The Metrology of the Roman Silver Coinage Part I: from Augustus to Domitian 9780904531374, 9781407349039

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: THE JULIO-CLAUDIANS
I. The Denarius coinage
II. The Cistophorus coinage
III. Asia Minor
1. Caesarea in Cappadocia
2. Crete
3. Kingdom of Pontus
4. Lycia
5. Cilicia - Mint of Tarsus
IV. Syria-Palestine
CHAPTER 2: THE CIVIL WAR AND THE FLAVIANS
1. The Denarius coinage
II. Cistophori
II. Asia Minor
1. Caesarea in Cappadocia
2. Lycia
3. Cilicia- Tarsus
IV. Cyprus
V. Syria-Palestine
CHAPTER 3: “PTOLEIVIAIC AND AUGUSTAN SILVER": THE EVOLUTION OF THE TETRADRACHM OF ROMAN EGYPT

Citation preview

The Metrology of the Roman Silver Coinage Part I from Augustus to Domitian

D. R.Walker

BAR Supplementary Series S 1976

British Archaeological Reports 122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England GENERAL EDITORS

A.C .C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, B.A.

B. A. R. Supplementary Series 5, 1976: Coinage , Part 1 ".

"The Me trology of the Roman Silver

© D. R. Walke r, 1976. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531374 paperback ISBN 9781407349039 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531374 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS Page L is t o f F igures A bbrev ia t ions I n troduct ion CHAPTER 1 :

1 THE JUL IO-CLAUD IANS

T he d enar ius c o inage

4 5

C istophor i

2 6

Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia

3 7

Cre te

4 7

K ingdom o f Pon tus

5 2

L yc ia

5 4

C i l ic ia a nd M inor M in ts

5 6

S yr ia-Pa lest ine

5 8

CHAPTER 2 :

THE C IV IL WAR AND THE FLAV IANS

The d enar ius c o inage C istophor i

8 3 8 4 1 22

Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia

1 23

L yc ia-Ci l ic ia

1 30

Cyprus

1 31

S yr ia-Pa les t ine

1 33

CHAPTER 3 :

PTOLE MAIC AND AUGUSTAN S ILVER

1 39

L IST OF F IGURES

F IGURE 1

Page Denar ii o f Augustus

1 9

2

Denar i i a nd q u inar i i o f Augustus

2 0

3

Denar i i, T iber ius-Nero

2 1

4

C istophor i, Repub l ic-Claud ius

3 2

5

Caesarea Cappadoc iae , Arche laus-Claud ius

4 1

6

Caesarea Cappadoc iae , Nero

4 2

7

Crete , T iber ius-Nero

4 9

8

Co ins o f t he Tyr ian S tandard

7 5

9

Co ins o f t he Ant iochene S tandard

7 6

1 0

Denar i i, Ro me , A .D . 6 4-70

1 10

1 1

Denar i i, Ro me , A .D . 7 0-78

1 12

1 2

Denar ii, Ro me , A .D . 7 9-85

1 13

1 3

D enar i i, Ro me , A .D . 8 5-96

1 14

1 4

D enar ii, S pan ish a nd Ga l l ic M in ts

1 16

1 5

Denar ii, Eastern M ints

1 18

1 6

L a te P to le ma ic t e tradrach ms

1 51

1 7

A lexandr ia , T iber ius-Nero

1 53

ABBREV IATIONS 1 .

Co l lec t ions

AM

Co l lect ion o f t he U n ivers ity o f Ox ford , Ash mo lean Museu m

BM

Co l lect ion o f t he Br it ish Museu m , L ondon

Ba ldw in

S tock o f A . H . Ba ldw in a nd S ons, L td ., L ondon

Wa lker

Pr iva te c o l lec t ion o f D . R . Wa lker , Ox ford

2 .

Pub l ished works

ANS Museu m No tes

Amer ican Nu m is ma t ic S oc ie ty Museu m No tes

BMC, BMCRE , BMCRR

Br it ish Museu m Ca ta logue o f G reek Co ins , Co ins o f t he Ro man Emp ire a nd Co ins o f t he Ro man Repub l ic ;

a lways B MC when t he c on tex t

i s o bv ious . E JA

Egyp t ian J ourna l o f Archaeo logy

Mar t in

P . H . Mart in , D ie a nonymen Ar unzen d es J ahres 6 8 n ach Chr istus

M i lne

J . G . M i lne , Ca ta logue o f A lexandr ian Co ins i n t he Ash mo lean Museu m

NC

N um is ma t ic Chron ic le

NN M

Amer ican N um is ma t ic S oc ie ty N um is ma t ic n o tes a nd Monographs

R IC

Ro man Imper ia l Co inage , E d . Ma t t ing ly , S ydenha m , S uther land a nd Carson

RN

Revue Nu m is ma t ique

S uther land

C . H . V . S u ther land , C istophor i o f Augustus

S voronos

J . N . S voronos , N um is ma t ique d e l a Cre te Anc ienne

S ydenham

E . A . S ydenham , T he Co inage o f Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia

v . Au lock

S y l loge Nu m moru m G raecoru m , S am m lung v . Au lock

Wadd ing ton

W . H . Wadd ington , Recue i l G An6ra l d es Monna ies G recques

Wruck

W . Wruck , D ie S yr ische Prov inz ia lpia.g ung v on Augustus b is T ra ian

YCS

Ya le C lass ica l S tud ies

I NTRODUCTION

T h is work i s t he f i rst o f as er ies i n tended t o p ub l ish t he r esu lts o f al arges ca le p ro jec t o f a na lys is o f Ro man s i lver c o ins u s ing X-ray f l uorescence s pec tro me try .

Th is v o lu me c overs t he who le o ft he s i lver c o inage o f t he

Roman Emp ire f ro m A ugustus t o t he d ea th o f D om it ian , a nd a lso e xa m ines s ome o f t he p rei mper ia l c o inages o f t he e astern p ar t o f t he Emp ire , o u t o f w h ich t he i mper ia l c o inage e vo lved . A s econd v o lu me , w h ich i ti s h oped w i l l b e p ub l ished b efore t he e nd o f 1 976, w i l l d ea l w ith t he c o inages f rom t he a cc ess ion o f Nerva t o t he d ea th o f Marcus Aure l ius, wh i le at h ird w i l l c over t he p er iod f ro m C o mmodus t o t he c o l lapse o ft he c urrency-system i n t he midd le o ft he t h ird c en tury . I ti s h oped t ha t af our th v o lu me w i l l d ea l w ith t he much n eg lected s i lver c o inages o ft he f our th c entury a nd a lso w ith t he c o ina ges o ft he Ro man Repub l ic . T he t echn ique o f X -ray f l uorescence a na lys is a nd t he p rob lems a ssoc ia ted w ith i ta re n ow we l l k nown a nd w i l l n o t b e d ea l t w ith h ere .1 T he ma in s ource o f e rror wh ich i s e ncoun tered b y t h is me thod i s t he r esu l t o f s urface e nr ichmen t o f s i lver , a nd t h is c an o n ly b e o vercome b y r epea ted c lean ing a nd r eadi ngs o ft he c o in ; i ft h is i s d one w ith c are a nd p a t ience t hen t here i s l i t t le d oubt t ha t ah igh d egree o f a ccuracy c an b e o bta ined , a nd t h is s eems t o b e c onf ir med i n t he f ew i nstances where e nough c hem ica l a na lyses o f as ing le s er ies h ave b een p erfor med t o e nab le d irec t c ompar ison w ith a g roup o f s im il ar c o ins a na lysed b y X -ray f l uorescence . I t wou ld b e u se less t o p re tend , h owever , t ha t e rror i s a lways a vo ided o r t ha t t he t echn ique w i l l a lways g ive r esu lts a s a ccura te a s t hose wh ich c an b e o bta ined b y d es truct ive c he m ica l a na lys is ;

wha t i s i mportan t i s t ha t a s l arge a s amp le o f c o ins s hou ld b e a na-

l ysed a s p oss ib le , s o t ha t i nd iv idua l e rrors w il l t hen b e masked . A s w i l l b ec o me v ery c lear i n t he f o l low ing p ages, i ti s o n ly b y t he a na lys is o f l arge g roups o f c o ins t ha t w e c an b eg in t o make p rec ise c a lcu la t ions o f me ta l c on ten t , o r d ist ingu ish o ne m in t f ro m a no ther ; a nd t h is a pp l ies w ha tever me thod o f a na lys is i s emp loyed .

I ti s c lear ly o u t o ft he q uest ion , e xcep t w ith t he c o m-

monest o f a nc ien t c o inages , t o u se a ny th ing e xcep t n on-destruct ive me thods . The p urpose o ft he work h as b een p r i mar i ly t o e stab l ish t he s i lver c ontent o ft he i nd iv idua l c o inages a nd f or t h is r eason o n ly t he ma jor me ta ls p resen t ( s i lver , c opper a nd t o al esser e x tent l ead a nd t i n) h ave b een q uant ita t ive ly e xam ined .

G o ld h as b een r ecorded when n o t iced t o b e p resent , b u t n o t mea-

s ured q uan t i ta t ive ly .

O ther e le men ts h ave o n ly b een r ecorded w hen n o t iced .

T o c a lcu la te t he s i lver c on ten t , t herefore , t he c o ins a re a lways a ssumed t o c ons ist e n t ire ly o ft he t hree me ta ls s i lver , c opper a nd l ead .

T he r ead ings

f or s i lver c on ten t w i l l t herefore a lways b e s l igh t ly h igh , t hough n o t b y a n a pp rec iab le amoun t . Th is v o lu me r epresen ts v ery much a p re l im inary r econna issance i n to w ha t i s s t i l l, d esp ite t he w ork o ft he l ast t wo d ecades , v ery much u nexp lored

1

t err itory .

F or t h is r eason an u mber o fp rob le ms h ave b een d e l ibera te ly i g-

n ored a nd w i l l b e d ea l t w ith l a ter when t he h is tory o ft he d ebase men t o ft he c o inage c an b e v iewed a s a who le .

The c o mmen tary t ends t o r estr ic t i t se lf

v ery much t o d ea l ing w ith q uest ions d irect ly r e levan t t o t he i ssues a nd p er iods i nvo lved , a nd more f unda men ta l p rob le ms, s uch a s t he c auses o f d ebasemen t a nd i nf la t ion , t he s ources o f me ta l a nd t he d egree o f c en tra l c on tro l o ft he v ar ious m in ts a nd c urrency s yste ms o f t he Emp ire a re d eferred f or d iscussion l a ter . I th as a lso b een t hough t b est n o t t o d ea l w i th t he c o mp lex q ues t ion o f t he r a t io o ft he v a lue o fg o ld a nd s i lver , a nd t he e x ten t t o wh ich i t v ar ied , u nt i l i th as b een p oss ib le t o c onf ir m b y a nalys is t ha t t here i s n ever a ny v ar iat i on i n t he f i neness o ft he g o ld c o inage . Tha t t he g o ld c o inage was i nvar iab ly a bso lu te ly p ure i s as uppos it ion wh ich i s a t p resen t t aken r a ther t oo much f or g ran ted . Ano ther s hor tco m ing o ft he work wh ich w i l l a t o nce b e a pparen t t o t he r eader i s t ha t t he we igh ts o ft he v ar ious c o inages a re i n a l l c ases c a lcu la ted a s b e ing t he mean we igh t o f s urv iv ing s pec i mens o ft ha t c o inage , a f ter e xc lud ing s pec i mens wh ich a re o bv ious ly h igh ly worn .

I n t he c ase o f d enar i i

a nd q u inar i i t he mean we igh t o f a na lysed s pec i mens i s , where n ecessary , s upp le men ted b y t he we igh ts o f e xamp les i n t he Br it ish Museu m .

I n t he c ase o f

t he n on-denar ius c o inages mean we igh ts a re c a lcu la ted f rom t he we igh ts o f a l l s pec i mens k nown t o me . However t he mean we igh t o f s urv iv ing s pec i mens i s d if feren t f ro m t ha t o f s pec i mens when s truck , a nd t h is i n t urn i s d i f feren t f ro m t he t heore t ica l we igh t ;

b u t s ince wha t i s important i s n o t s o much t o

k now e xact ly t he we igh t o f s i lver wh ich a p ar t icu lar d enom ina t ion c on ta ined when i tl ef t t he m in t , b u t more t he d egree t o wh ich i tc on ta ined more o r l ess s i lver t han i th ad i n t he p rev ious y ear , a nd t he d egree t o wh ich i t was o r was n o t o verva lued i n r e la t ion t o o ther c on temporary d enom ina t ions , i ti s p robably b est n o t t o e n ter i n to t he c omp l ica ted c a lcu la t ion o ft heore t ica l r a ther t han a ctua l we igh ts , wh ich i s d if f icu lt e nough w i th t he d enar i i o f Ro me a nd we l ln igh i mposs ib le w ith t he p rov inc ia l c o inages .

I t must , h owever , b e r emem-

b ered t ha t when we s peak o f ' t he d enar ius c on ta in ing a mean s i lver c on ten t o f xg rams ' t h is i s n o t , i n f act , e xac t ly t he s ame a s t he mean s i lver c on ten t o f t he c o ins when t hey l ef t t he mint . I ts hou ld a lso p erhaps b e o bserved t ha t when we a re c ompar ing d if feren t d eno m ina t ions t he sma l ler c o ins, h av ing a l arger r e la t ive s urface a rea , w i l l t end t o h ave l ost more we igh t t hrough wear ( o ther t h ings b e ing e qua l) t han t he l arger c o ins . T h is p ro jec t c ou ld n o t h ave b een c on temp la ted w i thou t t he s uppor t a nd e nc ouragemen t o f many p eop le a nd i nst itut ions . P r ide o f p lace must g o t o t he Research L abora tory f or Archaeo logy a nd t he H istory o f Ar t i n t he U n ivers i ty o f Ox ford , u nder t he d irect ion o f Professor E . T . H a l l , where Iwas g iven a ccess t o t he n ecessary e qu ipmen t .

T o t he m , a nd i n p art icu lar t o D r . R . E .

M . H edges , who t aught me t o u se t he ' i soprobe ', a nd w hose p a t ience a nd g ood h u mour was l im it less , Iam v ery g rea t ly hdebted .

I ti s ar ash s c ien t is t w ho

a l lows a n i gnoran t c lass ic ist l oose among h is v a luab le i ns tru men ts ; a nd Ic an o n ly h ope t ha t t hey w i l l c ons ider t he r isk t o h ave b een wor thwh i le . A t t he s ame t ime i t must b e made c lear t ha t t hey a re i n n o way r espons ib le f or a ny e rrors o f e i ther me thod o r i n terpre ta t ion wh ich my w ork may c on ta in .

2

am a lso v ery g ra tefu l t o Mr . J . H err ing ton o ft he A to m ic Weapons Research E stab l ish men t , A lder maston f or t he e n thus iast ic h e lp wh ich h e h as g iven me . The o ther e ssen t ia l f or t he s uccess o ft he p ro ject was t ha t a s l arge a s a mp le o f c o ins a s p oss ib le s hou ld b e a va i lab le f or a na lys is .

Ih ave h ad t he

r ich c o l lect ion o f my own U n ivers i ty , h oused i n t he Ashmo lean Museu m , a t my d isposa l , b u t a s w i l l b e s een i n t he f o l low ing p ages , t h is wou ld h ave b een e n t ire ly i nadequa te f or t he s carce e astern c o inages . Iam t herefore v ery d eep ly i ndeb ted t o t he T rustees o f t he Br it ish Museum f or most g enerous ly a l low ing t he ir e n t ire c o l lect ion o f e astern s i lver t o t rave l t o Ox ford where I c ou ld u se i t .

I n p art icu lar Iw ou ld l ike t o t hank Dr . M . J . P r ice , o ft he

D epar t men t o f C o ins a nd Meda ls a t t he Br i t ish Museum , who f ree ly g ave o f h is t ime a nd e nergy t o b r ing t h is a bout . S econd ly Messrs . A . H . Ba ldw in a nd S ons L td . o f L ondon g enerous ly made a va i lab le t o me t he ir c ons iderab le s tock o f e astern s i lver a nd Iam v ery a pprec ia t ive o f t he ir k indness i n d o ing t h is . The c o mb ina t ion o f c o ins f ro m t hese t hree s ources , t oge ther w ith t he c o ins f ro m my o wn c o l lect ion , h as p laced a t my d isposa l ah uge b ody o f mat er ia l . An u mber o f s cho lars h ave h e lped me w ith a dv ice a nd s uggest ions .

D r .

D . M . Me tca lf , D r . C . M . K raay , Mr . P . J . Parsons a nd D r . R . E . M . H edges h ave r ead a l l o r p ar t o f t he work a nd h ave made u sefu l c o mmen ts o n i t . My d ebt t o my p a tron a nd t eacher D r . C . H . V . S u ther land h as g rown s tead i ly o ver a p er iod o f many y ears, a nd c anno t b e a dequa te ly e xpressed i n words . I n wr it ing t he l ast c hap ter o f t h is v o lu me Ih ave h ad t he g rea t p leasure o f t he c o l labora t ion o f M iss C . E . K ing o f S omerv i l le C o l lege , Ox ford . On a more p ersona l n o te my f r iend M ichae l ' Boss ' G lasby o f Chr ist C hurch h as g iven f ree ly o fh is t ime t o a ss ist me , a nd t hrough h i m Il earn t , b efore i t was t oo l a te , t he d i f ference b e tween a megamp a nd a m i l l iamp . My f r iend I an K irkbr ide , o f C hr is t C hurch , Ox ford a lso h e lped me c ons iderab ly a nd i n t he c ourse o f d u ty was o b l iged t o make t he g r ievous s acr if ice o f r evea l ing h is r ea l n ame t o t he p o l ice . I t was u nfor tuna te , b u t n o t o ur f au l t , t ha t we were u nab le t o s hed c o lour o n to o ne p ar t icu lar f ea ture . F ina l ly Iwou ld l i ke t o t hank my f e l low d irectors o f Br it ish Archaeo log ica l Reports f or t he p a t ience a nd l ack o f a larm wh ich t hey h ave s hown a t t he p rosp ect o f o ne o ft he ir n u mber q u ite s udden ly b eco m ing a c hamp ion o f t he r igh ts a nd p r iv i leges o f B .A .R . a u thors . C hr is t C hurch , O xford . J anuary , 1 976 .

1 .

S ee i n p ar t icu lar F . S chwe itzer , ' Ana lys is o f A nc ien t C o ins u s ing a Po in t S ource X -ray S pectro me ter :

aC r it ica l Rev iew ', i n E . T . Ha l l a nd

D . M . Me tca lf ( eds .) , Me thods o f C he m ica l a nd Me ta l lurg ica l I nvest igat i on o f Anc ien t C o inage , 1 53 . T he i nstru men t u sed i n t h is p ro jec t , t he i soprobe , i s d escr ibed b y E . T . Ha l l , F . S chwe itzer a nd P . A . To l ler , ' X-ray f l uorescence Ana lys is o f Museu m O b jects : Archaeome try , 1 5 ( 1 973) , 5 3 .

an ew I ns trumen t ',

CHAPTER 1 THE JUL IO-CLAUD IANS

I n troduct ion The a na lys is o n al arge s ca le o ft he s i lver c o ins o f t he e ar ly Roman imper ia l p er iod i s a t f i rst s igh t al arge ly t hank less a nd u nnecessary t ask .

I th as

l ong b een k nown t ha t Augustus a nd h is immed ia te s uccessors s truck t he d enar ius a t av ery h igh s tandard o f f i neness , wh i le t here h as n ever b een a ny d oubt t ha t Nero i n A .D . 6 4b o th r educed t he we ight o f t he d enar ius a nd i ncreased i t s b ase me ta l c on ten t . 1 I n f act , h owever , we k now v ery l i t t le a bout t he me trol ogy o ft he p er iod . Ham mer 2 k new o f 5a na lyses o f d enar i i o f Augustus a nd o f 3o f T iber ius ; b u t t hey c anno t n ow b e a t tr ibu ted e xact ly a s t o t he ir t ype a nd d a te . T here a re n o p ub l ished a na lyses o f d enar i i o f Ga ius, C laud ius o r Nero b efore t he r efor m o fA .D . 6 4 . F or t he p er iod o f N ero 's r e ign a f ter t he r efor m t here a re t hree p ub l ished a na lyses wh ich were c ons idered b y Bo l in 3 t o b e r e l iab le . Id o n o t k now o f a ny a na lyses o ft h is p er iod p ubl ished s ince t he t ime o ft hese wr iters .

Thus, f or ap er iod o f a bou t 1 00 y ears o f

Ro man h istory we h ave o n ly 1 1 a na lyses o ft he s i lver c o inage wh ich may b e c ons idered t o b e o f a ny u sefu lness a nd r e l iab i l ity . When we t urn t o t he l arge a nd v ar ied n on-denar ius s i lver c o inages o f t he Emp ire we a re i n e ven more n eg lected t err i tory , f or , w i th o n ly o ne o r t wo e xcept ions , n o a na lyses o ft hese c o inages h ave e ver b een p ub l ished .

The

c o inage o f A lexandr ia i n t h is p er iod i s d ea l t w ith i n as epara te c hap ter ( Chap ter 3 ) . T he p urpose o ft h is c hap ter i s t herefore t o p ub l ish t he a na lyses o f 3 08 c o ins o ft he d enar ius c o inage ( 1 .e ., d enar i i a nd q u inar i i) o f t he p er iod f ro m t he b at t le o f Ac t iu m ( 3 1 B .C . )t o t he d ea th o f Nero ( A .D . 6 8) , a nd 3 95 c o ins o ft he n on-denar ius c o inages o ft he Ro man Emp ire o f t he s a me p er iod , i nc lud ing an u mber o f Repub l ican i ssues o u t o f wh ich t he imper ia l c o inage e vo lved . The s itua t ion r evea led i s f ar more c omp l ica ted t han migh t h ave b een s upposed .

Under Augustus i ti s p oss ib le t o i so la te n o l ess t han 5 s e-

p ara te s tandards wh ich were u sed f or t he d enar ius c o inage a lone , b efore t he o pen ing o ft he min t o f L ugdunu m , when a s tandard was f i xed wh ich c on t inued i n u se u n t i l A .D . 6 4 .

I n t he East , ag rea t many s ystems , g row ing o u t o f

t he p rev ious c o inages o ft he l a te Repub l ican p er iod , c on t inued t o f unct ion ; a nd we s ha l l b e a b le , h owever t en ta t ive ly , t o make s ome s ta temen ts a bou t t he r e la t ion b e tween t hese c o inages a nd t he d enar ius .

4

I .

The Denar ius c o inage 4 Augustus

1 .

I ta l ian mint c . 3 0 B .C . 27 B .C .

No .

S y l loge n o .

We ight o f

We igh t

Ash mo lean R IC n o . 1

( g )

%s i lver

Au .

Pb .

s i lver ( g )

1

1 90

3 .9 2

9 6 . 5 0

-

-

2

1 91

2 7

3 .54

9 6 .75

-

-

3 .42

3

1 92

2 7

3 .66

9 6 .75

-

-

3 .54

4

1 93

3 .8 0

9 6 . 7 5

-

-

3 .6 8

5

1 94

3 .7 9

9 7 .0 0

-

-

3 .6 8

6

1 96

3 .58

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .47

7

1 97

2 6

3 .67

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .56

8

1 98

2 6

3 .79

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .68

9

1 99

2 6

3 .74

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .63

1 0

2 01

2 5

4 .01

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .90

1 1

2 02

2 5

3 .82

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .71

1 2

2 03

2 5

3 .69

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .59

3 2 4 2

3 .7 8

1 3

2 04

2 5

3 .44

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .35

1 4

2 05

2 5

3 .51

9 7 .50

-

-

3 .42

1 5

2 07

7

3 .66

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .55

1 6

2 08

7

3 .45

9 7 .25

t r

-

3 .36

1 7

2 09

7

3 .43

9 7 .25

t r

-

3 .34

1 8

2 10

7

3 .67

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .56

( t r As)

1 9

2 11

3 .65

9 6 .00

-

t r

3 .50

2 0

2 13

3 7

7

3 .82

9 6 .75

t r

-

3 .70

2 1

2 14

3 7

3 .62

9 6 .75

t r

-

3 .50

2 2

2 15

3 7

3 .54

9 6 .50

-

-

3 .42 3 .01

2 3

-

3 5

3 .10

9 7 .00

t r

-

2 4

2 17

3 5

3 .61

9 7 .50

-

-

3 .52

2 5

2 18

3 5

3 .50

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .40

2 6

2 19

3 5

3 .70

9 6 .00

-

-

3 .55

2 7

2 20

3 5

3 .59

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .48

2 8

2 21

3 5

3 .48

9 6 .75

-

-

3 .3 7

2 9

2 22

3 3

3 .7 1

9 6 . 5 0

t r

-

3 .5 8

3 0

2 24

3 6

3 .8 8

9 7 . 0 0

-

-

3 .7 6

3 1

2 25

3 6

3 .21

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .11

3 2

2 26

3 9

3 .6 2

9 6 . 0 0

-

-

3 .4 8

3 3

2 27

6

3 .9 9

9 6 . 0 0

-

-

3 .8 3

3 4

2 28

6

3 .99

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .88

3 5

2 29

6

3 .3 4

9 6 . 7 5

t r

-

3 .23

3 6

2 30

6

3 .51

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .40

3 7

2 31

6

3 .5 7

9 6 .0 0

-

-

3 .43

3 8

2 32

6

3 .4 5

9 7 .0 0

-

-

3 .3 5

3 9

2 34

3 8

4 .02

9 6 .50

-

-

3 .88

4 0

2 35

3 8

3 .5 5

9 6 . 5 0

-

-

3 .4 3

2 36

3 8

3 .46

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .36

4 1 Mean

( 4 1 c o ins)

3 .6 4

9 6 .8 4

3 .5 2

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .20

0 .39

0 .19

2 .

Ro me- Moneyers ' c o inage c . 1 9 B .C .12 B .C .

Ash mo lean No .

S y l ioge n o .

We igh t R IC n o .

We igh t o f

( g )

%s i lver

Au .

Pb .

s i lver ( g )

Q . Rus t ius 4 2

2 58

9 6

3 .85

9 6 .00

-

-

3 .70

4 3

2 59

9 6

3 .44

9 6 .75

t r

-

3 .33

4 4

2 60

9 6

3 .24

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .14

t r

-

3 .64

Turp i l ianus e t a l . 4 5

2 62

1 14

3 .77

9 6 .75

4 6

2 63

1 11

3 .81

9 6 .50

-

0 .75

3 .68

4 7

2 64

1 15

4 .17

9 6 .75

-

-

4 .03

4 8

2 66

9 8

3 .90

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .78

4 9

2 67

9 9

3 .88

9 6 .50

-

-

3 .74

5 0

2 68

9 9

3 .53

9 6 .00

t r

-

3 .39

5 1

2 70

9 9

3 .63

9 5 .75

t r

-

3 .48

5 2

2 71

9 9

3 .44

9 6 .50

t r

-

3 .32

5 3

2 73

1 24

3 .58

9 6 .00

t r

-

3 .44

5 4

2 74

1 22

4 .41

9 6 .50

t r

-

4 .26

5 5

2 75

1 23

3 .80

9 5 .75

t r

-

3 .64

5 6 5 7

2 76 2 77

1 19 1 20

3 .81 3 .91

9 5 .75 9 5 .75

t r t r

-

3 .65 3 .74

5 8

2 78

1 29

3 .54

9 6 .00

t r

t r

3 .40

5 9

2 79

1 31

3 .68

9 5 .75

t r

0 .75

3 .52

6 0

2 81

1 32

3 .90

9 5 .75

-

0 .75

3 .73

6 1

2 82

1 27

3 .75

9 5 .00

-

1 .00

3 .56

6 2

2 83

1 28

3 .78

9 5 .75

t r

0 .75

3 .62

( nos . 4 5-62)

3 .79

9 5 .98

3 .62

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .23

0 .46

0 .22

Mean

S to lo e t a l . 6 3

2 84

1 42

3 .55

9 5 .75

0 .50

3 .40

0 .50

3 .82

6 4

2 86

1 41

3 .94

9 7 .00

6 5

2 87

1 36

4 .11

9 7 .00

6 6

2 88

1 62

3 .89

9 6 .50

3 .87

9 6 .56

t r

3 .99

t r

3 .75

Mean ( nos . 6 3-66)

3 .74

V in ic ius e t a l . 6 7

2 89

1 47

3 .86

9 6 .25

6 8

2 90

1 49

3 .77

6 9

2 91

1 48

3 .77

7 0

2 92

1 48

3 .92

7 1

2 93

1 48

3 .74

7 2

2 94

1 55

3 .53

6

t r

-

3 .72

9 6 .50

t r

t r

3 .64

9 6 .25

t r

-

3 .63

9 5 .75

-

-

3 .75

9 6 .00

t r

-

3 .59

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .43

7 3

2 95

1 55

3 .45

9 6 .75

t r

3 .34

7 4

2 96

1 59

3 .3 3

9 6 . 5 0

t r

3 .21 ( t r As) 3 .57

7 5

2 97

1 60

3 .6 8

9 7 .00

7 6

2 98

1 60

3 .5 3

9 6 . 7 5

7 7

2 99

c f 1 50

3 .8 6

9 4 . 5 0

3 .68

9 6 . 3 2

3 .54

0 .71

O .1 6

3 .42

t r 0 .75

3 .65

Mean ( nos . 6 7-77)

0 .18

S tandard d ev ia t ion

P la tor inus e t a l . 7 8

3 00

1 68

3 .65

9 6 .50

t r

-

7 9

3 01

1 69

3 .49

9 6 .00

t r

t r

3 .52 3 .35

8 0

3 02

1 79

3 .60

9 6 .75

t r

-

3 .48

-

-

3 .36

Cossus e t a l . 8 1

3 04

1 71

3 .48

9 6 .50

8 2

3 05

1 72

3 .80

9 6 .25

t r

-

3 .66

8 3

3 06

1 75

3 .85

9 5 .75

t r

1 .00

3 .69

8 4

3 07

1 75.

