cheat; to outwit. overrefinement, 6«ver«re»fin'ment,

Excessive refinement; refinement with excess of subtlety or affectation of nicety. override, 6«ver«rid', v.t. To ride over; hence, to trample down; to supersede; to annul To override n.

one's commission, to discharge one's office in too arbitrary a manner or

with too high a hand. overripe, 6'ver«rip, a. Ripe or matured to excess.

overripen, 6«vcr--

To make

too ripe. overrule, o-ver-rol', v.t. To influence or control by predominant power; to set aside (objections); law, to rule against or reject. overrun, 6«ver«run', v.t. To run or ri'pn, v.t.

spread

me, met, her;

over

;

to

pine, pin;

excess of the quantity ordered. 6«ver«skr6'pu«lus,

overscrupulous,

a. Scrupulous to excess. oversea, 6ver«se, a. Foreign; from

—overseas,

beyond sea. adv. Beyond

or

across

6'ver«sez, the sea;

abroad.

overmuch, 6'ver«much, much; exceeding what is

power

honesty.

overjoy,

overleap,

lord over superior.

is

overcome and take possession by an invasion; to outrun. v.i. To run over; to defeat and occupy the conquered area. n. o'ver«run. Act of overrunning; print, a run in

grow

over

note, not,

;

to

move;

v.t. To superintend; to overlook; to take charge of. overseer, 6'ver«ser, n. One who supervises; a superintendent; an officer who has the care or superintendence of any matter. Overseers of the poor, officers in England who are concerned with relief of the poor. overset, 6»ver«set', n. An upsetting; an overturn. v.t. To turn from the proper position; to turn upon the side, or to turn bottom upward (as a vehicle); to subvert; to overthrow. v.i. To turn or be turned

oversee, 6«ver«se',

—

over.

overshadow, 6»ver«shad'6, v.t. To throw a shadow over; to shelter or cover with protecting influence.

overshoe, 6ver»sho, n. A shoe worn over another; an outer waterproof shoe.

overshoot, 6»ver«shbt', v.t. To shoot beyond (a mark); to venture too overshot, 6"ver«shot', a. Havfar. ing the upper jaw extend beyond the lower. oversight, 6ver«sit, n. A mistake or inadvertence; an overlooking; omission.

oversimplify,

d'ver'SinTpli'fl, v.t. to the point where meaning is distorted. v.i. To engage in excessive simplification. sleep oversleep, 6«ver«slep', v.t. beyond or too long.

To

simplify

To

overspread,

6«ver«spred',

v.t.

To

spread over; to cover completely; to scatter over. v.i. To be spread or scattered over. overstate, 6«ver«stat', v.t. To exaggerate in statement; to state in overstatement, too strong terms. 6'ver«stat'ment, n. An exaggerated statement.

overstay, 6«ver«sta',

v.t.

To

stay too

long for; to stay beyond the limits or duration of.

overstep, 6'ver»step', v.t. To step over or beyond; to exceed. overstock, 6«ver»stok', v.t. To stock to too great an extent; to fill too full; to supply with more than is wanted (the market with goods; a farm with cattle). v.i. and t. overstrain, 6«ver»stran ',

To

strain to excess; to stretch too far; to exert too much. oversupply, 6 ver»sup«pll, n. An excessive supply; a supply in excess

of demand. overt, overt, a. [O.Fr. overt, Fr. MfMftj O.Fr. ovrir, to open, from L. apcrirc, to open.] Open to view; public; apparent; law, not covert or overtly, 6vert«li, adv. In an overt manner; openly; publicly; in a manifest manner. secret; manifest.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

overtake

593

oxymoron

overtake, 6«ver«tak', v.t. To come up with in following; to follow and

eggs, especially eggs that are hatched after exclusion from the body (as opposed to ovoviviparous). oviposit, 6«vi»poz'it, v.i. [L. ovum,

ownership, 6'ner«ship, n. prietor. ox, oks, n. pi. oxen, ok'sn. [A.Sax.

reach or catch; to take by surprise.

come upon;

to

overtask, 6«ver«task', v.t. To impose too heavy a task or duty on. overtax, 6«ver«taks', v.t. To tax too heavily.

6»ver«thro', v.t. To overturn upside down; to throw down; to demolish; to defeat, conor subvert to vanquish; quer,

overthrow, set; to

destroy.

n.

(6'ver«thro).

The

act

of overthrowing; ruin; subversion; defeat.

overtime, 6'ver«tim, n. Time during which one works beyond the regular hours.

overtone,

6'ver«ton, less distinct

Mus.

n.

a

tone which, fundamental, makes up a complex musical tone ; a secondary

higher, with the effect.

overtop, 6«ver«top',

v.t.

To rise above

the top of; to excel; to surpass.

overtrade, 6«ver«trad',

beyond

v.t.

To

trade

posit.] To deposit oviposition, eggs: said of insects. 6'vi»po«zish"on, n. The depositing of eggs by insects. ovipositor, 6«vi— poz'it«er, n. An organ at the extremity of the abdomen of many insects for depositing their eggs. ovisac, 6'vi'Sak, n. [L. ovum, an egg, saccus, a sack.] The cavity in the ovary which immediately contains the ovum. ovoid, 6'void, a. [L. ovum, and Gr. eidos, form, oval.] Having a shape of an egg. ovoviviparous, 6'vo«vi«vip"a«rus, a. ovo, ovum, and [L. ovoviviparus viviparous.] Producing eggs which are hatched within the body (as is the case with vipers), oviparous.

an egg; and E.

—

ovulate, 6'vu'lat, v.i. [From ovule, L. ovulum, dim. of ovum.] To produce eggs; to discharge eggs

from an ovary.

capital or too rashly.

[O.Fr. overture, Fr. ouverture, an opening, an overture, overt.] A proposal; something offered for consideration; a musical introduction to precede important compositions, as oratorios, operas, etc., written for a full or-

overture, 6'ver«cher,

chestra.

overturn, 6«ver»tern', v.t. To overset or overthrow; to turn or throw from a foundation; to subvert; to ruin. n. (6'ver«tern). State

shon,

n.

of being over-

—ovule, ovulation, A 6'vul, n. ovum; a small

6'vu«la"small,

pellucid immature body borne by the placenta of a plant, and changing into a seed.

ovum, 6'vum,

ova, 6'va. [L.] A small egg within the ovary of a female animal, when impregnated becoming the embryo ; an egg. owe, 6, v.t. owed, owing. [From A. Sax. dgan, to own, to have (pret. dhte, whence ought; pp. dgen, whence own); Icel. eiga, Sw. dga, ega, O.H.G.

pi.

oxan =

Dan.

oxe,

D.

Icel. oxi, Sw. and G. ochs, ochse, Goth. auhsa, auhsus, an ox; cog. L. vacca, a cow, Skr. ukshd, an ox.] The general name for any animal of" the cow or bovine kind; especially, a male castrated, and full grown, or nearly so. oxbow, n. A curved piece of wood encircling an ox's neck when yoked; arch, an oval dormer window. oxlip, oks 'lip, n. A species of prim-

[Gr. oxalis, n. oxys, sharp, acid.] Chem. a salt or ester of oxalic acid. oxalic acid, oks«al'ik as'id, n. sorrel,

ok'sa«lat,

from

A

white,

crystalline,

poisonous

solid,

obtained from wood sorrel and other plants, used in dyeing, bleaching, etc. oxeye, oks'i, n. [Ox and eye.] Any of various plants whose flowers are formed of a disk with marginal rays (oxeye daisy). oxford, oks'ford, n. [From the city low shoe of Oxford, England.] laced over the instep. Oxford clay, oks'ford, n. Geol. a bed of dark-blue clay between the lower

A

and middle oolites, abounding in ammonites and belemnites. Oxford

n. pi.

movement, n. The Neo-Catholic movement of Newman, Keble, and Pusey, propagated by the Tracts for the Times. ok'sid, n. [Gr. oxys, acid, sharp.] Chem. a compound of oxygen with another element (thus rust is oxidation, ok«si«da'oxide of iron).

oxide,

Goth, aigan, to possess.] To ownf ; to be indebted in; shon, n. The operation or process of converting into an oxide. oxito be bound to pay; to be obliged dize, ok'si'diz, v.t. To convert into to ascribe; to be obliged for (he owes an oxide (which see); to change an his safety to me); to be due or owing. owing, 6'ing, ppr. [Pres. part, element or ion from a lower to a higher positive valence. oxidizer, used in passive sense of owed, being ok'si«diz«er, n. That which oxidizes. due.] Required by obligation to be oxidizable, ok'si»dI«za«bl, a. paid; remaining as a debt; ascribable, as to a cause; due; imputable, as to Oxonian, ok«so'ni«an, n. A native or inhabitant of Oxford; a member an agent. or a graduate of the University of owl, oul, n. [A. Sax. ule = D. uil, Icel. Oxford. ugla, Dan. ugle, Sw. uggla, G. eule, names imitative of its cry; comp. oxyacetylene, oks'i«a«set"i«len, a. [From oxy, oxygen, and acetylene.] L. ululo, to lament, E. howl.] One Pertaining to a mixture of oxygen of the nocturnal birds of prey, well eigan,

overvaluation, 6'ver«val«u«a"shon, n. Too high valuation; an overestimate.

possess or

v.t. To think too highly, arrogantly, or conceitedly. overweening, 6«ver«wen'ing, p. and a. Haughty; arrogant; proud; overweeningly, 6«ver«conceited. wen'ing«li, adv. overweigh, 6«ver«wa', v.t. To exceed in weight; to outweigh. overwhelm, 6«ver«hwelm', v.t. To

overween, 6«ver«wen',

—

—

—

whelm

entirely; to swallow up; bear down; to crush. overwhelmingly, 6«ver«hwerming«li, adv.

fig. to

v.t.

os,

rose.

oxalate,

—

turned; overthrow.

overwind, 6«ver«wind',

n.

oxa,

To wind

known

too far (to overwind a watch). overwise, 6'ver»wlz, a. Wise to affec-

for

their

somewhat

and acetylene (an oxyacetylene

catlike

torch).

heads and their harsh and screeching oxygen, ok'si«jen, n. [Gr. oxys, acid, and root gen, to generate so named owlet, oul'et, n. [Dim. of note. owlish, because supposed to be present in all owl.] An owl; a young owl. acids.] A colorless, odorless, tasteless oul'ish, a. Resembling an owl.

tation.

:

overwork, 6«ver«werk', v.t. To work beyond strength; to cause to labor too much; often refl. (to overwork

on, a. [A. Sax. dgen, pp. of dgan, to possess, like Dan. and Sw. egen, Icel. eiginn, D. and G. eigen, own. owe.] Belonging to me, him, us, you, etc., distinctly and emphatically: always following a possessive pronoun, or a noun in the possessive,

to excess; worked all over; affected or excited to excess; tasked beyond strength. overzealous, 6'ver«zel«us, a. Too zealous; eager to excess. oviduct, 6'vi'dukt, n. [L. ductus, a duct.] passage for the ovum or

Labored

as

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

j,

combine with oxygen.

job;

ng, sing;

TH.

r^en;

oxygenation,

ok'si«jen«a"shon, n.

:

— —

egg from the ovary of animals. oviform, 6'vi»form, a. Having the form or figure of an egg. ovine, 6'vin, a. [L. ovinus, from ovis, a sheep.] Pertaining to sheep; consisting of sheep. oviparous, 6«vip'aTus, a. [L. ovum, an egg, pario, to produce.] Producing

combustion in air. Symbol, O; at. oxygenate, no., 8; at. wt., 15.9994. ok'si«jen«at, v.t. To unite or cause to

my own, his own, John's own some-

times used to impart tenderness to an expression (thine own true knight). To hold one's own, to maintain one's own cause; not to lose ground. v.t. [A.Sax. dgnian (from dgen-= own, a.), Icel. eigna, Dan. egne, G. eignen, to own.] To have the right of property in; to hold or possess by right; to acknowledge or avow (owned him as his son); to concede; owner, 6'ner, to admit to be true. n. One who owns; the rightful pro-

A

ch, chain;

gas essential to respiration in most living cells, which constitutes about supports \ of the atmosphere and

own,

—

n. (6'ver«werk). Excesone's self). sive work or labor; work done beyond the amount required by stipulation. overwrought, 6«ver«rat', p. and a.

oxyhemoglobin, bin, n. [From

oks'i«he"mo«gl6— oxygen, and bright red sub-

oxy,

hemoglobin.] The stance created when hemoglobin and oxygen unite loosely in the blood. oxymoron, ok»si«mo'ron, n. [Gr. oxymoron, a smart saying which at first view appears foolish, from oxys, sharp, and moros, foolish.] Rhet. a figure in which an epithet of a quite contrary signification is added to a word: as cruel kindness; foolish wisdom.

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

—

—

— :

oxytone

594

oxytone,

[Gr. oxys, ok'si«ton, a. sharp, tonos, tone.] Having an acute sound; Greek gram, having the acute accent on the last syllable. oyer, oyer, n. [Norm, oyer, Fr. ouir, L. audire, to hear.] Law, a hearing Court of oyer and or trial of causes. terminer (to hear and determine), a court constituted to hear and de-

termine felonies and misdemeanors.

—oyes, oyez,

6'yes. ['Hear ye.'] The introduction to a proclamation made by a public crier, in order to secure silence and attention, and repeated

three times.

oyster, ois'ter, n. [O.Fr. oistre, from L. ostrea, ostreum, from Gr. ostreon, an oyster, akin to osteon, a bone.] A well-known edible mollusk with a shell composed of two irregular valves, living in the sea and adhering oyster bed, n. to other objects. breeding place of oysters; a place where they are artificially or naturally oyster catcher, n. A British reared. shore bird which feeds on small Mollusca. ozocerite, o«zo'seTit, n. [Gr. ozo, to smell, and keros, wax.] A mineral wax or paraffin of a brown or brownish-yellow color, made into

—

A

—

candles. ozone, 6'zon, n. [From Gr. ozo, to bluish gas (a form of smell.]

A

oxygen,

an

with

3)

odor

like

chlorine, used as a bleaching agent.

P, p, pe, the sixteenth letter of the To mind one's English alphabet. P's and Q's, to be very careful in behavior a colloquial phrase of un-

—

known

origin.

pabular, pab'u»ler, a. [L. pabulum, pastor.] food, from pasco, to feed, Pertaining to food or pabulum.

pabulum, pab'u»lum,

n. [L.

pabulum,

food, from pasco, to feed, pastor.] Food; aliment; fig. food for the mind or intellect. paca, pa'ka, n. [Pg. paca, from pak, large rodent the native name.] animal of South America and the West Indies, much esteemed for food. pace, pas, n. [Fr. pas, from L. passus, a step, from pateo, to lie open (whence patent), or from pando, passum, to stretch out. Pass has the step, or the space same origin.] between the feet in walking (about 2y2 feet); sometimes the distance from the place where either foot is taken up to that where the same foot is set down (this being the Roman pace); manner of walking; walk; gait (heavy, quick, or slow pace); degree of celerity; rate of progress (events followed at a great pace); a mode of stepping among horses. To keep or hold pace with, to keep up with ; to go or move as fast as paced, v.i. literally or figuratively. pacing. To step; to walk; to step slowly or with measured tread; to

A

A

—

stride.

v.t.

To

—— —

—

—

measure by steps;

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

——

paddle

walk over with measured paces. past, p. and a. Having a

pack

preserve

in

paced,

meat or

fish).

particular gait (slow-paced) ; trained in paces, as a horse; broken in.

bundles or packs; to put up things

to

— Thorough-paced

thoroughly trained), perfect in something bad; out-and-out (a thorough-paced scoundrel, etc.). pacer, pa'ser, n. One that paces; a horse well-trained in (lit.

—

pacing.

pacha,

pa«sha', n. [French spelling.]

PASHA.

pachymeter,

pa«kim'et«er, n. [Gr. pachys, thick, and metron, a measure.] An instrument for measuring small thicknesses, as of glass or paper. pachyderm, pak'i«derm, n. [Gr.

derma, skin.] A nonruminant hoofed animal; a member of an old mammalian order including the elephant, hippopotamus, horse, hog, etc.

pachydermatous,

pak-i»der'ma«tus, the pachyderms; thickskinned; hence fig. not sensitive to ridicule, sarcasm, or the like. pacify, pas'i'fi, v.t. pacified, pacia.

Belonging

to

—

fying. [Fr. pacifier, L. pacificare.] To appease; to cause to give up anger or excited feeling; to allay the agitation or excitement of; to calm; to restore peace to; to tranquilize. pacifiable, pas«i»fi'a«bl, a. Capable of being pacified. pacific, pa-sif ik, a. [L. pacificus, from pacifico, to

—

make peace

pax, pads, peace, and facio, to make, peace.] Suited to make or restore peace; conciliatory; appeasing; pacifying; calm, peaceful, tranquil; not warlike (pacific disposition). Pacific Ocean, Pacific, the ocean situated between the west coast of America and the shores of Asia and Australia. pacifically, pa«sif'i«kal«li, adv. In a pacific manner.

—

—pacification,

pa«sif'i»ka"shon, n. act of pacifying; state or condition of being pacified; appeasement; reconciliation. pacificatory, pa«sifi«ka«to«ri, a. Tending to make peace; conciliatory. pacifier, pas'i«fi«er, n. One who pacifies; a device resembling a nipple, for a baby to suck. pacifism, pas'i«fizm, n. Opposition to war or the unrestricted use of military force; belief that all international disputes should be settled by arbitration. pacifist, pas'i«fist, n. One who favors or supports a policy of pacifism (also used as a.).

The

— —

—

pack, pak, n. [Either from D. pak, Dan. pak, pakke, G. pack, a pack or bundle; or from Armor., Ir., and Gael, pac, a pack.] A bundle made up to be carried; a bale; a budget; a collection; a complete set of playing cards; a number of hounds or dogs hunting or kept together; a number of persons united in a bad design or practice (a pack of rascals).To put together for transportation or storage; to make up into a package, bundle, or bale; to stow; to

fill

methodically with contents (to pack a trunk); to assemble or bring together iniquitously and with a view to favor some particular side (to pack a jury; to pack a meeting); to dismiss without ceremony; to make begone; to

make

piston

me, met, her;

of an

by

stuffing, as the engine; to stuff; to

airtight

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

close

vessels

(to

To make up

v.i.

for transportation ; to depart in haste (with off or away) ; to gather together into flocks or bands (the grouse begin package, pak'ij, n. to pack). bundle or bale; a packet; a parcel. v.t. To place in a package or packages; to make up into a package or packages (to package sugar).

—

A

pack animal, n. A beast of burden used on mountain and wilderness trails for transport of supplies and equipment. packer, pak'er, n. One who packs; one who owns a meatpacking house; one who works in a meatpacking house. packet, pak'et, n. [Fr. paquet.] A small pack or package; a little bundle or parcel; a parcel of letters; a vessel employed in carrying mails, goods, and passengers on regular days of starting;

—

—

also called packet boat, packet vessel.

—packing, pak'ing, Any material used up empty spaces; packinghouse, — An establishment where meats are packed the market. — packman, pak 'man, One who a pack; a peddler. — packsaddle, A saddle conon which burdens are veyance by pack animals. — pack thread, pak'thred, Strong thread n.

for filling stuffing; filling.

n.

for

carries

n.

n.

laid for

n.

or twine used in tying up parcels. pact, pakt, n. [Fr. pacte, L. pactum, a bargain (as in compact), from paciscor, pactus, to fix, bargain, covenant; same root as pax, peace. peace.] A contract; an agreement or covenant. pad, pad, n. [Origin uncertain; perhaps akin to pod.] A cushion, soft saddle, bolster, part of a garment, etc., stuffed with some soft material; a quantity of blotting paper used for blotting or writing upon (a blotting or writing pad). v.t. padded, padding. To stuff so as to make a pad ; to padding, padfurnish with a pad. ing, n. The act of stuffing; the materials used for stuffing a saddle, bolster, etc.; literary matter inserted in a book, periodical, etc., merely to increase the bulk. pad, pad, n. [A form of path; comp. Prov. E. pad, Sc. pood, a path.] A robber that infests the road on foot; a footpad; an easy-paced horse. paddle, pad '1, v.i. paddled, paddling. [A freq. and dim. from pad, to go = L.G. paddeln, to go with short steps, to paddle.] To play in the water with the hands or feet in swimming or sport; to use a paddle; to row with a paddle. v.t. To propel by an oar n. A sort of short broad or paddle. oar used in propelling and steering canoes and boats by a vertical motion; one of the floatboards placed on the circumference of the wheel of a steam vessel zool. the swimming apparatus of the turtles and certain other animals. paddle box, n. The wooden covering of the paddle wheel of a steamer. paddler, pad i»er, n. One that paddles. paddle wheel, n. wheel with boards or floats on its circumference, driven by steam and propelling a vessel over water.

— — —

—

;

— —

A

tube, tub, bull;

—

oil,

pound.

— ——

——

— —— ——— —

n. [A. Sax. pada, a frog or toad (with dim. suffix -ock)

= Icel. and Sw. padda, Dan. padde, D. pad, padde, a frog or toad.] A toad n. [For parrok, A.Sax. pearroc. park.] A small field enclosed for pasture; ground adjacent to racecourse stables, used for the exercising of horses. paddy, pad'i, n. [Malay padi.] Rice

paddock, pad'ok,

in the husk whether in the field or gathered; a rice field. padishah, pa'di»sha, n. [Per. pddishdh, from pad, protector, master, title of the and shah, a king.] Turkish sultan and Persian shah. padlock, pad'lok, n. [Either from pad, a path, lit. a lock for a gate on a path, or from pad in the local sense of a movable lock with a pannier.] bow or semicircular link to be v.t. To fastened through a staple. fasten or provide with a padlock or padlocks. padre, pa'dra, n. [It. padre, L. pater, applied in Latin title father.] countries to a minister of religion and by sailors and soldiers to a chaplain. paduasoy, pad'u«a«soi, n. [From Padua, in Italy, and Fr. soie, silk.] particular kind of silk stuff. paean, pe'an, n. [Gr.] An ancient Greek hymn in honor of Apollo, who was also called Paean; a war song before or after a battle; hence, a song of triumph generally; a loud and joyous song. paedogenesis, pe'do«jen"e«sis, n. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, genesis, descent.] In animals, precocious sexual reproduction by immature individuals. paeon, pe'on, n. [Gr. paeon.] metrical foot, consisting of four syllables, one long and three short. pagan, pa'gan, n. [L. paganus, a peasant, from pagus, a village or country district; comp. origin of heathen. Akin peasant.] One who

paged, paging. To mark or number the pages of. paginal, paj'i«nal, a. Consisting of pages. paginate, paj'i»nat, v.t. paginated, paginating. To number the pages of; to page. pagination, paj»i«na'shon, n. The act of paging; the marks or figures which indicate the number of pages. pageant, paj'ent or pa'jent, n. [Old forms pagyn, pagen, originally a scaffold or stage, from L. pagina, a slab, a page (of a book), page.] A spectacle or entertainment; a great display or show, as at some public

representation of in colors ; to represent or exhibit to the mind; to describe vividly; to delineate; to depict. v.i. To practice painting; to lay artificial color on the face. n. substance used in painting; a pigment; color laid on the face; rouge. painter, pan'ter, n. One whose occupation is to paint; an artist who represents objects by means of colors or pigments. Painter's colic, a disease to which painters and others who work with poisonous preparations of lead are painting, pan 'ting, n. The liable. act, art, or employment of laying on colors; the art of representing objects by means of figures and colors on a plane surface so as to produce the appearance of relief; a painted

rejoicing;

A

—root

one

who

is

—

—

go;

and oura,

tail.]

other or used together (a pair of gloves or stockings); a single thing composed of two pieces suiting each other (a pair of scissors or of trousers); two of a sort; a couple; a brace; distinctively, a man and his wife; in parliament, and similar

A

—

g,

fix,

pail, pal, n. [O.Fr. paile, paele, from L. patella, a pan, from pateo, to lie vessel of wood, open, patent.] or of tin or other metal, in which milk or water is commonly carried. pailful, pal'ful, n. The quantity that a pail will hold. paillasse, pal«yas', n. [Fr., frompaille, straw, L. palea, chaff.] An under bed of straw; an under mattress. pain, pan, n. [Fr. peine, O.Fr. peine, paine, etc., from L. poena, punishment, and latterly pain, torment; akin penal, penitence, pine (verb), punish, etc.] Penalty; suffering annexed to the commission of a crime (under pain of death); an uneasy sensation in animal bodies; bodily distress; suffering; the throes of travail or childbirth (generally in mental distress; careful plural); labor; close application in working; v.t. To trouble (chiefly in plural). give pain to; to cause to endure physical or mental suffering; to painful, pan'ful, afflict; to distress. a. Full of pain; giving or accompanied by pain; distressing; requiring labor or toil; difficult; executed with pains; attended with close and careful application or attention. painfully, pan'ful«li, adv. In a painful manner. painfulness, pan'ful«nes, n. The state or quality of being painless, pan'les, a. Free painful. from pain. painstaking, panz'ta*king, a. Taking or given to taking pains; giving close application; laborious and careful. n. The taking of pains; careful labor. paint, pant, v.t. [O.Fr. paindre, pp. paint (Fr. peindre), from L. pingere, picture.] To lay pictum, to paint, color or colors on with a brush or otherwise; to diversify with hues; to color; to produce (a representation) in colors; to form a likeness or

pa'gan«izm, n. The worship of false gods; the religious opinions and worship of pagans; paganize, pa'gan«iz, heathenism. paganized, paganizing. To renv.t. der heathenish; to convert to heathenism. page, paj, n. [Fr. page, It. paggio, a page, from L.L. pagius, perhaps from Gr. padion, or pais, child]. A young male attendant on kings, nobles, or other persons of distinction; a lad in the service of people of rank or wealth, whose duty it is to run errands, attend to the door, etc. v.t. paged, paging. To attend as a page. page, paj, n. [Fr. page, from L. pagina, a page, from stem pag, seen in L. pango, Gr. pegnymi, to fix; akin compact (a.), pageant.] One side of the leaf of a book; a writing or record (the page of history); printing, types set up for one side of a leaf. v.t. ch, Sc. loch;

pag, to

A

of the same family. paid, pad, pret. and pp. of pay.

— paganism,

ch, chain;

n. [Ir. painteir, a snare, a net.] rope used to fasten a boat to a ship or other object. To cut the painter, to assert one's independence by severing a connection with a person or thing. pair, par, n. [Fr. paire, from L. par, equal, whence also parity, peer, compeer, disparage, etc.] Two things similar in form and suited to each

genus of crabs which includes the hermit crabs, etc. pagurian, pa— gu'ri«an, n. A crab of this genus or

neither a Christian, a Jew, nor a Mohammedan; a heathen; an idolater. a. Pertaining to pagans or heathens; heathenish; idolatrous. paganish, pa'gan«ish, a. Heathenish.

—

picture.

painter, pan'ter,

A

A

gods;

exhibition;

—

A

false

theatrical

—

A

worships

a

A

anything showy, without stability or duration. pageantry, paj'ent«ri, n. Pageants collectively; a showy exhibition or spectacle; splendid or ostentatious show. paginal, pagination. See page. pagoda, pa-go'da, n. [Fr. pagode, from Per. and Hind, but-gadah but, an idol, and gadah, a house.] A Hindu temple in which idols are worshiped; a Buddhist temple. Pagurus, pa«gu'rus, n. [Gr. pagouros

A

j,

;

palanquin

—

or frog.

————

595

paddock paddock, pad'ok,

—— — —

——

—

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

bodies, two members who would vote on opposite sides and agree not to vote for a specified time. Pair formerly often meant a set of things hence, we speak of a pair of stairs for a flight of stairs or steps. v.i. To join in pairs; to couple; to mate To pair, to pair off, to (as birds). depart from a company in pairs or couples; to form a pair in the parliamentary sense. v.t. To unite in pairs or couples; to assort in twos. paisley, paz'le, n. [For the town in Scotland.] woolen fabric patterned geometric designs of various in colors. a. Of a paisley pattern. pajamas, pa«ja'mas, n. pi. [Hind.] loose garment, usually including jacket and trousers, worn for sleeping, lounging, etc. (Seldom used in singular except attributively, as in

A

A

pajama

coat.)

pal, pal, n. [Of Gypsy origin.] Mate; partner; accomplice; chum. (Slang.)

palace, pal 'is, n. [Fr. palais, from L. Palatium, the house of Augustus,

on the

hill at

Rome,

called

by

this

name.] The house in which an emperor, a king, or other distinguished person resides; a splendid residence; a stately mansion. paladin, pal'a»din, n. [Fr. paladin, from L. palatinus, attached to the palace.] A attached to a sovereign's a knight-errant; a heroic champion; an eminent hero. palace,

from palatium.

knight court;

palanquin, palankeen, pal*an*ken', n. [Fr. and Pg. palanquin, from Pali,

th, thin;

A

covered conveyance pdlangki.] used in India, China, etc., borne by poles on the shoulder, and carrying a

w,

zuig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——————— — — ————— —

—— ———

palate person;

——

—

596 covered litter. palatum, the

Palladium

palatable, pal'at—

pendicular bars of alternate tinctures and an even number of divisions. palea, pa'li^a, n. pi. paleae, pa'li«e. [L. palea, chaff.] Bot. one of the bracts upon the receptacle of com-

Agreeable to the taste or palatableness, pal'palate; savory. at«a«bl»nes, n. The quality of being

of the interior bracts of the flowers of grasses. paleaceous, pa«fi.a'shus,

single

palate,

pal at,

palate.]

the

The

mouth;

n.

[L.

roof or upper part of

sometimes

taste; relish;

intellectual taste. a«bl,

a

a.

palatably, palatable to the taste. palat-a^bli, adv. In a palatable manner.— palatal, pal'at«al, a. Pertaining to the palate; uttered by the aid of n. the palate, as certain sounds. sound pronounced by the aid of the palate; as that of ch in church, and palatalize, pal'a«tal«iz, v.t. that of;. To give a palatal sound to to convert from guttural to palatal {church is palatalized compared with kirk). palatial, pa«la'shal, a. [From L. papalace.] Pertaining latium, palace, to a palace; becoming a palace; palatine, pal'a-tin, a. magnificent. [Fr. palatin, L. palatinus, from palatium, palace.] Pertaining to a palace; holding office in the king's palace; County possessing royal privileges. pa[atine is a county over which an earl, bishop, or duke had a royal jurisdiction. n. One invested with royal privileges and rights; a count palatinate, pa»lat'i«nat, n. palatine.

A

;

The

province

or

seignory

of

a

palatine.

palaver, pa»la'ver, n. [Pg. palavra, Sp. palabra, a word, from L. parabola, a parable, in late times a word. parable.] A talk or conference among some barbaric races; a conversation; superfluous or idle talk. v.t. To v.t. flatter; to humbug by words. To talk idly; to indulge in a palaver or palavers. pale, pal, a. [O.Fr. pale (Fr. pale), pallid.] from L. pallidus, pale. White or whitish; wan; not ruddy or fresh of color; not bright; of a v.t. paled, palfaint luster; dim. ing. To make pale; to diminish the v.i. To turn pale. brightness of. paleface, n. A name among the North American Indians for a white palely, pal'li, adv. In a person. pale manner; wanly; not ruddily. paleness, paTnes, n. The quality palish, or condition of being pale. palish, a. Somewhat pale or wan. paly, pal'i, a. Pale; wanting color.

—

{Poet.)

pale, pal, n. [A. Sax. pal, Fr. pal, from L. palus, a stake, from root seen in page (of a book), pageant, pact.] A pointed stake used in fencing or upright in the fixed enclosing, ground, or joined above and below

what surrounds and encloses; the space enclosed; to a rail; a picket;

an enclosure; an instrument for trying the quality of a cheese; in her. when a shield is divided into halves by a perpendicular line, it is said to The Pale, be palewise or per pale. that portion of Ireland within which English rule was for some centuries confined after the conquests of Henry II. v.t. To enclose with pales paling, or stakes; to encompass.

—

Pales in general, or a fence formed with pales. paly, pal'i, n. The division of a shield into per-

paling,

n.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

posite plants

a.

between the

florets;

one

Bot. consisting of chaff-like scales; a.

[Gr.

palaios, ancient, and E. arctic.) Said of a region of the earth marked by a characteristic fauna, and embracing

Europe, Africa north of the Atlas,

and Northern Asia. paleobotany, pa'li.6«bot"a«ni, n. fGr. palaios, and E. botany.] The study of the plants that are found in a fossil state.

pa'li«og"ra«fi,

palaios, ancient, write.] An ancient

n.

[Gr.

and grapho, to manner or form

of writing; ancient writings collectively; the art of deciphering ancient documents or inscriptions. paleographer, pa«li«og'ra«fer, n. paleographic, pa«li«o»graf ik, a. paleolithic, pa«li«o«lith'ik, a. [Gr. lithos, stone.] Of the second period of the Stone Age, characterized by stone implements.

—

paleontography,

pa'li'on«tog"ra«fi, n.

[Gr. onta, beings.] The description of remains. paleontographical, pa»li«on'to«graf "i-kal, a. Relating to paleontography. paleontology, pa'li«on«tol"o«ji, n. The science of the ancient life of the earth ; that branch of biological science which treats of fossil

organic

fossil

paleonto-

remains.

logical, pa'li«on«to»loj"i«kal, a. Relating to paleontology. paleontologically, pa'li«on«to«loj"i«kal«li, adv. In a paleontological sense or j)oint

of view.

paleozoology, pali»o»zo«-

an animal.] That branch of biology which concerns itself with the fossil remains of animals. Paleozoic, pa'li»o«z6"ik, a. [Gr. zoe, ol"o«ji, n. [Gr. zoon,

A

life.]

ladies.

Pali, pa'li, n. The sacred language of the Buddhists, a descendant of the Sanskrit, now used only in religious works. pa'limp«sest, n. [Gr. palimpsestos, rubbed again palin, again, and psao, to rub.] parch-

palimpsest,

A

covered with paleae. Palearctic, pa^le^ark'tik,

paleography,

others for state, distinguished from a war horse; a small horse fit for

geological era that extends

from the beginning of the Cambrian to the end of the Permian. palestra, pa«les'tra,

ment

or other piece of writing material from which one writing has been erased to make room for another, often leaving the first faintly visible, a process to which many ancient manuscripts were subjected. palindrome, pal'in«dr6m, n. [Gr. palindromos, running back palin, again, and dromos, a running.] A word, verse, or sentence that is the same when read backward or for-

ward. paling. See paie. palingenesis, pal«in«jen'e«sis,

n.

[Gr.

and genesis, birth.] A transformation from one state to another; a metamorphosis as of insects; a great geological change on

palin, again,

the earth.

palinode, pal'i«nod, n. [Gr. palinodia palin, again, and ode, a song.]

—

Originally a poetical recantation; a piece in which a poet retracts the invectives contained in a former piece; hence, a recantation in general.

palisade, pal«i»sad',

n. [Fr. palissade, pale, from palis, pale (a stake).] fence or a pale, fortification consisting of a row of strong stakes or posts set firmly in the ground; also applied to one of the stakes; a mass of rock, as the denuded face of a mountain.

from

palisser,

to

A

palish. See pale. pall, pal, n. [A. Sax. paell, from L. pallium, a cloak, a pall.] An outer mantle of dignity eccles. a vestment sent from Rome to patriarchs, ;

primates, and metropolitans as an ensign of jurisdiction, and sometimes, as a mark of honor, to bishops; consisting of a band made of white lamb's wool, passing round the shoulders, and having a strip hanging down before and behind; a large black cloth thrown over a coffin at a funeral, or over a tomb; c rich cloth of any kind, in purple and pall'. v.t. To cover with a pall; to cover or invest; to shroud. pallbearer, n. One of those who attend the coffin at a funeral.

n. [Gr. palaistra, wrestling.] place appropriated to the exercise of wrestling or other athletic exercises; exercises of wrestling. paletot, pal'e«to, n. [Fr. paletot, paletoque, a paletot, an overcoat, from D. paltsrok, a pilgrim's coat.] loose sort of man's coat or woman's long jacket; an overcoat.

pall, pal,

palette, pal'et, n. [Fr. palette, from L.L. paleta, dim. from L. pala, a spade or shovel.] A thin oval board or tablet, with a thumb hole at one end, on which a painter lays the pigments with which he paints his pictures; a pallet. palette knife, n. A sort of knife used by painters for mixing colors, and by druggists to

of energy, failure; the verb appal was probably to some extent affected by this word.] To become vapid; to become insipid; to become devoid of agreeableness or attraction v.t. To (pleasures begin to pall). make vapid or insipid; to cloy; to dispirit or depress}:. Palladian, pal*la'di*an, a. Pertaining

from

pale,

A

A

mix

salves.

palfrey, pal fri, n. [O.Fr. paL from L.L. parafredus, L. paravercJm, an extra post horse, from Gr. para, beside, and L. veredus, a post horse (from veho, to carry, and rheda, a carriage).] An ordinary riding horse, or a horse used by noblemen and

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

04*.

—

[W. pallu, to

fail; pall,

loss

—

to Andrea Palladio. a celebrated Italian architect (1518-80).— Palladian architecture, a species of Italian architecture founded upon the, Ro-

man

antique.

Palladium,

pal«la di«um. n. [From Pallas or Athene, equivalent to the sacred statue Latin Minerva.]

A

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

——

——— —— — ————— — —

—

palladium

triumph (to carry off the pebra, an eyelid.] Pertaining to the palm) ; a popular name for the bloom eyelid or eyebrow. or a branch of the willow, carried palpi. See palp.

—

on Palm Sunday as a substitute palpitate, pal'pi«tat, v.i. palpitated, for the Eastern palm branches. palpitating. [L. palpito, palpitatum, v.t.

potters,

forming and rounding their wares; an instrument to take up and apply goldleaf; pieces which receive the impulse from a pendupaille,

A

straw; L. palea, chaff.] small or rude bed; a bed or mattress of straw. palliate, pal'i«at, v.t. palliated, pal[Fr.

pallier,

to

cloak,

pal-

United tri,

by palm of the hand; manual

palliates.

as to

tremble;

palpitation, violent and unnatural beating or pulsation of the heart, as from violent action, fright, or disease. palsgrave, palz'grav, n. [G. pfalzgraf, from pfalz (contr. from L. palatium, palace), and graf, an earl.] count palatine; a count with the superintendence of the king's palace. palsgravine, palz'gra»vin, n. The consort of a palsgrave. palsy, pal'zi, n. [A contr. of paralysis, Fr. paralysie.] Paralysis, especially in a limb or some of the superficial muscles. v.t. palsied, palsying. To affect with palsy or as with palsy; to paralyze. palsied, pal'zid, p. and a. Affected with palsy. palter, pal'ter, v.i. [Of same origin as paltry, and originally having reference to the haggling of dealers in old clothes.] To act insincerely; to equivocate; to haggle; to shift; to dodge; to play tricks. paltry, pal'tri, a. [Same as L.G. to quiver. pal'pi-ta'shon, n.

A

A

— —

—

pa 'mi,

a.

Abounding

in

palms; flour- paludine,

ishing; prosperous. palmyra, palmyra palm, palTnl'ra, n. The most common palm of India, the wood, leaves, fruit, and juice of which are all of great value and use. palomino, pal'6'mi"n6, n. [Amer. Sp. from Sp. palomilla.) tan or

A

a ring elevated upon a pole; the alley or walk where the game was played (hence the street in London called Pall Mall). pallor, pal'or, n. [L. pallid.] Paleness. palm, pam, n. [L. palma, the palm of the hand, a palm tree (so named from the shape of its branches); cog. Gr. palame, A.Sax. folm, O.H.G. folma, the palm of the hand.] The inner part of the hand; a lineal measure equal to 3 or 4 inches; a broad flat part, as of an anchor fluke; any of the plants of a wellknown order of arborescent or tree-like endogens, chiefly inhabiting the tropics, of great value to man as affording food, etc.; a branch or leaf of the palm tree anciently borne as a symbol of victory or triumph ; hence, superiority, vic-

go;

abnormal movement of the heart, from fright or disease; hence,

—

'

g,

To

A

[L. pallidus, from palleo, to become pale, pale, fallow.] Pale; wan; deficient in color; not high colored. pallidly, pal'id'li, adv. Palely; wanly. pallidness, pal'id«nes, n. Paleness. pallium, pal'li«um, n. [L. pallium, whence pall («.).] An ecclesiastical or other pall; zool. an outgrowth of the dorsal body-wall of many mollusks, forming folds or processes which represent the foot and other parts. pall-mall, pel-mel', n. [O.Fr. palemail, from It. pallamaglio, from palla, a ball (akin E. ball), and maglio, L. malleus, a mallet.] An ancient game in which a ball was struck with a mallet or club through

pallid, pal'id, a.

ch, Sc. loch;

freq.

palmitic, pal»mit'ik, a. Pertaining to or obtained from palm oil (palmitic acid). palmitin, paltrig, palterig, ragged, from pake, pal'mi«tin, n. The principal solid Fris. palt, G. pake, Sw. paka ingredient of palm oil. palm oil, n. (plur. pakor), Dan. pialt, a rag; fatty substance resembling butter akin palter.] Mean; vile; worthless; obtained from palms, chiefly from despicable. .". Syn. under contemptthe fruit of the African oil palm, paltrily, pal'tri«li, adv. In a ible. employed in the manufacture of soap paltry manner. paltriness, pal'tri*and candles, for lubricating. Palm nes, n. The state of being paltry, Sunday, n. The Sunday next before vile, or worthless. Easter, commemorative of the Sa- paludal, pal'u«dal, a. [L. palus, viour's triumphal entry into Jerupaludis, a marsh.] Pertaining to salem, when the multitude strewed marshes; generated by marshes (papalm branches in the way. palmy, ludal fever).

or extenuate; extenuating; mitigat-

ch, chain;

dexterity

(humorous).

palliative, alleviation. pal'i«a«tiv, a. [Fr. palliatif.] Serving to palliate

That which

States. palmistry, pa'mis— art of telling fortunes the lines and marks in the

The

n.

of palpo, to feel, palpable.] flutter or move with slight throbs; to throb; to pulsate violently: applied particularly to an.

conceal

A

apologies; to extenuate; to soften or tone down by favorable representations; to mitigate, lessen, or abate (to palliate a disease). palliation, pal«i«a'shon, n. The act of palliating; what palliates or serves to excuse; extenuation; mitigating;

n.

To

A

from L. pallium, a cloak, whence also pall (n.).] To conceal the enormity of by excuses and liate;

ing.

palming.

A

—

liating.

—palmed,

in the palm of the hand, as jugglers or cheaters; to impose by fraud (to palm off trash upon the public). Palma Christi (palm of Christ), a name for the castor-oil plant. palmaceous, pal«ma shus, a. Belonging to the palm tribe. palmar, pal'mer, a. [L. palmaris.] Pertaining to the palm of the hand; of the breadth of the hand. palmate, palmated, pal'mat, pal'ma«ted, a. [L. palmatus.] Having the shape of the hand {palmated leaves); having the toes webbed (the palmate feet of aquatic birds). palmately, pal'mat«li, adv. In a palmate manner. palmer, pam'er, n. pilgrim that returned from the Holy Land with a branch of palm; one who palms or cheats, as at cards or dice. palmerworm, n. name for certain hairy caterpillars. palmetto, pal— met'to, n. [Sp. palmito.] name of several palms; the cabbage palm of the West Indies and southern

etc., for

Fr.

—

tory,

A

wooden instrument used by

—— pamphlet

597

or image of Pallas, the Greek goddess, on the preservation of which, according to ancient legend, was said to have depended the safety of Troy. palladium, pal«la'di«um, n. [N.L., from the asteroid Pallas, from Gr. Pallas, the goddess.] Chem. a silverwhite, malleable and ductile, metallic element of the platinum group. Symbol, Pd; at. no., 46; at. wt. 106.4. pallet, pal'et, n. [Fr. palette, from L.L. paletta, dim. from L. pala, a spade or shovel.] palette; a

lum or balance wheel. pallet, pal'et, n. [From

—

pal'u«din, a. [L. palus, paludis, a pool, a marsh.] Pertaining to marshes; marshy.

paly. See pale.

pam, pam,

In five-card loo, the

pampas, pam 'pas, n. pi. [Sp.-Amer.] The grassy treeless plains of South

cream-colored horse with slender legs and white mane and tail; a color like that of the horse. palp, palpus, palp, pal'pus, n. (pi.

America, resembling the prairies of North America; especially the immense plains in the southern portion of South America east of the Andes.

palpi, pal'pi). [Mod. L. palpus, from L. palpare, to stroke, to feel.] jointed sensitive organ on the head of an insect; a feeler. palpable, pal'pa»bl, a. [Fr. palpable, from L. palpabilis, from palpo, to touch; akin palpitate.] Perceptible

grass, n. A variety of to 14 feet grass with flower stems high growing on the pampas, introduced as an ornamental grass pampean, panvpe'an, into Britain. a. Pertaining to the pampas.

—pampas

A

by

touch; capable of being felt; easily perceived and detected; plain; obvious; easily perceptible. Palpable obscure, darkness that may be felt. (Mil.) palpability, pal • pa— bil'i'ti, n. Plainness; obviousness. palpably, pal'pa«bli, adv. Plainly; palpation, pal«pa'shon, obviously. n. [L. palpatio] The act of feeling; pathol. manual examination.

palpebral, pal'pe»bral, job;

1

—

pamper,

ng, sing;

TH,

a.

then;

[L.

pam'per,

v.t.

[Probably

pap (with m inserted); comp. G. pampen, Bav. pampfen, to stuff, to cram with food.] To

the

—

j,

n.

knave of clubs.

akin

to

indulge with rich food; to feed luxuriously; to gratify to the full; pamperer, to indulge to excess. pam'per«er, n. One who pampers. pampero, pam»pa'ro, n. [Sp.-Amer. pampas.] The cold wind blowing from the Andes to the Atlantic.

pal-

th, thin;

pamphlet, w, wig;

pam'flet,

hw, whig;

n.

[Formerly

zh, azure.

————

—

— ———

—— —

pan paunflet,

pamfilet,

— — — ——

pamflet:

from

Pamphilet, name of a popular poem.] A small book consisting of a sheet of paper, or of a few sheets stitched together but not bound; a short treatise or essay published by itself. pamphleteer, pam«flet«er', n. A writer of pamphlets; a scribbler. v.i. To write and issue pamphlets. pan, pan, n. [A. Sax. panne, D. pan, G. pfanne, all from L.L. panna, for patna, L. patina, a pan, from pateo, patent.] A vessel of tin, to be wide, iron, or other metal, often rather shallow; a vessel of various kinds used for domestic purposes; an open vessel for boiling or evaporating or other operations (a sugar pan, a salt pan, etc.); a pond for evaporating salt water to make salt; the part of a flintlock which holds the priming; the skull or cranium (the Pan out, to yield a good brainpan). return^ 'to cut-up' well: from the phrase of miners washing out the gravel of the gold in pans; to sucHARDPAN. pancake, n. ceed; agri. A thin cake of batter fried or baked in a pan. Pan, pan, n. [Hence panic] Greek myth, the chief god of pastures, Pandean, pan*forests, and flocks. Pande'an, a. Pertaining to Pan. dean pipes, Pan's pipes, a musical wind instrument composed of reeds of different lengths tied together; a

made by order of the emperor and consisting of

Justin-

books. pandemic, pan«dem'ik, a. [Gr. pan, all, and demos, people.] Incident to a whole people; epidemic. ian,

fifty

pandemonium,

pan«di«m6'ni«um, n. [Gr. pan, all, and daimon, a demon.] The place or abode of demons or evil spirits a name invented by Milton; hence, any lawless, disorderly place or assemblage. pander, pander, n. [From Pandarus, who performs the part of a pimp in the story of Troilus and Cressida.] A pimp; a procurer; a male bawd; hence, one who ministers to the gratification of any of the baser passions. v.i. To act as agent for the lusts of others.

—

Pandora,

pan«do'ra, n. [Gr., from pan, all, and doron, a gift.] Class, myth, the name of the first woman on earth, on whom all the gods and

bestowed gifts. Pandobox Pandora received, containing all human ills, from which all escaped and spread over the earth, hope alone remaining.

goddesses ra's

a

box,

pandour, pan'dor, dur,

under

n.

[Croatian ban-

a banner, later pandur,

mounted policeman.] One of a body of Croatian foot soldiers, formerly dreaded for their savage mode of warfare.

pandurate, panduriform, pan'du— rat,

pan'du'ri'form,

a.

Bot. shaped applied

like a violin; fiddle-shaped;

to a leaf.

syrinx.

pan«a»se'a, n. [L.,

from Gr.

panakeia, a universal remedy pan, all, and akeomai, to cure.] A remedy for all diseases; a universal medicine or remedy. panada, pa-na'da, n. [Fr. panade, from L. panis, bread.] A food made by boiling bread in water to the consistence of pulp. panama, pa'na«ma, n. [From Panama City.] A soft straw hat made

from young jipijapa leaves. panatela, pa«na«tel'a, n. [Sp.]

A

short slender cigar.

pane, pan,

n. [Fr. pan, a panel or definite portion of a surface, from L. pannus, a piece of cloth, a patch (whence also panel, pawn.)] distinct part of a flat surface^; a plate of glass inserted in a window, door,

A

panel or division of a work; a sunken portion surrounded by a border. panegyric, pan«e«jir'ik, n. [Gr. panegyrikos, fit for a public assembly, from panegyris, a public assembly pas, pan, all, and agyris, an assembly.] A laudatory oration; a formal eulogy; etc.; a

pancake. See pan. panchromatic, pan«kr6«mat'ik, a. [Prefix pan, and chromatic, color.]

an elaborate encomium; praise bestowed; laudation. panegyrical,

Photog. sensitive to all colors. pancratium, pan«kra'shi'um, n. [Gr. pangkration pan, all, and kratos, strength.] A gymnastic contest of ancient Greece consisting of boxing

or eulogy; encomiastic, panegyrically, pan»e«jir'i«kal«li, adv. By way of panegyric. panegyrist, pan«e—

and wrestling. pancreas, pan'kri«as, n. [Gr. pan, all, and kreas, flesh.] A large gland which secretes a digestive fluid into

panegyrizing. To write or pronounce a panegyric or eulogy on. v.i. To indulge in panegyric; to bestow praises. panel, pan 'el, n. [O.Fr. panel, dim. of pan, a pane, a panel, pane.] A surface or compartment of a surface more or less distinct from others; an area on a wall sunk from the general surface; a similar portion fixed in the framing of a door, shutter, etc. a piece of wood upon which a picture is painted; law, a document containing the names of persons summoned to serve upon a jury; the jury; Scots law, the accused person in a criminal action. paneled, paneling. To form v.t. with panels. paneling, panel-ing,

—

the intestine; the pancreas of cattle, used as food, called sweetbread. pancreatic, pan«kri«at'ik, a. carnivorous panda, pan'da, n. quadruped of the genus Ailurus, found in the Himalayas and Tibet, belonging to the raccoon family, whose fur is reddish-brown on the back and sides, and black on the

A

Giant panda, underside and legs. an animal of the genus Ailuropoda. pandect, pan'dekt, n. [Gr. panpan, all, and dechomai, to dektes contain.] A treatise which contains the whole of any science; pi. the

—

digest or collection of Roman civil law, fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

pan«e«jir'i«kal,

jir'ist, n.

eulogist. v.t.

a.

Containing praise

One who bestows panegyrize,

—panegyrized,

praise; a

pan'e«ji«riz,

;

— — n.

Paneled work.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

— —

panorama

598

Med. L.

panacea,

—

—— —

pang, pang, pang,

move;

n.

[Comp. W. pang,

a

A

convulsion.] sudden of extreme pain; a sudden

paroxysm spasm or throe. pangenesis, pan«jen'e«sis,

n. [Gr. provisional theory, now abandoned, attributing the transmission of hereditary characters to living particles migrating into the sex cells from all parts of the body. pangenetic, pan«je»net'ik, a. Pertaining to or relating to pangenesis.

A

pan, genesis, descent.]

Pan-Germanism,

A

n.

pan«jer'man'ism, at keeping

movement aimed

Germans, resident

in

any part of the

common

world, conscious of their cultural heritage.

panhandle, pan han«dl,

A

n.

pro-

jection of land resembling a handle of a pan, as in the northwest section of Texas. v.t. and i. To approach one on the street and beg. Panhellenic, pan»hel«len'ik, a. [Gr. pan, all, and Hellenikos, Greek, from Hellenes, the Greeks.] Pertaining to all Greece. Panhellenism,

pan«herien«izm,

union of

n.

The proposed

the Greeks into one political body. Panhellenist, pan— hel'len'ist, n. One who favors Panhellenism. panic, pan'ik, n. [From Gr. panikos, of or belonging to Pan, the god who was believed to inspire sudden fear, all

fear arising among people without visible cause.] sudden fright, particularly without real cause; terror inspired by a trifling cause. a. Extreme or causeless; applied to panicky, pan'ik«i, a. Showfright. panicing or inspired by panic. stricken, panic-struck, a. Struck

A

with a panic or sudden

panic grass, a

kind

of

fear.

pan'ik, n. [L. panicum, grass.]

The name of

several species of grass. panicle, pan'i-kl, n. [L. panicvla, a panicle, dim. of panus, thread on the branching bobbin in a shuttle.] form of inflorescence, as in the Paniculate, paniculilac or the oat. lated, pa»nik'u«lat, pa»nik'u«la«ted, a. Bot. furnished with or arranged in a panicle; like a panicle.

A

panic switch, pan'ik swich [E. panic and switch (which see).] The control on the ejector mechanism that throws a jet pilot from his plane in case of emergency. pannier, pan'i«er, n. [Fr. panier, from L. panariwn, a breadbasket, from

A

wickerpantry.] panis, bread, basket, primarily a breadbasket, but now one of two baskets slung across a beast of burden, in which things are carried; a part of a lady's dress attached to the back of the skirt; arch, a corbel. small pan pannikin, pan'i»kin, n.

A

or cup.

—

panoply,

pan'o«pli, n. [Gr. panoplia and hopla, arms.] Complete armor of defense; an elaborate pan'o»plid, panoplied, covering.

pan,

a.

all,

Having

a

panoply or

full

suit

of armor.

panorama, pan-o-rama, all,

to

note, not,

a

n.

[Gr. pan,

and horama, view, from horao, see.] A picture in which all the

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ————

— —

Pan- Slavic

pan«6«ram'ik,

a.

pantology, pantos,

loj'i»kal, a.

—

pant, pant, v.i. [From or connected with O.Fr. pantoier, to pant, to gasp, pantois, a panting; Pr. panteiar, to be breathless.] To breathe quickly, as after exertion or from excited eagerness; to gasp; to throb or heave with unusual violence, as the heart or the breast after hard labor; to desire ardently. v.t. To breathe forth; to gasp out. quick, n. short respiration; a gasp; a throb pantingly, pan 'ting— or palpitation.

a.

pants, pants,

panzer, pan'zer,

pan-

n.

[Gr.

The

doctrine that the universe, taken or conceived of as a whole, is God, or that all things are simply modes or manifestations of God. pantheist, pan'the«ist, n. One that believes in pantheism. pantheistic, pantheistical, pan«the«is'tik, panthesis 'ti»kal, a. Pertaining to pantheism. pantheistically, pan«the— is'ti«kal«li, adv. In the manner or from the point of view of a pantheist.

pantheon, pan'the«on or pan«the'on,

to

all,

A temple dedicated

now

the divinities collectively worshiped by a people. panther, pan'ther, n. [L. panthera, Gr. panther; compr. Skr. pundarika, a leopard.] carnivorous animal of Asia and Africa, identical with or a variety of the leopard. pantile, pan'til, n. [Pan and tile.] tile with a cross section resembling the letter S, overlapping the tile by its side as well as the one beneath. pantofle, pantoffle, pan ton, pan—

A

A

tof'l, n.

[Fr. pantoufle.]

A

lounging

slipper.

pantograph, pan'to«graf, n. [Gr. pan, pantos, all, and grapho, to write.] An instrument by means of which ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

of coin. paper nautilus n. The paper sailor or argonaut. paperweight, n. A small weight laid on loose papers to keep them in place. papeterie, pap«tre', n. [Fr., stationery or writing materials.] An ornamented case or box containing papers and other materials for writing.

Paphian,

a. [G.]

Armored.

tank.

pa'fi«an, a. Pertaining to Paphos, a city of Cyprus sacred to Venus; hence, pertaining to Venus or her rites. papier-mache, pap»ya-ma»sha', n. [Fr., lit masticated paper.] A material prepared by pulping different kinds of paper into a mass, which is

A

the gods, especially [cap.] building so called at Rome, converted into a church; all

all

the

etc.,

—

—

—pan,

or for folding paper. n. Banknotes or the like circulated as the representative

books,

paper money,

n. [D. and Dan. pap, G.; pappe, probable from an infantile cry. papa.] A kind of soft food for infants; the pulp of fruit. pap, pap, n. [Of similar origin to pap, food; comp. L. papilla, the nipple.] molded into various articles, dried, A nipple of the breast; a teat; a and japanned. round hill resembling a pap. papilionaceous, pa«piri«o«na"shus, a. papa, pa«pa, n. [A reduplication of [L. papilio, a butterfly.] Resembling one of the earliest cries uttered by the butterfly; hot. having the corolla infants Fr., G., D., and Dan. shaped like a butterfly, such as the papa, L. papa, pappa, Gr. pappa; flower of the pea. comp. mama, mamma.] Father: a papilla, pa«pil'la, n. pi. papillae, pa— word used by children. pil'le, [L.] A small pap or nipple; papacy, pa'pa«si, n. [L.L. papatia, a little eminence on the surface of the the papacy, from L. papa, the pope, papillary, skin, as on the tongue. lit. father, papa, pope.] The office Pertaining to or pap'il'leTi, a. and dignity of the pope; papal resembling the nipple; papillose. authority and jurisdiction; the popepapilloma, pap'il«6"ma, n. [Gr. oma, dom; the popes collectively. a tumor.] A benign tumor shaped papal, pa'pal, a. Belonging to the papillose, pap'iMos, like a papilla. pope or to popedom; proceeding a. Papillary. papillote, pap'iMot, n. from the pope. [Fr.] A curl paper. papaw, pa'pa, n. A small North papist, pa'pist, n. [Fr. papiste, from American tree and its pulpy fruit. Roman Fr. pape, L. papa, pope.] (Not the same as papaya, which see.) papistic, papistical, pa— Catholic. papaya, pa«pa'ya, n. [Sp. and Pg. pis'tik, pa«pis'ti«kal, a. Popish, perpapaya, of Malabar origin.] A tropical taining to popery. (Usually in disAmerican tree and its edible melonparagement.) like fruit. Source of papain, a di- papoose, pa«pos', n. Among the gestive ferment used in tenderizing native Indians of North America, tough meat. a babe or young child. paper, pa'per, n. [Fr. papier, It. pappus, pap'us, n. [L., from Gr. papiro, from L. papyrus, Gr. papyros, pappos, die down of plants. J Bot. the papyrus, papyrus.] A wellthe feathery appendage that crowns known substance used for writing many single-seeded seed vessels; a and printing on, and for various form of calyx in composite plants other purposes, manufactured prinof a downy or hairy character. cipally of vegetable fiber reduced pappose, pappous, pap '6s, pap'us, to a pulp; a piece, leaf, or sheet of a. Downy; furnished with pappus. paper; a single sheet appearing paprika, pap«ri'ka, n. [Hung, papperiodically; a newspaper; a journal; rika.] The ripe fruit of a pepper an essay or article on some subject; of the Capscium genus ; a spice from any written or printed document; the fruit.

pair of trousers.

pantheion

A

An instrument of bone, ivory, etc., with an edge like a blunt knife used in cutting open the leaves of n.

Shortened form of

pap, pap,

so called from his dress; in modern pantomimes, a character usually represented as the butt of the clown;

n. [Gr. pantheon, and theos, a god.]

n. pi.

pantaloons; trousers.

Venetian, after their patron saint Pantalone or Pantaleon.] A character in the Italian comedy:

pi. a

One

A

a

pantheism, pan'the«izm, n. pan, all, and Theos, God.]

n.

acts in pantomime. pantry, pan'tri, n. [Fr. paneterie, a pantry, from L. panis (Fr. pain), bread, whence also pannier.] room or closet, generally entered from the kitchen, for provisions, silverware, china, and glassware.

adv. In a panting manner; with gasping or rapid breathing. pantalets, pan'ta«lets, n. pi. [From pantaloon.] Loose drawers worn by females and children.

employment is to hang wallpaper. paper hangings, n. pi. Paper for covering and adorning the walls of rooms; wallpaper. paper knife,

pan-

pantomime.

to

pan'to«mim«ist,

who

li,

[Fr.

— Pertaining

tomimist,

A

n.

Relating to pantology.

mimus, Gr. pantomimos pan, pantos, all, and mimos, a mimic] A player who acted, not by speaking, but wholly by gesticulations; a theatrical entertainment in dumbshow; hence, dumb show generally; a popular stage entertainment usually produced about the Christmas season, the effects being heightened by gorgeous scenery and catching mupantomimic, sic. pan«tO'mim'ik,

A

lit.

pan«tol'o»ji, n. [Gr. pas, and logos, discourse.]

pantomime, pan'to«mim,n. [L.panto-

heart's-ease, from penser, to trunk. pensive.] name applied to the garden varieties of violet; heart's-ease.

talon,

all,

Universal knowledge; a systematic view of all branches of human knowledge. pantological, pan«to—

one confederacy. pansy, pan'zi, n. [Fr. pensee, thought,

pantaloon, pan«ta«lon',

collectively,

—

Per-

—

documents as such promissory notes, bills of exchange, etc. a. Made of paper; appearing merely in certain documents without really existing (a paper army); thin; slight. v.t. To cover with paper; to furnish with paper hangings; to papery, fold or enclose in paper. pa'per«i, a. Like paper; having the thinness and consistency of paper. paper cutter, n. A paper knife; a machine for cutting paper in piles, or for trimming the edges of books, paper hanger, n. One whose etc.

drawings, maps, plans, etc., can be copied mechanically on the original scale, or on one reduced or enlarged. pantographic, pan»to«graf'ik, a. Pertaining to a pantograph.

taining to or like a panorama, or complete view. Pan-Slavic, pan«slav'ik, a. [Gr. pan, all, and E. Slavic] Pertaining to all Pan-Slavism, the Slavic races. pan«slav'izm, n. The proposed amalgamation of all the Slavic races into

— ———

paprika

599

objects of nature that are visible from a single point are represented on the interior surface of a round or cylindrical wall, the point of view being in the axis of the cylinder.

panoramic,

— ——— ——

— —

—

j,

;'ob;

ng, sin#;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— — —— —

— ——

papule papule, pap'ul,

— papular, pap'u«ler,

papyrus,

pa«pi'rus,

A

pimple.

pi.

papyri,

a. n.

[Gr. papyros, of Egyptian paper.] A tall sedge abundant in the valley of the Nile, the stems of which afforded the most ancient material for writing; a written scroll made of the papyrus. par, par, n. [L. par, equal, whence pair and peer.] Equality in circumstances or in value; the state of the shares of a public undertaking when they may be purchased at the original price; established value of coin or the standard value of one country expressed in the coin or standard value of another; golf, the number of strokes required to play a hole or a round perfectly. a. Average or normal; bus. at or pertaining to par. Above par, above the original price; at a premium. Below par, below the original price, at a discount. para- par a. [Gr. para-, par, from para, beside.] A prefix meaning beside, with its variations; alongside, aside from, amiss, beyond, as in pa»pi'ri.

Hence

origin.

paragraph,

parallel,

para-, para

[F.

imper. of defend.] To

Ital.

parare, to shield or protect from, or that which shields, as in parasol and parachute. parable, par'a«bl, n. [Fr. parabole, from L. parabola, Gr. parabole, from paraballo, to throw beside, to compare para, beside, and ballo, to throw. Of same origin are parley, parlor, parole.] Originally, a comparison or similitude; now a fable or allegorical representation of something real in life or nature, from which a moral is drawn for instruction; Scrip, a proverbial or notable saying; a thing darkly or parafiguratively expressed. v.t. bled, parabling. To represent by a parabola, pa«rab'o«la, n. parable. [Gr. parabole, so called from its axis being parallel to the side of the geometrical figure, one of cone.] the conic sections, shown when a cone is cut by a plane parallel to one of its sides; the curve which a projectile theoretically describes. parabolic, par«a«borik, a. Having the form of a parabola; pertaining to a parabola, pertaining to a parable. parabolical, par«a«bol'i«kal, a. Parabolic, of the nature of or having parathe character of a parable. bolically, par«a'bol'i-kal«li, adv. By way of parable; in the form of a paraboloid, pa«rab'ol«parabola. oid, n. The solid generated by the revolution of a parabola about its axis; a parabolic conoid.

—

A

—

parachute, parer, fall.]

to

par'a«shot, n. [Fr., from ward off, and chute, a

Avi. an apparatus of an

um-

brella shape with which aircraft are provided, for the purpose of enabling safe descent by crew or troops.

and i. To descend or drop by means of a parachute. parachutist,

v.t.

par'a«sho«r.ist, n.

paraclete, par'a«klet, n. [Gr. parafrom parakaleo para, to, kletos,

—

and

kaleo* to call.]

One

—

and march in military order. v.i. To assemble in military order; to go about in military procession ; to walk about for show. paradigm, par'a«dim, n. [Gr. paradeigma para, beside, and deigma, example, from deiknumi, to show.] assemble

—

An

example; a model; gram, an example of a word, as a noun, adjective, or verb, in its various in-

paradigmatic,

flections.

paradig-

par'a'dig»mat"ik, par'a— dig«mat"i»kal, a. Pertaining to a paradigm; suited for being an ex-

matical,

ample

paradigmati-

exemplary.

;

called to aid

fate, far, far, fate, fall;

the

In

way of paradigm or example. a

The

word.]

Persian

garden of Eden, in which Adam and Eve were at first placed; hence, a place of bliss ; a region of supreme felicity; the abode of sanctified souls after death. Bird-of-paradise. See

BIRD.

paradisaic,

paradisaical,

par'a«di«sa"ik, par'a«di«sa"i«kal, Pertaining to paradise.

a.

paradox, par'a«doks, n. [Gr. paradoxon, from para, beyond, and doxa,

A

opinion, orthodox.] tenet or proposition contrary to received opinion; a statement which seems to be at variance with common sense, or to contradict some previously ascertained truth, though when properly investigated it may be perfectly well founded, Hydro-

paradox. HYDROSTATIC. paradoxical, par«a«dok'si«kal, a. Having the nature of a paradox; inclined to paradox. paradoxically, par»a«dok'si«kal«li, adv. In a paradoxical manner.— paradoxicalness, static

par«a«dok'si'kal'nes, n.

paraffin,

par'a«fin,

n.

[L.

parum,

akin, from resistance to chemical reagents.] little,

and

affinis,

its

A

fatty substance obtained from the dry distillation of wood, bituminous coal, wax, etc., largely used in the manufacture of candles; chetn. any member of the methane series. saturate with paraffin. v.t.

To

paragenesis, par«a«jen'e«sis, n. [Gr. para, side by side with, and genesis, generation.] Origin of two things side by side; that state of minerals when they are made up of an aggregate of interblended crystals or crystals which have not assumed their normal structure (as in granite, paragenetic, par«a«je»net'ik, etc.). a. Characterized by or pertaining to paragenesis. paragoge, par a'g6«ji, n. [Gr. para-

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

goge —para, beside, and ago, to lead.]

The

addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word. paragogic, par«a«goj'ik, a. Pertaining to paragoge; lengthening a word by being affixed.

paragon, par'a«gon, n. [Fr. parangon, from Sp. paragon, parangon, model, from the prepositions para, beside, and con, in comparison with.] A model or pattern, especially a model or pattern of superior excellence or perfection. v.t. To compare; to rival; to form a rival or equal to. paragraph, par'a«graf, n. [Gr. paragraphs, a marginal note para, beside, and grapho, to write.] Originally a marginal note; hence the character H used as a reference, or to mark a division in a written composition; a distinct part of a discourse or writing, consisting of one or several sentences; a portion or section which relates to a particular point, and is generally distinguished by a break. v.t. To express within a paragraph; to divide into paragraphs. v.i. To work as a paragrapher. paragraphic, par«a«graf'ik, a.— par-

—

agrapher, par'a«graf«er,

Paraguay

paradise, par'a«dis, n. [L. paradisus, from Gr. paradeisos, a garden properly

—

——

parallel

or support; hence, [cap.] a term applied to the Holy Spirit. parade, pa«rad', n. [Fr. parade, from Sp. parada, a parade, a place for the exercise of troops, from L. poro, paratus, to prepare, pare, prepare.] Show; ostentation; display; a showy or pompous procession; a military display; the collection of troops for inspection or the like; the place where such display is held; a public walk or promenade. v.t. paraded, parading. To exhibit in a showy manner; to make a show of; to

cally, par'a«dig«mat"i«kal«li, adv.

etc.

fr.

——— — —

—— —

600

[L.]

n.

——

—— — —

move;

tea,

n.

par'a«gwa,

n.

See

mate\ parakeet, par'a«ket,

n. [Fr. parroPARROT.] quet, perroquet, a parakeet. The name given to various parrots

of the Eastern Hemisphere, generally of small size and having very long tail

feathers.

paraleipsis, paralepsis, paralipsis, par«a«lip'sis, par»a«lep'sis, par«a«lip'sis, n. [Gr. paraleipsis, omission para, beside, and leipo, to leave.] Rhet. a pretended omission; a figure by which a speaker pretends to pass by what at the same time he really mentions. parallax, par'aMaks, n. [Gr. parallaxis, from parallasso, to vary, depara, beyond, and cline, or wander allaso, to change.] The apparent change of position of an object relatively to other objects when

viewed from different places; astron. the difference between the position of any celestial object as viewed from the surface of the earth, and that which it would have when viewed from the center of either the earth or the sun; optics, the non-

coincidence of the cross fibers of a telescope with the focus of the eyeparallactic, par«al«lak'tik, a. glass. Pertaining to parallax. parallel, par'al»lel, a. [Gr. parallelos para, side by side, and allclon, of one another.] Extended in the same direction, and in all parts equally distant; being exactly at an equal distance throughout their length or breadth (said of lines or surfaces); hence, having the same direction or

—

tendency; running in accordance with something; equal in all essential points, or features; exactly (a parallel passage or inciParallel forces, forces which directions parallel to each Parallel lines, geom. straight lines which are in the same plane, and being produced ever so far both

parts, similar dent). act in other.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

——— —— — —— —— — — paralogism

—

—

magnetism, par«a«mag'net«izm, «. Magnetism as opposed to diamagnetism. light par«a«mat'ta, n. dress fabric, the weft of merino wool and the warp cotton: said to have been made originally with wool from Paramatta in Aus-

twilled

tralia.

Paramecium,

par«a«me'shi«um n. [N.L. from Gr. paramekes, oblong, from para and mekos, length.] Zool. a ciliate infusorian {Paramecium) having an elongated body with a

A

large oral

;

of the circles on a sphere parallel to its equator; a line on a map marking latitude (called also a parallel of latitude); resemblance or conformity likeness; comparallel between

two historians); one who corresponds essentially to another; a counterpart; a trench cut before a fortress, parallel to its defenses, for covering milit.

paramount, paramount,

[O.Fr. par (L. per), through, completely, and amont, above, amount.] Superior in power or jurisdiction (lord paramount, the supreme lord of a fee or of lands, etc.); eminent; of the highest order; superior to all others. n. Chief; highest in rank par'a»or order. paramountcy, mount«si, n. The condition of being

—paralleled,

paralleling in the second place); to make parallel; to form or serve as a parallel to; to match; to correspond to; to show or furnish an equal to; to compare. parallelepiped, parallelepipedon, par«a«lere«prped, par»a«lere«pi"ped«on, n. [Gr. parallelepipedon parallelos, parallel, and epipedos, plane, superficial epi, upon, and pedon, the ground.] solid body with six sides forming parallelograms; a solid in the shape of a brick. parallelism, par'a«lel«izm, n. State of being parallel; resemblance in a number of important particulars; correspondence; a comparison. Parallelism of the earth's axis, that feature, according to which the axis is always inclined at exactly the same slope. parallelogram, v.t.

with

//

paramour,

par'a«mor, n. [Fr. par amour, with love />ar = L. per, by, amour, L. amor, love.] A lover|; a wooer:f; one who takes the place of a husband or wife without

A

figure

n.

A

[Gr. para, mental disease beside, nous, mind.] marked by delusions of one's importance and of being persecuted. paranoiac, par«a»noi'ak, n. A person a. Pertaining affected by paranoia. to or affected by paranoia. paranymph, par'a«nimf, n. [Gr. paranymphos para, by and nymphe, a bride.] In ancient Greece, a

bridesman.

parapet, par'a»pet,

n. [Fr. parapet, parapetto parare (Fr. parer, E. parry), to ward off, to guard, and petto (L. pectus), the breast.] Lit. a wall or rampart breasthigh; milit. a wall or rampart to cover the soldiers from the attacks of the enemy in front; a breastwork; arch. a wall placed at the edges of platforms, sides of bridges, etc., to prevent people from falling over.

—

It.

—

paralogismos para, beyond, and logismos, reasoning, logic] fallacious argument; an instance of false reasoning. paralogize, pa«ral'o«jiz, v.i. paralogized, paralogizing. To reason falsely. paralysis, paTal'i«sis, n. [G. paralysis, from paralyo, to loosen para,

A

—

A

beside, and lyd, to loose.] loss or diminution of the power of motion in some part of the body, arising from disease of the nerves; a loss of sensation in any part of the body; palsy. paralyze, par'a«liz, v.t.—paralyzed, paralyzing. To affect with paralysis; to destroy physical or mental energy in. g, go;

—

— — —

parapsychology, par'a«si'kol"o«ji, [Prefix para, and psychology.}

parapeted, par'a«pet«ed, nished with a parapet.

a.

paraselene,

to; to sign. ;'ob;

ng, siw^;

TH,

then;

par'a«se«le"ne,

n.

pi.

paraselenae, par'a«se«le"ne. [Gr. para, about, or near, and selene, the

moon.] A mock moon; a luminous ring encompassing the moon, in which sometimes are other bright spots bearing some resemblance to the moon.

parasite, par'a«sit, n. [Fr. parasite, from L. parasitus, Gr. parasitos, one who eats at the table of another, a parasite, a toady para, beside, and sitos, food.] One that frequents the tables of the rich and earns his welcome by flattery; a hanger-on; a sycophant; an animal that lives upon or in, and at the expense of, other animals; a plant which grows upon another plant, and feeds upon parasitic, parasitical, juices. par«a«sit'ik, par«a«sit'i«kal, a. Of the its

of a parasite; meanly dependent on others for support; hot. and zool. growing or living as a nature

parasitically, par«a«sit'adv. In the manner of parasiticide, par«a«sit'a parasite. i«sld, n. [E. parasite, and L. caedo, to kill.] Any agent for destroying animal or vegetable parasites. parasite. i«kal«li,

paraph,

j,

A

the investigation of psychic phenomena, as clairvoyance, extrasensory perception, etc. paraplegia, par«a«ple'ji»a, n. [Gr. paraplegia, paralysis para, beyond, and plege, stroke.] That kind of paralysis which affects the lower part of the body. parasang, par'a«sang, n. [Gr. parasanges, from Per. farsang, a parasang.] An ancient Persian measure of length equal to 3% miles.

Fur-

par'af, n. [Fr. parafe, paraphe, an abbreviation of paragraph.] The figure formed by the flourish of a pen at the conclusion of a signature. To add a paraph v.t.

n.

branch of psychology dealing with

n.

—

n.

—

A

four-sided

par'a«fer«na"li«a,

[L.L. paraphernalia, from Gr. parapherna, what a bride has besides her dower para, beyond, and pherne, a dowry.] The belongings of a wife over and above her dower or portion, as apparel and ornaments; personal attire of a showy or accessory description; also, fittings, etc., of an apartment or house; appendages; ornaments; trappings. paraphrase, par'a«fraz, n. [Gr. paraphrasis para, beside, and phrasis, phrase.] A restatement of a text, passage, or work, giving the sense of the original in other words; the setting forth in clearer and ampler terms of the signification of a passage or work; a sacred song or hymn based on a selected portion of Scripture. v.t. paraphrased, paraphrasing. To make a paraphrase of; to explain or translate with latitude. v.i. To interpret or explain amply. paraphrast, par'a«frast, n. [Gr. paraphrastes.] One who paraphrases. paraphrastic, par«a«fras'tik, a. Having the character of a paraphrase; explaining in words more clear and ample than those of the author. pi.

possessing the rights.

straight lines, and having its opposite sides parallel and equal; popularly, a quadrilateral figure of greater length than breadth. paralogism, pa«ral'o«jizm, n. [Gr.

ch, Sc. loch;

—

paranoia, par«a«noi'a,

composed of

ch, chain;

paraphernalia,

a.

paramount.

—

par«a«lero«gram,

at the anterior

prevails.

the besiegers from the guns of the place; printing, a mark of reference (thus ||) used to direct attention to (also

opening

end. parameter, pa«ram'et«er, n. [Gr. para, beside, and metron, measure.] Geom. a constant straight line belonging to each of the three conic sections; the constant quantity which enters into the equation of a curve. paramo, pa'ra«m6, n. In South America a mountainous district covered with stunted trees, and in which a damp cold perpetually

which throughout its whole extent is equidistant from another line one

notes.

A

paramatta,

—

draw a

A

A

Parallel roads, a phenomenon observed in some valleys of the Scottish Highlands, consisting in a series of parallel and nearly horizontal lines running along the sides of the hills, supposed to have been formed by the action of a lake. Parallel rod, in locomotive engines, a rod that connects the crankpins of the driving wheels. Parallel ruler, a mathematical instrument for drawing parallel lines, formed of two equal rulers, connected by two crossbars of equal length and movable about joints. Parallel sailing, sailing line on a parallel of latitude. n.

engine.

—

——

parasol

paralytic, par«a«lit'ik, a. Pertaining to paralysis; affected with paralysis. n. person affected with paralysis. paramagnetic, par'a«mag«net"ik, a. term proposed by Faraday as a substitute for magnetic in contraparadistinction to diamagnetic.

motion into an alternating rectilinear motion, and applied in the steam

parison (to

————

601

ways, do not meet. Parallel motion, a contrivance invented by Watt for converting a reciprocating circular

in essential points;

—

—

parasitism, par'a«slt«izm, n. The behavior or manners of a parasite; the state of being a parasite. parasol, par'a«sol, n. [Fr. parasol,

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

—

parataxis from

It.

A

—

calcium content of the blood

and body. paratroop,

par'a«trop, n. pi. paratroops [Prefix para, and troop.] A

military

unit

trained

—

—

602

parasole —parare (L. parare,

to prepare), to ward off, and sole parry.] small (L. sot), the sun. umbrella used by ladies to defend their faces from the sun's rays. parataxis, par«a«tak'sis, n. [Gr. para, and taxis, arrangement.] beside, Gram, the mere ranging of propositions one after another, without marking their dependence on each other by way of consequence or the par«a-tak'tik, a. paratactic, like. Pertaining to parataxis. parathyroid, par«a«thi'roid, a. [Prefix para and thyroid.] Situated beParathyroid side the thyroid gland. glands, four small glands that control the

———

—— —

to

drop

by

parachute from an aircraft into a paratrooper, n. specific area.