3 .45

9 5 . 7 5

t r

t r

3 .3 0

8 5

3 08

1 75

3 .40

9 6 .00

t r

t r

3 .26

( nos . 8 1-85 )

3 .60

9 6 .0 5

3 .45

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .19

O .2 9

0 .18

4 4 c o ins)

3 .72

9 6 .24

3 .58

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .23

0 .56

O .2 2

Mean

Mean ( a l l c o ins o f Ro me ,

( Ash mo lean s y l loge n o . 2 85 a nd 3 03 a re e xc luded a s b e ing p robab ly f a lse ; b o th g ave v ery l ow s i lver r ead ings .

No . 2 65 i s p la ted o n a n i ron c ore . )

7

3 . Ash mo lean No .

Emer ita c . 2 5-23 B .C . We igh t

S y l loge n o .

R IG n o .

( g )

We ight o f %s i lver

Au .

P b .

s i lver ( g )

8 6

1

2 3

3 .89

9 8 .50

-

-

8 7

2

2 3

3 .82

9 8 .50

t r

-

3 .83 3 .76

8 8

3

2 3

3 .62

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .51

8 9

4

2 39

3 .6 8

9 7 . 5 0

t r

t r

3 .5 8

9 0

5

2 39

3 .77

9 7 .50

t r

-

3 .68

9 1

6

2 39

3 .88

9 7 .50

t r

O .2 5

3 .78

9 2

7

c f 2 29

3 .7 7

9 7 .2 5

t r

-

3 .7 0

9 3

8

2 22

3 .36

9 8 .25

t r

t r

3 .30

9 4

9

2 22

3 .7 8

9 7 .25

-

1 .0 0

3 .6 8

9 5

1 0

2 27

3 .77

9 8 .00

-

-

3 .69

9 6

1 1

2 27

3 .19

9 7 .50

t r

0 .50

3 .11

9 7

1 2

2 25

3 .91

9 7 .50

t r

t r

3 .81

9 8

1 3

2 25

3 .91

9 7 .00

t r

1 .00

3 .79

9 9

1 4

2 25

3 .81

9 7 .25

t r

-

3 .71

1 00

1 5

2 24

3 .74

9 8 .00

t r

-

3 .67

Mean ( 15 c o ins)

3 .7 3

9 7 .6 3

3 .6 4

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .20

O .4 8

O .1 9

4 . 1 01

2 2

' Uncer ta in S pan ish min t 1 ' c . 2 5-17 B .C . 2 48

3 .80

9 9 .00

t r

-

3 .76

1 02

2 3

2 59

3 .21

9 9 .00

-

-

3 .18

1 03

2 4

2 53

3 .7 9

9 7 . 7 5

-

-

3 .7 0

1 04

2 5

2 53

3 .68

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .58

1 05

2 7

2 53

3 .41

9 8 .00

-

-

3 .34

1 06

3 1

3 26

3 .86

9 7 .50

t r

-

3 .76

1 07

3 3

2 55

3 .85

9 8 .50

t r

t r

3 .79

1 08

3 4

2 55

3 .8 0

9 7 . 5 0

-

-

3 .7 1

1 09

3 5

2 57

3 .62

9 9 .00

-

-

3 .58

1 10

3 6

2 57

3 .84

9 8 .25

t r

t r

3 .77

1 11

3 7

2 58

3 .82

9 7 .75

-

-

3 .73

1 12

3 8

2 58

3 .66

9 7 . 5 0

-

0 .5 0

3 .5 7

Mean

3 .74

9 8 .08

3 .65

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .23

0 .6 2

0 .20

( Ashmo lean s y l loge n o . 2 9 i s o f al ead/ t in a l loy a nd i s c er ta in ly c ast ; n os . 2 8 a nd 3 0 g ave Ag r ead ings o f 9 0 .2 5% a nd 9 4 . 5 0% r espect ive ly .

Both a re we l l

b e low t he r ange o f f i neness s hown b y t he min t , a nd c lose i nspec t ion r evea ls t ha t b o th a re a l most c er ta in ly modern c asts . )

8

5 .

' Uncerta in S pan ish M int 2 ' C . 2 5-16 B .C .

Ash mo lean No .

S y l loge n o .

We ight R IC n o .

( g )

1 13

3 9

2 68

3 .02

We igh t o f %s i lver

Au .

9 5 .75

t r

Pb .

s i lver ( g )

-

2 .89

1 14

4 0

2 68

3 .62

9 8 .25

-

-

3 .56

1 15

4 1

2 68

3 .34

9 6 .50

-

-

3 .22

1 16

4 2

2 70

3 .66

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .55

1 17

4 3

2 70

3 .64

9 8.25

t r

-

3 .58

1 18

4 5

2 72

3 .44

9 7 .25

t r

-

3 .35

1 19

4 6

3 14

3 .77

9 8 .50

-

-

3 .71

1 20

4 7

2 76

3 .81

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .7 i

1 21

4 8

2 76

3 .68

9 7 .50

t r

-

3 .59

1 22

5 0

2 81

3 .91

9 8 .50

t r

t r

3 .85

1 23

5 1

2 83

3 .7 7

9 6 . 7 5

t r

O .5 0

3 .6 5

1 24

5 2

2 83

3 .7 3

9 7 . 7 5

-

-

3 .6 5

1 25

5 3

2 84

2 .78

9 7 .50

-

-

2 .71

1 26

5 5

2 89

3 .21

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .11

1 27

-

2 89

3 .53

9 8.00

-

t r

3 .46

1 28

5 6

2 89

3 .29

9 8.00

t r

-

3 .22

1 29

5 7

2 89

3 .7 0

9 4 .0 0

-

0 .7 5

3 .4 8

( t r As) 1 30

5 8

3 78

3 .79

9 6 .50

t r

-

3 .66

1 31

5 9

2 90

3 .63

9 7 .50

-

-

3 .54

1 32

6 0

2 90

3 .70

9 5 .75

t r

-

3 .54

1 33

6 1

2 90

3 .69

9 5 .50

t r

0 .75

3 .52

1 34

6 2

2 90

3 .67

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .57

1 35

6 3

2 90

3 .80

9 7 .25

t r

-

3 .70

1 36

6 4

2 90

3 .49

9 7 .75

t r

t r

3 .41

1 37

6 5

2 91

3 .59

9 8.00

-

t r

3 .52

1 38

6 6

2 91

3 .63

9 7 .25

-

t r

3 .53

1 39

6 7

2 91

3 .01

9 9 .00

-

-

2 .98

1 40

6 8

3 02

3 .87

9 7 .75

-

0 .25

3 .78

1 41

6 9

3 02

3 .68

9 7 .00

t r

0 .75

3 .57

1 42

7 0

3 04

3 .86

9 9 .00

-

-

3 .82

1 43

7 1

3 05

3 .64

9 6 .75

-

-

3 .52

1 44

7 2

3 05

3 .52

9 8.00

t r

1 .00

3 .45

1 45

7 3

3 05

3 .64

9 7 .50

-

t r

3 .55

1 46

7 4

3 05

3 .72

9 6 .75

-

0 .25

3 .60

1 47

7 5

3 06

3 .76

9 6 .75

-

-

3 .64

1 48

7 6

3 06

3 .51

9 7 .50

t r

-

3 .42

1 49

7 7

3 07

3 .81

9 7 .50

-

0 .50

3 .71

1 50

7 8

3 07

3 .36

9 7 .25

t r

-

3 .27

1 51

7 9

3 07

3 .48

9 7 .50

t r

-

3 .39

1 52

8 0

3 01

3 .81

9 8 .25

t r

-

3 .74

1 53

8 1

2 88

3 .58

9 7 .75

t r

-

3 .50

1 54

8 2

2 88

3 .83

9 7 .50

t r

0 .25

3 .73

1 55

8 3

2 88

3 .83

9 7 .25

t r

9

0 .50

3 .72

Ash mo lean No .

S y l loge n o .

We ight R IC n o .

1 56

8 4

2 92

1 57

8 5

2 92

1 58

8 6

2 92

( g )

We igh t o f %s i lver

3 .71

Au .

P b .

s i lver ( g )

9 7 .50

t r

0 .50

3 .62

3 .68

9 6 .50

t r

0 .25

3 .55

2 .98

9 5 .75

-

t r

2 .85 3 .35

1 59

8 7

2 92

3 .47

9 6 .50

t r

-

1 60

8 8

2 92

3 .69

9 8 .50

t r

0 .25

3 .63

1 61

8 9

2 92

2 .89

9 5 .50

-

1 .00

2 .76

1 62

9 0

2 93

3 .73

9 6 .50

t r

1 .00

3 .60

1 63

9 1

2 93

3 .33

9 5 .75

-

1 .00

3 .19

1 64

9 2

2 96

3 .79

9 7 .25

t r

-

3 .69

1 65

9 5

2 96

3 .72

9 9 .00

-

-

3 .68

1 66

9 6

2 96

3 .85

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .73

1 67

9 7

2 96

3 .26

9 6 .75

t r

1 .00

3 .15

1 68

9 8

3 11

3 .69

9 8 .75

t r

-

3 .64

1 69 1 70

9 9 1 02

3 13 3 18

3 .83 3 .86

9 9 .25 9 8 .25

t r t r

t r

3 .80 3 .79

1 71

1 03

3 18

3 .88

9 7 .50

t r

t r

3 .78

1 72

1 04

3 19

3 .60

9 8 .75

t r

-

3 .56

1 73

1 05

3 19

3 .78

9 7 .50

t r

-

3 .69

1 74

1 06

3 19

3 .41

9 9 .50

t r

-

3 .39

1 75

1 08

2 64

3 .74

9 7 .50

t r

-

3 .65

1 76

1 09

2 64

3 .70

9 8 .75

t r

0 .25

3 .65

1 77

1 10

2 64

3 .76

9 7 .00

-

t r

3 .65

1 78

1 11

2 64

3 .26

9 9 .25

t r

-

3 .24

1 79

1 12

2 64

3 .45

9 8 .50

t r

t r

3 .40

1 80

1 13

c f 2 65

3 .75

9 7 .50

t r

0 .50

3 .66

Mean ( 68 c o ins)

3 .60

9 7 .44

3 .51

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .25

1 .02

0 .25

1 0

6 .

L ugdunu m 1 5 B .C . -A .D . 1 4

Ash mo lean No .

S y l loge n o .

1 81

1 14

We igh t R IC n o . 3 26

( g )

We ight o f %s i lver

3 .74

9 9 .00

Au 0 .25

P b -

s i lver ( g ) 3 .70

1 82

1 15

3 27

3 .93

9 7 .50

-

-

3 .83

1 83

1 16

3 27

3 .85

9 8 .00

t r

-

3 .77

1 84

1 17

3 27

3 .74

9 7 .25

t r

-

3 .64

1 85

1 18

3 27

3 .79

9 8 .25

t r

-

3 .72

1 86

1 19

3 27

3 .79

9 7 .75

-

-

3 .70

1 87

1 20

3 27

3 .87

9 8 .75

t r

-

3 .82

1 88

1 21

3 27

3 .68

9 7 .25

-

t r

3 .58

1 89

1 22

3 27

3 .83

9 8 .25

t r

-

3 .76

1 90

1 23

3 27

3 .65

9 9 .00

t r

-

3 .61

1 91

1 72

3 50

3 .66

9 7 .50

0 .25

-

3 .57

1 92

1 73

3 50

2 .94

9 9 .00

-

-

2 .91

3 50

3 .38

9 9 .00

t r

-

3 .35

1 93 1 94

1 75

3 50

3 .84

9 6 .00

t r

-

3 .68

1 95

-

3 50

3 .46

9 8 .00

t r

-

3 .39

1 96

1 76

3 50

3 .83

9 9 .00

t r

-

3 .79

1 97

1 77

3 50

3 .78

9 6 .75

t r

-

3 .67

1 98

1 78

3 50

3 .82

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .70

1 99

-

3 50

3 .75

9 8 .00

t r

-

3 .67

2 00

-

3 52

3 .79

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .66

2 01

1 86

3 55

3 .70

9 8 .00

-

-

3 .63

2 02

1 87

3 55

3 .56

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .45

2 03

1 88

3 55

3 .42

9 9 .00

t r

-

3 .39

2 04

1 89

3 55

3 .82

9 8 .00

t r

-

3 .74

2 05

1 79

3 50

3 .75

9 5 .00

-

-

3 .56

Mean ( 25 c o ins)

3 .69

9 7 .79

3 .61

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .21

1 .00

0 .19

C o in n o . 2 05 d oes n o t s ee m t o b e o f i rregu lar s ty le , b u t i s s ign if ican t ly l ower t han a ny o ther c o in i n t h is g roup .

E xc lud ing t h is c o in t he mean f or t he g roup

i s 9 7 .91% a nd s tandard d ev ia t ion 0 .84 g . a rd d ev ia t ions b e low t he mean . a nd i s b es t e xc luded .

Th is p u ts c o in n o . 2 05 t hree s tand-

I ti s p robab ly t o b e r egarded a s a' m istake ',

The mean we igh t o f s i lver i n c o ins o f t h is g roup t hen

b eco mes 3 .65 g .

1 1

7 .

Perga mon 1 9-18 B .C .

Ash mo lean No .

S y l loge n o .

We igh t R IC n.

( g )

We igh t o f %s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

2 06

3 11

4 8

3 .81

9 8 .25

3 .74

2 07

3 12

4 1

3 .69

9 7 .50

3 .60

8 . 2 08

3 16

5 9

S amos c . 1 7 B .C . 4 .06

9 5 .00

t r

3 .86 ( t r As)

2 09

3 17

5 9

3 .57

9 4 .75

t r

2 10

3 18

5 9

3 .68

9 5 .00

-

3 .50

2 11

3 19

5 6

2 .96

9 4 .25

t r

2 .79

2 12

3 20

5 9

3 .79

9 6 .00

t r

3 .64

2 13

3 21

5 7

3 .58

9 4 .50

3 .38

Mean ( 6 c o ins)

3 .61

9 4 .92

3 .43

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .33

0 .55

0 .33

9 .

Uncer ta in e as tern min t

2 14

3 24

3 72

3 .75

9 6 .25

t r

2 15

3 25

3 72

3 .28

9 8 .50

t r

1 0 .

3 .38

t r

3 .61 3 .23

Uncer ta in e astern c o ins

2 16

3 23

6 2

3 .44

9 6 .75

t r

-

3 .33

2 17 2 18

3 23A 3 14

8

3 .73 3 .93

9 6 .75 9 7 .00

-

-

3 .6 1 3 .81

1 2

I I.

Qu inar i i -I t a l ian min t

Ash mo lean

2 9-27 B .C .

We igh t R IC n o .

We igh t o f

N o .

S y l loge n o .

( g )

%s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

2 19

2 37

1 8

1 .45

9 3 .75

t r

0 .25

1 .36

2 20 2 21

2 38 2 39

1 8 1 8

1 .91 1 .55

9 4 .50 9 3 .75

0 .25 t r

t r

1 .e o 1 .45

2 22

2 40

1 8

1 .65

9 3 .50

t r

-

1 .54

2 23

2 41

1 8

1 .62

9 2.75

t r

1 .75

1 .50

2 24

2 42

1 8

1 .75

9 3 .50

t r

0 .75

1 .64

2 25

2 44

1 8

1 .71

9 3 .50

-

-

1 .60

2 26

2 45

1 8

1 .51

9 4 .00

-

0 .50

1 .42

2 27

2 46

1 8

1 .54

9 2 .75

-

1 .00

1 .43

2 28

2 47

1 8

1 .51

9 0 .75

-

2 .00

1 .37

2 29

2 48

1 8

1 .45

9 0 .50

t r

-

1 .31

2 30

-

1 8

1 .46

9 1.50

-

1 .75

1 .34

2 31

-

1 8

1 .67

8 9 .00

-

-

1 .49

2 32

2 50

1 8

0 .82

9 3 .00

-

1 .00

0 .76

2 33 2 34

2 51 2 52

1 8 1 8

1 .48 1 .53

9 3 .25 9 2 .75

-

1 .00 -

1 .38 1 .42

2 35

2 54

1 8

1 .43

9 4 .00

-

1 .00

1 .34

Mean ( 17 c o ins)

i .5 3

9 2 .75

1 .42

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .22

1 .43

0 .21

C orrec ted mean we igh t

1 .59

1 .47

( t o i nc lude B M we ights) 1 2 .

Q u inar i i - Emer ita c . 2 5-23 B .C .

2 36 2 37

1 7 1 8

2 21 2 21

1 .53 1 .49

9 4 .00 9 3 .75

t r t r

0 .50 0 .50

1 .44 1 .40

2 38

1 9

2 21

1 ,79

9 2 .50

t r

0 .25

1 .66

2 39

2 0

2 21

1 .44

8 8 .00

-

0 .75

1 .27

Mean

1 .56

9 2 .06

1 .44

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .14

2 .41

0 .14

C orrec ted mean we igh t

1 .65

1 .52

( t o i nc lude B M c o ins) 1 3 . 2 40 2 41

3 22 3 13

5 8 9

O ther q u inar i i

1 .40 1 .84

9 3 .50 9 6 .50

1 3

t r t r

0 .25 -

1 .31 1 .78

T iber ius We igh t No .

R IC n o .

2 42

3

We ight o f s i lver

( g )

%s i lver

Au

P b

( g )

3 .81

9 9 .00

t r

t r

3 .77

2 43

3

3 .7 4

9 8 .5 0

t r

3 .68

2 44

3

3 .43

9 8 .00

t r

3 .36

2 45

3

3 .7 1

9 8 . 5 0

t r

3 .65

2 46

3

3 .69

97 .5 0

-

3 .59

2 47

3

3 .83

9 7 .00

t r

3 .71

2 48

3

3 .83

9 8 .00

t r

3 .75

3 .7 2

9 8 .0 7

3 .64

S tandard d ev ia t ion O .1 3

0 .62

O . 1 3

Mean ( 7 c o ins)

G a ius 2 49

1 0

3 .58

9 7 .50

t r

3 .49

2 50

1 1

3 .57

9 6 .75

t r

3 .45

2 51

1 5

3 .73

9 9 .00

-

3 .69

2 52

2 0

3 .38

9 7 .50

-

3 .30

3 .57

9 7 .69

3 .48

S tandard d ev ia t ion O .1 2

0 .82

0 .14

Mean Correc ted mean we igh t ( t o i nc lude BM c o ins)

3 .68

3 .59

1 4

C laud ius 2 53

4

3 .52

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .42

2 54

9

3 .59

9 7 .50

t r

-

3 .50

-

2 .93

2 55

2 0

3 .04

9 6 .50

t r

2 56 2 57

2 4 2 9

3 .5 8 3 .7 0

9 8 . 5 0 9 9 .0 0

-

2 58

3 6

3 , .8 2

9 7 . 5 0

t r

-

3 .7 2

2 59

3 6

3 .6 0

9 9 .2 5

-

-

3 .5 7

-( t r As) -

3 .5 3 3 .6 6

2 60

3 7

3 .79

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .68

2 61

3 8

3 .58

9 7 .50

-

-

3 .49

2 62 2 63

4 6 7 5

3 .64 3 .73

9 8 .50 9 7 .50

-

-

3 .58 3 .64

2 64

7 7

3 .5 3

9 8 .2 5

t r

-

3 .4 7

2 65

8 1

3 .73

9 8 .00

-

-

3 .66

2 66

8 0

3 .48

9 8 .00

-

-

3 .41

2 67

9 2

3 .40

9 8 .50

-

-

3 .35

2 68

9 2

3 .52

9 8 .50

-

-

3 .47 3 .4 5

2 69

9 5

3 .4 8

9 9 . 0 0

t r

-

2 70

9 8

3 .46

9 8 .25

-

-

3 .40

2 71

9 8

3 .4 0

9 7 . 5 0

-

-

3 .3 2

3 .56

9 8 .00

3 .49

S tandard d ev ia t ion 0 .1 7

0 .7 2

0 .1 7

Mean ( 19 c o ins) C orrected mean w e ight ( t o i nc lude BM c o ins )

3 .5 9

3 .67

1 5

We igh t No .

R IC n o .

Nero - p re-refor m

( g )

%s i lver

Au

2 72

3

3 .61

9 9 .00

-

2 73

9

2 .75

9 6 .50

-

We igh t o f s i lver P b

( g )

-

2 .65

3 .57

2 74

1 0

3 .07

9 7 .50

-

-

2 .99

2 75

1 9

3 .42

9 7 .50

t r

-

3 .3 3

2 76

2 1

3 .42

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .32

2 77

2 2

3 .34

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .24

2 78

2 5

3 .3 9

9 7 . 0 0

t r

t r

3 .29

2 79

2 5

3 .69

9 6 .00

t r

t r

3 .54

2 80

2 5

3 .67

9 6 .50

t r

-

3 .54

2 81

2 8

3 .3 6

9 8 . 5 0

t r

-

3 .3 1

2 82

3 0

3 .44

9 7 .50

-

-

3 .35

2 83

3 0

3 .47

9 8 .00

-

-

3 .40

2 84

3 5

3 .21

9 7 .50

t r

-( t r As)

3 .13

3 .37

9 7 .35

3 .28

S tandard d ev ia t ion 0 .24

0 .79

0 .24

Mean ( 13 c o ins) Correc ted mean we igh t t o e xc lude b roken c o ins, a nd i nc lude B M c o ins

3 .57

3 .47

1 6

Nero - p ost-refor m We igh t ( g )

We ight o f s i lver

No .

R IC n o .

2 85

4 1

2 86

4 1

3 .30

9 3 .25

-

-

3 .08

2 87

4 1

3 .64

9 2.00

-

-

3 .35

2 88

4 2

3 .41

9 4 .50

t r

-

3 .22

2 89

4 2

3 .35

9 4 .50

t r

-

3 .16

3 .32

% s i lver

Au

P b

( g )

9 3 .00

t r

-

3 .09

2 90

4 3

3 .31

9 5 .25

-

-

3 .15

2 91

4 5

3 .07

9 3 .50

-

-

2 .87

2 92

4 5

3 .09

9 3 .25

t r

t r

2 .88

2 93

4 5

3 .36

9 5 .00

-

-

3 .19

2 94

4 6

2 .95

9 2 .75

-

0 .75

2 .74

2 95

4 7

2 .99

9 3 .75

-

-

2 .80

2 96

4 7

2 .65

9 4 .00

t r

t r

2 .49

2 97

5 0

3 .22

9 5 .25

-

-

3 .07

2 98

5 0

3 .16

9 4 .25

-

5 4

2 .98

2 99

5 2

2 .91

9 3 .50

t r

0 .50

2 .72

3 00

5 3

2 .67

9 3 .00

t r

0 .25

2 .48

3 01

5 4

3 .16

9 2.50

t r

t r

2 .92

3 02

5 6

3 .43

9 2.75

t r

-

3 .18

3 03

5 6

3 .29

9 4 .25

t r

-

3 .10

3 04

5 8

3 .10

9 2 .25

0 .25

2 .00

2 .86

3 05

5 8

3 .09

9 0 .50

t r

2 .25

2 .80

3 06

5 8

3 .50

9 3 .50

t r

-

3 .27

3 07

6 0

3 .15

9 3 .00

t r

t r

2 .93

3 08

6 0

3 .25

9 4 .00

t r

t r

3 .05

3 .18

9 3 .48

2 .97

S tandard d ev ia t ion 0 .23

1 .08

0 .22

Mean ( 24 c o ins)

1 7

S U M MARY Augustus - d enar i i

M in t

No . o f

Mean we igh t

Mean %

Mean we igh t o f

c o ins

( g )

s i lver

s i lver ( g )

1 .

I t a ly c . 3 0-27 B .C .

4 1

3 .64

9 6 .84

3 .52

2 .

Ro me c . 1 9-12 B .C .

4 4

3 .72

9 6 .24

3 .58

3 .

Emer ita 2 5-23 B .C .

1 5

3 .7 3

9 7 .63

3 .6 4

4 .

S pan ish min t 1 2

3 .74

9 8 .08

3 .65

6 8

3 .7 5

9 7 .44

3 .51

2 4

3 .6 9

9 7 .91

3 .65

3 .6 1

9 4 .92

3 .43

1 .59

9 2 .75

1 .47

1 .65

9 2 .06

1 .52

c . 2 5-17 B .C . 5 .

S pan ish min t 2 c . 2 5-16 B .C .

6 .

L ugdunu m 1 5 B .C . A .D . 1 4

S .

S amos c . 1 7 B .C .

6

Augustus - q u inar i i 1 1 . I t a ly 2 9-27 B .C . 1 2 . Emer ita 2 5-23 B .C .

1 7 4

T iber ius - Nero - d enar i i T iber ius

7

3 .72

9 8 .07

3 .64

Ga ius

4

3 .68

9 7 .69

3 .59

C laud ius

1 9

3 .56

9 8 .00

3 .59

Nero -p re-refor m

1 3

3 .5 7

9 7 .3 5

3 .47

Nero -p ost-refor m

2 4

3 .1 8

9 3 .48

2 .9 7

1 8

C

l b l b• • • • %lb •

• : t1

• •

o b • • • •

• ••

CD

• • •• •

r T 4

• •

C> C D c ;

l f 3

C 7 5

C K )

•

( 1 )

F ineness o f d enar i i o f Augustus

•

••

• •

• • • • • • 0 • • • • •

•

••

F ineness o f d enar i i

•

• •

• • • ••

•

•

• •• •• • • •• • • •

• •

•

• • • • •• • •• •

•• • • • • •• •• • • • • •• •• • •

•• • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• • •

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b i )


4 , . =

4 1

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C . )

C d ; • 4

'b

" C a t

c n

t o t -

c d

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c r • J c o

i n

c d

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• C i )

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0

•

0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0 N

•••4 ••4 •••cy 5 ••

c o 0 0 e n C ) i n e l 0 0 C • 1" , 4 S • • • • C ) 0 • 3 • . 1 r 4

r i )

7 t1

I n 0 e co

0 3 C Y D 4 1 0 • • • • 0 c q C I 0 4 4

,4 1

r : q

4

c

c o C O

I n

C r ) C i

I c ' t ; )

I n

C O

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c . )

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c z, ;

; »4 . 4 c d

c d

C n

C D

Z

a )

c a . c d 0

—c u g c l # )

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-r i )

r i e 0 P I _ d

e I ( 2 )

c e

5 .

c . ) c d

r n

z

c D

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4 )

22 c ; . . m u) r n

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C ) Ii t F s 4

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g0c U y , C l ) -2 4 >

Z

0 5 2 4

l

G ) 3 C d 01

c i )

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d

C f )

C / D

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4 N . 1 4 . )

c d

0

0

g .1

F 4

F 4

0 0.-4 0 61 ; _ .0 F 4 F / i f • i

i i C D

0

2 . 4 . :: ‹ ‹4 , _ , ., . , z . i z zzz z. eec gc i d 4c d4 , 4 0 P A

Z

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c a

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4 )

0

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C . )

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C D

C D

C D

C D

6 , 1

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4 4 C . )

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• r I 4 3

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e . 4 • 4 • m • I 4 . 3 4 . 3;»,f

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• . . .1

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6 6

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o

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61 .4

t -

C

0 0

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c o

M

0 , • 1

C I ‚ -

e l

D iscuss ion T he me tro logy o ft he s i lver c urrency o f Roman S yr ia a nd Pa les t ine h as n ever b een p roper ly u nders tood , f or , w h i le i ti s c lear f rom t he s ources t ha t t here w ere c o ins o ft he s a me d enom ina t ion b u t o f d if feren t v a lues i n t erms o f d enar i i wh ich c ircu la ted s ide b y s ide a t t he s ame t ime , t h is f ac t h as n o tb een g rasped b y modern s cho lars , who h ave e ndeavoured t o p roduce s i mp l ic ity i n as i tua t ion where n one e x is ted . T he e x treme c omp lex i ty o ft he mone tary s it ua t ion i s d emons tra ted b y t he t ab le a bove . Wh i le i n a l l t he c o inages wh ich we h ave d ea l t w ith s o f ar t here was l i t t le c hange i n t he s i lver s tandard b e tween t he l a te Repub l ican p er iod a nd t he 6 0s A .D . ,i n S yr ia t here s eems t o h ave b een a c onstan t sw i tch ing f rom o ne s tandard t o a no ther , w i th t he r esu l t t ha t t he d rachma c ou ld c on ta in a ny th ing f rom 2 .00 t o 3 .20 g o f s i lver .

T here i s ,

h owever , r a ther more o rder t o b e f ound t han s eems t ob e t he c ase a t f i rst s igh t , a l though we a re h ampered b yt he f ac t t ha t , e ven when t he r esources o f s evera l c o l lec t ions a re c omb ined , t here a re many i ssues f or wh ich o n ly a v ery i nadequa te s a mp le h as b een a va i lab le f or a na lys is . A t t he b eg inn ing o ft he i mper ia l p er iod t here were t wo ma in s i lver c urr enc ies b e ing p roduced i n t h is a rea . The f i rs t was t he s o-ca l led ' a u tonomous ' c o inage o f Tyre , w h ich b egan i n t he s econd c en tury B .C . a nd wh ich c on t inued t o b e p roduced t hroughou t t he J u l io-C laud ian p er iod , u n t i l A .D . 5 7/58, wh ich was a l mos t c er ta in ly t he l as t y ear o ft he i ssue . Throughou t t h is l ong p er iod i tr ema ined a c o inage o f q u i te r emarkab le s tab i l i ty , w i th n o v ar ia t ion o f e i ther w e igh t o r f i neness o ver t he p er iod o f 1 20 y ears c overed b y o ur a na lyses . I t i s e asy t o s ee why i tb ecame t he c urrency l a id d own f or u se b y t he J ews f or t he p aymen t o ft e mp le-dues ; a nd a lso why t he ' Tyr ian s tandard ' b ecame a c ommon mone tary t erm t hroughou t t he E ast . I th ad b y f ar t he h ighes t s i lver c on ten t o f a l l t he l oca l ly p roduced c urrenc ies o ft he p er iod , g iv ing a d rachma w i th a s i lver c on ten t o f 3 .30 g .

3 5

T he o ther ma in c urrency o f Repub l ican S yr ia was p roduced a t A n t ioch a nd c ons isted o f t e tradrachms s truck i n t he n a me o ft he S e leuc id k ing P h i l ip P h i lade lphus , b u t a t f i rst w i th monogra ms o ft he n a mes o f Roman g overnors a nd l a ter w i th d a tes f rom t he C aesar ian e ra . I nt he m idd le o ft he l as t c entury B .C . t h is was s t i l l ac urrency o f f a ir ly p ure s i lver ( nos . 5 90 a nd 5 91) , a nd more c o ins o ft h is p er iod mus t b e a na lysed b e fore we c an t race t he p rocess o f d ec l ine . A f ter ab reak o f s ome y ears p roduc t ion o ft h is c o inage was r es umed b y O c tav ian s oon a f ter A c t iu m . T h is n ew i ssue c on t inued t hroughou t t he 2 0s B .C . u n t i l 1 4/ 13 B .C . a t l east , p erhaps l a ter . T hroughou t t h is p er iod t hese c o ins w ere s truck o n an ew s tandard w i th a mean f i neness o f a bou t 7 3% s i lver , g iv ing a d rachma w i th a mean s i lver c on ten t o f 2 .5 7 g .3 6 T he c o inage o ft e tradrachms s truck i n t he n a mes o f Marcus A n ton ius a nd C leopa tra V I I were n o t o n t h is s tandard , a l though a l most c er ta in ly p roduced a t An t ioch . T he t hree t e tradrachms a nd o ne d rach ma a va i lab le f or a na lys is g ive a mean s i lver c on ten t p er d rachma o f 3 .03 a nd 3 .09 g r espec t ive ly ; a nd a l though more c o ins o ft hese r are i ssues mus t b e a na lysed i ti s c lear t ha t t he d rachma o f A n ton ius c on ta ins a bou t 0 .5 0 go f s i lver more t han t ha t o ft he P h i l ip P h i lade lphus c o inage w h ich i mmed ia te ly s ucceeded i t .

6 7

I nt he y ears 6 /5 B .C . ama jor r e form o ft he c urrency o f S yr ia t ook p lace wh ich a f fected n o t o n ly t he s i lver b u t a lso t he b ronze c o inage .3 7 o ft he s i lver c o inage was i n t wo s tages , a nd t ook p lace i n 5B .C .

T he r e form E ar ly i n t he

y ear t he i ssue o ft e tradrachms was r esumed w i th c o ins b ear ing t he s a me r ev erse t ype a s h ad a ppeared o n t he P h i l ip P h i lade lphus c o ins , t he s ea ted Z eus , b u t w i th t he h ead o f Augustus o n t he o bverse . A l though o n ly t wo o ft hese c o ins c ou ld b e a na lysed i ti s c lear t ha tt hey w ere s truck o n e xac t ly t he s a me s tand ard a s t he P h i l ip Ph i lade lphus c o ins , g iv ing a d rachma c on ta in ing a bou t 2 .55 go f s i lver . L a ter i n 5B .C . an ew r everse t ype o ft he Tyche o f An t ioch was i n troduced a nd t h is r ema ined t he s tandard r everse t ype u n t i l t he e nd o ft he r e ign . T he i n troduc t ion o ft he n ew t ype c o inc ides e xac t ly w i th t he i n troduct ion o f an ew s tandard , marked ly h igher t han t ha t u sed f or t he Ph i l ip Ph i lad e lphus c o ins a nd t he Augustus c o ins o f e ar l ier i n t he y ear . The f i neness o f i nd iv idua l c o ins i s v ery v ar iab le ; s ome a re a s d ebased a s t he Ph i l ip Ph i lad e lphus c o ins , b u t t h is i s c ompensa ted f or b yt he c ons iderab le n u mber wh ich h ave a f i neness o f o ver 8 0% s i lver s o t ha t t he s pread o f f i neness o ft he t wo i ssues a re q u ite d ist inc t .

T h is p roduces a mean s i lver c on ten t p er d rachma

o f2 .89 g . T he t wo c o ins o f T iber ius a nd t he f i ve o f G a ius s how a r e turn t o as tandard b ased o n b u t e ven l ower t han t ha t o f Ph i l ip P h i lade lphus ;3 8 t he T iber ian i ssue a lso r e turns t o t he Z eus r everse t ype , wh i le t he G a ius i ssue h as ab ust o f Agr ipp ina S en ior o n t he r everse .

Bo th i ssues a re b ased o n ad rachma c on-

t a in ing l ess t han 2 .5 0 go f s i lver ; t he T iber ian i ssue p roduc ing a d rachma c on ta in ing 2 .37 g o f s i lver a nd t he G a ius o nes a d rachma o f 2 .45 g o f s i lver . T he C laud ian c o ins a re s ome th ing o f ap rob lem . N os . 6 35 , 6 36 a nd 6 37 a re a c on t inua t ion o ft he r everse t ype o f Z eus s ea ted . N o . 6 35 i s o vers truck o n aS e leuc id t e tradrachm , h owever , a nd s hou ld n o t b e u sed t o c a lcu la te t he s tandard b e ing u sed . I ti s c er ta in ly o f v ery much p urer s i lver t han a ny o ther c o in w i th Z eus a s t he r everse t ype . No . 6 38 was s truck a tt he v ery e nd o f t he r e ign a nd h as a s r everse t ype ab us t o f N ero caesar .3 9 i ts uggests a r a ther l ower s t andard , a s d o t he t wo d idrachms s truck a t t he s a me t ime , a lso h av ing ab us t o f Nero o n t he o bverse . T hese t wo c o ins s ugges t ad rachma c on ta in ing a bou t 2 .5 7 go f s i lver ;

t ha t i s t o s ay , t he s tandard o ft he p os t-

h umous c o ins o f Ph i l ip P h i lade lphus . A f ter ab reak o f s evera l y ears , c o inage was r esumed a t An t ioch i n t he t h ird r egna l y ear o f Nero ( A .D . 5 6-57) w i th a n i ssue o ft e tradrach ms , d id rachms a nd d rachmas . T hese s how a no ther f a l l i n t he s i lver s tandard , w i th t he s i lver c on ten t o ft he d rachma v ary ing b e tween 2 .28 g f or t he t e tradrachm a nd 2 .00 g f or t he d idrachm .

4 0

T here was ab reak o ft wo y ears a f ter t h is i ssue b efore c o inage was r es umed i n A .D . 5 9/60 , when t he r everse t ype o ft he e ag le , wh ich was a f ter t h is d a te t o b ecome a l mos t t he o n ly r everse t ype u sed o n S yr ian t e tradrachms u n t i l t he m idd le o ft he t h ird c en tury , was i n troduced f or t he f i rs t t ime . A s was t he c ase w hen t he T yche r everse t ype was i n troduced b y A ugustus , t he c hange o ft ype c o inc ided e xact ly w ith a c hange i n s tandard .

T h is n ew s tan-

d ard was much h igher t han t ha t u sed f or t he p rev ious i ssue a nd s eems t ob e ar evers ion t o t he Augustan ' Tyche ' s tandard , w h ich h ad n o t b een u sed s ince . L ike t he A ugustus c o ins , i nd iv idua l c o ins o ft h is i ssue d isp lay a w ide v ar ia-

6 8

t i on i n f i neness, s o t ha t t he s tandard d ev ia t ion o f t he Nero i ssue i s a s h igh a s 5 .24% o f s i lver .

The mean f i neness, h owever , a t 7 9 .39% o f s i lver , i s v ery

c lose t o t ha t o ft he Augustus/Tyche c o ins, wh i le t he mean we igh t o f s i lver i n t he d rach ma , a t 2 .90 g , i s o n ly 0 .01 g d if feren t f rom t ha t o ft he Augustan i ssue .

Two d rachmas w ith Nero o n t he o bverse a nd Poppaea o n t he r everse ,

p robab ly s truck i n a bou t A .D . 6 2, g ive a mean s i lver c on ten t p er d rachma o f 2 .79 g . T he min t o f Ant ioch c losed i n A .D . 6 3 .

Ano ther min t ( Kraay 's ' m in t B ')

p roduced a sma l l i ssue i n t he c ourse o ft he y ear 1 14 .

I tt hen c losed a ga in

a nd o pened s hor t ly b e fore Nero 's d ea th , p roduc ing a sma l l i ssue wh ich i s t o b e c onnected w ith t he c onduct o f t he J ew ish War .4 1 T he s tandard u sed a t t h is m in t was e xact ly t he s ame a s t ha t emp loyed a t An t ioch i n t he y ears A .D . 5 96 3 . Aga in t here i s aw ide v ar ia t ion b e tween d i f ferent c o ins w i th a c onsequent h igh s tandard d ev ia t ion , b u t t he mean % s i lver i s v ery c lose t o t ha t o f t he p rev ious i ssue .

The we igh t o f s i lver i n t he d rachma , a t 2 .79 g , i s 0 .11 g l ower

t han t ha t o ft he p rev ious c o ins, b u t t h is i s a l mos t e n t ire ly d ue t o t he l ighter mean we igh t o ft he c o ins , wh ich i n t urn i s p robab ly t he r esu l t o f g rea ter wear o n t he s pec i mens we ighed . Af ur ther g roup o ft e tradrach ms o f Nero wh ich must b e a ss igned t o S yr ian m in ts i s t he v ery l arge i ssue o f c o ins wh ich h ave L a t in l egends a nd a n o bverse h ead o f Nero a nd r everse h ead o f D ivus C laud ius ( nos . 6 90-696) . These c o ins h ave of ten b een a ss igned , a lbe i t w ith h es ita t ion , t o t he min t o f Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia s ince t he t ype i s e xac t ly t he s a me a s t ha t u sed o n t he d idrach ms a nd d rach mas o ft ha t m in t .4 2 On s ty l ist ic g rounds a lone t here i s n o d oubt t ha t t hese c o ins a re n o t o f Caesarea , f or t hey a re q u ite c lear ly t he work o f a d i f feren t , a nd i nfer ior , d ie-cu t ter , a s we l l a s b e ing d iferen t i n f abr ic . F ur ther more t he t e tradrachm i s n o t o therw ise a Caesarean d enom ina t ion , a nd t hese c o ins a re n ever f ound i n h oards f rom A s ia M inor .

I ti s n ow p oss ib le

t o s ee t ha t t he s tandard u sed t o s tr ike t hese t e tradrach ms i s q u ite d if feren t f rom t ha t u sed b y Nero a t Caesarea , a nd t here s eems l i t t le d oubt t ha t t hey s hou ld b e a ss igned t o S yr ian m in ts, s tr ik ing a t as tandard n ear t o , t hough a l i t t le l ower t han , t ha t u sed t o s tr ike Nero 's An t ioch c o ins o fh is t h ird r egna l y ear .

Fro m t he p or tra iture a l l t he c o ins c an b e g iven a d a te n ear t o A .D .

6 2-63 , a nd t hey a re t o b e c onnected , a s a re most o f Nero 's e astern c o ins, w i th t he a ct iv it ies c oncerned w ith t he Par th ian war .

Two m in ts may h ave

b een u sed , o ne i den t ify ing i t se lf b y as tar b eh ind t he Emperor 's b ust a nd t he o ther b y a n i vyleaf .

T he i ssue a s a who le was s truck a t as tandard g iv ing a

d rach ma c on ta in ing a mean o f 2 .23 g o f s i lver . Two o ther S yr ian m in ts h ave v ery sma l l i ssues i n t he J u l io-C laud ian p er iod .

Fro m L aod icea a d Mare a s ing le c o in o f Augustus a nd t hree o f Nero

were a va i lab le f or a na lys is .

4 3

L aod icea s truck i t s c o ins a t a much l i gh ter

we igh t t han d oes An t ioch , b u t c o mpensa ted f or t h is b y u s ing a much h igher s i lver s tandard , g iv ing a f i neness o f 9 1 .25% o f s i lver . T h is p roduced a d rach ma c on ta in ing 3 .02 g o f s i lver , s l igh t ly h igher t han t he h ighest s tandard u sed a t Ant ioch .

6 9

A t S e leuc ia P ier ia , i f we c an j udge f rom t he v ery sma l l n umber o f c o ins a va i lab le , t he we igh t u sed f or i t s v ery r are s er ies o ft e tradrach ms s truck u nder Augustus b e tween A .D . 6a nd A .D . 8 was much h igher t han t ha t u sed a t Laod icea a nd r a ther h igher t han t ha t u sed a t An t ioch .

The f i neness , h ow-

e ver , was d is t inct ly l ower t han t ha tu sed f or t he c on temporary c o ins o f Augustus s truck a t An t ioch , s o t ha t t he r esu lt ing we igh t o f s i lver i n t he d rachma , a t 2 .81 g , i s p robab ly i n tended t o b e e xac t ly e qua l t o t ha t o f t he Augustus/Tyche c o ins a t An t ioch .

I ti s q u ite c lear f ro m t he me tro log ica l wr iters t ha t t here was a n An t ioche ne d rach ma wh ich was wor th 4 ,500 A t t ic d rachmas . The A t t ic d rach ma was e qua l t o t he d enar ius , s o t here was, i n o ther words , at e tradrachm wh ich was e qua l t o 3d enar i i , a nd t h is t e tradrach m i s s pec if ica l ly ' o f An t ioch ' .

4 4

He iche lhe im u sed t h is a s t he s tar t ing p o in t o fh is s urvey o f S yr ian c urrency a nd p r ices a nd t herefore t ook t he t e tradrachm i n S yr ia a s b e ing i n a l l c ases, i n t he f i rst t wo c entur ies A .D . ,a c o in w ith t he v a lue o f 3d enar i i . He s pec if ica l ly s ta ted t ha t t he Ta l mud ic r eferences a re i n a ccord w ith t h is. Th is i s n o t s o .

4 5

There a re a f ew r eferences i n t he Ta l mud t o at e tradrachm

wor th 3 d enar i i wh ich S perber , who e rrs i n t he o ther d irect ion f ro m He iche lh e im , a nd t h inks t ha t a l l S yr ian t e tradrachms were wor th 4 d enar i i, c ons iders t o b e r eferences t o c istophor i . -

Th is i s imposs ib le , h owever , s ince t here i s

n o e v idence t ha t t he c istophorus e ver c ircu la ted i n S yr ia o r e ven i n e astern As ia M inor . 46 T hese r eferences t o at e tradrachm wor th t hree d enar i i s erve t o c onf ir m t he e v idence o ft he me tro log ica l wr i ters . N one the less, t he g rea t ma jor ity o f Ta l mud ic r eferences c an , a s S perber h as r igh t ly s een , b e r ec onc i led t o ac o in v a lued a t 4d enar i i . 47 One c o in t ha t we c an b e q u ite s ure h ad t h is v a lue i s t he ' autono mous ' t e tradrachm o f Tyre , f or i ti s s pec if ica l ly men t ioned a s b e ing e qua l t o f our A t t ic d rach mas b y b o th J osephus a nd t he a nonymous me tro log ica l wr i ter ;

a nd when t he t e mp le-dues o f t wo Tyr ian

d rach mas was c onver ted b yt he Ro mans i n to a t ax i t was c a lcu la ted a t t wo A t t ic d rach mas o r t wo d enar i i .

4 8

We h ave , t here fore , l i terary e v idence f or t wo d if feren t s tandards i n S yr ia a nd Pa les t ine .

I ti s b ecause t he e x istence o ft wo s tandards , t he Ant iochene

a nd t he Tyr ian , t he o ne wor th

7 3 1 -o f

t he o ther , h as n o t b een f u l ly u nderstood ,

t ha t t he t rue s ign if icance o ft he mone tary p hrase äpyup t oy P up t ot ) more f u l ly Apyup C oy

xaXöv T upC m ) x . 6 1 . 1µaTog

o r

,' good s i lver o f

Tyr ian s ta mp ' ( or ' des ign ' a nd p erhaps b y imp l ica t ion -b u t n o t more - meani ng s i mp ly ' s tandard ') h as n o tb een g rasped . Th is p hrase i s u sed t hroughout t he Eas t f ro m t he s econd h a lf o f t he f i rst c en tury A .D . u n t i l t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury , when i ta brup t ly c eases . There h as a lways b een a c ons idera b le d eba te a s t o i t s mean ing , s ince i ti s r ecogn ised t ha t t he ' au tono mous ' c o inage o f T yre i t se lf h ad l ong s ince c eased t o c ircu la te a t t he t ime when t he p hrase i s u sed .

T he v iew o f Newe l l a nd Be l l inger was t ha t i t was s i mp ly a

g enera l t er m t o mean ' Imper ia l t e tradrach ms ' .

4 9

H owever , t he e xp lana t ion c anno t b e a s s i mp le a s t h is , f or , a s we h ave s een , t he T yr ian d rach ma i s a n A t t ic d rach ma wor th o ne d enar ius , wh i le t he A n t ioche ne d rach ma i s wor th o n ly

o f ad enar ius .

7 0

T he r eferences t o t he ' Tyr ian

s ta mp ' must s ure ly b e t o c o ins wh ich were wor th a d enar ius, a nd must b e i nt ended t o d ist ingu ish t hem f rom b aser c o ins wh ich wou ld o n ly b e wor th o f a

e

d enar ius .

We t herefore h ave t o t ry t o f i nd o u t wh ich o f t he c o ins o f t he i ssues

w h ich we h ave a na lysed f i t i n to e ach c a tegory . O ur a na lyses c onf ir m w ithout a ny d oubt t ha t t he ' autono mous ' c o inage o f T yre was i ndeed b ased o n ad rach ma wh ich was wor th o ne d enar ius .

Conta in-

i ng 3 .30 g o f s i lver p er d rach ma t hey a re i n f act s l igh t ly more v a luab le t han t he ' At t ic ' d rach mas w h ich we e ncountered i n As ia M inor , a nd t he d egree t o w h ich t hey a re o verva lued a ga inst a d enar ius c on ta in ing 3 .65 g o f s i lver i s o n ly 1 0% - mak ing i to ne o ft he l east o verva lued o f a l l t he n on-denar ius c urr enc ies i n t he Ro man Emp ire i n t h is p er iod . T h is ' autonomous ' c o inage e nded i n A .D . 5 7/58 .

I n A .D . 5 9/60 t here

was a ma jor r efor m o ft he s i lver c urrency o f An t ioch , wh ich t ook t he f orm o f t he a dop t ion o ft he r everse t ype o f as tand ing e ag le wh ich h ad p rev ious ly b een u sed a t Tyre , b u t wh ich h ad n ever b een u sed a t Ant ioch . t he s i lver c onten t o f t he t e tradrach m i ncreased c ons iderab ly .

S i mu ltaneous ly Tha t t here was

s ome c onnect ion b e tween t he e nd o ft he c o inage o f T yre a nd t he i ssues o f Nero a t A nt ioch h as a lready b een s uggested b y Kadman, b u t h e was n o t i n ap os it ion t o s ee wha t t h is c onnect ion was s ince h e d id n o t r ea l ise t ha t t here was a t t h is p o in t ar e form o ft he s tandard . 5 0 The ' eag le ' c o ins s truck b y Nero b etween A .D . 5 9 a nd A .D . 6 3 c on ta in 6% more s i lver t han t hree d enar i i, wh i le i f we t ake t he m t o b e c o ins w or th f our d enar i i t hey a re o verva lued a ga inst t he d en ar ius b y 2 6% . T h is i s , f or a n e astern c o inage , ac ompara t ive ly h igh o verv a lua t ion , a nd i tc ou ld b e a rgued t ha t i ti s t oo h igh f or u s t o u se a s e v idence f or t he c o ins i ndeed b e ing v a lued a t f our d enar i i . H owever , af ur ther p iece o f e v idence t ends t o c l inch t he a rgu ment . I n A .D . 6 4 t he s i lver c ontent o f t he d enar ius f e l l t o 3 .00 g . The t e tradrachms s truck i n S yr ia a f ter t h is d a te , h owever , w ere s truck o n t he s ame s tandard a s h ad b een u sed f or t e tradrach ms b efore t he r e for m . T h is c an o n ly mean t ha t t he d egree o f o verva lua t ion o f t he t e tradrach ms s truck b efore t he r efor m o f A .D . 6 4 was s uf f ic ient ly h igh f or t he b a lance n o t t o b e t i pped i n t he wrong d irect ion i ft he t e tradrachm c ont i nued t o c on ta in t he s ame w e igh t o f s i lver af ter A .D . 6 4 .

I n f act , t he d e-

g ree o f o verva lua t ion o f t he ' eag le ' t e tradrachms o f Nero s truck a f ter t he r efor m o ft he d enar ius i n A .D . 6 4 i s o n ly 7 .5% l ess t han t ha t o f t he ' au tonomous ' c o inage o f Tyre . T h is i s c a lcu la ted o n t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he n ew d enar ius , a nd t ak ing t he t e tradrach m a s ac o in wor th 4 d enar i i . I ft hese p ost6 4 c o ins were wor th 3 d enar i i, t hen t hey wou ld h ave c onta ined 2 4% more s i lver t han 3 r ea l d enar i i , wh ich i s c lear ly a n i mposs ib le s i tua t ion . T he l ast ' eag le ' t e tradrachms o f Nero a re t herefore i ndub itab ly c o ins wor th 4d enar i i ; t hey a re t herefore c o ins s truck o n t he Tyr ian ( or A t t ic) s tandard . I ft h is i s s o t hen c lear ly t he ' eag le ' t e tradrachms s truck s ince A .D . 5 9 must a lso b e o ft he s ame v a lue . I t was b ecause t he o verva lua t ion o f t he t e trad rach m s truck i n A .D . 5 9-63 was s o h igh t ha t i t was n ot n ecessary t o c hange i t s me ta l c on ten t a f ter t he d enar ius h ad i t s s i lver c on ten t r educed i n A .D . 6 4 . T he p ost-64 t e tradrachm c ont inued t o b e o verva lued , t hough t o af ar l esser e x ten t . T h is s hou ld b e c o mpared w i th t he s i tua t ion a t Caesarea Cappadoc iae w here t he d rach ma h ad t o l ose s i lver i n A .D . 6 4 ( above p . 4 6 )a nd a t A lexandr ia w here , a s a t An t ioch , t he d egree o f o verva lua t ion was a lready s o h igh t ha t t he r efor m o f A .D . 6 4 a t Ro me c ou ld b e i gnored ( be low p . 1 56) 7 1

T he s ign if icance o f t he c los ing o f t he m in t o f Tyre a nd t he i n troduct ion o f t he ' eag le ' t ype a t An t ioch n ow b eco mes c lear ;

a nd i ti s a lso c lear why t he

e ag le r ema ins a l most t he s o le t ype f or t he t e tradrach m c o inage o ft he e ast a f terwards .

The p rob lem wh ich v exed Newe l l , Be l l inger , He iche lhe im a nd

S e l t man o f whe ther t he word x 6p ,p ,a , ' s tamp ' o r ' t ype ' i s a lso e xp la ined . n a ted t he s tandard - t he T yr ian .

c ou ld mean ' s tandard ' a s we l l a s I t was t he t ype -t he e ag le - wh ich d es ig-

I n f act t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he n ew ' Tyr ian '

t e tradrach m o f Nero was c ons iderab ly l ess t han t ha t o f t he o ld ' au tonomous ' c o ins, a l though i t was o n ly u nt i l A .D . 6 4 t ha t t he d egree o f o verva lua t ion a ga inst t he d enar ius i ncreased . The i ncrease i n o verva lua t ion i n A .D . 5 9 wou ld n o t h ave mat tered p rov ided t ha t c onf idence was ma inta ined a nd t he c o mpe t it ion o f t he s uper ior ' au tono mous ' c o ins was r emoved . The p rof i t t o t he s ta te f ro m a nnex ing t he Tyr ian c o inage t o i t se lf , a nd d ebas ing i tf ur ther , wou ld h ave b een c ons iderab le . T here a re o ther S yr ian c o inages a lso , b es ides t he ' eag les ' o f Nero , w h ich w e c an c onv inc ing ly a rgue were 4 -denar ius t e tradrachms .

We h ave n o ted

t ha t t he ' eag le ' c o ins o f Nero w ere s truck o n e xact ly t he s ame s tandard a s t he ' Tyche ' c o ins o f Augustus . T he Augustus ' Tyche ' c o ins c on ta in more

e %

s i lver t han i s c onta ined i n 3d enar i i, wh i le i ft hey a re , l i ke t he ' eag le ' c o ins o f Nero , c o ins wor th 4 d enar i i , t hen t hey a re , a s a re t he Nero c o ins s truck b efore A .D . 6 4 , o verva lued a ga inst t he d enar ius b y a bout 2 5% . F ur thermore , t he ' Tyche ' t ype , l i ke t ha t o ft he e ag le , s ee ms t o i nd ica te a c o in o f 4d enar i i, f or we s ha l l s ee t ha t u nder T ro jan i t was r e in troduced o n as er ies o f c o ins w h ich r an p ara l le l t o t he ' eag le ' t ype , a nd t hese c o ins w ere c er ta in ly v a lued , l i ke t he ' eag les ', a t 4d enar i i . I ts ee ms p robab le , t herefore , t ha t t he ' Tyche ' c o ins o f A ugustus were i n tended t o b e wor th 4 d enar i i . T he r efor m o f 5B .C . t akes o n an ew s ign if icance , w i th A ugustus i n tend ing t o r ep lace t he o ld 3 -den ar ius t e tradrach m w i th a n ew o ne w orth 4 d enar i i . I n t h is c ase t he e xper imen t was a bandoned . T he ' Tyche ' c o ins w ere n ever s truck i n l arge n umbers ( t he ir s urv iva l r a te i s a r t if ic ia l ly h igh) . F urther more , A ugustus made t he m istake o fn o t s uppress ing t he o ld ' autonomous ' c o inage o f Tyre , wh ich , o verva lued a ga inst t he d enar ius b y o n ly 1 0% , wou ld h ave a lways b een p referred a ga inst t he n ew c o ins o f Augustus , o verva lued b y 2 5% . l it he ' Tyche ' c o ins o f Augustus a re 4 -denar ius t e tradrach ms t hen we c an a ssu me t ha t t he s a me i s t rue o ft he v ery r are s er ies o f S e leuc ia P ier ia ( overva lua t ion 2 9% ) a nd L aod icea a d Mare ( overva lua t ion 1 5% u nder A ugustus a nd 2 1% u nder Nero) . We may a lso a ssume t ha t t he e ar l ier c o ins o f An ton ius a nd C leopa tra V I I w ere a lso c o ins worth 4 d enar i i ( overva lua t ion 2 1% ) . A l l t he o ther S yr ian c o inages o f t he p er iod c on ta in l ess s i lver t han 3 d enar i i, a nd we may t herefore b e c onf iden t i n s ay ing t ha t t hey a re c o ins wor th 3d enar i i, s truck o n t he s tandard c a l led b y t he me tro log ica l w r i ters t he ' Ant i ochene ' .

( The r are Z eus c o ins o f C laud ius a re i gnored i n t h is c on tex t a s

b e ing a noma lous . ) T he f i neness o f t he An t iochene s tandard d ec l ines more o r l ess c on t inuous ly .

T he d egree o f o verva lua t ion ( over , t ha t i s , 3Roman

d enar i i) i s o n ly 6 L -% f or t he p osthu mous c o ins o f Ph i l ip P h ilade lphus, r is ing t o o n ly 7 11 f or t he Z eus c o ins o f Augustus . U nder T iber ius t he r a te h as g one u p t o 1 5 1% wh i le t he c o ins o f G a ius s how a n o verva lua t ion o f a bou t 11% . Bear ing i n m ind t ha t t hese f i gures a re o n ly v ery a pprox ima te , i ti s s a fe t o

7 2

s ay t ha t t he o verva lua t ion o f t hese An t iochene s tandard t e tradrachms i s o f t he s ame o rder a s t he o verva lua t ion o ft he c ontemporary ' au tonomous ' c o ins o f T yre . T he i ssue o f Nero 's t h ird r egna l y ear ( a l l t hree d enom ina t ions) i s o verva lued b y a bou t 2 0% ;

wh i le t he l ast c o ins t o b e s truck o n t he Ant iochene

s tandard , t he L a t in l egend t e tradrach ms o f c . A .D . 6 2/63 , a re o verva lued b y a bou t 2 3% . I ti s r e markab le t o n o te t ha t t he c a lcu la ted d egree o f o verv a lua t ion o f t he 3 -denar ius t e tradrach ms s truck b y Nero i n t he y ears 5 9-63 , a t 2 3% , i s o n ly a bou t 1% d if feren t f rom t he c a lcu la ted o verva lua t ion o ft he 4 d enar ius ( ' eag le ') t e tradrach ms s truck b y Nero i n t he s ame y ears . I n o ther words t here i s as trong i nd ica t ion t ha t t here was a d e l ibera te p o l icy o f f i x ing t hem a t t he s ame r a te o f o verva lua t ion , s o t ha t o ne wou ld n o t b e p referred t o t he o ther .

I ts hou ld a lso b e n o ted t ha t j ust a s t here a re o n ly t wo r everse

t ypes u sed f or t he ' Tyr ian s tandard ' t e tradrach ms ( eag le a nd Tyche) , s o a lso t here a re t wo r everse t ypes u sed f or t he ' An t iochene s tandard ' t e tradrach ms ( sea ted Z eus a nd s econd i mper ia l p or tra it ) . O ur c onc lus ions a s t o t he c urrency-system o f J u l io-Claud ian S yr ia a nd Pa lest ine c an t herefore b e s u m mar ised a s f o l lows .

I t may v ery we l l b e t ha t

a na lys is o f more s pec i mens o ft he r arer i ssues, f or wh ich we h ave h ad v ery f ew s pec i mens a va i lab le , w i l l make n ecessary s o me mod if ica t ion t o t he o vera l l s che me , a nd t he e xact f i gures w i l l c er ta in ly n eed a l tera t ion : g enera l o u t l ine wou ld s eem t o b e c orrec t .

7 3

b ut t he

I .