—par'a«ti"foid,

paratyphoid,

n.

[Gr.

A

bacterial para, beyond, typhoid.] disease with symptoms resembling typhoid fever. torpedoparavane, pa»ra«van', n. shaped machine fitted with an apparatus for severing the moorings of sea mines. parboil, par'boil, v.t. [Fr. par-

A

—

and bouiller, part, bouillir part, to boil; lit. to partboil.] To boil in part; to boil in a moderate degree. purchase parbuckle, par'buk«l, n. formed by a single rope round a heavy object for hoisting or lowering, the object itself acting as a movable To hoist or lower pulley. v.t.

A

by means of a parbuckle. parcel, par'sel, n. [Fr. parcelle, from a L.L. particella, equivalent to L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, a part. part.] A portion of anything taken separately; a particle; a collection; a group; a lot; a quantity or number of things put up together; a bundle; a package: now the common meanparceled, parcelled, parv.t. ing. celing, parcelling. To divide or put up into parts or portions; to make up parceling, parcelling, into a mass. dividing into small par 'selling, n. parts, as a parceling of land; naut.

—A

long narrow slips of canvas daubed with tar and bound about a rope like parcel post, n. The a bandage. department of a post-office system

—

by which parcels are sent. parcener, par'semer, n. [O.Fr. parconnier, from parcon, L. partitio, partition.] a portion, coheir or coparcener. parch, parch, v.t. [Perhaps from Fr. percer, Fr. dial, percher, to pierce, as if to pierce or penetrate with heat; or a corruption of L. peratesco, to grow very dry.] To burn the surface of; to scorch; to dry to extremity. v.i. To become scorched or very dry. parcheesi, parchisi, par«che'ze, n. [Hind, pachisi, from pachis, twentyfive, the highest throw in the game.] partitionis,

A

A

game somewhat resembling backgammon. parchment, parch'ment, n. [Fr. parchemin, from L. pergamena, pergafate, far, fare, fat, fall;

parietal

mina, paper of Pergamus, from Pergamus in Asia Minor.] The skin of a very young calf, sheep, or goat dressed or prepared and rendered fit for writing on; ordinary paper with the appearance of parchment. pardon, par'dn, v.t. [O.Fr. pardoner, (Fr. pardonner), from L.L. perdonare, to pardon L. per, through, quite, and dono, to give, donation.] To

—

from liability to suffer punishment for a crime or a fault; release

to forgive (an offender); to remit the penalty or punishment of; to forgive (the offense). Pardon me, forgive me; excuse me: a phrase often used when a person means civilly to deny or contradict what

another affirms. .'. Pardon means strictly to remit the punishment or retaliation we were entitled to inflict ; forgive implies that the party who has suffered injury entirely overlooks the offense, and cherishes no ill-feeling whatever against the offender. n. Forgiveness of an offender or of his offense; a passing over without, or not visiting with, punishment; remission of penalty; forgiveness; warrant an official of penalty remitted. pardonable, par'dn«a«bl, a. Capable of being pardoned or forgiven; excusable;

—

—

par'dn«a»bli, pardonably, In a manner admitting of pardon; excusably. pardoner, par'dn«er, n. One who pardons; one licensed to sell the pope's indulvenial.

adv.

—

gences:}:.

—

pare, par,

pared, paring. [Fr. v.t. parer, to pare, to dress, to curry, from L. parare, to prepare, seen in a number of words, as parade, parry, prepare, repair, separate, etc.] To cut off, as the superficial substance or extremities of a thing; to shave off with a sharp instrument; to trim by shaving the surface; to diminish

by n.

little

What

off;

and is

little.

pared

par'ing, —paring, a piece clipped

off;

the rind.

paregoric, par«e«gor'ik, a. [Gr. paregorikos, soothing, from paregoreo, to console, soothe para, beside, and agoreud, to speak in an assembly.] Med. mitigating or assuaging pain. Paregoric elixir, a camphorated tincture of opium, flavored by aromatics. medin. cine that mitigates pain; an anodyne. pareira brava, pa»ra'ra bra'va, bra'va, or pareira, n. [Portuguese parreira brava, wild brier.] The roots of certain plants of Brazil employed in medical practice, as tonics and

exhort,

A

diuretics.

parenchyma,

pa«ren'ki«ma, n. [Gr. para, beside, and enchyma, an infusion en, in, and ched, to pour.] Anat. the essential, functional tissue of the glands or other solid organs as distinct from the framework or supporting tissue, or stroma; bot. the pith or pulp of plants; the

—

spongy and cellular tissue. parenchymatous, par«en»kim'a«tus, a. Pertaining to or of the nature of paren-

chyma. parent, parent, n. [L. parens, parentis, from pario, parere, to bring

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

forth; to beget; akin to parere, to appear (appear), parare, to prepare (pare).] father or mother; he or she that produces young: used of animals and plants as well as of man; one who or that which produces; cause; source. parentage, par'emtij, n. Extraction; birth; origin; condition with respect to the rank or character of parents. parental, pa«ren'tal, a. Pertaining to parents; suited to or characteristic of parents. parentally, pa»ren'tal»li, adv. In a fatherly or parental manner.

A

—

—

—parenthood,

par'ent«hud, n. The the con-

state of being a parent; dition. of a parent.

parenthesis, pa«ren'the»sis, n. pi. [Gr. parentheses, pa«ren'the«sez. parenthesis

and

—para,

thesis,

beside,

a placing,

from

in, en, tithemi,

An explanatory or qualifying sentence, or part of a sentence, inserted into the midst of another sentence, without being grammatically connected with it, generally marked off by upright curves ( ); printing, the parenthetical sign ( ). parenthetic, parenthetical, par— to place.]

—

—

paren«thet'ik, par«en«thet'i»kal, a. enthetically, par'en»thet'i«kal'li, adv. paresis, pa«re'sis, par'e«sis, n. [Gr., from pariemi, to relax.] Pathol, a slight incomplete paralysis, affecting motion but not sensation. par excellence, par ek'se»lans, a. or adv. [Fr.] Above all others; pre-

eminent. parfait, par«fa', n. A dessert made of beaten eggs and whipped cream, sweetened, flavored, and frozen without stirring. parget, par'jet, n. [O.E. pariet, O.Fr. pariette, from L. paries, parietis, a wall.] Plaster laid on roofs or walls. v.t. To cover with plaster or parget; to ornament with parge work. v.i. To plaster. pargeting, par'jet«ing, n. Plasterwork; plasterwork with patterns and ornaments raised or indented upon it, whether inside or outside a house.

—

parhelion, par«he'li«on,

n. pi.

parhe-

[Gr. para, near, and mock sun, having helios, the sun.] the appearance of the sun itself, lia, par«he'li«a,

A

sometimes

white

sometimes

and

—

partinted with prismatic colors. to par«hel ik, a. Relating helic, parhelia. pariah, pa«ria, n. [A Tamil word.] One of a low caste of people in southern India; hence, one despised and contemned by society; an outcast. Parian, pa ri«an, a. Pertaining to Paros, an isle in the Aegean Sea. Parian marble, a marble of Paros, chosen by the ancients for their fine variety choicest works. n. of porcelain or porcelain clay, of which statuettes, etc., are made,

A

resembling Parian marble. parietal, pa«ri'et«al, a. [L. parietalis, from paries, parietis, a wall.] Pertaining to a wall; anat. pertaining to the walls of a cavity of the body, or to the bones which form the sides and upper part of the skull bot. growing from the side of another organ. ;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—

—

——

;

pari mutuel par'i mu'tu«el, n. [Ft.] A plan of race-horse betting in which the total amount wagered on all of the horses in a race, less a small shared in proportion to fee, is amounts wagered by the betters who selected the win, place, and

horses.

equally pinnate; abruptly pinnate; said of a compound pinnate leaf

ending in two leaflets. Paris green, n. A poisonous, greencolored arsenic compound used as

commons in parliament assembled. Parliamentarian,

n. [Fr. paroisse,

L.L.

an, n. to the

paroecia, from Gr. paroikia, a parish, a neighborhood, from para, beside, and oikos, a house (whence economy).] The district under the charge of a priest or minister; the congregation of a church; a subdivision of the state of Louisiana, equivalent to a

par'li«men«ta"ri»-

of those who adhered parliament in the time of

One

Charles I; [not cap.] one thoroughly acquainted with the rules of order for group meetings, as public assemparblies, clubs, or conventions. liamentary, par«li«men'ta«ri, a. Pertaining to parliament; enacted or parishioner, county. pa-rish'on— done by parliament; according to er, n. the rules and usages of parliament, parity, par'i«ti, n. [Fr. parite, L. Paror similar legislative bodies. pair.] The paritas, from par, equal, liamentary government, a governcondition of being equal or equivment whose legislature has complete alent; like state or degree; equality; power to make laws and control finance, equal purchasing power at the administration of their enforcea given ratio of currency of different ment. Parliamentary procedure, the kinds; equal value in foreign curgenerally accepted rules and pracrency. tices followed in conducting the park, park, n. [Either from Fr. pare, business of a deliberative body. or L.L. parens, a park.] A large piece parlor, par'ler, n. [Fr. par loir, from of ground enclosed and set apart parler, to speak, parley.] A room for beasts of chase; a piece of public for familiar intercourse; the room ground in or near a large town, commonly used by a family; an laid out and kept for the sole purpose ordinary sitting room; also applied of pleasure and recreation; a stadium to a certain type of business, trade for sports events, as a baseball park or amusement place. parlor car, milit. a place occupied by military a chair-fitted railroad car on which equipment, supplies, etc., hence the travelers pay extra fare. objects themselves (a park of jeeps). parlous, par'lus, a. [For perilous.] v.t. To put or keep temporarily Dangerous; risky; extreme or shock-

—

—

—

in a place (to park a car); to leave in a place (he parked his hat); to enclose in a park. v.i. To place or station a vehicle. parker, par'ker, n. parkway, park'wa, n. wide street or thoroughfare lined

—

—

ing (colloq.)

Parmesan,

A

v.i.

[Fr.

parler,

to

parody,

—parler,

A

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

school,

an

odying. To turn into a parody; to write a parody upon. parole, pa«r61', n. [Fr. parole, from L.L. parabola, a word, a parable.

parable.] Word of promise; word of honor; a promise given by a prisoner of war that he will not try to escape if allowed to go about at liberty, or not to bear arms against his captors for a certain period, or the' like; milit. a sort of countersign given out every day; penology, release of a convict under supervision before he has served his full sentence and on promise of good conduct; a state or condition of one on parole. v.t. To free for a parole period. To break parole, to conduct one's self contrary to conditions of the parole. parolee, pa'r6l«e', n. person released on parole. paronymous, pa«ron'i»mus, a. [Gr. paronymos para, beside, and onoma, a name, a word.] Having the same or a like sound, but differing in

par'o«di, n. [Fr. parodie,

—

from

—

orthography and signification, as all, awl; ball, bawl; having the same derivation, as wise, wisely, wisdom.

paronym, par'o«nim, mous word. paroquet, par'o«ket,

yob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

A

n.

—

parony-

See para-

n.

keet.

parotid, pa«rot'id,

a. [Gr. parotis, parotidos para, beside, and ous, otos, the ear.] Anat. a salivary gland on either side of the face, in front of the ear, and communicating with the mouth by a duct. parotitis, par»o«ti'tis, n. Inflammation of the parotid gland; mumps. paroxysm, par'ok»sizm, n. [Gr. paroxysmos para, in excess, and oxyno, to sharpen, from oxys, sharp.] A fit or period of great intensity of a disease; a sudden and violent access of feeling (as of rage); convulsion; fit; geol. any sudden and violent paroxyseffect of natural agency. mal, par»ok»siz'mal, a. Pertaining to or marked by a paroxysm.

—

—

—

—

paroxytone, pa»rok si«ton, a. and n. [Gr.] Gram, said of a word having the acute accent on the penultimate syllable.

parquet,

par«ka',

n.

[Fr.

parquet,

dim. of pare, a park.] First floor in a theater or music hall, frequently known as orchestra section. Parquet circle, mezzanine balcony seats v.t. at rear of orchestra section. parqueted, parqueting. To form or

—

ornament with parquetry. ry,

par'ket«ri,

n.

[Fr.

—parquet-

parqueterie.]

woodwork in geometric or patterns, and generally of different colors. small fish now parr, par, n. known to be a young salmon at a certain stage. parrakeet, par'a«ket, n. See parakeet. Inlaid

other

A

parrel, parral, par'el, par'al, n. [Abbrev. from apparel.] Naut. a band of rope, or now, more generally, an iron collar which confines a yard to the mast at the center. v.t. and i. To make fast with a parrel. parricide, par'ri«sid, n. [L. parricida,

—

j,

—

A

elementary

Gr. parodia para, beside, and ode, an ode.] A literary composition in which the form and expression of serious writings are closely imitated but adapted to a ridiculous subject or a humorous method of treatment; a burlesque imitation of a parodied, parserious poem. v.t.

-merit, as in

ch, chain;

Per-

a.

—

a

to speak, and term. complement, etc. parley.] meeting or assembly of persons for conference or deliberation; a

lement

there. par«nas'i«an,

—

word, parable.] To confer or speak with a person on some point of mutual concern; especially to confer with an enemy. n. Mutual conversation; a conference with an enemy in war. parliament, par'li«ment, n. [Fr. parlater,

made

school maintained by a parish, usually adding religious instruction parochialism, to secular subjects. pa«ro'ki«al«izm, n. The state of being parochial; narrowness or contractedness of mind resulting from confining one's attention or interest to the affairs of one's parish or neighborhood. parochially, pa«ro'ki'al'li, adv. In a parochial manner; in a parish; by parishes.

speak, O.Fr. paroler, from L.L. parabolare, to speak, from L. parabola, a

comparison,

of cheese

—Parochial

from paro, equal.] To on one horse, the proceeds of which are to be applied as a wager on a second horse; to so act in any similar venture. n. Such a venture. paroli, place a bet It.

par'li,

Name

taining to Parnassus, the celebrated mountain in Greece sacred to Apollo and the Muses. parochial, pa«r6'ki«al, a. [L. parochia, corruption from paroecia, a parish.] Belonging to a parish, parish; restricted to a parish; hence, limited in range or scope; narrow.

with an attached hood. parlance, par'lans, n. [O.Fr., from parlant, ppr. of parler, to speak. parley.] Conversation; talk. parlay, par'la, v.t. and i. [Fr. paroli,

parley,

par-me^zan', n. [Parma, of a sharp, dry type

in Italy.]

Parnassian,

with trees, shrubs and turf. parka, par'ka, n. [Rus.] A fur outer garment or coat cut like a shirt

from

—— —

— parricide

supreme national or general council; the legislature of the three estates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the lords spiritual, lords temporal, and the commons; the general council of Great Britain constituting the legislature, summoned by the sovereign's authority to consult on the affairs of the nation, and to enact and repeal laws. Act of parliament, a statute or law made by the sovereign, with the advice and consent of the lords temporal and spiritual and the

paripinnate, par«i«pin'at, a. [L. par, equal, and pinnatus, pinnate.] Bot.

an insecticide. parish, parish,

— —

603

pari-mutuel,

show

—

—

.

th, thin;

the criminal, parricidium, the crime, from pater, father, and caedo, to

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— —

— — — ——

parrot

A

kill.]

his of a

father or mother; the murder parent. parricidal, par«ri»si'dal, a. Pertaining to parricide; committing parricide. parrot, par'ot, n. [From Fr. Perrot,

—

Perrette, personal names from Pierre, Peter (like Fr. pierrot, a sparrow, from Pierre); comp. Sp. Perico, a dim. for Pedro, Peter, also a small parrot, periquito, a small parrot. Comp. such names as Magpie, Jackdaw, Robin-redbreast,

or

A name common to a family of scansorial or climbing birds, including the parakeets, macaws, lories, cockatoos, etc., or restricted to certain members of the family, all of which have hooked and rounded bills and fleshy tongues, some of them having the faculty of imitating the human voice in a high degree. v.t. To repeat as a etc.]

— —

parrot; to repeat by rote. parrot fever, n. Med. psittacosis. parrot fish, n. fish of the wrasse family, remarkable for the beak-like plates into which the teeth of either jaw are united. parry, par'i, v.t. parried, parrying. [Fr. parer, It. parare, to ward off, from L. parare, to prepare, keep off. pare.] To ward off (a blow, a thrust); to stop or to put or turn aside; to prevent taking effect. v.i. To put aside thrusts or strokes; to fence. parse, pars, v.t. [L. pars orationis, a part of a speech.] Gram, to analyze or describe grammatically; to show the several parts of speech composing (a sentence) and their relation to

A

—

government

each other by agreement. parsec, par'sek,

or

n. [Parallax and second.] Astron. an interstellar distance unit of a heliocentric parallax of one second of arc, equal to 206,265 times the distance between the earth and the sun, or 3.26 light years.

Parsee, pdrsi,

par«se', n.

[Per.

a Persian, a

and Hind.

fire-worshiper.]

One

of the adherents of the Zoroastrian or ancient Persian religion in India, originally

from

Persia.

—Par-

seeism, par»se'izm, n. The religion and customs of the Parsees.

parsimony,

par'si«mo«ni, a. [Fr. parsimonie, from L. parsimonia, parcimonia, from parco, parsum, to spare.] Closeness or sparingness in the use or expenditure of money; Law of niggardliness; miserliness.

parsimony, in logic, also called 'Occam's Razor', the principle laid down by the Nominalist leader, William of Ockham (1270-1347), the Invincible Doctor, that entities or supposed existences must not be multiplied in a theory beyond what

—

parsimonious, necessary. par«si«m6'ni«us, a. Exhibiting or characterized by parsimony; nigis strictly

gardly ; closefisted. ly,

—parsimoniousIn a adv.

par«si«mo'ni«us'li,

parsimonious manner. parsley, pars'li, n. [O.E. persylle,

etc.,

petroselinum,

Fr.

—

——

604

who murders

person

—— —

persil,

persely,

from L.

Gr. petroselinon, rock

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

participate

and selinon, parsley.] A well-known garden herb, the leaves of which are used for seasoning and also as a garnish. parsnip, pars'nip, n. [Corrupted from Fr. pastinaque, L. pastinaca, a parsnip, from pastinum, a kind of two-pronged dibble, and nip, nep, L. napus, a turnip.] An umbelparsley

petra, a rock,

plant much cultivated for edible roots. parson, par'sn, n. [O.Fr. persone, from L.L. persona ecclesice, the person of the church, L. persona, a person.] The priest or incumbent of a parish; one who has the parochial charge or cure of souls; a clergyman; a man that is in orders or has been licensed to preach. liferous its

parsonage, par'sn«ij, n. The official dwelling of a parson. part, part, n. [L. pars, partis, a part (whence also particle, parcel, partial, party, etc.);

partner,

same root

apart, participate, as parare, to prepare,

portio, a portion. PARE.] Any portion of a thing less than the whole;

a piece or fragment separated from a whole thing; a portion or quantity not separated in fact, but considered as by itself; one of a number of equal portions or quantities that make up a whole; a constituent portion of a whole; a member of a

whole; that which

falls

to each in

share, portion, lot; conor interest; side or party (to take one's part); allotted duty; particular office or business (to perform one's part); character assigned to an actor in a play or other like performance; mus. one of the different melodies of a concerted composition, which, heard in union, compose its harmony (the treble, tenor, or bass part); pi. qualities; powers; faculties; often excellent or superior endowments (a man of parts); pi. regions; districts; locality (well-known in these parts). For my (his, her, etc.) part, so far as concerns me (him, her). For the most part, commonly; oftener than otherwise. In part, in some degree In good part, or extent; partly. favorably; acceptably; in a friendly manner; not in displeasure. In ill part, unfavorably; with displeasure. division;

cern

—

—Part

and

parcel,

an

essential

portion; a part. Part of speech, gram, a sort or class of words of a particular character as regards their meaning or relations to other words in a sentence. v.t. [Fr. partir, to part, separate.] To divide; to separate or break into two or more pieces; to distribute; to share; to cause to sunder or go apart; to intervene betwixt; to interpose be-

tween; to separate, as combatants; naut. to break; to suffer the breaking of (the ship parted her cables). v.i. To become separate or detached; to divide; to move apart; to go away from another or others; to quit each other; to take leave (to part with or from a person) ; to have a share; to share (O.T.); to break; to be torn asunder (the rope parted). To part with a thing, to let it

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

;

note, not,

move;

leave us; to resign in

some measure.

bl,

a.

Capable

it.

adv. Partly;

—ofpartible, being

par'ti*-

parted;

— divisions. — parting, par'ting, Serving to part; dividing;

parted, par'ted, p. and Divided; separated; bot. cleft into

divisible. a.

p.

and

separating; given at separation (a parting kiss). n. The act of dividing or separating; a division; a separation; leave-taking; geol. a fissure in strata. partly, part'li, adv. In part; in some measure or degree; not wholly; a.

—

used in stating particulars that make up a whole. part song, n. A song adapted to be sung in two or more

—

—

part-time, a. Involving or working less than the amount of time considered standard. partake, paftak', v.i. partook (pret.), partaken (pp.), partaking distinct vocal parts.

—

(ppr.). [Part and take.] To take a part, portion, or share in common with others; to have a share or part; to participate (to partake of a repast, in festivities); to have something of the character or nature of; to have features in common with:

— To have a part partaker, pafta'ker, — who partakes; a sharer, a

followed by

of.

v.t.

in; to share.

One

n.

participator; usually followed

or

by of

in.

n. [Fr., from par, on, by, and terre, earth, ground.] Hort. a system of flower beds, connected together with intervening spaces of gravel or turf for walking on; the pit of a French theater. parthenogenesis, par'the«n5«jen"e«sis, n. [Gr. parthenos, a virgin, and Reproduction genesis, production.] by development of an unfertilized egg, as in certain plants and insects. parthenogenetic, par'the»no«je«-

parterre, par«tar',

—

net"ik, a.

Parthian, par'thi«an,

a. Pertaining to Parthia or its inhabitants. Parthian arrow, a shaft aimed at an adversary while flying from or avoiding him; a parting shot from the habit of the ancient Parthians in war. partial, par shal, a. [Fr. partial, from part.] L. pars, partis, a part, Affecting a part only; not general or universal; not total; inclined to favor one party in a cause, or one side of a question more than the other; not indifferent; inclined to favor without principle or reason (a fond and partial parent); having ;

a predilection ; inclined or favorable with to; bot. being one of several subordinates (a partial umbel, a partiality, par»partial peduncle). The state or quality shal'i'ti, rt. of being partial; unfair or undue bias; undue favor shown; a special partially, parliking or fondness. shaNli, adv. In a partial manner; with undue bias; in part; not totally; to some extent.

—

—

partible. See part. participate, par«tis'i«pat,

v.i.

—par-

ticipated, participating. [L. participo, pars, partis, a part, participation

—

part, capable.] capio, to take, To partake; to take a part; to have a share in common with others;

and

generally followed tube, tub, bull;

by of or oil,

in.

—

v.t.

pound.

-

—————

— ————

——

participle

partite, par'tit,

[L. partitus, pp. of partio, to divide, part.] Bot. divided to the base (as a leaf). partition, par«tish'on, n. [L. partition The act of parting, dividing, or separating into portions and distributing; division; separation; that by which different parts are separated; a wall separating apartments in a building; a division between the chambers or cells of a thing; music, score. v.t. To divide by walls or partitions; to divide into shares. partitive, par'ti«tiv, a. Gram, denoting a part; expressing the relation of a part to a whole (a partitive genitive, 'the mountain's brow'). n. Gram, a word expressing partition. partitively, par'ti»tivli, adv. In a partitive manner. partlet, part'let, n. [Fr. Pertelote,

and an adjective, though it differs from the adjective chiefly in that it implies time, and therefore applies to a specific act, while the adjective designates a habitual qual-

or characteristic, without regard to time. participial, par«ti«sip'i»al, ity

Having the nature and use of a particle; formed from a participle (a participial noun). n. A word formed from a verb, and having the a.

female proper name.] partly. See part.

a participle. participially, par«ti«sip'i'aMi, adv. In the sense or manner of a participle. particle, par'ti-kl, n. [Fr. particule, L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, part.

A

part'nefship, n. The state or condition of being a partner; the association of two or more persons for the purpose of undertaking and prosecuting conjointly any business, occupation, or calling. partridge, par'trij, n. [O.E. partryke, partriche, from O.Fr. pertrix, Fr. perdrix, from L. and Gr. perdix, a partridge.] Any of a number of rasorial birds similar to the grouse,

particolored, par'ti«kul«erd, a. Colored differently in different parts; of many colors. particular, par«tik'u'ler, a. [Fr. particulier, L.L. particularis, from L. particle.] Pertaining to

one and not to more; special; not

especially game birds; in America, has particular reference to the ruffed

general; individual; considered sepapeculiar; personal; private (our own particular wrongs); not ordinary; notable (of no particular importance); minute; circumstantial (a full and particular account); singularly nice in taste; precise; fastidious. n. single instance; a single point; a distinct, separate, or minute part; a detail. In particular, specially; particularly; to particularize. particularity, par«tik'u»lar"i«ti, n. particularization, par«tik'u«ler«i«za"shon, n. particularrately;

grouse and the quail. part song. See part.

parturient, par«tu'ri«ent,

from partus,

particulars; —particularly, to

to

state in

number

of persons united in opinion or design, in opposition to others in the community; persons in a state united by certain political views; a faction ; persons collected for a particular purpose, often an armed force; a detached portion of a larger body or company; a detachment; a select company invited to an entertainment (a tea party, an evening party); one of two litigants; one concerned or interested in an affair (a party to a scheme or plot); a single person distinct from or opposed to another; a person under special consideration;

par«tik'u«ler»li, adv.

especially; chiefly. par'ti»zan, n. [Fr., from parti, a party, from L. pars, partis, a part.] An adherent of a party or faction; one who is violently and passionately devoted to a party or interest; a guerrilla fighter. a. Pertaining to a party or faction; biased in favor of a party or interest. partisanship, par'ti«zan«ship, n. partisan, par'ti«zan, n. [Fr. pertuisane, Sp. partesana, It. partigiana;

partisan,

go;

—

A

or attend

g,

from pario, to

par'ti, n. [Fr. partie, a party, side, faction, a suitor or litigant, etc., from Fr. partir, L. partio, to divide, from pars, partis, a part. PART.]

be circumstantial.

ch, Sc. loch;

birth,

party,

In a particular or especial manner;

ch, chain;

par-

parent.] Bringing forth or about to bring forth young. parturition, par«tu«rish'on, n. [L. parturitio.] The act of bringing forth or being delivered' of young. bear,

—

To

a. [L.

turiens, parturientis, ppr. of parturio,

A

To

hen.

sharing, partition.] One who partakes or shares with another; a partaker; an associate; one who has a share with another or others in some commercial, manufacturing, or other undertaking; a member of a partnership; one who dances with another, either male or female; a husband or wife. partnership,

part.] minute part or portion of matter, the aggregation of which parts constitutes a whole mass; any very small portion or part; an atom; a jot; gram, a word that is not varied or inflected, as the preposition, conjunction, etc.; physics, a mass of matter conceived as a point, but yet possessing inertia and other properties of matter.

ize, par«tik'u«ler«iz, v.t. detail. v.i. mention

A

partner, part'ner, n. [In part directly from part, partly from old parcener, O.Fr. parconer, from L. partitio, a

of

——

a.

—

verb

j,

70b;

ng, sing;

TH,

—

pass

A

kind of halberd or pike formerly in use; a baton; a truncheon; a quarterstaff. origin doubtful.]

participation, par«tis'i«pa"shon, n. The state of participating or sharing particiin common with others. pator, par«tis'i'pa«ter, n. One who participant, par«tis 'participates. i»pant, a. Sharing; having a share or part. n. One participating; a partaker. participle, par'ti«si«pl, n. [L. participium, from particeps, partaking pars, partis, a part, and capio, to take; comp. principle, from L. principium. participate.] Gram, a part of speech, so called because it partakes of the character both of a

particula.

—— —

605

To partake, share, receive a part of.

nature

——

—

then;

th, thin;

a person in general; an individual (in this sense vulgar).

hence,

party-colored, See PARTICOLORED. party line, n. A single telephone circuit connecting several subscribers with the exchange; a boundary line.

—party

wall, n. A wall between buildings to separate them from each other; a wall separating adjoining

tenements.

parvenu, par've«nu, lit.

parvenu,

n. [Fr.

one who has arrived, from par-

venir,

L. pervenire, to arrive.] An or one newly risen into

upstart, notice.

parvis, par'vis, n. [Fr. parvis, from L.L. parvisius, paravisus, from L. paradisus, paradise.] A name formerly given to the porch of a church, now applied to the area round a church. Pasch, pask, n. [L. and Gr. pascha,

from Heb. pascha, passage, from pdsach, to pass over.] The Passover; paschal, pas'kal, the feast of Easter. a. Pertaining to the Passover or to Easter.

pash,+ pash, v.t. [Same as Sw. paska, Prov. G. paschen, to strike.] To strike violently; to dash or smash. (Shak.) pasha, pa«sha' or pash'a, n. [Per. pdshdh, contr. from pddishdh, propadishah.] In tector or great king, Turkey, a title formerly conferred

commanders and military pashalic, of provinces. pachalic, pa«sha'lik, pash'a«lik, n. The jurisdiction of a pasha. [O.Fr. pasqueflower, pask, n. species pasch.] pasque, Easter, of anemone with large handsome purple flowers, so named in consequence of its flowering about Easter.

upon

governors

A

pasquil, pasquinade, pas'kwil,paskwi«nad, n. [From Pasquino, a witty

and

satirical

tailor

(or

barber)

of

Rome, whose name after his death was bestowed upon a statue that had been dug up near his shop, and to which satirical placards were lampoon or short affixed at night.] v.t. and i. satirical publication. pasquilled, pasquilling; pasquinaded, pasquinading To lampoon ; to satirize in writing. pass, pas, v.i. pret. pp. passed or sometimes past. [Fr. passer, It. passare, from L. passus, a step, a pace. pace.] To go; to proceed (to pass away, from, into, over, under, etc.); to go past a certain person or place (we saw him pass) ; to alter or change condition or circumstances; to undergo transition; to vanish, disappear, be lost: hence, to depart from life; to die; to elapse; to be spent; to receive the sanction of a legislative house or body by a majority of votes (the bill has passed); to be current; to gain reception or be generally received (bills pass as a substitute for coin); to be regarded, held, or considered; to occur; to take place (what passes within one's own mind); to thrust; to make a push in fencing or fighting; to throw a ball, as a football or basketball; Baseball, four balls pitched wide of the plate entitling the batter to proceed to first base; Cards, to decline a priv-

A

—

.

&

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —— —

—— ——

—

—

—

—

—

—

;

passage

606

past

as of making a bid; to go unheeded or neglected; to be transferred from an owner; to go suc-

conveyance; a journey by a con-

passionately, pash'on*adv. In a passionate manner; vehemently; ardently; angrily. passionateness, pash'on«it»nes, n. State of being passionate. passionflower, n. genus of plants with showy flowers, chiefly natives of tropical South America, so called because in the anthers, styles, etc., was seen a resemblance to the symbols of the Lord's passion. passionless, pash'on«les, a. Void of passion. Passion play, n. A mystery or miracle play representing the different scenes in the Passion of Christ. Passion Sunday, the fifth Sunday in Lent. Passion Week, the week be-

ilege,

through an inspection or To come to pass, to happen; to occur. To pass away, to move from sight; to vanish; hence, to die; to be spent (as time, life). To pass by, to move near and beyond a certain person or place. To pass into, to unite and blend cessfully

examination.

gradually. To pass on, to continue to go forward; to proceed. To pass over, to go or move to another side; to cross. To pass through, to undergo; to experience. v.t. To move near and go beyond; to move from side to side of; to live through; to spend (to pass the summer); to let go by without care or notice ; to take no notice of; to transcend, exceed, excel, surpass; to transfer; to make to change hands; to hand over; to send; to circulate; to undergo successfully, as an examination, ordeal, or the like; to obtain the legislative or official sanction of; to be enacted by (the bill has passed the house); to give legal or official sanction to; to enact or ratify; to allow as valid or just; to give forth officially; to pronounce (to pass a sentence of death); to void, as feces or other matter; baseball, to go to first base after four balls; football, to throw To pass the ball to another player. off, to impose by fraud; to palm off. To pass over, to let go by n. disregard. to unnoticed; passage; a narrow road or defile

—

A

between two mountains; permission to pass, or to go or come; a ticket of free transit or admission; a thrust or push in fencing; a movement of the hand over or along anything; a manipulation of a mesmerist; state or condition of things; an embarrassing situation; the successful or satisfactory standing or going through an examination. passable, pas'a«bl, a. Capable of being passed, traveled, traversed, penetrated, etc.; capable of being passed from person to person; current; receivable; tolerable; allowable; admissible; mepassably, pas'a»bli, adv. diocre. Tolerably; moderately. passbook,

—

—

—

A

book in which a shopkeeper makes an entry of goods sold on

n.

credit to a customer, for the information of the customer; also, a bankbook. passer, pas'er, n. One who passer-by, n. passes; a passenger. One who goes by or near. passing, pas'ing, adv. Surpassingly; wonderfully; exceedingly (passing fair, passprep. Exceeding; being strange). yond; over. passing note, n. Music,

—

—

—

—

a note introduced between two others to form a transition, but not constituting an essential part of the secret harmony. password, n. parole or countersign by which a friend may be distinguished from a stranger, and allowed to pass. passage, pas'ij, n. [Fr. passage, from passer, to pass. PASS.] The act of passing; transit from one place to another; a going by, through, over, or the like; transit bv means of a

—

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

veyance, especially a ship; liberty of passing; access; entry or exit; way by which a person or thing may pass avenue; way of entrance or exit; a gallery or corridor leading to the various divisions of a building; a part or portion quoted or referred to in a book, poem, etc.; the act of carrying through all the steps necessary to render valid (the passage of a bill or of a law); an encounter (a passage at arms, a passage of love). Birds of passage, birds which migrate with the season from a colder to a warmer or from a warmer to a colder climate. passant, pas'ant, a. [Fr. passant, ppr. of passer, to pass, pass.] Her. a term applied to an animal which appears to walk. passe, pas«a', a. [Fr.] Past; faded: as applied to persons, past the heyday of life. passenger, pas'en«jer, n. [O.E. passager, one who makes a passage; the n being an intrusive element, as in messenger.] One who passes or is on his way; a wayfarer; a traveler;

—

one who

travels, for payment, on a railroad, steamboat, coach, or other

conveyance.

—passenger

pigeon,

n.

A North American wild pigeon, great flocks of which once abounded, especially in the Mississippi valley. It

was widely hunted

and

is

now

extinct.

Passeres, pas'er»ez, n. pi. [L., spairows, so called because the bulk of

A

are small birds.] name given to the extensive order of birds also called Insessores or perchers. passerine, pas'er«in, a. Pertaining pasto the order Passeres. n. serine bird. passible, pas'i«bl, a. [L. passibilis, from potior, passus, to suffer, passion.] Capable of feeling or suffer-

them

A

ing; susceptible of impressions from passibility, pas«i«external agents. bil'i-ti, The quality of being n.

—

passible.

passion, pash'on,

n. [L. passio, paspotior, passus, to bear, suffer; allied to Gr. pathos, to suffering; akin patient, passive, compatible, etc.] The suffering of bodily pangs; [usually cap.] specifically, the last suffering of the Saviour. strong feeling or emotion by which the mind is swayed, as ambition, avarice, revenge, fear, hope, joy, grief, love, hatred, etc. ; a strong deep feeling; violent agitation or excitement of mind; violent anger; zeal, ardor, vehement desire (a passion for fame); love; ardent affection; amorous desire; a passionate display; an exhibition of deep feeling (a passion of tears); a pursuit to which one is devoted. v.t. To bewail; to cry out in a passionate way or lament. (Shak.y passional, pash'on«al, n. book in which are described the sufferings of saints and martyrs. passionate, pash'on«it, a. Charactersionis,

from

A

—

A

ized by passion; exhibiting or expressing passion; readily moved to anger; fiery; showing strong emotion; vehement; warm (passionate

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

affection).

—

it'li,

—

A

—

—

—

Holy Week, beginning with Passion Sunday. passive, pas iv, a. [L. passivus, from potior, passus, to suffer. PASSION.] Not active; inert; not acting, receiving, or capable of receiving impresfore

sions from external objects ; unresisting; not opposing; receiving or suffering without resistance; gram. expressive of suffering or being affected by some action; expressing that the nominative is the object of some action or feeling (the passive voice, a passive verb or inflection). passively, pas'iv«li, adv. In a passive manner; without action; unresistingly; as a passive verb; in the passiveness, pas'iv*passive voice. nes, n. Quality of being passive. passivity, pas«iv'i«ti, n. Passiveness; the tendency of a body to continue in a given state till disturbed by

—

another body.

—

passive resistResistance to authority (especially that of government) without violence or active fighting, but pasrather by civil disobediance. ance,

n.

—

sivism pas'iv«ist, n. feast of the Passover, pas'6«ver, n. Jews, instituted to commemorate the providential escape of the Hebrews in Egypt, when God, smiting the first born of the Egyptians, passed over the houses of the Israelites, which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb; the sacrifice offered at the feast of the passover; the paschal lamb. passport, pas port, n. [Fr. passeport, a safe-conduct, originally a permispass, sion to enter or leave a port, warrant of protection and port.] authority to travel, granted to persons moving from place to place, by a competent authority; especially granted to persons traveling in a country; something that foreign enables one to pass with safety or certainty, or to attain any object or reach any end (the favor of the great was his passport); in diplomacy, to demand a passport is the request by an ambassador to leave a foreign country as a preliminary to war. To receive his passports, is to be

A

A

dismissed from an

enemy country

the commencement of hostilities. past, past, p. and a. [A form passed.]

Gone by; belonging

to

at

of a

time previous to this; not present nor future; spent; ended; over; n. A past or existing no more. former time or state; a bygone time; tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —

— ——— —

—

—

—

—

bodies as Freemasons, etc. ; fig. one has experience in his particular past participle, craft or business. n. A participle having a past or past perfect, n. perfect meaning. A verb form describing action or state as terminated at or before a past time referred to (she had left before I arrived). paste, past, n. [O.Fr. paste, Fr. pate; from L. pasta, paste, from Gr. paste, a mess of barley-porridge, from passo, to sprinkle.] A composition in which there is just sufficient moisture to soften without liquefying the mass; a mixture of flour with milk, water, etc., used in cookery, as for pies, pastry, etc.; a kind of cement variously compounded; a composition of pounded rock crystal melted with alkaline salts, and colored with me-

— —

oxides, used for making imitation gems; mineral, the mineral substance in which other minerals are embedded. v.t.—pasted, pasting. To unite or cement with paste ; to fasten with paste. pasteboard, past'bord, species of thick paper formed n. of several single sheets pasted one

tallic

—

upon another, or by macerating it in molds, etc.; cardboard. a. Made of pasteboard. pastry, pas'tri, n. Viands made of paste, or of which paste constitutes the principal ingredient; the crust or cover of* a pie, tart, or the like. pasty, pas'ti, a. Like paste; of the consistence of paste. n. A meat pie covered with a crust. pastel, pas«tel', n. [Fr. pastel, a pastel, woad, from L. pastillus, a little roll. pastil.] A colored crayon; also, any of a number of pale or faint colors. pastern, pas'tern, n. [O.Fr. pasturon, from pasture, a shackle for cattle at

paper and casting

—

A

symphony whose simple movements are designed to suggest pastoral pastorale, pas«to«ra'le, n. scenes. pastoralism, [It.] Mus. a pastoral. pas'tor«al«izm, n. Pastoral character. pastorally, pas'tor»al»li, adv. In a pastoral or rural manner; in the manner of a pastor. pastoral staff, n. The official staff of a bishop or abbot, with a curved head. See cropastorate, pas'tor»it, n. The ZIER. office or jurisdiction of a pastor; a body of pastors. pastry. See paste. pasture, pas'cher, n. [O.Fr. pasture (Fr. pdture), from L. pastura, from pastor.] Grass for pasco, to feed, the food of cattle or other animals; ground covered with grass for the food of animals; a grazing ground. -pastured, pasturing. To feed on v.t.

—

—

—

—

squirrels, etc.

go;

creature. j,

;ob;

v.t.

ng, sing;

[Perhaps from

Ir.

pata,

—

A

—

A

Lord's supper. patent, pat'ent,

a.

[From L.

patens,

patentis, ppr. of pateo, to lie open; same root as Gr. petannymi, to spread; petalon, a leaf; akin pan, paten, patella.] Open; spreading; expanded; open to the perusal of all (letters patent); secured by law as an exclusive privilege; patented (patent medicines); manifest to all; evident. document conferring a right; n. a privilege or license ; a writing conveying to the individual or individuals specified therein the sole right to

—

A

make, use, or dispose of some new invention or discovery for a certain v.t. To make the limited period. subject of a patent; to secure by patent right. patentable, pat'ent— a»bl, a. Capable of being patented. patentee, pat'en»te", n. One who holds a patent; one by whom a patent is secured. patent leather, n. A kind of leather to which a permanent polish is given by a process of japanning. patent right, «. An exclusive privilege in an invention, etc., granted by patent.

—

—

—

paterfamilias,

pa'ter«fa«mil"i«as, n. [L., from pater, father, and familia, a family.] The father or head of a

family.

paternal, pa«ter'nal, a. [Fr. paternel, from L. paternus, from pater, father (father); akin parricide, patriarch, patrimony, patriot, patron, pattern.] Pertaining to a father; fatherly; derived from the father; hereditary. paternally, pa«ter'nal«li, adv. In paternity, paa paternal manner. ter 'ni«ti, n. [Fr. paternite.] Fatherhood the relation of a father to his

—

cloth

feed; same root as W. pasg, a feeding, Armor, paska, to feed, Skr. pa, to

n.

Sc.

:

it;

amusement.

—

pat, a pot, the radical meaning being the brainpan or skull.] The head of a person ; the top of the pated, pa'ted, a. Having a head. pate in composition (shallow-pared). patella, pa«tel'la, n. [L. dim. of patera, a cup, from pateo, to lie open. small pan, vase, or dish; patent.] kneepan. patelliform, anat. the pa«terii«form, a. Like the patella; of the form of a saucer. paten, pat'en, n. [L. patina, a pan, from pateo, to lie open, patent.] metallic plate or flat dish; the round metallic plate on which the bread is placed in the sacrifice of the

pota,

pach, n. [Connected with Swiss patschen, to patch, to clap on a piece, batsch, a patch; also It. pezza, a patch, a piece.] A piece of

pastor, pas'tor, n. [L. pastor, a shepherd, from pasco, pastum, to

to

itself.

pate, pat,

patch,

sewed on a garment to repair any similar piece; a small piece of silk formerly stuck on the face by way of adornment; a small piece of ground; a plot; the name of the clown in patchwork or motley; the medieval fool; any sorry or poor

clumsily;

patchouli, patchouly, pa-cho'li, n. [An Indian name.] A plant of India and China, the leaves of which furnish an odorous oil; the perfume

—

A

repair

—

pasty. See paste. pat, pat, v.t. patted, patting. [Imitative of the sound of a slight sharp blow; comp. W. ffat, a blow, and E. tap. Patter is a frequentative from this.] To strike gently with the n. A light fingers or hand; to tap. quick blow with the fingers or hand; a small lump of butter molded or cut into shape. a. Hitting the mark; adv. Fitly; apt; fit; convenient. conveniently; just in the nick; also unmoved, as to stand pat. patagium, pa«ta'ji«um, n. [L., the border of a dress.] The flying appendage or expansion of bats, flying

to

—

—

cm".

pieces;

patches; to make up of pieces and shreds ;./z£. to make hastily or without regard to forms: usually with up (to patch up a quarrel). patcher, pach'patchwork, er, n. One that patches. pach'werk, n. Work composed of various figures or colors sewed together; anything formed of ill-aspatchy, pach'i, a. Full sorted parts. of patches.

grass, or to supply pasture To graze. pasturable, pas'cher«a«bl, a. Fit for pasture. pasturage, pas'cher«ij, n. [O.Fr. pasturage.} The business of feeding or grazing cattle; grazing ground; growing grass on which cattle feed.

for.

—

g,

or

adorn (the face) with a patch or with

—

pasture, from L.. pasco, pastutn, to feed, pasture.] The part of a horse's leg between the joint next the foot and the coronet of the hoof; a shackle for horses while pasturing. pasteurize, pas'ter«iz, pas'tur«iz; v.t. [After Louis Pasteur, Fr. scientist.] To sterilize liquids by heating (to pasteurize pasteurization, milk). pas«ter«i«za'shon, n. pastil, pastille, pas«til', pas«teT, n. [Fr. pastille, L. pastillus, a little roll, from pastus, food, pasco, pastum, to feed, pastor.] small roll of aromatic paste, composed of gum benzoin, sandalwood, spices, etc., for burning as a fumigator or disinfectant; a lozenge. pastime, pas'tim, n. [Pass and time.] That which amuses and serves to make time pass agreeably; sport;

ch, Sc. loch;

—

growing

—

paternoster

guard.] shepherd:]:; a minister of the gospel having the charge of a church and congregation. pastoral, pas'tor«al, a. [L. pastoralis.] Pertaining to shepherds; rustic; rural; descriptive of the life of shepherds or of a country life (a pastoral poem) relating to the cure of souls, or to the pastor of a church. Pastoral epistles, epistles of St. Paul to Titus and Timothy dealing with the pastoral organization of their various spheres. Pastoral letter, a letter or circular addressed by a bishop to the clergy and people of his diocese. Pastoral theology, that part of theology which treats of the obligations of pastors and their relations toward their flocks. n. poem describing the life and manners of shepherds; a bucolic poem; a pastoral letter or address; mus. a simple melody in six- eight time in a rustic style; a

—

ch, chain;

—

;

A

a state of matters no longer present. prep. Beyond in time; after; having lost; no longer possessing {past sense of feeling); beyond; out of reach of; out of the scope or influence of (past help), beyond in position; further past master, n. than. adv. By. One who has occupied the office or dignity of master, especially in such

A

—

607

paste

who

———

—

;

offspring; derivation from a father (the child's paternity); hence, origin; authorship. paternoster, pa'ter«nos«ter, n. [L.,

To mend with patches TH, then; th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

—

— —

path

608

—

the air, in water, or in space; fig. course of life; course of conduct or procedure. pathless, path'les, a.

—

Having no beaten way; untrodden. pathway, path'wa, n. A path; a narrow way to be passed on foot; a way; a course of life. Pathan, pat«han', n. A person of Afghan race settled in Hindustan; an Afghan. pathetic. See pathos.

pathogen, path'o«jen, n. [Gr. pathos, suffering, disease, and gen, born.]

A

disease-causing organism or virus. pathogenic, path'o«jen"ik, a. Causing disease. pathogeny, pa«thoj'e«ni, n. [Gr. pathos, suffering, and root gen, to produce.] The doctrine or science of the generation and development of

—

disease.

patois, pat»wa', n. [Fr.] A dialect peculiar to the peasantry or un-

educated classes; a provincial form of speech, the survival of a once literary dialect. pa'tri«ark, n. [L. patriarcha, from Gr. patriarches patria, a family, from pater, father, and arche, rule, paternal.] The father

patriarch,

—

and ruler of a family; generally applied to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the sons of Jacob, or to the heads of families before the flood; hence, an aged venerable man; in the Greek Church, a dignitary superior to an archbishop. patriarchal, pa»tri«ar'kal, a. Belonging to patriarchs; subpatriarchate, ject to a patriarch. pa'tri»ar«kat, n. The office or jurisdiction of a patriarch. patriarchy,

—

pa'tri«ar«ki,

pathology,

pa«thol'o«ji, n. [Gr. pathos, suffering, and logos, discourse.]

That part of medicine which explains the nature of diseases, their causes, and symptoms. pathologic, patho-

—

logical, path«o«loj'ik, path«o»loj'i«kal, pathologically, path«o«loj'i«kal«a. pathologist, pa«thol'o«jist, li, adv.

—

n.

pathos, pa'thos, n. [Gr. pathos, passion, suffering, from stem of pat hein,

n.

— — An

ecclesiastical

patriarchate. patrician, pa«trish'an, a. [Fr. patricien,

from L.

patricius,

pertaining

to the patres, senators or patricians, from pater, father, paternal.] Pertaining to the senatorial order in ancient Rome ; hence, of noble birth not plebeian. n. person of patrician or noble birth; a nobleman. patriciate, pa«trish'i«at, n. The aris-

A

tocracy collectively.

That quality, attribute, or patricide, pat'ri«sid, n. [L. pater, element which awakens such tender patris, father, and caedo, to kill.] The emotions as pity, compassion, or murder or murderer of one's father; to suffer.]

sympathy.

—

pathetic, pa«thet'ik, a. the feelings; exciting pity, sorrow, or other tender emotion; pathetical, pa»thet'i«kal, affecting. pathetically, pa'thet'i«kal«li, adv. a. patience, pa'shens, n. [Fr. patience, from L. patientia, from patiens, papassion.] The quality of tient, being patient; the power or capacity of physical endurance ; the character or habit of mind that enables one to suffer afflictions, provocation, or other evil, with a calm unruffled temper; calmness ; composure ; quietness or calmness in waiting for something to happen; forbearance; longsuffering; constancy in labor or exertion; perseverance; a card game

Moving

—

—

by one person alone. patient, pa'shent, a. [L. patiens, patientis.] Physically able to support or endure ; proof against (patient of labor or pain, heat, or cold); bearing pain or trial without murmuring; sustaining afflictions with fortitude, calmness, or submission; waiting with calmness; not hasty; longsuffering; persevering; calmly diligent. n. One who or that which is passively affected; a sufferer from played

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

parricide

—patricidal,

pat«ri«si'dal,

a Relating to patricide; parricidal. patrimony, pat'ri«mo«ni, n. [L. patrimonium, from pater, patris, father. paternal.] right or estate inherited from one's father or ancestors ; heritage; a church estate or revenue. patrimonial, pat«ri«mo'ni«al, a. Pertaining to a patrimony; inherited

A

from ancestors.

its

interests.

a.

Patriotic.

patriotic, pa«tri'Ot'ik, a. Having the feelings of a patriot ; inspired by the love of one's country; directed by zeal for the public safety and welfare. patriotically, pa«tri«ot'i»kal«li, adv. In a patriotic manner. patriotism, pa'tri«ot«izm, n. Love of one's country; the passion which leads a person to serve his country with zeal. patrist, ca'trist, n. [From L. patres, fathers.] One versed in the writings of the fathers of the Christian church. patristic, patristical, pa«tris'tik, pa«tris'ti«kal, a. Pertaining to the

—

—

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

ancient fathers of the Christian patristically, church. pa«tris'ti«kal-li, adv. In a patristic manner.

—

patrol,

from

pa'trol', n. [Fr. patrouille, patrouiller, to patrol, also to

paddle with the feet, from pane, O.Fr. pate, a paw = G. pfote, D. poot, a paw.] Milit. the marching round of a guard in the night to secure the peace and safety of a camp or other place; the persons who go the rounds ; a policeman who goes round a regular beat. v.i. patrolled, patrolling. To go the rounds as a guard in a camp or garrison; to go the rounds in a city, as is done by a body of police. Patrol flotilla, sl flotilla or fleet of vessels acting by way of patrol, that is moving about and keeping guard against the approach of hostile craft and against attempts to break a blockade. v.t. To pass through or perambulate in the capacity of a patrol.

patron, pa'tron,

n. [L. patronus, a protector or patron, from pater, a father, paternal.] Among the ancient Romans, a master who had freed his slave, and still retained some rights over him; a man of distinction under whose protection another placed himself; hence, one who countenances, supports, or protects either a person or a work; a man of rank or standing who assists a person in an inferior position; a patron saint; one who has the gift and disposition of an ecclesiastical

saint, any saint special protection a church, a society, or a person is regarded patronage, as placed. pat'ron«ij, n. The act of patronizing;

Patron

benefice.

under whose

—

protection; encouragement; guardianship, as of a saint; the right of presentation to a church or ecclesiastical benefice. patroness, pa'tron«es, n. female patron. patronize, pat'ron«Iz, v.t. patronized, patronizing. To act as patron toward; to give support or countenance to; to favor; to assist; to assume the air of a patron or superior toward. patronizer, pat ron«iz«er, n. One who patronizes. patronizingly, pat'ron«iz«ing«li, adv.

A

note, not,

move;

—

—

—

—

patronymic, patTO«nim'ik, n. [L. patronymtcus, from Gr. pater, patros, a father, and onoma, a name. paternal.]

patriot, pa'tri«ot, n. [Fr. patriote, from L. patria, one's native country, from pater, father, paternal.] A person who loves his country, and zealously supports and defends it

and

—

patter

our Father, the first two words of an ailment; a person who is under the Lord's prayer in Latin.] [often medical treatment. patiently, pa'capped.] The Lord's prayer; every shent«li, adv. In a patient manner; tenth large bead in the Rosary; the with patience; submissively; uncomRosary itself. plainingly. path, path, n. pi. paths, paTHz. [A. patina, pat'i«na, n. [L. patina, a dish, a kind of cake, from pateo, to be open. Sax. paeth = D. and L.G. pad, G. patent, pan.] The fine green rust pfad, a path; perhaps from Gr. patos, with which bronze and copper a trodden way, patein, to walk.] A way beaten or trodden by the feet become covered by oxidization; a of man or beast, or made hard by weathered surface, in general, of wheels; a narrow or unimportant aesthetic value. road; a footway; a way or route in patio, pa'ti«6, n. [Sp.] A courtyard; general; the way or course* which a paved area adjoining a dwelling an animal or any object follows in and used for recreation.

—

— —

——

;

A

personal

name derived

from

that of parent or ancestor (Tydides, the son of Tydeus; Williamson, the son of William). patroon, pa«tron', n. [D. patroon, a patron.] The proprietor of land and manorial privileges granted by the old Dutch governments of York and Jersey. patten, pat 'en, n. [Fr. patin, a clog, patten, from pane, the foot, patrol.]

New

New

A

wooden shoe or

sole,

standing on

an iron ring, worn to keep the shoes from the dirt or mud; masonry, the base of a column or pillar; the sole for the foundation of a wall. patter, pater, v.i. [Freq. from pat, pat.] To to give a slight blow, strike, as falling drops of water or with a quick succession of hail, small sounds; to move with quick tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

— —

———

——— ——— — —— —— —

—

;

other

or

stone,

brick,

pav'ing,

piece or part exhibited as a specimen of the whole; a design or figure corresponding in outline to an object that is to be fabricated, and serving as a guide for determining its shape and dimensions; an ornamental design on some woven fabric: the counterpart in wood of something that is to be cast in metal. patty, pat'i, n. [Fr. pate, pie, pasty.] A little pie; a pasty. pattypan, n. A

Paving

ment.

the

stones,

laying

with pavelarge prepared

a. [L. pavidus, from paveo, to fear.] Timid; fearful. pavilion, pa«vil'yon, n. [Fr. pavilion, L. papilio, papilionis, a butterfly, also a tent, from shape of latter.]

A

tent; particularly, a large tent raised on posts; a canopy; arch. a small building or a part of a building having a tent-formed roof. Pavilion roof, a roof sloping or

—

hipped equally on

To

paucitas, paucus, few; cog. with E. few.) [L.

from Fewness;

furnish with

sides.

all

tents;

to

v.t.

shelter

pavonine, pav'o«nIn, a. [L. pavoninus, from pavo, a peacock.] Belonging

metallic products. pa, n. [From the

paw,

Celtic:

big-bellied.

ground; to scrape with the forefoot

To draw

pawky,

one who, on account of poverty, becomes chargeable to a parish. pauperism, pa'per«izm, n. The state of being a pauper; a state of indigence in a community.

pawl,

—

—

A

deposited with him. pawnbroking, pan'bro-king, n. The business of a

—

pawnbroker. j,

70b;

pa'mas«ter, n. One from whom wages or reward are received. payment, pa'ment, n. The act of paying; the thing given in discharge of a debt; payola, pa»6'la, n. An requital.

[W. pawl, akin

A

—

g, go;

pal, n.

pawnee,

ng, sing;

TH,

pa«ne',

then;

n.

whom

—

Humorous, dry and

to L. short bar pole.] pivoted at one end, so as to catch in a notch of a revolving body and stop its motion; a click or detent which falls into the teeth of a with ratchet wheel. v.t. To stop a pawl. pawn, pan, n. [Fr. pan, a piece of a garment, formerly also a pawn or pledge, from L. pannus, a cloth, a rag. pane.] Some article or chattel given or deposited as security for money borrowed; a pledge. In pawn, at pawn, in the state of being pawned or pledged. v.t. To give or deposit in pledge; to pledge with a pawnbroker; to pledge for the pawnfulfillment of a promise. broker, pan'bro«ker, n. person licensed to lend money at a legally fixed rate of interest on goods

v.t. pauperreduce to pau-

ch, Sc. loch;

pa'ki, a.

palus, a stake,

perism. pause, paz, n. [Fr., from L. pausa, Gr. pausis, a stopping, from pauo, to stop pose (seen in compose, impose, etc.) is of same origin.] A temporary cessation; an intermission of action, of speaking, singing, or the like; a short stop; cessation proceeding from doubt; suspense; a mark of suspension of the voice; a character marking a halt in music. v.i. paused, pausing. To make a pause or short stop; to intermit speaking or action; to wait; to forbear for a time; to hesitate; to hold back; to be intermitted (the music pauses). pauser, pazer, n. One who pauses. pave, pav, v.t. paved, (pp. sometimes paven), paving. [Fr. paver, ch, chain;

the

satiric in tone.

,

pay wages and

—

(as

A

to

pay dirt, n. Mining, earth, a«bl, a. ore, rock, etc., which yields a profit payee, pa«e', n. The to the miner. money is to be person to payer, pa'er, n. One that paid. pays; the person named in a bill or note who has to pay the holder. payload, pa'lod, n. Any useful cargo in a transport vehicle; in military paymaster, rockets, the warhead.

or

akin paucus, few. paucity.] poor person; one in a state of indigence;

off,

discharge. n. An equivalent given for money due, goods purchased, or payable, pa'services performed.

a horse does). v.t. To scrape with the forefoot; to strike handle roughly.

pauper, pa/per, n. [L. pauper, poor (whence poverty, poor, impoverish);

To

along

forefoot

the

To pay

for.

W.

pawen, Armor, pav, pao; comp. D. poot, G. pfote, a paw.] The foot of quadrupeds having claws. v.i.

pa'per«iz,

—

to a peacock; resembling a peacock; exhibiting the brilliant hues of the tail of a peacock; iridescent; applied The iridescent to ores, etc. n. luster found on some ores and

stomach in ruminating quadrupeds, into which the food is received before rumination. paunchy, pan'shi, a. Having a prominent paunch;

ized, pauperizing.

—

with a tent.

smallness of number; smallness or scantness of quantity. Pauline, pal'en, a. Pertaining to St. Paul, or to his writings ; a member of St. Paul's School in London. paunch, pansh, n. [O.Fr. panche (Fr. panse), from L. pantex, panticis, the belly.] The belly and its contents; the abdomen; the first and largest

pauperize,

—

pavid, pav 'id,

ture.

particularly,

A

pavior,

paviour, pa'vi«er, n. One whose occupation is to pave; a slab or brick used for paving; a rammer for driving paving stones.

pan to bake patties in. patulous, pat'u«lus, a. [L. patulus, patent.] from pateo, to be open, Spreading slightly; expanded; opening widely; with a spreading aper-

is

n.

a

A

etc.,

stones or slabs for paving.

pawn

pawner,

peon, properly a foot soldier. PEON.] piece of the lowest rank at chess an insignificant factor or person used as a tool by another. pawpaw, pa/pa, n. See papaw. pax, paks, n. [L. pax, peace.] In the Roman Catholic Church a small tablet engraved with sacred figures or emblems, which, having been kissed by the priest, was then kissed by others. paxwax, paks'waks, n. [Also called faxwax, from A. Sax. feax, hair, and weaxan, to wax or grow.] strong tendinous ligament strengthening the neck of the ox, sheep, etc. pay, pa, v.t. pret. and pp. paid, [O.Fr. paier, paer (Fr. payer), to pay, originally to please, being from L. pacare, to pacify pax, pads, peace, peace.] To recompense for goods received or for service rendered; to discharge one's obligation to; to compensate, remunerate, reward, requite; to discharge (as a debt) by giving or doing that which is due; to give; to render or offer; without any sense of obligation (to pay attention, respect, court, a visit); nam. to cover or coat, as the bottom of a vessel, a mast, etc. To pay out, naut. to slacken or cause to run out (a rope). v.i. To make payment or requital to be worth the pains or efforts spent; to be remunerative. To pay for, to make amends for; to atone

material.

Pavement;

n.

of floors, streets,

to security.

as

One that pawns. pawn, pan, n. [O.Fr. paon, poon,

pav'ment, n. [L. pavimentum.] A paved path or road; a floor or surface that is trodden on, consisting of stones, bricks, etc.; the stones or other material with which anything is paved. paver, pa'ver, n. One who paves; a pavior. paving,

pattern, pat'ern, n. [Same word as patron, which has also the sense of pattern in French and Spanish, as has L.L. patronus.] An original or model proposed for imitation; that which is to be copied or imitated; a

whom

The person delivered

To pave a way (fig.), to prepare a way; to remove difficulties or obstacles beforehand. pavement,

etc.

n.

;;

pea

L.L. pavare, from L. pavire, to ram, to pave.] To make a hard level surface upon by laying with stones, bricks, etc.; to floor with

steps, making a succession of small sounds. n. A quick succession of small sounds. patter, pat'er, v.t. [Perhaps from the Paternoster, or Lord's prayer, repeated in churches in a low tone of voice. Comp. also Icel. pata, to prattle, pati, a rumor.] To repeat in a muttering way; to mutter. n. Rapid, routine talk used by magicians, comedians,

pa'si«ti,

— — — ————— — —

609

patter

paucity,

—

—

payment

for commercial favors, as to a disc jockey for promoting a song. payroll, parol, n. list of employees and of their wages; money needed for payment illegal

A

of wages.

paynim, pa'nim,

n. [O.Fr. apienime, paienisme, paganism, from paien, L.

paganus, a pagan, pagan.] A pagan; a heathen. pea, pe, n. [O.E. pese, pees, a pea, pi. pesen, peses, A. Sax. pise, from L. pisum, Gr. pisos, a pea. Pea is a false form, the 5 of the root being mistaken for the sign of the plural. In the plural we always write peas for the individual seeds, but often pease for an indefinite quantity (this form being the old singular): three or four peas, a bushel of pease

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

.

——

— ——

— — ——— —

— — ;

peace

—

——

610

A well-known plant with papilionaceous flowers, one of the most valuable of vegetables, cultivated in the garden and in the field one of the seeds of the plant. peanut, n. An American plant, (or peas).]

whose pods grow first above and then below ground; the nutlike seed of this plant. peanut butter, n. A paste made from crushed

—

pectinal

of its plumage, properly the male of the species, the female being, for distinction's sake, called a peahen. peafowl, n. The peacock or peahen. pea jacket, pe'jak«et, n. [Pea is from

—

D.

and

cloth, a

L.G.

pije, coarse, thick jacket; akin to Goth. a garment.] thick loose jacket worn by seamen,

warm

A

paida,

woolen

fishermen, etc. peanuts. peak, pek, n. [Fr. pic, a mountain peace, pes, n. [From O.Fr. pais peak, a pick, pique, a pike, from (Fr. paix), from L. pax, pads, Armor, pic, W. pig. a point, a pike, peace root pac, seen in paciscor, a beak; akin beak, pike, pick, peck.] to agree (whence pact); of same The top of a hill or mountain, origin as pay, appease.) A state of ending in a point; a projecting point; quiet or tranquility; calm, quietness, a projecting portion on a head repose; especially freedom from covering (the peak of a cap); naut. war; a cessation of hostilities; abthe upper corner of a sail which is sence of strife; tranquility of mind; extended by a gaff or yard; the quiet of conscience; harmony; conhighest point; the point of greatest cord; public tranquility. At peace, development. v.t. To cause to come in a peaceful state. Breach of the to a peak. v.i. To reach the peak peace, a violation of public tranpeaked, pekt, a. Pointed; having of. quility by riotous or other conduct. a peak. To hold one's peace, to be silent; peak, pek, v.i. [Perhaps from peak, to suppress one's thoughts; not to n., from the sharpened features of speak. To make a person's peace, sickly persons.] To look sickly or with another, to reconcile the other thin; to be or become emaciated. to him. Peace establishment, the peakish, pek'ish, a. Of a thin and reduced number of effective men sickly cast or face. in the army during time of peace. peal, pel, n. [A mutilated form of Commission of the peace, a commisappeal.] A succession of loud sounds, sion appointing justices of the as of bells, thunder, cannon, shouts peace, and by virtue of which the of a multitude, etc.; a set of bells judges sit upon circuit. Justices tuned to each other; the changes rung on such bells. v.i. To utter JUSTICE. peaceable, of the peace. pes'a«bl, a. Tranquil; peaceful; disor give out a peal. v.t. To cause posed to peace; not quarrelsome. to ring or sound; to utter loudly .'. Peaceable usually refers to the and sonorously. character and disposition of men; pean. See paean. pacific to designs and intentions; pear, par, n. [A. Sax. peru, Fr. poire, while peaceful refers to the state from L. pirum, a pear.] fruit tree or condition of men or things. of the genus Pyrus, grown in tempeaceableness, pes'a»bl«nes, n. The perate climates; the fruit itself, a state or quality of being peaceable. sweet, fleshy pome. peaceably, pes'a«bli, adv. In a pearl, perl, n. [Fr. perle, from L.L. peaceable manner. peaceful, pes'perula, perla, a pearl, either for ful, a. Full of, possessing, or enjoying pirula, from L. pirum, a pear, or for peace; tranquil; quiet; silvery removed pilula, a pill, a globule.] from noise or tumult; pacific. or bluish- white, hard, smooth, luspeacefully, pes'fuMi, adv. In a trous body, of a roundish, oval, peaceful manner; quietly; tranquilly. or pear-shaped form, produced by peacefulness, pes'fuUnes, n. The mollusks; anything very certain state or quality of being peaceful. a. Relating valuable; what is best. peacemaker, pes'ma»ker, n. One v.t. To set or to, made of pearl. who reconciles parties at variance. adorn with pearls. pearlash, perl'peace offering, n. Something offered ash, n. Commercial carbonate of peace pipe, n. to procure peace. potash. pearl barley, n. The seed The ceremonial, long-stemmed pipe of barley ground into small round grains. of the North American Indians, pearl nautilus, n. The true nautilus as distinguished from the also called the calumet, smoked by argonaut or paper nautilus. pearly, the members to signify peace. peach, pech, n. [Fr. pecne, It. pesca, per'li, a. Containing pearls; resempersica, from L. persica. Persicum bling pearls; nacreous. (malum), the Persian apple.] A fruit peasant, pez'ant, n. [O.Fr. pafsant tree of many varieties, grown in (Fr. paysan), from pais, pays, L. temperate climates; the fruit of pagus, a district of country (with t the tree, a sweet, juicy drupe a little affixed as in tyrant), pagan, page smaller than an apple, containing (boy).] rustic or countryman; a stone; also, that which resembles a one occupied in rural labor. a. peach, as in beauty or goodness. Rustic; rural. peasantry, pez'ant*peach blossom, n. The delicate ri, n. Peasants collectively; the body pink flower of the peach, which of country people. appears in early spring. pease, pez, n. See pea. peacock, pe'kok, n. [Pea = A. Sax. peat, pet, n. [For beat, bete, from pawa, from L. pavo, a peacock, the old bete, to mend a fire; A. Sax. name being perhaps from the bird's betan, to make better; akin bette cry.] A large and beautiful gallinaboot.] A kind of turf used as fuel; ceous bird remarkable for the beauty the natural accumulation of vege-

—

—

—

A

—

A

—

—

—

— —

—

A

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

——

note, not,

move;

table matter, more or less decomposed, cut and dried for fuel. peat moss, pet mos, n. Any moss, especially of the genus Sphagnum, from which peat has formed or may form. peaty, pet'i, n.

—

pebble, peb'l,

n.

[A. Sax. papolstdn,

pebble-stone; etym. unknown.] A small round stone worn and rounded by the action of water; a transparent, colorless rock crystal. v.t. To pelt or pave with pebbles; to grain leather, paper, etc., for pebbly, peb'li, a. a rough surface. pecan, pe«kan', n. [Fr. pacane, Sp. pacana.) A species of hickory and lit.

—

—

its fruit.

peccable,

pek'a«bl, a. [L.L. pecpeccable, from L. pecco, to sin.] Liable to sin; subject to transgress the divine law. peccability, pek«a«bil'i«ti, n. State of being peccable. peccadillo, pek»a— dil'6, n. [Sp. pecadillo, dim. of pecado, L. peccatum, a sin, from pecco.] slight trespass or offense; a petty crime or fault. peccancy, pek'an«si, n. State or quality of being peccant. peccant, pek 'ant, a. [L. peccans, peccantis, ppr. of pecco.] Sinning; criminal; morbid; corrupt (peccant humors). peccantly, pekant«li, adv. cabilis,

—

—

A

—

—

—

peccary, pek'a«ri, n. [South American name.] A pachydermatous quadruped of America, representing the swine of the Old World, to which it is allied.

peccavi, pek»ka'vi,

have sinned, word used to express confession or acknowledgment of an offense. peck, pek, n. [Perhaps a form of pack; but comp. Fr. picotin, a peck; L.L. picotus, a liquid measure.] The fourth part of a bushel; a dry measure of 8 quarts. peck, pek, v.t. [A slightly different form of pick.] To strike with the beak; to pick up with the beak; to make by striking with the beak, or a pointed instrument (to peck a hole). v.i. To make strokes with a beak, or a pointed instrument; to attack with petty criticism. n. A quick, light stroke with a beak;

from

pecco,

to

[L.,

sin.]

I

A

—

a quick, light kiss (colloq.). pecker, pek'er, n. pecten, pek ton, n. [L. pecten, a comb, a kind of shellfish, from pecto, pexum, to comb ; root pek, also genus of in Gr. peko, to comb.] marine bivalves having a shell marked with diverging ribs and furrows. pectic, pek'tik, a. [Gr. pektikos, curdling, from pegnymi, to fix.] Having the property of forming a jelly; said of an acid found in fruits. pectin, pek'tin, n. [Gr. pektos,

A

curdled, congealed.] A carbohydrate which forms the basis of vegetable jelly.

pcctinal, pek'ti«nal, a. [L. pecten, a comb, pecten.] Pertaining to a comb; resembling a comb. pectinate, pectinated, pek'ti»nat, pek'ti*-

—

na«ted,

a.

[L.

pectinatus.]

Having

resemblance to the teeth of a comb; toothed like a comb; serrated. pectination, pek«ti»na'shon, tube, tub, bull;

oil,

n.

pound.

The

—— — — — ——

—

—— —

——

;

pectoral of

state is

being

pectinated;

what

a. [L. pectoralis, pectus, pectoris, the breast.] Pectoral Pertaining to the breast. fins, the two fore fins of a fish,

from

Pectoral situated near the gills. theology, heartfelt, unctuous belief. Pectus theologum facit (Augustine). covering or protection for the n. breast; a breastplate; the breastplate of the Jewish high priest ; a medicine chest; a for complaints of the pectoral fin. peculate, pek'u«lat, v.i. peculated, peculating. [L. peculor, peculatus, to steal, from peculium, private property, from pecu, cattle, in which wealth originally consisted; cog.

A

—

peculiar, pecuniary.] To E. fee. appropriate public money, or goods entrusted to one's care; to embezzle. peculation, pek«u«la'shon, n. The act of peculating; embezzlement. peculator, pek'u»la«ter, n. One who

pedate, ped'at,

—

peculates. pi»kul'yer, a. [L. pecuone's own, peculiar, extra-

ordinary, from peculium, one's own property. peculate.] One's own; of private, personal, or characteristic possession and use; specially belonging {peculiar to that part of the country); singular; striking; unusual; parish or eccentric. n. England.

peddle, ped'l,

within

ecclesiastical juris-

peculiarity, quality of being peculiar; that which is peculiar to a person or thing; a special characteristic or feature. peculiarize, pi«ku'li»er»Iz, v.t. peculiarized, peculiar izing. To make peculiar; to set apart; to appropriate. peculiarly, pi«kuli«er»li, adv. In a peculiar manner; especially; in a manner not common to others. pecuniary, pi«ku'ni«a'ri, a. [Fr. pecuniaire, L. pecuniar ius, from pecunia, money, from pecu, cattle peculate ] Relating to or connected with money; consisting of money. pedagogue, ped'a«gog, n. [Gr. paidagogos pais, paidos, a child, and ago, to lead.] teacher of children; a schoolmaster; now generally by way of contempt. pedagogic, pedagogical, ped»a«goj'ik, ped«a«goj'i«kal, a. Resembling or belonging to a pedagogue. pedagogics, ped«a«goj' iks, n. The science or art of teaching. itself.

The

n.

.

A

The

business

pedagogue. n.

The

ped'a»gog«izm, or manners of

art or office

pedal, ped'al,

A

n.

of a pedagogue. belonging

a. [L. pedalis,

to the foot, from pes, pedis, the foot, seen also in pedestal, pedestrian, biped, quadruped, centipede, expedite, impede, dispatch, etc. foot.] Pertaining to a foot (pedal digits); mus. relating to a pedal. lever to be n. pressed down by the foot; a sort of treadle; a part of a musical

—

A

pe«dik'u'lus, louse.]

acted on by the feet, the piano for strengthening or softening the sound; on the organ for opening additional sets of pipes on the harmonium for working the bellows, etc. v.t. To work the g,

go;

n.

pais,

the foot, and Gr. metron, a measure.] An instrument (often resembling a watch) by which paces are numbered as a person walks, and the distance thus ascertained. peduncle, pi«dung'kl, n. [From L. pes, pedis, a foot.] Bot. the stalk that supports the fructification of a plant, i.e., the flower and fruit; zool. the stem or stalk by which certain brachiopods, etc., are atpedis,

peduncular,

tached.

pi«dung'ku—

Pertaining to a peduncle, growing from a peduncle. pedunculate, pedunculated, pi«dung'ku«lat, pi»dung'ku«la»ted, a. Having a peduncle; growing on a peduncle. peek, pek, v.i. To peep; to look or spy through half closed eyes. n. A quick, secret glance. peel, pel, n. [W. pill, a tower, a name of certain strong fortress.] square towers or strongholds common on the Scottish borders. peel, pel, v.t. [O.Fr. peiler (Fr. peler), to peel, from L. pellis, the skin (cog. with E. fell, a skin), whence ler,

a.

A

also pellicle, peltry, pelisse, etc.] To strip the skin, bark, or rind from; to strip by drawing or tearing off the skin; to decorticate; to strip v.i. To (bark) from the surface. lose the skin or rind; to fall off n. The skin or (as bark or skin).

rind n.

of

One

anything.

peeler,

peTer,

that peels.

peel, pel, n. [Fr. pelle, from L. pala, wooden shovel used by a spade.] bakers to put their bread in and take it out of the oven. peen, pen, n. [Scand.] The head of a hammer opposite the face. v.t. To shape an object by striking it with the peen. peep, pep, v.i. [Imitative of sound,

A

like

D. and G. piepen, Dan. pippe,

L. pipio, Gr. pippizo, to chirp; the other meaning is supposed to have been suggested from the chicken's

Lousy; being infested with

peep or chirp closely accompanying its peeping from the shell.] To cry,

pediculosis, pe'dik'u»16"sis, n. [N.L. from L. pediculus, louse, and Gr.

as chickens; to cheep; to chirp; to begin to appear; to look through a crevice; to look narrowly, closely,

a.

[L.

pediculus,

a

lice.

suffix j,

pe«do«bap'tizm,

paidos, a child.] The baptism of infants or children. pedometer, pi«dom'et«er, n. [L. pes,

[Gr.

pedicel.

in

ch, Sc. loch;

pediment.

pedobaptism,

pedicular, pediculous, pe»dik'u»ler,

as

low

triangular mass resembling a gable at the end of buildings in the Greek style, surrounded with a cornice, and often ornamented with sculptures; a small gable or triangular decoration like a gable over pedimental, a window, a door, etc. ped'i«men«tal, a. Relating to a

—peddle,

footstalk; zool. a footstalk by which certain animals of the lower orders, as zoophytes, etc., are attached. pedicellate, ped'i«sel«at, a. Having a pedicel. pedicle, ped'i«kl, n. See

[From L.

pes, pedis, the foot.] Arch, the

—

instrument

ch, chain;

pediment, ped'i«ment, n

from pedal.] Having

pedicel, ped'i«sel, n. [From pedicellus, a form equivalent to L. pediculus, dim. of pes, pedis, the foot, pedal.] Bot. the stalk that supports a single flower, leaf, etc.; any short small

a ped'a«go»ji,

pedagogy,

A

A

—

—pedagogism,

n. [O.Fr. pedegru, Fr. pie de grue, crane's foot; L. pes, foot, de, of, grus, crane.] line of ancestors; lineage; a genealogy; a genealogical or family tree.

—

—

.

foot care; a chiropodist.

[L. pedatus,

peddling. a wicker basket, a pannier, akin to pod. Hence pedlar.] To travel about and retail small wares; to trifle. v.t. To sell or retail in small quantities while traveling about. peddler, ped'ler, n. pederasty, ped'er«as«ti, n. [Gr. paiderastia, from pais, paidos, boy, and erao, to long for.] Unnatural sex pederast, relations between males. ped'e«rast, n. One who practices pederasty. pedestal, ped'es«tal, n. [Sp. pedestal, Fr. piedestal, It. piedestallo, from L. pes, pedis, the foot, and G. and E. basement or support for a stall.] column, a statue, a vase, etc. pedestrian, pe«des'tri'an, a. [L. pedes tr is, from pes, pedis, the foot. pedal.] Going on foot; performed on foot; walking; in hterary critOne icism, prosaic in tone. n. that walks or journeys on foot; a remarkable walker. pedestrianism, pe«des'tri«an«izm, n. The practice of walking; the art of a professional walker. pediatrician, pe'di«a«trish"an, n. [Gr. pais, child, and iatreia, medical treatphysician specializing in ment.] pediatrics, pe«di»at'riks, pediatrics. n. The medical care of children. v.i.

infestation with lice.

pedigree, ped'i«gre,

[From Prov. E. ped or pad,

A

diction

a.