CO INS OF 4 DENARI I- TYRIAN STANDARD ( F ig . 8 )

I ssue ( a )

We igh t o f s i lver

%c verva lua t ion

p er d rach ma ( g )

o ver t he d enar ius

' Eag le ' c o inage

' Autono mous ' c o inage o f Tyre 6 4 B .C . A .D . 5 6

3 .3 0

Nero , A .D . 5 9-63

2 .90

Nero , A .D . 6 5-68

2 .79 ( b )

' Tyche t c o inage 2 .89

Augustus, 5 B .C . A .D . 1 2 ( c )

c . 2 6%

O thers

An ton ius a nd C leopa tra V II

3 .03

c . 1 9 .5%

S e leuc ia P ier ia-Augustus

2 .81

c , 2 9%

L aod icea a d Mare-Augustus

3 .16

c . 1 5 .5%

L aod icea a d Mare-Nero

3 .02

C . 2 0%

I .

COINS OF 3 DENAR I I ( a )

ANTIOCHENE S TANDARD ( F ig . 9 ) ' Zeus ' c o inage

Posthu mous Ph i l ip Ph i lade lphus 2 .57

c .

6 . 5%

Augustus , 5B .C .

3 1-13 B .C.

2 .54

c .

7 . 5%

T iber ius

2 .37

C . 1 5 . 5%

C laud ius-d idrach ms o n ly

2 . 5 7

C .

( b )

6 . 5%

' Imper ia l h ead ' c o inage

G a ius

2 .4 5

C . 1 1 . 5%

Nero ( year 3 )

2 .28

c . 1 9 .5%

Nero ( La t in l egend , c . 6 2-3)

2 .23

c . 2 3%

7 4

c d CD 0

0

• •

•

c d

T 1 c d t 2 4 0 ( 1 ) r C j

7 : 1 ) •

5

C . > › . 1

•

• •

•

• •

•

• •

6

• • •

• •

• • •

•

• 4 . •

* * * *

*

•

• •

•• •

C l ) O • a >

Ö g

o

c d C D C C

b . 0

C . )

t _ ' D

C l )

C • 1

C >

h o

F ineness o f c o ins o f 4d enar i i ( Tyr ian s tandard ).

An ton ius a nd

•

6 9

• • •

• •

• •

•

c r ) •

• •

•

•

c d c . D

• •

C I ) ; 4

a )

C l ) N —

• C . )

Posthu mous

c n

0 0

C D C -

t f D

C

C Z c l )

•

c d c i z C Z

F ineness o f c o ins o f 3d enar i i ( An t iochene s tandard ).

• •

NOTES

1 .

B MCRE 1 , x l iv f ., g ives a n a ccount o ft he me tro logy o f t he p er iod wh ich h as n o tb een s uperseded s ince .

2 .

J . Ham mer , ' Der F e ingeha l t d er g r iech ischen u nd r öm ischen Münzen , Z fN x xv i, 9 5 . .

3 .

S . Bo l in , S ta te a nd Currency i n t he Roman Emp ire t o A .D . 3 00 , 1 97 , n . 2 .

4 .

I n t hese t ab les t he % s i lver i s g iven t o t he n earest 0 .25% . G o ld was n o t measured q uant i ta t ive ly a nd i t r ' mere ly i nd ica tes t ha t i t was n o ted t o b e p resen t .

L ead measuremen ts a re t o t he n earest 0 .25% . a nd t r ' i nd ica tes

t ha t i t was n o ted t o b e p resen t . Quan t i ta t ive r ead ings were n o t t aken f or o ther e lemen ts b u t a rsen ic was n o ted when p resen t i n n o t iceab le q uan t i t ies . 5 .

For m in t a t tr ibu t ions o f c o ins o f Augustus w i th r eferences t o p rev ious work s ee t he s um mar ies i n C .H .V . S uther land a nd C .M . K raay , Ca ta logue o f Co ins o f t he Ro man Emp ire i n t he Ashmo lean Museu m , Par t 1 .

6?

S ee n ow C .H .V . S u ther land , ' Augustan a ure i a nd d enar i i a t tr ibu tab le t o t he min t o f P erga mon ,

7 .

RN x v ( 1973) , 1 29 .

S ee n ow C .H .V . S u ther land , L 'A t tr ibu t ion d es Den iers August6ens ', RN x v i ( 1974 ) , 4 9 .

8 .

S uther land a nd K raay , 9 2 .c i t . ,p l . 5 , n . 4 .

9 .

F . H u l tsch , G r iech ische u nd Röm ische Me tro log ie , 5 81; M . P inder , i f ber d ie C istophoren , 5 50 ; T .R .S . Brough ton , ' Roman As ia M inor , i n Tenney F rank ( ed .) E cono m ic S urvey o f Anc ien t Rome , I V , 5 57 , n o tes t he f ac t , b u t o f fers n o e xp lana t ion : ' i t b eco mes d i f f icu lt t o e xp la in t he c on t inued p opu lar ity o f t he c o in ' . O ther w r iters t end t o i gnore t he p rob le m : A . M . Woodward , ' The C istophor ic s er ies a nd i t s p lace i n t he Ro man C o inage , i n E ssays p resen ted t o Haro ld Ma t t ing ly , 1 49 f ; C .H .V . S uther land , C istophor i o f Augustus ;

n or d oes J . P . Ca l lu ,

La P o l i t ique Mon6 ta ire d es Empereurs Roma ins, 1 55-157 men tion t he r e la t ionsh ip o ft he c istophorus a nd t he d enar ius ; t he r estr icted z one o ft he c ircu la t ion o ft he c istophorus h as b een n o ted b y Woodward , 9 2 . c i t ., a nd H . S eyr ig , ' Quest ions C istophor iques t, RN 5 ( 1963) 2 5-26 a nd more r ecen t ly F . S . K le iner , ' The d a ted C istophor i o f E phesus ', ANS Museu m n o tes 1 8 , 3 2 n . 3 0 , h as t enta t ive ly s uggested t ha t t h is m igh t b e e xp la ined b yt he c is tophorus b e ing t o s ome d egree o ver-va lued . 1 0 .

K le iner , 2 2 .c i t .

I ti s u nfor tuna te t ha t h e h as n o t emphas ised more t he

r e la t ive s ize o fi ssues i n d if feren t y ears ;

f or t hough h e h as s hown t ha t

t he m in t was a c t ive d ur ing most y ears t he impress ion i s t ha t t he b u lk o f t he c o inage w as c onf ined t o a sma l l n u mber o f y ears . 1.

F .S . K le iner , ' The G iresun H oard ', ANS Museum Notes, 1 9, 1.

7 7

1 2 .

F or t hese c o ins s ee BMCRR i , 5 03 ; Iam n o t s ure t ha t t he d iv is ion o f t h is c o inage b e tween t he min ts o f Ephesus a nd P ergamon i s j us t if ied t here i s c er ta in ly n o v ar ia t ion i n t he s i lver c on tent .

1 3 . 1 4 .

p . 3 59 e d . Mue l ler . T h is may n eed s l igh t r ev is ion when Ic o me t o s tudy t he me tro logy o f t he Repub l ican c o inage , b u t i ti s c lear t ha t i ti s s ubstan t ia l ly c orrec t . S ee M .H . Craw ford , Roman Republ ican Co inage I , 5 70 .

1 5 .

C icero , a d A t t . ,I , 6 , 2 .

1 6 .

C .H .V . S u ther land , n o te 6 a bove .

1 7 .

K le iner , 2 p .c i t . ,ANS Museu m No tes, 1 9 , 1 0 .

1 8 .

K . Reg l ing , F rank fur ter Munzze itung 3 4 ( 1932) , 5 06-510 .

1 9 .

S ee T . Re inach , T ro is Royau mes d e l 'As ie M ineure , 6 6 .

There i sn o

n eed t o f o l low I mhoof-Blu mer ( Zur G r iech ische Münzkunde , 2 8) i n a tt r ibu t ing t hese c o ins t o E laeusa r a ther t han t o Caesarea- Mazaca .

T he

r everse t ype o ft he c lub i s i n t i ma te ly c onnected w ith t he Argaeus-cu l t , a nd l a ter b eco mes a s tock Caesarean t ype . 2 0 .

E .A . S ydenham , T he Co inage o f Caesarea i n C appadoc ia , 3 . T h is r ema ins t he s tandard work o n t he m int , a l though i th as v ar ious s hor tc om ings .

T he n u mber o ft ypes u nknown t o S ydenham i s n ow c ons iderab le ,

wh i le an u mber o f c o ins a re wrong ly a t tr ibu ted b y h im .t o Caesarea , t hus o bscur ing t he c hrono log ica l f ra mework . 2 1.

BMC p . 1 99 n o . 2 41 a nd n o te . S ydenham h owever ( 2p .c i t . ,3 5 n . 6 2) d id n o t a ccep t Mat t ing ly 's a t tr ibu t ion .

2 2 .

S ydenham , 2 2 .c i t . ,4 ;

J .P . Ca l lu , L a Po l it ique Mone ta ire d es

Empereurs Ro ma ins, 1 57 i f . 2 3 .

C o ins o f Arche laus t o Nero were p len t ifu l i n t he Caesarea h oard ( A . Ba ldw in , ' Un T resor Mone ta ire d ecouvert a C esaree ', Are thuse 4 ( 1 927) , 1 45 ) , wh ich was b ur ied c . 1 25/30 , b u t a re a bsen t i n t he G erzeou l ( Georg ian S .S .R . )h oard b ur ied l a te i n t he r e ign o f Marcus Aure l ius ( V . K ropo tk in , Nu m is ma t ika e e p ighraph ika 6 ( 1 966) , n o . 2 02) .

2 4 .

J .N . S voronos, Num is ma t ique d e l a C re te Anc ienne r e ma ins t he s tandard w ork .

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t here a re an u mber o f p ieces

w h ich h e a t tr ibu tes t o Cre te wh ich a re more c orrect ly p laced e lsewhere . 2 5 .

BMC 1 8 o f E leu thernae ( Svoronos 4 8 -t h is c o in ) i s made o f i ron w ith a c oa t ing o f s i lver ; f orgery .

2 6 .

T he r everse t ype o ft hese c o ins i s Z eus s tand ing l ef t h o ld ing s cep tre a nd t hunderbo lt ;

2 7 .

i ti s p resu mab ly a n a nc ien t r a ther t han a modern

4s tars i n f ron t , 3b eh ind .

J .P . Ca l lu , L a P o l it ique mone ta ire d es Empereurs Roma ins, 1 51-2, 1 54 , h as c a lcu la ted t he we igh t o f t he d enom ina t ions, a l though h e u sed o n ly a v ery f ew s pec i mens .

H e i s s ure ly wrong t o c a l l t he l arges t

d eno m ina t ion a t r idrach m a nd t he sma l lest a 1 2a s p iece ( i .e .

7 8

o f a

d enar ius) .

The l argest c o in i s f our t imes t he we igh t o f t he sma l lest

a nd i s at e tradrach m . wor th 1 2 a sses .

The sma l lest i s ad rachma , a l though a lso a c o in

The d iv is ion o ft he c o inage i n to ' mun ic ipa l ' a nd ' pro-

v inc ia l ' d epend ing o n whe ther t he min t t own i s n a med i s e n t ire ly a rb i tr ary a nd q u ite mean ing less . The d enom ina t iona l s tructure i s a s f o l lows : T iber ius .

Te tradrachms .

O bv .

Head o f Augus tus .

Rev .

Head o f Z eus .

O bv . O bv .

Head o f T iber ius . Head o f Augustus .

Rev . Rev .

Head o f S ynk le tos .

T etradrach ms .

O bv .

H ead o f Ga ius .

Rev . Augustus i n

T r idrachms .

Obv .

Head o f G a ius .

Drach mas .

O bv .

Head o f Ga ius .

q uadr iga . Rev . Augustus o n t hrone . Rev . Head o f Augustus .

Te tradrach ms .

O bv .

Head o f C laud ius .

Rev . Augustus i n

Tr idrach ms . ' Drach mas . G a ius .

C laud ius .

Head o f T iber ius .

q uadr iga . Tr idrachms . D rach mas .

Nero .

Te tradrachms .

Rev . Z eus s tand ing . Rev . Augustus s ea ted . Rev . Head o f Augustus .

O bv . O bv .

Head o f C laud ius . Head o f C laud ius .

Obv .

Head o f Agr ipp ina . Rev . Bow a nd q u iver .

Obv .

H ead o f Nero .

Rev .

Z eus s tand ing .

These a re t he s ubstan t ive i ssues ; o ne o r t wo s eem ing ly u n ique c o ins h ave b een i gnored . T he o r ig ina l s ize o f t he Roman c o inage o f Cre te s hou ld n ever b e u nderest i ma ted . An u mber o f c o inages were v ery l arge , wh i le t he c o inage o f d rach mas u nder Ga ius was e nor mous . I n t wo i ns tances Ca l lu 's t ab les a re i ncorrec t : ( i ) T he c o ins wh ich h e g ives t o A ugustus were i n f act s truck u nder T iber ius, a s i s c lear f ro m t he t i t le T heos . C a lu i s h ere r eproduc ing t he e rror o f S voronos . ( i) T here i s n o s uch t h ing a s a' 6-as p iece ' . Ca l lu i s h ere q uo t ing S voronos n o . 3 0 , ap iece i n A thens we igh ing 1 .23 g ; i t s l i gh t we igh t i s f ortu itous, f or i ti s f ro m t he s a me o bv . d ie a s t he BM a nd Wa lker s pec i mens n os . 5 18 a nd 5 19, wh ich a re b o th f u l l we igh t d rachmas . 2 8 . 2 9 .

W .H . Wadd ing ton , Recue i l G en6ra l d es Monna ies G recques , 1 9 f . Tac itus , Ann . x i i i , 8 .3 f or t he u se o f s oc i i r eges - o f who m P o le mo must h ave b een o ne - i n t h is c ampa ig n .

F or Pontus a s as upp ly-base

i d . Xiii, 3 9, 1 . Po lemo was o ne o ft hose r ewarded i n t he s e t t lemen t o f A .D . 6 0 , i d . x iv , 2 6 . 3 0 .

The g rea t Caesarea h oard c on ta ined 4 c o ins o f P o lemo I a long w ith Cappadoc ian s i lver , Are thuse 4 ( 1927) , 1 47 .

3 1.

3 4 . C ',S N C2 x i (( 1 1 99 3 7 9 1 ) ) , ,31 9 . M .Js. e yP rr i j gc , e: ' Greek I m n s per i ie a n ln C e o s i ,n ,s y r i a

3 2 .

H .

3 3 .

E . S chönert-Ge iss , D ie M i inzprä .gung v on Byzant ion , I , 4a nd 4 3 .

T he

we igh ts o fk nown c o ins o f Byzant iu m h ave b een t aken f rom t h is b ook , b ut t he we igh t o ft he Br it ish Museu m s pec i men h as b een c orrec ted .

7 9

3 4 . 3 5 .

W . Wruck , D ie S yr ische Prov inz ia lprägung v on Augustus b is Tra ian . F or t he Tyr ian c o inage s ee most r ecen t ly A . Ben-Dav id , J erusa lem u nd Tyros ;

t h is work c on ta ins s ome u sefu l c o l lect ions o f we igh ts , b u t

t he c o m men ts o n me tro logy a re u ncr it ica l a nd a re l arge ly b ased o n t he a u thor 's imag ina t ion .

The g raph o n p . 1 4 i s p ar t icu lar ly r e markab le

a nd t he c asua l r eader wou ld b e f org iven f or t h ink ing t ha t i t was b ased o n emp ir ica l e v idence . The d a te A .D . 5 7/58 f or t he e nd o ft he Tyr ian c o inage n ow s eems t o b e g enera l ly a ccep ted :

E .T . Newe l l , Tyrene t o I nd ia ', NN M 8 2 ( 1938) ,

3 6 g ives r eferences t o e ar l ier work .

S ee a lso L . Kadman , ' Temp le

D ues a nd C urrency i n Anc ien t P a lest ine , ' Congress° I n ternaz iona le d i N um is ma t ica I ( 1965) 6 9 .

Kadman , l ike o ther J ew ish n um is ma t ists,

t ends t o s uggest t ha t t he Tyr ian c o inage i n t he Roman p er iod w as u sed s o le ly f or T e mp le-dues .

Tyr ian t e tradrachms d id c ircu la te a nd a re

o f ten f ound i n a worn c ond i t ion ; u sed t hroughou t t he E ast .

wh i le t he ' Tyr ian s tandard ' was at er m

( See b e low o n t h is . )

T here may b e as l igh t r educt ion i n t he we igh t o f t he Tyr ian t e trad rach m d ur ing t he p er iod o f i t s p roduct ion ;

t he mean we igh t o f 4 9

e xa mp les d a ted t o b e tween 6 5 B .C . a nd 1B .C. i s 1 4 .03 g o f 1 9 e xamp les d a ted t o a f ter A .D . 1i s 1 3 .93 g ;

wh i le t ha t

b u t t h is may b e t he

r esu lt o f c hance . 3 6 .

F or t he p osthu mous P h i l ip Ph i ladephus c o inage s ee E .T . Newe l l , ' PreI mper ia l c o inage o f Ro man An t ioch ', NC x ix ( 1919) , 6 9 ;

' Co ins o f

An t ioch i n S yr ia ', ANS Museu m n o tes , 5( 1952) , 5 5 , ( Au lus G ab in ius) ; A .R . Be l l inger , ' Crassus a nd Cass ius a t An t ioch ', NC i v ( 1944 ) , 5 6 ; C . M . K raay , ' No tes o n t he e ar ly i mper ia l Te tradrach ms o f S yr ia ', RN v i i ( 1965) , 5 8 g ives t he l a test d a te k nown a s y ear 3 3 ( 17/ 16 B .C . ) , b u t t he r ead ing o f y ear 3 6 o n t he AM s pec i men s eems t o b e c er ta in . 3 7 .

F or t he n ew b ronze c o inage s ee M . G ran t , F rom I mper iu m t o Auc tor it as , 1 00 , 3 76 , 3 97 . F or t he c orrect d a t ing o f t he A ugustus/Zeus c o ins s ee K raay , 9 _ 2 .c i t . ,5 8 .

3 8 .

O n t he c orrec t a t tr ibut ion o f t hese c o ins o f T iber ius t o A nt ioch r a ther t han Tarsus s ee a bove p . 5 6 .

3 9 .

C o in n o . 6 38 i s f ro m t he J ameson c o l lect ion , where i t was p ub l ished . ( Co l lec t ion R . J ameson , I , Monna ies I mp6r ia les Ro ma ines, 7 , n o . 3 0) . I ti s t here d escr ibed a s b e ing o f L uc ius Caesar a nd T iber ius . I ti s i n f ac t av ery s k i lfu l ly t oo led p iece w ith Nero 's n ame a l tered t o t ha t o f L uc ius . Th is i s c onf ir med b y ap iece f rom t he s ame o bv . d ie i n Mun ich . There i s as econd s pec i men , f ro m d if feren t d ies , a lso i n Mun ich .

4 0 .

F or t he c orrec t a t tr ibut ion o f t h is a nd o ther f rac t iona l c urrency t o A n t ioch r a ther t han E phesus s ee K . Reg l ing , ' Syr ien n ich t E phesos ', Z fN 3 2 ( 1920) , 1 46 .

4 1 .

K raay , ! _ 3 2 .c i t ., 6 2 .

K raay f o l lows Wruck i n g iv ing c o ins t o y ear 11

( A IP) r a ther t han t o y ear 1 14 (6 I P) .

H owever , t he f our s pec i mens o f

t h is i ssue wh ich Ih ave s een where t he f i rst l e t ter o ft he d a te i s l eg ib le

8 0

a l l h ave a c lear d e lta r a ther t han a n a lpha ;

a nd It herefore p lace t he

who le g roup i n t ha t y ear . 4 2 .

S ydenha m , 2 2 .c i t ., 3 6 n . 6 4 .

4 3 .

No . 6 98 ( B MC 3 1) i s ac o in o f D ivus Augustus a nd i s g iven b y BMC t o T iber ius ;

wh i le i ti s imposs ib le t o b e c er ta in It h ink i tp robab le t ha t

t he c o in f or ms p ar t o ft he Neron ian i ssue , e ven t hough i td oes n o t , l ike t he o thers , b ear a d a te . The s ing le c o in o f Augustus b ears a n o bv . p or tra it v ery s im i lar t o t ha t u sed a t An t ioch f or t he s i lver c o ins o f 5B .C . a nd s oon af ter . 4 4 .

Po l lux 9 , 8 6 ; Me tro l . S cr ip t ., Ip . 3 00 , 1 5 .

Bu t n o te p ar t icu lar ly t ha t

t he l a t ter wr i ter s pec if ica l ly s ta tes t ha t t he Tyr ian t a len t was e qua l t o t he A t t ic t a len t a nd was t herefore q u i te d ist inct f rom t he t a len t o f An t ioch . 4 5 .

F . M . He iche lhe im , ' Ro man S yr ia ', An E conom ic S urvey o f Anc ien t Ro me , I V , 2 11 .

4 6 .

D . S perber , ' Go ld a nd S i lver s tandards ' , NC, v i i i ( 1968) , 9 1 n . 3 .

S ee

n ow a lso h is Roman Pa lest ine 2 00-400 Money a nd P r ices , 2 30 . 4 7 .

F or e xamp le Tosef taBav ia Mez ia 3 ( A .D . 1 35-170) , q uo ted b y S perber , p . 7 9 .

' How d efect ive s hou ld a s e la

t e tradrach m) b e a nd n o t f a l l w ith in

t he r u le o f d efraud ing? Four i ssars t o t he s e la , o ne i ssar t o t he d inar , a ccord ing t o R . Me ir t . R . Maaser S chen i i 9( quo ted b y He iche lhe im , i n f l a t c on trad ict ion t o wha t h e h as s a id e ar l ier o n p . 2 11) : ' I f a man wou ld c hange a t e tradrach m o ft he s econd t i the money a t J erusa lem ... R . Ak iba s ays "t hree d enar ius wor th o f s i lver a nd o ne o f c opper" 4 8 .

J osephus BJ i , 5 92 a nd a bove n o te 4 4 ;

Cass ius D io l xv i 7 ;

a lso n o te

1 0 b e low t o C hap ter 3 . 4 9 .

F or t he u se o f t h is t er m a t G erasa s ee C .H . K rae l ing ( ed .) , G erasa , C ity o ft he Decapo l is, 3 74 , n os . 3 , 4a nd 5 . d a tes t o A .D . 6 9/70 .

The e ar l iest i nscr ip t ion

He q uo tes t he o p in ion o f E .T . Newe l l t ha t t he

t er m means s i mp ly ' Syr ian Te tradrach ms ' . F or D ura E uropos s ee f i rst M . I . Rostov tzef f a nd C .B . We l les , ' A Parchmen t Con tract ', YCS i ( 1931) , 6 0 .

T hey q uo te S e ltman t o t he e f fect t ha t c o ins minted b y

T ra jan a t Tyre a re mean t ;

b u t t he p hrase g oes b ack b efore T ra jan, a nd

S e l t man i s wrong i n t h ink ing t ha t t he min t o f Tyre u sed a h igher s tandard t han An t ioch i n t he t ime o f T ra jan . L a ter s ee A .R . Be l l inger , D ura Repor t I I , 1 47-8 ; D ura F ina l Repor t Vp t . 1 , T he Parchmen ts a nd Papyr i, 8 -9 a nd n os . 1 7 , 2 0 , 2 3 a nd 2 5 . The d a tes a re f rom A .D . 1 21 t o A .D . 1 80 . A lso D ura F ina l Repor t V I , The C o ins, 2 04 n . 3 1 f or a s l igh t s h if t i n Be l l inger 's e ar l ier o p in ion . 5 0 .

9 _ 2. .c i t ., 7 4 .

Bu t h e c onnec ts t h is w ith t he t e tradrach ms o ft he who le

o f t he r e ign o f Nero , i .e . i nc lud ing t he p re-refor m o nes .

H e a lso c on-

n ec ts t h is w i th a n i ncrease i n t he q uan t i ty o f c o inage a t An t ioch .

I n f act

t he o u tpu t o ft e tradrach ms a t Ant ioch a f ter A .D . 5 9 i s n o t s o v ery g rea t a nd t he s urv iva l r a te i s ag ood d ea l h igher t han t ha t o ft he e ar l ier a nd b aser t e tradrachms o f Nero , a s we l l a s o ft he b aser L a t inlegend t e trad rach ms . T hese b aser c o ins were i ssued i n f ar l arger q uan t it ies t han

8 1

w ere t he r efor med c o ins .

T he s a me i s t rue o ft he A ugustus ' Tyche '

c o ins, c ompared w i th t he p rev ious ' Zeus ' i ssues . Ih ope a t al a ter d a te t o d iscuss i n more d e ta i l t he i n terest ing c onnec t ion b e tween h igh s i lver c on ten t a nd h igh s urv iva l r a te , wh ich i s p resu mab ly d ue t o t he g rea ter h oard ing o ft he p urer c o ins .

8 2

CHAPTER 2

THE C IVIL WAR AND THE FLAVIANS

I n troduct ion We a re r a ther b e t ter s erved w ith p ub l ished a na lyses o f c o ins o ft h is p er iod t han was t he c ase f or t he J u l io-Claud ian p er iod .

Bo l in a ccep ted 1 1 o ft hose

p ub l ished b y Ham mer a s b e ing s uf f ic ien t ly a ccura te t o u se a nd h e p ub l ished t wo more wh ich h ad b een u nder taken f or h im . S ince t hen Reece h as p ubl i shed t wo , o ne o f Vespas ian a nd o ne o f Dom i t ian , a nd Cope h as p ub l ished f our , a l l o f V espas ian . A l l t hese were c he m ica l a na lyses . Recen t ly G ordus h as p ub l ished t wo p er for med b y n eu tron a c t iva t ion , o ne o f Vespas ian a nd o ne o f T itus . Pract ica l ly n o a na lyses o f c o ins o ther t han o ft he m in t o f Ro me h ave b een p ub l ished , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f ag roup o f s ix t e tradrach ms a nd d idrach ms o f Vespas ian s truck i n Cyprus wh ich were a na lysed b y n eu tron a c t iva t ion a nd h ave b een ,p ub l ished b y v an Z e lst .

1

These a na lyses a re e n t ire ly i nadequa te ; t hey e nab le u s t o s ee t ha t t he F lav ian d enar ius was s truck a t t imes a t aw ide r ange o f f i neness , b u t n o more . T h is c hap ter t herefore p ub l ishes t he r esu l ts o ft he a na lys is o f 5 83 d enar i i a nd q u inar i i a nd 2 09 c o ins o ft he n on-denar ius c o inages, s truck b e tween t he d ea th o f Nero a nd t he a ccess ion o f Nerva . W i th t hem we c an t race t he d ec l ine o ft he d enar ius f rom t he s tandard e stab l ished b y Nero , u nder t he s tresses o f c iv i l war, a nd t he s uccess ive r efor ms o f Do m it ian , a nd t hey a lso e nab le u s t o c a lcu la te min i mu m o verva lua t ions o ft he d enar ius a ga inst me ta l l ic s i lver . h it he e as tern c o inages t he most i n terest ing r esu lt i s t o s ee h ow , w ith t he e xcept ion o ft he c o inage o f Caesarea i n Cappadoc ia , where t he d egree o f o verv a lua t ion i ncreases , t he d if feren t d eno m ina t ions b ecome much l ess o verv a lued a ga inst t he d enar ius t han h ad b een t he c ase u nder t he J u l io-C laud ians . I ng enera l t he c istophorus, t he L yc ian d rachma , t he Cypr io t d rachma a nd t he S yr ian d rach ma o ft he ' Tyr ian ' s tandard a l l c onta in o n ly v ery s l igh t ly l ess s i lver t han t he Ro man d enar ius . Th is may we l l b e b ecause t he d enar ius i t s e lf was n ow more o verva lued a ga inst me ta l l ic s i lver t han h ad b een t he c ase e ar l ier , s o t ha t t he d egree o f o verva lua t ion o f t he e astern c o inages a ga inst me ta l l ic s i lver , a s o pposed t o t he d enar ius, may h ave r ema ined more o r l ess s tab le .

H owever , d iscuss ion o ft h is c o mp lex a nd h igh ly i mpor tan t p rob le m

must b e r eserved u n t i l we a re a b le t o v iew t he imper ia l c o inage a s a who le .

8 3

1 .

The Denar ius c o inage Ga lba - min t o f Ro me We igh t

No .