Med.

state.]

pedicure, ped'i«kur, n. [L. pes, pedis, foot, cur a, care.] Care and grooming of the feet; one whose business is

pes, pedis, the foot, divisions like toes; divided into distinct lobes; bot. applied to certain palmate leaves. pedatifid, pi«dat'i«fid, a. [L. findo, fidi, to divide.] Bot. divided in a pedate manner.

peculiar,

pi«ku'li«ar"i«ti,

peep

pedal of a bicycle, to increase or decrease the speed. v.i. To advance or slow down on a bicycle. pedant, ped'ant, n. [Fr. pedant, It. Sp., and Pg. pedante, for pedagogante, from L. paedagogans, paedagogantis, ppr. of paedagogo, to educate. pedagogue.] A person who makes a vain display of his learning, or who prides himself on his book learning but is devoid of taste; one devoted to a system of rules. pedantic, pedantical, pi«dan'tik, pi«dan'ti'kal, a. Pertaining to a pedant or to pedantry. pedantically, pi— dan'ti«kal«li, adv. In a pedantic manner. pedantry, ped'ant«ri, n. The manners or character of a pedant; ostentation or boastful display of learning; obstinate adherence to rules or established forms.

pectoral, pek'to«ral,

church which has

—— — ————

——

611

pectinated.

liars,

— ——

job;

osis,

signifying

ng, sing;

TH,

a

condition,

then;

th, thin;

or

slyly.

w, wig;

n.

The

cry of a chicken;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— ——

—— —— —

—

peer

612

a sly look, or a crevice. Peep of

look through a day, the dawn or daybreak. peeper, pep'er, n. One that peeps. peephole, n. A hole through which one may peep without being discovered. peep show, n. A show of small pictures viewed through a hole fitted with a

—

—

—

magnifying lens. peer, per, n. [Lit. an equal; O.Fr. peer, per, par (Fr. pair), from L. par. pair.] One of the same rank, qualities, or the like; an equal; a

equal,

match; a companion; a member of one of the five degrees of British nobility

(duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron); a nobleman. House of Peers, the House of Lords. peerage, per'ij, n. The rank or dignity of a peer; the body of peers. peeress, per'es, n. The consort of a peer; a woman ennobled by descent, by creation, or by marriage. peerless, per'les, a. Unequaled; having no peer or equal. peerlessly, per'les»li, adv. In a peerless manner. peerlessness, per'les«nes, n. peer, per, v.i. [O.Fr. perer, pareir from L. pareo, to appear; same as -pear in appear; or from L.G. piren,

—

—

—

—

to peer.]

To come

just in sight; to

appear (Shak.); to look narrowly; to pry; to peep. peevish, pe'vish, a. [Comp. Dan. piaeve, to cry like a child; Sc. pew, pyow, a sound of complaint.] Apt to mutter and complain; easily vexed or fretted; fretful; querulous;

—peevishly, — peevishness, pe'vish«nes,

pe'vish-li,

self-willed.

adv.

peg, n. [Comp. Dan. pig; spike; W. pig, something sharp; allied probably to E. peak, pick.) wooden pin used in fastening tilings, as a mark, or otherwise; one of the pins on a musical instrument for stretching the strings; a pin on which to hang anything. To take one down a peg, to humiliate him. v.t. pegged, pegging. To put pegs into for fastening, etc.; to fasten on the sole of (a shoe) with v.i. To pegs; to mark off by pegs. work diligently; generally followed by away or on. (Colloq.) peg top, child's toy, a variety of top n. made to spin by a string. a. Tapering in shape like a top (peg-top pants). Pegasus, peg'a«sus, n. The winged horse of Greek mythology, often regarded as the horse of the Muses, and hence connected with poets and poetry.

peg,

A

—

—

A

peignoir, pan«war', pan'war,

n.

[Fr.

from peigner,

A

to comb, from L. pecwoman's loose negligee.

pejorative, pe'jor«a»tiv,

a.

the

Zool.

hairy

covering

of

an

animal. pe^la'ji.an, n. A follower of Pelagius, a British monk of the fourth century, who denied original sin, and asserted the doctrine of free will and the merit of good works. Pelagianism, pe«la'ji«an«izm, n. The doctrines of Pelagius. pelagic, pe«laj'ik, a. [Gr. pelagos, the ocean.] Belonging to the ocean; inhabiting the open ocean. pelargonium, pel»ar«g6'ni«um, n. [From Gr. pelargos, a stork from the shape of the capsules.] Stork'sbill, an extensive genus of highly

Pelagian,

—

—

ornamental plants, usually called Geraniums. See geranium. Pelasgian, Pelasgic, pe«las'ji«an, pe— las'jik, a. Pertaining to the Pelasgians or Pelasgi, prehistoric inhabof Greece, etc. itants

pel'er»in, n. [Fr., from pelerin, a pilgrim, pilgrim.] lady's long cape or fur tippet. pelf, pelf, n. [O.Fr. pelfre, spoil, booty, from L. pilar e, to rob, and pilfer.] Money; facer e, to make, riches; filthy lucre: a contemptuous

pelerine,

A

term. pelican,

pel'i«kan, [From L. n. pelicanus, Gr. pelekanos, a pelican, from pelekys, a hatchet from shape web-footed bird, larger of bill.] than the swan, with a very large

—

A

and beneath the under mandible a huge pouch for holding fish. pelisse, pe«les', n. [Fr. pelisse, from L. pelliceus, made of skins, from bill,

a skin. PEEL, v.t.] Originally a garment lined or trimmed with fur; now a robe of silk or other

[L. pejor,

Conveying a depreciatory meaning. n. A word conveying such a meaning (poetaster being a worse.]

pejorative of poet).

material

worn by

ladies.

pellagra, pe«la'gra, n. [It. pellagra, L. pellis, skin, and Gr. agra, seizure.]

A

disease affecting the skin, diges-

system, and nervous system caused by vitamin B deficiency. peltive

—

lagrous, pel'la'grus, a. pellet, pel'et, n. [Fr.

pelote,

from

pilota, pelota, dim. of L. pila, little ball; pile (heap).] a ball, one of the globules of small shot.

L.L.

A

v.t. To form into pellets. pellicle, pel'i'kl, n. [L. pellicula, dim. thin peel, v.t.] of pellis, skin, skin or film on a surface; bot. the outer cuticular covering of plants. pellicular, peMik'u«ler, a. Pertaining to a pellicle.

A

pellitory, pel'i'tOTi, n. [A corruption of L. parietaria, lit. the wall plant,

A

paries, parietis, a wall.] name of several plants of the nettle family; also, a number of European plants which are similar to yarrow. pellmell, pel'mel, adv. [Fr. pelemele, from pelle (L. pala), a shovel, and meler, to mix (medley).] With confused violence; in a disorderly body; in utter confusion; at a

from

wild speed.

a.

Tumultuous;

disorviolent

Pekingese, Pekinese, pe'king«ez", n. derly; helter-skelter. n. A [From Peking.] A native of Peking; a disorder; an indiscriminate mingling. small pet dog, originally from China, v.t. To throw together or execute having a fiat face and short legs. pellmell. pekoe, pe'ko, n. [Chinese, lit. white pellucid, pel'lu sid, a. [L. pellucidus down.] A fine black tea. pel, for per, through, and lucidus,

—

—

pelage,

[Fr. pelage, hair of L. pilus, hair, pile.1

pel'ij, n.

the hide, from

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

LUCID.] Transparent; admitting the passage of light; trans-

bright.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

— ;

pen

pellis,

n.

a

tinare.)

—

—

—

—

note, not,

move;

—

lucent; not opaque. pellucidity, pellucidness, pel«lu«sid'i«ti, pel«lusid«nes, n. The state or quality of being pellucid. pellucidly, pel«lusid-li, adv. In a pellucid manner. Peloponnesian, per6'pon«ne"si«an, a. Belonging to Peloponnesus, or the

—

southern peninsula of Greece. peloria, pi»16'ri«a, n. [Gr. pelor, a monster.] Bot. regularity of structure in the flowers of plants which normally bear irregular flowers. peloric, pi'lor'ik, a. Characterized

by

peloria.

pelt, pelt, n. [Shortened from peltry, from L. pellis, a skin, peel, v.t.] The skin of a beast with the hair on it; a raw hide. peltry, pel'tri, n. collectively; pelletrie.] Pelts [Fr. usually applied to the skins of furbearing animals in the raw state. pelt, pelt, v.t. [O.E. pulten, probably from L. pultare, to strike or knock, from pello, to drive, pulse.] To

—

or assail with something thrown or driven; to drive by throwing something. v.i. To throw missiles. n. A blow or stroke from something thrown. pelter, pel'ter, n. One who or that which pelts. strike

—

peltate, pel'tat, a. [L. pelta, a target.] Shield-shaped; bot. fixed to the stalk by the center or by some point distinctly within the margin. peltately, pel'tat»li, adv. pelvis, pel vis, n. [L. pelvis, a basin.] Anat. the bony cavity of the body constituting a framework for the lower part of the abdomen. pelvic, pel'vik, a. Pertaining to the pelvis. pemmican, pern i«kan, n. [North Amer. Indian.] North American Indian preparation consisting of the lean of venison dried, pounded into a paste, and pressed into cakes so that it will keep long; beef dried and similarly preserved. pemphigus, pern fi«gus, n. [Gr. pemphix, pemphigos, a bubble.] disease of the skin, consisting in an eruption of vesicles or pustules. pen, pen, n. [O.Fr. penne, a pen, a feather, from L. pernio, a feather, for pesna, from root seen in Gr. petomai, to fly, and in E. feather. feather.] A quill or large feather} an instrument used for writing by means of a fluid ink; formerly almost always made of the quill of

—

A

A

some large bird, but now commonly of metal; a writer; a penman; style

or

internal v.t.

quality

of

bone of some

—penned,

writing;

penning.

compose and commit penknife, pen'nif,

n.

A

the

cuttlefishes.

To

write; to paper. small pocketto

knife, so called from its former use in making and mending quill

penman, penman, n. pi. pens, penmen, penmen. A calligrapher; an author a writer. penmanship, penmanship, n. The use of the pen; manner of the art of writing; writing. pen name, n. An author's

—

;

—

pseudonym.

—

penned or pent, pento fasten with a pin; O.E. pome, to bolt; A. Sax. onpmman. to bolt in; L.G. pinnen, pertnen, to shut, to bolt.] To shut in a small

pen, pen, ning.

v.t.

[Lit.

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— — —

——

—————— — ———— ——

—

— —— ——— ——

—

penal

613

penny

enclosure; to coop up; to encage. A small enclosure, as for n. cows, sheep, fowls, etc.; a fold; a coop. penal, pe'nal, a. [Fr. penal, from L. poenalis, from poena, pain, punishment, pain.] Pertaining to punishment; enacting punishment; inflicting punishment; incurring or entailing punishment. Penal code, a code of laws relating to the punishment of crimes. Penal law, a law prohibiting an act and imposing a penalty for commission of it. Penal servitude, a punishment consisting in imprisonment, often with hard labor at some special establishment. penalize, pe'nal«iz, v.t. To make penal or subject to a penalty. penalty, pen'al«ti, n. The punishment annexed to the commission of a crime, offense, or trespass; the suffering to which a person subjects himself by agreement, in case of nonfulfillment of stipulations; the sum forfeited for breaking an agree-

pendentis, hanging, ppr. of pendere, to hang.] Hanging; suspended; depending; overhanging; projecting.

name formerly given to certain white-

—

n.

[Fr. pen«den'tiv, n. pendentif.] Arch, the part of a groined ceiling springing from one

impost. pendently, pendent'li, adv. In a pendent or projecting manner. pending, pen'ding, p. and a. Depending; remaining undecided; not terminated. prep. [A participle converted into a preposition, like during.] For the time of the continuance of; during. pendragon, pen«drag'on, n. [W. pen, a head, and dragon, a leader.] A chief leader, a title among the ancient British. pendulous, pen'du«lus, a. [L. pendulus, from pendeo, to hang, pendant.] Hanging so as to swing freely; loosely pendent; penswinging. dulousness, pen'du«lus«nes, n. The state of being pendulous. pen-

dulum, pen'du«lum, n. [Lit. what hangs down, from L. pendulus.] A body so suspended from a fixed point as to swing to and fro by the alternate action of gravity and

ment.

penance, pen'ans, n. [O.Fr. penance, peneance, from L. poenitentia, repentance, from pcenilens, penitent; it is pain.]

An

punishment

penates, pi«na'tez, n. household gods of

pi.

[L.]

The

the ancient including the lares. pence, pens, n. The plural of penny. penchant, pen'shent, n. [Fr., from

sation pendulum. See compensation. peneplain, pen'i«plan, n. [L. paene, almost.] A denuded area approximat-

pencher, to incline.] Strong inclination; decided taste; liking; bias. pencil, pen'sil, n. [O.Fr. pincel, a hair pencil, a brush; from L. penicellus, dim. of penis, a tail.] small delicate brush used by painters for laying on their pigments; an instrument for marking, drawing, or writing, formed of graphite, colored chalk, or the like; often a lead pencil; optics, an aggregate of rays of light which converge to or diverge from the same point. v.t. pencilled, pencilling. To write or

penetrate, pen'e«trat,

Romans

ing to a plain.

—

mark with a pencil. pendant, pen'dant, n. [Fr. pendant, hanging, what hangs, a counterpart, from pendre, L. pendere, to hang, which with the allied pendere, to weigh, appears in pensile, pendulum, depend, impend, expend, compensation, etc.]

Anything hanging

down by way

of ornament, but particularly from the neck; nam. a flag borne at the masthead of certain ships, of two kinds the long pendant, and the broad pendant; an apparatus hanging from a roof or

—

—

for giving light by gas; one of a pair of companion pictures, statues, etc.; an appendix or addition; arch, a hanging ornament used in the vaults and timber roofs of Gothic architecture. pendency, pen'den«si, n. State of being ceiling

tra"li«a,

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

n.

pi.

The

[L.,

from

penetralis,

parts of a building, as of a temple or palace; a sanctuary; hidden things. penetrant, penetrant, a. Having the power to penetrate or pierce.

internal.]

pendent or suspended; the state of being continued as not yet decided. pendent, pen'dent, a. fL. pendens, ch, chain;

Penicillium and effective against a number of disease-producing micro-organisms. peninsula, pe»nin'su»la, n. [L., from pene, almost, and insula, an island.]

A

inner

penguin, pen'gwin, n. [Probably from W. pen, head, and gwyn, white, a j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

portion of land almost surrounded

by water, and connected with the mainland by an isthmus. The Peninsula, Spain and Portugal together.

—peninsular,

pe«nin'su«ler, a. In the form of a peninsula; pertaining to a peninsula.

penis, pe'nis, n. [L.] of generation.

The male organ

penitence, pen'i«tens, n. [Fr. penitence, from L. poenitentia, repentance. Penance is the same word, penal.] Sorrow for the commission of sin or offenses; repentance; contrition. penitent, pen'i«tent, a. [L. pcenitens, repentant.] Suffering sorrow of heart on account of sins or offenses; contrite; sorry for wrongdoing and

One n. resolved on amendment. who is penitent; one under church censure, but admitted to penance. penitential, pen«i«ten'shal, a. Pertaining to, proceeding from, or penitence. Penitential expressing psalms, the psalms numbered vi.,

—penetrat-

tum, to penetrate ; root pen, denoting internality, and tra, to go.] To enter or pierce; to make way into the interior of; to pass into or affect the mind of; to touch; to pierce into by the intellect; to arrive at the inner meaning of; to understand. v.i. To enter into or pierce anything ; to pass or make way in. penetrating, pen'e«trat«ing, p. and a. Having the power of entering or piercing; sharp; penetratingly, acute; discerning. pen'e«trat«ing«li, adv. In a penetrating manner. penetration, pen»e— tra'shon, n. The act of penetrating; a seeing into something obscure or difficult; discernment; mental acutepenetrative, pen'e«tra«tiv, a. ness. Sharp; subtle; acute; discerning. penetrable, pen'e«tra«bl, a. [L. penetrabilis.] Capable of being penetrated, entered, or pierced by another body; susceptible of moral or intellectual impression. penetrability, pen'e*tra«bil"i«ti, n. State of being penetrable. penetrably, pen'e«tra«bli, adv. In a penetrable manner; so as to be penetrable. penetralia, pen'e—

pen-

genus

ed, penetrating. [L. penetro, penetra-

A

compendium,

v.t.

to

swimming

ming.

the swinging piece in a clock serving as the regulating power, the wheelwork being attached to register the number of vibrations, and the weight or spring serving to counteract the effects of friction and resistance of the air. Compen-

pression of repentance ; a sacrament of the Roman Catholic Church for remission of sin.

of

penicillate, pen«i'sil'at, a. Bot. consisting of a bundle of short, compact supporting fibers or hairs; zool. bundles of diverging hairs. penicillin, pen'i«sil"in, n. An antibiotic produced from molds of the

momentum;

imposed suffering to which a person subjects himself as an ex-

ecclesiastical for sin; the

Something pendent or hanging.

pillar or

A name

birds allied to the auks and guillemots, having rudimentary wings useless for flight, but effective in swimguins.]

pendentive,

—

a doublet of penitence,

headed birds and transferred

xxxii., xxxviii.,

li.,

cii.,

exxx.,

cxliii.

authorized version of the Bible.—n. In the R. Cath. Ch. a book containing the rules which relate to penance. penitentially, pen«i«ten'shal«li, adv. In a penitential manner. penitentiary, pen«i«ten'sha«ri, a. Relating to penance. n. A penitent ; an official or office of the Roman Catholic Church connected with the granting of dispensations, etc.; a house of correction in which offenders are confined for punishment and reformation, and compenitently, pen'i— pelled to labor. tent«li, adv. In a penitent manner. penknife, penman, etc. See pen. pennant, pen'ant, n. [From pennon, but influenced by pendant.] A small flag; a pennon; a pendant. pennate, pen 'at, a. [L. pennatus, winged, from penna, a feather.] Bot. same as Pinnate. penniform, pen'i«form, a. Having the appearance of pennigerous, the barbs of a feather. pe«nij'er»us, a. Bearing feathers or of

the

—

quills.

pennon, pen 'on,

n. [Fr. pennon, from L. penna, a feather, a plume, pen.] A small pointed flag or streamer formerly carried by knights attached to their spear or lance, and generally bearing a badge or device; a pennant. pennoncel, pennoncelle, pen'on*sel, n. A small pennon. penny, pen'i, n. pi. pennies or pence, pen'iz, pens. Pennies denotes the

th, thin;

—

w, wig;

hw, whigi

zh, azure.

— ——

—

—

—

penology coins; pence the amount in value. [A. Sax. penig, pening, pending -^D. penning, Dan. penge, Icel. penningr, O.H.G. pfenting, G. pfennig; perhaps of same origin as pawn, a pledge, pawn.] British coin, bronze, worth about one cent in U. S. money, twelve make a shilling; a cent in U. S. money, Colloq. Any small sum of money, as, to make an honest penny. penniless, pen'i«les, a. Moneyless; destitute of money; poor. penny-a-liner, n. person who furnishes matter for public journals at a penny a line, or some such small price; any poor writer for hire. pennyroyal, pen'i«roi«al, n. An aromatic plant of the mint family. pennyweight, pen'i«wat, n. troy weight containing 24 grains anciently, the weight of a silver penny. pennywise, a. Saving small sums at the hazard of larger; niggardly on unimportant occasions: generally in the phrase 'pennywise

A

—

—

A

— —

—

and pound

foolish'.

—pennyworth,

pen'i'werth, n. As much as is bought for a penny; a purchase; a bargain. penology, pe«nol'o«ji, n. [Gr. poine,

punishment, and

The

logos, discourse.] science which treats of public

punishments. pensile, pen'sil, a. [L. pensilis, from pendeo, to hang, pendant.] Hanging; suspended; pendulous. pension, pen'shon, n. [Fr. pension, from L. pensio, pensionis, a paying, from pendo, pensum, to weigh, to pay (whence expend, etc.). pendant.] A stated allowance to a person in consideration of past services; a yearly sum granted by government to retired public officers, to soldiers or sailors who have served a certain number of years or have been wounded, or others; a boardinghouse or boarding school on the Continent (in this sense pronounced pari«se«ori, being French.) Old Age Pension. regular payment made by a government or institution to persons who have attained a certain age, usually 65 or over. v.t. To grant pensionary, pen'a pension to. shon«e«ri, a. Receiving a pension; consisting in a pension. n. person who receives a pension ; a pensioner. The Grand Pensionary of Holland, the first minister of Holland: title from 1619 to 1794. pensioner, pen'shon«er, n. One in receipt of a pension ; a dependent on the bounty of another; in the University of

A

—

A

—

—

Cambridge, England, one who pays for

his

commons

own commoner at

out of his

income, the same as a Oxford. pensive, pen'siv, a. [Fr.

pensif,

from

penser, to think or reflect, from L. pensare, to weigh, to consider, a freq. from pendo, pensum, to weigh.

pendant.] Thoughtful; employed in serious thought or reflection ; thoughtful and somewhat melancholy; expressing thoughtfulness with sad-

—

pensively, pen'siv«li, adv. In ness. manner. pensiveness, a pensive pen'siv«nes, n. The state or quality

—

of being pensive.

penstock, pen'stok,

n.

[Pen, an en-

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

closure, and stock.] A trough, tube, or conduit of boards for conducting water; a sluice above a water wheel. pent, pent, pp. of pen. Penned or shut up; closely confined. pentacle, pen'ta«kl, n. [L.L. pentaculum, from Gr. pente, five.] A figure consisting of five straight lines so joined and intersecting as to form a five-pointed star formerly a mystic sign in astrology or necromancy. pentad, pent'ad, n. [Gr. pente, five.] An aggregate of five ; a period of five :

years.

pentagon, pen'ta«gon, n. [Gr. pente, five, and gonia, an angle.] Geom. a figure of five sides and five angles; [cap.] a building in Arlington, Va., housing most of the U. S. Defense

— pentagonal, —pentagonally,pen—

Department

offices.

pen«tag'on«al,a. tag'on«al«li, adv.

pentagram,

pen'ta«gram,

pente, five, pentacle.

and gramme, a

[Gr.

n.

line.]

A

pentahedron, pen«ta»he'dron, n. [Gr. pente, five, and hedra, a side or

A solid having five equal sides.

base.]

—pentahedral,

—— —— ;

pepper

614

number of

A

—

of a larger building. penult, penultima, pe'nult, pi— nul'ti«ma, n. [L. penultimus pene,

—

almost, and ultimus, last.] The last syllable of a word except one.

penultimate, pi«nul'ti«mat, a. The last but one. n. The last syllable but one of a word. penumbra, pi«num'bra, n. [L. pene, almost, and umbra, shade.] The partial shadow outside of the total shadow caused by an opaque body intercepting the light from a luminous body, as in eclipses; painting, the boundary of shade and light, where the one blends with the other. penumbral, pi«num'bral, a. Per-

—

taining to a penumbra. pen'u«ri, n. [Fr. penurie, L. penuria, akin to Gr. penia, poverty.] Want of pecuniary means ; indigence extreme poverty. penurious, pe«nu'ri'us, a. Pertaining to penury; niggardly; parsimonious; sordid. penuriously, pe«nu'ri«us«li, adv. In a

penury,

—

penurious manner. pe»nu'ri«us«nes,

n.

penuriousness, —The quality of

being penurious.

a.

peon, pe'on, n. [Sp. peon, a foot soldier, a day laborer, from L. pes,

pentamerous, pen«tam'er«us, a. [Gr. pente, five, and meros, a part.] Having

pawn (at chess), the foot, pedal.] In Hindustan, a foot soldier; a native constable; in Spanish America, a day laborer; a farmer of Spanpeonage, ish descent ; a kind of serf. peonism, pe'on«ij, pe'on«izm, n. The state or condition of a peon. peony, pe'o»ni, n. [L. paeonia, from Gr. paionia, from Paibn, Apollo, who used this flower to cure the wounds of the gods.] A ranunculaceous genus of plants cultivated in gardens for

Having

or

five

divided

pen«ta«he'dral,

equal sides.

into

five

parts;

zool.

having five joints to the tarsus of each leg, a term applied to a family (Pentamera) of beetles.

pentameter, pen«tam'et«er, n. [Gr. pente, five, and metron, measure.] Pros, a verse of five feet, belonging more especially to Greek and Latin poetry, the first two feet being either dactyls or spondees; the Greek line whose first two feet may consist of either a dactyl or a spondee, followed by a caesura, and followed in turn by two dactyls closed by a second a. Having five metrical feet. caesura. pentane, pent'an, n. [Gr. pente, five.] Paraffin hydrocarbon occurring as a colorless fluid in petroleum and

other

oils.

pentarchy, five,

pen'tar«ki, n. [Gr. pente, government in arche, rule.]

A

the hands of five persons.

pentastich, pen'ta«stik, five,

and

n.

stichos, a verse.]

[Gr. pente,

A composi-

tion consisting of five verses.

Pentateuch, pen'ta«tuk, n. [Gr. pente, five, and teuchos, a book.] A collective term for the first five books of the Old Testament. pentavalent, pen«ta«va'lent, a. [Prefix penta, and valent.) Chem. having a valence of 5.

Pentecost, pen'ti«kost,

n.

[Gr. pente-

koste (hemera), the fiftieth (day), from pentekonta, fifty, from pente, five.]

A

solemn

of the Jews, so celebrated on the fiftieth day after the Passover; Whitsuntide, which is fifty days after Pentecostal, pen'ti«kos'tal, Easter. a. Pertaining to Pentecost. penthouse, pent'hous, n. [Formerly pentice, from Fr. appentis, a penthouse. L. ad, to, and pendeo, to hang. pendant.] A roof sloping up against a wall; a shed standing aslope from a building; a dwelling or apartment situated on the roof called

me, met, her;

festival

because

—

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

pedis,

—

their large

gaudy

flowers.

people, pe'pl, n. [O.E. peple, puple, etc., O.Fr. pople, pueple, Fr. peuple, from L. populus, people, popular.] of persons who compose community, race, or nation; a community; a body social (in this

The body

a

sense it admits the plural peoples); persons indefinitely; men (people may say what they please); with possessives, those who are closely connected with a person, as attendants, relatives, etc. v.t. domestics, peopled, peopling. To stock with people or inhabitants; to populate. pep, pep, n. [Abbrev. of pepper.] (Slang) Energy; exuberance; initia-

—

tive.

v.t.

To

stimulate;

to

give

energy to (usually with up). pepo, pe'po, n. [L., a melon.] Any fruit of the type of the melon or gourd.

pepper,

pep'er, n. [A. Sax. pipor, peppor, from L. piper, Gr. piperi, peperic a word of Oriental origin.] A

pepper plant, Capsicum, and its pod, which may be sweet or hot and yields a red pepper; a pepper plant, Piper, and its seed, which vields the black pepper. table condiment Cayenne pepper, the produce of v.t. species of capsicum. sprinkle with pepper; to pelt with shot or missiles; to cover small pepperbox, n. thoroughly. box with a perforated lid, for pepsprinkling pepper on food. percorn, pep'er-korn, n. The dried

different

To

—

A

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

— — ———

—

———— —

;

—— — —

.

—— —— — — —

————

pepsin

615

perfect

berry of the black pepper. peppermint, pep'er«mint, n. A plant of the mint genus having a strong pungent glowing like pepper, and taste, followed by a sense of coolness; a liqueur; a candy flavored with peppermint. pepper pot, n. A West Indian dish, the principal ingredient of which is cassareep, with meat or dried fish and vegetables; a pepperbox. peppery, pep'er«i, a. Having the qualities of pepper; choleric;

hundred; units or parts to the hundred (used in expressing rates of

charge by the impact of a hammer percussive, per«kus'iv, or striker. a. Acting by percussion; striking

[Gr. pepsts, digestion, from peptd, to digest.] digestive enzyme of the gastric juices; a preparation containing this enzyme. peptic, pep'tik, a. Digespeptone, pep'ton, n. The subtive. stance into which the nitrogenous elements of the food are converted by the action of the gastric juice. Latin preposition, denotper, per. ing through, by, by means of, etc.; for each. peradventure, per«ad«ven'cher, adv. [Prefix per, by, and adventure, Fr. par aventure.] Perchance; perhaps; n.

A

A

A

may be. Sometimes used noun = doubt; question. perambulate, per«am'bu«lat, it

as

a

v.t.

—

anything on which they light ; hence, an elevated seat or position. v.t. To sit or roost; to light or settle as

adventure.

klo'rat, n.

A

salt

of perchloric acid.

percipient, per«sip'i«ent, a. [L. perperceive.] cipiens, ppr. of percipio. Perceiving; having the faculty of perception. — percipience,

n.

sip'i»ens,

One who

perceives.

percipiency,

per«sip'i«en«si,

n.

per— Act or

power

of perceiving; perception. per'koid, a. [Gr. perke, perch, and eidos, form.] Resembling the perch; belonging to the perch family. percolated, percolate, per'ko«lat, v.t percolating. [L. percolo—per, and colo, to strain, from colum, a sieve (whence v.i. colander).] To strain or filter. To pass through small interstices or pores; to filter. percolator, per'ko«la«ter, n. One who or that which kind of coffeepot in which filters. boiling water is forced upward and filters down through the coffee. percuss,f per«kus', v.t. [L. percussus, percussum per, from percutio, through, and quatio, to strike (as in quash.] To strike against; concuss), percussion, per— to give a shock to. kush'on, n. [L. percussio.] The act of striking one body against another with some violence; forcible collision, the shock produced by the collision of bodies; the impression or effect of sound on the ear; med. the method of eliciting sounds by striking the surface of the body, for the purpose of determining the condition of the organs subjacent (as the lungs or heart). percussion cap, n. small copper cap or cup containing fulminating powder, used in a percussion lock to explode gunpowder. percussion lock, n. lock for a gun, causing the ignition of the

percoid,

—

—

or obtain knowledge of by the senses to apprehend or Jake cognizance of by the organs of sense ; to apprehend by the mind; to discern, know,

—A

—

understand. .*. Syn. under see. perceivable, per«se'va«bl, a. Capable of being perceived; perceptible. perceivably, per«se'va«bli, adv. In a percept, per'perceivable manner.

—

That which is perceived. perceptible, per«sep'ti«bl, a. Capable of being perceived. perceptibly, per«sep'ti«bli, adv. In a perceptible manner; so as to be perceived. perception, per«sep'shon, n. [L. perceptio, perceptionis.] The act of perceiving; that act or process of the mind which makes known an external object; the faculty by which man holds communication with the external world or takes cognizance of mind.—perobjects outside the ceptive, per«sep'tiv, a. Relating to the act or power of perceiving; having the faculty of perceiving. percent, per«sent , n. [Abbrev.of L. per centum, by the hundred.] By the sept, n.

g, go;

future misery or eternal death.

perdu, perdue, per'du or per«du', a. [Fr. perdu, lost, from perdre, to lose, L. perdo.] Hid; in concealment: generally in to be perdu.

—

j,

job;

TH,

then;

to

lie

or

rable; lasting; continuing long. perdurably, per'du«ra«bli, adv. In a perdurable manner; lastingly. peregrinate, per'e«gri«nat, v.i. per-

—

egrinated, peregrinating. [L. peregrinor, from peregrinus, a traveler or stranger per, through, and ager, land, pilgrim.] To travel from place peregrination, to place; to wander. traveling, per'e«gri«na"shon, n.

A

wandering

roaming,

or

journey.

peregrinator,

A

about; a per'e«gri— peregrine,

traveler. [L. peregrinus.] ForPeregrine falcon, eign; not native. a handsome species of European peregrine falcon. falcon. n. peremptory, per«emp'te»ri, a. [L.

na«ter, n. per'e«grin,

a.

A

peremptorius, from perimo, peremptus, to destroy per, thoroughly, and emo, to take, to buy (seen also in exempt, example, prompt).] Precluding debate or expostulation; decisive; authoritative; fully resolved; determined; positive in opinion or judgment; dogmatical; law, final; determinate. peremptorily, per«emp'te«ri«li, peradv. In a peremptory manner. emptoriness, per«emp'te«ri«nes, n. perennial, per«en'i«al, a. [L. perennis per, through, and annus, a year.] Lasting or continuing without cessation through the year; continuing without stop or intermission; unceasing; never-failing; bot. continuing more than two years (a perennial plant). n. A plant whose root remains alive more years than two. perennially, per«cn'i«al«li, adv.

—

—

—

—

perfect, per'fekt, a. [L. perfectus, pp, of perficio, to complete or finish per. thoroughly, and facio, to do. fact.] Brought to a consummation or completion; having received and pos-

A

ng, siw#;

phrase

—

—

A

the

perdurable, per'du«ra»bl, a. [Fr., from L. perduro per, intens., and duro, to last, durable.] Very du-

To

perchloric, per«klo'rik, a. Applied to an acid forming a syrupy liquid very explosive. perchlorate, per—

[L.L. per-

perditus,

destroy,

perchance, per«chans', adv. [L. per, by, and E. chance.] Perhaps; per-

per«sev', perceived, v.t. perceiving. [Fr. percevoir, L. percipio, to perceive, to comprehend per, and capio, to take, capable.] To have

ch, Sc. loch;

v.t.

n.

from L. perdo,

to to ruin per, thoroughly, and do, a verb cog. with E. do.] Entire ruin; utter destruction; loss of final happiness in a future state; ditio,

high up on mountains. percher, perch 'er, n. One that perches; a bird belonging to the order of Insessores.

—

ch, chain;

the day; for each day. perdition, per«dish'on,

place on a perch. Perched blocks, blocks of stone that have been left by ancient glaciers a bird.

perambulated, perambulating. [L. perambulo per, and ambulo, to walk. amble.] To walk through or over; to survey the boundaries of (to perambulate a parish). perambulation, per»am'bu«la"shon, n. The act of perambulating; a traveling survey or inspection; a walking through or over ground for the purpose of setboundaries. perambulator, tling per«am'bu«la«ter, n. One who perambulates; a small carriage for a child, propelled from behind. percale, per»kaT, n. [Fr. from pargdlah.] A closely woven, fine cotton fabric, printed or plain. per capita, per kap'i-ta, adv. [L.] For each individual.

perceive,

against.

per diem, per di'em, adv. [M.L.] By

A

irritable.

pepsin, pep'sin,

percen-

interest, proportions, etc.).

tage, per«sen'taj, n. Interest, a part of a whole, a proportion, etc., expressed in hundreds; a share, percentile, per— portion, or part. sen'til, n. value of a statistical variable which divides its distribution into 100 groups having equal frequencies. perch, perch, n. [Fr. perche, L. perca, from Gr. perke, the perch, from perkos, dark-colored.] The popular name of certain spiny-finned fishes, one species of which is found in rivers and lakes throughout the temperate parts of the United States. perch, perch, n. [Fr. perche, from L. pertica, a pole, a staff.] measure of length containing 5y2 yards; a pole or rod; a roost for birds;

th, thin;

sessing all its parts; finished; completed; of the best, highest, or completest type; without blemish or defect; faultless; completely skilled Perfect gas, {perfect in discipline). a theoretical gas which satisfies several conditions, and follows exactly the law of Boyle, that the volume varies inversely as the pressure when the temperature is constant. Actual gases at best only approximate to this perfectness. Perfect tense, gram, a tense which expresses an act completed. v.t. To finish or complete so as to leave

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

—— — — ———— — — -

perfecto

616

nothing wanting; to make perfect;

make

to instruct fully; to

(often n.

—

refl.).

One

that

fully skillful perfecter, per'fek«ter, makes perfect. per-

fectibility, per«fek ti«bil"i«ti, n.

The

quality of being perfectible; the capacity of becoming or being made morally perfect. perfectible, per—

Capable of becoming or

fek'ti'bl, a.

being

made

per-fek'shon,

perfect. -perfection, [L. perfectio, perstate of being perfect

n.

The

fections.]

complete; supreme degree of moral or other excellence; a quality of the highest worth. perfectionism, per«fek'shon«izm, n. The doctrine of the Perfectionists. peror

per«fek'shon«ist, n. One who believes that some persons actually attain to moral perfection in the present life; [cap.] one of an American sect of Christians founded on socialist principles. perfective, per«fek'tiv, a. Conducing to bring to perfection. perfectively, per«fek'tiv«li, perfectly, adv. per'fekt-li, fectionist,

—

adv.

perfecto, per«fek'to,

n. [Sp. perfect.] large cigar, tapering to both ends from a thick center. perfervid, per«fer'vid, a. [L. perfervidus per, intens., and fervidus, fervid.] Very fervid; very hot or ardent. perfidy, per'fi«di, n. [L. perfidia, from prefix per, and perfidus, faithless

A

—

—

fidus, faithful; per having the same faith.] force as in perjure, pervert, The act of violating faith or allegiance; breach of faith; treachery;

perfidious, per«fid i-us, a. Guilty of or involving perfidy or treachery; treacherous; consisting faithlessness.

in

of

breach

faith;

traitorous.

perfidiously, per«fid'i«us«li, adv. In a perfidiousness, perfidious manner. per«fid'i«us«nes,

n.

perfoliate, per«f6'li«at, a. [L. per, through, and folium, a leaf.] Bot. applied to a leaf that has the base surrounding the stem, as if the stem ran through it.

—perforated, perforo, perforatus—

perforate, per'fcerat, perforating. [L. prefix per, through,

v.t.

and foro,

to bore.

To

bore through; to pierce with a pointed instrument; to make a hole or holes through by boring. perforate, perforated, per'fo»rat, per'fo»ra«ted, a. Bored or pierced perforation, per«fo»ra'through. shon, n. The act of perforating, boring, or piercing; a hole bored; a hole passing through anything. perforabore.]

—

-

tor, per'for-a'ter, n.

One who

or that

which perforates. perforce, pernors', adv. [Prefix per, through, by, and force.] By force or compulsion; of necessity. perform, perform', v.t. [O.E. parforme, parfourne, from O.Fr. parfournir, to perform prefix par, and

—

accomplish, to furnish. furnish.] To do; to execute; to accomplish; to fulfill, act up to, discharge (a duty) to act or represent as on the stage.—-v.i. To act a part; to play on a musical instrument, represent a character on the stage, or the like. performable, per«forma«bl, a. Capable of being performed.

fournir,

— — —

— — —

to

;

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

— performance, The

per«for'mans,

n.

performing or condition of being performed an action, deed, or thing done; a literary work; a composition; the acting or exhibition of character on the stage; an exhibition of skill and capacity; an entertainment provided at any place of amusement. performer, per«for'mer, n. One who performs; an actor, ;

who

exhibits his skill. perfume, per'fum or per«fum', n. [Fr. parfum, from L. per, through, etc.,

and fumus, smoke;

lit.

smoke or

vapor that disseminates itself.] A substance that emits a scent or odor which affects agreeably the organs of smelling; the scent or odor emitted from sweet-smelling substances.

(per«fum') perfumed, perfuming. To fill or impregnate with a grateful odor; to scent.— perfumer, per«fum'er, n. One who perfumes; one whose trade is tc sell perfumes. perfumery, per«fum'er«i, n. Perfumes collectively; the art of preparing perfumes. v.t.

perfunctory, per«fungk'to»ri, a. [L. L. perfunctorius L. per, and fungor, funcfunctus, to perform, execute,

—

tion.] Done in a half-hearted or careless manner, and merely for the sake of getting rid of the duty; careless, slight, or not thorough; perfunctorily, negligent. per*fungk'tOTi'li, adv. In a perfunctory perfunctoriness, manner. per*fungk'to«ri«nes, n.

— —

pergola, per'go«la, n. [It.] A kind of arbor or bower on which plants may grow.

perhaps, per«haps', adv. [L. per, by (as in perchance), and E. hap.] Peradventure; perchance;

it

may

be;

possibly.

peri, pa'ri, n. [Per. pari, a fairy.] Per. myth, a sort of spiritual being or fairy, represented as a descendant of fallen angels, excluded from paradise till the accomplishment of a task

imposed as a penance. perianth, per'i«anth,

n. [Gr. peri, about, and anthos, a flower.] Bot. a term for the floral envelope when the calyx and corolla are so combined that they cannot be satisfactorily distinguished from each other. periapt, per'i«apt, n. [Gr. periapton, peri, around, hapto, to fasten.] An armlet or necklet worn as a charm. (Shak.) pericardium, per«i«kar'di«um, n. [Gr. per ikardion—peri, around, and kardia, the heart.] The membranous persac that encloses the heart. icardial, pericardiac, per»i«kar'di«al, per«i«kar'di«ak, a. Relating to the pericardium. pericarditis, per i«-

kar«di"tis, n.

[Term,

-itis,

signifying

inflammation.] Inflammation of the pericardium. pericarp, per i«karp, n. [Gr. peri, about, and karpos, fruit.] The seed vessel of a plant, or the shell of the seed vessel; the part enclosing the pericarpial, per«i«kar'pi»al, a. seed.

Belonging to a pericarp.

perichondrium, per»i«kon'dri»um, n. [Gr. peri, around, and chondros, cartilage.]

me, met, her;

Anat.

pine, pin;

a

—

period

act of

musician,

——

synovial

note, not,

memmove;

brane which covers certain cartilages.

pericranium,

per«i«kra'ni«um, n. [Gr. peri, about, and kranion, the skull.] The membrane that invests the skull. periderm, periderm, n. [Gr. peri, around, and derma, skin.] A sort of outer layer or skin; bot. the outer layer of bark. peridot, per'i«dot, n. precious stone of a yellowish-green color. perigee, per'i«je, n. [Gr. peri, about, and ge, the earth.] That point of the moon's orbit which is nearest to the earth; formerly also this point in the orbit of any heavenly body.

A

—

apogee. perigean, per»i«je'an, Pertaining to the perigee.

a.

perigynous, pe»rij'i«nus, a. [Gr. peri, around, and gyne, a female.] Bot. having the ovary

free,

but the petals

and stamens borne on the perihelion,

calyx.

[Gr. n. about, and helios, the sun.] That part of the orbit of a planet or comet in which it is at its least distance from the sun: opposed to per»i»he'li«on,

peri,

aphelion. peril, per'il, n. [Fr. peril, from L. periculum, danger, from root seen in perior, experior, to try (whence experiment); same ultimate root as E. fare, ferry.] Danger; risk; hazard; jeopardy; exposure of person or property to injury, loss, or destruc-

—

periled, periling. To haztion. v.t. ard; to risk; to expose to danger. perilous, per'i-lus, a. Full of peril; dangerous; hazardous. perilously, per'i«lus«li, adv. In a perilous manperilousness, per'i»lus»nes, n. ner. perimeter, pe'rim'et»er, n. [Gr. peri, about, and metron, measure.] Geom. the boundary of a body or figure, or perimetthe sum of all the sides. rical, per«i«met'ri«kal, a. Pertaining to the perimeter. perimorph, per'i«morf, n. [Gr. peri, about, and morphe, form.] Mineral. a mineral or crystal enclosing other minerals or crystals, endomorph. perineum, per»i«ne'um, n. [Gr. perinaion, perineon.] Anat. the inferior surface of the trunk of the body, from the anus to the external organ of generation. perineal, per«i«ne al, a. Anat. pertaining to the perineum.

—

period, pe'ri«od, n. [L. periodus, from Gr. periodos peri, about, and hodos,

—

way.] Originally a circuit; hence, the time taken up by the revolution of a heavenly body, or the time till it returns to trie point of its orbit where it began; any round of time or series of years, days, etc., in which a revolution is completed, and the same course is to be begun; an indefinite portion of any continued state, existence, or series of events (the early period of life); the time in which anything is performed; termination or point of completion of any cycle or series of events; end; conclusion; limit; a complete sentence from one full stop to another; the point that marks the end of a complete sentence, or indicates an abbreviation, etc.; a full stop, periodic, periodical, pe— thus ( ). ri'Od'ik, pe«ri«od'i«kal, a. Pertaining .

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

periosteum to a period or to periods; performed in a period or regular revolution; happening or returning regularly in a certain period of time; recurring; published at regular intervals, as a newspaper, magazine, etc. (in this sense periodical is the only form). Periodical diseases, those of which the symptoms recur at stated inter-

is

outside

—periwigged,

distinctness of objects when viewed obliquely; also to a kind of lens in microscopes. perish, per'ish, v.i. [Fr. perir, ppr. perissant, to perish, from L. perio, to perish per, through, and eo, to go. itinerant.] To lose life or

Periodic system, a classification of chemical elements according to their atomic weights, whereby they fall into groups having periodical, n. similar characters. publication which appears in successive numbers at regular intervals, peas a newspaper or magazine. riodically, pe«ri»od'i«kal'li, adv. In a periodical manner; at stated periperiodicity, pe'ri«o«dis"i'ti, n. ods. The state or quality of being pe-

A

pe»ris'o«dak"til, peTis'o'dak"ti«lus, a. [Gr. perissos, uneven, and daktylos, a finger or toe.] Having feet with toes

odd

in

number; odd-toed: applied

to a section of the ungulate or

philosophy, and his followers disputed questions, walking in the Lyceum at Athens.] Walking about; itinerant; pertaining to Aristotle's system of philosophy; Aristotelian peripatetic, n. One who walks; one who walks much; [cap.] a follower of

—

animal intestines) so as to push their contents forward.

Aristotle.

periphery, peTif'er«i, n. [Gr. peri, around, and pherd, to bear.] The outside or surface of a body; geom. the boundary line of a closed figure

a ring or fringe of bristles or teeth that close up the orifice of the seed vessel in mosses; zool. a term used for the similar parts in sea urchins, etc. peristyle, per'i«stll, n. [Gr. peri, about, and stylos, a column.] Arch, a

pe-

—

—

around,

and

pteron, a wing, a row of columns.] Greek arch, surrounded by a single row of insulated columns. periptery, pe«rip'ter«i, n. surrounding

A

row of columns. periscope, per'i«skop, n. [Gr. peri, round, skopeo, to look.] An apparatus or structure rising above the deck of a submarine vessel, giving by ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

violating an oath or solemn promise. perk, perk, a. [W. perc, neat, trim, smart; comp. also pert, spruce,

Trim; smart; vain; pert. hold up the head pertly; v.t. to look narrowly or sharply. To make trim or smart; to prank; to hold up (the head) pertly. perky, per'ki, a. Perk; trim; saucy. perlite, per'lit, n. A form of vitreous rock, usually occurring as a mass of enamel-like globules. permanent, per'ma«nent, a. [L. permanens, permanent, from permaneo, to continue per, through, and maneo, to remain, mansion.] Continuing in the same state, or without any change that destroys the form or nature of the thing; remaining unaltered or unremoved; durable; dapper.]

v.i.

j,

job;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

To

Permanent abiding; fixed. the finished roadbed and including bridges, viaducts,

lasting;

way,

rail,

track, crossings,

nently,

and switches. permaper'ma«nent«li, adv. In a

permanent manner. permanence, permanency, per'ma«nens, per'ma«nen«si, n. The state or quality of being permanent; continuance;

—

—

—

perjurer, perjured himself). per'jer«er, One that willfully n. perjury, per'je— takes a false oath. ri, n. The act of willfully making a false oath; knowingly making a false oath in a judicial proceeding in a matter material to the issue or cause in question; the act of

perithecium, per'i«the'si«um, n. [Gr. peri, around, and theke, a theca or case.] Bot. the envelope surrounding the masses of fructification in some fungi and lichens. peritoneum, peritonaeum, per'i— to«ne"um, n. [Gr. peritonaion peri, about, and teino, to stretch.] A thin, smooth, serous membrane investing the whole internal surface of the abdomen, and more or less all the peritoneal, viscera contained in it. peritonaea!, per'i«to«ne"al, a. Pertaining to the peritoneum. peritonitis, per'i«to«ni"tis, n. Inflammation of the peritoneum. perivisceral, per«i«vis'er»al, a. [Gr. peri, about, and L. viscera.] Anat. applied to the space surrounding the viscera. periwig, per'i«wig, n. [O.E. perriwig, perewake, perwicke, etc., corrupted from Fr. perruque. (peruke.) Wig

— —

ness

range of surrounding columns.

A

peri,

peristaltic, per'-

peristome, per'i«stom, n. [Gr. peri, around, and stome, a mouth.] Bot.

riphrases, pe»rif'ra»sez. [Gr. periphrasis peri, about, and phrazo, to speak.] roundabout phrase or expression; circumlocution; the use of more words than are necessary to express the idea. periphrase, per'i»fraz, n. A periphrasis. v.t. periphrased, periphrasing. To express by periphrasis or circumlocution. v.i. To use circumlocution. periphrastic, per»i«fras'tik, a. Having the character of or characterized by periphraperiphrastically, per«i«fras'ti»sis kal'li, adv. In a periphrastic manner. peripteral, peTip'ter«al, a. [Gr. pe-

from

—

i«stal"tik, a.

the perimeter; in a circle, the circumference. peripheral, pe«rif'er«al, a. Pertaining to or constituting a periphery. pi.

hoofed

animals, including the rhinoceros, tapir, horse, etc. peristalsis, per'i«stal"sis, n. [N.L. from Gr. peristaltikos, compressing.] Physiol, the wavelike constriction and release of cylindrical muscular structures in an organism (as in

pervenche,

called the large periwinkle. perjured, perper'jer, v.t. juring. [L. perjuro per, and juro, to swear, per here conveying a bad sense as in perfidia, perfidy.] To cause to be false to oaths or vows; to swear falsely to an oath in judicial proceedings; to forswear: wit(the generally used refl.

perjure,

perissodactylous,

perissodactyl,

teum. periostitis, per'i«os«ti"tis, n. Inflammation of the periosteum. peripatetic, per'i«pa«tet"ik, a. [Gr. peripatetikos, from peripated, to walk about peri, about, and pated, to walk. Aristotle taught his system of

Fr.

The myrtle, a trailing herb with evergreen leaves and white, blue, or purple flowers; a related species,

cause to perish; to destroy. perishable, per'ish«a«bl, a. Liable to perish; subject to decay and destruction. Perishable goods, goods which decay and lose their value if not consumed soon, such as fish, fruit, and the like. perishability, perishableness, per'ish«a«bil"i«ti, per'ish»a«bl»nes, n. The state of being perishable.

a vascular membrane immediately investing the bones of animals, and conducting the vessels by which the bone is nourished. periosteal, perils 'ti«al, a. Belonging to the perios-

dress

from L. pervinca, the periwinkle.]

any manner; to die; to be destroyed; to pass away, come to nothing, be ruined or lost. v.t. To

riodical.

pervenke,

pervinke,

vitality in

periosteum, per«i«os'ti«um, n. [Gr. peri, about, and osteon, bone.] Anat.

To

periwigging.

with a periwig. periwinkle, per»i«wing'kl, n. [From A. Sax. pinewincle, from L. pinna, pina, a mussel, and A. Sax. wincle, a winkle or whelk.] A kind of edible sea snail abounding on the shores of the North Atlantic; the shell of this snail. periwinkle, per«i«wing'kl, n. [O.E.

per«i«skop'ik, per«i«skop'i'kal, a. Viewing on all sides: applied to spectacles having concavoconvex lenses for increasing the

characters.

pe«rif'ra«sis, n.

simply the final syllable of this word.] A small wig; a peruke. v.t.

periscopical,

Periodic law, chem. the law determining the classification of elements into groups with comparable

ripteros,

means of mirrors,

etc., a view of surroundings, though the vessel itself remains submerged, and enabling the crew to see how to direct torpedoes. A device of a similar kind is used on land in trenches or elsewhere. periscopic,

vals.

periphrasis,

permeate

617

fixedness.

permanganate, per«mang'ga'nat,

n.

[L. per, intensive, and manganese.] dark, purple, crystalline substance,

A

containing potassium, manganese, and oxygen: used in solution as an oxidizer and disinfectant. permeate, per'mi«at, v.t. perme-

th, thin;

—

ated, permeating. [L. permeo, permeatum per, through, and meo, to flow or pass.] To pass through the pores or interstices of; to penetrate and

—

through without rupture or displacement of parts: applied particularly to fluids which pass through substances of loose texture; also used fig. permeable, per'mi«a«bl, pass

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, a^ure.

——

——

——— — — —

Permian a. [L. permeabilis.]

permeated.

Capable of being per'mi—

— permeability, The quality ;

Triassic rocks, and immediately above the Carboniferous system, and forming the uppermost of the Paleozoic

—

—

mitting. [L. permitto prefix per, and mitto, to send, mission.] To allow by silent consent or by not prohibiting; to suffer without giving express authority; to grant leave or liberty to by express consent; to allow expressly; to give leave to

do or be done. v.i. To grant leave or permission; to allow (if circumstances permit). pern. (per'mit). mission; a written permission given by officers of customs or excise, or other competent authority, for conveying spirits, wine, etc., from one place to another. permissibili-

—

A

— The quality of being permissible. — permissible, per«mis'i«bl, Proper to being ty,

per«mis'i«bil"i«ti, n. a.

•

permitted or allowed; allowable. permissibly, per«mis'i«bli, adv. In a permissible manner. permission, per«mish'on, n. [L. permissio.] The act of permitting or allowing; authorization; allowance; license or liberty granted; leave. permissive, per«mis'iv, a. Permitting; granting

—

—

liberty;

allowing.

Permissive

laws,

laws that permit certain persons to have or enjoy the use of certain things, or to do certain acts without enforcing anything. permissively, per«mis'iv«li, adv. By allowance; without prohibition or hindrance. permitter, per«mit'er, n. One who

—

permits.

—permuted, permuto— prefix per,

permute, per«mut',

persecute

fewer and larger. peroneal, per«o»ne'al,

v.t.

—

tinuous. Perpetual curate, a permanent holder of a curacy in which all the tithes are appropriated and

[Gr. perone, of the fibula.]

a.

a brooch, also a name Pertaining to the fibula. peroration, per«o«ra'shon, n. [L. peroratio, from peroro, to speak from beginning to end per, through, and oro, to speak, to pray, oration.] The concluding part of an oration, in which the speaker recapitulates the principal points of his discourse or argument, and urges them with greater earnestness ; a rhetorical passage at the conclusion of a speech. perorate, per'o«rat, v.i. To make a peroration; also, to speechify; to spout. peroxide, per«ok'sid, n. [Prefix per,

no vicarage endowed. Perpetual motion, motion that once originated, generates a power of continuing or indefinitely, by itself forever means of mechanism or some ap-

oxide.}

— such

— —

be continued indefinitely; to preserve from extinction or oblivion. per«pet'u»a"shon, perpetuation, The act of perpetuating or n. making perpetual. perpetuity, per— to

—

—

—

[L. perpetuitas.) The state or quality of being perpetual;

pe«tu'i«ti,

to weigh, pendant.] To in the mind; to consider attentively. perpend, per'pend, n. [Fr. parpaing,

pendo,

parpain, from par, through, and long pan, the side of a wall.] stone reaching through the thickness of a wall so as to be visible on both

A

ceasing.

perplex, per«pleks',

[From L.

v.t.

perplexus, entangled, intricate, involved per, intens., and plecto, plexum, to twist; akin to Gr. pleko, L. plico, to fold, ply.] To involve, entangle, make complicated or intricate; to puzzle; to tease with suspense, anxiety, or ambiguity. perplexedly, per«plek'sed«li, adv. In a perplexed or perplexing manner. perplexing, per«plek'sing, p. and a.

sides; a bonder.

perpendicular, per«pen«dik'u«ler, a. [L. perpendicular is, from perpendica plumb line per, intens., pendant.] pendeo, to hang, Perfectly upright or vertical; extending in a straight line from any point toward the center of the earth, or at right angles with the plane of the horizon; geom. falling directly on a line or surface at right angles; at right angles to a given line or surface or making a normal with a curved surface. Perpendicular style, arch, the florid or Tudor style of Gothic; the latest style of purely English architecture. n. line at right angles to the plane of the horizon; a vertical line; geom. a line falling at right angles on another line or on a plane. perpendicularity, per«pen«dik'u— lar»i«ti, n. The state of being perperpendicularly, per— pendicular. pen«dik'u«ler«li, adv. In a perpendic-

ulum,

and

Embarrassing;

difficult;

intricate.

perplexity, pefplek'si-ti, n. The state of being perplexed, puzzled, or at a loss ; the state of being intricate or involved. perquisite, per'kwi«zit, n. [L. perqui-

something sought out, from per, intens., and queer o, to query.] Something obtained seek, from a place or office over and above the settled wages or emoluments; something in addition to regular wages or salary. perron, per on, n. [Fr., from L.L. petronus, a perron, from L. and Gr. petra, a stone.] Arch, an external stair by which access is given to the entrance door of a building. perry, peri, n. [Fr. poire, perry, from situm,

A

—

perquiro

—

—

—

poire,

L.

pintm,

a

pear.]

A

fer-

mented liquor made from the juice of pears and resembling cider. per se, per«sa'. [L.] By or of itself;

—

as such.

persecute, per'se»kut,

v.t.

—persecut-

ed, persecuting. [Fr. persecutor, from L. persequor, persecutus, to persecute per, intens., and sequor, to follow.

— —

—

sequence.] To harass or afflict with repeated acts of cruelty or annoyance; to afflict persistently; specifically, to afflict or punish on account of holding particular opinions or adhering to a particular creed or mode of worship. persecution, per— se-ku shon, n. The act or practice of persecuting; the state of being perse— persecutor, persecuted.

—

— —

move

n.

something of which there will be no end; duration of which there will be no end; duration to all futurity; exemption from intermission or

weigh

note, not,

gravity

—

Chem. an oxide con-

pine, pin;

of

force

a

endless. See screw. endless perpetually, per«pet'u«al«li, adv. In manner; constantly; a perpetual per«pet'u-at, perpetuate, forever. perpetuated, perpetuating. [L. v.t. perpetuo, perpetuatum.] To make perpetual; to cause to endure or

taining a large proportion of oxygen. v.t. To bleach the hair with peroxide. perpend, per«pend', v.t. [L. perpendo, to weigh carefully per, intens., and

me, met, her;

the

motion being, however, an screw, impossible.— Perpetual

permuting. [L. ular manner; vertically. and muto, to change, mutable.] perpetrate, per'pe«trat, v.t. perpeTo interchange ; to change as regards trated, perpetrating. [L. perpe trooorder or arrangement. permutable, per, through, and patro, to finish or per«mu'ta«bl, a. Capable of being perform; same root as pater, father. permuted; exchangeable. permupaternal.] To do, execute, or tation, per«mu«ta'shon, n. [L. perperform, generally in a bad sense; to be guilty of; to commit; also mutatio.] Interchange; change among used humorously for to produce various things at once; math, change something execrable or shocking or combination in different order of perpetration, (to perpetrate a pun). any number of quantities; any of the different ways in which a set of per«pe«tra'shon, n. The act of perpeperpetrator, trating; commission. quantities can be arranged. pernicious, per«nish'us, a. [L. perper'pe«tra«ter, n. One that perpeniciosus, from pernicies, destruction trates. per, thoroughly, and stem of nex, perpetual, per«pet'u'al, a. [Fr. perpetuel, L. perpetualis, from perpenecis, death (as in internecine).] Having the effect of destroying; tuus, perpetual—per, through, and petition.] Continuing peto, to seek, very injurious or destructive. peror lasting for ever in future time; niciously, per«nish'us«li, adv.- perdestined to be eternal; continuing nicious anemia, a severe form of or continued without intermission; anemia in which the red blood progressively uninterrupted. .". Syn. under concorpuscles become fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

of

plication

—

and

strata.

permission, etc. See permit. permit, per«mit', v.t. permitted, per-

—

—

618

n. or state of being permeable in magnetics, the capacity or power of being traversed by magnetic lines of force; the unit of permeability is that of air. permeation, per«mi«a'shon, n. The act of permeating. Permian, per'mi«an, a. [From Perm, in Russia, or that part of Russia which formed the ancient kingdom of Permia, where the series is largely developed.] Geol. a term applied to a system of rocks lying beneath the a«bil"i«ti,

—

kO'ter, ;

n.

—One

tube, tub, bull;

who oil,

persecutes.

pound.

——

— —

——

;

Perseides, per«se'i«dez, n. pi. A name given to the August meteors because

appearance

—

any design or course commenced; not to give over or abandon what Syn. under persist. is undertaken. persevering, per«se«ve'ring, p. and a. Steadfast in purpose; persisting in any business or course begun. .'.

perseveringly, per«se«ve'ring«li, adv. In a persevering manner. perseverance, per«se«ve'rans, n. [L. perseverantia.] The act or habit of persevering; persistence in anything undertaken. Persian, per'zhan, a. Pertaining to ancient Persia, the Persians or their native of Persia; the language. n. language spoken in Persia (now Iran) a silk formerly used for lining. Persian lamb, the karakul lamb, the pelts of which are used in the making of outer clothing. persiflage, per'si«flazh, n. [Fr., from L. per, and sibilare, persifler to quiz to hiss.] Idle bantering talk; a frivolous or jeering talk regarding any subject, serious or otherwise.

—

per«sim'on,

ginia Indian.] An the ebony family,

which

One who n.

[Virtree of

American and also its

fruit,

about the size of a small plum and has a very sweet pulp. is

persist, per«sist', v.i. [Fr. persister, L. persisto per, through, and sisto, to stand, state, stand.] To continue steadily and firmly in the pursuit of any business or course commenced; to continue in the face of some amount of opposition; to persevere ; (of things) to continue in a certain state. .". Persist is nearly synonymous with persevere; but persist frequently implies more obstinacy than persevere, particularly in that which is evil or injurious to others persistence, persistency,

identity, metaph. at every stage

—

.

of which

an

of some person;

course; perseverance, often in evil; physics, the continuance of an effect after the cause which first gave rise to it is removed, as the persistence of the impression of light on the retina after the luminous object is withdrawn. persistent, per»sis'tent, a. Inclined to persist; persevering; tenacious of purpose; hot. continuing without withering or falling off. persistently, per'sis*tent«li, adv. In a persistent manner. person, per'son, n. [L. persona, primarily a mask used by actors, hence, a character, a person, from personare, to sound through per, through, and sonare, to sound.] An individual human being; a man, woman, or child; bodily form; human frame, with its characteristic

traits that

charac-

terize a nation, a group, or an individual; reference to personal traits (to indulge in personalities); a noted person; law, personal estate; personality. personalize, per'son«al«Iz, personalized, personalizing. v.t.

— —

—

To

—

make

personal. personally, per'son«al»li, adv. In a personal manner; in person; with respect to an individual; as regards one's personal existence or individuality. personalty,

—

g, go;

life,

individual; a distinct person; the state of existing as a thinking intelligent being; application or applicability to a person; an application of remarks to the conduct, character, or appearance stitutes

—

ch, Sc. loch;

sameness of being of

consciousness is the evidence. Personal property, personal estate, movables; chattels; things belonging to the person, as money, jewels, furniture, etc., as distinguished from real estate in land and houses. personality, per«son«ari«ti, n. The state of being personal; what con-

per«sis'tens, per«sis'ten«si, n. The state of persisting, or of being persistent; steady continuance in a

ch, chain;

—

—

—

persimmon,

human man (a

A

A

n.

in

person; being, person would think so); a term applied to each of the three beings of the Godhead; gram, one of three relations in which nouns and pronouns are regarded as standing to the act of speaking, a pronoun of the first person denoting the speaker, the second person one who is spoken to and the third person one who or that which is spoken of (thus including all nouns); one of the three corresponding inflections of a verb singular and plural. In person, by one's self, not by representative. personable, per'son«a«bl, a. Having a well-formed body or person; of good appearance. personage, per'son«ij, n. person; a man or woman of distinction (an illustrious personage); a being regarded as having an individuality like that of a human being (a divine or a mythological personage). personal, per'son«al, a. [L. personalis.] Pertaining to a person as distinct from a thing; relating to or affecting some individual person; peculiar or proper to him or her, or to private actions or character; applying to the person, character, or conduct of an individual, generally in a disparaging manner (personal reflections or remarks); belonging to face and figure (personal charms); done in person, not by representative (a personal interview) ; gram, denoting or pointing to the person (a personal pronoun, as /, we, thou, you, he, she, it, they); having the modifications of the three persons. Personal

seem to radiate from the constellation Perseus. persevere, per«se«ver', v.i. persepersevero, persevering. [L. vered, from perseverus, very severe or per, intens., and severus, sestrict severe.] To continue vere, strict, resolutely in any business or enterprise undertaken; to pursue steadily

—

per'son«al«ti, n. Law, personal property, in distinction from realty or real

— —personated,

property.

personate,

per'son«at,

To assume the character or appearance of, whether in

v.t.

personating.

real life or on the stage; to represent by an assumed appearance; to act the part of; to assume or put j,

70b;

ng, sing;

TH,

— —

— perspire

appear

(to

cleanly in person); a indefinitely; one; a

they

persifleur, per'si«fler, indulges in persiflage.

—

619

Perseides

—

—

then;

th, thin;

on. a. [L. personatus, masked.] Bot. a term applied to a gamopetalous

somewhat

corolla

resembling

an

animal's mouth, as in the snapdragon. personation, per«son«a'shon, n. The act of counterfeiting the person or character of another. False personation, the offense of personating another for the purpose of fraud. personator, per'son«a«ter, n. One who personates; one who assumes the character of another. personification, per«son'i«fi«ka"shon, n. The act of personi-

—

—

—

fying; an embodiment; an impersonation; rhet. a species of metaphor, which consists in representing inanimate objects or abstract notions as endued with life and action, or possessing the attributes of living beings. personify, per»son'i«fi, v.t. personified, personifying. [L. persona, and facio, to make.] To treat or regard as a person; to treat for literary purposes as if endowed with the characters of a rational being or person; to impersonate personnel, per«son»el', n. [Fr., from personne, a person.] The body of persons employed in any occupation; often opposed to materiel. perspective, per«spek'tiv, a. [Fr. perspectif, from L. perspicio, perspectum per, through, and specio, to view, species.] Producing certain optical effects when looked through; optical (a perspective glass); pertaining to the art of perspective. n. telescope^; the art or science which teaches how to draw or paint objects or scenes so that they appear to have their natural dimensions, positions, and relations aerial perspective

—

—

—

A

dealing with light, shade, and color, perspective with form and magnitude; a representation of objects in perspective; quality of a picture as regards perspective; view; perspectively, per«spek'tivvista. li, adv. According to the rules of perspective. perspicacious, per«spi«ka'shus, a. [L. linear

—

perspicax, perspicdcis, from perspicio, to look through, perspective.]

Quick-sighted;

quickly

seeing

through or understanding anything; of acute discernment. perspicaciously, per«spi«ka'shus«li, adv. In a perspicacious manner. perspi-

— — The

cacity, per«spi«kas'i«ti, n.

state

or quality of being perspicacious; acuteness of discernment; penetration; sagacity. perspicuity, per«-

—

spi»ku'i«ti, n.

[L. perspicuitas.]

The

quality of being perspicuous; easiness to be understood; freedom from obscurity or ambiguity. perspicuous, per«spik'u«us, a. [L. perspicuus.] Clear to the understanding; not obscure or ambiguous; lucid. perspicuously, per«spik'u«us'li, adv. In a perspicuous manner. perspicuousness, per«spik'u«us«nes, n. Perspicuity; intelligibility; lucidity. perspire, per»spir', v.i. perspired, perspiring. [L. perspiro per, through, and spiro, to breathe, spirit.] To give out watery matter through the pores of the skin; to sweat; to exude. v.t. To emit through the excre-

—

—

—

—

—

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

———

—

— ——

——

;

persuade of

tories

the

out

give

to

skin;

through pores.

— perspiration, per— The act of perspiring;

spiTa'shon, n. excretion of watery fluid (sweat) from the surface of the body (whether visibly or in the form of invisible vapor); perspiratory, per«spi'ra«to«ri, a. Pertaining to perspiration; causing perspiration; per-

—

spirative.

— —

persuade, per«swad',

persuaded, v.t. persuading. [L. persuadeo per, effectively, and suadeo, to advise, urge. suasion.] To influence by argument, advice, or expostulation; to argue or reason into a certain course of action ; to advise ; to try to influence to convince by argument or reasons offered. v.i. To use persuasion. persuadable, per«swa'da«bl, a. Ca-

—

pable of being persuaded. persuader, per«swa'der, n. One who persuasible, per«swa'persuades. zi»bl, a. [L. persuasibilis.) Capable of being persuaded. persuasion, per— swa'zhon, n. [L. persuasio, persuasionis.] The act of persuading; the state of being persuaded or convinced; settled opinion or conviction; a creed or belief; a sect or party adhering to a creed or system Syn. under conof opinions. per«swa'ziv, viction. persuasive, a. Having the power of persuading; n. influencing to a course of action. That which persuades; an incitement; an exhortation. persuasively, per«swa'ziv«li, adv. In a persuasive manner. persuasiveness, per«swa'ziv«nes, n. The quality of being

—

—

—

—

—

persuasive. pert, a. [Partly from O.Fr. apert, appert (as in malapert), from L. apertus, open (aperient); partly from W. pert, perc, trim, spruce brisk; Lively; dapper; (perk).]

pert,

smart; forward; saucy; indecorously pertly, pert'li, adv. In a free. pert manner; briskly; smartly; with boldness. pertness, indecorous

—

—

The

or quality of being pert; smartness; sauciness; forward boldness. pert'nes,

n.

pertain, per«tan',

state

—

[L. pertineo per, intens., and teneo, to hold, whence also tenant, contain, obtain, tenant.] To belong; retain, etc. to be the property, right, duty of; to appertain; to have relation or v.i.

bearing; always followed by

to.

pertinaceous, per«ti«na'shus,

—

a.

[L.

pertinax per, intens., and teneo, pertain.] Holding or adto hold; hering to any opinion, purpose, or design with obstinacy; obstinate; perversely persistent; resolute; conper»ti«na'pertinaciously, stant. shus«li, adv. In a pertinacious manobstinately. persistently; ner; pertinacity, pertinaciousness, per— per«ti«na'shus«nes n. ti«nas'i«ti, Firm or unyielding adherence to opinion or purpose; obstinacy; resolution; constancy. pertinent, per'timent, a. [L. pertinens, ppr. of pertineo, to pertain. pertain.] Related to the subject or matter in hand; just to the purpose apposite ; not foreign to the pertinence, pertinency, question.

—

;

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—— ;

620

pester

per'timens, per'ti«nen«si, n. The quality of being pertinent; justness of relation to the subject or matter in hand; fitness; appositeness. pertinently, per'ti«nent«li, adv. In a pertinent manner; appositely; to the purpose. perturb, per«terb', v.t. [L. perturbo

verto.] turn from truth, propriety, or from its proper purpose ; to distort from its true use or end; to

—

per, intens., and turbo, to disturb, from turba, a crowd, disturb, turbid.] To disturb; to agitate; to perturbable, disorder; to confuse. per«ter'ba«bl, a. Capable of being perturbed or agitated. perturbation, per»ter«ba'shon, n. [L. perturbatio.] The act of perturbing or state

—

—

of being perturbed; disorder; especially, disquiet of mind commotion of the passions; agitation; cause of Perturbations of the plandisquiet. ;

ets,

irregularities or their regular elarising from their

orbital

their

deviations

from

orbits, attraction for one another. liptic

pertussis,

per«tus'is,

[L.

n.

per,

and tussis, a cough.] Med. the whooping cough. peruke, pe«ruk', n. [Fr. perruque, It. intens.,

perucca,

It.

from L.

dial,

peruke, Periwig is a

pilucca,

hair.

pilus,

corruption of perruque, and its final syllable has become wig.] An artificial cap of hair; a periwig; a perruque. peruse, pe«ruz', v.t. perused, pe-

—

[From

prefix

per,

intens., read through; to read and use.) with attention; to observe; to examrusing.

To

—

peruser, ine with careful survey. pe»ru'zer, n. One who peruses. perusal, pe«ru'zal, n. The act of perusing or reading. Peruvian, pe»ru'vi»an, a. Pertaining n. to Peru in South America. Peruvian bark, n. native of Peru. The bark of several species of Cinchona, trees of Peru, yielding quinine. See cinchona, quinine. pervade, per«vad', v.t. pervaded, pervading. [L. pervado, to go through per, through, and vado, to go (as in invade); cog. A. Sax. wadan, E. wade.] To pass or flow through; to

A

—

—

—

extend through; to spread or be diffused through the whole extent of. pervasion, per»va'zhon, n. The

—

—

pervasive, per— act of pervading. va'siv, a. Tending or having power to pervade. perverse, per«vers', a. [L. perversus, from perverto, to pervert, corrupt, overthrow per, and verto, to turn. Turned aside from the verse.] right; turned to evil; obstinate in the wrong; froward; stubborn; petulant; uncross; intractable; toward. perversely, per* vers li, adv. In a perverse manner; stubbornly; perverseobstinately in the wrong. ness, per«vers'nes, n. The quality of being perverse; disposition to

—

—

—

perversion, per— ver'shon, n. [L. perversio.] The act of perverting; a diverting from the true intent or object; sexual per* ver perversity, aberration. si-ti, n. [L. perversitas.] State or quality of being perverse; perversea. per«ver'siv, perversive, ness. Tending or having power to pervert. pervert, per«vert', v.t. [L. per-

thwart or cross.

—

—

—

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

To

misinterpret willfully; to turn from the right; to corrupt. pervert, per'vert, n. One who has been perverted; an apostate; a degenerate; one who is sexually perverted; an invert. perverter, per«ver'ter, n. One that perverts; one that distorts, misinterprets, or misapplies. pervertible, per«ver'ti«bl, a. Capable of being perverted. pervicacious, per«vi«ka'shus, a. [L. pervicax, headstrong.] Very obstinate; stubborn; willfully contrary or

—

—

refractory.

pervious, per'vi«us,

a.

[L. pervius

—

through, and via, a way. voyage, way.] Capable of being penetrated by another body or substance; penetrable; allowing an entrance or a passage through; capable of being penetrated by the mental sight. perviousness, per'vi»us«nes, n. The quality of being

per,

—

pervious.

peseta, pe«sa'te, n. [Sp.] A Spanish gold monetary unit of 00 centimes a silver coin of nominally equal 1

value. a. and n. [Syriac, single or true.] The Syrian transTestalation of the Old and ments (incomplete) made by a Christian in the second century. pesky, pes'ki, a. [Variant of pest and risky.] Troublesome; vexatious. dollar; a term peso, pa'so, n. [Sp.] used in certain of the Central and South American countries. pessary, pes'a«ri, n. [Med. L. pessarium, from L. pessum, Gr. pessos, a small oval stone, a medicated plug.] device introduced into the vagina to correct uterine displacement, to

Peshito, pesh«e'to,

New

A

A

prevent conception,

etc.

pessimism, pes'im«izm, the worst.] doctrine that man simus,

The is

n.

[L. pesbelief or

imperfectible

and that his life is essentially unhappy; the tendency to take the most unfavorable view of situations or actions: opposed to optimism.

—

pessimist,

One who pessimism, also one who pes'im«ist,

n.

believes in inclined to take a despondent is view of things. pessimistic, pes— Pertaining to pessi«mis'tik, a.

—

simism. pest, n. [Fr. peste, from L. a plague, a pest (whence pestilent, pestiferous); same root as perdo, to destroy (perdition).] plague, pestilence, or deadly epi-

pest,

pestis,

A

demic disease; anything very noxious, mischievous, or destructive; a

mischievous or destructive person. pesthouse, n. A hospital for persons infected with the plague or other pestilential disease.

Pestalozzian, pes-ta«lot si«an, a. Pertaining to the system of elementary education instituted by a Swiss named Pestatoxxi, philanthropist which is substantially the system

now

followed.

pester, pester,

v.t.

[O.Fr. empestrer,

originally to shackle the feet of a horse at pasture, from L.L. pasto-

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

—

—

— ——

pestiferous

A

pestilent, pes'ti»lent, a. [L. pestilens.] Pestilential; mischievous; noxious to morals or society; troublesome; pestilential, pes»ti«len'corrupt.

the nature of the plague or other infectious and deadly disease; producing or tending to produce infectious disease; de-

—

—

pestilently, pes'ti«lent«li, adv. In a pestilent manner. pestle, pes'l, n. [O.Fr. pesteil, from L. pistillum, a pestle, from pinso, pistum, to bray, to pound; akin pistil, piston.) An instrument for pounding and breaking substances in a mortar. structive.

— —

v.t. pestled, pestling. To break or pulverize with a pestle. pet, pet, n. [Possibly an abbreviated form of petulant or petulance.] slight fit of peevishness or fretful pettish, pet'ish, a. Prodiscontent. ceeding from or pertaining to a pet or peevish humor. pettishly, pet'ish«li, adv. In a pettish manner. pettishness, pet'ish«nes, n. Fretfulness; peevishness. pet, pet, n. [From Ir. peat, Gael. peata, a pet, or perhaps from petty, Fr. petit, little.] A fondling; a

A

—

darling; a favorite child; an animal fondled and indulged. v.t. petted, petting. To treat as a pet; to fondle; to indulge. a. Petted; favorite (a pet lamb, a pet theory). petal, pet'al, n. [From Gr. petalon, a leaf, from petalos, spread out, expanded; same root as in patent.] Bot. a flower leaf; one of the separate parts of a corolla. petaled, pet'ald, a. Having petals. petaline, pet'al*In, a. Bot. pertaining to a petal. petaloid, pet'al«oid, a. Having the form of a petal; resembling petals. petalous, pet'al«us, a. Bot. having petals; petaled. petard, petard', n. [Fr. petard, from peter, to break wind, to bounce, from L. pedo, peditum, with same

—

tish'on«e«ri, a.

engine of war

A

made of

—

petasos, petasus, pet'a«sos, pet'a— sus, n. [Gr. petasos.] A broadbrimmed hat; the winged cap of

Mercury. Peter, n.

— The

ch, chain;

Blue Peter, the

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

flag

go;

—

petrify, pet'ri«fi, v.t. petrified, petrifying. [L. petra (from Gr. petra), a stone or rock (seen also in petroleum, pier), and facio, to make.] To convert to stone or stony substance, as by the infiltration and deposition of mineral matter; to turn into a fossil; fig. to make callous or obdurate; to paralyze or stupefy with fear or amazement. v.i. To become stone or of a stony hardness. petrifaction, pet«ri«fak'shon, n. The process of changing into stoner an organized body rendered hard by deposition of a stony substance in its cavities; a fossil; a state of being paralyzed as

metal, to be loaded with powder and fixed on a gate, barricade, etc., in order to break it down by explosion. Hoist with his own petard, I fig.) caught in his own trap ; involved in the danger he meant for others.

j,

job;

ng, sing;

and grapho,

[Gr.

n.

to write.]

of rocks; a scientific of rocks; petrology. petrographer, pe«trog'ra«fer, n. petrographic, petrographical, pet«ro«graf'ik, petTo«graf'i«kal, a.

petrol, pet'rol,

n.

[From

petroleum.]

British, gasoline.

petrolatum, pet«ro«la'tum,

A

petroleum.]

colorless,

substance

tasteless

petroleum and used

in

[From

n.

odorless,

derived from ointments and

as a protective dressing.

petroleum, pe»tr6'li»um, n. [L. petra, rock, and oleum, oil.] A natural, oily liquid consisting chiefly of hydrocarbons which, by fractional distillation, yields such products as gasoline, kerosene, lubricating oils, fuel oils, etc.

petrology, a rock,

pe«trol'o«ji, n. [Gr. petros, logos, a treatise.] The

and

study of rocks; that branch of geology which determines the constitution of rocks by investigating the chemical composition of the separate mineral ingredients of which they consist. Spelled also Petrology.

—

petrological, pet«ro«loj'i«kal, a. Of or pertaining to petrology. penologist, pe«trol'o«jist, n. One versed in petrology. petronel, pet'ro«nel, n. [O.Fr. petrinal, poictrinal, from L. pectus, pecto-

—

ris, the breast, being discharged with the stock placed against the breast.] kind of carbine or large horseman's

A

pistol.

petrosal,

pi«tro'sal,

and

a.

n.