We igh t o f

Reference

( g )

7 04

A M-RIC 2 (7 )

3 .18

9 3 .50

t r

0 .75

2 .97

7 05

A M-RIC 4 (7)

3 .2 4

9 3 . 5 0

t r

0 .5 0

3 .0 2

7 06

AM-RIO 4 (7)

3 .21

9 4 .25

t r

7 07 7 08

AM-RIC 4 (7) AMRIO 4 (8)

3 .29

9 2 .25

t r

3 .15

9 1 .25

7 09

AM-RIO 4 (10)

2 .81

9 0 .00

7 10

AM-RJC 7 (1)

3 .45

9 4 .25

7 11

AM-RIO 7 (4 )

3 .07

9 1.50

7 12

AM-R IC(B MC 2 6)

3 .18

9 3 .50

7 13

AM-RIC 1 0(10)

2 .8 6

9 3 .0 0

O .7 5

2 .6 5

7 14

AM-RIO 1 1

3 .31

9 2 .25

1 .00

3 .05

%s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

3 .02 O .5 0

3 .03

t r

2 .00

2 .87

t r

-( t r As)

2 .52

t r

0 .75

3 .25

0 .75

2 .80

t r

2 .97

7 15

AM-RIO 1 4 (7)

3 .35

9 3 .50

7 16

AM-RIO 1 6(3)

3 .25

9 2 .50

7 17

AM-RIO 1 6 (4 )

3 .26

9 4 .25

7 18

AM-RIO 1 8(8)

3 .04

9 2 .50

7 19

AM-RIO 2 0 (2)

3 .17

9 4 .00

7 20

AM-RIO 2 0(2)

3 .8 8

8 7 . 5 0

7 21

AM-RIO 2 0 (2)

3 .3 5

9 2 . 7 5

7 22

AM-RIO 2 0(2)

3 .28

9 3 .50

7 23

AMRIO 2 0(2)

3 .06

9 2 .50

t r

7 24

AM-RIO 2 0 (2)

3 .24

9 3 .25

t r

0 .75

3 .02

7 25

AMRIO 2 0(4 )

3 .16

9 3 .0 0

t r

0 .5 0

2 .93

7 26

AMRIO 2 2(4 )

3 .2 9

9 4 . 0 0

t r

t r

3 .0 9

7 27

AM-R IO 2 2(7 )

3 .10

9 3 .00

t r

1 .00

2 .88

7 28

AM-R IO 2 2(7)

3 .37

9 2 .75

t r

1 .50

3 .12

7 29

AM-RIO 2 2(7 )

3 .3 1

9 2 . 7 5

t r

0 .25

3 .0 7

7 30

AM-RIO 2 2(8)

3 .28

9 3 .00

t r

0 .50

3 .05

7 31

AM-RIO 2 2(8)

3 .4 5

8 8 . 5 0

1 .7 5

3 .0 5

7 32

AM-RIO 2 2(9)

3 .2 4

9 4 . 7 5

t r

3 .0 6

7 33

AM-RIO 2 2(10)

3 .3 6

9 4 . 5 0

t r

3 .17

7 34

AMRIO 2 4 (8)

3 .09

9 2 .50

t r

2 .85

7 35 7 36

AM-RIO 2 4 (10) AM-RIO 2 6(4)

3 .14

9 3 .25

t r

2 .62

9 2 .25

7 37

AMRIO 2 6 (7 )

3 .2 2

9 4 . 0 0

3 .21

9 3 .04

2 .98

9 3 .20

2 .99

1 .25

0 .17

Mean ( 34 c o ins) Mean ( exc lud ing c o in n o . 7 20) S tandard d ev ia t ion

O .1 2

t r

0 .25

3 .1 .3

0 .75

3 .00

0 .75

2 .81

t r

3 .07

t r

2 ,9 7 t r

t r

1 .5 0

3 .3 9 3 .10 3 .06

t r

0 .50

2 .83

0 .75

2 .92

0 .75

2 .41 3 .02

C orrec ted mean we igh t ( 70 c o ins)

3 .23

3 .01

( No . 7 20 , t he o n ly c o in t o s how a v ery h igh we igh t a nd l ow s i lver c on ten t , i s p robab ly a modern c ast . )

8 4

O tho - mint o f Ro me We ight No .

Reference

7 38

A M-R IC 3 (1)

We igh t o f %s i lver

Au

P b

3 .08

9 3 .00

t r

-

2 .86

A M-RIC 3 (3)

3 .20

9 3 .75

-

-

3 .00

7 40

A M-RIC 3 (3)

3 .19

9 3 .75

-

-

2 .99

7 41

A M-BIC 3 (4 )

3 .19

9 3 .50

-

-( t r As)

2 .98

7 42

A M-RIC 6 (3)

2 .99

9 3 .50

-

7 43

A M-RIC 7

3 .12

9 2 .75

-

t r

2 .89

7 44

A M-RIC 1 0

2 .74

9 3 .75

t r

0 .75

2 .56

7 45

A M-RIC 1 2( 1)

3 .25

9 3 .00

-

0 .50

3 .02

7 46

A M-RIC 1 2( 1)

3 .03

9 4 .75

t r

-

2 .87

7 47

A M-RIC 1 2( 1)

3 .04

9 3 .75

-

7 48

A M-RIC 1 2( 1)

3 .49

9 4 .00

-

0 .50

3 .28

7 49

A M-RIC 1 2( 3 )

3 .24

9 3 .50

-

-

3 .02

7 50

A M-RIC 1 2( 3 )

3 .37

9 3 .75

-

-

3 .15

7 51

A M-RIC 1 2( 3 )

3 .36

9 3 .75

t r

-

3 .15

7 52

A M-RIC 1 2( 3 )

3 .27

9 1 .75

t r

1 .00

3 .00

7 53

A M-RIC 1 2( 3 )

3 .07

9 3 .50

t r

0 .50

2 .87

7 54

A M-RIC 1 2( 3 )

3 .14

9 5 .00

-

t r

2 .98

7 55

A M-RIC 1 2( 4 )

3 .26

9 3 .75

t r

t r

3 .05

7 56

A M-RIC 1 4

3 .34

9 4 .00

t r

-

3 .13

7 57

A M-RIC 1 4

3 .24

9 2 .75

t r

0 .25

3 .00

7 58

A M-RIC 1 7

3 .22

9 4 .25

-

-

3 .03

Mean ( 21 c o ins)

3 .18

9 3 .59

2 .97

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .16

0 .68

0 .15

7 39

s i lver ( g )

2 .79

2 .85

C orrec ted mean we igh t ( 35 c o ins)

3 .28

8 5

3 .06

V ite l lius - min t o f Ro me We igh t No .

Reference

( g )

We igh t o f %s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

7 59

AM-RIG 2 (1)

3 .01

9 4 .75

-

-

2 .85

7 60

AM-RIC 2 (1)

2 .75

9 3 .75

-

0 .75

2 .57

7 61

AM-RIC 2 (2)

3 .24

9 4 .50

-

3 .06

t r

7 62

AM-RIC 2 (3)

3 .05

9 4 .25

-

-

2 .87

7 63

AM-RIC 2 (3 )

3 .29

9 0 .50

-

-

2 .97

7 64

AM-RIG 2 (3)

3 .14

9 3 .75

-

-

2 .94

7 65

AM-RIC 3

3 .15

9 4 .25

t r

-

2 .96

7 66

AM-RIG 5 (2)

3 .13

9 3 .00

-

0 .50

2 .91

7 67

AM-RIG 5 (3)

3 .69

9 1.00

-

t r

3 .35

7 68

AM-RIC 1 1(3)

3 .18

9 2 .00

t r

t r

2 .92

7 69

AM-RIG 1 3 (3)

3 .25

9 2 .75

-

-

3 .01

AM-RIG 1 8(2)

3 .42

9 3 .00

t r

1 .00

3 .18

t r

7 70 7 71

AM-RIG 1 8(3 )

3 .15

9 2 .50

t r

7 72

AM-RIC 1 8(3 )

3 .02

9 1 .50

-

-

2 .91

7 73

AM-RIG 1 8(3)

3 .13

9 1 .25

-

0 .25

2 .85

7 74

AM-RIG 1 8(3 )

3 .18

9 2 .75

t r

-

2 .94

7 75

AM-R IG 2 0

3 .23

8 8 .00

t r

t r ( t r As)

2 .84

7 76

AM-RIG 2 0

3 .31

9 4 .00

t r

0 .50

3 .11

9 3 .50

-

-

3 .00

2 .76

AM-RIG 2 0

3 .21

7 78

AM-RIG 2 0

3 .23

9 3 .75

-

-

3 .02

7 79

AM-RIC 2 4 (1)

3 .21

8 7 .25

-

0 .75

2 .80

7 80

AM-RIC 2 4 (2)

3 .50

9 3 .00

-

-

3 .25

7 81

AM-R IG 2 4 (2)

3 .36

9 3 .50

-

-

3 .14

7 82

AM-RIG 2 4 (2)

3 .24

9 4 .00

t r

-

3 .04

7 83

AM-RIG 2 4 (3)

3 .21

9 4 .25

t r

7 84

AM-RIG 2 4 (3)

2 .94

9 3 .75

-

-

7 85

AM-RIG 2 6 (2)

3 .02

9 1 .25

-

0 .25

2 .75

7 86

AM-RIG 2 6 (3 )

3 .31

8 9 .00

-

-

2 .94

7 87

AM-RIG 2 6 (2)

3 .32

9 1 .00

t r

0 .50

3 .02

Mean ( 29 c o ins)

3 .20

9 2 .47

2 .96

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .17

1 .90

0 .16

7 77

t r

3 .02 2 .75

Correc ted mean we igh t ( 57 c o ins)

3 .21

8 6

2 .96

Vespasian - min t o f Ro me 1 ,

Co inage o f A .D . 7 0 We ight

No .

Reference

7 88 7 89

We igh t o f

( g )

%s i lver

Au

Pb

s i lver ( g )

A M-RIC 2

3 .18

9 3 .25

t r

t r

2 .96

A M-RIC 2

3 .11

9 2 .00

t r

t r

2 .86

7 90

A M-RIC 4

3 .25

9 2 .00

t r

-

2 .99

7 91

A M-RIG 5

2 .94

9 3 .50

t r

-

2 .74

7 92

A M-RIG 5

3 .06

8 5 .00

t r

_

2 .60

7 93

A M-RIG 6

3 .16

9 2 .50

t r

-

2 .92

7 94

A M-RIC 7

3 .38

8 5 .25

t r

-

2 .88

7 95

A M-RIG 9

3 .32

8 6 .50

t r

-

2 .87

7 96

A M-RIC 9

3 .00

8 5 .50

t r

7 97

A M-RIG 9

3 .25

8 7 .00

t r

t r

2 .82

7 98

A M-R1C 1 0

3 .41

8 3 .00

t r

t r

2 .83

-

2 .56

7 99

A M-RIG 1 0

3 .33

8 7 .00

t r

_

2 .89

8 00

A M-RIG 1 0

3 .11

8 1 .50

t r

_

2 .53

8 01

A M-RIG 1 0

3 .10

9 3 .25

t r

t r

2 .89

8 02

A M-RIG 1 0

3 .01

9 3 .00

t r

t r

2 .79

8 03

A M-RIG 1 0

3 .14

8 8 .50

t r

8 04

A M-RIG 1 5

3 .28

8 2 .50

t r

8 05

A M-RIG 1 5

3 .34

9 2 .75

t r

t r

8 06

A M-RIG 1 5

3 .18

8 1.00

t r

t r

8 07

A M-RIG 1 5

3 .14

8 5 .00

-

8 08

A M-RIG 1 5

3 .09

9 3 .25

t r

8 09

A M-RIG 1 5

3 .30

8 9 .50

t r

t r

2 .95

8 10

A M-RIG 1 5

3 .34

8 1 .50

t r

t r

2 .72

8 11

A M-RIG 1 5

3 .45

9 2 .75

t r

-

3 .19

8 12

A M-RIG 1 5

3 .25

8 5 .50

-

-

2 .77

8 13

A M-RIG 1 6

3 .32

9 3 .00

t r

-

3 .08

Mean ( 26 c o ins)

3 .20

8 8 .28

2 .82

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .13

4 .35

0 .16

2 . 8 14

-

2 .77 2 .70

-

3 .09 2 .57 2 .66 2 .88

Co inage o f Nov . 7 0-72

AM-RIG 2 9

3 .23

8 15

A M-RIG 3 0

2 .86

9 3 .00

8 16

A M -RIG 3 0

3 .4 3

9 0 . 0 0

8 2 .00

t r

t r

2 .64

t r

t r

2 .65

t r

t r

3 .0 8

8 17

A M-RIG 3 0

3 .11

9 0 .50

t r

-

2 .81

8 18

A M-RIG c f . 3 0

2 .96

9 3 . 7 5

t r

-

2 . 7 7

8 19

A M-RIG 3 6

2 .95

9 3 .50

t r

8 20

A M-RIG 3 6

3 .36

9 3 .25

t r

8 21

A M-RIG 3 7

3 .3 5

9 2 . 0 0

t r

8 22

A M-RIG 3 7

2 .93

9 2 .75

t r

-

2 .71

8 23

A M-RIG 3 9

3 .29

8 0 .00

t r

-

2 .63

8 24

A M -RIG 3 9

3 .49

8 1.50

t r

-

2 .84

Mean ( 11 c o ins)

3 .17

8 9 .29

2 .82

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .21

5 .12

0 .18

8 7

t r t r

2 .75 3 .13 3 .0 8

Vespas ian - min t o f Ro me 3 .

Co inage o f 7 2 -J u ly 7 3 We ight

No .

Reference

( g )

We igh t o f % s i lver

Au

Pb

s i lver ( g )

8 25

A M-RIC 4 2

3 .36

9 2 .75

t r

t r

3 .11

8 26

A M-RIC 4 2

3 .4 7

8 9 . 0 0

t r

t r

3 .0 8

8 27

A M-RIC 4 2

3 .06

9 0 .00

-

-

2 .75

8 28

A M-RIC 4 2

3 .00

9 3 .25

t r

-

2 .79

8 29

A M-RIC 4 2

3 .08

9 2.50

-

8 30

A M-RIC 4 2

3 .21

9 3 .00

_

_

2 .98

8 31

A M-RIC 4 2

3 .42

9 1.00

t r

t r

3 .11

8 32

A M-RIC 4 2

3 .20

9 2.75

t r

-

2 .96

8 33

A M-RIC 4 3

3 .08

9 3 .75

t r

-

2 .88

2 .84

8 34

A M-RIC 4 3

3 .15

8 4 .50

t r

t r

2 .66

8 35

A M-R1C 4 9

3 .00

9 3 .75

t r

-

2 .81

8 36

A M-RIC 4 9

3 .3 0

9 5 . 5 0

t r

-

3 .15

8 37

A M-R1C 5 0

3 .39

9 1.00

t r

t r

3 .08

8 38

A M-RIC 5 0

3 .08

8 5 .50

_

. .

2 .63

8 39

A M-RIC 5 0

3 .34

9 4 .00

_

_

3 .13

8 40

A M-RIC 5 0

3 .19

9 2.50

_ .

_

2 .95

8 41

A M-RIC 5 2

3 .05

9 3 .00

t r

-

2 .83

8 42

A M-RIC 5 4

3 .54

9 2 .50

_

_

3 .27

Mean ( 18 c o ins)

3 .21

9 1.68

2 .94

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .17

2 .78

O .1 8

4 .

Co inage o f J u ly-Dece mber 7 3

8 43

A M-RIC 5 5

3 .26

9 1.00

t r

-

2 .96

8 44

A M-RIC 5 5

3 .85

7 9 .00

t r

-

2 .64

8 45

A M-RIC 5 8

3 .18

9 3 .25

t r

-

2 .96

8 46

A M-RIC 5 8

3 .20

8 4 .00

t r

t r

2 .68

8 47

A M-RIC 6 5

2 .97

9 4 .00

t r

t r

2 .79

8 48

A M-RIC 6 5

3 .18

8 7 .00

t r

0 .25

2 .76

8 49

A M-RIC 6 7

3 .12

9 1 .00

-

-

2 .83

8 50

A M-RIC 1 69

3 .15

8 3 .00

t r

-

2 .61

8 51

A M-RIC B MC 1 13

3 .37

9 5 .25

t r

-

3 .20

8 52

A M-RIC BN IC 1 13

3 .15

9 3 .25

t r

t r

2 .93

8 53

A M-RIC 2 32

3 .4 8

8 2 . 7 5

-

-

3 .22

8 54

A M-RIC 2 32

3 .22

8 1.00

-

-

2 .60

8 55

A M-RIC 2 32(a)

3 .10

8 8 .00

t r

-

2 . 7 2

Mean ( 13 c o ins)

3 .25

8 8 . 6 5

2 .83

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .21

5 .19

0 .20

8 8

Vespas ian - min t o f Ro me 5 .

Co inage o fA .D . 7 4 We igh t

No .

Reference

( g )

We igh t o f %s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

9 0 .50

t r

t r

2 .70

8 56

A M-RIC 7 2

2 .99

8 57

A M-RIC 7 2

3 .01

8 7 .50

-

2 .63

8 58

A M-RIC 7 3

3 .43

9 1 .00

-

3 .12

8 59

A M-R IC 7 5

3 .48

9 1 .00

-

-

3 .16

8 60

A M-RIC 7 5

3 .12

9 2 .75

t r

-

2 .89

8 61

A M-R1C 7 5

3 .04

9 3 .50

-

-

2 .84

8 62

A M-RIC 7 5

3 .38

9 0 .50

t r

-

3 .05

8 63

A M-R IC 7 6

3 .16

8 7 .00

t r

t r

2 .74

8 64

A M-RIC 7 7

3 .19

9 3 .00

t r

t r

2 .96

8 65

A M-RIC 7 7

3 .30

8 8 .50

t r

-

2 .92

8 66

A M-RIC 7 7

3 .25

9 1.50

t r

t r

2 .97

8 67

A M-RIC 7 7

3 .45

8 4 .00

t r

-

2 .89

8 68

A M-RIC 7 7

2 .99

9 3 .75

t r

t r

2 .80

8 69

A M-RIC 7 7

3 .08

9 3 .75

t r

-

2 .88

t r

2 .77

8 70

A M-R IC 1 73A

3 .21

8 6 .50

t r

8 71

A M-RIC 1 73

3 .28

9 3 .00

-

8 72

A M-RIC 1 74

3 .08

9 2 .75

t r

t r

2 .85

8 73

A M-RIC 1 74

3 .26

9 1.00

t r

t r

2 .96

8 74

A M-RIC 2 33

2 .91

8 8 .50

t r

t r

2 .57

Mean ( 19 c o ins)

3 .19

9 0 .52

2 .88

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .17

2 .73

0 .15

6 .

3 .05

Co inage o f A . D . 7 5

8 75

A M-RIC 8 6

3 .45

8 76

A M-RIC 8 9

3 .40

8 77

A M-RIC 8 9

3 .19

8 78

A M-RIC 9 0

3 .08

9 0 .50

t r

t r

3 .12

8 7 .50

t r

t r

2 .97

9 4 .75

t r

t r

3 .02

9 2 .50

t r

-

2 .84

8 79

A M-RIC 9 0

3 .57

8 2 .50

t r

t r

2 .94

8 80

A M-R IC 9 0

2 .92

9 3 .50

-

-

2 .73

8 81

A M-RIC 9 0

3 .41

9 4 .50

-

8 82

A M-RIC 9 1

3 .25

9 2 .75

-

3 .22 -

3 .01

-

2 .58

8 83

A M-RIC 9 2

2 .82

9 4 .75

-

8 84

A M-RIC 9 2

2 .82

9 1.50

-

8 85

A M-RIC 9 3

3 .18

9 3 .00

-

8 86

A M-RIC 1 85

3 .09

9 5 .00

t r

Mean ( 12 c o ins)

3 .18

9 1.89

2 .91

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .24

3 .50

0 .18

8 9

2 .67 2 .95 -

2 .93

Vespas ian - min t o f Ro me 7 . Co inage o f A .D . 7 6 We igh t No .

We igh t o f

Reference

( g )

8 87

AM-RIC 9 8(a )

3 .10

9 4 .50

8 88

AM-RIG 9 8(a )

3 .33

9 3 .25

%s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

-

-

2 .92

-

-

3 .10 2 .94

8 89

AM-RIC 9 8(a )

3 .3 7

8 7 . 5 0

-

-

8 90

AM-RIC 9 9(b)

3 .05

9 3 .00

-

-

2 .83

8 91

AM-RIC 1 00

2 .88

8 3 .75

t r

-

2 .41

8 92

AM-RIG 1 91(a )

3 .40

9 3 .00

-

t r

3 .1 6

8 93

AM-RIG 1 91(a )

3 .49

9 0 .50

t r

t r

3 .15

8 94

AM-RIC 2 38

3 .02

9 2 .75

-

8 95

AM-RIG 2 38

3 .2 6

9 3 . 5 0

t r

-

2 .80 3 .0 4

8 96

AM-RIC 2 38

3 .3 2

9 3 . 7 5

t r

t r

3 .1 1

8 97

AM-RIC 2 39

3 .19

9 1.00

t r

t r

2 .90

8 98

AM-RIC 2 38

3 .21

8 1.50

t r

t r

2 .61

8 99

AM-RIC 2 38

2 .85

9 3 .25

t r

0 .75

2 .65

Mean ( 13 c o ins)

3 .19

9 0 .86

2 .89

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .19

3 .95

O .2 2

9 0

Vespas ian - min t o f Ro me 8 .

Co inage o fA .D . 7 7-78 We igh t

No .

Reference

( g )

We igh t o f %s i lver

Au

Pb

s i lver ( g )

9 00

A M-RIC 1 03

3 .42

9 4 . 7 5

t r

-

3 .24

9 01

A M-RIC 1 03

3 .40

9 3 .00

t r

t r

3 .16

9 02

A M-RIC 1 03

3 .06

9 1 .50

t r

0 .50

2 .79

9 03

AM-RIC 1 03

3 .18

9 4 .00

t r

t r

2 .98

9 04

A M-RIC 1 04

3 .05

8 1 .50

t r

0 .50

2 .48

9 05

A M-RIC 1 07

2 .49

9 5 .75

t r

-

2 .38

9 06

A M-RIC 1 07

3 .01

9 3 .00

t r

t r

2 .79

9 07

A M-RIC 1 07

2 .84

9 2 .75

t r

-

2 .63

9 08

A M-R IC 1 08

3 .1 8

9 3 . 5 0

t r

-

2 .9 7

9 09 9 10

AM-RIC 1 08 A M-RIC 1 09

3 .4 4 3 .03

8 8 .50 9 1 .50

t r t r

t r 0 .50

3 .04 2 .77

9 11

A M-RIC 1 09

3 .42

8 7 .50

t r

0 .50

2 .99

9 12

AM-RIC 1 09

3 .31

8 6 .00

t r

0 .50

2 .84

9 13

A M-R IC 1 09

3 .37

9 0 .50

t r

t r

3 .04

9 14

AM-RIC 1 10

3 .18

8 6 .50

t r

t r

2 .75

9 15

AM-RIC 1 10

3 .12

8 5 .50

-

0 .75

2 .66

9 16

A M-RIC 1 10

3 .21

9 0 .50

t r

t r

2 .90

9 17

A M-R IC 1 95

3 .28

7 8 .50

t r

0 .75

2 .57

9 18

A M-RIC 1 97

3 .33

8 7 .50

t r

1 .25

2 .91

9 19

A M-RIC 1 97

2 .71

9 3 .25

t r

1 .25

2 .52

9 20

A M-RIC 2 41

3 .3 3

9 1 .0 0

t r

t r

3 .0 3

9 21

A M-R IC 2 41

3 .26

9 4 .50

t r

-

3 .08

9 22

AM-RIC 2 41

3 .28

8 6 .50

t r

t r

2 .83

9 23

AM-RIC 2 41

3 .2 9

8 6 . 5 0

t r

t r

2 .8 4

9 24

A M-RIC 2 41

3 .21

8 8 .00

t r

t r

2 .82 3 .09

9 25

A M-RIC 2 42

3 .51

8 8 .25

t r

0 .50

9 26

AM-RIC 2 42

3 .3 6

9 0 . 7 5

t r

0 . 7 5

3 .0 4

9 27

AM-RIC 2 42

3 .09

9 2 .75

t r

t r

2 .86

Mean ( 28 c o ins)

3 .19

8 9 .77

2 .85

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .22

4 .02

0 .21

9 1

Vespas ian - min t o f Ro me 9 .

Co inage o fJ an . June 7 9 We igh t

No .

Reference

9 28 9 29 9 30 9 31

We igh t o f

( g )

%s i lver

Au

P b

A M-RIC 1 13

3 .45

AM-RIC 1 13 AM-RIC 1 13

2 .97 3 .38

AM-RIC 1 18

3 .60

s i lver ( g )

9 3 .25

t r

-

3 .21

9 2 .75 9 0 .50

t r t r

1 .00 -

2 .75 3 .05

8 8 .00

t r

-

3 .16

9 32

AM-RIC 1 18

3 .49

9 3 .50

t r

-

3 .26

9 33

A M-RIC 1 18

3 .04

8 3 .50

t r

t r

2 .53

9 34

AM-RIC 1 19

3 .31

8 5 .50

t r

1 .00

2 .83

9 35

A M-RIC 1 20

2 .90

9 4 .00

t r

t r

2 .72

9 36

AM-R IC 2 05

3 .32

7 9 .50

t r

t r

2 .63

9 37

AM-RIC 2 06

3 .19

9 3 .00

t r

t r

2 .96

9 38

AM-RIC 2 06

2 .80

9 3 .75

t r

t r

2 .62

9 39

AM-RIC 2 08

3 .32

9 3 .00

t r

0 .75

3 .08

9 40

AM-RIC 2 43

3 .44

9 4 .00

t r

-

3 .23

9 41

AM-RIC 2 43

3 .32

9 3 .50

t r

t r

3 .10

9 42

A M-RIC 2 44

3 .14

9 1 .00

t r

-

2 .85

9 43

AM-RIC 2 46

3 .14

9 3 .75

t r

t r

2 .94

Mean ( 16 c o ins)

3 .23

9 0 .78

2 .93

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .22

4 .25

0 .23

9 2

T itus - min t o f Ro me 1 .

Co inage o fJ une-Dece mber 7 9 We igh t

No .

Reference

We igh t o f

( g )

%s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

1

3 .27

9 2 .25

t r

-

3 .01

9 44

A M-RIC

9 45

A M-RIC

3

3 .15

9 2 .75

t r

0 .50

2 .92

9 46

AM-RIC

6

3 .18

9 1.50

t r

t r

2 .90

9 47

AM-RIC

6

2 .82

9 4 .00

t r

t r

2 .65

9 48

AM-R IC

9

2 .97

9 1 .50

t r

t r

2 .71

9 49

AM-RIC

9

3 .05

9 1 .25

t r

1 .00

2 .78

9 50

A M-RIC

9

3 .08

9 4 .00

t r

-

2 .89

9 51

A M-RIC 1 0

2 .94

9 2 .50

t r

t r

2 .72

9 52

AM-RIC 1 0

3 .04

9 2 .50

t r

t r

2 .81

9 53

A M-RIC 1 1

3 .27

8 6 .00

t r

-

2 .81

9 54

AM-R IC 1 2

3 .00

9 3 .00

t r

0 .25

2 .79

9 55

AM-RIC 1 3

3 .30

9 3 .25

t r

t r

3 .07

9 56

AM-RIC 1 4 (a )

2 .62

9 2 .50

t r

t r

2 .42

9 57

AM-RIC 1 5 (a )

3 .43

9 2 .75

t r

-

3 .18

9 58

AM-RIC 1 6(a )

2 .92

9 3 .50

t r

t r

2 .73

9 59

AM-RIC 1 6 (a )

2 .84

9 3 .75

t r

t r

9 60

AM-RIC 1 7

3 .06

9 7 .00

t r

2 .96

9 61

AM-RIC 1 9

3 .37

9 4 .50

t r

3 .18

Mean ( 18 c o ins)

3 .07

9 2 .69

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .20

2 .07

C orrec ted mean we igh t

3 .20

9 3

2 .66

2 .84 0 .19 2 .96

T itus - min t o f Ro me 2 .

Co inage o f A .D . 8 0 We igh t

No .

Reference

9 62

AM-RIC 2 1(a )

9 63

A M-RIC 2 1(a )

9 64

AM-RIC 2 2(a )

9 65 9 66

We igh t o f

( g )

%s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

3 .3 4

9 3 .5 0

t r

t r

3 .12

3 .13

8 4 .50

-

1 .25

2 .64

3 .04

9 1.25

-

1 .50

2 .77

AM-RIC 2 2(a )

3 .3 3

9 4 . 5 0

t r

-

3 .14

A M-RIC 2 2( b)

3 .48

9 2 .50

t r

t r

3 .21

9 67

AM-RIC 2 3 (a )

3 .04

9 2 .50

t r

1 .25

2 .81

9 68

A M-RIC 2 3 (a )

3 .Q 3

9 4 .50

t r

-

2 .86

9 69

A M-RIC 2 3 (a )

3 .29

9 2 .50

t r

t r

3 .04

9 70

A M-RIC 2 3 (a )

2 .69

9 4 .00

t r

0 .50

2 .52

9 71

AM-RIC 2 4 (a )

3 .18

9 1 .00

t r

O .2 5

2 .89

9 72

A M-RIC 2 4 (a )

3 .16

9 3 .50

t r

t r

2 .95

9 73

A M-RIC 2 4 (a )

3 .27

9 2 .75

t r

t r

3 .03

9 74

AM-RIC 2 4 (a )

3 .24

9 3 . 7 5

t r

-

3 .0 3

9 75

A M-RIC 2 5 (a )

3 .0 7

9 4 . 0 0

t r

t r

2 .8 8

9 76

A M-RIC 2 5 (a )

3 .18

9 2 .75

t r

t r

2 .94

9 77

A M-RIC 2 5 (b)

3 .36

9 1 .75

t r

t r

3 .08

9 78

AM-RIC 2 6(a )

3 .35

8 2 .00

t r

-

2 .74

9 79

A M-R IC 2 6(a )

3 .28

9 4 .75

t r

-

3 .10

9 80

A M-RIC 2 6 (a )

3 .18

8 9 .50

t r

1 .00

2 .84

9 81

A M-RIC 2 6(a )

3 .29

9 2 .75

t r

0 .75

3 .05

9 82

AM-RIC 2 6 (a )

2 .87

9 2 .00

t r

1 .50

2 .64

9 83

AM-RIC 2 6 (a )

3 .07

8 9 .00

t r

1 .50

2 .73

9 84

AM-RIC 2 7 (a )

3 .30

8 9 .00

t r

1 .50

2 .93

9 85

A M-RIC 2 7 (a )

3 .40

9 1 .50

t r

1 .50

3 .11

9 86 9 87

AM-RIC 2 7 (a ) AM-RIC 2 7 (b)

3 .31

9 2 .75

t r

t r

3 .07

3 .18

9 2 .75

t r

-

2 .94

9 88

A M-R IC 2 7 (b)

3 .35

9 1 .75

t r

t r

3 .07

9 89

AM-RIC 4 2

3 .16

9 1 .75

t r

1 .00

2 .89

9 90

AM-RIC 4 6

3 .17

8 7 .00

t r

-

2 .75

9 91

AM-RIC 4 6

3 .12

8 7 .50

t r

1 .50

2 .73

9 92

AM-RIC 4 9

3 .5 6

9 2 .0 0

t r

t r

3 .27

9 93

AM-RIC 4 9

2 .92

9 5 .00

t r

-

2 .77

9 94

A M-RIC 5 0

3 .33

9 4 .50

t r

t r

3 .14

9 95

AM-RIC 5 0

2 .82

9 5 .25

t r

-

2 .68

9 96

AM-RIC 5 0

3 .4 5

9 2 . 7 5

t r

-

3 .1 9

9 97

AM-RIC 5 0

3 .03

9 1.50

-

1 .25

2 .77

9 98

AM-RIC 5 1

3 .5 5

9 3 .0 0

t r

-

3 .3 0

9 99

AM-RIC 5 1

3 .53

9 1 .75

t r

t r

3 .2 3

1 000

AM-RIC 5 1

3 .34

8 8 .75

t r

1 .50

2 .96

Mean ( 39 c o ins)

3 .21

9 1 .73

2 .94

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .19

2 .79

O .1 9

9 4

Do m it ian - mint o f Ro me 1 .

Co inage o f S ep t . -Dec . 8 1 We ight

We ight o f

No .

Reference

1 001

A M-RIC

1

1 002

A M-RIC

2

1 003

A M-RIC

3

1 004

A M-RIC

4

1 005

A M-RIC 1 0 (a )

1 006

A M-RIC 1 0 (a )

3 .26

7 9 .00

1 007

A M-RIC 1 1

3 .59

9 2 .50

( g )

%s i lver

Au

Pb

s i lver ( g )

3 .13

9 3 .75

t r

-

2 .93

2 .97

9 4 .00

t r

-

3 .16

8 9 .50

t r

3 .22

9 2 .75

t r

-

2 .98

3 .12

9 2 .00

t r

1 .00

2 .87

-

1 .00

2 .57

t r

0 .50

3 .32

2 .76 2 .82

1 008

A M-RIC 1 4

3 .24

9 4 .75

t r

t r

3 .06

1 009

A M-RIC 1 6

3 .22

9 5 .25

t r

-

3 .06

1 010

A M-RIC 1 7

3 .41

9 0 .75

t r

-

3 .09

1 011

A M-RIC 1 7

2 .99

9 4 .00

t r

0 .25

2 .81

1 012

A M-RIC 1 8

2 .94

8 6 .00

t r

1 .75

2 .52

1 013

A M-RIC 1 9

3 .55

8 8 .00

t r

0 .50

3 .12

1 014

A M-RIC 1 9

3 .17

9 1.50

t r

1 .00

2 .90

1 015

A l V T-RIC 1 9

3 .29

9 4 .00

t r

t r

3 .09

1 016

A M-RIC 2 0

3 .49

8 8 .00

t r

0 .25

3 .07

1 017

A M-RIC 2 1

3 .07

9 3 .00

t r

1 .25

2 .85

1 018

A M-RIC 2 1

3 .24

9 0 .00

t r

1 .00

2 .91

1 019

A M-RIC 2 2

3 .18

8 6 .50

t r

0 .50

2 .75

1 020

A M-RIC 2 3

2 .74

8 6 .00

t r

1 .00

2 .35

Mean ( 20 c o ins)

3 .19

9 0 .56

2 .89

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .20

3 .92

0 .22

2 .

Co inage o f f irst p art o f A .D . 8 2

1 021

A M-RIC 2 4

3 .02

9 0 .75

t r

-

2 .74

1 022

A M-RIC 2 5

3 .32

8 9 .50

-

1 .50

2 .97

1 023

A M-RIC 2 6

3 .28

9 3 .50

t r

0 .75

3 .06

1 024

A M-RIC 2 7

3 .27

9 1.50

-

2 . 50

2 .99

1 025

A M-RIC 2 8

2 .87

9 4 .25

t r

-

2 .70

1 026

A M-RIC 2 8

3 .12

9 2 .75

t r

0 .75

2 .89

1 027

A M-RIC 3 0

2 .89

8 5 .00

t r

1 .00

2 .45

1 028

A M-RIC 3 1

3 .28

9 1.00

t r

2 .00

2 .98

Mean ( 8 c o ins)

3 .13

9 1.03

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .17

2 .70

C orrected mean we ight

3 .20

9 5

2 .84 0 .19 2 .91

Do m it ian - min t o f Ro me 3 .

Refor med c o inage :

f irst s tage , A .D . 8 2-85

We igh t No .

Reference

( g )

We igh t o f %s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

1 029

AM-RIC 3 2 -l a ter 8 2

3 .12

9 6 . 5 0

t r

0 .5 0

3 .0 1

1 030

AM-RIC 3 2 -l a ter 8 2

2 .81

9 7 .50

t r

t r

2 .73

1 031

A M-RIC 3 6a - l a ter 8 3

3 .3 4

9 7 . 0 0

t r

t r

3 .23

1 032

AM-RIC 4 0-A .D . 8 2-83

3 .2 8

9 7 .25

t r

t r

3 .1 8

1 033

A M-R IC 4 0-A .D . 8 2-83

3 .61

9 7 .50

t r

t r

3 .51

1 034

AM-RIC 4 1-A .D . 8 2-83

2 .96

9 7 .75

t r

-

2 .89

1 035

AM-RIC 4 1-A .D . 8 2-83

3 .38

9 9 .00

t r

t r

3 .34

1 036

AM-RIC 4 6 v ar-A .D . 8 4

3 .3 2

9 8 . 5 0

t r

t r

3 .2 7

1 037

AM-RIC 4 7-A .D . 8 4

3 .30

9 9 .00

t r

-

3 .26

1 038

AM-RIC 5 2-Jan3 .26

9 9 .25

t r

t r

3 .23

3 .11

9 9 .25

t r

-

3 .08

3 .26

9 8 .25

t r

O .2 5

3 .20

3 .48

9 7 .50

t r

t r

3 .39

3 .42

9 8 .00

t r

t r

3 .36

Mean ( 14 c o ins)

3 .26

9 8 .01

3 .1 9

S tandard d ev ia t ion

O .2 0

0 .8 5

O .2 0

Apr i l 8 5 1 039

AM-R IC 5 2-Jan Apr i l 8 5

1 040

AM-RIC 5 3-Jan -

1 041

AM-RIC 6 6 (a )-Apr i l-

1 042

AM-RIC 6 6( a )-Apr i l-

Apr i l 8 5 S ep t 8 5 S ep t 8 5

Corrected Mean we igh t ( 28 c o ins) 3 .3 3

9 6

S

3 .26

Do m it ian - mint o f Ro me 4 .

Refor med c o inage :

s econd s tage , A .D . 8 5-88 We ight o f

We ight No .

Reference

1 043

A M-RIC 6 2- Apr i l-

1 044

A M-RIC 6 5 - Apr i l-

1 045

A M-RIC 7 1 -S ep t . -

1 046

A M-RIC 7 1 -v ar-

S ep t . 8 5 S ept . 8 5 Dec . 8 5 S ept . -Dec . 8 5 1 047

% s i lver

Au

Pb

s i lver ( g )

3 .26

9 3 .00

t r

t r

3 .03

3 .46

9 2.75

t r

t r

3 .20

3 .17

9 3 .00

t r

t r

2 .94

3 .34

9 3 .50

t r

-

3 .12

3 .16

9 3 .50

t r

-

2 .95

( g )

A M-RIC 7 2(a ) A .D . 8 6

1 048

A M-RIC 7 4-A .D . 8 6

3 .3 1

9 3 . 7 5

t r

t r

3 .10

1 049

A M-RIC 7 6-A .D . 8 6

3 .43

9 3 .25

t r

t r

3 .19

1 050

A M-RIC 7 6 v ar-

1 051

A M-RIC 7 9-A .D . 8 6

1 052 1 053

A .D . 8 6

3 .26

9 3 . 7 5

t r

t r

3 .0 5

3 .3 0

9 4 .25

t r

-

3 .1 1

A M-RIC 8 1-A .D . 8 6

3 .30

9 3 .00

t r

0 .25

3 .06

A M-RIC 9 1-A .D . 8 7

3 .2 1

9 4 .25

t r

-

3 .0 2

1 054

A M-RIC 9 1-A .D . 8 7

3 .3 3

9 3 .0 0

t r

t r

3 .0 9

1 055

A M-RIC 9 2-A .D . 8 7

3 .1 8

9 3 . 5 0

t r

t r

2 .9 7

1 056

A M-RIC 9 4-A .D . 8 7

3 .05

9 3 .25

t r

-

2 .84

1 057

A M-RIC 1 00-A .D . 8 7

3 .28

9 4 .25

t r

-

3 .0 9

1 058

A M-RIC 1 01-A .D . 8 7

3 .27

9 3 . 5 0

t r

t r

3 .05

1 059

A M-R IC 1 06 v ar-

1 060

A M-RIC 1 08(a )-A .D . 8 8

A .D . 8 8

3 .2 6

9 3 . 5 0

t r

t r

3 .0 4

2 .98

9 4 . 5 0

t r

-

2 .81

1 061

A M-RIC 1 08(a )-A . D . 8 8

3 .07

9 2.00

t r

t r

2 .82

1 062

A M-RIC 1 09-A .D . 8 8

3 .46

9 3 .25

t r

-

3 .22

1 063

A M-RIC 1 10-A .D . 8 8

3 .23

9 4 .00

t r

-

3 .03

1 064

A M-RIC 1 14-A .D . 8 8

3 .35

9 2 .75

t r

-

3 .10

1 065

A M-RIC 1 14-A .D . 8 8

2 .$ 3

9 3 .50

t r

t r

2 .64

Mean ( 23 c o ins)

3 .23

9 3 .43

3 .02

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .15

0 .57

0 .14

9 7

Do m it ian - min t o f Ro me 5 .

Refor med c o inage :

s econd s tage , A .D . 8 8-92

We ight

We igh t o f

No .

Reference

( g )

% s i lver

Au

Pb

s i lver ( g )

1 066

AM-RIC 1 15-A .D . 8 8-9

3 .25

9 1.50

t r

1 .50

2 .97

1 067

A M-RIC 1 15-A ,D . 8 8-9

3 .00

9 3 .50

t r

t r

2 .80

1 068

A M-RIC 1 16-A . D . 8 8-9

3 .24

9 4 .25

t r

-

3 .05

1 069

A M-RIC 1 16(a )-A .D . 3 .11

9 3 .50

t r

t r

2 .90

8 8-9 1 070

AM-RIC 1 17-A .D . 8 8-9

3 .14

9 3 .50

t r

-

2 .93

1 071

AM-RIC 1 17-A .D . 8 8-9

3 .20

9 2.75

t r

-

2 .96

-

1 072

AM-RIC 1 17-A .D . 8 8-9

3 .39

9 3 .00

-

1 073

A M-RIC 1 31-A .D . 8 8-9

3 .08

9 3 .25

t r

3 .15 2 .87

1 074

AM-RIC 1 32-A .D . 8 8-9

3 .33

9 3 .50

-

-

1 075

AM-RIC 1 34-A .D . 8 8-9

3 .45

9 3 .50

t r

-

3 .22

1 076

AM-RIC 1 35-A .D . 8 8-9

3 .34

9 3 .50

t r

-

3 .12

1 077

AM-RIC 1 40-A . D . 8 8-9

3 .50

9 2 .50

-

-

3 .23

1 078

AM-RIC 1 42 v ar-

1 079

A M-RIC 1 43-A .D . 8 9-90

A .D . 8 8-9

3 .11

3 .08

9 3 .50

t r

-

2 .87

3 .26

9 2.50

t r

0 .50

3 .01

1 080

A M-RIC 1 44-A .D . 8 9-90

3 .29

9 4 .00

t r

t r

3 .09

1 081

AM-RIC 1 46-A .D . 8 9-90

3 .34

9 4 .00

-

-

3 .13

1 082

AM-RIC 1 47-A . D . 8 9-90

3 .33

9 4 .75

t r

-

3 .15

1 083

A M-RIC 1 47-A .D . 8 9-90

3 .13

9 4 .25

t r

-

2 .95

1 084

A M-RIC 1 48-A . D . 8 9-90

3 .36

9 4 .00

t r

-

3 .15

1 085

AM-RIC 1 49-A . D . 8 9-90

3 .30

9 1.75

-

1 .00

3 .02

1 086

A M-RIC 1 50-A .D . 8 9-90

3 .20

9 3 .75

't r

-

3 .00

1 087

AM-RIC 1 52-A . D . 9 0-91

3 .35

9 4 .00

t r

-

3 .14

1 088

AM-RIC 1 53-A .D . 9 0-91

3 .26

9 3 .75

t r

-

3 .05

1 089

AM-RIC 1 54-A . D . 9 0-91

3 .33

9 4 .25

t r

t r

3 .13

1 090

AM-RIC 1 55-A . D . 9 0-91

3 .52

9 3 .00

t r

t r

3 .27

1 091

AM-RIC 1 55-A .D . 9 0-91

3 .12

9 2.75

t r

t r

2 .89

1 092

AM-RIC 1 56-A .D . 9 1-92

3 .42

9 2.50

t r

0 .25

3 .16

1 093

AM-RIC 1 57-A .D . 9 1-92

3 .29

9 2.00

t r

0 .25

3 .02

1 094

AM-RIC 1 58-A . D . 9 1-92

3 .24

9 3 .75

t r

t r

3 .03

1 095

AM-RIC 1 58-A . D . 9 1-92

3 .22

9 3 .50

t r

t r

3 .01

1 096

AM-RIC 1 66-A . D . 9 1-92

3 .45

9 3 .50

t r

-

3 .22

1 097

AM-RIC 1 66-A . D . 9 1-92

3 .52

9 4 .25

t r

-

3 .31

1 098

AM-RIC 1 66-A .D . 9 1-92

3 .03

9 4 .25

t r

-

2 .85

1 099

AM-RIC 1 67 (a ) 3 .26

9 4 .00

-

-

3 .06

A .D . 9 1-92 1 100

AM-RIC 1 67 (a ) 3 .29

9 2 .75

t r

t r

3 .05

1 101

AM-RIC 1 68-A .D . 9 1-92

3 .38

9 3 .25

t r

-

3 .15

1 102

AM-RIC 1 69-A .D . 9 1-92

3 .36

9 3 .50

t r

-

3 .14

Mean ( 37 c o ins)

3 .28

9 3 .39

3 .05

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .13

0 .74

0 .12

A . D . 9 1-92

9 8

Do m it ian - min t o f Ro me 6 .

Refor med c o inage :

s econd s tage , A .D . 9 2-96

We ight

We ight o f

No .

Reference

( g )

%s i lver

Au

Pb

s i lver ( g )

1 103

A M-RIC 1 71-A .D . 9 2-93

3 .34

9 3 .00

t r

-

3 .10

1 104

A M-RIC 1 72-A .D . 9 2-93

3 .1 5

9 2 .25

t r

t r

2 .90

1 105

A M-RIC 1 72-A .D . 9 2-93

3 .10

9 3 .75

t r

-

2 .90

1 106

A M-RIC 1 73-A .D . 9 2-93

2 .92

9 4 .75

t r

t r

2 .76

1 107

A M-RIC 1 73-A .D . 9 2-93

3 .13

9 4 .50

t r

-

2 .95

1 108

A M-RIC 1 74-A .D . 9 2-93

3 .19

9 2 . 0 0

t r

-

2 .93

1 109

A M-RIC 1 75-A .D . 9 3-94

3 .09

9 3 .25

-

-

2 .88

1 110

A M-RIC 1 76-A .D . 9 3-94

3 .24

9 4 .25

t r

-

3 .05

1 111

A M-RIC 1 77-A .D . 9 3-94

3 .3 8

9 3 .25

t r

-

3 .15

1 112

A M-RIC 1 77-A .D . 9 3-94

3 .24

9 3 .00

t r

-

3 .01

1 113

A M-RIC 1 78-A .D . 9 3-94

3 .42

9 3 .25

t r

t r

3 .18

1 114

A M-RIC 1 78-A .D . 9 3-94

3 .25

9 3 .0 0

t r

-

3 .02

1 115

A M-RIC 1 78-A .D . 9 3-94

3 .31

9 3 .50

t r

-

3 .09

1 116

A M-RIC 1 79 v ar3 .5 2

9 3 .25

t r

-

3 .28

A .D . 9 4-95 1 117

A M-R1C 1 79-A .D . 9 4-95

3 .20

9 4 .75

-

-

3 .03

1 118

A M-RIC 1 87-A .D . 9 4-95

3 .11

9 4 .25

-

0 .25

2 .93

1 119

A M-RIC 1 88-A .D . 9 4-95

3 .26

9 4 .50

t r

-

3 .08

1 120

A M-RIC 1 88-A .D . 9 4-95

3 .18

9 3 .25

t r

t r

2 .96

1 121

A M-RIC 1 89-A .D . 9 4-95

3 .32

9 3 .50

t r

-

3 .10

1 122

A M-RIC 1 89 v ar3 .1 3

9 4 . 5 0

t r

-

2 .95

A .D . 9 4-95 1 123

A M-RIC 1 90-A .D . 9 5-96

3 .18

9 3 . 5 0

t r

O .2 5

2 .97

1 124

A M-RIC 1 91-A .D . 9 5-96

3 .27

9 5 .25

t r

-

3 .11

1 125

A M-RIC 1 91-A .D . 9 5-96

3 ,1 9

9 4 .25

t r

-

3 .00

1 126

A M-RIC 1 91-A . D . 9 5-96

3 .16

9 3 .75

t r

t r

2 .96

1 127

A M-RIC 1 92-A .D . 9 5-96

3 .15

9 4 .50

t r

-

2 .97

1 128

A M-RIC 1 93-A .D . 9 5-96

3 .3 3

9 3 . 5 0

t r

-

3 .11

1 129

A M-RIC 1 93-A .D . 9 5-96

3 .04

9 4 .00

t r

-

2 .85

1 130

A M-RIC 1 94-A .D . 9 5-96

3 .21

9 3 . 7 5

t r

t r

3 .00

1 131

A M-RIC 1 96-A .D . 9 5-96

2 .75

9 4 .00

t r

t r

2 .58

1 132

A M-RIC 1 95-A .D . 9 5-96

3 .40

9 3 .75

-

-

3 .18

1 133

A M-RIC 2 06-unda ted

2 .99

9 4 .00

t r

t r

2 .81

1 134

A M-RIC 2 07-unda ted

3 .07

9 4 .00

t r

t r

2 .88

Mean ( 32 c o ins)

3 .19

9 3 .75

2 .99

S tandard d ev ia t ion

O . 1 5

0 .71

0 .14

C orrected mean we igh t ( 73 c o ins)

3 .26

3 .05

Do m it ia ( upda ted ) 1 135

A M-RIC 2 12

3 .19

9 9

9 7 .75

t r

0 .50

3 .11

M in t o f Ro me - Qu inar i i We igh t No .

Reference

( g )

We igh t o f

%s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

Vespas ian 1 136

AM-RIC 1 25-A .D . 7 5-9

1 .64

9 2 .25

t r

t r

1 .51

1 137

AM-R IC 1 29 (a )A ,D . 7 5-79

1 .52

9 2 .50

-

-

1 .40

1 .54

8 7 .75

t r

0 .25

1 .35

t r

1 .19

1 138

A M-RIC 1 29(b ) A .D . 7 5-79

1 139

A M-RIC 1 65-A .D . 7 3

1 .33

9 0 .00

-

1 140

AM-R IC 1 65-A .D . 7 3

1 .54

9 4 .75

t r

1 141

AM-RIC 2 34 v arA .D . 7 5

1 .53

9 3 .00

t r

1 .45 t r

1 .42

0 .25

1 .46

1 142

AM-R IC 2 35 v arA .D . 7 5

1 .51

9 3 .75

t r

1 143

AM-R IC 2 51

1 .56

9 3 .75

t r

Mean ( 8 c o ins)

1 .52

9 2 .21

1 .39

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .08

2 .14

0 .90

1 .41

Correc ted mean we igh t ( 26 c o ins)

1 .54

1 .42

We igh t o f s i lver i n t heore t ica l d enar ius

2 .84

T itus 1 144

AM-R IC 3 5 (a )-

1 145

AM-R IC 3 4-A .D . 7 9-80

1 146 1 147

A .D . 7 9-80

1 .40

9 3 .75

t r

t r

1 .31

1 .50

9 5 .25

t r

t r

1 .42

AM-R IC 5 2-A .D . 8 0

1 .39

9 3 .50

t r

t r

1 .29

AM-R IC 5 3-A .D . 8 0

1 .55

9 4 .50

t r

1 .00

1 .46

1 148

AM-R IC 6 4-A .D . 8 0-81

1 .44

9 2 .50

t r

t r

1 .33

1 149

AM-RIC- ( D ivus 1 .51

9 2 .75

t r

-

1 .40

Mean ( 6 c o ins)

1 .46

9 3 .70

1 .36

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .07

0 .95

0 .06

Vespas ianus)

C orrec ted mean we igh t ( 12 c o ins)

1 .49

1 .39

We igh t o f s i lver i n t heore t ica l d enar ius

2 .78

Do m it ian -Refor med c o inage :

f irst s tage

1 150

AM-RIG 3 5-A .D . 8 3

1 .70

9 7 .75

t r

1 151

AM-R IG 4 4-A .D . 8 2-3

1 .47

8 5 .00

t r

1 152

AM-RIC 5 9-Jan1 .52

9 9 .00

t r

Apr i l 8 5

1 00

1 .66 0 .50

1 .24 1 .50

M in t o f Ro me - Q u inar i i Do m i t ian - Refor med c o inage :

s econd s tage

We igh t N o .

Reference

( g )

We igh t o f %s i lver

Au

153

A M-R IC 7 8-A .D . 8 6

1 .64

9 3 .00

t r

154

A M-R IC 9 7-A .D . 8 7

1 .68

9 4 .75

t r

P b

s i lver ( g )

t r _

1 .52 1 .67 1 .67

1 .59

155

A M-R IC 1 12-A .D . 8 8

1 .78

9 4 .00

-

_

156

A M-RIC 1 18-A .D . 8 8-89

1 .79

9 3 .50

t r

t r

157

A M-RIC 1 18-A .D . 8 8-89

1 .53

9 3 .25

t r

Mean ( 5 c o ins)

1 .68

9 3 .70

1 .57

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .10

0 .62

0 .10

C orrected mean we igh t ( 19 c o ins)

1 .64

We igh t o f s i lver i n t heore t ica l d enar ius

1 01

-

1 .42

1 .54 3 .07

S pan ish min t - Ga lba We igh t o f

We igh t %s i lver

Au

Pb

s i lver ( g )

No .

Reference

( g )

1 158

A M-R IC 7 5

3 .13

9 5 . 7 5

t r

1 .5 0

2 .99

1 159

A M-RIC 7 6

3 .5 0

9 7 .0 0

t r

t r

3 .3 9

1 160

A M-RIC - ( rev . BON I 3 .39

9 6 .00

t r

1 .25

3 .25

1 161

A M-RIC 7 8 v ar

3 .24

9 9 .00

t r

-

3 .20

1 162

A M-RIC 7 8 ( 5 )

3 .73

9 7 .00

-

-

3 .61

1 163

A M-RIC 7 8 ( 5 )

2 .94

9 7 .00

t r

1 .25

2 .85

1 164

A M-RIC 8 0 ( 1 )

3 .4 5.

9 6 .75

t r

1 .25

3 .33

1 165

A M-RIC 8 0 ( 3 )

3 .35

9 5 .75

-

0 .75

3 .20

EVENTVS )

1 166

A M-RIC 8 0 ( 4 )

3 .4 8

9 6 .25

-

O .5 0

3 .3 4

1 167

A M-RIC 8 0 ( 5 ) v ar

3 .49

9 6 .75

-

-

3 .37

1 168

A M-RIC 8 2 ( 1 )

3 .34

9 6 .25

-

-

3 .21

1 169

A M-RIC 8 4 ( 1 )

3 .41

9 7 .00

-

0 .50

3 .33

1 170

A M-RIC 8 4 ( 2 )

3 .66

9 7 . 5 0

-

0 .5 0

3 .56

1 171

A M-RIC 8 6 ( 1 )

3 .35

9 7 .75

-

0 .50

3 .27

1 172

A M-RIC 8 8/90

3 .03

9 4 .00

t r

t r

2 .84

1 173

A M-RIC 9 0 ( 2 )

3 .3 0

9 6 . 5 0

t r

-

3 .18

1 174

A M-R IC 9 0 ( 5 )

3 .16

9 5 .00

t r

-

3 .00

1 175

A M-RIC 9 2 ( 3 )

3 .42

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .32

1 176

A M-RIC 9 2 ( 3 )

3 .3 1

9 4 .0 0

-

0 .5 0

3 .1 1

1 177

A M-RIC 9 4

3 .11

9 5 .75

t r

-

2 .97

1 178

A M-RIC 9 8 ( 1 )

3 .46

9 8 .00

t r

-

3 .39

1 179

A M-RIC 9 8 ( 1 )

3 .52

9 7 .00

t r

-

3 .41

1 180

A M-RIC 9 8 ( 3 )

3 .37

9 7 .00

t r

t r

3 .26

1 181

A M-RIC 1 06

3 .05

9 6 .75

t r

-

2 .95

1 182

A M-RIC 1 06 v ar

3 .09

9 2 .00

t r

0 .75

2 .84

Mean ( 25 c o ins)

3 .33

9 6 .36

3 .20

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .19

1 .41

0 .21

Corrected mean we igh t ( 61 c o ins)

3 .34

1 02

3 .21

S pan ish min t - Vespas ian We igh t

We igh t o f

( g )

%s i lver

Au

P b

s i lver ( g )

N o .

Reference

183

A M-R IC 2 67 ( a )

3 .05

9 5 .00

184

A M-RIC 2 68

3 .1 5

9 5 .0 0

2 .99

Mean ( 2 c o ins)

3 .10

9 5 .00

2 .94

C orrected mean we igh t( 10 c o in ,$)

3 .1 6

t r

t r

2 .89

3 .00

Ga l l ic mint - Ga lba ;

d enar i i

185

A M-RIC 1 08

3 .27

9 6 .50

t r

1 .25

3 .15

186

A M-R IC 1 14 v ar

3 .54

9 6 .00

t r

t r

3 .39

187

A M-RIC 1 15

3 .48

9 2 .50

t r

-

3 .21

188

A M-R IC 1 16

3 .24

9 6 .50

-

-

3 .12

189

A M-RIC 1 18 ( 3 )

3 .49

9 9 .50

-

190

A M-RIC 1 18 ( 3 )

3 .21

9 6 .50

-

t r

3 .09

191

A M-R IC 1 18 ( 3 )

3 .15

9 9 .50

-

t r

3 .13

192

A M-R IC 1 18 ( 3 )

3 .49

9 7 . 5 0

-

-

193

A M-RIC 1 18 ( 5 )

3 .30

9 7 .00

-

194

A M-R 1C 1 27 ( 3 )

3 .37

9 6 .50

t r

-

3 .25

195

A M-R1C 1 27 ( 3 )

3 .5 5

9 5 . 5 0

t r

-

3 .3 9

Mean ( 11 c o ins)

3 .37

9 6 .68

3 .25

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 . 1 4

1 .81

0 .13

C orrected mean we igh t (2 7c o ins)

3 .3 6

( tr As)

3 .47

3 .40 3 .20

3 .24

G a l l ic min t - Ga lba ;

q u inar i i

196

A M-R IC 1 24 v ar

1 197

( obv . l egend e nds TP) A M-RIC a s l ast

1 .55 1 .5 8

9 7 .00 9 7 . 7 5

-

0 .50 -

1 .5 0 1 .5 4

1 198

A M-RIC a s l as t

1 .5 7

9 7 . 0 0

-

t r

1 .5 2

1 .56

9 7 .25

Mean ( 3 c o ins)

We igh t o f s i lver i n t heore t ica l d enar ius

1 03

1 .52 3 .0 4

G a l l ic min t -V ite l l ius We igh t No .

Re ference

1 199

A M-R IC Tarraco 5 (1)

1 200

A M-R IC Gau l 2

1 201

A M-R IC Tarraco 6 (1)

We igh t o f

( g )

%s i lver

Au

P b

3 .24

8 8 .00

-

3 .2 7

9 3 .0 0

-

-

3 .04

3 .32

9 5 .00

-

0 .50

3 .15

t r

s ilver ( g ) 2 .85

1 202

A M-R IC Gau l 4 (1)

3 .48

9 5 .25

-

O .2 5

3 .31

1 203

A M-R IC Tarraco 6 (1)

3 .21

9 4 .00

-

( tr F e)

3 .01

1 204

A M-RIC Tarraco 6 (1)

3 .16

9 4 .25

-

t r

2 .97

1 205

A M-R IC Tarraco 7

3 .4 1

9 6 . 7 5

-

-

3 .29

1 206

A M-R IC Gau l 8 (3)

3 .26

9 3 .5 0

t r

0 .50

3 .04

1 207

AM-R IC Gau l 8 (3)

3 .49

9 4 . 5 0

-

0 .50

3 .29

1 208

AM-R IC Gau l 9 (3)

3 .2 4

9 3 . 7 5

-

O .2 5

3 .03

1 209

AM-R IC Gau l 9 (3 )

3 .4 7

9 4 . 5 0

-

-

3 .27

1 210

AM-R IC Tarraco 1 4 (2)

3 .38

9 6 .25

-

-

3 .25

-

1 211

A M-R IC Tarraco 1 4 (2)

3 .0 1

9 3 . 5 0

1 212

AM-RIC Tarraco 1 4 (2)

3 .58

9 7 .25

1 213

A M-RIC Tarraco 1 4 (2)

3 .5 5

9 6 . 5 0

1 214

AM-R IC Tarraco 1 4 (1)

3 .29

9 3 .75

Mean ( 16 c o ins)

3 .3 4

9 4 . 3 6

3 .14

S tandard d ev ia t ion

O .1 5

2 .06

0 .19

-

2 .81

t r

3 .48

-

t r

3 .42

-

-

3 .08

Corrected mean we igh t ( 37 c o ins)

3 .40

3 .20

G a l l ic min t - Vespas ian , A .D . 7 0-71 1 215

A M-R IC 2 89

3 .20

1 216

AM-R IC 2 91

3 .11

9 4 .75

1 217

AM-R IC 2 93

3 .25

9 2 .50

1 218

AM-RIC 2 93

3 .06

9 3 .25

t r

3 .15

9 3 .44

Mean ( 4 c o ins)

9 3 .25

t r

-

2 .98

t r

-

2 .95

t r

-

3 .01

t r

2 .85 2 .94

Correc ted mean we igh t ( 16 c o ins)

3 .14

2 .93

1 04

A nony mous c o inages o ft he C iv i l War We igh t ( g )

We igh t o f %s i lver

Au

P b

3 .51 3 .67

9 4 .25 9 5 .00

t r t r

-

2 .57

8 8 .00

-

s i lver ( g )

N o .