[L.

Applied to the petrous portion of the temporal bone or to a homologous bone. See petrous.

petrosus.]

petrosilex, pet«ro«si'leks, a stone,

rock

and

flint

silex, flint.]

n. [L. petra,

Rock

stone;

or compact feldspar.

a. [L. petrosus, from petra, a stone.] Like stone; hard; stony; anat. applied to that portion of the temporal bone in which the internal organs of hearing are sit-

petrous, pe'trus,

on«er, n.

ical cultures.

pe«trog'ra«fi,

The study

pe»tish'-

petrel, pet'rel, n. [Dim. of Peter, in allusion to St. Peter's walking on the sea, as the birds often seem to do.] The name of web-footed oceanic birds of several species, found at great distances from land, and generally in stormy weather: hence the name stormy petrels. petri dish, pet'ri, n. [For R. J. Petri.] shallow dish of thin glass with a cover, used in growing bacteriolog-

— —

An

— —petitioner,

a.

description

woman. petition, pe«tish'on, n. [L. petitio, petitionis, from peto, petitum, to seek.] An entreaty, supplication, or prayer; a formal written request; a document containing such a request, usually signed by persons supporting the request. v.t. To make a petition or request to. v.i. To present a petition. petitionary, pe«-

—

sense.]

petros, a stone,

—

—Having

—petrifactive,

Having power

to petrify or convert into stone. Petrine, pe'trin, a. Relating to St. Peter (the Petrine epistles).

A

plague, pest.] The disease the plague or pest; any contagious and malignant disease that is epidemic and mortal; what is pestilential or pestiferous; something morally evil or destructive.

astonishment.

petrography,

pens', n. pi. tribute that used to be regularly offered to the popes (as the successors of St. Peter); a similar contribution still voluntarily given by some Roman Catholics. petersham, pe'ter«sham, n. [After Lord Petersham, who set the fashion of wearing it.] style of overcoat formerly fashionable; the heavy, rough-napped woolen cloth of which such overcoats were made. petiole, pet'i«6l, n. [Fr., from L. petiolus, a dim. from pes, pedis, a foot.] Bot. a leafstalk; the stalk connecting the blade of the leaf with the branch or stem. petiolar, pet'i»6«ler, a. Bot. pertaining to a petiole, or proceeding from it. petiolate, pet'i«6»lat, a. Having a petiolule, pet'i«61«ul, n. [A petiole. dim. of petiole.] Bot. z little or partial petiole, such as belongs to the leaflets of compound leaves. petit, pet'i or pe»te'; petite (feminine form), pe«tet', a. [Fr.] Little; petty; small in figure. Petit juror, a person serving on a petit jury. Petit jury, a group of twelve persons impaneled as a jury to decide a case tried in a law court ; distinguished from grand jury. petite, pe«tet', a. [Fr.] Small; tiny and delicate, usually said of a

called

a.

with

pet«ri«fak'tiv,

(Colloq.)

from

pestilens, pestilent,

—

pettitoes

Peter pence, Peter's pence, pe«ter

pestis,

shal,

—

hoisted by a merchantman on the eve of leaving the docks. peter out, pe«ter«out', v.i. Said of a mine or vein of ore when it is exhausted and yields no return.

—

from

—

621

rium, foot shackles, from L. pastor, a pastern, pastor.] To shepherd. encumber:}:; to crowd or cramt; to trouble; to disturb; to annoy with little vexations. pestiferous, pes«tif'er«us, a. [L. pesplague, and fero, to produce. tis, pest.] Pestilential; noxious to health; infectious; noxious in any manner; malignant. pestiferously, pes«tifer«us»li, adv. In a pestiferous manner; pestilentially. pestilence, pes'tMens, n. [L. pestilentia,

——

TH,

then;

uated, from its hardness (known as the petrosal portion). petticoat, pet'i«kot, n. [From petty, loose short, small, and coat.] undergarment worn by females; hence, a woman. Petticoat government, female government, either political or domestic. pettifog, pet'i«fog, v.i. pettifogged,

A

—

pettifogging. [Petty and Prov.E, fog, to seek gain by mean practices.] act in mean or petty cases, as a pettifogger, pet«i«fog'er, n. lawyer. inferior attorney or lawyer who is employed in mean business. pettifoggery, pet«i»fog'er«i, n. The practice of a pettifogger; tricks;

To

An

—

quibbles.

pettiness. See petty. pettish. See pet. pettitoes, pet'i'toz, n. pi. [Petty and toes.] The toes or feet of a pig: sometimes used humorously for the human feet, as those of a child.

th, thin;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— — —

— ——

—

petty

hand from which change is made and small bills are paid. Petty-cash book, a book in which small receipts and payments are entered. Petty jury, same as petit jury. Petty officer, an officer in the navy whose

—

rank

corresponds

—

pettily,

—

with

that

of a

officer in the

army.

adv. In a petty pettiness, pet'i«nes, n. pet'i«li,

manner. petulant, pet'u»lant,

a. [L. petulans, petulantis, petulant, from peto, to attack, petition.] Manifesting pique, perversity, fretfulness; saucy;

—

pert; capricious. petulance, petulancy, pet'u«lans, pet'u«lan«si, n. [L. Petulantia.] Freakish passion; peevishness; pettishness; sauciness. petulantly, pet'u«lant«li, adv. In a petulant manner; with saucy pertness. petunia, pe«tu'ni«a, n. [Brazil, petun, tobacco.] genus of American herbaceous plants, nearly allied to the tobacco plant, and much prized by horticulturists for the beauty of their flowers. pew, pu, n. [O.Fr. pui, a raised place,

A

from L. podium, a balcony, from Gr. podion, from pous, podos, the

A

church, enclosed and separated from those adjoining by partitions. pewee, pe'we, n. [From its call.] One of the North American flycatchers; the phoebe. pewit, pewit, n. [From its call.] The lapwing; a small European black-headed gull. foot.]

fixed

seat

in

a

pewter,

pu'ter, n. [O.Fr. peutre, piautre, D. peauter, also, speauter, same as spelter.] An alloy of tin and lead, or of tin with such proportions of lead, zinc, bismuth, antimony, or copper as experience has shown to be most conducive to the improvement of its hardness and color; a vessel, or vessels collectively, made

of pewter. a. Made of pewter. pewterer, pu'ter»er, n. One whose occupation is to make articles of pewter. pfennig, pfen'ig, n. In Germany, the reichspfennig, a bronze coin worth / 00 mark. phaeton, fa'e«ton, n. [From Gr. Phaethon, who obtained leave from his father Helios (the Sun) to drive the chariot of the sun, but as he was unable to restrain the horses Zeus dashed him with a thunderbolt headlong into the River Po.] An open four-wheeled carriage usually 1

1

drawn by two horses. phagedena, phagedaena,

faj»e«de'-

na, n. [Gr. phagedaina, from phagein, to eat.] spreading obstinate ulcer. phagocyte, fag'o«sit, n. [Gr. phagein, white blood to eat, kytos, cell.] corpuscle that absorbs and destroys phagocytosis, fag'disease germs.

A

A

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

o«sit«6"sis,

The

n.

by phagocytes. phalange, fa«lanj',

destruction

of

[Gr. phalanx, phalangos, battle array, a phalanx of soldiers, a bone of the fingers or toes.] Anat. one of the small bones of the fingers and toes; bot. a collection of several stamens joined more or less by their filaments. phalangal, n.

—

phalangeal, fa«lang'gal, fa«lan'ji«al, a. Belonging to the phalanges of the fingers and toes. phalanger, fa— lan'jer, n. [From two of the toes being joined as far as the last phalanges.] An Australian marsupial animal of several species, nocturnal

—

in

habits

and

living in trees. phalanx, fal'angks, n. pi. phalanges, fa«lan'jez, also, except in anatomy, phalanxes, fal'angk'Sez. Greek antiq.

the heavy-armed infantry of an army, especially when formed in ranks and files close and deep ; a body of troops or men in close array; anat. one of the small bones of the fingers or the toes.

phalanstery,

fal'an«ste«ri,

n.

[Fr.

phalanstere, from Gr. phalanx, a phalanx.] socialistic community living together according to the system proposed by Fourier; the dwelling of such a community.

A

phalarope,

fal'a«r6p, n.

[From Gr.

and pous, podos, a lobe-footed grallatorial bird resembling the sandpiper. phallus, fal'lus, n. [Gr. phallos, the virile organ.] Image of the male organ of generation, symbolizing the power of fertility and reproductiveness in nature, as worshiped in some primitive systems of religion; in anatomy, the penis or clitoris. phallic, fal'lik, a. Pertaining to the phallus, or to the worship of the generative principle in nature. phanerogam, fan'er«o«gam, n. [Gr. phaneros, evident, and gamos, marriage.] Bot. a flowering plant or a plant with conspicuous flowers containing stamens and pistils: opposed to a cryptogam. phanerogamic, phanerogamous, fan'er«o»gam'ik, fan'er«og'a«mus, a. Bot. belonging to the flowering plants, in contradistinction to cryptogamic, cryptophalaros, white, foot.]

A

—

gamous.

phantasm,

fan'tazm, n. [Gr. phantasma, from phantazein, to show, from the stem of phainein, to show. phenomenon.] A creation of the fancy; an imaginary existence which seems to be real; an apparition; a phantom; an idea; a notion; a fancy. phantasmagoria, fan»tas'ma«go"ri»a, n. [Gr. phantasma, and agora, an assembly.] Any exhibition of images by means of shadows, as by the magic lantern ; the apparatus used in such an exhibition; any mixed gathering of figures; illusive images.

—

—phantasmagorial, goric,

phantasma-

fan«tas'ma«g6"ri«al,

fan«tas'-

ma«gor"ik, a. Relating to a phantasmagoria. phantasmal, fan taz»mal, a. Pertaining to or resembling a

—

phantasm; spectral; illusive. phantasy, fan'ta«si, n. See fantasy.

phantom,

me, met, her;

fan'tom,

pine, pin;

;

pharos

germs and diseased products

disease

—

—

622

petty, pet'i, a. [Fr. petit, little; small, akin to W. pitw, small, pid, a point.] Small; little; trifling; inconsiderable; having little power or possessions; having little importance; inferior (a petty prince). Petty averages, the accustomed duties of anchorage, pilotage, etc., which are paid by a vessel. Petty cash, money kept on

noncommissioned

—

n.

[Fr. fantome,

note, not,

move;

from L. phantasma; same word as phantasm, phantasm.] An apparition or specter; a ghost; a fancied vision; a phantasm; something unreal.

Pharaoh, fa'ro, n. A name given by the Hebrews to the ancient monarchs of Egypt a game at cards, faro.

—

;

Pharaoh's chicken, the Egyptian vulPharaoh's rat, the ichneumon. ture. Pharaonic, fa«ra«on'ik, a. Pertaining to the Pharaohs, or to the old Egyptians.

—

Pharisee, far'i«se, n. [Gr. pharisaios, from Heb. pdrush, separated.] One of a sect among the Jews distinguished

by their strict observance of rites and ceremonies and of the traditions of the elders, and who considered themselves as more righteous than other Jews; hence, a strict observer of the outward forms or ceremonies in religion without the spirit of it a ;

—pharisaic,

Pharisaical, far«i«sa'ik, far«i«sa'i«kal, a. Pertaining to the Pharisees; resembling the Pharisees ; addicted to external forms hypocrite.

a show of religion without the spirit of it; pharisaically, far«i«hypocritical. sa'i«kal«li, adv. In a Pharisaical manpharisaicalhypocritically. ner, Pharisaness, far«i»sa'i'kal«nes, n. ism, far'i'Sa«izm, n. The doctrines and conduct of the Pharisees, as a sect; rigid observance of external rites and forms of religion without genuine piety; hypocrisy in religion.

and ceremonies; making

—

—

pharmaceutic,

—

pharmaceutical,

far»ma«su'tik, far«ma»su'ti'kal, a. [Gr.

pharmakeutikos, from pharmakeuein, to administer medicine, from pharmakon, a drug.] Pertaining to the knowledge or art of pharmacy or preparing medicines. Pharmaceutical chemistry, chemistry applied to those substances which are employed pharmafor the cure of diseases. ceutical^, far«ma»su'ti«kal«li, adv. In the manner of pharmacy.

—

pharmaceutics,

The

far»ma»su'tiks, n. science of preparing medicines

pharmacy. ma«su'tist,

— pharmaceutist,

far*-

One who prepares one who practices pharn.

medicines; macy; an apothecary.

— pharmacist,

far'ma«sist, n. One skilled in pharmacy; a druggist. pharmacologist, One who is far«ma'kol'o«jist, n. pharmaskilled in pharmacology.

—

cology, far«ma«koro«ji,

—[Gr. phar-

n.

makon and logos.] The science or knowledge of drugs, or the art of preparing medicines a branch of materia medica; a treatise on preparing farpharmacopoeia, medicines. ma«kd«pe"a, n. [Gr. pharmakon, and poiein, to make.] A book of directions :

—

for the preparation, etc., of medicines, generally published by authorpharmacy, far'ma«si, n. [Fr. ity.

—

pharmacU, from Gr. pharmakcia. from pharmakon.] The art of preparing and compounding medicines, and of dispensing them according to the prescriptions of medical practitioners; the occupation of an apothecary; the place where medicines are compounded or dispensed. pharos, faros, n. A lighthouse j>r tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———

=

—— —

—

——

—— —

—

——— —

— —

——

pharynx

623

philosopher

tower which anciently stood on the of Pharos, at the entrance to the Port of Alexandria hence, any lighthouse for the direction of seamen;

That system of philosophy which inquires only into the causes of existing phenomena.

large intelligence, and so wanting in sentiment and taste; a person of narrow views; a prosaic, practical man. Philistinism, firis»tin«izm, n.

e«nal»izm, n.

isle

;

phenomenally, fi»nom'e«nal«li, adv. fi'al, n. [L. phiala, from Gr.

pharynx,

far'ingks, n. [Gr. pharynx, pharyngos; akin to pharanx, a chasm.]

phiale, a phial. Vial is another form.] glass vessel or bottle; especially, a small glass bottle used for holding liquors, and particularly liquid medicines. Leyden-phial, a vessel used in electrical experiments, leydenjar. v.t. phialed, phialing. To put or keep in a phial, or as in a phial.

A

The muscular sac which intervenes between the cavity of the mouth and the esophagus, its contraction aiding pharyngeal, in swallowing the food. fa«rin'ji«al, a. Belonging to or affectpharyngitis, far— ing the pharynx. Inflammation of the hvjl'tis, n.

pharynx.

pharyngotomy,

— —

philander,

fi»lan'thro«pi, n. [Gr. philanthropia, from philos, loving, and anthropos, a man.] Love toward mankind; benevolence toward the whole human family. philanthropic, philanthropical, fil«an«throp'ik, fil»an»throp'i»kal, a. [Gr. philanthropikos.] Pertaining to philanthropy; possessing general benevolence; entertaining good will toward all men. philanthropically, fil«an«throp'i«kal«li, adv. In a philanthropic manner. philanthropist, fi'lan'throp'ist, n. One who evinces philanthropy; a person of general benevolence; one who exerts himself in doing good to his fellow men.

—

—

and gaseous states of substances in solution (c components ; p number of phases; F = degrees of freedom). phasis, fa'sis, n. pi. phases, fa'sez. Astron. a phase. pheasant, fez'ant, n. [L. phasianus, from Gr. phasianos, from Phasis, a river of Asia, near the mouth of which these birds are said to have liquid,

philately,

fi«lat'e«li, n. [Fr. philatelie, a ridiculous compound of Gr. philos, loving, and atcleia, exemption from taxation.] The practice of collecting all sorts of postage stamps. phi-

philharmonic,

fil«har»mon'ik, a. [Gr.

loving,

and harmonia, har-

philos,

—

phenacetin,

[Phen fe«nas'e»tin, n. (indicating a benzene derivative) and acetin.] drug of coal-tar origin, used to relieve pain and fever. phenix, fe'niks, n. See phoenix.

philhellene,

phenobarbital, fe'no«bar"bi«tal, n. [Pheno and barbital.] A barbiturate Ci2H 12 2 03 used as a sedative and

their

from Gr.

Greeks. izm, n.

A name for Carbolic

Acid.

[Fr.

philos, loving,

philhellenism, fil'hel'len*The principles of the

Philippian,

nn'ol'o«je, n. [Gr. phaino, appear, logos, a discourse.] The study of times and seasons in relation to plants and animals as embodied in nature calendars.

phenolphthalein, fenohthal'en, n. [Phenol and phthlein.] An off-white crystalline compound C2oH u 4 used as a laxative and as an indicator for acids and bases.

phenomenon,

fi«nom'e«non, n.

native

fil'i«pen, a. [Sp. Filipino.] the Philippine Islands. Philistine, fi«lis'tin or fil'is'tin, n. An inhabitant of Philistia, now a portion of Syria; the English form of Philister, a term applied by German students to any one who has not been trained in a university; hence, a matter-of-fact, commonplace person deficient in liberal culture and

Of

nomai, I appear.] An observable or event; a remarkable thing or person. phenomenal, fi»nom'e»nal, a. Connected with, relating to, or constituted by phenomena; remarkable or extraordinary; astounding. phenomenalism, fi«nom'-

go;

A

Philippine,

pi.

fact

g,

n.

invective.

phenomena, fi«nom'e«na. [Gr. phainomenon, what appears, from phai-

ch, Sc. loch;

fi»lip'i«an,

or inhabitant of Philippi, a city of ancient Macedonia ( c the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians'). Philippic, fi'lip'ik, n. One of a series of orations delivered by Demosthenes, the Grecian orator, against Philip, king of Macedon; [not cap.] any discourse full of acrimonious

I

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

from

uxoriousness. [Gr. philolo-

fi-lol'O'ji, n.

phileo, to love,

and

logos,

The

languages, literature, and history; but the most common meaning now is the science of language ; linguistic science; linguistics: often expressed by the qualified title of comparative philologer, philologist, philology. philologian, fidol'O'jist, fi«lol'o«jer, fil«o«16'ji»an, n. One versed in philology, or the study of language in philological, a scientific manner. philologic, fil»o«loj'i«kal, fil»o«loj'ik, a. Pertaining to philology. philomel, fil'o»mel, n. [From Philomela, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, who was changed into a nightingale.] The poetic name of the nightingale. philoprogenitiveness, fiTo«pro«jen"i«tiv«nes, n. [Gr. philos, fond, and E. progeny.) The love of offspring, a term used chiefly by phrenologists. philosopher, fi«los'o»fer, n. [Gr. phi-

philhellenists.

phenology,

leaves.

study of language and literature; the study of languages in connection with the whole moral and intellectual action of the peoples using them; the study of the classical

successful struggle with the philhelfor independence. lenic, fil«hel«len'ik, a. Loving the

hypnotic; luminal.

women;

a word.]

Turks

N

ch, chain;

gia,

and Hellen, a Greek.] A friend of Greece; one who supports the cause and interests of the Greeks (Hellenes); one who supported them in

A

fe'nol, n.

ness for

A

musical organization. n. philhellenist, fil«herien«ist, n.

climbing plant cultivated

philology,

mony.] Loving music, hence, referring to musical societies and their concerts.

well-known and

A

showy heart-shaped

philogyny, fi«loj'i«ni, n. [Gr. philos, loving, and gyne, a woman.] Fond-

latelist, fi»lat'e«list, n.

beautiful gallinaceous bird bred as a game bird.

phenol,

for its

pretend admiration.

philanthropy,

(phases)

A

[From Phi-

trees.]

whom

=

been numerous.]

fi«lan'der, v.i.

Philistines. n. fil«o«den'dron, philodendron, [N.L. from Gr. philodendros, loving

lander, a virtuous youth in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, between and a married lady there were certain tender passages.] To make love sentimentally to a lady; to flirt; to

far«in«-

got'o«mi, n. [Gr. pharynx, and tome, a cutting.] The operation of making an incision into the pharynx to remove anything that obstructs the passage. phase, faz, n. [Fr. phase, from Gr. phasis, from phainomai, to appear. phenomenon.] One of the recurring appearances or states of the moon or a planet in respect to quantity of illumination or figure of enlightened disk; the particular state, at a given instant, of a continuously varying and periodic phenomenon (the phases of a tide, etc.); an aspect or appearance of that which presents various aspects; one of the various aspects in which a question presents itself to the mind; a turn or chance. Phase rule, an equation (c+2— p F) expressing the relation between the solid,

Manners or modes of thinking of

phial,

a beacon.

th, thin;

—

—

losophos philos, loving, and sophos, person versed in or devoted wise.] to philosophy; one who devotes himself to the study of moral or intellectual science; one who conforms his life to the principles of

A

philosophy; one who lives according to reason or the rules of practical wisdom. Philosophers' stone, a stone or preparation which the alchemists formerly sought, as the instrument of converting the baser metals into pure gold. philosophical, philosophic, fil«o«sof'i«kal, fil«o«sof'ik, a. Pertaining, suitable, or according to philosophy; characterized or constituted by philosophy; proceeding from philosophy; characteristic of a practical philosopher; based on the rules of practical wisdom; calm;

temperate. philosophically, adv. In a philophilosophism, sophical manner. cool;

fil«o«sof'i«kal«li,

fi'los'of'izm,

n.

—

[Fr. philosophisme.)

Spurious or would-be philosophy; phithe affectation of philosophy. losophize, fidos'O'fiz, v.i. philosophized, philosophizing. To reason like a philosopher; to form or attempt to form a philosophical system or philosophizer, fi»los'o«fi«theory. zer, n. One who philosophizes. philosophy, fi«los'o«fi, n. [Gr. philosophia, lit. love of wisdom, from

—

philos,

love,

The

science planation of the universe

w, wig;

and sophia, wisdom.] which aims at an exall

the

phenomena of

by ultimate causes; the

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

—

explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws; a particular philosophical system or theory; the calm and unexcitable state of mind of the wise man; practical wisdom; course of studies for the degree of 'Doctor of Philosophy' in Germany or elsewhere. Moral philosophy. See ethics. Mental philosophy. See metaphysics. Natural philosophy. See physics. philter, philtre, filter, n. [Fr. philtre, L. philtrum, from Gr. philtron, from

Sayornis).

—

philter knowledge

as

—

philos,

A

loving.]

—

potion supposed

by the

ancients, and even by the ignorant of the present day, to have the power of exciting love. v.t. philtered, philtred; philtering, philtring. To impregnate with a love potion; to administer a potion to. phiz, fiz, n. [A contr. of physiognomy.} The face or visage. {Humorous.) phlebitis, fle-bl'tis, n. [Gr. phleps, phlebos, a vein, and -his, implying inflammation.] Inflammation of the inner membrane of a vein. phlebotomy, fli«bot'o«mi, n. [Gr. phlebotomia phleps, phlebos, and tome, a cutting.] The act or practice of opening a vein for letting blood.

—

—

—

phlebotomist, fli-bot'o«mist, n. One that opens a vein for letting blood; a bloodletter. phlebotomize, fli—

—

—

bot'o«miz, v.t. phlebotomized, phlebotomizing. To let blood from; to bleed by opening a vein. phlegm, flem, n. [Gr. phlegma, phlegmatos, a slimy humor, from phlego, to burn, flame.] The thick viscid matter secreted in the digestive and respiratory passages, and discharged by coughing or vomiting; bronchial mucus; fig. coldness; sluggishness;

—

indifference. phlegmatic, phlegmatical, fleg«mat'ik, fleg«mat'i«kal, a. [Gr. phlegmatikos.) Abounding in

phlegm; generating phlegm; cold or sluggish in temperament; not easily excited into action or passion; not mercurial or lively. phlegmatically, fleg«mat'i«kaMi, adv. In a phlegmatic manner; coldly; heavily. phloem, flo'em, n. [Gr. phloios, bark.] Bot. the liber or bast tissue in plants. phlogiston, flo«jis'ton, n. [Gr. phlogistos, burnt, from phlogizo, to burn, from phlego, to burn.] According to an obsolete theory, the supposed principle of inflammability; a hypo-

—

thetical element which to be pure fire fixed in

—

was thought combustible

phlogistic, bodies. flo«jis'tik, Pertaining to phlogiston; med.

a.

in-

flammatory.

phlox,

floks, n.

[Gr. phlox, a flame,

from the appearance of the flowers.] A North American genus of plants, with red, purple, or white flowers, cultivated in gardens.

phlyctena, phlyctaena,

flik«te'na, n.

A

[Gr. phlyktaina.} kind of watery pustule on the skin. phobia, fo'bi«a, n. [Gr. phobos, fear.] Any persistent, morbid fear or dread.

—phobic,

phocine,

fo'bic, a. fo'sin, a. Pertaining to the

seals.

Any

of the small American flycatchers (genus

phoebe,

photochromy

624

phenomena

of

——

—

fe'be, n. [Imitative.]

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

fe'bus, n. [Gr. Phoibos, lit. the brilliant one.] name of Apollo, often used in the same sense as Sol,

A

the sun.

Phoenician,

fe«nish'i«an, a. Pertaining to Phoenicia. n. native of ancient Phoenicia, the region between Lebanon and the Mediterranean; the language of the Phoenicians, an extinct Semitic tongue, akin to

A

A

fe'niks, n. [Gr. phoinix.] bird of ancient legend said to be the only one of its kind and to live 500 or 600 years, at the end of which it built for itself a funeral pile, lighted it with the fanning of its wings, and rose again from its ashes; hence, an emblem of immortality; a paragon; a person of singular distinction or beauty. phonation, fo«na'shon, n. [Gr. phone, voice.] The act of uttering vocal sounds.

phonautograph,

f6«na'to«graf,

n.

phone, sound, auto, self, and grapho, to write.] An instrument for automatically showing sound vibra[Gr.

tions by waved lines. phone, fon. Short for Telephone: used as noun and verb.

fo'nem,

n.

[Fr.

phonime,

from Gr. phonema, sound.] In a language, the smallest sound unit that distinguishes one utterance from another. phonemic, fd«ne'mik, a. phonemics, f6«ne'miks, n. The analysis of a language by a study of its phonemes.

—

—

phonetic, phonetical,

fo«net'ik, fo«-

[Gr. phonetikos, from phone, voice, sound.] Pertaining to the voice; pertaining to the representation of sounds; representing sounds. Phonetic spelling, a system which aims at spelling words precisely according to their sound, and not in the loose manner in which English is spelled. phonetically, fo«net'i«kal«li, adv. In a phonetic manner. phonetics, fo«net'iks, n. The doctrine of sounds; the science which treats of the sounds of the human voice, and the art of reprephonic, senting them by writing. fo'nik, a. Pertaining to sound. phonics, fo'niks, n. The doctrine or science of sounds; phonetics. phonograph, fo'no«graf, n. [Gr. phone, sound, and grapho, to write.] A type or character for expressing a sound ; a character used in phonography; an instrument by means of net'i«kal,

a.

—

—

—

which sounds can be permanently registered, and afterward mechanically reproduced almost in the original tones from the register. phonogram, fo'no«gram, n. A sound as reproduced by the phonograph. phonographer, f6'nog'raf'er, n. One versed in phonography; one who uses or

skilled in the use of the phonographic, fo«no«graf'ik, a. Pertaining to or based upon phonography; pertaining to the is

phonograph.

—

— phonographically, fd»no«graf"i'kal«li, adv. In a phonographic manner. — phonography, fo«nog'ra»fi, The description of phonograph.

me, met, her;

Clinkstone.

phonology,

f6«nol'o«ji, n. [Gr. phone, logos, discourse.]

sound, voice, and

The

science

or

of

doctrine

the

elementary sounds uttered by the

Hebrew. phoenix,

phoneme,

sounds the representation of sounds by characters, each of which represents one sound, and always the same sound; phonetic shorthand; the art of using the phonograph. phonolite, fo'no«lit, n. [Gr. phone, sound, and lithos, stone.] Same as ;

Phoebus,

n.

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

human

voice;

phonetics.

— phono-

logic, phonological, fo»no«loj'ik, fo«no«loj'i«kal, a. Pertaining to pho-

nology.

— phonologist, in

One versed phonometer, n.

fo-nolo-jist,

phonology.

fo«nom'et«er, n. [Gr. phone, sound, metron, a measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the number of vibrations of a given sound in a given time. phonoscope, fo'no«skop, n. [Gr. phone, a voice, a sound, and skopeo, to view.] An instrument for producing figures of light from vibrations of sound by means of an electric current.

phonotypy, fo«no«ti'pi, n. [Gr. phone, sound, and typos, type.] A method of representing each of the sounds of speech by a distinct printed character or letter; phonetic printing. phonotype, fo'no«tip, n. A type or character used in phonetic printing. phonotypic, f6«no-tip'ik, a. phony, fo'ne, a. [Origin unknown.] Not genuine; pretentious.

—

phosgene, fos'jen, n. [Gr. phos, light, and root gen, to produce.] A heavy, poisonous gas choking smell.

phosphorus,

with

nauseating,

a

fos'for«us, n. [L. from light-bearing.]

A

Gr. phosophoros,

solid, nonmetallic,

Symbol, P;

at.

—

glowing material. 15;

no.,

at.

wt.,

30.9738. phosphate, fos'fat, n. A salt of phosphoric acid ; a carbonated

——

fos«fo«res', phosphoresce, drink. phosphorescing. phosphoresced, To emit a faint, heatless light.

v.i.

—phosphorescence, The

fos«fo«res'ens, n.

of being phosphorescent; the property which certain bodies possess of becoming fos«luminous. phosphorescent, foTes'ent, a. Shining by phosphophosphoric, fos«for'ik, a. rescence. Pertaining to, obtained from, or resembling phosphorus. phosphoric acid, n. An oxygen acid of phosphorus. phosphorous, fos'for— phosphorous us, a. Of phosphorus. state or quality

— —

—

—

acid,

n.

A

— acid

crystalline

H,POj

from which phosphates are derived. photics, to

tiks, n.

[Gr. phos, photos,

light.]

That department of science

which photo,

photograph

treats of light. fo'to, n. Short for (colloq.).

photochemistry, fd«to«kem

ist«ri,

n.

[Gr. phos, photos, light, and E. chemistry.] That branch of chemistry which treats of the chemical action of light, especially of solar light.

photochemical,

f6«to»kem i»kal, a. Pertaining to the chemical action of

light.

photochromy,

f6«to«kro mi, n. [Gr. phos, photos, light, and chroma, color.]

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — —

.

—

photoelectric cell

phyllodium

625

photo and Gr. suffix on.] Phys. a reproducing quantum of light energy. by photography. photoelectric cell, fd't6«i'lek"trik sel, photo-offset, fo't6-of"set,H. [Combining form photo and offset.] A printn. A vacuum tube in which the action ing process in which a photoof light produces, or changes the graphic image of design or type is strength of, electric current. used in the preparation of a plate for photoelectrotype, n. A process in offset printing. which a photographic picture is produced in relief so as to afford, by photophobia, f6'to«fo'bi«a, n. [Gr. phos, photos, light, and phobia, dread.] electric deposition, a matrix for a An intolerance or dread of light. cast, from which impressions in ink photoplay, fo'to»pla, n. A play repromay be obtained. duced by motion pictures; a motion photoengraving, f6't6»en«gra"ving, «. picture. [Combining form photo and engravphotosensitive, fo«to«sen'si«tiv, a. ing.'] A photographic engraving proReadily affected or changed by light cess in which the printing surface is

The

from Gr. phrenetikos, suffering phrenitis or inflammation of the brain, from phren, the mind, the midriff, frantic] Having the mind disordered; frantic; frenetic. n. frantic or frenzied person; one

art or operation of

ticus,

from

colors

in relief; a print

photoflash,

f6"to«flash', n.

ing, form photo trically

or other radiant energy.

made by this process. and

An

flash.]

graphy.

photography,

fo«tog'ra«fi, n. [Gr. phos, photos, light, and grapho, to describe.] The art of obtaining accurate representations of scenes and objects by means of the action of light on substances treated with certain chemicals. photograph, fo'to«graf, n. picture obtained by means of photography. v.t. To take a picture with a camera. v.i. To practice photography. photogra-

produced from a photograph by a peculiar process, as by photolithography, and from which copies plate

can be printed.

n. [Gr. phrasis, a phrase (seen also in periphrasis, paraphrase), brief exfrom phrazo, I speak.] pression; two or more words forming a complete expression by themselves or being a portion of a sentence; peculiar or characteristic exa pression; an idiom; the manner or style in which a person expresses himself; diction; music, a short part of a composition usually occupying distinct rhythmical period of a from two to four bars. v.t. phrased, phrasing. To call; to style; phraseogram, fra'ze*to express. combination of shorto«gram, n. hand characters to represent a phrase or sentence. phraseological, fra'ze«o«loj"i»kal, a. Pertaining to phraseology; exhibiting idiomatic phraseologist, fra«ze«ol'phrases. o«jist, n. stickler for a particular form of words or phraseology; a phraseology, coiner of phrases. fra«ze«ol'o«ji, n. Manner of expression; peculiar words or phrases used in a sentence; diction; a collection of phrases in a language. .'. Syn. under

A

A

photolithograph, fo'to«lith "o«graf, n. [Combining form photo and lithograph.] A print reproduced by any photolithography photoprocess.

—

lithography, f6'to-li.thog"ra«fi, n. A mode of lithographing in which a transferred to a thin [Gr.

meas-

— A

to

measure the comparative intensity of different lights. photometric,

—

—

photometrical, fo»to«met'rik, fo«to»met'ri'kal, a. Pertaining to or made by a photometer. photometry, fo— tom'et»ri, n. The measurement of the relative amounts of light emitted by different sources.

—

photomicrography,

—A

fo ton, n.

ch, chain;

phrenetic,

[Combining form

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

j,

job;

fre»net'ik, a.

ng, sing;

TH,

[From Phrygia,

French Republic. Phrygian mode, one of the modes in ancient music. phthalic acid, thal'ik, fthal'ik, one of three isomeric benzene-dicarboxylic acids, the most important of which is used in making synthetic dyes, resins, etc.

phthisis, thi'sis, fthi'sis, n. [L. from Gr. phthino, decay.] Med. a wasting

away; pulmonary tuberculosis. phycology, fI«kol'o«ji, n. [Gr. phykos, and logos.] That department of botany which treats of the algae or seaweeds.

phylactery, fi»lak'ter«i, n. [Gr. phylakterion, from phy lasso, to defend or guard.] An amulet worn as a preservative from danger or disease among the Jews; a strip of parch-

ment inscribed with certain texts from the Old Testament, enclosed within a small leather case, and fastened on the forehead or on the left arm near the region of the heart.

phyletic, fMet'ik, a. [Gr. phyle, a tribe or race.] Pertaining to a race or tribe: applied especially in connection with the development of

animal tribes. phylloclade, fil'lo-klad, lon,

a

leaf,

leaf.]

A

performs

fil'od,

see). n.

flattened

the

phylbranch.] A

n. [Gr.

a

klados,

cladode (which phyllode,

[Gr. phyllon, a leaf stalk

functions

which

of a

leaf

blade.

phyllodium,

[L. phrene-

then;

frij'i«an, a.

in Asia Minor.] Pertaining to Phrygia or to the Phrygians. Phrygian cap, the red cap of liberty worn by the leaders during the first

DICTION.

microscope.

photon,

in phrenology.

—

[Gr. phos, photos, light, mikros, small, and grapho, to write.] The art or process of photographing minute objects when magnified by means of the n.

—

Phrygian,

—

metal plate.

intended

fren«o«loj'ik, fren«o«loj'i«kal, a. phrenolPertaining to phrenology. ogist, fre«nol'o«jist, n. One versed

fo«to—

been taken. phrase, fraz,

n. [Gr. phos, photos, light, Fr. gravure, engraving.] process by which an engraving is produced on a metal plate by photographic methods.

instrument

—phototypy,

photozincography, n. The process of printing from a prepared zinc plate on which a photograph has

photogravure, fo'to»gravur",

An

—

cal,

art or process of pro-

ducing phototypes.

cally, fo»to«graf 'i«kal«li,

ure.]

The

ti'pi, n.

—photographiadv.

fo«tom'et»er, n. phos, photos, light, and metron,

ferent portions of the brain obtained by comparing their relative forms and magnitudes in different individuals with the propensities and intellectual powers which these individuals are found respectively to phrenologic, phrenologipossess.

n.

A

— —photogra-

photometer,

human mind upon a presumed knowledge of the functions of dif-

A

A

is

fo'to»sin"the«sis,

[Gr. phos, photos, light, synthesis, a putting together.] In green plants, the utilization by protoplasm of the energy of light, aided by the green pigment chlorophyll, for building up organic matter from water and carbonic acid gas. phototropism, f6»tot'ro«pizm, n. [Combining form photo and tropism, from Gr. trope, a turning.] tropism in which light is the stimulant. phototype^ fo'to«tip, n. [Gr. phos, photos, light, and typos, a type.]

phosphorescent

photograph

fre«nol'o«ji, [Gr. n. phren, phrenos, the mind, and logos, discourse.] A doctrine which professes to found a philosophy of the

An

.

photosynthesis,

A

n.

delirium; frenzy.

phrenology,

sun.

fo'to«jen, n. [Gr. phos, photos, light, and root gen, to produce.] more or less continued impression or picture on the retina. photogenic, f6'to»gen"ik, a. [Gr. phos, photos, light, and combining form genie, meaning suitable for reproduction.] Suitable for photographing; producing or generating light; biol.

f6«to«graf ik,

Med. an inflammation of the brain;

envelope envelope, supposed to consist of incandescent matter, surrounding the

photogene,

fo«tog'raf«er,

—

diaphragm. phrenitis, fre-ni'tis, n. [Gr., from phren, the mind, and -ids, term, denoting inflammation.]

fo'to«sfer, n. [Gr. phos, and E. sphere.] of light; the luminous

light,

—phre-

—

photosphere, photos,

disordered.

is

netically, fre«net'i»kal»li, adv. In a phrenetic manner. phrenic, fren'ik, a. [From Gr. phren, in sense of diaphragm.] Anat. belonging to the

An instrument for photographing spectra.

voltage electric lamp of intense sustained brilliance used in photo-

phic,

whose mind

skop, n.

elec-

operated flash lamp.

photoflood, f6"to»flood', n. [Combining form photo and flood.] A high-

pher,

A

photospectroscope, fo«to«spek'tro«-

[Combin-

— — —

—

th, thin;

fil«6'di«um, [Gr. n. phyllon, a leaf, and eidos, likeness.] Bot. a leafstalk developed into a flattened expansion like a leaf. phylloid, fil'oid, a. Leaf-like; shaped

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— —

—

—— —

—— —

—— ——

phylogenesis like a leaf.

[Gr.

n.

and pous, podos,

a

One

of those crustaceans that limbs of leaf -like form for swimming. phyllotaxis, phyllotaxy, foot.]

have

—

nro»tak«si, [Gr. n. Bot. the arrangement of the leaves on the axis or stem. phylloxera, fil«ok«se'ra, n. [Gr. phyllon, a leaf, and xeros, parched.] An insect which infests the leaves and roots of the oak, vine, etc., one species of which has caused immense fil'o«tak«sis,

taxis, order.]

damage

in

some

wine-producing

countries.

phylogenesis,

phylogeny,

fi«lo— [Gr. phyle, 2l tribe, and genesis, root gen, to produce.] Biol, the origin and history of races or types of animal forms. phylogenetic, fi'lo«je«net"ik, a. Pertaining to phylogenesis or phylogeny, or the race history of an animal. phylum, fi'lum, n. pi. phyla. [Gr. phylon, a tribe.] One of the grand subdivisions of the animal or vegetable kingdom. physic, fiz'ik, n. [Gr. physikos, pertaining to nature, natural, from physis, nature, from phyo, to bring forth, to spring up; cog. with Skr. be.] The bhu, to be; E. to be. science or knowledge of medicine; the art of healing; a medicine, popularly a medicine that purges; a purge; a cathartic. Physic garden, an old name for a botanic garden. Physic nut, the seed of one or two tropical plants (genus Jatropha), having strong purgative and emetic physicked, physproperties. v.t. icking. To treat with physic; to purge with a cathartic; to remedy. physical, fiz'i«kal, a. Pertaining to nature; relating to what is material and perceived by the senses; pertaining to the material part or structure of an organized being, as opposed to what is mental or moral (physical force); material (the physical world) ; pertaining to physics or natural philosophy. Physical gePhysical ography. See geography. physically, fiz'PHYSICS. science. i«kal«li, adv. In a physical manner; as regards the material world; as regards the bodily constitution. physician, fi«zish'an, n. A person skilled in the art of healing; one whose profession is to prescribe remedies for diseases. physicist, fiz'i«sist, n. One skilled in physics; physics, fiz'a natural philosopher. iks, n. That branch of science which treats of the laws and properties of matter ; the department of science that deals with mechanics, dynamics, light, heat, sound, electricity, and magnetism; natural philosophy. n. fiz«i»og'no«mi, physiognomy, jen'e«sis,

fI»loj'e«ni,

n.

—

—

—

—

—

[Properly physiognomony, from Gr. physiognomonia physis, nature, and

—

gnomon, one who knows, from stem of gignosko, to know.] The art of the character of the mind from the features of the face; the face or countenance as an index of the mind; particular cast or physiexpression of countenance.

discerning

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

;

——

626

phyllopod, fil'o«pod,

phyllon,

—

pick

ognomic, physiognomical,

fiz'i«og-

nom"ik,

a.

nz'i«og«nom"i«kal,

to physiognomy. ognomist, fiz«i«og'no»mist, skilled in physiognomy.

taining

physiography,

Perphysi-

One

n.

[Gr.

fiz«i»og'ra«fi, n.

the causes by which they have been modified, as well as of the climates, life, etc., of the globe; physical geography. physiographical, fiz'i»6«graf"i«kal, a. Pertaining to physiography. siologic,

[Fr. phy—physics, na-

fiz»i«ol'0'ji, n.

Gr. physiologia

and logos, discourse.] That science which has for its aim the study and elucidation of the phenomena of life in animals and plants. physiologic, physiological, fiz'i«o»loj"ik, fiz'i«o«loj"i«kal, a. Pertaining to physiology. Physiological selection, partial of or complete sterility varying forms with the parent stock a suggested cause of the isolation necessary for evolution of new physiologically, species. fiz'i«o«loj"i«kal«li, adv. According to the physioloprinciples of physiology. ture,

gist,

fiz«i«ol'o«jist,

physique,

One who

n.

is

who

treats of physiology. fi«zek', n. [Fr.] person's

versed in or

A

or

physical

bodily

structure

or

constitution.

phytogenesis,

phytogeny,

fi«to— jen'e«sis, fi«toj'e«ni, n. [Gr. phyton, a plant, and genesis.] The doctrine of the generation of plants.

phytogeography,

fi'to»je«og"ra«fi, n.

[Gr. phyton, z. plant, and E. geography.] The geography or geographical distribution of plants. phytography, fi«tog'ra»fi, n. [Gr. phyton, a plant, and graphe, description.] That branch of botany which concerns itself with the rules to be observed in describing and

naming

plants.

phytology,

fI«tol'o'ji, n. [Gr. phyton, a plant, logos, discourse.] The science of plants, a name sometimes used phytologias equivalent to botany.

cal,

fI«tO'loj'i»kal,

a.

Relating

to

phytophagous,

fI»tof'a«gus, a. [Gr. phyton, a plant, phago, to eat.] Eating or subsisting on plants. pi, pi, pe, n. [Gr.] The 16th letter

of the Greek alphabet; the symbol used to denote the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, approximate value 3.14159265. pi, pi, n [Origin unknown.] Print. disarranged or mixed type. v.t. To disarrange or mix type; to throw into confusion. ris,

pio,

a.

[L. piacula-

from piaculum, expiation, from to expiate, from pius, pious.]

Expiatory; pertaining to expiation. pia mater, pi'a ma'ter, n. [L., lit. pious mother.] Anat. a vascular

membrane investing the whole surface of the brain. See dura mater. piano, pi«a'no, a. [It., soft, smooth, from L. planus, plain.] Mus. soft; a direction to execute a passage softly or with diminished volume of tone.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

hammers.

pianoforte, piano, soft, smooth, and forte (L.fortis), strong.] pianissimo, pi«a«nis'i«m6, piano. [It. superl. of piano, soft.] Mus. very soft; a direction to execute a passage in the softest manner. pianist, pi«n.

[It.

A

A

an'ist, pi'an«ist, n.

performer on

the piano.

piassava, pi«a«sa'va,

n. [Pg. piacaba.] fiber of a Brazilian palm tree, extensively used in making brooms and brushes for street sweeping. piaster, piastre, pi«as'ter, n. [Fr. piastre, It. and Sp. piastra, a thin plate of metal, a dollar, from L.L. piastra, L. emplastrum, Gr. emplastron, a plaster, plaster.] denom-

The

A

ination of money of various countries, especially Egypt and Turkey.

piazza, pi«az'za, n. [It. piazza, open place, square, market place, place.] A rectangular open space surrounded

by buildings or colonnades. pibroch, pe'broc/i, n. [Gael, piobaireachd, from piobair, a piper, piob, a pipe.] Martial variations performed on the bagpipe, in the Highlands of Scotland. pica, pi'ka, n. [L. litera picata, pitchblack letter.] Printing type 2 points in size; a standard printing measure, 1

about I inch. picador, pik'a«dor,

from

[Sp.,

n.

pica, a pike or lance.]

One

of the

horsemen armed with a lance who excites and irritates the bull in a bullfight.

picaroon, pik»a«ron', n. [Sp. picaron, augmentative of picaro, a rogue.] A rogue or cheat; one that lives by his wits; an adventurer. pica-

—

resque, pik»aTesk', a. [Fr.] Pertaining to rogues or picaroons; describing the fortunes of rogues. picayune, pik«a«yun',n. [Fr. picaillon.) A coin of small value, formerly used in Louisiana; anything of little value. piccalilli, pik'a«lil«li, n. An imitation Indian pickle of various vegetables, with pungent spices. piccolo, pik'ko'16, n. [It. piccolo, small flute, the tones of small.]

A

phytology.

piacular, pi«ak 'u«ler,

by

struck

pi«an'6«fort,

physis, nature, and grapho, to describe.] The science which treats of the earth's physical features, and

physiology,

A musical metal-stringed instrument with a keyboard, by means of which the metal strings are n. (pi«an'o).

note, not,

move;

which range an octave higher than those flute;

of

the

an octave

ordinary

orchestral

flute.

pice, pis, n. sing, East Indian coin.

and

pi.

Small

pis'i'us, a. [L. piceus, from pix, picis, pitch.] Of or belonging to pitch; black as pitch. pick, pik, v.t. [Allied to W. pig, a point, a pike; Gael, pioc, piocaid, a pick, a pickax; pike, peak, peck, beak; same root also in spike.] To strike at with anything pointed; to peck at, as a bird, with its bill; to pierce; to clean by removing with the teeth, fingers, claws, or a small instrument, something that adheres (to pick a bone, the teeth); to separate from other things; to select; to choose (to pick the best men); to

piceous,

pluck; to gather, as fruit or things growing; to gather up here and there; to collect (often with up); to snatch thievishly (a purse); to tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— — ——— — ——

——

—

—— —

—

pickaback

627

steal the contents of (to pick a pocket). To pick off, to separate by the fingers or a small instrument; to separate by a sharp sudden movement (to pick off a leaf); to aim at and kill. To pick out, to draw

which carry provisions along with them on an excursion to some place in the country; used also

out by anything pointed; to select from a number or quantity; to relieve with figures or lines of a different color. To pick up, to take up with the fingers, or otherwise to snatch ; to obtain by repeated effort or casually (to pick up a

—

der of lace, ribbon, etc. picotee, pik«o«te', n. [Fr. picotie, from Picot de la Perousse, a French botanist.] A variety of carnation or clove pink, having the dark color only on the edge of the petals. picric acid, pik'rik as'id, n. Chem. a bitter, toxic acid (NOz ) 3 C 6 2

—

H OH

ment other than the key. To pick used as a dye and an explosive. oakum, to make oakum by untwisting Pict, pikt, n. [From Picti, the name old ropes. To pick a quarrel, to given them by Latin writers; of

—

—

signal).

pickaback, pik'a«bak, a. or adv. [From the older form pickapack, a reduplication of pack.] On the back

pictures.

A

v.t.

with

picketed, picketing.

G. pokel, of

salt

fish,

bokel,

To

or

A

133y2

is

brine; vinegar, in which vegetables, oysters, etc., are preserved; a thing preserved in pickle; a state of difficulty; a chemical cleaning solution.

v.t.—pickled, pickling.

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

measure of quantity, and not by the measure of time. Of a piece, of the same sort, as if taken from the same whole; alike. A piece of one's mind, a colloquial phrase for blunt

and uncomplimentary statements. v.t.

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

To mend by

—

piecer, cession. pes'er, One n. that pieces ; a boy or girl employed in a spinning factory to join broken piecework, pes'werk, n. threads. Work done and paid for by the measure of quantity. pied, pid, a. [From pie, magpie.] Particolored; variegated with spots of different colors; spotted with larger spots than if speckled. pie plant, pi'plant, n. [From its use in pie.] Garden rhubarb. pier, per, n. [O.Fr. pere, piere, a stone (Fr. pierre), from L. and Gr. petra, a stone.] Arch, the solid parts between openings in a wall, as

—

doors or windows; the or other mass or post to which a gate is hung; the solid support from which an arch springs a large pillar or shaft; one of the supports of the arches of a bridge; a mole or jetty carried out into the sea, serving to protect vessels from the open sea, to form a harbor, etc.; a projecting quay, wharf, or landingmirror or pier glass, n. place.

between square

glass

—hanging

pier table,

n.

A

between windows. A table placed between

windows. pierce, pers,

pie, pi, n. [From the Celtic; comp. Ir. pighe, a pie.] An article of food j,

piecing.

—

[A form of peddle.]

A

—pieced,

the addition of a piece; to patch; To to unite; to join; to cement. piece out, to extend or enlarge by addition of a piece or pieces. piece goods, n. pi. Goods generally as cottons, sold by the piece, piecemeal, pes'mel, shirtings, etc. adv. [Piece, and suffix -meal, A. Sax. maelum, by parts.] In pieces; by pieces; by little and little in suc-

speech used by persons with different languages; a jargon; originally, an English-based jargon used in Chinese commercial ports.

To

go;

pid'l, v.i.

deal in trifles; to attend to trivial concerns. pidgin, pij'in, n. [Chin, pronunciation of business.] simplified

fish,

preserve in brine or pickle; to treat with pickle. picnic, pik'nik, n. [Fr. piquenique.] A pleasure party, the members of

—

To

preserved;

pica, a

artistic or literary composition (a piece of poetry or sculpture); a coin (a fourpenny piece); a gun or To single firearm (a fowling piece). work by the piece, to work by the

lbs.

piddle,

from L.

The magpie.

an

—

brine.] solution in which flesh,

with

it.

in idea; a portion; a definite quantity or portion of certain things (a piece of muslin, a piece of work);

—

and water

or other substance

picturing.

—

pointed stakes ; to fence with narrow pointed boards or pales ; to fasten to a picket or stake; to place or post as a guard of observation. pickle, pik'l, n. [D. and L.G. pekel, pickets

—pictured,

or paint a resemblance of; to represent pictorially; to bring before the mind's eye; to form an ideal likeness of; to describe in a pictorial, pik«to'vivid manner. ri«al, a. [L. pictor, a painter.] Pertaining to pictures; illustrated by pictures; constituting a picture. pictorially, pik«to'ri«al«li, adv. In a pictorial manner; with pictures or picturesque, pik«cher«engravings. esk', a. Forming or fitted to form a pleasing picture; expressing that peculiar kind of beauty which is agreeable in a picture; abounding with vivid and striking imagery; The picgraphic in style of writing. turesque, the quality that renders a scene suitable for making into a good picturesquely, pik«cher«picture. esk'li, adv. In a picturesque manner. picturesqueness, pik«cher»esk'nes, n. picul, pi'kul, n. In China, a weight of

mulatto infant. pickerel, pik'er«el, n. [From pike.] A name applied to several small fresh-water fishes of the pike family. picket, pik'et, n. [Fr. piquet, a dim. of pique, a pike, pick.] A stake sharpened or pointed, used in fortification and encampment§ ; a narrow pointed board; milit. a detachment of troops in a camp kept equipped to protect the camp from surprise; a person posted, as by a labor union, before or near a place of business where the workers are on strike; a game at

— —

v.t.

To draw

baked

or under

bald.] Having spots or patches of white and black or other color; having patches of various colors; pied; diversified; mongrel. piece, pes, n. [Fr. piice, Pr. peza, It. pezza, from L.L. pedum, a piece, probably from the Celtic: W. peth, Armor, pez, a piece.] A fragment or part of anything separated from the whole, in any manner (to tear in pieces); a part of anything, though not separated or separated only

of entertainment devoted to moving

or shoulders like a pack. {Colloq.) pickaninny, pik'a«nuvi, n. [Sp. pequeno nino, little infant.] Negro or

dough

piebald, pi'bald, a. [From pie, a magpie, and bald, spotted with white.

A

—

cards.

magpie.]

prehistoric drawing; a record made with pictorial symbols; a symbol in a pictographic system. picture, pik'cher, n. [L. pictura, from pingo, pictum, to paint, paint.] painting, drawing, or engraving exhibiting the resemblance of anything; any resemblance or representation, either to the eye or to the mind; a likeness; an image; a representation in or description words. Picture hat, a large-sized hat of the Duchess of Devonshire style; the style seen in the portraits by Sir Joshua Reynolds and Gainsborough. Picture house, the place

—

it

pie, pi, n. [Fr. pie,

pictograph, pik'to«graf, n. [L. pictura, and graph.] An ancient or

—

fortify

something in

—

A

of

consisting

uncertain origin.] One of a race of people (probably Celts) who anciently inhabited the northeast of Scotland. Pictish, pik'tish, a. Pertaining to the Picts.

quarrel intentionally with a person. v.i. To eat slowly or by morsels; to nibble; to pilfer. To pick up, to acquire fresh strength, vigor, or the like. {Colloq.) n. heavy sharp-pointed iron tool, with a wooden handle, used for loosening hard earth, stones, etc., in digging, ditching, etc.; a sharp hammer used in dressing stones. pickax, pik'aks, n. A tool with a point at one end and a blade at the other; also, simply a pick. picker, pik'er, n. pickpocket, pik'pok«et, n. One who steals from others' pockets. pickup, pik'up, n. The act of picking up; a small truck. pick up, v.t. To lift; to gain by occasional opportunity; to take something into a vehicle; to grasp (meaning); to bring into range of reception {pick up a radio

;

pierce

adjectively (a picnic party). v.i. picnicked, picnicking. To attend or take part in a picnic party. picot, pe'ko, n. [Fr.] One of a series of ornamental loops on a bor-

livelihood). To pick a hole in one's coat, to find fault with one. To pick a lock, to open it with some instru-

— ——

—

th, thin;

—

pierced, piercing. pierce; origin unTo stab or transfix with a pointed instrument; to penetrate; to force a way into; to affect keenly; to move deeply; to penetrate into, as into a secret or purpose. v.i. To [Fr. percer, certain.]

w, wig;

v.t.

to

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

——

Pierides

628

pill

—

affections in obedience to His will and devotion to His service; filial

or a dupe. pigeonhole, n. One of the holes in a dovecot where the pigeons go in and out; a little compartment or division in a case for papers. v.t. To lay aside; to claspigeon-toed, a. Having the sify. toes turned inward. piggin, pig'in, n. [Gael, pigeon, Ir. pigin, an earthen pitcher.] A small wooden vessel with an erect handle. pigment, pig'ment, n. [L. pigmentum, from the stem of pingo, to paint. paint.] Paint; any substance used by painters, dyers, etc., to impart colors to bodies; the coloring matter found in animal and plant bodies. v.t. and i. To color or tint; to become colored or tinted. pigmentation, pig«men«ta'shon, n. A deposit of pigment; coloration. Pigmy, pig'mi, n. and a. See pygmy. pika, pi'ka, n. A species of rodent allied to the hares that has a voice like that of a quail. pike, pik, n. [Fr. pique, a pike;

reverence; reverence toward parents or friends, with affection and devopietism, pi'et»izm, n. tion to them. The principles or practice of the

closely allied to pick, peck. PICK.] military weapon, consisting of a long wooden shaft or staff with a flat pointed steel head; a pointed

A

peak, hill, or mountain summit; a fresh-water fish, so named from its long shape or from the form of its snout; a turnpike, or road on which a toll is charged; also, the

enter, as a pointed instrument; to penetrate. piercer, per'ser, n. An instrument that pierces; a person that pierces or perforates; that organ of an insect with which it pierces bodies; the ovipositor. piercingly, per'sing«li, adv. In a piercing manner.

—

Pierides, pi«er'i»dez, n. pi. [L.] A name of the Muses, from Pieria, where they were first worshiped among the Thracians. Pierian, pi«e'ri«an, a. Belonging to the Pierides. Pierrot, pe'er«6, n. [Fr. dim. of Pierre,

—

Peter.l Itinerant minstrel or vocalist, generally at seaside places, with the dress of a clown in French pan-

tomime. piety, pi'e«ti, n. [L. pietas, from pius, pious. Pity is the same word.] Veneration or reverence of the Supreme Being and love of His character; the exercise of these

—

pietists.

—Pietists,

religious

party

pi'et«ists, n. pi.

in

Germany who

proposed to revive declining piety the Reformed churches; hence, applied to one who makes a display of strong religious feelings. pietin

—

piezoelectricity,

pi«e'zo«e»lek'tris'Electricity created by pressure as from compression along a certain axis of a crystal such as quartz. piezometer, pi«e»zom'et«er, n. [Gr. piezo, to press, metron, measure.] An instrument for measuring compresi«ti, n.

sibility. pif'l,

n.

spoken

[Origin doubtful.] or written matter;

L.G. bigge, a pig.] A young swine, male or female; a swine in general; an oblong mass of unforged iron, lead, or other bigge,

metal. .'. In the process of smelting, the principal channel along which the metal in a state of fusion runs, when let out of the furnace, is called the sow, and the lateral channels or molds are denominated pigs, whence the iron in this state is called pig iron. v.t. or i. pigged, pigging. To bring forth pigs; to act as pigs; to live or huddle as pigs. piggery, pig'er«i, n. A place with sties and other accompaniments allotted to pigs. piggish, pig'ish, a. Relating to or like pigs; swinish. pigheaded, pig'hed«ed, a. Obstinpig iron, n. Iron, direct from ate. a furnace, that is to be refined. pigskin, pig'skin, n. Sports, a footpigsty, n. A sty or pen for ball. pigtail, pig'tal, n. The tail of a pigs. pig; the hair of the head tied behind in a tail; tobacco twisted into a long rope.

—

—

—

—

—

A

toll;

any main highway.

A

—pikeman,

soldier armed with a pike. pikestaff, n. The shaft of a pike; a long staff with a sharp pike in the lower end of it. piker, pl'ker, n. One who gambles, speculates, etc., in a small, cautious n.

—

way. pilaster, pi»las'ter, n. [Fr. pilastre, It. pilastro, from L. pila, a pile.] square pillar projecting from a pier or from a wall to a short dis-

A

tance.

pig> pigs »• [A. Sax. pecga, akin to D. big,

—

pik'man,

istic, pi«et«is'tik, a.

piffle, Silly trash.

—

— —

pigeon,

pij 'on,

n.

—— —

[Fr. pigeon,

from

L. pipio, pipionis, a chirping bird, from pipio; to peep, to chirp.] A common bird of the family Columbidae; a young woman; an easy mark fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

pilau, pilaw, pi la, n. [Per. and Turk.] An oriental dish consisting of rice cooked with fat, butter, or meat. pilchard, pil'cherd, n. [Probably a

Cornish word; comp. pilchard;

W.

pilcod, a

Ir.

pilseir,

minnow.]

a

A

resembling the herring, but smaller. pile, pil, n. [Partly A. Sax. pil, a heap, a stake, partly from Fr. pile, a heap, a pier, a voltaic pile; both from L. pila, a pier or mole.] heap; a mass or collection of things in an elevated form; a collection of combustibles arranged for burning a dead body; a large building or fish

A

mass of buildings; an edifice; elect. a series of plates of two dissimilar metals, such as copper and zinc, laid one above the other alternately, with cloth between each pair, moistened with an acid solution, for producing a current of electricity; or

battery; a a fortune; an atomic reactor; a large amount; a heraldic figure resembling a wedge. v.t. piled, To lay or piling. throw into a heap; to heap up; to accumulate; to drive piles into; to furnish or support with piles. To pile arms, to place three muskets a

galvanic

large

voltaic

amount of money;

— —

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

so that the butts remain firm upon the ground, and the muzzles close pile driver, n. A worktogether. man whose occupation is to drive piles; a machine or contrivance worked by steam for driving in

—

piles.

pile,

n.

pil,

[A.S.

pil,

A

stake.]

supporting beam; a post driven into the ground to support a structure. pile, pil, n. [O.Fr. peil, from L. pilus, hair.] hair; a fiber of wool, cotton, etc.; the nap or fine hairy or woolly surface of cloth; also, the shag or hair on the skins of animals. pileous, pil'e»us, a. Pertaining to the hair; covered by or consisting of hair; pilose. pileate, pileated, pi'le«at, pi'le^a'ted, a. [From L. pileus, a cap.] Having the form of a cap or cover for the head; bot. having a cap or lid like the cap of a mushroom. pileous, pi'le«us, a. See pile (nap).

A

—

piles,

The

pilz, n. pi. [L. pila, a ball.] dilatation of veins of the lower

part of the rectum near the anus, the veins often forming bleeding

enlargement

and

tumors;

hemor-

rhoids.

pileus, pi'le«us, n. [L., a cap.] Bot. the cap or top of a mushroom, supported by the stalk. pilfer, pil'fer, v.t. [O.Fr. pelfrer, to plunder, from pelfre, goods, spoil, pelf.] To steal in small booty, quantities; to practice petty theft. v.t. To steal or gain by petty theft; to filch.

who

—pilferer,

pil'fer«er, n.

One

pilfers.

pilgarlic, piNgar'lik, n. [Peeled garlic] A poor bald-headed creature. pilgrim, pilgrim, n. [Same as D. pelgrim, Dan. pilegrim, I eel. pilagrimr, Fr. pelegrin, from L. pere-

grinus, a traveler, a foreigner per, through, and ager, land (as in agriwanderer; a traveler; culture).]

A

one that travels to a distance from his own country to visit a shrine or holy place, or to pay his devotion the remains of dead saints; to [cap.] one of the colonists from England who founded the colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620, which was the first permanent New England settlement of Europeans. pilgrimage, pil'gri«mij, n. A journey by a pilgrim; a journey to some place deemed sacred for a devotional purpose; the journey of human life. Pilgrim Fathers, n. The Puritans who landed at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620, founding

—

the

first

New

England settlement.

[L. pilus, a hair.] Bot. fine slender bodies, like hair, piliferous, covering some plants. pMif'er«us, a. Bearing or producing hairs, as a leaf— piliform, pi'li-form, a. Formed like or resembling

pili,

pi'li,

pi.

ft.

—

down

or hairs. n. [Abbrev. of L. pilula, a dim. of pila, a ball (whence pile, a heap.] A little ball or small round mass of medicinal substance to be

pill,

pil,

swallowed

whole;

something

un-

pleasant that has to be metaphorv.t. ically swallowed or accepted.

To

dose with

pills; to

tube, tub, bull;

form

oil,

into pills.

pound.

I

——— — — — —— —— —— pillage

—pillbox,

— —— —

— — —

ping

629

A

n. box for holding pills; in military slang, a small concrete blockhouse, used in Europe as a

It.

from

pimento,

L.

pigmentum,

paint, juice of plants, pigment.] Allspice, the berry of a tree of the

machine gun emplacement.

West Indies; Jamaica pepper. See

[Fr. pillage, from piller, to rob.] Plunder; spoil; that which is taken by open force, particularly from enemies in war; the act of plundering. v.t. pillaged, pillaging. strip of money

ALL.

pillage,

n.

pil'ij,

pimp, pimp,

n. [A nasalized form of pipe (Pr. pimpa, a pipe), a pimp being as it were one who whistles for females like a callbird.] One who provides gratifications for the lust of others; a procurer; a pander. v.i. To pander; to procure lewd women for the gratification of others. pimpernel, pim'per«nel, n. [Fr. pimprenelle, It. pimpinella.} A little redflowered prostrate annual found in

—

To

or goods by usually by a

open

ij«er, n.

and

violence,

number of persons;

to plunder; to spoil.

pillager, pil'-

One who

pillages. pillar, pil'er, n. [Fr. pilier, a pillar, from L.L. pilare, from L. pila, a column, pile.] column; a colum-

A

cornfields.

nar mass or upright body; fig. a supporter; one who or that which sustains or upholds.

pimple, pim'pl,

A

fastening separate articles together, or as a support from which a thing may be hung; a peg; a bolt; a small piece of wire pointed at one end and with a rounded head at the other, much used as a cheap and ready means of fastening clothes, a peg in stringed musical etc.; instruments for increasing or diminishing the tension of the strings the center of a target; a central part. v.t. pinned, pinning. To fasten with a pin or pins of any kind; to clutch; to hold fast. v.t. To enclose; to confine; to pen or pound. pincushion, n. small cushion or pad in which pins are stuck for pinfeather, pin'feTHpreservation. er, n. small or short feather; a feather not fully grown. pinhole, pin'hol, n. small hole made by the puncture of a pin; a very small pin money, n. An allowaperture. ance made by a husband to his wife for her separate use, originally pintail, n. variety of to buy pins.

—

punishment. v.t. pilloried, pillorying. To punish with the pillory; fig. to expose to ridicule, contempt, abuse, and the like. pillow, pil'6, n. [O.E. pilwe, pulwe, from L. pulvinus, a cushion.] long cushion to support the head of a person when reposing, filled with feathers, down, or other soft material; a supporting piece for an axle or shaft; a bearing. v.t. To rest or lay on for support. pillowcase, pillow slip, n. The movable sack or case which is drawn over a pillow. pillow lace, n. Handmade lace worked on a small pillow or cushion. pilose, pi'los, a.' [L. pilosus, from pilus, hair (whence pile, of cloth).] Covered with, abounding in, or full of hairs; hairy. pilosity, pi«-

—

[From

—

spacecraft or aircraft; a test operation. v.t. To act as a pilot; to guide. pilotage, pi'lot»ij, n. The a

front part of their dress; a child's apron. pinaster, pl-nas'ter, n. [L., from species of pine growpinus, pine.] ing in the south of Europe. pincers, pin'serz, n. pi. [From Fr. pincer, to pinch (whence pince, pin-

the

A

A

A small permanent flame from which a.

lit;

a pilot

pinch.] An instrument by which anything is gripped in order to be drawn out, as a nail, or kept fast for some operation; the nippers of certain animals; prehensile claws.

See pilose.

cers),

pilular, pil'u.ler, a. [L. pilula, a pill.] Pertaining to pills. pilule, pil'ul, n.

A little

pill.

pimento, pi'mento, ch, chain;

n. [Pg.

ch, Sc. loch;

pimenta, g,

go;

—

irregular ode.

j,

;ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

n. [From L. pinus, a pinesame root as pix, picis, pitch.]

pine, pin, tree;

The name

of a valuable genus of evergreen coniferous trees, of which about seventy species are known, furnishing timber, turpentine, pitch, and resin; the pineapple, also the pineal, pin'plant that produces it. e«al, a. [Fr. pineale, from L. pinea, the cone of a pine, from pinus, a pine.] Resembling a pine cone in shape. Pineal gland, an internal part of the brain, about the size of a pea, considered by Descartes as the seat of the soul. pineapple, n.

A

so called from its resemblance to the cone of the pine tree; the plant itself. Pineapple rum, rum flavored with sliced pineapples. pine cone, n. The crown or strobilus of a pine tree. pinery, pi'ner«i, n. hothouse in which pineapples are raised; a place where pine trees grow. pinetum, pi«ne'tum, n. [L., a pine plantation.] plantation or collection of growing pine trees of different kinds, especially for ornamental or scientific tropical

fruit

—

A

a

apron worn by children to protect

A

act of piloting. pilot fish, n. fish that often swims with sharks. pilot house, n. deckhouse for a ship's steering gear and pilot. pilot light, n.

lamp. pilous, pi'lus,

Pindaric, phvdar'ik, a. After the style and manner of Pindar. n. An ode in imitation of the odes of Pindar the Grecian lyric poet; an

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sharp-pointed tail. pinwheel, n. A wheel of which the cogs are pins projecting outward. pina cloth, pen'ya or pi'na, n. [Sp. pina, the pineapple.] A delicate, soft, transparent cloth made from the fibers of the pineapple leaf. pinafore, pin'a«for, n. [Because it is or was pinned on before.] A sort of

sham; not

adjectively,

genuine.

A

duck with

from Gr. pedon, oar.] A helmsman; one who conducts ships into harbors, through channels, etc.; a guide; avi. the one who controls

the burners of a stove are

when used

A

pilota,

It.

A

A

Hairiness. n.

pinsh, v.t. [Fr. pincer, It. pizzare, Sp. pizcar, pinchar, to pinch; of doubtful origin.] To press hard or squeeze between the ends of the fingers, the teeth, claws, or with an instrument, etc.; to nip; to distress; to afflict; to nip with frost. v.i. To act with pressing force; to press painfully; to be sparing or niggardly. To know or' feel where the shoe pinches, to have practical and personal experience as to where the cause of trouble in any matter lies. close compression, as with the n. ends of the fingers; a nip; a gripe; a pang; distress inflicted or suffered; straits; difficulty; a strong iron lever; a crowbar; as much as is taken by the finger and thumb; a small pinchquantity generally of snuff. er, pinsh'er, n. One who or that which pinches. pinchers, pinsh 'erz, n. pi. See pincers. pinchbeck, pinsh 'bek, n. [From the name of the inventor, a London watchmaker of the last century.] An alloy of copper and zinc, somewhat like gold in color, and formerly much used for cheap jewelry. Hence,

—

A

pi'lot,

[A nasalized form

pinch,

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los'i«ti, n.

n.

of L. papula, a pimple; or from W. pwmp, pwmpl, a knob.] A small elevation of the skin, with an inflamed base, seldom containing a fluid or suppurating, and commonly terminating in scurf. pimpled, pim'pld, a. Having pimples on the skin; full of pimples. pimply, pim'pli, a. Full of pimples. pin, pin, n. [Same as D. pin, Dan. pind, G. pinn, W. pin. a pin, a peg, etc., from L. penna or pinna, a feather, a pen. pen.] piece of metal, wood, or the like, used for

pillion, pil'yon, n. [From the Celtic; W. pilyn, Ir. pillin, Gael, pillean, a pillion, a packsaddle, from root of L. pilus, hair (whence pile, of cloth).] cushion for a woman to ride on behind a person on horseback; a pad; a low saddle; the pad of a saddle that rests on the horse's back. pillory, pil'o«ri, n. [Fr. pilori, a pillory, Pr. espitlori, L.L. pilorium, spilorium, a pillory; origin uncertain.] frame of wood erected on a post or pole, with movable boards resembling those in the stocks, and holes through which were put the head and hands of an offender, who had to stand there by way of public

pilot,

—— — —— —— ——

——

;

A

purposes. pine, pin,

—

v.i. pined, pining. [A. Sax. pinion, to pain, to pine; same word as pain.] To languish; to lose flesh or grow weakly under any distress or anxiety of mind; to languish with desire (to pine for a thing). v.t. To pain or torment; to grieve for. n. Pain; anguish; misery. pinfold, pin'fold, n. [A.Sax. pyndan,

pound,

and fold. which cattle straying and doing damage are temporarily confined; a pound. ping, ping, n. [Imitative.] The sound made by a bullet, as from a rifle, in

th, thin;

to

pound.]

w, wig;

A

to

shut

place

in,

in

hw, whig;

zh, a^ure.

——

—

—

—

—

;

pinion

.

630

—

passing through the

A

—

by cutting off the joint of the wing; to bind the of; to shackle; to fetter.

to disable

first

arms

down

the sides of the cheeks, worn during the early part of the eighteenth century.

pink, pingk, n. [Comp. D. pinken, to pinniped, pin'i«ped, n. [L. pinna, and twinkle with the eyes, to wink some pes, pedis, a foot.] A fin-footed animal. of them are marked with eyelike pinnula, pin'u«la, n. [L. pinnula, dim. spots.] A name of various garden of pinna, a feather.] Zool. one of the flowers, as the clove pink or carnation lateral processes of the arms of and garden pink; a light red color crinoids; the barb of a feather; bot. or pigment resembling that of the a leaflet. pinnulate, pin'u«lat, a. common garden pink; anything su- Bot. applied to a leaf in which each premely excellent (the pink of perfecpinna is subdivided. pinnule, pin'-

—

—

minnow:

tion); a fish, the

so called

ul, n.

—

A

pinnula.

from the color of its abdomen in pinochle, pe'nuk«el, n. [Origin unsummer. a. Resembling in color known.] A card game for two, three, or four persons played with a spethe most frequent hue of the pink. pinkeye, n. A contagious disease of cial 48-card pack; in the game, the the eye; contagious conjunctivitis. combination of the queen of spades pink, pingk, v.t. [A nasalized form and the jack of diamonds. of pick.] To work in eyelet-holes; pint, pint, n. [D. pint, Fr. and G. to ornament with holes, scallops, etc. pinte, a pint, Sp. pinta, a mark, also to stab; to wound with a sword or a pint (a quantity marked), from L.

—pinkroot, the Indian pink used

The

of as a vermifuge. pink, pingk, n. [D. and Dan.] A ship with a very narrow stern, a build rapier.

now

n.

root

obsolete.

pinna, pin'a,

n. pi. pinnae, pin'e. [L. pinna, penna, a feather, a wing, a fin.] Zool. the wing or feather of a bird; the fin of a fish; anat. the pavilion of the ear, that part which projects beyond the head; bot. a leaflet of a pinnate leaf. pinnace, pin'is, n. [Fr. pinasse, Sp. pinaza, Pg. pinaca, It. pinaccia, pinazza, a pinnace, from L. pinus, a pine tree.] small vessel propelled by oars and sails, and having generally two masts rigged like those of a schooner; a boat usually rowed with eight oars.

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pinnacle, pin'a«kl, n. [Fr. pinocle, L.L. pinnaculum, from L. pinna, a feather, pinion.] A rocky peak; a sharp or pointed summit; arch. any lesser structure, whatever be its form, that rises above the roof of a building, or that caps and terminates the higher parts of other buildings. v.t. pinnacled, pinnacling. To put a pinnacle or pinnacles on; to furnish with pinnacles. pinnate, pin 'at, a. [L. pinnatus, from pinna, a feather or fin. pen.] Bot. shaped or branching like a feather; formed like a feather. Pinnate leaf, bot. a compound leaf wherein a single petiole has several leaflets attached to each side of it; zool. having fins or processes resembling pinnately, pin'at-li, adv. In a fins. pinnate manner. pinnatifid, pin»nat'i«fid, a. [L. pinna, and findo, to cleave.] Bot. said of a simple leaf divided transversely into irregular pinnatipartite, pin»nat'i«lobes. par"tit, a. [L. partitus, divided.] Bot. having the lobes of the leaf separated

—

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

picture.] pingo, pinctum, to paint, measure of capacity containing the eighth part of a gallon. pintle, pin'tl, n. [Dim. of pin.] pin or bolt; artillery, a long iron bolt to prevent the recoil of a cannon ; nam an iron bolt by which the rudder is hung to the sternpost; a pin passing through an axle to hold on a wheel. pioneer, pi«o»ner', n. [Fr. pionnier, O.Fr. peonier, from peon, It. pedone, peon.] One whose a foot soldier, business is to march with or before an army to repair the road or clear it of obstructions, work at intrenchments, etc.; anyone that goes before to prepare the way for another v.t. To {pioneers of civilization). go before and prepare a way for. v.i. To act as pioneer; to clear the way. pious, pi'us, a. [L. pius, pious, devout, kind, whence also piety, pity.] Having due respect and affection for parents or other relatives; more commonly, duly reverencing the Supreme Being; godly; devout; dictated by reverence to God; proceeding from piety; practiced under the pretense of religion (pious frauds). Pious belief, a Catholic opinion not of the importance of a dogma. piously, pi'us'li, adv. In a pious

A

A

manner. n. [D. pip, L.G. pipp, Fr. from L.L. pipita, for L. pituita, phlegm, the pip.] A disease of fowls,

pip, pip, pipie,

consisting

mucus

in

in the

a

secretion

of

thick the

mouth by which

nostrils are stopped. pip, pip, n. [Fr. pipin, a kernel; derivation uncertain.] The kernel or seed of fruit; a spot on cards. pip, pip, v.i. [An imitative word, slightly differing in form from peep = Dan. pipe, Sw. pipa, G. pipen, to

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

—— — ;

piquant

air. Ping-pong, beyond the middle. pinnatiped, trademark for a kind of tennis pin«nat'i«ped, a. [L. pinna, and pes, played on a table. pedis, a foot.] Fin-footed; having the pinion, pin yon, n. [Fr. pignon, a toes bordered by membranes, as pinion or small wheel; Sp. pinon, certain birds. n. A bird which has a joint of a bird's wing; from L. the toes bordered by membranes. pinna, penna, a feather, pen.] The pinnatisect, pin«nat'i»sekt, a. [L. joint of a fowl's wing remotest from seco, sectum, to cut.] Bot. having the the body; a wing; a small wheel lobes divided down to the midrib. which plays in the teeth of a larger. pinners, pin'erz, n. pi. A female v.t. To confine by binding the wings; headdress, having long flaps hanging

n.

—— —

—

note, not,

move;

pip. peep, pipe.] To cry or chirp, as a chicken. pipe, pip, n. [A. Sax. pipe, a pipe; D. pijp, Icel. pipa, Dan. pibe, G. pfeife; of imitative origin; comp. L. pipo, pipio, to cheep, chirp.] wind

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instrument of music, consisting of a tube of wood or metal a long tube or hollow body made of various materials, such as are used for the conveyance of water, gas, steam, etc. a tube of clay or other material with a bowl at one end, used in smoking tobacco, etc.; the windpipe; the sound of the voice a whistle or call of a bird; a roll in the exchequer, so named from resembling a pipe; a wine measure, usually containing about 105 imperial or 126 wine ;

;

gallons; nam. the boatswain's whistle used to call the men to their duties. piped, piping. To sound or play v.i. on a pipe; to have a shrill sound; to whistle. v.t. To play on a pipe or other wind instrument; to utter in a sharp or high tone; nam. to call

—

by means of the boatswain's pipe or

—

pipe clay, n. The purest kind of potter's clay, manufactured into tobacco pipes, and used by whistle.

soldiers for cleaning belts, jackets, trousers, etc. v.t. To whiten with long and pipe clay. pipefish, n. slender fish, the thickest part of whose body is only equal to a swan's piper, pi'per, n. One who quill. plays on a pipe; a bagpiper; a sea urchin common in the northern seas. To pay the piper, to be at the expense; to suffer or make good the pipette, pi«pet', n. [Fr., a loss. small tube terminating small pipe.] in a perforated point, used by chemists for transferring liquids. piping, pi 'ping, p. and a. Playing on a pipe; having or giving out a shrill

—

A

—

—

A

whistling sound; accompanied by the music of the peaceful pipe (this piping time of peace) ; boiling ; hissing with heat (piping hot). n. Pipes, as for gas, water, etc., collectively; hort. a jointed stem used for propagating plants.

piperaceous,

pi«per«a'shus,

pepper.]

piper,

Belonging

pepper

—

[L. the piperin, a.

to

tribe of plants. crystalline pipeline, pi'per«in, n. extracted from black substance

A

pepper. pipette. See pipe. pipit, pipit, n. [Probably imitative name of birds allied of its cry.] to the lark. pipkin, pipkin, n. [Dim. of pipe.] A small earthen boiler. pippin, pip'in, n. [Perhaps because grown from the pips or seeds.] The name given to several kinds of

A

apples.

piquant, pe'kant,

[Ppr. of Fr. a. prick, to be sharp, to pique; of same origin as pick, pike, peak, etc.] Making a lively, halfpleasing, half-painful impression on piquer,

to

organs of sense; sharp; racy; sparkling; interesting; sharp or cutting to the feelings; pungent; piquantly, pe kant'lt, adv. se vere. In a piquant manner; tartly. piquancy, pe kan»si, n. The state the

lively;

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

1

——— ——— —

——

—

—

;;

pique

—

a. [L. piscis,

A

A

American

fresh-water

fish

lime slightly colored by the oxide of iron, occurring in little globular concretions of the size of a pea or larger, which usually contain each a grain of sand as a nucleus.

from South of

the

genus Serrasalmo. pirate, pi'rat,

from Gr.

pisolitic,

n. [Fr. pirate,

peirates,

L. pirata,

from peirao,

of,

a.

character

of a flower, consisting of the ovary, the stigma, and often also of a style.

—

robbing or

pistil.

pistillate,

pis'til-lat,

a.

Having

—

pitfall,

pi'ra«si, n. The act, pracor crime of robbing on the high seas; the profession of pirate; literary theft; any infringement on the law of copyright. pirogue, piTOg', n. [Fr. pirogue, Sp. piragua; originally a W. Indian word.] A kind of canoe made from a single trunk of a tree hollowed out. pirouette, pi-ro-et', n. [Fr. ; origin unknown.] A rapid whirling on the point of one foot; the short turn of a horse so as to bring his head suddenly in the opposite direction

a

—

named as being originally halfcrown, a diminutive of the crown.] An old gold coin in Spain, France, etc. piston, pis'ton, n. [Fr., from L. pinso, pistum, to beat, to pound. pistil.] Mach. a movable piece of a cylindrical form, which exactly fits a hollow cylinder, such as the barrel of a pump or the cylinder of a steam engine, and capable of being driven piston alternately in two directions. rod which connects a rod, n. piston to a point outside the cylinder, and either moved by the piston or as pistol, so

a

A

it.

=

D. put, pit, pit, n. [A. Sax. pyt, pit Icel. pyttr, a well; from L. puteus, hollow or cavity more or a well.] less deep, either natural or made by digging in the earth; the shaft of a mine; a vat in tanning, bleaching, dyeing, etc.; hort. an excavation in the soil covered by a glazed frame,

A

Aries; the vertebrate animals of the class fishes. pisciculture, pis'i'kul'cher, n. [L. piscis, a fish, and cultura, culture.] The breeding, rearing, preservation, feeding, and fattening of fish by artificial means; fish culture. pisciform, pis'i«form, a. Having the shape of a fish. piscina, pis«sl'na, n. [L., a cistern, a fishpond.] niche on the south side of the altar

protecting plants; a concealed hole in the ground for snaring wild beasts; any hollow, cavity, or depression in the flesh (the armpits) ; a place or area where cocks or dogs are brought to fight, or where dogs are for

— A

j,

;ob;

uranium

and

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

n.

One who

th, thin;

its

compounds.

Dark

as pitch; very pitchiness, pich'i»nes, n. dark. State or quality of being pitchy.

pitch-dark,

moving

slightly a kind of trap. pit

whom stands in a pit below. pitapat, pit'a«pat, adv. [A reduplication of pat, a slight blow.] In a flutter; with palpitation or quick succession of beats. n. A light quick step. pitch, pich, n. [A softened form of O.E. pik, A. Sax. pic, from L. pix, picis, pitch, akin to pinus, a pine (tree).] A thick, tenacious oily substance, commonly obtained from tar, and extensively used for closing up the seams of ships, for preserving wood from the effects of water, for coating ironwork, etc.; in acoustics, the quality of a sound which depends upon the number of vibrations per second. Jew's pitch, mineral pitch, bitumen. v.t. To smear or cover over with pitch. pitchblende, n. A mineral which constitutes one of the most important sources of the metal

To

A

A

pit

with one hand only. v.t. pistoled, shoot with a pistol. pistoling. pistole, pis'tol', n. [Fr. pistole, same

—

n.

works in a pit. pit saw, n. A large saw worked by two men, one of

A

to where it was before. v.i. pirouetted, pirouetting. To perform a pirouette, as in dancing. piscator, pis«ka'tor, n. [L., from piscis, a fish.] fisherman; an angler. piscatorial, piscatory, pis»ka«tori«al, pis'ka«tOTi, a. [L. piscatorius.] Relating to fishermen or to fishing; pertaining to angling. Pisces, pis'sez, n. pi. [L. piscis, a fish.] Astron. the Fishes, the twelfth sign or constellation in the zodiac, next to

pit'fal,

covered over, forming — pitman, 'man,

Florence. From diminutive poniards the name came to be given to miniasmall firearm, the ture firearms.] smallest used, designed to be fired

tice,

go;

—

pistol, pis'tol, n. [Fr. pistole, from It. pistola, a pistol; originally a dagger made at Pistola or Pistoia, near

—piracy,

g,

pis«ta'-

The nut member of

Having the

ch, Sc. loch;

nut,

pistil, pis'til, n. [L. pistillum, a pestle, a dim. from pinso, pistum, to pound, to beat in a mortar; akin pestle, piston.] Bot. the seed-bearing organ

in piracy. piratically, pi«rat'i«kal«li, adv. In a piratical manner; by piracy.

ch, chain;

pistachio

of the pistachio tree, the sumac family; a yellowish-green color. a

plundering by open violence on the high seas ; pertaining to or consisting

—

Composed

tree.]

pi«rat'ik, pi«rat'-

[L. piraticus.] of a pirate;

a.

shi-6, n. [Sp. pistacho, L. pistacium, the fruit; pistacia, Gr. pistakia, the tree, from Per. pista, the pistachio

—

i«kal,

pi«s6«lit'ik,

containing, or resembling pisolite.

pistachio,

to

attempt, peira, a trial.] A robber on the high seas; one that by open violence takes the property of another on the high seas; an armed ship or vessel engaged in piracy; a publisher or compiler who appropriates the literary labors of an author without compensation or permission. v.i. pirated, pirating. To play the pirate to rob on the high seas. v.t. To publish without right or permission.

—piratic, piratical,

Feed-

or emmet. pisolite, pi's6«lit, n. [Gr. pison, a pea, carbonate of and lithos, a stone.]

See pirogue. pi«ran'ya, n. [Pg. small, voracious

voro, to eat.]

pisiform, pi'si«form, a. [L. pisum, a pea, and forma, form.] Having the form of a pea; having a structure resembling peas. pismire, pis'mir, n. [E. piss, and mire~Yi. mier, Sw. myra, Icel. maurr, an ant; it discharges an irritant fluid vulgarly regarded as urine.] The ant

piquet, pik'et, n. [From Fr. pique, a pike, a lance, a spade at cards.] Milit. a picket; a game at cards played between two persons with thirty-two cards, the ace of spades being highest card. piracy. See pirate. rude canoe. piragua, pi«ra'gwa, n.

A

and

trained to kill rats ; part of a theater on the floor of the house, and somewhat below the level of the stage. The pit (Scrip.), the place of the dead or the abode of evil spirits. The bottomless pit, hell (N.T.). v.t. pitted, pitting. To lay in a pit or hole; to mark with little hollows, as by the smallpox; to set in competition; to set against one another, as in combat (lit. like cocks in a pit).

ing or subsisting on fishes.

cause irritation.

Tupi.]

——— —— — — — pitch

in churches, with a small basin and water drain connected, into which the priest empties any water used. piscine, pis'sin, a. Pertaining to fish piscivorous, pis'Siv'o«rus, or fishes.

feeling arising from wounded pride, piqued, v.t. vanity, or self-love. piquing. [Fr. piquer.] To nettle; to irritate; to sting (less strong than exasperate); to stimulate; to touch with envy, jealousy, or other passion; v.i. refi. to pride or value one's self.

piranha,

——

—

631

or quality of being piquant; sharpness; pungency. pique, pek, n. [Fr. piquant.] An offense taken ; slight anger at persons

To

—

—

a.

The

glassy form of pitchy, pich'i, a. Partaking of the qualities of pitch; like pitch; smeared with pitch; dark; dismal. pitch, pich, v.t. [O.E. picche, to pierce, to peck, to dart or throw, a PICK.] softened form of pick, pike. To fix or plant, as stakes or pointed

pitchstone, n.

felstone; retinite.

instruments; to fix by means of such; hence, to set in array; to marshal or arrange in order (to pitch a tent, to pitch a camp); to fling or throw; to cast forward; to hurl; to toss, as pitch a baseball; to regulate or set the keynote of; to pave or face with Pitched stones, as an embankment. battle, one in which the armies are previously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. v.i. To light; to settle; to come to rest from flight; to plunge or fall headlong; to fix choice: with on or upon; to fix a tent or temporary habitation; to encamp; naut. to rise and fall, as the head and stern of a

A

point ship passing over waves. n. or degree of elevation or depression; height or depth; degree; rate; loftiness; the degree of slope or inclination (the pitch of a hill or roof) ; the rise of an arch; a throw; a toss; -that part of a cricket field where the wickets are put up; a cast or jerk of something from the hand; music, the relative height of a sound; in certain technical senses, a distance between two points (as the pitch of a screw,

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— ———

—

— :;

pitcher

—

A

—

A

A

—

A

A

substance occupying the center of the root, stem, and branches of exogenous plants; the spinal cord or marrow of an animal; strength, vigor, or force; closeness and vigor of thought and style; cogency; con-

densed substance or matter; quintes-

— pithy manner. sence. n.

The

pithily,

—

pith'i«li,

adv.

In a

pithiness, pith'i«nes, state or quality of being pithy.

—pithy,

Consisting of pith; pith; abounding with

pith'i, a.

containing

pith; terse and striking; forcible; energetic; uttering energetic words or expressions. pitiable, pitiful, pitiless, etc. See PITY. pittance, pit'ans, n. [Fr. pitance, a monk's mess, from L.L. pietantia, pitantia, a monk's allowance, from

L. pietas, piety.] An allowance of food bestowed in charity; a charity gift; a very small portion allowed or assigned. pituitary, pi«tu'i«te«ri, n. [L. pituitarius, pertaining to phlegm.] Anat. the pituitary gland; med. an extract obtained from the pituitary gland. pituitary gland, n. A two-lobed endocrine gland at the base of the brain the hypophysis. pity, pit'i, n. [Fr. pitie, O.Fr. pile, from L. pietas, piety, from pius, (pious.) Piety is the same pious, word.] The suffering of one person excited by the distresses of another commiseration; compassion; mercy; the ground or subject of pity; cause of grief; thing to be regretted; in this sense it has a plural (it is a thousand To have pity pities he should fail). upon, to take pity upon, generally to show one's pity toward by some pitied, pitying. benevolent act. v.t [O.Fr. pitoyer, to pity.] To feel pity or compassion toward; to feel pain or grief for; to have sympathy for; to commiserate; to compassionate. v.i. To be compassionate; to exercise .

— pityingly, to show pity;

pity.

pit i«ing«li, adv.

as

compassionately.

So

piteous, pit'i»us, a. Fitted to excite pity; moving pity or compassion; mournful affecting ; lamentable. ;

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

—

—

significant; contemptible. .'. Syn. under CONTEMPTIBLE. pitifully, pit'i— ful«li, adv. In a pitiful manner.

—

pitifulness, pit'i«ful«nes, n.

or quality

of"

being

The

— of pity;

pitiful.

state

pitiless,

Destitute hardhearted; relentless; exciting no pity. pitilessly, pit'i«les«li, adv. In a pit'i«les, a.

—

manner.

pitiless

les«ness,

pit'i— —pitilessness, of being

The

n.

state

pitiless.

pityriasis, pit'i«ri'a«sis, n. [Gr. pityron, bran.] cutaneous disease consisting of irregular branlike scaly patches. pivot, piv'ot, n. [Fr. pivot, a pivot, from It. piva, a pipe ( Fr. and E. pin on which anything pipe).] turns; a short shaft or point on which a wheel or other body revolves; milit. the officer or soldier upon whom the different wheelings are made in the various evolutions of the drill, etc.; that on which

A

=

A

important results depend; a turning v.t. To place on a pivot; to pivotal, piv'furnish with a pivot. ot«al, a. Belonging to a pivot. pix, piks, n. See pyx. pixy, pixie, pik'si, n. [Perhaps for pucksy, from Puck.] A sort of fairy.

point.

pizza, pie etc.

—

pet'sa,

n.

A

[It.]

—pizzeria, made or

pizzicato,

open

flat

baked with cheese, meat,

where pizza

spices,

A

pet'sa«re"a, n. place sold. pit«si«ka'to, a. [It., Mus. to be plucked by is

twitched.] the finger, and not played with the bow of the violin. placable, plak'a»bl or pla'ka-bl, a. [L. placabilis, from placo, to soothe, pacify; akin to placeo, to please. please.] Capable of being appeased or pacified ; appeasable. placability, plak»a»biri»ti or pla«, n. The quality of being placable. placate, pla'kat, placated, placating. To appease, v.t. pacify, or conciliate. placard, plak'ard or pla«kard', n. [Fr., from plaque, a plate, from the Teutonic; comp. D. plak, a flat piece of wood, a slice, plakbriefje, a placard; L.G. plakke, a piece of turf.] written or printed paper posted in a public place; a bill posted up to draw public attention; a poster. v.t. To post placards on; to make known by placard. place, plas, n. [Fr. place, a place, post, position, an open space in a town; from L. platea, a street, an area, from Gr. plateia, from platys, flat, broad, plate.] A broad way or open space in a city; an area; a particular portion of space marked off by its use or character; a locality, spot, or site; position; a town or village; a fortified post; a passage in a book; point or degree in order of proceeding (in the first place); rank; o rder

—

—

—

A

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

;

plagiary

piteously, pit'i»us«li, adv. In a piteous manner. piteousness, pit'i*us«nes, n. The state of being piteous. pitiable, pit'i«a»bl, a. Deserving or exciting pity. pitiableness, pit'i«a«bl«nes, n. State of being pitiable. pitiably, pit'i«a«bli, adv. In a pitiable manner. pitiful, pit'i«ful, a. Full of pity; tender; compassionate; miserable; moving compassion; paltry; in-

—

—

—— —

632

that is, the distance between its threads). pitcher, picher', n. One who or that which pitches. pitchfork, pich'fork, n. fork used in lifting or throwing hay or sheaves of grain; a tuning fork. v.t. To lift or throw with a pitchfork; hence, to put suddenly or accidentally into any position. pitch pipe, n. small flute or free-reed pipe used in regulating the pitch or elevation of the key or leading note of a tune. pitcher, pich'er, n. [O.Fr. picher, pichier, pechier, O.It. pecchero, from O.H.G. pechar, behhar, a beaker. beaker.] vessel with a spout for holding liquors ; an earthen or metallic vessel for holding water for domestic purposes; a water pot, jug, or jar with ears. pitcher plant, n. name given to several plants from their pitcher-shaped leaves. piteous, etc. See pity. pitfall. See pit. pith, pith, n. [A. Sax. pitha, D. pit, marrow, pith, kernel.] soft cellular

—

——

—

note, not,

move;

of priority, dignity, or importance;

employment; official ground or occasion; room; office;

m

station; station

calling; occupation; condistead, with the sense of substitution (to act in place of another) ; the position in the heavens of a heavenly body. To give place, fife;

tion;

room or

to make room or way; to retire in favor of another; to yield. To have place, to have a station, room, or seat to have actual existence. To take place, to come to pass; to happen; to occur; to take the precedence or priority. v.t. placed, placing. To put or set in a particular place or spot; to set or put in a certain relative position; to locate; to appoint, set, induct, or establish in an office; to put or set in any particular rank, state, or condition; to set; to fix (to place confidence in a friend); to invest ; to lend (to place money in the funds). place kick, n. In football, the act of kicking the ball after it has been placed on the ground. placement, plas'ment, n. The act of placing or of putting in a certain spot or position.

—

—

placebo,

pla«se'bo,

[L.

n.

I

shall

R. Cath. Ch. vespers for the dead; a harmless medicine given please.]

please a patient; something intended to soothe. placenta, pla«sen'ta, n. [L., a cake.] The afterbirth; a temporary organ developed in mammals during pregnancy, and forming a connection between the mother and the fetus; to

hot. that part of a seed vessel on which the ovules or seeds are placed.

—placental, to the centa.

pla»sen'tal, a. Pertaining possessing a pla-

placenta;

n. An animal that possesses placenta. placentary, p la sen— te»ri, n. Bot. a placenta bearing numerous ovules. a. Having reference to the placenta. placentation, pla»sen«ta'shon, n. The disposition of the placenta, more especially in plants. placer, plas'er, n. [Sp.] glacial or alluvial deposit that contains particles of gold or other valuable

—

a

—

A

—

mineral. placer mining, n. placid, plas'id, a. [L. placidus, from placeo, to please, please.] Gentle;

—

quiet; unruffled. placidity, placidness, pla«sid'i«ti, plas'id«nes, n. placidly, plas'id«li, adz\ placket, plaket, n. [From the Fr. plaquer, to lay or clap on. placard.] petticoat; the opening or slit in a petticoat or skirt. placoid, plak'oid, a. [Gr. plax, plakos, something flat.] Applied to a certain class of fishes' scales, consisting of detached bony grains, tubercles, or

—

A

plates. n. A fish with such scales. plagal, pla'gal, a. [Gr. plagios, oblique.] Music, applied to a cadence in which the chord of the subdominant is followed by that of the

tonic.

plagiary, pla'ji«eTi,

n. [L. plagiarius,

from plagium, manstealing, kidnaping, from plaga, a snare.] One that steals or purloins the words or ideas of another and passes them off as his own a literary a plagiary, a kidnaper,

;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— —— —

—

— ;

—— —

plagiarism, pla'thief; plagiarism. ji»a«rizm, n. The act of plagiarizing; the crime of literary theft; that which plagiarist, pla'ji«a«is plagiarized. rist, n. One who plagiarizes.

surface, or a surface little varied inequalities; geog. the general term for all those parts of the

plagiarize, pla'ji«a«rlz, v.t. and i. plagiarized, plagiarizing. To steal or

plainly,

dry land be called

—

manner.

The

purloin the thoughts or words of another in literary composition. plagioclase, pla'ji«o«klaz, n. [Gr. plagios, oblique, and klasis, fracture.] name of triclinic feldspars, the two prominent cleavage directions in which are oblique to one another. pla'ji'0*klas"tik,

nature

the

of

a.

plagioclase.

plague, plag, n. [Same as D. plaag, Dan. and G. plage, Icel. plaga, Pr. plaga, O.Sp. plaga, the plague; all from L. plaga, a blow, stroke, calamity, plaint.] A blow or calamity; severe trouble or vexation; a pestimalignant fever of the East eminently contagious, and attended by excessive debility, as also with carbuncles or buboes. Plague on or upon, a kind of denunciation expressive of weariness or petty annoyance. plagued, v.t plaguing. To vex; to tease; to harass; to trouble; to embarrass; to scourge with disease, calamity, or natural evil of any kind. plaguer, pla'ger, n. One who plagues or vexes. plaguily, pla'gi«li, adv. Vexatiously; in a manner to vex, harass, or embarrass. lential disease; a

—

.

—

to twist,

—

One who

flattened

fingers, the pencil is

finement; unsophisticated; honestly undisguised open ; unreserved ; mere absolute ; unmistakable ; without difficulties or intricacies; evident to the understanding; clear; manifest; not obscure; not highly seasoned; not rich or luxurious (a plain diet). Plain clothes, the ordinary dress of society; nonofficial

—

olutions round the sun. planetoid, plan'et«oid, n. One of a numerous group of very small planets revolving round the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter; an asteroid. planetoidal, plan'et«oi«dal, a. Pertaining to the planetoids; relating planet-stricken, to a planetoid. planet-struck, a. Affected by the inplanet fluence of planets; blasted. wheel, n. The exterior revolving

—

—

wheel

A

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

said to trace

then;

the

'sun-and-planet'mo-

plangent,!

A

—

of

tion.

[From L. planus. a. plain.] Without elevations or den. pressions; even; level; flat. smooth or perfectly level surface; a part of something having a level surface ; the supporting surface of an airplane; a surface such that if any two points whatever in it be joined by a straight line, the whole of the straight line will be in the surface; an ideal surface, supposed to cut and pass through solid bodies or in

dress; opposed to uniform. adv. In a plain manner; plainly; frankly; bluntly. piece of level land; n. a piece of ground with an even

plane.

—

words. plane, plan,

;

a

—

—

plank.] A small board, usually heartshaped, resting on two castors and the point of a pencil; when the board is touched by the

without disguise, cunaffectation; without re-

go;

A

chette.

simple;

g,

ply.]

plans. planchette, plan»shet', n. [Fr. plan-

;

ch, Sc. loch;

whence

—

ornament without embellishment simple; unadorned; without beauty; homely; sometimes used as a euphe-

ch chain;

—

representation of anything drawn on a plane, and forming a map or chart (the plan of a town); the representation of a horizontal section of a building, showing the extent, division, and distribution of its area into apartments, passages, etc.; a scheme devised; a project; disposition of parts according to a certain design ; a method or process a way; a mode. v.t. planned, planning. To invent or contrive for construction; to scheme; to devise; to form in design. planner, plan'er, n.

A

or

Law,

The

rectangular outer garment or wrap, frequently of tartan, worn by the Highlanders and others in Scotland. plaided, pla'ded, a. Of the cloths of which plaids are made; tartan; wearing a plaid. plain, plan, a. [Fr. plain, Pr. plan, It. piano, from L. planus, plain (same root as plango, to beat). Plan and plane are the same word.] Without elevations and depressions; level; flat; even; smooth; void of

ning,

n.

lines meeting Plane geometry, the geometry of plane figures, in contradistinction to solid geometry, or the geometry of solids. Plane sailing, the art of determining a ship's place, on the supposition that she is moving on a plane, or that the surface of the ocean is plane instead of being spherical. Plane trigonometry, that branch of trigonometry which treats of triangles described on a plane. plane iron, n. The cutting iron of a plane. planer, pla'ner, n. One who planes; a wooden block used to smooth the face of a form of type before printing; a planing machine. planet, plan'et, n. [L. planeta, a planet, from Gr. planetes, a wanderer, from planao, to wander.] A celestial body (such as the earth) which revolves about the sun; the nine major planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, UraPrimary nus, Neptune, and Pluto. planets, those which revolve about Secondary the sun as their center. planets, those which revolve about other planets; satellites or moons. planetarium, plan«e«ta'ri«um, n. An astronomical machine which, by the movement of its parts, represents the motions and orbits of planetary, plan'e«ta«ri, the planets. a. Pertaining to the planets; having Planetary the nature of a planet. years, the periods of time in which the several planets make their rev-

To fold; to double in narrow strips; to braid; to interweave the locks or strands of (to plait the hair). plan, plan, n. [Fr. plan, from L. plain.] planus, plain, flat, leyel.

A

unlearned;

plan'tif,

between two straight

in

gather or fold; a doubling of cloth or any similar tissue or fabric; a braid, as of hair, straw, etc. v.t.

—

artless;

plaintiff,

—

—

ugly;

—

—

—

(Colloq.) plaguy, pla'gi, a. Vexatious; troublesome; tormenting; annoying; wearisome. (Colloq.) adv. Vexatiously; deucedly. (Colloq.) plaice, plas, n. [From L. platessa, a flatfish, from Gr. platys, flat.] well-known species of the flatfish family, more flat and square than the halibut. plaid, plad or plad, n. [Gael, plaide, from peallaid, a sheepskin, from peall, a skin or hide, large pelt.]

for

—

state or quality of

the person who commences a suit before a tribunal for the recovery of a claim; opposed to defendant. plaintive, plan'tiv, a. Expressive of sorrow or melancholy; mournful; plaintively, plan'tiv«li, adv. In sad. plaintiveness, a plaintive manner. plan'tivnes, n. The quality or state of being plaintive. plait, plat, plat, n. [O.Fr. ploit, pleit, from L. plicatus, folded, from plicare,

—

mism

properly

cannot

hilly or mountainous. In a plain plan'li, adv. plainness, plan'nes, n.

—

containing

or

in

being plain; evenness of surface; openness; canplain song, n. dor; intelligibility. Music, the simple, grave, and unadorned chant in which the services of the Roman Catholic Church have been rendered from a very early age; the simple notes of an air without ornament or variation ; hence, a plain unexaggerated statement. plaint, plant, n. [Fr. plaint e, a complaint, from plaindre, to complain, from L. plango, planctum, to beat the breast, to lament, akin to plaga, a blow, Gr. plessd, to strike, plague.] Lamentation; complaint; audible expression of sorrow; representation made of injury or wrong done.

A

Of

which

——

various directions; frequently used astronomy (the plane of the ecliptic, the plane of a planet's orbit); a joiner's tool, consisting of a smooth-soled stock, through which passes obliquely a piece of edged steel or a chisel, used in paring or smoothing boards or wood of any kind. planed, planing. To make v.t. smooth, especially by the use of a plane; to travel by airplane. Plane angle, an angle contained

by

—

— ———

planimeter

633

plagioclase

—plagioclastic,

—— — —

;

th, thin;

plan'jent, a. [L. plangens, plangentis, ppr. of plango, to beat.] Beating; dashing, as a wave. plangency,f plan'jen«si, n. The state or quality of being plangent. planifolious, planipetalous, pla*nifo'li«us, pla«ni»pet'a«lus, a. [L. planus, plain, and folium, petalon, a leaf.] Applied to a flower made up of plane leaves or petals, set together in circular rows round the center. planimeter, pla«nim'et«er, n. [L. planus, plain, and Gr. metron, a measure.] An instrument for measuring the area of any plane figure.

planimetry, pla«nim'etTi, n. The mensuration of plane surfaces.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

— —

—

—

;

planish planish, plan

ish, v.t.

To make smooth

[From

plane.]

or plain, as wood;

A

A

sawed board only

of

piece

timber, in being slang, one of

differing from a thicker; in political the principles in the system by a party. See platform. cover or lay with planks.

—adopted To v.t.

plankton, plangk'ton,

n. [Gr. plagkwandering.] The mass of small organisms, plant or animal, floating or drifting in the ocean. planner. See plan. plano-concave, piano, a. Plane on one side and concave on the other. plano-convex, a. Plane or flat on one side and convex on the other.

ton,

A

planometer,

pla«nom'et«er, n. plane, hard surface used in machine making as a gauge for plane surfaces. planometry, pla«nom'et«ri, n. The act of measuring or gauging plane surfaces; the art or act of using

—

a planometer. plant, plant, n. [Fr. plante, a plant, from L. planta, a plant, a twig, the sole of the foot, from root of planus, plain.] One of the organisms which

form the vegetable kingdom; a vegetable; an organized living body deriving its sustenance from the inorganic world, generally adhering

and drawing from nourishment, and power of propagating

to another body, it

some of

having the

its

by seeds or

similar reproductive bodies; popularly the word is generally applied to the smaller species of vegetables; a collective term for the fixtures, machinery, tools, apparatus, etc., necessary to carry on any trade or mechanical business a put-up game; a swindle. (Colloq.) To put in the ground and v.t. cover, as seed for growth; to set in the ground for growth; to furnish with plants; to lay out and prepare with plants; to set upright; to set firmly; to fix; to set and direct or point (to plant cannon against a fort); to furnish the first inhabitants of; to settle (to plant a colony); to introduce and establish (to plant Christianity). v.i. To perform the plantation, plan*act of planting. ta'shon, n. [L. plantatio.} The act of planting or setting in the earth for growth; the place planted; a small wood a grove ; in the Southern estate states, a lr.rge cultivated chiefly by share croppers. planter, plan'ter, n. One who plants, sets, introduces, or establishes; one who owns a plantation. plant louse, n. An aphis. plantain, plan'tin, n. [Fr. plantain, from L. plantago, from planta, the sole of the foot, from a vague resemblance of the leaves to the itself

—

;

fate, far

— — — —— —

;

634

to condense, smooth, and toughen, as a metallic plate, by light blows of a hammer; to polish. planisphere, plan'i«sfer, n. [L. planus, plain, and E. sphere.) sphere projected on a plane; a map exhibiting the circles of the sphere. plank, plangk, n. [Fr. dial, planke, Pr. planca, plancha, Fr. planche, from L. planca (for planica), a board, slab, from L. planus, plain.]

broad

— —

;

fare, fat, fall;

plate

A genus of perennial or annual herbs, found in all temperate regions. They are mostly roadside weeds with elliptic ribbed leaves and spikes of small greenish flowers. plantain, plan 'tan, n. [Sp. plantano, platano, from L. platanus, a planefoot.]

A large herbaceous plant, with a soft succulent stem, sometimes attaining the height of 20 feet, the fruit of which is of great importance as an article of food in tropical tree.]

climates.

plantar, plan'tar,

a. [L. planta, the sole of the foot.] Anat. relating or belonging to the sole of the foot. plantigrade, plan'ti«grad, a. [L. planta, the sole of the foot, and gradior, to walk.] Walking on the sole of the foot and not on the toes (digitigrade) applied to a section :

of carnivorous the bears.

animals,

including

planula,

plan'u»la, n. [L. dim. of planus, a wanderer.] In sponges and zoophytes, an oval ciliated larva. plaque, plak, n. [Fr.] An ornamental plate ; a brooch ; the plate of a clasp a flat plate of metal upon which enamels are painted. plash, plash, n. [D. plasch, plas, a

perhaps

puddle,

splashing;

comp.

from sound of D. plassen, G.

platschern, to paddle in water; L.G. plasken, E. to splash.] A small collection of standing water;

platschen,

a puddle; a

pond; a

splash.

v.i.

To

with a plashy, Watery; abounding with

dabble in water; to fall dabbling sound; to splash. plash 'i, a. puddles.

plash, plessier,

plash,

on

linen, silk, etc. Plaster of Paris, a composition of several species of gypsum, originally obtained from Montmartre near Paris, used for various purposes. Plaster cast, a

copy

of an object obtained by pouring plaster of Paris mixed with water into a mold which forms a copy of the object in reverse. v.t. To overlay or cover with plaster; to lay coarsely on; to bedaub.

One

plasterer, plas'ter«er, n. overlays with plaster. plas'ter«i,

a.

that plastery,

Resembling

plaster;

containing plaster. plastic, plas'tik, a. [Gr. plastikos, from plasso, to form, plaster.] Having the power to give form or fashion to a mass of matter; capable of being molded into various forms; capable of change or modification; capable of receiving a new bent or direction (as the mind); applied to sculpture and the kindred arts, as distinguished from painting and the graphic arts ; any of a group of synthetic or natural organic materials that when soft may be molded or cast to make an infinite number of articles. Plastic clay, a name given to one of the beds of the Eocene period, from its being used in the manufacture of pottery.

—

The

plasticity, plas«tis'i»ti, n.

state

or quality of being plastic. plastron, plastron, n. [Fr. plastron, a breastplate, same origin as plaster.] piece of leather stuffed, used by fencers to defend the breast against pushes; zool. the lower or ventral portion of the bony case of tortoises

A v.t.

[O.Fr.

plassier,

from L. plexus, pp. of plecto,

to weave, to twist (as in complex). Pleach is a collateral form.] To bend

down and

interweave the branches or twigs of (to plash a hedge). plasma, plaz'ma, n. [Gr. plasma, something formed or molded, from plasso, to form, whence plastic.) A siliceous mineral of a color between grass green and leek green, used by the ancients for engraving upon; formless elementary matter; the liquid part of blood and lymph; specifically, biol. the simplest form of organized matter in the vegetable and animal body, out of which the the tissues are formed; several nearly colorless fluid in which the corpuscles of the blood are suspended. plasmic, plasmatic, plaz'mik, plaz«mat'ik, a. Pertaining to plasma; having the character of a plasma. Plasmodium, plaz«m6d'i«um, n. In slime fungi (Myxomycetes), a stage in the life history consisting of a creeping mass of naked protoplasm. plaster, plaster, n. [O.Fr. plaster (Fr. pldtre), from L. emplastrum, Gr. emplastron, plaster, from emen, on, in, plasso, to daub over and plasso, to form, to shape (whence also plastic, plasma).] A composition of lime, water, and sand, with or without hair for binding, used for coating walls and partitions of houses; calcined gypsum, used, when mixed with water, for finishing

me, met, her;

walls, for casts, cement, etc.; phar. an external application of a harder consistence than an ointment, spread

—

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

and

turtles.

plat, plait.

plats or

plat,

—

platting. v.t. platted, as plait.] To interweave; to platter, plater, n. One who

plat,

[Same

forms by weaving.

plat,

n.

[Same word

as plot;

but probably affected by Fr. plat, flat, plate.] A small piece of ground marked out and devoted to some special purpose; a plot of ground; a map or chart. platan, platan, n. [L. platanus.) The plane tree. plate, plat, n. [From Fr. plate, a metal plate, a piece of plate armor,

plate,

and flat;

plat,

a dish;

perhaps

from

plat, plate,

(like place)

from Gr.

platys, broad, cog. with Skr. prithu, flattened piece of metal broad.] with a uniform thickness; armor composed of broad pieces or plates domestic vessels or utensils made of gold or silver; a small shallow vessel of metal, porcelain, or earthen-

A

ware, from which food is eaten at table; a piece of timber laid horizontally in a wall to receive the ends of other timbers; a piece of metal on which anything is engraved for the purpose of being printed off on paper; a page of stereotype for printing.

v.t.

—plated,

plating.

To

cover with a plate or plates; to overlay with a thin coating of silver or other metal: used particularly of silver {plated vessels). plate tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———

——

—— —

—

—

—

plateau

635

armor, n. Defensive armor consisting

desires. Platonic year, a period of time determined by the revolution of the equinoxes, which is accomplished in about 26,000 years.

—

of plates of metal. plate glass, n. A superior kind of thick glass used for mirrors, etc. plater, pla'ter, n. One who coats articles with gold or silver; horse of a poor quality competing for cups of gold or silver

The

plating, pla'ting, n.

plate.

of covering articles with a thin coating of metal, especially of overlaying articles made of the baser metals with a thin coating of gold or silver; a thin coating of one metal laid upon another metal. plateau, pla«to', n. pi. plateaus, plateaux, pla«toz', n. [Fr., from plat, flat; akin to plate.] A broad, flat area of land in an elevated position; a

the

Printing,

[From flat

Fr. plat, part of a

by which the impression

press

made

;

is

the roller of a typewriter.

platform, plat 'form, n. forme plate, flat, and

—

form,

Any flat

plate.]

structure, especially if raised above some particular level; the flat roof of a building on the outside; the place where guns are mounted on a fortress or battery; the raised walk at a railroad station for landing passengers and goods; a place raised above the floor of a hall set apart for the speakers at public meetings; the aggregate of principles adopted

or

plaudit.] Praiseworworthy of praise; apparently right; specious; using specious arguments or discourse; fair-spoken. .'. Syn. under colorable. plausibility, plausibleness,

—

pla«zi«bil'i'ti,

— or cover

(which

plat'i—

A

metal

German

1

—

to

plat»i«tu'-

play upon words).

to

ton'i«kal, a. Pertaining to Plato the philosopher, or to his philosophy, his school, or his opinions. Platonic bodies, the five regular geometrical solids. Platonic love, a pure spiritual affection subsisting between

sexes,

unmixed

with

ch, Sc. loch;

carnal g,

go;

to

flutter;

to

v.t.

To

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

playfellow,

pla'fel«6,

n.

in amusements or playful, pla'ful, a. Sportive; sports. frolicsome; frisky; indulging in gambols; full of sprightly humor; pleasplayantly jocular or amusing. fully, pla'ful«li, adv. In a playful playfulness, manner; sportively. pla'ful»nes, n. The state of being playgoer, playful; sportiveness. pla'go«er, n. One who frequents playgoing, plays. pla'go«ing, a. Frequenting the exhibitions of the

companion

stage.

—playground, of ground

A piece

pla'ground, n.

set apart for

open-

especially connected with a school, etc., for the pupils. playhouse, pla'hous, n. theater. playmate, pla'mat, n. playfellow; playa companion in diversions. thing, pla'thing, n. toy; anything that serves to amuse. playwright, pla'rit, n. maker of plays. plaza, pla'za, plaz'a, n. [Sp.] public square in a city or town. plea, pie, n. [O.Fr. plai, plaid, plait, a suit, a plea; from L. placitum, an opinion, a determination, from placeo, to please, please.] That which is alleged by a party to a legal action in support of his demand; the answer of a defendant to the plaintiff's declaration; a suit or action; a cause in court; that which is alleged in support, justification, or defense; an excuse; a pleading. pleach, t plech, v.t. [Akin to plash, to interweave.] To plash; to inter-

perform

in sport or for sport or for a prize; to make use of in a game (to play a trump card); to enter into a game with; to perform music on; to perform on a musical instrument (a tune); to act on the stage; to act or represent in general; to act like; to behave in the manner of (to play the fool); to perform; to execute

Platonic, Platonical, pla«tonik, pla« -

ch, chain;

irregularly;

freely (the lungs play); to act; to behave; to act a part on the stage; to personate a character. To play on or upon, to make sport of; to trifle with; to delude; to give a humorous or fanciful turn to (to

make

the

move

contend in a game; to gamble; to perform on an instrument of music; to act with free motion; to work

plat, flat.] Flatness; dullness; insipidity; a trite, dull, or stupid remark;

di«niz, ».f. stale or insipid remarks.

The

from plega, play, pastime; connections doubtful.] To do something not as a task or for profit, but for amusement; to act wantonly or thoughtlessly; to dally, trifle, toy;

with an essential addition of to 2 per cent of tungsten; any one of a series of metals allied to platinum. platinotype, plat'i«n6«tip, n. [Platinum and type.] A permanent photographic print produced by a process in which platinum is used. platinous, plat'i«nus, a. Containing or consisting of platinum. platitude, plat'i^tud, n. [Fr., from see),

—platitudinize, To utter platitudes;

n.

—

To combine

noid, n. [From of similar composition to

pla'zi«bl«nes,

state or quality of being plausible; speciousness ; superficial appearance of right. plausibly, pla'zi«bli, adv. In a plausible manner; speciously. plausive, pla'ziv, a. Applauding; manifesting praise. play, pla, v.i. [A. Sax. plegian, to play,

wt., 195.09. platinic, pla«tin'ik, a. Pertaining to platinum. platinize,

platinoid, platinum.]

musician.

A

thy^:; apparently

A

platinum.

platycephalous,

from plaudo.

old name of platinum; twisted silver wire. platinum, plat'i«num, n. [From platina.] heavy, grayish-white metallic element, malleable and ductile and resistant to most chemicals; used for jewelry and scientific apparatus. Symbol, Pt; at no., 78;

plat'i«nlz, v.t.

A

—

applause, explode.] Applause; praise bestowed: usually in plural. plausible, pla'zi'bl, a. [L. plausibilis,

The

—

A

sible,

plat'i»na, n. [Sp. platina, silver; akin to plate.]

at.

A

Tasmania that has a fleshy bill similar to that of a duck. plaudit, pla'dit, n. [L. plaudite, do you applaud, imper. of plaudo, plausum, to applaud, seen in plau-

from plata,

a truism.

ular (the play of a wheel); hence, power or space for motion; liberty of action; scope; swing. To hold in play, to keep occupied. Play of colors, an appearance of several prismatic colors in rapid succession on turning an object, as a diamond. play on words, the giving of words a double signification; a pun. playbill, pla'bil, n. bill exhibited as an advertisement of a play, with the parts assigned to the actors. playbook, pla'buk, n. book of dramatic compositions. played out, pp. or a. Exhausted, from a game at cards which has been played to the player, pla'last extremity or deal. er, n. One who plays; an actor; a

broad, and kephale, head.] Broadheaded; flatheaded. platypus, plat'i«pus, n. [Gr. platys, broad, and pous, a foot.] A small aquatic mammal of Australia and

form).

silver

motion ; movement, regular or irreg-

platys,

avowed by any body of men,

with

dramatic composition; a comedy or tragedy; a dramatic performance;

plat'i«se«fal"ik, plat«i«sef 'a«lus, a. [Gr.

such as a political party; a declared system of policy (a political platplatina,

game; amusement; sport; frolic; not earnest; gaming; practice in any contest (sword-play); action; use; employment; practice; manner of acting or dealing (fair play); a

—

holding eatables. platter. See plat. platycephalic,

forme, a or horizontal

exercise

jest;

A

plate-

[Fr.

Any

n.

a

A

n.

a trick).

intended for pleasure, amusement, or diversion, as baseball, quoits, etc.

A follower of Plato.

—

tableland.

platen, plat'en, flat.]

(to play

—

art

;

plead

Platonically, pla«ton'i«kal»li, adv. In a Platonic manner. Platonism, pla'ton«izm, n. The doctrines, opinions, or philosophy of Plato. Platonist, pla'ton«ist, n. One who adheres to the philosophy Platonize, of Plato. pla'ton«iz, v.i. platonized, platonizing. To adopt the opinions or philosophy of Plato. platoon, pla«ton', n. [Fr. peloton, a ball of thread, a platoon, from pelote, a ball of thread, from L.L. pelota, pilota, from L. pila, a ball.] military unit of two or more squads or sections; a group of persons with a common characteristic. platter, plater, n. [From O.Fr. platel, dim. of plat, a plate, plate.] plate; a large shallow dish for n.

— — ———— —

—— —

th, thin;

air recreation,

A A

A

A

A

weave. plead, pled, v.i. pret. and pp. pleaded, sometimes pled. [Fr. plaider, to plead, from L.L. placitare, from L. placitum. plea.] To argue in support of a claim, or in defense

—

against the claim urge reasons for

of another; to or against; to attempt to persuade one by argument or supplication; law, to present a plea; to present an answer to the declaration of a plaintiff; to deny the plaintiff's declaration and de-

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— — —— —

———

— ——— ——

;

pleasant mand.

—

—

——

pleonasm

636

To

plead guilty or not guilty, to admit or deny guilt. v.t. To discuss, defend, and attempt to maintain by arguments or reasons (to plead one's cause); to allege or adduce in proof, support, or vindication; to offer in excuse (to plead poverty); to allege and offer in a legal plea or defense, or for repelling a demand in law. pleadable, ple'da«bl, a. Capable of being alleged in proof, defense, or vindication. pleader, ple'der, n. One who pleads; a lawyer who argues in a court of justice; one that forms pleas or pleadings (a special pleader). pleading, pie ding, n. The act of advocating any cause; the act or practice of advocating client's causes in courts of law; one of the written statements containing the subject matter of a litigant's demand or claim, or of his defense or answer. pleasant, etc. See please. please, plez, v.t. pleased, pleasing. [O.Fr. plaisir, pleisir, etc., Mod.Fr. plaire, from L. placer e, to please; of

—

—

similar origin are placid, placable, plea, plead.] To excite agreeable sensations or emotions in ; to delight to gratify; to satisfy; to content; to

seem good

to: in this sense used impersonally. To be pleased to do a thing, to take pleasure in doing it; to think fit or condescend to do it. v.i. To give pleasure; to gain approbation; to like; to choose; to prefer; to condescend; to be pleased; to be kind enough (do it, if you pleasing, ple'zing, a. Givplease). ing pleasure or satisfaction; agreepleasable; gratifying; delightful. ingly, ple'zing-li, adv. In a pleasing manner; in such a way as to give pleasure. pleasant, plez'ant, a. [Ft. plaisant, ppr. of plaire.] Pleasing; agreeable; grateful to the mind or to the senses; cheerful; gay; lively; jocular. pleasantly, plez'ant»li, adv. In a pleasant manner; gaily; merrily; cheerfully. pleasantness, plez'ant«nes, n. State or quality being pleasant of or agreeable ; cheerfulness ; gaiety. pleasantry, plez'ant«ri, n. [Fr. plaiGaiety; merriment; a santerie.] sprightly or humorous saying; a jest; lively talk; a laughable raillery; pleasance, plez'ans, trick; a frolic. n. [Ft. plaisance.] Pleasure; delight; a part of a garden or pleasuregrounds secluded by trees or hedges. pleasure, plezh'er, {Archaic.) n. [O.Fr. plaisir, pleisir, Mod.Fr. plaisir, from L. placer e, to please; properly an infinitive but as in leisure the final syllable has been assimilated to that of nouns in -ure, L. -ura. please.] The gratification of the senses or of the mind; agreeable sensations or emotions; the feeling produced by enjoyment or the expectation of good; delight; opposed to pain; sensual or sexual gratification; vicious indulgence of the appetite; what the will dictates or prefers; choice; wish; desire; a favor; arbitrary will or choice (to go or stay at pleasure). To take pleasure in, to have pleasure or enjoyment in.

—

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—pleasured,

pleasuring. To give or afford pleasure to; to please; pleasurable, plezh'er*to gratify. a«bl, a. Pleasing; giving pleasure. pleasurableness, plezh'er«a»bl«nes, pleasurably, plez'er»a«bli, adv. n. pleat, plet, n. [Var. of plait.] fold of cloth or other material; a plait. v.t. To fold cloth, etc. plebe, pleb, n. [From plebian.] freshman at a military academy. plebeian, ple«be'an, a. [L. plebeius, v.t.

—

A

A

from plebes, plebs, the common people; same root as in plenty.] Pertaining to the common people; vulgar; common; belonging to the lower ranks. n. One of the common people or lower ranks of men; originally applied to the common people of ancient Rome, or those free citizens who did not come under the class of the patricians. plebeianism, ple«be'an»izm, n. The state or quality of being plebeian; vulgarity.

plebiscite, pleb'i-sit or pleb'i»sit, n. plebis, the [Fr., from L. plebiscitum people, and scitum, a decree.] A vote of a whole people or community; a decree of a country obtained by an appeal to universal

—

suffrage.

plectrum, plek'trum, n. [L. plectrum, from Gr. plektron, from plesso, to strike.] The small instrument of ivory, horn, or metal used for striking the strings of the lyre, or

other stringed instrument.

pledge,

plej,

[Fr.

n.

pleige,

L.L.

plegium, plivium, pluvium, pledge; origin uncertain.] Law, the transfer of a chattel by a debtor to a creditor in security of a debt; the thing pawned as security for the repayment of money borrowed or for the performance of some agreement or obligation; a pawn; anything given or considered as a security for the performance of an act; a guarantee; a promise; a surety; a hostage; the drinking of another's To put in pledge, health; a health. To hold in pledge, to to pawn. To take the pledge, keep in security. a popular method of binding one's self to observe principles of total abstinence from intoxicating drink. pledged, pledging. To give v.t. as a pledge or pawn; to deposit in possession of a person as a security; to gage (to pledge one's word or honor) to engage solemnly (to pledge one's self); to drink a health to; to drink to one's welfare. pledgee, plej'e', n. The person to whom anything is pledged or pawn, promise, etc., is given. pledger, plej'er, n. One who pledges or offers a pledge; one who drinks a plegius,

— —

of

the

Taurus;

constellation

in

poetry, a group poraries in the

of seven contemreign of Ptolemy Philadelphus at Alexandria; seven poets in the reign of Henry III of France modeling their style on Latin and Greek work; seven poets in the reign of Louis XIII. Pleiocene, pli'i«sen. See pliocene. Pleistocene, plis'to«sen, n. [Gr. pleistos, most, and kainos, recent.] Geol. a division of the Quaternary period of which the fossil remains belong almost wholly to existing species. plenary, ple'na«ri, a. [L.L. plenaplenty.] rius, from L. plenus, full, Plenary inFull; entire; complete. spiration, in theol. that kind or degree of inspiration which excludes all mixture of error. plenarily, plena«ri«li, adv. In a plenary manner.

plenipotence, ple«nip'o»tens, plenus,

and

full,

potentia,

[L.

n.

power.

plenty, potent.] Fullness or complenipotent, pleteness of power. ple«nip'o«tent,

a.

[L.

plenipotens.)

Possessing

power.

plenipoten-

full

plen'i«po»ten"shi«aTi,

tiary,

person

invested

with

full

n.

A

power

any business; particuan ambassador or envoy to a foreign court, furnished with full to

transact

larly,

power

to negotiate a treaty or to a. Invested transact other business.

with or containing full power. plenish, plen'ish, v.t. [L. plenus, full. replenish.] To replenish. plenitude, plen'i'tud, n. [L. pleni-

from

tudo,

of being

plenus,

full

full.]

The

state

or complete; plenty;

abundance; repletion. plenty, plen'ti, n. [O.Fr. plente, from L.L. plenitas, fullness, abundance, from L. plenus, full, from root of pleo, to fill, which is seen also in Gr. pleres, pleos, full, and also in E. full, fill.] Abundance; copiousness; a full or adequate supply; sufficiency; abundance of things necessary for man (a time of plenty). a. Plentiful; being in abundance. (Colloq.) plenteous, plenteous, a. Abundant; copious; sufficient for every purpose; yielding abundance; having an aplente*bundance. plenteously, us«li, adv. In a plenteous manner; plen plenteousness, plentifully. te»us«nes, n. The state of being plentiful, plen ti»ful, a. plenteous. Existing in great plenty; copious; abundant; ample; yielding abundant crops; fruitful. plentifully, plen'ti«ful«li, adv. In a plentiful manner. plentifulness, plen ti«ful«-

—

—

—

—

nes, n.

plenum,

pie num, n. [L. plenus, full.] state of things in which every part of space is supposed to be full of matter; in opposition to a vacuum.

That

pleomorphism, flat

ple'o«morf"ism, n. [Gr. pleon, more, morphe, form.] In fungi, etc., the occurrence of

wound

more than one independent form

health.

pledget,

plej'et,

n.

A

compress or

mass of lint, laid over to imbibe the matter discharged and keep it clean. small

a

— ———

Pleiades, plea— dez, [Gr. Pleiades, the Pleiads, from pleo, to sail, as the rising of the seven stars indicated the time of safe navigation.] The Pleiads are a cluster of seven stars in the neck

Pleiad, ple'ad,

me, met, her;

n. pi.

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

in the life history.

pleonasm, ple'o«nazm,

n.

[Gr. pleo-

nasmos, from pleon, pleion, more. plenty.] Redundancy of words in speaking or writing the use of more words to express ideas than are ple«o«naspleonastic, necessary. ;

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——— —

—

——

————

— ———

forming an entangled mass.

Pertaining to pleonasm; tik, a. redundant. pleonastically, ple«o«nas'ti«kal»li, adv. In a pleonastic

manner. ple'si«6«sa"rus, n. [Gr. plesios, extinct and sauros, a lizard.] marine saurian, chiefly remarkable for its length of neck, nearly allied to the ichthyosaurus. plethora, pleth'e«ra, n. [Gr. plethora, from pletho, to be full, from pleos, sar,

A

A

plenty.] Med. overfullness of blood; a redundant fullness of the blood vessels; hence, overfullness in any respect; a superabundance. plethoric, ple«thor'ik, a. Characterized by plethora; having a full habit of body. plethorically, ple«thor'i«kal«li, adv. In a plethoric manner. pleura, plu'ra, n. [Gr. pleuron, a rib, pi. pleura, the side.] Anat. a thin membrane which covers the inside of the thorax, and also invests the full,

—

pleural, plu'ral, a. Pertainlungs. ing to the pleura. pleurisy, plu'ri— si, n. An inflammation of the pleura. pleuritic, plu«rit'ik, a. Pertaining to pleurisy; diseased with pleurisy.

—

—

pleuropneumonia,

pligt,

ni«a,

duty.] pledge or security:}:; condition; state; predicament; generally, a risky or dangerous state; a distressed condition (to be in a wretched plight). plighter, pli'ter, n. One

plu'ro^nu'ino"[Gr. pleura, and pneumon, the lungs.] An inflammation of the pleura and substance of the lungs; a combination of pleurisy and pneu-

who

pflicht,

plights.

ship,

the

regulating

load

carried,

proposed in the Merchant Shipping Act of 1876 by Samuel

Plimsoll; since 1930, ships registered in the United States have been required to carry a similar fine.

plinth, plinth, n. [Gr. plinthos, a brick or tile; L. plinthus.] Arch, a flat square member, in form of a slab, which serves as the foundation of a column; the flat square table under the molding of the base and pedestal, at the bottom of the order.

interweaving, from interweave.] An interweaving; a texture; that which is woven together. plexus, plek'sus, n. [L.] Anat. a network of vessels, nerves, or fibers. pliable, pli'a«bl, a. [Fr. pliable, from plier, to bend, to fold, from L. plico, to fold, to bend.] Easy to be bent; flexible; pliant; 'flexible in disposition; easy to be persuaded. pliability, pliableness, pli»a«biri*ti, pli'a»bl»nes, n. The quality of being pliable; flexibility; a yielding to force or to moral influence. pliably, pli'a»bli, adv. In a pliable manner. pliant, pli'ant, a. [Fr. ppr. of plier, to bend, ply.] Capable of being easily bent; readily yielding to force or pressure without breaking; flexible; lithe; limber; plastic; easily yielding to moral influence; easy to be persuaded. pliantly, pli'ant«li, adv. In a pliant manner. pliancy, pli'an«si, n. The state or quality of being pliant; easiness to be bent; readiness to be influenced. plica, pli'ka, n. [L., a fold, ply.] Med. a disease of the hair, in which the hair is vascularly thickened, matted, or clotted; hot. a diseased state in plants in which the buds, instead of developing true branches, become short twigs, the whole to

go;

G.

first

[L. plexus, an plecto, plexum,

g,

plikt,

Pliocene, pli'6«sen, a. and n. [Gr. pleion, more, and kainos, recent.] A geological term applied to the

most modern of the divisions of the Tertiary epoch. plod, plod, v.i. plodded, plodding. [Akin to Prov. E. plowd, to wade, plodge, to walk through mud or water; Ir. and Gael, plod, plodach, a puddle; the primary sense being to walk laboriously, as through mire.] To travel or work slowly, or with steady laborious diligence; to study dully but with steady diligence; to toil; to trudge; to moil. v.t. To go or walk over in a heavy laboring manner; to accomplish by toilsome exertion. plodder, plod'er, n. A dull, heavy, laborious person. plodding, plod'ing, p. and a. Given to plod or work with slow

—

and patient diligence; patiently laboploddingly, plod'ing«li, adv. In a plodding manner. plop, plop, v.t. and i. [Imitative.] To make a sound like that of an rious.

object striking water. of plopping. j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

n.

then;

The

act

—plotted,

plotting.

To

a plan of; to plan; to devise; to contrive; to trace a curve on a graph. v.i. To formulate a scheme of mischief against another, or against a government or those who administer it; to conspire; to contrive a plan.— plotter, plot'er, n. One who plots; a conspirator. plover, pluv'er, n. [O.Fr. plovier, Fr. pluvier, lit. the rain bird, from L. pluvia, rain, from pluo, to rain.] The common name of several species of shore birds of the family Charadriidae generally. plow, plou, n. [Same as I eel. plogr, Dan. ploug, plov, O.Fris. ploch, D. ploeg, G. pflug, a plough.] An agricultural implement for breaking and turning soil preparatory to planting seed, originally operated by hand, later drawn by oxen or horses, but in modern times generally drawn by a tractor; any of a variety of implements, tools, or instruments for cutting grooves; a carpenter's or joiner's tool for grooving; astron. Charles's Wain, otherwise known as the Dipper or the constellation Ursa Major. Ice plow, a plow for cutting grooves in ice preparatory to its removal; an ice breaker.—

Plimsoll mark, plim'sol, the line on the hull of a British merchant

measure.] Med. a small circular or ovoid plate, composed of ivory, india rubber, or the like, placed in contact with the body in diagnosis of disease by percussion.

ch, Sc. loch;

pligt,

v.t.

make

—

monia.

plexiform, plek'si«form, a. [L. plexus, a fold, and forma, form.] In the form of network; complicated. pleximeter, plek«sim'et«er, n. [Gr. plexis, percussion, and metron, a

ch, chain;

Sw.

trigue.

A

n.

n.

plot, n. [A. Sax. plot, a spot of ground, a spot; Goth, plats, a patch. Plat is another form. Plot in sense of scheme is related to plot, piece of ground, as plan, a scheme, to plan, a design on a flat surface, only plot has generally the sense of ill design.] A plat or small extent of ground of a well-defined shape; surv. a plan or draft of a field, farm, estate, etc., on paper; a scheme, stratagem, or plan, usually a mischievous one; an intrigue; a conspiracy; the story of a play, poem, novel, or romance, comprising a complication of incidents; the in-

A

An

plexure, plek'sur,

plot,

plicate, plicated, pli'kat, pli'ka«ted, a. [L. plicatus, from plico, to fold, plica, a fold.] Bot. plaited; folded like a fan. plicately, pli'kat«li, adv. In a plicate or folded manner. plication, pli'ka'shon, n. folding or fold; geol. a bending back of strata on themselves. plicature, pli«ka'cher, n. [L. plicatura.] plication; a folding. pliers, pli'erz, n. pi. [Fr. plier, to bend, ply.] small pair of pincers adapted to handle small articles, and also for bending and shaping wire. plight, plit, v.t. [A. Sax. plithan, to pledge, to expose to danger, from pliht, a pledge, danger; D. verpligten, Dan. forpligte, G. verpflichten, to bind, oblige, or engage. See the noun.] To pledge, as one's word, hand, faith, honor; to give as a security for the performance of some act: never applied to property or goods, and therefore differing from pledge, which is applied to property as well as to word, honor, etc. [A. Sax. pliht, a pledge, n. obligation, danger; D. and Dan.

plesiosaur, plesiosaurus, ple'si«6—

—

pluck

637

plesiosaur

near,

—— — — —

—

Rotary snow plow, a snow plow equipped with a large rotary fan or propeller, which plows into the

snow and

clears

the

highway by

blowing the snow to one

side.

Snow

plow, a device attached to the front of a locomotive, street car, automobile, or motor truck to remove snow from sidewalks, streets, highways v.t. To turn the soil; to turn the soil with a plow; to make furrows, grooves, or ridges; to plow under;, to cut through water with a yacht, speedboat, or any other type of craft; to plow through water. To do work with a v.i. plow; to admit of plowing, as dry snow plows easily. plowboy, plowman, n. boy or man who operates or guides a plow; a rustic person; plowshare, n. That part a farmer. of the plow which cuts and turns the soil. pluck, pluk, v.t. [A. Sax. pluccian, to pluck = D. and L.G. plukken, Dan. plukke, Icel. plokka, plukka, G. pflucken.] To gather; to pick; to cull, as berries or flowers; to pull with sudden force or effort; to twitch; by a similar action to cause the string of a musical instrument to vibrate and produce a sound;

th, thin;

A

w, wig,

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— ————

—— —— — — —— — —— pluck

—

pluck, pluk, n. [Comp. Gael, and Ir. pluc, a lump, a knot, a bunch; as to the figurative sense compare a bold a

lily-livered

man

a

rascal,

of another kidney, bowels of compassion, etc.]

The

heart, liver, and sheep, ox, or other

lungs of a animal of the butcher's market; courage or spirit (colloq.). pluckily, pluk'i»li, adv. In a plucky manner; spiritedly. {Colloq.) plucky, pluk'i, a. Spirited; courageous. (Colloq.) plug, plug, n. [Same as D. plug, L.G. pluck, a block.] Any piece of wood or other material used to stop a hole; a stopper; a fitting in various electrical connections; a spark plug; a cake of tobacco, usually for chewing; that part of a cylindrical lock which is rotated by the key; a discharge pipe or hydrant for drawing water from a water main (a water plug); something wornout or inferior; especially a wornout horse (slang). v.t. To insert a plug; to make tight by stopping a hole; to shoot (slang); to work steadily; to plod (slang). plugger, plug'er, n. One who works doggedly.

—

—

—

—

{Slang.)

plum, plum,

[A.Sax. plume, L.G. pflaume, from L.L. pruna (Fr. prune), from L. prunum, a plum, from prunus = Gr. prounos, the plum tree.] A well-known fleshy fruit containing a stone or kernel, and when dried being called a prune; also the tree producing it; plum a choice or lucrative thing. pudding, n. Pudding containing raisins or currants. plumb, plum, n. [Fr. plomb, from L. plurnme,

plumbum,

n.

G.

lead.]

A

plummet.

a.

Standing according to a plumb line; perpendicular. adv. In a perpendicular direction. v.t. To adjust

by

a

plumb

line; to set in a

perpen-

dicular direction; to

sound with

plummet; hence

ascertain

to

a

the

to test. plumbago, plum«ba'go, n. [L., from plumbum, lead.] Another name for Graphite.

capacity

of;

—

plumbaginous, plum«baj'i«nus, a. Resembling or consisting of plumbplumbeous, plum«be'us, a. ago. [L. plumbum, lead.] Consisting of plumber, plum'er, lead; leaden. n. One who fits and repairs water and gas pipes; originally a worker plumbic, plum'bik, a. in lead. Pertaining to lead; derived from plumbiferous, plum«bif'er«Producing lead. plumbing, plum'ing, n. Plumber's trade or work; that which is installed by a plumber; the act of using a plumb. plumbism, plum'bizm, n. Poisoning lead. us, a.

by lead taken into the system. line, n. A line having a metal weight attached to one end, used to determine a perpendicular; a line perpendicular to the plane of the

plumb

horizon.

——— ——

—

-

638

to strip by plucking; to strip feathers from (to pluck a fowl); to rob {slang); to pull or draw, literally or figuratively. To pluck up courage, to assume or resume courage. plucker, pluk'er, n.

heart,

— ——

plumb rule, n. A narrow a plumb line attached,

board with

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

downy

part of a feather, a small soft feather; cog. W. pluf, plumage; Skr. plu, to swim, to fly.] The feather of a bird, particularly a large or conspicuous feather; a feather or collection of feathers worn as an ornament; token of honor; prize of contest, v.t. plumed, pluming. To pick and adjust the feathers of; to dress the feathers; to adorn with feathers or plumes; to pride; to boast: in this sense used reflexively. plumage, plo'mij, n. [Fr., from plume, a feather.] The feathers that cover a bird. plumelet, plom'let. n. small plume. plumose, plo'mos, a. [L. plumosus.] Feathery; resembling feathers; bot. consisting of long hairs which are themselves hairy (plumose bristle). plumosity, plb«mos'i«ti, n. The state of being

—

— A

—

plumose.

plummet,

plum'et, n. [Fr. plumbet, from plumb; O.Fr. plummet, Fr. plomet. plumb.] A piece of lead or other metal attached to a line, used in sounding the depth of water. To drop or plunge v.i.

down.

plump, plump,

[Allied

a.

to

D.

plomp, unwieldy, bulky; G., Dan., and Sw. plump, clumsy, massive, coarse; from a verbal root seen in E. plim, to swell.] Swelled with fat or flesh to the full size; fat or stout in person; fleshy; having a full skin;

distended.

v.t.

To

make

plump;

to dilate; to fatten; to cause to fall suddenly and heavily. v.i. [Perhaps an imitative word in first sense; as also in last sense above.]

To

plunge or

or

lump of dead

a heavy mass matter; to fall

fall like

once; to grow plump. adv. At once or with a sudden heavy fall; suddenly; heavily.

suddenly or

—

at

plumper, plump 'er, n. One who or that which plumps; a vote given to one candidate when more than one are to be elected, which might have been divided among the number to be elected; a person who gives such a vote. plumply, plump li, adv. Fully; roundly; without reserve. plumpness, plump 'nes, n. The state or quality of being plump; fullness of skin. plumpy, plump'i, a. Plump; plumule, plb'mul,

fat; jolly.

plumula, plume.] Bot. the growing point of the embryo, situated at the apex of the radicle, and at the base of the cotyledons, by which it is protected when young; the rudiment of the future stem of a plant. plunder, plun'der, v.t. [G. pliindern (from plunder, baggage.) — D. plunderen, Sw. plondra, Dan. plyndre, to plunder. The word entered the English and other tongues about the time of the Thirty Years' War.] To take goods or valuables forcibly from; to pillage; to spoil; to rob n.

[L.

dim. of pluma, a feather,

in a hostile way; to take by pillage or open force. n. The act of plundering; robbery; that which is taken

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

;

plush

used by masons, bricklayers, etc., for determining a perpendicular. plume, plbm, n. [Fr., from L. pluma, the

—

note, not,

move;

from an enemy by force; pillage; spoil; that which is taken by theft; robbery, or fraud.

plun'der«er, n. plunge, plunj,

[From

ing.

plunderer, plunders. plunged, plung-

One who v.t.

—

Fr. plonger,

from hypo-

thetical Latin plumbicare, from plumbum, lead; lit. to fall like lead or to

plumb.] To thrust into water other fluid substance, or into any substance easily penetrable; to immerse; to thrust; to thrust or drive into any state or condition (to plunge a nation into war); to baptize by immersion. v.t. To thrust or drive one's self into water or other fluid; to drive or to rush in ; to fall or rush into distress or any state or circumstances in which the person or thing is enveloped, enclosed, or overwhelmed (to plunge into war) ; to throw the body forward and the hind legs up, as an unruly horse; to bet heavily and recklessly (slang). n. A dive, rush, or leap into something; the act of pitching or throwing the body forward and the hind legs up, as an unruly horse a place for diving, as a swimming tank or deep pool; a reckless speculation (slang). plunger, plun'jer, n. plunk, plungk, v.t. and i. [imitative.] To make a hollow metallic sound; n. to drop or put down suddenly. The act or sound of plunking; a blow. adv. With a plunking sound. fall

or

—

—

pluperfect, plb'per«fekt, [L. plus perfect.]

a.

and

n.

quam perfectum, more than Gram, applied to that

tense of a verb which denotes that an action was finished at a certain period in the past; past or preterite perfect (he had done it).

plural, plo'ral, a. [L. pluralis, from plus, pluris, more.] Containing more than one consisting of two or more, or designating two or more; gram. the plural number is that number or form of a word which designates more than one. n. A form of a word expressing more than one; pluralism, plothe plural number. ral«izm, n. The quality of being plural; a philosophic doctrine which maintains that there are more than one (usually more than two) fundamental substances. pluralist, plb';

— —plurality,

raNist, n. The state

plb«ral'i«ti,

n.

of being plural; an aggregate of two or more of the same the the greater number; kind; majority; in an election, the excess of votes of one candidate over those of any other candidate for pluralize, plb'ral»the same office.

—

pluralized, pluralizing. To plural by using the termination of the plural number. plurally, plb'ral'li, adv. In a plural manner; in a sense implying more than one. plus, plus. [L., more.] Alg. or arith. the name of a character marked Iz,

v.t.

make

which being placed between -Itwo numbers or quantities, signifies that they are to be added together; frequently used prepositional ly, with thus

the

,

signification

(ability plus

plush, plush, It.

peluzzo,

of in addition to

impudence.) n. [Fr. pluche, peluche,

from

tube, tub, bull;

L. oil,

pilus,

pound.

hair.

——————

———

—

———

;

A

textile

The branch

of philosophy which treats of the nature and operations of mind or spirit; psychology. pneumatometer, nu«ma«tom'et«er,

pluvialis,

from pluvia, rain, from pluo, to rain; same root as in flow.] Rainy; humid; relating to rain; geol. applied to results and operations which depend on or arise from the action

n.

A

1

A

supposed to be due to a downat the point. pocketbook, n. A case used for carrying air,

ward current

measuring

respiration;

a

pocket; a handbag pocket book, n. A small paperbound book. pocket knife, n. A knife that has one or more blades which fold into the handle. pocket money, n. Money for small expenses. pocket veto, n. An indirect veto by which an executive holds a legislative bill, without signing it,

papers

until the legislature adjourns.

[Gr. nu«mo'ni«a, n. pneumon, a lung, from pneo, to breathe.] Med. an inflammation of pneumonic, nu«mon'ik, the lungs. a. Pertaining to the lungs; pulmonic. poach, poch, v.t. [From Fr. pocher, to poach eggs, from poche a pouch or pocket, the white of the egg forming a sort of pocket for the yolk. pouch.] To cook (eggs) by breaking and pouring into boiling water; to cook with butter after breaking in a vessel.

poach, poch,

v.i.

[Either from the

above word, meaning originally to pouch or pocket thievishly, or a softened form of poke, to push, to intrude.] To intrude or encroach on the property of another to steal or plunder; to steal game or carry

away privately; to kill or destroy game contrary to law. poacher,

it

n.

One who poaches

game; one who

kills

job;

ng, sing;

or

pockmark,

etc.

See POCK.

pococurante, p6'k6«koTan"ta, poco, little, and euro, to

TH,

then;

n. [It.

care.]

One who

cares little; an apathetic, careless, indifferent person. poco-

curantism,

The of a

p6'k6»ko«rant"izm,

n.

character, disposition, or habits

pococurante;

extreme

indif-

ference, apathy, or carelessness.

pod, pod, n. [Probably connected with Dan. pude, Sw. puta, a pillow or cushion, as also with E. pad, a cushion.] A term applied to a number of different pericarps or seed vessels of plants, such as the legume, the loment, the siliqua, the silicle, the follicle, etc. v.i. podded, podding. To swell and assume the appearance of a pod ; to produce pods. podagra, p6«dag'ra, n. [Gr., from pous, podos, the foot, and agra, a taking or seizure.] Gout in the

— —

game

foot.

podesta, p6»des'ta,

unlawfully. j,

the

—

abdomen.

pneumonia,

steals

in

or purse.

spi-

lungs and stomach. Pneumogastric a pair of nerves extending over the viscera of the chest and

poch'er,

%

—

nerves,

A

go;

=

A

nu«mo«gas'trik, a. [Gr. pneumon, a lung, and gaster, the belly.] Anat. pertaining to the

—

g,

for

pok, G. pok, a vesicle or pustule; perhaps akin to poke, a bag. Pox pustule raised on the pocks.] surface of the body in an eruptive disease, as the small pox. pockmark, pok'mark, n. Mark or scar made by the small pox. pocket, pok'et, n. [A dim. of poke, a small bag inserted pouch or bag.] in a garment for carrying small articles; a small bag or net to receive the balls in billiards; a certain quantity, from to 2 cwt. (a pocket of hops); mineral, a small cavity in a rock, or on its surface, containing gold; a mass of rich ore. To be in pocket, to have gain or profit from some transaction. To be out of pocket, to expend or lose money. v.t. To put or conceal in the pocket; to take clandestinely. To pocket an insult, affront, wrong, or the like, to receive it without resenting it, or at least without seeking redress. air pocket, n. condition of the atmosphere met with by aviators in which the machine tends to drop as if into a 'pocket' empty of

pneumogastric,

A

ch, Sc. loch;

instrument

out at each rometer.

—

ch, chain;

An

miry; to be swampy. poch'erd, n. [Lit. the poacher, one that poaches or pokes.] The name pf a genus of oceanic ducks, natives of the Arctic Seas. pock, pok, n. [A. Sax. poc or pocc, D.

pochard,

the quantity of air inhaled into the lungs at each inspiration and given

pluviometer, pl6»vi«om'et«er, n. [L. pluvia, rain, and Gr. metron, measure.] A rain gauge; an instrument for measuring rainfall. pluviometrical, pl6'vi«o«met"ri«kal, a. ply, pli, v.t. plied, plying. [From Fr. plier (also ployer), to fold or bend, from L. plicare, to fold.] To fold. fold; a thickness; a unit n. of yarn, as two-ply. plywood, pli'wud, n. Wood made from several thin sheets, which are glued together. ply, pli, v.t. [From apply.] To use or wield diligently or steadily; to employ with diligence (to ply a needle or an oar); to keep busy; to practice or perform with diligence to busy one's self in; to press hard, with blows or missiles; to assail briskly; to beset; to urge; to solicit, as for a favor. To ply with, to present or offer to urgently and repeatedly; to press upon, especially with some ulterior object (to ply one with flattery). v.i. To be steadily employed; to work steadily; to offer service; to run regularly between any two ports or places, as a vessel or vehicle; naut. to endeavor to make way against the wind. n. fold; a plait; a twist:

plim'uth,

a. [Gr. pneumatikos, from pneuma, pneumatos, breath, spirit, from pneo, to breathe or blow.] Consisting of or resembling air; having the properties of an elastic fluid; pertaining to air, or to elastic fluids or their properties; moved or played by means of air; filled with or fitted to contain air; applied to numerous instruments, machines, apparatus, etc., for experimenting on elastic fluids, or for working by means of the compression or exhaustion of air {pneumatic conveyors and pneumatic tools, such as drills, hammers, grinders, rammers, diggers, pavement breakers, and hoists). Pneumatic philosophy, a name formerly applied to the science of metaphysics.— pneumatics, nu«mat'iks, n. That branch of physics which treats of the mechanical properties of elastic fluids and particularly of atmospheric air. pneumatology, nu«ma«toro«ji, n.

at. no., 94.

of rain. pluvious, pl6'vi«us, a. [L. pluviosus.] Rainy; pluvial.

poch, v.t. [A later and softened form of poke, to thrust. poke.] To stab; to pierce; to spear (to poach fish); to force or drive into so as to penetrate; to tread, as snow or soft ground, so as to render it broken and slushy. v.i. To become soft and slushy or

sect of Chris-

of chicken.

A

[L.

A

pneumatic, nu»mat'ik,

—

a.

pi.

who first appeared at Plymouth, England, in 1830. Plymouth Rock, the spot in Plymouth harbor, Mass., where the Pilgrims landed, Dec. 21, 1620; an American breed

of the infernal regions among the ancient Greeks.] Of or relating to Pluto or to the regions of fire; subterranean; dark. Plutonic action, the influence of volcanic heat and other subterranean causes under pressure. Plutonic rocks, unstratified crystalline rocks formed at great depth beneath the earth's surface. Plutonic theory, that which ascribes the changes on the earth's surface to the agency of fire. See neptunian. plutonium, pl6«t6'ni«um, n. radioactive element formed in the disintegration of neptunium. Symplo'vi«al,

n.

tians

plutocrat.

Pu;

Brethren,

breTHren,

"

poach,

as Pliers.

Plymouth

Plutonic, Plutonian, plo«ton'ik, plo— to'ni«an, a. [From Pluto, the king

bol,

— — ——— — —

—

podesta

often used in composition to designate the number of twists, etc. (a three-ply carpet); bent; turn; direction; bias. plyer, pli'er, n. One who or that which plies; pi. same

fabric with a sort

of velvet nap or shag on one side resembling short hairs. pluteus, plo'te«us, n. [L.] A balustrade; a parapet; among the Romans a sort of wheeled shed covered with raw hides in which a besieging party made their approaches. Pluto, plo'to, n. In Greek mythology, the chief divinity of the lower regions; a planet of the solar system, the remotest known from the sun, visible only by telescope. plutocracy, plo«tok'ra»si, n. [Gr. Ploutos, the god of wealth, and krateia, rule, arche, power.] The power or rule of wealth, plutocrat, plo'tO'krat, n. A person possessing power or influence solely or mainly owing to his riches. plutocratic, pl6«to«krat'ik, a. Pertaining to or characteristic of a plutocracy or a

pluvial,

—

639

pluteus pile.]

— ——

th, thin;

w, wig;

n. [It. podesta, a

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

—

— ———— ——

— —— — —

podgy

640

point

governor, from L. potestas, power.] A chief magistrate of the Italian republics of the Middle Ages.

emotions rhythmically expressed, or such language expressed in an elevated style of prose; especially that

of time or space; the eve or verge (at the point of death); a fielder in the game of cricket who stands a little to the off side of the batter's wicket, or the spot where he stands; a mark to denote the degree of success or progress one has attained in certain trials of skill and games,

podgy,

poj'i, a. Pudgy; podiatry, pO'dTa-tri,

fat

and

n.

[Gr. pous,

short.

foot, and the suffix iatry.] the study and treatment of foot disorders.

podos,

Med.

podium, po'di'um,

creative writing which is divided into lines, each containing a deter-

mined number of sounds, the sounds being accented according to a regular

and determined rhythmical pattern;

n. [L. podium, Gr. pous, podos, foot.] The low enclosure running all round the amphitheater; arch, a continuous

similar creative writing, of looser structure, in which the phrases flow in a cadenced pattern; in a wide sense whatever appeals to the

which

emotions or the sense of beauty; verse; poems. pogrom, p6«grom', n. [Russian.] An organized massacre or attack on a

pedestal

or

low

wall

on

columns rest. podophyllin, pod«o»fiTin, n. [Gr. pous, podos, a foot, and phyllon, a leaf.] A resin obtained from the root stock of the mayapple, used in medicine as a purgative. poem, poem, n. [Fr. poeme, from L. poema, from Gr. poiema, lit. the thing made, from poied, to make.

A metrical composition; a composition in which the verses consist of certain measures, whether in blank verse or in rhyme; a composition in which the language is poesy, that of excited imagination. po'e«si, n. [Fr. poesie, L. poesis, from Gr. poiesis, the art of writing poems.] The art of or skill in composing poet.]

—

poetry; metrical compoa short conceit engraved on a ring or other thing (Shak.). poet, po'et, n. [Fr. poite, posy. from L. poeta, Gr. poietes, lit. a maker, from poied, to make. So in England poets were formerly often called 'makers'.] The author of a poem; the composer of a metrical composition; one skilled in making poetry, or who has a particular genius for metrical composition; one distinguished for poetic talents. poetaster, po'et«as«ter, n. [From and the pejorative -aster; poet, petty poet; comp. criticaster, etc.] a pitiful rhymer or writer of verses. poetess, po'et«es, n. female poet. poetic, poetical, po«et'ik, p6«et'i«kal, a. [L. poeticus, Gr. poietikos.] Pertaining to poetry; suitable to poetry; expressed in poetry; having a metrical form; possessing the peculiar Poetical justice, beauties of poetry. a distribution of rewards and punishments such as is common in

poems; sition;

—

—

A

A

poetry and works of fiction, but hardly in accordance with the rePoetic license, a liberty alities of life. or license taken by a poet with regard to matters of fact or language in order to produce a desired

—poetically, p6«et'i»kaMi, adv. In a poetical manner. — poetics, po— branch of criticism

effect.

et'iks,

n.

That

treats of the nature and laws of poetry. poetize, p6'et«iz, v.i. write as a poet; to [Fr. poetiser.]

which

compose

— To

poet laureate, ——poetry,

verse.

See laureate.

n.

po'et«ri, n.

[O.Fr. poeterie, from poete, a poet.] That one of the fine arts which exhibits its special character and powers by means of language; the art which has for its object the creation of intellectual pleasure by means of imaginative and passionate

language, language

generally in verse; the of the imagination or

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

party, e.g., Jews.

poignant, poi'nant, a. [Fr. poignant, part, of poindre, from L. pungere, pungo, to prick, point.] Stimulating the organs of taste; piquant; pointed; keen; bitter; irritating; satirical; severe; piercing; very painful or poignantly, poi'nant«li, adv. acute. In a poignant manner. poignancy,

—

poi'nan«si, n.