Reference

1 219 1 220

A M-RIC ( Spa in ) 2 - Mar t in2 3 4 A M-R IC t y 1 0- Mar t in 5 0

1 221

A M-RIC

I t

1 222

A M-RIC

i t

1 6- Mar t in 4 8

3 .67

9 5 .25

t r

-

3 .49

1 223

A M-RIC

I f

1 7- Mar t in 5 1

3 .5 2

9 8 .25

t r

-

3 .45

1 224

A M-RIC

t

1 9- Mar t in 5 3

3 .49

9 8 .00

-

-

3 .42

1 225

A M-R IC

t

1 9- Mar t in 5 3

3 .62

9 8 .00

-

0 .50

3 .54

1 226

A M-RIC

1 ,

2 1- Mar t in 9 1

3 .91

9 6 .75

t r

t r

3 .78

1 3- Mar t in 4 3

3 .30 3 .48

( tr B i) 2 .26

1 227

A M-RIC

t

2 1- Mar t in 9 1

3 .73

9 7 .50

-

0 .50

3 .63

1 228

A M-RIC

I T

2 1- Mar t in 9 1

3 .49

9 6 .25

t r

-

3 .35

1 229

A M-RIC

t y

2 7- Mar t in 9 8

3 .16

9 4 .50

-

-

2 .98

1 230

A M-R IC ( Gau l) 2 3- Mar t in 7 8

3 .28

9 5 .25

-

0 .50

3 .12

1 231

A M-R IC

"

2 3- Mar t in 7 8

3 .00

9 4 .00

-

0 .25

2 .82

1 232

A M-RIC

f t

2 3- Mar t in 7 8

3 .45

9 3 .50

-

0 .50

3 .22

1 233

A M-R IC

t

2 5- Mar t in 7 7

3 .64

9 6 .50

t r

-

3 .51

1 234

A M-R1C

t

2 5- Mar t in 7 7

3 .59

9 3 .50

-

t r

3 .35

1 235

A M-RIC

i t

3 4- Mar t in 6 0

3 .26

9 4 .00

-

-

3 .06

1 236

A M-R IC

I t

3 4- Mart in 6 0

2 .86

8 3 .00

t r

-

2 .37

1 237

A M-R IC

t

3 4- Mar t in 6 0

3 .33

9 5 .50

t r

-

3 .18

1 238

A M-RIC

I

3 5- Mar t in 6 1

3 .28

9 2 .00

-

0 .50

3 .01

1 239

A M-RIC

-

-Mar t in 6 6

2 .97

9 4 .50

t r

t r

2 .80

1 240

A M-R IC ( Augus tus- Mar t in A7

3 .61

9 5 .00

t r

t r

3 .42

1 241

A M-RIC

3 .49

9 4 .50

t r

-

3 .29

1 242

A M-RIC ( Ger many ) 1 - Mar t in 3

3 .48

9 3 .75

t r

-

3 .26

"

5 - Mar t in A 26

1 243

A M-RIC

"

5 - Mar t in 7

3 .64

9 4 .50

t r

t r

3 .43

1 244

A M-RIC

"

5 - Mar t in 7

3 .36

9 4 .00

-

-

3 .15

1 245

A M-RIC

" 1 1- Mar t in 9 6

3 .28

9 6 .25

-

t r

3 .15

1 246

A M-RIC

" 1 1- Mar t in 9 6

3 .40

9 7 .25

-

-

3 .30

1 247

A M-RIC ( Gau l)

3 - Mar t in 5

3 .58

9 6 .00

-

0 .50

3 .43

1 248

A M-R IC

4 - Mar t in 2 1

3 .11

9 6 .25

t r

t r

2 .99

Mean ( 30 c o ins)

3 .43

9 4 .70

3 .22

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .24

2 .95

0 .33

1 249

3 .08

6 6 .00

"

AM . 1 tI C( Gau l) 25- Mar t in 7 7

1 05

0 .50

2 .03

l yr icu m We ight

We igh t o f

( g )

%s i lver

Au

Pb

A M-RIC 3 05

3 .10

9 5 .25

t r

t r

2 .95

AM-RIC 3 07 v ar

3 .40

9 3 . 5 0

t r

t r

3 .1 7

3 .16

No .

Reference

1 250 1 251

s i lver ( g )

M in ts o f As ia M inor - Vespas ian 1 252

AM-R IC 3 11-A .D . 6 9-70

3 .64

8 7 .00

t r

0 .25 t r

1 253

AM-RIC 3 11 ( a )-A .D . 6 9-70

3 .33

9 3 .00

t r

1 254

AM-RIC 3 12-A .D . 6 9-70

3 .57

9 0 . 0 0

t r

3 .09

1 255

AM-R IC 3 16-A .D . 6 9-70

2 .70

8 6 .50

t r

t r

2 .33

1 256

AM-RIC 3 17-A .D . 6 9-70

3 .08

9 3 .00

t r

t r

2 .86

3 .21

1 257

AM-R IC 3 23-A .D . 7 0

3 .18

9 2 .00

t r

1 258

AM-RIC 3 24-A .D . 7 0

2 .91

8 8 . 5 0

t r

t r

2 .5 7

1 259

AM-RIC 3 24-A .D . 7 0

2 .94

8 2 .00

t r

t r

2 .40

Mean ( 8 c o ins o f A .D . 6 9-70)

3 .16

8 9 .00 3 .56

2 .81

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .31

Corrected mean we igh t ( 27 c o ins)

3 .13

1 260

3. .2 6

8 9 . 5 0

t r

AM-R IC 3 28-A .D . 7 1-Ephesus

2 .92

0 .32 2 .78 -

2 .9 1

1 261

AM-RIC 3 29

t Y

3 .30

9 2 .00

t r

-

3 .03

1 262

AM-RIC 3 30

i t

2 .90

9 3 .00

t r

t r

2 .69

1 263

AM-R IC 3 31

t

3 .27

9 3 .25

t r

t r

3 .0 4

1 264

AM-R IC 3 33

t ,

3 .18

9 2 .75

t r

t r

2 .94

1 265

AM-RIC 3 34

I ,

3 .5 1

9 4 . 5 0

t r

-

3 .3 1

1 266

AM-RIC 3 40

I t

3 .26

9 4 . 7 5

t r

-

3 .08

1 267

AM-R IC 3 48

I t

3 .3 7

9 3 . 0 0

t r

t r

3 .1 3

Mean ( 8 c o ins o f A .D . 7 1)

3 .25

9 2 .84 1 .52

3 .01

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .16

Correc ted mean we igh t ( 23 c o ins)

3 .18

1 268

A M-R IC 3 37-A .D . 7 4

3 .1 6

9 2 .75

t r

2 .93

1 269

AM-RIC 3 37-A . D . 7 4

3 .13

9 2.50

t r

2 .89

1 270

AM-R IC 3 75-A .D . 7 6

2 .95

9 4 .00

t r

1 271

AM-RIC 3 76 A .D . 7 6

2 .87

8 7 .00

t r

1 272

AM-R IC- - A .D . 7 6

3 .06

9 3 .50

t r

1 273

AM-R IC 2 22-A .D . 7 6

3 .24

9 3 .25

t r

1 274

AM-R IC 3 81-A .D . 7 6

3 .03

9 1.00

Mean ( 5 c o ins o f A .D . 7 6)

3 .03

9 1.75

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .12

2 .59

Correc ted mean we igh t ( 12 c o ins)

3 .15

1 06

O .1 7 2 .95

t r

2 .77 2 .49

t r

2 .86

1 .25

2 .75

3 .02

2 .77 0 .17 2 .89

An t ioch-Vespasian A .D . 7 2-73 We ight No .

Reference

( g ) BMC 5 13

We ight o f % s i lver

Au

Pb

s i lver ( g )

1 275

A M-RIC

3 .18

9 1.00

t r

t r

2 .89

1 276

A M-RIC 3 60

3 .4 1

9 3 .0 0

t r

t r

3 .1 7

1 277

A M-RIC - BMC 5 10

2 .30

9 3 .75

t r

1 278

A M-RIC 3 66

3 .09

9 3 .25

1 279

A M-RIC 3 66

3 .48

9 4 .00

t r

1 280

A M-RIC 3 66

3 .31

9 3 .50

t r

1 281

A M-RIC 3 67

3 .69

9 4 .75

t r

3 .49

1 282

A M-RIC 3 68

2 .68

9 4 .50

t r

2 .53

Mean ( 8 c o ins)

3 .14

9 3 .46

2 .93

S tandard d ev ia t ion

0 .42

1 .09

O .4 0

C orrected mean we igh t ( 3 1 c o ins)

3 .22

t r

2 .15

1 .00

2 .88

t r

3 .09

3 .27

3 .00

A fr ica 1 283

A M-Clod ius 1 V lacer-RIC 9

3 .0 4

9 4 . 0 0

t r

t r

2 .8 5

1 284

A M-Ga lba R IC 1 32

3 .0 0

9 3 . 5 0

-

-

2 .8 0

1 285

A M-Ga lba R IC 1 34

3 .13

9 6 . 0 0

-

-

3 .0 0

1 286

A M-Ga lba R IC 1 34

3 .0 8

9 4 .25

-

-

2 .9 0

Mean ( 3 c o ins o f G alba )

3 .0 7

9 4 . 5 8

C orrected mean we igh t

3 .4 3

1 07

2 .9 2 3 .24

SU M MARY M int o f Ro me - d enar i i

I ssue

No . o f

Mean we igh t

Mean

c o ins

( g )

%s i lver

Mean w e ight o f s i lver ( g )

Ga lba

3 4

3 .23

9 3 .20

3 .01

O tho

2 1

3 .28

9 3 .59

3 .06

V ite l l ius

2 9

3 .21

9 2.47

2 .96

2 6

3 .20

8 8.28

2 .82

Vespas ian 1 .

A . D . 7 0

2 .

A .D . 7 0-72

1 1

3 .17

8 9 .29

2 .82

3 .

A .D . 7 2-73

1 8

3 .21

9 1.68

2 .94

4 .

A .D . 7 3

1 3

3 .25

8 8.65

2 .83

5 .

A . D . 7 4

1 9

3 .19

9 0 .52

2 .88

6 .

A . D . 7 5

1 2

3 .18

9 1.89

2 .91

7 .

A .D . 7 6

1 3

3 .19

9 0 .86

2 .89

8 .

A . D . 7 7-78

2 8

3 .19

8 9 .77

2 .85

9 .

A .D . 7 9

1 6

3 .23

9 0 .78

2 .93

1 .

A . D . 7 9

1 8

3 .20

9 2 .6 9

2 .96

2 .

A .D . 8 0

3 9

3 .21

9 1. 7 3

2 .94

2 0

3 .19

9 0 .56

2 .89

3 .20

9 1.03

2 .91

3 .33

9 8.01

3 .26

T itus

Do m it ian 1 .

A .D . 8 1

2 .

F irst p ar t o f A .D . 8 2

3 .

Refor med c o inage f i rst s tage , A .D . 8 2-85

4 .

8 1 4

Refor med c o inage s econd s tage , A .D . 8 5-88

2 3

3 .2 3

9 3 .4 3

3 .0 2

5 .

A .D . 8 8-92

3 7

3 .2 8

9 3 . 3 9

3 .0 5

6 .

A .D . 9 2-96

3 2

3 .2 6

9 3 . 7 5

3 .0 5

Qu inar i i Vespas ian

8

1 .54

9 2.21

1 .42

T itus

6

1 .49

9 3 .70

1 .39

Do m it ian A .D . 8 5-96

5

1 .6 4

9 3 . 7 0

1 .5 4

1 08

S pan ish min t No . o f I ssue Ga lba Vespas ian

Mean we igh t

Mean

Mean we igh t

c o ins

( g )

2 5

3 .34

9 6 .36

3 .21

3 .1 6

9 5 .0 0

3 .0 0

2

%s i lver o f s i lver ( g )

Ga l l ic mint Ga lba

1 1

3 .36

9 6 .68

3 .24

V ite l l ius

1 6

3 .4 0

9 4 .3 6

3 .20

3 .14

9 3 .44

2 .93

3 .4 3

9 4 . 7 0

3 .22

Vespas ian

4

C iv i l War

3 0

As ia M inor min ts Vespas ian A .D . 6 9-70 A .D . 7 1 A .D . 7 6

8

3 .13

8 9 .00

2 .78

8 5

3 .18 3 .15

9 2 .84 9 1.75

2 .95 2 .89

3 .22

9 3 .46

3 .00

3 .43

9 4 .58

3 .24

An t ioch mint Vespas ian A .D . 7 2-73

8 A fr ican min t

G a lba

3

1 09

• • • ••

•

•0

•

••

•

0 0

• • • • .• •

e

0

*

•

0

0

< t e

Denar i i- M in t o f Ro me , A . D. 6 4-70.

G o

D iscuss ion The h is tory o f t he d enar ius c o inage a t Rome b e tween t he d ea th o f Nero a nd t ha t o f D om it ian c an b e d iv ided i n to f our q u ite d ist inct p hases . The d en ar i i o f Nero 's r efor med c o inage h ad a mean f i neness o f 9 3 .48% , g iv ing a d enar ius c on ta in ing a l most e xact ly 3 .00 g o f s i lver .

The d egree o f v ar ia t ion

a bou t t h is mean i s v ery n arrow , w ith a s tandard d ev ia t ion o f a bou t 1 .00% . T h is s tandard r e ma ined u na l tered a t Rome d ur ing t he r e igns o fb o th Ga lba a nd O tho . The mean f i neness o f G a lba 's d enar i i , a t 9 3 .20% , i s o n ly 0 .28% d iff eren t f ro m t ha t o f Nero , wh i le t ha t o f O tho 's c o ins d if fers b y o n ly 0 .11% .

I n

o ther words , t he s tresses o ft he c iv i l war d id n o t c ause t he s l igh test f a l l ing away f ro m t he Neron ian s tandard . U nder V ite l l ius , h owever , t he f i rst s igns o f wha t i s p robab ly f i nanc ia l d i f f icu l ty c an b e d e tec ted i n t he c o inage , a nd t here i s as l igh t f a l l ing away f rom t he Neron ian s tandard . Th is i s b est s een i n F ig . 1 0 . The ma jor ity o f t he c o ins o f V ite l l ius a re s t i l l a s f i ne a s t hose o f O tho a nd Ga lba , b u t t here i s a n i ncrease i n t he n u mber o f c o ins w h ich f a l l b e low 9 2 .00% f i ne . Th is r es u l ts i n ad rop i n t he mean % s i lver o f a bou t 1 .00% t o 9 2 .47% w ith a s ign if ican t i ncrease i n t he s tandard d ev ia t ion f rom 1 .25% u nder G a lba a nd o n ly 0 .68% u nder O tho t o 1 .90% . Th is f a l l ing away f rom t he Neron ian s tandard i s , n onet he less , v ery s l ight ; a nd i ti s r emarkab le t ha t t he e nor mous e xpend iture o f t he y ear 6 9 d id n o t r esu lt i n ag rea ter d ebasemen t t han we h ave r ecorded . I ti s t he y ear 7 0 , n o t 6 9 , wh ich s ees a f undamen ta l a l tera t ion i n t he s tand ard o ft he d enar ius . Vespas ian , a s h e h i mse lf s a id , i nher ited ab ankrupt s ta te , a nd t he d ra ma t ic a l tera t ion i n t he c ompos it ion o f t he d enar ius i n A .D . 7 0 must b e t aken t ob e ar ef lec t ion o f t he d if f icu l t p os i t ion o f t he g overn men t i n t ha t y ear .

T he N eron ian s tandard was n o t e n t ire ly a bandoned , a nd a p ro-

p or t ion o f t he c o ins c on t inued t o b e s truck a t 9 2-93% f i ne ;

b u t t he ma jor ity

w ere s truck a t l ess t han 9 0% f i ne , w ith s ome f a l l ing a s l ow a s 8 0% f i ne .

The

mean % s i lver o ft he c o ins o f t h is y ear i s c onsequen t ly 8 8 .28% , ar educ t ion f ro m t he Neron ian s tandard o f a bout 5% , w h i le t he s tandard d ev ia t ion i s a s h igh a s 4 .35% . One c an o n ly s pecu la te a bou t t he r easons why t he N eron ian s tandard was n ever f or ma l ly a bandoned , w ith t he min t c on t inu ing t o s tr ike ap ropor t ion o f c o ins a t t he o ld f i neness wh i le t he ma jor ity f a l l b e low i t . I ts eems p robab le t ha t t he e xact s i lver c onten t o ft he c o ins s truck a t ap ar t icu lar momen t d ep ended o n t he amount o f s i lver wh ich t he g overnmen t h ad i n i t s h ands a t t ha t momen t a nd t he e xpend iture wh ich i th ad t o mee t . Wha t we k now o f t he f i nanc ia l s i tua t ion i n A .D . 7 0 s trong ly s uggests t ha t s uch a h and t o mou th e x istence i s more t han p robab le ;

f or t he s ta te h ad c eased t o h ave a r eserve .

I ti s r e markab le t ha t t he n ew a nd v ery v ar iab le ' s tandard ' e stab l ished i n A .D . 7 0 c ont inued t o b e emp loyed f or more t han a d ecade u n t i l t he s u m mer o f A .D . 8 2 . Th is i s b est o bserved i n F igs . 1 0 , 1 a nd 1 2 . A s c an a t o nce b e s een , t hroughou t t h is p er iod s ome c o ins were s t i l l s truck a t af i neness e qua l t o t ha t o ft he o ld Neron ian s tandard ;

b u t i n e very y ear many c o ins were

s truck a t l ess t han 9 0% f i ne , w ith i nd iv idua l -p ieces a s l ow a s 8 0% f i ne a nd i n o ne c ase a s l ow a s 7 9% .

The r esu lt ing mean % s i lver v ar ies a s ar esu lt f rom

11

C • ••

•

• •

• •

• • • •

•• • * • • • • • • • •

•

S

•

•

•

0 0 C • •

l b •

Denar i i- M in t o f Ro me , A . D.

•

• • • • •• • •

•

• • • • • •

5 5

• *

6• •

•••

•

5.

• •

• 0 55 5

• 5

• • • • • •• • • •• • •

•

•

0

• •

0 0 • • 1

c c

• c e a s e

• •••

• • •

•

S e es

•

•

•

C 9

• • • 6

r x 4

• • • • • • • • •

• • •

•

+ )

•

• • •• •• •• • e p

C Y>

0 0

C C )

Do m it ian

A . D. 8 5-88

Denar i i- M in t o f Ro me, A . D. 8 5-96 ;

i ssue t o i ssue , f rom a s l ow a s 8 8% f i ne i n A .D . 7 0 , 7 3 a nd 7 4 t o a s h igh a s 9 2 .7 0% i n A .D . 7 9 ( second h alf ) . T he v ar ia t ion i n t he mean f i neness b e tween i nd iv idua l y ears s hou ld n o t b e o ver-e mphas ised , e xcep t p erhaps t o n o te a g rad ua l r ise a f ter t he midd le o ft he 7 0s . The s tandard d ev ia t ions i n a l l c ases r ema in v ery h igh , a nd t he t emp ta t ion t o t ry a nd g auge t he e conom ic d if icu lt i es o ft he g overn men t f ro m t he s i lver c on ten t o ft he d enar ius must b e r es ist ed , p ar t icu lar ly u nt i l much l arger s amp les o f c o ins a re a va i lab le f or a na lys is .3 Wha t i s c lear , a nd h igh ly i n terest ing , i s t ha t n e ither Vespas ian n or T itus was w i l l ing ( or f e l t a ble) t o r estore t he s tandard o ft he c o inage t o t ha t wh ich h ad b een emp loyed f rom t he r efor m o fA .D . 6 4 u n t i l l a te i n A .D . 6 9 . The c hange , when i tc o mes , i s s udden , d ra ma t ic a nd e n t ire ly u nexpected . I th as l ong b een k nown t ha t i n A .D . 8 2 Dom it ian r a ised t he we igh t o ft he a ureus, a nd Ma t t ing ly a lso n o t iced t ha t a t a bou t t he s a me t ime t he we igh t o f t he d enar ius s eems t o h ave b een i ncreased s l igh t ly .4 Wha t we c an n ow s ee i s t ha t a t e xact ly t he s ame t ime t he d enar ius r e turned t o t he Augustan s tandard o f f i neness, w ith 1 4 c o ins s how ing a mean s i lver f i neness o f 9 8 .01% - e xact ly t ha t o ft he l a ter c o ins o f Augustus .

Th is n ew s tandard i s v ery c lose ly a dhered

t ob y Do m it ian 's min t , a nd t he s tandard d ev ia t ion i s o n ly 0 .85% . s i lver c on ten t o ft hese c o ins i s 3 .26 g .

T he mean

I n o ther words t he % s i lver o f t hese

c o ins h as b een i ncreased b y 4 .5% f rom t he Neron ian s tandard a nd b y a bout 8 -10% f rom t ha t u sed b y Vespas ian a nd T itus . The mean we igh t o f s i lver i n t he d enar ius i s i ncreased b y 8 1-% o ver t he Neron ian s tandard b u t b y r a ther more t han 1 2% a bove t he s tandard wh ich h ad a ctua l ly p reva i led s ince t he e nd o ft he c iv i l war . The d a te o ft h is i mpor tan t r eform c an b e d e ter m ined e xact ly .

The c o ins

o fA .D . 8 2 o n wh ich D om it ian i s COS V I I I o n ly a re a l l o ft he l ow s tandard ( t h is a pp l ies a lso t o t he we igh t o ft he a ure i) . Those d enar i i o n wh ich t he emperor i s COS V W DES IG V I I I I a re a l l o ft he h igh s tandard , a nd i t wou ld s ee m t ha t t he we ight o ft he a ureus was i ncreased a t t he s ame t ime . w ords, t he r efor m c an b e d a ted t o l a te i n t he y ear 8 2 .

I n o ther

An umber o fu nda ted

c o ins, t rad it iona l ly d a ted t o A .D . 8 1-84 , c an n ow b e s hown t o d a te e xc lus ive ly t o at i me a f ter t he r efor m o fA .D . 8 2, s ince t hey t oo a re a l l s truck a t t he n ew A ugustan s tandard o f f i neness ( nos . 1 032-1035) . Aure i o ft h is i ssue , i ts hou ld b e n o ted , were a lso s truck a t t he h igh we igh t . F ina l ly , t he s ing le c o in o f D om it ia a va i lab le f or a na lys is ( no . 135 ) a lso r evea ls i t se lf t o h ave b een s truck d ur ing t h is p er iod . The r e turn t o t he A ugus tan s tandard was o n ly o f s hor t d ura t ion , a l though t he a ureus c on t inued t o b e s truck a t t he p re-Neron ian we igh t u n t i l a f ter t he e nd o ft he r e ign . I n t he m idd le o f A .D . 8 5 t he d enar ius r eturned t o t he N eron ian s tandard ( F ig . 1 3 c o mpared w ith F ig . 1 2) .

Th is t ime t he s tandard

was a dhered t o w i th a n e xactness t ha t i s e qua l t o , o r e ven g rea ter t han , t ha t o f Nero , G a lba a nd O tho .

The mean f i neness o f t he c o inage o ft he l ast 1 1

y ears o ft he r e ign r ema ins e xact ly t he s ame .

( The t hree p er iods i n to wh ich

i th as b een d iv ided s how a % s i lver o f 9 3 .43 , 9 3 .39, a nd 9 3 .75% r espect ive ly . ) I ti s q u ite c lear t ha t t h is i s e xact ly t he s tandard o f N ero , a nd t he mean s i lver c on tent o ft he d enar ius i s j ust a l i tt le o ver 3 .00 g . The s econd s tage o f D om it ian 's r efor m c an a lso b e d a ted e xact ly . D om it ian b ecame CENSOR i n Apr i l 8 5 a nd TR P V i n S ep tember . 15

C o ins

• • C . )

•

• 0 0 d e l

• •

•

•

• 6 • • •

• •

• • • • 0

•

•

C r )

t a t i

b s 2 ) a

0 0

t • •

C D

c t

were s truck d ur ing t h is p er iod o nb o th t he h igh a nd t he l ow s tandard , a nd t he a ccuracy o f t he min t a tt h is t ime i s s uch t ha t t here i s n o q uest ion o f c onfus ion b e tween c o ins o ft he t wo s tandards .

The f i neness o ft he d enar ius was t here-

f ore r educed f rom t ha t o f Augustus t o t ha t o f Nero a t s o me t ime i n t he s u mmer o fA .D . 8 5 . The q u inar i i s truck a t Ro me i n t he F lav ian p er iod a dhere f a ir ly e xact ly t o t he s tandard b e ing emp loyed f or t he d enar ius a t t he t ime ( F ig . 1 3) .

Those

o f V espas ian a nd T itus s eem t ob e r a ther n earer t o t he Neron ian s tandard t han a re t he d enar i i , b u t t h is may b e c hance .

I n a ny c ase i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t

t he q u inar ius was c er ta in ly b e ing s truck a t a we igh t r a ther l ess t han h a lf t ha t o ft he d enar ius, s o t ha t t he s i lver c on ten t o ft wo q u inar i i was s t i l l r a ther l ess t han h a lf t ha t o ft he d enar ius .

( Th is i s n o t d ue t o t he i ncreased wear o ft he

q u inar i i, wh ich we n o t iced u nder Augustus, f or F lav ian q u inar i i a re g enera l ly u nworn . ) Two o ft he q u inar i i s truck b y Dom it ian d ur ing t he p er iod o f h is r et urn t o t he Augustan s tandard a dhere v ery c lose ly t o i t . At h ird c o in , h owe ver ( no . 1 151) , c onta ins o n ly 8 5% s i lver , a l though i ts eems t o b e r egu lar . Q u inar i i s truck a f ter D om i t ian 's r eturn t o t he Neron ian s tandard a re v ery c lose t o i t . I n t h is c ase t he q u inar ius s eems t o c on ta in t he s i lver o f e xact ly h a lf o ft he d enar ius . As we f ound e ar l ier u nder Augustus , t he p rov inc ia l m in ts s tr ik ing d enar i i c ou ld of ten d o s o a t s tandards d if feren t f ro m t ha t i n u se a t Ro me , a nd t h is i s t rue o ft he v ar ious c o inages o ft he c iv i l war a nd i t s a f terma th .

Most r emark-

a b le o f a l l i s t he d iscovery t ha t t he c o ins s truck i n b o th Gau l a nd S pa in b y G a lba a nd V ite l l ius a re s truck a t t he Augustan s tandard o f f i neness , e ven t hough s truck a t t he Neron ian we igh t , o r v ery s l igh t ly a bove i t . The S pan ish d enar i i o f Ga lba , a t a mean f i neness o f 9 6 . 3 6% , c on ta in 3 .21 g o f s i lver , wh i le t hose s truck b y h im i n G au l c on ta in 3 .24 g o f s i lver , a s a ga inst 3 .00 g o f s i lver f or h is c o ins s truck a t Rome . The d istr ibu t ion p a t tern o f f i nenesses o ft hese c o ins o f Wes tern m in ts i s f unda men ta l ly d if feren t f rom t ha t o f Ro me ( F ig . 1 4 ) . T he s a me i s t rue o ft he Ga l l ic c o ins o f V ite l l ius, a nd t he a nonymous c o ins o f t he c iv i l war , a l though i ti s p oss ib le t o d e tect a s ign if ican t d ownward s h if t i n t he f i neness o f t he c o ins o f V ite l l ius, c ompared w i th t hose o f Ga lba . Even s o , t he s i lver c on ten t o ft he Western c o ins o f V i te l l ius, p art ly b ecause o f t he ir h eav ier we igh t , i s s t i l l a t a mean o f 3 .20 g , v ery s ign if icant ly h igher t han t ha t o f h is c o ins o f Ro me . I ti s n o t u n t i l Vespas ian 's i ssues o f A .D . 7 07 1 t ha t t he s i lver c on ten t o ft he c o ins o f t he Western m ints f a l ls a s l ow a s t ha t o ft he Ro man m in t .

The f i neness o f t he a nonymous c o ins o ft he c iv i l war

s ee ms t o f a l l s omewhere b e tween t ha t o f Ga lba a nd t ha t o f V ite l l ius . An u mber o f c o ins a re o f l ow s i lver c ontent , a nd n o . 1 249 f a l ls a s l ow a s 6 6% s i lver . I t s hou ld a lso b e r emembered t ha t al arge n u mber o f c iv i l war c o ins a re p la ted . L it t le c an b e s a id a bout t he t wo c o ins s truck a t t he v ery b eg inn ing o f h is r e ign b y V espas ian i n I l lyr icu m ( nos . 1 250-1251) .

T he ir s i lver c on ten t s ee ms

t o b e c lose t o t ha t o f N eron ian s tandard a t Rome . I n As ia M inor we s eem t o h ave a s i tua t ion r a ther t he r everse o f t ha t a t Ro me , w ith t he s i lver c onten t o ft he d enar i i s tart ing v ery l ow a nd t hen b e ing i ncreased ( F ig . 1 5 ) .

T he i ssue o f A .D . 6 9-70 i n A s ia M inor i s s truck a t a

n u mber o f d i f feren t m in ts , b u t w i th o n ly 8 c o ins a va i lable f or a na lys is i ti s i mposs ib le t o s ee i ft here i s a ny v ar ia t ion b e tween t hem .

17

T he mean f i neness

•

•

•

D enar i i-Eas tern m in ts.