The

—

state

or quality

of being poignant. poilu, pwa«lu', a. [Fr. 'hairy'.] A slang term, equivalent to the English 'Tommy', and applied to a soldier in French army; from the custom of letting the beard grow

when on

active service.

poinsettia, poin«set'i«a, n. [N.L. after J. R. Poinsett (1779-1851).] A tropical plant (genus Poinsettia) with lobed leaves and bright red bracts. point, point, n. [Fr. point, a point, a spot, a matter, moment, etc., pointe, something sharp or pointed, from L. punctum, a puncture, from pungo, punctum, to puncture, the latter the fern, part of Fr. poindre, to prick.] The mark made by the end of a sharp piercing instrument; geom. an element which has neither

breadth, nor thickness; a mark of punctuation; a division of the card of the mariner's compass, the card of which has its circumference divided into 32 equal spaces; north, south, east, and west, or any intermediate direction; any place marked in the heavens of importance in astronomical calculations; that which pricks, pierces, or punctures; particularly the sharp end of a thorn, pin, needle, knife, sword, and the like; a tool or instrument which pricks or pierces; a small cape or promontory; a lace, string, or the like, with a tag, formerly used for fastening articles of dress; lace worked by the needle; a lively turn of thought or expression which with force or agreeable strikes surprise; the sting of an epigram; hence, force or expression generally (his action gave point to his words); a salient trait of character; a peculiarity; a characteristic (the good or bad points of a man); a certain external peculiarity of an animal (the points of a horse or a dog); thing or subject; matter single (right in every point); particular thing desired or required; aim; purpose (to gain one's point); a single part of a complicated question, or of a whole; an indivisible part length,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

as in rifle shooting, billiards, cards, and the like, a single point counting one. Acting point, in physics, the

exact point at which any impulse is given. Physical point, the smallest or least sensible object of sight. Point of incidence, that point upon the surface of a medium at which Point of rea ray of light falls. flection, the point from which a ray is reflected. Point of sight, that point of a picture which is determined by a line from the eye of the artist perpendicular to the perspective plane. Point of war, a martial Vowel note on a trumpet or bugle. in Hebrew, etc., certain marks representing the vowels, which

points,

precede or follow the consonant sounds. To stand upon points, to be punctilious; to be nice or overv.t. To give a point to; forge, grind, or file to a point; to add to the force or expression of; to direct toward an object or place; to aim; to direct the eye or notice to; to indicate the purpose or point of; to punctuate; masonry, to fill the joints of with mortar,

scrupulous.

to

cut,

and smooth them with the point To point out, to show of a trowel. by the finger or by other means.

To direct the finger for designating an object and exciting attention to it: with at; to indicate the presence of game by standing and turning the nose in its direction, v.i.

as dogs do to sportsmen; to show pointdistinctly by any means. blank, a. [This phrase has its origin

—

in the directness with which an arrow is aimed at the white mark or blank in the center of a butt.] In gun. having a horizontal direction;

direct; plain; explicit; express. horizontally; directly. point-device,f a. [From point, condition, and devise, to imagine; lit. in as fine a condition as could be imagined.] Precise, nice, or finical pointed, poin'to excess. {Shak.) ted, p. and a. Having a sharp point, aimed at or expressly referring to

fig.

As an adverb,

—

—

some

particular person (a pointed remark) epigrammatical abounding ;

;

Pointed in conceits or lively turns. style, in arch, a name applied to several styles usually called Gothic. In adv. pointedly, poin'ted«li, pointed a manner. pointedness, poin'ted«nes, n. The state or quality

—

—

of being pointed. ter,

n.

— pointer, that

One who

or

poinwhich

points; a variety of dog remarkable for its habit of pointing at game. the in Pointers, n. stars Great Bear, through which a straight point line points to the polestar. lace, n. A fine kind of lace wrought with a needle. pointless, point 'les, a. Having no point; blunt; obtuse;

Two

—

—

having no smartness or keenness. tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

— ——

—

—

——

—— — —

which

n.

The

something

is

position

from

observed

titude.

—

poised, poising. [O. v.t. Fr. poiser, peiser, Fr. peser, from L. penso, to weigh out, from pensus, weighed, pp. of pendo, to weigh. pendant.] To balance in weight; to make of equal weight; to hold or place in equilibrium or equiponderance; to load with weight for balancing. v.i. To be balanced or suspended;^, to hang in suspense; to depend. n. Weight; gravity; a thing suspended or attached as a counterweight; a counterpoise; hence, regulating power; that which balances; the weight used in weighing with steelyards, to balance the substance weighed; equipoise; bal-

under

potion.] Any to drink, agent capable of producing a morbid, noxious, dangerous, or deadly effect upon the animal economy, when introduced either by cutaneous absorption, respiration, or the digestive canal; that which taints or destroys moral purity or health. v.t. To infect with poison; to put poison in or on ; to add poison to ; to attack, injure, or kill by poison; to taint; to mar, impair, vitiate, corrupt. poisoner, poi'zn»er, n. poison gas, n. A noxious gas used (as in warfare) poison to kill, injure, or disable.

—

—

three-leafed, vinelike ivy having white berries, poisonous to the touch. poison oak, n. species

—

A

—

of poison ivy. poison sumac, n. A poisonous swamp shrub, related to poison ivy, having seven to thirteen leaves and greenish-white berries. poisonous, poi'zn«us, a. poisonous-

—

adv. poke, pok, n. [O.D. a poke, a sack or bag; I eel. poki, a sack., a bag; pouch is a softened form of this, and pouch; a bag; pocket a diminutive.] long, a sack. poke bonnet, n. straight, projecting bonnet formerly ly, poi'zn«us«li,

A

A

worn by women.

—

poke, pok, v.t. poked, poking. [D. and L.G. poken, to poke; Sw. pak, a stick; comp. Ir. poc, a blow; Gael. puc, to push.] To thrust something long or pointed against, as the hand or a stick, hence, to feel or search, To poke as in the dark or in a hole fun at, to ridicule. v.i. To grope; to search; to feel or push one's way, as in the dark; to busy one's self without a definite object: followed by about. n. A gentle thrust; a poker, po'ker, jog; a sudden push. n. One who pokes; a metal rod for

magnitude, situated about

—

stirring fire.

poker, po'ker, n. [Origin unknown.] A gambling game played with cards. poker face, n. An inscrutable

—

facial expression.

pokeweed, pok'wed, n. [Of American Indian origin.] A North American plant (genus Phytolacca) whose berries and roots have emetic and

ch, Sc. loch;

from

minute

cells

resulting

go;

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

An

optical instru-

polarity, po«polarization of light. lar'i'ti, n. That quality of a body in virtue of which peculiar properties reside in certain points called polarization, poles. po'ler«i«za"shon, n. The act of polarizing or giving polarity to a body; the state of being polarized or of having polarity; in a voltaic cell, the setting up of a back electromotive force owing to the deposition of gases on Polarization of light, the electrodes. a change produced upon light by the action of certain media, by which it exhibits the appearance of having polarity or poles possessing different polarize, p6'ler»iz, v.t. properties. polarized, polarizing. To develop polarizer, po»ler»i'zer, polarity in. n. That part of a polariscope by which light is polarized. native of Poland. Pole, pol, n. poleax, n. [Pole may here be the long stick; but perhaps it is for poll, the kind of ax or hatchet. head.] polecat, pol'kat, n. [Supposed to be for poult-cat, that is, chicken or poultry cat, or abbrev. from Polish cat.] An animal of the weasel family, about 17 inches in length excluding the tail, very destructive to poultry; also, a skunk. polemic, polemical, po«lem'ik, po«lem'i«kal, a. [Gr. polemikos, from polemos, war.] Pertaining to polemics; given to controversy; engaged in supporting an opinion or system disby controversy. polemic, n. putant; one who carries on a controversy; one who writes in support of an opinion or system in opposition polemics, po«lem'iks, to another. n. The art or practice of disputation; controversy; controversial writings. police, po«leY, n. [Fr. police, from L.

from

the last stages of the cell divisions, g,

the

ment, various kinds of which have been contrived, for exhibiting the

—

Two

purgative qualities. polar. See pole. ch, chain;

1°

the North Pole, round which it describes a small circle; fig. that which serves as a guide or director; polar, po'ler, a. [L.L. a lodestar. polaris, from L. polus, a pole.] Pertaining to a pole or the poles of a sphere; pertaining to one of the poles of the earth or of the heavens; proceeding from the poles of the earth; pertaining to a magnetic pole or poles; pertaining to the points of a body at which its attractive or repulsive energy is concentrated. Polar angle, the angle at a pole formed by two meridians. Polar axis, that axis of an equatorial which Polar is parallel to the earth's axis. polar bodies, n. bear. See bear.

—

—

p6»lar'i«skop, n.

on poles; to impel by poles; to push forward by the use of poles;

from poto,

circles,

of the polarization of the scattered sunlight from the polar regions. Polar distance, the angular distance of a heavenly body from the elevated pole of the heavens. Polar forces, physical forces that are developed and act in pairs, with opposite tendencies, as in magnetism, electricity, etc. Polar lights, the aurora borealis or australis. Polar star, the polestar. polarimeter, polariscope, po«lar«im'et»er,

—

as to pole a skiff.

Polar

cell).

and antarctic circles. Polar an apparatus whereby the hour of the day is found by means

cultivation.

pole, pol, n. [Fr. pole, L. polus, the pole of the heavens, the heavens, from Gr. polos, the axis of the sphere, the firmament, from pelo, to turn or move.] One of the two points in which the axis of the earth is supposed to meet the sphere of the heavens; the fixed point about which the stars appear to revolve; one of the extremities of the earth's axis; a point on the surface of any sphere equally distant from every part of the circumference of a great circle of the sphere; the polestar; one of the points of a body at which attractive or repulsive energy its is concentrated, or in which a polar force is exerted; in magnetism, one of the two points at which the magnetic strength of a magnet is principally concentrated. Unit strength of pole, or unit pole, is that pole which will attract or repel a pole of equal strength at a distance of one centimeter with unit force. The strength of a pole is the force exerted between it and a unit pole at unit distance. Magnetic pole, one of the points on the earth at which the dipping needle is vertical, or the magnetic Poles of a voltaic intensity greatest. cell or battery, the connections at which the current passes from the battery to the external circuit, and vice versa; the current leaving the battery at the positive pole, and entering it at the negative pole. polestar, n. A star of the second

(egg

arctic clock,

—

poison, poi'zn, n. [Fr. poison, from L. potio, potionis, a drink, a draught,

A

which end in the production of an

ovum

pole, pol, n. [A. Sax. pal, a pole, a stake; collateral form of pale, L.G. and D. paal, from L. palus, a stake. pale.] A long slender piece of wood; a tall piece of timber: frequently used in composition (a carriage-pole, a May-pole); a perch or rod, a measure of length containing 5% yards. Under bare poles, said of a ship when her sails are all furled. v.t. poled, poling. To furnish with poles for support; to bear or convey

ance; equilibrium.

ivy, n.

police

polder, pol'der, n. [D.] In the Netherlands, a tract of land below the level of the sea or nearest river, which, being originally a morass or lake, has been drained and brought

or

considered; personal standpoint; atpoise, poiz,

— — ——— ——— —

—

641

poise point of view,

— —

th, thin;

— —

—

A

A

—

A

—

from Gr. politeia, government, administration, from polls, a

politia,

city.] The means instituted by a government or community to main-

tain public order, liberty, property, and individual security; the body

men by whom the municipal laws and regulations are enforced and of

maintained. Police public order commissioner, one of a body of men, elected or appointed, whose duty is to manage police affairs. it Police court, a court for the trial of offenders brought up on charges preferred by the police. Police mag-

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— ——— ————

—

—

——— — —— —

;

a judge who presides at a police court. Police squad, a group of policemen operating together. Police squad car, an automobile,

equipped with one-way or two-way shortwave radio, in which police patrol. Police station, the headquarters of the police or of a section policeman, po«les'man, of them. n. An ordinary member of the police force, (if assigned to a beat, a patrolman). policy, pol'i»si, n. [L. politia, Gr. POLICE.] The art politeia, polity. or manner of governing a nation; the line of conduct which the rulers of a nation adopt on particular questions, especially with regard to foreign countries; the principles on which any measure or course of action is based; prudence or wisdom of governments or individuals in the management of their affairs public or private; dexterity of management; in Scotland, the pleasure grounds around a gentleman's country residence. .'. Policy is the course of conduct pursued, or the management of an affair, in certain circumstances; polity, the general principles on which such course of conduct is based. policy, pol'i'Si, n. [Fr. police, from L.L. poleticum, a register, from L. polyptychum, Gr. polyptychon, an account book polys, many, and ptyche, a fold.] A written contract by which a corporation or other persons engage to pay a certain sum on certain contingencies, as in the case of fire or shipwreck, in the event of death, etc., on the condition of receiving a fixed sum or percentage on the amount of the risk, or certain Insurance polperiodical payments. policyholder, n. icy. See INSURE. One who holds a policy or contract of insurance.

—

poliomyelitis, p6'li'6«mi'e»li"tis, n. [N.L. from Gr. polios, gray and myelitis, inflammation of the spinal cord.] An acute virus disease marked by fever, motor paralysis, and atro-

phy of

skeletal muscles, often peralso called infantile paralysis. Polish, po'lish, a. Pertaining to Poland or to its inhabitants. n. The language of the Poles. polish, pol'ish, v.t. [Fr. polir, polissant, from L. polio, to smooth,

manently disabling;

whence also polite.] To make smooth and glossy, usually by friction; to deprive of rudeness, coarseness; to make elegant and polite (to polish life or

burnish;

to

rusticity,

or

manners).

v.i.

To become

smooth;

to take a smooth and glossy surface substance n. to become refined. used to impart a gloss; a smooth glossy surface produced by friction; artificial gloss; refinement; elegance of manners. polisher, pol'ish»er, n. One who or that which polishes. polite, po'lit', a. [L. politus, from polish.] Polished polio, to polish, or elegant in manners; refined in behavior; well bred; courteous; compolitely, po'lit'li, adv. In plaisant. politeness, po— a polite manner.

A

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—— — —

;

642

polyanthus

politic, pol'i«tik, a. [L. politicus, Gr. politikos, from polis, a city, police.] Consisting of citizens; constituting the state (the body politic) ; prudent and sagacious in devising and pursuing measures adapted to promote the public welfare; well devised and adapted to the public prosperity;

horns (polled cattle). poll tax, n. A tax levied per head or person, usually on all males of mature years without regard to wealth or station. pollack, pol'ak, n. [D. and G. pollack.} A species of marine fish belonging to the cod family. pollard, pol'erd, n. [From poll, the head, and affix -ard.] A tree with the

policy istrate,

—

lit'nes, n.

ingenious in devising and pursuing any scheme of personal or national

aggrandizement; cunning; artful; sagacious in adapting means to an end; well devised; adapted to its end, political, po«lit'i— right or wrong. kal,

a.

Having

a

fixed or

regular

system or administration of government; relating to civil government and its administration; concerned in state affairs or national measures; pertaining to a nation or state, or to nations or states, as distinguished from civil or municipal; treating of politics or government. Political economy, the science of the laws which regulate the production, distribution, and consumption of the products, necessary, useful, or agreeable to man, which it requires some portion of voluntary labor to produce, procure, or preserve. Political geography. See geography. Political science, that science which deals with the structure, organization and government or nations and their

—

component

parts.

politically,

po—

adv. In a political manner. politician, pol«i«tish'an, n. One versed in the science of government and the art of governing; one skilled lit'i«kal«li,

—

in politics ;

with

one who occupies himself

politicly, pol'i'tik«li, politics, pol'i'tiks, n. [Fr. politique, Gr. polipolitics.

adv. In a politic manner.

—

The science of government; that part of ethics which relates to the regulation and government of a nation or state for the preservation of its safety, peace, and prosperity; tike.]

political affairs, or the conduct and polity, contests of political parties. form of political pol'i»ti, n.

A

—

organization. polka, pol'ka, n. [Pol. polka, Polish

A

lively dance of Bohemian woman.] origin, in duple time with three steps and a hop to each bar. v.i. To dance

the polka. poll, pol, n. [O.D. pol, bol, a ball, the head; L.G. polle, the head, the top of a tree; allied to ball, bowl: pollard is a derivative.] The head of a person, or the back part of the head; a catalogue or register of heads, that

of persons; the voting or registering of votes for candidates in elections (the close of the poll) ; the fish called a chub; the blunt end of a hammer, or the butt of an ax. v.t. To remove the top or head of; to lop, clip, shear; to cut closely; to mow; to register or give a vote; to bring to the poll; to receive or elicit, as a number of votes or voters. v.i. To vote at a poll; to record a vote, as an elector. polled, pold, p. and a. Deprived of the poll; lopped, as a tree having the top cut; having the hair cut; cropped; bald; having cast the horns, as a stag; hence, wanting is,

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

head cut

off at

some height from the

ground, for the purpose of inducing it to throw out branches all round the section where amputation has taken place; a stag that has cast his horns; also, a hornless ox; a coarse product of wheat, but finer than bran. v.t. To make a pollard of; to convert into a pollard by cutting off the head. pollen, pol'en, n. [L. pollen and pollis, fine flour or dust.] The male element in flowering plants; the fine dust or powder which by contact with the stigma effects the fecundation of the seeds.

—polliniferous, pollen.

pol«i«nif'er«us,

Producing

a.

pollenize,

pollipol'en«iz, v.t. To pollinate. nate, pol'i«nat, v.t. Bot. to convey pollen from the anther to the stigma pollination, n. pol«i»na shon, of.

—

Bot. the conveyance of the pollen from the anther to the stigma. pollex, pol'leks, n. [L.] The thumb in man; a corresponding digit of other animals. pollinium, pol«lin'i«um, n.; pi. -ia. [L. for dust.] An agglutinated mass of pollen grains, as in orchids. pollute, pol'lut', v.t. polluted, polluting. [L. polluo, pollutum, from prep, pol, por, used in composition, and luo, to wash, lave.] To make foul or unclean; to render impure; to defile; to soil; to taint; to corrupt or defile in a moral sense; to impair; pollution, pol«lu'shon, to profane. n. [L. pollutio.] The act of polluting; the state of being polluted.

—

—

polo, po'16, n. [Balti, ball.] A game similar to hockey, played on horseback. n. [Fr.] A robe or dress worn by ladies and adopted from the fashion of the Poles; a courtly Polish dance. polonium, pol»6'ni«um, n. [From Poland.] A radioactive element (radium F) discovered in pitchblende by M. and Mme. Curie. Symbol, Po; at. no., 84. poltroon, pol'tron', n. [Fr. and Sp.

polonaise, pol«o»naz',

poltron, from It. poltrone, from poltro, lazy, dastardly, from O.H.G. polstar, bolster.] An arrant pillow. a coward; a dastard; a wretch; without a. Base; vile; or courage. poltroonery, pol— contemptible. Cowardice; want of tron'er»i, n.

spirit

—

spirit.

polyandrous, polys, many,

pol«i«an'drus, a. [Gr. oner, andros, a male.] Bot. having many stamens, that is, any number above twenty, inserted in the receptacle. polyandry, pol'i»an'dri, n. [Gr. polys, many, oner, andros, a man.] The practice of females having more

husbands than one

at the

same time

plurality of husbands. polyanthus, pol«i«an'thus,

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

n.

pound.

[Gr.

—— —

—— — —

——

—

A

have an equivalency greater than one; polybasic. polybasic, pol«i«ba'sik, a. [Gr. polys many, and E. basic] Chem. of acids with more than one replaceable hydrogen atom.

polychromy, pori«kr6«mi, n. [Gr. polys, many, and chroma, color.] The practice of coloring statues and the exteriors and interiors of buildings; architectural ornamentation in colors.

— polychromatic,

pomade polyphonic, pol«i«fon'ik, a. [Gr. polys, many, phone, sound.] Having

many

The condition many ringers

of having several or or digits. polydac-

tylous, pol'i«dak'ti«lus, a. Having many fingers or toes. polyester, pol«e«es'ter, n. [Gr. polys, many, and ester.] An ester formed by condensation, used in clothing fibers.

polyethylene, polys,

pol'i«eth"i«len, n. [Gr.

many, and ethylene.]

A polymer

of ethylene; a plastic material. po«lig'a«mi, n. [Gr. polys, many, and gamos, marriage.] plurality of wives or husbands at the same time, or the having of such

polygamy,

A

plurality.

mus, a.

—

polygamous,

po»lig'a«polygamist, po«lig'a«mist, n.

polygenesis,

pol«i»jen'e»sis, n. [Gr. and genesis.] The doc-

polys, many, trine that beings have their origin in many cells or embryos of different kinds opposed to monogenesis.

—

:

polygenetic, pol'i«je«net"ik, a. Relating to polygenesis. See monogenetic. polyglot, pol'i«glot, n. [Gr. polys, many, glotta, a language.] book containing many languages, particularly a Bible that presents the Scriptures in several languages. Also

A

used as an adjective. polygon, pol'i«gon, n. [Gr. polys, many, gonia, an angle.] Geom. a plane figure of many angles and sides, or at least of more than four sides. Similar polygons have their several angles equal each to each, and the sides about their equal angles proportional.

polygonal,

po«lig'o«nal,

a.

Having the form of a polygon; having many angles. Polygonal numbers, the successive sums of a series of numbers in arithmetical progression.

ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

po«lij'i«nus, a. Having or styles; polygynic.

pistils

polygyny, po«lij'i«ni, n. The practice of having more wives than one at the same time. polyhedron, pol«i«he'dron, n. [Gr. polys, many, hedra, a side.] Geom. a solid bounded by many faces or planes, and when all the faces are regular polygons the solid becomes a regular body a multiplying glass with

—

ones. pol«i«mor'fizm, n. [Gr. polys, many, morphe, form.] The property of existing in different forms; the property of crystallizing in two or more fundamental forms.

polymorphous, polymorphic, pol»i«mor'fus, pol«i«mor'fik, a. Having many forms; assuming many forms. Polynesian, pol«i«ne'zhi«an, a. [Gr. polys, many, nesos, an island.] Pertaining to Polynesia, the region of many islands in the Pacific. n. native or inhabitant of Polynesia. polynomial, pol«i«no'mi«al, n. [Gr. polys, many and nomen, name.] An algebraic expression of two or more terms. polynomial, a. polyp, pol'ip, n. [L. polypus, a polyp, a growth or tumor, from Gr. polypous polys, many, pous, a foot.] name loosely applied to what were once known as radiate animals, having the mouth surrounded by more or less numerous arms or tentacles, now commonly applied to the hydra or the sea anemone; a zoophyte. polypary, pol'i«paTi, n. The horny envelope or case of polyps (HydroPolyzoa, etc.). polypidom, zoa, po«lip'i«dom, n. [L. polypus, and stem or permadomus, a house.] nent fabric in which are the cells constituting the abodes of the polyps which fabricate it. polypetalous, pol«i«pet'a«lus, a. [Gr. polys, many, petalon, a petal.] Bot. having or consisting of many petals (a polypetalous corolla). polyphagous, po«lif'a«gus, a. [Gr. polys, many, phagein, to eat.] Eating or subsisting on many things or kinds of food. polyphase, pol'i«faz", a. [Gr. polys, many, and phasis, appearance.] Of a combination of electric currents differing in their phases by constant

A

—

many

ica.

j,

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

pol'-

A

polyp; pathol. a pedunculated tumor in the mucous membrane, especially that of the nostrils and uterus. polypous, pol'i«pus, a. Pertaining to a polypus. [polyp.]

i-pl.

polysepalous, polys,

pol«i«sep'a«lus, a. [Gr.

many, and E.

term applied

sepal.]

to a calyx

Bot. a

which has

its

sepals separate from each other. polysyllable, pol'i«siMa«bl, n. [Gr. polys, many, syllabi, a syllable.] word of many syllables, that is, consisting of four or more syllables. polysyllabic, polysyllabical, pol'i«sil«lab"ik, pol'i»siMab"i»kal, a. Consisting of many syllables or of more than three. polysyndeton, pol«i«sin'de«ton, n. [Gr., from polys, many, syn, together, deo, I bind.] figure of rhetoric by which the copulative conjunction is often repeated. polytechnic, pol«i»tek'nik, a. [Gr. polys, many, and techne, art.] Of or designating an educational institution in which instruction is given in many technical arts and applied sciences. school of instruction in applied n. sciences; an exhibition of objects belonging to the industrial arts. polytheism, pol«i«the'izm, n. [Gr. polys, many, theos, god.] The doctrine of a plurality of gods.—poly-

A

—

A

A

A

theist, pol«i«the'ist, n. believes in a plurality

polytheistic,

person who of gods.

polytheistical,

taining

to

polytheism;

pol'i*-

Perholding a

the»is"tik, pol'i«the»is"ti«kal,

a.

plurality of gods.

Polyzoa, pol«i«zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. polys, many, zoon, an animal.] A class of animals, chiefly marine, forming

compound groups or colonies, being the lowest members of the Mollusca, and generally known by the popular names of c sea-mosses' and 'sea-mats'. polyzoarium, pori«z6«a"ri«um, n. A polyzoan colony or its dermal system. polyzonal, pol»i»zo'nal, a. [Gr. polys, many, zone, a zone.] Composed of many zones or belts; a term applied to burning lenses composed of pieces united in rings. pomace, pom'is, n. [From L. pomum, an apple.] The substance of apples or of similar fruit crushed by grind-

—

—

pomaceous, po«ma'shus, a. Like pomace; pertaining to the apple

ing.

family of trees.

pomade, p6«mad',

amounts. job;

leaved.

polypous. See polypus. polypus, pol'i'pus, n. pi. polypi,

A

A

or

polypody, pol'i«p6«di, n. [Gr. polypodion, from its spreading rootstock.] A name of various ferns, one of them common to Britain and North Amer-

—

polymorphism,

voices

voices.

A

of high molecular weight formed by polymeric, pol«i»polymerization. mer'ik, a. Of or relating to a polymer. polymerous, po«lim'er»us, a. Containing many parts. polymerpolymerized, ize, pori«mer«iz, v.t. polymerizing. To subject to polymerization. v.i. To undergo polymeripolymerization, pol'i»mer«zation. i»za"shon, n. The formation of large molecules from two or more smaller

many

polyphyllous, po«lif'i«lus, a. [Gr. polys, many, phyllon, a leaf.] Bot.

;

several plane surfaces; a polyscope. polyhedral, pol«i«he'dral, a. polymer, pol'i«mer, n. [Gr. polys, many, and meros, part.] compound

of

consisting

sounds; music, consisting of several parts progressing simultaneously according to the rules of counterpoint; contrapuntal. polyphony, po«lif'o«ni, n. Multiplicity of sounds or

with a polygraph.

polygynous,

n.

polydactylism, pol»i«dak'til«izm, n. [Gr. polys, many, daktylos, a finger.]

or

—

polychromic,

[Gr. polys, many, kotyledon.] Bot. a plant that has many or more than two cotyledons or lobes to the seed. polycotyledonous, pori«kot«i«le"do— nus, a. Having more than two cotyledons.

—

—

643

pori«kr6«mat"ik, pori«kro«mik, a. Exhibiting a play of colors. polychrome, pori'krom, a. Having several or many colors; executed in the manner of polychromy. Polychrome printing, the art of printing in one or more colors at the same time.

polycotyledon, pori»kot'Me"don,

—

polygraph, pol'i«graf, n. [Gr. polys, many, graphe, a writing.] An instrument for multiplying copies of a writing. polygraphia pol«i«graf'ik, a. Pertaining to polygraphy; done

polyarchy polys, many, anthos, a flower.] garden variety of the oxlip primrose which has long been a favorite. polyarchy, pol'i«ar«ki, n. [Gr. polys, many, and arche, rule.] The government of many, whether a privileged class (aristocracy) or the people at large (democracy). polyatomic, pol'i'a«tom"ik, a. [Gr. polys, many, E. atomic] Chem. a term applied to elements or radicals which

—— — —

th, thin;

w, wig;

n. [Fr.

hw, whig;

pommade,

zh, a^rure.

—

——

;

pomander

644

It. pomada, pomata, from L. pomum, an apple. Originally it was prepared from apples.] Perfumed ointment, especially ointment for the hair;

blanket with a slit in the middle for the head to pass through.

pomatum.

pomander, p6'man«der, pomme d'ambre, apple or

less extent

ball of amber.] A perfume ball, or a mixture of perfumes, formerly carried in the pocket or suspended from the neck

or natural.

or the girdle.

pomatum, po«ma'tum,

n. [From L. pomum, an apple, pomade.] A perfumed unguent used in dressing the

pomade.

hair;

pome, pom,

n. [L. pomum, an apple.] fleshy or pulpy pericarp without valves, containing a capsule or capsules, as the apple, pear, etc. pomegranate, pom'gra»nit, n. [L. pomum, an apple, and granatum, grained, having many grains or seeds. fruit as large as grain, garnet.] an orange, having a hard rind filled with a soft pulp and numerous grains or seeds; the fruit that produces pomegranates, supposed to be a native of Persia ; an ornament on the

a

Bot.

A

robe and ephod of the Jewish high priest.

pomelo, pom'e«16,

n.

The shaddock;

pom'er»a"ni«an,

A

n.

small dog from Pomerania in Prussia. pomiferous, p6»mif'er'US, a. [L. pomum, an apple, and fero, I produce.] Apple bearing; an epithet applied to plants which bear the larger fruits (as

melons, gourds, cucumbers,

pommel, pum'mel,

etc.).

[O.Fr. pommel, from L. pomum, an apple or similar fruit.] knob or ball; the knob on the hilt of a sword; the protuberant part of a saddlebow; a round knob on the frame of a chair. v.t. pommeled, pommeling. To beat; to bruise. Spelled also Pummel. pomology, p6«mol'o«ji, n. [L. pomum, an apple, Gr. logos, discourse.] The branch of knowledge that deals with fruits; the cultivation of fruit n.

A

—

—pomological, p6»mo«loj'i«kal, —pomologist, p6»mol'o»jist, One who trees. a.

Pertaining to pomology. n.

is

versed in pomology.

pomp, pomp,

n.

[Fr.

pompe,

L.

pompa, from Gr. pompe, a procession, from pempo, to send.] A procession distinguished by splendor or magnifpageant; magnificence; parade; splendor; display. pompous, pom'pus, a. [Fr. pompeux.] Displaying pomp; splendid; showing self-importance; exhibiting an exaggerated sense of dignity; ostentapompously, pom'pus«li, adv. tious. In a pompous manner; ostentaicence;

a

—

— —pompousness, pomposity, Pomppom'pus»nes, pom-pos'i'ti, tiously.

n.

ous display; show; ostentation.

pompom,

n. [From sound.] An automatic gun firing small shells. pompon, pom'pon, n. [Fr.] An ornament of feathers, artificial flowers, etc., for a

bonnet or hat;

a ball

on

a

soldier's shako.

pompous,

—pond pondweed, — several

lily, n.

pompously,

etc.

See

POMP.

poncho, pon'cho, n. [Sp.] In Spanish America a garment like a narrow fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

artificial

The water

A name

n.

of

British water weeds.

pondus, ponder is, weight.] To weigh carefully in the mind; to think about; to reflect upon; to examine carefully. v.i. To think; to muse; to deliberate: with on or over. ponderable, pon'der«a«bl, a. [L. ponderabilis.] Capable of being weighed; having weight. ponderability, pon'der«a«bil"i»ti, n. That property of bodies by which they possess sensible weight. ponderous, pon'der— us, a. [L. ponderosus.] Very heavy; of great weight; massive; weighty;

—

—

—

—ponderously, pon'der»us— adv. In a ponderous manner.

forcible. li,

ponderousness, ponderosity, pon'der«us«nes, pon«der«os'i«ti, n. The state or quality of being ponderous gravity; heaviness. pongee, pon'ji, n. [Chinese.] Soft

employed

silk

in the construction of balloons. poniard, pon'yerd, n. [Fr. poignard, from poing, L. pugnus, the fist.] small dagger; a pointed weapon for

A

stabbing.

v.t.

To

pierce

poniard; to stab. pontifex, pon'ti«feks,

with

a

n. pi. pontifices,

pon«tif 'i»sez. [L. pontifex, pontificis, a high priest, from pons, pontis, a bridge, and facio, to make.] The name by which the Romans designated the highest members of their great colleges of priests, the chief being termed Pontifex Maximus. pontiff, pon'tif, n. high priest; a pontifical, designation of the pope. pon«tif'i«kal, a. Relating to pontiffs or priests; relating to a pope; belonging to the pope; in a lofty manner, expressive of infallibility of book containing rites speaker. n. and ceremonies ecclesiastical; pi. the pope, dress and ornaments of a pontificate, pon— priest, or bishop.

—

A

—

A

—

pontificatus.] The state or dignity of a high-priest; the n.

tif'i«kat,

[L.

office or dignity of the pope; the papacy; the reign of a pope.

pontoon, pon«ton', n. from L. pons, pontis,

[Fr. ponton, a bridge.]

A

flat-bottomed boat, or any light framework or floating body used in the construction of a temporary military bridge over a river; a lighter, a low flat vessel resembling a barge, used in careening ships; a water-tight structure placed beneath a submerged vessel and then filled with air, to assist in refloating the pontonier, pon«to»ner', n. vessel. [Fr.] A soldier having charge of pontoons; one who constructs pontoon bridges. pontoon bridge, n. A temporary military bridge supported on pontoons. pony, po'ni, n. [Gael, ponaidh, Ir. poni, a pony.] A small variety of horse a small liqueur glass a printed

—

—

;

;

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

;

or written translation used by students to avoid work. pood, pod, n. A Russian weight, equal to 36.113 lbs.

poodle, po'dl, n. [Same as G. and Dan. pudel, D. poedel, L.G. budel, a poodle; akin to L.G. pudeln, to waddle.] A small variety of dog covered with long curling hair.

ponder, pon'der, v.t. [Fr. ponderer, from L. pondero, to weigh, from

unbleached Chinese

the grapefruit.

Pomeranian,

than a lake, either

lily.

— — —

poor

pond, pond, n. [A slightly different form of pound, A. Sax. pund, an enclosure.] A body of still water of

[Fr.

n.

——

—

note, not,

move;

pooh, po,

interj.

Pshaw! pish! an

expression of dislike, scorn, or contempt. pooh-pooh, v.t. To turn aside with a pooh; to express scorn or contempt for; to sneer at. pool, pol, n. [A. Sax. pd/^ L.G. pohl,

—

pool, Icel. pollr, D. poll, G. pfuhl, pool, fen; the word is also Celtic; W. pwll, a pool, a pit; perhaps akin small collecto L. palus, a marsh.] tion of water or other liquid in a hollow place; a small piece of stagnant water; a hole in the course of a stream deeper than the ordinary

A

bed. pool, pol,

n. [Fr. poule, a hen.] The receptacle for the stakes at certain games of cards, billiards, etc.; the stakes themselves; games played on a table similar to a billiard table but having six pockets, usually with fifteen object balls and one cue ball; a common fund or combination of properties and interests, often arranged for speculation in grain or commodity markets. v.t. to combine interests or properties. poon, pon, n. [Indian name.] The name of several valuable trees of India (genus Calophyllum). poop, pop, n. [Fr. poupe, from L. puppis, the poop.] The highest and aftermost part of a ship's deck above the complete deck of the vessel. v.t. Naut. to break heavily over the stern or quarter of; to drive in the stern of. poor, por, a. [O.E. poure, O.Fr. poure, povre, Mod.Fr. pauvre, from L. pauper, poor, from paucus, few, and Destitute of pario, to produce.] riches ; not having property sufficient for a comfortable subsistence; needy; wanting good or desirable qualities; having little value or importance; trifling; insignificant; paltry; mean; destitute of fertility; barren; destitute of intellectual or artistic merit (a poor discourse); wanting in spirit or vigor; weak; impotent; worthy of pity; ill-fated; a word of tenderness or endearment {poor thing); a

word of slight contempt; wretched. The poor, collectively, the indigent the needy: opposed to the rich; those unable to support themselves, and for support on Poor of others. in spirit, humble; contrite. (N.T.) poorhouse, por'hous, n. A residence for persons receiving public charity. poor law, n. A law or the laws col-

who have

the

to

depend

contributions

—

lectively established for the management of the funds for the main-

—

tenance of the poor. poorly, pbr'li, adv. In a poor manner or condition; in indigence; with little or no success; in an inferior manner; insufficiently;

defectively.

a.

Somewhat

indisposed; not in health. (Colpoorness, pbr'nes, n. The loq.) ill;

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

pop quality of being poor; poor-spirited, a. Of a poor-spirspirit; cowardly.

poppy. populace,

state or poverty.

mean

A

n. [From the sound.] small smart sound or report; a blow with a hatchet. v.i. popped, popping. To appear to the eye suddenly; to enter or issue forth with a quick, sudden motion ; to dart ; to start from To thrust v.t. a place suddenly. forward, or offer suddenly; to thrust or push suddenly with a quick motion; to protrude (his eyes popped); To pop corn, to parch to burst open. or roast Indian corn until it expands and 'pops' open. To pop the question, in familiar language, to make an offer of marriage to a lady adv. Suddenly; unexpectedly. popcorn, n. Corn for parching; popped corn. popgun, n. small gun or tube used by children for shooting pellets, which makes a c pop' when the pellet is expelled. pope, pop, n. [A. Sax. papa, from L.L. papa, the pope, lit. father, same word as papa, the childish name for father. papa.] The Bishop of Rome, the head of the Roman Catholic Church in the Greek Church, a priest or chaplain; the ruffe, a small fish Pope's closely allied to the perch. eye, the gland surrounded with fat in the middle of the thigh of an ox or sheep, much prized for its deli-

pop, pop,

root

larization, pop'u«ler«i«za"shon, n. The act of making popular. popularize, pop'u«ler«iz, v.t. popularized, popularizing. To make popular to treat in a popular manner, or so as to be generally intelligible; to spread among the people. popularly, pop'u«ler«li, adv. In a popular manner; so as to please the populace; among the people at large; currently; commonly. populate, pop'u«lat, v.t. populated, populating. To furnish with inhabitants; to people. population, pop«u«la'shon, n. The act or

—

—

process of populating or peopling; the whole number of people in a country, town, etc. ; populousness. Populist, pop'u«list, n. Member of

popedom, pop'dum, n. The cacy. place, office, dignity, or jurisdiction game of the pope. pope joan, n. of cards. popery, po'per«i, n. The religion of the Church of Rome,

A

:

—

porbeagle, por'be«gl, beagle

from

It.

China and Japan, formed from the degree of translucency by means of a. Belonging to their vitrification. or consisting of porcelain. porcelaneous, por»se«la'ne«us, a. Pertaining to or resembling porcelain. Porcelaneous shells are those which have a compact texture, an enameled

doll,

pop.} To move quickly up and down, as a cork dropped on water. poppy, pop'i, n. [A.Sax. papig, popig, from L. papaver, a poppy.] gay flowering plant of many species, including Papaver californicum, a red annual, and P. somniferum, the opium

surface, and are generally beautifully variegated. porch, porch, n. [Fr. porche, It. portico, from L. porticus, a porch, from porta, a gate, entrance, port.] Arch, an exterior appendage to a

A

g, go;

several species

finest clays united with siliceous earths, which communicate a certain

an upright the bottom of

ch, Sc. loch;

and E. dog and

n. [Fr. porceporcellana, first a certain shell, then the nacre of the shell, and last porcelain, from L. porcus, a hog, from some fancied resemblance in the shell to a hog. pork.] The finest species of pottery ware, originally manufactured in

laine,

a machine; a doll. popple, pop'l, v.i. [Dim. and freq. of

ch, chain;

hog,

of shark.

seat; at

a

hog-

porcelain, p6r'se»lan,

valve that rises perpenits

pore,

[Lit.

A

Avignon, and used especially for

from

— Fr.

n.

beagle, the latter term, like hound, being applied to sharks; comp. porpoise.]

A

support fastened

1891,

in

advocating an advanced program of national control and proprietorship of all natural means of production. populous, pop'u«lus, a. [L. populosus.] Full of inhabitants; thickly peopled. populously, pop'u«lus«li, adv. With many inhabitants in proportion to extent. populousness, pop'u«lus«nes, n. The state of being populous.

popish, po'pish, a. Pertaining to the pope or the Roman Catholic Church used with a shade of contempt. popishly, p6'pish»li, adv. In a

dicularly

formed

a political party,

comprehending doctrines and practice a term offensive to Catholics.

A

common

The

doubtful.]

:

A

women's clothing. poppet, pop'et, n. [M.E. popet,

is

people; the vulgar; the multitude, comprehending all persons not distinguished by rank, education, office, or profession usually with the definite article. popular, pop'u«ler, a. [L. popularis.] Pertaining to the common people; constituted by or depending on the people; suitable to common people; easy to be comprehended; plain; familiar; beloved by the people; pleasing to people in popularity, pop«u«lar'i»ti, general. n. The state or quality of being popular, or esteemed by the people at large; good will or favor proceeding from the people. popu-

—

popish manner; with a tendency to popery. popinjay, pop'in-ja, n. [O.E. popingay, Fr. papegai, Sp. and Pg. papagay o, L.Gr. papagas, from Ar. babaghd, babbagd, a parrakeet.] A parrot:): ; a gay, trifling young man; a fop or coxcomb. poplar, pop'ler, n. [O.Fr. poplier, Mod.Fr. peuplier, from L. populus, a poplar.] common name of sundry well-known trees, of which there are numerous species, as the white poplar, gray poplar, trembling poplar or aspen, black poplar, etc. poplin, poplin, n. [Fr. Popeline.] Corded fabric of silk or worsted, originally made in the papal city of

pop'ii'lis, n. [Fr. populace,

It. popolazzo, from L. populus, the people (whence popular, people) ; the

itedness, n.

puppet.]

porphyry

645

j,

job;

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

building forming a covered approach or vestibule to a doorway; a covered The Porch, a public walk or portico. portico in Athens, where Zeno, the philosopher, taught his disciples; hence, the Porch is equivalent to the school of the Stoics. a. [L. porcinus, from pork.] Pertaining to porcus, a hog. swine; like a swine; hoglike.

porcine, por'sin,

porcupine,

por'ku«pin,

n.

[O.Fr.

porcespin, lit. spine-hog; from L. porcus, a pig, and spina, a spine or rodent quadthorn. PORK, spine.] ruped covered with long spines mixed with bristly hairs, which the animal can erect at pleasure, and which serve for his defense. pore, por, n. [Fr. pore, from L. porus, Gr. por os, a passage, a pore, port small opening in a solid (a gate).] body, especially one of the minute openings on the surface of organized

A

A

through which fluids and minute substances are excreted or exhaled or by which they are absorbed; one of the small interstices between the molecules of matter which compose bodies. porous, po'rus, a. Having many pores or minute openings or interstices; having the molecules separated by inporousness, potervals or pores. bodies

rosity, po'rus«nes, po«ros'i«ti, n. The state or quality of being porous or

of having pores. pore, por, v.i. pored, poring. [O.E.

—

origin uncertain; possibly same as pour.} To look with steady continued attention or application; to read or examine anything with steady perseverance: generally followed by on {upon) or over. porgy, por'gi, n. [Origin doubtful.]

poure;

The name

given to a

number of

some of them used as food. porism, por'izm, n. [Gr. porisma, a corollary, from porizo, I gain.] Geom. a corollary; a proposition fishes,

affirming the possibility of finding such conditions as will render a certain problem indeterminate or capable of innumerable solutions. pork, pork, n. [Fr. pore, from L. farrow.] porcus, a swine, a pig. The flesh of swine, fresh or salted, used for food. porker, por'ker, n. hog; a pig, especially one fed for pork barrel, n. Government pork. appropriations or projects that are designed to give patronage benefits for political advantage. pornography, por«nog'ra«fi, n. [Gr. pome, prostitute, grapho, I write.] which prostitutes in Literature obscene writing. pornofigure; graphic, por»no«graf 'ik, a. Pertaining to the literary treatment of such subjects. porosity, porous, etc. See pore. porphyry, por'fi«ri, n. [Fr. porphyre, Pr. porfir i, from Gr. porphyrias, lit. a purple-colored rock, from porphyra, purple, purple.] Originally, the name given to a very hard Egyptian stone containing crystals of rose-colored feldspar, partaking of the nature of granite, susceptible of a fine polish, and consequently much used for sculpture; also applied

A

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

—

646

generally to any unstratified or igne-

external appearance (the port of a por«ta»gentleman). portability, bil'i-ti, n. The state of being portportable, por'ta«bl, a. [L. able. portabilis.] Capable of being carried by the hand 01 about the person; capable of being carried or transported from place to place; easily carried; not bulky or heavy. portage, por'tij, n. The act of carrying the price of carriage ; a break in a chain of water communication over which goods, boats, etc., have

— porphyritic,

por«fi«rit'ik, a.

Com-

posed of, resembling, or containing porphyry. porpoise, por'pus, n. [O.E. porcpisce, porpesse, etc., lit. swine fish, from L. porcus, a swine, and piscis, a fish. pork.] A cetaceous mammal, rarely exceeding 5 feet in length, frequenting the northern seas, and frequently seen off the shores pursuing shoals of herring, mackerel, etc. porridge, por'ij, n. [Perhaps from L.

porrum, porrus, a leek, and meaning originally leek soup or broth; or a corruption of pottage.] A kind of food

made by

slowly stirring oatmeal, into other similar substance, water or milk while boiling till a thickened mass is formed. porringer, por'in«jer, n. [From porridge. The n has intruded as in messenger.] porridge dish; a small earthenware or tin vessel out of which children eat their food. port, port, n. [A. Sax. port, a port, haven, harbor, from L. portus, a haven; akin to porta, a gate; same or

—

A

root as fare. It enters into many place names, as Portland, Portsnatural or artimouth, Bridporr.] ficial harbor; a haven; any bay, cove, inlet, or recess of the sea, or of a lake, or the mouth of a river, which vessels can enter, and where they can lie safe from injury by storms. port, port, n. [Fr. pone, L. porta, a gate, from same root as Gr. poros, a passage, and E. to fare. gate; an entrance; See above] a passageway in the side of a ship; an opening in the side of a ship of war, through which cannon are discharged: called also a porthole; an aperture for the passage of steam or a fluid. portal, portal, n. [O.Fr. portal, L.L. portale, from L. porta, door or gate a poetical or a gate.] dignified term; arch, the lesser gate when there are two of different dimensions at the entrance of a building; a kind of arch over a door or gate, or the framework of the gate. a. Anal, belonging to a vein forming a sort of entrance (port) to the liver. Portal circulation, a special circulation of venous blood from the intestines, etc., through the liver. porter, por'ter, n. [Fr. portier.] One who has charge of a door or gate; a doorkeeper; a waiter in a porteress, portress, por'ter*hall. female porter. es, por'tres, n. porthole, n. The port of a ship. port, port, v.t. [Fr. porter, from L. porto, to carry (seen in export, import, report, transport, sport, etc.); same root as portus, a harbor, a port.] To carry in military fashion; to carry a weapon, such as a rifle, in a slanting direction, upward toward the left, and across the body in front, as in the military command c to port arms'. n. [Fr. port, carriage, demeanor, from porter, L. porto, to carry.] Carriage; air; mien; manner of movement or walk; demeanor;

A

A

— A

:

—

—

A

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

—

;

to be carried, as from one lake, river, or canal to another, or along the banks of rivers round waterfalls, porter, por'ter, n. [Fr. rapids, etc. porteur, from porter, to carry.] carrier; a person who carries or conveys burdens, parcels, or messages for hire; a dark-colored malt liquor made wholly or partially with high-dried malt; so called from its having been originally the favorporterage, ite beverage of porters.

—

A

—

Money

charged or paid for the carriage of burdens or parcels por'ter«ij, n.

by

a porter.

port, port, n. [Etym. uncertain.) Naut. the larboard or left side of a ship. v.t. and t. Naut. to turn or put to the left. port, port, n. [From Oporto, Portuguese city.] A rich, sweet wine, dark red in color.

portage,

por'tij, n.

[From

Fr. porter,

The work

of carrying; the carrying of something overland from one body of water to another. portal. See port (gate). portamento, por«ta«men'to, n. [It.] Mus. the gliding from one note to another without a break. portcullis, port«kul'is, n. [Fr. porte, a gate, and coulisse, groove, from couler, to slip or slide.] Fort, a strong grating of timber or iron, resembling a harrow, made to slide in vertical grooves in the jambs of the entrance gate of a fortified place, to protect the gate in case of assault. Porte, port, n. [The chief office of the to

carry.]

Ottoman Empire is styled Babi AH, the High Gate, from the gate

lit.

(bab) of the palace at which justice was administered; and the French translation of this term being Sublime Porte, hence the use of this

word.] The Ottoman court; the government of the Turkish Empire. portend, por«tend', v.t. [L. portendo, to stretch forth, point out, portend por, pro, forth or forward, and tend.] To foretendo, to stretch, show ominously; to foretoken; to indicate something future by preportent, por tent or vious signs. por«tent', n. [L. portentum.] That which portends or foretokens; espe-

—

cially,

an

omen

por«ten'tus, a.

of

Of

—portentous, the nature of a

ill.

portent; ominous; foreshowing ill; monstrous; prodigious; wonderful. portentously, por«ten'tus«li, adv. In a portentous manner. portentousness, por»ten'tus«nes, n. porter. See port, a gate, and port,

—

—

to carry.

portfolio, port'fo li«6, n. [In imitation of Fr. porte-feuille, a portfolio,

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

— ;

Portuguese

porpoise ous rock in which detached crystals of feldspar or some other mineral are diffused through a compact base.

— —

—

note, not,

move;

the office of a minister porter, to carry (L. portare), and feuille, a leaf, portable case of the L. folium.] form of a large book, for holding loose drawings, prints, papers, etc.; the office and functions of a minister of state or cabinet member. portico, por'ti'ko, n. pi. porticoes, p6r'ti«kos. [It. and Sp. portico, from L. porticus. PORCH.] Arch, a kind of porch before the entrance of a building fronted with columns. portion, por'shon, n. [L. portio, portionis, a portion; akin to pars, part.] A part of partis, a part, anything separated from it; that which is divided off, as a part from a whole ; a pan, though not actually divided, but considered by itself; a part assigned; an allotment; fate; v.t. To divide final state (N.T.). or distribute into portions or shares to parcel out; to allot in shares; to endow with a portion or an inherportionless, por shon«les, a. itance. Having no portion. Portland cement, port'land segment'. [Called so because of its resemblance, when set, to a stone found on the Isle of Portland, in cement of superior England.] quality, consisting of a mixture of clay and limestone, or two similar substances, which are first ground, then heated until they form clinker, then powdered, after which they harden into stone upon the addition of water or even when immersed in water. portly, port'li, a. [From port, carriage, mien, demeanor.] Grand or dignified in mien; stately; of a noble appearance and carriage; rather tall,

A

—

A

and inclining

to

stoutness.

liness, p6rt'li«nes, n. The quality of being portly.

—portor

state

portmanteau, p6rt«man't6,

n.

[Fr.

portemanteau, from porter, to carry, and manteau, a cloak or mantle.] A case or trunk, usually made of leather, for carrying apparel, etc., on journeys; a leather case attached to a saddle behind the rider. portrait, por'trat, n. [Fr. portrait, PORpp. of portraire, to portray. TRAY.] A painted picture or representation of a person, and especially of a face drawn from the life: also used generally for engravings, photographs, crayon drawings, etc., of this character; a vivid description or delineation in words. portraiture, por tra«cher, n. [Fr.] A portrait the art or practice of drawing portraits, or of vividly describing in words.

—

;

portray, por«tra

v.t. [Fr. portraire, to portray, to depict, from L. porL. por, pro, traho, to draw forth draw, to trahere, forward, and whence traction, abstract, etc.] To paint or draw the likeness of; to depict; to describe in words. portrayal, por»tra al, n. The act of ,

—

represendelineation portraying n. por«tra'er, portrayer, tation. Portuguese, por tu«gez, a. Of or The pertaining to Portugal. n. language of Portugal; the people of Portugal. ;

;

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— —

— ——

—

— —— — — 647

post

for first or for final causes. Positive one of the terminals in an electric generator, battery, or circuit: opposed to negative. n. Gram, the positive degree; photog. a picture in which the lights and shades are rendered as they are in nature: opposed to negative. positively, poz'i»tiv'li, adv. positiveness, poz'i«tiv»nes, n. positivism, poz'i»tiv— izm, n. The positive philosophy.

now, or may happen or come to pass that may be done not contrary

portulaca n. [L. pursof the plants of the genus Portulaca, herbs of thick succulent leaves, sporting variously colored flowers. pose, pozj v.t. posed, posing. [Fr. poser, to place, to put a question, from L. pauso, to halt, to stop, from pausa, a pause; but the meaning, as well as that of the compounds, has been influenced by pono, positum,

portulaca, por'tu«lak"a, lane.]

Any

pole,

positivist, poz'i»tiv«ist, n.

positron, poz'i«tron, n. [Positive and electron.] A charged particle with a mass equal to that of an electron. posse, pos'se. [L., to be able.] A number of people; a small body

To

of men. Posse comitatus, lit. the power of a county; law, the body of men which the sheriff is empowered to raise in case of riot, etc. possess, poz»zes', v.t. [L. possideo, possessum, to occupy, to possess pos for por, before, near, and sedeo,

poses or puzzles by asking questions; something that

difficult

puzzles, as a difficult question. pose, poz, n. [Fr. pose, an attitude, from L. pausa, See above.] Attitude or position taken naturally, or assumed for effect; an artistic posture or attitude. posed, posing. v.i. [Fr. poser.] To attitudinize; to assume characteristic airs. v.t. To cause to assume a certain posture; to place so as to have a striking

—

to

effect.

hence,

principle laid affirmation ; place or standing in society; social rank; state; condition of affairs; arith. a mode of solving a question by one or two suppositions. positive, poz'i«tiv, a. [Fr. positif; L.L. positivus, from L. pono, positum. position.] Definitely laid down or expressed; direct; explicit; absolute; real; existing in fact; not negative; direct (positive proof); confident; fully assured; dogmatic; overconfident; distinctly ascertained or ascertainable; photog. having the

down; predication;

lights

poz«zes'iv, a. [L. possessivus.] Pertaining to possession; expressing possession. Possessive case, the genitive case, or case of nouns and pronouns which expresses possession, ownership (John's book), or some relation of one thing to another (Homer's admirers). Possessive pronoun, a pronoun denoting possession or property, as my, thy, etc.

posset, pos'et, n. [Comp. W. posel, curdled milk, a posset, from posiaw, to gather.] A drink composed of hot milk curdled by some infusion, as wine or other liquor. v.t. To curdle; to coagulate. (Shak.) possible, pos'i«bl, a. [L. possibilis, from posse, to be able, from pods, able, and esse, to be; akin power.] That may be or exist; that may be

sophical system founded by Auguste Comte (1798-1857), which limits itself strictly to human experience, denies all metaphysics and all search

go;

—

—

positive influence); elect, electricity produced by rubbing glass with silk; electricity arising from a deficiency of electrons in a body; math, greater than zero; tending to increase; indicating affirmation, lack of doubt; pathol. indicating the presence of a disease. Positive philosophy, a philo-

g,

n.

denoting

denotes simple or absolute quality; having a real force or position (a

ch, Sc. loch;

A

pronoun or other word possessively, possession. poz«zes'iv'li, adv. In a manner possessor, denoting possession. poz«zes'er, n. One who possesses. possessory, poz«zes'o«ri, a. Pertaining to possession.

and shades rendered as they opposed to negative; an adjective which

are in nature: the form of

ch, chain;

evil

—

.

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

state

else.

post,

possession, poz»zesh'on, n. The having or holding of property; the state of owning or having in one's hands or power; the thing possessed; land, estate, or goods owned; the state of being mastered by some evil spirit or influence. To take possession, to enter on the possession of property; to assume ownership. To give possession, to put in another's power or occupancy. possessive,

or being placed;

pos-

The

A

or with reflexive pronouns (to be possessed of a large fortune ; to possess one's self of another's property); to furnish or fill; to imbue or instill into: with with before the thing.

on which one takes

stand;

an

n.

condition of being possible; a chance of happening; a thing possible; that which may take place or come into being. post, post, n. [A. Sax. post, from L. postis, post, a doorpost, from pono, position.] positum, to place, set. piece of timber, metal, or other solid substance set upright, and often intended to support something

reside,

as,

pos'i'bil'i-ti,

or

passion, etc. (possessed with a fury); to put in possession; to make master or owner: with of before the thing, and now generally in the passive

opposite, positive, post, posture, etc.] State of being placed; situation; generally with reference to other objects, or to different parts of the same object; relation with regard to other persons, or to some subject;

one's

in

sibility,

spirit, evil influence, violent

fact.

that

(as

power or mastery over;

position, po«zish'on, n. [Fr. position, L. positio, from pono, positum, to place, set, which appears as -pound in compound, etc., as -pone in postpone, and is seen also in deposit,

attitude;

sit

;

manner; perhaps; perchance.

preside, etc.).] To occupy in person; to have and hold ; to have as a piece of property or as a personal belonging; to be owner of; to own; to affect strongly (fear possessed them); to pervade; to fill or take up entirely; to have full

posit, poz'it, v.t. [L. pono, positum, to place, position.] To lay down as a position or principle; to present to the consciousness as an absolute

manner of standing

—

— —

to put, place, set, which gives position, etc. This word is seen in compose, depose, dispose, repose, etc. pause.] embarrass by a difficult question; to cause to be at a loss; poser, po'zer, n. One to puzzle.

that

;

to the nature of things; capable of coming to pass, but improbable. possibly, pos'i«bli, adv. In a possible

—

—

—— —

—

th, thin;

post,

[From

n.

Fr.

poste,

(masc), a military post or station, an office, and poste (fern.), a letter carrier, a

post-house, a post

from from L.

posita,

office,

L.L.

both

etc.,

posta, for positum, placed.

The

place at which is stationed or fixed; a station or position occupied, especially a military station; the place where a single soldier or a body of troops is stationed; a bugle call giving notice to soldiers to retire to their quarters for the night, sounded at tattoo, there being a first post and a last post, the latter sounded also at military funerals; an office or employment; an appointment; a berth; a messenger or a carrier of letters and papers; one that goes at stated times to convey the mails or dispatches; a postman; an established system for the public conveyance of letters; a post office; a size of writing and printing paper, measuring about 8 inches by 1514. To ride post, to be employed to carry dispatches and papers; and as such carriers rode in haste, hence the phrase signifies to, ride in haste, to pass with expedition. Post is thus used adverbially for swiftly, expeditiously, or express-

post, above.]

some person or thing

%

1

—

ly (to travel post). v.i. [Fr. poster, to post.] To travel with post horses; to travel with speed; to rise and sink on the saddle in accordance with the motion of the horse, especially when trotting. v.t. To fix up in a public place, as a notice or advertisement; to expose to public reproach; to expose to opprobrium by some public action; to place; to station (to post troops on a hill); bookkeeping, to carry (accounts or items) from the journal to the ledger; to make the requisite entries in, for showing a true state of affairs; to place in the post office; to transmit by post (to post letters).— 7o post up, in bookkeeping, to make the requisite entries in up to date; hence, to make one master of all the details of a subject. postage, pos'tij, n. The charge levied

on by

letters or

other articles conveyed

—postage stamp, adhesive stamp of various post.

n.

An

values

issued by the Post Office Department for affixing to letters, packets, etc., as payment of cost of transmission. postal, post'al, a. Relating to a post

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

——— ————— ————

—

— ——

—

postbellum

648

or the carrying of mails. post card, n. Any card, to which a stamp may be affixed, transmitted through the mail; also, officially Postal card, a similar card, on which a stamp has been printed, issued by post chaise, n. A the government.

office

chaise for conveying travelers from one station to another. (Historical.) poster, post'er, n. One who posts; a courier; a post horse; a large printed bill or placard posted for advertising. post-free, a. Franked; paying no postage. posthaste, n.

—

Haste or speed in travelling, that of a post or courier.

adv.

—

like

With

speed postman, or expedition. post 'man, n. post or courier; a

A

postmark, postmark, n. The mark or stamp of a post office on a letter. postmaster, post'letter

carrier.

mas«ter, n.

The

who

has the superintendence and direction of a post office. postmaster general, n. The chief executive head of a postal system; one of the members of the cabinet of the President of the officer

—

United States of America, having charge of the Post Office Department. post office, n. An office or house where letters are received for transmission to various parts, and from which letters are delivered that have been received from places at home and abroad; a department of the government charged with the conveyance of letters, etc., by post. General post office. See general.

—

order.

Post-office

Money

order,

postpaid, a. Having postage prepaid. postroad, n. which the mail road along

MONEY.

see the

A is

carried.

postbellum,

p6st»bel'um, a. [L.] After the war, especially the American Civil War. postdate, post'dat, v.t. postdated,

—

postdating.

[Prefix

post,

after,

and

To

date a check, letter, or other document later than the current date. postdiluvial, postdiluvian, post*date.]

di«lu'vi«al,

p6st»di«lu'vi«an,

a.

[L.

and diluvium, the deluge.] Being or happening posterior to the Flood in Noah's days. postdiluvian,

post, after,

n.

A

person

who

lived or has lived

since the Flood.

posterior, pos«te'ri«er, ax [L. posterior, compar. of posterus, from post, after.] Later or subsequent in time;

opposed to prior; later in order; coming after; situated behind; hinder

(the

skull):

posterior portion to anterior.

opposed

the —ofA pos-

A PRIORI.

posteriority, pos— te'ri«or"i»ti, n. The state of being posteriorly, later or subsequent. pos«te'ri«er«li, adv. Subsequently in time; behind. posteriors, pos«te'ri«erz, n. pi. The hinder part of an posterity, pos«ter'animal's body. teriori.

i«ti,

n.

[L. posteritas,

— ——

——

from

posterus, race that

later.] Descendants; the proceeds from a progenitor; succeeding generations. postern, pos'tern, n. [O.Fr. posterne, from L.L. posterna, posterula, a secret means of exit, from L. posterus, behind, posterior, from post, behind.]

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

Primarily, a back private entrance; door or gate ; fort leading under a ditch in front. postfix, post 'fix, n.

and

rampart

to

the

[Prefix post, after

Gram, an affix or suffix. To add or annex to the end

fix.]

v.t.

of a word. postglacial, post«gla'shi«al, a. Geol. belonging to a section of the posttertiary deposits. See glacial.

postgraduate, p6st«grad'u«at, n. One who engages in advanced academic studies after receiving a degree, usually bachelor's. Pertaining a. to such a student or to such studies. posthumous, pos'tu«mus, n. [L. possuperl. of posterus, tumus, last, coming after, from post, behind.] Born after the death of the father; published after the death of the

author (posthumous works); being or continuing after one's decease (posthumous fame). posthumously, pos'tu«mus«li, adv. After one's decease.

postilion, postillion, pos«til'yon, [Ft.

postilion,

from

poste,

n.

a post.]

The

rider of the near lead horse of a traveling or other carriage,

postimpressionism,

p6st«im«pre'-

and impressionism.] Art, a reaction from impressionism that emphasized the indivshon«izm,

[Post

n.

idual artist's reaction to objects rather than representation of purely visual impressions,

postliminium, postliminy,

p5st*li>-

n. [L., from and limen, end, limit.] That right by virtue of which persons and things taken by an enemy in war are restored to their former

min'i'um, post«lim'i«ni, post,

after,

state,

postmeridian,

post«me«rid'i»an, a. [L. postmeridianus. meridian.] Coming after the sun has passed the meridian; being or belonging to

the afternoon.

The

n.

afternoon.

post-mortem, p6st«mor'tem,

a. [L. post, after, mors, death.] After death.

—Post-mortem amination

examination,

of a

an ex-

body made

after

death.

postnatal, post«na'tal,

a.

Subsequent

to birth.

postnuptial, post-nup'shal, a. Being or happening after marriage. post-obit, post»ob'it, n. [L. post,

A

bond given obitum, after death.] for the purpose of securing to a lender a sum of money on the death of some specified individual from whom the borrower has expectations.

postoperative, [Post

and

taining after

to,

post»op'er»a«tiv, a. operative.] Of, or per-

the

care

of a

patient

an operation, or the results

of the operation.

postpone, post^pon',

— —

v.t. postponed, postponing. [L. postpono post, after, and pono, to put. position.] To put off; to defer to a future or later time. postponement, p6st«ponment, n. The act of postponing or deferring to a future time. postponer, post^po'ner, n. One who

postpones.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

;

pot

door or gate; a hence, any small a covered passage

.

—

—

.

note, not,

move;

postposition, post»p6»zish'on, n. The act of placing after; the state of being put behind; gram, a word or particle placed after or at the end postpositive, post«poz'of a word. i«tiv, a. Placed after something else as a word. postprandial, post«pran'di«al, a. [L post, after, and prandium, a dinner.]

Happening

after dinner.

postscript, post'skript,

n. [L. post, written.] scriptum, paragraph added to a letter after it is concluded and signed by the writer; any addition made to a book or composition after it had been supposed to be finished; something

after,

A

and

appended. postulate, pos'tu«lat, n. [L. postulatum, a demand, from postulo, to

A

demand,

from posco, to ask.] position or supposition of which the truth is demanded or assumed for the purpose of future reasoning; a

necessary assumption; geom. something of the nature of a problem assumed or taken for granted; the enunciation of a self-evident probpostulating. lem. v.t. postulated, To beg or assume without proof; to regard as self-evident, or as too obvious to require further proof. postulant, pos'tQ'lant, n. One who demands or requests; a candidate. postulation, pos«tu«la'shon, n. The act of postulating or supposing without proof; supplication; in-

—

tercession.

posture, pos'cher, n. [Ft. posture, from L. positura a placing, from pono, positum, to place, position.] The disposition of the several parts of the body with respect to each other, or with respect to a particular purpose; pose of a model or figure

used by an

artist

;

attitude ; situation

condition; particular state with regard to something else (the posture postured, posturing. of affairs). v.t To place in a particular posture. v.i. To dispose the body in particular postures; to contort the body

—

into artificial attitudes; in an artificial manner.

to

behave

posturer, postures;

pos'cher«er, n. One who especially one who behaves and comports himself in a highly artificial manner. postural, pos'cher«al, a. Pertaining or relating to posture. postwar, post* war', a. Belonging to the period after a war, especially one of the World Wars. posy, po'zi, n. [Corrupted from poesy, being originally a piece of poetry.] poetical quotation or motto attached to or inscribed on something, as on a ring; a motto or verse sent with a nosegay; hence, a bunch of flowers; sometimes a single flower, as for a buttonhole. pot, pot, n. [A widely spread word, the origin of which is not clear = Fr. pot, D. pot, Dan. potte, Icel. pour, W. pot, Ir. pota, a pot.] hollow vessel more deep than broad, used for various domestic and other purposes (an iron pot for boiling meat or vegetables an earthern pot for plants, called a flowerpot, etc.); a mug; a jug containing a specified

A

A

;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

—— —

—

——

from

had

—

melted down. {Colloq.) v.t. potted, potting. To put into pots; to preserve seasoned in pots metal

—

is

{potted fowl and fish); to plant or cover in pots of earth. potbellied, Having a prominent belly. a. potbelly, n. protuberant belly. potboy, pot'boi, n. boy or man who carries pots of ale or beer for sale; a menial in a public house. potherb, n. herb for the pot and for cookery; a culinary plant. pothole, n. circular cavity in the rocky beds of rivers formed by stones being whirled round by the pothook, action of the current.

—

A

A

A

A

A hook on

n.

—

which pots and

kettles a letter

are hung over the fire; or character like a pothook, written by children in learning to write. pothouse, n. An alehouse; a tavern. pothunter, n. sportsman who has more regard to winning prizes than to mere sport. potluck, n. What may chance to be in the pot or provided for a meal. To take

—

the lixivium of wood ashes in iron pots.] Alkali in an impure state, procured from the ashes of plants by lixiviation and evaporation, largely employed in the manufacture of flint glass and soap, bleaching, making alum, etc. Potash water, an aerated beverage consisting of carbonic acid water, to which is added bicarbonate of potash. potassa, po«tas'sa, n. The older name for Potash. potassium, po«tas'si«um, n. [A Latinized term from potash.] soft white metallic element occurring in combination; compounds used as fertilizer, etc. Symbol, (Latin, kalium); potassic, at. no., 19; at. wt., 39.102.

A

K

—potassium —nitrate,

po«tas'ik, a. n. crystalline compound, 3 , used as a preservative and in gunpowder; potassium cyanide. See saltpeter.

— CYANIDE.

potation. See potable. potato, po«ta'to, n. pi. potatoes,

poteen, potheen, po«ten', Ir.

Potent

is

seen in impotent, omnipotent.

great authority, interest, or the like. po'ten«si,

state

n.

tat, n.

[Fr. potentat.]

possesses great power or sway; a prince; a sovereign; an emperor, potential, po«king, or monarch. ten'shal, a. [L. potentia, power.]

—

Being in

possibility, not in actuality;

may be

manifested; in a given point, the work required to bring a unit of positive electricity from an infinite distance to that point under given latent; that

electrostatics,

at

conditions of electrification. Potential energy, energy of position, the energy of a system which is due only to the positions of its particles; the difference between total energy and kinetic energy. Potential mood, that form of the verb which is used to express the power, possibility, liberty, or necessity of an action or of being (I may go; he can write). n. Anything that may be possible; potentiality, po»ten'a possibility. shi«al"i»ti, n. State of being potential;

—

A

electrical instrument which can be used to measure pressure, current, or resistance. potently, po'tent«li, adv.

—

In a potent manner; powerfully. potentilla, po«ten«til'la, n. [From L. potens, powerful, from the supposed medicinal qualities of some of the species.] An extensive genus of herbaceous perennials, of which

one species the

j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

used in Lapland and to tan and dye

leather.

a stir. v.t. to tease.

To

bother; to puzzle;

potion,

po'shon, n. [L. potio, a drinking, a draught, from poto, to drink. Poison is the same word.] draught; a liquid medicine; a

A

dose to be drunk. potpourri, potsherd. See pot. pott, pot, n. See pot. pottage, pot'ij n. [Fr. potage, lit. what one puts in the pot.] A species of food made of meat boiled to softness in water, usually with some vegetables; also, oatmeal or other porridge.

potter, pottery, etc. See pot. potter, pot'er, v.i. [Comp. Sw. pota, D. poteren, peuteren, to poke or search with the finger or a stick; W. pwtio, to poke or thrust, put.] To busy or perplex one's self about trifles; to work with little energy or effect; to trifle. pottle, pot'l, n. [Fr. potel, a dim. of pot.]

Originally

a

liquid

measure

of two quarts; hence, any large tankard; a vessel or small basket for holding fruit. pouch, pouch, n. [A softened form of poke, a bag, a pouch.] A small bag; a pocket; a bag or sac belonging to or forming an appendage of certain animals, as that of a marsupial animal. To put into a v.t. pouch or pocket. pouched, poucht, a. Having a pouch; furnished with a pouch for carrying the young,

—

as the marsupials. poult, polt, n. [Fr. poulet, a dim. of poultry.] A young poule, a hen. chicken, partridge, grouse, etc. poultice, pol'tis, n. [From L. puis, pultis,

pottage, gruel, pap.]

A

soft

composition of meal, bread, or the like mollifying substance, to be applied to sores, inflamed parts of v.t. the body, etc.; a cataplasm. poulticed, poulticing. To cover with a poultice to apply a poultice to. poultry, pol'tri, n. [A collective

—

[L.L. potabilis,

is

Orkney Islands

pother, poTH'er, n. [A different form of bother or of potter.] Bustle; confusion; tumult; flutter. v.i. To make a pother or bustle; to make

—

six

go;

[From

—potency, potentness, po'or quality of tent«nes, The being potent. —potentate, po'ten*A person who

—

g,

by

n.

pot.] Whisky ilthe Irish peasantry;

power.] Powerful, in a physical or moral sense; efficacious; having

—

ch, Sc. loch;

little

whisky generally. {Irish.) potent, po'tent, a. [L. potens, powerful, pres. part, of posse, to be able, from potis, able (same root as E. father, L. pater), and esse, to be.

—

ch, chain;

poitir,

licitly distilled

—

a.

be

potato; now the edible starchy tuber of a plant, Solanum tuberosum; the plant itself.—potato beetle, n. A leaf Leptinotarsa decemlineata, beetle, causing damage to potato crops.

—

potable, po'ta«bl,

—

a Haitian word.] Originally the sweet

A

borough bounds during the months preceding the election.

po—

ta'toz. [Sp. patata, batata; said to

—

A

—

potentially, exhibited. po»ten'shal«li, adv. In a potential manner; in possibility, not in act. potentiometer, po«ten'shi«om"et«er, n. [From potential, and meter.] An

KN0

A

potluck, is for an unexpected visitor to partake of the family meal, whatever it may chance to be. potpourri, po«p6«re', n. {Colloq.) [Fr. pot, pot, and pourrir, to putrefy, to boil very much; from L. putere, dish of different kinds of to rot.] meat and vegetables cooked together; hence, a miscellaneous collection; a medley. potsherd, pot 'sherd, n. [Pot. and sherd= shard, shred, a fragment.] piece or fragment of an earthenware pot. potstone, pot'ston, n. coarsely granular variety of steatite or soapstone, sometimes manufactured into kitchen vessels (hence the name). potter, pot'er, n. [From pot.] One whose occupation is to make earthenware vessels or crockery of any kind; one who pots viands. Potter's clay, a variety of clay of a reddish or gray color which becomes red when heated. Potter's wheel, an apparatus consisting of a vertical iron axis, on which is a horizontal disk made to revolve by treadles, the clay being placed on the disk. pottery, pot'er «i, n. The ware or vessels made by potters; earthenware glazed and baked; the place where earthen vessels are manufactured; the business of a potter. pot-valiant, a. Courageous over drink; heated to valor by strong drink. pot-walloper, pot«wol'lop«er, n. [Pot, and wallop, to boil; akin to gallop.] parliamentary voter in some English boroughs before 1832, who was admitted to vote on proof that he had boiled a pot within the

A

but not actuality; inherent power or quality not actually

possibility,

from being prepared by evaporating

A

—

drink,

— —

originally

a pot as watermark; the metal or earthenware top of a chimney. Togo to pot, to be destroyed or ruined; to come to an ill end; the pot being here probably that in which old

to

——

poultry whence

L. poto, potion, poison.] Drinkable; suitable for drinking; capable of being drunk. n. Something that may be drunk. potation, po«ta'shon, n. The act of drinking; a drinking bout; a a draught; a drink. potash, pot'ash, n. [Pot, and ash,

%

said to have

—

649

potable quantity of liquor; the quantity contained in a pot; definitely, a quart (a pot of porter); a size of paper, 1 2 inches by 1 5 inches the sheet:

—

—

th, thin;

—

;

from

poult, pullet,

from Fr.

poulet,

chicken, from poule, a hen, L. pullus, a young animal, a chicken; akin to Gr. polos, E. foal.] Domestic fowls which are reared for their flesh as an article of food, for their eggs, feathers, etc., such as cocks a

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— — —— —

—

—— —

;

—— — —

pounce

650

and hens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. — poulterer, One who

To flow; to issue forth in a stream; to gush; to rush in continued procession. pourer, po'rer, n. One who or that which pours.

pol'ter«er, n. makes it his business to sell fowls for the table. pounce, pouns, n. [Fr. ponce, It. pomice; from L. pumex, pumicis, a pumice stone.} fine powder, such as pulverized cuttlefish bone, used to

A

prevent ink from spreading on paper, but now almost entirely superseded by blotting paper. v.t. pounced, pouncing. To sprinkle or rub with pounce. pounce, pouns, n. [Ultimately from L. pungo, punctum, to prick or pierce comp. Fr. poincon, a bodkin; Sp. punzar, to prick, to pierce, puncture, punch, point.] The claw or talon of a bird of prey. v.t. pounced, pouncing. To seize or strike suddenly with the claws or talons: said of birds of prey. v.i. To fall on and seize with the claws or talons to dart or dash on: with on or upon. pound, pound, n. [A. Sax., Dan., Sw., Icel., and Goth, pund; G. pfund; from L. pondo, a pound, akin to L. pondus, a weight, ponderous, pendant.] A standard weight consisting of 12 ounces troy, or 16 ounces avoirdupois ; the British monetary unit consisting of 20 shillings. The pound Scots was only equal to a twelfth of the pound sterling, that

—

—

—

poundage, poun'dij, n. deducted from a pound, or a certain sum or rate per pound; payment rated by the weight of a commodity. poundal, poun'dal, n. In physics, the unit of force, equal to the force which in one second produces in one pound a velocity of one foot per second. pounder, poun'der, n. A person or thing denominated from a certain number of pounds; often applied to pieces of ordnance along with a number to express the weight of the shell they fire (a 64-pounder, a cannon firing shells weighing 64 lbs.). pound, pound, n. [A. Sax. pund, an enclosure; a different form of pond.] is

8d.

Is.

A sum

An

enclosure in which cattle are confined when taken in trespassing, or going at large in violation of law; v.t. To shut a penfold or pinfold. up as in a pound; to confine in a public penfold ; to impound. poundage, poun'dij, n. Confinement of

—

cattle in a

pound

;

a

mulct levied upon

the owners of cattle impounded. pound, pound, v.t. [A. Sax. punian, to beat, bray; the d has become attached, as in sound, compound. Hence pun.] To beat; to strike repeatedly with some heavy instrument; to comminute and pulverize by beating; to bruise or break into fine parts by a heavy instrument. pounder, poun'der, n. One who or that which pounds. pour, por, v.t. [Perhaps from W.

bwrw, to

cast, to shed, as in

bwrw

dagrau, to shed tears; bwrw gwlaw, to rain.] To cause to flow, as a liquid, either out of a vessel or into it; to send forth in a stream or continued succession; to emit; to give vent to, as under the influence of strong v.i. feeling; to throw in profusion. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

poussette,

po«set

'

,

n.

[Comp.

Fr.

A

executed by a couple who swing together in a country-dance. v.i. poussetted, poussetting. To swing round in couples, as in a country-

—

dance.

pout, pout, v.i. [From W. pwtiaw, to push, or from dial. Fr. pout, potte, Pr. pot, the lip.] To thrust out the lips, as in sullenness, contempt, or displeasure; hence, to look sullen; to swell out, as the lips ; to be prominent. n. protrusion of the lips as in sullenness; a fit of sullenness. pouter, pout'er, n. One who pouts; a variety of pigeon, so called from its inflated breast. poverty, pov'er«ti, n. [Fr. pauvrete,

A

L. paupertas, from pauper, poor. poor.] The state of being poor or indigent; indigence; a deficiency of necessary or desirable elements; barrenness (poverty of soil); poorness; want of ideas or information; want or defect of words (poverty of language). a.

Reduced

state of poverty; indigent. powder, pou'der, n. [Fr.

to a

poudre,

polvere, from L. pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder.] Any

O.Fr. pouldre,

;

practicable

poussette, a child's game with pins, from pousser, to push.] figure

poverty-stricken,

— —— — —

—

;

It.

dry substance composed of minute particles; a substance comminuted or triturated to fine particles; gunpowder; face powder. v.t. To reduce to fine particles; to pulverize; to sprinkle with powder or as with powder; to sprinkle with salt, as meat. v.i. To fall to dust; to become like powder; to pat or rub

powder on the face. powder blue, n. Powdered smalt, as generally used laundering; pale blue blended with gray. powder flask, n. A flask in

in which gunpowder is carried. powder horn, n. A horn in which gunpowder used to be carried by

sportsmen before the introduction of

powder mill, n. A mill gunpowder is made. powder room, n. The apartment in a ship where gunpowder is kept. cartridges. in which

powdery, pou'der«i, a. Sprinkled or covered with powder; resembling powder; hot. having a surface covered with fine powder. power, pou'er, n. [O.Fr. pooir (Mod. Fr. pouvoir), from old infinitive podir, from L.L. potere, to be able, used for L> posse, to be able, from potis, able, and esse, to be; akin possible,

employment of strength or

among men; command;

governing or actual government; dominion; rule; authority; one who or that which exercises authority or control (the powers that be); a sovereign, or the sovereign authority of a state; a state (the great powers of Europe); a spirit or superhuman agent having a certain sway (celestial powers); legal authority; warrant; mech. that which produces motion or force, or that which may be applied to produce it; a mechanical agent; the moving force applied to produce the required effect; mechanical advantage or effect; force or effect considered as resulting from the action of a machine; rate of doing work ; the unit for practical purposes in the U. S. is horsepower (which see); arith. and alg. the product arising from the multiplication of a number or quantity into itself; optics, the degree to which an optical instrument magnifies the apparent dimensions of an object. Power of attorney, authority given to a person to act for another. See attorney. European powers, a term in modern diplomacy by which are usually meant Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy. powerful, pou'er«ful, a. Having great power; able to produce great effects ; strong potent; energetic; efficacious. powerfully, pou'er«ful»li, adv. In a pow-

—

erful manner; with great effect; powerless, pou'er»les, a. forcibly.

Destitute of power; weak; impotent. — powerlessly, adv. In a powerless manner. — powerless—power plant, ness, pou'er»les«nes, pou'er«les«li, n.

A

plant, including buildings and machines, for the generation of power; a device for supplying power for a mechanical operation or process; a powerhouse. n.

powwow,

pou'wou, n. [Algonquian.] medicine-man among the North American Indians also, a public feast,

A

;

festival,or conference.

pox, poks,

A

chicken pox; syphillis.

pozzuolana, pozzolana, pot zu«o«la'na,

pot«zo«la'na,

A

volcanic

active, practical, from prasso, to do, to work.] Capable of being effected

feasibility.

move;

n.

product occurring near Pozzuoli, on the Gulf of Naples, largely employed in the manufacture of Roman or hydraulic cement. practicable, prak'ti«ka«bl, a. [From L.L. practicare, to transact, from L. praktikos, active; Gr. practicus,

natural strength; animal strength; influence; predominance (as of the mind, imagination); faculty of the mind as manifested by a particular mode of operation (the power of thinking); ability; capability; the note, not,

To confer.

disease characpocks, pi. of pock.] terized by pustules, as the smallpox,

or performed by

pine, pin;

v.i.

[A peculiar spelling of

n.

potent, etc. potent.] Ability to act; the faculty of doing or performing something; that in virtue of which one can; capability of producing an effect; strength, force, or energy manifested in action; capacity; susceptibility (great power of resistance)

me, met, her;

influence the right of

human means,

or can be applied; feasible; capable of being passed or traveled over; passable; assailable. practicableness, practicability,

by

powers

that

—

prak'ti«ka«biri«ti, prak'ti«ka«bl«nes,«.

The

of being practicable;

quality

prak'ti«ka«— practicably, practicable manner.

bli, adv. In a practical, prak'ti»kal, a. [L. practicus.] Relating to practice, use, or employment opposed to speculative, ideal, or theoretical; that may be :

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

I

—

———

—

—

—

— ———— — —— —

——

——

— —— — pray

praedial

651

turned to use; reducible to use in the conduct of life; given to or concerned with action or practice; capable of reducing knowledge or theories to actual use; educated by

times of two important magistrates of the city, and lastly of a number of magistrates who administered justice in the state. praetorial, praetorian, pre«to'ri»al, pre«to'ri«an, a. Belonging to a praetor. Praetorian bands or guards, bodies of troops originally formed by the emperor Augustus to protect

Prakrit, pra'krit, n. [Skr. prdkriti, nature, hence that which is natural or vulgar.] A Hindu language or dialect based on the Sanskrit, and which has been the mother of various

and his power, and afterward long maintained by successive

horse in high mettle; to ride osten-

suls, in later

practice or experience; skilled in actual work (a practical gardener); derived from practice or experience. practiPractical joke. See JOKE. cally, prak'ti«kal«lij adv. In a practical manner; not merely theoretically; so far as actual results or effects are concerned; in effect. practicality, prak«ti«kari«ti, n. The quality of being practical. practice, prak'tis, n. [Formerly practicke, practike, from O.Fr. practique, from Gr. praktike, practical knowledge.] piece of conduct; a proceeding; a customary action; custom or habit;

—

his person

A

—practiced,

v.i.

—

prak'tis«er, n. One that practices. practitioner, prak«tish'on»er, n. One who is engaged in the exercise of any art or profession, particularly in law or medicine. general practitioner, one who practices both medicine and surgery. praedial, pre'di«al, a. See predial. praemunire, pre«mu«ni're, n. [A corruption of L. praemonere, to preadmonish, from the words of the writ.] Law, a name given to a species of writ, to the offense for which it is granted, and also to the penalty it incurs, this penalty being forfeiture

long, canvas-topped wagon used by settlers cross the prairies. to prairie wolf, n. The coyote. praise, praz, n. [Formerly preis, preys, praise, price, value, from O.Fr. pris,

A

price, honor (Mod.Fr. prix), from L. pretium, price, value, reward; the same as price and to prize.) Commendation bestowed on a per-

preis,

son; approbation; eulogy; laud; a joyful tribute of gratitude or homage paid to the Divine Being, often expressed in song; the ground or reason of praise; what makes a person praised, v.t. worthy of praise.

on

especially applied to the Divine Being. praiseless, praz'les, a. Withcommendation. out praise or praiser, pra'zer, n. One who praises; praiseworthy, praz'a commender.

[L., from the edge, and textus, n.

ch, Sc. loch;

g, go;

To commend;

to applaud; to express approbation of; to extol in words or song; to laud or magnify,

praising.

woven.] Among the ancient Romans, a white robe with a narrow scarlet border worn by a youth; the white outer garment bordered with purple of the higher magistrates. praetor, pre'tor, n. [L., from prae, before, and eo, I go.] In ancient Rome, a title originally of the conch, chain;

—

—

of goods and imprisonment, and being attached in former times to the offenses of asserting the jurisdiction of the pope, denying the sovereign's

wer«THi,

a.

A

commendable.

—praiseworthiness, nes, n.

The

praz'wer«THi«-

quality of being praise-

worthy. j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

[Allied

v.t.

to

or

D.

a.

Full of pranks.

n. [Fr.,

from Gr. prason,

species

of quartz of a

leek-green color.

praseodymium,

pra'zi«o«dim"i«um, and didymium.] silvery-white metallic element of the rare-earth series. Symbol, Pr; at. no., 59; at. wt., 140.907. prate, prat, v.i. prated, prating. [Same as L.G. praten, Dan. prate; n. [Gr. prasios, leek-green,

A

—

probably of imitative origin.] To talk much and without weight; to babble.

To

utter to little purpose; unmeaning loquacity. prater, pra'ter, n. One that prates. prating, pra'ting, p. and a. Given pratingly, loquacious. to prate; pra'ting«li, adv. In a prating manner. pratincole, prat'in»kol, n. [From L. pratum, a meadow, and incola, an graceful bird of a inhabitant.] genus akin to the plovers, inhabiting the temperate and warmer parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia. pratique, pra«tek', n. [Fr. pratique, practice.] practice, intercourse, license to a ship to hold intercourse and trade with the inhabitants of a place, after having performed quarantine: a term used particularly in the European ports of the Mediterranean. prattle, prat'l, v.i. prattled, prattling. [Freq. and dim. of prate.] To talk much and idly; to be loquacious on trifling subjects; to talk like a child. n. Puerile or trifling talk. prattler, One who prat'ler, n. chatter;

foolishly.

to

v.t.

Continued

n.

talk

— —

A

A

—

prattles.

prawn, pran,

n.

[Etym. unknown.]

A

small crustaceous animal of the shrimp family, highly prized for food.

Worthy or deserving of praxis,

praiseworthily, praz'wer«THi«li, adv. In a manner deserving of commendation. praise;

prandium,

dinner,

a

mischievous act, generally rather than injury. prankish,

for sport prangk'ish, prase, praz, a leek.]

A

customarily, for instruction, profit, or amusement; to form a habit of acting in any manner; to use artifices or stratagems; to exercise some profession, as that of medicine or of law. practiced, prak'tist, p. and a. Skilled through practice. practicer,

a. [L.

to

Dan. pragt, pomp.] To adorn in a showy manner; to dress up. v.i. To have a showy or gaudy appearance. n. A gambol or caper; a playful or sportive action; a merry trick; a

—

pragmatist, prag'ma«tist, n. prairie, pra'ri, n. [Fr., from L.L. prataria, from L. pratum, a meadow.] The extensive, mostly level tracts of land of the Middle West, including the Great Plains from the Mississippi to the Rockies, usually treeless and covered with coarse grass and flowerprairie dog, n. A small ing plants. burrowing rodent allied to the marmot. prairie schooner, n. A

prancing

pronk, finery, pronken, to strut; Dan. prange, G. prangen, prunken, to make a show; comp. also G. pracht, D. and

male

—practiced, practicing. To

prae, before,

prank, prangk,

being without male issue, endeavored

perform certain acts frequently or

supremacy, etc. praetexta, pre»teks'ta,

dinner.] Relating meal in general.

to secure the succession for his fe-

descendants. pragmatically, prag«mat'i»kal«li, adv. In a pragmatic manner; impertinently. pragmatism, prag'ma«tizm, n. nonspeculative system of philosophy, which regards the practical consequences and useful results of ideas as the test of their truthfulness, and which considers truth itself to be a process; especially the modern form of this philosophy, introduced by C. S. Pierce and William James.

A

n.

prandial, pran'di»al,

prag«mat'i«kal, a. [L. pragmaticus, Gr. pragmatikos, from pragma, business, from prasso, I do. practice.] Skilled in business^; active or diligent:]:; forward to intermeddle; impertinently busy or officious in the concerns of others. The pragmatic sanction, the instrument by which the German emperor Charles VI,

practicing.

prans'er,

horse.

ik,

[From the noun.] To do or perform frequently, customarily, or habitually; to use for instruction or discipline, or as a profession or art (to practice law or medicine) ; to put into practice; to perform; to do; to teach by practice; to accustom; to train.

prancer,

Prae-

pragmatic, pragmatical, prag«mat-

use or usage; state of being used; customary use; method or art of doing anything; actual performance (as opposed to theory); exercise of any profession (the practice of law); application of remedies; medical treatment of diseases; drill; exercise for instruction or discipline; skillful or artful management; stratagem; artifice: usually in a bad sense; a rule in arithmetic for expeditiously multiplying quantities expressed in different denominations. practice, v.t.

soldier of the

—

about in a showy manner or with warlike parade.

emperors; the household troops or bodyguards of the emperors. n. torian guard.

dialects.

tatiously; to strut

Roman

A

prak'tis,

modern

prance, prans, v.i. pranced, prancing. [A slightly different form of prank.] To spring or bound, as a

prak'sis, n. [Gr.,

from

prasso,

practice.] Use; practice; especially, practice or discipline for a specific purpose, as to acquire a specific art; an example or form to teach practice. pray, pra, v.i. [O.Fr. preier (Fr. prier),

th, thin;

I

do.

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—— —

—— — —

—

—

——

;

——

—

——

prayer

652

precipice

It. pregare, to pray, from L. precari, to pray (as in deprecate, imprecate), from prex, a prayer (whence also precarious); same root as Skr. prach, to demand, A. Sax. frignan, G.fragen, to inquire.] To ask something with earnestness or zeal; to supplicate; to beg (to pray for mercy); to make petition to the Supreme Being; to

have, habit.] The stipend granted to a canon of a cathedral or collegiate church out of its estate. prebendal, pri«ben'dal, a. Pertaining

tive, pri«sep'tiv, a. [L. praeceptivus.]

address the Supreme Being with confession of sins and supplication for benefits. Pray, elliptically for / pray you tell me, is a common mode of introducing a question. v.t. To make earnest request to; to entreat; to address with a prayer for something such as God may grant; to ask earnestly for; to beseech; to petition. prayer, pra'er, n. One who prays. prayer, pra'er or prar, n. [Not directly from pray, but from O.Fr. proiere, Fr. priere, a prayer, from L.L. precaria, a prayer, from L. precarius, obtained by begging, pray, precarious.] The act of asking for a favor with earnestness; a petition,

—

supplication, entreaty; a solemn petition for benefits addressed to the Supreme Being; the words of a supplication; a formula of church service or of worship, public or private; that part of a petition to a public body which specifies the thing desired to be done or granted.

prayer book, n. A book containing prayers, used by various churches. prayerful, prar'«ful or prar'ful, a. Devotional ; given to prayer. prayer meeting, n. A meeting for prayer; usually a mid-week devotional servprayer wheel, n. Lamaism. An ice. apparatus used mainly in Tibet; one of the commoner forms consists of a wheel to which a written prayer is attached, and each revolution of the wheel made by the devotee counts as an utterance of the prayer. preach, prech, v.i. [O.Fr. precher (Fr. precher), from L. praedicare, to declare in public prae, before, and dico, dicatum, I proclaim; closely akin to dico, dictum, I say. diction.] To pronounce a public discourse on a religious subject, or from a text of Scripture; to deliver a sermon; to give earnest advice; to discourse in the manner of a preacher. v.t. To proclaim; to publish in religious discourses; to inculcate in public discourse; to deliver (a sermon). preacher, prech'er, n. One who preachify, prech 'i«fi, v.i. preaches.

—

—

To

—

give a long-winded moral advice.

—preachment,

prech'ment,

n.

A

discourse affectedly solemn: in contempt. preamble, pre'am»bl, n. [Fr. preambule, from L. prae, before, and amble.] The ambulo, I go about, introductory part of a discourse, statute, or written instrument, as the Constitution, usually beginning with Whereas and stating the nature and intent of the document. v.t. preambled, preambling. To preface; to introduce with previous remarks. prebend, pre'bend, n. [Fr. pribende, from L.L. praebenda, things to be supplied, from L. praebeo, to give, grant, furnish prae, and habeo, to

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

prebend. prebendary, pre'ben-deTi, n. An ecclesiastic who enjoys a prebend; a canon. to

a

Pre-Cambrian,

pre«kam'bri«an, n. before, Cambrian.] The

[L. pre, oldest known strata.

precarious,

pri«ka'ri«us, a. [L. precarius, primarily, depending on request, or on the will of another, from

precor,

pray.

I

PRAY, prayer.] De-

pending on or held

at the will or pleasure of another; hence, held by a doubtful tenure; depending on unknown or unforeseen causes or events. precariously, pri«ka'ri«us«li, adv. In a precarious manner. precariousness, pri«ka'ri«us«nes, n. The state of being precarious.

—

precative,

precatory,

prek'a«to«ri, a.

[From L.

prek'a«tiv, precor, I

pray.] Suppliant; beseeching.

pray,

precaution, pri«ka'shon, n. [L. praecautio, from praecautus prae, before,

—

and

caveo, cautum, I take care. caution.] Previous caution or care; a measure taken beforehand to ward off evil or secure good. v.t. To warn or advise beforehand, for preventing mischief. precautionary, pri«ka'shon«a»ri, a. Containing previous caution; proceeding from pre-

—

caution.

precede,

pri«sed', v.t.

—

—preceded, pre-

ceding. [L.praecedo prae, before, and cedo, I move, cede.] To go before in the order of time; to be previous to; to go before in place, rank, or

—

importance. precedence, precedency, pri«se'dens, pri«se'den«si, n. The act or state of preceding or going before; priority in time; the state of being before in rank or dignity; the right to a more honorable place; order or adjustment of place according to rank; the foremost place in a ceremony; superior importance or influence. precedent, pri«se'dent, a. Going before in time; anterior; antecedent. precedent,

— — Something

pres'e«dent, n. done or said that may serve or be adduced as an example or rule to be followed in a subsequent act of the like kind law, a judicial decision, which serves as a rule for future decisions in similar or analogous cases. precentor, pri«sen'ter, n. [L.L. praecentor L. prae, before, and cantor, a singer, from cano, cantum, I sing. CHANT.] The leader of the choir in a cathedral, usually a minor canon; a person whose duty it is to lead the psalmody of a Presbyterian or other precentorship, pri«congregation. sen'ter«ship, n. The office of a precentor. precept, pre 'sept, n. [Fr. precepte, L. praeceptum, from praecipio, I teach, instruct—prae, before, and capio, to

—

—

capable.] A commandment intended as an authoritative rule of action; a command respecting moral conduct; an injunction; law, a mandate in writing sent by a justice of the peace, etc., for bringing a person, preceprecord, etc., before him.

take,

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

Giving or containing precepts for the regulation of conduct; admonitive;

—

instructive. preceptor, pri«sep'ter, n. [L. praeceptor.] teacher; an instructor ; the head of a preceptory

A

among

the Knights Templars. preceptorial, pri«sep«t6'ri»al, a. Pertaining to a preceptor. preceptory, pri«sep'to«ri, a. Giving precepts. n. A subordinate religious house where instruction was given; an establishment of the Knights Templars, the superior of which was called knight preceptor. preceptress, pri«sep'tres, n. A female teacher or pre-

—

—

ceptor.

precession, pri«sesh'on, n. [Fr. precession, from L. praecedo, praecessum, I precede, precede.] The act of going before or forward. Precession of the equinoxes, an astronomical phenomenon consisting in a slow movement of the equinoctial points

around the precinct,

ecliptic.

pre'singt,

n.

[From

L.

praecingo, praecinctum, I encompass prae, before, and cingo, to gird.

The boundary line encompassing a place; a limit; a part near a border; a district within certain boundaries; a minor terricincture.]

torial division.

precious, presh'us, a. [Fr. precieux, from L. pretiosus, from pretium, price praise.] Of great price; costly; of great value or worth; very valuable; much esteemed; highly cherished; ironically, very great; rascally (a precious villain). Precious metals, gold and silver. Precious stones, jewels, gems. preciously, preshus«li, adv. In a precious manner; at a great cost. preciousness, presh'us*nes, n.

—

—

precipice, pres'i«pis,

n. [Fr. precipice,

from L. praecipitium,

a falling

head-

precipice, from praeceps, headlong prae, forward, and caput, head, chief.] headlong declivity; a bank or cliff extremely steep, or quite perpendicular or overhanging. precipitate, pri«sip'i«tat, v.t. precipitated, precipitating. [L. praecipito, from praeceps, headlong.] To throw headlong; to cast down from a precipice or height; to urge or press with eagerness or violence; to hasten (to precipitate one's flight); to hurry blindly or rashly; to throw or cause to sink to the bottom of a vessel, as a substance in solution. v.i. To fall to the bottom of a vessel, as sediment or any substance in solution. Falling, flowing, or a. rushing with steep descent; headlong; overhasty; rashly hasty; adopted with haste or without due deliberation; hasty; hurried; headlong. n.

long,

a

A

—

—

Chem. any matter which, having been dissolved in a fluid, falls to the bottom of the vessel on the addition of some other substance capable of producing a decomposition of the compound. .'. Substances which fall or settle down, as earthy matter in water, arc called sediments, the operating cause being mechanical and precipitately, pri«not chemical. sip'i'tat-li, adv. In a headlong or

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

———

——

——— — —— ——

— — ————

n.

[From

precipitate,,]

early in life. precociously, pri«ko'shus'li, adv. In a precocious manner. precociousness, precocity,

events; especially, theol. the doctrine that God has from eternity unchangeably appointed or determined whatever comes to pass; particularly

powers. precognition, pre«kog»nish'on, n. [L. prae, before, and cognitio, knowledge.] Previous knowledge or cognition; Scots law, a preliminary examination of a witness or witnesses to a criminal act, in order to know whether there is ground of trial. preconceive, pre«kon«seV, v.t. pre-

—

preconcert,

pre«kon«sert',

v.t.

To

concert beforehand; to settle by previous agreement. n. (pre«kon'sert). A previous agreement.

A

v.t.

[L. praeco, a public crier.]

summon

or

proclaim publicly;

contract or stipulate previously. precursor, pri«ker'ser, n. [L. praecursor prae, before, and cursor, a. runner, from curro, cur sum, I run. forerunner; a harbinger; current.] one who or that which precedes an event and indicates its approach.

—

A

an abstract. pri«sls', a. [L. praecisus, from praecido, to cut oft—prae, before, and caedo, to cut (as in concise, excision).] Sharply or exactly limited or defined as to meaning; exact; definite, not loose, vague, or equivocal; exact in conduct; strict; formal; nice; puncprecisely, pri«sis'li, adv. In tilious. a precise manner; exactly; accurately; with excess of formality.

precursory, pri«ker'so«ri, a. Preceding as the harbinger; forerunning. precursive, pri«ker'siv, a. Precur-

precise,

sory.

predaceous, pri»da'shus,

a.

[From

L. praeda, prey, spoil, plunder, etc. prey.] Living by prey; given to prey on other animals. predatory, pred'a«to»ri, a. [L. praedatorius.] Plundering; pillaging; practicing rapine. predated, prev.t. dating. To date by anticipation; to antedate. predecease, pre«di«ses', v.t. predeceased, predeceasing. To die before. n. The decease of one before another. predecessor, pre«di«ses'er, n. [L. praedecessor prae, before, and decessor, one who retires, from decedo, de, from, and decessum, I depart cede.] One who precedo, to go. cedes or goes before another in some position; one who has preceded another in any state, position, office, or the like. predestinate, pre«des'ti«nat, v.t. predestinated, predestinating. [L. praeprae, before, destino, prdedestinatum and destino, I determine, destine.] To predetermine or foreordain; to appoint or ordain beforehand by an unchangeable purpose. a. Predestipredestinaforeordained. nated; rian, pri»des'ti«na"ri«an, a. Belonging to predestination. n. One who believes in the doctrine of predestina-

preciseness, pri«sis'nes, n. Exactness; rigid nicety; excessive regard to forms or rules; rigid formality. precisian, pri«sizh'an, n. An overprecise person; one ceremoniously exact in the observance of rules. precisianism, pri«sizh'an»izm, n. The conduct of a precisian ; excessive precision, pri«sizh'on, n. exactness. The state of being precise as to meaning; preciseness; exactness; accuracy. preclude, pri»klud', v.t. precluded,

predate, pre«dat',

—

—

—

—

[L. praecludo—prae, before, and cludo, claudo, to shut. close, v.t.] To shut up; to stop; to impede; to hinder; to hinder or render inoperative by anticipative preclusion, pri'klu'zhon, n. action. The act of precluding. preclusive, pri«klu'siv, a. Tending to preclude; hindering by previous obstacles. preclusively, pri«klu'siv»li, abv. In

precluding.

—

—

a preclusive manner. precocious, pri«ko'shus, a. [Fr. precoce, from L. praecox, praecocis, ripe early, precocious—prae, before, and

that may be attributed to something. n. Anything that may be predicated or affirmed of another; logic, one of the five things which can be affirmatively predicated of several others, viz. genus, species,

difference, property, and accident. predicability, pred'i»ka«biri»ti, n. The quality of being predicable. predicament, pri«dik"a«ment, n. [L. L. praedicamentum.] Logic, one of those general heads or most comprehensive terms under one or other of which every other term may be arranged, ten in number, according to Aristotle, viz. substance, quantity, quality, relation, action, passion, time, place, situation, and habit; hence, class or kind described by definite marks; condition; especially, a dangerous or trying condition or predicant, pred'i«kant, n. state. [L. praedicans, ppr. of praedico.] One that affirms anything; a preaching a. Predicating; friar; a Dominican. preaching. predicate, pred'i«kat, v.t. predicated, predicating. [L.praedicare,praedicatum, to affirm, to declare—prae, and dicare, to declare. before, preach.] To affirm as an attribute of something (to predicate whiteness of snow); to declare one thing of another. v.i. To make an affirmation. n. Logic, that which, in a proposition, is affirmed or denied of the subject; gram, the word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed or denied of the pred«i«ka'predication, subject. shon, n. The act of predicating; predicative, affirmation; assertion. pred'i«ka«tiv, a. Expressing affirmapredicatory, tion or predication. pred'i'ka«to«ri, a. Affirmative; posi-

—

—

tive.

predict pri«dikt', v.t, [L. praedico, praedictum—prae, before, and dicere,

predestinarianism, pri«desThe system or n. doctrines of the predestinarians. tion.

cook, to ripen, cook.] Ripe before the proper or natural

ti'na"ri«an«izm,

timet; ripe in understanding at an early period; developed or matured

predestination, pre«des'ti»na"shon, n. The act of decreeing or foreordaining

to

j,

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

[L.praedi-

thing;

to

To

a.

PREDICATE.] from praedico. Capable of being affirmed of some-

cabilis,

To

bestow excessive praise. precontract, pre«kon'trakt, n. A contract or agreement previous to another. v.t. and I. (pre«kon«trakt').

A

go;

{predial tithes).

predicable, pred'i«ka«bl,

preconize, praeconize, pre'kon«Iz,

—

g,

—

;

pri«sip'i— precipitously, descent. adv. In a precipitous manner. precipitousness, pri«sip'i«tus»nes, n. Steepness of descent. precis, pra«se', n. [Fr. precis, precise, concise also an abstract, precise.] or abridged statement; a summary;

ch, Sc. loch;

—

determination beforehand. predetermination, pre«di«ter'mi«na"shon. conceived, preconceiving. To form a purpose n. Previous determination conception or opinion of beforehand; formed beforehand. to form a previous notion or idea of. predial, pre'di«al, a. [Fr. predial, preconception, pre«kon«sep'shon, from L. praedium, a farm or estate.] n. The act of preconceiving; conConsisting of land or farms; landed; ception or opinion previously formed. attached to land; derived from land

tus«li,

ch, chain;

that he has preordained men to everlasting happiness or misery. predestine, pri«des'tin, v.t. predestined, predestining. To decree beforehand; to foreordain. predetermine, pre'di«ter'min, v.t. predetermined, predetermining. To determine beforehand; to doom by previous decree. v.i. To make a

—

substance formed in the blood that disease material and precipitates renders it harmless. precipitous, pri'sip'i'tus, a. [L. praeceps, praecipiiis, headlong.] Very steep; like or forming a precipice; headlong in

coquo,

—

prediction

pri»ko'shus«nes, pri«kos'i«ti, n. The state or quality of being precocious early development of the mental

—

sip'it»in,

;

653

precis precipitate manner; too hastily. precipitance, precipitancy, pri«sip'i«tans, pri«sip'i«tan«si, n. The quality of being precipitate; rash haste; haste in resolving, forming an opinexecuting a purpose. ion, or precipitant, pri«sip'i«tant, a. [L. praecipitans, praecipitantis, ppr. of praecipito.} Falling or rushing headn. Chetn. z. sublong; precipitate. stance which, when added to a solution, separates what is dissolved and makes it fall to the bottom in a precipitantly, pri»concrete state. sip'i'tant'li, adv. In a precipitant pri«sip'i«manner. precipitation, ta'shon, n. The act of precipitating, or state of being precipitated; a falling or rushing down with violence and rapidity; rash, tumultuous haste; chem. the process by which any substance is made to separate from another or others in a solution, and precipitin, pri— fall to the bottom.

—— —— — — ——— —

—

th, thin;

to

tell,

diction.]

To

foretell;

to

prophesy; to declare to be or happen future; to prognosticate. pri«dik'shon, n. The act of predicting; a foretelling; a prophecy. predictive, pri* dik tiv, a. Foretelling; prophetic.

in

the

prediction,

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, asure.

—

— predigest

predigest, pre'di«jest,

To

v.t.

assimi-

predilection, pre«di«lek'shon,

n. [Fr. predilection L. prae, before, and dilectio, a choice, from diligere, to love, diligent.] previous liking; a prepossession of mind in favor of

—

A

something.

predispose, pre«dis«poz',

v.t.

—pre-

disposed, predisposing. To incline beforehand; to give a previous disposition or tendency to; to fit or adapt

—

previously. predisposition, pre«dis'pi«zish"on, n. The state of being

previously disposed toward something; previous inclination or tendency; previous fitness or adaptation to any change, impression, or purpose. predominate, pri«dom'i«nat, v.i. predominated, predominating. [Fr. predominer L. prae, before, and dominari, to rule, from dominus, lord. dominate, dame.] To have surpassing power, influence, or authority; to have controlling influence among others. v.t. To rule over; to mas-

—

—

—predominance, nancy, pri'dom'i'nans,

predomi-

ter£.

pri«dom'i«-

nan«si, n. Prevalence over others; superiority in power, influence, or

—

authority; ascendency. predominant, pri«dom'i«nant, a. Prevalent over others; superior in strength, influence, or authority; ruling; con-

pri«dom —predominantly, adv. In a predominant

'-

i«nant«li,

manner.

pre-eminence, pre»em'i«nens, n. The state

or

quality

of being

notably

eminent among others; superior or surpassing eminence ; undoubted superiority, especially superiority in excellence. pre-eminent, pre«em'i«nent, a. Eminent above others; surpassing or highly distinguished in excellence, sometimes also in evil. pre-eminently, pre«em'i«nent«li,

—

—

adv. In a pre-eminent degree.

pre-empt, preempt',

——— prelate

654

late or digest previously.

trolling.

—

v.t.

preceding in existence. prefabricate, pre«fab'ri«kat,

To

make and standardize all the parts of a structure (such as a house) at a factory so that it may be rapidly assembled. preface, pref'is, n. [Fr. preface, from L. praefatio prae, before, and /an', fatum, to speak (whence also fate,

—

fame).) Something spoken as introductory to a discourse, or written as introductory to a book or other composition. v.t. prefaced, prefacing. To introduce by preliminary remarks. prefatory, pref'a«to«ri, a. Having the character of a preface; pertaining to a preface. prefatorily, pref'a'tO'ri'li, adv. By way of preface.

—

—

—

prefect,

pre'fekt,

[L. praefectus,

n.

—

from praeficio prae, before, and facio, I make, fact.] A governor, commander, chief magistrate, or the

name common

a

like;

and

officers, military

Rome; in

an France;

who

official

to several civil, in ancient

important

functionary a prefet, that is, an presides over and has

extensive powers in a department. prefecture, pre'fek«cher, n. The office or jurisdiction of a prefect; prefecture is also the official residence of a prefect. prefer, pri«fer', v.t. preferred, preferring. [L. praefero, to carry before, to present, to esteem more highly prae, before, and ferre, to bear or carry, fertile.] To offer for one's consideration or decision; to present; said especially of petitions, prayers, etc.; to advance, as to an office or dignity; to raise; to exalt;

—

something else in estimation; to hold in greater favor or esteem ; to choose rather (to prefer one to another). preferable, prefer-a-bl, a. Worthy to be preferred; to

above

set

—

more

more

eligible;

desirable.

preferableness, preferability, pref-

manner or

er«a«bl«nes, pref'er«a«bil"i'ti, n. The quality or state of being preferable.

To

preferably, pref er«a«bli, adv. In or by preference. preference, prefer«ens, n. The preferring of one thing before another; choice of one thing rather than another; higher place in esteem; the object of choice;

and

i.

acquire before others ; to claim before others establish rights, as to pre-empt pre-emption, pre«public lands.

—

em'shon,

n. [L. prae, before, and emptio, a buying, from emo, to buy. exempt.] The act or right of purchasing before others; the right of a settler to the first chance of buying

land in or near which he has settled. pre-emptive, pre«em'tiv, a. preen, pren, v.t. [O.E. proine, proigne, to prune, to preen, prune.] To trim with the beak; to clean and dress: said of birds dressing their feathers. pre-engage, pre«en«gaj', v.t. preengaged, pre-engaging. To engage by previous agreement; to engage or attach by previous influence; to preoccupy. pre-establish, pre«es«tab'lish, v.t. To establish or settle beforehand. pre-exist, pre«eg«zist', v.i. To exist beforehand or before something else. pre-existence, pre«eg«zis'tens, n. Existence previous to something else; existence in a previous state; existence of the soul before its union with the body. pre-existent, prC«eg«zis'tent, a. Existing beforehand;

—

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

—

choice. n.

A

—preferred form of

stock, pri«ferd', capital stock given

preference in payment of dividends (or other rights) over common preferential, stock. pref«er«en'shal, a. In a position to which some preference is attached. preferment,

—

—

Advancement

pri«fer'ment, n.

higher

to a

or station; promotion; a superior or valuable place or office, especially in the church. preferrer, pri«fer'er, n. office,

dignity,

—prefers.

One who

prefigure,

pre«fig'yer, v.t. ured, prefiguring. To exhibit

—prefigby ante-

cedent representation or by types and similitudes.— prefiguration, pre«fig'u«ra"shon, n. The act of prefiguring; an antecedent similitude. prefigurative,

pre»fig'u«ra«tiv,

Showing by previous or similitudes. prefix, pre«fiks',

me, met, her;

a.

figures, types,

L. —prae, before, and

v.t. [Fr. prefixer,

praefigo, praefixus

pine, pin;

to fix. fix.] To put or fix before or at the beginning of another thing (to prefix a syllable to a word, an advertisement to a book); to settle, fix, or appoint beforehand (to prefix the hour of meeting). n. (pre'fiks.) A letter, syllable, or word put to the beginning of a word, usually to vary its signification. prefixion, pre»fik'shon, n. The act

figere, v.t.

note, not,

move;

of prefixing.

preformation, pre«for«ma'shon,

n.

The

obsolete theory that development of an organism simply consists of increase in size. Cp. epigenesis. pregnable,! preg'na«bl, a. [Fr. prenable (with inserted g), from prendre, to take, L. prehendo, prehensum. prehensile.] Capable of being taken or won by force; expugnable. pregnant preg'nant, a. [L. praegnans, praegnantis prae, before, and gnans, ppr. corresponding to gnatus, natus, born, natal, nature.] Being with young; great with child; gravid; full of important matter; abounding

—

with

results;

full

of consequence

or significance (a pregnant argument). pregnancy, preg'nan«si, n. The state of being pregnant; time of going with child; the quality of being full of significance, or the like. pregnantly, preg'nant«li, adv. In a

—

pregnant manner. prehensile, pri«hen'sil,

a. [L. prehendere, prehensus, to lay hold of prae, before, and hendere, to seize, as apprehend, comprehend, etc. prize, prison.] Capable of or adapted to seize or grasp (a monkey's prehenprehension, pri«hen'shon, sile tail). taking hold of; a seizing. n. prehistoric, pre«his«tor'ik, a. Relating to a period antecedent to that at which history begins.

—

A

preinstruct, pre«in«strukt', v.t. To instruct previously or beforehand.

—

prejudge,

prejudged, v.t. pre-juj', prejudging. [Fr. prejuger.] To judge before hearing, or before the arguments and facts are fully known; to decide by anticipation; to condemn

—

beforehand or unheard. prejudgment, pre«juj'ment, n. The act of prejudging; judgment without a hearing or

full

examination.

prejudice, prej'u«dis,

n.

[Fr. preju-

from L. praejudicium, from prae, before, and judicium, a judgment, from judex, judicis, a judge, judge.]

dice,

A

bias or leaning, favorable or unfavorable, without reason, or for some reason other than justice; a prepossession (when used absolutely generally with the unfavorable meaning of wrong or ignorant bias or view); mischief; damage; injury (without prejudice to one's interests).

— —prejudiced,

prejudicing.

v.t.

To

implant a prejudice in the mind of; to bias by hasty and incorrect notions; to hurt,

to

injure

by prejudices;

damage, impair;

to injure in

general (to prejudice one's cause). prejudicial, prej«u«dish al, a. Hurt-

mischievous; injurious; detriprejudicially, prej«u«dish'mental. al'li. adv. In a prejudicial manner. prelate, prel'at, n. [Fr. prelat, from L.L. praelatus, from L. praelatus, pp. ful;

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

——

—

—

.

— ——

——

preponderate

655

prelect

—prae,

the higher order having authority over the lower clergy, as an archbishop, bishop, or patriarch; a prelacy, dignitary of the church. prel'a«si, n. Episcopacy; the system

taring; law, preplanning of an act showing intent to commit it. premier, pri»mir', a. [Fr. premier, from L. primarius, of the first rank, from primus, first, prime.] First; chief; principal. n. The first or chief minister of state.

of church government by prelates;

premiere, pre«myarj

of praefero, praelatum

and

latus, borne.]

An

before

ecclesiastic of

—

—

ludicrous.] Something preparatory or leading up to what follows; an introductory performance; music, a short introductory strain preceding the principal movement. v.t. (pri'lud') preluded, preluding. To introduce with a prelude ; to serve as prelude to. v.i. To serve as a prelude. prelusive, prelusory, pri«lu'siv, pri«lu'so«ri, a. Having the character of a prelude; introductory. prelusively, prelusorily, prMu'sivli, pri«lu'soTi«li, adv. By way of prelude. premature, pre'ma»tur, a. [L. praematurus prae, before, and maturus, Indus, play,

—

—

purpose; to put into such a state as fit for use or application; to make ready; often, with a personal object, to make ready for something to be

that is to happen; to give notice to (to prepare a person for ill news or calamity); to provide; to procure as suitable (to prepare arms, ammunition, etc., for troops). v.i. To make ready; to put things in suitable order; to take the necessary previous measures; to make one's preparation, pre»pa— self ready. ra'shon, n. [L. praeparatio.] The act of preparing; that which is prepared for a particular purpose; a substance compounded or made up for a certain use; the state of being prepared or in readiness.

argument;

—

premonition, pre«mo»nish'on, n. Previous warning, notice, or pri»information. premonitory, mon'i»tcTi, a. Giving previous warning or notice. premorse, pri«mors', a. [L. praemorsus prae, before, and mordere, to gnaw, mordant.] Bitten off; applied in hot. to a root or leaf terminating abruptly, as if bitten off. prenatal, pre«na'tl, a. [L. prae, beforehand natus, born.] Before, or prior to, birth (prenatal care). prenatally, pre«na'tal«li, adv. notion prenotion, pre»no'shon, n. hand.

—

—

existing,

—

performed, or adopted before the proper time; done, said, or believed too soon; too early; untimely. prematurely, pre«ma«tur'li, adv~. In a premature manner. prematureness, prematurity, pre«ma«tur'nes, pre«ma«tu'ri.ti, n. The state of being premature.

—

—

preparative,

which precedes something

else

v.t.

—

—

a«to«ri, a.

—

ly,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

With

suitable

—preparedness, The of being state

—preparer, pri«pa'rer, One who or that which prepares. —prepaid, preprepay, pre«pa', prepared.

n.

v.t.

paying. To pay before obtaining possession of; to pay in advance; to pay before the payment falls due. prepayment, pre«pa'ment, n. Act of paying beforehand; payment in advance. prepense, pri»pens', a. [L. praepensus prae, before, and pendere, pensum, to weigh, poise.] Deliberated or devised beforehand; premeditated; aforethought; now scarcely used except in the phrase 'malice pre-

—

pense*.

preponderate, pri«pon'der«at,

in

—preoc-

To occupy

then;

adv.

measures.

pri«pard'nes, n.

—

j,

pri»pard'li,

previous

—

—

—

preparatory, pri«par'Serving to prepare the way for some proceeding to follow; introductory; preparative. preparedto prepare.

or take possession of before another; to engage or occupy the attention of beforehand; to engross beforepre«ok'ku«hand. preoccupancy, pan«si, n. The act or right of taking preocpossession before another. cupation, pre«ok'ku«pa"shon, n. An occupation or taking possession becupied, preoccupying.

[Fr.

a.

—

time; previous notion or thought. prentice, pren'tis. A colloquial contraction of Apprentice.

preoccupy, pre«ok'ku»pi,

pri«par'a«tiv,

Tending or serving to prepare or make ready; preparatory. n. That which is preparative or preparatory; that which is done

preparatif.]

A

n.

the upper jaw on either side anterior to the true maxillary bone. premedical, pre«med'i»kal, a. [L. prae, before, and medical.] Concerning studies preceding the study of medicine premeditate, pre«med'i«tat, v.t. premeditated, premeditating. [Fr. premediter, L. praemeditor prae, before, and meditor, I meditate.] To think on and revolve in the mind beforehand. v.i. To meditate beforehand. premeditation, pre«med'i«ta"shon, n. The act of premediof"

go;

a base of

oremonish, pri«mon'ish, v.t. [Prefix pre, and -monish, as in admonish.] To forewarn; to admonish before-

—

g,

—

name

molars.

—

ch, Sc. loch;

previously; absorbed. preordain, pre«or»dan', v.t. To ordain or appoint beforehand; to predetermine. preordination, pre— or'di«na"shon, n. The act of foreordaining. prepare, pri«par', v.t. prepared, preparing. [Fr. preparer, L. praeparo, praeparatum prae, before, and parare, to get ready, pare.] To fit, adapt, or qualify for a particular

proposition

above par, opposed to at a discount: said of shares or stock; hence, in high esteem. premolar, pre»mo'ler, n. Anat. a tooth between the canine and the

—

ch, chain;

the

a.

up

tion taken

A

pri«-

pre«mak'sil«laTi,

A

pre»ok'—preoccupied, Having the atten-

and

kii'pld, p.

an antecedent state-

prem'is. as

fore another.

applied to each of the two first propositions of a syllogism, from which the inference or conclusion is drawn; pi. the beginning or early portion of a legal deed or document where the subject matter is stated or described in full (lit. 'the things before mentioned'); hence, lands and houses or tenements; a house and the outhouses, etc., belonging to it. premium, pre'mi«um, n. [L. praemium, a reward prae, before, and emo, to take, pre-emption.] reward or prize offered for some specific thing; a bonus; an extra sum paid as an incentive; a bounty; a fee paid for the privilege of being taught a trade or profession; a sum paid periodically to an office for insurance, as against fire or loss of life or property. At a premium,

manner. prelude, pre'hid or prel'ud, n. [Fr. prelude, from L. prae, before, and

premaxillary, Anat. a bone

n.

down

logic,

In a preliminary

Happening, arriving,

v.t. —premised,

pri«miz',

To make

laid

something to be examined and determined before an affair can be treated of on its own merits ; a pre-

ripe.]

time.

ment.

thing introductory or preparatory;

—

first

v.i.

—

—preliminarily,

To

—

—

act.

first

premising. [From L. praemitto, praemissum prae, before, and mitto, I send, mission.] To set forth or make known beforehand; to lay down as an antecedent proposition.

A

lim'i«ne«ri«li, adv.

A

[Fr.]

as of a play or movie. v.t. show a play or movie for the

premise,

—

paratory

n.

showing

prelates collectively .v—prelatic, pre*lat'ik, a. Pertaining to prelates or prelatist, prel'at«ist, n. An prelacy. advocate for prelacy. prelect, pri«lekt', v.i. and t. [L. praelego,praelectus prae, before, and lego, I read, legend.] To read a lecture or discourse in public. prelection, prMek'shon, n. lecture or discourse read in public or to prelector, pri— a select company. lek'tor, n. reader of discourses; a lecturer. prelibation, pre«li«ba'shon, n. [L. prae, before, and libo, to taste. libation.] Foretaste; a tasting beforehand; an effusion or libation previous to tasting. preliminary, pri«lim'i«neTi, a. [Fr. preliminaire L. prae, before, and limen, threshold, limit.] Introductory; preceding the main discourse or business; prefatory. n. Some-

A

——

th, thin;

v.t.

—

preponderated, preponderating. [L. praepondero, praeponderatum prae, before, and ponderate, to weigh, from pondus, ponder is, a weight.

—

ponder.] To outweigh; to have more weight or influence than. v.i. To exceed in weight, influence, or power; to have the greater weight or influence; to have sway or power preponderance, superior to others.

preponderancy,

—pri»pon'der«ans,

pri'pon'der«an«si, n. The state or quality of preponderating or being

preponderant. pon'der«ant,

—preponderant, Outweighing; supepri-

a.

rior in power, influence, or the like. preponderantly, preponderatingly, pri«pon'der-ant«li, pri«pon'der»a— ting-li, adv. In a preponderant

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

— —

——

—— —— — —— — —

;

preposition

—

—

preposterous, pri«pos'ter»us, a. [L. praeposterus prae, before, and posterns, coming after, posterior.] Contrary to nature, reason, or common sense; utterly and glaringly foolish; totally opposed to the fitness

—

of things; manifestly absurd. preposterously, pri«pos'ter«us«li, adv. In a preposterous manner. preposterousness, pri«pos'ter«us«nes, n. The state or quality of being preposterous; utter absurdity.

—

[L. praeand potens,

a.

potens prae, before, powerful, potent.] Very powerful having a superiority of power or prepotency, pre^po'ten*influence.

—

si,

Superior

n.

power;

predomi-

nance.

prepuce, pre'pus,

n. [L. praeputium, foreskin.] The foreskin. preputial, pri«pu'shal, a. Pertaining to the prepuce.

the

Pre-Raphaelite,

prc«raf'a»eMt, n. practices or favors the system or style of painting practiced by the early painters before Raphael, or the modern revival of their style or system, said to be a rigidly representation of natural faithful

One who

and

forms itism, style

effects.

Pre-Raphael-

pre'raf'a«el«it«izm, n. The or practice of the pre-Raph-

prerequisite, pre«rek'wi«zit, a. Previously requisite; necessary to someSomething thing subsequent. n. is

prerequisite.

prerogative,

pri«rog'a»tiv, n. [L. praerogativa, from praerogo, to ask before — prae, before, and rogare, to ask (as in interrogate, arrogate, derogate, etc.).] An exclusive or peculiar privilege; a privilege belonging to one in virtue of his character or position; an official and hereditary fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

present

which may be asserted without question; a special right or privilege of a sovereign or other executive of a government; the name given to the century in the Roman Comitia that by lot was empowered to record its vote first, and so was believed to be divinely commissioned to determine the vote of the rest. presage, pres'ij or pre'saj, n. [Ft. presage, L. praesagium prae, before, and sagire, to perceive by the senses; allied to sagacious.] Something which portends or foreshows a future event; a foreboding. v.t. pris«aj'. presaging. presaged, To forebode; to foreshow; to foretell, predict, prophesy. v.i. To form or presager, pre«utter a prediction. right

—

One who

predicts. pres«bi«6'pi«a, n. [Gr. presbys, old, and dps, the eye.] An imperfection of vision in which near objects are seen less distinctly than those at a distance, common presbyopic, pres«bi— in old age. op'ik, a. Pertaining to presbyopia. presbyter, pres'bi«ter, n. [L. presbyter, from Gr. presbyteros, compar. of presbys, old. Priest is the same word.] elder or a person somewhat advanced in age, who had authority in the early Christian church; a priest; a parson. presbyterian, pres«bi«te'ri»an, a. Pertaining to a presbyter; pertaining to ecclesiastical government by presbyteries, or to those who uphold sa'jer, n.

presbyopia,

—prescriber, that

pri«skri'ber,

prescribes.

n.

prescript,

One pre'as a

skript, a. Directed; set down rule; prescribed. n. Direction; precept; model prescribed. prescrip-

tive, pri«skrip'ti«bl, a. Suitable for being prescribed; depending or derived from prescription. prescription, pri«skrip'shon, n. The act is prescribed; a direction; prescript; med. a written statement of the medicines or remedies to be used by a patient; a claim, right, or title based on long use or custom^ the loss of a legal right by lapse of time and neglect. prescriptive, pri«skrip'tiv, a. Consisting in or acquired by prescription.

of prescribing; what

presence. See present. present, prez'ent, a. [L. praesens, praesentis, from prae, before, and sens, esens, being, en old participle of sum, I am; comp. absent.] Being in a certain place; opposed to absent; being before the face or near; being

period before a child enters school. prescient, pre'shi»ent, a. [L. praes-

in company; done on the spot; instant; immediate {present death); being now in view or under consideration; now existing, being or at this time; not past or future; ready at hand; quick in emergency. The present, an elliptical expression for the present time. At present, elliptically for at the present time. Present tense, gram, the tense or modification of a verb which expresses action or being in the present time. v.t. (pri«zent). [Fr. presenter, L. praesentare, to present, to make present.] To place or lit. introduce into the presence or before the face of, especially of a superior; to make known; to offer for acquaintance; to exhibit or offer view or notice (presented a to wretched appearance); to bestow; to make a gift or donation of; generally to give formally and ceremoniously; to bestow a gift upon; to favor with a donation (to present a person with a thing); to nominate to an ecclesiastical benefice; to lay before a public body for consideration, as before a legislature, court, etc. (to present a memorial or the like); to point, level, aim, as a weapon, particularly some species of firearms. To present arms (milit.), to put

ppr. of praescio, prae, before, scio, to to foreknow know, science.] Foreknowing; having knowledge of events before they prescience, pre'shi«ens, take place. n. [L. prescientia.] Foreknowledge; knowledge of events before they take place; foresight.

the arms or guns in a perpendicular position in front of the body, as in saluting a superior officer, or in token of respect. n. (prez'ent). That which is presented or given; a gift; pi. (from the adj.), a term used in a legal deed to signify the document itself. presence, prez -

An

such government. n. [cap.] A member of that section of the Christian

church who vest church government presbyteries or associations of ministers and elders, and have no presbyterial, pres«bi«te'bishops. presbyteriri«al, a. Presbyterian. in

anism, pres«bi«te'ri«an«izm, n. The doctrines, principles, and discipline or government of presbyterians. presbytery, pres'bi«te«ri, n. Presbyterianism; a judicatory consisting of Presbyterian pastors of all the churches of any particular denomination within a given district, along with one ruling elder from each

church session. preschool, pre»skbT, a. [L. before, and school.] Referring

ciens,

prae, to the

praescientis,

prescribe, pri»skrib',

aelites.

that

— —— — —— — —

656

manner. preponderation, pre«pon'der«a'shon, n. The state of preponderating; preponderance. preposition, prep»o«zish'on, n. [L. praepositio. position.] Gram, a part of speech which is used to show the relation of one noun or pronoun to another in a sentence, and is usually placed before the word which expresses the object of the relation. prepositional, prep«o«zish'on«al, a. Pertaining to or having the nature or function of a preposition. prepositionally, prep»o«zish on«al«li, adv. In a prepositional manner. prepositive, pre«poz'i«tiv, a. Put before. n. A word or particle put before another word. prepossess, pre«poz«zes', v.t. To take previous possession of; to preoccupy the mind or heart of; to fill or imbue beforehand with some opinion or estimate; to prejudice. .". Prepossess is more frequently used in a good sense than prejudice. prepossessing, pre«poz«zes'ing, a. Creating an impression favorable to the owner; engaging: said especially of the external characteristics of a person. prepossession, pre«poz«zesh'on, n. Prior possession; a preconceived opinion; an impression on the mind in favor or against any person or thing, especially in favor.

prepotent, pre«po'tent,

—— —

v.t.

—prescribed, —

prae, beprescribing. [L. praescribo scribe.] fore, and scribere, to write, To lay down authoritatively for direction; to give as a rule of conduct; med. to direct to be used v.i. To lay down rules as a remedy. or directions; to dictate; to write or give medical directions; to direct what remedies arc to be used; law, to become extinguished or of no validity through lapse of time, as a right, debt, obligation, and the like.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

—

—

—

ens,

n.

[L.

praesentia.]

The

state

of being present; the existence of a person or thing in a certain place; opposed to absence; the being in company with; personal attendance; the state of being within sight or call; the state of being in view of a superior; the person of a superior, as a sovereign; mien; air; personal appearance; demeanor. Presence of mind, coolness and readiness of invention or resource in occasions of difficulty; quickness in devising tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

presentiment expedients on pressing occasions.

pri«zen'company. presentable, Capable of being presented;

ta«bl, a.

Superintendence; inspection and care; the office of president; the term during which a president holds his office; [often cap.] the office of the president of the prez'i«den«si,

presentation, prez«en»ta'shon, n. The act of presenting, or state of being presented; the act or right of presenting a clergyman or nomminister to a vacant inating a presentative, parish. pri'zen'ta— tiv, a. Serving to present; presenting; metaph. applied to what may be apprehended directly, or to the faculty capable of apprehending presentee, prez»en«te', n. directly. One presented to a benefice. presenter, pri«zen'ter, n. One who presents; one who leads or intropresentive, pri«zen'tiv, a. duces. Gram, applied to words which present a definite conception of an object to the mind; opposed to symbolic. presentive word. n. presentiveness, pri«zen'tiv«nes, n. presently, prez'ent»li, adv. In a little time; soon; forthwith; immediately. presentment, pri«zent'ment, n. The act of presenting or state of being presented; representation or

presidio, pri«sid'i«6,

nified, presignifying.

pri«zen'ti»ment, n. before, and sentiment; O.Fr. presentiment, foreboding.] Previous

—

—

otherwise (preserved meats or fruits); to prevent being hunted and killed, except at certain seasons or by certain persons, as game, salmon, etc. v.t. To practice the art of seasoning fruits, etc., for preservation; to protect game for purposes of sport. n. is preserved; fruit, etc., seasoned, to keep from decay; a place set apart for the shelter and protection of game intended for sport. preserver, pri«zer'ver, n. person or thing that preserves. preservable, pri«zer'va«bl, a. Capable of being preserved. preservation, prez«er»va'shon, n. The act of preserving; the state of being preserved; escape from danger; safety. preservative, pri»zer'va— tiv, a. Having the power of keeping safe from injury, destruction, or decay; tending to preserve. n. That which preserves or has the power of preserving; something that is preventive of injury or decay. preside, pri«zid', v.i. presided, presiding. [Fr. presider, from L. praesideo

—

—

superheated steam. press, pres, v.t. [Originally to impress or imprest. See impress (in this sense).] To force into service, especially into naval service; to impress. Prester John, n. Priest John, the mythical or legendary Christian king, believed in the Middle Ages to be ruling in Abyssinia, prestidigitation, pres'ti«dij'i«ta"shon, n. [L. praesto, at hand, ready, and digitus,

leger-

machine

lively movement or performance; also used interjectionally for quickly, immediately, in haste,

affairs.

Freedom

of,

before, and sto, to stand.] Music, a direction for a quick

presume, pri»zum',

the

— j,

in

triumphs. presto, pres'to, adv. [It. presto, quick, quickly, from L. praesto, at hand,

pres'er, n. One who or that which pressing, pres'ing, p. and presses. a. Urgent; importunate; distressing. pressingly, pres'ing«li, adv. In a pressman, pres'pressing manner. man, n. One who works or attends to

be set over others; to have the

Skill

ready—prae,

demands of

sit.]

finger.]

prestidigitator, pres«ti«dij'i«ta«ter, n. One who practices prestidigitation; a juggler. prestige, pres'tij or pres»tezh', n. [Fr., from L. praestigium, an illusion, a juggler's trick; hence an impression made on spectators.] Weight or influence derived from previous character, achievements, or associations, especially weight or influence derived from past success, on which a confident belief is founded of future

press, the right to publish without Press of sail political censorship. (nam.), as much sail as the state of the wind, etc., will permit. presser,

—

a

demain; sleight of hand; juggling.

any body

for printing; a printing press; (with the) printed literature in general, often restricted to the literature of newspapers ; newspaper reporters; a printing or publishing establishment; also its personnel; a crowd; a throng; multitude of individuals crowded together; a wine vat or cistern (O.T.); an upright cupboard in which clothes or other articles are kept; urgency; urgent

—

go;

intimate or

instrument or machine by which is squeezed, crushed, or forced into a more compact form; a

suitably

g,

— —

—presig-

An

That which

Sc. loch;

To

v.t.

the purpose of making smooth (to

preserved, v.t. preserving. [Fr. preserver, L.L. praeservo L. prae, before, and servo, I keep, serve.] To keep or save from injury or destruction; to defend from evil; to save; to keep in the same state; to uphold, sustain, guard; to save from decay; to cause to remain good and wholesome for food by treating with salt, sugar, or

ch,

fort

press cloth or paper); to embrace closely; to constrain or compel; to urge by authority or necessity; to impose importunately (to press a gift on one) ; to straiten or distress (to be pressed with want) ; to urge or solicit with earnestness; to importune; to inculcate with earnestness; to enforce; to bear hard upon; to ply To exert pressure; to hard. v.i. act with compulsive force; to bear heavily; to strain or strive eagerly; to go forward with impulsive eagerness or energetic efforts; to crowd; to throng; to force one's way; to urge. To press upon, to urge with n. [Fr. force; to attack closely. presse, a press, a crowd, a throng.]

conception, sentiment, or opinion; previous apprehension of something future; anticipation of impending evil; foreboding.

ch, c/zain;

A

signify beforehand; to show previously. press, pres, v.t. [Fr. presser, from L. presso, a freq. of premere, pressum, to press; seen also in compress, depress, express, impress, repress, etc.] To act on with force or weight; to squeeze; to crush; to extract the juice of by squeezing; to squeeze for

[Pre,

To

[Sp.]

n.

presignify, pre«sig'ni«fl,

portrait (Shak.).

I sit.

force exerted upon a surface. v.t. To bring pressure to bear; to use all one's influence. pressurize, presh'er«iz, v.t. To cook in a pressure cooker; to hold atmospheric pressure at average level during a high-level flight by plane. pressurization, presh'er«i«za"shon, n. Pressure cooker, an apparatus which may be sealed for cooking or sterilizing under high-pressure

business);

or fortified station; a garrison town.

presentiment,

—prae, before, and sedeo,

one body acting on another by weight or the continued application of power; a constraining force or impulse acting on the mind; severity of grievousness, as of personal circumstances; distress, strait, or difficulty; urgency; demand on one's time or energies (the pressure of

.

—

A

n.

United States. president, prez'i*dent, n. One who presides; an officer elected or appointed to preside over and control the proceedings of a number of persons ; the chief officer of a corporation, company, society, etc. ; the chief officer of some colleges or universities ; the highest officer of state in a republic. presidential, prez«i«den'shal, a. Pertaining to a president presidentship, prez 'i* dent'ship, n. The office of president.

—

preserve, pri«zerv',

a

—

in such trim as to be able to present one's self without embarrassment; suitable to be exhibited or offered.

A

pressroom, n. printing press. Print, the room where the printing presses are worked, as distinguished from a composing room; a room where reporters assemble for a press pressure, presh'er, n. conference. [O.Fr. pressure, L. pressura.] The act of pressing; the state of being squeezed or crushed; the force of

place of authority over others, as a chairman or director: usually denoting temporary superintendence and government, as at a public meeting; to exercise superintendence ; to watch over as presidency, inspector.

presence chamber, n. The room in which a great personage receives

—

presume

657

;'ob;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

v.t.

—presumed,

[Fr. presumer, from L. praesumo, to presume prae, before, and sumo, to take, as in assume,

presuming.

consume, resume, etc. SUMPTUOUS.] take for granted; to suppose on reasonable grounds. v.i. To suppose or believe without examination to infer; to venture without permission or beyond what is justifiable; to take the liberty; to make bold; to act on overconfident conclusions; to make unwarranted advances (to presume upon one's good nature); to act in a forward way; to go beyond the boundaries laid down by reverence, respect, or politeness. presumable, pri«zu'ma«bl, a. Capable of being

To

presumed. w, wig;

presumably,

hw, whig;

pri«zu'-

zh, azure.

—

—— —

—

—— ;;

presuppose

— ;

——

;

—

— prey

658

—

pri»va'ling, p. and a. Predominant; ma«bli, adv. As may be presumed real. pretentiously, pri«ten'shus«li, having superior influence; prevalent; or reasonably supposed. presumer, adv. In a pretentious manner. pri'zu'mer, n. One that presumes. most common or general. prevailpreterit, pret'er-it, a. [L. praeteritus, presumption, pri«zum'shon, n. [L. gone by, pp. of praetereo praeter, ingly, pri'val'ing'li, adv. So as to praesumptio.] supposition; a ground prevalence, prev'a«lens, n. prevail. beyond, and ire, itum, to go. itinerfor presuming; a strong probability; The state or quality of being prevaant.] Gram, expressing past time; that which is supposed to be true lent; superiority; general reception applied to the tense expressing action without direct proof; blind or heador practice; general existence or or existence perfectly past or finished strong confidence; unreasonable adalso used as extension (the prevalence of vice or struck); (he past venturousness ; presumptuousness of a fashion). prevalent, prevaequivalent to perfect. n. Gram, the arrogance ; assurance ; law, that which Prevailing; predominant; pretention, pre— tense. lent, a. preterit comes near to the proof of a fact, in ter«ish'on, n. [L. praeteritio, from most generally received or current; prevalently, greater or less degree. existing. presumptive, praetereo.] Rhet. a figure by which, in extensively pri'zum'tiv, a. Based on presumpprev'a-lent«li, adv. In a prevalent pretending to pass over anything, tion or probability; proving circummanner. we make a summary mention of it. prestantially, not directly {presumptive preteritive, pri«ter'i«tiv, a. Gram, an prevaricate, pri-var'i«kat, v.i. evidence). Presumptive heir, one varicated, prevaricating. [L. praevariepithet applied to verbs used only or whose right of inheritance may be chiefly in the preterit or past tenses. cor, praevaricatus, to straddle, to defeated by any contingency, as by pretermit, pre«ter«mit', v.t. preterprae, before, and varus, shuffle the birth of a nearer relative. prestraddling.] To act or speak evasivemitted, pretermitting. [L. praetermitto sumptively, pri«zum'tivli, adv. In ly; to evade or swerve from the praeter, beyond, and mittere, to a presumptive manner. presump- send.] To pass by; to omit. truth; to shuffle; to quibble in giving tuous, pri»zum'chu«us, a. Imbued pretermission, pre«ter»mish'on, n. answers. prevarication, pri'var'i— with or characterized by presumpka'shon, n. The act of prevaricating; passing by; omission. tion ; taking undue liberties ; given to preternatural, pre»ter'nach'eTal, a. a shuffling or quibbling to evade the presume or act in a forward manner; truth or the disclosure of truth ; law, [L. praeter, beyond, and E. natural.] arrogant; overconfident. presump- Beyond what is natural, or different a collusion between an informer and tuously, pri»zum'chu»us«li, adv. In a a defendant, in order to a feigned from what is natural, as distinpresumptuous manner. presumpprosecution; the willful concealment guished from supernatural, above tuousness, pri«zum'chu«us«nes, n. or misrepresentation of truth by nature; and unnatural, contrary to prevariThe quality of being presumptuous. nature. preternaturally, pre»ter— giving evasive evidence. presuppose, pre«sup»poz', v.t. To nach'eTal»li, adv. In a preternatural cator, pri«var'i'ka«ter, n. One who suppose or imagine as previous; to prevaricates; a shuffler; a quibbler. manner. preternaturalism, pre— cause to be taken for granted; to state of being prevenient, pre»ve'ni«ent, a. [L.praeter«nach e«ral«izm, n. prevent.] Going before; imply as antecedent; to require to veniens. preternatural. exist previously. presupposition, pretext, pre'tekst or pri«tekst', n. preceding; preventing; preventive. pre»sup'po«zish"on, n. The act of Prevenient grace. Theol. term, the [Fr. pretexte, from L. praetextum, presupposing; that which is pregrace that precedes or anticipates from praetexe prae, before, and texo, supposed. repentance, but which disposes the texture.] An ostensible to weave, presurmise, pre«ser«miz', n. heart of man to seek God. surreason or motive assigned or assumed mise previously formed. as a color or cover for the real reason prevent, prevent', v.t. [L. praevemo, pretend, pri»tend', v.t. [L. praetendo, praeventum, to anticipate, to prevent or motive; a pretense. to hold out, pretend prae, before, pretor, pre'tor. See praetor. prae, before, and venio, to come and tendere, to reach or stretch. pretty, prit'i, a. [O.E. pretic, praty, (seen also in advent, convent, cirtend.] To hold out falsely; to allege cumvent, intervention, etc.).] To anticcomely, clever; A. Sax. praetig, crafty, falsely; to use as a pretext; to make ipate:}:; to forestall:}:; to hinder by from praet, a trick; Icel. prettugr, false appearance or representation of; something done before; to stop or tricky, prettr, a trick.] Having diminto feign or affect (to pretend zeal); to intercept; to impede; to thwart. utive beauty; of a pleasing and preventable, pri«ven'ta»bl, a. Caclaim or put in a claim for. v.i. To attractive form without the strong feign, make believe, or sham; to put pable of being prevented or hindered. lines of beauty, or without graceOne preventer, pri'ven'ter, n. in a claim, truly or falsely: usually fulness and dignity; pleasing; neatly with to. pretender, pri«ten'der, n. who or that which prevents. arranged; affectedly nice; foppish; prevention, pri«ven'shon, n. The act One who pretends; one who lays excellent: fine; nice; ironically, pri— claim to anything; [cap.] Eng. hist. of preventing. preventive, meaning the opposite. adv. In some a name applied to the son and ven'tiv, a. Tending to prevent or degree; moderately; expressing a the medicine, Preventive grandson of James II, the heirs to hinder. degree less than very (pretty well, the house of Stuart, who laid claim prettily, prit'i-li, branch of medical practice which large, sure, etc.). to the British crown, from which seeks to guard against disease and adv. In a pretty manner; with pretprettiness, prit'their house had been excluded by its spread.— n. That which prevents; tiness; pleasingly. enactment of Parliament. pretense, that which intercepts the access or i«nes, n. State or quality of being approach of something; an antidote. pri«tens', n. [From L. praetentum, pretty; diminutive beauty; beauty preventively, pri«ven'tivli, adv. later praetensum, pp. of praetendo.] without stateliness or dignity; neatThe act of pretending; the presenting By way of prevention. ness and taste exhibited on small to others, either in words or actions, objects; affected niceness; foppish- previous, pre'vi«us, a. [L. praevtus prae, before, and via, a way. voyage, of a false or hypocritical appearance prettyish, prit'i'ish, a. Someness. way.] Going before in time; being false show or statement intended to what pretty. mislead; a pretext; an excuse; a pretzel, pret'sel, n. [G. bretzel.] A or happening before something else; antecedent ; prior. Previous question. Escutcheon of claim, true or false. crisp, glazed, salty, knotlike cracker. See question. previously, pre'vi— pretense (.heraldry), a small shield set prevail, pri«val', v.i. [Fr. prevaloir, us«li, adv. In time preceding; beforein the center of a husband's arms, from L. praevaleo prae, before, and valid.] To hand; antecedently. .*. Syn. under bearing those of his wife when she is valere, to be strong, pre'vi— FORMERLY. previousness, an heiress or co-heiress in blood. overcome; to gain the victory or us«nes, n. Priority in time. pretension, pri«ten'shon, n. [Fr. with over or often superiority: previse, pri«viz', v.t. prevised, prepretention.] Claim true or false; a against; to be in force; to have vising. [L. praevisus, pp. oipraevtdeo holding out the appearance of posextensive power or influence (a prae, before, and video, to see. visessing a certain character; an alleged disease, a custom prevails in a place) pretentious, pri— sion.] To foresee; to forewarn.— or assumed right. to have predominant influence; to prevision, pri«vizh'on, n. Foresight; ten'shus, a. Full of pretension; atsucceed; to overcome or gain over foreknowledge; prescience. tempting to pass for more than one is by persuasion with cm or upon (they prevailing, prey, pra, n. [O. E. preie, praie, O.Fr. worth ; pretending to a superiority not prevailed on him to go).

—

—

—

—

A

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

A

— —

—

— —

A

—

—

A

—

—

—

—

— —

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

:

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

—

note, not,

move;

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—

——

—

;

— —

659

prate (Fr. proie), from L. praeda, plunder, whence predatory, depredation.) Spoil; booty; goods taken from an enemy in war; anything taken by violence and injustice; a victim; that which is seized by carnivorous animals to be devoured. Beast of prey, a carnivorous animal, or one that feeds on the flesh of other animals. v.i. To take prey or booty; to feed by violence with on or upon before the object of rapine; to rest heavily, as on the mind; to waste gradually (grief preyed on him). Priapean, pri«a«pe'an, a. Pertaining to the Roman deity Priapus, the god of procreation; grossly sensual; obscene. price, pris, n. [O.Fr. pris, preis, Fr. prix, from L. pretium, a price; the

with prickles; stinging in feeling.

—

prickliness, prik'li»nes, n. prickly heat, n. The popular name for a heat rash. prickly pear, n. variety of cactus covered with clusters of spines, and producing edible fruit. pride, prid, n. [A. Sax. pryte, pride, from prut, proud. proud.] The quality or state of being proud;

—

—

same word

as praise,

and

A

First in order of time; original; primitive; first; first in dignity or importance; chief; principal; elementary; preparatory, or lowest in order (primary schools); first in intention; radical; original; as the primary sense of a word. Primary accent, accent (') on the stressed Primary cell, syllable of a word.

—

A

:

—

elect,

offices;

torial

pol. sci. election

among many non-

A woman who

—

officiates

—

—

order composed of priests; priests priest-ridden, a. Govcollectively. erned or entirely swayed by priests. prig, prig, n. [From prick, in old sense of to trim or dress up.l A pert, conpragmatical fellow. prigceited, gery, priggism, prig'er^i, prig'izm, n. The qualities of a prig; pertness;

—

—

—

—

priggish, prig'ish, a. Conconceit. priggishly, prig'ceited; affected. ish«li, adv. In a priggish manner; priggishness, prig'ish«nes, pertly. n. The state or quality of being priggish. prig, prig, n. [O.Fr. briguer, to steal, to act the highwayman; akin brigand.] v.t. thief; a low or mean thief. prigged, prigging. To filch; to steal.

—

—

pricks; a sharp-pointed instrument; one who pricks; a light horseman; one who tested whether women were witches by sticking pins into them. prickle, prik'l, n. [Dim. of prick.] little prick; a small sharp point; hot. a small pointed shoot or sharp process growing from the bark, and thus distinguished from the thorn, which grows from the wood of a plant; a sharp-pointed process or projection, as from the skin of an animal; a spine; a kind of basket. v.t. prickled, prickling. To prick slightly; to pierce with fine sharp points. prickly, prik'li, a. Full of ^harp points or prickles; armed

A

—

A

prim, prim, first,

a.

[O.Fr. prim, prime,

also thin, slender, neat;

from

prime.] Neat; L. primus, first. formal; precise; affectedly nice; demure. primly, prim'li, adv. In a prim or precise manner; with primprimness, prim'nes, n. Afness.

— — fected formality;

—

—

stiffness;

precise-

ness.

primacy. See primate. j,

job;

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

held to choose party

ly; essentially.

primate,

—

—

—

—

in

priestly, prest'li, a. sacred rites. Pertaining to a priest or to priests;

sacerdotal; becoming a priest. priestliness, prest'li«nes, The n. priestquality of being priestly. craft, prest 'kraft, n. Priestly policy or system of management based on temporal or material interest; policy of clergy to advance their own order. priesthood, prest'hod, n. The office or character of a priest; the

Comp.

Primary quills, the largcandidates. est feathers of the wings of a bird; Primary rocks, geol. rocks primaries. of the paleozoic group; former sense, primitive igneous rocks. n. That which stands highest in rank or importance, as opposed to secondprimarily, pri'ma«ri'li, adv. ary. In a primary manner; fundamental-

—

n.

cell.

—

Christian sects, the title of men selected and trained to perform sacred functions. priestess, pres'tes,

an ordinary voltaic

SECONDARY CELL, STORAGE BATTERY. color. Primary Primary colors. planet. Primary election, planets,

minister of sacrifice or other media-

A

g, go;

—

don'na. [It., chief female

prima facie, singer in an opera. fa'shi'e. [L. primus, first, and fades, face.] At first view or appearPrima facie evidence, law, ance. evidence having such a degree of probability that it must prevail unless the contrary be proved. primage, pri'mij, n. [From verb to charge paid by the shipper primed or consigner of goods to the master and sailors for loading the same; the amount of water carried off in steam from the boiler. primal, pri'mal, a. [From L. primus, first, prime.] Primary; first in time, order, or importance; original. primary, pri'ma«ri, a. [L. primarius.]

pridefully,prid'insolent; scornful. ful«li, adv. In a prideful manner. pridefulness, prid'ful«nes, n. The state or quality of being prideful. priest, prest, n. [A.Sax. preost, contr. presbyter.] from L. presbyter, clergyman of the Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, Orthodox, or Episcopalian church; a person consecrated to the ministry of the gospel; a man who officiates in sacred offices; a minister of public worship; a

—

——

prisma

priding.

The sum of money or the value which a seller sets on his goods in market; the current value of a commodity; the equivalent for which something is bought or sold; cost; value ; worth (a pearl of great price) estimation. Price of money, in com. the price of credit; the rate of discount at which capital may be lent or borrowed. priced, prist, a. Set at a value ; having a price mostly in composition (high-priced, low-priced). priceless, pris'les, a. Invaluable; inestimable; too valuable to admit of a price being fixed. prick, prik, n. [A. Sax. prica, pricu, a point, a dot = D. prik, Dan. prik, Sw. prick, dot, prick; comp. W. pric, a skewer, Ir. pricadh, a goad.] slender pointed thing hard enough to pierce the skin; a thorn; a skewer; a puncture or wound by a prick or prickle; a sting; fig. a stinging or tormenting thought; remorse; a dot or small mark (Shak.). To v.t. pierce with something sharp pointed; to puncture; to erect (said of the ears, hence, to prick up the ears, to listen with eager attention); to fix by a sharp point; to designate or set apart by a puncture or mark {pricked off for duty); to spur; to goad; to incite: often with on; to sting; to trace by puncturing; to render acid or pungent to the taste (the wine is pricked). v.i. To suffer or feel penetration by a point or sharp pain; to be punctured; to become acid; to spur on; to ride rapidly. prickeared, a. Having pointed ears; having ears standing up prominently. pricker, prik'er, n. That which

ch, Sc. loch;

prima donna, pre'ma first lady.] The first or

did show; ostentation. v.t.—prided, To indulge in pride; to value one's self: used refiexively. prideful, prid'ful, a. Full of pride;

prize, to

value.]

ch, chain;

A

inordinate self-esteem; an unreasonable conceit of one's own superiority over others; generous elation of heart; a noble self-esteem springing from a consciousness of worth; proud behavior; insolence; that which is or may be a cause of pride; that of which men are proud; one who or that which gives rise to pride or glorification; highest pitch; splen-

:

— —

prime

Priapean preie,

— ——

th, thin;

pri'mit,

n.

[Fr.

primat;

L.L. primas, primatis, from L. primus,

prime.]

first,

The

chief eccle-

churches, as the Anglican; an archbishop. The Archbishop of York is entitled primate of England the Archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England. Primates, the order of mammals consisting of man and the apes. primateship, primacy, pri'mat«ship, pri'ma«si, n. The office or dignity of primate or archbishop. primatial, pri«ma'shi«al, a. Pertaining to a primate. prime, prim, a. [L. primus, first; superl. of prior, former; same root as Skr. pra, Gr. and L. pro, before; prince, prim, E. fore, first, etc. primitive, etc.] First in order of time; primitive; original (prime cost); first in rank, degree, or dignity (prime minister); first in excellence, value, or importance; first-rate; capstage. in the first ital; early; Prime conductor, elect, the metallic conductor opposed to the glass plate or cylinder of an electrical machine. Prime cost, first or original cost; the sum or expenditure for which an article can be made or produced. Prime minister, in Great Britain, the first minister of state; the premier. Prime mover, the initial force which puts a machine in motion a machine which receives and modifies force as supplied by some natural source, siastic

in

certain

;

—

—

;

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

;

pnmero

— Prime number,

arith. a

number than

— Prime

etc.

number not

remainder by any

divisible without less

itself

except unity.

vertical, in astron. a celestial

great circle passing through the east zenith. n. The earliest stage or beginning of

and west points and the

anything; the dawn; the morning; the spring of the year; the spring of life; youth; full health, strength, or beauty; the highest or most perfect or most flourishing condition; the best part; that which is best in quality; in R. Cath. Ch. the first canonical hour, succeeding to lauds. primed, priming. [Lit. to perv.t. form a prime or first operation with, to prepare.] To put into a condition for being fired: said of a gun,

— —

supply with powder for communicating fire to a charge; painting, to cover with a ground or first color; to instruct or prepare a person beforehand what he is to say or do; to post up (to prime a witness). primely, prim'li, adv. In a prime manner or degree; most excellently. primeness, prim'nes, n. The quality of being prime; supreme excelprimer, primer or pri'mer, lence. n. [Fr. primaire, elementary, from L.

mine,

etc.; to

— —

—

A

primarius, from primus, first.] small elementary book for religious instruction or for teaching children to read; a book of elementary principles; print, a name given to two sizes of type, longprimer and greatpriming, priming, n. Gun. primer. and blasting, the powder used to ignite the charge; painting, the first layer of paint or size laid on a surface which is to be painted; steam engine, the carrying over of water spray with the steam from the boiler into the cylinder a troublesome defect. primero, pri«ma'ro, n. [Sp. primer o, first.] An old game at cards. primeval, prl«me'val, a. [L. primaevus primus, first, and aevum, age. prime, age.] Original; primitive; belonging to the first ages. primevally, pri»me'val«li, adv. In a primeval manner; in the earliest times.

—

—

—

—

primigenial, primigenius

pri«mi'je'ni«al,

—primus,

first,

[L.

a.

and root

gen. to beget.] First-born; original;

primary.

primine, pri'min,

n. [L. primus, first.] Bot. the outermost sac or covering of an ovule, the inner being termed

forth.]

first,

and pario,

[L.

a.

to

Bearing young for the

bring first

time.

primitive, prim'i«tiv, a. [L. primiearliest of its kind, from tivus, prime.] Pertaining to primus, first, the beginning or origin; original; first; old-fashioned; characterized by the simplicity of old times; gram. applied to a word in its simplest etymological form; not derived; radical;

theory that cultures of primitive or early chronological date are superior to present-day culture. primitiveness, prim'i»tiv«nes, n. primly, primness. See prim. primogeniture, pri«mo«jen'i«cher, n. [Fr. primogeniture, from L. primus, first, and genitura, a begetting, from gigno, genitum, to beget, gender, genus.] The state of being born first of the same parents; seniority by birth among children; the right or principle under which the eldest son of a family succeeds to the father's real estate, in preference to, and in absolute exclusion of the younger primogenitor, sons and daughters. pri«mo«jen'i«ter, n. [L. primus, and genitor, father.] The first father or

—

forefather; an ancestor.

primordial, pri'mor'di'al, a. [L. primordialis, from primordium, beginning, origin primus, first, and ordior, to commence, prime, order.] First in order, original, existing from the beginning; bot. and zool. earliest formed. n. A first principle or element. primordially, pri«mor'di«al«li, adv. Under the first order of

—

things; at the beginning.

primp, primp,

primary;

bot.

original,

in

opposition to forms resulting from hybridization. Primitive colors. See color, n. A person of simple primitively, prim'i»tiv»li, culture. primitivism, prim'i«tiv»izm, n. adv.

——

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

v.t.

[From prim, or

perhaps a form of prink.] one's

self

a

in

stiff

and

To

deck

affected

manner.

primrose, prim'roz,

n.