• •

• •

i b • •••l b

0 e r -

a t

• < 1 1

1




C O

C leopa tra V I I

F ineness o f E gyp t ian T e tradrachms , P to lo my X I I I-Cleopa tra V I I

P to lemy X I I I

•

Regna l y ears C f 3

i mpor tan t , p rov ided t ha t ag roup o f c o ins were o ft he c orrec t f i neness ; t h is i s ap henomenon of ten me t w ith i n t he Ro man p er iod . Desp ite t he l ower s i lver c on ten t t he l ead c on ten t o ft h is g roup i s e ven h igher t han b efore ( 2 .11% ) . Mos t o ft h is l ead w i l l b e p resen t a s a n impur ity o f s i lver a nd must b e a dded t o t he s i lver i n a ny c a lcu la t ion o ft he t heore t ica l s tandard .

W ith a mean s i l-

v er c on ten t o f 4 5 .72% t h is p roduces a ' f abr ica t ion f i neness ' o f 4 7 .83% -n ear e nough t o 5 0% t o s uggest t ha t t h is may b e t he t heore t ica l s tandard . I ts hou ld a lso b e n o ted t ha t t he t e tradrach m o f C leopa tra V I I i s a bou t 1g l ighter t han t ha t o f P to le my X I I I , s o t ha t t he we igh t o f s i lver i n t he t e tradrach m o f C leop a tra V I I ( 5 .76 g ) i s a l most e xact ly h a lf t ha t o f t he l a ter y ears o f P to le my X I I I . T he t e tradrachm was r ein troduced b y T iber ius i n A .D . 2 0 , a f ter a b reak o f f i f ty y ears , a t as tandard s ubstan t ia l ly l ower t han t ha t o f C leopa tra V I I, b u t a t as l igh t ly h igher w e igh t. The n ew s tandard was a dhered t o w ith g rea ter a ccuracy t han h ad b een t he c ase w i th t he l as t Pro lem .a ic i ssue , a nd af ur ther i nd ica t ion o f g rea ter e f f ic iency o f p roduc t ion i s s een i n t he a l mos t c o mp lete a bsence o fl ead f ro m t he c o ins - a r esu lt o f more c arefu l r ef in ing o f s i lver .

As c an b e s een f ro m f igure 1 7, t he n ew s tandard s ee ms t o h ave

b een u sed f or a l l t he i ssues o f T iber ius e xcep t t hose o f r egna l y ear 1 4. t h is y ear t he s i tua t ion i s c onfused ;

I n

2 2% o f s i lver s epara tes t he h ighes t f ro m

t he l owes t c o in w i th a r esu l tan t v ery h igh s tandard d ev ia t ion , a nd i ti s c lear t ha t s o me a t l eas t o f t he c o ins •of t h is y ear w ere s truck o n as tandard s ubs tan t ia l ly d i f feren t f ro m t ha t u sed i n t he o ther y ears o f T iber ius. Wha t t ha t s tandard was i s q u ite imposs ib le t o s ay w ithou t o ther c o ins a va i lab le f or a na lys is , b u t i ti s j ust p oss ib le t ha t t he i n ten t ion w as t o r eturn t o t he C leopa tran s tandard . The e xper i men t was s hor tl ived ; w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he t wo c o ins o f y ear 1 8 , wh ich p robab ly g ive a l ow mean s i lver c on ten t p ure ly b ecause t he s a mp le s ize i s t oo sma l l , t he mean % s i lver f or e ach o f t he o ther r egna l y ears o f T iber ius i s a lways l ess t han 2 % away f ro m t he mean o f a l l t he c o ins o f T iber ius , e xc lud ing t he a typ ica l y ear 1 4.

Th is mean ,

3 0.55% o f s i lver w ith a s tandard d ev ia t ion o f 2 .99% a nd g iv ing a mean s i lver c on ten t p er c o in o f 4 .01 g may b e t aken a s b e ing v ery n ear t o t he a ctua l T iber ian s tandard . N o t etradrachms were s truck b y G a ius. T he d eno m ina t ion was m in ted a ga in a t t he v ery e nd o f t he f irs t r egna l y ear o f C laud ius , a t an ew r educed s tandard , wh ich was ma in ta ined , t hough w ith i ncreas ing c are lessness , u n t i l p roduc t ion c eased i n t he s ix th r egna l y ear.

T he mean % s i lver f or t he who le

i ssue i s j us t u nder 2 3% , a nd t he means f or t he i nd iv idua l y ears a re i n a l l c ases w ith in 1 s tandard d ev ia t ion o f t h is f igure ; t he n u mber o f c o ins a va i lab le f or i nd iv idua l y ears i s i n s o me c ases v ery sma l l. F or t h is c o inage w e h ave f or t he f irst t ime a n umber o f p ub l ished c hemi ca l a na lyses wh ich c an b e c o mpared w i th o ur r esu l ts. 8 T he 1 0 a na lyses a va i lab le w ere , o f c ourse , p roduced a t d i f feren t t imes a nd t hey w il l t he ms elves b y o f v ary ing a ccuracy .

T hey g ive a mean % s i lver o f 2 3.05% , a

s tandard d ev ia t ion o f 4 .26% a nd a mean w e igh t o f s i lver p er c o in o f 2 .94 g . Th is i s r e markab ly c lose t o-o ur own r esu l ts ( 22.94% - s tandard d ev ia t ion 4 .83% - 2 .97 g o f s i lver ) a nd s trong ly s ugges ts t ha t t he r esu l ts wh ich c an b e o bta ined b y X-ray f l uorescence a re v ery a ccura te.

1 52

I n p ar t icu lar i ts hou ld

• • • •

S. • •• • • •

` 44 C Y )

•• • •• • •

C \ I

•• •• •

• ••

••

0 " )

L t • z t i

l b• • • • • •

I

• 5• 5 5 •

• •

0 0

c> ( z)

0

0

0

0

0 C • 1

•

F ineness o f E gyp t ian T e tradrachms , T iber ius-Nero

c e z

b e n o ted t ha t t he s tandard d ev ia t ion o f t he % s i lver g iven b y c he m ica l a na lys is i s o n ly s l igh t ly l ess t han t ha t o f t h is g roup o f c o ins.

One o f t he r emar-

k ab le f ea tures o f o ur r esu l ts i s t he w ide r ange a bou t t he mean wh ich w e i nv ar iab ly f ind ;very d i f feren t f ro m , f or e xamp le , t he r esu l ts o b ta ined w ith t he d enar i i o f A ugus tus , ( above p 6 f ). I ti s c lear f rom t he r esu lts o b ta ined b y c hem ica l a na lys is t ha t o ur r esu l ts d o r ef lect t he a ctua l s i tua t ion , a nd i t i s t h is w ide r ange o f f i nenesses w h ich makes i ts o i mpor tan t t o h ave l arge n umbers o f c o ins a va i lab le f or a na lys is. T here i s at en y ear g ap b e tween t he i ssue o f t e tradrachms o f C laud ius a nd t ha t o f N ero. T he i ssue o f N ero 's t h ird r egma l y ear , w ith wh ich t he n ew c o inage was s tar ted , w as s truck o n t he s ame s tandard a s t he c o ins o fC laud ius , t he t en c o ins a na lysed h av ing a mean s i lver c on ten t a l mos t e xac t ly e qua l t o t he mean s i lver c on ten t o f a l l t he c o ins o f C laud ius. T he s tandard d ev ia t ion , a t 2 .16% o f s i lver , i s much l ower t han t ha t o f t he C laud ian i ssue , a nd i tw ou ld s ee m t ha t t he r eopened m in t w orked w i th a g ood d ea l g rea ter e f f ic iency t han i th ad u nder C laud ius. D un in g t he c ourse o f t he f our th r egna l y ear o f N ero a n ew s tandard , wh ich w as t o b e ma in ta ined f or o ver 1 00 y ears , was i n troduced . T he mean s i lver c on ten t o f t he c o ins o f t h is y ear i s a bou t h a l f w ay b e tween t he means o f t he p reced ing a nd t he f o l low ing y ear , wh i le t he s tandard d ev iat ion i s a bou t t w ice a s l arge. T h is s ee ms t o s ugges t t ha t a bou t h a l f t he c o ins o f t h is y ear w ere s truck o n t he o ld s tandard w h i lk h a lf w ere s truck o n t he n ew o ne. T he n u mber o f c o ins a na lysed d oes n o t a l low u s t o s peak w ith a ny e xac tness a bou t t h is , p ar t icu lar ly s ince t here i s i n a ny c ase c ons iderab le o ver lapp ing , a s c an b e s een f ro m f igure 1 7 , b e tween t he h ighes t c o ins o f t he l ow s tandard a nd t he l owes t c o ins o f t he h igh s tandard . A t f i rs t s igh t t he s tandard e s tab l ished i n N ero 's f our th egna l y ear d ec l ines s l igh t ly b e fore t he e nd o f t he r e ign , s ince t he mean s i lver c on ten t o f t he c o ins o f y ear 5 i s 1 8.5% w h ile t he mean s i lver c onten t o f c o ins o f y ear 1 3 i s 1 6.30% . T h is v ar ia t ion i s , h owever , p robab ly d ue t o t he sma l l s amp le s ize. T he mean s i lver c on ten t o f t he who le i ssue , 4 8 c o ins i n a l l , i s 1 6.54% a nd t he mean o f i nd iv idua l y ears n ever v ar ies f rom t h is b y more t han 2 % , w h ich i s l ess t han 1s tandard d ev ia t ion . I ti s p robab ly v a l id t o i n fer a s ing le s tandard a t a bout 1 6.5% o f s i lver . R eference t o p ub l ished c he m ica l a na lyses , o f wh ich w e h ave 1 4 a va i lab le o f t h is i ssue , s ugges ts t ha t t h is may b e s l igh t ly o n t he l ow s ide , s ince t hey g ive a mean % s i lver o f 1 7.70 , 1 .2% h igher t han o urs. F ur thermore , t he s tandard d ev ia t ion o f t he c he m ica l a na lyses i s 1 .65% , w h ich i s s o mewha t l ower t han o urs , a nd wh ich t ends t o s ugges t t ha t t he t rue f i gure i s n earer t o t ha t o f t he c hem ica l a na lyses t han o urs. 9 o f t hese c hem ica l a na lyses a re c oncen trated i n t he s ing le y ear 1 3 , w h ich t ends t o r educe t he ir u se fu lness. S tandards T he q ues t ion o f t he e xac t s tandards a nd t he method o f c a lcu la t ion b e ing u sed a t A lexandr ia i n t h is p er iod mus t b e t ack led w ith d i f f idence a nd c au t ion , b ut s o me t en ta t ive c onc lus ions c an b e p u t f orward. S chwar tz 9 h as a lready s ugges ted ( a lthough o n i nsu f f ic ien t e v idence ) t ha t t he N eron ian t e tradrachm

1 54

c on ta ined a bpu t

1/6t h

p ar t o f s i lver ( 16.67% ).

Th is i s i ndeed q u ite r e mark-

a b ly c lose t o o ur r esu l t ( 16.54% ), t hough , o f c ourse , i td oes n ot a pp ly b efore Nero 's f our th r egna l y ear . T he C laud ian s tandard , wh ich i n p rac t ice c omes o u t a t a bou t 2 3% s i lver ( or 2 3.5% i fl ead i s i nc luded ) m igh t p erhaps b e t aken t o r epresen t at heoret ica l 1 /4 o f s i lver , c are less ly ma in ta ined , w h ile t he T iber ian s tandard , e xc lud ing y ear 1 4 , c ou ld s im ilar ly b e ap oor ly ma int a ined 1 /3 o f s i lver .

We h ave a lready n o ted ( p .152 ) t hat t he i ssue o f C leo-

p a tra V I I i s o n ly a bout 2 % b e low 5 0%. I ndeed , i ti s t e mp t ing t o n ote t ha t t he T iber ian , C laud ian a nd C leopa tran s tandards a l l s ee m t o b e r ough ly 2 3% b e low wha t wou ld b e a n o bv ious t heoret ica l s tandard. o bv ious ly t o s ee i n t h is a s ys te m o f r eckon ing i n t o s ay , o bo ls a nd h a lf o bo ls. mos t l ikely t o e xpect .

1/ 6t hs

The t e mp ta t ion i s

a nd 1 /12ths - t ha t i s

S uch a s ys te m i s , i ndeed , t he o ne we m ight b e

The f o l low ing s che me c an t herefore b e s ugges ted , a l-

t hough i t mus t r e ma in e n t ire ly h ypo the t ica l : 1 . 2 .

C leopa tra V I I y ears 8 -22. T iber ius y ears 7 -22, e xc lud ing

3o bo ls s i lver

3o bo ls c opper

y ear 1 4.

2o bo ls s i lver

4o bo ls c opper

o bo ls s i lver

4 1 o bo ls c opper

3 .

C laud ius y ear 1- N ero y ear 4 .

4 .

N ero y ear 4 - N ero y ear 1 3 1o bo l s i lver

( con t inu ing t o Marcus Aure l ius )

5o bo ls c opper

The r e la t ion o f t he t e tradrachm t o t he Ro man d enar ius T he v iew t ha t t he l ate P to le ma ic t e tradrachm was v a lued a t o ne d enar ius i s i mposs ib le.

T he J u l io-Claud ian d enar ius c on ta ined a bout 3 .65 g o f s i lver

( on t h is s ee a bove , p .5 f ) . A l low ing a r epub l ican d enar ius o f a bout t he s ame s i lver c on tent t he t e tradrachm a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he r e ign o f P to le my X I I I c on ta ined a s much s i lver a s 3 1 d enar i i.

T h is i s n o t t o s ay t ha t i t wou ld h ave

b een e xchanged f or e xac t ly t h is n u mber o f d enar i i, n or , i ndeed , t ha t s uch a t h ing a s a' f ixed e xchange r a te ' e x isted , b u t i t wou ld n ecessar i ly h ave b een v a lued a t a bou t t h is s u m.

S im i lar ly t he t e tradrachm o f C leopa tra c on ta ined

a s much s i lver a s 1 1 Ro man d enar i i, wh i le t ha t o f T iber ius c on ta ined s l igh t ly more t han 1 0% more s i lver t han t he d enar ius.

I n o ther words t he e qua l ity o f

t he t e tradrach m a nd t he d enar ius c annot h ave b een i n troduced i n t h is p er iod . The e ar l ies t e v idence t ha t w e h ave f or a f orma l e qua t ion b e tween t he t e tradrach m a nd t he d enar ius , o r i ndeed f or a f orma l e xchange r a te o f a ny k ind , i s g iven b y t he Ed fu o s traca , w h ich , f ro m A .D . 7 2 o n r ecord t he p aymen t o f t he J ew ish t ax , t he T L . 5 1 'g ) 5r i vap C wv ,e lsewhere v a lued a t t wo d enar i i , a t t he r a te o f 8d rach mas 2 o bo ls. 1° Wh i le w e c anno t b e c ert a in , i ti s p erhaps most p robab le t ha t t h is e xchange r a te was i n troduced a t t he t ime o f t he C laud ian r eform , s ince i tw as t hen , f or t he f i rst t ime , t ha t t he t e tradrachm c on ta ined l ess s i lver t han t he d enar ius. I fw e a ssume t ha t t h is e xchange r a te was i n troduced i n A .D . 4 2 w e c an n ow make c a lcu la t ions o f t he d egree t o wh ich t he t e tradrach m was o verva lued i n r e la t ion t o t he d enar ius. T h is i s n o t , o f c ourse , t he t o ta l o verva lua t ion o f t he t e tradrachm o ver meta l l ic s i lver , i ft he d enar ius was i t se lf o verva lued t o s o me d egree.

1 55

1 .

C laud ius y ear 1 - Nero y ear 4

2 .

Nero y ear 4 - Nero y ear 1 0

3 .

N ero y ear 1 1 - Nero y ear 1 3

gs i lver p er

gs i lver p er

%o ver-

t e tradrachm

d enar ius

v a lua t ion

c . 2 .97 _ c . 2 .19 _ c . 2 _ .19

C . 3 .65 _ c . 3 .65 _ C . 3 _ .00

c . 2 3% _ c . 6 7% _ C . 3 _ 7%

T herea f ter , s ince t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he d enar ius d ecl ined , wh i le t he s i lver c on ten t o f t he t etradrach m r e ma ined c ons tan t , t he d egree o f o verv a lua t ion o f t he t e tradrach m b eca me p rogress ive ly l ess. T hese f igures g ive u s s o me i dea o f t he e x ten t t o wh ich t he c o inage o f Ro man Egyp t was a t oken c urrency , a nd t he d egree t o wh ich t he s tate p rof ite d f rom t he f act t ha t i t was a b le t o i mpose t h is c urrency .

The g overn men t

was a b le t o ma in ta in t he money s upp ly o f t he p rov ince wh ile a t t he s ame t ime p robab ly w ithdraw ing s i lver b u l l ion f ro m t he c oun try . The a r t if ic ia l e xc hange r a te a lso e xp la ins why Egypt ian t e tradrach ms d id n o t c ircu la te o u ts ide Egyp t a nd w e d o n ot n eed t o s uppose a ny f orma l p roh ib it ion o n t he ir e xpor t. Once o u ts ide Egyp t , w ith n o g overnmen t p ressure t o s uppor t t he m , t hey wou ld h ave h ad a c ons iderab ly sma l ler p urchas ing p ower t han t hey w ou ld h ave h ad i n A lexandr ia. 3 .

I n f la t ion

T he t e tradrachm s truck i n .Egyp t i n 7 0 B .C. c on ta ined a s much s i lver a s 5 1 t e tradrachms s truck i n A .D . 5 7. T he t e tradrachm s truck i n A .D . 3 6 c on ta ined t w ice a s much s i lver a s t he t e tradrachm s truck t wen ty y ears l a ter . One r esu lt o f t h is w as t hat c o inages r ep laced e ach o ther r ap id ly . Ah oard o f t etradrach ms d epos ited i n t he f irs t y ear o f t he T iber ian i ssue c on ta ined P to le ma ic c o ins o f C leopa tra WI o n ly , a nd t hese , s ign if ican t ly , i nclude n o p ieces s truck b efore t he n in th r egna l y ear when , a s w e h ave s een , t he C leop a tran s tandard was e stab l ished. 11

P to le ma ic t e tradrachms s ee m t o h ave

c eased t o c ircu la te e n t ire ly s oon a f ter t he i n troduct ion o f t he T iber ian c o in . S im i lar ly , t he t e tradrachm o f T iber ius s ee ms t o h ave c eased t o c ircu la te s oon a f ter t he s tar t o f t he C laud ian i ssue ; h oards a f ter t ha t d ate.

i ti s c er ta in ly n ever f ound i n

On ly t he C laud ian i ssue s urv ived t he i n troduc t ion

o f t he N eron ian s tandard , a nd c o ins o f N ero , w ith a sma l ler p roport ion o f C laud ius , r e ma in a l arge f ract ion o f t he money i n c ircu la t ion u n t il a f ter t he r eform o f Marcus Aurel ius. I ft he Ro man g overn men t h ad d ebased t he t e tradrachm b ecause o f f i nanc ia l p ressures , b ecause , t ha t i s , i tw an ted t o p roduce more c o ins t han i th ad b efore , t hen t he q uan t ity o f money i n c ircu la t ion i n Egyp t o ver t h is p er iod s hou ld h ave i ncreased e normous ly . a ry .

T he r esu lt s hou ld h ave b een i nf la t ion-

A t f i rs t s igh t t he q uan t ity o f money i n c ircu la t ion d oes i ndeed i ncrease.

The i ssues o f N ero t oday a re c er ta in ly c o m moner t han t hose o f C laud ius a nd b o th a re v ery much more p len t ifu l t han t he c o mpara t ive ly r are i ssues o f T iber ius. Th is i s , h owever , a l most c er ta in ly d ecep t ive. The i ssues o f T iber ius o n ly c ircu lated f or a v ery s hor t p er iod wh i le t hose o f C laud ius a nd Nero w ere c urren t f or o ver a c en tury , w h ich g rea t ly i ncreased t he c hances

1 56

o f l oss , a nd s ubsequen t s urv iva l u n t i l t oday . M i lne ,1 1 i n wha t mus t h ave b een o ne o f t he f irs t a t te mp ts t o c a lcu la te t he s ize o f a Ro man c o inage , p o in ted o u t t ha t t he s ize o f t he c o inage o f T iber ius ' s even th r egna l y ear was i nf act much l arger t han m igh t h ave b een t hough t ;

c onverse ly d ie i nden t it ies

among t he c o ins o f C laud ius a nd Nero a re r e markab ly c o mmon .

Quan t ita-

t i ve a na lys is w i l l p robab ly o ne d ay s how t ha t t he i ssues o f C laud ius a nd N ero w ere n o l arger t han t hose o f T iber ius , n or , i ndeed , t han t hose o f C leopa tra V I I. T here i s n o e v idence o f i n f la t ion i n Egyp t o ver t he p er iod w e h ave b een s t u .dy ing ,1 2 a nd t he s tab i l ity o f t he q uan t ity o f money i n c ircu la t ion w ou ld e xp la in t h is. T he s i tua t ion may w e l l h ave b een o ne i n wh ich t he q uan t i ty o f s i lver i n c ircu la t ion c on t inuous ly d ec l ined , w h i le t he n u mber o f c o ins i n c ircu la t ion r ema ined r ough ly c ons tan t . T he s i lver w ithdrawn f ro m c ircu lat i on most p robab ly l ef tt he c oun try . T he p aymen t o f 1 0 ,000 t a len ts t o t he R o mans i n t he l as t y ears o f P to le my A u letes , t he g enera l f inanc ia l c haos o f t he c oun try , t he e xpense o f t he d ea th s trugg le a ga ins t Octav ian a nd f ina l ly t he w i thdrawa l o f h uge q uan t it ies o fb oo ty b y O ctav ian w i l l h ave b e tween t hem r educed c ons iderab ly t he s i lver r eserves o f ac oun try w h ich p roduced n o s i lver i t se l f a nd wh ich c ou ld o n ly h ave i ncreased i t s s i lver r eserves o u t o f t he p ro f its o f t he i mpor t a nd e xpor t t rade , b o th e as tward a nd w es tward . T h is n et o u t-f low o f s i lver may w e l l h ave c on t inued i n t he Ro man p er iod. T he r evenue o f Egyp t w as e normous , a nd w e k now t ha t i tw as v ery g rea t ly i ncreased i n t he J u l io-Claud ian p er iod .1 3 Doubt less t he f igures q uo ted must i nc lude t he v a lue o f t r ibu te i n k ind , n o tab ly c orn , b u t t he s heer s ize o ft he r evenue r a ised f rom E gyp t s ugges ts t ha t t he e xpor t o f s i lver i n t he f orm o f t axa t ion must h ave b een c ons iderab le , much g rea ter t ha t t he n e t i n f low o f s i lver i n t he f orm o f t he p ro f its f rom t rade -p ar t icu lar ly when i ti s c ons ide red t ha t t he ma in e xpor t o f t he c oun try , c orn , w as n o l onger a s ource o f i nco me. S i lver w h ich t he g overnmen t w ithdrew f rom t he c oun try w ou ld h ave e i ther b een i n t he f orm o f t e tradrachms f or me l t ing d own a nd r e f in ing a t Ro me , o r s i lver b u l l ion e x trac ted f rom t e tradrachms me l ted d own a t A lexandr ia .

T he r esu l t w ou ld h ave b een a d ra in o n t he s i lver s tocks o f

t he p rov ince , w i th t he r esu l t t ha t t he g overnmen t d ebased t he c o inage w itho u t i ncreas ing t he q uan t ity i n c ircu la t ion a nd c aus ing a n i n f la t ionary s i tuat i on . T hese c onc lus ions a re , o f c ourse , p ure ly s pecu la t ive , b u t t hey w ou ld h e lp t o e xp la in t he c o mb ina t ion o f d ebase men t o f t he c urrency a nd s tab le p r ices wh ich w e a re a b le t o s ee i n e ar ly Imper ia l Egyp t .

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NOTES 1 .

References a re u sefu l ly c o l lec ted i n L . C . West a nd A . C . J ohnson , C urrency i n Ro man a nd Byzan t ine E gyp t , c h . V I . For more r ecen t v iews s ee i n troduc t ion t o Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 2 587 , where J . R . Rea a rgues t ha t b y t he t h ird c entury t here i s ar ea l d ist inc t ion i nvo lved , a nd 951, 2 4 where M . Craw ford a rgues a ga inst a ny uxyrhynchus Papyrus 2 r ea l d if ference .

2 .

West a nd J ohnson , 9 2 .c i t . 1f g ives a n a ccoun t o ft he e ar ly Ro man t e tradrachm a nd i t s r e la t ionsh ip w ith t he P to le ma ic t e tradrach m w h ich must n ow b e c ons idered t o b e ma in ly i ncorrec t .

T he o n ly h oard k nown

t o u s wh ich c on ta ins b o th P to le ma ic a nd I mper ia l s i lver ( apar t f rom s trays) i s t ha t p ub l ished b y J . G . M i lne , ' A lexandr ian t e tradrachms o f T iber ius ',

NC x ( 1910) , 3 36f , wh ich c onta ins c o ins o f C leopa tra V I I

( no t a s s ta ted P to le my X I I I ) w ith c o ins o f t he s even th y ear o f T iber ius . I t was c lear ly b ur ied v ery s hor t ly a f ter t he i n troduct ion o f t he Roman t e tradrachm . T he f act t ha t t he t er m ' P to lema ic s i lver ' i s s t i l l f ound i n d ocu men ts o ft he t h ird c entury i s n o t , o f c ourse , p roof t ha t P to lema ic c o ins were a ctua l ly i n c ircu la t ion ;

E gyp t ian mone tary t er ms a re n o to-

r ious ly a rcha ic . 3 .

M i lne q uo tes t he f i gure o f 2 5% s i lver f or t he l a te P to lema ic c urrency i n an u mber o f a r t ic les , a nd o n o ne o ccas ion a ctua l ly s peaks a s t hough t here were a na lyses t o p rove i t : " The c urrency o f Egyp t u nder t he P to lem ies" , E JA XX IV ( 1938) 2 05 . S ee a lso M i lne , ' P to le ma ic c o inage i n E gyp t ', E JA XV ( 1929) 1 52 ;

West , ' Go ld a nd s i lver s tandards i nt he

Ro man Emp ire ', NN M 9 4 ( 1941) 4 6 ( w ith f ur ther r eferences) ;

M i lne ,

Ca ta logue o fA lexandr ian c o ins i n t he A shmo lean Museu m , x v i ;

West

a nd J ohnson , C urrency i n Ro man a nd Byzan t ine Egyp t , 6n . 1 3 , 7 9 , 8 7 . 4 .

C . E . K ing a nd D . R . Wa lker , ' The e ar l iest T iber ian t e tradrach ms a nd Ro man Mone tary p o l icy t owards E gyp t ', Z e itschr if t f ur Papyro log ie u nd E p igraph ik , 1 976, l x .

5 .

R . Reece , ' Ana lyses o f s o me e ar ly I mper ia l A lexandr ian Tetradrachms i , NC, l x ( 1969) 3 17 .

6 .

F or t he c hrono logy o f t he l a te P to le ma ic c o inage s ee n ow 0 . Morkho lm , ' Pto le ma ic Co ins a nd c hrono logy :

t he d a ted s i lver c o inage o f A lexandr ia ',

ANS Museu m n o tes , 2 0 ( 1975 ) , 7 . Me ta ls p resen t i n q uan t it ies o f l ess t han 0 .25% h ave n o t b een r ecorded . T races o f G o ld , T in , Z inc a nd I ron were o f ten n o ted , b ut n ever i n a ny th ing b u t sma l l q uan t it ies , l ess t han 0 .25% . F or p rac t ica l p urposes Copper c an b e t aken a s b e ing t he o n ly me ta l p resen t i n t hese c o ins o ther t han S i lver a nd L ead . 7 .

On t h is s ee E . R . Ca ley , ' Che m ica l c ompos it ion a nd c hrono logy o f A lexandr ian t e tradrach ms ', ANS Cen tenn ia l P ub l ica t ion , 1 72 f .

A lso

L . H . C ope , ' Me ta l lurg ica l Ana lys is o f Roman C o inage ' , i n E . T . Ha l l a nd D . M . Me tca lf ( eds .) Me thods o f C hem ica l a nd Me ta l lurg ica l i nvest i ga t ion o f Anc ien t Co inage , 2 7 .

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8 .

Ca ley ,

c i t . ; Reece,

2 2 . c i t .; J . S chwar tz , ' Ref lex ions s ur l es

t etradrachms d 'A lexandr ie ', Chron ique d 'Egyp te , XL I ( 1966 ) 3 71 f . 9 . 1 0.

S chwar tz , 2 2 . c i t . 3 73. Corpus Papyroru m J uda icaru m I 12 f .

The s uggest ion h ere made

t ha t t he e x tra 2 o bo ls a re a n e xchange c harge f or p aymen t i n l oca l money s ee ms t o b e r easonab le. P o l lux 9 , 8 6 ( f l. Co mmodus ) g ives t he A lexandr ian t a len t a s wor th e xact ly 1 ,500 A t t ic d rach mas , i .e. 1.

t he d enar ius = 1A t t ic d rachma = 4 A lexandr ian d rach mas. M i lne , NC X ( 1910 ) 3 36 f .

1 2.

Wes t a nd J ohnson , 2

1 3.

T he e xac t amoun t i s c on trovers ia l a nd n o t impor tan t h ere.

.c i t.

8 0. T he

s ources a re c i ted b y West a nd J ohnson , 2 ( 2 . c i t . 8 7 a nd T enney Frank , Econo m ic s urvey o f Anc ien t Ro me V , 1 2 fa nd 5 4. I ti s wor th n ot ing t ha t t he f act t hat t he c urrency o f Egyp t was s o much o vervalued d id n ot a lways w ork t o t he a dvan tage o f t he g overnmen t .

I t g a ined

c ons iderab ly l ess , i n t er ms o f s i lver , f ro m t he t ax o n a n Egyp t ian J ew t han i td id f ro m a n on-Egyp t ian J ew .

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