[O.E. prime-

from L.L. primula, the primrose, from primus, role

Fr. primerole,

(as the first flower of spring); the last syllable was changed to rose to give the word an English appearance and a sort of meaning; comp. barberry, etc.] The common name herbaceous several beautiful for plants, both cultivated and wild, with flowers colored red, white, and yellow, and with each flower growing on a separate stem or peduncle rather than in clusters; a dye derived from coal tar, pinkish-yellow in color; when referred to as a shade, signifies a pale greenish-yellow it tint. a. Resembling a primrose in color; abounding with primroses; flowery; florid; excessively ornate. primrose path, n. The leading of a gay or merry life ; indulgence in the showy and sensual pleasures of life. primrose yellow, n. A reddish-

first

yellow color. prince, prins, ceps,

first,

from L. prinprince, a chief and capio, to take.

n. [Fr.,

principis,

a

prime, capable.] A man holding the first or highest rank a sovereign a sovereign who has the government of a particular territory, but owes ;

certain

services to a superior; the

son of a sovereign; a male member of a royal family; the chief of any body of men; a man at the head of

any

class,

profession, etc.

—

(a

mer-

chant prince). princess, prin'ses. n. The daughter of a sovereign; a woman of grandeur, such as a prina. cess; the consort of a prince. Denoting a close-fitting, one-piece dress or slip (also princesse.). princely, prins'li, a. Pertaining to a prince; resembling a prince; noble; grand; august; magnificent. prince-

me, met, her;

—

pine, pin;

— ;

print

A

primus,

secundine.

primiparous, prl«mip'a«rus, primus,

——

660

steam engine,

as a waterwheel, a

—

——

———

note, not,

move;

—

prince conliness, prins'li«nes, n. sort, n. The husband of a reigning

queen. principal, prin'si»pal,

a. [L. principrinceps, first in time or

from

palis,

order, a chief. prince.] Chief; highest in rank, character, authority, or importance; first; main; essential; most considerable. n. chief or head; one who takes a leading part; the chief executive of an educational institution, particularly, of an elementary or secondary public school law, the actor or absolute perpetrator of a crime, or an abettor; one who

A

engages another person to act as his representative or agent com. a capital ;

sum

on

due

as a debt, so called in distinction to interest; carp, a main timber in an assemblage of pieces. principality, prin«si»pari»ti, n. [Fr.

or

lent

interest,

used as

a

fund:

principalite.] Sovereignty; supreme power; a prince, or one invested with sovereignty; the territory of a prince,

or the country which gives title to principally, prin'si«pal»li, a prince. adv. In the chief place; chiefly;

—

above

all.

principle, prin'si«pl, n. [Fr. principe, from L. principium, a beginning, origin, element, from princeps, prinprince. As to the insertion of cipis. the / comp. participle, syllable.] Beginning:}: commencement^ a source of origin; the primary source from which anything proceeds; element; general substance; a primordial truth; a law comprehending many subordinate truths; a law on which others are founded or from which others are derived; an axiom; a maxim; a tenet; a governing law of conduct; a settled rule of action; a right rule of conduct; uprightness (a man of principle); ground of conduct; a motive; chem. a component part; an element; a substance on the presence of which certain qualities common to a number of bodies depend. prink, pringk, v.i. [A slightly modified form of prank.] To prank; to dress for show; to strut; to put on statelyv.t. To deck; to adorn fantasairs. ;

;

tically. v.t. [Fr. preinte, from preindre, from L. primo, pressum, to press, press.] To impress or imprint upon, as to mark or stamp ; to impress with or convince of an idea; to apply something with pressure so as to leave a mark; to make an impression or mark with type, engraved

print, print,

; to perform all operations necessary to produce a book, per-

plates, etc. iodical,

(to

etc.

stamp designs,

print

a

letters,

story);

etc.,

on

to (to

print labels); to produce or publish in print (to print a scandal); to

or words in characters type, as opposed to writing them; photog. to transfer images from negatives or the like to a sensitized surface; to impress

form

letters

similar

a

or n.

to

design

A mark

To use v.i. cloth. art of printing. made by impression; a

on

practice

the

stamp; a die, mold, or stamp; that which receives a mark or impression tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——

— ——

—

— —

——

;

from

or mold; the state of being printed (it

die

a

condition

appeared in print); that which is produced by printing, especially an engraving; a newspaper or other periodical ; printed cloth.

—printable,

print'a«ble, a.— printed circuit, n. circuit for electronic devices made

A

by depositing conductive material in continuous paths between terminals on an insulating surface. printer, print'er, n. ing,

—printing, print-

proa

a public building for the confinement or safe custody of criminals and others committed by process of law; a jail. v.t. To shut up in a prison; to confine; to imprison. prisoner, priz'on«er, n. One who is confined in a prison; a person under arrest, whether in prison or not; a captive; one taken by an enemy in war; one whose liberty is restrained, as a bird in a cage. prisoner's base, n. game consisting

enjoyed; a peculiar advantage. Question of privilege, in parliament, a question affecting the privileges appertaining to the members. v.t. To grant some privilege, right, or exemption to; to invest with a peculiar right or immunity; to authorize; to

A

The combined

n.

processes production of

which go into the

chiefly of running and being pursued from goals or bases. pristine, pris'ten, a. [L. pristinus; same root as prior, prime, etc.] Belonging to a primitive or early state or period; original; primitive. private, pri'vit, a. [L. privatus, from privo, to separate, from privus, separate, peculiar (seen also in deprive, privilege).] Peculiar to one's self; belonging to or concerning

books, periodicals, etc., by impression from movable type, plates, etc. all the books, etc., printed in one edition; writing in which the letters are similar in form to type; the act of a person or device that prints. printing press, n. press for the printing of books, etc. prior, prior, a. [L. prior, a compar. to which primus, first, is the superl. PRIME.] Preceding, especially in the

A

an individual only; personal; opposed to public or national; not known, open, or accessible to people in general; secret; not invested with public office or employment; not having a public or official character; unconnected with others; solitary; participating in knowledge;

order of time; earlier; antecedent; anterior. adv. Previously; antecedently (he had never been there prior to that time). n. The superior of a priory or a monastery of lower than abbatial rank; a monk next dignity to an abbot. in Grand prior, a title given to the commandants of the priories of the military orders of St. John of Jerusalem, of Malta, and of the Templars. priorate, priorship, pri'or*at, pri'or«ship, n. The dignity or office of a prior. prioress, pri'or«es, n. The female head in a convent of nuns, next in rank to an abbess. pri«or'i«ti,

n.

The

n.

soldier;

private or in retirement; seclusion; solitude; secrecy; retirement. privately, pri'vit«li, adv. In a private or secret manner; not openly or publicly; in a manner affecting an individual ; personally. privateness,

—

state

—

A

pri'vit«nes, n. The state of being privateer, pri«va«ter', n. private.

— war

abbey.

prizm,

n. [L. and Gr. a sawn piece, from prizo, to saw.] solid whose bases or ends are any similar, equal, and parallel plane figures, and whose sides are parallelograms; a bar of glass with a triangular section, used for decomposing light, as in spectrum analysis. prismatic, prismatical, priz«mat'ik, priz«mat'i«kal, a.

A

owned and equipped more private persons,

vessel of

by one or and licensed by

lit.

A

a

government

to

or plunder the ships of an enemy in war. v.i. To cruise in a privateersman, pri«va— privateer. terz'man, n. An officer or seaman' of a privateer. privation, pri«va'shon, n. [L. privatio, from privo, to bereave.] The state of being deprived; deprivation of what is necessary for comfort; destitution; want ; the act of removing something seize

—

—

—

Resembling or pertaining to a prism; formed or exhibited by a prism.

A common

one of the lowest rank in the army. privacy, pri'va«si, n. A state of being secretly.

prior or antecedent in of preceding something else; precedence in place or rank. priory, pri'e»ri, n. religious house of which a prior or prioress is the superior, in dignity below an

prisma,

of

financed from private sources, rather than public agencies. Private nurse, a nurse caring for one patient. In private, not publicly or openly;

of being time, or

prism,

said

milit.

soldier.

—

priority,

a common Private hospital, a hospital

privy;

—

—

Prismatic colors, the colors

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. prismatically, priz— mat'i'kal'li, adv. In the form or manner of a prism; by means of a

privative, priv'a«tiv, a. possessed. Causing deprivation; gr am. changing the sense from positive to negative. n. prefix to a word which gives it a contrary sense, as un and in inhuman. privatively, in unwise, priv'a«tiv«li, adv. In a private man-

prism.

ner.

which a ray of light is decomposed in passing through a prism:

into

A

—

prismatoidal, —Having

—

priz«ma«toi'-

dal, a.

A

prismoidal, priz»moi'dal, a. Having the form of a prismoid. prison, priz'on or priz'n, n. [Fr. prison, from L. prehensio, prehensionis, a capture, from prehendo, to seize (whence prehensile, etc.). apprehend.] A place, of confinement or involuntary restraint; especially, ch, chain;

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

separate, peculiar, and lex, legis, a law. private, legal.] right or advantage enjoyed by a person or body of persons beyond the common advantages of other individuals; a private or personal favor

A

j,

;'ob;

license. priv'i, a. [Fr. prive, from L. privatus. private.] Private; assigned to private uses; not public; secret; not seen openly; appropriated to retirement; sequestered (O.T.); privately knowing; admitted to the participation of knowledge with another of a secret transaction {privy latrine or necessary to a thing). n. house. Gentlemen of the privy chamber, officers of the royal household of Britain who attend on the sovereign at court, in progresses, etc. privily, priv'i«li, adv. In a privy manner ; privately ; secretly. privity, priv'i«ti, n. Privacy^; private knowledge; joint knowledge with another of a private concern; pi. secret parts; the genital organs.—Privy Council, n. The principal council

privy,

A

—

of the English sovereign, the members of which are chosen at his or her privy councilor, n. A pleasure. member of the privy council. privy seal, n. In England, the seal ap-

—

ng, sin^;

TH,

then;

th, thin;

—

pended to grants which are afterward to pass the great seal, and to documents of minor importance; the secretary of state who is entrusted with the privy seal is called lord privy seal. prize, priz, n. [Fr. prise, a taking, capture, prize, from prendre, to take, from L. prehendo, to seize, prison.] That which is taken from an enemy in war, particularly a ship, with the property taken in it; that which is deemed a valuable acquisition; any gain or advantage; that which is obtained or offered as the reward of exertion or contest; that which is won in a lottery, or in any prize court, n. similar way. court which adjudicates on captures made at sea. prize fight, n. pugilistic encounter or boxing match prize fighter, n. A for a prize. professional pugilist or boxer. prize fighting, n. Boxing in public prize money, n. for a reward. Money distributed among the captors of a ship or place where booty has been obtained, in certain proportions according to rank, the money being realized from the sale of the prize or booty. prize ring, ring or enclosed place for n. prize fighting; prize fighters collectively (a member of the prize

— — —

A A

—

—

A

ring).

prize, priz,

privet, priv'et, n. [Etym. unknown.] A shrub frequently planted to form ornamental hedges in gardens. privilege, priv'i»lej, n. [L. privilegium, an exceptional law, from privus,

a prismlike form. prismoid, priz moid, n. body that approaches to the form of a prism.

— ——

—— —

661

prior or

—— —

—

prized, prizing. [Fr. v.t. priser, to value, to set a price on, from L. pretium, a price, price, set or estimate the precious.]

To

value of; to rate; to value highly; to consider of great worth; to esteem. a. Meriting award of a prize, as prize cattle. pro, pro, adv. [L. preposition, for, in favor of.] For, opposed to con (against); on the affirmative side. proa, pro a, n. [Malay prau, prahu.]

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

— 662

probable

A

kind of Malay vessel with one side flat, and an outrigger adjusted sometimes to the leeward side and sometimes to both sides, remarkable for swiftness.

probable, prob'a«bl, a. [Fr. probable, from L. probabilis, that may be proved, probable, from probo, to prove, prove.] Supported by or based on evidence which inclines the

mind room

to belief, but leaves some for doubt; likely; rendering something probable (probable eviprobabilism, prob'a«bil«dence). izm, n. R. Cath. theol. a theory, which, when there are two contrary

—

opinions on a point of morality, considers it lawful to adopt that which is the more in agreement with personal inclination, provided it be supported by some weighty

prob'a«bil«—probabilist, maintains the theory of probabilism. — probability, prob— L. prob-

authority.

One who

ist, n.

a«bil'i«ti, n. [Fr. probability,

The

of being probable-; likelihood; appearance of truth; anything that has the appearance of reality or truth (in this sense with a plural); math, the ratio of the number of chances by which an event may happen, to the number by which it may both happen and fail. probably, prob'a«bli, adv. In a probable manner; in all likelihood; as is probable; likely. probang, pro'bang, n. [Probably from probe.] Surg, a long slender elastic rod of whalebone, with a piece of sponge securely attached to one end, intended to push down anything stuck in the gullet. abilitas.]

state or quality

—

probate, pro'bat, n. [L. probatus, from probo, to prove.] A proceeding before proper authorities by which person's will or testament is established as such and registered. probate court, n. court concerned with the probate of wills, and all a

A

matters relating thereto.

probation, pro«ba'shon, batio, probationis, an

[L. pro-

apply a probe to; to examine by a probe; fig. to search to the bottom; to examine thoroughly into. probity, prob'i«ti, n. [L. probitas, from probus, worthy, honest, good.] Tried virtue or integrity; strict honesty; rectitude ; uprightness ; high principle.

problem, prob'lem,

n. [Fr. problhne, L. problema, from Gr. problema pro, before, and ballo, to throw.] A question proposed for solution, decision, or determination; a knotty point requiring to be cleared up; geom. a proposition requiring some operation to be performed, differing from a theorem in that the latter requires something to be proved. problematic, problematical, prob-

—

le«mat'ik, prob«le«mat'i«kal, a. Questionable; uncertain; disputable; problematically, prob— doubtful. le«mat'i«kal«li, adv. In a problemati-

—

manner. proboscis, pro«bos'sis, cal

n.

pi.

pro-

boscides, pro«bos'si«dez. [L. proboscis, from Gr. proboskis pro, before, and bosko, to feed.] The snout or trunk projecting from the head of an elephant and other animals; the horny tube formed by the modified jaws of insects, used for sucking blood from animals or juice from plants; the nose; used humorously or in ridicule. proboscidian, pro— bos«sid'i-an, a. Furnished with a proboscis; proboscidean. proboscidean, pro«bos«sid'i-an, a. and n. Pertaining to, or one of, those mammals which have the nose prolonged into a prehensile trunk, as the elephant, etc. procaine, pro'cain, n. [From prefix basic ester pro and (co)caine.] of para-amino benzoic acid used as a local anesthetic, also called novocaine. procathedral, pro«ka«the'dral, n. church that serves temporarily as a

—

—

—

A

A

approving. probable.] The act of proving; proof; any proceeding designed to

character, qualifications, or the like; a preliminary or preparatory trial or examination; a period of time during which a delinquent must report at regular intervals to officer. probationer, a probation ascertain

—

pr6«ba'shon«er, n. One who is on probation or trial; a delinquent under the supervision of a probation officer; the designation given to a student nurse during her first year of training. probation officer, n. One to whom a probationer must report at regular intervals. probative, pro'ba«tiv, a. Serving for trial or proof. probatory, pro'bato«ri, a. Serving for trial; pertaining to or serving for proof. probe, prob, n. [From L. probo, to test, to try, to prove, prove.] A surgeon's instrument for examining the depth or other circumstances of a wound, ulcer, or cavity; an investigation; a device that is launched into outer space in order to gather information. v.t. probed, probing.

—

—

—

—

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

L. procedo

—

pro, cede.] To

to go.

onward;

[Fr. proceder; before, and cedo, move, pass, or go v.i.

to continue or

renew mo-

tion or progress; to advance; to go on; to pass from one point, stage, or topic to another; to issue or come, as from an origin, source, or fountain; to set to work and go on in a certain way; to act according to some method; to begin and carry on a legal action. procedure, pro— se'dur, n. [Fr. procedure.] Manner of proceeding or acting; a course or mode of action; conduct; a step taken; a proceeding. proceeding, pro-se'ding, n. The act of one who proceeds; a measure or step taken; a transaction; a mode of conduct; pi. the course of steps in the prosecution of actions at law; the record or account of the transactions of a proceeds, pro'sedz, n. pi. society.

—

—

—

accruing from some transaction; the value of goods sold or converted into money.

The amount process,

pros'es,

n.

[L. processus, to proceed.

from procedo, processum,

proceed.] A proceeding or moving forward; progressive course; way

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

;

in which something goes on ; gradual progress; course; series of actions or experiments (a chemical process); series of motions or changes going on, as in growth, decay, etc., in physical bodies; course; lapse; a passing or elapsing (the process of time); law, the whole course of proceedings in a cause; a projecting portion of something; especially, in anat. any protuberance or projecting part of a bone or other body; printing done from photoengraved plates. Process printing, n. A method of reproducing objects in natural

chiefly pictures, by means four, or more photoengravings, each printing in a different color, and printed one over the other. procession, pro«sesh'on, n. [L. processio.] The act of proceeding or issuing forth; a train of persons colors,

of three,

—

walking, or riding on horseback or in vehicles, in a formal march. processional, pro«sesh'on«al, n. R. Cath. Ch. a prayer or hymn used process for religious processions. server, n. A bailiff or sheriff's

—

officer.

proces-verbal, pro«sa«var«bal, n. In French law, a detailed authentic account of an official proceeding; a statement of

note, not,

move;

facts.

proclaim, pro«klam', v.t. [L. proclamo pro, before, and clamo, to cry out. claim.] To make known by public announcement; to promulgate; to announce; to publish; to outlaw by public denunciation.

—

pr6«kla'mer, n. One proclamation, proclaims. prok'la«ma'shon, n. [L. proclamatio.] The act of proclaiming; an official public announcement or declaration a published ordinance. proclitic, pro'klit'ik, n. [From Gr. pro, forward, and klino, to lean.] Greek gram, a monosyllabic word so closely attached to a following

proclaimer,

—

who

word

proceed, pro«sed',

—

procreate

To

cathedral. n.

—

—

as

to

have

no independent

existence and therefore no accent. proclivity, pro»kliv'i«ti, n. [L. proclivitas, from pro, before, and clivus, Inclination; acclivity.] a slope, propensity; proneness; tendency; readiness. proconsul, pro«kon'sul, n. [L., from pro, for, and consul.) In ancient Rome an officer who discharged the duties of a consul without being himself consul; generally one who had been consul. proconsular, proton sul»er, a. Pertaining to a proproconsulproconsulate, consul. ship, pro«kon'sul«at, pro-kon'sul— ship, n. The office of a proconsul.

—

—

procrastinate,

pro»kras'ti«nat, v.t. procrastinating. [L. procrastino, procrastinatus—pro, forward, and crastinus, belonging to the

—procrastinated,

morrow, from eras, to-morrow.] To put off from day to day; to delay;

v.i. To to defer to a future time. procrastidelay; to be dilatory. nation, pr6'kras'ti«na"shon, n. The act or habit of putting off to a future

—

—

procrastinator, dilatoriness. ; pr6«kras'ti«na'ter, n. One who procrastinates.

time

procreate, pro 'kri»at, tube, tub, bull;

oil,

v.t.

—procreat-

pound.

— —

— — —

—

— Procrustean

—

an awl; a

—

—

—procreator, One that begets; —procreant, pro'procreans, procreantis,

procreating.

pro'kri«a«ter,

n.

a father or sire. kri«ant, a. [L. ppr. of procreo.]

Procreating; pro-

or lavish; a waster; a spendthrift. prodigality, prod»i»gal'i»ti, n. Extravagance in expenditure; profusion; waste ; excessive or profuse liberality prodigally, prod'i«gal«li, adv. In a prodigal manner; extravagantly; lav-

ducing young; assisting in producing youngf. n. One who or that which procreates.

Procrustean, pro«krus'ti«an,

a.

—

Per-

taining to or resembling Procrustes,

a robber of ancient Greece, who tortured his victims by placing them on a bed, and stretching or lopping off their legs to adapt the body to its length; hence, acting

ishly; wastefully; profusely. a. [Fr. prodigieux; L. prodigiosus, strange, wonderful, from prodigium, a prodigy.]

prodigious, pr6«dij'us,

Of

the nature of a prodigy^; extraordinary; very great; huge; enormous; excessive; intense. prodigiously, pr6«dij'us»li, adv. Enormously; astonishingly; excessively. prodigiousness, pr6»dij'us«nes, n. prodigy, prod'i«ji, n. [L. prodigium.] Something extraordinary from which omens are drawn; a portent; anything very extraordinary; a wonder or miracle (he is a prodigy of learning); something out of the ordinary course of nature. produce, pro«dus', v.t. produced, producing. [L. produco pro, before, forward, and ducere, to lead, bring. duke.] To bring forward; to bring or offer to view or notice; to exhibit; to bring forth; to give birth to; to bear, furnish, yield; to cause, effect, bring about; to make; to bring into being or form; to make accrue (money produces interest); geom. to draw out in length; to extend (to produce a line for a certain v.i. To bring forth or distance). yield appropriate offspring, products, or consequences. total proproduce, prod'us, n. duced, brought forth, or yielded; the outcome yielded by labor and natural growth; yield or production (the produce of a farm or of a counproducer, pro«du'ser, n. One try). who or that which produces; one who finances or supervises the making of motion pictures, plays, producers' goods, n. Instruetc. ments of production; tools and raw materials ; economic goods that benefit the consumer only indirectly. producible, pro«du'si'bl, a. Capable of being produced. product, prod'thing ukt, n. [L. productum.] which is produced by nature, as that fruit, grain, or vegetables; which is yielded by the soil; that which is produced by labor or mental application; a production; something resulting as a consequence; result; math, the result of, or quantity produced by, the multiplication of two numbers or quanti-

producing uniformity by deforming or mutilating. proctor, prok'ter, n. [Contr. from procurator; comp. proxy.] A procurator; a person employed to manage another's cause in a court of civil or ecclesiastical law; an official in a similarly;

university whose function that good order is kept

obedience

is

—

— —

to see

and that

—

maintained. proctoPertaining to a proctorship, n. is

rial, prok«t6'ri«al, a.

proctor.

—

procumbent, pr6«kum'bent,

—pro,

a.

[L.

—

forward, and cumber e, to lie.] Lying down; prone; bot. trailing; prostrate; lying on the ground, but without putting forth roots (a procumbent stem).

procumbens

procurator. prok'u»ra«ter, n. [L., one who manages, an agent, from procuro. procure.] The manager of another's affairs; one who undertakes the care of legal proceedings for another; a governor of a province under the Roman emperors. procuratorial, pro«ku'ra«t6"ri«al, a. Pertaining to a procurator or proctor. procuracy, prok'u«ra«si, n. The office or service of a procurator; the management of an affair for another. procuration, pro«ku«ra'-

—

shon,

—Management

n.

affairs;

the

of another's

—

a person is the affairs of another. procure, pro»kur', v.t. procured, procuring. [Fr. procurer, from L. procurare, to take care of, to attend to pro, for, and cura, care, cure.] To obtain, as by request, loan, effort, labor, or purchase; to get, gain, come into possession of; to bring on; to attract (modesty procures respect) ; to cause, bring about, effect, contrive. v.i. To pimp. procurable, pr6«ku'ra«bl, a. Capable of being procured; obtainable.

—

n.

—

The

of procuring or obtaining. procurer, pro-ku'rer, n. One that procures; a pimp; a pander. procuress, pr6'ku«res, n. femaie pimp; a bawd. procurvation, pro«ker«va'shon, n. [L. pro, forward, and curvatio, a curving.] bending forward. prod, prod, n. [A form of brod, brad.] A pointed instrument, as a goad or

A

ties together.

shon,

The

A

ch, Sc. loch;

g,

go;

productions of the earth, of art, of intellect). productive, pro«duk'tiv, a. Having the power of" producing; fertile; producing good crops; bringing into being; causing to exist (an age productive of great

—

men);

pol.

which j,

;'ob;

—

—

—

—

—

profess, pro«fes',

A

an exchange value; that produced or made (the

is

TH,

then;

—

prO'fa'ner, n. One who profanes. profanity, pr6»fan'i«ti, n. The quality of being profane; that which is profane; profane language or conduct.

—production, pnvduk'-

ng, sin^;

com-

producing

— —

act or process of producing; econ. the producing of articles

having

econ.

—

[L. productio, productionis.]

n.

pol.

modities of great value; adding to prothe wealth of the world. ductively, pro«duk'tiv«li, adv. In productivea productive manner. ness, pro«duk'tivnes, n. The quality of being productive. productivity, pr6«duk«tiv'i«ti, n. Power of producing; state or quality of being productive. proem, prd'em, n. [Fr. protme, from L. prooemium, Gr. prooimion pro, before, and oimos, way.] Preface; introduction ; preliminary observaprotions to a book or writing. emial, pr6«em'i«al, a. Having the character of a proem. profane, pr6»fan', a. [Fr. profane, from L. profanus, profane, unholy pro, forth from, and fanum, a temple. fane.] Not sacred or devoted to sacred purposes; not possessing any peculiar sanctity; secular; irreverent toward God or holy things ; speaking or spoken, acting or acted in contempt of sacred things or implying Profane it; blasphemous; polluted. history, all history other than biblical. v.t. profaned, profaning. To treat as if not sacred or deserving reverence; to treat with irreverence, impiety, or sacrilege; to desecrate (to profane the name of God, or the Sabbath); to put to a wrong use; to employ basely or unworthily. profanation, prof«a«na'shon, n. The act of profaning; the violating of sacred things, or the treating of them with contempt or irreverence; desecration; the act of treating with too little delicacy. profanely, pro— fan'li, adv. In a profane manner; problasphemously. impiously ; faneness, pro«fan'nes, n. profaner,

—

act

ch, chain;

—

A

document by which empowered to transact

procurement, pr6«kur'ment,

—

from pro, forth, and ago, to drive. act.] Given to extravagant expenditure; expending wastefully; profuse; lavish; wasteful; lavishly bountiful. n. One that expends money extravagantly; one that is profuse

Having the power or func-

of

stab.

To

ding.

—

— profess

prodded, prodv.t. prick with a pointed instrument; to goad. prodigal, prod'i»gal, a. [L.L. prodigalis, from L. prodigus, prodigal,

procreating. [L. procreo pro, create.] before, and creo, to create, To beget; to generate and produce; procreation, pro«kri>to engender. a'shon, n. The act of procreating or procreative, pro'kri*begetting.

tion

.

663

ed,

a«tiv, a.

— ——

—

th, thin;

v.t. [L. profiteri, to declare, acknowledge, profess pro, before, and fateor, to avow; same root as fame, fable, fate.] To make open declaration of; to avow, acknowledge, own; to acknowledge or own publicly to be; to lay claim openly to the character of: used refl. (to profess one's self a Christian); to make a show of; to make protestations or a pretense of; to pretend (to profess great friendship for a person); to declare one's self versed in (he professes v.i. To declare openly; surgery). to make any declaration or assertion. professedly, pro«fes'ed«li, adv. By

professus,

—

—

profession, profession; avowedly. pro'fesh'on, n. [L. professio.] The act of professing; a public avowal or acknowledgment of one's sentiments or belief; a declaration; a representation or protestation {professions of friendship or sincerity); a calling superior to a mere trade

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

— ——

— ——

—

—

———

proffer

664

or handicraft, as that of medicine, law, architecture, etc.; a vocation; the collective body of persons engaged in such calling. professional, pro«fesh'on«al, a. Pertaining to a profession; engaged in a profession. n. A member of any profession, but more often applied, in opposition to amateur, to persons who make

derive profit; to improve; to make progress intellectually or morally; to gain pecuniarily; to become richer; to be of use or advantage; to profitable, prof i«ta«bl, bring good. a. Yielding or bringing profit or gain; gainful; lucrative; useful; adprofitableness, profvantageous. i»ta«bl»nes, n. The quality of being profitably, prof i«ta«bli, profitable. adv. In a profitable manner; gainfully ; advantageously. profiteer, profiteer', n. A trader who takes advantage of abnormal conditions, such as those of wartime, to make excessive profit. v.i. To make ex-

—

—

by

their living

arts,

etc.,

in

which

nonprofessionals are accustomed to engage. professionally, pro«fesh'on«al«li, adv. In a professional manner; in the way of one's profession or calling. professor, pro«fes'er, n. [L.] One who professes; one who publicly unites himself to the visible church; one who is visibly or ostensibly religious; one that publicly teaches any art, science, or branch of learning; particularly, an official in a university, college, or other seminary, whose business is to deliver lectures or instruct students. professorial, pro«fes«s6'ri«al, a. Pertaining to a professor in a college, etc. professoriate, pro«fes«s6'ri«at, n. A body of professors ; the teaching staff of professors. professorship, pro«fes'er»ship, n. The office of a professor. proffer, prof'er, v.t. [Fr. proferer, from L. proferr e, to bring forward

—

—

—

—

—

pro, before, and ferre, to bring. FERTILE, BEAR.] To hold OUt that a person may take; to offer for acceptance. An offer made; n. something proposed for acceptance by another. proficient, pro«fish'ent, n. [L. pro-

from proficio, I advance, make improve pro, forward, progress, and facto, to make, fact.] One

ficiens,

who

has made considerable advances in any business, art, science, or branch of learning; an adept; an expert. a. Well versed in any business or branch of learning; well

—

qualified ; competent proficiently, pro-fish 'ent'li, adv. In a proficient manner. proficiency, pro«fish'en«si, n. The state of being proficient; .

—

skill

and knowledge.

profile, pro'fil, n. [Fr. profil, from It. profilo; from L. pro, before, and filum, a thread, line.] An outline or contour; especially an outline of the human face seen sideways; the side face or half face; the outline or contour of anything, such as a building, portion of country, etc., as shown by a section. Used also as adj. v.t. profiled, profiling. To draw in profile; to give a profile of. profit, profit, n. [Fr. profit, from L. profectus, progress, increase, from proficio, to advance, to improve.

—

proficient.] Any advantage; an accession of good from labor or exertion; especially, the advantage or gain resulting to the owner of

employment

any undertaking; the difference between the original cost and selling price of anything; pecuniary gain; emolument. Rate of profit, the proportion which the amount of profit bears to the capital employed. v.t. To benefit; to advantage; to be capital

from

its

of service to; to advance. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

in

v.i.

To

— —

—

profits.

profit«les, —profitless, gain, or advantage.

a. Void of profit, profligate, profli«git, a. [L. profligatus, pp. of profligo, to rout, to ruin pro, intens., and fligo, to strike down; seen also in conflict, inflict, etc.] Ruined in morals; abandoned to vice; lost to virtue or decency; vicious ; shameless in wickedness. n. An abandoned person; one who has lost all regard to good principles, virtue, or decency. profligately, prof li«git«li, adv. In a profligacy, profprofligate manner.

—

ligateness, profli*prof li«ga«si, git«nes, n. The quality or condition of being profligate; a profligate or very vicious course of life; aban-

doned conduct. profound, profound',

a. [Fr. proprofundus pro, forward, far, and fundus, bottom, found, fund.] Deep; descending or being far below the surface, or far below the adjacent places; having great depth; intellectually deep; deep in knowledge or skill (a profound scholar); characterized by intensity; far-reaching; deeply felt (profound grief); touching; bending low; humble; exhibiting or expressing humility (a profound bow, profound reverence). n. The deep; the sea; the ocean (with the); an abyss; a deep immeasurable space. profoundly, pro-found'li, adv. In a profound manner. profoundness, pro-found'profunnes, n. Profundity; depth.

fond,

—

L.

—

—

dity,

—

pro«fun'di«ti,

The

n.

quality

condition of being profound; depth of place, of knowledge, etc.

or

profuse, pro«fus', a. [L. profusus, from profundo pro, forth, and fundere, to pour, fuse.] Pouring forth

—

lavishly; extravagant; lavish; liberal to excess ; prodigal ; poured forth lavishly; exuberant. profusely, pro*fus'li, adv. In a profuse manner; profuseness, lavishly ; prodigally. pro'fus'nes, n. The state or quality

—

—

—

profusion, pro*of being profuse. fu'zhon, n. [L. profusio.] Profuse or lavish expenditure; rich abundance; lavish supply; exuberant plenty.

progeny,

proj'e-ni, n.

[Fr. progenie,

L. progenies, from pro, forth, and root gen, to bring forth; seen also etc. in gender, generation, genus, genus.] Offspring collectively; children; descendants of the human kind, or offspring of other animals. progenitor, pro«jen'i«ter, n. An ancestor in the direct line; a forefather; a parent.

me, met, her;

pine, pin;

;

progress

—

cess

—— — — — —

—

note, not,

move;

proglottis, pr6«glot'tis,

n.

pro-

pi.

glottides,

pr6«glot'ti'dez. [Gr., the tip of the tongue.] Zool. the generative segment or joint of a tape-

worm. prognathous,

prognathic,

prog—

prog«na'thus, a. [Gr. pro, and gnathos, the cheek or jawbone.] Characterized by projecting jaws; applied to human skulls when the jaw slants forward, making the lower part of the face very nath'ik, before,

—

prominent. prognathism, prog— na'thizm, n. The condition of being prognathic.

prognosis, prog«no'sis,

n. [Gr. proga foreknowing.] Foreknowledge; a forecast, especially of the probable course of a disease. prognostic, prog«nos'tik, a. [Gr. prognostikos pro, before, and gignosko, to know, know.] Foreshowing; indicating something future sign by signs or symptoms. n. by which a future event may be known or foretold; an omen; a token; a symptom; a foretelling; prognosticate, prediction. prog— prognosticated, prognos'ti«kat, v.t. nosticating. To foretell by means of present signs; to predict; to foreshow or foretoken to indicate as to happen in the future. v.i. To judge or pronounce from prognostics. prog-nos'ti-ka"prognostication, shon, n. The act of prognosticating that which foreshows; a foretoken; prognosticative, sign. previous Having the prog«nos'ti«ka«tiv, a. prognoscharacter of a prognostic. ticator, prog«nos'ti«ka«ter, n. One who prognosticates. program, program, n. [Fr. programme, from Gr. programma pro, before, and grapho, to write.] plan of proceedings sketched out beforehand; an outline or detailed sketch or advertisement of the order of proceedings or subjects embraced

nosis,

—

A

——

;

—

—

—

A

any entertainment, performance, v.t. To organor public ceremony. ize data on a problem so it may be solved by an electronic computer. progress, prog'res, n. [L. progressus, from progredior, I advance pro, before, and gradior, to go, whence also grade.] A movgrade, gradual, etc. ing or going forward; a proceeding in

onward; a moving forward in growth increase advance in matters of any kind; course; intellectual or moral improvement; a passage from ;

;

v.i. journey. place; a to (pro«gres'). To move forward or onward; to advance; to proceed in any course; to advance toward something better; to make improve-

place

ment.

— progression,

pro»gresh'on,

['L.progressic] The act of progressing, advancing, or moving forward; n.

progress; advance; course; passage; math, regular or proportional advance in increase or decrease of proportion, continued numbers arithmetical or geometrical (thus 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 are numbers in arithmetical ;

progression; 2, 4, 8, lfi, etc., in progressprogression. geometrical ionist, pro«gresh'on«ist, n. One who maintains that society is in a state

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— — — ——

—

—

—— —— —

—

665 Prolate spheroid, a spheroid produced by the revolution of a semi-ellipse

legislation.

about

its larger diameter; a sphere that projects too much at the poles.

See OBLATE. proleg, pro'leg, n. [L. pro, for, and E. leg.] One of the leglike organs of certain larvae, used in walking, but which disappear in the perfect insect. prolegomenon, pr6«le«gom'e«non, n.

—

progressively, pro«gres'iv«li, adv. progressiveness, pro«gres'iv»nes, «. The state or quality of being progressive.

prohibit, pro«hib'it,

v.t. [L. prohibeo, before, and habeo, habit.] To forbid I have, I hold, authoritatively; to interdict by authority (to prohibit a person from doing a thing; to prohibit the thing being done); to prevent; to preclude. prohibition, pr6«hi«bish'on, n. The act of prohibiting; a declaration to hinder some action; interdict; the Eighteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, in effect from 1919 to 1933, which forbade the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors for use prohibitionist, n. as beverages. prohibitive, prohibitory, pro«hib'itiv, pr6«hib'i«to«ri, a. Serving to prohibit; forbidding; implying pro-

prohibitus

pi.

—pro,

A

by which a thing is represented as already done, though in reality it is to follow as a consequence of the action which is described ('he washed himself clean'); a figure are anticipated; proleptic, pro— lep'tik, a. Pertaining to prolepsis; anticipatory.

an

v.t.

pro«le«ta'ri«an, a. [L. a citizen of the lowest class, one useful to the state only by producing children, from proles, offspring, from pro, before, and ol, root of adolesce, adult.] Pertaining member to the proletarians. n. of the wage-earning class; a wage earner who does not possess capital; formerly, one of the rabble. proletarianism, pr6«le«ta'ri«an«izm, n. The condition or political influence of the lower orders of the community. proletariat, pro»le«ta'ri«at, n. Procollectively; the lower letarians classes.

proliferation,

pr6«lif'er«a"shon, n. [L. proles, prolis, offspring, and ferre, to bear.] Reproduction by continued cell division or budding; the pro-

L. prolificus facio, to

lusio, a

offspring,

prom, prom,

one who forms a scheme design; an optical device for throwing pictures on a screen; a sort of magic lantern.

manner.

prolific

lif'ik«nes, n.

prolificness,

prolix, pro'liks', a. [L. prolixus, extended, prolix pro, forth, and root of liqueo, to flow, liquid.] Long and wordy; extending to a great length; diffuse; indulging in lengthy discourse; discussing at great length; prolixity, prolixness, pro— tedious. lik'si»ti, pr6«liks'nes, n. The state or prolixly, quality of being prolix. pro'liks'li, adv. In a prolix manner.

prolapse, prolapsus, pro«laps', pro— for-

slip, fall.

lapse.] Med. a falling down of some internal organ from its proper position; a falling down of the womb. v.i. prolapsed, prolapsing. To fall down or out; to suffer a prolapse. prolate, pro'lat, a. [L. prolatus pro, forth, and latus, carried.] Extended beyond the line of an exact sphere.

—

—

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

school dance or ball n.

[Fr.,

from promener, from L. pro, forward, and minare, to drive, from mina, a threat,

menace.]

A walk for pleasure

and show or exercise; a place for walking in public. v.i. promenaded, promenading. To walk for amusement, show, or exercise.

—

Promethean,

pro«me'the«an,

a.

[From Prometheus of Greek mythology,

lit.

who

the forethinker,

stole

from heaven and imparted it to mortals.] Pertaining to Prometheus; fire

pertaining to

fire

or heat.

promethium,pro«me'thi'um,«. [promethean.] A metallic element of the rare-earth series, a fission product of

uranium. Symbol,

Pm;

prominence,

at.

no., 61.

prom'i«nens, n. [L. prominentia, from promineo pro, forward, and minere, to project, eminent.] A standing out from the surface of something; that which juts out; protuberance; state of being distinguished among men; conspicuprominent, distinction. ousness; prominens.] prom'i«nent, a. [L. Standing out beyond the line or surface of something; jutting; protuberant; distinguished above others (a prominent character); likely to

—

attract special attention from size, position, etc.; striking; conspicuous. prominently, prom'i«nent«li, adv. In a prominent manner. promiscuous, pro«mis'ku«us, a. [L. promiscuus, from promisceo pro, and misceo, to mix. Mix.] Consisting of individuals united in a body or mass without order; mingled indiscriminately; forming part of a confused crowd or mass; random; indiscriminate; not restricted to an individual. promiscuously, pro«mis'ku«us«li, adv. In a promiscuous manner.

—

job;

[From promenade.]

n.

(colloq.)

prolocutor, pr6«lok'u«ter, n. [L., from proloquor pro, for, and loquor, loquacious.] One locutus, to speak, j,

and ludo,

promenade, prom«e«nad',

and

pro—

[L. pro-

n.

pro, before,

An American

proletarian.] Pro-

the quality of generating abundantly (a topic prolific of controversy). prolincally, pr6'lif'i«kal«li, adv. In a

prelude

lusum, to play, ludicrous.] A prelude or preliminary; a preliminary trial.

;

projects;

go;

which prolongs. prolusion, pro«lu'zhon,

fruit, especially in fruitful ; productive serving to give rise or origin; having

abundance

One who

g,

—proles,

make,

or

ch, Sc. loch;

forth, and longus. long.] lengthen in time; to extend the duration of; to lengthen out; to put off to a distant time; to extend in space or length (to prolong a line). v.i. To put off to a distant time. prolongation, pr6«long«ga'shon, n. The act of prolonging; a part prolonged; an extension. prolonger, pro'long'er, n. One who or that

To

ducing young or

ORTHOGRAPHIC, STEREOGRAPHIC.

ch, chain;

—L. pro,

duction of proliferous growths. proliferous, pro«lif'er«us, a. Bot. bearing or producing something abnormal or adventitious (as a flower within another flower). prolific, prd'lif'ik, a. [Fr. prolifique;

a surface; especially the representation of any object on a perspective plane; the delineation of the earth's surface or a portion of it by a map. See gnomon-

—pro,

—

—

drawn on

[L. prolapsus

—

A

a.

ward, and labor, lapsus, to

poem spoken

anachronism.

proletarius,

Impelling forward (a by impulse A body projected or impelled through the air, as a stone thrown from the hand or a sling, a bullet discharged from a cannon. projection, pro«jek'shon, n. [L. projection The act of projecting, throwing, or shooting forward; the state of projecting or jutting out; a part projecting or jutting out; a prominence; the act of projecting or scheming; the representation of something by means of

lap'sus, n.

introduction; the discourse or before a dramatic performance or play begins ; the speaker of a prologue. v.t. prologued, prologuing. To introduce with a formal prologize, prologue; to preface. pro'log'Iz, v.i. prologized, prologizing. To deliver a prologue. prolong, pro-long', v.t. [Fr. prolonger

or

proletarian,

projectile force); caused {projectile motion). n.

projector, pro«jek'ter, n.

—

by which objections

which is projected or devised; a plan; a scheme; a design. projectile,

IC,

prologue, pro'log, n. [Fr., prologue, L. prologus, from Gr. prologos pro, before, and lego, to speak.] A preface

a figure

[L. projicio, projectum, to cast forth, to cause to jut out pro, forward, and jacio, to throw (as in eject, reject, etc.). JUT.] To throw out or forth; to cast or shoot forward; to scheme; to contrive; to devise; to exhibit or give a delineation of on a surface; to delineate. v.i. To shoot forward; to extend beyond something else; to jut; to be prominent. n. (proj'ekt). [O.Fr. project, Mod.Fr. projet. \ That

etc.,

speaks for anotherf ; the speaker or chairman of a convocation.

prolegomenous, pro»le— gom'e«nus, a. Introductory. prolepsis, pro«lep'sis, n. [Gr. propreconception pro, before, lepsis, and lambano, I take.] Something of the nature of an anticipation; rhet.

hibition.

lines,

who

treatise.

—

pro«jek'til,

pro«le«gom'e«na.

[Gr., from pro, before, and lego, to speak.] preliminary observation: chiefly used in plural, and applied to an introductory discussion or discourse prefixed to a book or

—

project, pro«jekt',

prolegomena,

——

promiscuous

prohibit of progress toward perfection. progressive, pro»gres'iv, a. Moving forward; proceeding onward; advancing; improving; in politics, one who advocates the passage of social

and economic reform

— — ———

;

th, thin;

—

—

—

promiscuousness, promiscuity, pro— mis'ku«us«nes, The state of

w, wig;

pr6«mis«ku'i«ti,

being

hw, whig;

n.

promiscuous. zh, azure.

—— —

——— — —

—

—

;

.

promise

666

promise, prom'is, n. [Fr. promesse, from L. promissus, put forward pro, before, and mittere, to send. MIS-

agreement in which one party engages to sell certain goods at a given

SION.] verbal,

A

another,

written

declaration,

or

made by one person to which binds the person who

makes

it to do or forbear a certain specified; a declaration that something will be done or given for the benefit of another; ground or basis of expectation ; earnest; pledge; that which affords a ground for expectation of future distinction (a youth of great promise). v.t promised, promising. To make a promise of; to engage to do, give, grant, or procure for some one; to afford reason to expect (the year promises a good harvest). v.i. To make a promise; to assure one by a promise; to afford hopes or expectations. / promise you, I declare to you; I assure you. promisee, prom«is«e', n. The person to a promise is

act

— —

—

made.

who

whom

prom'is«er, One —promiser,promising, prom'— Giving promise; affording n.

promises.

is«ing, a.

reasonable ground of hope for the future; looking as if likely to turn out well. promisingly, prom'is*ing«li, adv. In a promising manner. promissory, prom'is«OTi, a. Containing a promise or binding declaration of something to be done or fore borne. Promissory note, a writing which contains a promise of the payment of money to a certain person

—

excite; to stir up (as strife); exalt or raise to a higher post or position; to elevate. promoter, pro«m6'ter, n. One who or that

—

which promotes; an encourager; one that aids in promoting some financial undertaking; one engaged in getting up a joint-stock company. promo-

— The

pro-mo'shon, n. act of promoting ; advancement ; encouragement; exaltation in rank or honor; preferment. promotive, pro«mo'tiv, a. Tending to advance or pro-

—

mote.

prompt, promt,

a. [Fr. prompt, from brought out, ready, from promo, promptum, to

L. promptus, quick,

bring forth pro, forth, and emo, to take. exempt.] Ready and quick to act as occasion demands; acting with cheerful alacrity; ready and willing; performed without delay; quick; ready; not delayed. v.t. To move or excite to action or exertion; to

incite;

to

instigate;

to

—

—

make known by open

declaration, as laws, decrees, tidings, etc. ; to publish abroad; to announce; to proclaim.

promulgation, pro«mul«ga'shon, n. The act of promulgating; publicapromultion; open declaration. gator, pro'mul«ga»ter or prd-muTga«ter, n. One who promulgates or publishes abroad. promulge, pro*-

—

— —promulged,

promulging.

To

promulgate. pronation, pro«na'shon, n. [From L. pronus, prone, having the face downward, prone.] That motion of

pronator, pro»na'ter, n. A muscle of the forearm which turns the palm

—

tion,

of a sentence or words forgotten. promptitude, prom'ti«tud, n. Readiness; quickness of decision and action when occasion demands ; readiness of will; cheerful alacrity. promptly, promt 'li, adv. In a prompt manner. promptness, promt'nes, n. The state or quality of being prompt promptitude. promulgate, pr6«mul'gat, v.t. promulgated, promulgating. [L. promulgo, promulgatus; origin unknown.] To

[L.

n.

forward,

mens, montis, a mountain, A high point of land or rock projecting into the sea beyond the line of coast; a headland. promote, pro«m6t', v.t. promoted, promoting. [L. promotus, pp. of promovere, to move forward pro, forward, and movere, to move, move.] To contribute to the growth, enlargement, increase, or power of; to forward ; to advance ; to help onward to to

—

and mount.]

promontory, prom'on«tOTi,

—pro,

take

date. prompter, prom'ter, n. One that prompts; specifically, one placed behind the scenes in a theater, whose business is to assist the actors when at a loss by uttering the first words

arm whereby the palm of the is turned downward; position of the hand with the thumb toward the body and the palm downward.

at a specified date.

promontorium

and the other party to them up and pay at a specified

v.t.

assist

a

speaker when at a loss by pronouncing the words forgotten or next in order (to prompt an actor); to dictate; n. Com. an to suggest to the mind. fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

the

hand

downward. prone, pron,

a. [L. pronus, hanging or leaning forwards, prone, from pro, before, forward; cog. Gr. prenes, Skr. pravana, prone.] Bending forward; lying with the face downward; rushing or falling headlong or downward; sloping downward; inclined; inclined by disposition or natural tendency; propense; disposed: usually in a bad sense (men prone to evil, prone to strife). pronely, pron'li, adv. In a prone manner or position. proneness, pron'nes, n. The state of being prone; inclination; propensity; readiness.

—

—

pronephros,

pro«nef'ros, n. [L. pro, before, Gr. nephros, a kidney.] In vertebrates, the first of three successive renal organs; the 'head' kidney. prong, prong, n. [A nasalized form of prov.E. prog, to prod; W. procio, to sharp-pointed thrust, to poke.] instrument ; the spike of a fork or of a similar instrument; a pointed projection (the prongs of a deer's antlers). v.t. To stab, as with a fork. pronghorn, n. species of hollowhorned antelope which inhabits the western parts of North America. pronominal, pro«nom'i»nal, a. [L. pronomen, a pronoun. pronoun.] Belonging to or of the nature of a

A

—

A

—pronominally, pro«nomof a adv. With the

pronoun. i-nal-li,

—

proof

price,

mulj',

——

;

effect

pronoun.

pronoun, pro'noun, n. [From pro, for, and noun; L. pronomen, a pronoun pro, for, and nomen, a name, me, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move;

Gram, one of a certain class of words or generalized terms often used instead of a noun or name, to prevent the repetition of it classified under the heads of personal, relative, interrogative, possessive, demonstrative, distributive, and indefinite pronouns, the last four classes being commonly called adjective pronouns or pronominal adjectives. pronounce, prcnouns', v.t. pronounced, pronouncing. [Fr. prononcer, from L. pronuntio, pronuntiatus pro, a noun.]

:

— —

before,

and nuntio,

to declare,

nun-

To form

or articulate by the organs of speech; to utter; to speak; to utter formally, officially, or solemnly (the court pronounced sentence of death) ; to declare or affirm (he pronounced it a forgery). v.i. To speak with confidence or authority; to utter an opinion; to use a cerpronounceable. tain pronunciation. pro«nouns'a«bl, a. Capable of being pronounced. pronounced, pro*nounst', a. [Fr. prononce, pronounced. ] Strongly marked or defined; decided (a man of pronounced views). pronouncement, pro-nouns 'ment, n. The act of pronouncing; a formal cio.]

—

—

announcement.

—pronouncer,

pro—

nouns'er, n. One who pronounces. pronunciation, pro«nun'si«a"shon, n. The act of pronouncing or uttering with articulation ; the mode of uttering words or letters. n. [L. pro, before, nucleus.] One of the two nuclei seen in the course of fertilization of an ovum, the female pronucleus belonging to the ovum itself, and the male pronucleus to the sperm. pr6«nun'shi«a«pronunciamento, men'to, n. [Sp. pronunciamiento].

pronucleus, pr6«nu'kli«us,

A

manifesto or proclamation.

pronto, pronto, a. and adv. [Sp.] Quick; quickly; right awav. proof, prof, n. [O.E. profe, Fr. preuve, prove.] Any effort, L.L. proba. process, or operation that ascertains truth or fact; a test; a trial; what serves as evidence; what proves or establishes ; that which convinces the mind and produces belief; a test applied to certain manufactured or other articles; the act of testing the strength of alcoholic spirits: hence, also the degree of strength in spirit; printing, a rough impression of type, in which errors may be detected and marked for correction; engr. an impression taken from an engraving to prove the state of it; an early impression, or one of a limited number taken before the letters to be inserted are engraved on the plate; called a proof-impression, and considered the best, because taken before the plate is worn. a. Impenetrable; able to resist, physically or morally (proof against shot, against proofreader, n. One temptation). who reads and marks corrections on proof sheet, n. printers' proofs. Printing, a rough impression of composed type, taken to see if any errors remain for correction. proof spirit, n. Alcoholic liquor, or mixture of alcohol and water, of certain standard strength, in U. S., 50% by volume.

—

—

—

tube, tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

——— ——

— ——— ———

——

Gael, prop, sustains an

n.

[Same

proportion

pro«pens', a. [L. propensus, hanging forwards, projecting, from propendeo pro, forward, and pendeo, to hang, pendant.] Leaning toward, in a moral sense; inclined; disposed, either to good or evil;

or prophecy; having the character of prophecy; containing prophecy. prophetically, pro«fet'i«kal«li, adv. In a prophetic manner; by way of

propense,

as Ir. propa,

That which incumbent weight; a

a

prop.]

—

—

fulcrum; a support ; a stay. v.t. propped, propping. To support by

placing something under or against; to support by standing under or against; to support or sustain, in a general sense.

n.

si«ti,

v. [Fr. propre, from L. proprius, one's own, peculiar, proper; allied to prope, near, propinquity.] Peculiar; naturally or essentially belonging to a particular individual or state; natural; particularly suited to or befitting; belonging to as one's own; gram, applied to a noun when it is the name of a particular person or thing (Shakespeare, Boston), as opposed to common; fit; suitable; adapted; appropriate; correct; just; according to right usage; hence, properly so called;

A

produce, originate. v.i. To have young or issue; to be reproduced or multiplied by generation, or by new shoots plants. or propagation, prop«a«ga'shon, n. The act of propagating; the multiplication of the kind or species by generation or reproduction; the spreading or extension of anything; diffusion. propagator, prop'a«ga«ter, n. One who propagates. propagable, prop'a«ga«bl, a. propane, pro'pan, n. [Propyl and metharce.] Chem. a gaseous hydrocarbon, 3 2 3 , of the methane series, found in crude petroleum. propel, prosper, v.t. propelled, propelling. [L. propello pro, forward,

—

time; nearness of blood; kindred. propitiate, pro»pish'i»at, v.t. pro-

—

propitiating. [L. propitio, propitiatum, to propitiate, from propitiated,

—

and

whose flight is of happy augury, petition.] To appease and render favorable; to make propitious; propitiation, pro«conciliate. to pish'i'a"shon, n. The act of propitiating; theol. the atonement or atoning sacrifice offered to God to assuage his wrath and render him propitious

to a bird

to sinners. a«ter,

CH CH CH

— —

drive,

as in compel, pulsate.] To drive forward; to urge or press onward by force. propellant, pro«pel'ant, n. An explosive for projectile propulsion; also rocket-engine fuel. propellent, pro«pel'ent, a. Driving forward; propelling, —propeller, pro'pel'er, n. One who or that which propels; a screw for propelling a motor-driven vessel; a rotary fan for propelling an airplane. etc.

crevices in their hives.

ng, sing;

TH,

then;

—

propone, pro«pon', v.t. [L. propono pro, before, and pono, to place. position.]

To propose;

to

proponent, pro»po'nent,

propound.

[L. proponere, to propose.] One that makes a proposal, or lays down a proposition; law, one who propounds something, especially one who propounds a will for probate. n.

proportion, pro«por'shon, n. [L. proportio pro, before, and portio, part or share, portion.] The comparative relation of one thing to another

A female prophet. prophetic, prophetical, pro«fet'ik, pro«fet'i«kal, a. Pertaining or relating to a prophet job;

propitiates.

A

n.

j,

propitiator, pro«pish'i«-

One who

having some resemblance to wax, used by bees to stop the holes and

—

—

n.

propitiatory, pro«pish'i«a«to«ri, a. Having the power to make pron. pitious; serving to propitiate. Jewish antiq. the mercy seat; the lid or cover of the ark of the covenant. propitiable, pro«pish'i«a«bl, a. Capable of being propitiated. propitious, prO'pish'us, a. Favorably disposed toward a person; disposed to be gracious or merciful; ready to forgive sins and bestow blessings; affording favorable conditions or circumstances (a propitious season). propitiously, pro«pish'us«li, adv. In a propitiousness, propitious manner. pro«pish'us«nes, n. propolis, prop'o»lis, n. [Gr. pro, substance before, and polis, city.]

—

—

from pro, forward, peto, to seek, primarily referring

pitius, propitious,

A

—

go;

propinquity, pro«pin'kwi«ti, n. [L. propinquitas, from propinquus, near, from prope, near; whence also (ap)proximity.] Nearness in proach. place; neighborhood; nearness in

real; actual (the garden proper); hot. single, or connected with something single. Proper motion (astron.), the real motion of the sun, planets, etc., as opposed to their apparent moproperly, prop'er«li, adv. In tions.

a proper manner; fitly; suitably; rightly; in a strict sense; strictly. property, prop'er«ti, n. [Fr. propriete, L. proprietas, from proprius, one's own.] peculiar quality of anything; that which is inherent in a thing, or naturally essential to it; an attribute; the exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing; ownership; the subject of such a right; the thing owned; an estate, whether in lands, buildings, goods, money, etc.; in theaters, a stage requisite; any article necessary to be produced in some scene. propertied, prop'er«tid, a. Possessed of property. prophecy, prof 'e«si, n. [O.Fr. prophecie, prophetie, L. prophetia, from Gr. propheteia, from prophetes, a prophet pro, before, and phemi, to tell; foretelling; a same root as fame.] declaration of something to come; especially, a foretelling inspired by God; a book of prophecies; Scrip. interpretation of Scripture; exhortaprophetion or instruction (O.T.). sier, prof 'e«si«er, n. One who predicts prophesy, prof'e«si, v.t. events. prophesied, prophesying. To foretell; To utter predicto predict. v.i. tions; to make declaration of events to come; Scrip, to interpret or explain Scripture or religious subprophet, prof'et, n. [L. projects. pheta, from Gr. prophetes.] One who foretells future events; a predictor; a foreteller; a person inspired or instructed by God to announce future events; Scrip, an interpreter. Minor prophets, the authors of the last twelve books of the Old Testament, as opposed to Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel. prophetess, prof'et«es,

[Gr.

—

to evil.

—

g,

pro»pen'-

proper, prop'er,

generally an intensive undertaking of political partisans. propagandist, n. One who devotes himself to the spread of any system of principles or set of actions; publicity propagandize, v.t. To preagent. sent with propaganda. propagate, prop'a«gat, v.t. propagated, propagating. [L. propagare, propagatus, to peg down, to propagate pro, before, and pag, root of pango, to fasten, fix, set, plant (seen in paction, compact, impinge, etc.).] To continue or multiply by generation or successive reproduction; to cause to reproduce itself: applied to animals and plants; to spread from person to person or from place to place; to diffuse; to generate, beget,

ch, Sc. loch;

propensity,

Bent of mind, natural or

acquired; inclination; natural tendency or disposition, particularly

cap.]

ch, chain;

n.

pr6«fi»lak'tik, a.

prophylaktikos—pro, before, andp/rylasso, to guard.] Med. preventive; defending from or warding off disease. n. A medicine which preserves or defends against disease; a pro»fi— prophylaxis, preventive. lak'sis, n. [Gr.] Preventive or preservative treatment.

state

propensity.

pro«pe»dutiks, n. [Gr. propaideud, to instruct beforehand, from pro, before, and paideuo, to educate, from pais, paidos, a child.] The preliminary learning connected with any art or science. propaedeutic, propaedeutical, pro«pe«du'Pertaining tik, pro«pe«du'ti»kal, a. to propaedeutics ; instructing beforehand. propaganda, prop«a«gan'da,«. [From the congregatio de propaganda fide, propagate.] The dissemiat Rome, nation and the defense of beliefs, opinions, or actions deemed salutary to the program of a particular group; the propagation of doctrines and tenets of special interests, as an effort to give credence to information partly or wholly fallacious, [cap.] Originally, an institution of the Roman Catholic Church, established as a proselyting agency, now, [not

and pello, to dispel, impel,

pro«pen'shon, —propension, The of being propense;

prediction.

prophylactic,

prone.

propaedeutics,

— —— —

—— —— —

667

prop prop, prop,

—

—

th, thin;

—

in respect to size, quantity, or degree; a quota; symmetrical arrangement; the proper relation of parts in a whole; symmetry; that which falls to one's lot when a whole is divided according to rule; just or equal share; lot; math, the quality or similarity of ratios; arith. the rule of three, that rule which enables us to find a fourth proportional to three given numbers. Simple proportion,

w, wig;

hw, whig;

zh, a-zure.

— ——

——— —

—

—

;

propose

668

equality of the ratio of two quantities to that of two other quantities. Compound proportion, the equality of the ratio of two quantities to another ratio, the antecedent and consequent of which are respectively the products of the antecedents and consequents of two or more ratios. Continued proportion, a succession of several equal

propoune, from L. propono, to put forth pro, before, and pono, to place; as to form, comp. compound, expound, position.] To offer for consideration; to propose; to put or set, as a question. propounder, pro«poun'der, n. One who pro-

the

Harmonical or musical proportion. See harmoniratios, as 2, 4, 8,

cal.

1

6, etc.

—Reciprocal or

inverse proportion.

RECIPROCAL, INVERSE. v.t. To in a suitable proportion; to harmoniously adjust to something else as regards dimensions or extent; to form with symmetry. propor-

See

adjust

— tionable, pro«p6r'shon«a'bl,

a.

Capa-

ble of being proportioned; being in proportion ; having a due comparative relation; corresponding; well propor-

—

proportional, tioned; symmetrical. pro«por'shon«al, a. Having a due proportion; being in suitable proportion or degree; math, having the same or a constant ratio {proportional quantities). Proportional parts, parts of magnitude such that the corresponding ones, taken in their order, are proportional. quantity in pron. portion; math, one of the terms of a proportion. Mean proportional. See pro«por'MEAN. proportionality, shon«al"i«ti, n. The quality or state of being in proportion. proportionally, pro«p6r'shon'al«li, adv. In proportion; in due degree; with suitable

A

—

—

comparative

relation.

—proportionHaving due

ate, pro«por'shon«it, a. proportion or relation; proportional.

— —proportionated,

proportionatproportional; to adjust proportionately, in due relation. pro'por'shon»it«li, adv. With due proportion. propose, pro«p6z', v.t. proposed, proposing. [Fr. proposer, to purpose, to propose, from pro and poser. pose, compose. Purpose is the same word.] To bring forward or offer for consideration or acceptance; to bring forward as something to be done, attained, or striven after: often v.t.

ing.

To make

—

—

governing

an

infinitive.

v.i.

To

or declare an intention or design; to offer one's self in marriage proposal, (to propose to a lady).

form

—

pro«p6'zal, n. That which is proposed or offered for consideration; a scheme or design, terms or conditions proposed {proposals of peace, of marproposer, pro«po'zer, n. One riage). proposition, prop'that proposes. o«zish'on, n. [Partly from propose, partly from L. propositio, from pro, posibefore, and positio, a placing, tion.] That which is proposed or offered for consideration, acceptance, or adoption; a proposal; term or offer advanced; gram, and logic, a form

—

—

of speech in which something is affirmed or denied of a subject; math, a statement of either a truth to be demonstrated, or an operation be performed. propositional, to prop'o»zish'on«al, a. Pertaining to a proposition; considered as a prop-

—

osition.

propound,

prcpound',

v.t.

fate, far, fare, fat, fall;

[O.E.

pounds.

propraetor, pro-pre'tor, n. [L. propraetor pro, for, and praetor.] A Roman magistrate who, having discharged the office of praetor at home, was sent into a province to command

—

there. pr6«pri'e«te«ri, n.

[Fr.

proprietaire, a proprietor, from propriety, property, property.] proprietor; more commonly a body of proprietors collectively. a. Belonging to a proprietor or owner; belonging to ownership. proprietor, pro«pri'e«ter, n. An owner; the person who has the legal right or exclusive title to anything. proprietorship, pro»pri'e»ter«ship, n. The state or right of a proprietor. proprietress, pro«pri'e«tres, n. female proprietor. propriety, pro«pri'e«ti, n. [L. proprietas, from proprius, one's own.] Property:}:; possession:): ; suitableness to an acknowl-

A

—

—

A

—

edged or correct standard; consonance with established principles, rules, or customs; fitness; justness. pi. The proprieties, conformity with established customs in social life. propulsion, pro«pul'shon, n. [From L. propello, propulsum. PROPEL.] The propulsive, act of driving forward. pro-pul'siv, a. Tending or having power to propel; driving or urg-

—

—

;

of the

law;

utterly; hibit.

—

to outlaw; to reject interdict, exclude, proproscriber, pro«skri'ber, n. to

—

One who

proscribes. proscription, pro'skrip'shon, n. [L. proscriptio.] The act of proscribing; outlawry; exclusion; the dooming or denouncing of citizens to death and confiscation of goods, as public enemies. proscriptive, pro«skrip'tiv, a. Pertaining to or consisting in proscripproscriptively, tion ; proscribing. pro«skrip'tiv«li, adv. In a proscriptive

—

—

manner. prose, proz,

n. [Fr. prose, from L. prosa for prorsa {oratio, speech, understood), from prorsus, forward, pro, forward, and versus, straight on turned, verse.] The ordinary written or spoken language of man; language unconfined to poetical measure, as opposed to verse or metrical composition; hence, dull and commonplace language or discourse. a. Relating to or consisting of prose ; prosaic. v.i. prosed, prosing. To write in prose; to write or speak tediously. prosaic, pro«za'ik, a. In the form of prose; dull; uninteresting ; commonplace. prosaically, pro«za'i«kal»li, adv. In a prosaic manner. proser, pro'zer, n. One who proses. prosy, pro'zi, a. Like prose; dull; tedious. prosily, pro'zi«li, adv. In a prosy manner; tediprosiness, ously. pro'zi«nes n. State or quality of being prosy.

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

prosecute,

pros'e«kut,

v.t.

—prose-

cuted, prosecuting. [L. prosequor, pre— secutus pro, before, and sequor, to follow. sequence. Pursue is the

—

same word.] To pursue with a view

ing on.

propylaeum,

prop'i«le«um, n. pi. propylaea, prop«i'le«a. [Gr. propylaion, from pro, before, and pyle, a gate.] The porch, vestibule, or entrance of an edifice. pro rata, pro ra'ta. Proportionately; in accordance with some determined standard, such as a share or liability. prorate, pro«rat', v.t. and i. To distribute proportionately; to make a pro rata assessment. prorogue, pr6«r6g', v.t. prorogued, proroguing. [Fr. proroger, from L. prorogate, to prolong, continue pro, before, and rogo, to ask. rogation.] To protract or prolong, to defer or delayj; to adjourn a parliament for an indefinite period by royal authorprorogaity. British pari, practice. tion, pr6«ro«ga'shon, n. The act of

—

—

—

proroguing. prosaic. See prose.

proscenium,

pr6«se'ni«um, n. [L. proscenium, from Gr. proskenion pro, before, and skene, a scene. scene.] Arch, the part in a theater from the curtain or drop scene to the orchestra; the curtain and the it

hangs. In the ancient theater the proscenium comprised the whole stage. v.t.—propro.skrlb', proscribe, scribed, proscribing. [L.proscribo pro, before, in public, scribe.] Among

to attain, execute, or accomplish; to apply to with continued purpose; to carry on; to continue; law, to seek to obtain by legal process to pursue for redress or punishment before a legal tribunal. v.i. To carry on a legal prosecution; to act as a prosecutor. prosecution, pros»e«ku shon, n. The act or process of prosecuting ;

—

the proceeding with or following

up

any matter in hand (the prosecution of a design, an inquiry, etc.); the carrying on of a suit in a court of law; the process of exhibiting formal charges against an offender before a legal tribunal; the party by whom criminal proceedings are instituted. prosecutor, pros'e»ku«ter, n. One who prosecutes; the person who institutes' and carries on proceedings in a court of justice. proselyte, pros'e«lit, n. [Fr. proselyte, from Gr. proselytos, one newly come pros, towards, and root of elthein, to come.] A new convert to some religion or religious sect, or to some particular opinion, system, or party. proselytism, pros'e»lit»izm, n. The act or system of making proselytes; conversion to a system or creed.

—

— —

ornamental framework from which

and

scribo, to write.

the

Romans,

to to

publish the name of, as doomed destruction and seizure of property hence, to put out of the protection

me, met, her;

—

prosencephalon

—

proprietary,

— ——

— —

pine, pin;

note, not,

move;

—

proselytize, pros'e«lit«iz. lytized,

proselytizing.

proselyte

or

convert

engage in making prosencephalon,

V.t.

—prose-

To make of.

v.i.

a

To

proselytes.

pros«en«sef a«lon, [Prefix pros, toward, and Gr. mctphalon.\ or forebrain The anterior brain. part of the n.

tube,

tub, bull;

oil,

pound.

—— —

—— —

— —

—— —— —

prosenchyma prosenchyma,

pros«en'ki«ma,

n.

thesis.

—

prostitute,

pros'ti«tut, v.t. prostituted, prostituting. [L. prostituo, prostitutus pro, before, and statuo, to place, state.] offer freely to a lewd use, or to indiscriminate lewdness for hire; to give up to any vile or infamous purpose; to sell to wickedness; to offer or expose upon vile terms or to unworthy persons. a. Openly devoted to lewdness. n. female given to indiscriminate lewdness; a strumpet; a harlot; a base hireling. prostitution, pros*ti'tu'shon, n. The act or practice of yielding the body to indiscriminate intercourse with men for hire; the act of offering to an infamous employment. prostitutor, pros'ti«tu»ter, n. One who prostitutes. prostrate, pros'trat, a. [L. prostratus, pp. of prosterno, prostratum, to lay flat pro, before, and sterno, to strew. stratum.] Lying at length, or with

—

To

pros'o«p6»pe"ya, n. [Gr. prosopopoiia prosopon, person, figure in and poieo to make.] rhetoric by which things inanimate are spoken of as animated beings; personification. prospect, pros'pekt, n. [L. prospectus, from prospicio, to look forward pro, forward, and specio, to see. species.] View of things within the reach of the eye; sight; that which is presented to the eye; the place and the objects seen; a looking forward; anticipation; expectation or ground of expectation (little prospect of success). w.i. and t. (pros«pekt'). Mining, to make a search; to search for metal. prospective, pros»pek'-

—

A

A

— — Looking

the body extended on the ground; lying at mercy, as a suppliant; lying in the posture of humility or adoration; bot. lying flat and spreading on the ground without taking root.

a. forward; being in prospect or expectation; looked forward to (prospective advantages). prospectively, pros«pek'tivli, adv. In a prospective manner. prospector, prospek«ter, n. One who searches for precious stones or metals as preliminary to settled or continuous prospectus, operations. pros»pek'tus, n. [L., prospect, sight, view.] A brief sketch issued for the purpose of making known the chief features of some commercial enterprise proposed, as the plan of a literary work, or the proposals of a new company or joint-stock associa-

v.t.

—prostrated,

prostrating.

To

lay

or prostrate; refl. to throw one's self down as in humility or adoration;

flat

—

fig.

to

prosy. See prose.

tion.

active metallic element yielding actindisintegration. Symbol, Pa; at. no., 91 protagonist, pro«tag'o«nist, n. [Gr. protagonistes protos, first, and ago-

ium upon

be successful; to advance in wealth or any good said of persons to be in a successful state; to turn out successfully: said of affairs; to be in a healthy growing state; to thrive: said of plants and animals. v.t. To make prosperous; to render success-

—

;

:

nist es,

prosperity, pros«per'i«ti, n. [L. The state of being prosperous; good progress in any business or enterprise; success; attainment of the object desired; good fortune. prosperous, pros'per»us,

protein, protos,

prostate, prostatic, pros'tat, pros— tat'ik, a. [Gr. prostates, standing bej,

70b;

ng, sing;

TH,

n.

One

of

[From a

class

Gr. of

contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur, are essential constituents of living matter, and on decomposition yield various amino proteide, pro'te«id, n. An acids. older name for protein. proteolytic, pro'ti«o«lit"ik, a. [Protein

oxygen,

and Gr. lysis, a solution.] Of an enzyme, converting ordinary proteins into peptones.

proteose, pro'ti«6s, n. [Gr. protos, first.] A class of products derived

from proteins by hydrolysis.

—

protest, pretest',

leading char-

then;

pro'te»in, first.]

complex chemical compounds which

—

before, and tego, to cover, from root seen also in E. thatch.] To cover or shield from danger or injury; to serve as a cover or shelter to; to defend; protectingly, to guard. pro«tek'ting»li, adv. In a protecting manner. protection, pro«tek'shon, n. The act of protecting, or state of

—

g, go;

who

protect, pro«tekt', v.t. [From L. protectus, pp. of protego, to protect pro,

prosperously,

ch, Sc. loch;

pro»tek'shon«ist, n. One favors the protection of some branch of industry by legal enactments; one opposed to free trade; protective, pro«tek'tariff booster. tiv, a. Affording protection; sheltering; duties, defensive. Protective duties imposed on imports to prevent their obtaining an advantage in the market over commodities of home production. Protective substance, an antitoxin (which see). protector, pn>tek'ter, n. One who or that which protects; a defender; a guardian. Eng. hist, one who had the care of the kingdom during the king's minority; a regent; [cap.] a title specifically applied to Oliver Cromwell, who assumed the title of Lord Protector in 1653. protectorate, pro«tek'ter«at, n. Government by a protector; the period in English history during which Cromwell was protector; the protection of a weaker country by a protectorship, pro«tek'stronger. ter«ship, n. The office of a protector. protege, pro«te«zha', fern, protegee, pr6«te»zha', n. [Fr., one protected.] One under the care and protection of another. tectionist,

dosis).

pros'per«us«li, adv. In a prosperous manner; successfully. prosperousness, pros'per-us'nes, n. Prosperity.

advan-

introduced from abroad. protectionism, pro«tek'shon«izm, n. The system of protection to commodities of home production. pro-

protean. See Proteus.

Making good prog-

artificial

articles

being the condition on which the apodosis depends, as, if we run (protasis) we shall be in time (apo-

ress in the pursuit of anything desirable; thriving; successful; favorable; favoring success. .". Syn.

ch, chain;

The

an

tage conferred by a legislature on articles of home production, usually by duties imposed on the same

pro, before, and teino, to stretch.] The first clause of a conditional sentence,

ful.

FORTUNATE.

an actor.]

acter or actor in a literary work. protasis, pro'ta«sis, n. [Gr. protasis

prosperitas.]

a. [L. prosperus.]

rest in civil suits;

protactinium, pr6'tak«tin"i«um, n. [Proto, first, and actinium.] A radio-

To

evil;

other writing which secures from molestation; exemption, as from ar-

throw down; to overthrow;

to ruin ; to reduce to nothing (to prostrate one's strength). prostration, pros«tra'shon, n. The act of prostrating or laying flat; the act of falling down, or of bowing in humility or adoration; great depression or reduction (as of strength or spirits).

prosper, pros 'per, v.i. [Fr. prosper er, L. prosperare, from prosperus, favorable, fortunate, from pro, before, and hope.] succeed; to

from

the body; philol. the adding of one or more letters to the commencement of a word (Moved). prosthetic, pros'thet'ik, a. Pertaining to pros-

—

spes,

defense; shelter that which protects or preserves from injury; a passport or protected;

being

just before the neck of the bladder in males. prosthesis, pros'the«sis, n. [Gr. pros, to, and thesis, a placing, from tithemi, to place.] Surg, the addition of an artificial part to supply a defect of

—

under

protest

fore pro, before, and stem sta, to stand.] Applied to a gland situated

[Gr.

—

tiv,

——— ——— — — — —

———

669

pros, near, and enchyma, an infusion.] Bot. tissue of fusiform or fibriform cells, as of woody tissues. prosody, pros'o«di, n. [L. prosodia, from Gr. prosodia, a song sung to music, prosody pros, to, and ode, a song, an ode.] That part of grammar which treats of the quantity of syllables, of accent, and of the laws of versification; the rules of rhythm prosodiacal, pros*or versification. o«di'a«kal, a. Pertaining to prosody. prosodial, prosodical, pro»so'di«al, pro«sod'i«kal, a. Pertaining to prosody; according to the rules of prosody. prosodist, pros'o«dist, n. One skilled in prosody.

prosopopoeia,

———

.

th, thin;

v.i. [L. protestor pro, before, and testor, to affirm, from testis, a witness, test.] To affirm with solemnity; to asseverate; to make a solemn or formal declaration (often in writing) expressive of opposition to something. v.t. To make a solemn declaration or affirmation To protest a bill of of; to assert. exchange, to mark or note it, through a notary public, for non-payment or

non-acceptance.

n. (pro'test).

A sol-

emn

declaration of opinion, commonly against some act; a formal statement (usually in writing), by which a person declares that he dissents from an act to which he

might otherwise be deemed

to

have

yielded assent; law, a formal declaration that acceptance or payment of a bill or promissory note has been

w, wig,

hw, whig;

zh, azure.

—

—

—

;

Proteus one who protests;

Lit.

[cap.] a

name

given to the party who adhered to Luther at the Reformation in 1529, and protested against a decree of the Emperor Charles V and the diet of Spires; now applied to all those Christian denominations that differ from the Church of Rome, and that sprang from the Reformation. a. Belonging to the religion of the Protestants. Protestantism, prot'es«tant«izm, n. The principles or religion of Protestants. protesta-

—

—

tion, prot«es«ta'shon, n.

[L. protes-

A

tatio.] solemn declaration; an asseveration; a solemn declaration of dissent; a protest. protester, pro«tes'ter, n. One who protests; one who protests a bill of exchange. Proteus, pro'ti-us, n. marine deity of the ancient Greeks who had the faculty of assuming different shapes

—

A

hence, one who easily changes his form or principles; zool. a small amphibious animal with both lungs and gills, living in certain subterranean lakes, and having rudimentary eyes. protean, pro'ti«an, a. Readily assuming different shapes; exceedingly variable. prothesis, proth'e«sis, n. [Gr. pro-

—

thesis

—pro, forth, and

thesis,

a plac-

ing.] The place in a church on which the elements for the Eucharist are put previous to their being placed on the altar; a credence.

prothonotary,

Provencal

670

— protestant, prot'es»tant, n.

refused.

pr6«thon'e«te«ri,

—

n.

[L.L. protonotarius Gr. prows, first, and L. notarius, a scribe, notary. The insertion of h is a mistake.] A chief notary or clerk; in the R. Cath. Ch. a sort of registrar; one of twelve constituting a college, who receive the last wills of cardinals, etc. ; in the Eastern Church, the chief secretary of the patriarch of Constantinople. In some states of the U. S. a chief clerk of a court. prothorax, pr6«tho'raks, n. [Gr. pro, before, and thorax.] Entom. the first or anterior segment of the thorax

protons in the atomic nucleus of each element being different. protonema, pro«to«ne'ma, n. [Gr. protos, first, nema, a thread.] In mosses, a threadlike structure resulting from germination of a spore. protonotary, pro«ton'o»taTi, n. See

— protrusively, pr6«trb'ziv«—proprotuberate, pro«tu'ber«at, tuberated, protuberating. [L.L. protubero, protuberatus — L. pro, before,

PROTHONOTARY. protoplasm, pro'to«plazm, n. [Gr. protos, first, and plasma, anything formed or molded, from plasso, to

or be prominent beyond the adjacent surface; to bulge out protuberance, pr6«tu'ber«ans, n. A swelling or tumor; a prominence; a bunch or knob; anything swelled or pushed beyond the surrounding or adjacent protuberant, pro«tu'ber«surface. ant, a. Swelling; prominent beyond the surrounding surface. protuber-

mold.]

A

transparent substance, a

complex and unstable mixture of proteins and other compounds, and constituting the basis of living matter in animal and plant structures. protoplasmic, pr6«to«plaz'mik, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or consisting of protoplasm. protoplast, pr6'to«plast, n. An original; a thing first formed, as a copy to be imitated. protoplastic, pr6«to«plas'tik, a.

—

—

First formed.

prototype, pro'to«tip, n. [Gr. prototypos protos, first, and typos, type.] An original or model after which anything is formed a pattern arche-

—

;

;

type.

protoxide, pro«tok'sid, first,

and